| Animal EuthanasiaAnimal Welfare Information Center United States Department of Agriculture National Agricultural Library |
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**ISSN:  1052-536X**
***Special Reference Briefs Series*, SRB 98-01 January 1990 - November 1997 Updates *Special Reference Briefs Series no. SRB 93-06 November 1997
*Compiled By:***Michael D. Kreger**Animal Welfare Information Center, Information Centers Branch National Agricultural Library, Agricultural Research Service, U. S. Department of Agriculture 10301 Baltimore Ave., Beltsville, Maryland 20705-2351**Go to:**Document Delivery InformationNational Agricultural Library Cataloging RecordPreface and Search StrategyAuthor IndexSubject IndexNational Agricultural Library Cataloging Record: Kreger, Micheal D.   Animal euthanasia.   (Special reference briefs ; 98-01)   1. Euthanasia--Bibliography. 2. Animal Welfare--Bibliography. 3. Animal welfare--Moral and  ethical aspects--Bibliography.  I. Title. aS21.D27S64 no. 98-01 
Preface Euthanatizing agents are commonly categorized into three main categories: inhalant agents, noninhalant pharmacologic agents, and physical methods.  The inhalant agents include anesthetic gases, ether, cyclopropane, nitrous oxide, halothane, methoxyflurane, enflurane, isoflurane, nitrogen gas, and hydrogen cyanide gas.  They are administered to the animal via a closed chamber, container, or face mask.  The noninhalant agents include injectable pharmacologic agents. The preferred route of administration of the noninhalants is by intravenous injection.  Physical methods of euthanasia include the use of the captive bolt pistol, gunshot, cervical dislocation, decapitation, electrocution, microwave irradiation, and rapid freezing.  The *1993 Report of the AVMA Panel on Euthanasia* is frequently referred to by the veterinary and biomedical communities and provides guidelines for recommended euthanitization methods by animal group and species. 
 Personnel administering an euthanatizing agent must consider: 1) whether the agent is appropriate for the species, 2) the route, dose, and concentration of the agent that should be administered, 3) if the agent may result in fear behavior, pain, struggling, or vocalizations, 4) how rapidly the agent results in unconsciousness, 5) if the agent causes tissue changes, 6) the technical skills for appropriate administration, and 7) if the agent is economical.  If the animal is a pet, veterinary or shelter personnel must also address the emotional needs of the owner. 
 This Special Reference Brief (SRB) is designed for use by veterinarians, shelter personnel, pet owners, researchers, agriculturists, and zoologists.  Bibliographic citations on euthanatizing methods for a variety of animal species in different circumstances are listed.  The citations include references from professional journals and books indexed multiple resources including MEDLINE and AGRICOLA databases. Citations cover the publication years 1990 to November 1997. 
 If references are available from the National Agricultural Library Collection (NAL), their call numbers are given.  Document delivery information is available from the NAL website (National Agricultural Library, DDSB). 
**Search Strategy**No.RecordsRequest13430euthanasia21395euthanasia in ti,de3833#2 not (physician* or elderly or suicide or nurs*) 4728#3 and (py=1990:1997)53287882veterinar* or animal* or dog or dogs or cat or cats or mouse or mice or rat or rats or livestock or farm or fish* or reptil* or amphibia* 6356#4 and #57354#7 not handicap*
 Animal Welfare Information Center Email: awic@nal.usda.gov URL: http://www.nal.usda.gov/awic
Animal Euthanasia 1.**NAL Call No.: 41.8 Am3****1993 Report of the AVMA panel on Euthanasia.** Andrews EJ; Bennett BT; Clark JD; Houpt KA; Pascoe PJ; Robinson GW; Boyce JR *Journal of the American Veterinary Association* v. 202(2): p.229-249; 118 ref (1993)*Descriptors:* pain; anaesthetia; review; euthanasia 
*Abstract*:  After discussing general considerations, topics covered in this review are animal and human behavioural considerations, modes of action of agents used for anaesthesia, inhalant agents, inhalant anaesthetics, carbon dioxide, nitrogen, argon and carbon monoxide, noninhalant pharmaceutical agents, barbituric acid derivatives, pentobarbital combinations, chloral hydrate, combination of chloral hydrate, magnesium sulfate, and sodium pentobarbital T-61 and unacceptable injectable agents, physical methods, penetrating captive bolt, gunshot, cervical dislocation, decapitation, electrocution, microwave irradation and adjunctive methods, special considerations, equine euthanasia, precautions concerning use of agents for anaesthesia in animals intended for human or animal food, euthanasia of nonconventional species: zoo, wild, aquatic and poikilothermic animals and euthanasia of animals raised for fur production, agents and methods of euthanasia by species, summary of acceptable agents and methods of euthanasia in table form, summary of conditionally acceptable agents and methods of euthanasia in table form and a summary of some unacceptable agents and methods of euthanasia. 
 2.**45th Meeting of the Expert Group on Poultry Diseases of the German Veterinary Medical Society, Hannover, 6-7 May 1993.  45. Fachgesprach, Fachgruppe "Geflugelkrankheiten", Hannover, im Mai 1993.** Driun P; Kuttler D; Oberthur RC; Petersen U; Jordan FTW; Hergarten G; Salisch H *1993, 104 pp.; 9 contributions* (1993)*Descriptors*:  euthanasia; poultry; carcass-disposal 
*Abstract*:  Disposal of poultry carcasses was discussed by P. Druin et al. (in English), D. Kuttler, R. C. Oberthur and U. Petersen. The incidence and importance of Mycoplasma iowae was reported briefly (in English) by F. T. W. Jordan (pp. 75-78). Infection of turkeys by type A influenzavirus was reported (in German) by G. Hergarten et al. (pp. 92-104). 
 3.**NAL Call No.: 41.8 Am3****Administration of euthanasia agents.** Grier RL *Journal of the American Veterinary Association* v.198(7): p.1102-1103 (1991)*Descriptors*: euthanasia; methods 
 4.**NAL Call No.: 41.8 Am3****Administration of euthanasia agents [letter; comment]** Seif, D. P. *Journal of the American Veterinary Association* v.198(7): p.1102-3 (1991 Apr.)*Descriptors*: cats; veterinary methods 
 5.**NAL Call No.:  SF601.A5****Aggressive, undifferentiated sarcoma with widespread metastasis in a six-month-old Neopolitan mastiff.** Sanders, N. A.; Kerlin, R. L.; Dambach, D. M. *Journal of the American Animal Hospital Association* v.32(2): p.97-101. (1996 Mar.-1996 Apr.)*Descriptors*:  dogs; puppies; euthanasia; postmortem 
 6.**NAL Call No.:  QL55.A1I43****Amphibians as laboratory animals.** DeNardo, D. *ILAR Journal* v.37(4): p.173-181. (1995)*Descriptors*: husbandry; animal welfare; housing;  anesthesia; euthanasia; surgery 
 7.**NAL Call No.:  QL55 P762 1993****Anaesthesia, analgesia and euthanasia.** Bertens APMG; Booij LHDJ; Flecknell PA; Lagerweij E; Zutphen LFM van (ed.); Baumans V (ed.); Beynen ACSO:Principles of Laboratory Animal Science: A Contribution to the Humane Use and Care of Animals and to the Quality of Experimental Results. (1993)*Descriptors*:  animal welfare; experiments  
 8.**NAL Call No.:  aS21.D27S64****Animal euthanasia.** Kreger, M. D.; Smith, C. P.; Lyons Carter, J. *Special Reference Briefs, National Agricultural Library, U.S., Beltsville, MD. July 1993. (93-06) 55 p.* Updates SRB 91-02.*Descriptors*:  animals; euthanasia; bibliographies 
 9.**NAL Call No.:  aS21.D27S64****Animal euthanasia.** Smith, C. P.; Larson, J.*Special Reference Briefs, National Agricultural Library, U.S., Beltsville, MD. Nov 1990. (91-02) 31 p.* Updates SRB 88-12.*Descriptors*:  animals; euthanasia; pain 
 10.**NAL Call No.: SF601 P76****Animal illness and human emotion.** Cohen SP (ed.); Fudin CE (ed.) *Problems in Veterinary Medicine* v.3(1): p.117 pp. (1991)*Descriptors*: pet death; abnormal behavior; grief  
*Abstract*:  This issue contains 11 papers relating to human emotional problems connected with animal diseases encountered in small animal practice. The papers cover general skills in dealing with clients as well as dealing with clients pets with particular illnesses such as cancer, heart diseases, nervous disorders, 'loathsome and disfiguring conditions', and also chronic conditions. There are also papers on behavioural problems, euthanasia, and coping with death of a pet. 
 11.**NAL Call No.: 41.8 Am3****Animal shelter issues [concerning cats].** Luke C *Journal of the American Veterinary Association* v.208(4): p.524-527; American Veterinary Medical Association Animal Welfare Forum, Chicago, Illinois, USA, 3 November 1995.;  (1996)*Descriptors*:  euthanasia; kittens; stray animals; sterilization; vaccination; animal welfare 
 12.**NAL Call No.:  QL55.I5****The animal technicians' role in the euthanasia of laboratory animals.** Martinic, G. *Animal Technology* v.41(2): p.145-150. (1990 Aug.)*Descriptors*: perception; technician; survey  
 13.**The Art of Veterinary Practice: A Guide to Client Communication.** Milani MM *1995, xiv + 294 pp.; many ref* (1995)*Descriptors*:  death; fees; therapy; animal behavior 
*Abstract*:  The fact that the client-patient-veterinarian relationship is not only seen as a subject to light-hearted jokes, is probably a sign of the times, and this author takes a timely and serious look at this often neglected area of veterinary practice. The book provides not only practical advice on how to cope with difficult clients, euthanasia, animal rights, alternative therapies and fees but addresses the deeper issues of practitioner burnout, owner-animal relationship and owner's guilt providing, new and refreshing insights into these unspoken aspects of a veterinarian's life. All in all a good bedtime read for both large and small animal practitioners. The author is a veterinary practitioner herself and her own experience gives the book a touch of reality. The book has a subject index and a valuable collection of references. 
 14.**NAL Call No.: 420 N48J****Arthropod succession in rats euthanized with carbon dioxide and sodium pentobarbital.** Patrican LA; Vaidyanathan R *Journal of the New York Entomological Society* v.103(2): p.197-207; 25 ref (1995)*Descriptors*:  forensic entomology; anaesthetics; carrion; pentobarbital; euthanasia 
*Abstract*:  In central New York State, USA, arthropod succession was observed on whole rat carcasses euthanized by CO2 anoxia and sodium pentobarbital (SP) overdose. Adult Diptera accounted for 84% (417 of 494) of all arthropods collected, of which 76% (319 of 417) were Calliphoridae. Calliphorid oviposition on SP euthanized rats was protracted throughout the first 7 days of putrefaction compared to CO2 euthanized rats. Seventy-one percent (353 of 494) of adult arthropods were associated with SP euthanized rats and SP rats took twice as long to decompose. Arthropod succession and development on rat carcasses was most likely influenced by manner of death. 
 15.**NAL Call No.: SF981 A5****ASV and euthanasia.  L'ASV et l'euthanasie.** Vullierme JC *Pratique Medicale and Chirurgicale de l'Animal de Compagnie. 1995, No. SUP 4, 31-32* (1995)*Descriptors*:  small animal practice; auxiliary worker 
 16.**NAL Call No.: SF991 A1C3****The attachment of humans to pets and their reactions to pet death.** Podberscek AL; Blackshaw JK *Canine Practice* v.19(5): p.16-19; 26 ref (1994) 
 17.**NAL Call No.: SF411 A57****Attitudes to animal euthanasia in Japan: a brief review of cultural influences.** Kogure N; Yamazaki K *Anthrozoos* v.3(3): p.151-154; 5 ref (1992)*Descriptors*: pets; ethics; veterinary practice  
 18.**NAL Call No.: 41.8 Am3****AVMA Animal welfare forum: enhancing wellness in animals and people November 9, 1990, Chicago, Illinois.** Ostrich S (Chairman) *Journal of the American Veterinary Association* v.198(8): p.1351-1391 (1991)*Descriptors*:  Wild animals; ethics; animal behaviour; animal welfare 
*Abstract*:  This issue contains 7 papers presented at the first American Veterinary Medical Association Animal welfare forum. They are entitled: Veterinarians as members of the humane community; Animal behaviour and animal welfare; Ethics and animal welfare: the inextricable connection; A European perspective on farm animal welfare; The veterinarian's role in the welfare of wildlife; The vital link: veterinarians in biomedical research and laboratory animal care; and Food animal production and human nutrition. 
 19.**NAL Call No.: 41.8 Am3****AVMA guidelines for responding to clients with special needs.***Journal of the American Veterinary Association* v.206(7): p.961-976; 34 ref (1995)*Descriptors*:  euthanasia; allergies; acquired immune deficiency syndrome; pets 
 20.**NAL Call No.: SF966.5 B56 1994****Basic biomethodology.** Bivin WS; Manning PJ (ed.); Ringler DH (ed.); Newcomer CE*The Biology of the Laboratory Rabbit. 1994, Ed. 2, 71-86; 102 ref* (1994)*Descriptors*:  restraint; sampling; surgery; artificial insemination; euthanasia; pathology; histopathology 
 21.**The benefits of pets and the human animal bond.** Kibble RM; Landicho EF (ed.); Maala CP (ed.); Mateo AAB (ed.); Vilacorte EZV *Proceedings 8th Congress of the Federation of Asian Veterinary Associations, 21-25 November 1992, The Manila Hotel Manila, Philippines. 1992, 818-832* (1992)*Descriptors*:  small animal practice; veterinary jurisprudence; guidelines; euthanasia; pets 
 22.**NAL Call No.: SF601 V5****Bereavement, grief, and euthanasia. Part 2: adult grief.** Bell PL *Veterinary Practice* v.5(1): p.9-12 (1993)*Descriptors*: pets; euthanasia 
 23.**NAL Call No.: 41.8 V641****BEVA [British Equine Veterinary Association] guidelines for the destruction of horses under an all risks mortality insurance policy.** Mantell JAR *Veterinary Record* v.139(14): p.352 (1996)*Descriptors*:  euthanasia; animal insurance 
*Abstract*:  The guidelines agreed by veterinary surgeons, veterinary consultants, insurance brokers and underwriters in the UK are presented. 
 24.**Birds in experiments.** Berzinyan, N. I. *Laboratornye Zhivotnye* v.5(2): p.99-113 (1995)*Descriptors*: poultry; behavior; care; welfare; housing; anasthesia; euthanasia; laboratory 
 25.**Biting dogs and difficult clients - conflict situations in small animal practice.  Bissige Hunde und Schwierige Patientbesitzer.** Steidl T *Praktische-Tierarzt* v.77(3): p.233...242 (1996)*Descriptors*:  behaviour; restraint; emergencies; anaesthesia; euthanasia; aggression; pets 
 26.**NAL Call No.: 41.9 J82****Brain damage caused by a captive bolt pistol.** Finnie, J. W. *Journal of Comparative Pathology* v.109(3): p.253-258 (1993)*Descriptors*: sheep; parenchyma; consciousness; euthanasia; vascular damage 
*Abstract*:  The neuropathological changes produced by a captive bolt pistol are described. The primary wound track in the brain was similar to that inflicted by a weapon such as a .22 calibre rifle. However neural and vascular damage at a distance from the primary wound canal was much less severe and widespread after penetration of the low velocity captive bolt projectile due to the formation of a smaller temporary wound cavity by radial forces imparted to the parenchyma. These findings suggest that the use of a captive bolt pistol for euthanasia should be immediately followed by further actions to ensure that an animal is rendered permanently unconscious. 
 27.**NAL Call No.:  SF601.P76****Cancer.** Butler, C. L.; Lagoni, L.; Dickinson, K. L.; Withrow, S. J. *Problems in Veterinary Medicine. Hagerstown, Md. : J.B. Lippincott Co. Mar 1991. v. 3 (1) p. 21-37.* In the series analytic: Animal Illness and Human Emotion / edited by S.P. Cohen and C.E. Fudin.*Descriptors*:  neoplasms; dogs; cats; treatment; emotions; euthanasia; prognosis 
 28.**NAL Call No.:  QL55.A1L3****Carbon dioxide euthanasia in rats: oxygen supplementation minimizes signs of agitation and asphyxia.** Coenen, A. M. L.; Drinkenburg, W. H. I. M.; Hoenderken, R.; Luijtelaar, E. L. J. M. v. *Laboratory Animals* v.29(3): p.262-268. (1995 July) Includes references.*Descriptors*: inhalation; stress; animal-behavior; brain; heart rate; electroencephalograms; electrocardiograms; animal welfare; brain activity 
*Abstract*:  This paper records the effects of carbon dioxide when used for euthanasia, on behaviour, electrical brain activity and heart rate in rats. Four different methods were used. Animals were placed in a box (a) that was completely filled with carbon dioxide; (b) into which carbon dioxide was streamed at a high flow rate; (c)into which carbon dioxide was streamed at a low flow rate and (d) into which a mixture of carbon dioxide and oxygen was streamed at a fast rate. It was found that the cessation of behaviour was associated with an aberrant pattern of electrical brain activity together with an abnormally low heart rate. The time to reach this point was shortest in those animals placed in the box filled with pure carbon dioxide, longer when carbon dioxide was introduced at a high rate into the box, longer still when oxygen was added to the carbon dioxide gas, and longest when carbon dioxide was streamed slowly into the box. In the condition with pure carbon dioxide, signs of behavioural agitation and asphyxia were seen. This was also true for the two conditions in which carbon dioxide streamed into the box, but to a lesser degree. These signs occurred when some degree of consciousness may still have been present in the animals. Signs of agitation and asphyxia were almost completely absent in the condition where oxygen was added to the carbon dioxide. These results not only demonstrate the usefulness of behavioural criteria next to electrophysiological indices, but also demonstrate that the negative effects of carbon dioxide euthanasia can be prevented by an additional supply of oxygen. 
 29.**NAL Call No.:  SF955 E6****Cardiovascular effects of thoracic compression in horses subjected to euthanasia.** Hubbell JAE; Muir WW; Gaynor JS *Equine Veterinary Journal* v.25(4): p.282-284; 13 ref (1993)*Descriptors*: anaesthesia; emergencies; heart; bloodflow; euthanasia 
*Abstract*:  Six horses scheduled for euthanasia were instrumented for the measurement of blood flow by thermodilution, pulmonary arterial, right atrial and arterial blood pressures and collection of arterial blood for pH and blood gas analysis. The horses were anaesthetised with intravenous (i.v.) thiamylal sodium (10 mg/kg) and placed in right lateral recumbency. After euthanasia with an overdose of phenobarbitone sodium (100 mg/kg, i.v.) and loss of the electrocardiogram and arterial pulse pressure, thoracic compression at rates of 40, 60 and 80 compressions/min was instituted. Thoracic compression was accomplished by an investigator who delivered a blow to the chest wall with his knee dropping from a standing or crouching position. Compression rates of 40, 60 and 80/min produced blood flows of 5.65 ñ 0.5, 6.33 ñ 1.11 and 8.28 ñ 2.16 litres/min, respectively. Compression rates of 80/min produced significantly greater blood flows and mean arterial blood pressures than did slower rates. The blood flows produced by 80 thoracic compressions/min were approximately 50% of those reported for deeply anaesthetised horses and while not sufficient to sustain life might be used to prolong life in order to facilitate distribution of resuscitative drugs to vital tissues. 
