1

13-1834

Castine v. Zurlo

UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

FOR THE SECOND CIRCUIT

August Term, 2013

(Argued: March 11, 2014 Decided: June 23, 2014)

Docket No. 13-1834-cv

1 -----------------------------------------------------------X

2 SUSAN R. CASTINE,

3 Plaintiff-Appellant,

4 v.

5 MICHAEL E. ZURLO, in his individual and official capacity, CLINTON 

6 COUNTY,

Defendant-Appellees.

1 7

8 -----------------------------------------------------------X

9

10 Before: JACOBS, LEVAL, and POOLER, Circuit Judges:

11 Plaintiff Susan R. Castine appeals from a judgment of the United States 

12 District Court for the Northern District of New York (Hurd, J.) dismissing her 

13 suit against Defendants Clinton County and the County Administrator. Castine 

14 alleged that Defendants violated her First Amendment rights by removing her 

15 from her office as Election Commissioner while she ran for an elective town 

16 office pursuant to an ordinance that disqualified candidates for elective office 

 

1 The Clerk of Court is directed to amend the official caption to conform to the 

caption above.
2

1 from employment in the Board of Elections. She asserted a state law claim as 

2 well. The district court concluded that Defendants were entitled to summary 

3 judgment. The Court of Appeals (Leval, J.) holds that the district court properly 

4 granted summary judgment in favor of Defendants on Castine’s First 

5 Amendment retaliation claim. The court vacates and remands the claim brought 

6 under New York state law. The judgment of the district court is therefore 

7 AFFIRMED in part and VACATED in part and REMANDED.

8 THOMAS MARCELLE, Law Office of 

9 Thomas Marcelle, Slingerlands, NY, for 

10 Plaintiff-Appellant.

11 JOHN F. MOORE, Towne, Ryan & 

12 Partners, P.C., Albany, NY, for Defendant13 Appellees.

14 LEVAL, Circuit Judge:

15 Plaintiff Susan R. Castine appeals from a judgment of the United States 

16 District Court for the Northern District of New York (Hurd, J.) dismissing her 

17 suit against Defendants Clinton County Administrator Michael E. Zurlo and

18 Clinton County. Castine brought this suit within the federal question 

19 jurisdiction of the federal courts, 28 U.S.C. § 1331, protesting her temporary 

20 removal from the office of Clinton County Election Commissioner during her 

21 candidacy for Beekmantown Town Justice. Her complaint alleges that her 

22 removal from office under Clinton County Local Law No. 1 of the Year 2000

23 (‚Local Law No. 1‛) was an unconstitutional retaliation for the exercise of her 
3

1 First Amendment rights in running for elective office and seeks damages, 

2 declaratory, and injunctive relief under 42 U.S.C. § 1983. The district court 

3 granted Defendants’ motion for summary judgment on that claim. The court 

4 concluded that Castine’s evidence failed to show a genuine issue of material fact

5 supporting her claim of unconstitutional retaliation. We agree and therefore 

6 affirm the judgment insofar as it dismissed her federal claim.

7 Castine’s complaint included a second claim, brought under supplemental 

8 jurisdiction, see 28 U.S.C. § 1367, seeking a declaratory judgment that Clinton 

9 County Local Law No. 1 is void under New York state law. The District Court 

10 granted summary judgment in favor of the defendants on that claim as well. We 

11 vacate that aspect of the judgment and remand for further consideration.

12 FACTUAL BACKGROUND

13 In 2006, Castine was elected to the position of Beekmantown Town Justice 

14 for a four-year term beginning January 1, 2007. In 2008, while serving as Town 

15 Justice, she was appointed as the Democratic Party’s Election Commissioner for 

16 Clinton County to fill a two-year vacancy beginning January 1, 2009. 

17 As Election Commissioner, Castine served at the head of the Board of 

18 Elections, which was charged with, among other things, determining the validity 
4

1 of petitions, determining which voters are entitled to vote by absentee ballot, 

2 counting, tallying, and canvassing votes for primary and general elections, and 

3 approving the form of the ballots for primary and general elections. Election 

4 Commissioners also share responsibility for preparing the form of the ballot, 

5 including deciding the placement of candidates on the ballot. These 

6 responsibilities extend to Beekmantown local elections, including its election for 

7 Town Justice. 

8 To preserve the integrity of local elections, Local Law No. 1 prohibits 

9 candidates for elective public office from simultaneously holding employment or 

10 office in the Board of Elections. That law provides, in relevant part, that ‚*a+ny 

11 person who shall become a candidate for elective public office shall be 

12 disqualified during the period of his or her candidacy from appointment or 

13 continued employment from the Board of Elections.‛ Local Law No. 1. 

