**
NOTE: *Housing, Husbandry, Care & Welfare           of Selected Birds (Quail, Pheasant, Finches, Ostrich, Dove, Parrot &           Others)* may be viewed as one complete publication file below, or           as individual chapters birds.htm. 
**
| **United        States       Department of       Agriculture****Agricultural       Research       Service****National       Agricultural       Library*****Animal        Welfare       Information Center***** | Housing, Husbandry, Care & Welfare of Selected Birds (Quail, Pheasant,           Finches, Ostrich, Dove, Parrot & Others)AWIC Resource Series No. 26 - February 2004**Updates** - Housing, Husbandry, and Welfare of Selected Birds (Quail, Pheasant, Finches,Ostrich, Dove, Parrot), QB94-26, April 1994 by Michael D. Kreger http://www.nal.usda.gov/awic/pubs/oldbib/qb9426.htm****
**Compiled by:**Richard L. Crawford, D.V.M.D’Anna Jensen, B.S., LATGHeidi Erickson, Ph.D.Tim Allen, M.S.Animal          Welfare Information Center      National Agricultural Library      U.S. Department of Agriculture**Published by:** U. S. Department of Agriculture      Agricultural Research Service       National Agricultural LibraryAnimal          Welfare Information Center       Beltsville, Maryland 20705      E-mail: awic@nal.usda.gov      Web site: www.nal.usda.gov/awic
      Published in cooperation with the Virginia-Maryland Regional Collegeof Veterinary MedicineDisclaimers

Information  on how to request materials that are included in the collection of the  National Agricultural Library (NAL) may be found on the Document DeliveryServices  Branch website at http://www.nal.usda.gov/ddsb.  Please read carefully as there are certainrestrictions on media and  document types.
CONTENTS
****Introduction | Analgesia / Anesthetic / Anesthesia | Anatomy / Physiology / MorphologyCare / Behavior / Husbandry / Biology / Enrichment | Diseases     / Parasites / ConditionsFeeding / Nutrition  |     Veterinary | Selected Websites****

INTRODUCTION
 

This publication is an update and expansion of the previous publication (QB-94-26), datedDecember 1980 - December 1993. The references listed in this publication were selected from various resources and arranged in six alphabetical sections: Analgesia/Anesthesia;Anatomy; Care/Behavior/Husbandry/Biology/Enrichment; Diseases/Parasites/Conditions; Feeding/Nutrition andVeterinary. Abstracts are included when available. Reference citations are listed chronologicallyand alphabetically. The citations in this publication pertain basically to wild/exotic birds andthose used in research. Production birds such as chickens are not included here but there are afew citations on ducks and turkeys which may have application to other birds in general. Also,there are some references pertaining to the commercial use of birds, such as ostrich and emu,when the information might have application to other birds. Birds are presently being broughtunder regulation by USDA, APHIS, Animal Care. This will affect research facilities, exhibitors,dealers and transporters. It is hoped this publication will provide a useful reference source foranyone handling or caring for birds. An additional section of Selected Websites isincluded at the end of the publication.

ANALGESIA / ANESTHETIC / ANESTHESIA
 

  
**2003**

 

*Anaesthesia of Birds.*   Lightfoot, T.; Coles, G. (ed); Dobson, J, (ed); Elliot, J. (ed); Elwood, C.   (ed); Hall, E. (ed); Heath, S. (ed); Hill, P. (ed); Moore, P.H. (ed); Innes,   J. (ed); Jeffery, A. (ed); Redrobe, S. (ed); Tasker, S. (ed); Williams, J. (ed);   Wotton, P. (ed); Yam, P. *Scientific Proceedings Veterinary Program: British   Small Animal Veterinary Association,**46th Annual Congress,   Birmingham, UK, Apr. 2003,* p. 404-405. ISBN: 0905214773.

            Descriptors:   birds, avian species, anesthesia, pain, methods.

 

            

2002

 

Air sac functional anatomy of the sulphur-crested cockatoo (*Cacatua galerita*) duringisoflurane anesthesia. Jaensch, Susan M.; Cullen, Len; Raidal, Shane R. *Journal ofAvian Medicine and Surgery,* Mar. 2002, v. 16 (1), p. 2-9. ISSN: 1082-6742.

            NAL call no: SF994.J6

Descriptors:*Cacatua galerita*, sedation, isoflurane, anesthesia, air sacs, anatomy,   blood gas analysis.

Abstract:   The air sac functional anatomy of sulphur-crested cockatoos (*Cacatus galerita*)   during isoflurane anesthesia was studied by evaluation of respiratory casts   of sulphur-crested cockatoos, blood gas analysis, and air sac gas analyses.   The air sac anatomy of the sulphur-crested cockatoo was different from that   described previously in psittacine bird species, with more extensive cranial   and caudal thoracic air sacs and smaller abdominal air sacs. Blood gas analysis   results indicated arterial and venous hyperoxia as a result of using 100% 02   as the anesthetic carrier gas, the significance of which in birds is currently   unclear. Cranial and caudal thoracic air sac oxygen and carbon dioxide partial   pressure (PO2 and PCO2, respectively) were   similar to those previously described in birds ventilated with 100% 02.   Clavicular air sac Pos and POC2 were significantly lower than the   cranial thoracic air sac, indicating significantly less ventilation of the clavicular   air sac than of either the cranial or caudal air sacs.

 

Anaesthesie   und Analgesie bei Ziervogein. [Anesthesia and analgesia of pet birds.] Hatt,   J.M. *Schweizer Archiv fuer Tieheilkunde,* Nov. 2002, v. 144 (11), p. 606-613.   ISSN: 0036-7281. Note: In German.

            NAL   call no: 41.8 SCH9

            Descriptors:   birds, analgesia, anesthesia, clinical techniques.

Abstract: Pet   birds are frequently viewed as difficult patients for anaesthesia. The present   paper revises the current anaesthetic procedures for injectable and inhalant   anaesthetics. Currently the method of choice for the anaesthesia of pet birds   is the isoflurane inhalation anaesthesia. Special emphasis is given to the preanaesthetic   preparations. Fasting is shorter for pet birds than for mammals. Anaesthetized   birds are at special risk for hypothermia. Methods for the prevention of heat   loss are given. The use of analgesics are recommended both for welfare reasons   but also because of the possibility to reduce the concentration of inhalation   anaesthetics and therefore the amount of possible exposure of personnel to waste   gases. 

 

Anesthesia   and analgesia in the avian patient. Echols, M.S.; Marx, K.L.(ed).; Roston,   M.A. *Proceedings of the 23rd Annual Conference on Avian Medicine   and Surgery,**Mid Atlantic States Association of Avian Veterinarians,   Apr. 28-30, 2002*, p. 10-19. 

            NAL call no: SF994.M52

            Descriptors:   anesthesia, anesthetics, aviary birds, pain, respiration, reviews.

 

Assessment of the analgesic effects of ketoprofen in ducks anesthetized with isoflurane.Machin, K.L.; Livingstone, A. *American Journal of Veterinary Research,* Jun. 2002, v.63 (6), p. 821-826. ISSN: 0002-9645.

            NAL   call no: 41.8 medetoAm3A

            Descriptors: ducks, ketoprofen, drug effects, heart rate, respiration rate, dosage.

Abstract: Objective: To determine whether administration of ketoprofen would haveanalgesic effects in spontaneously breathing ducks anesthetized with isoflurane. Animals:13 healthy adult wild-strain Mallard ducks. Procedure: Each duck was anesthetized twicein a crossover study design with 6 days between randomized treatments. Ducks weregiven ketoprofen (5 mg/kg, IM) or saline (0.9% NaCl) solution after a constant plane ofanesthesia was established. Analgesia was assessed by measuring heart and respiratoryrates and duration of application of a noxious stimulus. The noxious stimulus was applied30, 50, and 70 minutes after drug administration and was maintained until grosspurposeful movements were seen or for a maximum of 5 seconds. Result: At all 3evaluation times, heart rate increases in response to the noxious stimulus were greaterwhen ducks were given saline solution than when they were given ketoprofen. Theincrease in respiratory rate in response to the noxious stimulus was greater when duckswere given saline solution than when they were given ketoprofen only 70 minutes afterdrug administration. When ducks were given ketoprofen, duration of the noxious stimuluswas significantly longer 50 and 70 minutes, but not 30 minutes, after drug administration.Conclusions and Clinical Relevance: Ketoprofen reduced the increase in heart andrespiratory rates associated with application of a noxious stimulus in spontaneouslybreathing adult Mallard ducks anesthetized with isoflurane delivered at approximately2.9%, suggesting that ketoprofen had analgesic effects in these ducks. The onset ofanalgesic effects may be longer than 30 minutes in some ducks.

 

Effect of medetomidine-butorphanol-ketamine anaesthesia and atipamezole on heart andrespiratory rate and cloacal temperature of domestic pigeons. Atalan, G; Usun, M.;Demirkan, I.; Cenesiz, M. *Journal of Veterinary Medicine: Series A,* 2002, v. 49 (6), p.281-285.   ISSN: 0931-184X. 

            NAL call no: 41.8 Z5

            Descriptors: domestic pigeon, ketamine, zolazepam, tiletamine, dosage.

Abstract: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the sedative-anaesthetic effects of acombination of medetomidine (M, 50 m*u*g per pigeon), butorphanol (B, 50 m*u*g pepigeon) and ketamine (K, 25 mg per pigeon) in domestic pigeons. Eight domestic pigeons(four male and four female, 8-15 months old) were used. The combination ofMedetomidine and butorphanol injectable solutions were used to produce sedation. Tenminutes after M+B administration, K was injected. The anaesthetic effects of the drugswere reversed by administration of Atipamazole (AT) at 60 min after K administration.All drugs were injected into the pectoral muscles. The sedative-anaesthesia effects of theM+B-K combination and, alterations in respiratory rate (RR), heart rate (HR),electrocardiographic (ECG) findings and cloacal temperature (CT) were investigatedbefore and 10 min after pre-medication with M+B, at 5, 15, 30, 45 and 60 min during theonset of K anaesthesia and at 1, 5, 10, 20, 30 and 60 min following the administration ofAT. The HR and RR of pigeons decreased within 10 min following M+B administrationand remained lower until 1st and 5 min of AT injection, respectively. In ECG, nosignificant alterations in P, Q, R and S values were observed, however, arrhythmia wasrecorded for three pigeons, which returned to normal values following AT administrationthroughout the measurement. Cloacal temperature decreased gradually during theanaesthesia from 41.0 to 32.7 degrees C. The drug combination used in this studyproduced a satisfactory general anaesthesia for seven of the eight pigeons. All pigeonswere unconscious within 5 min after K administration as indicated by disappearance ofthe palpebral and corneal reflexes and lack of reaction to the pain stimuli during thestudy. The effect of AT administration was observed within 10 min as all pigeonsresponded partly against stimuli and all reflexes. It is concluded that M+B-K anaesthesiain pigeons is a safe and reliable anaesthetic protocol for surgery.

 

Field immobilization of King Penguins with tiletamine-zolazepam. Thil, Marie Anne;Groscolas, Rene. *Journal of Field Ornithology,* Summer, 2002, v. 73 (3), p. 308-317.ISSN: 0273-8570.

            NAL call no: 413.8 B534

            Descriptors: tiletamine, general anesthetic drug, zolazepam, IM administration.

Abstract: The use of an injectable combination of tiletamine-zolazepam to immobilizeKing Penguins (*Aptenodytes patagonicus*) in the field was tested in non-incubating andincubating adults and in chicks. We also compared the behavioral and physiologicalresponse to this anesthetic agent according to the position used for immobilization(dorsal: lying on the back; ventral: lying on the belly) and following repeatedadministrations at one or several day intervals throughout a prolonged natural fast. A 5-mg/kg dosage administered intra-muscularly allowed an efficient immobilization of 97%of the adults for about one hour and after an induction time averaging 5 min. Birds kept inthe dorsal position and without thermal insulation remained immobilized longer thanthose kept in the ventral position. Chicks were immobilized for 80 min. after receiving a4-mg/kg dosage. The anesthetized birds lost the pain, noise, touch and podal reflex butnot the palpebral one and showed no major side effects. Penguins responded similarly torepeated injections and recovered without complications or adverse reactions. Five ofeight incubating adults resumed incubation after having been anesthetized. We concludedthat immobilization of King Penguins with tiletamine-zolazepam is safe and efficient,allowing routine health examination and interventions such as, for example, veincatheterization and adipose tissue biopsies.

 

Oral administration of tiletamine/zolazepam for the immobilization of the CommonBuzzard (*Buteo buteo*). Janovsky, Martin; Ruf, Thomas; Zenker, Wolfgang. *Journal ofRaptor Research,* Sept. 2002, v. 36 (3), p. 188-193. ISSN: 0892-1016.

            NAL call no: QL696 F3J682

            Descriptors: common buzzard, tiletamine, dosage, zolazepam, oral administration.

Abstract: The purpose of this study was to test the efficacy or oral administration oftiletamine/zolazepam in a bait for immobilizing Common Buzzards (*Buteo buteo*)(N=20). Two different dosages and two different methods of administration werecompared. A dosage of 80 mg/kg was sufficient in most birds to enable safe handlingafter 30-60 min, whereas the majority of animals receiving 40 mg/kg still showeddefensive reflexes. Birds receiving the drug in a powder form reached the deepest stage ofanaesthesia after 30 min, whereas birds receiving a solution reached this stagesignificantly later, but not before 60 min. When the prepared bait with 80 mg/kg powderwas stored for 7 to 14 hr, respectively, effectiveness of immobilization was significantlydecreased compared to bait which was administered immediately after preparation. 

 

O   sevofluorano em psitacideos (*Amazonas aestiva*). Determinacao da dose   minima (D.A.M) para producao de anestesia geral. Sevoflurane in psitacines (*Amazonas   amazona aestiva*). [Determination of minimal anesthetic concentration to   produce general anesthesia.] Alves-Nicolau, Alexandra; Auler, Jose Otavio;   Tabbachi,-Fantoni, Denise; Ambrosio, Aline. *Ciencia Rural,* 2002, v. 32   (5), p. 781-786. ISSN: 0103-8478. Note: In Portuguese.

            NAL call no: S192 R4

            Descriptors: *Amazona aestiva*, Psittacidae, sedation, general anesthesia, sevoflurane.

Abstract:   Ten adult psittacines (*Amazonas aestiva*) were used. After appropriate   immobilization the anesthetic induction was accomplished with facial mask connected   to modified circuit of Maffil using 6V% of Sevoflurane with oxygen flow rate   at 1.5/l. The minimal concentration was determined in a manner similar to that   proposed by LUDDERS et. al. (1990). The MAC obtained was 3.44V% higher than   MAC. Proposed to mammals. Sevoflurane can be used safely in avian species once   it did not alter significantly all physiological parameters analyzed.

 

 

2001

 

Advances   in avian anesthesia. Heard, D.J. *Proceedings of the North American   Veterinary Conference,**Jan. 13-17, 2001**,* Eastern States   Veterinary Association, 2001, v. 15, p. 736-737. In the volume: *Small Animal   and Exotics*. Part of a three volume set. 

            NAL call no: SF605.N672

            Descriptors: birds, anesthesia.

 

Analgesia and analgesic techniques. Robertson, Sheilah. *Veterinary Clinics of North America:Exotic Animal Practice,* Jan. 2001, v. 4 (1), p. 1-18. ISSN: 1094-9194.

            NAL call no: SF601.V523

            Descriptors: analgesia and analgesic techniques, sedation, treatment techniques.

 

Analgesia and anesthesia. Heard, Darryl L. (Ed.). *Veterinary Clinics of North America: ExoticAnimal Practice,* Jan. 2001, v. 4 (1), i-xii. P. 1-308. ISSN: 1094-9194.

            NAL call no: SF997.5.E95E97

            Descriptors:   analgesia, sedation, anesthesia, exotic taxa, treatment techniques.

 

Anesthesia update: Agents, definitions, and strategies. Heavner, J.E. *Comparative Medicine,*Dec. 2001, v. 51 (6), p. 500-503. ISSN: 1532-0820.

            NAL call no: SF77.C65

            Descriptors:   laboratory animals, inhaled anesthetics, blood gases, halothane, isoflurane,   birds.

 

Avian analgesia. Paul-Murphy, Joanne; Ludders, John W. *Veterinary Clinics of North America:Exotic Animal Practice,* Jan. 2001, v. 4 (1), p. 35-45. ISSN: 1094-9194.

            NAL call no: SF997.5.E95E97

            Descriptors:   Aves, analgesia, treatment techniques, birds.

 

Avian anesthesia. Abou-Madi, Noha. *Veterinary Clinics of North America: Exotic AnimalPractice,* Jan. 2001, v.4 (1), p. 147-167. ISSN: 1094-9194.

            NAL call no: SF997.5.E95E97

            Descriptors:   Aves, sedation, anesthesia, birds. 

 

Capnographic monitoring of anesthetized African grey parrots receiving intermittentpositive pressure ventilation. Edling, T.M.; Degernes, L.A.; Flammer, K.; Horne, W.A.*Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association,* Dec. 15, 2001, v. 219 (12), p.1714-1718. ISSN: 0003-1488.

            NAL call no: 41.8 Am3

            Descriptors:   African grey parrots, anesthesia, monitoring, isoflurane, blood gases,   heart rate, pH.

Abstract:   Objective: To determine whether end-tidal partial pressure of carbon dioxide   (PETCO2) correlated with PaCO2in isoflurane-anesthetized   African grey parrots receiving intermittent positive pressure ventilation (IPPV).   Design Prospective study. Animals 4 healthy mature African grey parrots Psittacus   erithacus timnusl. Procedure. Each bird was anesthetized via mack with isoflurane,   intubated, and connected to a pressure-limited intermittent-flow ventilator.   Respiratory rate was altered while holding peak inspiratory pressure constant   (5cm H2O) to achieve a PETCO2 in 1 of 3 ranges: <30   mm Hg., 30 to 40 mm Hg, and >40 mm Hg. Blood was collected from the superficial   ulnar artery of each bird at least once during each of the 3 ranges. Arterial   blood samples were collected for blood gas analysis while PETCO2   was recorded simultaneously. Results- A strong correlation between PETCO2   and Pace2 was detected over a wide range of partial pressures, although   PETCO2 consistently overestimated PaCO2 by approximately   5 mm Hg. End tidal partial pressure of CO2 and PaCO2 also   correlated well with arterial blood pH, and the acute response of the bicarbonate   buffer system to changes in ventilation was similar to that of mammals. Conclusions   and Clinical Relevance Results indicated that PETCO2 reliably estimates   PaCO2 in isoflurane-anesthetized African grey parrots receiving IPPV   and suggest that IPPV combined with capnography is a viable option for anesthetic-maintenance   in avian anesthesia.

 

Injectable   Anesthesia and Analgesia of Birds. J. Paul-Murphy; J. Fialkowski. (Updated   Aug. 5, 2001). In: *Recent Advances in Veterinary Anesthesia and Analgesia:   Companion Animals,* R.D. Gleed and J.W. Ludders (eds.). Covers various types   of drugs and contains charts with drug, dosage and route, and species remarks.   Available: www.ivis.org.   Document No. A1409.0801.

            Descriptors: anesthesia, analgesia, injectable, birds.

 

Order Passeriformes (songbirds). Anesthesia. Guimaraes, Marta Brito. *Biology, Medicine, andSurgery of South American Wild Animals,* Fowler, Murray E.; Cubas, Zalmir S. (eds.).,Iowa State University Press, 2001, i-x, p. 1-536: Chapter pagination: 200-201. ISBN:0813828465.

            NAL call no: SF996.4.B56 2001

            Descriptors:   Passeriformes, care in captivity, sedation, anesthesia, captive management.   
 

Pharmacodynamics of flunixin and ketoprofen in mallard ducks (*Anas platyhynchos*).Machin, Karen L.; Tellier, Lise A.; Lair, Stephane; Livingston, Alexander. *Journal of Zooand Wildlife Medicine,* Jun. 2001, v. 32 (2), p. 222-229.  ISSN: 1042-7260.

            NAL call no: SF601.J6

            Descriptors: pharmacology, toxicology, birds, analgesic drug, dosage, anti-inflammatory.

Abstract:   Flunixin (FLX) and ketoprofen (KET) are potent non-steroidal anti-inflammatory   drugs (NSAIDS) used to alleviate pain and decrease inflammation. The se drugs   block access of arachidonic acid to its binding site on the cyclooxygenase enzyme,   thus preventing conversion to thromboxane A2 and subsequent degradation to thromboxane   B2 (TXB). Consequently, plasma TBX may be used to estimate duration of NSAID   action. Sixteen adult mallard ducks (Anas platyrhynchos) were randomly assigned   to three treatment groups: control (n=4), FLX 5 mg/kg (n=6), or KET 5 mg/kg   (n=6). Blood samples were taken 1 hour prior to and just before (0 hr) injection   and 0.25, 0.5, 1, 2, 4 6, 12, 24, 36 and 48 hr after injection. Plasma samples   were analyzed for corticosterone and TBX. The feces were tested for the presence   of hemoglobin and the ducks were euthanized for complete necropsy at the end   of the study. Samples of muscle, kidney, liver, proventriculus, and intestine   were taken for histologic analysis. Thrombaxane was suppressed significantly   in all birds following administration or either FLX or KET for 4 hr and decreased   for approximately 12 hr compared with baseline samples (-1 and 0 hr). In the   control group, TBX gradually declines over time. None of the ducks showed evidence   of gastrointestinal bleeding, but the FLX group had muscle necrosis present   at injection sites. FLX and KET likely exert pharmacological effects for at   least 12 h. Although degree of TBX inhibition cannot be correlated absolutely   with degree of analgesia or anti-inflammatory effects, it is possible that these   effects are present during this time. This work suggests that FLX and KET can   potentially be used as anti-inflammatory and analgesic agents in waterfowl.   However, because of muscle necrosis at the injection site, we do not recommend   parenteral use of FLX in ducks.

 

Proceedings   of the American College of Veterinary Anesthesiologists 25th Annual   Meeting, **San Francisco, CA Oct. 12-13, 2001**. *Veterinary   Anaesthesia and Analgesia,* 2001, v. 28 (2), p. 97-110. ISSN: 1467-2987.

            NAL call no: SF914.V47

            Descriptors: analgesics, inhaled anesthetics, injectable anesthetics, pharmacokinetics.

Abstract: This proceedings contains 29 papers on anaesthesia education and the use ofanaesthetics and its effects on small animals (dogs and cats), ruminants (sheep and goats),horses, laboratory animals (guinea pigs) and exotic species (ostriches, tapirs, greater bushbaby).

 

The use of haloperidol during the transport of adult ostriches. Pfitzer, S.; Lambrechts, H.*Journal of the South African Veterinary Association,* Mar. 2001, v. 72 (1), p. 2. ISSN:0038-2809.

            NAL call no: 41.8 SO12

            Descriptors:   animal behavior, transport, halperidol, pharmacology, restraint.

 

*Veterinary   Anesthesia.* Cornick, Seahorn J.L.; 2001, x, 318 p. Butterworth-Heinemann;   Woburn; USA. ISBN: 0750672277. 

            NAL call no: SF914.C67 2001

            Descriptors: anesthesia, anesthetics, dosage, equipment, pain, monitoring, care.

Abstract:   The book contains 18 papers and 3 appendixes. Topics covered are: Introduction   to anaesthesia and patient preparation; pharmacology and application of parenteral   anaesthetic agents; local/regional anaesthetic techniques; inhalation agents;   anaesthetic equipment; monitoring anaesthesia; supportive care during anaesthesia;   pain management; introduction to anaesthetic management in specific diseases;   anaesthetic management of dogs and cats; anaesthetic management of birds; anaesthetic   management of small mammals; anaesthetic management of reptiles; anaesthetic   management of horses; anaesthetic management of ruminants and camelids; anaesthetic   management of pigs and overview of cardiopulmonary resuscitation. Appendixes   contains topics about approximate dosages of anaesthetic agents and adjuncts   for common domestic species; drug scheduling classification and guidelines for   storing, dispensing and administering scheduled agents and suggestions for anaesthetic   preparation and management of high-risk patients.

 

 

2000

 

Anestesia   em aves: agentes anestesicos. [Anesthesia in birds: Anesthetic agents.]   Guimaraes, Luciana Dambrosio; Moraes, Aury Nunes de. *Ciencia Rural,* Nov./Dec.   2000, v. 30 (6), p. 1073-1081. ISSN: 0103-8478. Note: In Portuguese.

            NAL   call no: S192.R4

            Descriptors:**Aves, sedation, anesthetic agents, effects, literature review.

 

Anesthesia and analgesia. Lawrence, M. *Canadian Veterinary Journal,* Mar. 2000, v. 41 (3), p.229-230. ISSN: 0008-5286.

            NAL call no: 41.8 R3224

            Descriptors:   anesthesia, pain, control, drugs, methods, techniques.

 

Avian analgesia. Clyde, V.L.; Paul, Murphy J.; Bonagura, J.D. *Kirk’s Current VeterinaryTherapy XIII: Small Animal Practice,* 2000, p. 1126-1128. W.B. Saunders C.,Philadelphia. ISBN: 0721655238.

            NAL call no: SF745 K57

            Descriptors:   analgesics, pain, opioids, anesthetics, anti-inflammatory agents, birds. 

 

Evaluation of isoflurane and propofol anesthesia for intraabdominal transmitter placementin nesting female canvasback ducks. Machin, Karen L.; Caulkett, Nigel A. *Journal ofWildlife Diseases,* Apr. 2000, v. 36 (2), p. 324-334. ISSN: 0090-3558.

            NAL call no: 41.9 W64B

            Descriptors: isoflurane, adverse effects, anesthetic drug, heart rate, body temperature.

Abstract: Heart rate, occurrence of apnea, body temperature quality of anesthesia andnest abandonment were compared during either propofol or isoflurane anesthesia ofnesting female canvasback ducks (*Aythya valisineria*) at 15 to 18 days of incubation. Onehundred eighteen canvasbacks were assigned randomly to three treatments so that nestabandonment could be compared among treatments from May to July, 1995 and 1996.Sterile dummy silicone implants were placed during an abdominal laparotomy whileducks were anesthetized with either propofol or isoflurane, or ducks were flushed fromthe nest but not captured (control). Propofol was delivered through an intravenouscatheter, while isoflurane was delivered in oxygen. Propofol provided smooth, rapidinduction and recovery, whereas ducks recovering from isoflurane tended to struggle. Atthe nest, ducks in the propofol group were given additional boluses until they were lightlyanesthetized, whereas birds that received isoflurane were released. All birds survivedsurgery but one death occurred prior to surgery in 1995 using propofol during a periodwithout ventilation and monitoring. Adequate artificial ventilation is recommended toprevent complications. Heart rate declined significantly in both years during isofluraneanesthesia and in 1995 during propofol anesthesia but not in 1996. During both isofluraneand propofol anesthesia body temperature declined significantly over time. Nestabandonment was significantly different among treatments and occurred in all treatmentgroups in both years, but propofol (15%) and control groups (8%) had lower thanexpected abandonment compared to isoflurane (28%). Propofol offers several advantagesover isoflurane for field use; equipment is easily portable, lower anesthetic cost, andambient temperature does not alter physical characteristics of the drug, Advantages overisoflurane, including lower nest abandonment following intraabdominal radio transmitterplacement make propofol a good anesthetic choice for field studies.

 

*Handbook of Veterinary Anesthesia. 3rd ed.* Muir, William,   1946. C.V. Mosby, c 2000. xviii, 574 p. ill. ISBN: 0323008011.

            NAL call no: SF914.M85 2000

            Descriptors:   veterinary anesthesia, handbooks, manuals, includes avian species.

 

Immobilization of budgerigars using ketamine and diazepam. Jayathangaraj, M.G.; John,Mathew C. *Indian Veterinary Medical Journal,* Jun. 2000, v. 24 (2), p. 165-166. ISSN:0250-5266. 

            NAL call no: SF601.I45

            Descriptors: diazepam, ketamine, efficacy, intramuscular administration.

 

Pain   management in birds. Bennett, R.A. *Proceedings of the North American   Veterinary Conference*, *Jan. 15-19, 2000.*Eastern States Veterinary   Association*,* v. 14, p. 867. 

            NAL call no: SF605.N672

            Descriptors: analgesics, birds, pain management.

 

*Veterinary   Anaesthesis and Analgesia*. Association of Veterinary Anaesthetists, American   College of Veterinary Anesthesiologists, European College of Veterinary Anaesthesia.   Previous title: *Journal of Veterinary Anaesthesia*. Oxford, UK: Blackwell   Science, c 2000 v. ill. ISSN: 1467-2987. www.blackwell-science.com/vaa

            NAL call no: SF914.V47

            Descriptors:   veterinary anesthesia, periodicals, includes avian species.

 

 

1999

 

Anaesthesia of cranes with alphaxolone-alphadolone. Bailey, T.A.; Toosi, A.; Samour, J.H.*Veterinary Record,* Jul. 17, 1999, v. 145 (3), p. 84-85. ISSN: 0042-4900.

            NAL call no: 41.8 V641

            Descriptors: birds, anesthesia, dosage, safety, recovery, complications.

 

Anesthesia for small to medium sized exotic mammals, birds, and reptiles. Sedgwick, C.F.;Paddleford, R.R. *Manual of Small Animal Anesthesia,* 1999, ed. 2, p. 318-353. W.B.Saunders, Co. Philadelphia. ISBN: 0721649695.

            NAL call no: SF914.M36 1999

            Descriptors:   pets, anesthesia, small mammals, exotics, anesthetics, avian species.

 

Analgesic effects of butorphanol and buprenorphine in conscious African grey parrots(*Psittacus erithacus erithacus*and *Psittacus erithacus timneh*). Paul-Murphy, JoanneR.; Brunson, David B.; Miletic, Vjekoslav. *American Journal of Veterinary Research,*1999, v. 60 (10), p. 1218-1221. ISSN: 0002-9645.

            NAL call no: 41.8 AM3A

            Descriptors: African grey parrot, butorphanol, buprenorphine, analgesic drug.

Abstract: Objective: To evaluate effects of butorphanol tartrate and buprenorphinehydrochloride on withdrawal threshold to a noxious stimulus in conscious African greyparrots. Animals: 29 African grey parrots (*Psittacus erithacus erithacus*and *Psittacuserithacus timneh*). Procedure: Birds were fitted with an electrode on the medial metatarsalregion of the right leg, placed into a test box, and allowed to acclimate. An electricalstimulus (range 0.0 to 1.46 mA) was delivered to each bird’s foot through an aluminumperch. A withdrawal response was recorded when the bird lifted its foot from the perch orvigorously flinched its wings. Baseline threshold to a noxious electrical stimulus wasdetermined. Birds were then randomly assigned to receive an IM injection of saline (0.9%NaCl) solution, butorphanol (1.0mg/kg of body weight), or buprenorphine (0.1 mg/kg),and threshold values were determined again. Results: Butorphanol significantly increasedthreshold value, but saline solution or burprenorphine did not significantly changethreshold values. Conclusions and Clinical Relevance: Butorphanol had an analgesiceffect, significantly increasing the threshold to electrical stimuli in African grey parrots.Buprenorphine at the dosage used did not change the threshold to electrical stimulus.Butorphanol provided an analgesic response in half of the birds tested. Butorphanolwould be expected to provide analgesia to African grey parrots in a clinical setting.

 

Avian   analgesia. Langenberg, J. *Proceedings of the North American Veterinary   Conference,**Jan. 9-13, 1999*. Eastern States Veterinary Association,   v. 13, p. 718-719. 

            NAL call no: SF605.N672

            Descriptors: birds, analgesics, pain.

 

Avian   analgesia. Clyde, Victoria L.; Paul-Murphy, Joanne. *Zoo and Wild Animal   Medicine: Current Therapy, 4th ed.* Fowler, Murray E.; Miller,   R. Eric. W.B. Saunders Co. Philadelphia. 1999 ed. 4, i-xxiii, p. 1-747. Chapter   pagination: 309-314. ISBN: 0721686648.

            NAL call no: SF996 Z66

            Descriptors: Aves, analgesia, pain, treatment techniques, analgesics.

 

Current anesthesia recommendations for companion birds. Miller, W.; Buttrick, M. *IowaState University Veterinarian,* Fall, 1999, v. 61 (2), p. 67-75.  ISSN: 0099-5851.

            NAL call no: 41.8 V6452

            Descriptors: birds, anesthetics, anesthesia, respiratory system.

 

The effects of isoflurane anesthesia on hematologic and plasma biochemical values ofAmerican kestrels (*Falco sparverius*). Dressen, Priscilla J.; Wimsatt, Jeffery; Burkhard,Mary Jo. *Journal of Avian Medicine and Surgery,* Sept. 1999, v. 13 (3), p. 173-179.ISSN: 1082-6742.

            NAL call no: SF994.J6

            Descriptors: sedation, isoflurane anesthesia, blood and plasma, effects.

Abstract: The effect of repeat blood sampling and anaesthesia on haematological andplasma biochemical values of American kestrels was investigated. In a validation study,blood samples from 6 awake kestrels were collected twice, 10 min apart, and results ofhaematological testing and plasma biochemical analysis were compared. Of the analytesmeasured, only the packed cell volume (PCV) value significantly changed (decreased) inthe second sample. A weight-normalized model was used to correct for the dilutionaleffect of the first blood collection on the second sample values. However, with correction,the decrease in the PCV value remained, suggesting that this decrease was not likely to becaused solely by sampling-induced haemodilution. In a second study of 29 kestrels,haematological and plasma biochemical values were compared before and after 10 min ofisoflurane anaesthesia. In this comparison, significant differences were observed in thebasophil cpunt and in the values of albumin, alanine, aminotransferase, alkalinephosphatase, blood urea nitrogen, cholesterol, creatinine, globulin, PCV, plasma protein,potassium, total protein and uric acid. However, after correcting for the effects ofsampling dilution, only the changes in uric acid and potassium values could be attributedto the effects of anaesthesia. Age, sex and weight-related effects were also observed forselected values. It is concluded that the combined effect of isoflurane anaesthesia andrepeat blood sampling causes more dramatic changes in analyte values than repeatsampling alone. Both the method and frequency of blood sample collection in kestrelsmust be considered when interpreting blood values.

 

*Essential   of Small Animal Anesthesia and Analgesia.*Thurmon, John C.; Tranquilli,   William J.; Benson, G. John.1999, viii, 580 p. Lippincott Williams and Wilkins,   Philadelphia, PA. ISBN: 0683301071.

            NAL call no: SF914.E77 1999

            Descriptors: analgesics, anesthetics, fluid therapy, birds, amphibians, mammals.

Abstract: Written by leading experts on the subject, this easy-to-use handbook providesconcise information on the principles of anesthesia for dogs, cats, birds, reptiles, andamphibians in routine clinical settings. Chapters cover such topics as perioperative painmanagement; pharmacology; anesthesia and the cardiovascular, respiratory, and centralnervous systems; local anesthetic and analgesic techniques; acid-base balance and fluidtherapy; euthanasia; and anesthetic emergencies and accidents. The text, intended for useas a guide to the more comprehensive third edition of Lumb and Jone’s textbook,*Veterinary Anesthesia,* is adequately illustrated and includes a subject index, tables,charts, and cross references to the parent book. Students and practitioners of veterinarymedicine will benefit from this volume.

 

Evaluation of tiletamine-zolazepam as an anesthetic in quail (*Coturnix coturnix japonica*).Nicolau, A.A.; Spinosa, H. De S.; Maiorka, P.C.; Guerra, J.L. *Contemporary Topics inLaboratory Animal Science,* Jan. 1999, v. 38 (1), p. 73-75. ISSN: 1060-0558.

            NAL call no: SF405.5.A23

            Descriptors: Japanese quail, anesthesia, drug combinations, dosage, drug effects.

Abstract: The objective of the present study was to evaluate the effects of tiletamine-zolazepam (TZ) administered alone or in combination with atropine, xylazine, andlevomepromazine to quail (*Coturnix coturnix japonica*). The induction time, duration ofhypnosis and anesthesia, and time to recovery were determined. The presence or absenceof tremor, upper respiratory tract secretions, and excitability and the degree of musculartone were also observed. The results showed that doses from 10 to 100 mg/kg TZadministered alone or in combination with xylzine or levomepromazine failed to produceanesthesia; only hypnosis was obtained in a dose-dependent manner. Immediately afterinjection of the drug, histopathologic examination of the site of drug injection indicatedthe presence of discrete acute focal myositis. After 21 days, a discrete fibrosis betweenmuscle fibers was detected in the pectoral muscle as a sign of scarring. We concluded thatthe administration of TZ to a dose of 100 mg/kg does not produce anesthesia in quail. Fornoninvasive and minimally painful procedures requiring chemical restraint andrecumbency, the recommended dose is 30 mg/kg.

 

*Manual of Small Animal Anesthesia.* Paddleford, R.R. 1999. ed. 2, 372   p. W.B. Saunders, Co. Philadelphia, PA. ISBN: 0712640605.

            NAL call no: SF914 M36 1999

            Descriptors:   anesthesia, anesthetics, pets, avian species.

Abstract: This manual has been thoroughly revised and updated since the first edition,published in 1988. The entire anaesthetic process is examined, including preanaestheticagents, general anaesthesia, neuromuscular blocking agents, equipment, ventilation andmonitoring, emergencies and complications, fluid, electrolyte and acid balance andpostoperative patient care. There is a separate chapter on anaesthesia of exotic mammals,birds and reptiles. The 5 contributors are recognized experts in anaesthesia and criticalcare.

 

Propofol anesthesia. Short, Charles E.; Bufalari, Antonello. *Veterinary Clinics of NorthAmerica: Small Animal Practice,* May, 1999, v. 29 (3), p. 747-778. ISSN: 0195-5616.

            NAL call no: SF601 SO12

            Descriptors: birds, mammals, side effects, metabolism, induction, maintenance.

 

Sevoflurane   anesthesia in psittacines. Quandt, Jane E.; Greenacre, Cheryl B. *Journal   of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine,* Jun., 1999, v. 30 (2), p. 308-309. ISSN: 1042-7260.

            NAL call no: SF601.J6

            Descriptors: Psittaciformes*,*sedation, isoflurane and sevoflurane anesthesia.

Abstract: Duration of anaesthesia onset (time to intubation) and recovery (time toextubation, sternal and standing) and quality of recovery were compared for sevofluraneand isoflurane in 10 adult psittacines (1 yellow-napped amazon [*Amazona ochraacephalaauropalliata*], 3 Hispaniolan Amazons [*A. ventralis*], 2 blue-fronted Amazons [*A.aestiva*], 1 Congo African grey parrot [*Psittacus erithacus erithacus*], 1 umbrellacockatoo [*Cactua alba*] and 2 Goffin’s cockatoos [*C. goffini*]. Both agents were initiallyadministered at an equal volume percentage (2%) rather than at equal minimum alveolarconcentrations (MACs), therefore the initial concentration was above the isoflurane MACfor dogs and birds (1.3%) but below the sevoflurane MAC for dogs (2.3%). The time tointubation was significantly longer with sevoflurane because of initially delivering thesevoflurane below suspected MAC for birds. Although recovery times (time toextubation, sternal, and standing) were not significantly different, birds recovering fromsevoflurane were less ataxic. It is concluded that sevoflurane is a suitable inhalant agentfor use in psittacines.

 

A technique for evaluating analgesia in conscious perching birds. Paul-Murphy, J.R.;Brunson, D.B.; Miletic, V. *American Journal of Veterinary Research,* Oct. 1999, v. 60(10), p. 1213-1217. ISSN: 0002-9645.

            NAL call no: 41.8 Am3A

            Descriptors: *Psittacus*, pain, analgesics, assessment, opioids.

Abstract:   Objective: to develop a technique for objective assessment of modulation of   nociperception in conscious perching birds. Animals: 31 adult African grey parrots.   Procedure: Birds were randomly assigned to receive saline (0.9% NaCl) solution   (n=10), butorphanol tartrate (11), or buprenorphine hydrochloride (10), IM.   Birds were fitted with a surface electrode on the medial tarsus of 1 leg. An   electrical stimulus was delivered to the bird’s foot through an aluminum   surface on half of the perch. The alternate side of the perch delivered a noxious   thermal stimulus. A withdrawal response to either stimulus was recorded when   the bird lifted its foot or vigorously flinched its wings. Results: Responses   to thermal stimuli were extremely variable during baseline testing and after   administration of drugs. Thus, significant differences were not detected after   drug injection. In contrast, responses to an electrical stimulus were predictable   with much less variation. Conclusions and Clinical Relevance: This method and   device allowed for the reliable determination of withdrawal threshold in perching   birds. Use of this technique for objective assessment of modulation of nociperception   in conscious perching birds will enable assessment of analgesic drugs.

 

 

1998

 

Anesthesia of pet birds. Curro, Thomas G. *Seminars in Avian and Exotic Pet Medicine,* Jan.1998, v. 7 (1), p. 10-21. ISSN: 1055-937X.

            NAL call no: SF994.2.A1S36

            Descriptors: Aves, sedation, anesthesia procedures, review.

 

Anesthesia and surgery of ratites. Gilsleider, Edward F. *Veterinary Clinics of North America:Food Animal Practice,* Nov. 1998, v. 14 (3), p. 503-524.  ISSN: 0749-0720.

            NAL call no: SF601.V535

            Descriptors: ratite sedation, anesthesia, treatment techniques, surgical techniques.

 

Avian anesthesia. Forbes, N.A. *Voorjaarsdagen Congress,**1998, Veterinary Quarterly,* 20:supplement, S65-S66. ISSN: 0165-2176.

            NAL call no: SF601.V46

            Descriptors: anesthesia, aviary birds, flunixin.

 

Cardiopulmonary effects of propofol and a medetomidine-midazolam-ketaminecombination in mallard ducks. Machin, K.L.; Caulett, N.A. *American Journal ofVeterinary Research,* May 1998, v. 59 (5), p. 598-602.  ISSN: 0002-9645.

            NAL call no: 41.8 Am3A

            Descriptors: ducks, propofol, injectable anesthetics, drug combinations, drug effects.

 

Evaluation of pulse oximetry as a monitoring method in avian anesthesia. Schmitt, Petra M.;Gobel, Thomas; Trautvetter, Eberhard. *Journal of Avian Medicine and Surgery,* Jun.1998, v. 12 (2), p. 91-99. ISSN: 1082-6742.

            NAL call no: SF994.J6

            Descriptors: Aves, sedation, blood oxygen, metabolism, anesthesia monitoring.

Abstract: The heart rate and pulse rate were measured in 47 anaesthetized birds of 5species using 2 commercial pulse oximeters. The trend of oxygenation was well recorded,but the saturation values recorded by pulse oximetry did not correlate well (r =0.81) witharterial saturation derived from blood gas analyses. Pulse rate correlated well with heartrate in both oximeters. Good recordings were obtained in calm birds, however, valuesfluctuated during the surgery and with incidents such as dysrhythmia or severe blood loss.It is concluded that pulse oximetry is not satisfactory for routine use in avian practice andthat an avian calibration curve, which would consider the specific avian photometricbehavior of haemoglobin, should be developed before oximetry can be adapted for use inbirds. 

 

Investigation of injectable anesthetic agents in mallard ducks (*Anas platyrhynchos*):A descriptive study. Machin, K.L.; Caulkett, N.A. *Journal of Avian Medicine andSurgery,* 1998, v. 12 (4), p. 255-262. ISSN: 1082-6742.