 30.**NAL Call No.:  HV4731.C3****The Casualty Pig.** Pig Veterinary Society. Cambridge : The Society, c1991. 20 p. : ill., Cover title.*Descriptors*: swine; slaughter; slaughter house 
 31.**NAL Call No.:  HV4731.C27 1996****The Casualty Pig. Rev.** Blackburn, P. W.; Pig Veterinary Society. Cambridge [England] : The Society, c1996. 20 p. : ill.*Descriptors*: swine; slaughter; slaughter house 
 32.**NAL Call No.: 41.8 V641****Chemical euthanasia of horses.** Herbert WJ *Veterinary Record* v.139(4): p.100 (1996)*Descriptors*:  euthanasia; magnesium sulfate 
 33.**NAL Call No.: 41.8 V641****Chemical euthanasia of horses [letter]** Woodward, K. N.; Gray, A. K. *Veterinary Record* v.138(24): p.600 (1996 June)*Descriptors*: barbiturates; food contamination 
 34.**NAL Call No.:  SF601.V523****Client counseling in orthopedic emergencies.** Brackenridge, S. S.; Kirby, B. M.; Johnson, S. W. *Veterinary Clinics of North America, Small Animal Practice. Philadelphia : W. B. Saunders Co., 1979-. Sept 1995. v. 25 (5) p. 1047- 1058.* In the series analytic: Management of orthopedic emergencies / edited by Ronald McLaughlin and James Roush.*Descriptors*:  emergencies; orthopedics; counseling;  prognosis; economics; euthanasia; abuse 
 35.**NAL Call No.:  SF601 J6****Clinical challenge.** Fitzgerald, S. D.; Bennett, R. *Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine* v.27(3): p.428-431 (1996)*Descriptors*: liver disease; vitamin; euthanasia 
 36.**NAL Call No.: QH301.L54****Comparison of effects of decapitation and anesthesia on metabolic and hormonal parameters in Sprague-Dawley rats.** Bhathena, S. J. *Life Sciences* v.50(21): p.1649-1655 (1992)*Descriptors*: glucagon; insulin; liver plasma membrane; plasma receptor; hormone receptor 
*Abstract*:  The modes of euthanasia by either anesthesia or by decapitation were compared by assessing several metabolic and hormonal parameters from plasma and hormone receptors from liver plasma membranes. Two different anesthetics were used. Compared to decapitation, euthanasia by anesthesia significantly increased plasma glucose and triglyceride levels but not plasma cholesterol. Plasma insulin was also significantly increased by anesthetics. No significant differences were observed in plasma glucagon levels or insulin and glucagon receptors from liver plasma membranes between rats euthanized by decapitation and anesthesia. Glucagon reeptors were however, affected by dietary carbohydrates. It is concluded that in studies involving measurements of metabolic and hormonal parameters the use of anesthesia is to be avoided for euthanasia and that decapitation should be the method of choice. 
 37.**NAL Call No.:  410.9 P94****A comparison of euthanasia methods in rats, using carbon dioxide in prefilled and fixed flow rate filled chambers.** Hewett, T. A.; Kovacs, M. S.; Artwohl, J. E.; Bennett, B. T. *Laboratory Animal Science* v.43(6): p.579-582. (1993 Dec.) Includes references.*Descriptors*:  rats; euthanasia; carbon-dioxide; animal- welfare; methodology; blood; gases; animal-behavior 
*Abstract*:  The two methods (prefilled and fixed flow rate filled chambers) recommended in the 1993 AVMA Euthanasia Panel report for using carbon dioxide to euthanatize rats were evaluated in terms of their effect on behavior and selected blood gas values. Responses were videotaped during exposure to greater than or equal to 90% carbon dioxide in a prefilled chamber or a gradually filled chamber, using a fixed flow rate of 20% chamber volume/min. Arterial blood samples were taken to determine partial pressure of oxygen, partial pressure of carbon dioxide, pH, and oxygen saturation prior to entering the chamber and at time points determined by rats' responses to carbon dioxide. Rats showed similar reactions when exposed to carbon dioxide by either method. Significant differences in mean time for each response to occur were seen between euthanasia methods. Maintaining a near atmospheric oxygen chamber concentration by using a 75% CO2:20% O2:5% N2 gas mixture to gradually fill the chamber did not change rats' reactions upon exposure. Significant differences were found between pre-exposure values and values from samples obtained when rats became immobile after entering the prefilled chamber. Partial pressure of carbon dioxide significantly increased, and pH and percent oxygen saturation significantly decreased from pre-exposure values in all samples obtained after rats entered the gradually filled chamber. Partial pressure of oxygen in these rats was greater than or equal to pre-exposure levels in all samples. Rats appeared sedated because of the anesthestic effects of carbon dioxide when immobility was observed. Distress was not observed in the rats when either method of euthanasia. 
 38.**NAL Call No.: 41.8 Am3****Comparison of pentobarbital alone and pentobarbital in combination with lidocaine for euthanasia of dogs.** Evans AT; Broadstone R; Stapleton J; Hooks TM; Johnston SM; McNeil JR *Journal of the American Veterinary Association* v.203(5): p.664-666; 15 ref (1993)*Descriptors*:  electrocardiograms; electroencephalograms; pentobarbital; lidocaine 
*Abstract*:  Pentobarbital alone, pentobarbital plus 1% lidocaine solution, pentobarbital plus 2% lidocaine solution, and pentobarbital plus 3% lidocaine solution were each used to kill 6 dogs. For each dog, time between the beginning of injection of the euthanasia solution and each of the following events was recorded: collapse, onset of apnoea, flat-line electrocardiogram, flat-time electroencephalogram, loss of palpable heartbeat, and loss of palpable pulse. Any signs of pain or discomfort were also recorded. There were no significant differences among groups except for time to flat-line electrocardiogram. Dogs killed with pentobarbital alone had significantly longer times than did dogs killed with pentobarbital in combination with any of the lidocaine concentrations. It was concluded that pentobarbital in combination with lidocaine was a reasonable alternative to pentobarbital alone when killing dogs. 
 39.**NAL Call No.: 41.8 Am3****Concerned about euthanasia of healthy, homeless animals [letter]** Olson, P. N. *Journal of the American Veterinary Association* v.196(1): p.10 (1990 Jan.)*Descriptors*: ethics; cats; dogs; animal welfare 
 40.**NAL Call No.: 41.8 Am3****Concerned about study on euthanasia [letter; comment]** Block, G. *Journal of the American Veterinary Association* v.203(10): p.1384-5 (1993 Nov.)*Descriptors*: dogs; physiology; Lidocaine; Pentobarbital 
 41.**Considerations in the euthanasia of reptiles, amphibians and fish.** Burns R *Proceedings, American Association of Zoo Veterinarians, Wildlife Disease Association, American Association of Wildlife Veterinarians. Joint Conference, East Lansing, Michigan, August 12-17, 1995. 1995, 243-249; 34 ref* (1995)*Descriptors*:  pain; euthanasia; zoos; aquariums 
 42.**NAL Call No.: QL55 I5****Control of pain and distress in small laboratory animals.** Townsend P *Animal Technology* v.44(3): p.215-223; 28 ref (1993)*Descriptors*:  animal welfare; housing; euthanasia; anaesthetics; analgesia  
 43.**NAL Call No.: 41.8 Am3****Coping with euthanasia: A case study of shelter culture.** Arluke A *Journal of the American Veterinary Association* v.198(7): p.1176-1180; 6 ref (1991)*Descriptors*: pets; population density 
*Abstract*:  An ethnographic study was made of a single 'kill shelter' serving a major metropolitan area [in the USA]. 76 h were spent observing all the facets of shelter work and life, including euthanasia of animals and training shelter workers how to do it. Results showed that workers had to be able to get used to the value of euthanasia, the technical aspects, as a humane act to reduce suffering, to be able to shift the blame on to the people abandoning the pets and themselves as having to combat pet overpopulation. The 'shelter culture' served to admit workers into an inner community once they performed euthanasia so that they could support each other, and also this community considered that attachment to particular animals was normal. Therefore the shelter culture adapted the euthanasia routine to accommodate concerns of the workers. 
 44.**NAL Call No.: aHV4701 S952****The cotton rat in biomedical research.** Prince GA *Animal Welfare Information Center Newsletter* v.5(2): p.3-5 (1994)*Descriptors*: housing; care; euthanasia 
 45.**Creating change to improve animal welfare in the United States.** Hart LA; Landicho EF (ed.); Maala CP (ed.); Mateo AAB (ed.); Vilacorte EZV *Proceedings 8th Congress of the Federation of Asian Veterinary Associations, 21-25 November 1992, The Manila Hotel Manila, Philippines. 1992, 807-814; 20 ref* (1992)*Descriptors*:  euthanasia; laboratory animals; pets; surgery; sterilization; animal welfare 
 46.**NAL Call No.:  SF601.C66****Cytology during surgery.** Rogers, K. S.; Barton, C. L.; Habron, J. M. *Compendium of Continuing Education for the Practicing Veterinarian* v.18(2): p.153-156, 158-160, 162-163. (1996 Feb.) Includes references.*Descriptors*: neoplasms; inflammation; macrophages; fibroblasts; metastasis; euthanasia 
 47.**NAL Call No.:  SF601.P76****Death and bereavement.** Harris, J. M. *Problems in Veterinary Medicine. Hagerstown, Md. : J.B. Lippincott Co. Mar 1991. v. 3 (1) p. 111-117.* In the series analytic: Animal Illness and Human Emotion / edited by S.P. Cohen and C.E. Fudin.*Descriptors*:  pets; death; euthanasia; emotions; counseling; children; grief 
 48.**Destruction methods for large poultry flocks.  Toten grosser Geflugelbestande.** Dayen M *48. Fachgesprach der Fachgruppe "Geflugelkrankheiten,"* Hannover, 4-5, Mai 1995. 1995, 106-110 (1995)*Descriptors*:  euthanasia; electrocution; carbon dioxide; stunning; slaughter; animal welfare 49.**Destruction of large poultry flocks by using carbon dioxide.  Totung grosserer Geflugelbestande mittels CO2.** Pass G; Siegmann OSO:DVG 46. Fachgesprach der Fachgruppe "Geflugelkrankheiten" Hannover Germany, im May 1994, 65-69. (1994)*Descriptors*:  poultry; carbon dioxide; euthanasia 
 50.**NAL Call No.: QD272 C4J682****Determination of embutramide in biological matrices by gas chromatography with nitrogen-phosphorus detection.** Huo, J. Z.; Van, B. J.; Lambert, W. E.; De, L. A. P. *Journal of Chromatography B Biomedical Applications* v.661(1): p.69- 74 (1994)*Descriptors*: dog; central depressant drug; pharmacokinetics; central nervous system; respiration; veterinary euthanasia; analytical method 
*Abstract*:  Embutramide is a general anesthetic having a strong narcotic effect on the central nervous system where it paralyzes the brain center that controls respiration. It is a constituent of T61, a veterinary euthanasia drug. This paper describes a gas chromatographic procedure using nitrogen- phosphorus detection for the determination of embutramide in biological matrices. The drug and the internal standard (ambucetamide) are extracted with dichloromethane under alkaline conditions. The method is linear from 100 to 3000 ng/ml. The within-day and day-to-day coefficients of variation range from 5.1 to 5.7% and from 9.1 to 10.0%, respectively. The recovery is above 80% while the minimum detectable level under the conditions described is 40 ng/ml analyzing a 1-ml or a 1-g aliquot of a sample (blood or tissue). The method is also applied to different samples from dogs euthanized with T61. 
 51.**NAL Call No.:  SF601.I4****Differential diagnosis of polyneuritis equi.** Vatistas, N.; Mayhew, J. *In Practice* v.17(1): p.26, 28- 29. (1995 Jan.) Includes references.*Descriptors*:  horses; neuritis; tail; peritoneum; diagnosis; trauma; equine herpesvirus; sarcocystis; euthanasia; drug therapy; case reports 
 52.**NAL Call No.: 41.8 Am3****Disseminated opportunistic fungal disease in dogs: 10 cases (1982-1990).** Watt, P. R.; Robins, G. M.; Galloway, A. M.; O'Boyle, D. A. *Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association* v.207(1): p.67-70 (1995)*Descriptors*: antifungal drugs; neck pain; back pain; weight loss; anorexia; pyrexia; paresis; paralysis; diskospondylitis; euthanasia 
*Abstract*:  Medical records of 10 dogs in which fungal infection was diagnosed between 1982 and 1990 were reviewed. In each dog, infection was determined to be caused by a single species of fungus, either Aspergillus terreus, *Penicillium sp*, *Paecilomyces sp*, *Chrysosporium sp*, or *Pseudallescheria boydii*. Nine dogs were German Shepherd Dogs; 1 was a German Shepherd Dog cross, and 9 were females. The most common clinical signs were signs of neck or back pain (9 dogs), weight loss (7 dogs), anorexia (6 dogs), pyrexia (6 dogs), paresis (3 dogs), and paralysis (3 dogs). All 10 dogs had evidence of multiple sites of diskospondylitis. Urine sediment was examined in 6 dogs, and all 6 had fungal hyphae. Urine samples from these dogs produced a medium to heavy pure growth of fungi when placed on Sabaraud's medium. Predisposing causes were not identified in any of the dogs. Four dogs were euthanatized immediately after diagnosis because of paralysis or paresis. The other 6 dogs were treated, and 4 of the 6 received itraconazole. One dog was euthanatized for an unrelated problem after 21 months of treatment; 1 dog was still alive after 4 years of continuous treatment with itraconazole. The other 4 dogs were euthanatized because of eventual paralysis or paresis. Our results suggest that German Shepherd bogs are predisposed to infection with opportunistic fungi, possibly because of a specific inability to mount an effective response. This predisposition needs to be further studied. 
 53.**NAL Call No.: SH171 J68****Effect of different methods of killing Atlantic salmon on whole-body concentrations of selected electrolytes.** Perry CM *Journal of Aquatic Animal Health* v.2(2): p.154- 156; 8 ref (1990)*Descriptors*: calcium; sodium; potassium; magnesium; injectable anasthesia; euthanasia 
*Abstract*:  Juvenile Atlantic salmon (*Salmo salar*), mean total length, 44 mm, were killed by an overdose of tricaine (MS-22) or quinaldine sulfate, or by a blow to the head. Comparisons of whole-body concentrations of Na+, K+, Mg2+ were made among fish killed by the different methods. The Na concentration in fish killed with quinaldine sulfate was significantly lower than that in fish killed by the other methods. There were no significant differences in the concentrations of the other cations among treatments. 
 54.**NAL Call No.:  410.9 P94****The effect of euthanasia technique on vascular arachidonic acid metabolism and vascular and intestinal smooth muscle contractility.** Butler, M. M.; Griffey, S. M.; Clubb, F. J. Jr.; Gerrity, L. W.; Campbell, W. B. *Laboratory Animal Science* v.40(3): p.277-283. (1990 May) Includes references.*Descriptors*:  rabbits; rats; euthanasia; fat metabolism; aorta; colon 
*Abstract*:  This study was designed to determine the effects that specific euthanasia methods have on vascular arachidonic acid metabolism and vascular and intestinal smooth muscle contractility. Rats were euthanatized by decapitation (DC), pentobarbital overdose (PB), or anesthesia with CO2, methoxyflurane or ether followed by DC (CO2-DC, Met-DC, Ether-DC, respectively). Rabbits were killed by a similar protocol, but CO2 overexposure replaced Ether-DC. The rat and rabbit aortas produced mainly 6-keto PGF1 alpha, the prostacyclin metabolite, and lesser amounts of PGE2. No qualitative differences were seen in arachidonate metabolites. However, aortic tissue from rabbits and rats killed by Met-DC produced more prostacyclin. In contrast, aorta from rabbits euthanatized by CO2-DC produced less prostacyclin than controls, whereas aorta from rats killed in the same way yielded greater amounts of prostacyclin. Aortic tissue from rabbits killed by Met-DC and CO2-OD was less responsive to acetylcholine (ACH). Intestinal contractility to ACH was increased in rabbits when Met-DC was used as the method of euthanasia, while colon from rats sacrificed by Met-DC showed decreased responsiveness to ACH. Colon from rats killed by intraperitoneal PB exhibited altered contractility to ACH and norepinephrine. The results of this study show that methoxyflurane, carbon dioxide (rabbit) and pentobarbital (rat) alter the vascular synthesis of prostacyclin and smooth muscle contractility. We conclude that the method of euthanasia affects certain physiologic parameters and careful consideration should be given to the selection of a particular euthanasia technique. 
 55.**NAL Call No.:  410.9 P94****The effect of mouse euthanasia technique on subsequent lymphocyte proliferation and cell mediated lympholysis assays.** Howard, H. L.; McLaughlin Taylor, E.; Hill, R. L. *Laboratory Animal Science* v.40(5): p.510-514. (1990 Sept.) Includes references.*Descriptors*: cytotoxic t-lymphocytes; methoxyflurane; pentobarbital; carbon dioxide; halothane; dislocation 
*Abstract*:  The purpose of this study was to determine the effects that specific euthanasia methods have on mitogen induced lymphocyte proliferation (LP) and the induction of alloantigen specific cytolytic T-lymphocytes (CTL). Mice were euthanatized by cervical dislocation (CD), or anesthesia with methoxyflurane or pentobarbital followed by CD (M-CD or P-CD respectively), CO2 overexposure (CO2-OD) or halothane overexposure (H-OD). Mitogenic lymphoproliferation was increased in cells derived from mice euthanatized by M-CD and P-CD. In contrast, the cytolytic profile of CTL derived from mice euthanatized by P-CD, CO2-OD and H-OD was decreased. The results of this study show that euthanasia techniques involving the use of methoxyflurane, pentobarbital, CO2 and halothane affect in vitro lymphoproliferation and CTL function. We conclude that the method of euthanasia influences certain immunologic parameters and selection of a particular technique should be given careful consideration. 
 56.**NAL Call No.:  410.9 P94****Effects of carbon dioxide-induced anesthesia on cholinergic parameters in rat brain.** Berger Sweeney, J.; Berger, U. V.; Sharma, M.; Paul, C. A. *Laboratory Animal Science* v.44(4): p.369-371. (1994 Aug.)*Descriptors*:  rats; acetylcholinesterase; choline- acetyltransferase; enzyme activity; anesthesia; carbon dioxide; decapitation; hippocampus; cerebral cortex; cerebellum; euthanasia; animal-welfare 
*Abstract*:  We report that acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) activities in rat brain were virtually identical whether the rat was anesthetized with carbon dioxide (CO2) before decapitation or decapitated without prior sedation. The AChE and ChAT activities were measured in three brain regions; the hippocampus, cerebral cortex, and cerebellum. Enzyme activities varied significantly by brain region, with the highest values in the hippocampus and the lowest values in the cerebellum. Enzyme activities, however, did not vary with the method of euthanasia, either CO2-induced anesthesia prior to decapitation or decapitation without anesthesia. These data suggest that CO2-induced anesthesia prior to decapitation does not alter activities of these cholinergic markers in rat hippocampus, cerebral cortex, and cerebellum. This method of euthanasia eliminates the need to capture a conscious animal, which reduces stress to the animal and the experimenter. 
 57.**NAL Call No.:  410.9 P94****The effects of various anesthetics on tissue levels of fructose-2,6-bisphosphate in rats.** Kasten, T.; Colliver, J. A.; Montrey, R. D.; Dunaway, G. A. *Laboratory Animal Science* v.40(4): p.399-401. (1990 July) Includes references.*Descriptors*:  anesthetics; fructose bisphosphatase; kidneys; brain; heart; muscles; liver; euthanasia 
*Abstract*:  We report that the short-term use of various anesthetic agents prior to decapitation causes alteration of the levels of fructose-2,6-bisphosphate in kidney, brain, heart, muscle, and liver. These data indicate that even light anesthesia can not be used when levels of this metabolite are to be determined. Also, it appears that the use of any of these anesthetics can profoundly alter glucose utilization in many tissues. 
