IN THE COURT OF APPEALS

STATE OF ARIZONA

DIVISION TWO

DENISE S.,

Petitioner,

v.

HON. KIMBERLY A. CORSARO, Judge

Pro Tempore of the Superior Court of the

State of Arizona, in and for the County of

Santa Cruz,

Respondent,

and

STATE OF ARIZONA,

Real Party in Interest.

CARLOS C.,

Petitioner,

v.

HON. KIMBERLY A. CORSARO, Judge

Pro Tempore of the Superior Court of the

State of Arizona, in and for the County of

Santa Cruz,

Respondent,

and

STATE OF ARIZONA,

Real Party in Interest.

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2 CA-SA 2006-0048

2 CA-SA 2006-0055

(Consolidated)

DEPARTMENT A

O P I N I O N

AUG 16 2006

FILED BY CLERK

COURT OF APPEALS

DIVISION TWO
2

SPECIAL ACTION PROCEEDING

Santa Cruz County Cause Nos. JV06-067A and JV06-091A

JURISDICTION ACCEPTED; RELIEF GRANTED

Vettiyil & Associates, P.C.

 By Saji Vettiyil

George Silva, Santa Cruz County Attorney

 By Chuck Lagrand

Nogales

Attorneys for Petitioners

Nogales

Attorneys for Real Party in Interest

V Á S Q U E Z, Judge.

¶1 In these consolidated cases, two juveniles against whom the state has filed

delinquency petitions seek special action relief from the respondent judge’s denial as

untimely of their notices of change of judge. A special action is the only means for seeking

review of a denial of a peremptory request for change of judge. Taliaferro v. Taliaferro,

186 Ariz. 221, 223, 921 P.2d 21, 23 (1996); Brush Wellman, Inc. v. Lee, 196 Ariz. 344, ¶

5, 996 P.2d 1248, 1250 (App. 2000); Williams v. Superior Court, 190 Ariz. 80, 82, 945

P.2d 391, 393 (App. 1997). Therefore, neither juvenile has an adequate remedy by appeal,

see Rule 1(a), Ariz. R. P. Spec. Actions, 17B A.R.S., and our accepting jurisdiction is

appropriate. And, because we conclude the respondent judge abused her discretion in

finding the juveniles’ requests were untimely, we grant relief. See Ariz. R. P. Spec. Actions
3

3(c); Twin City Fire Ins. Co. v. Burke, 204 Ariz. 251, ¶ 10, 63 P.3d 282, 284-85 (2003);

State v. Chapple, 135 Ariz. 281, 297 n.18, 660 P.2d 1208, 1224 n.18 (1983).

¶2 The essential facts are not disputed. Denise S. and her mother were personally

served with a delinquency petition on April 18, 2006. The citation to appear with which

they were also served ordered them to appear before the Santa Cruz County Juvenile Court

on May 15. The attorney Denise’s mother retained on May 10 filed a notice of change of

judge that same day. The respondent judge denied the notice as untimely on May 11.

¶3 The state filed a delinquency petition against Carlos C. on May 18, 2006, and

he and his parents were personally served with the petition on June 7. On May 18, the

respondent judge signed an order appointing counsel for Carlos, orderingCarlos to contact

the attorney, and ordering his parents to file a completed and signed financial statement on

or before the advisory hearing set for June 19. On June 8, the day after Carlos and his

parents had been served, the respondent judge issued an order appointing different counsel

for Carlos, noting that the original attorney had informed the court he was not currently

accepting appointments as counsel. Carlos instead retained an attorney on June 13 who

filed a notice of change of judge that same day. The respondent judge denied the notice as

untimely on June 16.

¶4 As the juveniles correctly note, a change of judge upon request in a juvenile

case is governed by Rule 2(B), Ariz. R. P. Juv. Ct., 17B A.R.S. The pertinent portions of

the rule provide as follows:
4

1. Grounds. Any party shall be entitled to request a

change of judge as a matter of right.