            NAL call no: SF994.J6  

            Descriptors: injectable anesthetics, anesthesia, drug combinations.

Abstract: 30 healthy mallard ducks were used in the study. The injectable anaestheticsinvestigated included xylazine, medetomidine, katamine, midazolam, butorphanol,fentanyl, sufentanil, methohexital, alphaxalone-alphadolone and propofol. The reversalagents atipamezole and flumazenil were also examined. Drugs were administered aloneor in combination by the i.m., intranasal (i.n.) or i.v. route. Anaesthetic effects wererecorded, and analgesia was assessed by response to toe pinching and feather plucking.Incremental doses were given when the effect of the initial dose was poor. No anaestheticregimen was effective when administered by the i.m. route, and i.n. administrationresulted in unreliable depth of anaesthesia. Intravenous administration of anaestheticagents was more effective, but few regimens provided adequate duration of anaesthesia oranalgesia for a surgical procedure. Intravenous administration of s medetomidine-midazolam-ketamine combination produced adequate anaesthesia and analgesia of a 30-min duration, and the effects of the combination could be reversed with atipamezole andflumazenil. Administration of i.v. propofol produced smooth induction and recovery,excellent muscle relaxation, and short duration of anaesthesia requiring additional bolusesto prolong and maintain anaesthesia.

 

A method for anaesthesia and post-operative care for experimental procedures in avianspecies. Blogg, S.L.; Townsend, P.P.; Butler, P.J.; Taylor, E.W. *Animal Technology*(Sussex), The Institute. Aug. 1998, v. 49 (2), p. 101-109. ref. ISSN: 0264-4754.

            NAL call no: QL55.I5

Descriptors:   ducks, *Aythya fuligula, Anas platyhynchos*, diving, injectable   anesthetics, medetomidine, ketamine.

Abstract: This paper describes a successful method of anaesthesia for prolonged and/orinvasive avian surgery, along with an appropriate protocol for post-operative care. Thesemethods were determined during a neuroanatomical study of two species of bird, thetufted duck (*Aythya fuligula*) and the domestic duck (*Anas platyhynchos*), as part of anongoing scientific study. Descriptions of current, relevant techniques of anaesthesiasuitable for this study, were not readily available, therefore we felt that details of ourmethods would be a valuable contribution to this field. A standard operating procedurefor use in similar studies and an example of an avian post-operative score sheet areoutlined.

 

Recommendations for anesthesia in raptors with comments on trumpeter swans. Redig,Patrick T. *Seminars in Avian and Exotic Pet Medicine,* Jan. 1998, v. 7 (1), p. 22-29.ISSN: 1055-937X.

            NAL call no: SF994.2.A1S36

            Descriptors: Falconiformes, sedation, anesthesia, recommended procedures, review.

 

Respiratory physiology of birds: Considerations for anesthetic management. Ludders, JohnW. *Seminars in Avian and Exotic Pet Medicine,* Jan. 1998, v. 7 (1), p. 3-9. ISSN: 1055-937X.

            NAL call no: SF994.2.A1S36

            Descriptors: Aves, sedation, anesthesia, anatomy, physiology, literature review. 

 

Safety of isoflurane anaesthesia in high risk avian patients. Olkowski, A.A.; Classen, H.L.*Veterinary Record,* Jul. 18, 1998, v. 143 (3), p. 82-83.  ISSN: 0042-4900.

            NAL call no: 41.8 V641

            Descriptors: chickens, turkeys, isoflurane, anesthesia, safety, adverse effects.

 

Twenty years of progress in avian anesthesia and surgery. Altman, R.B. *Journal of theAmerican Veterinary Medical Association,* Apr. 15, 1998, v. 212 (8), p. 1233-1235. ISSN: 0003-1488.

            NAL call no: 41.8.Am3

            Descriptors:   birds, anesthesia, surgery, history.

 

 

1997

 

Anesthesia and analgesia. Heard, Darryl J. *Avian Medicine and Surgery,* Altman, Robert B.;Clubb, Susan L.; Dorrestein, Gerry M.; Quesenberry, Katherine. W.B. Saunders Co.Philadelphia. 1997. i-xv. p. 1-1070. Chapter pagination: 807-827. ISBN: 0721654460.

            NAL call no: SF994.A95 1997

            Descriptors: analgesia, sedation, anesthesia, treatment techniques, review.

 

Anesthesia and analgesia in laboratory animals. Kohn, Dennis F. *American College ofLaboratory Animal Medicine Series.* San Diego: Academic Press c 1997. xvii, 426 p. ill. ISBN: 0124175708.

            NAL call no: SF996.5.A54 1997

            Descriptors: laboratory animals, surgery, veterinary anesthesia, analgesia.

 

Anesthetic management of ratites. Lin, H.C.; Ko, J.C.H. *The Compendium on ContinuingEducation for the Practicing Veterinarian,* Apr. 1997, v. 19 (4, suppl.) p. S127-S132.ISSN: 0193-1903.

            NAL call no: SF601.C66

            Descriptors: ostriches, restraint, preanesthetic medication, injectable anesthetics.

 

Cardiopulmonary and anesthetic effects of propofol in wild turkeys. Schumacher, J.; Citino,S.B.; Hernandez, K.; Hutt, J.; Dixon, B. *American Journal of Veterinary Research,* Sept.1997, v. 58 (9), p. 1014-1017.  ISSN: 0002-9645.

            NAL call no: SF914.V47

            Descriptors: turkeys, anesthesia injectable anesthetics, safety heart rate, blood gases.

Abstract:   Objective- to determine safety, anesthetic variables, and cardiopulmonary   effects of IV infusion of propofol for induction and maintenance of anesthesia   in wild turkeys. Animals-10 healthy, adult turkeys. Procedure-Anesthesia was   induced by IV administration of propofol (5 mg/kg of body weight) over 20 seconds   and was maintained for 30 minutes by constant IV infusion of propofol at a rate   of 0.5 mg/kg/min. Heart rate and respiratory rates, arterial blood pressures,   and arterial blood gas tensions were obtained prior to propofol administration   (baseline values) and again at 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, and 30 minutes   after induction of anesthesia. All birds were intubated immediately after induction   anesthesia, and end tidal CO2 concentration was determined at the   same time intervals. Supplemental oxygen was not provided. Results-Apnea was   observed for 10 to 30 seconds after propofol administration, which induced a   decrease in heart rate; however, the changes were not significant. Compared   with baseline values, respiratory rate was significantly decreased at 4 minutes   after administration of propofol and thereafter. Systolic, mean, and diastolic   pressure decreased over the infusion period, but the changes were not significant.   Mean arterial blood pressure decreased by 30% after 15 minutes of anesthesia;   end-tidal CO2 concentration increased from baseline values after   30 minutes; Po, was significantly decreased at 5 minutes after induction and   thereafter; P-CO2 was significantly (P it 0.05) increased after 15   minutes-of anesthesia; and arterial oxygen saturation was significantly (P it   0.05) decreased at the end of anesthesia. Two male turkeys developed severe   transient hypoxemia, 1 at 5 and the other at 15 minutes after induction. Time   to standing after discontinuation of propofol infusion was 11+6 minutes. Recovery   was smooth and unremarkable. Conclusion-Propofol is an effective agent for IV   induction and maintenance of anesthesia in wild turkeys, and is useful for short   procedures or where the use of inhalation agents is contraindicated.

 

Repair of femur fracture in a peacock under ketamine anaesthesia: A case report. Singh,Y.P.; Singh, Man. *Indian Veterinary Journal,* 1997, v. 74 (2), p. 170-171. ISSN: 0019-6479.

            NAL call no: SF601.I45

            Descriptors:   femur fracture, general anesthetic drug, intramedullary pinning, leg repair.

Abstract: Surgical repair of femur fracture in a peacock is described. The repair wasachieved using intramedullary pinning under ketamine anaesthesia.

 

Use of xylazine, butorphanol, tiletamine-zolazepam, and isoflurane for induction andmaintenance of anesthesia in ratites. Lin, H.C.; Todhunter, P.G.; Powe, T.A.; Ruffin,D.C. *Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association,* Jan. 15, 1997, v. 210 (2),p. 244-248. ISSN: 0003-1488. 

            NAL call no: 41.8 Am3

            Descriptors: emus, rhea, ostriches, opioids, injectable anesthetics, drug combinations.

Abstract:   Anesthesia with xylazine, butorphanol, tiletamine-zolazepam, and isoflurane   in ratites (9emus, 3 rheas, 6 ostriches) was investigated. Anaesthetic treatments   included 4 regimens: induction and maintenance of anaesthesia with isoflurane,   preanaesthetic sedation with xylazine and butorphanol followed by induction   and maintenance of anaesthesia with isoflurane, induction of anaesthesia with   tiletamine-zolazepam and maintenance with isoflurane, and pre-anaesthetic sedation   with xylazine and butorphanol followed by induction of anaesthesia with tiletamine-zolazeoam   and maintenance with isoflurane. None of the birds developed irreversible adverse   effects, but 2 developed bradycardia (1 was treated with atropine and responded)   and 2 others developed transient apnoea. Intravenous administration of tiletamine-zolazepam   produced rapid and smooth induction of anaesthesia in adult ostriches.

 

 

1996

 

Anaesthesia. Lawton, Martin P.C. *Manual of Raptors, Pigeons and Waterfowl,* 1996, p. 79-88.Beynon, P.H.; Forbes, N.A.; Harcourt-Brown, N.H. eds. Iowa State University Press.ISBN: 0813828767.

            NAL call no: SF994.B73 1996

            Descriptors:   analgesia, anesthesia, monitoring, postoperative care, sedation, birds.

 

Anaesthesia. Lawton, Martin P.C. *BSAVA Manual of Psittacine Birds,* New edition. 1996. p. 49-59. Beynon, P.H.; Forbes, N.A.; Lawton, M.P.C. (eds.). Iowa State University Press.ISBN: 0813823498.

            NAL call no: SF994.2.A1M37 1996

            Descriptors:   analgesia, premedication, sedation, psittacine birds, anesthesia, parrots.

 

Anesthesiology of ratites. Cornick-Seahorn, J.L. *Ratite Management, Medicine, and Surgery,*Krieger Publishing Co. 1996, p. 79-94.  ISBN: 0894648748.

            NAL call no: SF995.5.R37 1996

            Descriptors:   ostriches, emus, rheas, birds, preanesthetic medication, anesthesia. 

 

Anesthetic   agents. Altman, R.B.; Johnston, D. (ed.); Waner, T. *Proceedings and   Abstracts 21st Congress of the World Small Animal Veterinary Association   (WSAVA),**Jerusalem, Israel. Oct. 20-23, 1996*, 96 p. 

            Descriptors: anesthesia, ketamine, diazepam, aviary birds, anesthetics.

 

Avian anesthesia administration. Rosskopf, Walter J.; Woerpel, Richard W.; Reed, Sue:Snider, Karen; Dispirito, Tony. *University of Sydney Post Graduate Foundation inVeterinary Science Proceedings,* 1996, v. 279, p. 173-199. ISSN: 1326-5091.

            NAL   call no: SF604.R37 

            Descriptors:   Aves, treatment techniques, sedation, anesthesia administration.

 

Avian   anesthesia and patient monitoring.. *Proceedings of the Annual Conference   of the Mid Atlantic States Association of Avian Veterinarians,**Apr.   28-30, 1996**,* 1996, v. 17, p. 34-39. 

            NAL call no: SF994.M52  

            Descriptors:   Aves, sedation, anesthesia, patient monitoring, birds, review .

 

Capturing Humbolt Penguins, *Spheniscus humboldti*, with the use of an anaesthetic. Luna,Jorquera G.; Culik, B.; Aquilar, R. *Marine Ornithology,* 1996, v. 24 (1-2), p. 47-50.ISSN: 1018-3337.

            Descriptors: ketamine hydrochloride, birds, general anesthetic, drug delivery.

 

Clinical perspectives of intravenous ketamine anaesthesia in peafowl (*Pavo cristatus*). Athar,M.; Shakoor, A.; Muhammad, G.; Sarwar, M.N.; Chaudry, N.I. *Acta VeterinariaHungarica,* 1996, v. 44 (3), p. 357-361. ISSN: 0236-6290.

            NAL call no: 41.8 AC83

            Descriptors: injectable anesthetics, anesthesia, surgery, dosage, ketamine.

Abstract: At the Faculty of Veterinary Science, Faisalabad, Pakistan, during[1994/1995?], 29 peafowl were surgically treated for infraorbital abscesses (22 birds),lacerated wounds (4 birds) and fractures of tibia (2 birds) and radius (1 bird) and wereanaesthetized by i.v. administration of ketamine hydorchloride (Inj. Calypsol) at a dose of20 mg/kg body weight. Divided doses (10+5+5 mg/kg) were used with an interval of 1-2min between each dose. Anaesthesia lasted for about 15 min and the birds recoveredcompletely after 30 min to 3 hours. The respiration rate was greatly depressed duringanaesthesia (8 to10 cycles/min) and birds had a deep abdominal respiratory pattern.Analgesia was incomplete and muscle relaxation was not satisfactory. Mild salivationwas noticed in 3 anaesthetized birds. Recovery, although not smooth, was uneventful. 

 

Evaluation   of the safety and efficacy of a continuous infusion of gualfenesin, xylazine,   and ketamine for maintenance of anesthesia in emus. Cornick, Seahorn   J.L. *Veterinary Surgery,* 1996, v. 25 (2), p. 180. *Scientific Abstracts   from the 1995 American College of Veterinary Anesthesiologists Meeting, Oct.   20, 1995, Atlanta, GA.* ISSN: 0161-3499.

            NAL call no: SF911.V43

            Descriptors: safety, efficacy, drug combinations, anesthesia, immobilization.

 

Evaluation of sedation in quail by use of midazolam and reversed by use of flumazenil.Day, T.D.; Roge, C.K. *Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association,* Sept. 1,1996, v. 209 (5), p. 969-971. ISSN: 0003-1488.

            NAL call no: 41.8 Am3

            Descriptors: anesthesia, dosage effects, heart rate, respiration rate, drug antagonism.

 

Practical   anesthesia administration. Rosskopf, Walter J. Jr.; Woerpel, Richard   W. *Diseases of Cage and Aviary Birds,* Third ed. 1996: p. 664-671. Williams   & Wilkins, London, UK. ISBN: 0683073826.

            NAL call no: SF994.2.A1D57

            Descriptors:   anesthetic administration, dosing, maximum alveolar concentration, inhalants.

 

Principles   of avian anesthesia and surgery. Altman, R.B.; Johnston, D. (ed).; Waner,   T. *Proceedings and Abstracts 21st Congress of the World Small   Animal Veterinary Association (WSAVA),**Jerusalem, Israel. Oct. 20-23,   1996*, p. 91-92. 

            Descriptors: surgery, clinical examination, aviary birds, anesthesia.

 

Use of propofol for induction and maintenance of anesthesia in a barn owl (*Tyto alba*)undergoing tracheal resection. Mama, Khursheed R.; Phillips, Lyndsay G. Jr.; Pascoe,Peter J. *Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine,* Sept. 1996, v. 27 (3), p. 397-401. ISSN:1042-7260.

            NAL call no: SF601.J6

            Descriptors:   sedation, propofol, Strigiformes, Aves, short term anesthesia, surgery,   owls.

Abstract:   An adult barn owl was evaluated for respiratory distress. A partial proximal   tracheal obstruction was diagnosed, and surgical resection of the affected segment   was elected. Anaesthesia was induced with 4 mg i.v. propofol and maintained   with 0.5 mg/kg/min propofol by continuous i.v. infusion. Heart rate, direct   arterial blood pressure, respiratory rate, and arterial blood gases were measured   before and during the anaesthetic period. Mean arterial blood pressure decreased   from 148 mm Hg to 130 mm Hg transiently following anaesthetic induction. Arterial   blood gas values were within normal limits (carbon dioxide = 34.3 mm Hg and   oxygen = 86.7 mm Hg 15 min following induction). No complications were noted,   and recovery was timely and uneventful. It is concluded that propofol may be   used as an i.v. anaesthetic for short surgical procedures in barn owls.

 

 

1995

 

Anaestesia   negli uccelli. Utilizzo dell'associazione medetomidina-ketamina e dell'atipamezolo   nell'anestesia degli uccelli non domestici. [Anesthesia of birds. Use of a medetomidine-ketamine   combination and atipamezole in the anaesthesia of non-domestic birds.]   Scrollavezza, P.; Zanichelli, S. *Obiettivi e Documenti Veterinari,* 1995,   v. 16 (11), p. 13-16, 19-21. ISSN: 0392-1913. Note: In Italian.

            Descriptors: anesthetics, reviews, anesthesia, medetomidine, ketamine.

 

Arrhythmias associated with isoflurane anesthesia in bald eagles (*Haliaeetusleucocephalus*). Aguilar, Roberto F.; Smith, Victoria E.; Ogburn, Phillip; Redig, PatrickT. *Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine,* Dec. 1995, v. 26 (4), p. 508-516. ISSN: 1042-7260.

            NAL call no: SF601.J6

            Descriptors: sedation, isoflurane anaesthesia, cardiac arrhythmia, heart beat, frequency.

Abstract:   12 bald eagles were each subjected to two 30 min sessions of anaesthesia. Each   subject was anaesthetized with increasing amounts of isoflurane through a mask   until a concentration of 4% was reached. Each eagle was then intubated and the   isoflurane concentration was reduced to 2.5 - 3.5 % for anaesthetic maintenance.   Electrocardiograms were obtained before induction and after 30 min of anaesthesia.   Continuous lead II electrocardiographic monitoring was initiated before induction   and continued until after recovery. Pulse and O2²saturation   were monitored on all birds with a plethysmograph. Continuous gas flow was monitored   following intubation with a sidestream gas analyser. In 5 randomly selected   birds, 1 ml of venous blood was drawn at predetermined intervals from the ulnar   vein into a syringe and refrigerated for subsequent blood gas and electrolyte   analysis. Levels of venous O2, PO2, potassium, and pH   were determined for each sample. In the same 5 birds, mean arterial and systolic   blood pressures were monitored indirectly every 23 min. Temperatures were measured   at the same intervals as those used for blood sampling. Arrhythmias were observed   in 75% of the eagles and occurred during periods of induction or recovery in   80% of the cases. Though hypercapnia was suspected as a contributing factor,   paired sample t-test analysis of measured data failed to indicate causality.

 

Chemical immobilization of red-necked ostriches (*Struthio camelus*) under field conditions.Ostrowski, S.; Ancrenaz, M. *Veterinary Record,* Feb. 11, 1995, v. 136 (6), p. 145-147.ISSN: 0042-4900.

            NAL call no: 41.8 V641

            Descriptors: ostriches, anesthesia, immobilization, dosage, drug combinations, effects.

Abstract: Sixteen red-necked ostriches (*Struthio camelus*) were darted under fieldconditions with combinations of etorphine hydrochloride with medetomidine of ketamineon 13 birds; xylazine hydrochloride and metomidate alone were used on one or 2 birds.The times to recumbency and recovery were recorded and compared. The principalcomplications during the anaesthetic procedure were myopathy due to over exertion andrespiratory collapse. Etorphine combined with medetomidine produced good quality butshort duration sedation, which allowed minor procedures to be carried out.

 

Inhalant anesthetics and inspired oxygen: Implications for anesthesia in birds. Ludders,J.W.; Seaman, G.C.; Erb, H.N. *Journal of the American Animal Hospital Association,*Jan./Feb. 1995, v. 31 (1), p. 38-41. ISSN: 0587-2871.

            NAL call no: SF601.A5

            Descriptors: birds, anesthesia, oxygen, respiration, heart rate, inhaled anesthetics.

 

Ostrich anaesthesia: Xylazine premedication followed by alphaxalone/alphadolone andisoflurane. Cullen, L.K.; Goerke, M.A.; Swan, R.A.; Clark, W.T.; Nandapi, D.;Colbourne, C. *Australian Veterinary Journal,* Apr. 1995, v. 72 (4), p. 153-154. ISSN:0005-0423.

            NAL call no: 41.8 Au72

            Descriptors: ostriches, anesthesia, preanesthetic medication, drug combinations.

 

Principles and techniques of analgesia for zoological medicine. Heard, Darryl J. *Proceedingsof the Annual Veterinary Medical Forum American College of Veterinary InternalMedicine,* 1995, v. 13, p. 62-64. ISSN: 0894-7708.

            NAL call no: SF605.V47

            Descriptors:   analgesia, sensory reception, principles and techniques, review.

 

 

1994

 

Anesthesia and analgesia. Cooper, J.E. *Proceedings of the North American VeterinaryConference,* Eastern States Veterinary Association, Jan. 15-20,1994, p. 895-896. 

            NAL call no: SF605.N672

            Descriptors:   small mammals, anesthesia, analgesics, birds, methods, drugs, techniques.   

 

Avian anesthesia for the general practitioner. Ludders, J.W. *Proceeding of the NorthAmerican Veterinary Conference,* Eastern States Veterinary Association, Jan. 15-20,1994, p. 791-793.

            NAL call no: SF605.N672

            Descriptors:   birds, anesthesia, veterinary medicine, methods, drugs.

 

Determination of the ED50 of isoflurane and evaluation of the isoflurane-sparing effect ofbutorphanol in cockatoos (*Cacatua spp.*). Curro, T.G.; Brunson, D.B.; Paul, Murphy J.*Veterinary Surgery,* 1994, v. 23 (5), p. 429-433.  ISSN: 0161-3400.

            NAL call no: SF911.V43

            Descriptors: anesthesia, inhaled anesthetics, analgesia, cockatoo.

Abstract: The use of butorphanol as an analgesic in a psittacine species was evaluated bydetermining its isoflurane-sparing effect. The Effective Dose 50 (ED 50) of isofluranewas determined using a bracketing technique based on the purposeful movement elicitedby pressure applied to a digit with a haemostat. The ED50 of isoflurane for 11 cockatoos(4 greater sulfur crested, 3 lesser sulfur crested, and 4 citron crested) was determined tobe 1.44 + 0.07%. After the administration of 1 mg/kg of butophanol tartrateintramuscularly (IM), the ED50 was significantly decreased to 1.08 + 0.05%.Physiological variables that changed significantly included decreases in heart rate, tidalvolume (Vt), inspiratory (Ti) and expiratory times (Te), and an increase in respiratoryrate. No complications resulted because of these changes. Based on the results,butorphanol produces an isoflurane-sparing effect in cockatoos and has the potential to bea useful analgesic in psittacines.

 

Effects of low and high fractions of inspired oxygen on ventilation in ducks anesthetizedwith isoflurane. Seaman, G.C.; Ludders, J.W.; Erb, H.N.; Gleed, R.D. *American Journalof Veterinary Research,* Mar. 1994, v. 55 (3), p. 395-398.  ISSN: 0002-9645.

            NAL call no: 41.8 Am3A

            Descriptors: ducks, lung ventilation, oxygen, anesthesia, respiratory disorders.

Abstract: High fractions of inspired oxygen are commonly used during generalanesthesia in birds. Observations in ducks anesthetized with halothane or pentobarbitalindicated that high fractions of inspired oxygen depress ventilation. The purpose of thisstudy was to test the hypothesis that ducks hypoventilate when breathing high fractions ofinspired oxygen, compared with the same ducks breathing low fractions of inspiredoxygen. Respiratory variables were recorded in 7 ducks anesthetized with 1.4% isofluranein oxygen. Four concentrations of oxygen (21, 40, 70, and >90%) were used for eachduck. Respiratory rate decreased as the fraction of inspired oxygen increased, but notsignificantly. There was a significant decrease in tidal volume as Paco2 increased.Hyperoxia was observed to contribute to hypoventilation in ducks anesthetized withisoflurane in oxygen.

 

*Research   Animal Anesthesia, Analgesia and Aurgery: Proceedings of a Conference Sponsored   by SCAW held in Atlanta*. Smith, Alison, C.; Swindle, M. Michael. Scientists   Center for Animal Welfare, 1994. iv. 170 p. ill. 

            NAL call no: SF914.R49 1994

Descriptors:   veterinary anesthesia congress, veterinary surgery, laboratory animals,   includes birds.

 

Small   animal anesthesia part I and II. Muir, W.W. III. *Proceedings of the   North American Veterinary Conference,**Jan. 15-20, 1994*, Eastern   States Veterinary Association, 1994, p. 17-21.

            NAL call no: SF605.N672

            Descriptors:   anesthesia.

 

 

1993 

 

Anesthesia monitoring of avian surgical patient. Thorstad, C.L. *Veterinary Practice Staff,*1993, v. 5 (5), p. 8-11.  ISSN: 1047-8639.

            NAL call no: SF601.V4747

            Descriptors:   inhaled anesthetics, complications, anesthesia, aviary birds.

 

Determination   of the ED50 of isoflurane and evaluation of the analgesic properties of the   butorphanol in cockatoos (*Cacatua spp*.). Curro, T.G.; Brunson,   D.B.; Paul Murphy J. *Veterinary Surgery,* 1993, v. 22 (6), p. 546. *Abstracts   from the Ninth Annual Veterinary Midwest Anesthesia Conference, Jun. 5, 1993,   Champaign-Urbana, IL*. ISSN: 0161-3499.

            NAL call no: SF911.V43

            Descriptors: anesthesia, inhaled anesthetics, analgesics, cockatoos.

 

Effects of ketamine-xylazine anesthesia on adrenal function and cardiac conduction ingoshawks and pigeons. Lumeij, J.T. *Raptor Biomedicine,* Redig, Patrick T.; Cooper,John E.; Remple, J. David; Hunter, D. Bruce (eds). University of Minnesota Press,Minneapolis, 1993, i-xvii, p. 1-265. Chapter pagination: 145-149. ISBN: 0816622191.

            NAL call no: SF994.5.R36 1993

            Descriptors: sedation, ketamine-xylazine anesthesia, comparative effects.

 

The influence of midazolam on the minimum anesthetic concentration of isoflurane inracing pigeons. Smith, J.; Mason, D.E.; Muir, W.W. *Veterinary Surgery,* 1993, v. 22 (6),p. 546-547. ISSN: 0161-3499.

            NAL call no: SF911.V43

            Descriptors: racing animals, anesthesia, inhaled anesthetics, preanesthetic.

 

Inhalation anesthesia in birds of prey. Fitzgerald, Guy; Blais, Diane. *Raptor Biomedicine,*Redig, Patrick T.; Cooper, John E.; Remple, J.David; Hunter, D. Bruce (eds). Universityof Minnesota Press, Minneapolis, 1993, i-xvii. p. 1-265. Chapter pagination: 128-135.ISBN: 0816622191.

            NAL call no: SF994.5.R36 1993

            Descriptors: Falconiformes, sedation, inhalation anesthesia techniques, review.

 

Principles and techniques of anesthesia and analgesia for exotic practice. Heard, D.J.*Veterinary Clinics of North America: Small Animal Practice,* W.B. Saunders Co. Nov.1993, v. 23 (6), p. 1301-1327. ISSN: 0195-5616.

            NAL call no: SF601.V523

            Descriptors:   pets, anesthesia, sedation, treatment techniques, birds.

 

 

1992

 

Anesthesia administration for pet birds. Part 1. Anesthetic agents. Rosskopf, W. Jr.;Woerpel, R.W.; Reed, S.; Snider, K.; Dispirito, T. *Veterinary Practice Staff,* 1992, v. 4(2), p. 34-37.  ISSN: 1047-8639.

            NAL call no: SF601.V4747

            Descriptors: aviary birds, injectable anesthetics, inhaled anesthetics, anesthesia.

 

Anesthesia administration in pet birds: Successful anesthetic protocol. Rosskopf, W.J.;Woerpel, R.W.; Reed, S.; Snider, K.; Dispirito, T. *Veterinary Practice Staff,* 1992, v. 4(5), p. 10-14. ISSN: 1047-8639.

            NAL call no: SF601.V4747

            Descriptors: anesthetics, anesthesia, aviary birds.

 

Anesthetic management of ostriches. Cornick, J.L.; Jensen, J. *Journal of the AmericanVeterinary Medical Association,* Jun. 1, 1992, v. 20 (11), p. 1661-1666.  ISSN: 0003-1488. 

            NAL call no: 41.8 Am3

            Descriptors: ostriches, anesthesia, anesthetics, heart rate, blood pressure, blood gases.

Abstract: Several anaesthetic induction protocols used to facilitate intubation andanaesthetic maintenance with isoflurane in 7 adult ostriches and 1 juvenile ostrich wereevaluated. Induction protocols included i.v. administration of Telazol(zolazepam/tiletamine) i.v. administration of Vallium//Ketaset (diazepam/ketamine) withand without Rompun (xylazine), i.v. administration of xylazine/ketamine, i.m.administration of Wildnil (carfentanil) or xylamine/carfentanil, and mask induction withAerrane (isoflurane). General anaesthesia was maintained with isoflurane in 100%oxygen for various procedures, including proventriculotomy (6 birds), tibial (1 bird) ormandibular (1 bird) fracture repair, and drainage of an iatrogenic haematoma (1 bird).Heart rate and respiratory rate varied greatly among birds. The arterial blood pressurevalues recorded from 6 of the birds during maintenance of general anaesthesia werehigher than for most mammalian species, but were comparable to values reported forawake chickens and turkeys. 

 

Anesthetic management for surgery in 10 ostriches. Matthews, N.S.; Hartsfield, S.M.;Sanders, E.A.; Light, G.S. *Veterinary Surgery,* 1992, v. 21 (2), p. 164. ISSN: 0161-3499.

            NAL call no: SF911.V43

            Descriptors: surgical operations, diazepam, ketamine, xylazine, anesthesia.

 

Effects of yohimbine as a reversing agent for ketamine-xylazine anesthesia in budgerigars.Heaton, J.T.; MD; Brauth, S.E. *Laboratory Animal Science,* Feb. 1992, v. 42 (1), p. 54-56.  ISSN: 0023-6764.

            NAL call no: 410.9 P94

            Descriptors: budgerigars, anesthesia, yohimbine, ketamine, xylazine, dosage effects.

Abstract: Fourteen adult budgerigars (*Melopsittacus undulatus*) were anesthetized with acombination of ketamine hydrochloride (40mg/kg) and xylazine hydrochloride (10mg/kg)intramuscularly. Forty-five minutes after ketamine-xylazine injection, one of fouryohimbine hydrochloride doses )0.0, 0.11, 0.275 0r 0.44 mg/kg, IM) was administered ina 0.7% saline vehicle. Latencies are recorded in minutes from yohimbine injection untilsubjects’ behavior indicated three different points of recovery: 1) lifting the head, 2)standing unaided without ataxia, and 3) perching. Means for all three recovery pointlatencies ere significantly reduced by 0.275 mg/kg of yohimbine compared with salinevehicle alone. Mean latencies among treatment groups for each of the three recoverypoints were not significantly different, other than control versus treated groups. Based onthese results, we recommend a yohimbine dose of 0.275 mg/kg as an effective reversingagent for ketamine-xylazine anesthesia in budgerigars.

 

Minimal anesthetic concentration and cardiopulmonary dose-response to halothane inducks. Ludders, J.W. *Veterinary Surgery,* 1992, v. 21 (4), p. 319-324. ISSN: 0161-3499. 

            NAL call no: SF911.V43

            Descriptors: anesthesia, inhaled anesthetics, cardiovascular system, halothane.

Abstract:   The minimal anaesthetic conc (MAC) for halothane and cardiopulmonary dose-responses   at several conc of halothane were determined during spontaneous ventilation   in 9 young adult Pekin ducks. The MAC for halothane was 1.04+0.11. There were   dose-dependent decreases in ventilation, significant reductions in inspiratory   and expiratory times, and prolongation of expiratory pause times. The end-tidal   haolthane conc at apnoea in 5 ducks was <1.35% and anaesthetic index was   <1.51. Heart rate increased significantly as the conc of halothane was increased,   but arterial blood pressure did not change. Cardiac arrhythmias developed in   5 ducks at end-tidal halothane conc as low as 1.15%, and one duck died of cardiac   arrest.

 

Moglichkeiten   der Schmerzausschaltung beim Vogel - eine Ubersicht. [Possibilities for analgesia   in birds. A review.] Warncke, G. *Tierlaboratorium,* 1992, no. 15,   p. 67-82. ISSN: 0179-0862. Note: In German.

            NAL   call no: QL55.Z46

            Descriptors:   anesthesia, injectable anesthetics, inhaled anesthetics, analgesics. 

 

Ostrich (*Struthio camelus*) immobilization using carfentanil and xylazine and reversal withyohimbine and naltrexone. Raath, J.P.; Quandt, S.K.F.; Malan, J.H. *Journal of theSouth African Veterinary Association,* Dec. 1992, v. 63 (4), p. 138-140.  ISSN: 0301-0732.

            NAL call no: 41.8 SO8

            Descriptors:   ostriches, anesthesia, drug restraint.

 

Pain in birds. Gentle, M.J. *Animal Welfare,* 1992, v. 1 (4), p. 235-247.  ISSN: 0962-7286.

            NAL call no: HV4701.A557

            Descriptors: animal welfare, debeaking, analgesics, pain, reviews.

Abstract:   The physiology of pain, pain receptors, behavioural and physiological responses   to pain, pain following trauma (including beak amputation), and analgesia in   birds are reviewed. 

 

1991

 

Anesthesia in caged birds. Doolen, M.D.; Jackson, L. *Iowa State University Veterinarian,* 1991,v. 53 (2), p. 76-80. ISSN: 0099-5851.

            NAL call no: 41.8 V6425.

            Descriptors: aviary birds, inhaled anesthetics, injectable anesthetics, anesthesia.

 

Intravenously   administered propofol for anesthesia of the common buzzard (*Buteo buteo*),   the tawny owl (*Strix aluco*), and the barn owl (*Tyto alba*).   Milaelian, J. *Proceedings of the First Conference of the European Committee   of the Association of Avian Veterinarians,**Vienna, Mar. 13-16, 1991*,   p. 97-101. 

            NAL call no: SF994.A2

            Descriptors: anesthesia, injectable anesthetics, birds.

 

Premature ventricular contractions and apparent hypertension during anesthesia in anostrich. Matthews, N.S.; Burba, D.J.; Cornick, J.L. *Journal of the American VeterinaryMedical Association,* Jun. 1, 1991, v. 198 (11), p. 1959-1961.  ISSN: 0003-1488.

            NAL call no: 41.8 AM3

            Descriptors: ostriches, anesthesia, hypertension, ventricles contraction, adverse effects.

Abstract: Premature ventricular contractions and apparent hypertension were seen in anadult ostrich anaesthetized with isoflurane. The ostrich had septic joints and wasanaesthetized to allow joint lavage. The premature ventricular contractions occurred atthe rate of 1 to 2 min, with a brief period of 12 to 15 min, and were not treated with anyantiarrhythmic drugs. Normal blood pressures for awake or anaesthetized adult ostrichesare not readily available, but the blood pressures in this bird were higher than in otherostriches measured with the same technique. Systolic pressures ranged from 199 to 249mm of Hg, diastolic pressures from 107 to 177 mm of Hg, and mean pressures were from165 to 220 mm of Hg during isoflurane anaesthesia of approximately 45 min duration.Recovery from anaesthesia was uncomplicated, although the ostrich died 12 days laterfrom mycotic pneumonia attributed to *Aspergillus sp.*and *Candida albicans*.

 

A technique for liver biopsy performed in Pekin ducks using anesthesia with Telazol. Carp,N.Z.; Saputelli, J.; Halbherr, T.C.; Mason, W.S.; Jilbert, A.R. *Laboratory AnimalScience,* Oct. 1991, v. 41 (5), p. 474-475.  ISSN: 0023-6764.

            NAL call no: 410.9 P94

            Descriptors: ducks, liver biopsy, anesthesia, injectable anesthetics, safety.

Abstract: Infection of Pekin ducks with duck hepatitis B virus is a useful model forstudying the hepadenoviruses, of which human hepatitis B virus is the prototype. Theutility of this model had been limited, however, by the difficulties associated withanesthetizing and obtaining liver biopsies from ducks. We developed a technique usingTelazol, (13mg/kg) to anesthetize ducks before surgical biopsy of the liver in ducksinfected with duck hepatitis B virus. Eight Pekin ducks infected with duck hepatitis Bvirus underwent serial biopsies at 4- to 5- week intervals. There was one perioperativedeath in 34 surgical procedures with no evidence on intr-abdominal sepsis or woundcomplications. Telazol can be used safely and humanely to anesthetize ducks without theneed for general endotracheal anesthesia.

 

Use   of medetomidine as a preanaesthetic in birds. Kalpravidh, M. *Journal   of Veterinary Anaesthesia*, 1991, Special supplement, 245-248; *Proceedings   of the 4th International Congress of Veterinary Anaesthesia,**Utrecht, Netherlands, Aug. 25-31, 1991*. ISSN: 1467-2987.

            NAL call no: SF914 V47 

            Descriptors: anesthesia, injectable anesthetics, ketamine, medetomidine.

Abstract: Medetomidine, a alpha2-adrenoreceptor agonist wae used to balance ketamineanaesthesia in birds. Twenty zebra doves weighing 40 to 60 g were equally divided into 2groups. Group 1 was used to evaluate the effects of 100 mg/kg bwt of 5% ketamine and0.1 mg/kg bwt of 0.005% medetomidine in combination with 100 mg/kg bwt or 5%ketamine. Group 2 was used to study the effects of 200 mg/kg bwt of 5% ketamine and30 mg/kg bwt of 1% pentobarbital. All injections were made i.m. Medetomidine-ketamine combination provided better analgesia, deeper anaesthesia, and smootherrecovery with less wing flapping than with ketamine alone. The anaesthetic effect of thecombination was comparable to that of pentobarbital but recovery was smoother.

 

*Veterinary   Anaesthesia*. Hall, J.W.; Clarke,   K.W. 1991, ed. 9, 410 p. Bailliere Tindall, Ltd, London; UK. ISBN: 0702014214.

            NAL call no: SF914.H39 2000

            Descriptors: laboratory animals, wild animals, anesthetics, pre-medication, anesthesia.

Abstract: The 9th extensively revised edition is aimed at students and provides areference for veterinary surgeons in general practice. Part one “Principles andProcedures” covers: general considerations, patient monitoring and clinical measurement,introduction to general anaesthesia, principles of sedation, analgesia and premedication,general pharmacology of intravenous and inhaled anaesthetic agents, relaxation of theskeletal muscles, artificial ventilation of the lungs, apparatus for the administration ofanaesthetics and principles of local analgesia. Part 2 “Anaesthesia of the species” includesspecies-specific details for the horse, cattle, sheep, goat and other herbivores, pig, dog,cat, birds, laboratory and wild animals. Part 3 “Special anaesthesia” deals with obstetrics,intrathoracic and cardiac surgery as well as accidents and emergencies. Appendicesinclude duties of an anaesthetist, glossary of abbreviations, and UK and US approvednames of some drugs used in anaesthesia. There is a subject index.

 

 

1990

 

Anesthesia of birds and miscellaneous laboratory animals. Bush, M. *Anesthesia andAnalgesia in Laboratory Animals Proceedings,* 1990 Forum, American College ofLaboratory Animal Medicine, Columbia, MD, May 3-6, 1990, p. 107-109. 

            NAL call no: SF914.A53 1990

            Descriptors: birds, laboratory animals, anesthesia.

 

Chemical immobilization in ostriches (*Struthio camelus*) using etorphine hydrochloride.Samor, J.H.; Irwin, Davies J.; Faraj, E. *Veterinary Record,* Dec. 8, 1990, v. 127 (23), p.575-576. ill.  ISSN: 0042-4900.

            NAL call no: 41.8 V641

            Descriptors: ostriches, immobilization, etorphine, anesthesia.

 

Isoflurane as an inhalational anesthetic agent in clinical practice. Dohoo, S.E. *CanadianVeterinary Journal,* 1990, v. 31 (12), p. 847-850.  ISSN: 0008-5286.

            NAL call no: 41.8 R3224

            Descriptors: anesthesia, pharmacokinetics, inhaled-anesthetics.

Abstract: Isoflurane is the most recently available inhalation anaesthetic agent on themarket. Although there have been few clinical trials comparing the use to halothane andmethoxyflurane, the pharmacology of the agent suggests certain situations in which itmay be the preferred agent. These include avian anaesthesia, geriatric patients, patientswith cardiovascular disease or hepatic disease, critically ill and unstable patients, casessuch as brachiocephalics where upper airway obstructions is a concern during recovery,patients where increases in intracranial pressure should be avoided, and caesarean section.In addition, the rapid recoveries seen with isoflurane may be an advantage for outpatientsurgeries.

 

Minimal anesthetic concentrations and cardiopulmonary dose response of isoflurane inducks. Ludders, J.W.; Mitchell, G.S.; Rode, J. *Veterinary Surgery,* 1990, v. 19 (4), p.304-307.  ISSN: 0161-3499.

            NAL call no: SF911.V43

            Descriptors:   anesthesia, inhaled anesthetics, hemodynamics.

Abstract: The minimal anaesthetic concentration (MAC) for isoflurane was determinedduring spontaneous ventilation in nine male Pekin ducks (7 to 12 weeks of age; 3.0 +0.4kg). While each bird was awake, arterial blood was collected for analysis of pH, PaCO²,and PaO². After anaesthesia was induced with isoflurane in oxygen, MAC wasdetermined for isoflurane in each bird during spontaneous ventilation in a manner similarto MAC determinations in mammals. Pulmonary dose-response data were collected at 1and 1;5 MAC. Anaesthetic index (AI; an index of anaesthetic-induced apnoea) wascalculated from ducks that became apnoeic. The MAC for isoflurane was 1.30 +0.23%)mean + SD). There was a dose dependent decrease in ventilation as evidenced bysignificant increase in PaCO². Apnoea or unacceptable hypercarbia (PaCO²> 110 mmHg), or both, were common occurrences at the end-tidal isoflurane concentrations greaterthan 1.5 MAC. Anaesthetic index calculated from 4 ducks was 1.65+0.13 (mean +SEM).There was no significant difference between the means of either heart rate or meanarterial blood pressure in birds at 1.0 and 1.5 MAC.

 

Pharmacology and physiologic effects of anesthesia and analgesics: Anesthetics. Benson,G.J. *Anesthesia and Analgesia in Laboratory Animals Proceedings.* 1990 Forum,American College of Laboratory Animal Medicine, May 3-6, 1990, p. 7-10.

            NAL call no: SF914.A53 1990

            Descriptors:   anesthetics, pharmacology, includes birds.

 

Principles of anesthesia and analgesia. Brown, M.J. *Essentials for Animal Research: A Primerfor Research Personnel,* B.T. Bennett; M.J. Brown, J.C. Schofield, 1990, p 39-58. ref. 

            NAL call no: QL55.B36

            Descriptors: domestic animals, laboratory animals, anesthesia, analgesics, pain.

 

 

1989

 

Common anesthetic dosages for use in psittacine birds. McDonald, S.E. *Journal of theAssociation of Avian Veterinarians,* 1989, v. 3 (4), p. 186-187. ISSN: 0892-9904.

            NAL call no: SF994.J6

            Descriptors: aviary birds, injectable anesthetics, inhaled anesthetics, anesthesia.

 

Effects of ketamine, xylazine, and a combination of ketamine and xylazine in Pekin ducks.Ludders, J.W.; Rode, J.; Mitchell, G.S.; Nordheim, E.V. *American Journal of VeterinaryResearch,* Feb. 1989, v. 50 (2), p. 245-249.  ISSN: 0002-9645.