 58.**NAL Call No.:  41.8 N483****Electroencephalographic studies on the nape shooting of sheep.** Blackmore DK; Daly CC; Cook CJ *New Zealand Veterinary Journal* v.43(4): p.160-163; 13 ref (1995)*Descriptors*:  electroencephalography; spinal-cord; central-nervous-system; destruction-of-animals; animal-welfare; euthanasia; stunning 
*Abstract*:  The implications of shooting animals in the area of the occipito-atlantal junction was evaluated in 3 sheep by recording changes in the EEG activity. All 3 animals were shot with a 5.6 mm calibre rifle using solid lead bullets with an estimated muzzle velocity of 950 m/s. In the first sheep, due to incorrect aiming of the rifle, the bullet passed below the cervical vertebra. In the second sheep, a shot which entered the occipito-atlantal junction and fractured the first cervical vertebra failed to produce insensibility. In contrast, a shot in the third sheep which struck the occipital condyles of the skull resulted in loss of cortical evoked responses, the presence of high amplitude low frequency activity and ultimately all loss of brain activity. It is concluded that shooting through the vertebral column does not necessarily transmit sufficient percussive forces to higher brain regions to produce immediate insensibility. It is suggested that this has important implications for the humane destruction of animals, particularly, as in the cases of cetaceans, where the occipito-atlantal junction or a high neck position is a recommended target area. 
 59.**NAL Call No.:  41.8 Am3****Emotional responses of animal shelter workers to euthanasia.** White, D. J.; Shawhan, R. *Journal of the American Veterinary Association* v.208(6): p.846-849. (1996 Mar.) Includes references.*Descriptors*:  emotion; workers; mental stress 
 60.**NAL Call No.: 41.8 Am3****Equine euthanasia.** Steere JH *Journal of the American Veterinary Association* v.197(5): p.555-556 (1990)*Descriptors*:  disease; anaesthesia; Xylazine; Pentobarbital 
 61.**NAL Call No.:  SF601.A46****Equine euthanasia.** Pascoe PJSO:Proceedings of the Annual Convention of the American Association of Equine Practitioners.1993, 3. 8. 105 112; 9 ref. (1993)*Descriptors*:  racehorses; pentobarbital; euthanasia 
 62.**NAL Call No.:  SF951.E62****Equine euthanasia and client bereavement.***Equine Practice [Santa Barbara, Calif., : Veterinary Practice Pub. Co.], 1979-. Mar 1997. v. 19 (3) p. 39-42.* Includes references.*Descriptors*:  horse; euthanasia; emotion; grief 
 63.**NAL Call No.:  SF601.A46****Equine euthanasia: human-animal bond aspects.** Lawrence, E. A. *PJSO:Proceedings of the Annual Convention of the American Association of Equine Practitioners*p.95-103. (1993) Meeting helding on November 29-December 2, 1992, Orlando, Florida.*Descriptors*:  horses; euthanasia 
 64.**NAL Call No.: 41.8 V641****Equine euthanasia [letter]** Simons, M. A. *Veterinary Record* v.135(16): p.388 (1994 Oct.)*Descriptors*: euthanasia; horse 
 65.**NAL Call No.: 41.8 Am3****Equine euthanasia [letter; comment]***Journal of the American Veterinary Association* v.197(5): p.555-6 (1990 Sept.)*Descriptors*: euthanasia; horse 
 66.**NAL Call No.: SF601 C66****Equine insurance.** Byars TD; Dixon T *Compendium on Continuing Education for the Practicing Veterinarian* v.15(4): p.614-617, 625; 2 ref (1993)*Descriptors*:  horse; euthanasia; pathology; insurance 
 67.**NAL Call No.: 41.8 Am3****Establishing a model pet loss support hotline.** Mader B; Hart LA *Journal of the American Veterinary Association* v.200(3): p.270-274; 16 ref (1992)*Descriptors*:  dog disease; cat disease; small animal practice; euthanasia 
 68.**NAL Call No.:  41.8 R312****Ethanol euthanasia and its effect on the binding of antibody generated against an immunogenic peptide construct.** Lord, R.; Jones, G. L.; Spencer, L. *Research in Veterinary Science* v.51(2): p.164-168. (1991 Sept.) Includes references.*Descriptors*:  mice; ethanol; cross reaction 
*Abstract*:  Mice were immunised with an immunogenic peptide construct CKNNNSTNSGI coupled to diphtheria toxoid as a carrier. This peptide sequence contains the epitope STNS which is the target of inhibitory monoclonal antibodies directed against the second merozoite surface antigen of Plasmodium falciparum. Antisera raised against the peptide construct were taken using an injection of 70 per cent ethanol or sodium pentobarbitone as methods of euthanasia and these methods compared by determining their effects on the binding specificity of the antibody to the antigen using the immunological criteria of immunofluoresence, immunoblotting and ELISA assays. There was no significant decrease in antibody binding with either sodium pentobarbitone, or ethanol with a final concentration of less than 30 per cent in mouse antisera. Antisera with an added ethanol concentration of 40 to 60 per cent relaxed antibody conformation and this raises the possibility of using the differential effects of ethanol as a tool in mapping antigenic fine structure of a range of antibodies directed against defined epitopes. The cross-reactive response of non-specific antibodies in polyclonal antisera was lowered at the suggested dosage for ethanol euthanasia. Ethanol has immense potential as an alternative method of euthanasia when barbiturate drugs, such as sodium pentobarbitone, are unavailable in specific experimental protocols. This may especially aid research workers in developing countries involved in vaccine development, antibody production and subsequent serological analysis. 
 69.**NAL Call No.: 41.8 D482****Ethical and legal questions of the killing of animals to prevention to considerable pain and suffering.** Moebius, G. *DTW (Deutsche Tieraerztliche Wochenschrift)* v.101(9): p.372-376 (1994)*Descriptors*: ethics; cruelty; euthanasia 
*Abstract*:  The ethical and legal problems that are connected with the killing of animals are continuously discussed. Problems with the interpretation of "reasonable reason" and the public criticism of killing to get luxury goods as well as of the methods of killing show the main points. ln contrast to the killing of animals in the interest of people the euthanasia of animals to prevention of considerable, not to soothed pain and suffering is appreciated generally as reasonably and ethically justified. The ethical justification confronts with legal problems based on the conflicting position of animals in civil law. These problems are important for a practising veterinarian. 
 70.**NAL Call No.: SF601 V46****Ethical issues in the ownership of companion animals: An empirical and normative analysis.** Endenburg, N.; Vorstenbosch, J. M. G. *Veterinary Quarterly* v.14(4): p.129-136 (1992)*Descriptors*:  dog; cat; euthanasia; tail docking; ear clipping; sterilization; behavior 
*Abstract*:  This article deals with ethical aspects of companion animal ownership. Research was done by means of interviews (n = 40) and questionnaires (n = 871). Respondents were randomly chosen from Dutch telephone directories. Euthanasia, docking tails, ear clipping and sterilisation are discussed on the basis of the opinions of respondents. Owners of companion animals very often seem to have insufficient knowledge about animal behaviour. Companion animal owners as a group differ rather strongly in their moral opinions about the acceptability of certain actions towards animals. At the individual level also people are not always consequent in their reasoning as was illustrated by their opinions about ear clipping and the stopping of tail docking and vice versa. Respondents live in a community with animals and usually use a utilitarian balancing model. The different outcomes of the uses of this balancing model indicate how far the respondents are willing to adapt their life style to the needs of an animal; in other words to what extent intrinsic values and integrity are taken into account within the process of (re)creating a living community. 
 71.**NAL Call No.: 41.8 R3224****An ethicist's commentary on the case of a client who refuses euthanasia for a sick cat.** Rollin, B. E. *Canadian Veterinary Journal* v.36(8): p.471-2 (1995 Aug.)*Descriptors*: cats; cellulitis; euthanasia; urinary tract infections 
*Abstract*:  An 8-year-old, neutered, male, domestic shorthaired cat is admitted to your clinic with a complaint of lethargy and anorexia. The cat was last examined 2 months previously with a urinary tract infection and severe cellulitis at the site of a ventral abdominal urethrostomy. The urethrostomy was performed several years ago at another clinic. Euthanasia was recommended during your first examination, but the owner insisted on treatment. The cat improved after receiving fluids and systemic and topical antibiotics, but its condition suddenly deteriorated 2 days ago. Physical examination reveals severe dehydration, bradycardia, hypothermia, and an infected and fly- blown urethrostomy opening. Euthanasia is again recommended. The owner refuses and leaves the clinic, apparently intending to seek a second opinion. 
 72.**NAL Call No.: 41.8 R3224****An ethicist's commentary on the case of the veterinarian who wishes to improve rural euthanasia.** Rollin, B. E. *Canadian Veterinary Journal* v.38(6): p.334-5 (1997 June)*Descriptors*: animal welfare; ethics 
 73.**NAL Call No.:  aQL55.B36****Euthanasia.** Bennett, B. T. *Essentials for Animal Research : A Primer for Research Personnel / by B.T. Bennett, M.J. Brown and J.C. Schofield. Beltsville, Md. : USDA, National Agricultural Library, [1990]. p. 89-100.* Includes references.*Descriptors*:  laboratory animals; domestic-animals; euthanasia; animal welfare; regulations 
 74.**NAL Call No.:  SF405.5.C36****Euthanasia.** Bemier, J. F. *Canadian Association for Laboratory Animal Science Newsletter* v.28(3): p.69-71, 73-74. (1994 June)*Descriptors*:  euthanasia; methods; pain; welfare 
 75.**Euthanasia: acceptable and unacceptable methods of killing.** Rowsell HC; Rollin BE (ed.); Kesel ML (ed.) The Experimental Animal in Biomedical Research. Volume 1. A survey of scientific and ethical issues for investigators. 1990, 3. 8. 1. 391; 56 ref. (1990)*Descriptors*: laboratory animals; welfare; pain;  
 76.**NAL Call No.: 41.8 D482****Euthanasia agents and procedures used in the humane slaughter of domestic and other animals.  Evcil ve diger hayvanlarin insancil olarak oldurulmesinde kullanilan otanazi maddeleri ve yontemleri.** Kaya S; Baydan E *Veteriner Hekimler Dernegi Dergisi* v.66(1): p.54-62; 20 ref (1995)*Descriptors*:  neuroleptics; zoo animals; slaughter 
 77.**NAL Call No.: HD9435 P5****Euthanasia: an animal-care protocol.** Raufer B; Miller M *Pork* v.17(2): p.32...37 (1997)*Descriptors*:  techniques; pain; animal welfare 
 78.**NAL Call No.:  41.8 Am3****Euthanasia and slaughter of livestock.** Grandin, T. *Journal of the American Veterinary Association* v.209(9): p.1354-1360. (1994 May) Includes references.*Descriptors*: methods; animal welfare; slaughter equipment; electrical treatment; efficacy; carbon dioxide; stress; behavior; restraint; captive bolt gun; ritual slaughter 
 79.**NAL Call No.:  SF951.E62****Euthanasia and the human-equine bond.** Lawrence, E. A. *Equine Practice [Santa Barbara, Calif., : Veterinary Practice Pub. Co.], 1979-. Nov/Dec 1993. v. 15 (10) p. 34-36, 38-39, 41-44.* Includes references.*Descriptors*:  horses; man; attachment behavior 
 80.**NAL Call No.:  41.8 R3224****Euthanasia and veterinarian.** Schneider, B. J. *Canadian Veterinary Journal* v.37(4): p.217-218. (1996 Apr.) Includes references.*Descriptors*:  emotion; moral values 
 81.**Euthanasia as a current ethical problem in human and veterinary medicine.  Eutanazia ako eticky problem sucasnosti z aspektu humannej a veterinarskej mediciny.** Hvozdik A *Slovensky Veterinarsky Casopis* v.21(6): p.319- 322; 11 ref (1996)*Descriptors*:  ethics; medicine 
 82.**Euthanasia by decapitation: evidence that this technique produces prompt, painless unconsciousness in laboratory rodents.** Holson, R. R. *Neurotoxicology and Teratology* v.14(4): p.253-7 (1992 July-1992 Aug.)*Descriptors*: rodents; animal welfare; method  
*Abstract*:  Rapid euthanasia of laboratory rodents without the use of anesthesia is a necessary research technique whenever there is the likelihood of anesthesia or stress interfering with the chemistry of the tissues under investigation. Decapitation has long been the procedure of choice under such circumstances. Recently, however, the American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA) panel on euthanasia recommended that decapitation be avoided on the grounds that the decapitated head may be conscious and suffering for as much as 15 seconds. The panel further recommended that if decapitation was scientifically necessary, the decapitated head be immediately immersed in liquid nitrogen. These AVMA guidelines now enjoy regulatory status; the recommendation that decapitation be avoided has thus caused considerable difficulty for all research requiring rapid, anesthesia-free collection of tissues. The scientific validity of these recommendations is consequently a matter of great practical as well as theoretical importance. The decision to discourage decapitation appears to have been based on a single literature report claiming that the EEG of the decapitated head revealed conscious suffering for more than 10 seconds (Mikeska and Klemm 1976). This review carefully examines the scientific literature on this subject. It is concluded that the report by Mikeska and Klemm of EEG activation in the decapitated head is correct, but that this phenomenon is also seen when the decapitated head is under deep anesthesia, and in normal brains under ether anesthesia or during REM sleep. Hence these findings do not demonstrate either consciousness or the perception of pain. 
 83.**NAL Call No.:  SF914.G74-1990****Euthanasia Guide for Animal Shelters. 3rd ed.** Grier, R. L. R. L.; Colvin, T. L.; Kopecky, L. N. Ames, Iowa : Moss Creek Publications, 1990. iv, 47 p. : ill., Includes bibliographical references (p. 46). Descriptors: pets; animal welfare; pounds 
 84.**NAL Call No.:  SF601.I4****Euthanasia--how do you handle it.** Lee, L.; Lee, M. *In Practice* v.16(6): p.334-337. (1994 Nov.)*Descriptors*:  small animal practice; customer relations 
 85.**NAL Call No.: 41.8 M463****Euthanasia in animals.  Eutanazja zwierzat.** Prost EK *Medycyna Weterynaryjna* v.51(5): p.263-270; 21 ref (1995)*Descriptors*:  pets; injectable anaesthesia; euthanasia 
 86.**NAL Call No.: 41.8 T431****[Euthanasia in domestic animals]***Tijdschrift voor Diergeneeskunde* v.117(23): p.717-20 (1992 Dec.)Euthanasie bij gezelschapsdieren. 
 87.**Euthanasia in the horse and the owner's distress.  Eutanasia del cavallo e ansia del proprietario.** Ferrari A *Obiettivi e Documenti Veterinari* v.17(9): p.Supplement, 19-20 (1996)*Descriptors*:  veterinary practice; euthanasia 
 88.**NAL Call No.: 41.8 T431****[Euthanasia (letter)]** Tholhuijsen, L. *Tijdschrift voor Diergeneeskunde*v.117(3): p.92 (1992 Feb.) Euthanasie.*Descriptors*: legislation, veterinary medicine 
 89.**NAL Call No.:  QL55.F43 1993****Euthanasia methods used for laboratory animals in The Netherlands.** Baumans, V.; Bartels, H. L.; Bertens, A. P. M. G.; Herck, H. v.; Hoenderken, R.; Schlingmann, F. *Welfare and Science Proceedings of the Fifth Symposium of the Federation of European Laboratory Animal Science Associations, 8-11 June 1993, Brighton, UK / Federation of European Laboratory Animal Science Associations Symposium. London : Royal Society of Medicine Press, 1994.. p. 219-223.* Includes references.*Descriptors*: euthanasia; consciousness; animal welfare; injection; rats; mice; evaluation; netherlands 
 90.**NAL Call No.: 41.8 Au72****Euthanasia; not always Eu.** Blackmore DK *Australian Veterinary Journal* v.70(11): p.409-413; 26 ref (1993)*Descriptors*:  animal welfare; carbon dioxide; carbon monoxide; decapitation; laboratory animals 
*Abstract*:  This article reviews general agents and techniques used for euthanasia of laboratory animals. Criteria associated with an ideal method of euthanasia from a viewpoint of animal welfare are tabulated. Specific methods described include use of carbon dioxide and carbon monoxide, induction of hypoxia by inert gases, decapitation and dislocation of the neck. 
 91.**NAL Call No.: 41.8 M463****Euthanasia of animals: A review.** Prost, E. K. *Medycyna Weterynaryjna* v.51(5): p.263-270 (1995)*Descriptors*: literature review; dog; cat; inhalation; infusion; route of administration 
 92.**NAL Call No.: 41.8 N81****Euthanasia of beached whales.  Eutanasi av strandet hval.** Arnemo JM *Norsk Veterinaertidsskrift* v.105(4): p.453; 4 ref (1993)*Descriptors*:  dosage; etorphine; cetaceans 
 93.**NAL Call No.: 41.8 T431****[Euthanasia of (bull)frogs (letter)]** Zwart, P. *Tijdschrift voor Diergeneeskunde* v.115(18): p.852 (1990 Sept.) Euthanasia van (brul)kikkers.*Descriptors*:  veterinary; *Rana catesbeiana*
 94.**NAL Call No.: 41.8 T431****[Euthanasia of bullfrogs (*Rana catesbeiana*)]** Zwart, P. *Tijdschrift voor Diergeneeskunde* v.115(18): p.847 (1990 Sept.) Euthanasie van brulkikkers c.q. stierkikkers (Rana catesbiana).*Descriptors*:  veterinary; *Rana catesbeiana*
 95.**NAL Call No.: 41.8 V641****Euthanasia of chickens [letter]** Gregory, N. G.; Wotton, S. B. *Veterinary Record* v.128(22): p.532 (1991 June)*Descriptors*: abattoirs; animal welfare 
 96.**NAL Call No.: 41.9 SV23****Euthanasia of companion animals.  Avlivning av sallskapsdjur.** Ortman K *Svensk Veterinartidning* v.45(10): p.425-428; 15 ref (1993)*Descriptors*:  veterinary practice; pets 
 97.**NAL Call No.: 41.9 SO12****Euthanasia of day-old chicks: an acceptable solution.  Euthanasie des poussins d'un jour: une solution acceptable.** Brugere H *Bulletin Mensuel de la Societe Veterinaire Pratique de France* v.74(7): p.399-401,404-408; 5 ref (1990)*Descriptors*:  animal welfare; chicks 
*Abstract*:  An effective, economical method of killing unwanted chicks is to pass them through a device fitted with bosses on the inside walls and containing an embossed rotor spinning at 1500 rpm. Loss of consciousness is instantaneous. The machine will also destroy late hatching eggs. 
 98.**NAL Call No.: 41.8 V641****Euthanasia of day-old chicks with carbon dioxide and argon.** Raj ABM; Whittington PE *Veterinary Record* v.136(12): p.292-294; 5 ref (1995)*Descriptors*:  carbon dioxide; argon; animal welfare 
*Abstract*:  The efficacy for the euthanasia of day-old chicks of mixtures of carbon dioxide and air, or carbon dioxide and argon containing 1, 2 or 5% residual oxygen, or argon containing 1 or 2% residual oxygen was tested in 3 experiments. The time to the onset of unconsciousness of individual chicks, determined from the time to loss of posture, was similar during their exposure to 2% oxygen in argon, 20, 30 or 40% carbon dioxide in argon with 2% residual oxygen, or 90% carbon dioxide in air. The exposure of chicks in batches of 20 to a mixture of 20, 30 or 40% carbon dioxide in argon resulted in the death of all the chicks within 2 minutes. However, a residual oxygen level of 5% in these mixtures resulted in the survival of some chicks for longer than 2 minutes. With argon alone the level of residual oxygen was critical; less than 2% was essential to achieve 100% mortality within 3 minutes, and a rise from 2 to about 3% resulted in up to 20% of the chicks surviving for 7 minutes. 
 99.**NAL Call No.: SF604 V485****Euthanasia of dogs using electric current.** Ayala, G. F.; Padilla, S. G.; Uribe, V. E.; De, A. A. S. *Veterinaria Mexico* v.25(1): p.51-54 (1994)*Descriptors*: electrocution; dogs 
*Abstract*:  Effectiveness of an electrical method to euthanize clogs was clinically and electrophysiologically assessed. A 126 V, 3 A electrical current was delivered through a pair of stainless steel nippers placed dorsally on the skin of the animals. Death was almost immediate after applying the electrical current during a period of 20 seconds. However, this method was only effective when one of the nippers was placed on the skin covering the occipital protuberance and the other one near the insertion of the tail. It is also important that the skin-nipper contact areas are completely wet with an electrolytic solution (faucet water), in order to facilitate the current flow. Since animals exhibited a minimum of suffering, it is concluded that the method described in this paper is appropriated to euthanize adult dogs. 
