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16-3740 

United States v. Bick

UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS 

FOR THE SECOND CIRCUIT 

SUMMARY ORDER 

RULINGS BY SUMMARY ORDER DO NOT HAVE PRECEDENTIAL EFFECT. CITATION TO A 

SUMMARY ORDER FILED ON OR AFTER JANUARY 1, 2007, IS PERMITTED AND IS GOVERNED 

BY FEDERAL RULE OF APPELLATE PROCEDURE 32.1 AND THIS COURT=S LOCAL RULE 32.1.1. 

WHEN CITING A SUMMARY ORDER IN A DOCUMENT FILED WITH THIS COURT, A PARTY 

MUST CITE EITHER THE FEDERAL APPENDIX OR AN ELECTRONIC DATABASE (WITH THE 

NOTATION “SUMMARY ORDER”). A PARTY CITING TO A SUMMARY ORDER MUST SERVE A 

COPY OF IT ON ANY PARTY NOT REPRESENTED BY COUNSEL. 

At a stated term of the United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit, held at the 

Thurgood Marshall United States Courthouse, 40 Foley Square, in the City of New York, on the 

3rd day of October, two thousand seventeen. 

Present: 

DEBRA ANN LIVINGSTON,

GERARD E. LYNCH,

 Circuit Judges, 

 JED S. RAKOFF, 

 District Judge.* 

_____________________________________ 

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, 

 

 Appellee, 

v. 16-3740 

 

IAN PARKER BICK, 

 Defendant-Appellant. 

_____________________________________ 

For Defendant-Appellant: JONATHAN J. EINHORN, Law Office of Jonathan J. 

Einhorn, New Haven, CT 

For Appellee: MICHAEL S. MCGARRY, Assistant U.S. Attorney for 

the District of Connecticut; Deirdre M. Daly, United 

States Attorney, District of Connecticut (on the brief).

 

*

 Judge Jed S. Rakoff, of the United States District Court for the Southern District of New York, sitting 

by designation. 
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Appeal from the judgment of the United States District Court for the District of 

Connecticut (Meyer, J.). 

UPON DUE CONSIDERATION, IT IS HEREBY ORDERED, ADJUDGED, AND 

DECREED that the judgment of the district court is AFFIRMED. 

Defendant-Appellant Ian Parker Bick (“Bick”) appeals his judgment of conviction 

entered on November 1, 2016 after a jury trial that resulted in his conviction of six counts of wire 

fraud, see 18 U.S.C. § 1343, and one count of money laundering, see 18 U.S.C. § 1957. Bick 

appeals, arguing that the admission of certain documents violated the Confrontation Clause, and 

challenging the sufficiency of the evidence to support his convictions. In addressing Bick’s 

various arguments, we assume the parties’ familiarity with the underlying facts, the procedural 

history of the case, and the issues on appeal, which we reference only as necessary to explain our 

decision to affirm. 

* * * 

Based on the evidence introduced at his two-week trial, Bick misrepresented to his 

victims that he was running a successful electronics business and solicited loans and investments 

from them, promising returns of up to 50% in short periods. He represented that he would buy 

smart phones, tablets, and other electronics in bulk at a discount and then sell them for a sizable 

profit. As relevant here, five witnesses testified that they lent money to Bick on his 

representation that he would use the money for his electronics business. 

In fact, Bick’s company had stopped buying electronics at least as of July 2013, despite 

his representations to the contrary. He used the money he solicited to pay off previous investors 

and lenders and to purchase luxury goods for his own use. As relevant to the money laundering 
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count, he used the $50,000 he received from Rosemary Paccione-Burke and her son Robert 

Burke on July 26 to buy two jet skis and a trailer. 

On January 8, 2015, a federal grand jury indicted Bick for eleven counts of wire fraud, 

three counts of money laundering, and one count of making a false statement. Trial commenced 

in November 2015, and on November 25 the jury convicted Bick of six counts of wire fraud (for 

Bick’s July 25 transfer to the Burkes, the Burkes’ July 26 and October 15 transfers to Bick, 

Paume’s July 29 transfer to Bick, and the Lichtmans’ September 16 and November 1 transfers to 

Bick) and one count of money laundering (for Bick’s purchase of the jet skis and trailer). Bick 

filed post-trial motions for judgment of acquittal and a new trial, renewing a Confrontation 

Clause objection made during his trial and challenging the sufficiency of the evidence as to all 

seven counts of conviction. The court denied Bick’s motions. Bick was sentenced on October 26, 

2016, and filed a timely notice of appeal on November 2, 2016. On appeal, he raises the same 

arguments he made in his post-trial motions. We reject all of them.

1. Confrontation Clause 

Bick’s Confrontation Clause claim relates to the introduction at trial of several 

documentary exhibits during the testimony of a government agent. These were purported loan 

and investment agreements drawn up by Bick (and sometimes signed by him) that he sent to 

prospective “lenders” and “investors” other than those victims who testified at trial. Bick 

objected to these documents’ admission on Confrontation Clause grounds because the 

documents’ recipients did not testify at trial. The district court rejected this argument. 

The Confrontation Clause protects a criminal defendant’s “right . . . to be confronted with 

the witnesses against him.” U.S. Const. amend. VI. “Alleged violations of the Confrontation 

Clause are reviewed de novo, subject to harmless error analysis.” United States v. Vitale, 459 
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F.3d 190, 195 (2d Cir. 2006). Pursuant to the Supreme Court’s Confrontation Clause cases, 

“testimonial statements by a nontestifying witness” may generally not be introduced into 

evidence “unless the witness is ‘unavailable to testify, and the defendant had a prior opportunity 

for cross-examination.’” Ohio v. Clark, 135 S. Ct. 2173, 2179 (2015) (quoting Crawford v. 