            NAL call no: 41.8 AM3A

            Descriptors: ducks, ketamine, xylazine, drug combinations, anesthesia, adverse effects.

Abstract: Effects of ketamine, xylazine, and a combination of ketamine and xylazinewere studied in 12 male Pekin ducks (7 to 12 weeks old [+SD] body weight, 3.1 +0.3kg).After venous and arterial catheterization and fixation of a temperature probe in the cloaca,each awake duck was confined, but not restrained, in an open box in a dimly lit room.Blood pressure and lead II ECG were recorded. Three arterial blood samples werecollected every 15 minutes over a 45-minute period (control period) and were analyzedfor pHa, Paco2 and Pao2. After the control period, each duck was assigned at random to 10f 3 drug groups: (1) ketamine (KET; 20 mg/kg of body weight, IV), (2) xylazine (XYL;1 mg;kg, IV) and (3) KET+XYL (KET 20mg.kg and XYL, 1 mg/kg, IV). Measurementswere made at 1, 5, 10, 15, 30, 45, 60, and 90 minutes after drug administration. All duckssurvived the drug study. Cloacal temperature was significantly (P less than or equal to0.05) increased above control cloacal temperature at 90 minutes after the administrationof ketamine, and from 10 to 90 minutes after the administration of ketamine plusxylazine. In ducks of the KET group, pHa, Paco2, and Pao2, remained unchanged afteradministration of the drug. In ducks in the XYL group, pHa and Pao2 decreasedsignificantly (P less than or equal to 0.05) from control values for all time points up toand including 15 minutes after drug administration. In ducks of the KET+XYL group,pHa and Pao2 were significantly (P less than or equal to 0.05) decreased at all time pointsup to and including 45 and 15 minutes respectively, after administration of the drugs. Inducks of the XYL group, Paco2 increased significantly (P less than or equal to 0.05)during the first 15 minutes after drug administration, and for 45 minutes afteradministration of KET+XYL. Results indicated that ketamine when given alone to ducks,was not associated with pulmonary depression. There was drug-associated respiratorydepression after IV administration of XYL or KET+XYL.

 

*Handbook   of Veterinary Anesthesia.* Muir, William, 1946; Hubbell, John A.E. St. Louis,   C. V. Mosby, 1989, xi, 340 p. ill. ISBN: 0801635937.

            NAL call no: SF914.M85

            Descriptors: veterinary anesthesia handbook, manuals, animal welfare.

 

 

1988

 

Air sac anesthesia technique. MacCoy, D. *AAV Today,* 1988, v. 2 (2), p. 97. ISSN: 0892-9904.

            NAL call no: SF994.A2

            Descriptors: Aves, anesthesia, abdominal air sac, anesthesia technique.

 

Anesthesia in waterfowl. Kaufman, E.; Pokras, M.; Sedgwick, C. *AAV Today,* 1988, v. 2 (2), p.98. ISSN: 0892-9904.

            NAL call no: SF994.A2

            Descriptors: Anseriformes, anesthesia.

 

Avian anesthesia, part 2: Injectable agents. Mandelker, L. *Companion Animal Practice,* 1988,v. 2 (10), p. 21-23. ISSN: 0894-9794. 

            NAL   call no: SF981.C64

            Descriptors:   Psittaciformes, *Serinus canaria*, anesthesia, injectable agents, guidelines.

 

Effects of surgical pentobarbital anesthesia on blood pressure, heart rate, and arterialblood pH and gas tension in turkeys. Lee, J.C.; McGrath, C.J.; Leighton, A.R.; Wilson,M.H. *Laboratory Animal Science,* 1988, v. 38 (2), p. 208-210.  ISSN: 0023-6764.

            NAL call no: 410.9 P94

            Descriptors:   barbituates, laboratory animals, blood chemistry, anesthesia, turkeys.

Abstract:   Forty two broad breasted white turkeys aged 4-16 weeks received an i.v. bolus   injection of sodium pentobarbital at 5 mg/kg every 2 minutes until anaesthesia   reached the surgical plane. There was no relationship between age and dosage   rate, which varied between 36.8+2.2 and 42.1+2.9 mg/kg. The mean arterial blood   pressure was reduced in all age groups, with a significant difference from 6   weeks; the heart rate rose significantly at all ages except 4 weeks; these changes   largely obviated age-related differences. There were minimal changes in arterial   pH and hematocrit values but arterial PO2 was significantly decreased   and PCO2 increased. The results are tabulated. 

 

Inefficacy of oral ketamine for chemical restraint in turkeys. Clutton, R.E. *Journal ofWildlife Diseases,* Apr.1988, v. 24 (2), p. 380-381.  ISSN: 0090-3558.

            NAL call no: 41.9 W64B

            Descriptors: turkeys, ketamine, anesthesia, restraint of animals.

 

Introduction to avian anesthesia. Mandelker, L. *Companion Animal Practice,* 1988, v. 2 (6), p.31-32. ISSN: 0894-9794.

            NAL call no: SF981.C64

            Descriptors: Aves, anesthesia, introductory notes.

 

Ketamine-xylazine anesthesia in red-tailed hawks with antagonism by yohimbine. Degernes,L.A.; Kreeger, T.J.; Mandsager, R.; Redig, P.T. *Journal of Wildlife Diseases,* 1988, v. 24(2), p. 322-326.  ISSN: 0090-3558.

            NAL call no: 41.9 W64B

            Descriptors: anesthesia, ketamine/xylazine, yohimbine antagonism, Falconiformes.

Abstract: Five red-tailed hawks (*Buteo jamaicensis*) were anaesthetized at weeklyintervals with intravenous ketamine hydrochloride (KET, 4.4 mg/kg) and xylazinehydrochloride (XYL, 2.2 mg/kg). 20 minutes after anaesthesia, yohimbine hydrochloride(YOH, 0.05, 0.10, 0.20 and 0.40 mg/kg) or a control was administered. All doses of YOHsignificantly reduced the head-up-times and the standing times, compared to the controlgroup. The heart and respiratory rates following YOH (all doses) were significantlygreater than the anaesthetized rates, but were comparable to the rates observed inrestrained, unanaesthetized hawks. Yohimbine did not appear to have any significanteffect of body temperature. Based upon administration of 4.4 mg/kg KET and 2.2 mg/kgXYL, a dose of 0.10 mg/kg YOH was recommended to achieve antagonism withoutcausing profound cardiovascular or respiratory changes.

 

Overview of avian anesthesia. Heard, D.J. *AAV Today,* 1988, v. 2 (2), p. 92-95, ISSN: 0892-9904.

            NAL call no: SF994.A2

            Descriptors: Aves, anesthesia, overview of techniques and methodology.

 

Quality anesthesia in the field. Taylor, M. *AAV Today,* 1988, v. 2 (2), p. 97. ISSN: 0892-9904.

            NAL call no: SF994.A2

            Descriptors:   Gruidae, anesthesia, field use of portable system, *Balearica pavonina,*   birds.
 

 

1987

 

Anesthesia and surgery. Mandelker, L. *Companion Bird Medicine,* Burr, E.W. (ed). Iowa StateUniversity Press, Ames. 1997, i-x. p. 1-247. Chapter pagination: 148-154. 

            NAL call no: SF994.2.A1C66 1987

            Descriptors:   Aves, anesthesia, surgical techniques, range of anesthetics, small birds.

 

Avian anesthesia - A clinical update. Taylor, M. *Proceedings of the First InternationalConference on Zoological and Avian Medicine,*Association of Avian Veterinarians &American Association of Zoo Veterinarians, 1987, p. 1-586. Chapter pagination: 519-524.

            Descriptors: Aves, anesthesia, review.

 

Pain, anesthesia, and analgesia in common laboratory animals. Jan. 1980 through Dec.1986, 514 citations. Gluckstein, Fritz P. *Literature Search no. 86-17*, PHS, NIH,Bethesda, MD (1987) 45 p. 

            NAL call no: Z7994.L3G5

            Descriptors:   laboratory animals, pain, analgesia, bibliography, includes birds.

 

Special considerations for general anesthesia of birds. Carter, Storm A. *Modern VeterinaryPractice,* 1987, v. 68 (6), p. 358-360. ISSN: 0362-8140.

            NAL call no: 41.8 N812

            Descriptors:**Aves, anesthesia, respiratory system, considerations.

 

 

1986

 

[A   contribution to the knowledge or ether general anesthesia of singing birds and   parrots.] Bajric, A.; Ozegovic, T.; Hlubna, D. *Veterinaria* (Sarajevo),   1986, v. 35 (1), p. 119-122. ISSN: 0372-6827. Note: In Serbo-Croatian.

            NAL call no: 41.8 V6494

            Descriptors: Psittaciformes, anesthesia, ether, exposure time, effect.

 

Effect of tolazoline on xylazine-ketamine-induced anesthesia in turkey vultures. Allen, J.L.;Oosterhuis, J.E. *Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association,* 1986, v. 189(9), p. 1011-1012. ISSN: 0003-1488.

            NAL call no: 41.8 AM3

            Descriptors:*Cathartes aura*, anesthesia, xylazine-ketamine, tolazoline, effect.

 

Inhalation anesthesia for captive wild mammals, birds and reptiles. Sedgwick, C.J. *Zoo andWild Animal Medicine,* Fowler, M.E. W.B. Saunders Co. Philadelphia. 1986. i-xxiv, p. 1-1127. Chapter pagination: 51-56.

            NAL call no: SF996.Z66

            Descriptors: Reptilia, Aves, Mammalia, anesthesia, inhalation, review. 

 

Prolonged isoflurane anesthesia in the golden eagle. Clutton, R.E. *Journal of Zoo AnimalMedicine,* 1986, v. 17 (3), p. 103-105. ISSN: 0093-4562.

            NAL call no: SF601.J6

            Descriptors: anesthesia, prolonged use of isoflurane, *Aquila chrysaetos*.

 

Restraint and anesthesia. Fowler, M.E. *Zoo and Wild Animal Medicine,*Fowler, M.E. (ed).W.B. Saunders, Co. Philadelphia. 1986, i-xxiv. p. 1-1127. Chapter pagination: 488-491.

            NAL call no: SF996.Z66

Descriptors:   Psittaciformes, Passeriformes, restraining technique, anesthesia, parrots,   songbirds, review.

 

 

1985

 

Isoflurane-nitrous oxide-oxygen anesthesia in an Andean condor. Bednarski, R.M.; Ludders,J.W.; LeBlanc, P.H.; Pickett, J.P.; Sedgwick, C.J. *Journal of the American VeterinaryMedical Association,* 1985, v. 187 (11), p. 1209-1210. ISSN: 0003-1488.

            NAL call no: 41.8 AM3

            Descriptors:*Vultur gryphus*, anesthesia, isoflurane/nitrous-oxide/oxygen, evaluation.

 

 

1983

 

L'anesthesie   des especes insolites en pratique veterinaire courante. 2. L'anesthesie des   oiseaux. [Anaesthesia of uncommon species in current veterinary practice. 2.   Bird anaesthesia.] Genevois, J.P.; Fayolle, P.; Autefage, A.; Cazieux,   A.; Bonnemaison, P. *Rev. Med. Vet.: Ecole nationale veterinaire de Toulouse,*   Nov. 1983, v. 134 (11), p. 601-607. ISSN: 0035-1555. Note: In French with English,   German and Spanish summaries.

            NAL call no: 41.8 R32

            Descriptors: anesthesia, uncommon species, bird anesthesia.

 

Stimulation-produced analgesia. Wolfle, T.L.; Liebeskind, J.C. *Animal Pain: Perception andAlleviation,* Kitchell, R.L.; Erickson, H.H. (eds). American Physiological Society,Bethesda, MD. 1983, i-x. P. 1-221. Chapter pagination: 107-115.

            NAL call no: QP451.4.A54

            Descriptors: pain, analgesia, brain, sensory reception, nervous system and behavior.

 

 

1982

 

Hypothermia used instead of anesthesia for surgery on nestling passerines. Mueller, N.S.*Journal of Field Ornithology,* 1982, v. 53 (1), p. 60. ISSN: 0273-8570.

            NAL call no: 413.8 B534

Descriptors:   Passeriformes, surgical techniques, nestlings, hypothermia, young animals, temperature   reduction, evaluation.

 

A review of avian anesthesia. Hartsfield, S.M. *Southwestern Veterinarian,* College Station,College of Veterinary Medicine, Texas A & M University, 1982, v. 35 (2), p. 117-126.ISSN: 0038-495X.

            NAL call no: 41.8 SO82

            Descriptors: avian, anesthesia, review.

 

 

1980

 

[Application   of tentatively prepared circuit and accessories to halothane inhalation anesthesia   in small birds.] Yamamura, H. *Journal of the Japan Veterinary Medical   Association,* 1980, v. 33 (5), p. 213-219. ISSN: 0046-6454. Note: In Japanese.

            NAL call no: 41.9 J275

            Descriptors: Aves, anesthesia, halothane inhalation, administration equipment.

 

 

1979

 

Effects of anesthesia on the temperature and electrocardiogram of birds. Altman, R.B.;Miller, M.S. *American Association of Zoo Veterinarians Annual Proceedings,* 1979, p.61-62a.  ISSN: 0095-0610.

            NAL call no: SF605.A4

            Descriptors:   halothane, ketamine, effects on body temperature, anesthesia effects.

 

 

1978

 

[Anesthesia   in birds with metomidate.] Samejima, M.; Sakawa, T. *Journal of the   Japanese Veterinary Medical Association,* May 1978, v. 31 (5), p. 267-271.   ill. ISSN: 0046-6454. Note: In Japanese with an English summary.

            NAL call no: 41.9 J275

            Descriptors: birds, anesthesia, metomidate.

 

Anesthesia in companion birds. Dolphin, R.E. *American Association of Zoo VeterinariansAnnual Proceedings,* 1978, p. 61-62. ISSN: 0095-0610.

            NAL call no: SF605.A4

            Descriptors:   Aves, anesthesia, pet birds.

 

Drugs used for avian anesthesia: A review. Fedde, M.R. *Poultry Science,* 1978, v. 57 (5), p.1376-1399. ISSN: 0032-5791.

            NAL call no: 47.8 AM33P

            Descriptors:   Aves, anasthesia, local and general anesthetics, pharmaceuticals, review.

 

Fowl, quail, pheasants (Galliformes). Restraint and anesthesia. Franchetti, D.R.; Klide, A.M.*Zoo and Wild Animal Medicine,* Fowler, M.E. (ed). W.B. Saunders, Co. Philadelphia.1978, i-xvi. p. 1-951. Chapter pagination: 303-304. 

            NAL call no: SF996.Z66

            Descriptors: Galliformes, restraint, chemical and physical, anesthesia, agents, dosages.

 

An outline guide to general anesthesia in exotic species. Stunkard, J.A.; Miller, J.C. *AuburnVeterinarian,* 1978, v. 34 (2), p. 57-64. ISSN: 0446-6454.

            NAL call no: 41.8 AU1

            Descriptors:   Pisces, amphibia, Reptilia, Aves, anesthesia, birds, review.

 

Perching birds, parrots, cockattos and macaws (psittacines and passerines). Restraint andanesthesia. Franchetti, D.R.; Kilde, A.M. *Zoo and Wild Animal Medicine,* Fowler, M.E.(ed). W.B. Saunders Co., 1978, i-xvi. P. 1-951. Chapter pagination: 359-364.

            NAL call no: SF996.Z66

            Descriptors: restraint, physical and chemical, anesthesia, handling techniques.

**Return to:    Contents**

ANATOMY / PHYSIOLOGY / MORPHOLOGY
 

2003

 

The role of mechanical forces on the patterning of the avian feather bearing skin: A biomechanical analysis of the integumentary musculature in birds. Homberger, D.G.; de Silva, K.N. *Journal of Experimental Zoology: Part B Molecular Development and Evolution,* Aug. 2003, v. 298 (1), p. 123-139.

            NAL call no: 410 J825

            Descriptors: integumentary musculature, smooth muscles, skin.

Abstract: The integumentary musculature of birds consists of three distinct componentss. The smooth musculature comprises feather and apterial muscles, which form a continuous musculo-elastic layer within the dermis. The feather muscles, which consistently include at least erectors and depressors, interconnect contour feathers within pterylae (i.e., feather tracts) along gridlines that are oriented diagonally to the longitudinal and transverse axes of the body. The apterial muscles interconnect pterylae by attaching to the contour feathers along their peripheries. The striated musculature is composes of individual subcutaneous muscles, most of which attach to contour feathers along the caudal periphery of pterylae. A new integrative functional analysis of the integumentary musculature proposes how apterial muscles stabilize the pterylae and modulate the tension of the musculo-elastic layer, and how subcutaneous muscles provide the initial stimulus for erector muscles being able to ruffle the contour feathers within pterylae. It also shows how the arrangement of the contour feathers and integumentary muscles reflects the stresses and strains that act on the avian skin. These mechanical forces are in effect not only in the adult, especially during flight, but may also be active during feather morphogenesis. The avian integument with its complex structural organization may, therefore, represent an excellent model for analyzing the nature of interactions between the environment and genetic material. The predictions of our model are testable, and our study demonstrates the relevance of integrated analyses of complex organs as mechanically coherent systems for evolutionary and developmental biology.

 

 

2002

 

Anatomy. Zucca, P. *Birds of Prey: Health and Diseases,**3rd ed.*Cooper, John E. Blackwell Science Ltd. Oxford, Malden etc. 2002, i-xvii, p. 1-345. Chapter pagination: 13-27. ISBN: 0632051159. 

            NAL call no: SF994.5.C65 2002

            Descriptors: Falconiformes, Strigiformes, anatomy, general morphology, overview.

 

Air sac functional anatomy of the sulphur-crested cockatoo   (*Cacatua galerita*) during isoflurane anesthesia. Jaensch, Susan   M.; Cullen, Len; Raidal, Shane R. *Journal of Avian Medicine and Surgery,*   Mar. 2002, v. 16 (1), p. 2-9. ISSN: 1082-6742.

            NAL call no: SF994.J6

            Descriptors: sedation, respiratory system, air sacs, anaesthesia, gases.

 

Avian anatomy and physiology. Harcourt Brown, N.; Meredith, A.(ed.).; Redrobe, S. *BSAVA Manual of Exotic Pets,* 2002, Ed. 4, p. 138-148. ref. ISBN: 0905214471. 

            NAL call no: SF981.B78 2002

            Descriptors: animal anatomy, physiology, musculoskeletal system.

 

Avian GI tract morphology and diseases. Orosz,   S.E.; Marx, K.L. (ed.); Roston, M.A. *Proceedings of the 23rd Annual   Conference on Avian Medicine and Surgery,**Mid Atlantic States Association   of Avian Veterinarians, Apr. 28-30, 2002,* p. 116-120.

            NAL call no: SF994.M52

            Descriptors: anatomy, aviary birds, digestive tract, morphology.

 

Avian long bones, flight and bipedalism. Casinos, A.; Cubo, J.; Russell, A.P.(ed.); Bels, V. *Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology A: Molecular and Integrative Physiology,* 2002, v. 131 (1), p. 159-167. ref. ISSN: 1095-6433.

            NAL call no: QP1.C6

            Descriptors: bones, flight, locomotion, wings,   phylogeny, bird anatomy, legs.**

 

Comparative anatomy of the paratympanic organ (vitali organ) in the middle ear of birds and non-avian vertebrates: Focus on alligators, parakeets and armadillos. Neeser, Jason A.; von Bartheld, Christopher S. *Brain, Behavior and Evolution,* 2002, v. 60 (2), p. 65-79. Available: www.karger.com/journals/bbe/bbe_ih.htm ISSN: 0006-8977.

Descriptors: lumen, middle ear, sensory system, vestibular brainstem.

Abstract: The paratympanic organ (PTO) in the   middle ear has been described in numerous bird species, but little is known   about the distribution of this presumed lateral line remnant in other vertebrate   classes. Here we provide evidence for a PTO in juvenile alligators, and make   the first detailed description of its location and relation to ligaments in   the reptilian middle ear. The alligator PTO measures about 450 mum in diameter.   The alligator PTO contains hair cells whose cilia extend into a mucous substance   within the lumen. The PTO connects through a ligament to the ear drum, suggesting   that pressure onto the tympanic membrane might induce fluid movement in the   PTO. Labeling of innervating nerve fibers with fluorescent dye, Dil, indicates   that the alligator PTO is connected with the vestibular brainstem. Because all   bird species examined possess a PTO except owls and possibly parakeets, we verified   the absence of a PTO in parakeets by examination of aerial sections combined   with GABA immunolabeling for potential hair cells. Bird species with significant   upper beak movement lack a PTO, suggesting that PTO function is incompatible   with upper beak movement. We also examined the middle ear of an armadillo, a   mammal that has a very basal position within the eutherian phylogenetic tree.   A small vesicle with ciliated cells was found but did not label with a hair-cell   specific marker, antibodies to myosin Vlla, and thus is not likely to represent   a true PTO. Our evidence for a PTO in non-avian species, the alligator, together   with previous reports suggesting the presence of a PTO in some mammals, indicates   that ancestral stem amniotes possessed a PTO, and that the PTO was not a de   novo invention of birds.

 

Comparative histomorphological study on the duodenum of fowl (*Gallus gallus*), duck (*Anas boscas*) and quail (*Cortutnix corturnix*). Partha, Das; Roy, M.M.; Mondal, M. Das, P. *Journal of Interacademicia,* 2002, v. 6 (2), p. 202-205. ref. ISSN: 0971-9016.

Descriptors: duodenum, histology, villi, animal anatomy, species differences.

Abstract: The fowls (n=6), ducks (n=6) and quails (n=6) used in the study were reared up to 8 weeks of age before they were sacrificed. It was observed that the topographic positions of the duodenum in all birds were similar and only the length and diameter varied. Histologically, all 5 layers of the duodenum (tunica serosa, tunica muscularis, tunica submucosa, tunica muscularis and tunica mucosa) were present in fowls, ducks and quails. Villi were found in all layers of the duodenum of the three bird species with a variation again in sizes and shapes. 

 

Composite cellular defence stratagem in the avian respiratory system: Functional morphology of the free (surface) macrophages and specialized pulmonary epithelia. Naganpiep, L.N.; Maina, J.N. *Journal of Anatomy,* 2002, v. 200 (5), p. 499-516. ref. ISSN: 0021-8782.

NAL call no: 447.8 J826

Descriptors: lungs, macrophages, morphology, defence mechanisms, respiratory.

Abstract: Qualitative and quantitative attributes   of the free respiratory macrophages (FRMs) of the lung - air sac systems of   the fowl (*Gallus gallus*variant*domesticus*) and the muscovy duck   (*Cairina moschata*) were compared with those of the alveolar macrophages   of the lung of the black rat (*Rattus rattus*). The birds had significantly   fewer FRMs compared to the rat. In the birds, the FRMs were found in both the   lungs and the air sacs. Under similar experimental conditions, the most robust   FRMs were those of the domestic fowl followed by those of the rat and the duck.   Flux of macrophages onto the respiratory surface from the subepithelial compartment   and probably also from the pulmonary vasculature was observed in the birds but   not in the rat. In the duck and domestic fowl, a phagocytic epithelium that   constituted over 70% of the surface area of the blood-gas (tissue) barrier lines   the atrial muscles, the atria and the infundiblae. The epithelial cells of the   upper respiratory airways contain abundant lysosomes, suggesting a high lytic   capacity. By inference, the various defence strategies in the avian lung may   explain the dearth of FRMs on the respiratory surface. We counter-propose that   rather than arising directly from paucity of FRMs, an aspect that has been over-stressed   by most investigators, the purported high susceptibility of birds (particularly   table birds) to respiratory ailments and afflictions may be explained by factors   such as inadequate management and husbandry practices and severe genetic manipulation   for fast growth and high productivity, manipulations that may have weakened   cellular and immunological defences. 

 

Embryonic development from first cleavage through seventy-two hours incubation in two strains of pekin duck (*Anas platyrhynchos*). Dupuy, V.; Nersessian, B.; Bakst, M.R. *Poultry Science,* 2002, v. 81 (6), p. 860-868. ref. ISSN: 0032-5791.

NAL call no: 47.8 Am33P

Descriptors: cleavage, embryonic development, embryos, incubation.

Abstract: Embryonic mortality is a significant problem plaguing the commercial duck industry worldwide, yet an objective means to stage development of the duck embryo is lacking. Such a staging procedure, which is described in this study, is essential for the critical and reproducible assessment of embryo development. The morphological features associated with duck embryo development are very similar to those of the chicken, although the duck embryo develops more slowly. The staging scheme presented here provides objective morphological criteria describing the embryonic development of the duck.

 

The histological observations   on the large intestine of the goose (*Anser anser*) during the pre- and   post-hatching periods. Liman, N.; Asian, S.; Gulmez, N. *Journal of   Veterinary Medical Science,* 2002, v. 64 (8), p. 705-709. ref. ISSN: 0916-7250.

NAL call no: SF604.J342

Descriptors: animal anatomy, caecum, colon, histology, large intestine.

Abstract: The development of the caecum and colon in the goose was investigated using light microscopy during the period from the 15th to 28th day of incubation and from 1 - 30 d of age after hatching. By day 15 of incubation in the caecum and colon, the lumen was surrounded by pseudostratified epithelium. The previllous ridges appeared on the 15th and 17th d of incubation in the colon and caeca, respectively. At the base of the previllous ridges, the epithelium changed into a simple prismatic epithelium on the 15th and 17th d of incubation in the colon and caecum respectively. The villi appeared at the 21st d of incubation. The crypts and goblet cells appeared on the 1st d after hatching. In the prehatching period, the lamina muscularis mucosa was present only in the colon. The submucosa consisted of loosely aggregated connective tissue in the prehatching period. In the posthatching period, it consisted of a very thin layer of connective tissue. Its presence was only obvious where the cells of the submucosal nerve plexus or occasional large blood vessels considerably increased its thickness. The nerve plexus corresponding to the Auerbach’s plexus of the mammalian intestine and submucosal nerve plexus appeared by the 15th d of incubation. From the 15th to 28th d of incubation, the tunica muscularis consisted of circular smooth muscle cells in the caeca. On the 28th day of incubation, a thinner longitudinal muscle layer was added to the circular smooth muscle layer. In the colon, there was an outer longitudinal and a thicker circular muscle layer. 

 

Kinematic parameters of   terrestrial locomotion in cusorial (ratites), swimming (ducks), and striding   birds (quail and guinea fowl). Abourachid, A.; Russell, A.P.(ed.); Bels,   V. *Symposium from ESCPB Congress, Liege, Belgium, Jul 24-28, 2000*.   *Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology A: Molecular and Integrative Physiology,*   2002, v. 131 (1), p. 113-119. ref. ISSN: 1095-6433.

NAL call no: QP1.C6

Descriptors: kinematics, locomotion, morphology, poultry.

 

Macro-anatomical investigations on sternum in bald ibis. Dursun, Nejdet; Duzler, Ayhan; Bozkurt, Ermine Uman; Ozcan, Ozgel. *Indian Veterinary Journal,* Feb. 2002, v. 79 (2), p. 160-165. ref. ISSN: 0019-6479.

NAL call no: SF601.I45

Descriptors: sternum, gross anatomy, skeletal system, birds.

Abstract: The sternum of Bald ibis is formed by three main parts; corpus sterni, rostrum sterni and carina sterni. The cranial border of the corpus sterni (margo cranialis sterni) carries six important structures. Three eminent processes form the processus caudolateralis sterni on the caudal border of the corpus sterni (margo caudalis sterni). Facies visceralis sterni (facies dorsalis-facies interna) is a concave surface in contact with internal organs. There are 15-20 orifices called “pori pneumatic” on this surface. Carina sterni is a sharp and high process lying on the median plane of the facies ventralis sterni. Anatomy of the sternum in Bald ibis has suggested that they are stronger and longer flying birds.

 

Measurement of the cardiac silhouette in psittacines. Straub, J.; Pees, M.; Krautwald-Junghanns, M.E. *Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association,* 2002, v. 221 (1), p. 76-79. ref. ISSN: 0003-1488.

NAL call no: 41.8 AM3

Descriptors: animal anatomy, heart, normal values, sternum, thorax.

Abstract: Objective: to determine reference values for size of the radiographic cardiac silhouette in healthy adult medium-sized psittacines. Design: Prospective case series. Animals: 46 African grey parrots (*Psittacus erythacus*), 7 Senegal parrots (*Poicephalus senegalus*), and 6 orange-winged Amazon parrots (*Amazona amazonica*). Procedure: Birds were anaesthetized, and ventodorsal radiographic projections were obtained. Maximum width of the cardiac silhouette, width of the thorax at the level of the maximum width of the cardiac silhouette, and width of the coracoid were measured on the radiographs. Sternum length was directly measured on individual birds. Results of physical examination, electrocardiography, and echocardiography were normal in all birds. Results: Mean cardiac silhouette width-to-sternum length ratio was 38%, mean cardiac silhouette width-to-thorax width ratio was 55%, and mean cardiac silhouette width-to-coracoid width ratio was 600%. Width of the cardiac silhouette was strongly correlated with length of the sternum, width of the coracoid, and width of the thorax. No significant differences between species were detected. Conclusions and Clinical Relevance: Results suggest that in healthy adult medium-sized psittacines, the cardiac silhouette on a ventrodorsal radiographic projection should be 35 to 41% of the length of the sternum, 51 to 61% of the width of the thorax, and 545 to 672% of the width of the coracoid.

 

Morphology and distribution of nitrergic neurons in the pheasant small intestine. Schmidtova, K.; Kocisova, M.; Sirotakova, M. *Folia Veterinaria,* 2002, v. 46 (1), p. 8-10. ref. ISSN: 0015-5748.

NAL call no: 41.8 F712

Descriptors: histochemistry, ilium, morphology, neurons, small intestine.

 

Morphometry of the heart of budgerigars (*Melopsittacus undulatus*), Alisterus parrots (*Alisterus scapularis*) and common buzzards (*Buteo buteo*). Straub, J.; Valerius, K.P.; Pees, M.; Krautwald-Junghanns, M.E. *Research in Veterinary Science,* Apr. 2002, v. 72 (2), p. 147-151. ref. ISSN: 0034-5288.

NAL call no: 41.8 R312

Descriptors: heart, morphology, normal values, ventricles, species differences.

Abstract: This study was conducted to establish data and reference values for the thickness of the myocardium and the length of the left and the right ventricle of the avian heart. The hearts of 14 budgerigars (*Melopsittacus undulatus*), 5 Alisterus parrots (*Alisterus scapularis*) (also known as Australian king parrot), and 10 common buzzards (*Buteo buteo*) of both sexes were examined according to a standard protocol. In order to compare the results of birds of different sizes, all data were related to the size of the bird’s body (length of the sternum) and the results of the measurements of the myocardial thickness in relation to the length of the heart. Results of different zones were compared by means of statistical methods within one species. A comparison between the different species was also performed. With regard to the relative thickness of the myocardium, only minor differences between the species were evident, greater differences were found in the length of ventricles. 

 

Organization of the avian basal forebrain: Chemical anatomy in the parrot (*Melopsittacus undulatus*). Roberts, Todd Freeman; Hall, William Sterling; Brauth, Steven Earle. *Journal of Comparative Neurology,* Dec. 23, 2002, v. 454 (4), p. 383-408. ISSN: 0021-9967.

NAL call no: QP351.J68

Descriptors: biochemistry, chemical anatomy, laboratory techniques.

Abstract: Hodological, electrophysiological, and ablation studies indicate a role for the basal forebrain in telencephalic vocal control, however, to date the organization of the basal forebrain has not been extensively studied in any nonmammal or nonhuman vocal learning species. To this end the chemical anatomy of the avian basal forebrain was investigated in a vocal learning parrot, the budgerigar (*Melopsittacus undulatus*). Immunological and histological stains, including choline acetyltransferase, acetylcholinesterase, tyrosine hydroxylase, dopamine and cAMP-regulated phosphoprotein (DARPP)-32, the calcium binding proteins calbindin D-28k and parvalbumin, calcitonin gene-related peptide, iron, substance P, methionine enkephalin, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphotase diaphorase, and argenine vasotocin were used in the present study. We concluded that the ventral paleostriatum (cf. Kitt and Brauth (1981) Neuroscience 6:1551-1556) and adjacent archistriatal regions can be subdivided into several distinct subareas that are chemically comparable to mammalian basal forebrain structures. The nucleus accumbens is histochemically separable into core and shell regions. The nucleus taeniae (TN) is theorized to be homologous to the medial amygdaloid nucleus. The archistriatum pars ventrolateralis (Avl: comparable to the pigeon archistriatum pars dorsalis) is theorized to be a possible homologue of the central amygdaloid nucleus. The TN and Avl are histochemically continuous with the medial aspects of the bed nucleua of the stria teminalis nucleus and ventromedial striatum, forming an avian analogue of the extended amygdala. The apparent counterpart in budgerigars of the mammalian nucleus basalis of Meynert consists of a field of cholinergic neurons spanning the basal forebrain. The budgerigar septal region is theorized to be homologous as a field to the mammalian septum. Our results are discussed with regard to both the evolution of the basal forebrain and its role in vocal learning processes.

 

Skeleton of manus of adult greater adjutant stork (*Leptoptilos dubius*). Sarma, Munmun; Kalita, Arup; Sarma, Kushal Konwar. *Indian Journal of Animal Science,* Nov. 2002, v. 72 (11), p. 965-966. ISSN: 0367-8318.

NAL call no: 41.8 IN22

Descriptors: skeletal system, movement, Aves,   bird anatomy.

 

Studies on the fine structure of caeca in domestic geese. Chen, YiengHow; Hsu, Hoang Kao; Hsu, Jenn Chung; Chen, Y.H.; Hsu, H.K.; Hsu J.C. *Asian Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences,* 2002, v. 15 (7), p. 1018-1021. ref. ISSN: 1011-2367.

NAL call no: SF55.A78A7

Descriptors: animal anatomy, poultry, villi,   tissue ultrastructure, geese, caecum.

Abstract: The objective of this study was to investigate the villus distribution in the caeca of domestic geese based on the fine structure. The caeca of White roman geese, 14 weeks old, were sampled and specimens were detected under photomicroscope and scanning electron microscope (SEM). The results indicated that the villi existed at the proximal caecum. The morphologies of these villi showed finger-like, peak-like or tongue-like shapes. The heights of the villi decreased far from the proximal caecum. No villi were found in the middle and distal caecum. It was obvious that the proximal segment was the main portion for absorbing food nutrients in the caeca. The caecal content particles were small and possessed a viscid character. The larger particles filtered out at the proximal caecum just like a mesh. The surface of the middle caecum exhibited parallel ridges with no villi. There were band plicae circular shapes found in the middle caecum under electron microscopy.

 

Topographische Anatomie   der Hintergliedmasse beim Maussard *Buteo butero*Linne, 1758 [Topographical   anatomy of the back nerves of the common buzzard (*Buteo buteo*Linne,   1758).] Rinck, M.*,* 2002, 77 p. ref. Note: In German.**

*            *Descriptors: anatomy, arteries, limbs, muscles, pelvis, peripheral nerves, veins.

 

 

2001

 

The arterial supply of Meckel’s diverticulum in geese (*Anser anser domesticus*). Besoluk, K.; Eken, E. *Journal of Veterinary Medical Science,* 2001, v. 63 (12), p. 1343-1345. ref. ISSNL 0916-7250.

NAL call no: SF604.J342

Descriptors: geese anatomy, arteries, blood circulation,   reference works.

Abstract: The following study was carried out to describe the arterial supply of Meckel’s diverticulum (MD) in geese, using 36 adult healthy geese of both sexes, 50 to 52 weeks of age. The arterial supply of MD was classified into three types. In the first type, MD was supplied by a very distinct branch from the cranial mesenteric artery in 21 geese. In the second type, it was supplied by one terminal branch from the cranial mesenteric artery in nine geese. In the third type, it was supplied by one branch from the jejunal artery and by a terminal branch from the cranial mesenteric artery in six geese. Based on these types, significant differences (P-0.01) in the length of MD were found between type I and II. The blood supply of the third type was observed more frequently in the male than in the female. Results from this study may contribute to the anatomical knowledge of arterial supply of MD in the geese.

 

Avian anatomy: From the basics to new perspectives. Berkhoudt, Herman; Suthers, Roderick A.; Zweers, Gart A. *Journal of Morphology,* Jun. 2001, v. 248 (3), p. 207. ISSN: 0362-2525. Also, *Netherlands Journal of Zoology,* Jun. 2001, v. 51 (2), p. 125-262. ISSN: 0028-2960.

NAL call no: 444.8 J826 and 410 AR27

Descriptors: Aves, skeletal system, anatomy, comparative anatomy, functional anatomy.

 

Avian tracheal anatomy. Lafortune, M.; Black, S. *Exotic DVM,* 2001, v. 3 (2), p. 4-5. ref. ISSN: 1521-1363.

NAL call no: SF981.E96

Descriptors: animal anatomy, species differences, trachea.

 

[Biomechanics of flight   of the birds.] Eren, G. *Veteriner Fakultesi Anatomi Anabilim Dali,*Bursa, Turkey. 2001, v. 19 (1-2), p. 199-203. ref. ISSN: 1301-3173. Note:   In Turkish.

Descriptors: anatomy, biophysics, flight, wings.

 

Clinical avian anatomy: The pelvic limb of raptors. Harcourt-Brown, N. *Journal of Morphology,* Jun. 2001, v. 248 (3), p. 239. ISSN: 0362-2525.

NAL call no: 444.8 J826

Descriptors: skeletal system, support, birds of prey, pelvic limb, gross anatomy.

 

Comparative morphology of the gastrointestinal tract in raptorial birds. Bragulla, Hermann; Hirschberg, Ruth; Heidbrink, Stefanie. *Journal of Morphology,* Jun. 2001, v. 248 (3), p. 209. ISSN: 0362-2525.

NAL call no: 444.8 J826

Descriptors: digestive system, comparative morphology, stomach. 

 

Comparative ultrastructure and cytochemistry of the avian pineal organ. Fejer, Z.; Rohlich, P.; Szel, A.; David, O.; Zadori, A.; Manzano, M.J.; Vigh, B. *Microscopy Research and Technique,* 2001, v. 53 (1), p. 12-24. ref. ISSN: 1059-910X.

NAL call no: QH212.E4J69

Descriptors: brain, cytochemistry, histology, pineal body.

Abstract: The breeding of birds is expected to solve problems of nourishment for the growing population. The function of the pineal organ synchronizing sexual activity and environmental light periods is important for successful reproduction. Comparative morphology of the avian pineal completes data furnished by experiments on some frequently used laboratory animals about the functional organization of the organ. According to comparative histological data, the pineal of vertebrates is originally a double organ (the “third and fourth eye”). One of them often lies extracranially, perceiving direct solar radiation, and the other, located intracranially, is supposed to measure diffuse brightness of the environment. Birds have only a single pineal, presumably originating from the intracranial pineal of lower vertebrates. Developing from the epithalamus, the avian pineal organ histologically seems not to be a simple gland(“pineal gland”)but a complex part of the brain composed of various pinealocytes and neurons that are embedded in an ependymal/glial network. In contrast to organs of “directional view” that develop large photoreceptor outer segments (retina, parietal pineal eye of reptiles) in order to decode two-dimensional images of the environment, the “densitometer” like pineal organ seems to increase their photoreceptor membrane content by multiplying the number of photoreceptor perikarya and developing follicle-like foldings of its wall during evolution (“folded retina”). Photoreceptor membranes of avian pinealocytes can be stained by antibodies against various photoreceptor-specific compounds, among others, opsins, including pineal opsins. Photoreseptors immunoreacting with antibodies to chicken pinopsin were also found in the reptilian pineal organ. Similar to cones and rods representing the first neurons of the retina in the lateral eye, pinealocytes of birds possess an axonal effector process which terminates on the vascular surface of the organ as a neurohormonal ending, or forms ribbon-containing synapses on pineal neurons. Serotonin is detectable immunocytochemically on the granular vesicles accumulated in neurohormonal terminals. Pinealocytic perikarya and axon terminals also bind immunocytochemically recognizable excitatory amino acids. Peripheral autonomic fibres regulate the blood supply of the pineal tissue according to the different levels of light-dependent pineal cell activity.

 

Comparative view of pineal gland morphology of nocturnal and diurnal birds of tropical origin. Haldar, C.; Bishnupuri, K.S. *Microscopy Research and Technique,*2001, v. 53 (1), p. 25-32. ref. ISSN: 1059-910X.

NAL call no: QH212.E4J69

Descriptors: brain, morphology, organelles, pineal body, ultrastructure.

 

Functional morphology of   the pecten oculi in the nocturnal spotted owl (*Bubo bubo africanus*),   and the diurnal black kite (*Milvus migrans*) and domestic fowl (*Gallus   gallus*var.*domesticus*):A comparative study. Klama, S.G.;   Maina, J.N.; Bhattacharjee, J.; Weyrauch, K.D. *Journal of Zoology,* 2001,   v. 254 (4), p. 521-528. ref. ISSN: 0952-8369.

NAL call no: QL1.J68

Descriptors: blood vessels, eyes, morphology,   surface area, uses, chickens.

 

Histological and histochemical studies on the lingual, preglottal and laryngeal salivary glands of the Japanese quail (*Coturnix coturnix japonica*) at post-hatching period. Liman, N.; Bayram, G.; Kocak, M. *Anatomia, Histologia, Embryologia,* 2001, v. 30 (6), p. 367-373. ref. ISSN: 0340-2096. 

NAL call no: SF761.Z4

Descriptors: animal anatomy, histochemistry, histology, salivary glands.

 

Histological and histochemical studies of ureter of Japanese quail (*Coturnix coturnix japonica*). Sreeranjini, A.R.; Lyyanagar, M.P.; Gopinath, S. *Indian Journal of Poultry Science,* 2001, v. 36 (2), p. 210-211. ref. ISSN: 0019-5529.

NAL call no: SF481.I5

Descriptors: animal anatomy, histology, morphology, ureter, ultrastructure.

 

The intermesenteric plexus in the pigeon (*Columba livia GM*). Kuder, T.; Nowak, E.; Szczurkowski, A. *Anatomia, Histologia, Embryologia,* Apr. 2001, v. 30 (2), p. 85-88. ISSN: 0340-2096.

NAL call no: SF761.Z4

Descriptors:*Columba livia*, nerve plexuses, intermesenteric plexus, histology.

Abstract: Using the thiocholine method and histological techniques the intermesenteric plexus of the pigeon was studied. The intermesenteric plexus of this species is a plexo-ganglionic structure with several (five to seven) ganglia and nerve fibres. The ganglia have an oval-, spindle- or star-like shape. Single nerve cells along the nerve fibres were observed. The intermesenteric plexus of the pigeon is situated on the ventrolateral surface of the aorta, between the cranial mesenteric artery and caudal mesenteric artery. The connections between the intermesenteric and other vegetative plexuses (coeliac plexus, mesenteric inferior plexus) and the pelvic nerve were observed. 

 

In vivo magnetic resonance imaging of the reproductive organs in a passerine bird species. Czisch, Michael; Berthold, Peter. *Journal of Avian Biology,* Sept. 2001, v. 32 (3), p. 278-281. ISSN: 0908-8857.

Descriptors: in vivo magnetic resonance imaging, reproductive system, Aves.

Abstract: For researchers working on the reproductive anatomy of birds, the standard tool has been the scalpel. We demonstrated that magnetic resonance imaging allows us to study non-invasively the testes and ovaries of small birds. Thus, repeated measurements of the same individual can be obtained at different life-history stages or before and after experimental treatment with a minimum of harm done to the birds. We present cross-sectional images of male and female Garden Warblers Sylvia born at different stages of their gonadal maturation cycle to illustrate the high resolution that can be achieved through MRI. Volumetric analyses enabled us to determine the total testicular volume with high accuracy.