14 On July 12, 2010, while serving as Election Commissioner, Castine filed a 

15 petition with the Clinton County Board of Elections to become a candidate for 

16 reelection to the position of Beekmantown Town Justice. In response, at a July 14 

17 meeting of the Clinton County Legislature, Zurlo called an executive session 

18 seeking direction on how to handle Castine’s simultaneous employment as 
5

1 Election Commissioner and candidacy for Beekmantown Town Justice. In 

2 particular, Zurlo sought a determination whether to enforce Local Law No. 1. 

3 After receiving advice from the County Attorney, the Legislature unanimously 

agreed that Local Law No. 1 should be enforced against Castine.2 4 

5 On July 15, 2010, Zurlo wrote Castine a letter informing her of the Clinton 

6 County Legislature’s determination to enforce Local Law No. 1 against her. The 

7 letter also informed Castine that, unless she provided evidence of the declination 

8 of her candidacy for Town Justice prior to July 16, 2010, she would be expected to 

9 terminate her employment as Election Commissioner. The next day, Zurlo sent 

10 Castine an e-mail saying: ‚I just wanted to confirm that you will be sending me a 

11 copy of proof of declination today.‛ Castine wrote back almost immediately: ‚I 

12 will be responding today,‛ but sent no further communication. 

13 Castine had multiple conversations with Clinton County Personnel 

14 Director Alan Gibson. Gibson asked Castine to complete a termination form and 

15 to vacate her office. Castine responded that she believed Gibson did not have the 

 

2

In her complaint and in certain filings below, Castine also raised an argument 

about the potentially improper motivation of the Clinton County Legislature in 

deciding to enforce Local Law No. 1 against her, suggesting that the action was 

taken in order to advance the candidacy of a legislator’s nephew who was also

running for Beekmantown Town Justice. Castine has abandoned this argument 

on appeal.
6

1 authority to remove her from office and that she would leave her office only with 

2 a deputy present.

3 On July 19, 2010, Gibson went to Castine’s office with a deputy sheriff who 

4 waited outside her door. Gibson asked Castine to sign a termination checklist, 

5 which she refused to do. He and the deputy then escorted Castine from the 

6 building. That same day, Castine filed this lawsuit.

7 On November 2, 2010, Castine won the election for Beekmantown Town 

8 Justice, and the next day she returned to her position as Election Commissioner.

9 PROCEDURAL HISTORY

10 Castine, the Clinton County Democratic Party, and Martin Mannix (as 

11 Chairman of the Clinton County Democratic Party) brought this action on July 

12 19, 2010, against County Administrator Zurlo (in his individual and official 

13 capacities) and the County. In October 2011, Mannix and the Clinton County 

14 Democratic Party then voluntarily dismissed all of their claims. In late 2011 and 

15 early 2012, Castine and Defendants cross moved for summary judgment. On 

16 April 12, 2013, the district court granted summary judgment in favor of the 

17 Defendants on all of Castine’s claims. Castine appealed. She contests only the 

18 dismissal of the two claims described above.
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1 DISCUSSION

2 Castine’s federal claim asserts that the Defendants violated her 

3 constitutional rights by removing her from office as Election Commissioner 

4 under Local Law No. 1 in retaliation for exercising her First Amendment–

5 protected right to run for elective office. She contends on appeal that the district 

court erred in granting summary judgment on that claim.3 6

7 For the reasons that follow, we agree with the district court that Castine 

8 has not cited to evidence that would permit a reasonable factfinder to find in her 

9 favor. We therefore affirm the district court’s grant of summary judgment on 

10 that claim. 

11 The principal authority governing cases of this nature is Pickering v. Board 

12 of Education, 391 U.S. 563 (1968), in which the local newspaper published a letter 

13 to the editor from a teacher, Marvin Pickering, which criticized the local School 

14 Board’s handling of certain bond issue proposals and its allocation of resources. 

15 Pickering’s letter took the position, among others, that too much money was 

 

3 ‚We review an award of summary judgment de novo, construing the evidence in 

the light most favorable to the non-moving party.‛ Lynch v. City of New York, 737 

F.3d 150, 156 (2d Cir. 2013). Summary judgment is proper ‚only where there is 

no genuine issue of material fact, and the moving party is entitled to judgment as 

a matter of law.‛ Id.
8

1 being spent on athletics. The Board fired Pickering for writing the letter, and

2 Pickering brought suit, alleging that the firing in retaliation for his exercise of a 

3 First Amendment–protected right was a tort in violation of the Constitution. Id.

4 at 564, 567.