2. Procedure. A party may exercise his or her right to

a change of judge by making a request in open court on the

record or by filing a pleading entitled “Notice of Change of

Judge” signed by counsel, if any, stating the name of the judge

to be changed. A notice of change of judge shall be filed within

five (5) days after notice to the requesting party of the

assignment of the case to a judge. . . . 

Under the rule, the time for filing a change of judge begins with notice to a party that the

case has been assigned to a particular judge, and the right is waived if the party fails to file

the change within five days of that notice. Id.

¶5 Although neither order denying the notice of change of judge as untimely

statesthe reason it was untimely, according to the juveniles, the respondent judge based her

ruling on an administrative order issued November 13, 2001, by the presiding judge of the

Santa Cruz County Superior Court that assigned to the respondent judge all juvenile cases

filed in the superior court on or after November 8, 2001. Apparently, the respondent judge

reads the administrative order as giving the notice required by Rule 2(B)(2) to any juvenile

in Santa Cruz County who is served with a delinquency petition and citation to appear in

court that she is the judge assigned to the case.

¶6 The juveniles argue their situations are similar to the juveniles in JV-132324

v. Superior Court, 181 Ariz. 337, 890 P.2d 632 (App. 1995). In that case, the juvenile

court had issued an administrative order making a blanket appointment of the public

defender as attorney for all juveniles who were alleged to be delinquent. Id. at 340, 890
5

P.2d at 635. Because the juvenile court considered counsel as having been appointed the

day the state filed a delinquency petition, the court deemed untimely the notices of change

of commissioner the juveniles filed at their advisory hearings. Id. Division One of this court

held the administrative order was void, the juveniles had thus not been represented by

counsel until the advisory hearings began, and the notices had been timely. Id.

¶7 The court based its holdings on A.R.S. § 8-225(C) and Rule 6(c), Ariz. R. P.

Juv.Ct., 17B A.R.S., concludingthat, unlessjuveniles have waived the right to counsel, they

cannot represent themselves and personally file a notice of change ofjudge or commissioner.

181 Ariz. at 343, 890 P.2d at 638. The state asserts the case is not applicable to these

juveniles because “[b]oth of these laws have been repealed, and there is no new

corresponding law.” (Emphasis deleted.) We disagree. Former § 8-225 has not been

repealed; it was simply renumbered—without any change in the language—as A.R.S. § 8-

221. 1999 Ariz. Sess. Laws, ch. 36, § 6. And the language of former Rule 6(c) is now

found in Rule 10(D), Ariz. R. P. Juv. Ct., 17B A.R.S. Compare version of Ariz. R. P. Juv.

Ct. 6(c) as amended effective July 21, 1997, 189 Ariz. CXXXIII, CXXVII (1997), with

current Ariz. R. P. Juv. Ct. 10(D), effective Jan. 1, 2001, 198 Ariz. CXLV-CXLVI, CXLII

(2000). Therefore, the right to counsel in juvenile delinquency cases remains unchanged.

¶8 The state also contendsthe holdingsin JV-132324 are not applicable because,

unlike the previous Rule 6(c), current Rule 2(B) suggests a juvenile may file a notice of

change of judge when he or she is not represented by counsel. The state bases that
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contention on the language providing that a party may request a change of judge either on

the record in open court or by filing a notice “signed by counsel, if any.” Ariz. R. P. Juv.

Ct. 2(B)(2). We agree the language permits a juvenile to waive the right to counsel and file

a notice of change of judge personally. What the state’s argument ignores, however, is the

requirements for a juvenile to waive the right to counsel.

¶9 Under Rule 10(D), a juvenile may only waive the right to counsel if a court

“finds that the waiver is knowingly, intelligently and voluntarily given in view of the

juvenile’s age, education and apparent maturity.” The rule also states any waiver “should

. . . be obtained in the presence of” the juvenile’s parent, guardian, or custodian and “shall

be set out in writing or in the minute entry of the court.” Id. And Rule 28(C)(1), Ariz. R.

P. Juv. Ct., 17B A.R.S., requires a juvenile court to inform a juvenile of the right to counsel

at the advisory hearing. Unless the requirements have been met and the juvenile has

properly waived the right to counsel, the time period in Rule 2(B)(2) does not begin to run.