 

Localization of acetylated tubulin positive nerve fibres in the spleen of pheasants. Marettova, E.; Maretta, M.; Schmidtova, K. *Acta Veterinaria Beograd,* 2001, v. 51 (5-6), p. 291-298. ref. ISSN: 0567-8315.

Descriptors: animal anatomy, immune system, localization, neurons, spleen.

 

Observations on the histological structure of adrenal glands of quail with reference to age and sex. Ali, M.A. *Assiut Veterinary Medical Journal,* 2001, v. 45 (90), p. 1-13. ref. ISSN: 1012-5973. 

NAL call no: SF604.A77

Descriptors: adrenal cortex, adrenal glands, histology, cell structure.

Abstract: The study was conducted to determine the histological changes in the adrenal gland of quails as a result of age and sex. The adrenal glands of 75 Japanese quails of both sex, but different age groups (one day to 7 months) were removed, stained, and subjected to electron microscopic examination. The parenchyma of adrenal gland was formed from acidophilic and basophilic cells intermingled with each other and separated by blood sinasoids. The acidophilic and basophilic cells represented the cortical and medullary tissues, respectively. The peripheral cortical cells were arranged in clumps forming loops against the capsule and were large, polyhedral to columnar in shape and with highly vacuolated, lightly acidophilic cytoplasm containing few acid fucshin positive granules. In contrast, the inner cords were large, columnar, less vacuolated, and had a more acidophilic cytoplasm containing numerous acid fucshin granules. Two types of medullary cells could be differentiated according to affinity of their cytoplasm to the stain, cells with deeply stained and lightly stained basophilic cytoplasmic granules. EM examination showed that cortical cells could be classified into two types based on the amount of lipid droplets and mitochondria, cells containing numerous lipid droplets with few large globular mitochondria, and those containing few lipid droplets with numerous smaller globular mitochondria. Medullary cells could also be classified into two types based on the shape of their secretory granules, cells containing homogenous, electron dense secretory granules and those containing secretory granules forming an electron dense core surrounded by a hallow-electron lucent coat. Sex had no effect on the development of adrenal glands in quail. However, with the advancement of age, the cortical cells became more vacuolated and less acidophilic. Moreover, some cells showed pyknotic nuclei and cytolysis.

 

Osteopathy of the pectoral and pelvic limbs including pentadactyly in a young kestrel (*Falco t. tinnunculus*). Frey, Roland; Albert, Regina; Krone, Oliver; Liez, Michael. *Journal fuer Ornithologie,* Jul. 2001, v. 142 (3), p. 335-366. ISSN: 0021-8375.

Descriptors: skeletal musculature, osteopathy, anatomy and possible causes.

 

Radiographic anatomy of the thoraco-abdominal cavity of the ostrich (*Struthio camelus*). Wagner, W.M.; Kirberger, R.M.; Groenwald, H.B. *Journal of the South African Veterinary Association,* 2001, v. 72 (4), p. 203-208. ref. ISSN: 0038-2809.

NAL call no: 41.9 SO12

Descriptors: abdominal cavity, anatomy, radiography,   thoracic cavity, standard procedures.

 

Radiographic anatomy of the thoraco-abdominal cavity in ostriches (*Struthio camelus*). Wagner, W.M.; Kirberger, R.M.; Groenewald, H.B. *Veterinary Radiology and Ultrasound,* Mar./Apr. 2001, v. 42 (2), p. 175-176. ISSN: 1058-8183. Also: *Journal of the South African Veterinary Association,* 2001, v.72 (4), p. 203-208. ref. ISSN: 0038-2809.

NAL call no: SF757.8.A4 and 41.8 SO12

Descriptors: radiographic anatomy, abdomen, Aves, radiology, imaging method.

 

Radiography of the thoraco-abdominal cavity of the ostrich *(Struthio camelus*). Wagner, Wencke M.; Kirberger, Robert M. *Veterinary Radiology and Ultrasound,* Mar./Apr. 2001, v. 42 (2), p. 134-140. ISSN: 1058-8183. 

NAL call no: SF757.8.A4

Descriptors: radiography, diagnostic method, six frame technique, three frame technique.

Abstract: A standard radiographic procedure was developed for the thoraco-abdominal cavity of female non-breeding ostriches. Positioning, collimation, centering and a technique chart were defined to give reproducible and consistently good quality radiographs. Radiographs were obtained from one adult ostrich cadaver, two adult female ostriches as well as two growing ostriches at various stages. A 6-frame technique was established for lateral views taking the topographic tissue distribution into consideration and using easily palpable landmarks as centering points. Standing true right lateral radiographs are recommended for standard procedures. For dorsoventral exposures a 3-frame technique in the recumbent ostrich was found to be optimal. Birds should be fasted if possible. A technique chart for lateral exposure is provided.

 

The renal structure from fishes to birds. Ditrich, H. *Vertebrate Functional Morphology: Horizon of Research in the 21st Century,* Dutta, Heran M.; Datta, Munshi, J.S.; (eds). Science Publishers, Inc. Enfield & Plymouth. 2001. i-xii. 1-487 p. Chapter pagination: 343-364. ref. ISBN: 1578080983.

NAL call no: QL805 V47 2001

Descriptors: vertebrata, kidney, renal structure,   comparative functional anatomy.

 

Scanning electron microscopic study on the vascular supply of the dove adrenal gland. Nasu, T.; Morimoto, M. *Japanese Poultry Science,* 2001, v. 38 (1), p. 28-34. ref. ISSN: 0029-0254. 

NAL call no: 47.8 N57

Descriptors: anatomy, arteries, blood flow, portal vein, electron microscopy.

 

Some anatomical and morphometric studies on the esophagus and stomach of goose, turkey, sparrow, kestrel, hoopoe, owl and darter. Hassouna, E.M.A. *Assiut Veterinary Medical Journal,* 2001, v. 44 (88), p. 21-46. ref. ISSN: 1012-6973.

NAL call no: SF604.A77

Descriptors: animal anatomy, oesophagus, stomach,   morphometrics, weight, comparative study.

 

Some anatomical and morphometric studies on the intestinal tract of chicken, duck, turkey, pigeon, dove, quail, sparrow, heron, jackdaw, hoopoe, kestrel and owl. Hassouna, E.M.A. *Assiut Veterinary Medical Journal,* 2001, v. 44 (88), p. 47-78. ref. ISSN: 1012-5973.

NAL call no: SF604.A77

Descriptors: digestive tract, morphometrics,   poultry comparative study.

Abstract: Similar to that of mammals the intestinal tract of birds can be differentiated into two main divisions: small intestine and large intestine. The small intestine can also be subdivided morphologically into; duodenum, jejunum and ileum. However, there are many differences between the large intestine of birds and that of mammals. The large intestine of birds consisted of two caeca, short single colon, and short rectum open in the cloaca. In relation to the body; the absolute value of the intestinal length was about (3.6-0.8) time that of the total body length in goose and hoopoe respectively. However, the absolute value of the intestinal length was about (11.5-3.2) time that of the total length of the body cavity in duck and hoopoe. The absolute value of the intestinal weight equal to (0.1-0.1) that of the total body weight in goose and hoopoe. The length and weight of the small intestine varied between the different species of birds. The mean relative value of the length of the small intestine to the total intestinal length ranged between (96.5% in dove-82% in hoopoe). While the mean relative value of the weight of the small intestine to the total intestinal weight ranged between (95% in dove-38.4% in owl). However, that for the large intestine measured about (18.3% in hoopoe-3.5% in dove). On the other hand, the mean relative value of the weight of the large intestine to the total intestinal weight constituted about (61.6% in owl-5.3% in dove). The length of the duodenal loop and its parts as well as its shape and extension varied along the examined birds. Concerning the mean percentage of the duodenal length to the total length of the small intestine it was observed that the highest one was noticed in the owl (29.4%) while the lowest one was presented in turkey (10.2%). In all examined bird species the jejunum was the longest part of the small intestine. Its shape and arrangement was differed in different examined birds. Concerning the highest mean percentage of the jejunal length to the total length of the small intestine observed in turkey (83.4%) while the lowest one was present in dove (67%). The ileum lied between the two caeca. Its length was nearly the same length of the caeca in chicken, turkey, goose, duck, and quail. In birds with very short caecum; pigeon, dove, sparrow, kestrel, heron and jackdaw or without caecum as hoopoe; the ileum could be demarcated by the supraduodenal loop of the jejunum. The mean percentage of the length of the ileum to the total length of the small intestine revealed that the highest percentage was in dove (17.6%) and the lowest one was in chicken (2.7%). In all examined bird species there were two caeca, except hoopoe which had no caecum as well as that of heron and kestrel which had only one caecum. The two caeca appeared as short bud in pigeon, sparrow, dove, and jackdaw. While in chicken, duck, goose, turkey, quail and owl they were long cylindrical expansions, with rounded apex in quail, duck and goose; ampullated sac with rounded end in owl. In heron and kestrel the caecum was in the form of finger like projection. The shape of the colon differed among the examined birds. It was very short dilated sac in jackdaw and kestrel; long tube with the same caliber along its length in duck, goose, turkey, quail, dove, and heron. In hoopoe it was in the form of a sac like dilatation. The mean percentage of the length of the colon to the total length of the large intestine reached its highest value (78.3%) in goose and its lowest one (14.3%) in jackdaw. The mean percentage of the weight of the colon to the total weight of the large intestine reached its highest percentage in jackdaw (88%) and its lowest one in quail (7.1%). 

 

Some morphological and morphometrical studies on the liver and biliary duct system in goose, turkey, dove, sparrow, jackdaw, hoopoe, owl and darter. Hassouna, E.M.A.; Zayed, A.E. *Assiut Veterinary Medical Journal,* 2001, v. 44 (88), p. 1-20. ref. ISSN: 1012-5973.

NAL call no: SF604.A77

Descriptors: bile ducts, length, liver, morphology, morphometrics, weight.

 

[A study of the gastric   blood vessels of the ring-necked pheasant.] Zhang, De Lu; Liu, Zuo Jun.   *Chinese Journal of Zoology,* Apr. 20, 2001, v. 36 (2), p. 11-15. ISSN:   0250-3263. Note: In Chinese.

NAL call no: QL1.T8

Descriptors: blood vessels, stomach, anatomy, proventriculus, digestive system.

 

Three-dimensional kinematics of skeletal elements in avian prokinetic and rhynchokinetic skulls determines by Roentgen stereophogrammetry. Gussekloo, Sander W.S.; Vosselman, M. George; Bout, Ron G. *Journal of Experimental Biology,* May 2001, v. 204 (10), p. 1735-1744. ISSN: 0022-0949. 

NAL call no: 442.8 B77

Descriptors:*Struthio*, *Rhea*, *Dromaius*, skull, skull-skeletal elements, morphology.

Abstract: Several different types of cranial kinesis are present within modern birds, enabling them to move (part of) the upper bill relative to the braincase. This movement of the upper bill results from movement of the quadrate and the pterygoid-palatine complex (PPC). The taxon Palaeognathae is characterised by a very distinct PPC and a special type of cranial kinesis (central kinesis) that is very different from that found in the Neognathae. This has led some authors to hypothesis that there is a functional relationship between the morphology of the PPC and the type of cranial kinesis. This hypothesis is tested here by analysing the movement pattern of both the upper bill and the PPC in birds with three different types of cranial kinesis: prokinesis, distal rhynchokinesis and central rhynchokinesis. Movement patterns were determined using a Roentgen stereophotogrammetry method, which made it possible to detect very small displacements (0.5mm) of bony elements in three dimensions, while the jaw muscles and ligaments remained intact. We found that in all types of kinesis investigated the movements of the quadrate, jugal bars and PPC are similar. Movement of the quadrate is transferred to the upper beak by the jugal bar and the PPC, which moves almost exclusively forwards, thereby elevating or depressing the upper bill. The differences between the types of kinesis lie only in the position of the point of rotation. These findings indicate that there is no correlation between the specific morphology of the PPC and the type of cranial kinesis. Several other factors, including the external forces applied during food acquisition, may influence the morphology of the PPC. Differences in PPC morphology therefore appear to be the result of different functional demands acting on the system simultaneously but with different strengths, depending on the species.

 

Transcutaneous ultrasonography of the coelomic viscera of the ostrich (*Struthio camelus*). Wagner, W.M.; Kirbeger, R.M. *Veterinary Radiology and Ultrasound,* 2001, v. 42 (6), p. 546-552. ref. ISSN: 1058-8183.

NAL call no: SF757.8.A4

Descriptors: animal anatomy, imagery, ultrasonography,   female animals.

 

2000

 

Advances in anatomy, embryology and cell biology*.* Bozhilova, Pastirova A.; Ovtscharoff, W. *Advances in Anatomy, Embryology and Cell Biology,*2000, 155 p. i-vi; p.1-88. ISSN: 0301-5556.

NAL call no: QP361.H45

Descriptors: glial cells, nervous system, inferior olivary complex.

Abstract: The inferior olivary complex is one of the precerebellar nuclei. This monograph presents an anatomical study of the inferior olivary complex in several submammalian and mammalian species, including humand, in order to provide new information and morphometric data about the normal structure of the olivary neurons and glial cells using light microscopy, electron microscopy, freeze-etching, histochemistry, and immunohistochemistry. The species studied were carp (*Cyprinus carpio*), frog (*Rana temporaria*), lizards (*Lacerta muralis*), tortoise (*Testudo graeca*), pigeons (*Columba livia*), Sprague Dawley and Wistar rats, ground squirrels (*Citellus citellus*), cats (*Felis domestica*), and 14 human brain stems. Electron micrographs, photomicrographs, graphs, diagrams, and line drawings illustrate the text. References and a subject index are provided

 

Anatomy and histochemistry of flight muscles in a wing-propelled diving bird, the Atlantic puffin, *Fratercula arctica*. Kovacs, Christopher E.; Meyers, Ron A. *Journal of Morphology,* May, 2000, v.244 (2), p. 109-125. ISSN: 0362-2525.

NAL: call no: 444.8 J826

Descriptors: Aves, muscular system, anatomy, histochemistry.

Abstract: Twenty-three species within the avian family Alcidae are capable of wing propelled flight in the air and under water.. Alcids have been viewed as Northern Hemisphere parallels to penguins, and have often been studied to see if their underwater flight comes at a cost, compromising their aerial flying ability. We examined the anatomy and histochemistry of select wing muscles (Mm. pectoralis, supracoracoideus, latissimus dorsi caudalis, coracobrachialis, triceps scapularis, and scapulo humeralis caudalis) from Atlantic puffins (*Fratercula arctica*) to assess if the muscle fiber types reveal the existence of a compromise associated with “duel-medium” flight. Pectoralis was found to be proportional in size with that of nondiving species, although the supracoracoideus was proportionally larger in puffins. Muscle fiber types were largely aerobic in both muscles, with two distinct fast-twitch types demonstrable: a smaller, aerobic, moderately glycolytic population (FOg), and a larger, moderately aerobic, glycolytic population (FoG). The presence of these two fiber types in the primary flight muscles of puffins suggests that aerial and underwater flight necessitate a largely aerobic fiber complement. We suggest that alcids do not represent an adaptive compromise, but a stable adaptation for wing-propelled locomotion both in the air and underwater.

 

Anatomical and physiological properties of the ventral nucleus of the lateral geniculate of the pigeon (*Columba livia*). Mpodozis, J.; Letelier, J.C.; Marin, G.; Cecchi, C.; Henny, P.; Madrid, C.; Morales, D.; Sentis, E.; Karten, H.*Journal of Physiology, Cambridge,* Feb. 2000, (532p.): 50p. ISSN: 0022-3751. 

NAL call no: 447.8 J82

Descriptors: Aves, Columbiformes, visual system, anatomy.

 

[Anatomization and identification   of ostrich hind limb muscle.] Chow, H.M.; Huang, Y.S.; Hong, W.S. *Report   of the Taiwan Sugar Research Institute (TSRI),* 2000, No. 169, p. 31-49.   ref. ISSN: 0257-5493. Note: In Chinese.

NAL call no: 65.9 F76R

Descriptors: animal anatomy, limbs, muscles.

Abstract: This study focuses on anatomizing the ostrich hind limb muscles and identifying their location, shape, weight, origin and insertion. These individual muscles were divided into preacetabular muscles (including M. iliotibialis cranialis and M. ambians); acetabular muscles (including M. iliofemoralis externus, M. iliotrochantericus cranialis, M. iliofemoralis internus and M. iliotrochantericus caudalis); femoral muscles (including M. femerotibialis externus, M. femerotibialis medius, M. femerotibialis accessotius, M. femerotibialis internus); postacetabular muscles (including M. iliotibialis lateralis, M. iliofibularis, M. iliofemoralis, M. flexor crurislateralis, M. flexor cruris medialis, M. pubo-ischio femoralis, M. pectineus, M. ishiofemoralis, M. obturatorius medialis and M. obturatorius lateralis) and lower leg muscles (including M. gastrocnemius, pars internus, M. gastrocnemius, pars externus, M. peroneus longus, flexor, and extensor). These data of individual muscles may further provide referential information regarding ostrich meat yield, marketing, processing and consumer acceptability.

 

Aspects of the functional morphology of the ductus epididymidis in domestic anseriform and galliform birds. Aire, T.S. *Anatomia, Histologia, Embryologia,*2000, v. 29 (3), p. 179-191. ref. ISSN: 0034-5288.

NAL call no: SF761.Z4

Descriptors: lipids, epididymis, histology, Golgi apparatus, ultrastructure.

Abstract: The structure of the ductus epididymidis, and its capacity to take up luminal particulate material (Indian ink) were studied, using scanning and transmission electron microscopy, in domestic fowl, turkey and Japanese quail (Order Galliformes) and drakes (Order Anseriformes). The epithelium appeared contractile and stable structurally, especially in drakes in which, among other cytoskeletal features, abundant perinuclear intermediate filaments radiated peripherally in the principal, non-ciliated (Type III) cell. The Golgi complex was well developed, except in turkeys in which it was extremely inconspicuous. Sparsely granulated profiles were the main component of the elaborate endoplasmic reticulum, which was best developed in drakes and least in turkeys. The cells in the turkeys were uniquely laden with large aggregates of lipid droplets. Generally, characteristics of cells active in the synthesis and merocrine secretion of proteinaceous material were evident. There was no evidence of apocrine-like secretion in well-fixed tissues. The cells lacked the capacity to take up luminal Indian ink particles, and displayed very poorly developed endocytic structural features which are also probably only selectively and minimally absorptive. Ultrastructural features varied between and within the orders studied, necessitating further studies. 

 

The autonomic nervous system of avian species. Kuenzel, Wayne J. *Sturkie’s Avian Physiology, 5th ed.* Whittow, G. Causey. (ed.). Academic Press, San Diego, London etc. 2000, i-xiii. p. 1-685. Chapter pagination: 101-122. ISBN: 0127476059.

NAL call no: QL698.S787

Descriptors: Aves, autonomic nervous system, functional anatomy and physiology. 

 

The avian ear and hearing. Necker, Reinhold. *Sturkie’s Avian Physiology, 5th ed.* Whittow, G. Causey (ed.). Academic Press, San Diego, London etc. 2000, i-xiii. p. 1-685. Chapter pagination: 21-38. ISBN: 0127476059.

NAL call no: QL698.S787

Descriptors: Aves, brain, sound reception, hearing, anatomy, physiology, ear.

 

The avian spleen: Anatomy, physiology, and diagnostics. Powers, L.V. *Compendium in Continuing Education for the Practicing Veterinarian,* Sept. 2000, v. 22 (9), p. 838-843, 880. ref. ISSN: 0193-1903.

NAL call no: SF601.C66

Descriptors: birds, spleen, species differences, radiography, ultrasonography, histology.

 

Basic anatomy, physiology and nutrition. Macwhirter, Patricia. *Avian Medicine,* Tully, Thomas N. Jr.; Lawton, Martin P.C.; Dorrestein, Gerry M. (eds.). Butterworth-Heinemann, Oxford & Woburn, 2000. in-xiv, p. 1-411. Chapter pagination: 1-25. ISBN: 0750635983.

NAL call no: SF994.A93

Descriptors: Aves, general morphology, nutrition,   whole animal physiology, bird anatomy.

 

Brain growth in mallards, Pekin and Muscovy ducks (Anatidae). Gille, U.; Salomon, F.V. *Journal of Zoology,* 2000, v. 252 (3), p. 399-404. ref. ISSN: 0952-8369.

NAL call no: QL1.J68

Descriptors: brain growth, age, domestication,   ducks. 

Abstract: Post-hatching changes in brain mass were investigated in mallards and four stocks of domesticated ducks (n=48 per stock) using growth curve analysis and allometry. The birds varied in age between hatching and 154 days. Percentage brain size at hatching in ducks varies between 22.5 and 28% which fits well into the precocial category. Brain growth shows a sigmoid course. The point of inflection is very early when compared to other organs. However, growth is slow after passing the growth rate maximum. Pekins show higher absolute brain masses than mallards. However, the growth patterns with respect to time are very similar among stocks. Strongly negative allometry is found with allometric exponents between 0.31 and 0.37 with the highest value in mallards. Allometrically, there is an increasing reduction of brain mass in Pekins when compared to mallards to about 12.5% in adults. No differences were found between mallards and either Muscovies or the Muscovy x Pekin cross. The reduction in relative brain size in domesticated animals when compared to their wild ancestors is generally attributed to a decrease in functional demands resulting from the artificial environment. Because brain growth is more conservative and less influenced by selection than body weight, we assume that this is, at least in part, a result of the constancy of brain growth patterns.

 

The cardiovascular system. Smith, Frank M.; West, Nigel H.; Jones, David R. *Sturkie’s Avian Physiology,**5th ed,* Whittow, G. Causey (ed.). Academic Press, San Diego, London etc. 2000. i-xiii. p. 1-685. Chapter pagination: 141-231. ISBN: 0127476059. 

NAL call no: QL698.S787

Descriptors: Aves, circulatory system, functional   anatomy and physiology, birds, cardiovascular system.

 

Chemical anatomy of the avian basal forebrain: A histochemical, and cytoarchitectural study in a parrot (*Melopsittacus undulatus*). Roberts, T.F.; Hall, W.S.; Brauth, S.E. *Society for Neuroscience Abstracts,* 2000, v. 26 (1-2), Abstract no. 462.12. ISSN: 0190-5295.**

Descriptors: Aves, Psittaciformes, basal forebrain,   nervous system, histochemistry, parrots, cytoarchitectonic methods, buderigar.

Abstract: We used histochemical and cytoarchitectonic methods to investigate the organization of the basal forebrain in a vocal learning Australian parrot, the buderigar (*Melopsittacus undulatus*). We wished to obtain more information about the chemical architecture of this area because lesion studies (cf. Brauth et al, 1994) indicate a role for the basal forebrain in vocalization. Our results show that the basal forebrain can be subdivided into a nucleus accumbens (Ac), ventral pallidum (VP), substantia innominata (SI), olfactory tubercle (TO), bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (BNST), diagonal brand of broca (DBB) and medial and lateral septal nuclei (SM/SL). Ac is located ventromedial to the parolfactory lobe (LPO) and surrounding the ventral horn of the lateral telencephalic ventricle can be distinguished by high levels of enkephalin-like immunoreactivity (ELI), calcitonin gene related peptide (CGRP), tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), substance P (SP), and neurotensin (NT). Based on these features and position this nucleus corresponds to the mammalian Ac. The VP is located ventral to LPO and the paleostriatum augmentatum (PA). VP can be distinguished with high levels of ELI, CGRP, TH, and choline acetyltransferase (ChAT). The region underlying PA, in the lateral portion of VP, contains high levels of SP and NT. The SI, which overlaps VP, is most evident by high levels of Chat and acetylcholinesterase (AchE) reactivity. TO can be seen in rostral sections, underlying the ventral paleostriatal complex and evidenced by heavy labeling for ELI, ChAT, and TH. The BNST, located ventral and ventrolateral to the ventral horn of the lateral telencephalic ventricle, stains intensely for arginine vasotocin (AVT), AchE, TH, CGRP, and SP. The DBB is seen most clearly with staining for ChAT, NADP-h, and CGRP while the SL/SM are delineated with heavy staining for TH, NADP-h, AChE, ChAT, ENK, CGRP, and SP. Staining for nissl and myelin were also used to identify cellular characteristics and fiber bundles traversing the basal forebrain. Taken together our results indicate that the budgerigar basal forebrain can be delineated into distinctive cellular structures using a combination of chemical markers and that these structures correspond to nuclei which are quite similar to those of the mammalian basal forebrain. IBN 9816061 to SEB. 

 

The cranial nerves of the bee eater *Merops albicollis*(Meropidae, Coraciformes). The nervus facialis and the cranial sympathetic branches. Abd, Elkader I.Y.; Samah, S.M. Fathy. *Journal of the Egyptian German Society of Zoology,* Jul. 2000, v. 33 (B), p. 41-56.

NAL call no: QL1.E49

Descriptors: nerves, cranial nerves, anatomy.

 

The cranial nerves of the bee eater *Merops albicollis*(Meropidae, Coraciformes). The eye muscle nerves and the ciliary ganglion. Abd, Elkader I.Y.; Samah, S.M. Fathy. *Journal of the Egyptian German Society of Zoology,* Jul. 2000, v. 33 (B), p. 21-40.

NAL call no: QL1.E49

Descriptors: musculature, ganglia, nerves, cranial nerves, eye muscles, anatomy.

 

[The digestive tract anatomy   of crowned crane.] Zhao, Jing; Zhang, Zi Hui; Lu, Yan Ping; Xiao, Fang;   Zhou, Xiao Li. *Chinese Journal of Zoology,* Jun. 2000, v. 35 (3), p. 32-35.   ISSN: 0250-3263. Note: In Chinese.

NAL call no: QL1.T8

Descriptors: digestive system, size, relationship with body length.

 

Flight. Butler, P.J.; Bishop, C.M. *Sturkie’s Avian Physiology, 5 th ed.* Whittow, G. Causey (ed.). Academic Press, San Diego, London etc. 2000, i-xiii. p.1-685. Chapter pagination: 391-435. ISBN: 0127476059.

NAL call no: QL698.S787

Descriptors: Aves, flight, functional anatomy   and physiology, birds.

 

Fragmental notes on on avian morpho-anatomy: 1. Gloss myological sketches of a *Sula leucogaster*. Kuroda, Nagahisa. *Journal of the Yamashina Institute for Ornithology,*May 31, 2000, v. 32 (1), p. 31-33. ISSN: 0044-0183.

Descriptors: muscular system, Aves, brown booby,   movement, support, birds.

 

Fragmental notes on avian morpho-anatomy: 2. Myological sketch of a Brown Pelican, *Pelecanus occidentalis*. Kuroda, Nagahisa. *Journal of the Yamashina Institute for Ornithology*, Dec. 29, 2000, v. 32 (2), p. 80-85. ISSN: 0044-0183.

Descriptors: avian morpho anatomy, Brown pelican, Aves, myological sketch. 

 

Gastrointestinal anatomy and physiology. Denbow, D. Michael. *Sturkie’s Avian Physiology, 5th ed.* Whittow, G. Causey (ed.). Academic Press, San Diego, London etc. 2000, i-xiii. p. 1-685. Chapter pagination: 299-325. ISBN: 1027476059.

NAL call no: QL698.S787

Descriptors: Aves, digestion, functional physiology,   anatomy and physiology, birds.

 

Greater song complexity is associated with augmented song system anatomy in zebra finches. Airey, David C.; DeVoogd, Timothy J. *Neuroreport,* Jun. 5, 2000, v. 11 (8), p. 1749-1754. Available: www.neuroreport.com/ ISSN: 0959-4965.

Descriptors: anatomy, brain anatomy, high vocal center, behavior.

Abstract: We revisited the relationship between brain anatomy and song behavior in zebra finches. Consistent with previous studies in other song birds, we find that differences in volume of the telencephalic song control nucleus HVc is predictive of differences in repertoire size and phase duration in zebra finches. We extended the study of brain and behavior correlations in song birds by showing that repertoire size in zebra finches can be predicted by variance in several brain nuclei, providing the first demonstration that volumetric differences across multiple components of a neural network are predictive of song behavior.

 

Histological observations on the infundibulum of Japanese quail *(Coturnix coturnix japonica*). Parida, S.; Greeta, Ramesh; Kumar, M.S.; Vijayagavan, C.; Ramesh, G. *Indian Journal of Veterinary Anatomy,* 2000, v. 12 (1), p. 69-75. ref. ISSN: 0971-1937. 

Descriptors: epithelium, histology, infundibulum, mucosa, lymphocytes.

 

Histology of the lingual glands in Japanese quail (*Coturnix coturnix japonica*). Maya, S.; Lucy, P. *Indian Journal of Poultry Science,* 2000, v. 35 (3), p. 306-308. ref. ISSN: 0019-5529. 

             NAL call no: SF481.I5

Descriptors: animal anatomy, salivary glands, tongue.

 

Histological studies on the extra-hepatic ducts and gall bladder of the domestic duck. Lakshmi, M.S.; Rao, T.S.C.; Kumar, D.P.; Nagamalleswari, Y.; Ramadevi, V. *Indian Veterinary Journal,* 2000, v. 77 (5), p. 415-417. ref. ISSN: 0019-6479.

NAL call no: 41.8 IN2

Descriptors: gall bladder, histology, bile ducts, poultry.

 

Histological studies on the pineal gland of domestic ducks (*Anas boschas domesticus*). Prasad, R.V.; Rao, T.S.C.; Vijayaragavan, C. *Indian Journal of Poultry Science,* v. 35 (2), p. 121-123. ref. ISSN: 0019-5529.

NAL call no: SF481.I5

Descriptors: animal anatomy, cells, glands, histology, pineal body.

 

Histomorphological and histochemical study of ovary in Japanese quail (*Coturnix coturnix japonica*). Parida, S.; Sivakumar, M.; Geetha, Ramesh; Vijayragavan, C.; Ramesh, G. *Indian Journal of Veterinary Anatomy,* 2000, v. 12 (1), p. 69-75. ref. ISSN: 0971-1937.

Descriptors: histochemistry, ovaries, smooth   muscle, reproductive organs, females.

 

Microanatomical studies on the copulatory apparatus of the domestic drake (*Anas boschas domesticus*). Rao, T.S.C.; Vijayaragavan, C. *Indian Journal of Veterinary Anatomy,* 2000, v. 12 (1), p. 76-80. ref. ISSN: 0971-1937.

Descriptors: capillaries, histology, muscle fibres,   penis, male ducks.

 

A morphological study on the postnatal development of the bursa of Fabricius in White Pekin ducks. Indu, V.R.; Chungath, J.J.; Harshan, K.R.; Ashok, N. *Indian Journal of Poultry Science,* 2000, v. 35 (2), p. 124-127. ref. ISSN: 0019-5529.

NAL call no: SF481.I5

Descriptors: animal anatomy, morphology, bursa   Fabricii, development, growth and development.

 

[Preliminary studies on   the skeleton system of *Tragopan caboti*.] Zhang, Zi Hui; Zheng,   Guang Mei. *Chinese Journal of Zoology,* Apr. 20, 2000, v. 35 (2), p. 25-27.   ISSN: 0250-3263. Note: In Chinese.

NAL call no: QL1.T8

Descriptors: skeleton, anatomy and observations, *Tragopan caboti*.

 

Radiographic analysis of the growth of long bones in bustards. Naldo, J.L.; Bailey, T.A.; Samour, J.H. *Research in Veterinary Science,* 2000, v. 69 (3), p. 233-240. ref. ISSN: 0034-5288.

NAL call no: 41.8 R312

Descriptors: bone formation, growth rate, limb   bones, radiography, comparative study.

Abstract: A serial radiographic study was conducted on seven houbara bustard (*Chlamydotis undulata macqueenii*), 10 rufous-crested bustard (*Eupodotis ruficrista*), four white-bellied bustard (*Eupodotis senegalensis*) and eight kori bustard (*Ardeotis kori*) chicks to determine the growth rate of long bones and to establish radiographic standards for assessing skeletal maturity. The growth rate of the tarsometatarsus and tibiotarsus in the bustard species investigated were similar to those in domestic fowl (*Gallus domesticus*) and some long-legged avian species. Maturation of long bones occurred earlier in houbara bustards compared with rufous-crested, white-bellied and kori bustards.

 

Renal anatomy in sparrows from different environments. Casotti, Giovanni; Braun, Eldon.*Journal of Morphology,* Mar. 2000, v. 243 (3), p. 283-291. ISSN: 0362-2525.

NAL call no: 444.8 J826

Descriptors: Aves, urinary system, renal medulla, excretory system.

Abstract: The renal anatomy of three species of sparrows, two from mesic areas, the House sparrow (*Passer domesticus*) and Song Sparrow (*Melospiza melodia*), and one salt marsh species, the Savannah Sparrow (*Passerculus sandwichensis*) was examined. Electron microscopy was used to describe the ultrastructure of the nephron. In addition, stereology was used to quantify the volumes of cortex, medulla, and major vasculature of the kidneys, and the volumes and surface areas occupied by individual nephron components. There appeared to be no differences in the ultrastructural anatomy of the nephrons among sparrows. Proximal tubules contained both narrow and wide intercellular spaces filled with interdigitations of the basolateral membrane. The thin limbs of Henle contained very wide intercellular spaces which were absent in the thick limbs of Henle. The distal tubule cells contained short, apical microvilli and infoldings of the basolateral membrane. In cross section, the medullary cones of all birds display an outer ring of thick limbs of Henle which surround an inner ring of collecting ducts, which in turn surround a central core of thin limbs of Henle. The Savannah Sparrow has a significantly higher volume of medulla compared to the two more mesic species. Within the cortex, the Savannah Sparrow also has a significantly higher volume of proximal tubules but a significantly lower volume of distal tubules than the other species. Within the medulla, the Savannah Sparrow has a significantly higher volume and surface area of capillaries, and a significantly higher surface area of thick limbs of Henle. And collecting ducts than the mesic species. These data suggest that the salt marsh Savannah Sparrow has the renal morphology necessary to produce a more highly concentrated urine than the mesic zone species.

 

Respiration. Powell, F.L. *Sturkie’s Avian Physiology, 5th ed.* Whittow, G. Causey (ed.). Academic Press, San Diego, London etc. 2000. i-xiii. p. 1- 685. Chapter pagination: 233-264. ISBN: 0127476059.

NAL call no: QL698.S787

Descriptors: Aves, respiration, functional anatomy   and physiology, birds.

 

Rostral Wulst in passerine birds. 1. Origin, course, and terminations of an avian pyramidal tract. Wild, J.M.; Williams, M.N. *Journal of Comparative Neurology,* Jan. 24, 2000, v. 416 (4), p. 429-450. ISSN: 0021-9967. 

NAL call no: QP351.J68

Descriptors: brain, neurons, spinal cord, pyramidal   tract of Rostral Wulst, perching birds.

 

Sensory physiology: Vision. Gunturkun, Onur. *Sturkie’s Avian Physiology,**5th ed.* Whittow, G. Causey (ed.). San Diego, London etc. 2000, i-xiii. p. 1-685. Chapter pagination: 1-19. ISBN: 0127476059.

NAL call no: QL698.S787

Descriptors: Aves, brain, vision, anatomy and   function, eye, structure, birds.

 

Some morphological and morphometric studies on the orbit of chicken, duck, goose, turkey, pigeon, dove, quail, heron, hoopoe, jackdaw, kestrel and owl. Hassouna, Eman M.A. *Bulletin of the Faculty of Science Assiut University E-Zoology,* 2000, v. 29 (2), p. 65-82. 

Descriptors: Aves, orbit morphometry, skull,   orbit, species comparison, various bird species.

 

Structure and postnatal development of pharynx in Japanese quails. Maya, S.; Paily, L. *Indian Journal of Poultry Science,* v. 35 (2), p. 128-131. ref. ISSN: 0019-5529.

NAL call no: SF481.I5

Descriptors: animal anatomy, glands, morphology, pharynx.

 

Surgery of the avian reproductive   tract. Bennett, R.A. *Proceedings of the North American Veterinary   Conference,* Eastern States Veterinary Association, 2000, v. 14, p. 864-866.   ref. 

NAL call no: SF605.N672

Descriptors: birds, surgical operations, animal   anatomy, reproductive organs, birds.

 

Systematic revision, skeletal anatomy, and paleoecology of the New World Early -Tertiary Presbyornithidae (Aves: Anseriformes). Ericson, Per G.P. *Paleobios,*Sept. 2000, v. 20 (2), p. 1-23. ISSN: 0031-0298. 

Descriptors: skeleton, anatomy and ecology, phylogeny,   systematics, evolution, birds.

 

Three-dimensional kinematics of skeletal elements in avian prokinetic and rhynchokinetic skulls determined by Roentgen stereophotogrammetry. Guessekloo, Sander W.S.; Vosselman, M. George; Bout, Ron G. *Journal of Experimental Biology,* May 2000, v. 204 (10), p. 1735-1744. ISSN: 0022-0949.

NAL call no: 442.8 B77

Descriptors: skull skeletal elements kinematics   and morphology relationship, Aves, birds.

Abstract: Several different types of cranial   kinesis are present within modern birds, enabling them to move (part of) the   upper bill relative to the braincase. This movement of the upper bill results   from movement of the quadrate and pterygoid-palatine complex (PPC). The taxon   Palaeognathae is characterised by a very distinct PPC and a special type of   cranial kinesis (central kinesis) that is very different from that found in   the Neognathae. This has led some authors to hypothesis that there is a functional   relationship between the morphology of the PPC and the type of cranial kinesis.   This hypothesis is tested here by analysing the movement pattern of both the   upper bill and the PPC in birds with three different types of cranial kinesis:   prokinesis, distal rhynchokinesis and central rhynchokinesis. Movement patterns   were determined using a roentgen stereophotogrammetry method, which made it   possible to detect very small displacements (0.5 mm) of bony elements in three   dimensions, while the jaw muscles and ligaments remained in tact. We found that   in all types of kinesis investigated the movements of the quadrate, jugal bars   and PPC are similar. Movement of the quadrate is transferred to the upper beak   by the jugal bar and the PPC, which moves almost exclusively forwards and backwards,   thereby elevating or depressing the upper bill. The differences between the   types of kinesis lie only in the position of the point of rotation. These findings   indicate that there is no correlation between the specific morphology of the   PPC and the type of cranial kinesis. Several other factors, including external   forces applied during food acquisition, may influence the morphology of the   PPC. Differences in PPC morphology therefore appear to be the result of different   functional demands acting on the system simultaneously but with different strengths,   depending on the species. 

 

Vergleichende Untersuchungen   am Skelettsystem von Farb- und Positurkanarienvogeln. [Comparative investigation   of the skeletal system of canaries.] Rienhoff, W. *Vergleichende Untersuchungen   am Skelettsystem von Farb und Positurkanarienvogein, 2000,* 145 p. Thesis*.*   Tierarztliche Hochschule Hannover; Hannover, Germany. Note: In German.

NAL call no: DISS F2000356

Descriptors: anatomy, bones, skeleton, comparative   study, canaries.

 

 

1999

 

Anatomy. Bezuidenhout, A.J. *The Ostrich: Biology, Production and Health,* Deeming, D.C. (ed.). CABI Publishing Co., Wallingford & New York, 1999. i-x. p. 1-358. Chapter pagination: 13-49. ISBN: 0851993508.

NAL call no: SF511.0774-1999

Descriptors:*Struthio camelus*, general morphology, anatomy, Aves.

 

The anatomy and timing of vocal learning in birds. Nottebohm, Fernando.*The Design of Animal Communication,* Hauser, Mark D; Konishi, Mark (eds.). MIY Press, Cambridge, MA. 1999, i-xi. p. 1-701. Chapter pagination: 63-110. ISBN: 0262082772. 

Descriptors: Aves, brain, song learning pathways, acoustic signals, learning.

 

Approach to the thoracic cavity of birds. Bennett, R.A. *Exotic DVM,* 1999, v. 1 (3), p. 55-58.

NAL call no: SF981.E96

Descriptors: thoracic cavity, thorax, radiography, anatomy, morphology.

 

Avian gastrointestinal anatomy and physiology. Klasing, Kirk C. *Seminars in Avian and Exotic Pet Medicine,* Apr. 1999, v. 8 (2), p. 42-50. ISSN: 1055-937X.

NAL call no: SF994.2.A1S36

Descriptors: nutrition, digestive system, Aves,   anatomy physiology, birds.

 

The avian respiratory system. Orosz, S.E. *Compendium on Continuing Education for the Practicing Veterinarian,* 1999, v. 21 (10), p. 935-943. ref. ISSN: 0193-1903. 

NAL call no: SF601.C66

Descriptors: respiratory system, poultry, anatomy,   reviews, physiology, birds.

 

Cardiac ganglia of Japanese quail: Distribution and morphology. Kuder, T.; Tekieli, A. *Annals of Anatomy,* Sept. 1999, v. 181 (5), p. 467-473. ISSN: 0940-9602. 

Descriptors: Japanese quail, histochemistry, cardiac ganglia, circulatory system.

Abstract: The cardiac ganglia in Japanese quail were studied with the use of histological, histochemical and ultrastructural techniques. Histological investigations revealed the presence of a number of cholinergic ganglia in the fatty tissue of the epicardium. They were grouped in plexo-ganglionic forms localized in three regions: (1) on the ventral surface of the cardiac atria, (2) on the ventral surface of the cardiac ventricle, (3) on the dorsal surface of the cardiac ventricle. These plexoganglia are structures composed of many ganglia differing in size (from 77 mum to 577 mum length and from 53 mum to 163 mum width), connected by fascicles of nerve fibers. The cells of cardiac ganglia have single, round or oval nuclei with one or several dense nucleoli. There were myelinated and unmyelinated fibers in the intercellular spaces. Rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER) and free ribosomes were localized mainly in the perinuclear part, RER was less abundant, but mitochondria were more numerous in this part of the cytoplasm. In the peripheral parts of the neurones, axo-somatic synapses were usually observed. Profiles of the end sections of axons contained two kinds of synaptic vesicles: small, agranular ones and among them large ones with a dense core.

 

Comparative anatomy.   Oglesbee, B. *Proceedings of the North American Veterinary Conference,**Jan.   9-13, 1999.* Eastern States Veterinary Association, 1999, v. 13, p. 734-736.   

NAL call no: SF605.N672

Descriptors: birds, animal anatomy.

 

Comparative avian surgical anatomy. Harcourt-Brown, N.H. *Exotic DVM,* 1999, v. 1 (3), p. 35-40. 

NAL call no: SF981.E96

Descriptors: surgery, anatomy, pets, birds.

 

Fibre composition in the interosseous nerve of the pigeon. Necker, R.; Rosenberg, J. *Journal of Anatomy,* 1999, v. 194 (4), p. 525-530. ref. ISSN: 0021-1006. 

NAL call no: 447.8 J826

Descriptors: fibula, myelin, peripheral nerves, nervous system.

 

Functional anatomy of the avian centrifugal visual system. Miceli, Dom; Reperant, Jacques; Bertrand, Christine; Rio, Jean Paul. *Behavioral Brain Research,* Feb. 1, 1999, v. 98 (2), p. 203-210. ISSN: 0166-4328.

Descriptors: ground feeding behavior, visual   attention, visually guided behavior, eyes, retina, birds.