5 The Supreme Court ruled in the teacher’s favor, but only after engaging in

6 a balancing of interests. The Court made clear that, while public school teachers

7 do not relinquish their First Amendment right to speak as citizens on matters of 

8 public interest regarding their schools, that right does not necessarily protect 

9 them from adverse employment action by reason of their speech. This is because 

10 ‚the State has interests as an employer in regulating the speech of its employees 

11 that differ significantly from those it possesses in connection with regulation of 

12 the speech of the citizenry in general.‛ Id. at 568. The Court’s reasoning thus 

13 relied on the proposition that a public employer does not necessarily violate an 

14 employee’s First Amendment rights by taking an adverse employment action 

15 against that employee to discipline her for speech on matters of public concern, 

16 even when that speech is protected (in other ways) under the First Amendment. 

17 In such circumstances, rather than consider the speech under the lens of strict 

18 scrutiny, courts must ‚arrive at a balance between the interests of the teacher, as 
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1 a citizen, in commenting upon matters of public concern and the interest of the 

2 State, as an employer, in promoting the efficiency of the public services it 

3 performs through its employees.‛ Id.

4 Applying this test to the facts of Pickering’s case, the court found that the 

5 balance favored Pickering. His letter to the editor in no way impaired 

6 Pickering’s performance of his job as a teacher or the ability of the schools to 

7 function properly:

8 [His] statements [were] in no way directed towards any 

9 person with whom [he] would normally be in contact in the 

10 course of his daily work as a teacher. Thus no question of 

11 maintaining either discipline by immediate superiors or 

12 harmony among coworkers [was] presented . . . . [Pickering’s] 

13 employment relationships with [those he criticized were] not 

14 the kind of close working relationships for which it can 

15 persuasively be claimed that personal loyalty and confidence 

16 are necessary to their proper functioning.

17

18 Id. at 569-70. Pickering’s assertions that ‚too much money [was] being spent on 

19 athletics . . . [could not] reasonably be regarded as per se detrimental to the 

20 district’s schools.‛ Id. at 571. His criticisms of and disagreements with the Board 

21 did not ‚in any way either impede[] [the] proper performance of his daily duties 

22 in the classroom or . . . interfere[] with the regular operation of the schools 

23 generally.‛ Id. at 572-73 (footnote omitted).
10

1 While for those reasons the balance of factors distinctly favored the 

2 employee in Pickering’s case, we have formulated considerations that bear upon 

3 how state defendants may ‚avoid liability under . . . the Pickering balancing test,‛ 

Anemone v. Metro. Transp. Auth., 629 F.3d 97, 115 (2d Cir. 2011).

4 4 ‚Under this 

5 defense, ‘*a+ government employer may take an adverse employment action 

6 against a public employee for speech on matters of public concern if: (1) the 

7 employer’s prediction of the disruption that such speech will cause is reasonable; 

8 (2) the potential for disruption outweighs the value of the speech; and (3) the 

9 employer took the adverse employment action not in retaliation for the 

10 employee’s speech, but because of the potential for disruption.’‛ Anemone, 629 

11 F.3d at 115 (quoting Johnson v. Ganim, 342 F.3d 105, 114 (2d Cir. 2003)); see also

12 Mandell v. County of Suffolk, 316 F.3d 368, 382-83 (2d Cir. 2003).

13 On numerous occasions, we have rejected claims of First Amendment 

14 retaliation involving dismissals from employment on this basis. For example, we 

15 have upheld disciplinary terminations of police officers because they 

16 disseminated racially biased public speech, notwithstanding that they were 

 

4

In Garcetti v. Ceballos, 547 U.S. 410 (2006), the Supreme Court expressed the view 

that, if a public ‚employee *speaks+ as a citizen on a matter of public concern,‛ 

then the ‚question becomes whether the relevant government entity had an 

adequate justification for treating the employee differently from any other 

member of the general public.‛ Id. at 418.
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1 speaking anonymously as private citizens, on their own time, and on matters of 

2 public concern. See Locurto v. Giuliani, 447 F.3d 159, 178 (2d Cir. 2006); Pappas v. 