Washington, 541 U.S. 36, 54 (2004)). But a statement “cannot fall within the Confrontation 

Clause unless its primary purpose was testimonial” — that is, unless the statement, viewed 

objectively in light of all the relevant circumstances, was made or procured with a primary 

purpose of “‘creating an out-of-court substitute for trial testimony.’” Clark, 135 S. Ct. at 2183 

(quoting Michigan v. Bryant, 562 U.S. 344, 358 (2011)). 

 Bick argues that the documents in question were testimonial because they were 

introduced into evidence with the primary purpose of inculpating him. This argument, however, 

misconstrues the meaning of testimonial. A statement is testimonial for Confrontation Clause 

purposes if it was originally made or procured with the primary purpose of creating an 

out-of-court substitute for use at a future criminal trial. Clark, 135 S. Ct. at 2183. A statement is 

not testimonial if it was made without that purpose but is later introduced at a trial with the 

primary purpose of securing a conviction. Bick does not argue that these various agreements 

were created for use at his criminal trial, and indeed conceded at oral argument that they were 

not. Accordingly, the district court did not err in rejecting his Confrontation Clause claim. 

2. Sufficiency of the Evidence 

“[W]e review sufficiency of the evidence claims de novo . . . .” United States v. Harvey, 

746 F.3d 87, 89 (2d Cir. 2014) (per curiam). But “we must view the evidence in the light most 

favorable to the government, crediting every inference that could have been drawn in the 

government’s favor, and deferring to the jury’s assessment of witness credibility and its 
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assessment of the weight of the evidence.” United States v. Chavez, 549 F.3d 119, 124 (2d Cir. 

2008). We “will uphold the conviction ‘if any rational trier of fact could have found the essential 

elements of the crime beyond a reasonable doubt.”’ United States v. Sheehan, 838 F.3d 109, 119 

(2d Cir. 2016) (quoting Chavez, 549 F.3d at 124). Thus, in challenging the sufficiency of the 

evidence, “defendants face a heavy burden, as the standard of review is exceedingly deferential.” 

Id. at 119 (quoting United States v. Brock, 789 F.3d 60, 63 (2d Cir. 2015) (internal quotation marks 

omitted). 

Bick first challenges his money laundering conviction, arguing that there was insufficient 

evidence to prove that his purchase of the jet skis and trailer involved money constituting the 

proceeds of a criminal offense.1

 We disagree. The evidence at trial provided an ample basis for 

the jury to conclude that Bick was only able to make these purchases because of the Burkes’ 

$50,000 transfer to his account — a transfer which was the basis of a wire fraud conviction. 

Indeed, this evidence demonstrated that before the transfer, Bick had insufficient funds to make 

these purchases. Accordingly, Bick’s sufficiency claim as to money laundering was properly 

rejected. 

Bick next argues that there was insufficient evidence to convict him of wire fraud. Bick 

challenges the sufficiency of the evidence to establish a scheme to defraud and his intent to 

defraud at the time he solicited the relevant funds.2

 In particular, Bick points out that pursuant to 

 

1

 Money laundering has five elements: (1) the defendant engaged in a monetary transaction affecting 

interstate commerce, (2) the transaction involves criminally derived property worth more than $10,000, (3) 

the property was derived from a specified unlawful activity, (4) the defendant knew the transaction 

involved proceeds of a criminal offense, and (5) the transaction took place in the United States or the 

defendant is a U.S. person. 18 U.S.C. § 1957. 

2

 Wire fraud has three elements: the prosecution must prove the defendant (1) had a scheme to defraud, (2) 

defrauded a victim of money or property, and (3) used the wires to effectuate this scheme. 18 U.S.C. § 

1343; United States v. Binday, 804 F.3d 558, 569 (2d Cir. 2015), cert. denied, 136 S. Ct. 2487 (2016) and 

136 S. Ct. 2488 (2016). The government may prove the existence of a scheme to defraud by establishing 
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the terms of the loan agreements with the alleged victims, he could use their money for business 

purposes, and paying back past investors was a legitimate business expense. Further, he asserts, 

there was insufficient evidence that he entered into these agreements intending never to perform. 

This argument, too, is without merit. The jury heard testimony that Bick had stopped 

purchasing electronics as of July 2013, the very time that he began soliciting money from his 

victims. The jury thus had a basis on which to conclude that Bick could not have used the money 

for business purposes because his business was no longer operating when he solicited and 

received the victims’ money, and therefore that he never intended to perform in accordance with 

the agreements. Moreover, there was ample evidence that Bick made material misrepresentations 

about the success of his electronics business in July 2013 and thereafter — at a time when the 

business was defunct — to induce his victims to turn over funds. Finally, the loan agreements did 

not permit the funds to be used for personal expenses, and there was substantial evidence that 

Bick spent proceeds of his scheme on recreation and luxury items. Accordingly, the jury had 

more than enough evidence on which to base its verdict as to each of the wire fraud counts of 

which Bick was convicted. 

*** 

We have considered Bick’s remaining arguments and find them to be without merit. 

Accordingly, we AFFIRM the judgment of the district court. 

 FOR THE COURT: 

 Catherine O’Hagan Wolfe, Clerk

 

that the defendant made material misrepresentations to victims with fraudulent intent (such as when a 

defendant makes representations about his future performance, intending never to perform). United States 

v. Weaver, 860 F.3d 90, 94 (2d Cir. 2017) (per curiam).