 100.**NAL Call No.: 41.8 V641****Euthanasia of horses.** Jones RS; Knottenbelt DK; Mason K; O' Donnell E *Veterinary Record* v.130(24): p.544; 1 ref (1992)*Descriptors*: Somulose; method; administration 
*Abstract*:  The authors (after experience under considerably different situations) recommend Somulose [Arnolds; unstated composition] at a dose of 50 ml administered intravenously over a 5 to 8 second period as an effective method of humane slaughter in the horse. 
 101.**NAL Call No.:  SF601.I4****Euthanasia of horses--alternatives to the bullet.** Knottenbelt, D. *In Practice* v.17(10): p.462-463, 465. (1995 Nov.-1995 Dec.) Includes references.*Descriptors*:  pentobarbital; drug combinations;  quinalbarbitone sodium; cinchocaine hydrochloride 
 102.**NAL Call No.: 41.8 P882****Euthanasia of horses.  Die Euthanasie von Pferden.** Schneider J *Praktische Tierarzt* v.78(3): p.206...210; 8 ref (1997)*Descriptors*:  slaughter; regulations; techniques  
 103.**NAL Call No.: 41.8 V641****Euthanasia of horses [letter]** Jones, R. S.; Knottenbelt, D. K.; Mason, K.; O'Donnell, E. *Veterinary Record* v.130(24): p.544 (1992 June)*Descriptors*: cellulose; chloral hydrate; analogs; derivatives 
 104.**NAL Call No.: 41.8 SCH9****Euthanasia of laboratory animals.  Euthanasie bei Labornagetieren.** Cranach J von; Gassmann Langmoen AB; Von Cranach J *Schweizer Archiv fur Tierheilkunde* v.133(4): p.176; Abstract of dissertation, Vet. Med. Fac., Bern, 1990 (1991)*Descriptors*:  decapitation; drugs; laboratory animals  
 105.**NAL Call No.: 41.8 V641****Euthanasia of large animals [letter]** Bee, D. J. *Veterinary Record* v.139(8): p.196 (1996 Aug.)*Descriptors*: veterinary; magnesium sulfate 
 106.**NAL Call No.:  41.8 V643****Euthanasia of mink (*Mustela vison*) by means of carbon dioxide (CO2), carbon monoxide (CO) and nitrogen (N2).** Hansen, N. E.; Creutzberg, A.; Simonsen, H. B. *British Veterinary Journal* v.147(2): p.140-146. (1991 Mar.-1991 Apr.) Includes references.*Descriptors*: nitrogen; consciousness; behavior 
*Abstract*:  The time periods and the behavioural pattern of mink euthanized with carbon dioxide (CO2), 100% and 70%, carbon monoxide (CO), 4%, and nitrogen (N2), 100%, are described. The time between the placement of the animal in a glass box and the first symptoms of incoordination (phase I), the period to loss of consciousness (phase II), and, finally, the coma phase until cessation of respiration (phase III) using three groups each of 10 pastel male mink each were recorded. Phase I times ranged from 14 s for CO2, 31 s for N2, and 49 s for CO. In phase II, the difference was even more pronounced, being 5 s for CO2, 15 s for CO, and 45 s for N2. In phase III, the time was 58 s for N2, 134 s and 151 s for CO2 and CO respectively. Hence, the critical period from the time when the animals were placed in the glass box till unconsciousness occurred (phase I and II) was 19 s for CO2, 64 s for CO, and 76 s for N2. The total course of euthanasia was 153 s for CO2, 215 s for CO, and 134 s for N2. The following minimum times will be required before it can be judged to be safe to remove the animals: CO2 and N2: 5 min, and for CO: 6.5 min. In a supplementary experiment, involving a mixture of 70% CO2 and 30% atmospheric air, it was not possible within the allotted time to kill adult male mink. Convulsions, in phase III only, occurred to a varying degree in all the animals euthanized with CO, and N2, and in 6 out of the 10 animals killed with CO. 
 107.**NAL Call No.: 41.9 SV23****Euthanasia of pets - human distress reactions.  Avlivning av sallskapsdjur - manskliga sorgereaktioner.** Ortman K *Svensk Veterinartidning* v.45(11): p.479; 15 ref (1993)*Descriptors*:  veterinary practice; pets 
 108.**NAL Call No.: SF406 A5****Euthanasia of small animals in hospitals and research facilities.** Joseph DB *Veterinary Technician* v.14(8): p.507-511; 5 ref (1993)*Descriptors*: injectable; inhaled; stunning 
 109.**NAL Call No.: SF602 A25****Euthanasia, or the most important act.  L'euthanasie, ou l'acte le plus important.***Action Veterinaire. 1990, No. 1131, 19* (1990)*Descriptors*: euthanasia 
 110.**NAL Call No.: 41.8 T431****[Euthanasia or therapy? (letter)]** Wijsmuller, J. M. *Tijdschrift voor Diergeneeskunde* v.122(6): p.171 (1997 Mar.) Euthanasie of therapie?*Descriptors*: antineoplastic agent; veterinary 
 111.**NAL Call No.: 41.8 Am3****Evaluation of intraperitoneal and intrahepaticadministration of a euthanasia agent in animal shelter cats.** Grier RL; Schaffer CB *Journal of the American Veterinary Association* v.197(12): p.1611-1615; 7 ref (1990)*Descriptors*: animal welfare; barbiturates; liver; Pentobarbital; Lidocaine 
*Abstract*:  Preliminary studies in 19 cats indicated that there was little perception of either injection of sodium pentobarbital-lidocaine when cats were minimally restrained and the agent was injected rapidly. When the injection penetrated the liver, rapid achievement of recumbency resulted. Intrahepatic injection was performed in 85 cats and intraperitoneal injection was performed in 77 cats. Response to injection, excitement, and speed of euthanasia were observed, then cats were examined PM to determine exact location of euthanasia agent. Although i.v. injection is the method of choice for euthanasia in veterinary practice it is suggested that when non-veterinarians have to kill stray cats in large numbers, intrahepatic injection is a humane method. 
 112.**NAL Call No.: 41.8 R3224****Evaluation of methods for the euthanasia of cattle in a foreign animal disease outbreak.** Baker HJ; Scrimgeour HJ *Canadian Veterinary Journal* v.36(3): p.160-165; 7 ref (1995)*Descriptors*:  technique; euthanasia 
*Abstract*:  In anticipation of the need to kill large numbers of cattle in the event of a foreign animal disease outbreak, 2 models of captive bolt gun and various firearms and ammunition loads were tested in order to assess their suitability. In the first phase of the project, 2 models of captive bolt stunner were used in an abattoir, and assessed for effectiveness. In the second phase, several firearms and ammunition were used on isolated bovine heads and assessed for effectiveness. Little difference was found between the 2 captive bolt stunners. Of the firearms and ammunition evaluated, the Ruger Mini-14 and the Core-Shot round, a prefragmented projectile, were large herds of livestock are to depopulated, and where the restraint required for the use of captive bolt stunners is not practical, there are commercially available firearms and ammunition that are suitable for this purpose. 
 113.**NAL Call No.: 41.8 R3224****Evaluation of methods for the euthanasia of cattle in a foreign animal disease outbreak [letter; comment]** Pittman, T. J. *Canadian Veterinary Journal* v.36(7): p.405-6 (1995 July) Descriptors: firearms; animal welfare 
 114.**NAL Call No.: SF405.5 A3****Experimental techniques and anaesthesia in the rat and mouse.** Marshall S; Milligan A; Yates R *ANZCCART News* v.7(1 (insert)): p.1-4; 16 ref (1994)*Descriptors*: restraint; specimen collecting; caesarean section; euthanasia 
 115.**NAL Call No.: SF601 C66****Facilitating companion animal death.** Lagoni L; Butler C *Compendium on Continuing Education for the Practicing Veterinarian* v.16(1): p.70-76; Based on The Human Animal Bond and Grief, Lagoni, L.; Butler, C.; Hetts, S., Philadelphia, WB Saunders Co., 1994 in press.; 4 ref (1994)*Descriptors*:  dog; cat; pets; veterinary practice 
*Abstract*:  This article describes suggested preparation of owners who wish to be present during euthanasia; euthanasia logistics; facilitating owner-present euthanasia, and aftercare of the owners. It is concluded that when euthanasia is skillfully and sensitively planned and performed, the experience may help the owners to deal with grief. 
 116.**NAL Call No.:  SF601.C66****Facilitating euthanasia decisions.** Butler, C.; Lagoni, L. *Compendium of Continuing Education for the Practicing Veterinarian* v.16(11): p.1469-1475, 1489. (1994 Nov.) Includes references.*Descriptors*:  pets; customer relations 
 117.**NAL Call No.: 41.8 Am3****Factors affecting treatment decisions and satisfaction of owners of cats with cancer.** Slater MR; Barton CL; Rogers KS; Peterson JL; Harris CK; Wallace K *Journal of the American Veterinary Association* v.208(8): p.1248-1252; 14 ref (1996)*Descriptors*:  treatment; euthanasia; pets; neoplasms 
*Abstract*:  2 interviews with 89 cat owners, one soon after diagnosis of cancer in the cat and one 6 months later, were used to identify factors associated with the owners satisfaction with euthanasia or intervention, and to evaluate expectations of the owners who selected an intervention. Satisfaction with euthanasia was associated with the ability of the cat to groom itself, eat, and play at the first interview. Among owners who selected an intervention, factors associated with being satisfied were: clinic of origin, having a live cat at the 6-month follow- up interview, understanding of the number of return visits required for the intervention, and type and frequency of adverse effects. 30% (21 of 69) of the owners tended to overestimate their cats' life expectancy. Owners also felt they had reasonably accurate estimations of adverse effects of treatment and number of return visits, but underestimated the costs required for an intervention. 
 118.**Fulminant hepatic failure in poisoning due to ingestion of T 61, a veterinary euthanasia drug.** Nicolas F; Rodineau P; Rouzioux JM; Tack I; Chabac S; Meram D *Critical Care Medicine* v.18(5): p.573-575; 9 ref (1990)*Descriptors*: case report; anaesthetics; dimethylformamide; poisoning; liver diseases 
 119.**NAL Call No.:  41.8 R3224****Generalized encephalitozoonosis in a Jersey wooly rabbit.** Nast, R.; Middleton, D. M.; Wheler, C. L. *Canadian Veterinary Journal* v.37(5): p.303-305. (1996 May) Includes references.*Descriptors*: protozoal infections; symptoms; euthanasia; meningitis; encephalitis 
 120.**NAL Call No.: 41.8 R3224****Guidelines for euthanasia of domestic animals by firearms.** Longair JA; Finley GG; Laniel MA; MacKay C; Mould K; Olfert ED; Rowsell H; Preston A *Canadian Veterinary Journal* v.32(12): p.724-726; 5 ref (1991)*Descriptors*: euthanasia 
 121.**NAL Call No.:  QL55.A1I43****Guidelines for the care and use of fish in research.** DeTolla, L. J.; Srinivas, S.; Whitaker, B. R.; Andrews, C.; Hecker, B.; Kane, A. S.; Reimschuessel, R. *ILAR Journal* v.37(4): p.159-173. (1995) Includes references.*Descriptors*:  anesthesia; anesthetics; euthanasia; zoonoses; guidelines; regulations; husbandry 
 122.**NAL Call No.: QL55 A1L3****Guidelines for the welfare of animals in rodent protection tests: A report from the Rodent Protection Test Working Party.** Acred, P.; Hennessey, T. D.; MacArthur, C. J. A.; Merrikin, D. J.; Ryan, D. M.; Smulders, H. C.; Troke, P. F.; Wilson, R. G.; Straughan, D. W. *Laboratory Animals (London)* v.28(1): p.13-18 (1994)*Descriptors*:  antimicrobial research; euthanasia 
*Abstract*:  The rodent protection test (RPT) is used in antimicrobial research to confirm the in vivo efficacy of novel antibacterial, antiviral and antifungal agents. The RPT may involve lethal infection and thus has the potential to cause significant suffering. These Guidelines recommend refinements to the RPT which reduce animal use to a minimum and suggest cardinal clinical signs which act as predictors of lethality. Early recognition of these signs is imperative to minimize suffering, allow identification of humane end points and permit timely euthanasia. Constructive suggestions for the improvement of these Guidelines are welcomed. 
 123.**NAL Call No.: 41.8 M69****Helping pet owners with the euthanasia decision.** Guntzelman, J.; Riegger, M. H. *Veterinary Medicine* v.88(1): p.26-34. (1993 Jan.) Includes references.*Descriptors*: veterinarians; quality of life; USA 
 124.**NAL Call No.:  SF951.E62****The human/horse bond and client bereavement in equine practice. 2.** Brackenridge, S. S.; Shoemaker, R. S. *Equine Practice [Santa Barbara, Calif., : Veterinary Practice Pub. Co.], 1979-Feb 1996. v. 18(2) p. 23-25.* Includes references.*Descriptors*:  man; horses; emotion; veterinary practice; euthanasia 
 125.**NAL Call No.:  SF951.E62****The human/horse bond and client bereavement in equine practice. 3.** Brackenridge, S. S.; Shoemaker, R. S. *Equine Practice [Santa Barbara, Calif., : Veterinary Practice Pub. Co.], 1979-. Apr 1996. v. 18 (4) p. 20-23.* Includes references.*Descriptors*:  man; horse; euthanasia; veterinary practice; emotion 
 126.**NAL Call No.:  SF951.E62****The human/horse bond and client bereavement in equine practice, Part 1.** Brackenridge SS; Shoemaker RS *Equine Practice* v.18(1): p.19-22 (1996)*Descriptors*:  veterinary practice; euthanasia  
 127.**NAL Call No.: 41.8 V641****Humane destruction of horses with a mixture of quinalbarbitone and cinchocaine.** Knottenbelt DC; Jones RS; Brazil TJ; Proudman CJ; Edwards SR; Harrison LJ *Veterinary Record* v.134(13): p.319-324; 11 ref (1994)*Descriptors*:  xylazine; anaesthetics; analgesics; neurotropic drugs; barbiturates 
*Abstract*:  102 horses requiring to be euthanased for a variety of reasons were killed by the intravenous injection of a mixture of quinalbarbitone sodium (400 mg/ml) and cinchocaine hydrochloride (25 mg/ml). The dose rates used were 1 ml/10, 15, 20 and 30 kg bodyweight, and the time of injection was varied between 5 and 25 seconds. The average time to collapse from the start of injection was 34 seconds and the average time to clinical death was 230 seconds. Slow injection (particularly of the low dose rates) and premedication with detomidine resulted in a longer time to collapse (median 46 seconds). Premedication with xylazine and low dose rates of the mixture resulted in an unacceptable degree of muscular activity and agonal gasping and death was delayed. Premedication with romifidine and butorphanol resulted in an apparent (but insignificant) reduction in the time to collapse and death was also accompanied by significant agonal gasping. Without premedication quinalbarbitone and cinchocaine resulted in a smooth and quiet collapse with the cessation of cardiac and respiratory functions within 3 minutes in all cases, but the palpebral reflex of the horses was prolonged significantly beyond the time when all other reflex activity was lost. Occasional gasping and muscular tremors, particularly of the upper forelimb, occurred particularly when lower dose rates were used. One horse which was premedicated with xylazine and received a very low dose at a slow rate showed unacceptable violent muscular activity. At no other time was the procedure regarded as violent or unacceptable. Inadvertent extravascular injection caused no apparent pain. A dose rate of 25 ml for ponies and 50 ml for horses is recommended, and the injection should be administered intravenously over 10 to 15 seconds. The carcase of a horse killed in this way is not fit for human consumption. 
 128.**Humane destruction of vertebrates.  Uber das tierschutzgerechte Toten von Wirbeltieren.** Widderich M *1990, 133 pp.; 124 ref* (1990) 
 129.**NAL Call No.: 41.8 Am3****Humane euthanasia and companion animal death: caring for the animal, the client, and the veterinarian.** Hart LA; Hart BL; Mader B *Journal of the American Veterinary Association* v.197(10): p.1292-1299; 31 ref (1990)*Descriptors*: veterinary care; euthanasia 
*Abstract*:  This article reviews in depth many aspects involved in euthanasia. These aspects include discussing the decision of euthanasia of a companion animal with clients, preparing the client for the euthanasia procedure with or without the client present and disposal of the body with or without the client present. Emphasis is given to the role of companion animals in society and the amount of grief and sometimes guilt that can be generated when euthanasia is performed. 
 130.**NAL Call No.:  SF604 A75****Humane killing of dogs using electricity.  Sacrificio humanitario de perros por medio de energia electrica.** Ayala Guerrero F; Padilla Sahagun G; Uribe Villagomez E; Aluja AS de; De Aluja AS *Archivos de Medicina Veterinaria* v.25(1): p.51-54; 14 ref (1994)*Descriptors*:  small animal practice; electrocution 
 131.**NAL Call No.: SF481 J68****Humane on-farm killing of spent hens.** Webster AB; Fletcher DL; Savage SI *Journal of Applied Poultry Research* v.5(2): p.191-200; 7 ref (1996)*Descriptors*:  carbon dioxide; animal welfare; poultry 
*Abstract*:  A cost-effective and humane method for on- farm killing of old hens is described. A mobile modified atmosphere killing (MAK) unit was developed, consisting of a 21 ft.3 [6.4 m3] closed cart with spring-loaded doors through which hens can be placed inside. A carbon dioxide (CO2) cylinder is mounted on the unit so that CO2 can be dispensed into the interior, as needed, to maintain the concentration of CO2 above 30%, in order to stun and kill birds rapidly. The MAK unit is rolled along the isles of hen houses, so hens can be put into it directly from their cages, thus minimising handling stress. Hens become unconscious within 20 s and die within 2 min. The MAK unit has clear loading doors so that the operator can ensure birds are dying rapidly and thus can dispense CO2 accordingly and ensure that live hens are not overlain by other hens. The prototype MAK proved to be effective in on-farm trials and it is suggested that the efficiency of the unit should make it possible to recover the cost of the CO2 used to kill the hens. 
 132.**NAL Call No.:  QL55.I5****An improved method of carbon dioxide euthanasia for rodents.** Bowyer, G.; Cubitt, S. *Animal Technology* v.46(1): p.19- 28. (1995 Apr.) Includes references.*Descriptors*: carbon dioxide; animal welfare 
*Abstract*:  Methods of euthanasia must be effective, safe and humane, and should also be acceptable to the operator. This paper describes how these requirements have been satisfied with the design and installation of a new system for carbon dioxide (CO2) euthanasia in our laboratories. 
 133.**NAL Call No.: 41.9 D23****The incidence of FIV/FELV in an animal pound in Fyn.** Nielsen, D. M.; Rasmussen, M. *Dansk Veterinaertidsskrift* v.78(22): p.1131 (1995)*Descriptors*: feline immunodeficiency virus; feline leukemia virus; euthanasia; Denmark 
 134.**NAL Call No.:  41.8 R312****An investigation into the batch killing of turkeys in their transport containers using mixtures of gases.** Raj, A. B. M. *Research in Veterinary Science* v.56(3): p.325-331. (1994 May) Includes references.*Descriptors*:  stunning; containers; animal transport; argon; carbon dioxide; anoxia; carcass quality; hemorrhage; stress; animal welfare; gas stunning; electrical stunning 
*Abstract*:  This study was carried out under commercial conditions to investigate the feasibility of killing turkeys while they were still in their transport containers, with a mixture of gases, and to compare the effects of this method and electrical stunning on the prevalence of carcass downgrading conditions and hemorrhages in the breast muscles.  The results showed that turkeys could be readily killed while still in their transport containers by using either anoxia induced with 90 per cent argon in air or hypercapnic anoxia induced with a mixture of 30 per cent carbon dioxide and 60 per cent argon in air, and that the prevalence of carcass-downgrading conditions and hemorrhages in the breast muscles was lower after killing the turkeys with the gases. 