3 Giuliani, 290 F.3d 143, 146-47 (2d Cir. 2002). We reached this conclusion in 

4 recognition that a police department is impaired in the performance of its duties 

5 to the extent it is viewed by the public as staffed by racially biased officers. See

6 Locurto, 447 F.3d at 178; Pappas, 290 F.3d at 146-47. In other contexts, too, we 

7 have recognized that public employers must, to a degree, be able to restrict the 

8 speech of their employees, or they will be unable to perform important work 

9 necessary to the functioning of the State. See, e.g., Piscottano v. Murphy, 511 F.3d 

10 247, 276-78 (2d Cir. 2007); Lewis v. Cowen, 165 F.3d 154, 164-65 (2d Cir. 1999).

11 Here, Castine argues that Defendants impermissibly retaliated against her 

12 by temporarily removing her from her position as Election Commissioner during 

13 her candidacy for Beekmantown Town Justice. We assume, for purposes of this 

14 opinion, that she has made out a prima facie case of First Amendment retaliation. 

15 Her act of running for elective public office is a form of speech that is protected 

by the First Amendment.5 16 And there is no doubt that the Defendants’ act of 

 

5

In the context of First Amendment retaliation claims by public employees, we 

have not always used the term ‚protected speech‛ to refer to the same thing. In 

some contexts, we have referred to ‚protected speech‛ to mean any speech 

potentially protected by the First Amendment. See, e.g., Name.Space, Inc. v. 
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1 temporarily removing her from office at the Board of Elections was an adverse 

2 employment action taken by reason of her running for elective office.

3 Nevertheless, the uncontroverted record evidence compels the conclusion 

4 that, under the Pickering balancing test, Defendants’ conduct did not violate the 

5 First Amendment. First, it was reasonable for Defendants to expect that 

6 Castine’s candidacy for elective office would create a conflict of interest with her 

7 position as Election Commissioner and that it would impair the integrity of 

8 Clinton County elections to permit Castine to occupy those two roles 

9 simultaneously. Second, it is clear that Defendants temporarily suspended 

 

Network Solutions, Inc., 202 F.3d 573, 585 (2d Cir. 2000). This meaning of 

‚protected speech‛ is expansive, covering almost anything that can be described 

as speech, with only the narrowest exceptions for shouting fire in a crowded 

theater, obscenity, speech likely to incite imminent violence, and the like. See, 

e.g., Ashcroft v. Free Speech Coalition, 535 U.S. 234, 245-46 (2002); United States v. 

Irving, 452 F.3d 110, 120 (2d Cir. 2006). But we have also used the term 

‚protected speech‛ to mean speech that a public employee is entitled to make 

without incurring any adverse employment actions by his or her government 

employer (subject to the Pickering balancing defense). See, e.g., Nagle v. Marron, 

663 F.3d 100, 105-06 (2d Cir. 2011). This second meaning of ‚protected speech‛ is 

significantly narrower than the first, as public employees cannot state a claim for 

First Amendment retaliation unless (among other requirements) they speak as 

citizens on matters of public importance. See Garcetti, 547 U.S. at 417. The speech 

at issue here, running for public office, is protected in the first sense. Because we 

conclude that the Defendants in any event prevail under Pickering by showing 

that the Castine’s run for public office while sitting in the Board of Elections 

would disrupt the efficacy of the Board, we need not now decide whether 

Castine’s speech satisfies all the requirements to qualify as protected in the 

second, narrower sense.
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1 Castine in order to advance the permissible objective of enforcing local law and 

2 minimizing the potential damage to the integrity of local elections. Third, the 

3 Defendants’ interest in avoiding disruption to the work of the Election 

4 Commission outweighs Castine’s interest in running for public elective office 

5 while simultaneously serving as Election Commissioner.

6 We have no hesitation in concluding that the balance of interests here 

7 favors Defendants. Although presented in a slightly different manner, the same 

8 factors that dictated the results of Locurto and Pappas similarly require the 

9 rejection of Castine’s claim. In the office of Election Commissioner, Castine 

10 played a governing role in the body charged with responsibility to supervise the 

11 conduct of elections. As a candidate for Town Justice, Castine would participate 

12 in an election supervised by the Board of Elections. The Clinton County 

13 legislature reasonably concluded that the Board’s ability to supervise elections 

14 fairly, as well as the public perception of its fairness in performing that function, 

15 would be impaired if the persons involved in exercising the supervisory 

16 responsibility were themselves candidates in the elections they were supervising.