Neither juvenile in the case before us had appeared before the respondent judge before the

notice of change of judge wasfiled; accordingly, neither juvenile could have filed the notice

personally because neither had waived the right to counsel in accordance with Rule 10(D).

¶10 As the state correctly points out, the question we must next address is what

action constitutes notice to a juvenile that a judge has been assigned to the case, that is,

notice sufficient to trigger the five-day filing period. The state asserts the administrative
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order of November 2001 permanently assigning all juvenile cases to the respondent judge

was the triggering action in both cases before us. We do not agree.

¶11 Under Rule 26, Ariz. R. P. Juv. Ct., 17B A.R.S., a juvenile against whom a

delinquency petition has been filed and his or her parent, guardian, or custodian must be

notified in writing to appear in court. The notice is required to:

1. Contain the name and address ofthe person to whom

the notice is directed;

2. Contain the location, date and time ofthe hearing on

the petition;

3. Contain the name of the juvenile involved in the

offense alleged in the petition; and

4. Advise the person to whomthe notice is directed that

failure to appear will result in sanctions being entered against

the person, which may include being held in contempt.

Id. The notices served on these juveniles complied with the rule’s requirements, but the rule

does not demand, and the noticesserved did not include, the name ofthe judge to whomthe

cases were assigned. And nothing in either the delinquency petitions or the citations to

appear refersto the administrative order of November 2001 or otherwise identifiesthe judge

to whom the cases were assigned.

¶12 We reject the state’s argument that the administrative order complied with the

requirements ofRule 5, Ariz. R. P. Juv. Ct., 17B A.R.S., which authorizesthe juvenile court

of each county to “make and amend rules governing its practice.” The order cannot properly

constitute a local rule because it does not appear in the Local Rules of Practice for the Santa
8

Cruz County Superior Court, 17B A.R.S., Rule 23 of which provides that the rules are

effective on and after August 1, 2003, “on which date all other rules adopted by this Court

are hereby repealed.”

¶13 We conclude instead that the administrative order is an internal court order

permitted by Rules 91(c) and 92(a), Ariz. R. Sup. Ct., 17A A.R.S., which address court

organization, the assignment of cases, and the powers and duties of a superior court

presiding judge. And that conclusion is consistent with the distribution list on the

administrative order showing copies were sent to the judges and judges pro tempore of the

Santa Cruz County Superior Court, to the clerk of the court, and to court administrators.

¶14 The juveniles argue they could not have waived the time for filing a notice of

change of judge because they did not know and could not reasonably have been expected

to know the November 2001 administrative order existed. The state responds that people

regularly waive rights they do not know exist, but the examples the state describes do not

involve the right at issue. Moreover, the applicable cases hold otherwise.

¶15 Division One observed in JV-132324 that “it is established law that the right

to a peremptory change ofjudge or commissioner cannot be waived under Civil [Procedure]

Rule 42(f)(1)(C) unless the party has had the opportunity to exercise that right.” 181 Ariz.

at 343, 890 P.2d at 638. Civil Procedure Rule 42 was the applicable rule in that case

because Juvenile Rule 2 had not yet been adopted. The cases Division One cited for that

proposition were Marsin v. Udall, 78 Ariz. 309, 279 P.2d 721 (1955), and Newsom v.
9

Superior Court, 102 Ariz. 95, 425 P.2d 422 (1967). Although both cases addressed

whether a party had waived the right to a change of judge by appearing at a contested

hearing before the challenged judge, their language is informative. In Marsin, our supreme

court held:

The right to a fair and impartial trial before a fair and

impartial judge is a valuable substantive right originating in the

common law and recognized by statute in both criminal and

civil cases. Neither this court nor the superior court can by rule

of procedure deprive a party of the opportunity to exercise this

right. . . . A court is limited to passing rules which prescribe

procedure for exercising the right. Any rule of court that

operates to lessen or eliminate the right is of no legal force. . .

. Whether an affidavit of bias and prejudice is timely filed is

dependent upon the law of waiver and before one can be said

to have waived the right, he must first have had an opportunity

to exercise it.