 135.**NAL Call No.:  SF405.5.A23****Is decapitation a humane method of euthanasia in rodents? A critical review.** Bosland, M. C. *Contemporary Topics in Laboratory Animal Science* v.34(2): p.46-48. (1995 Mar.) Includes references.*Descriptors*:  rodents; decapitation; euthanasia  
 136.**NAL Call No.:  SF408.W55 1996****Issues of surplus animals.** Graham, S. *Wild mammals in captivity principles and techniques /. Chicago : University of Chicago Press, 1996. p. 290-296.* Includes references.*Descriptors*:  zoo animals; overpopulation; carrying capacity; euthanasia 
 137.**Kill day-olds humanely.** Gerrits AR; Dijk DJ *Poultry* v.6(3): p.35 (1990)*Descriptors*: euthanasia; chicks 
 138.**NAL Call No.: 41.8 N81****Killing methods for large mammals. Animal welfare considerations in killing by euthanasia, slaughter and hunting in Europe.** Oen, E. O. *Norsk Veterinaertidsskrift* v.108(5): p.313- 321 (1996)*Descriptors*: literature review; animal welfare; techniques; slaughter; 
*Abstract*:  Some people compare the killing of an animal by euthanasia and slaughter with hunting. The methods are so different that any real comparison is impossible. This kind of comparison is none the less widespread. From an animal welfare point of view the most important objective is to render the animal unconscious as rapidly as possible. The way in which the animal ultimately is killed, in principle, is irrelevant when unconsciousness has occurred. In slaughtering of livestock in abattoirs, the killing methods does not give exclusive priority to animal welfare considerations. A number of other considerations such as economy, market acceptance of the product, worker's safety, and work environment, seem to count just as much as animal welfare. Despite good intentions and regulations, killing methods for domestic animals are by no means devoid of faults and misuse. Both methodological and technological weaknesses have been identified. There is no room for individual considerations. and the technology has been adapted to meet the requirement of a high-tempo slaughtering process which must not be slowed down by the killing process, inwhich the quality of the product must not be impaired. Even so, from the point of view of animal welfare, the centralized and industrialized process, which imposes suffering through a long and stressful process which can last for up to several days before the animals are put to death, is the aspect worthy of the gravest concern. Wild free-roaming animals are shot in their natural environment and most of them have not been subjected to man-made stress before being shot at. However, animals wounded during the hunt is a serious problem associated with hunting. In most cases it is the result of human error, but also for hunting, economical considerations like prices and size of quotas will have impact on the humaneness of the activity. If we focus exclusively on the moment the animal is killed, i.e. when the bolt or the electric shock hits the animal, the risk of a long survival time will be greater for hunted than slaughtered animals. On the other hand, most hunted animals will be killed without realizing that they are being hunted, and they will not be subjected to the long-term stress and pain experienced by animals for slaughter before they are killed. So, from an animal point of view, it is not obvious that the killing of livestock is more acceptable than hunting. 
 139.**NAL Call No.: QL1 J687****Killing of experimental rabbits using captive bolt guns with consideration of animal welfare.  Tierschutzgerechtes Toten von Versuchskaninchen mit Bolzenschussgeraten.** Holtzmann M *Journal of Experimental Animal Science* v.34(5-6): p.203-206; 7 ref (1991)*Descriptors*: firearms; pain; laboratory animals  
 140.**NAL Call No.: QL55 L274 1995****Laboratory Animals: An Introduction for Experimenters.** Tuffery AA *1995, Ed. 2, xiii + 392 pp.; 17 contributors* (1995)*Descriptors*:  housing; feeding; legislation; anaesthesia; euthanasia 
*Abstract*:  Developments in laboratory animal science since 1987 are incorporated in this new edition, the purpose of which is to accompany training courses for those in charge of laboratory animals. Basic topics are the supply, housing, feeding and handling of rats, mice, guineapigs, rabbits, hamsters, dogs, cats and other animals. Legislation controlling their use in various countries, design of experiments, anaesthesia and euthanasia are included. 
 141.**Laboratory cat.** Afanas'eva, G. A. *Laboratornye Zhivotnye* v.5(4): p.229-242 (1995)*Descriptors*: behavior; feeding; euthanasia 
 142.**NAL Call No.: 41.8 Am3****Learning from your own pet's euthanasia [see comments]** Randolph, J. W. *Journal of the American Veterinary Association* v.205(4): p.544-5 (1994 Aug.)*Descriptors*: pets; bonding; euthanasia 
 143.**Leucocyte values in rats and mice following carbon dioxide euthanasia.** Evans GO; Smith DEC *Comparative Haematology International* v.1(4): p.233-235; 11 ref (1991)*Descriptors*: leukocytes; euthanasia 
 144.**Method of euthanasia does not affect sperm motility in the laboratory rat.** Slott, V. L.; Linder, R. E.; Dyer, C. J. *Reproductive Toxicology* v.8(4): p.371-4 (1994 July-1994 Aug.)*Descriptors*: decapitation; ether; halothane; carbon dioxide; Nembutal 
*Abstract*:  To determine if anesthetic agents used in laboratory animal euthanasia affected sperm motion parameters, rats (n = 10 per group) were euthanized by one of 5 different methods: decapitation alone, or decapitation following either ether, halothane, or Nembutal anesthesia, or CO2 asphyxiation. Sperm were collected from the distal cauda epididymis, diluted, and videotaped for computer-aided sperm analysis (CASA; HTM-2030, Hamilton-Thorn Research, Beverly, MA). The percentage of motile sperm (MOT), their straight-line velocity (VSL), average path velocity (VAP), curvilinear velocity (VCL), linear index (LINX), and linearity (LIN) were measured on > or = 200 motile sperm per sample. No significant differences in any of these 6 motion parameters were found among the treatment groups. Thus, none of these 5 methods of euthanasia affect sperm motion as assessed by CASA methods, making them equally suitable for use in reproductive toxicology studies. 
 145.**Method of euthanasia in animal study [letter]** Gregory, S. P.; Waterman, A. E.; Weaver, B. M. *Radiology* v.179(1): p.288 (1991 Apr.)*Descriptors*: euthanasia 
 146.**NAL Call No.: SF604 R46****Methods of euthanasia.** Fontes, E. M. *Revista Portuguesa de Ciencias Veterinarias* v.90(515): p.104-109 (1995)*Descriptors*: small and large veterinary practice 
*Abstract*:  The author revise the use of euthanasia in animal research and in veterinary science (animal production and clinic). 
 147.**NAL Call No.: SF604 R46****Methods of euthanasia.  Metdos de eutanasia.** Marques Fontes E *Revista Portuguesa de Ciencias Veterinarias* v.90(515): p.104-109; 8 ref (1995)*Descriptors*:  veterinary medicine; euthanasia 
 148.**NAL Call No.: SF997.5 R4B78****Miscellaneous [aging, cannibalism, euthanasia, stress, shock, and immunological and endocrinological disorders].** Lawton MPC; Benyon PH (ed.); Lawton MPC (ed.); Cooper JE (ed.) *Manual of Reptiles. 1992, 153-156; 14 ref* (1992) 
 149.**NAL Call No.: SF515 H43 1995****Miscellaneous factors affecting health and welfare.** Arena PC; Warwick C; Warwick C (ed.); Frye FL (ed.); Murphy JB *Health and Welfare of Captive Reptiles. 1995, 263-283; 55 ref* (1995)*Descriptors*:  stress; pain; growth; euthanasia 
 150.**NAL Call No.:  QL55.A1L33****A modified filter unit for use as a CO2 inhalation chamber for laboratory animals.** Misita, P. A. *Lab Animal* v.22(1): p.45. (1993 Jan.) Includes references.*Descriptors*:  carbon dioxide; anesthesia; euthanasia 
 151.**NAL Call No.:  SF601.P76****Neurologic problems.** Joseph, R. *Problems in Veterinary Medicine. Hagerstown, Md. : J.B. Lippincott Co. Mar 1991. v. 3 (1) p. 95-99.* In the series analytic: Animal Illness and Human Emotion / edited by S.P. Cohen and C.E. Fudin.*Descriptors*:  dogs; cats; pain; communication; anorexia; euthanasia; costs 
 152.**NAL Call No.:  41.8 N483****Neuroradiological aspects of experimental traumatic missile injury in sheep.** Finnie JW *New Zealand Veterinary Journal* v.42(2): p.54- 57; 16 ref (1994)*Descriptors*:  euthanasia; wounds; trauma; brain 
*Abstract*:  Radiological assessment of ovine brains subjected to experimental gunshot injury was performed using computed tomography. This imaging procedure enabled precise localization of the projectile and metal and bony fragments, and depicted parenchymal damage, distortion and displacement of the brain, and skull fractures. Computerized tomography scanning was found to be useful in the clinical evaluation of craniocerebral missile injuries and confirmed the acceptability of the 0.22 calibre rifle and 12-gauge shotgun for the euthanasia of sheep. 
 153.**NAL Call No.:  41.8-Am3****The no-kill controversy.** Milani, M. M. *Journal of the American Veterinary Association* v.210(1): p.26-27. (1997 Jan.)*Descriptors*:  pets; euthanasia; behavior problems; veterinarians; professional-ethics 
 154.**NAL Call No.: SF602 A5****Non-invasive and quantitative evaluation of post- injection muscle damage by pharmacokinetic analysis of creatine kinase release.** Lefebvre, H. P.; Laroute, V.; Braun, J. P.; Lassourd, V.; Toutain, P. L. *Veterinary Research (Paris)* v.27(4-5): p.343-361 (1996)*Descriptors*:  literature review; dog; sheep; cattle; horse; pig; rabbit; chloramphenicol; pharmacological tool; destroyed muscle equivalent; euthanasia 
*Abstract*:  Intramuscular administration of veterinary drugs can induce severe muscle damage resulting in economic losses and residue persistence. Local tolerance is usually evaluated by macroscopic examination of the injection site requiring euthanasia of a large number of animals. A noninvasive quantitative method, based on the pharmacokinetic analysis of creatine kinase (CK) release from muscle, is proposed for the evaluation of post-injection muscle damage. Plasma CK activity is a specific and sensitive marker of skeletal muscle damage. Three disposition parameters are needed to measure the actual amount of CK released by the injured 
 155.**NAL Call No.:  QL55.A1I43****Nonavian reptiles as laboratory animals.** Greene, H. W. *ILAR Journal* v.37(4): p.182-190. (1995) Includes references.*Descriptors*:  reptiles; husbandry; housing; anesthesia; euthanasia; surgery; animal-welfare  
 156.**NAL Call No.:  QL55.A1L3****On the use of T61 for euthanasia of domestic and laboratory animals; an ethical evaluation.** Hellebrekers, L. J.; Baumans, V.; Bertens, A. P. M. G.; Hartman, W. *Laboratory Animals* v.24(3): p.200-204. (1990 July) Includes references.*Descriptors*:  dogs; rabbits; euthanasia 
*Abstract*:  A number of experiments was carried out to determine the sequence of events leading to death following administration of the euthanizing agent T61. Simultaneous recordings of the EMG, EEG, ECG and end-tidal CO2 (dogs only) were obtained in acutely instrumented rabbits and dogs. Results show that following T61 administration the loss of consciousness and loss of muscle activity occurred simultaneously. Vocalization and increased muscle movement occurred in the initial phase of the injection in 3 of 8 dogs, injected with T61 or butyramid. From this study it was concluded that the presence of the muscle relaxant does not pose an ethical problem for the use of T61 as an euthanizing agent, but our results suggest that the use of T61 may have some emotionally unpleasant side-effects. 
 157.**NAL Call No.:  SH365 A1J6****Options for humanely immobilizing and killing crabs.** Gardner, C. *Journal of Shellfish Research* v.16(1): p.219-224 (1997)*Descriptors: Pseudocarcinus gigas*; australian giant crab; freshwater bath; chilling; heating; prolonged air exposure; hypercapnic seawater bath; 2-phenoxy ethanol bath; magnesium sulfate bath; benzocaine bath; MS 222 bath; chloroform bath; clove oil bath; aqui-s bath; xylazine hydrochloride injection; ketamine-hydrochloride injection 
*Abstract*:  Trials were conducted on the Australian giant crab Pseudocarcinus gigas (Lamarck) to evaluate methods to: paralyze by injection (so that no muscular response is observed); paralyze by bath; humanely kill for scientific purposes; and humanely kill for human consumption. Treatments tested were: freshwater bath, chilling, heating, prolonged exposure to air, hypercapnic seawater bath (carbon dioxide addition), 2-phenoxy ethanol bath, magnesium sulfate bath, benzocaine bath, MS 222 bath, chloroform bath, clove oil bath, AQUI-S bath, xylazine-HCl by injection, and ketamine-HCl by injection. Xylazine-HCl (16 or 22 mg/kg) and ketamine-HCl (0.025-0.1 mg/kg), administered by injection, appear to be the best techniques for paralyzing crabs for short periods. Where injection is impractical, crabs may be successfully paralyzed within 30 min by a bath treatment of clove oil ( gtoreq 0.125 mL/L) or AQUI-S ( gtoreq 0.5mL/L). Chloroform (1.25 mL/L; 1.5 h) and clove oil (-O. 125 mL/L; ltoreq 60 min) baths appeared to kill crabs humanely and are useful options for scientific use; however, clove oil is preferred because chloroform poses a human health risk. Of the methods tested, only clove oil and AQUI-S appear promising as treatments for the humane killing of crabs for human consumption. 
 158.**NAL Call No.:  SF601.V523****The owner of the pet with cancer.** Hetts, S.; Lagoni, L. *Veterinary Clinics of North America Small Animal Practice. Philadelphia, Pa. : W.B. Saunders Company. July 1990. v. 20 (4) p. 879-896.* Includes references.*Descriptors*:  neoplasms; counseling; pets; euthanasia 
 159.**NAL Call No.:  SF756.394.E44- 1993****Paws for Thought : A Look at the Conflicts, Questions and Challenges of Animal Euthanasia.** Ellis, B. J. Columbia, S.C. : Paw Print Press, c1993. 137 p., Includes bibliographical references (p. 125-128).*Descriptors*: animal welfare 
 160.**NAL Call No.:  442.8 J8222 Suppl. no.47****Pet (dog and cat) overpopulation in the United States.** Olson, P. N.; Moulton, C. *Journal of reproduction and fertility. Supplement 0449-3087 ; no. 47.  Fertility and infertility in dogs, cats and other carnivores proceedings of the Second International Symposium on Canine and Feline Reproduction, held at the University of Liege, Liege, Belgium, August 1992 / International Symposium on Canine and Feline Reproduction. Dorchester : Journal of Reproduction &amp; Fertility, 1993.. p. 433-438.* Includes references.*Descriptors*: pets; overpopulation; euthanasia 
 161.**NAL Call No.:  SF411.A57****Pet loss: a survey of the attitudes and feelings of practicing veterinarians.** Fogle, B.; Abrahamson, D. *Anthrozoos* v.111(3): p.143- 150. (1990 Winter) Includes references. Descriptors: euthanasia; demography; surveys; emotions; UK 
 162.**NAL Call No.:  SF411.A57****Population dynamics and the risk of euthanasia for dogs in an animal shelter.** Patronek GJ; Glickman LT; Moyer MR *Anthrozoos* v.8(1): p.31-43; 20 ref (1995)*Descriptors*: animal welfare; age; breeds; risk factors 
*Abstract*:  The records of dogs in an animal shelter in Chester County, Pennsylvania were analyzed for a 3.5-year period to describe the canine population dynamics and to identify the risk factors for dogs' failure to be reclaimed or to be euthanized. Dogs over 1 year of age accounted for the majority (72.5%) of incoming dogs. 41% of dogs received by the shelter were purebred. The 6 most common breeds were Labrador Retriever (14.6%), German Shepherd (9.8%), Golden Retriever (7.5%), Beagle (7.1%), Cocker Spaniel (5.5%), and Siberian Husky (5.3%), accounting for 50% of all incoming purebred dogs. Nearly one fifth (17.2%) of the live surrendered dogs were brought in by their owners specifically to be euthanized. A similar proportion (18.8%) of adopted dogs were returned to the shelter. 52% of surrendered dogs and 77% of stray dogs were discharged alive from the shelter (53.8% of stray dogs were returned to their owners). The reclaim rate was lowest (10.8%) for the dogs < 4 months of age, and highest (68.8%) for dogs ò 10 years of age. 67.7% of purebred dogs were reclaimed by their owners, compared with 41.2% of mixed breed dogs. More purebred dogs were reclaimed the same day they were admitted than mixed breed dogs (46.1% vs. 38.0%). Approximately 60% of all stray dogs ò 1 year old were reclaimed each month while only 23.2% of dogs less than 1 year were reclaimed. Mixed breed dogs were 1.8 times more as likely to be euthanized as purebred dogs. The risk of euthanasia increased with age for mixed breed dogs, but not for purebred dogs. Purebred dogs ò 3 years old were at an increased risk of euthanasia only when compared with dogs < 4 months of age. Of the dogs that were adopted, purebred dogs < 1 year of age spent fewer days (4.27) in the shelter than mixed breed dogs < 1 year (5.94), purebred dogs ò 1 year (5.92), or mixed breed dogs ò 1 year (10.06). Approximately one fifth (19.4%) of purebred dogs were adopted through a breed rescue group. 
 163.**NAL Call No.: 41.8 M69****Postmortem froth in a colt.** King JM *Veterinary Medicine* v.88(3): p.215 (1993)*Descriptors*:  horse disease; postmortem examinations; euthanasia 
 164.**NAL Call No.:  HV4701.M3****Poultry: once a symbol of life, now a life of misery.** Simpson, M. *Mainstream Animal Protection Institute of America* v.21(1): p.20-23. ill. (1990 Winter)*Descriptors*:  poultry; animal welfare; battery cages; euthanasia; hatcheries; overfeeding; slaughter; transport 
 165.**NAL Call No.: SF406 A5****Practical guide to veterinary hospital management. The human-companion animal bond.** McCarthy JB *Veterinary Technician* v.12(7): p.500-503; 4 ref (1991)*Descriptors*: euthanasia; pets; small animal practice 
 166.**NAL Call No.: QL55 S322****Preventing suffering in laboratory animals.** Spinelli JS *Scandinavian Journal of Laboratory Animal Science* v.18(4): p.159-164; 27 ref (1991)*Descriptors*: pain; animal welfare 
 167.**NAL Call No.: QL55 P762 1993****Principles of laboratory animal science: a contribution to the humane use and care of animals and to the quality of experimental results.** Zutphen LFM van (ed.); Baumans V (ed.); Beynen AC *1993, xiii + 389 pp.; many ref* (1993)*Descriptors*:  legislation;  behavior; standardization; nutrition; viral diseases; parasites; pain; anaesthesia; euthanasia; animal testing alternatives 
*Abstract*:  This book contains basic facts and principles covering the main theoretical aspects of an introductory course in laboratory animal science, encompassing welfare issues and ethical aspects. After a general introduction and a brief look at legislation, information is presented on the biology and husbandry of the most frequently used animal species (chapter 3) and on the relationship between behaviour, stress and well-being (chapter 4). Several aspects of standardization are covered in chapters 5-8. Chapter 9 deals with diseases of laboratory animals and the consequences on animal welfare and experimental results. Chapters 10-13 cover several factors to be considered in the design and execution of animal experiments. Chapter 14 deals with the recognition of pain and distress, chapter 15 is on anaesthesia, analgesia and euthanasia and chapter 16 covers experimental procedures, particularly the invasive techniques which may be involved. Alternatives to animal experimentation are described in chapter 17 and the ethical aspects of animal experiments discussed in chapter 18. The Directive of 24 November 1986 from the Council of the European Communities on the regulations for protection of animals used for experimental and other scientific purposes is reproduced as an appendix. There is a good subject index. 