Abstract: Although first described over a century ago, the centrifugal visual system (CVS) projecting to the retina still remains somewhat of an enigma with regard to its functional role in visually-guided behavior. The highly developed avian CVS has been the most extensively investigated and the anatomical organization of its two component centrifugal structures, the n. isthmo-opticus (NIO) and ectopic neurons (EN), including its afferent brainstem projections is reviewed. The results of double-labeling studies combining axonal tracing techniques and immunohistofluorescence have demonstrated GABA immunoreactivity (-ir) of interneurons within the neutopilar zone of the NIO, choline acetyltransferase (ChAT)-ir and nitric oxide synthase (NOS)-ir in the centrifugal cells of the NIO and EN as well as in the afferent projection neurons of layers 9/10 of the optic tectum. The data are discussed in terms of neurochemical and excitatory/inhibitory mechanisms withing the different components of the avian CVS in relation to hypotheses which have implicated this system in visual attention and ground-feeding behavior.

 

The functional anatomy of the basal ganglia of birds. Medina, L.; Jiao, Y.; Reiner, A. *European Journal of Morphology,* Apr. 1999, v. 37 (2-3), p. 160-165. ISSN: 0924-3860.

Descriptors: functional anatomy, movement, control, Aves.

Abstract: To study how the basal ganglia can control movement in birds, we have reinvestigated the connections of the pigeon dorsal pallidum. Our results indicate that avian basal ganglia appear to control movement through major projections to several premotor pretectal and tegmental centres which innervate the tectum, and through a minor projection to a possible motor thalamic centre which innervates the Wulst. For such control, separate striatopallidal output circuits appear to exist in birds that are remarkably similar to those described in Mammals, suggesting that avian and mammalian basal ganglia may control movement through similar mechanisms, and that the morphological substrate for such control evolved earlier than previously thought.

 

Gross anatomical studies on the copulatory apparatus of the domestic drake (*Anas boschas domesticus*). Rao, T.S.C.; Vijayaragavan, C. *Indian Journal of Veterinary Anatomy,* 1999, v. 11 (2), p. 99-102. ref. 

Descriptors: anatomy, penis, male genitalia.

 

Gross anatomy of pancreas of domestic duck (*Anas boschas domesticus*). Madhavi, G.; Rao, T.S.C.; Kumar, D.P.; Nagamalleswari, Y.; Makkena, Sreenu; Sreenu, M. *Cheiron,* 1999, v. 28 (5), p. 171-178. ref. ISSN: 0379-542X.

NAL call no: SF604.C56

Descriptors: pancreas, anatomy, poultry.

 

Histoarchitecture of the oviductal magnum in birds. Naragude, H.B.; Mugale, R.R.; Bhosle, N.S.; Gayake, H.P. *Indian Veterinary Journal,* 1999, v. 76 (8), p. 725-727. ref. ISSN: 0019-6479. 

NAL call no: 41 8IN2

Descriptors: anatomy, oviducts, histology, poultry.

 

Histochemical studies on the liver of the domestic duck (*Anas boschas domesticus*). Lakshmi, M.S.; Rao, T.S.C.; Kumar, D.P.; Nagamalleswari, Y.; Ramadevi, V. *Indian Journal of Veterinary Anatomy,* v. 11 (2), p. 143-145. ref.

Descriptors: liver, histochemistry, poultry.

 

Histochemical studies on the ovary of the domestic duck (*Anas boschas domesticus*). Rao, T.S.C.; Vijayaragavan, C. *Indian Journal of Veterinary Anatomy,* 1999, v. 11 (2), p. 139-142. ref. 

Descriptors: domestic duck, ovary, histochemisty, studies.

 

Histogenesis of the pancrease of Japanese quail (*Coturnix coturnix japonica*). Sivakumar, M.; Geetha, Ramesh; Vijayaragavan, C.; Ramesh, G. *Indian Journal of Animal Sciences,* 1999, v. 69 (11), p. 905-907. ref. ISSN: 0367-8318.

NAL call no: 41.8 IN22

Descriptors: embryonic development, pancreas, organogenesis. 

 

Histology and histochemistry of the thyroid gland of domestic duck. Prasad, R.V.; Rao, T.S.C.; Vijayaragavan, C. *Indian Journal of Poultry Science,*1999, v. 34 (2), p. 112-119. ref. ISSN: 0019-5529.

NAL call no: SF481.I5

Descriptors: thyroid gland, histology, histochemistry, epithelium.

 

Histological studies on the liver of the domestic duck (*Anas boschas domesticus*). Lakshmi, M.S.; Rao, T.S.C.; Pramodkumar, D.; Nafamalleswari, Y.; Devi, V.R. *Indian Journal of Veterinary Anatomy,* 1999, v. 11 (2), p. 133-138. ref. 

Descriptors: liver, histology, poultry.

 

The innervation of the ureter in the duck (*Anas platyrhynchos*). A morphological and quantitative study. Mirabella, N.; Paino, G.; Germano, G.; Pelagalli, G.V. *Annals of Anatomy,* 1999, v. 181 (6), p. 537-544. ref. ISSN: 0940-9602.

Descriptors: innervation, ureter, motility, muscles,   histochemistry, young and adult ducks.

Abstract: The morphology and distribution of the innervation in the duck ureter were studied using acetylcholinesterase (AchE) histochemistry and protein gene product (PGP) 9.5 immunohistochemistry. The density of AChE positive ganglia and neurons was calculated in the adventitial and muscular layers both in young and adult birds. Separate neuron counts and neuron density calculations were performed for the upper, intermediate and lower parts of the ureter. Three nerve plexuses located in the tunica adventitia, in the tunica muscularis and in the lamina propria respectively, sere observed. Both in young and adult ducks, the density of adventitial neurons was significantly greater in the lower tract than in the upper and intermediate tracts. It is suggested that, in birds, the innervation may play a role in ureteric functions such as muscular motility and closure and/or opening of the ureteric papilla. 

 

Integration of renal and gastrointestinal function. Braun, E.J. *Special Issue: Avian Gastrointestinal and Renal Function. Journal of Experimental Zoology,* 1999, v. 183 (4-5), p. 495-499. ref. ISSN: 0022-104X.

NAL call no: 410 J825

Descriptors: reviews, digestive tract, kidneys,   colon, urine, osmoregulation, birds.

Abstract: In birds, the kidney does not independently   regulate the composition of the extra-cellular fluid, as is the case for mammals.   The urine of birds enters the cloaca and is moved by a reverse peristaltic action   into the colon. In the colon, the urine comes in contact with an epithelium   that modifies its composition. If the osmotic potential of the urine is significantly   higher than that or the plasma, the urine will not be refluxed into the colon.   The composition of the ureteral urine is sensed in the cloaca which in turn   modulates the refluxing activity. It appears to be the large contraction waves   of the colon that are modified by changes in the composition of the urine, although   radiographic evidence indicates that the small contraction waves of the colon   do the actual refluxing. It is necessary for the urine to be moved into the   colon. This may be driven by the need to recover some, if not all, of the protein   in the urine. This protein maintains uric acid in a colloidal suspension that   prevents the formation of uric acid crystals which would block the renal tubules.   Thus, the kidneys and lower gastrointestinal tract must function in concert   in the regulation of the composition of the extracellular fluid.

 

Light microscopy of the post-hatch endocrine pancreas of Japanese quail. Sivakumar, M.; Kannan, T.A.; Geetha, Ramesh; Parida, S.; Basha, S.H.; Vijayaragavan, C.; Ramesh, G. *Indian Journal of Animal Sciences,* 1999, v. 69 (12), p. 1024-1027. ref. ISSN: 0367-8318.

NAL call no: 41.8 IN22

Descriptors: pancreas, microscopy, ultrastructure, age groups.

 

Microanatomical studies on the epididymal region of the domestic drake. Rao, T.S.C.; Vijayaragavan, C. *Indian Journal of Poultry Science,* 1999, v. 34 (2), p. 107-111. ref. 

NAL call no: SF481.I5

Descriptors: animal anatomy, epididymis, epithelium,   male ducks.

 

Microanatomical studies on the isthmus of the domestic duck. Rao, T.S.C.; Vijayaragavan, C. *Indian Journal of Poultry Science,* 1999, v. 34 (2), p. 235-239. ref. ISSN: 0019-5529.

NAL call no: SF481.I5

Descriptors: animal anatomy, mucosa, serosa, epithelium.

 

Microanatomical studies on the ovary of the domestic duck (*Anas boschas domesticus*). Roa, T.S.C.; Vijayaragavan, C. *Indian Journal of Veterinary Anatomy,* 1999, v. 11 (2), p. 128-132. ref. 

Descriptors: ovaries, histology, female genitalia. 

 

Morphological and histological study on the liver and the biliary system of the ostrich (*Struthio camelus*). Stornelli, M.R.; Ricciardi, M.P.; Giannessi, E. *Italian Journal of Anatomy and Embryology,* Oct./Dec. 1999, v. 104 (4), p. 172. ISSN: 1122-6714.

NAL call no: QM1.A7

Descriptors: biliary system, digestive system, histology, morphology.

** 

Note on the osteology and taxonomic position of the African long-tailed hawk, *Urotriorchis macrourus*(Aves: Accipitridae). Mlikovsky, Jiri. *Bulletin of the British Ornithology Club,* Mar. 1999, v. 119 (1), p. 32-37. ISSN: 0007-1595.

Descriptors: skeleton, anatomy, taxonomic significance, Aves.

 

Olfaction in birds. Roper, Timothy J. *Advances in the Study of Behavior,* 1999, v. 28 p. 247-332. ISSN: 0065-3454. 

NAL call no: QL750.A33

Descriptors: Aves, brain, olfactory system anatomy, chemoreception, review.

 

Physiology. Skadhauge, E.; Dawson, A. *The Ostrich: Biology, Production and Health,* Deeming, D.C. (Ed.). CABI Publishing, Wallingford & New York, 1999. i-x. p. 1-358. Chapter pagination: 51-81. ISBN: 0851993508.

NAL call no: SF511.0774 1999

Descriptors: whole animal physiology, review,   *Struthio camelus*, Aves, ostriches.

 

Reproduction. Soley, J.T.; Groenwald, H.B.; Deeming, D.C. *The Ostrich: Biology, Production and Health*, 1999, v. p. 129-158. ref. ISBN: 0851993508.

NAL call no: SF511.0774-1999

Descriptors: reproduction, reviews, anatomy,   histology, endocrinology, males and females, ostriches.

Abstract: This review covers the gross and microscopic anatomy of the male and female reproductive system of the ostrich, reproductive endocrinology, and infertility in males and females.

 

Rostral Wulst of passerine birds. 2. Intratelencephalic projections to nuclei associated with the auditory and song systems. Wild, J.M.; Williams, M.N. *Journal of Comparative Neurology,* Nov. 1, 1999, v. 413 (4), p. 520-534. ISSN: 0021-9967. 

NAL call no: QP750.J68

Descriptors: brain, rostral wulst projections,   auditory and song systems, perching birds. 

 

Structure and postnatal development of infundibulum in Japanese quail. Lucy, K.M.; Harshan, K.R. *Indian Journal of Poultry Science,* 1999, v. 34 (2), p. 125-128. ref. ISSN: 0019-5529.

NAL call no: SF481.I5

Descriptors: oviducts, postnatal development, smooth muscle, epithelium.

 

Structural and postnatal development of vagina in Japanese quail. Lucy, K.M.; Harshan, K.R. *Indian Journal of Poultry Science,* 1999, v. 34 (2), p. 120-124. ref. ISSN: 0019-5529.

NAL call no: SF481.I5

Descriptors: vagina, uterus, smooth muscle, oviducts, postnatal development.

 

Surgical anatomy of the   pelvic limb. Orosz, Susan E. *Birds and All That Jazz,* Bergman,   Eric (ed.). *Proceedings of the 20th Annual Conference & Expo,   Association of Avian Veterinarians, Sept. 1-2, 1999.* i-x. p. 1-449. Chapter   pagination: 389-398. 

NAL call no: SF994.M52

Descriptors: Aves, anatomy and surgical fracture   repair techniques, hindlimbs, birds.

 

Surgical anatomy of the   pelvic limb. Orosz. S.E.; Roston, M.A.(ed.); Marx, K.L. *Proceedings   of the 20th Annual Conference on Avian Medicine and Surgery.**Mid-Atlantic States Association of Avian Veterinarians, Apr. 25-27, 1999*,   p*.* 46-55. 

NAL call no: SF994.M52

Descriptors: hips, surgery, skeleton, musculoskeletal   system, anatomy, joints, birds.**

 

[The visceral anatomy of   the Oriental white stork.] Luan, Xiaofeng; Li, Wenfa; Yuan, Hongye.*Journal of the Northeast Forestry University,* Mar. 25, 1999, v. 27 (2),   p. 74-76. ISSN: 1000-5382. Note: In Chinese.

Descriptors: size, weight, digestive system, heart, kidney, anatomy.

 

 

 

1998

 

The anatomy of the air   sacs of the ostrich.Bezuidenhout,   A.; Putter, G.; Groenwald, H.B.; Soley, J.T.; Huchzermeyer, F.W. *Proceedings   of the Second International Scientific Ratite Congress,**Sept. 21-25,   1998*, p. 94-95. ref. 

Descriptors: air sacs, anatomy, respiratory system.

 

[Anatomical research on   the brain of African ostrich.] Peng, Kemei; Zhang, Weimin; Feng, Yueping.   *Journal of Huazhong Agricultural University,* Aug. 1998, v. 17 (4), p.   373-377. ISSN: 1000-2421. Note: In Chinese.

NAL call no:S471.C6H833

Descriptors: ostrich, brain anatomy and biometrics, size, weight.

 

[Anatomy of the skeletal   system of black-headed gull, *Larus riabundns*(*ridibundus*).]Wu,   Jieyun; et al. *Sichuan Journal of Zoology,* Nov. 28, 1998, v. 17 (4),   p. 181-184. ISSN: 1000-7083. Note: In Chinese.

Descriptors: skeleton, anatomy, *Larus ridibundus*.

 

[The avian alimentary tract:   Some unique features, unique disorders, and some common fallacies.] Graham,   David L. *Proceedings Avian Specialty Advanced Program, Small Mammal and Reptile   Program, in Conjunction with the 1998 Annual Conference and Expo, Association   of Avian Veterinarians,**Aug. 25, 1998.* i-v. p. 1-119. Chapter pagination:   35-41. Note: In Chinese.

NAL call no: SF994.M5

Descriptors: Aves, digestive system, anatomy   and function, clinical significance, birds.

 

The avian digestive system:   Anatomy and physiology for the clinician. Orosz, Susan E. *Strike Gold   in Reno,* Wissman, Margaret. *Proceedings Avian Specialty Advanced Program   & Small Mammal and Reptile Medicine and Surgery, Sept. 9, 1997, in Conjunction   with the Annual Conference & Expo Association of Avian Veterinarians, 1997*,   i-v. p. 1-117. Chapter pagination: 3-7.

            NAL call no: SF994.M5

            Descriptors:   Aves, digestive system, anatomy and physiology, clinical significance, birds.

 

Avian nutrition: Anatomy of the avian digestive system. Part 2. Klasing, K.C. *Exotic Bird Report,* May 1998, v. 10 (1), p. 4-6. 

Descriptors: Aves, digestive system, anatomy,   birds.

 

The avian shoulder.   Pokras, M.A. *Proceedings of the North American Veterinary Conference,**Jan.   10-14, 1998.***Eastern States Veterinary Association, 1998, v. 12,   p. 776-777. 

NAL call no: SF605.N672

Descriptors: birds, animal anatomy, shoulders.

 

The avian thyroid gland. Part one: A review of the anatomy and physiology. Merryman, Joyce I.; Buckles, Elizabeth, L. *Journal of Avian Medicine and Surgery,* v. 12 (4), p. 234-237. ref. ISSN: 1082-6742.

NAL call no: SF994.J6

Descriptors: Aves, thyroid gland, histology and   physiology, development, birds. 

 

The comparative functional gizzard morphology of several species of birds. Moore, Suzanne J. *Australian Journal of Zoology,* 1998, v. 46 (4), p. 359-368. ISSN: 0004-959X.

NAL call no: QL1.I68

Descriptors: Aves, functional anatomy comparisons,   digestion, morphology, birds.

 

Comparative renal function in reptiles, birds and mammals. Braun, Eldon J. *Seminars in Avian and Exotic Pet Medicine,* Apr. 1998, v. 7 (2), p. 62-71. ISSN: 1055-937X. 

NAL call no: SF994.2.A1S36

Descriptors: Reptilia, Aves, Mammalia, excretory   system, renal function, kidney, comparative study, birds.

 

Comparative skeletal muscle fibre morphometry among wild birds with different locomotor behavior. Torrella, J.R.; Fouces, V.; Palomeque, J.; Viscor, G. *Journal of Anatomy,* Feb. 1998, v. 192 (2), p. 211-222. ISSN: 0021-8782.

NAL call no: 447.8 J826

Descriptors: skeletal muscle fibre morphometry, metabolic rate, biochemistry. 

 

Fine structure of the tongue and lingual papillae of the penguin. Kobayashi, Kan.; Kumakura, Masahiko; Yoshimura, Ken; Inatomi, Mititomo; Asami, Tomoichiro. *Archives of Histology and Cytology,* Mar. 1998, v. 61 (1), p. 37-46. ISSN: 0914-9465.

Descriptors: tongue, histology, ultrastructure, lingual papillae, Aves.

 

Gross anatomy and imaging of the avian and reptilian urinary system. Canny, Carol. *Seminars in Avian and Exotic Pet Medicine,* Apr. 1998, v. 7 (2), p. 72-80. ISSN: 1055-937X.

NAL call no: SF994.2.A1S36

Descriptors: Aves, Reptilia, anatomical techniques,   radiographical, ultrasound, birds.

 

*Manual of Ornithology: Avian Structure and Function*.   Proctor, Noble S.; Lynch, Patrick J. 1998; xii, 340 p. ISBN: 0300076193   (paper); 0300057466 (cloth).

Descriptors: skeletal system, skeleton, musculature, bibliography.

Abstract: This book is a laboratory manual presenting a highly detailed and thoroughly illustrated introduction to avian anatomy. It is intended for use as a textbook in undergraduate and graduate lab courses as well as a reference for birdwatchers. Chapter topics include systematics, topography, feathers, skeleton, musculature, organ systems (five chapters), and field techniques. This softback version (a reprint of the 1993 hardcover) closes with a classification of birds, a bibliography, and an index.

 

Morphological and functional   anatomy of the cloaca and terminal solon of the African ostrich. Warui,   C.N.; Skadhauge, E.; Huchzemeyer, F.W. *Proceedings of the Second International   Scientific Ratite Congress,**Oudtshoorn, South Africa. Sept. 21-25, 1998*,   p. 88-90. ref. 

Descriptors: digestive tract, morphology, excretion, urine, intestines.

 

The origin of birds and their flight. Padian, Kevin; Chiappe, Luis M. *Scientific American,*Feb. 1998, v. 278 (2), p. 38-47. ISSN: 0036-8733.

NAL call no: 470 SCI25

Descriptors: aerodynamics, anatomy, origin of flight, Aves. 

 

Osmoregulation in ratite   birds: Kidney-gut interactions in excretion of electrolytes and water in ostrich,   emu and rhea. Skadhauge, E.; Huchzemeyer, F.W. *Proceedings of the   Second International Scientific Ratite Congress,**Oudtshoorn, South Africa,   21-25 Sept. 1998*. p. 84-87. ref.

Descriptors: electrolytes, excretion, kidneys, water, osmoregulation, intestines. 

 

Pelvic limb musculature   in the Emu *Dromaius novaehollandiae* (Aves: Struthioniformes: Dromaiidae):   Adaptation to high-speed running. Patak, A.R.; Baldwin, J. *Journal   of Morphology,* Oct. 1998, v. 238 (1), p. 23-37. ISSN: 0365-2525.

NAL call no: 444.8 J826

Descriptors: anatomy, cursorial locomotion, high-speed   running, leg muscles.

Abstract: Emus provide an excellent opportunity for studying sustained high-speed running by a bird. Their pelvic limb musculature is described in detail and morphological features characteristic of a cursorial lifestyle are identified. Several anatomical features of the pelvic limb reflect the emu’s ability for sustained running at top speeds: (1) emus have a reduced number of toes and associated muscles, (2) emus are unique among birds in having a M. Gastrocnemius, the most powerful muscle in the shank, that has four muscle bellies, not the ususal three, and (3) contribution to total body mass of the pelvic limb muscle of emus is similar to that of the flight muscles of flying birds, whereas the pelvic limb muscles of flying birds constitute a much smaller proportion of total body mass. Generally, the pelvic limb musculature of emus resembles that of other ratites with the notable exception of M. gastrocnemius. The presence and arrangement of four muscle bellies may increase the effectiveness of M. gastrocnemius and other muscles during cursorial locomotion by moving the limb in a cranio-caudal rather than a latero-medial plane. 

 

Renal anatomy of the cat bird, *Dumetella carolinis*. Angelo, D.; Casotti, G. *American Zoologist,* 1998, v. 38 (5), p. 204A. ISSN: 0003-1589.

NAL call no: 410 Am3

Descriptors: renal anatomy, urinary system, Aves,   Passeriformes, perching birds. 

 

A scanning electron microscope study of the luminal surface specializations in the blood vessels of the pecten oculi in a diurnal bird, the black kite (*Milvus migrans*). Klama, S.G.; Maina, J.N.; Bhattacharjee, J.; Weyrauch, K.D.; Gehr, P. *Annals of Anatomy,* Oct. 1998, v. 180 (5), p. 455-460. ISSN: 0940-9602.

Descriptors: eye, pectinal blood vessels, pectin   oculi, Aves. 

 

Ultrastructural features   of the epithelial lining of the air sacs of the ostrich. Solry, J.T.;   Groenewald, H.B.; Bezuidenhout, A.J.; Huchzermeyer, F.W. *Proceedings of the   Second International Scientific Ratite Congress,**Sept. 21-25, 1998*,   p. 96-98. ref.

Descriptors: air sacs, anatomy, ultrastructure, epithelium, microscopy.

 

The use of computer assisted tomography as an instrument in collecting information on anatomical structures of the respiratory tract in live birds. Krautwald-Junghanns, M.E.; Schumacher, F.; Sohn, H.G. *Zoology,* 1998, v. 101 (3), p. 139-147. ref. ISSN: 0007-1498.

NAL call no: 410.9 B772B

Descriptors: computed tomography, respiratory system, anatomy, morphology.

 

 

1997

 

Anatomia macroscopica e   histologica de esofago, estomago, intestino y recto de la garcita azulada, *Butorides   striatus* (Aves: Ardeidae). [Macroscopic and histological anatomy of the   esophagus, stomach, intestine, and rectum of the striated heron, *Butorides   striatus*(Aves: Ardeidae).] Rosa de Montaner, Angela; Beltzer, Adolfo   H.; De Carlo, Estela, B.; Mosso, Eduardo D. *Revista Ceres,* Jan./Feb.   1997, v. 44 (251), p. 83-93. ISSN: 0034-737X. Note: In Spanish.

NAL call no: 9.2 C332

Descriptors: digestive system, anatomy and histology,   striated heron.

 

Anatomy and electrophysiological   properties of the ostrich coprodeum (coprodaeum). Skadhauge, E.; Erlwanger,   K.H.; Ruziwa, S.; Dantzer, V.; Elbrond, V.S.; Chamunorwa, J.; Huchzermeyer,   F.W. *Proceedings of the Second International Scientific Ratite Congress,**Sept. 21-25, 1998*, p. 91-93. ref. 

Descriptors: anatomy, physiology, cloaca, electrophysiology.

 

Anatomy and histochemistry of spread-wing posture in birds. I. Wing drying posture in the double-crested cormorant, *Phalacrocorax auritus*. Meyers, Ron A. *Journal of Morphology,* Jul. 1997, v. 233 (1), p. 67-76. ISSN: 0362-2525.

NAL call no: 444.9 J826

Descriptors: anatomy, histochemistry, muscular system, wing spread posture.

Abstract: Spread-wing posture of birds often have been studied with respect to the function of behavior, but ignored with regard to the mechanism by which birds accomplish posture. The double-crested cormorant, *Phalacrocorax auritus*, was used as a model for this study of spread-wing posture. Those muscles capable of positioning and maintaining the wing in extension and protraction were assayed histochemically for the presence of slow (postural) muscle fibers. Within the forelimb of Phalacrocoeax, Mm. coracobrachialis cranialis, pectoralis thoracicus (cranial portion), deltoideus minor, triceps scapularis, and extensor metacarpi radialis pars dorsalis and ventralis were found to contain populations of slow-twitch or slow-tonic muscle fibers. These fibers in the above muscles are considered to function during spreadwing postures in this species.

 

Anatomy and histochemistry of spread-wing posture in birds: 2. Gliding flight in the California gull, *Larus californicus*: A paradox of fast fibers and posture. Meyers, Ron A.; Mathias, Edward. *Journal of Morphology,* Sept. 1997, v. 233 (3), p. 237-247. ISSN: 0362-2525.

NAL call no: 444.8 J826

Descriptors: wings, skeletal musculature, flight, gliding, posture, Aves.

 

Anatomy and microbiology of the digestive tract of the Adelie penguin. Olsen, Monica Alterskjaer; Mathiesen, Svein, Disch. *Norsk Polarinstitutt Meddelelser,* 1997, v. 148, p. 35-41. ISSN: 0373-5605.

NAL call no: 409 N76M no.106

Descriptors: digestive system, anatomy and microbiology,   bacteria, birds.

 

Avian anatomy and physiology   of the respiratory system: A review. Orosz, Susan E. *Strike Gold in   Reno.* Wissman, Margaret (ed.). *Proceedings Avian Specialty Advanced   Program & Small Mammal and Reptile Medicine and Surgery, Sept. 9, 1997,   in Conjunction with th Annual Conference & Expo, Association of Avian Veterinarians.   1997*, i-v. p. 1-117. Chapter pagination: 3-7. 

NAL call no: SF994.M52

Descriptors: Aves, respiratory system, anatomy   and physiology, review, birds. 

 

Avian respiratory anatomy and physiology. Heard, Darryl J. *Seminars in Avian and Exotic Pet Medicine,* Oct. 1997, v. 6 (4), p. 172-179. ISSN: 1055-937X.

NAL call no: SF994.2.A1S36

Descriptors: Aves, respiratory system, anatomy   overview, respiratory function, birds.

 

The avian respiratory system: A unique model for studies of respiratory toxicosis and for monitoring air quality. Brown, Richard E.; Brain, Joseph D.; Wang, Ning. *Environmental Health Perspectives,* 1997, v. 105 (2), p. 188-200. ISSN: 0091-6765.

NAL call no: RA565.A1E54

Descriptors: biochemistry, toxicology, respiratory system, air quality, animal model.

Abstract: There are many distinct differences (morphologic, physiologic, and mechanical) between the bird’s lung-air-sac respiratory system and the mammalian bronchoalveolar lung. In this paper, we review the physiology of the avian respiratory system with attention to those mechanisms that may lead to significantly different results, relative to those in mammals, following exposure to toxic gases and airborne particulates. We suggest that these differences can be productively exploited to further our understanding of the basic mechanisms of inhalant toxicology (gases and particulates). The large mass-specific gas uptake by the avian respiratory system, at rest and especially during exercise, could be exploited as a sensitive monitor of air quality. Birds have much to offer in our understanding of respiratory toxicology, but the expectations can only be realized by investigating, in a wide variety of avian taxa, the pathophysiologic interactions of a broad range of inhaled toxicants on the bird’s unique respiratory system. 

 

Comparative anatomy of the alimentary canal of the marabou stork and domestic fowl. Amongi, T.; Kaziro, M. *Journal of Morphology,* 1997, v. 232 (3), p. 230. ISSN: 0362-2525.

NAL call no: 444.8 J826

Descriptors: alimentary canal, comparative anatomy,   digestive system.

 

The functional anatomy of the ciliary muscle in four avian species. Pardue, Machelle, T.; Sivak, Jacob G. *Brain, Behavior and Evolution,* Jun. 1997, v. 49 (6), p. 295-311. ISSN: 0006-8977.

Descriptors: Aves, musculature, eye, functional   anatomy, ciliary muscle, comparative study, birds.

 

Functional anatomy of forebrain vocal control pathways in the budgerigar (*Melopsittacus undulatus*). Brauth, Steven E.; Heaton, James T.; Shea, Stephen D.; Durand, Sarah E.; Hall, William S. *Annals of the New York Academy of Science,* Jan. 1997, v. 15 (807), p. 368-385. ISSN: 0077-8923.

NAL call no: 500 N484

Descriptors: brain, forebrain, functional anatomy, innervation, control and learning.

 

Functional anatomy of neural pathways contributing to the control of song production in birds. Wild, J.M. *European Journal of Morphology,* Oct. 1997, v. 35 (4), p. 303-325. ISSN: 0924-3860.

Descriptors: syrinx, tongue vocal tract, behavior, jaw muscular system.

Abstract: In birds, as in humans, vocal control involves the intricate coordination of three major groups of muscles, namely, those of the vocal organ, the respiratory apparatus, and the vocal tract, including the jaw and tongue. The neural pathways involved in the control of each of these groups of muscles are described for songbirds and compared with those of non-oscine birds and mammals. The pathway in songbirds that controls the syrinx, the birds vocal organ, originates in the telencephalon and projects via the occipito-mesencephalic tract directly upon vocal motoneurons in the medulla. Activity in this pathway configures the syrinx into phonatory positions for the production of species typical vocalizations. Another component of this pathway medicates control of respiration during vocalization, since it projects upon both expiratory and inspiratory groups of premotor neurons in the ventrolateral medulla, as well as upon several other nuclei en route. This pathway appears to be primarily involved with the control of the temporal pattern of song, but is also importantly involved in the control of vocal intensity, mediated via air sac pressure. There are extensive interconnections between the vocal and respiratory pathways, especially at brainstem levels, and it may be these that ensure the necessary temporal coordination of syringeal and respiratory activity. The pathway mediating control of the jaw appears to be different than those mediating control of the syrinx and respiratory muscles. It originates in a different part of the telencephalon and projects upon premotor neurons in the medulla that, on preliminary analysis, appear to be separate from those projecting upon the syringeal motor nucleus. The separateness of this pathway may reflect the imperfect correlation of jaw movements with the dynamic and acoustic features of song. The brainstem pathways medicating control of vocalization and respiration in songbirds have distinct similarities to those in non-oscine birds and in mammals such as cats and monkeys. However, songbirds and parrots, like humans, but unlike other non-songbirds, have developed a special telencephalic vocal control system for the production of learned vocalizations. 

 

Hos birds breath. Frederickson, J. *Proceedings, 18th Annual Conference on Avian Medicine and Surgery,* Mid-Atlantic States Association of Avian Veterinarians, 1997, p. 27-29.

NAL call no: SF994.M52

Descriptors: respiration, muscles, anatomy, physiology.

 

Musculoskeletal system. Quesenberry, Katherine; Orosz, Susan; Dorrestein, Gerry M. *Avian Medicine and Surgery,* Altman, Robert B.; Clubb, Susan; Dorrestein, Gerry M.; Quesenberry, Katherine. W.B. Saunders Co. Philadelphia, London. 1997, i-xv. 1-1070 p. Chapter pagination: 517-539. ISBN: 0721654460.

NAL call no: SF994.J6

Descriptors: Aves, musculoskeletal system anatomy, skeleton. 

 

The role of the larynx in articulated vocalization of birds. Homberger, D.G. *American Zoologist,* 1997, v. 37 (5), p. 136A. ISSN: 0003-1569.

NAL call no: 410. Am3

Descriptors: Aves, skeleto-muscular anatomy, vocal complexity. 

 

Studies of neurotrophin biology in the developing trigeminal system. Davies, Alun M. *Journal of Anatomy,* Nov. 1997, v. 191 (4), p. 483-491. ISSN: 0021-8782.

NAL call no: 447.8 J826

Descriptors: development, endocrine system, nervous   system, trigeminal system, mice, chickens.

Abstract: The accessibility of the primary sensory neurons of the trigeminal system at stages throughout their development in avian and mammalian embryos and the ease with which these neurons can be studied in vivo has facilitated investigation of several fundamental aspects of neurotrophin biology. Studies of the timing and sequence of action of neurotrophins and the expression of neurotrophins and their receptors in this well characterized neuronal system have led to a detailed understanding of the functions of neurotrophins in neuronal development. The concepts of neurotrophin independent survival, neurotrophin switching and neurotrophin cooperativity have largely arisen from work on the trigeminal system. Morever, in vitro studies of trigeminal neurons provided some of the first evidence that the neurotrophin requirements of sensory neurons are related to sensory modality. The developing trigeminal system has been studied most extensively in mice and chickens, each of which has particular advantages for understanding different aspects of neurotrophin biology. In this review, I will outline these advantages and describe some of the main findings that have arisen from this work.

 

Topographical anatomy of the distal pelvic limb of the ostrich (*Struthio camelus*). Liswaniso, D.; Purton, M.D.; Boyd, J.S.; Deeming, D.C. *Zimbabwe Veterinary Journal,* 1997, v. 28 (1), p. 35. ISSN: 1016-1511.

NAL call no: SF601.R5

Descriptors: anatomy, limbs, pelvis, limb bones, muscles.

 

*Vergleichende Anatomie der Nasenhohle und Nasenebenhohlen   bei Stelzvogeln (Ardeidae, Ciconidae, Gruidae sowie Phoenicopteridae). [Comparative   Anatomy of the Nasal Cavity and Paranasal Sinuses in Wading Birds.]*Herkt,   B. 1997, 131 p. fig. ref. Note: In German.

Descriptors: anatomy, head, wild birds.

 

[Visual system in the bird’s   brain.] Sugita, Shoei. *Animal Science and Technology,* 1997, v.   68 (1), p. 91-104. ISSN: 0918-2365. Note: In Japanese.

NAL call no: SF1.H36

Descriptors: anatomy, brain, nervous system, visual system, Aves.

 

 

1996

 

Anatomy of the budgerigar and other birds. Evans, Howard E. *Diseases of Caged and Aviary Birds,* 3rd ed. p. 79-162. fig. ref. Rosskopf, W.J.; Woerpel, R.W. (eds). Williams & Wilkins, Baltimore, MD. 1996. ISBN: 0683073826.

NAL call no: SF994.2.A1D57 1996

Descriptors: anatomy, body form, body structures,   skeleton, body systems, comparative study, captive small birds. 

 

Avian anatomy and physiology. Cannon, Michael. *University of Sydney Post Graduate Foundation in Veterinary Science Proceedings,* 1996, v. 279, p. 377-396. ISSN: 1326-5091.

Descriptors: Aves, general morpholgy, anatomy,   whole animal physiology, birds.

 

Clinical anatomy of ratites. Fowler, M.E. *Ratite Management, Medicine, and Surgery,* Tully, Thomas N. Jr.; Shane, Simone M. (eds.). Krieger Publishing Co., 1996, i-xvii. 1-188 p. Chapter pagination: 1-10. ref. ISBN: 0894648748.

NAL call no: SF995.5.R37 1996

Descriptors: ostriches, emus, rhea, birds, body parts, animal anatomy.

 

Perspectives on the structure and function in birds. Maina, J.N. *Diseases of Caged and Aviary Birds,* 3rd ed. Rosskopf, W.L.; Woerpel, R.W. (eds). Williams & Wilkins Co., Baltimore, MD. 1996. ISBN: 0683073826.

NAL call no: SF994.2.A1D57 1996

Descriptors: anatomy, evolution, zoology, physiology. 

 

Tibiofibular junction of the south African ostrich (*Struthio camelus australis*). Fuss, Franz K. *Journal of Morphology,* Feb. 1996, v. 227 (2), p. 213-226. ISSN: 0362-2525.

NAL call no: 444.8 J826

Descriptors: biomechanics, tibiofibular junction, hindlimb skeleton, anatomy.

 

 

1995

 

Anatomy of ostriches, emus, and rheas. Hopkins, Brett A.; Constantinescu, Gheorghe Mircea.*The Ratite Encyclopedia: Ostrich, Emu, Rhea.* Drenowatz, Claire (ed.). Ratite Records Inc. San Antonio, TX, 1995, i-ix. 1-478 p. Chapter pagination: 30-61. ISBN: 0964294028.

NAL call no: SF511.R23 1995

Descriptors: general morphology, anatomy, ostrich, emu, rhea.

 

[Anatomy of the pigeon   stomach artery.] Yu, Shiyuan; Liu, Zongzhi; Zhang, Delu; Gong, Yun. *Chinese   Journal of Zoology,* Dec. 1995, v. 30 (6), p. 5-7. ISSN: 0250-3263. Note:   In Chinese.

NAL call no: QL1.T8

Descriptors: gizzard, arteries, stomach artery anatomy, *Columba livia*.

 

[Anatomy of the visceral   organs in a swan.] Cheng, HuiChang; Yin, HuaLong; Xuan, QingFeng; Jin,   YeYe; Chen, XiuLan; Wang, YuXin; Ji QingYun; Wang, JianTang; Cheng, H.C.; Yin,   H.L.; Xuan, Q.F.; Jin, Y.Y.; Chen, X.L.; Wang, Y.X.; Ji, Q.Y.; Wang, J.T. *Chinese   Journal of Veterinary Science and Technology,* 1995, v. 25 (4), p. 46-47.   ISSN: 1000-6419. Note: In Chinese.

Descriptors: aviary birds, anatomy, digestive system, respiratory system.

 

The avian coxofemoral joint: A review of regional anatomy and report on an open-reduction technique for repair of a coxofemoral luxation. Martin, Howard D.; Kabler, Ronna; Sealing, Les. *Journal of the Association of Avian Veterinarians,* Apr. 1995, v. 8 (4), p. 164-172. ISSN: 1044-8324.

NAL call no: SF994.J6

Descriptors: articulation, coxofemoral joint,   regional anatomy, surgical techniques, birds.

 

Ciliary muscle anatomy in three avian species. Pardue, M.T.; Sivak, J.G. *Investigative Ophthalmology and Visual Science,* 1995, v. 36 (4), p. S761. ISSN: 0146-0404.

Descriptors: muscular system, sense organs, corneal accommodation.

 

Comparative anatomy of the external and middle ear of palaeognathous birds. Starck, J. Matthias. *Advances in Anatomy, Embryology, and Cell Biology,* v. 131. Berlin; New York: Springer, c1995. vii, 1-137 p. ill. ref. ISBN: 3540589910.

NAL call no: QL697.S83 1995 

Descriptors: Ratites anatomy, ear anatomy. 

 

Comparative anatomy of nitrergic innervation in avian choroid. Bergua, A.; Neuhuber, W.L.; Mayer, B. *Investigative Ophthalmology and Visual Science,* 1995, v. 36 (4), p. S121. ISSN: 0146-0404.

Descriptors: cell biology, sense organs, nervous   system, Aves, birds.

 

Diet and internal anatomy of male sharp-tailed grouse, *Tympanuchus phasianellus*, as related to age and position on the lek. Tsuji, Leonard J.S.; Karagatzides, Jim D.; Sokolowski, Maria B. *Canadian Field Naturalist,* Oct./Dec. 1995, v. 109 (4), p. 433-436. ISSN: 0008-3550.

NAL call no: 410.9 Ot8

Descriptors: age, heart size, digestive system morphology, relationships.

 

Effects of hand-rearing on physiology and anatomy in the grey partridge. Putaala, Ahti; Hissa, Raimo. *Wildlife Biology,* 1995, v. 1 (1), p. 27-31. ISSN: 0909-6396.

NAL call no: SK351.W663

Descriptors: Aves, cardiovascular system, digestive   system, muscular system, effects of artificial rearing.

Abstract: Artificial rearing may result in changes   in the physiology and anatomy of gallinaceous birds. This may partially explain   the poor survival of released birds. To study the effects of hand-rearing on   grey partridges, *Perdix perdix*, we measured the anatomical and physiological   characteristics of 14 wild and 15 hand-reared partridges. Captive partridges   were heavier, had relatively larger breast muscles but lighter hearts and livers   than wild birds. Wild birds had longer small intestines, longer caeca and relatively   heavier gizzards than hand-reared birds. They also had higher glycogen content   and cytochrome-c oxidase activity in the pectoral muscles, indicating their   better flying endurance compared to hand-reared birds. The results suggest that   captivity results in altered anatomical and physiological characteristics, and   hand-reared partridges may therefore be poorly predisposed for an abrupt release   into the wild.

 

Functional anatomy of the pigeon hand (*Columba livia*): A muscle stimulation study. Vazquez, Rick J. *Journal of Morphology,*Oct. 1995, v. 226 (1), p. 33-45. ISSN: 0362-2525.

NAL call no: 444.8 J826

Descriptors: digit movement, flight kinematics, flight stress, hand movement.

Abstract: The morphology and function of all muscles controlling the pigeon hand were analyzed. Muscle action was determined in situ by inducing contraction via silver wire electrodes in anesthetized birds. EMG electrodes were implanted in the test muscle and an adjacent muscle to monitor contraction and volume conduction respectively. Results indicate that pigeons have fine control of hand and digit movements. However, the directions of movements are restricted. Movements have been eliminated or severely limited in those directions that experience strong stress during flight. Such restrictions may be reduce the amount of muscular activity required for stabilization of the hand and its components. Mobility is retained in directions not subject to large stresses and where movement is essential for the kinematics of flight to be executed properly.

 

The gross and microscopic anatomy of the carotid body of native (Iraqi) pigeons. Al Abodi, A.S. *Iraqi Journal of Veterinary Sciences,* 1995, v. 8 (1), p. 31-34. ref. 

Descriptors: cardiovascular system, neck, arteries, histology, anatomy.

 

Innervation of orbital and choroidal blood vessels by the pterygopalatine ganglion in birds. Cuthbertson, S.; Fitzgerald, M.E.C.; Shih, Y.F.; Toledo, C.B.; Jackson, B.; Reiner, A. *Investigative Ophthalmology and Visual Science,* 1995, v. 36 (4), p. S121. ISSN: 0146-0404.

Descriptors: cardiovascular system, cell biology, sense organs.

 

Mechanics of the avian propatagium: Flexion-extension mechanism of the avian wing. Brown, R.E.; Baumel, J.J.; Klemm, R.D. *Journal of Morphology,* N.Y., N. Y., Wiley-Liss, Jul. 1995, v. 225 (1), p. 91-105. ref. ISSN: 0362-2525.

NAL call no: 444.8-J826

            Descriptors:   birds, wings, flight muscle, ligaments, mechanics, anatomy. birds.

Abstract: The supporting elements of the avian propatagium were examined in intact birds and as isolated components, using static force-length measurements, calculated models, and airflow observations. The propatagial surface supported between Lig. propatagiale (LP) and brachium-antebrachium is equally resistant to distortion over the range of wing extension used in flight. The lengths LP assumes in flight occur across a nearly linear, low-stiffness portion of the force-length curve of its extensible pars elastica. In an artificial airflow, intact wings automatically extend; their degree of extension is roughly correlated with the airflow velocity.Comparisons between geometric models of the wing and the passive force-length properties of LPs suggest that the stress along LP balances the drag forces acting to extend the elbow. The mechanical properties (stiffness) of the LP vary and appear to be tuned for flight-type characteristics, e.g. changes in wing extension during flight and drag. Lig. limitans cubiti and LP combine to limit elbow extension at its maximum, a safety device in flight preventing hyperextensionof the elbow and reduction of the propatagium’s cambered flight surface. Calculations using muscle and ligament lengths suggest that M. deltoideus, pars propatagialis, via its insertions onto both the propatagial ligaments, controls and coordinates propatagial deployment, leading edge tenseness, and elbow/wing extension across the range of wing extensions used in flight. The propatagial ligaments and M. deltoideus, pars propatagialis, along with skeleto-ligamentous elbow/carpus apparatus, are integral components of the wing’s extension control mechanism.