78 Ariz. at 312, 279 P.2d at 723. And the court repeated the last two sentences of Marsin

when it decided Newsom, 102 Ariz. at 96, 425 P.2d at 423.

¶16 Our supreme court, therefore, has held the right to a change ofjudge is a wellestablished right that requires an opportunity to exercise it. See also State v. Neil, 102 Ariz.

110, 112, 425 P.2d 842, 844 (1967) (right to peremptory change ofjudge derivesfromright

to fair trial); JV-132324, 181 Ariz. at 342, 890 P.2d at 637 (right to peremptory change of

judge isimportant procedural right). And the case the state cites on the sufficiency of notice

is consistent with the applicable case law. In the prestatehood case of Porter v. Bichard,

1 Ariz. 87, 94, 25 P. 530, 531 (1873), the Supreme Court of the Territory of Arizona held
10

that notice “is always sufficient where it informs the party entitled to its receipt of the thing

to be done and leads him to the place of doing it at the proper time.”

¶17 Because the November 2001 administrative order was not served on the

juveniles with the delinquency petition and citation to appear and because the citation to

appear does not name the judge to whom the case is assigned, we conclude the juveniles

were not given sufficient notice that their cases had been assigned to the respondent judge

simply by being served a copy of the delinquency petition and citation to appear. Those

documents did not inform the juveniles of the judge assigned to their cases or give them an

opportunity to exercise their right to a change of judge pursuant to Rule 2(B), and no

determination of their right to counsel had been made under Rules 10 and 28. See JV132324, 181 Ariz. at 346, 890 P.2d at 641 (automatic appointment of counsel conflicts with

procedural protections afforded by juvenile rule governing right to counsel); see also

Medders v. Conlogue, 208 Ariz. 75, ¶ 8, 90 P.3d 1241, 1244 (App. 2004) (party cannot

waive right to change of judge absent timely notice right exists); Williams, 190 Ariz. at 83,

945 P.2d at 394 (same).

¶18 Our conclusion is not different for Carlos because of the different facts in his

case. The respondent judge’s attempt to appoint counsel for him was ineffective under the

applicable statute and rule. Section 8-221(B), A.R.S., provides that a juvenile court shall

appoint an attorney to represent a juvenile ifthe juvenile or the juvenile’s parent or guardian

“is found to be indigent and entitled to counsel.” And Rule 10(A) provides that a juvenile
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court “shall appoint counsel for the juvenile if the juvenile is determined to be indigent.”

Under Rule 10(B)(2), a court determines if a juvenile is indigent by requiring the juvenile,

parent, guardian, or custodian to file a court-provided financial questionnaire about which

the court may question the parent, guardian, or custodian under oath.

¶19 In Carlos’s case, the respondent judge attempted to follow a reverse procedure,

issuing an order appointing counsel and, at the same time, ordering Carlos’s parents to file

a financial statement “on or before” Carlos’s nextscheduled court hearing. As it turned out,

however, the attorney the respondent judge appointed did not accept the appointment, and

the minute entry appointing another attorney does not reflect that it was sent to anyone,

much less to Carlos and his parents. And, in the end, Carlos’s parents retained their own

attorney, thereby rendering moot the respondent judge’s orders attempting to appoint

counsel even before the advisory hearingwas held at which the judge wasrequired to inform

Carlos and his parents that he had the right to appointed counsel if he were indigent. See

Ariz. R. P. Juv. Ct. 28(C)(1), 10(A).

¶20 Although the juveniles have asked usto declare the administrative order void,

we need not do so, having found the order properly governs internal court administration

and did not give the juvenilesthe notice required by Rule 10(B)(2) ofthe respondent judge’s

assignment to their cases. We instead grant relief and vacate the respondent judge’s orders

denying as untimely the juveniles’ notices of change of judge.
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____________________________________

GARYE L. VÁSQUEZ, Judge
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CONCURRING:

____________________________________

JOHN PELANDER, Chief Judge

____________________________________

JOSEPH W. HOWARD, Presiding Judge