 168.**NAL Call No.:  SF601.I4****Problems of extensive sheep farming systems.** Winter, A. *In Practice* v.17(5): p.217-220. (1995 May) Includes references.*Descriptors*: nutrition; housing; age; lambing; diseases; mortality; euthanasia; UK 
 169.**NAL Call No.: 41.8 Au72****Progressive ethmoidal haematoma in horses.** Laing, J. A.; Hutchins, D. R. *Australian Veterinary Journal* v.69(3): p.57-58 (1992)*Descriptors*:  hematoma; recurrence; diagnosis; surgery; conservative therapy; euthanasia 
*Abstract*:  Progressive ethmoidal haematoma was diagnosed in 12 Thoroughbreds, 1 part-Arab and 1 stock horse. Ages ranged from 3 to 18 years and both males and females were affected. Diagnosis was based on history, clinical signs, endoscopic and radiographic findings, and was confirmed histologically in 10 cases. Eleven (78%) of the lesions were unilateral and 3 (22%) were bilateral. Two horses were euthanased on diagnosis, 4 were treated conservatively. Of the latter, 3 were euthanased 6 to 24 months after diagnosis; due to progression of the lesions, while 1 case resolved completely within 13 months. Eight horses were treated by surgical excision of the lesion. Three died in the post-operative period, 3 were euthanased within 48 months after recurrence of the condition, and 2 had no recurrence within 60 and 72 months, respectively. 
 170.**NAL Call No.: 41.8 Am3****Proper and improper ways to use electrocution for euthanasia [letter]** Bennett, B. T. *Journal of the American Veterinary Association* v.204(7): p.1000 (1994 Apr.)*Descriptors*: electric injuries; electroshock  
 171.**NAL Call No.:  SF140.S33P76 1992****Proper Handling Techniques for Non-ambulatory Animals.** Livestock Conservation Institute. Madison, Wis. : The Institute, c1992. 19 p. : ill., Cover title. Descriptors: livestock handling; safety; euthanasia  
 172.**NAL Call No.: 41.8 Am3****Public veterinary medicine: Food safety and handling: Euthanasia and slaughter of livestock.** Grandin, T. *Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association* v.204(9): p.1354-1360 (1994)*Descriptors*: horse; pig; sheep; cattle 
 173.**NAL Call No.: 41.9 D23****Putting a stop to euthanasia [of feral cats]. Animal protection organization changes its policy.  Slut med aflivning. Dyrenes Beskyttelse skifter politik.** Petersen LE *Dansk Veterinaertidsskrift* v.79(20): p.900- 901 (1996)*Descriptors*: cats; population control; euthanasia 
 174.**NAL Call No.: 444.8 C16****Quantification of the hemolysis associated with use of T- 61 as a euthanasia agent in rabbits--a comparison with Euthanyl (pentobarbital sodium) and the impact on serum hexosaminidase measurements.** Doughty, M. J.; Stuart, D. *Canadian Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology* v.73(9): p.1274-80 (1995 Sept.)*Descriptors*: amides; ammonium compounds; euthanasia; Pentobarbital; Tetracaine toxicity 
*Abstract*:  Albino rabbits (2-2.3 kg) were euthanized with T-61R (N-[2-(m-methoxyphenyl)-2-ethylbutyl-(1)-]-gamma- hydroxybutyram ide, 200 mg/mL; 4,4'-methylene-bis- (cyclohexyltrimethylammonium iodide), 50 mg/mL; tetracaine hydrochloride, 5 mg/mL; 0.2-1.0 mL/kg, i.v.) or EuthanylR (pentobarbital sodium, 100-240 mg/kg, i.v.) at 15:00 h, and samples of arteriovenous blood or venous blood were collected. The time to loss of consciousness was dose dependent for T-61, ranging from 7 to 1 s or less. Serum obtained after T-61 euthanasia, but not after Euthanyl, was routinely contaminated with measurable hemoglobin levels (up to an estimated 3 mg/mL). The extent of hemolysis increased with increasing T-61 doses. The activity of hexosaminidase in the serum (determined by hydrolysis of a methylumbelliferyl substrate at pH 4.6) was up to 80% lower in sera obtained after the use of T-61 compared with sera obtained after the use of Euthanyl or without euthanasia drugs. The reduction in measurable activity appears to be due to interference, by hemoglobin, in the fluorescence measurements of the methylumbelliferol reaction product (with threshold effects being detected at 0.1 mg/mL). Standardization of serum volumes used in these types of enzyme assays and reporting on hemoglobin levels is thus recommended. 
 175.**NAL Call No.:  SF380 I5****Quantitative lung morphometry in sheep: Fixed to physiological lung volume ratios are influenced by delay in fixation.** Collie, D. D. S.; Pyrah, I.; Watt, N. J. *Small Ruminant Research* v.19(2): p.181-187 (1996)*Descriptors*: paraformaldehyde; euthanasia; post-mortem bronchoconstriction; tissue fixation 
*Abstract*:  The influence of time between euthanasia and lung fixation on the fixed to physiological lung volume ratio was investigated in 13 normal sheep lungs. Physiological lung volumes were measured in anaesthetized sheep by a single-breath helium dilution method. Sheep were immediately euthanased and the lungs removed and fixed by constant-pressure airway instillation of 4% paraformaldehyde for a period of 4 days. The time delay prior to fixation varied from 20 to 380 min. The fixed lung volume was measured by water displacement. The fixed to physiological lung volume ratio was significantly positively correlated with the time delay (r-s = 0.831; P lt 0.001). Post-mortem bronchoconstriction may account for this phenomenon. 
 176.**NAL Call No.:  SF411.A57****Raising the profile of welfare: scientists and their use of animals.** Birke L; Michael M *Anthrozoos* v.8(2): p.90-99; 24 ref (1995)*Descriptors*:  euthanasia; legislation; ethics; animal behavior; animal welfare 
 177.**Reanimatology as a neurological science.** Negovskii, V. A. *Anesteziologiya i Reanimatologiya* v.0(4): p.62-69 (1993)*Descriptors*: human; clinical death; biological death; brain death; euthanasia; cardiopulmonary resuscitation; barbiturate; morphine; brain function restoration; medical ethics 
 178.**NAL Call No.: 41.8 D482****The 'reasonable indication in line with article 17 (1) of the Animal Protection Act.  Der vernunftige Grund im Sinne des Paragraf 17 Nr. 1 des Tierschutzgesetzes.** Schwabenbauer K *Deutsche Tierarztliche Wochenschrift* v.99(1): p.8-9; 7 ref (1992)*Descriptors*:  legislation; animal welfare; euthanasia 
*Abstract*:  Since 1972 in Germany it is not allowed to kill vertebrates without a 'reasonable indication'. This is regulated in article 17 (1) of the Animal Protection Act. Killing of animals is one of the taboos in our society. The legislative background of killing vertebrates in regard to the 'reasonable indication is reported. Examples are given to illustrate the range of 'reasonable indications'. 
 179. **NAL Call No.:  Videocassette no.968****Recognition and alleviation of pain and distress.** Kastello, M. D. & American College of Toxicology. Meeting (11th : 1990 : Orlando, F. Closter, N.J. : Production Plus, Inc., [1990?] 1 videocassette (22 min., 30 sec.) : sd., col.. VHS.  Directors; presented at the Eleventh Annual Meeting of the American College of Toxicology, Orlando, Fla., Oct. 1990.*Descriptors*: animal welfare congress; euthanasia; analgesia 
*Abstract*: Relevant definitions and mechanisms for determining and alleviating pain are discussed. The responsibilities and interaction of the study director, attending veterinarian and the animal care and use committee are outlined. Methods to determine the appropriate endpoint of studies are proposed. 
 180.**NAL Call No.: QL55 A1L3****Recommendation for euthanasia of experimental animals: Part 2.** Close, B.; Banister, K.; Baumans, V.; Bernoth, E. M.; Bromage, N.; Bunyan, J.; Erhardt, W.; Flecknell, P.; Gregory, N.; Hackbarth, H.; Morton, D.; Warwick, C. *Laboratory Animals (London)* v.31(1): p.1-32 (1997)*Descriptors*: fish; amphibian; reptile; bird; rodent; rabbit; carnivore; large mammal; non-human primate; animal care; laboratory animal science 
 181.**NAL Call No.: QL55 A1L3****Recommendations for euthanasia of experimental animals: Part 1.** Close, B.; Banister, K.; Baumans, V.; Bernoth, E. M.; Bromage, N.; Bunyan, J.; Erhardt, W.; Flecknell, P.; Hackbarth, N. G. H.; Morton, D.; Warwick, C. *Laboratory Animals (London)* v.30(4): p.293-316 (1996)*Descriptors*:  animal care; ethics; acceptable methods; unacceptable methods 
*Abstract*:  This document was prepared for DGXI of the European Commission to be used with Directive 86/609/EEC of 24 November 1986, on the approximation of laws, regulations and administrative provisions of the Member States regarding the protection of animals used for experimental and other scientific purposes (No L 358, ISSN 0378-6978). It refers especially toArticle 2(1) published by the European Commission in October 1995 which defines 'humane method of killing' as 'the killing of an animal with a minimum of physical and mental suffering, depending on the species'. 
 182.**The recumbent horse.** Firth EC *Publication Veterinary Continuing Education, Massey University. 1993, No. 148, 13-20; Proceedings of a course on Equine Emergencies in General Practice, held at Auckland Airport travel Lodge, May 1993.; 2 ref* (1993)*Descriptors*:  fractures; laminitis; tetanus; nervous system; spinal-cord; septicaemia; starvation; euthanasia; posture 
 183.**NAL Call No.:  SF604 V485****Reflections on euthanasia in small animals.  Reflexiones sobre la eutanasia en pequenas especies.** Pozo Gonzalez SV del; Sumano Lopez H; Villagran Velez C; Del Pozo Gonzalez SV *Veterinaria Mexico* v.23(3): p.185-187; 10 ref (1992)*Descriptors*: animal welfare; euthanasia 
 184.**NAL Call No.: HV4704.W38 1990****Regulatory issues in experimental surgery in farm animals.** Swindle MM; Smith AC; Mench JA (ed.); Mayer SJ (ed.); Krulisch L *The Wellbeing of Agricultural Animals in Biomedical and Agricultural Research. 1992, 54-57; 7 ref* (1992)*Descriptors*: euthanasia; surgery; livestock 
 185.**NAL Call No.:  SF951 J65****Report from the first equine rescue conference.** Lane T *Journal of Equine Veterinary Science* v.13(4): p.194-195 (1993)*Descriptors*:  horse disease; racehorses; emergencies; euthanasia; transport 
 186.**NAL Call No.:  SF458.5 B78 1992****Restraint, handling and anaesthesia.** Brown LA; Butcher RC (ed.) *Manual of Ornamental Fish. 1992, 135-139* (1992)*Descriptors*:  fish; restraint; transport; euthanasia; anasthesia; immobilization 
 187.**NAL Call No.: 41.8 T431****Results of a questionnaire about ethical problems encountered in veterinary practice.  Normatieve vragen in de diergeneeskundige beroepspraktijk: een verkenning.** Rutgers LJE; Baarda DB *Tijdschrift voor Diergeneeskunde* v.119(18): p.525-535; 31 ref (1994)*Descriptors*:  ethics; cosmetic surgery; euthanasia  
 188.**NAL Call No.:  SF779.5 A1B6****A review of the veterinarian's role in the handling of down/disabled cattle.** Stark, D. A. *Bovine Practitioner* v.0(29): p.125-127 (1995)*Descriptors*: animal welfare; euthanasia; veterinary  
 189.**NAL Call No.:  41.8 R3224****The right to die.** Hare, D. *Canadian Veterinary Journal* v.35(2): p.69-70. (1994 Feb.) Includes references.*Descriptors*:  pets; euthanasia 
 190.**NAL Call No.: 41.8 Am3****Risk factors for behavior-related euthanasia among dominant-aggressive dogs: 110 cases (1989-1992).** Reisner IR; Erb HN; Houpt KA *Journal of the American Veterinary Association* v.205(6): p.855-863; 18 ref (1994)*Descriptors*:  bites; pets; abnormal behaviour; aggression; euthanasia 
*Abstract*:  Establishing a prognosis for dogs with dominance-related aggression is difficult. Some dominant- aggressive dogs respond well to treatment but others continue to be a serious risk for their owners. A study was performed to identify characteristics of dominance-related aggression and to identify risk factors associated with whether the aggressive behaviour led to euthanasia. Medical records of 110 dogs with dominance-related aggression were examined retrospectively; characteristics of owner-directed aggression and eventual outcome of the dogs were recorded. By means of logistic regression, 2 different models were found to describe the association between behaviour characteristics and outcome. In the first model, severe aggression in response to benign dominance challenges and body weight >18.2 kg were associated with outcome. In the second model, unpredictability of aggression and a history of being purchased were associated with outcome. It is concluded that dominance-related aggressive behaviour can be subclassified according to severity and type and that outcome (ie, euthanasia) may be predictable in some cases. 
 191.**NAL Call No.: 41.8 Am3****The role of animal shelters in controlling pet population.** Moulton C; Wright P; Rindy K *Journal of the American Veterinary Association* v.198(7): p.1172-1176; 5 ref (1991)*Descriptors*: euthanasia; pets; overpopulation 
*Abstract*:  Topics discussed in this review are the types of shelters, the history of animal shelters, current and future practices of more aggressive action in having animals neutered, passing tougher laws with strict inforcement, improving lost-and- found programmes, increasing the number of animals adopted and informing the public. 
 192.**NAL Call No.: 41.8 R24****Routine feline practice.** Gagnon, A. C. *Recueil de Medecine Veterinaire de l'Ecole d'Alfort* v.172(3-4): p.135-148 (1996)*Descriptors*: behavior; hospitalization; surgery; euthanasia 
*Abstract*:  Feline practice is a growing field for all veterinarians. Some aspects of the psychology of cat owners and cat behaviors are reviewed in order to help the practitioner to a better understanding of the feline practice. Special emphasis are made on environmental aspects of the waiting room, hospital, and on behaviors of the veterinary team towards feline patient and its owner, dealing with hospitalization, surgery or euthanasia of their cats. 
 193.**NAL Call No.:  SF601.I4****Scrapie in sheep and goats.** Sargison, N. *In Practice* v.17(10): p.467-469. (1995 Nov.-1995 Dec.) Includes references.*Descriptors*:  spongiform encephalopathy; control programs; government; ataxia; wool; pruritus; weight loss; histopathology; brain; culling; euthanasia; UK  
 194.**NAL Call No.: 410.9 P94****Sedation by exposure to a gaseous carbon dioxide-oxygen mixture: application to studies involving small laboratory animals species.** Urbanski HF; Kelley ST *Laboratory Animal Science* v.41(1): p.80-82; 5 ref (1991)*Descriptors*: prolactin; corticosterone; LH; FSH; euthanasia; oxygen; carbon dioxide 
 195.**NAL Call No.: 41.8 Am3****Semantics of euthanasia [letter; comment]** Fritz, C. L. *Journal of the American Veterinary Association* v.205(4): p.536-7 (1994 Aug.)*Descriptors*: abattoirs; standards; animal welfare 
 196.**NAL Call No.:  SF411 A57****Shelters and pet overpopulation: a statistical black hole.** Rowan AN *Anthrozoos* v.5(3): p.140-143; 3 ref (1992)*Descriptors*: euthanasia; pets 
 197.**NAL Call No.: QH324.9 L5J6****Simultaneous determination of norepinephrine, dopamine, and serotonin in hippocampal microdialysis samples using normal bore high performance liquid chromatography: Effects of dopamine receptor agonist stimulation and euthanasia.** Cox, G. K.; Bailey, B.; Yu, J.; Mather, T.; Acworth, I. N. *Journal of Liquid Chromatography* v.17(7): p.1541-1556 (1994)*Descriptors*:  rat; apomorphine; analytical method 
*Abstract*:  A sensitive and selective conventional chromatographic method has been developed for the simultaneous measurement of norepinephrine, dopamine, and serotonin from rat brain microdialysis samples. Ion-pair reversed-phase highperformance liquid  chromatography was used in combination with coulometric study of acute pharmacological manipulation in the rat brain to monitor the effects of drugs on and the potential interactions between monoaminergic systems. System administration of the D2/D-1 receptor agonist apomorphine as well as post- euthanasia. Basal levels and pharmacological effects are reported and discussed. 
 198.**NAL Call No.: 41.8 N81****Slaughtering methods for large mammals.  Avlivingsmetoder for store pattedyr.** Oen EO *Norsk Veterinaertidsskrift* v.108(5): p.313-321; 47 ref (1996)*Descriptors*:  hunting; techniques; euthanasia; stress  
 199.**NAL Call No.: 41.8 V641****Snails and snail farming: an introduction for the veterinary profession.** Cooper JE; Knowler C *Veterinary Record* v.129(25-26): p.541-549; 60 ref (1991)*Descriptors*:  biology; nutrition; husbandry; transport; diseases; pathology; anasthesia; euthanasia 
*Abstract*:  In the past veterinary interest in snails has been confined to their role in the transmission of disease; nowadays the trend to keep these animals in captivity - for food, for study, as 'companion animals' - means that the profession is increasingly likely to be consulted about their health, welfare or conservation. An understanding of the biology of snails is an important prerequisite to work with them. Land snails are hermaphrodite and have a complex reproductive system; other organs also show special adaptations. Management methods vary considerably and farmed snails can be maintained under extensive or intensive conditions. Methods for handling and transporting them are important considerations. There is little published information on the diseases and pathology of snails but suboptimum environment, poisons, nutritional deficiencies, predators and parasites are known to cause or contribute, to their mortality. 
 200.**Social worker in an animal hospital. Report from the New York Animal Medical Center, USA.** Minami T *Journal of Veterinary Medicine, Japan* v.49(9): p.758-759; 3 ref (1996)*Descriptors*:  animal hospitals; euthanasia 
 201.**NAL Call No.: 41.8 Am3****Source of acquisition as a risk factor for disease and death in pups.** Scarlett JM; Saidla JE; Pollock RVH *Journal of the American Veterinary Association* v.204(12): p.1906-1913; 20 ref (1994)*Descriptors*:  euthanasia; ectoparasites; helminthoses; respiratory diseases; parasites; helminths 
*Abstract*:  Data were obtained and analysed for 2144 pups examined at 65 veterinary hospitals in the northeastern USA to determine whether there were significant differences in the frequency of disease and death among pups acquired from private owners, Societies for the Prevention of Cruelty of Animals (SPCA) pounds, breeders, or pet stores. All health problems reported by owners and veterinarians in the first 2 weeks of ownership were tabulated. The prevalence of serious disease among pups (resulting in death, euthanasia, return, or extensive treatment) was <4% for all sources and did not differ significantly between pet stores and other sources. Pups from pet stores had more respiratory tract disease, but fewer fleas and parasites of the intestinal tract. Data supplied by the veterinarians indicated that the risk of intestinal tract diseases was significantly higher among pups from pet stores and SPCA pounds compared with those from private owners. The prevalence of reported behavioural and congenital problems did not differ among the 4 sources. 