 

Normal anatomy of the avian skin and feathers. Pass, David A. *Seminars in Avian and Exotic Pet Medicine,* Oct. 1995, v. 4 (4), p. 152-160. ISSN: 1055-937X. 

NAL call no: SF994.2.A1S36

Descriptors: Aves, skin and feather anatomy,   dermis, epidermis, birds, review.

 

Surgical anatomy of the avian carpometacarpus. Orosz, Susan E. *Journal of the Association of Avian Veterinarians,* Apr. 1995, v. 8 (4), p. 179-183. ISSN: 1044-8314.

NAL call no: SF994.J6

Descriptors: Aves, surgical techniques, wings,   forelimb skeleton, surgical anatomy, birds.

 

 

1994

 

Anatomy of the propatagium: The great horned owl (*Bubo virginianus*). Brown, Richard E.; Baumel, Julian J.; Klemm, Robert D. *Journal of Morphology,* Feb. 1994, v. 219 (2), p. 205-224. ISSN: 0362-2525.

NAL call no: 444.8 J826

Descriptors: carpus, flight, elastic tissue,   elbow, skinfold, wing, structure and function.

Abstract: Skinfolds and feathers form the profile of the avian airfoil. The wing of birds has a nearly flat profile from shoulder to carpus, without the presence of the propatagium. The propatagium is the largest skinfold of the wing; it fills the angle formed by the partially flexed elbow, and with its feathers forms a rounded leading edge and dorsally cambered profile added to the cranial aspect of the wing. The propatagium is variably deployed, relative to elbow extension, in flight, support for its cambered shape is maintained by multilayered collagenous and elastic tissue networks suspended between leading edge and dorsal antebrachium. The leading edge ligament (Lig. propatagiale) courses from deltopectoral crest to carpus and, with its highly distensible center section, supports the leading edge of the propatagium across a range of wing extensions. The elbow extension limiting ligament (Lig. limitans cubiti) courses from deltopectoral crest to proximal antebrachium and limits maximum elbow extension. M. deltoideus, pars propatagialis inserts on the proximal end of the common origin of the propatagial ligaments and, by way of the insertions of the two ligaments, coordinates (1) automatic flexion/extension actions of the elbow and wrist, (2) propatagial deployment, and (3) tension along the length of Lig. propatagiale supporting the leading edge.

 

[Applied anatomy in medical   imaging of the lower limb blood vessels.] Li, Yueying; Ma, Zhaolong;   Wang; Weixi; et.-al. *Xian Yike Daxue Xuebao,*1994, v. 15 (4), p. 359-361.   ISSN: 0258-0659. Note: In Chinese.

Descriptors: femoral artery, anterior tibial artery, cardiovascular system.

 

Applied avian anatomy and   physiology. Orosz, S.E. *Proceedings of the North American Veterinary   Conference,**Jan. 15-20, 1994**.* Eastern States Veterinary   Association, 1994, p. 800-801.

NAL call no: SF605.N672

Descriptors: aviary birds, animal anatomy, animal physiology, veterinary medicine.

 

The automating skeletal and muscular mechanisms of the avian wing (Aves). Vazquez, R.J. *Zoomorphology*. Mar. 1994, v. 114 (1), p. 59-71. ISSN: 0720-213X. 

NAL call no: 442.8 Z33

Descriptors: Aves, wings, skeletal musculature, functional anatomy.

 

The avian coxofemoral joint: a review of regional anatomy and report of an open-reduction technique for repair of a coxofemoral luxation. Martin, H.D.; Kabler, R.; Sealing, L. *Journal of the Association of Avian Veterinarians,* 1994, v. 8 (4), p. 164-172. Reprinted from *Journal of the Association of Avian Veterinarians,* 1989, v. 1 (1), ref.

NAL call no: SF994.J6

Descriptors: pathology, surgery, hips, dislocations, diagnosis.

Abstract: The regional anatomy of the psittacine coxofemoral joint is reviewed and compared to that of mammals. Differences included angle of the femoral head and neck to the femoral shaft, type of joint and range of motion, and thigh musculature. A 2.5 year-old, 240 g, yellow-collared macaw (*Ara auricollis*) had a coxofemoral luxation confirmed upon physical and radiographic examination. An open-reduction technique was successfully applied under isoflurane anaesthesia. On re-examination 2 months following surgery the range of motion was 80 to 90% of normal and the bird appeared to use the limb well. Four months following surgery a single egg was laid and hatched, indicating weight-bearing sufficient for copulation.

 

Blood pressure regulation by aortic baroreceptors in birds. Smith, Frank M. *Physiological Zoology,* 1994, v. 67 (6), p. 1402-1425. ISSN: 0031-935X.

NAL call no: 410.P56

Descriptors: aortic nerve, arterial blood pressure, cardiovascular control.

Abstract: This review summarizes current knowledge of avian baroreceptor location, innervation pattern, and function. Birds have one set of arterial baroreceptors associated with the root of the aortic arch and innervated bilaterally by the aortic nerves, branches of the vagus originating from the nodose ganglia. There is a tonic level of bareceptor input to the baroregulatory mechanisms in the brain stem, and this braoreceptor input is necessary for the maintenance of normotensive pressure in birds. Arterial blood pressure rises acutely and remains chronically elevated after barodenervation. Few studies of baroreceptor of baroreflex function have been made in birds. Baroreceptors discharge in systole with properties similar to high-threshold, slowly adapting mammalian baroreceptors. Evaluating the results of studies of baroreflex function in birds is problematic, since these studies were inconsistent in methodology. They were done in either awake or anesthetized animals, and several different methods for varying arterial pressure were used. It is recommended that baroreflex function be assessed by examining the correlation between spontaneously occurring values of heart rate or cardiac output and arterial pressure measured simultaneously in awake, unrestrained animals. The contribution of baroreceptors to cardiovascular control during exercise and submersion, and possible roles of the baroreflex in homeostasis, are discussed. This review emphasizes the lack of data about the nature of baroreceptors and their participation in the integrated control of the circulation in birds.

 

Centriole development and formation of the flagellum during spermiogenesis in the ostrich (*Struthio camelus*). Soley, J.T. *Journal of Anatomy,* 1994, v. 185 (2), p. 301-313. ref. ISSN: 0021-8782. 

NAL call no: 447.8 J826

Descriptors: spermatogenesis, spermatozoa, ultrastructure,   male birds.

 

Functional anatomy of the “flight” apparatus in penguins. Bannasch, R. *Mechanics and Physiology of Animal Swimming.* Bionik, Linda; Bone, Quentin; Rayner, Jeremy M.V. (eds.). Cambridge University Press, 1994. i-x. 1-250 p. Chapter pagination: 163-192. ISBN: 0521460786. 

Descriptors: skeletal muscles, flight muscles, functional anatomy, penguins.

 

Functional anatomy of forebrain auditory pathways in the budgerigar (*Melopsittacus undulatus*). Brauth, Steven E.; Heaton, James T.; Durand, Sarah E.; Liang, Wenru; Hall, William S. *Brain, Behavior and Evolution,* Oct./Nov. 1994, v. 44 (4-5), p. 210-233. ISSN: 0006-8977.

Descriptors: brain, neurons, forebrain, learning,   sound reception, acoustic signals, parakeet.

 

Liver anatomy/physiology/medicine. Rosenthal, Karen. *Proceedings of the Annual Conference of the Mid-Atlantic States Association of Avian Veterinarians,* 1994, v. 15, p. 118-123. 

NAL call no: SF994.M52

Descriptors: Aves, diagnostic techniques, anatomy,   hepatic medicine, physiology, birds.

 

A note on the musculature of the proximal part of the pelvic limb of the ostrich (*Struthio camelus*). Mellett, F.D. *Journal of the South African Veterinary Association,* Mar. 1994, v. 65 (1), p. 5-9. ISSN: 0038-2809.

NAL call no: 41.8 SO12

Descriptors: hindlimbs, musculature anatomy, skeletal musculature, pelvic limb.

 

The olfactory mucosa of   micrsomatic birds. Donat, K.; Schaefer, C. *Anatomia, Histologia, Embryologia,*   1994, v. 23 (1), p. 69. *From the 19th Congress of the European   Association of Veterinary Anatomists, Ghent & Antwerp, Belgium, Aug. 24-28,   1992.* ISSN: 0340-2096.

NAL call no: SF761.Z4

Descriptors: mucosa, anatomy, olfactory organs.

 

Renal anatomy/physiology/medicine. Rosenthal, Karen. *Proceedings of the Annual Conference of the Mid-Atlantic States Association of Avian Veterinarians,* 1994, v. 15, p. 109-116.

NAL call no: SF994.M52

Descriptors: Aves, anatomy, kidney, diagnostic   techniques, birds.

 

Respiratory system anatomy,   physiology and disease response. Orosz, S.E. *Proceedings of the North   American Veterinary Conference**, Jan. 15-20, 199*4*.* Eastern   States Veterinary Association, 1994, p. 804.

NAL call no: SF605.N672

Descriptors: birds, respiratory system, respiratory diseases.

 

Surgical anatomy of the avian carpometacarpus. Orosz, S.E. *Journal of the Association of Avian Veterinarians,* 1994, v. 8 (4), p. 179-183. Reprinted from *Journal of the Association of Avian Veterinarians,* 1990, v. 4 (1), ref. ISSN: 1044-8314.

NAL call no: SF994.J6

Descriptors: wild birds, surgery, joints, animal   anatomy.

 

 

1993

 

An additional bone in the carpal region of raptorial birds. Smith, B.J.; Smith, S.A.; Holladay, S.D. *Anatomia, Hostologia, Embryologia,* 1993, v. 22 (2), p. 105-113. ref. ISSN: 0340-2096. 

NAL call no: SF761.Z4

Descriptors: predatory birds, anatomy, limb bones,   carpus, comparative study.

Abstract: In a series of 4 species of owls and 12 species of diurnal raptors, an additional bone was present bilaterally in the area of the carpus. Designating the bone as an “additional bone of the raptorial carpal region” is suggested pending appropriate embryological studies to determine the origin of the bone. Generally, the bone was present in owls and in diurnal raptors with relatively short, rounded wings, but was absent in species with longer, more tapered wings. The bone lies at the cranial edge of the carpal area near the radial carpal bone, and is fixed to the surrounding skeleton by ligaments. The tendon of the tensor patagium longus muscle has one slip that attaches to the additional bone and another that passes over its craniodorsal surface en route to insertion. Awareness of the occurrence of this bone in some raptors, but not in others, is essential in clinical evaluation of wing injuries, as well as in forming a prognosis for the return of soundness, the potential for release, and, therefore, the life of an injured raptor.

 

Anatomical, histological and histochemical investigations on the oesophagus of two birds with different diet preference. El Banhawy, Mahmoud A.; Mohallal, Mahmoud E; Rahmy, Tarek R.; Moawad, Tarek I. *Journal of the Egyptian German Society of Zoology,* Apr. 1993, v. 11 (C), p. 175-193. 

NAL call no: QL1.E49

Descriptors: biochemistry, diet, esophagus, anatomy,   histology, histochemistry. 

 

Anatomy of the avian thalamofugal pathway. Gunturkun, Onur; Miceli, Dom; Watanabe, Masami. *Vision, Brain and Behavior in Birds.* Zeigler, H. Philip; Bischof, Hans Joachim (eds.). MIT Press, Cambridge, MA & London. 1993. i-xxiii. 1-415 p. Chapter pagination: 115-135. ISBN: 026224036X. 

Descriptors: Aves, brain, eye, visual system,   birds, review.

 

The anatomy of the cloacal bursa (bursa of Fabricius) in the helmeted guinea fowl (*Numida meleagris galeata*). Onyeanusi, B.I.; Ezeokoli, C.D.; Onyeanusi, J.C.; Ema, A.N. *Anatomia, Histologia, Embryologia,* Sept. 1993, v. 22 (3), p. 212-221. ref. ISSN: 0340-2096.

NAL call no: SF761.Z4

Descriptors: lymphatic system, bursa of Fabricius, anatomy, development.**

Abstract: The cloacal bursa in guineafowls appeared either as an oval blind sac with thick stalk in one group or had a pointed cranial blind end with slightly bulging middle part that was followed by a thick caudal stalk in the other group. Both groups of bursa originated from the proctodeal wall of the cloaca and were placed dorsal to the rectum. The average length of the bursa was 18 mm while the average width at the mid-section was 15 mm. The internal surface showed about 10-12 primary folds. Histologically, by the 18 day of incubation the outline was well established, the primary folds had been formed, and lymphocytes had already been encountered within the framework of the bursa. The epithelium bordering the tunica propria was composed principally of 2 layers of cuboidal cells. Epithelial buds had also formed and some were already detached from the epithelial lining. The blood vessels present were positioned just beneath the outer covering. At day 19 of incubation, most of the epithelial buds had 2 layers of cells arranged in a circumscribed manner while a few had 3 layers of cells. Blood vessels had increased in number and were deeper placed inside the bursa than previously. At day 20, the cells of the upper layer of the epithelium were dorsoventrally flattened and stained paler than the cells of the lower layer. The cortex was distinguishable from the medulla and the basement lining between both zones was distinct. Macrophages were also observed within the gland. By day 25, dead cells had increased in number and there was an increase in the number of medium and small-sized lymphocytes within the gland. By day 26 the upper layer of the surface epithelium was composed of primarily of tall columnar cells with numerous large vacuoles. Macrophages had suddenly increased within the thin interfollicular spaces and most of them were crowded internally with various sized of debris. By day 1 post-hatch, each fold was completely filled with follicles that were separated by thin connective tissue strands.

 

Arthrologia. Baumel, Julian J.; Raikow, Robert J. *Publications of the Nuttall Ornithological Club,* 1993, v. 23, p. 133-187. ISSN: 0550-4082.

NAL call no: QL697.H26

Descriptors: Aves, articulation, arthrological   anatomy and terminology, birds.

 

The central nervous system of birds: A study of functional morphology. Hartwig, H.G. *Avian Biology,* 1993; 9: p. 1-119. Farner, D.S.; King, J.R.; Parkes, K.C. (eds.). Academic Press, Inc. San Diego, CA. ISBN: 0122494091. 

NAL call no: QL671.S8

Descriptors: Aves, nervous system, birds, anatomy.

 

Clinical anatomy of ratites. Fowler, Murray E. *Zoo and Wild Animal Medicine: Current Therapy, 3rd ed.* W.B. Saunders Co., Philadelphia, London etc. 1993, i-xxv. 1-617 p. Chapter pagination: 194-198. 

NAL call no: SF996.Z66

Descriptors: musculature, skeleton, digestive system, general morphology.

 

General avian radiographic anatomy. Smith, Bonnie J.; Smith, Stephen A. *Proceedings of the Annual Conference of the Mid-Atlantic States Association of Avian Veterinarians,* 1993, v. 14, p. 121-124. 

NAL call no: SF994.M52

Descriptors: Aves, anatomical techniques, skeleton,   radiographic anatomy, birds.

 

*Handbook of Avian Anatomy: Nomina Anatomica Avium. 2nd   ed.*Baumel, Julian J. Cambridge, MA. Nutall Ornithological Club, 1993. i-xxiv,   1 -779 p. ill. ref.

NAL call no: QL697.H26 1993

Descriptors: birds, anatomy, dictionaries. 

 

Interconnections of muscles in the adductor mandibulae complex of birds. Elzanowski, A. *Annals of Anatomy,* Feb. 1993, v. 175 (1), p. 29-34. ISSN: 0940-9602.

Descriptors: morphology, muscular system, movement, support.

 

Recognizing radiographically abnormal avian anatomy. Smith, Stephen A.; Smith, Bonnie J. *Proceedings of the Annual Conference of the Mid-Atlantic States Association of Avian Veterinarians,* 1993, v. 14, p. 126-127. 

NAL call no: SF994.M52

Descriptors: Aves, anatomical techniques, radiographic   anatomy, abnormality, birds. 

 

A review of the methods used to study the anatomy of avian sperm storage. Briskie, J.V.; Birkhead, T.R. *Ornis Scandinavica,* Oct./Dec. 1993, v. 24 (4), p. 323-329. ISSN: 0030-5693. 

Descriptors: sperm storage tubules, preservation,   sperm competition, techniques, birds.

Abstract: We describe and evaluate a simple technique for studying the anatomy of sperm storage in birds by using whole mount preparations of unstained oviductal tissue. Unlike sectioned material, this technique can be used to estimate the number and size of sperm storage tubules (SST) and study the arrangement of stored sperm in situ. Using whole mount preparations, we compared fresh material with that fixed and preserved in either formalin or alcohol for up to 6 months. SSTs and their contents were easily counted and measured using either fresh or formalin preserved material: however, material fixed in formalin shrunk by approximately 12% and size measurements must be corrected if direct comparisons with fresh material are to be made. Tissue fixed in alcohol gave poor visibility and should not be used to preserve specimens. The use of whole mount preparations provides new possibilities for addressing both the evolution of different sperm storage patterns across species and the proximate mechanisms of sperm competition within a species. We recommend that systematic efforts be made to include formalin fixed and preserved oviducts in museum collections.

 

Sperm competition and the reproductive anatomy of male superb fairy-wrens. Mulder, Raoul A.; Cockburn, Andrew. *Auk.* 1993 (1994); v. 110 (3), p. 588-503. ISSN: 0004-8038.

NAL call no: 413.8 AU4

Descriptors: Aves, testes mass, reproductive   system, cloacal protuberance, ejaculates.

Abstract: In Superb Fairy-Wrens (*Malurus cyaneus*), groups of males cooperate with a single female to rear young, yet offspring are usually sired by males from outside the group. In this unusual mating system there is potential for intense sperm competition. During the breeding season, males develop a sperm storage structure (cloacal protuberance) and testes that proportionally are among the largest found in passerines. We compared the development pattern and size of cloacal protuberances of males differing in age and social status. Protuberance size increased with body mass. Age, intragroup dominance, and pairing status did not influence the overall size of the protuberance, but old males had a larger tip on their protuberance. This prominent tip has not been reported in other species, and we speculate that it serves as an intromittent organ. Other birds with large testes and cloacal protuberances have high copulation rates but copulation of superb Fairy-Wrens is only very rarely observed. We propose that the cloacal protuberance and large testes of superb Fairy-Wrens provide large sperm reserves primarily for extrapair copulations. These may occur frequently, or involve the transfer of large ejaculates.

 

Systema cardiovasculare. Baumel, Julian J. *Publications of the Nuttall Ornithological Club,* 1993, v. 23, p. 407-475. ISSN: 0550-4082.

NAL call no: QL697.H26 1993

Descriptors: Aves, circulatory system, cardiovascular   anatomy and terminology, birds.

 

 

1992

 

 

[Anatomy on digestive system   of rough-legged hawk.] Zhang, Shuyun et. al. *Chinese Wildlife,*   Nov. 1992, v. 6, p. 31-32. ISSN: 1000-0127. Note: In Chinese.

Descriptors: digestive system, morphology, Aves, *Buteo lagopus*.

 

*Atlas of Avian Radiographic Anatomy.* Smith, Stephen   A.; Smith, Bonnie J. Philadelphia, W.B. Saunders Co. c1992. xii. 1-226 p. ill.   ref. ISBN: 0721636527.

NAL call no: SF767.B57S65 1992

Descriptors: birds, anatomy atlases, veterinary radiography. 

 

*Atlas of Radiographic Anatomy and Diagnosis of Cage   Birds.* Krautwald, Maria Elisabeth; Tellhelm, B.; Hummel, G.H.; Kostka, v.M.;   Kaleta, E.F. Berlin: Hamburg. Paul Parey Scientific Publ. 1992. 1-211 p. ill.   ref. ISBN: 348952716X. Note: In English and German.

NAL call no: SF757.8.A85 1992 Ov

Descriptors: cage birds anatomy atlases, cage bird diagnosis atlases, radiography.

Abstract: This bilingual atlas, written in German and translated into English by W.G. Siller and A.G. Burnie, provides veterinarians and veterinary students with a reference for diagnosing healthy and diseased cage birds using radiography. After some general remarks on bird anatomy, the technical principles of radiography and special procedures are covered. A subsequent chapter describes and illustrates the positioning of the bird during the x-ray procedure. The next section provides information on the radiological anatomy of parrots, pigeons, birds of prey and hill mynahs. Finally, physiological variations and pathological changes are discussed. The appendix includes a bibliography, subject index and list of species referred to in the text. The atlas features 183 radiographs, 114 illustrations and two tables.

 

Automating the kinematics   of avian flight. Vazquez, R.J. *American Zoologist,* 1992, v. 32   (5), p. 153A. ISSN: 0003-1569. *Annual meeting of the American Society of   Zoologists with the Animal Behavior Society, American Microscopical Society,   The Canadian Society of Zoologists, The Crustacean Society, The International   Association of Astacology, Vancouver, B.C. Canada, Dec. 26-30, 1992.*

NAL call no: 410 AM3

Descriptors: muscle anatomy, forelimb movement,   wing morphology, birds.

 

The avian fascia pectoralis: Anatomy and functional implications. Meyers, Ron A. *Zoologische Jahrbuecher Abteilung fuer Anatomie und Ontogenie der Tiere,* Nov. 1992, v. 122 (3), p. 381-384. ISSN: 0044-5177. 

Descriptors: skeletal musculature, sternum, anatomy   and functional implications, birds. 

 

The avian muscle spindle. Maier, A. *Anatomy and Embryology,* 1992, v. 186 (1), p. 1-25. ISSN: 0340-2061. 

Descriptors: birds, muscle, anatomy, physiology.

Abstract: The literature on the morphology and physiology of the avian muscle spindle is reviewed, with emphasis placed on the period from 1960 to 1992. Traits similar to or different from mammalian spindles are recognized. Apart from receptors with low intrafusal fiber counts, bird spindles contain two or three types of intrafusal fiber. Unlike that of mammals, the equatorial fiber structure in birds does not lend itself to classification into nuclear bag and nuclear chain types. Avian intrafusal fibers are separable into types based on differences in myosin heavy chain composition and motor innervation, but apportionment of these fiber types of individual spindles is more variable in birds than in mammals. There is morphological evidence in birds for the existence of both gamma and beta innervation; however, confirmation of these systems by physiological experiments is at best sketchy. A general lack of physiological data is currently the greatest drawback to a better understanding of how the avian receptor works, and what role it plays in sensorimotor integration.

 

*Avian Surgical Anatomy: Thoracic and Pelvic Limbs.*   Orosz, Susan E.; Ensley, Philip K.; Haynes, Carol J. Philadelphia, W.B. Saunders,   Co.c1992. i-xi, 1-139 p. ill. ref. ISBN: 0721636543.

NAL call no: SF994.O76 1992

Descriptors: birds surgery, birds anatomy, extremities surgery, extremities anatomy.

 

A brief overview of the avian crop. Paster, M.B. *Journal of the Association of Avian Veterinarians,* 1992, v. 6 (4), p. 229-230. ISSN: 1044-8314.

NAL call no: S994.J6

Descriptors: Aves, crop, anatomy and physiology,   birds, overview.

 

Clinical anatomy of ratites. Fowler, M.E. *Proceedings of the Annual Conference Association of Avian Veterinarians,* 1992, p. 307-309. 

NAL call no: SF994.M52

Descriptors: ratites, clinical anatomy, general   account.

 

The comparative anatomy   of the pancreas lobi and ducts in the domestic ducks (*Anas domestica L.*).   Jiwu, L.; Qianzheng, L.; Shizhong, X.; Xianbai, D.; Hauncheng, D.; Liu Jiwu;   Li, Qianzheng; Xu, Shizhong; Deng, Xianbai; Dong, Hauncheng. *Proceedings,   9th International Symposium on Waterfowl,**Pisa, Italy, Sept.   16-18, 1992.* P. 73-75. ref. 

Descriptors: anatomy, animal anatomy, pancreas, poultry.

 

The development of the perichondrium in the avian ulna. Rooney, P.; Archer, C.W. *Journal of Anatomy,* 1992, v. 181 (3), p. 393-401. ref. ISSN: 0021-8782. 

NAL call no: 447.8 J826

Descriptors: embryonic development, cartilage,   ulna, bones, birds.

 

Functional anatomy of the penguin flipper. Kouw, G.J. *Journal of the South African Veterinary Association,* 1992, v. 63 (3), p. 113-120. ISSN: 0038-2809.

NAL call no: 41.8 SO8

Descriptors: flipper, thermoregulation, wing, anatomy.

Abstract: This study investigates the functional anatomy of the flipper of the jackass penguin (*Speniscus demersus*). The flippers of birds (n=15) were dissected and described. Several adaptations from the typical avian wing were noted and reasons were proposed for these. The conclusion is that the osteological and myological adaptations of the flipper are designed to enable the penguin to progress very effectively through the water, while the vascular adaptations provide a highly efficient mechanism for thermoregulation.

 

The humeroscapular bone of the great horned owl (*Bubo virginianus*) and other raptors. Smith, B.J.; Smith, S.A. *Anatomia, Histologia, Embryologia,* 1992, v. 21 (1), p. 32-39. ISSN: 0340-2096.

NAL call no: SF761.Z4

Descriptors: Falconiformes, appendicular skeleton, gross anatomy and histology.

 

*Lehrbuch der Anatomy der Haustiere, Band V. Anatomie   der Voegel. [Anatomy of Domestic Animals. Vol. V. Anatomy of Birds].* Vollmerhaus,   B.; Sinowatz, F.; Frewein, J.; Waibi, H. Verlag Paul Parey; Berlin. 1992, ed.   2, xvi. 446 p. ISBN: 3489576160. Note: In German.

Descriptors: domestic animals, anatomy, poultry.

Abstract: The first edition, prepared by Prof.   A.Schummer (who died in 1977), was published in 1973, and an English translation   followed in 1977. There has been much revision for the present edition, and   the range of birds has been extended to include fowls, ducks, geese and pigeons.   Although the Latin nomenclature of Nomina Anatomica Avium (1979) has been adopted,   there are discrepancies with Nomina Anatomica Veterinaria (1973), and these   are pointed out.

 

Light bones in birds.   Buehler, P. *Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County Science Series,*   1992, (36), p. 385-393. ISSN: 0076-0943.

NAL call no: QL475.C3H63

Descriptors: weight reducing adaptation, skeleton, evolution, Aves, bones.

 

*Makroskopische und mikroskopische Untersuchungen am   Verdauungstrakt von Amazonenpapageien (Amazona Less., 1830). [Macroscopic and   Microscopic Study of the Digestive Tract of Amazon Parrots.]* Barth, U.   Tieraztliche Fakultat, Ludwig Maximillians Universitat, Minchen, Germany. 1992,   101 p. ref. Note: In German. 

Descriptors: anatomy, histology, gizzard, intestines, digestive system.

 

Quantitative pulmonary anatomy of a ground-dwelling bird, the white-breasted water-hen (*Amaurornis phoenicurus*). King, A.S.; Vidyadaran, M.K.; Kassim, H. *Journal of Zoology (London),* 1992, v. 227 (2), p. 185-191. ISSN: 0952-8369.

NAL call no: QL1.J68

Descriptors: biometrics, quantitative anatomy, pulmonary anatomy.

 

Spinal neurons projecting to anterior or posterior cerebellum in the pigeon. Necker, R. *Anatomy and Physiology,* 1992, v. 185 (4), p. 325-334. ISSN: 0340-2061.

Descriptors: birds, spinal afferent fibers, anatomy, nervous system.

Abstract: Spinal afferent fibers have ben shown to project both to lobules III-VI and lobule IX of the cerebellum in the pigeon. In the present investigation the cells of origin of these projections and the course of the axons at spinal levels have been studied by the retrograde transport of fluorescent dyes injected into both parts of the cerebellum. In the upper cervical segments labeled neurons are located predominantly in the ventral horn; the axons cross to the contralateral side. In the cervical enlargement labeled neurons concentrate in the avian cervical Clark’s column (CIC) and in cervical “spinal border cells” (SBC). The axons of CIC neurons project ipsilaterally into the dorsolateral funiculus and SBC project ipsilaterally into the ventrolateral funiculus. In caudal cervical and in thoracic segments dorsal horn neurons (laminae IV/V) are at the origin of an ipsilateral spinocerebellar pathway in the dorsalmost part of the lateral funiculus. In the lumbosacral enlargement there are mainly three spinocerebellar cell groups all of which project contralaterally in the ventral funiculus: CIC, SBC and paragriseal cells. During its ascent this pathway shifts to the lateral funiculus. In addition there is a crossed pathway from ventral horn cells throughout the spinal cord. Whereas approximately equal numbers of dorsal horn cells project to lobules III-IV and th lobule IX, the number of CIC neurons is strongly reduced after lobule IX injections and SBC neurons are nearly absent. Altogether lobule IX gas a substantial input from dorsal horn neurons (cutaneous mechanoreception) whereas that to lobules III-IV is dominated by CIC and SBC proprioreception.

 

Temporal patterns of muscle formation in the avian limb bud. Lance, Jones C.; Van Swearingen, J. *Society for Neuroscience Abstracts,* 1992, v. 18 (1-2), p. 621. ISSN: 0190-5296. 

Descriptors: development, muscular system, movement   and support, Aves, birds.

 

Tomographic anatomy of the golden eagle (*Aquila chrysaetos*). Orosa, S.E.; Toal, R.L. *Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine,* 1992, v. 23 (1), p. 39-46. ISSN: 1042-7260.

NAL call no: SF601.J6

Descriptors: general morphology, thorax, tomographic   anatomy.

 

*Vergleichende Anatomie der Nasenhohle und Nasennebenhohlen   bei Greifvogeln (Falconiformes) und Eulen (Strigiformes). [Comparative Anatomy   of the Nasal Cavity and the Associated Sinuses of the Nasal Chamber of Diurnal   Birds of Prey (Falconiformes) and Owls (Strigiformes).]* Petersen,   Anja. Hannover: [s.n.], 1992, 157 p. ill. ref. Doctoral Thesis. Note: In German   with an English summary.

NAL call no: DISS F-1992034

Descriptors: Falconiformes, Strigiformes, nasal   cavity, sinuses, comparative anatomy.

 

 

1991

 

The avian respiratory system: Anatomy and physiology. Meintjes, R. *Pluimvee Bulletin,* 1991, No. 11, p. 479-480. ISSN: 1042-7260.

NAL call no: 47.8 SO89

Descriptors: lungs, air sacs, animal anatomy,   physiology, respiratory system, birds.

 

*A Color Atlas of Avian Anatomy.* McLelland, J. ** W.B. Saunders Co., 1991, 127 p. col. ill. ref. ISBN: 0721635369.

NAL call no: QL697.M341 1991

Descriptors: birds, anatomy, atlases.

 

Comparative clinical anatomy of ratites. Fowler, M.E. *Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine,* 1991, v. 22 (2), p. 204-227. ISSN: 1042-7260.

NAL call no: SF996.Z66

Descriptors: general morphology, digestive system, comparative clinical anatomy.

Abstract: Ratites, particularly the ostrich (*Struthio camelus*) and emu (*Dromalus novaehollandiae*), have become popular as livestock. This paper provides single source of information based on the author’s dissections of the ostrich, emu, and the rhea (*Rhea americana*), selected data accumulated from museum specimens, and additional information extracted from the literature. The musculoskeletal, digestive, and reproductive systems are emphasized because of their importance in clinical medicine and management of these animals. All ratites have heavily muscled legs for running and defence against enemies. Unique characteristics are a noncarinate sternum and lack of breast muscles. Stomach and intestinal morphology is highly variable among the families represented. All male ratites have an intromittent organ (phallus), and ostrich and emu females have a diminutive organ.

 

Fine structure of the pecten oculi of the red-tailed hawk (*Buteo jamaicensis*). Braekevelt, C.R. *Anatomia, Hisologia, Embryologia,* 1991, v. 20 (4), p. 354-362. ref. ISSN: 0340-2096. 

NAL call no: SF761.Z4

Descriptors: eyes, anatomy, sense organs, tissue ultrastructure.

Abstract: The pecten oculi of the red-tailed hawk has been examined by light and electron microscopy. In this species the pecten is very large and of the pleated type. It consists of 17-18 accordion folds which are joined apically by a heavily pigmented bridge of tissue which holds the pecten in a fan-like shape, widest at its base. It is situated over the optic nerve head and extends into the vitreous. Within each fold are numerous capillaries, larger supply and drainage vessels and melanocytes. The capillaries are specialized and display extensive microfolds on both the luminal and abdominal borders. The endothelial cell bodies are thin with most organelles present in a paranuclear location. The capillaries are surrounded by thick fibrillar basal laminae which are probably structurally important and which often enclose pericytes. The melanocytes which are most plentiful in the bridge region and peripherally in the pecten, form an incomplete sheath around the capillaries and other blood vessels. These melanocytes are also felt to be fulfilling a structural role within the pecten. The morphology of the pecten of the red-tailed hawk is indicative of a heavy involvement in the transport of materials to the avascular avian retina.

 

The functional anatomy of the shoulder in the European starling (*Sturnus vulgaris*). Dial, K.P.; Goslow, G.E. Jr.; Jenkins, F.A. Jr. *Journal of Morphology,* 1991, v. 207 (3), p. 327-344. ISSN: 0362-2525.

NAL call no: 444.8 J826

Descriptors: biomechanics, skeletal musculature, flight, shoulder functional anatomy.

 

Normal xeroradiographic and radiographic anatomy of the bobwhite quail (*Colinus virginianus*), with reference to other galliform species. Smith, B.J.; Smith. S.A. *Veterinary Radiology,* 1991, v. 32 (3), p. 127-134. ISSN: 0196-3627.

NAL call no: SF757.8.A4

Descriptors: general morphology, anatomy, head, abdomen, limbs.

 

Normal xeroradiographic anatomy of the great horned owl (*Bubo virginianus*), with special reference to the barn owl (*Tyto alba*). Smith, S.A.; Smith, B.J. *Veterinary Radiology,* 1991, v. 32 (1), p. 6-16. ISSN: 0196-3627.

NAL call no: SF757.8.A4

Descriptors: Stringifromes, general morphology, radiographic anatomy. 

 

Normal xeroradiographic and radiographic anatomy of the mallard duck (*Anas platyrhynchos*) with reference to other anserine species. Smith, B.J.; Smith, S.A. *Veterinary Radiology,* 1991, v. 32 (2), p. 87-95. ISSN: 0196-3627.

NAL call no: SF757.8.A4

Descriptors: Anseriformes, general morphology, head, abdomen, limbs.

 

*Phylogenetic Analysis of Avian Hindlimb Musculature*.   McKitrick, Mary C. Ann Arbor, MI. Museum of Zoology, the University of Michigan,   1991. iv. 85 p. ill. no. 179.

NAL call no: 410.9 M58M no. 179

Descriptors: birds phylogeny, birds anatomy, birds classification.

 

Quantitative observations on the pulmonary anatomy of the domestic Muscovy duck (*Cairina moschata*). Vidyadaran, M.K.; King, A.S.; Kassim, H. *Journal of Zoology,* 1991, v. 2224 (1), p. 113-119. ref. ISSN: 0952-8369.

NAL call no: QL1.J68

Descriptors: respiratory system, anatomy, physiology.

Abstract: The lungs of five domestic Muscovy ducks, mean body weight 1.627 kg, total lung volume 48.07 cm; were analysed by standard morphometric methods. Principal results obtained are: lung volume per unit body weight, 30.17 cm3/g; volume densities of exchange tissue relative to lung volume, 49.24%, blood capillaries relative to exchange tissue, 29.63%, tissue of the blood gas (tissue) barrier relative to exchange tissue, 5.88%; surface area of the blood-gas (tissue) barrier per unit body weight, 30.04 cm2/g; ratios of the surface area of the blood-gas (tissue) barrier per unit volume of the lung and per unit volume of exchange area, 979 cm2/cm3 and 200.06 mm2/mm3, respectively; harmonic and arithmetic mean thickness of the tissue barrier, 0.199 *u*m and 0.303 *u*m respectively. The anatomical diffusing capacity of the tissue barrier for oxygen (DTO2) and the total pulmonary diffusing capacity (DLO2), 49.58 ml O2/min/mmHg/kg and 4.55 ml O2/min/mmHg/kg, respectively. The lungs of the domestic Muscovy duck appear to be about as well adapted anatomically for gas exchange as the lungs of wild anatid species, and there is no clear evidence that domestication has been associated with any deterioration in the anatomical capacity for oxygen uptake. The weight-specific anatomical diffusing capacity of the lung for oxygen (DLO2/W) was about 3.6 times greater than the weight-specific physiological value, a factor which falls within the expected range.

 

Radiology of the avian skull. Kostka, V.; Krautwald-Junghanns, M.E.; Tellhelm, B. *Journal of Veterinary Medicine: Series A,* 1991, v. 38 (3), p. 175-186. ISSN: 0931-184X.

NAL call no: 41.8 Z5

Descriptors:*Buteo buteo*, Psittaciformes,   Cacatua, skull, radiographic anatomy, hawks.

 

 

1990

 

Anatomical and physiological characteristics of birds and how they differ from mammals. McDonald, S.E. *Proceedings Annual Conference Association of Avian Veterinarians,* 1990, p 372-389. 

NAL call no: SF994.M52

Descriptors: general morphology, whole animal physiology, skeleton, skull, anatomy.

 

*A Colour Atlas of Avian Anatomy.* McLelland, J. London,   Wolfe Pub. c1990. 1-127 p. col. ill. ref. ISBN: 0723415757.

NAL call no: QL697.M341 1990

Descriptors: birds, anatomy, atlases, photographic guide, illustrations.

 

A light microscopic and   immunocytochemical study of the grastrointestinal tract of the ostrich (*Struthio   camelus*L*.*). Bezuidenhout, A.J.; Aswegen, G. Van; Aswegen,   G. *Onderstepoort Journal of Veterinary Research,* 1990, v. 57 (1), p.   37-48. ref. ISSN: 0030-2465.

NAL call no: 41.8 On1

Descriptors: anatomy, digestive system, histology stomach, intestines.

Abstract: The superficial proventricular glands were simple, branched tubular glands, while the deep proventricular glands were restricted to a slipper-shaped area and extended into the muscularis mucosae. The gizzard had a variably developed muscularis mucosae, a feature that seems to be unique to the ostrich. The villi of the small intestine were long and branched profusely, forming a lbyrinthine surface. No Paneth cells were observed. The mucosa of the caeca and the first part of the rectum was thrown into large circular folds, forming a compressed spiral. Numerous melanocytes were seen in the submucosa and the connective tissue around the blood vessels of the muscle layers at the tips of the caeca. A well developed subserosa was present throughout the gastro-intestinal tract. Endocrine cells immunoreactive to somatostatin, glucagon, gastrin, bombesin, neurotensin, substance P and pancratic polypeptide were detected in the gastro-intestinal tract of the ostrich. The topographical distribution of those endocrine cells immunoreactive to glucagon, bombesin, neurotensin and substance P differed from that of the chicken. The results of this investigation inferred that at least one of the gut peptides of the ostrich (secretin) is structurally different from its counterparts in mammal and chicken. Molecular heterogeneity of somatostatin was observed in endocrine cells situated in the deep ventricular glands of the ostrich.

 

The normal xeroradiographic and radiographic anatomy of the cockatiel *(Nymphicus hollandis*). Smith, B.J.; Smith, S.A.; Spaulding, K.A.; Flammer, K.; Smallwood, J.E. *Veterinary Radiology,* 1990, v. 31 (5), p. 226-234. ISSN: 0196-3627.

NAL call no: SF757.8.A4

Descriptors: general morphology, head, abdomen, limbs, anatomy.

 

The normal xeroradiographic and radiographic anatomy of the orange-winged Amazon parrot (*Amazona amazonica*). Smith, B.J.; Smith, S.A.; Flammer, K.; Spaulding, K.A.; Smallwood, J.E. *Veterinary Radiology,* 1990, v. 31 (3), p. 114-124. ISSN: 0196-3627.

NAL call no: SF757.8.A4

Descriptors: Psittacidae, anatomy, skeleton, digestive system, anatomy.

 

Normal xeroradiographic and radiographic anatomy of the red-tailed hawk (*Buteo jamaicensis*), with reference to other diurnal raptors. Smith, S.A.; Smith, B.J. *Veterinary Radiology,* 1990, v. 31 (6), p. 301-312. ISSN: 0196-3627.

NAL call no: SF757.8.A4

Descriptors: Falconiformes, general morphology, head, abdomen, limbs, anatomy.

 

The physiology of bird flight. Butler, P.J.; Woakes, A.J. *Bird Migration: Physiology and Ecophysiology.* Gwinner E. (ed.). Springer-Verlag, Berlin. 1990. i-xii. 1-435 p. Chapter pagination: 300-318. 

NAL call no: QL698.9 B57 1990

Descriptors: Aves, metabolic rate, flight muscles, thermoregulation, functional anatomy.

 

Psittacine skull radiography. Paul-Murphy, J.R.; Koblik, P.D.; Stein, G.; Penninck, D.G. *Veterinary Radiology,* 1990, v. 31 (3), p. 125-131. ISSN: 0196-3627.

NAL call no: SF757.8.A4

Descriptors: Psittacidae, skull, anatomy, anatomical   techniques, parrots.

 

Psittacine skull radiology. Anatomy, radiographic technique, and patient application. Paul-Murphy, J.R.; Koblik, P.D.; Stein, G.; Pennick, D.G. *Veterinary Radiology,* 1990, v. 31, (4), p. 218-224. ref. ISSN: 0196-3627.

NAL call no: SF757.8.A4

Descriptors: anatomy, skull, radiography, beak,   parrots, case reports.

 

Recent findings on the development of dimorphic anatomy in the avian song system. DeVoogd, T.J. *Journal of Experimental zoology Supplement,* 1990, No. 4, p. 183-186. ISSN: 1059-8324.

NAL call no: 410.J825

Descriptors: brain, hormones, song system structure,   sexual dimorphism, birds.

 

Surgical anatomy of the avian carpometacarpus. Orosz, S.E. *Journal of the Association of Avian Veterinarians,*1990, v. 4 (1), p. 40-45. ISSN; 1044-8314. 

NAL call no: SF994.J6

Descriptors: Aves, surgical techniques, forelimb   skeleton, birds.

 

Surgical anatomy of the propatagium. Brown, R.E.; Klemm, R.D. *Proceedings Annual Conference Association of Avian Veterinarians,* 1990, p. 176-181. 

NAL call no: SF994.M52

Descriptors: forelimbs, anatomy, blood vessels,   surgical anatomy, birds.

 

 

1989

 

Anatomy of the avian cecum. McLelland, J. *Journal of Experimental Zoology Supplement,* 1989, No.3, p. 2-9. ISSN: 1059-8324.

NAL call no: 410.J825

Descriptors: Aves, caecum, gross anatomy, birds,   review.

 

Anatomy of the lungs and air sacs. McLelland, J. *Form and Function in Birds,* vol 4. King, A.S.; McLelland, J. (eds.). Academic Press, London, San Diego, 1989. i-xiv, 1-591 p. Chapter pagination: 221-279.