17 This would present an unacceptable conflict of interest. The legislature therefore 

18 enacted the law disqualifying candidates for elective office from simultaneous
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1 employment in the Board of Elections. At least the appearance of fairness, and in 

2 all likelihood the fact as well, would have been substantially impaired if a 

3 candidate for election were to participate in the functions of the Board of 

4 Elections supervising that election. The act of the Defendants in removing 

5 Castine from her position as Commissioner for the duration of her campaign for 

6 elective office reasonably gave effect to this altogether reasonable provision of 

7 law. Although without doubt the enforcement of the law caused some 

8 curtailment of Castine’s exercise of her First Amendment rights, the Pickering test

9 authorizes such a result. Granting to Castine the right to retain her position as 

10 Election Commissioner while she ran for office in an election supervised by the 

11 Board of Elections would have impaired the Board’s ability to perform its 

12 functions appropriately.

13 We find further support for our analysis in the Supreme Court’s clear 

14 pronouncements that the Constitution affords States substantial leeway to ensure 

15 the fairness of their own elections in matters unrelated to campaign finance 

16 regulations. See, e.g., Burdick v. Takushi, 504 U.S. 428, 433 (1992) (‚Common sense, 

17 as well as constitutional law, compels the conclusion that government must play 

18 an active role in structuring elections.‛). ‚*W+hen a state election law provision 
15

1 imposes only ‘reasonable, nondiscriminatory restrictions’ upon the First and 

2 Fourteenth Amendment rights of *individuals+, ‘the State’s important regulatory 

3 interests are generally sufficient to justify’ the restrictions.‛ Id. at 434 (quoting 

4 Anderson v. Celebrezze, 460 U.S. 780, 788 (1983)). Applying this standard (or its 

5 antecedents), the Supreme Court has upheld many state restrictions on elections, 

6 including Minnesota’s prohibition on multi-party candidacies for elected office, 

7 see Timmons v. Twin Cities Area New Party, 520 U.S. 351, 365-66, 370 (1997), 

8 Hawaii’s ban on write-in ballots, Burdick, 504 U.S. at 438-39, and California’s rule 

9 barring persons with certain political party affiliations from running as 

10 independent candidates, Storer v. Brown, 415 U.S. 724, 733-34 (1974). These 

11 restrictions constrained the political expression of citizens and candidates for 

12 office in important ways, but, in each case, the Court held that the State’s 

13 constitutional interest in regulating elections took precedence over the 

14 individual’s right to free speech. Compared to such substantial restrictions, 

15 Clinton County’s carefully drawn effort to prevent direct conflicts of interest on 

16 its Board of Elections imposes a minimal burden on individuals in service of an 

enormously important state aim.6 17

 

6 Castine also argues that, because Local Law No. 1 is purportedly invalid under 

New York state law, Clinton County cannot, consistent with the First 
16

1 Defendants have met their burden under the Pickering balancing test to 

2 show that, assuming Castine established a prima facie case of retaliation in 

3 violation of the First Amendment, her removal from office was nonetheless 

4 permissible. Consequently, Defendants were entitled to take adverse 

5 employment actions against Castine to preserve the integrity of the Clinton 

6 County Board of Elections and to enforce Local Law No. 1. We therefore affirm 

the judgment of the district court as to this claim.7 7

8 As to the second claim on appeal — seeking a declaratory ruling that Local 

9 Law No. 1 was invalid as a matter of law — the statute was not being enforced 

10 against Castine when the district court rendered judgment (about two-and-a-half 

11 years after her reinstatement to the Board of Elections). This timing raises a

12 substantial question whether that claim was (and/or is) moot. We therefore 

13 vacate the judgment and remand to the district court to consider the question of 

14 mootness in the first instance. Alternatively, on remand, the district court should 

15 consider whether, simply as a matter of discretion, it would be preferable to 

 

Amendment, enforce it. We disagree that the validity of a local ordinance under 

the U.S. Constitution depends, in the manner suggested by Castine, on its 

validity under state law. The First and Fourteenth Amendments of the U.S. 

Constitution do not, as a general matter, speak to the obligations of local 

governments to follow state laws.

7 The Supreme Court’s recent opinion in Lane v. Franks, 573 U.S. ___ (2014), 

includes nothing that is in any way inconsistent with this analysis.
17

1 decline to exercise supplemental jurisdiction over this novel, complex matter 

2 involving the interplay between state and local law, see 28 U.S.C. § 1367, and 

3 dismiss the claim without prejudice, allowing Castine to bring the claim in the 

4 courts of New York. Such a ruling would obviate the need to consider the 

5 question of mootness.

6 CONCLUSION

7 For the foregoing reasons, the judgment of the district court is AFFIRMED 

8 in part and VACATED in part and REMANDED.