 202.**NAL Call No.:  SF601.A5****Squamous cell carcinoma of the canine nasal planum: eight cases (1988-1994).** Rogers, K. S.; Helman, R. G.; Walker, M. A. *Journal of the American Animal Hospital Association* v.31(5): p.373-378. (1995 Sept.-1995 Oct.) Includes references.*Descriptors*: prognosis; euthanasia; malignant; radiotherapy; resection 
 203.**NAL Call No.: 41.8 Am3****Stalking a killer: the "disease" of euthanasia [news]** Kahler, S. *Journal of the American Veterinary Association* v.201(7): p.973-5 (1992 Oct.)*Descriptors*: domestic animals; euthanasia 
 204.**A study of different euthanasia techniques in guinea pigs, rats and mice. Animal response and postmortem findings.** Iwarsson K; Rehbinder C *Scandinavian-Journal-of-Laboratory- Animal-Science* v.20(4): p.191-205; 33 ref (1993)*Descriptors*:  animal-welfare; animal-experiments; pathology; stunning; barbiturates; carbon-dioxide; oxygen; postmortem-changes; euthanasia; laboratory-animals 
*Abstract*:  Different killing techniques for guineapigs, rats and mice were compared using 24 animals for each species. Stunning by a blow to the back of the neck (guineapigs), decapitation with guillotine (rats) and cervical dislocation (mice) were judged to be followed by immediate unconsciousness rapidly followed by a cessation of breathing. If possible, animals should be sedated or lightly anaesthetized before death using a physical method. Physical methods induced local traumatic damage (neck, brain, meninges) as well as changes in the respiratory organs, especially the lungs (emphysema, bleeding, blood and fodder aspiration). Intraperitoneal overdose of pentobarbital (150 mg/kg body weight) was followed by a calm induction within 2-3 min and a cessation of breathing within 8-11 min with considerable individual variation. Morphologically, acute degenerative lesions in myocardial muscle cells and circulatory changes in the kidney cortex as well as limited lung changes were demonstrated in all species. Pure CO2 in an equilibrated system induced unconsciousness within 10-20 seconds in rats and mice and within 40 seconds in guineapigs, followed by rapid death. Rats especially showed a moderate uneasiness during the induction. All species developed lung emphysema while myocardial cell changes and extravasation to alveoli were found in guineapigs and rats. Induction with CO2/O2 (80:20) for 1 min followed by pure CO2 was judged to be the most humane method. By adding O2 the time for induction of unconsciousness was doubled in rats and mice but not much changed in guineapigs. Breathing ceased within 4 min in rats and mice and within 7 min in guineapigs. In all species this method induced lung oedema and considerable extravasation to alveoli and thus was not recommended for studies including morphological investigations of lungs. From a strict animal welfare point of view the CO2/O2- method is the most recommendable of the methods studied, followed by the pure CO2-method and next pentobarbital i/p. 
 205.**NAL Call No.:  SF601.P76****Suffering and euthanasia.** Cohen, S. P.; Sawyer, D. C. *Problems in Veterinary Medicine* v.3(1): p.101-9 (1991 Mar.)*Descriptors*: bonding; human-pet; cat diseases; psychology; dog diseases; psychology; veterinary; pain 
*Abstract*:  Suffering is a powerful but elusive concept in veterinary medicine. Because the companion animal cannot talk, assessment of suffering requires the best judgment of veterinarian, family, and other interested participants. Determining whether euthanasia is appropriate rests on a similar consensus but is based on the entire medical and social situation. Clinicians need skill, sensitivity, and a well- developed sense of timing to uncover what clients really feel and want. Offering the family options, such as to be present during the euthanasia, makes the veterinarian's task easier and helps clients cope. 
 206.**Supplement to Bone lesions found at meat inspection. Bolt firing in dogs. Euthanasia is a part of the concept of animal welfare.  Supplement til Knoglelidelser i kodkontrollen. Boltskydning af hunde. Euthanasie er en del af begre dyrevelfaerd.** Biering Sorensen U; Hyttel P *Dansk Veterinaertidsskrift* v.73(13): p.702-703 (1990)*Descriptors*: animal welfare; techniques; skull; Euthanasia 
 207.**NAL Call No.: 41.8 M69****Supporting clients who are grieving the death of a pet.** Guntzelman J; Riegger MH *Veterinary Medicine* v.88(1): p.35...41; 14 ref (1993)*Descriptors*: veterinarians; euthanasia; pets 
 208.**NAL Call No.:  SF601.C66****Supportive medical care of recumbent horses.** McConnico, R. S.; Clem, M. F.; DeBowes, R. M. *Compendium of Continuing Education for the Practicing Veterinarian* v.13(8): p.1287-1295. (1991 Aug.) Includes references.*Descriptors*:  horse; differential diagnosis; clinical examinations; shock; respiration; euthanasia 
 209.**NAL Call No.:  SF601.J62****Survival vs. terminal animal laboratories to teach small animal surgery.** Bauer, M. S.; Glickman, N.; Salisbury, S. K.; Toombs, J. P.; Prostredny, J. M. *Journal of Veterinary Medical Education* v.19(2): p.54-58. (1992 Spring) Includes references.*Descriptors*:  dogs; cats; surgery; teaching method; animal experiments; cadaver; euthanasia; survival; veterinary education; college student attitudes; beliefs; learning; academic achievement; animal welfare; survival surgery; cadaver surgery; terminal surgery 
 210.**Systemic cryptococcosis in a dog: Case report.** Hofmann, S.; Heider, H. J.; Hinrichs, U.; Bruegmann, M.; Meyer, L. A. *Tieraerztliche Umschau* v.52(2): p.100-106 (1997)*Descriptors*: case study; *Cryptococcus neoformans*; dog; pathogens; veterinary medicine; infections; cryptococcosis; central nervous system; spleen; lungs; lymph nodes; skeletal system; oral cavity; nasal cavity; euthanasia; fungal disease; prognosis; nervous system; blood and lymphatics; immune system; respiratory system; skeletal system; dental and oral system 
*Abstract*:  A nineteen month old male Hovawart dog was referred to the clinic with a history of apathy and cryptococcosis was suspected. Clinical, radiographic and ultrasound examinations revealed lesions in various locations of the skeletal system. The oral and nasal cavity in addition to retrobulbar and intraocular lesions. Cryptococcus neoformans was detected microbially and histologically. Euthanasia was performed because of the poor prognosis. Post mortem, further lesions were evident in the central nervous system, the spleen, the lung and different lymph nodes. 
 211**NAL Call No.:  41.8-AM3****There's no good way to euthanatize a horse.** Buelke, D. L. *Journal of the American Veterinary Association* v.196(12): p.1942-1944. (1990 June)*Descriptors*:  horses; euthanasia 
 212.**NAL Call No.:  SF991 C87****Thermal burns.** Johnston DE; Bojrab MJ (ed.) *Current Techniques in Small Animal Surgery. 1990, Ed. 3, 494-500; 22 ref* (1990)*Descriptors*: dog diseases; wound treatment; nutrient requirements; euthanasia 
 213.**NAL Call No.: 41.8 Au72****Traumatic head injury in ruminant livestock.** Finnie, J. W. *Australian Veterinary Journal* v.75(3): p.204-208 (1997)*Descriptors*: livestock; sheep; cattle; neurotrauma; projectile kinetic energy; pistol; humane euthanasia 
 214.**NAL Call No.:  QL55.H36-1994****The treatment of pain and suffering in laboratory animals.** Smith, A. J. *Handbook of Laboratory Animal Science  Boca Raton, Fla. : CRC Press, c1994.. p. 339-351.* Volume I: Selection and handling of animals in biomedical research / edited by P. Svendsen and J. Hau.*Descriptors*:  pain; prevention; euthanasia 
 215.**NAL Call No.:  SF601 A9****Unwanted pets: disposal of dogs and cats in a provincial Australian city.** Murray RW; Speare R *Australian Veterinary Practitioner* v.25(2): p.68-72; 4 ref (1995)*Descriptors*:  shelters; age; animal-welfare  
*Abstract*:  During August, 1991, 328 pets (206 dogs, 116 cats and 6 others) were killed in the adjacent cities of Townsville and Thuringowa for humanitarian and animal control reasons. Of these, private veterinary clinics accounted for 52% of the dogs and 57% of the cats, while an animal shelter handled the rest. The dogs killed at the animal shelter were significantly younger than those at the veterinary clinics (mean ages 1.4 years and 4.7 years, respectively), a greater percentage were sexually entire and a greater percentage were killed because they were unwanted (73.7% vs. 15%). Cats killed at the shelter were much younger than those killed at the clinics (mean ages 0.9 years and 6.3 years, respectively). Estimates of the numbers of dogs and cats disposed of in the cities of Townsville and Thuringowa for the 12 months from September, 1990 to August 1991 were 2533 dogs and 2385 cats, representing about 12% of the estimated total population. 
 216.**NAL Call No.:  41.8 N483****The use of a shotgun for euthanasia of stranded cetaceans.** Blackmore DK; Madie P; Bowling MC; Nutman A; Davies AS; McLeod WR; Taylor J; Degen M *New Zealand Veterinary Journal* v.43(4): p.158-159; 2 ref (1995)*Descriptors*: whales; dolphins; firearms; wild animals 
 217.**NAL Call No.:  41.8 N483****The use of a shotgun for the emergency slaughter or euthanasia of large mature pigs.** Blackmore DK; Bowling MC; Madie P; Nutman A; Barnes GRG; Davies AS; Donoghue M; Kirk EJ *New Zealand Veterinary Journal* v.43(4): p.134-137; 6 ref (1995)*Descriptors*:  slaughtering; stunning; slaughter  
*Abstract*:  The isolated heads of a Friesian bull and three large, Large White pigs were shot from various aspects with a 12-gauge shotgun using both a single 28g solid lead projectile and buckshot, the latter consisting of 9 individual lead pellets with a combined mass of 28g. The sites of impact to the skull included the conventional frontal region, an occipital site and immediately behind the ear. A live mature Large White sow was shot with buckshot in the depression just caudal to the right ear, resulting in immediate insensibility and death. The damage caused to the isolated heads indicated that similar effects could be expected if the heads had been part of intact living animals. It is suggested that buckshot fired from a 12-gauge shotgun may be suitable for the emergency slaughter or euthanasia of a wide variety of domestic livestock and other species of animal. 
 218.**NAL Call No.: SF951 E67****Use of hand guns by the veterinary profession.**Jones E; Dyson S; Jones R *Equine Veterinary Education* v.8(6): p.348-349 (1996)*Descriptors*:  legislation; detomidine; euthanasia 
 219.**NAL Call No.: 41.8 T431****Use of the euthanasia preparation T61 for humane killing of pets and laboratory animals.  Het gebruik van T61 voor het verantwoord doden van gezelschaps- en laboratoriumdieren.** Hellebrekers LJ; Baumans V; Bertens APGM; Hartman W *Tijdschrift voor Diergeneeskunde* v.115(13): p.625-632; 7 ref (1990)*Descriptors*:  pharmacodynamics; euthanasia  
*Abstract*:  The preparation T61 (Hoechst) contains tetracaine, a hyponotic agent and a curare-like agent for i.v. injection. Recordings of the EMG, EEG, ECG and capnogram in dogs and rabbits showed that loss of consciousness and muscular relaxation occurred simultaneously. Undesirable vocalization occurred in 3 of 8 dogs. 
 220.**The veterinarian and euthanasia of pet animals. Deontological and legal aspects.  Il veterinario e l'eutanasia negli animali da compagnia. Aspetti deontologici e medico legali.** Ferrari A; Iorio A *Annali della Facolta di Medicina Veterinaria, Universita di Parma. 1994, 14: 311-313* (1994)*Descriptors*:  legislation; pets; euthanasia; ethics 
 221.**NAL Call No.:  SF84 E8****The veterinary practitioner and the animal in pain.  Le veterinaire praticien et la douleur animale.** Aubert P *Ethnozootechnie. 1990, No. 46, 67-74; 7 ref* (1990)*Descriptors*: anasthesia; analgesics; euthanasia  
 222.**Ways of destroying vertebrate pets and laboratory animals from a veterinary point of view and in accordance with animal protection legislation.  Moglichkeiten zur Totung von Heim- und Versuchstieren (Wirbeltiere) aus tierarztlicher Sicht und unter Beachtung der Anforderungen der Tierschutzgesetzgebung.** Harms NE *1994, 165 pp.; 15 pp. of ref* (1994)*Descriptors*:  euthanasia; legislation; barbiturates; ethics; pain 
 223.**NAL Call No.: 41.8 Am3****Wills requiring the destruction of pets - the veterinarian's position.** Hannah HW *Journal of the American Veterinary Association* v.199(9): p.1156-1157 (1991)*Descriptors*: veterinary jurisprudence; euthanasia 
**Go to:**Author Index |  Subject Index | Top of Document
Author Index  Abrahamson, D   161 Acred, P   122 Acworth, IN   197 Afanas'eva, GA   141 Aluja, AS de   130 American College of Toxicology. Meeting (11th : 1990 : Orlando,          Fla.).   179 Andrews, C.   121 Andrews, EJ   1 Arena, PC   149 Arluke, A   43 Arnemo, JM   92 Artwohl, JE   37 Aubert, P   221 Ayala, Guerrero F   99, 130 Baarda, DB   187 Bailey, B   197 Baker, HJ   112 Banister, K   180, 181 Barnes, GRG   217 Bartels, HL   89 Barton, CL   46, 117 Bauer, MS   209 Baumans, V   89, 156, 180, 181, 219 Baumans, V (ed.)   7, 167 Baydan, E   76 Bee, D J    105 Bell, PL   22 Bemier, JF   74 Bennett, BT 1, 37, 73, 170 Bennett, R   35 Benyon, PH (ed.)   148 Berger Sweeney, J   56 Berger, UV   56 Bernoth, EM   180, 181 Bertens, APMG   7, 89, 156, 219 Berzinyan, NI   24 Beynen, AC   7, 167 Bhathena, SJ   36 Biering Sorensen, U   206 Birke, L   176 Bivin, WS   20 Blackburn, PW   31 Blackmore, DK   58, 90, 216, 217 Blackshaw, JK   16 Block, G    40 Bojrab, MJ (ed.)   212 Booij, LHDJ   7 Bosland, MC   135 Bowling, MC   216, 217 Bowyer, G   132 Boyce, JR   1 Brackenridge, SS   34, 124, 125, 126 Braun, JP   154 Brazil, TJ   127 Broadstone, R   38 Bromage, N   180, 181 Brown, LA   186 Bruegmann, M   210 Brugere, H   97 Buelke, DL   211 Bunyan, J   180, 181 Burns, R   41 Butcher, RC (ed.)   186 Butler, C   115, 116 Butler, CL   27 Butler, MM   54 Byars, TD   66 Campbell, WB   54 Chabac, S   118 Clark, JD   1 Clem, MF   208 Close, B   180, 181 Clubb, FJ Jr.   54 Coenen, AML   28 Cohen, SP    205 Cohen, SP (ed.)   10 Collie, DDS   175 Colliver, JA   57 Colvin, TL   83 Cook, CJ   58 Cooper, JE   199 Cooper, JE (ed.)   148 Cox, GK   197 Cranach, J von   104 Creutzberg, A   106 Cubitt, S   132 Daly, CC   58 Dambach, DM   5 Davies, AS   216, 217 Dayen, M   48 De, AAS   99, 130 De, Leenheer AP   50 DeBowes, RM   208 Degen, M   216 Del Pozo Gonzalez, SV   183 DeNardo, D   6 DeTolla, LJ   121 Dickinson, KL   27 Dijk, DJ   137 Dixon, T   66 Donoghue, M   217 Doughty, MJ    174 Drinkenburg, WHIM   28 Driun, P   2 Dunaway, GA   57 Dyer, CJ    144 Dyson, S   218 Edwards, SR   127 Ellis, BJ   159 Endenburg, N   70 Erb, HN   190 Erhardt, W   180, 181 Evans, AT   38 Evans, GO   143 Ferrari, A   87, 220 Finley, GG   120 Finnie, JW   26, 152, 213 Firth, EC   182 Fitzgerald, SD   35 Flecknell, P   180, 181 Flecknell, PA   7 Fletcher, DL   131 Fogle, B   161 Fontes, EM   146 Fritz, CL    195 Frye, FL (ed.)   149 Fudin, CE (ed.)   10 Gagnon, AC   192 Galloway, AM   52 Gardner, C   157 Gassmann Langmoen, AB   104 Gaynor, JS   29 Gerrits, AR   137 Gerrity, LW   54 Glickman, LT   162 Glickman, N   209 Graham, S   136 Grandin, T   78, 172 Gray, AK    33 Greene, HW   155 Gregory, N   180 Gregory, NG    95 Gregory, SP    145 Grier, RL   3, 83, 111 Griffey, SM   54 Guntzelman, J   123, 207 Habron, JM   46 Hackbarth, H   180 Hackbarth, NGH   181 Hannah, HW   223 Hansen, NE   106 Hare, D   189 Harms, NE   222 Harris, CK   117 Harris, JM   47 Harrison, LJ   127 Hart, BL   129 Hart, LA   45, 67, 129 Hartman, W   156, 219 Hecker, B   121 Heider, HJ   210 Hellebrekers, LJ   156, 219 Helman, RG   202 Hennessey, TD   122 Herbert, WJ   32 Herck, H van   89 Hergarten, G   2 Hetts, S   158 Hewett, TA   37 Hill, RL   55 Hinrichs, U   210 Hoenderken, R   28, 89 Hofmann, S   210 Holson, RR    82 Holtzmann, M   139 Hooks, TM   38 Houpt, KA   1, 190 Howard, HL   55 Hubbell, JAE   29 Huo, JZ   50 Hutchins, DR   169 Hvozdik, A   81 Hyttel, P   206 Iorio, A   220 Iwarsson, K   204 Johnson, SW   34 Johnston, DE   212 Johnston, SM   38 Jones, E   218 Jones, GL   68 Jones, R   218 Jones, RS   100, 103, 127 Jordan, FTW   2 Joseph, DB   108 Joseph, R   151 Kahler, S    203 Kane, AS   121 Kastello, MD   179 Kasten, T   57 Kaya, S   76 Kelley, ST   194 Kerlin, RL   5 Kesel, ML   75 Kibble, RM   21 King, JM   163 Kirby, BM   34 Kirk, EJ   217 Knottenbelt, D   101 Knottenbelt, DC   127 Knottenbelt, DK   100, 103 Knowler, C   199 Kogure, N   17 Kopecky, LN   83 Kovacs, MS   37 Kreger, MD   8 Krulisch, L   184 Kuttler, D   2 Lagerweij, E   7 Lagoni, L   27, 115, 116, 158 Laing, JA   169 Lambert, WE   50 Landicho, EF (ed.)   21, 45 Lane, T   185 Laniel, MA   120 Laroute, V   154 Larson, J   9 Lassourd, V   154 Lawrence, EA   63, 79 Lawton, MPC   148 Lawton, MPC (ed.)   148 Lee, L   84 Lee, M   84 Lefebvre, HP   154 Linder, R E    144 Livestock Conservation Institute   171 Longair, JA   120 Lord, R   68 Luijtelaar, ELJM van.   28 Luke, C   11 Lyons Carter, J   8 Maala, CP (ed.)   21, 45 MacArthur, CJA   122 MacKay, C   120 Mader, B   67, 129 Madie, P   216, 217 Manning, PJ (ed.)   20 Mantell, JAR   23 Marques Fontes, E   147 Marshall, S   114 Martinic, G   12 Mason, K   100, 103 Mateo, AAB (ed.)   21, 45 Mather, T   197 Mayer, SJ (ed.)   184 Mayhew, J   51 McCarthy, JB   165 McConnico, RS   208 McLaughlin Taylor, E   55 McLeod, WR   216 McNeil, JR   38 Mench, JA (ed.)   184 Meram, D   118 Merrikin, DJ   122 Meyer, LA   210 Michael, M   176 Middleton, DM   119 Milani, MM   13, 153 Miller, M   77 Milligan, A   114 Minami, T   200 Misita, PA   