NAL call no: QL698.F67

Descriptors: Aves, lung innervation, lungs, anatomy,   nervous system, birds.

 

Aspects of the limb anatomy of the brown pelican (*Pelecanus occidentalis*). McSweeney, T,; Stoskopf, M.K. *Journal of Zoo & Wildlife Medicine,* 1989, v. 20 (2), p. 191-198. ISSN: 1042-7260.

NAL call no: SF996.Z66

Descriptors: surgical techniques, repair of limb fractures, wing anatomy.

 

Feather anatomy and function. Part 1. Joseph, V. *Journal of the Association of Avian Veterinarians,* 1989, v. 3 (3), p. 136-137. ref. ISSN: 0892-9904.

NAL call no: SF904.A2

Descriptors: anatomy, feathers, birds.

 

Feather anatomy and function. Part 2. Joseph, V. *Journal of the Association of Avian Veterinarians,* 1989, v. 3 (4), p. 196. ISSN: 0892-9904. 

NAL call no: SF904.A2

Descriptors: Aves, plumage, feather tracts, feathers,   growth, molting, birds.

 

Gross anatomy of the tongue, pharynx and esophagus of the domestic duck *(Anas platyrhynchos*). Rao, T.S.C.; Hafeezuddin, M. *Cheiron,* 1989, v. 18 (6), p. 242-246. ref. ISSN: 0379-542X.

NAL call no: SF604.C56

Descriptors: tongue, pharynx, oesophagus, animal anatomy, digestive system.

 

Larynx and trachea. McLelland, J. *Form and Function in Birds,* vol. 4, 1989. i-xiv, 1-591 p. Chapter pagination: 69-103. 

NAL call no: QL698.F67

Descriptors: Aves, skeletal musculature, larynx   and trachea, functional anatomy, birds.

 

The lateral femur in selected avian species: Anatomy and surgical approaches. Orosz, S.E. *Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine,* 1989, v. 4 (1), p. 441-445. ISSN: 1042-7260.

NAL call no: SF996.Z66

Descriptors: Falconiformes, Psittaciformes, Strigiformes,   surgical techniques, anatomy, birds.

 

Light microscopic morphometry of the kidneys of fourteen avian species. Wauri, C.N. *Journal of Anatomy,* 1989, v. 162, p. 19-31. ISSN: 0021-8782.

NAL call no: 447.8.J826

Descriptors: kidney morphometrics, Aves, comparatives   study, measurements, birds.

 

Relationship of cecal and colonic motility to diet, habitat and cecal anatomy in several avian species. Duke, G.E. *Journal of Experimental Zoology Supplement,* 1989, No. 3, p. 38-47. ISSN: 1059-8324.

NAL call no: 410.J825

Descriptors: Aves, peristalsis, diet, caecal   and colonic motility, habitat and anatomy, birds.

 

Respiration and gas exchange in birds. Piiper, J.; Scheid, P. *NATO-ASI (Advanced Science Institutes) Series; Series A Life Sciences,* 1998, v. 173, p. 153-162. ISSN: 0161-0449.

NAL call no: QH301.N32

Descriptors: Aves, lungs, anatomy review, respiratory gas exchange. 

 

Selected features of the abdominal and thoracic anatomy of the brown pelican (*Pelecanus occidentalis*). McSweeney, T.; Stoskopf, M.K. *Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine,* 1989, v. 20 (2), p. 184-190. ISSN: 1042-7260.

NAL call no: SF996.Z66

Descriptors: general morphology, abdominal and thoracic anatomy, anatomy.

 

[Study on skeleton of the   red-crowned crane.] Chang, J.C.; Li, P. *Journal of Northeast Forestry   University,* 1989, v. 17 (1), p. 31-39. ISSN: 1000-5382. Note: In Chinese.   

NAL call no: SD221.J67

Descriptors:*Grus japonensis*, measurements, skeleton, anatomy.

 

Surgical anatomy of the ventral thoracic girdle of raptors and psittacines. Orosz, S.E. *Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine,* 1989, v. 20 (4), p. 435-440. ISSN: 1042-7260.

NAL call no: SF996.Z66

Descriptors: surgical techniques, surgical anatomy, sternum, pectoral girdle.

 

Thermoregulation in turkey vultures: Vascular anatomy, arteriovenous heat exchange, and behavior. Arad, Z.; Midtgard, U.; Bernstein, M.H. *Condor,* 1989, v. 91 (3), p. 505-514. ISSN: 0010-5422.

NAL call no: QL671.C6

Descriptors: thermoregulation, circulatory system, heat exchange with veins, skin.

 

 

1988

 

Anatomical study of the wulst in the parakeet (*Aratinga canicularis*). Diaz-Cintra, S.; Cintra, L.; Ortega, A.; Perez, B.; Ayala, F. *Boletin de Estudios Medicos y Biologicos Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico,* 1988, v. 36 (1-4), p. 25-34. ISSN: 0067-9666.

Descriptors: brain, wulst anatomy, cell types,   Psittacidae.

 

The anatomy of the middle ear of the Tinamiformes (Aves: Tinamidae). Saiff, E. *Journal of Morphology,* 1988, v. 196 (1), p, 107-116. ISSN: 0362-2525.

NAL call no: 444.8 J826

Descriptors: ear, middle ear morphology, comparisons,   skull, phylogeny, birds.

 

Image analysis of avian pituitaries. Rahman, Zur; Chiasson, R.B.; Olson, G.B.; Zia, Ur Rahman. *Anatomia, Histologia, Embryologia,* 1988, v. 17 (4), p. 381. ISSN: 0340-2096.

NAL call no: SF761.Z4

Descriptors: histology, pituitary, anatomy, birds.

 

Selected anatomical features of the neck and gular sac of the brown pelican *(Pelecanus occidentalis*). McSweeney, T.; Stoskopf, M.K. *Journal of Zoo Animal Medicine,* 1988, v. 19 (3), p. 116-121. ISSN: 0093-4526.

NAL call no: SF601.J6

Descriptors: neck, anatomy, throat, larynx, gular   sac anatomy.

 

An ultrastructural study of the cere of the domestic pigeon (*Columba livia*). Purton, M.D. *Journal of Anatomy,* 1988, v. 157, p. 43-56. ISSN: 0021-8782.

NAL call no: 447.8 J826

Descriptors: skin, functional histomorphology, Columbidae.

 

 

1987

 

Microscopic and ultrastructural anatomy of the trachea and bronchi of*Melopsittacus undulatus*(Aves, Psittaciformes). Smith, J.H.; Meier, J.L.; Lampke, C.; Neill, P. J.G.; Box, E. *Zoomorphology* (Berlin), 1987, v. 107 (1), p. 1-10. ISSN: 0720-213X.

NAL call no: 442.8 Z33

Descriptors: bronchi, trachea, ultrastructure,   anatomy, Psittacidae, buderigars.

 

Radiographic anatomy of the Texas barred owl, *Strix varia helveola*. Shively, M.J. *Southwestern Veterinarian,* 1987, v. 38 (1), p. 61-70. ISSN: 0038-495X.

NAL call no: 41.8 So82

Descriptors: skeleton, radiographic anatomy, distribution, natural history.

 

 

1986

 

Alimentary canal: Anatomy, regulation of feeding, and motility. Duke, G.E. *Avian Physiology,* Sturkie, P.D. (ed.). Springer-Verlag, New York, Berlin, 1986, 1-516 p. Chapter pagination: 269-288. 

NAL call no: QL698.S7

Descriptors: passage of food, digestive system,   anatomy, regulating factors, birds. 

 

Anatomy of the avian membrana nictitans. Sivak, J.G,; Glover, R.F. *Canadian Journal of Zoology,*1986, v. 64 (4), p. 963-972. ISSN: 0008-4301.

NAL call no: 470 C16D

Descriptors: membrana nictitans anatomy, Aves,   Anatidae, Anseriformes, ducks.

 

*Anatomy of the Temporal Bone with Surgical Implications.*Schuknecht, H.F.; Gulya, A.J. Lea & Febiger, Philadelphia, 1986, i-xiv,   1-350 p. 

Descriptors: Pisces, Amphibia, Aves, Reptilia, skull, temporal bone morphology.

 

Clinical anatomy with emphasis on the Amazon parrot. McKibben, J.S.; Harrison, G.J. *Clinical Avian Medicine and Surgery Including Aviculture,* Harrison, G.J.; Harrison, L.R. (eds.). W.B. Saunders Co., Philadelphia, London, 1986, i-xviii, 1-717 p. Chapter pagination: 31-66.

NAL call no: SF994.2.A1C5

Descriptors: Aves, general morphology, musculature, skeleton, nervous system.

 

Heart and circulation: Anatomy, hemodynamics, blood pressure, blood flow. Sturkie, P.D. *Avian Physiology,* Sturkie, P.D. (ed.). Springer-Verlag, New York, Berlin. 1986, i-xiii, 1-516 p. Chapter pagination: 130-166. 

NAL call no: QL698.S7

Descriptors: Aves, circulatory system, anatomy,   haemodynamics, blood flow, birds. 

 

The major blood vessels of the wing of the ostrich (*Struthio camelus*). Bezuidenhout, A.J.; Coetzer, D.J. *Onderstepoort Journal of Veterinary Research,* 1986, v. 53 (4), p. 201-203. ISSN: 0030-2465.

NAL call no: 41.8 ON1

Descriptors: forelimbs, wings, major blood vessels, anatomy.

 

Microscopic and submicroscopic anatomy of the parabronchi, air sacs, and respiratory space of the budgerigar (*Melopsittacus undulatus*). Smith, J.H.; Meier, J.L.; Lamke, C.; Neill, P.J.G.; Box, E.D. *American Journal of Anatomy,* 1986, v. 177 (2), p. 221-242. ISSN: 0002-9106

NAL call no: 447.8 AM32

Descriptors: bronchi, lungs, air sacs, microscopic and submicroscopic anatomy.

 

 

1985

 

Anatomy and histology of the gut of the emu, *Dromaius novaehollandiae*. Herd, R.M. *Emu,* 1985, v. 85 (1), p. 43-46. ISSN: 0158-4197.

Descriptors: digestion, fiber, anatomy, histology, Aves. 

 

Foraging behavior and bill anatomy in sandpipers. Gerritsen, A.F.C.; Sevenster, J.G. *Progress in Zoology,* 1985, v. 30, p. 237-239. ISSN: 0071-7991.

Descriptors:*Calidris*, bill, chemoreception,   foraging behavior, anatomy.

 

A radiological study of   the kiwi, *Apteryx australis mantelli*. Beale, G.*Journal of   the Royal Society of New Zealand,* 1985, v. 15 (2), p. 187-200. ISSN: 0303-6758.   

NAL call no: QH301.R62

Descriptors: size, volume, weight, anatomy, skeleton, general morphology.

 

 

1984

 

Anatomy and evolution of the feeding apparatus in the avian orders Coraciiformes and Piciformes. Burton, P.K.J. *Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History) Zoology,* 1984, v. 47 (6), p. 331-443. ISSN: 0007-1498. 

NAL call no: 410.9 B772B

Descriptors: neck, skeletal musculature, beak,   skull, bill, vertebral column, birds.

 

Comparative gross anatomy of ratites. Cho, P.; Brown, R.; Anderson, M. *Zoo Biology,* 1984, v. 3 (2), p. 133-144. ISSN: 0733-3188. 

NAL call no: QL77.5.Z6

Descriptors: general morphology, anatomy, digestive system, kidneys.

 

The emu as a model for studies into avian respiratory physiology. Love, J.B.; Pierce, R.J.; Baudinette, R.V.; Gannon, B.J.; Skowronski, G.A.; Ilsley, A.H.; Runciman, W.B. *Proceedings of the Australian Physiological and Pharmacological Society,* 1984, v. 15 (2), 226 p. ISSN: 0067-2084.

NAL call no: RM1.A9

Descriptors: lungs, anatomy, gas flow, respiratory exchange.

 

Surgical anatomy of the pectoral and pelvic limbs of condor-related species. Orosz. S.E.; Ensley, P.K.; Janssen, D.L. *American Association of Zoo Veterinarians Annual Proceedings,* 1984, p. 157-158. ISSN: 0095-0610.

NAL call no: SF605.A4

Descriptors: surgical techniques, skeletal musculature, skeleton, anatomy.

 

 

1983

 

The anatomy of the middle   ear region of the rheas (Aves: Rheiformes, Rheidae). Saiff, E.I. *Historia   Natural*(Corrientes), 1983, v. 3 (6), p. 45-55. ISSN: 0326-1778. 

Descriptors: skull, ear, middle ear anatomy, base and quadrate morphology.

 

[The functional anatomy   of the sanderling and other members of the Scolopacidae.] Gerritsen,   A.F.C. *Copeia,* 1983, v. 56 (4), p. 269. ISSN: 0045-8511. Note: In Dutch.   

Descriptors: bill structure, beak structure, skeleton, skull.

 

Nervous organization of   the pineal organs in birds anatomy, cytology, includes domestic fowl.   Sato, T.; Wake, K. *Avian endocrinology: Environmental Ecological Perspectives.*Ed. By Shin, Ichi Mikami; Kazutaka, Homma; Masaru, Wada. Japan Scientific   Press, 1983, p. 57-65. ill.ref. ISBN: 4762263443.

NAL call no: QL698.A9

Descriptors: pineal organs, anatomy, cytology.

 

 

1982

 

*Anatomia Funzionale degli Uccelli Domestici. [Functional   Anatomy of Domestic Birds.]* Botte, Virgilio; Pelagalli, Gaetano V. Milano;   E.E. Ediermes. 1982, xv, 385 p. ill. ISBN: 8885019196. Note: In Italian.

NAL call no: QL697.B6

Descriptors: birds, anatomy.

 

The anatomy of the avian   digestive tract as related to feed utilization. Turk, D.E. *Poultry   Science,* 1982, v. 61 (7), p. 1225-1244. ISSN: 0032-5791.

NAL call no: 47.8 AM33P

Descriptors: Aves, digestive tract anatomy, anatomy, digestive system.

 

The feeding system of the   pigeon (*Columbia livia L*.). Zweers, Gart. *Advances in Anatomy,   Embryology and Cell Biology,*v. 73. Berlin, New York: Springer-Verlag, 1982,   vii, 108 p. ill. ISBN: 0387113320.

NAL call no: QL696.C63Z98

Descriptors: pigeons anatomy, food, mouth, pharynx,   larynx, birds foot.

 

The leg muscles of the American coot (*Fulica americana Gmelin*). Rosser, B.W.C.; Secoy, D.M.; Riegert, P.W. *Canadian Journal of Zoology,* 1982, v. 60 (6), p. 1236-1256. ISSN: 0008-4301.

NAL call no: 470 C16D

Descriptors: hindlimbs, musculature, morphology, skeletal musculature, gross anatomy.

 

The microanatomy of the distal tubules and collecting ducts of the starling kidney. Nicholson, J.K. *Journal of Anatomy,* 1982, v. 134 (1), p. 11-23. ISSN: 0021-8782.

NAL call no: 447.8 J826

Descriptors: kidney, distal and collecting tubules, microanatomy.

 

The middle ear of the skull of the kiwi. Saiff, E.I. *Emu,* 1982, v. 82 (2), p. 75-79. ISSN: 0158-4197.

Descriptors: skull, ear, middle ear anatomy.

 

The wing musculature of   the brown kiwi, *Apteryx australis mantelli*, and its bearing on ratite   affinities. McGowan, C. *Journal of Zoology*(London)*,* 1982,   v. 197 (2), p. 173-219

NAL call no: QL1.J68. 

Descriptors: wings, musculature, skeletal musculature, gross muscle anatomy.

 

 

1981

 

The epididymis and its development in ratite birds (ostrich, emu, rhea). Budras, K.D.; Meier, U. *Anatomy and Embryology,* 1981, v. 162 (3), p. 281-299. ISSN: 0340-2061.

Descriptors: sperm ducts, anatomy and ontogenesis, epididymis.

 

*Form and Function in Birds. Vol. 2.*King, A.S.;   McLelland, J (eds.). Academic Press, London, New York. 1981, i-xi, 1-496 p.   

NAL call no: QL698.F67

Descriptors: Aves, functional anatomy, anatomy, textbooks.

 

Functional anatomy of the   avian jaw apparatus. Buhler, P. *Form and Function in Birds, Vol.2.*   King, A.S.; McLelland, J (eds.). Academic Press, London, New York. 1981, i-xi.   1-496 p. Chapter pagination: 439-468.

NAL call no: QL698.F7

Descriptors: Aves, jaws, functional anatomy,   birds.

 

Jaw muscles of the common   parakeet, *Psittacula eupatria* L. Vasisht, H.S.; Singla, P.K.   *Research Bulletin of the Punjab University Science,* 1981, v. 26 (1-4),   p. 27-30. ISSN: 0555-7631.

NAL call no: 513 EA72

Descriptors: skeletal musculature, jaw, gross muscle anatomy. 

 

The middle ear of the skull   of birds: The ostrich, *Struthio camelus*L. Saiff, E.I. *Zoological   Journal of the Linnean Society,*1981, v. 73 (2), p. 210-212. ISSN: 0024-4082.

NAL call no: 410.9 L64

Descriptors: skull, cranial nerves, ear, middle ear anatomy, blood vessels.

 

 

1980

 

[The anatomy of brain and   cytology of the cerebral hemispheres in penguins.] Bogoslovskaya, L.S.;   Krushinskaya, E.L. *Sensory Systems and the Brain in Birds,* Ilichev, V.D.;   Bogoslovskaya, L.S. (eds.). Nauka, Moscow. 1980, 1-219 p. Chapter pagination:   180-195. Note: In Russian. 

Descriptors: brain, cerebral hemispheres, anatomy and cytology. 

 

Arteriovenous anastomosis   and vascularity in the feet of eiders and gulls (Aves). Midtgard, U.   *Zoomorphology*(Berlin)*,* 1980, v. 96 (3), p. 263-270. ISSN: 0720-213X.

NAL call no: 442.8 Z33

Descriptors: hindlimbs, foot arteriovenous anastomosis, anatomy, thermoregulation.

 

The blood vessels of the ostrich heart. Murakami, T.; Saito, I.; Mochizuki, K. *Bulletin of the Faculty of Agriculture Miyazaki University,* 1980, v. 27 (1), p. 1-6. ISSN: 0544-6066.

NAL call no: 22.5 M6932B

Descriptors: heart blood supply, anatomy, *Struthio camelus*.

 

Functional anatomy of the respiratory system. Duncker, H.R. *Acta Congressus**Internationalis Ornithologici,* 1980, v. 1, p. 350-354. 

Descriptors: Aves, capillaries, respiratory system,   functional anatomy, birds.

 

Middle ear anatomy of the Struthioniformes. Saiff, E. *Acta Congressus Internationalis Ornithologici,* 1980, v. 1, p. 631-634. 

Descriptors: middle ear anatomy, ear, phylogeny,   evolutionary significance, ostrich family.

 

The neuroanatomical basis of avian neuroendocrine systems. Oksche, A. *Acta Congressus Internationalis Ornithologici,* 1980, v. 1, p. 217-222. 

Descriptors: Aves, brain, neurons, neuroendocrine   system, birds.

 

Studies of the functional anatomy in birds utilizing museum specimens. Burton, P.J.K. *Acta Congressus Internationalis Ornithologici,*1980, v. 1, p. 190-194.

Descriptors: Aves, museum collections, use in functional anatomy research.

 

 

1979

 

The anatomy of the eye of the Adelie penguin with special reference to optical structure and intraocular musculature. Sivak, J.G.; Vrablic, O.E. *Canadian Journal of Zoology,*1979, v. 57 (2), p. 346-352. ISSN: 0008-4301.

NAL call no: 470 C16D

Descriptors: musculature, eye, anatomy, intraocular musculature.

 

Anatomy of the vascular   system of the head and neck of the helmeted guineafowl, *Numida meleagris*.   Crowe, T.M.; Crowe, A.A. *Journal of Zoology*(London)*,* 1979, v.   188 (2), p. 221-233. 

NAL call no: QL1.J68

Descriptors: head, neck, vascular system anatomy, blood vessels.

 

The comparative anatomy of the circulatory system. Lawson, R. *Hyman’s Comparative Vertebrate Anatomy,* Wake, M.H. (ed.). University of Chicago Press, Chicago, London. 1979, i-xi. 1-788 p. Chapter pagination: 448-554.

NAL call no: QL812.H87 1979

Descriptors: comparative anatomy, circulatory   system, Aves, Mammalia, Pisces, fish, birds.

 

The comparative anatomy of the coelom and of the digestive and respiratory systems. Lawson, R. *Hyman’s Comparative Vertebrate Anatomy,* Wake, M.H. (ed.). University of Chicago Press, Chicago, London. 1979, i-xi. 1-788 p. Chapter pagination: 378-447.

NAL call no: QL812.H87 1979

Descriptors: comparative anatomy, digestive system,   respiratory system, birds.

 

The comparative anatomy of the integumental skeleton. Krejsa, R.J. *Hyman’s Comparative Vertebrate Anatomy,* Wake, M.H. (ed.). University of Chicago Press, Chicago, London. 1979, i-xi, 1-788 p. Chapter pagination: 112-191. 

NAL call no: QL812.H87 1979

Descriptors: Aves, bone, cartilage, integument,   skin, function and development, birds.

 

The comparative anatomy of the muscular system. Radinsky, L. *Hyman’s Comparative Vertebrate Anatomy,* Wake, M.H. (ed.). University of Chicago Press, Chicago, London, 1979, i-xi. 1-788 p. chapter pagination: 327-377.

NAL call no: QL812.H87 1979

Descriptors: comparative anatomy, Pisces, Aves,   Reptilia, Amphibia, Mammalia, fish, birds.

 

The comparative anatomy of the nervous system and the sense organs. Northcutt, R.G. *Hyman’s Comparative Vertebrate Anatomy,* Wake, M.H. (ed.). University of Chicago Press, Chicago, London, 1979, i-xi. 1-788 p. Chapter pagination: 615-769.

NAL call no: QL812.H87 1979

Descriptors: comparative anatomy, Pisces, Aves, Reptilia, Amphibia, Mammalia.

 

The endoskeleton: The comparative anatomy of the vertebral column and ribs. Wake, D.B. *Hyman’s Comparative Vertebrate Anatomy,* Wake, M.H. (ed.). University of Chicago Press, Chicago, London, 1979, i-xi, 1-788 p. Chapter pagination: 193-237.

NAL call no: QL812.H87 1979

Descriptors: appendicular skeleton, comparative   anatomy, vertebral column, birds.

 

*Form and Function in Birds. Vol. 1.* King, A.S.;   McLelland, J. Academic Press, London, New York. 1979, i-xi, 1-459 p. 

NAL call no: QL698.F67

Descriptors: Aves, functional anatomy, anatomy, textbooks.

 

*Hyman’s Comparative Vertebrate Anatomy*. Wake, M.H. (ed.). University of Chicago Press,   Chicago, London, 1979, i-xi, 1-788 p.

NAL call no: QL812.H87 1979

Descriptors: Aves, Pisces, Amphibia, Reptilia,   Mammalia, anatomy, textbooks, birds, fish.

 

Radiographic anatomy of the barred owl (*Strix varia*). Shively, M.J. *Veterinary Medicine and Small Animal Clinician,* 1979, v. 74 (4), p. 552-558.

NAL call no: 41.8 M69

Descriptors: skeleton, anatomy, *Strix varia*.

 

 

1978

 

The anatomy and physiology of the avian nasal salt glands. Thomas, D.H.; Phillips, J.G. *Pavo,* 1978, v. 16 (1-2), p. 89-104. ISSN: 0031-3297. 

NAL call no: 275.29 W27MI

Descriptors: Aves, excretory glands, nasal salt   glands, anatomy, physiology, birds.

 

The middle ear of the skull of birds: The Pelecaniformes and the Ciconiiformes. Saiff, E.I. *Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society,* 1978, v. 63 (4), p. 315-370. ISSN: 0024-4082.

NAL call no: 410.9 L64

Descriptors: skull, ear, middle ear anatomy, Pelecaniformes, Ciconiiformes.

 

 

1977

 

Anatomia i biologia ptakow   na przykladzie golebia domowego. [Anatomy and biology of birds with the domestic   pigeon as an example.] Bednarz, M. *Hodowca Drobnego Inwentarza,*   1977, v. 25 (1), p. 19-20. Note: In Polish. 

NAL call no: 49 H662

Descriptors: birds, anatomy, domestic pigeon.

 

 

1975

 

*Outlines of Avian Anatomy.* King, Anthony Stuart;   McLelland, J. London: Bailliere tindall, 1975, 154 p. ill. 22 cm. 

NAL call no: QL697.K5

Descriptors: bird anatomy, outlines.

 

 

1972

 

[On the anatomy of the   pancreas of domestic birds.] Batoeva, S.T.S.; Batoev, T.S. Zh. *Arkh   Anat Gistol Embriol,*Nov. 1972, v. 63 (11), p. 105-108. Note: In Russian   with an English summary. 

NAL call no: QL801.A7

Descriptors: domestic birds, pancreas, anatomy.

 

*The Avian Brain.* Pearson, Ronald George. New York,   Academic Press, 1972, xi, 658 p. ill. 

NAL call no: QL697.P4

Descriptors: brain, birds, anatomy, physiology.

 

 

1971

 

*The Lung Air Sac System of Birds a Contribution to the   Functional Anatomy of the Respiratory Apparatus.* Duncker, Hans Rainer. Berlin,   N.Y., Springer Verlag, 1971, 171 p. ill. 25cm.

NAL call no: QL855.D8

Descriptors: air sacs of birds, lungs, structure.

 

 

1968

 

*Anatomy and Flight Biology of Birds.* Herzog, Karl.   Stuttgart, G. Fischer, 1968, 179 p. 

NAL call no: QL698.7.H47

Descriptors: flight, birds, anatomy.

 

 

1964

 

*Avian Anatomy*. McLeod, W.M.1892-1997; Minneapolis,   Burgess Press Co., 1964, ii, 143 p. ill.

NAL call no: QL697.M17 1964

Descriptors: birds, anatomy.

 

**Return to:    Contents**

CARE / BEHAVIOR / HUSBANDRY / BIOLOGY / ENRICHMENT
 

  

2003

 

California condors and DDE: a re-evaluation. Snyder, N.F.R.; Meretsky, V.J. *Ibis,* London. 2003, v. 145 (1), p. 136-151.

            NAL call no: SB359.5.B78

Descriptors: California Condors, *Gymnogyps   californianus*, DDE, reproductive effect, re-evaluation, eggshell thickness,   DDT, eggshell breakage, pre and past 1960's, population decline.

Abstract:   Eggshells of wild California Condors *Gymnogyps californianus*were much   thinner in the 1960s, when DDT was used heavily, than during earlier pre-DDT   and later reduced-DDT periods. However, eggshell thickness was morestrongly linked to egg size (mass) than to measured   levels of p,p’DDE (the primary metabolite of DDT). Egg size was consistent within   the individual females and yielded correlation coefficients with shell thickness   ranging from 0.49 to 0.97, depending on the period and the analysis assumptions   used. Measured DDE levels, although often substantial, provided only a weak   correlation r=0.33) with shell thickness. In part, the absence of a strong DDE/thickness   correlation may have been an artefact of losses of DDE from fragment membranes   over time. Nevertheless, the extreme (28-29%) shell thinning of the 1960s was   not linked with clearly increased egg-breakage or nest-failure rates, and one   female of the 1980s with 25.6% shell thinning was the most productive female   of her era. Some eggs with over 30% shell thinning hatched successfully, and   broken eggs closely resembled hatched eggs in shell thickness, strongly suggesting   that shell thinning was not an important cause of breakage. The apparent absence   of harmful effects from the extreme shell thinning of the 1960s may have resulted   from (1) the fact that historic pre-DDT condor eggs were on average 16.7% thicker   shelled for their mass than predicted by the overall egg mass/shell thickness   curve for birds, and (2) a possible egg-size decline or sampling bias toward   small-egged females in the 1960s. That DDE was an important cause of the Condor’s   decline appears unlikely from overall available data.

Colour polymorphism in birds: Causes and functions. Galeotti, P.; Rubolini, D.; Dunn, P.O.; Fasola, M. *Journal of Evolutionary Biology,* Jul. 2003, v. 16 (4), p. 635-646. ISSN: 1010-061X. 

            NAL call no: QH359.J68

Descriptors: color polymorphism, birds, function,   plumage, evolutionary causes, sexual selection.

Abstract: We studied polymorphism in all species of birds that are presently known to show intraspecific variation in plumage colour. At least three main mechanisms have been put forward to explain the maintenance of polymorphism: apostatic, disruptive and sexual selection. All of them make partly different predictions. Our aims were to investigate evolutionary causes and adaptive functions of colour polymorphism by taking into account a number of ecological and morphological features of polymorphic species. Overall, we found 334 species showing colour polymorphism, which is 3.5% of all bird species. The occurrence of colour polymorphism was very high in Strigiformes, Ciconiiformes, Cuculiformes and Galliformes. Phylogenetically corrected analysis using independent contrasts revealed that colour polymorphism was maximally expressed in species showing a daily activity rhythm extended to day/night, living in both open and closed habitats. All these findings support the hypothesis that colour polymorphism probably evolved under selective pressures linked to bird detectability as affected by variable light conditions during activity period. Thus, we conclude that selective agents may be prey, predators and competitors, and that colour polymorphism in birds may be maintained by disruptive selection.

 

The effect of night transportation on the heart rate and skin temperature of ostriches during real transportation. Crowther, C.; Davis, R.; Glass, W. *Meat Science,* Aug. 2003, v. 64 (4), p. 365-370. ref. ISSN: 0309-1740.

            NAL call no: TX373.M4

            Descriptors: skin temperature, heart rate, night   transportation, heat stress, animal welfare.

Abstract: Literature has identified a number of stressors that have negative impacts on the welfare of ostriches during transportation. In order to maintain or improve the welfare of animals it is important to minimise or eliminate the impact of such stressors. Literature suggested that ostrich welfare during transit might be improved by using darkened vehicles. A preliminary study was carried out which the response of ostrich heart rate and skin temperature (indicators of stress) to transportation. Comparisons were made between transportation during the day and at night. Statistical tests suggested that heart rates and skin temperatures recorded during the night were lower than those recorded during the day. The usual response of ostriches to darkness is to sit, which provides greater stability for the bird while the transportation unit is in motion. Temperatures inside the transportation unit were significantly lower at night. This may also contribute to the lowering of heart rate and skin temperature as it reduces effects of heat stress. The conclusion has been drawn that transporting ostriches at night is potentially beneficial for the reduction of stress and maintenance of welfare. 

 

Establishing appropriate measures for monitoring aging in birds: Comparing short and long lived species. Ottinger, M.A.; Reed, E.; Wu, J.; Thompson, N.; French, J.B. Jr. *Experimental Gerontology,* Jul. 2003, v. 38 (7), p. 747-750. ISSN: 0531-5565.

            NAL call no: QP86.E85

Descriptors: aging in birds, monitoring, short   and long lived, comparison study, Japanese quail, American kestrel.

Abstract: In order to reveal patterns of reproductive aging in birds we focus on a short lived species, the Japanese quail and the American kestrel, which has a life span of medium length. Quail have been studied extensively in the laboratory as models for understanding avian endocrinology and behavior, and as a subject for toxicological research and testing. In the lab, Japanese quail show age-related deterioration in endocrine, behavioral, and sensory system responses; the American kestrel is relatively long lived and shows moderate evidence of senescence in the oldest birds. Using data collected from captive kestrels at the Patuxent Wildlife Research Center, a database was designed to document selected parameters over the life cycle of the kestrels. Life table data collected from many species indicate that longer lived species of birds show senescence in survival ability but this pattern has not been established for reproduction function. We suggest that useful comparisons among species can be made by identifying stages in reproductive life history, organized on a relative time scale. Preliminary data from quail and kestrels, admittedly only two species, do not yet indicate a pattern of greater reproductive senescence in longer-lived birds.

 

Isosexual pair housing improves the welfare of young Amazon parrots. Meehan, C.L.; Garner, J.P.; Mench, J.L. *Applied Animal Behaviour Science,* Mar. 20, 2003, v. 81 (1), p. 73-88. ISSN: 0168-1591.

            NAL call no: QL750.A6

Descriptors:*Amazona amazonica*, illness,   diseases, behavior, handler response test, environmental enrichment.

Abstract: It has been suggested that isolation from conspecifics may contribute to the development of abnormal behaviors that are common in captive parrots, including sterotypy, feather plucking, excessive fearfulness and aggression (e.g. [Proceedings of the European Symposium on Bird diseases, Beerse, Belgium (1987), p. 98; Kleintierpraxis 38 (1993) 511]. Thus, we assessed the influence of isosexual pair housing on the development of these behaviors, as well as the incidence of illness and injury, in young Orange-winged Amazon parrots (*Amazona amazonica*). Parrots (n=21) were parent raised to 6 months of age and then housed either singly or in isosexual pairs. All cages included inanimate enrichments that were changed regularly, and all parrots were handledregularly. Behavioral activity was recorded 0, 3, 6, 9 and 12 months after the parrots were housed in the experimental cages, and responses (e.g. willingness to approach, tolerance to touch, flight distance) to familiar and strange human handlers and to novel objects introduced into the home cage were recorded periodically. Paired parrots used their enrichments more (GLM:F1, 10 = 13.74; P=0.004), and spent less time screaming (F1, 10 = 4.90; P=0.051), less time preening (F1, 10 = 5.12; P=0.047), and less time inactive (F1, 10 = 9.24; P<0.012) than singly housed parrots. Time spent climbing, walking and flying decreased in both groups during the study, but the decrease was greater in the singly housed parrots (F1,54 = 4.50; P = 0.038). None of the paired parrots developed stereotypy by month 12, while 57% of the singly housed parrots did. Responses to familiar handlers did not differ, but paired parrots responded increasingly significantly less fearfully and aggressively to unfamiliar handlers during the study than did singly housed parrots (F1,54= 6.37; P = 0.015). Latency to approach novel objects was significantly reduced in the paired group when the two birds were tested together (F1, 15 = 7.69; P=0.005). No parrots in the single group sustained injuries while 21% of the parrots in the paired condition experienced injuries, although none of these could be directly linked to intr-pair aggression. Rates of illness did not differ between the two groups. Isosexual pair housing resulted in a more active and diverse behavioral repertoire, eliminated the development of sterotypy and reduced fear responses to novel objects without imparting significant risk of illness and injury or jeopardizing the ability of parrots to relate positively with humans. Thus, it appears that pair housing can significantly improve environmental quality and positively affect the welfare of captive parrots.

 

Oral biology and beak disorders of birds. Olsen, G.H. *Veterinary Clinics of North America: Exotic Animal Practice,* Sept. 2003, v. 6(3), p. 505-521. ISSN: 1094-9194.

            NAL call no: SF997.5.E95E97

            Descriptors: beak disorders, oral biology, beak   anatomy, trauma, diseases, birds.

Abstract:   The beak, or bill of the bird is a complicated structure. This article describes   beak anatomy as well as disorders of the beak, including trauma and diseases.

 

Raptors. Forbes, N.A.; Coles, G. (ed); Dobsen,   J. (ed); Elliott, J. (ed); Elwood, C. (ed); Hall, E. (ed); Heath, S. (ed); Hill,   P. (ed); Moore, P.H. (ed); Innes, J. (ed); Jeffery, A. (ed); Redrobe, S. (ed);   Tasker, S. (ed); Williams, J. (ed); Yam, P. *Scientific Proceedings Veterinary   Programme: British Small Animal Veterinary Association,**46th   Annual Congress, Birmingham, UK. Apr. 3-6, 2003*, p. 517-520. ref. ISBN:   0905214773.

            Descriptors: raptors, biology, care, nutrition,   medicine, birds.

 

Small birds. Chitty, J.R.; Coles, G. (ed); Dobson,   J. (ed); Elliott, J. (ed); Elwood, C. (ed); Hall, E. (ed); Heath, S. (ed); Hill,   P. (ed); Moore, P.H. (ed); Innes, J. (ed); Jeffery, A. (ed); Redrobe, S. (ed);   Tasker, S. (ed); Williams, J. (ed); Yam, P. *Scientific Proceedings Veterinary   Programme: British Small Animal Veterinary Association,**46th   Annual Congress, Birmingham, UK. Apr. 3-6, 2003*, p. 520-522. ref. ISBN:   0905214773.

            Descriptors: small birds, aviary birds, pets, care, diseases.

 

 

2002

 

Attachment of radiotransmitters to one-day-old sage grouse chicks. Burkepile, N.A.; Connelly, J.W.; Stanley, D.W.; Reese, K.P. *Wildlife Society Bulletin.*The Wildlife Society, Bethesda, MD. Spring, 2002, v. 30 (1), p. 93-96. ref. ISSN: 0091-7648.

            NAL call no: SK357.A1W5

            Descriptors: telemetry, wild birds, young animals.

 

Avian incubation: Behavior, environment and evolution. Deeming, D.C. (ed.). *Oxford Ornithology Series,* 2002, No. 13, i-xiv. p. 1-421. ISSN: 1363-3201.

            NAL call no: QL675.A95

            Descriptors: parental care in birds, Aves, embryo   development, comprehensive review. 

 

Environmental enrichment for parrots in naturalistic settings. Ng, San San. *IZN, International Zoo News,* Mar. 2002, v. 49 (2), p. 74-81; No. 315. ISSN: 0020-9155.

            NAL call no: QL76.I58

            Descriptors: diet in captivity, housing techniques, environmental enrichment.

 

The grey parrot in aviculture. Silva, Moraton; Derian, A.L. *Avicultural Magazine,* 2002, v. 108 (1), p. 8-16. ISSN: 0005-2256.

            NAL call no: QL671.A9

            Descriptors: care in captivity, review and recommendations, reproductive techniques.

 

The influence of stress from transport and handling on hematologic and clinical chemistry blood parameters of racing pigeons (*Columbia livia domestica*). Scope, A.; Filip, T.; Gabler, C. Resch, F. *Avian Diseases,* Jan/Mar. 2002, v. 46 (1), p. 224-229. ref. ISSN: 0005-2086.

            NAL call no: 41.8 Av5

            Descriptors: stress, transport, handling, hematology, blood chemistry.

Abstract: In the present study, the influence of stress from handling and transport on some frequently examined blood parameters of racing pigeons was evaluated. After 3 hr. there was a highly significant (P<0.01) increase in the number as well as in the percentage of heterophils and decrease of lymphocytes. In clinical chemistries, increases of creatine kinase and glucose and a decrease or uric acid were observed. There was a mean decrease of the total white blood count of >15% that was less significant (P<0.05). Changes in lactate dehydrogenase, basophils, and monocytes did not prove to be significant; eosinophils, aspartate aminotransferase, total protein, and the packed cell volume were not influenced by stress.

 

Intersensory redundancy facilitates prenatal perceptual learning in bobwhite quail (*Colinus virginianus*) embryos. Lickliter, Robert; Bahrick, Lorraine E.; Honeycutt, Hunter. *Developmental Psychology* (US), Jan. 2002, v. 38 (1), p. 15-23. ISSN: 0012-1649.

            NAL call no: BF712.D46      

            Descriptors: conditioning, physiology, perception, sense organs. embryology.

Abstract: Information presented redundantly and in temporal synchrony across sensory modalities (intersensory redundancy) selectively recruits attention and facilitates perceptual learning in human infants. This comparative study examined whether intersensory redundancy also facilitates perceptual learning prenatally. The authors assessed quail (*Colinus virginianus*) embryos’ ability to learn a maternal call when it was (a) unimodal, (b) concurrent but asynchronous with patterned light, or (c) redundant and synchronous with patterned light. Chicks’ preference for the familiar over a novel maternal call was assessed 24 hr following hatching. Chicks receiving redundant , synchronous stimulation as embryos learned the call 4 times faster than those who received the unimodal exposure. Chicks who received asynchronous bimodal stimulation showed no evidence of learning. These results provide the first evidence that embryos are sensitive to redundant, bimodal information and that it can facilitate learning during the prenatal period. 

 

Introduction to basic husbandry, handling and nutrition of caged birds. Keeble, E.J. *Irish Veterinary Journal,* 2002, v. 55 (5), p. 232-236. ref. ISSN: 0368-0762.

            NAL call no: 41.8 IR4

            Descriptors: animal feeding, husbandry, nutrition, diets, aviary birds.

Abstract: This paper provides information regarding the proper housing, welfare, nutrition and handling of budgerigars, parrots, canaries and other commonly kept pet birds.

 

Noninvasive methods for an individually relevant marking and identification of parrots and birds of prey. Kummerfeld, N.; Meyer, W.; Herrmann, R. *Kleintierpraxis,*2002, v. 47 (4), p. 239-243. ref. ISSN: 0023-2076.

            NAL call no: 41.8 K67

Descriptors:   identification, markers, photography, analytical methods, scale patterns, pedigram,   craniograms, iridograms.

Abstract: Considering the currently used marking methods of birds by foot rings or microchip transponders, that might cause harm to the animals, the present study discusses the identification of parrots and birds of prey based on important natural markings that are registered as craniograms or iridograms. As a new approach in this connection, the making of a pedigram is demonstrated, which nay be done a photography of the pattern of the horny scales of the toes, or by the preparation of plastic castings of this scale pattern. The latter technique causes no pain, is non-invasive, and the resulting documents can be stored and managed in a practice-oriented way.

 

Pigeon allergens in indoor environments: A preliminary   study. Curtis, L.; Lee, B.S.; Cai, D.; Morozova, I.; Fan, J.L.; Scheff,   P.; Persky, V. *Allergy*(Denmark), Jul. 2002, v. 57 (7), p. 627-531. ISSN:   0105-4538 and, *Comment in Allergy,* Jul. 2002, v. 57 (7), p. 566-569.

            NAL call no: RC583.A5

            Descriptors: air pollution, allergens, dust, pigeons, immunology.

Abstract: Background: Few studies have measured pigeon allergens in non pigeon coop environments. This study was conducted to determine approximate coop pigeon dropping allergen concentrations in indoor environments. Methods: Polyclonal antibody serum was prepared by injecting a rabbit three times with Freund’s adjuvant. One hundred and fifteen dust samples were collected in a pigeon infested school, pigeon coops, homes and hospitals and analyzed by a direct competitive pigeon enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Results: The highest level pigeon allergen inhibitory activity were recorded in four samples from pigeon coop bedding samples with a median activity of 11.2% relative to pigeon droppings. The second highest level of pigeon allergens was in a pigeon-infested high school with a median of 7.4% activity related to pigeon droppings. At an entrance underneath pigeon roosts, one sample had a relative inhibitory activity of 62.3%. Pigeon allergen inhibitory levels were generally low in the home and hospital samples, but nevertheless 46 out of 89 of these samples were still above detection limit. Conclusions: This study suggests that large concentrations of pigeon allergens can be found in buildings without domestic pigeons such as the pigeon-infested high school. 

 

Pigeons. Redrobe, S. *BSAVA Manual of Exotic Pets,* 2002, Ed. 4. P. 168-178. British Small Animal veterinary Association, Quedgeley, UK. ISBN: 0905214471.

            NAL call no: SF981.B78

            Descriptors: anesthetics, aviaries, diagnosis, restraint, surgery, diseases. 

 

A portable aviary for field observations of behavior. Van Why, Kyle R.; Williams, Christopher K.; Applegate, Roger D.; Flock, Brian E. *Journal of Field Ornithology,* Winter 2002, v. 73 (1), p. 20-22. ISSN: 0273-8570.