150 Moebius, G   69 Montrey, RD   57 Morton, D   180, 181 Mould, K   120 Moulton, C   160, 191 Moyer, MR   162 Muir, WW   29 Murphy, JB   149 Murray, RW   215 Nast, R   119 Negovskii, VA   177 Newcomer, CE   20 Nicolas, F   118 Nielsen, DM   133 Nutman, A   216, 217 O'Boyle, DA   52 O' Donnell, E   100, 103 Oberthur, RC   2 Oen, EO   138, 198 Olfert, ED   120 Olson, PN   39, 160 Ortman, K   96, 107 Ostrich, S   18 Padilla, SG   99, 130 Pascoe PJ   1 Pascoe, PJ  61 Pass, G   49 Patrican, LA   14 Patronek, GJ   162 Paul, CA   56 Perry, CM   53 Petersen, LE   173 Petersen, U   2 Peterson, JL   117 Pig Veterinary Society   30, 31 Pittman, TJ    113 Podberscek, AL   16 Pollock, RVH   201 Pozo Gonzalez, SV del   183 Preston, A   120 Prince, GA   44 Prost, EK   85, 91 Prostredny, JM   209 Proudman, CJ   127 Pyrah, I   175 Raj, ABM   98, 134 Randolph, JW    142 Rasmussen, M   133 Raufer, B   77 Rehbinder, C   204 Reimschuessel, R   121 Reisner, IR   190 Riegger, MH   123, 207 Rindy, K   191 Ringler, DH (ed.)   20 Robins, GM   52 Robinson, GW   1 Rodineau, P   118 Rogers, KS   46, 117, 202 Rollin, BE    71, 72 Rollin, BE (ed.)   75 Rouzioux, JM   118 Rowan, AN   196 Rowsell, H   120 Rowsell, HC   75 Rutgers, LJE   187 Ryan, DM   122 Saidla, JE   201 Salisbury, SK   209 Salisch, H   2 Sanders, NA   5 Sargison, N   193 Savage, SI   131 Sawyer, DC    205 Scarlett, JM   201 Schaffer, CB   111 Schlingmann, F   89 Schneider, BJ   80 Schneider, J   102 Schwabenbauer, K   178 Scrimgeour, HJ   112 Seif, DP    4 Sharma, M   56 Shawhan, R   59 Shoemaker, RS   124, 125, 126 Siegmann OSO   49 Simons, MA    64 Simonsen, HB   106 Simpson, M   164 Slater, MR   117 Slott, VL    144 Smith, AJ   214 Smith, AC   184 Smith, CP   8, 9 Smith, DEC   143 Smulders, HC   122 Speare, R   215 Spencer, L   68 Spinelli, JS   166 Srinivas, S   121 Stapleton, J   38 Stark, DA   188 Steere, JH   60 Steidl, T   25 Straughan, DW   122 Stuart, D    174 Sumano Lopez, H   183 Swindle, MM   184 Tack, I   118 Taylor, J   216 Tholhuijsen, L    88 Toombs, JP   209 Toutain, PL   154 Townsend, P   42 Troke, PF   122 Tuffery, AA   140 Urbanski, HF   194 Uribe,VE   99, 130 Vaidyanathan, R   14 Van, BJ   50 Vatistas, N   51 Vilacorte, EZV   21, 45 Villagran Velez, C   183 Von Cranach, J   104 Vorstenbosch, JMG   70 Vullierme, JC   15 Walker, MA   202 Wallace, K   117 Warwick, C   149, 180, 181 Waterman, AE    145 Watt, NJ   175 Watt, PR   52 Weaver, BM    145 Webster, AB   131 Wheler, CL   119 Whitaker, BR   121 White, DJ   59 Whittington, PE   98 Widderich, M   128 Wijsmuller, JM    110 Wilson, RG   122 Winter, A   168 Withrow, SJ   27 Woodward, KN    33 Wotton, SB    95 Wright, P   191 Yamazaki, K   17 Yates, R   114 Yu, J   197 Zutphen, LFM van (ed.)   7, 167 Zwart, P    93, 94  
**Go to:**Author Index |  Subject Index | Top of Document
Subject Index  2-phenoxy ethanol bath   157 abattoirs   95, 195 abnormal behavior   10, 190 abuse   34 acceptable methods   181 accidents   185 acetylcholinesterase   56 acquired immune deficiency syndrome   19 adverse effects   38, 127 age   162, 168, 215 aggression   25, 190 aggressive behavior   19 allergies   19 amides toxicity   174 ammonium-compounds-toxicity   174 amphibia   6, 180 anaesthesia   1, 6, 7, 14, 24, 25, 29, 42, 44, 56, 57, 60, 89, 114, 118, 121, 127, 140, 150, 155, 167, 186, 199, 221 analgesics   7, 42, 127, 179, 221 analytical method   50, 197 animal behavior   13, 18, 24, 25, 28, 37, 78, 167, 176 animal breeding   6, 155 animal care   180, 181 animal experiments   6, 7, 20, 44, 45, 114, 121, 136, 140, 155, 166, 167, 176, 184, 204, 209 animal feed   33 animal hospitals   200 animal housing   6, 42, 155 animal husbandry   6, 121, 155 animal insurance   23, 66 animal nutrition   24, 168 animal testing alternatives   167 animal usage   209 animal welfare   1, 6, 7, 11, 13, 18, 21, 24, 28, 37, 39, 42, 43, 45, 48, 56, 58, 72, 73, 74, 75, 77, 78, 82, 83, 85, 89, 90, 95, 97, 98, 102, 104, 111, 121, 127, 131, 132, 134, 135, 138, 139, 149, 152, 154, 155, 159, 162, 164, 166, 167, 171, 176, 178, 17    9, 183, 184, 188, 191, 195, 196, 198, 204, 206, 209, 214, 215 animals   8, 9, 74 animals, domestic   86, 110, 142, 195, 203 animals, laboratory   174 anorexia   52, 151 anoxia   134 antibodies   68 antifungal drug   52 antiinfective agents   212 antimicrobial research   122 antineoplastic agents therapeutic use   110 aorta   54 apomorphine   197 aquaculture   157 aquarium fishes   186 aqui s bath   157 arachidonic acid   54 argon   98, 134 artificial insemination   20*Aspergillus terreus*   52 asphyxia   28 ataxia   193 attachment behavior   79 attitudes   209 Australian giant crab   157 auxiliary workers   15 avian biology   24 back pain   52 bacterial diseases   167 barbiturates   33, 111, 127, 177, 204, 222 battery cages   164 behavior   70, 91, 106, 141, 153, 192 beliefs   209 benzocaine bath   157 bibliographies   8 binding   68 bioavailability   154 biological death   177 biology   199 bird   180 bites   190 blood   20, 29, 37, 78, 210 blood specimen collection   44, 114 bonding, human-pet   142, 205 brain   20, 28, 57, 152, 193 brain death   177 brain function restoration   177 breeds   162 burns   212 cadaver surgery   209 cadavers   209 caesarean section   114 caging   24 calcium   53 captive bolt guns   78 captive breeding   6, 155 carbon dioxide   14, 28, 37, 48, 49, 55, 56, 78, 90, 98, 106, 131, 132, 134, 143, 150, 194, 204 carbon monoxide   90, 106 carcass disposal   2 carcass quality   134 carcasses   14 carcinoma   202 cardiopulmonary resuscitation   177 carnivore   180 carrion   14 carrying capacity   136 case reports   5, 35, 51, 118, 119, 163, 210 cat   4, 27,39, 70, 91, 151, 160, 192, 209 cat diseases   67, 71, 115, 205 cat owner psychology   192 cattle   154, 172, 213 cattle diseases prevention and control   113cellulitis veterinary   71 cellulose analogs and derivatives   103 central depressant drug   50 central nervous system   50, 58, 193, 210 cerebellum   56 cerebral cortex   56 cerebrospinal fluid   20 chicken   24, 95 chicks   97, 98, 137 children   47 chilling   157 chloral hydrate analogs and derivatives   103 chloramphenicol   154 chloroform bath   157 choline acetyltransferase   56*Chrysosporium spp*.   52 cinchocaine hydrochloride   101 clinical death   177 clinical examination   208 clove oil bath   157 college students   209 colon   54 communication   13, 27, 34, 151 complications   127, 151, 208 consciousness   26, 89, 106 conservative therapy   169 constant pressure airway instillation   175 containers   134 continuing education   24, 141, 177, 192 control programs   193 corticosterone   194 cosmetic surgery   187 costs   151 counseling   34, 47, 158 cow   188 creatinine kinase   154 cross reaction   68 cruelty   69 cryptococcosis   210*Cryptococcus neoformans*   210 culling   193 customer relations   84, 116 cytology   46 cytotoxic t lymphocytes   55 death   10, 13, 47, 158, 201 death and dying   124, 125 decapitation   56, 90, 104, 135 decision making   116, 123 demography   161 Denmark   133 dental and oral system   210 destroyed muscle equivalent   154 destruction of animals   38, 41, 48, 58, 97, 108, 127, 128, 131, 137, 178, 215, 216, 217, 222 detomidine   218 diagnosis   46, 51, 119, 151, 169 dietary carbohydrates   36 differential diagnosis   208 digestive system disease   35 dimethylformamide   118 disabled   188 disease control   193 disease models   44 disease outbreaks veterinary   113 diseases   10, 199 diskospondylitis   52 dislocations   55 disposal   215 dog   5, 27, 39, 50, 70, 91, 151, 154, 156, 160, 202, 209, 210 dog diseases   38, 67, 115, 201, 212 dog diseases psychology   205 dogs physiology   40 domestic animals   34, 73 dosage   92, 101 down   188 drug combinations   101 drug therapy   51 drugs   20, 75, 104 duration   202 ear clipping   70 economics   34 ectoparasites   201 efficacy   78 electrial brain activity   28 electric injuries veterinary   170 electrical stunning   134 electrical treatment   78 electricity   130 electrocardiograms   28, 38 electrocution   48 electroencephalograms   28, 38 electroencephalography   58 electrolytes   53 electroshock veterinary   170 Embutramide   50 emergencies   25, 29, 34, 185, 212, 217 emotions   27, 47, 59, 62, 80, 124, 125, 161 encephalitis   119*Encephalitozoon cuniculi*   119 environmental factors   192 enzyme activity   56 equine herpesvirus   51 ethanol   68 ethics   81, 176, 181, 187, 222 ethics, professional   72 Etorphine   92 Europe   138 euthanasia   1, 2, 3, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 51, 52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 60, 61, 62, 63, 66, 67, 68, 69, 70    , 73, 74, 75, 76, 77, 78, 79, 80, 81, 82, 83, 84, 85, 87, 89, 90, 92, 96, 97, 98, 100, 101, 102, 104, 106, 107, 108, 109, 111, 112, 114, 115, 116, 117, 119, 120, 121, 122, 123, 124, 125, 126, 127, 128, 129, 130, 131, 132, 133, 134, 135, 136, 137, 138, 139    , 140, 141, 143, 144, 145, 147, 149, 150, 151, 152, 153, 154, 155, 156, 157, 158, 159, 160, 161, 162, 163, 164, 165, 166, 167, 168, 169, 171, 173, 175, 176, 177, 178, 180, 181, 182, 183, 184, 185, 186, 187, 188, 189, 190, 191, 192, 193, 194, 196, 198, 199    , 200, 201, 202, 204, 206, 207, 208, 209, 210, 211, 212, 214, 215, 216, 217, 218, 219, 220, 221, 222, 223 euthanasia congresses   179 euthanasia veterinary   4, 33, 39, 40, 64, 65, 71, 72, 86, 88, 93, 94, 103, 105, 110, 113, 142, 170, 174, 195, 203, 205 evaluation   89 experimental surgery   184 fat metabolism   54 Federal Government   193 feeding   140, 141 fees   13 feline immunodeficiency virus   133 feline leukemia virus   133*Felis maniculata*   141 fibroblasts   46 firearms   113 fish   121, 180 fish husbandry   121 fishery species   157 fluid therapy   212 food contamination   33 forensic entomology   14 fractures   182 freshwater bath   157 fructose bisphosphatase   57 FSH   194 fungal disease   210 furbearing animals   76 gas stunning   134 gases   37, 75 genetics   167 German shepherd   52 glucagon level   36 grief   47, 62 growth   149 guidelines   21, 121 Halothane   55 hatcheries   164 hearing   141 heart   29, 57 heart rate   28 heating   157 helminthoses   201 helminths   44, 201 hematoma   169 hemolysis drug effects   174 hemorrhage   134 hens   131 hexosaminidases blood   174 hippocampus   56 histopathology   20, 193 hormone receptor   36 hormones   194 horse   154, 172 horse diseases   60, 66, 163, 182, 185 horses   33, 51, 62, 63, 64, 79, 101, 103, 124, 125, 208, 211 horses physiology   65 hospitalization   192 host   210 housing   140 human   177 human diseases   44 humane euthanasia   157, 213 hunting   138, 198 husbandry   199 hyperbaric oxygenation   177 hypercapnic seawater bath   157 hypercapric anoxia   134 identification   11, 21, 155 immobilization   157, 186 immunity   177, 210 infection   210 inflammation   46 infusion   91 inhalation   28, 91 inhaled anaesthetics   108, 114 injectable anaesthetics   53, 85, 108, 114 injection   89, 114 injury   13, 154 insurance   66 intravenous injection   219 Itraconazole   52 ketamine hydrochloride injection   157 kidneys   57 killing method   138, 157 kittens   11 laboratory animals   6, 7, 12, 20, 24, 42, 44, 45, 73, 75, 89, 90, 104, 108, 114, 121, 139, 140, 143, 150, 155, 166, 167, 176, 180, 181, 194, 204, 214, 222 laboratory methods   12, 89 lambing   168 laminitis   182 large mammal   138, 180 large scale husbandry   168 learning experiences   209 legislation   102, 140, 167, 176, 178, 218, 220, 222 legislation, veterinary   88 lesions   151 leukocyte count   143 LH   194 Lidocaine   38, 40, 111 light   149 literature review   91, 138, 154 liver   57, 111 liver disease   35, 118 liver plasma membrane   36 livestock   78 livestock handling safety measures   171 local anaesthetics   127 local tolerance   154 lung   210 lymph nodes   210 lymphocyte transformation   55 macrophages   46 magnesium   53 magnesium sulfate   32, 105 magnesium sulfate bath   157 malignant course   202 man   79, 124, 125 medical ethics   177 medical research   121 medical treatment   27, 119, 214 meningitis   119 mental stress   59 metastasis   5, 46 methodology   1, 37, 74, 78, 138, 157, 213 methoxyflurane   55 mice   55, 68, 89 microbiology   167 microclimate   24 milk   20 mink   106 miscellaneous method   154, 180 moral values   80 morphine   177 mortality   168 MS 222 bath   157 muscle contraction   54 muscles   57 nasal cavity   210 neck pain   52 neoplasms   27, 46, 117, 158 nervous system   210, 213 nervous system disease   151, 182, 213 Netherlands   89 neuritis   51 neuroleptics   76 neurotrauma   213 neurotropic drugs   127 nitrogen   106 non human primate   180 nose   202 nutrient requirements   212 nutrition   167, 199 oral cavity   210 ornamental fishes   186 orthopedics   34 overfeeding   164 overpopulation   136, 160 oxygen   28, 194, 204*Paecilomyces spp*.   52 pain   1, 9, 41, 42, 74, 75, 77, 123, 139, 149, 151, 166, 167, 205, 214, 221, 222 palearctic region   138 paraformaldehyde   175 paralysis   52 parasites   44, 167, 201 parenchyma   26 paresis   52 pathogen   210 pathology   20, 66, 118, 166, 199, 204 patients   13*Penicillium spp*.   52 Pentobarbital   14, 38, 40, 55, 60, 61, 101, 111 Pentobarbital toxicity   174 peptides   68 perception   141 peritoneum   51 pests   199 pets   10, 16, 17, 19, 21, 25, 43, 45, 47, 84, 85, 96, 107, 115, 116, 117, 123, 153, 158, 160, 161, 162, 165, 189, 190, 191, 196, 207, 215, 222, 223 pets death   83 pharmacodynamics   219 pharmacokinetics   50, 154 pharmacological tool   154 pig   154, 172 pistol   213 plasma insulin level   36 plasma receptor   36 pneumonia   44 poisoning   118 poliomyelitis   44 population control   173 population density   43, 191 post injection muscle damage   154 post mortem bronchoconstriction   175 postmortem changes   204 postmortem examinations   5, 163 posture   182 potassium   53 poultry   2, 49, 131, 164 poultry diseases   2 pounds   83 prevention   214 professional ethics   17, 18, 81, 108, 153, 220 prognosis   27, 34, 151, 202, 210 projectile kinetic energy   213 prolactin   194 prolonged air exposure   157 protozoal infections   119 pruritus   193*Pseudallescheria boydii*   52*Pseudocarcinus gigas*   157 puppies   5, 201 pyrexia   52 quality of life   123 questionnaires   12 quinalbarbitone sodium   101 rabbit   54, 119, 154, 156, 180 racehorses   61, 185 radiotherapy   202*Rana catesbeiana*   93, 94 rats   28, 37, 54, 56, 57, 89, 197 regulations   73, 102, 121, 155 reptile   155, 180  resection   202 respiration   50, 208 respiratory diseases   201 respiratory system   210 restraint of animals   20, 25, 78, 114, 186 resuscitation associated hallucination   177 reviews   1, 199 risk factors   162 ritual slaughter   78 rodent   82, 132, 135, 180 role perception   12 route of administration   91 routine feline practice   192 ruminant livestock   213 sampling   20 sarcocystis   51 sarcoma   5 scrapie   193*Selenarctos thibetanus*   35 semantics   195 septicaemia   182 sexual maturation   141 sheep   26, 154, 172, 193, 213 sheep diseases   168 sheep farming   168 sheep housing   168 shelter   11 shelters   215 shock   208 skeletal system   210 skin diseases   212 skull   206 slaughter   48, 53, 76, 78, 102, 138, 139, 149, 164, 188, 198, 217 slaughter tool   213 slaughtering and slaughter houses   30, 31 slaughtering equipment   78, 217 small animal practice   10, 15, 17, 19, 21, 22, 25, 67, 84, 130, 158, 165 smooth muscle   54 social workers   200 sodium   53 sows   18 species availability   6, 155 species differences   89 specimen handling   20 sperm motility physiology   144 spinal cord   58, 182 spleen   210 spongiform encephalopathy   193 standard   122, 180, 181 standardization   167 starvation   182 statistical analysis   196 sterilization   11, 45, 70 stray animals   11 stress   28, 42, 78, 134, 149, 194, 198 stunning   48, 58, 108, 134, 204, 217 succession   14 surgery   6, 20, 45, 46, 155, 169, 192, 209 surplus captive animals   136 surveys   161 survival   202, 209 survival surgery   209 swine   30, 31 symptoms   119 tail   51 tail docking   70 teaching methods   209 technicians   12 techniques   77, 102, 112, 198, 206 terminal surgery   209 tetanus   182 tetracaine toxicity   174 therapeutic method   35 therapy   13, 151, 212 thermoregulation   149 time   106 tissue fixation   175 transport   164, 199 transport of animals   134, 185, 186 trauma   51, 152 traumatic head injury   213 treatment   117, 208 turkeys   134 UK   161, 168, 193 unacceptable methods   181 unconsciousness veterinary   82 urinary tract infections veterinary   71 urine   20 USA   123, 160 vaccination   11 vascular damage   26 veterinarians   13, 18, 80, 123, 126, 153, 161, 207 veterinarians standards   72 veterinary education   209 veterinary euthanasia   50 veterinary jurisprudence   21, 222, 223 veterinary medicine   35, 46, 69, 129, 147, 154, 188, 192, 210, 213 veterinary medicine standards   142 veterinary practice   13, 17, 19, 27, 87, 96, 107, 115, 124, 125, 126, 129, 187, 215, 223 veterinary profession   21, 220 veterinary services   11, 117, 165 viral diseases   167 vision   141 vitamin B supplementation   35 water displacement   175 water quality   6 weight loss   52, 193 wild animals   18, 173, 216 wool   193 workers   59 wound treatment   212 wounds   152 Xylazine   60, 127 xylazine hydrochloride injection   157 zoo animals   41, 76, 136 zoological gardens   136 zoonoses   121
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*The Animal Welfare Information Center, awic@nal.usda.gov http://www.nal.usda.gov/awic/pubs/oldbib/srb9801.htm, November 1997****