            NAL call no: 413.8 B534

            Descriptors: bird observation techniques, housing   techniques, portable aviary.

 

[Some principles of canary breeding and rearing.]   Florou, Paneri P. *Deltion tes Ellenkes Kteniatrikes Etairelas. Journal of   the Hellenic Veterinary Medical Society,*2002, v. 53 (2), p. 162-171. ref.   ISSN: 0257-2354. Note: In Greek.

            NAL call no: 41.8 So18

            Descriptors: animal anatomy, animal nutrition, aviary birds, feeding, reviews. 

 

*The Technology of Bobwhite   Management: The Theory Behind the Practice.* Guthery, F.S.; Guthery, F.S.,   2002, xi. 215 pp. ref. ISBN: 0813808936.

            Descriptors: animal husbandry, physiology, habitats, wildlife management, dynamics.

Abstract: This book elaborates on the management of northern bobwhites (*Colinus virginianus*), stressing theory-based management technologies. Population declines that started in the 2880s prevail over approximately three-fourths of the original range of *C. virgininaus*in the United States, indicating the threat of extinction. The different chapters discuss the bioenergetic and biophysical properties of bobwhites as well as their water requirements, a mathematical model to determine energy-based carrying capacity for subsequent application in the theory of habitat management, population dynamics of the species from a continental perspective, and demographic aspects in relation to the theory and practice of harvest management and population viability. Theories of habitat and habitat management are addressed.

 

 

2001

 

*African Grey Parrots Everything   about History, Care, Nutrition, Handling and Behavior.*Wright, Maggie. Hauppauge,   N.Y.: Barron’s c 2001. 95 p. ill. map. ref. ISBN: 0764110357.

            NAL call no: SF473.P3 W75 2001

            Descriptors: African grey parrot, husbandry,   management. 

 

Behavior of captive Bulwer’s wattled pheasants, *Lophura   bulweri*(Galliformes: Phasianidae). Rowden, John. *Zoo Biology,*2001, v. 20 (1), p. 15-25. ISSN: 0733-3188.

            NAL call no: QL77.5.Z6

Descriptors: captive observations, behavior,   breeding programs, husbandry, male and female differences.

Abstract: Bulwer’s wattled pheasant (*Lophura bulweri*) have traditionally been housed in pairs in captivity, although it is unknown whether monogamy is the species natural mating system. In1998 we placed our group of 3.3 L. Bulweri together in a complex outdoor habitat, in order to investigate several questions. These included whether monogamous pairing was the natural mating system for the species, how the new grouping would affect their behavior, and what microhabitats the individuals preferred within the complex habitat. Initially, all six individuals remained in the same enclosure without conflict. After a period of approximately 6 weeks, 2.1 of these individuals were removed for their safety, due to increasingly aggressive interactions. The data we collected indicate that the species may have an exploded lek type of mating system in the wild and that individuals may flock together in the nonbreeding season. In addition, males and females seem to prefer different types of shade regimes. These results suggest ways to improve husbandry and breeding success of the species in captivity.

 

Behavioral aspects of captive birds of prey. Jones, Michael P. *Veterinary Clinics of North America Exotic Animal Practice,* Sept. 2001, v. 4 (3), p. 613-632. ISSN: 1094-0104.

            NAL call no: SF997.5.E95E97

            Descriptors: care in captivity, behavior, management, Falconiformes, Strigiformes. 

 

Biting and screaming behavior in parrots. Wilson, Liz. *Veterinary Clinics of North America Exotic Animal Practice,* Sept. 2001, v. 4 (3), p. 641-650. ISSN: 1094-9194. 

            NAL call no: SF997.5.E95E97

            Descriptors: care in captivity, biting, aggressive behavior, screaming, management.

 

The blue-faced parrotfinch, *Erythrura trichroa*. Kingston, Russell. *Australian Aviculture,* Dec. 2001, v. 55 (12), p. 273-275. ISSN: 1030-5440.

            Descriptors: care in captivity, Aves, Passeriformes, *Erythrura trichroa*.

 

Body condition and immune response in wild zebra finches: Effects of capture, confinement and captive rearing. Ewenson, E.L.; Zann, R.A.; Flannery, G.R. *Die Naturwissenschaften*(Germany), Sept. 2001, v. 88 (9), p. 391-394. ISSN: 0028-1042.

            NAL call no: SD79.A3E5

            Descriptors: songbirds, physiology, immunology, leucocyte count.

Abstract: Behavioral ecologists attempt to predict fitness in birds from estimates of body condition and immune capacity. We investigated how the stresses associated with capture, confinement and captive-rearing of wild zebra finches (*Taeniopygia guttata*) affected different elements of the immune system and body condition. Wild birds had higher heterophil:lymphocyte ratios and total leucocyte counts than aviary birds, presumably an outcome of mounting specific resistance to pathogens, but this response diminished significantly within 10 days of confinement. Wild birds had lower phytohaemagglutinin-A (PHA) responses than their aviary-bred counterparts possibly because energetic costs limited a general resistance response. Wild birds were heavier and had higher haematocrits than their aviary counterparts, but had less fat, although just 10 days of captivity significantly increased fat levels. Measures of body condition were of limited use for predicting immune responsiveness. We concluded that the different elements of the immune system and body condition respond independently, and often unpredictably, to many ecological and behavioural stressors. 

 

Common fallacies about psittacine care. Ryan, Thomas. *Proceedings of the Annual Conference of the Mid Atlantic States Association of Avian Veterinarians,* 2001, v. 22, p. 155-161. 

            NAL call no: SF994.M52

            Descriptors: care in captivity, discussion of   common fallacies, Psittaciformes, parrot family.

 

Corticosterone and insulin interact to regulate glucose and triglyceride levels during stress in a bird. Remage, Healey Luke; Romero, L. Michael. *American Journal of Physiology,* Sept. 2001, v. 281 (3 Part 2): R.994-R1003. ISSN: 0002-9513.

            NAL call no: 447.8.AM3

            Descriptors: hyperglycemia, metabolic disease, behavior, endocrine system.

Abstract:   Captive European starlings (*Sturnus vulgaris*) were exposed to the stress   of handling and restraint while corticosterone, glucose, and triglyceride concentrations   were monitored in blood plasma. In saline-injected controls, basal samples ere   taken within 3 min of disturbance with subsequent samples taken at 40, 70, and   150 min. This was repeated at two times during the daily cycle (day and night)   on two different photoperiods: short and long days. During both photoperiods,   corticosterone concentrations approximately tripled (compared with a sixfold   increase in free-living starlings) and triglyceride concentrations decreased   25-45% in response to stress at both times of the day, whereas, an approx 25%   stress-induced hyperglycemia occurred only at night. Exogenous corticosterone   (200mug), 1.0 or 4.0 IU/kg of insulin, or a combination of corticosterone with   each insulin dose was then separately administered to alter the above responses.   Insulin did not affect corticosterone or triglyceride concentrations but resulted   in a dose-dependent hypoglycemia of 10-40%. Injected corticosterone resulted   in supraphysiological corticosterone concentrations (three to five fold higher   than normal), yet it did not affect the already altered plasma glucose or triglyceride   concentrations. This suggests that glucose output and triglyceride decreases   were already maximal in response to handling and restraint. However, the low   glucose concentrations resulting from exogenous insulin returned to basal quicker   with exogenous corticosterone but only during the day. No response to either   hormone showed photoperiodic differences. These data suggest that corticosterone’s   role in metabolism changes to meet varying energetic demands throughout the   day.

 

Deflighting procedures and their welfare implications in captive birds. Hesterman, H.; Gregory, N.G.; Boardman, W.S.J. *Animal Welfare,* Nov. 2001, v. 10 (4), p. 405-419. ISSN: 0962-7286. 

            NAL call no: HV4701.A557

            Descriptors: deflighting procedures, animal welfare implications, captive birds.

Abstract: Deflighting is used to prevent large captive birds from escaping by limiting their ability to fly. This practice deprives birds of this normal behavior, but can allow them to express other behaviours that would be suppressed if they were confined to cages or aviaries. The potential negative welfare issues associated with deflighting include the stress of capture and restraint, pain and discomfort associated with the procedure and during recovery, risk of post-operative infections, risk of neuroma formation which could lead to pain, and loss of the ability to fly. The potential practical and welfare advantages of deflighting include a reduction in the need to closely confine or cage the birds to prevent them from escaping, and deflighting may be the only way of keeping particular birds in an open situation for display, such as in parks or zoos. In these respects, there must be a balance between the requirement for this practice and the welfare compromises it introduces for birds. By outlining temporary and permanent methods and the complications involved, the following review highlights potential welfare problems and discusses ways of avoiding them. It also evaluates the necessity of deflighting and the need for careful risk assessment.

 

Effect of melatonin on circadian rhythm, locomotor activity and body temperature in the intact house sparrow, Japanese quail and owl. Murakami, N.; Kawano, T.; Nakahara, K.; Nasu, T.; Shiota, K. *Brain Research* (Netherlands), Jan. 2001, v. 889 (1-2), p. 220-224. ISSN: 0006-8993.

            Descriptors: antioxidants, pharmacology, body temperature, drug effects, melatonin.

Abstract: We compared the effect of melatonin on circadian body rhythm, body temperature, and locomotion in the intact house sparrow, Japanese quail and owl. Daily treatment with melatonin at a fixed time did not entrain the free-running rhythm of locomotor activity in the house sparrow and the disrupted rhythm in Japanese quail under constant dim light. However, melatonin clearly inhibited movement for several hours after treatment. The duration of resting after injection of melatonin was dose-dependent. Body temperature was significantly decreased after melatonin treatment, the effect being more potent during the active phase than in the resting phase. Although this effect of melatonin on body temperature was also dose-dependent, the magnitude of the decrease in body temperature after injection of melatonin was greater in the house sparrow than in the Japanese quail. On the other hand, melatonin induced a further large decrease of body temperature in a nocturnal bird, the owl, whose pineal gland is degenerate. The decrease of body temperature was larger in the active phase than in the resting phase, and melatonin did not prevent movement in spite of the decrease in body temperature. These results suggest that the effects of melatonin differ among avian species, and that these mechanisms may not be linked to each other.

 

Elements for a turtle dove (*Streptotelia turtur*)   management plan. Boutin, J.M. *Game and Wildlife Science,* Mar.   2001, v. 18 (1), p. 87-112. ref. ISSN: 1622-7662.

            Descriptors: Columbiformes, management, diet, habitats, wild animals.

 

Environmental enrichment for pet parrots. Evans, M. *In Practice,* Nov./Dec. 2001, v. 23 (10), p. 596-605. ref. ISSN: 0263-841X.

            NAL call no: SF601.I4

            Descriptors: parrots, pets, cage size, environmental enrichment, perches.

 

Fabricated trees. Grams, Kayla; Roletto, Jan. *Animal Keeper’s Forum,* 2001, v. 28 (2), p. 58-60. ISSN: 0164-9531.

            NAL call no: QL77.5.A54

            Descriptors: housing techniques, fabricated trees,   enrichment for zoo enclosures, aviaries. 

 

The Gouldian finch. Murray, Ray. *Australian Aviculture,* Nov. 2001, v. 55 (11), p. 245-249. ISSN: 1030-5440.

            Descriptors: care in captivity, restraint, sedation, surgery techniques, management. 

 

High security housing. Oschadleus, Dieter. *Africa   Birds and Birding.* Dec./Jan. 2001, v. 5 (6), p. 16. ISSN: 1025-8264.

            Descriptors: breeding site, barbed wire of security   enclosure, habitat, captive birds. 

 

Laboratory birds: Refinements in husbandry and procedures.*Lab Animal*. London: Royal Society Press Ltd. Oct. 2001, v. 35 (Suppl.   1), p. S1-S163. ref. ISSN: 0023-6772. Available: www.catchword.com/rsm/00236772/v35n4x1/contp1-1.htm

            NAL call no: QL55.A1L3

            Descriptors: birds, laboratory animals, diets, training, blood sampling, anesthesia.

 

Optimal conditions for breeding of captive Humboldt penguins (*Spheniscus humboldti*): a survey of British zoos. Blay, Nicola; Cote, Isabelle M. *Zoo Biology,* 2001, v. 20 (6), p. 545-555. ISSN: 0733-3188.

            NAL call no: QL77.5.Z6

            Descriptors: care in captivity, breeding programs, captive breeding.

Abstract: We surveyed 16 British zoos and bird gardens to assess the optimal conditions for breeding of captive Humboldt penguins (*Spheniscus humboldti*). We obtained information on population, enclosure, and husbandry characteristics and related these variables to three measures of per capita breeding success, namely, per capita egg productivity, chick productivity, and hatching success (measured as the proportion of eggs laid that hatched). All three fitness measures increased with an increasing number of breeding pairs and total population size bur were not related to population density. Once the effect of number of breeding pairs was removed statistically, chick productivity was found to be highest when nesting boxes were lined with sand and gravel instead of alternative substrata such as twigs or vegetation. Hatching success increased with increasing pool size and was highest in enclosures with concrete floors. Adult mortality in zoos was generally low and appeared related to the use of chlorine in freshwater pools and to the presence of other penguin species in Humboldt penguin displays. Several enclosures and husbandry parameters were not variable enough to assess their impact on reproduction of captive Humboldt penguins. Recommendations for optimising conditions for captive breeding of Humboldt penguins include keeping as large a population as possible in a concrete enclosure with a large pool area, while providing sand and gravel as nesting material. Bird density may be important but we did not detect detrimental effects on breeding for densities up to 0.25 birds m-2. Adult mortality can be minimised by exhibiting Humboldt penguins in single-species display and avoiding chlorination of pool water. An experimental approach is recommended to confirm the results of this correlation study.

 

Order Anseriformes (ducks, geese, swans). Captive management and medicine. Fowler, Murray E. *Biology, Medicine and Surgery of South American Wild Animals.* Fowler, Murray E.; Cubas, Zalmir S. (eds.). Iowa State University Press, Ames. 2001. i-x. 1-536 p. Chapter pagination: 105-114. ISBN: 0813828465.

            NAL call no: SF996.4.B56 

            Descriptors: care in captivity, sedation, anesthesia, surgical techniques, management.

 

Order Ciconiiformes (herons,   storks ibises). Management in captivity. Prudente do Amaral, Priscilla;   Sanfilippo, Luiz Francisco. *Biology, Medicine and Surgery of South American   Wild Animals,* Iowa State University Press, Ames. 2001. i-x. 1-536 p. Chapter   pagination: 83-84. ISBN; 0813828465.

            NAL call no: SF996.4.B56

            Descriptors: care in captivity, captive management, Aves, Ciconiiformes. 

 

Order Columbiformes (pigeons, doves). Medicine. Werther, Karin. *Biology, Medicine and Surgery of South American Wild Animals,* Fowler, Murray E.; Cubas, Zalmir S.; (eds.). Iowa State University Press, Ames. 2001, i-x. 1-536 p. Chapter pagination: 141-145. ISBN: 0813828465.

            NAL call no: SF996.4.B56

            Descriptors: Columbiformes, care in captivity, diseases, management, disorders.

 

Order Galliformes, family   Cracidae. *Crax blumenbachii* preservation project. Motta de Avelar   Azeredo, Roberto; Simpson, James G.P.; Barros, Lucia Paolinelli. *Biology,   Medicine and Surgery of South American Wild Animals,* Fowler, Murray E.;   Cubas, Zalmir S. (eds.). Iowa State University Press, Ames. 2001. i-x. 1-536   p. Chapter pagination: 136-138. ISBN: 0813828465.

            NAL call no: SF996.4.B56

            Descriptors: conservation measures, endangered status, care in captivity, Brazil.

 

Order Gruiformes (sun bitterns, trumpeters, rails). Cziulik, Marcia. *Biology, Medicine and Surgery of South American Wild Animals.*Fowler, Murray E.; Cubas, Zalmir S. (eds.). Iowa State University Press, Ames. 2001. i-x. 1-536 p. Chapter pagination: 133-135. ISBN: 0813828465.

            NAL call no: SF996.4.B56

            Descriptors: care in captivity, biology, captive management, reproductive techniques.

 

Order Phoenicopteriformes (flamingos). Fowler, Murray E. *Biology, Medicine and Surgery of South American Wild Animals.* Fowler, Murray E.; Cubas, Zalmir S. (eds.). Iowa State University Press, Ames. 2001. i-x. 1-536 p. Chapter pagination: 95-102. ISBN: 0813828465. 

            NAL call no: SF996.4.B56

            Descriptors: care in captivity, physical restraint techniques, biology, anesthesia.

 

Order Piciformes (toucans, woodpeckers). Captive management: Family Ramphastidae (toucans). Jennings, Jerry. *Biology, Medicine, and Surgery of South American Wild Animals.* Fowler, Murray E.; Cubas, Zalmir S. (eds). Iowa State University Press, Ames. 2001, i-x. 1-536 p. Chapter pagination: 180-199. ref. ISBN: 0813828465.

            NAL call no: SF996.4.B56

            Descriptors: care in captivity, captive management, reproductive techniques.

 

Order Sphenisciformes (penguins). Fowler, Gene S.; Fowler, Murray E. *Biology, Medicine and Surgery of South American Wild Animals.* Fowler, Murray E.; Cubas, Zalmir, S. (eds). Iowa State University Press, Ames. 2001. i-x. 1-536 p. Chapter pagination: 53-64. ISBN: 0813828465. 

            NAL call no: SF996.4.B56

            Descriptors: care in captivity, sedation, anesthesia, biology, surgical techniques.

 

Order Strigiformes (owls). Fowler, Murray E. *Biology, Medicine and Surgery of South American Wild Animals.*Fowler, Murray E; Cubas, Zalmir S. (eds.). Iowa State University Press, Ames. 2001. i-x. 1-536 p. Chapter pagination: 125-132. ISBN: 0813828465.

            NAL call no: SF996.4.B56

            Descriptors: care in captivity, physical restraining techniques, surgical techniques.

 

Order Tinamiformes (tinamous). Biology. Silveira, Luis Fabio; Hoefling, Elizabeth. *Biology, Medicine and Surgery of South American Wild Animals,*Iowa State University Press, Ames. 2001, i-x. 1-536 p. Chapter pagination: 72-74. ISBN: 0813828465. 

            NAL call no: SF996.4.B56

            Descriptors: Tinamiformes, care in captivity, biology, captive management. 

 

Order Trochiliiformes (hummingbirds). Orr, Kathlyn A.; Fowler, Murray E. *Biology, Medicine and Surgery of South American Wild Animals,* Fowler, Murray E.; Cubas Zalmir S. (eds.). Iowa State University Press, Ames. 2001, i-x. 1-536 p. Chapter pagination: 174-179. ISBN: 0813828465. 

            NAL call no: SF996.4.B56

            Descriptors: care in captivity, physical restraining techniques, anesthesia, sedation.

 

Ostrich flock health. Black, Doug. *Seminars in Avian and Exotic Pet Medicine,* Jul. 2001, v. 10 (3), p. 117-130. ISSN: 1055-937X.

            NAL call no: SF994.2.A1S36

            Descriptors: care in captivity, flock health management, *Struthio camelus*.

 

Parrot behavior and management for avian veterinarians and avian technicians. Wilson, Liz. *Proceedings of the Annual Conference of the Mid Atlantic States Association of Avian Veterinarians,* 2001, v. 22, p. 175-188. 

            NAL call no: SF994.M52

            Descriptors: care in captivity, treatment techniques, behavior management.

 

Photo-schedule management in bird rearing. Zhang, LuQiang; Yang, ZenCai; Sun, RuYong; Zhang, L.Q.; Yang, Z.C.; Sun, R.Y. *Chinese Journal of Zoology,* 2001, v. 36 (4), p. 70-73. ref. ISSN: 0250-3263.

            NAL call no: QL1.T8

            Descriptors: light regime, artificial light, photoperiod, lighting, reproduction.

Abstract: Serving as an important ecological factor, light may be used to alter the rules of bird reproduction. Photo-schedule management may potentially extend the reproductive period and break the seasonality of reproduction. The principles of using a photo-schedule for bird-rearing are presented, and the effects of light management on reproduction are discussed.

 

Quail raising tips. Anon. *Agriculture,*Apr. 2001, v. 5 (4), p. 24-25. ISSN: 0118-8577.

            Descriptors: quail, breeds, housing, feeding, temperature, waste.

 

*The Sibley Guide to Bird Life & Behavior*. 1st Ed. Sibley, David, 1961; Elphick,   Chris.; Dunning, John B.; New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 2001. 588 p. ill. maps.   ISBN: 0679451234.

            NAL call no: QL681.S495 2001

            Descriptors: birds, North America, behavior.

 

 

2000

 

Aerodynamic control by the avian tail. Rayner, J.M.V..; Maybury, W.J.; Couldrick, L.B. *American Zoologist,* Dec. 2000, v. 40 (6), p. 1183. ISSN: 0003-1569. 

            NAL call no: 410 AM3

            Descriptors: aerodynamic control, body drag reduction,   flight stability, tails, body drag.

Abstract: The bird tail has been credited as a means of controlling stability and manoeuverability in flight and as a supplementary lifting organ, but others have emphasized its role in sexual selection and display. Theoretical models of tail aerodynamics based on slender wing theory have not hitherto been tested. Flow visualization and force measurements with mounted European starling Stumus vulgaris reveal the geometry of vortices around the tail, and the effect of the tail on airflow around the body. Lift from the spread starling tail at low speeds is strongly influenced by the presence of the body and does not correspond to predictions of slender wing theory. A furled tail has an important effect on body aerodynamics, it acts as a splitter plate, controlling the onset of separation on the anterior part of the body, and reducing parasite drag significantly. Flow control and body drag reduction is hypothesized to be the major role of the tail in normal forward flight, although the tail plays varied roles in different species. It probably evolved from a balancing, and heavy, bony tail in bipedal theropods.

 

Behavior dysfunction in captive psittacine birds: A “F-T-H-R” in your cap: Practical guidelines to parrot behavior. D’Arezzo, C.; Pepperberg, I.M. *Proceedings of the North American Veterinary Conference,* 2000, v. 14, p. 904-906. 

            NAL call no: SF605.N672

            Descriptors: Psittaciformes, behavior problems,   parrot family, pets.

 

*Bird Nests and Construction Behaviour*. Hansell, Michael H., 1940. Cambridge; New York:   Cambridge University Press, 2000, xii. 280 p. ref. ISBN: 0521460387.

            NAL call no: QL675.H34 2000

            Descriptors: bird nests, design and construction, birds behavior. 

 

The care and maintenance of the captive cormorant *Phalacrocorax carbo*. Finney, J.K. *Animal Technology,* 2000, v. 51 (1), p. 37-46. ref. ISSN: 0264-4754.

            NAL call no: QL55.I5

            Descriptors: animal husbandry, health, enrichment,   behavior, welfare, hygiene.

 

Care of orphan birds. Ackermann, J.; Bonagura, J.D. *Kirk’s Current Veterinary Therapy XIII: Small Animal Practice,* 2000, p. 1101-1104. ref. ISBN: 0721655238. W.B. Saunders, Philadelphia.

            NAL call no: SF745 K57

            Descriptors: artificial rearing, animal housing,   nutrition, diets.

 

A criacao de tuins (*Forpus*   spp.) em cativeiro. [Captive breeding of parrots (*Forpus*spp.).] Antunes,   S. *Melopsittacus,* 2000, v. 3 (1), p. 45-47. ref. Note: In Portuguese.

            Descriptors: animal breeding, animal husbandry,   Psittaciformes.

 

Environmental enrichment for psittacines at Edinburgh Zoo. Feld, D.A.; Thomas, R. *International Zoo Yearbook,* 2000, v. 37, p. 232-237. ISSN: 0074-9664.

            NAL call no: QL76.I5

            Descriptors: bird care in captivity, environmental   enrichment, Psittaciformes, Aves, UK.

 

Galliformes. Coles, Brian H. *Avian Medicine,* Tully, Thomas N. Jr.; Lawton, Martin P.C.; Dorrestein, Gerry M. (eds.). Butterworth, Heinemann, Oxford & Woburn. 2000. i-xiv. 1-411 p. Chapter pagination: 266-295. ISBN: 0750635983. 

            NAL call no: SF994.A93

            Descriptors: care in captivity, fowl, diseases,   parasites, disorders, veterinary procedures.

 

Husbandry and breeding of blue-eyed cockatoos *Cacatua ophthalmica*at Chester Zoo 1966-1998. Wilkinson, R.; Pilgrim, M.; Woolham, A.; Morris, A.; West, B. *International Zoo Yearbook,* 2000, v. 37, p. 116-125. ISSN: 0074-9664.

            NAL call no: QL76.I5

            Descriptors: care in captivity, husbandry, breeding programs.

 

Husbandry, breeding and   hand rearing of salmon-crested cockatoo *Cacatua moluccensis*at Loro Parque   Fundacion, Puerto de la Cruz. Sweeney, R.G. *International Zoo Yearbook,*   2000, v. 37, p. 130-137. ISSN: 0074-9664.

            NAL call no: QL76.I5

            Descriptors: care in captivity, hand rearing, rearing techniques, captive breeding.

 

Husbandry and breeding of palm cockatoos *Probosciger aterrimus*at Rotterdam Zoo. King, C.E. *International Zoo Yearbook,* 2000, v. 37, p. 69-80. ISSN: 0074-9664.

            NAL call no: QL76.I5

            Descriptors: care in captivity, husbandry, reproductive techniques.

 

The husbandry of fairy wrens. O’Grady, Bob. *Bird Keeping in Australia,* Jul. 2000, v. 43 (7), p. 100-103. ISSN: 0045-2076.

            Descriptors: care in captivity, husbandry notes, fairy wrens.

 

Husbandry and management of *Kea Nestor notabilis*at Paradise Park, Hayle. Woolcock, D. *International Zoo Yearbook,* 2000, v. 37, p. 146-152. ISSN: 0074-9664. 

            NAL call no: QL76.I5

            Descriptors: care in captivity, husbandry, breeding programs, captive breeding.

 

Keeping Indian scops owl. Chester, Mark. *Tyto,* Sept. 2000, v. 5(3), p. 134-137. ISSN: 1363-4380.

            Descriptors: care in captivity, housing techniques, aviary layout, nest sites.

 

A madarak egyedi azonositasi   lehetosegei. [Possibilities for individual identification of birds.]   Molnar, V.; Beregi, A.; Lukacs, Z.J. *Magyar Allatorvosok Lapja,* 2000,   v. 122 (5), p. 259-262. ref. ISSN: 0025-004X. Note: In Hungarian.

            NAL call no: 41.8 V644

            Descriptors: identification, birds.

 

Maintenance of a captive flock of house finches free of infection by*Mycoplasma gallisepticum*. Nolan, P.M.; Duckworth, R.A.; Hill, G.E.; Roberts, S.R. *Avian Diseases,* Oct./Dec. 2000, v. 44 (4), p. 948-952. ref. ISSN: 0005-2086.

            NAL call no: 41.8 Av5

            Descriptors: flocks, epidemics, *Mycoplasma   gallisepticum*, incidence, bacterial disease, eyes.

Abstract: Since the beginning of an epidemic of conjunctivitis in wild house finches caused by *Mycoplasma gallisepticum*(MG), all captive colonies established by capturing free-ranging house finches from the eastern population have also either been infected at the time of capture or developed infection shortly after capture. In an attempt to avoid this infection in captive flocks being maintained for studies of the finches’ behavior and ecology, we compared two different flock management strategies and were able to prevent the development of mycoplasmal conjunctivitis with one of the strategies. Single-sex flocks were built by introducing only seronegative wild-caught birds showing no clinical signs of conjunctivitis and covering their outdoor flight cages with netting to prevent interaction with other wild birds although only the female flocks were initially treated with a 6-wk course of tylosin tartrate (0.3 mg/ml). The female flocks never developed conjunctivitis although the disease did develop in the male flocks. Furthermore, serologic assessments of the healthy flock by serum plate agglutination assays for MG indicated that the females remained free of MG infection in the final 7 wk of the study, during which they were unmedicated. We concluded that any low-level MG infection not diagnosed by the initial test for seroconversion was cleared by the prolonged drug treatment.

 

Management guidelines for the welfare of zoo animals. Birds of prey in flying demonstrations. Second edition. Parry-Jones, Jemima. *Federation of Zoological Gardens of Great Britain and Ireland,* London, 2000. i-iii. p. 1-44, i-xiii.

            NAL call no: QL76.L44

            Descriptors: flying demonstrations, welfare, care in captivity, management guidelines.

 

Management guidelines for the welfare of zoo animals. Falconiformes (diurnal birds of prey). Parry-Jones, Jemima. *Federation of Zoological Gardens of Great Britain and Ireland,* London, 2000, i-iii. 1-44 p., i-xiii.

            NAL call no: QL76.L44

            Descriptors: welfare, care in captivity, falcons,   management guidelines, welfare in zoos.

 

Management and husbandry of black cockatoos *Calyptorhynchus spp*. In captivity. King, C.E.; Heinhuis, H.; Brouwer, K. *International Zoo Yearbook,* 2000, v. 37, p. 87-116. ISSN: 0074-9664. 

            NAL call no: QL76.I5

            Descriptors: care in captivity, captive management and husbandry, review.

 

Neonatal handling of Amazon parrots alters the stress response and immune function. Collette, J.C.; Millam, J.R.; Klasing, K.C.; Wakenell, P.S. *Applied animal Behavior Science,* Mar. 2000, v. 66 (4), p. 335-349. ref. ISSN: 0168-1591.

            NAL call no: QL750.A6

            Descriptors:*Amazona*, tameness, restraint,   blood serum, antibody formation.

 

Owl play. Marshall, Ian. *Tyto,* Feb. 2000, v. 4 (5), p. 145-146. ISSN: 1363-4380.

            Descriptors: housing techniques, courtship, play items, interactions. 

 

Passerines and exotic softbills. Dorrestein, Gerry M. *Avian Medicine,* Tully, Thomas N. Jr.; Lawton, Martin P.C.; Dorrestein, Gerry M. (eds.). Butterworth, Heinemann, Oxford & Woburn. 2000, i-xiv. 1-411 p. Chapter pagination: 144-179. ISBN: 0750635983.

            NAL call no: SF994.A93

            Descriptors: bird care in captivity, veterinary   techniques, diseases, parasites. 

 

Pigeon therapeutics. Harlin, R.W. *Veterinary Clinics of North America: Exotic Animal Practice,* Jan. 2000, v. 3 (1), p. 19-34. ISSN: 1094-9194. 

            NAL call no: SF997.E95E97

            Descriptors: bird diseases, drug therapy, nutrition, bacterial infections, prevention.

Abstract: This article examines therapeutics for pigeons, discussing their physiology and reproduction, housing, and nutrition. The author also looks at ways to prevent infection, while discussing treatments for various viral diseases, such as paramyxovirus and pigeon herpesvirus, bacterial infections, such as paratyphoid, and parasitic diseases. Drug dosages are listed for antibiotics, antifungals, antiparasitics, and vaccines.

 

Psittacine birds. Harcourt-Brown, Nigel H. *Avian Medicine,* Tully, Thomas N. Jr.; Lawton, Martin P.C.; Dorrestein, Gerry M. (eds.). Butterworth, Heinemann, Oxford & Woburn. 2000. i-xiv. 1-411 p. Chapter pagination: 112-143. ISBN: 0750635983.

            NAL call no: SF994.A93

            Descriptors: care in captivity, diseases, parasites,   Psittaciformes, parrot family. 

 

The purple-bellied parrot *Triciaria malachitacea*: Its biology and husbandry. Cornejo. Juan. *Avicultural Magazine,* 1999, v. 105 (1), p. 26-39. ISSN: 0005-2256.

            NAL call no: QL671.A9

            Descriptors: care in captivity, husbandry, biology and conservation.

 

Raptors. Redig, Patrick T.; Ackermann, Janette. *Avian Medicine,* Tully Thomas N. Jr.; Lawton, Martin P.C.; Dorrestein, Gerry M. (eds.). Butterworth, Heinemann, Oxford & Woburn. 2000, i-xiv. 1-411 p. Chapter pagination: 180-214. ISBN: 0750635983.

            NAL call no: SF994.A93

            Descriptors: care in captivity, birds of prey,   pathological techniques, diseases, parasites. 

 

*Refinements in Laboratory Bird Husbandry*. Hawkins, P.; Balls, M. (ed); Zeller, A.M.(ed);   Halder, M.E. *Progress in the Reduction, Refinement and Replacement of Animal   Experimentation: Proceedings of the 3rd World Congress on Alternatives   and Animal Use in the Life Sciences, Bologna, Italy. Aug. 29-Sept 2, 1999.*   2000. p. 1313-1318. ref. Elsevier Science B.V., Amsterdam, NE.

            NAL call no: QL1.D48

            Descriptors: animal experiments, animal welfare, cages, laboratory animals. 

 

Seabirds. Robinson, Ian. *Avian Medicine,* Tully, Thomas N. Jr.; Lawton, Martin P.C.; Dorrestein, Gerry M. (eds.). Butterworth, Heinemann, Oxford & Woburn, 2000, i-xiv. 1-411 p. Chapter pagination: 339-363.

            NAL call no: SF994.A93

            Descriptors: Aves, care in captivity, sea birds,   diseases, veterinary procedures. 

 

*The Swift Parakeet*. Laubscher, Cyril. Published by the author for   the Parrot Society UK, Opington, 1999. p. 1-48. ISBN: 0950030651.

            Descriptors: care in captivity, housing and breeding, diet in captivity.

 

Training and enrichment models for avian exhibits. Mellen, Jill. *American Zoo and Aquarium Association Annual Conference Proceedings,* 2000, p. 49-54.

            NAL call no: QL76.5.U6A472

            Descriptors: Aves, bird care in captivity, training,   enrichment models for exhibits.

 

Transportation of ostriches - a review. Wotton, S.B.; Hewitt, L. *Veterinary Record,* 1999, v. 145 (25), p. 725-731. ref. ISSN: 0041-4900.

            NAL call no: 41.8 V641

            Descriptors: reviews, transport of animals, behavior,   stress, mortality, handling, animal welfare.

 

Waterfowl. Routh, Andy; Sanderson, Stephanie. *Avian Medicine,* Tully, Thomas N. Jr.; Lawton, Martin P.C.; Dorrestein, Gerry M. (eds.). Butterworth, Heinemann, Oxford & Woburn, 2000, i-xiv, 1-411 p. Chapter pagination: 234-265. ISBN: 0750635983.

            NAL call no: SF994.A93

            Descriptors: care in captivity, Anseriformes,   veterinary procedures, diseases, ducks, geese. 

 

 

1999

 

*Australian Model Code of Practice for the Welfare of   Animals: Husbandry of Captive Bred Emus*. Australia, Standing Committee on Agriculture   and Resource Management, 1999, 12 pp. SCARM report 69. CSIRO Publishing Co.   Collingwood, Australia. ISBN: 0643064125.

            NAL call no: SF511.5 E46A35 1999

            Descriptors: emu husbandry, animal welfare, guidelines,   code of practice.

Abstract: This Code is intended as a guide for all people responsible for the welfare and husbandry of emus that are bred and/or reared in captivity.

 

Behaviour in natural and captive environments. Deeming, D.C.; Bubier, N.E.; Deeming, D.C.*The Ostrich: Biology, Production and Health,* 1999, p. 83-104. ref. CABI Publishing Co. Wallingford, UK. ISBN: 0851993508.

            NAL call no: SF511.0774-1999

            Descriptors: animal husbandry, reviews, animal   behavior, age, ostrich.

 

A behavioral test of presbycusis in the bird auditory system. Langermann, U.; Hamann, I.; Friebe, A. *Hearing Research,* Nov. 1999, v. 137 (1-2), p. 68-76. ISSN: 0378-5955.

            Descriptors: presbycusis, ear disease, auditory   system, behavior, starlings, various ages.

Abstract: Absolute auditory thresholds were determined   behaviorally in European starlings (*Sturnus vulgaris*) between the age   of 6 months and up to 13 years using a GO/NOGO procedure. The thresholds that   we observed in individual starlings over a time period of 11 years showed no   systematic increase over time. When comparing young starlings (age 6 to 12 months)   with old starlings (age 8 to 13 years), we discovered no substantial age-related   hearing loss. In the frequency range from 0.5 to 4 kHz, the thresholds of old   subjects were on average increased by 1.5 to 3 dB. For frequencies of 6 and   8 kHz, the mean threshold increase of old subjects was 6.1 and 4.9dB, respectively.   This demonstrates excellent hearing in subjects that had lived on average more   than five times the starlings demographic life-span of 22 months. This result   is discussed with respect to the large threshold shift usually found in aging   mammals and tp differences between the bird and the mammalian auditory system.

 

Breeding *Neophema*   parrots in suspended cages. Powells, Barry. *Australian Aviculture,*   Nov. 1999, v. 53 (11), p. 254-255. ISSN: 1030-5440.

            Descriptors: diet in captivity, housing techniques, suspended cages, relationships.

 

Care and management of poultry in the laboratory. Klopp, S. *Poultry and Avian Biology Reviews,* 1999, v. 10 (2), p. 97-99. ref. 

            NAL call no: QL698.C7

            Descriptors: poultry, laboratory animals, research, animal husbandry.

 

Criacao de azulhao. [Grosbeak   rearing.] Pacini-Tostes, Aloisio. *Atualidades Ornitologicas,* Jul./Aug.   1999, v. 90, p.6. ISSN: 0104-2386. Note: In Portuguese.

            Descriptors: care in captivity, husbandry and   breeding, biological notes.

 

Criacao de pintassilgo.   [Rearing of finches of the genus *Carduelis*.] Pacini-Tostes,   Aloisio. *Atualidades Ornitologicas,* May/Jun. 1999, v. 89, p. 5. ISSN:   0104-2386. Note: In Portuguese.

            Descriptors: care in captivity, husbandry and   breeding, reproductive techniques.

 

Development of body temperature   regulation in ostrich chicks. Brown, C.R.; Prior, S.A. *British Poultry   Science,* Sept. 1999, v. 40 (4), p. 529-535. ISSN: 0007-1668.

            NAL call no: 47.8 B77

            Descriptors: body temperature regulation, young   ostriches, growth and development.

Abstract: Information in the literature indicates that young ostrich chicks, despite being precocial, are poor thermoregulators and may take between 8 and 12 weeks to develop efficient homeothermy. We measured the body temperatures (Tb) of young ostrich chicks (1 to 10 d) at ambient temperatures between 13° and 28° C under controlled conditions in the laboratory and under typical farm-rearing conditions to assess their ability to thermoregulate. Even 1-d-old ostriches could maintain a Tb above 36° C at temperatures of 20 degrees C and older chicks maintained a Tb above 36° C at temperatures of 13° C in a constant temperature room. Chicks from 2-d-old could maintain adult T(b)s outdoors under a wide range of ambient temperatures and weather conditions. We concluded that ostrich chicks have well developed homeothermy soon after hatching and that some of the higher rearing temperatures recommended in the literature are unnecessary. In appropriate climates, chicks can be allowed outdoors soon after hatching provided they are not exposed to unfavorable weather conditions. Thermoregulation is, however, energetically expensive and thermoregulatory behavior such as huddling may compete with other important activities like feeding. 

 

*Enrichment Notebook, 2nd ed.* Stark, Beth.   American Association of Zoo Keepers, Enrichment Committee. c1999. 1 v. (loose   leaf): ill, forms.

            NAL call no: SF408.45.A44 1999

            Descriptors: zoo animals, environmental enrichment,   feeding, feeds, manuals.

 

Evidence of sperm storage in the female ostrich. Swan, R.A.; Sicouri, O. *Australian Veterinary Journal,* Oct. 1999, v. 77 (10), p. 649-650. ISSN: 0005-0423.

            NAL call no: 41.8 AU72

            Descriptors: fertility, physiology, ostriches   physiology, spermatozoa physiology, fertile eggs.

Abstract: Objective: To determine the length of time following mating that fertile eggs can be laid by an ostrich (*Struthio camelus*). Design: A clinical reproductive problem in a pair of breeding ostriches provided the opportunity to mate the birds at intervals of 5 to 8 days and assess the fertility of eggs laid. Procedure: Following prolapse of the phallus of the male ostrich during the breeding season, the pair were immediately separated. The hen was reintroduced to the cock at intervals of 5 to 8 days over a 6 week period for supervised mating. Records were kept of dates of mating and laying, number of eggs laid, egg weights, and fertility determined by candling after 2 weeks incubation. Results: Over the 6 week period, 10 eggs were laid, of which 8 were fertile and 2 infertile. Fertile eggs weighed 1020 to 1285 g (mean 1143). The two infertile eggs weighed 1160 and 925 g. Six fertile eggs were laid 2 to 7 days after mating. The remaining two fertile eggs were laid the same days that mating occurred, suggesting that fertilization resulted from the last matings 5 and 8 days previously, or from earlier matings. Conclusions: Sperm storage occurs in ostrich hens and fertile eggs can be laid for at least 5 to 8 days after copulation. Further studies are required to demonstrate the maximum period during which stored sperm are capable of successful fertilization.

 

Grooming. Ryan, Thomas. *Proceedings of the Annual Conference of the Mid Atlantic States Association of Avian Veterinarians,* 1999, v. 20. p. 42-46.

            NAL call no: SF994.M52

            Descriptors: Aves, bird care in captivity, wing,   nail and beak trimming, recommendations.

 

Husbandry (aviary birds).   Ryan, T.; Roston, M.A. (ed); Marx, K.L. *Proceedings of the 20th   Annual Conference on Avian Medicine and Surgery,**Apr. 25-27, 1999*,   Mid-Atlantic States Association of Avian Veterinarians. Baltimore, MD. 1999.   p 42-45. ref. 

            NAL call no: SF994.M52

            Descriptors: pets, aviary birds, diets, cages, perches.

 

Husbandry. Ryan, Thomas. *Proceedings of the Annual Conference of the Mid Atlantic States Association of Avian Veterinarians,*1999, v. 20, p. 42-45. 

            NAL call no: SF994.M52

            Descriptors: Aves, bird care in captivity, review,   recommendations.

 

Husbandry and breeding of the Papuan mountain pigeon *Gymnophaps albertisii*at Vogelpark Walsrode. Muller, Martina. *Avicultural Magazine,* 1999, v. 105 (2), p. 72-76. ISSN: 0005-2256.

            NAL call no: QL671.A9

            Descriptors: care in captivity, husbandry, Aves.

 

Husbandry and care of quail. Ottinger, M.A.; Rattner, B.A. *Poultry and Avian Biology Reviews*, 1999, v. 10 (2), p. 117-120. ref. ISSN: 1357-048X.

            NAL call no: QL698.C7

            Descriptors: physiology, biochemistry, quail, husbandry, care.

 

Husbandry and care of passerine birds. Harding, C.F. *Poultry and Avian Biology Review,* Middlesex, UK: Science and Technology Letters, 1999, v. 10 (2), p. 79-83. ISSN: 1357-048X.

            NAL call no: QL698.C7

            Descriptors: husbandry, care, passerine birds,   perching birds.

 

Husbandry and care of research parrot colonies. Millam, J.R. *Poultry and Avian Biology Reviews,*1999, v. 10 (2), p. 85-89. ref. ISSN: 1357-048X.

            NAL call no: QL698.C7

            Descriptors: animal husbandry, laboratory animals, aviary birds, animal health.

 

Keas in captivity. Roberts, Jennie. *Ratel,*Oct. 1999, v. 26 (5), p. 189-200. ISSN: 0305-1218.

            NAL call no: QL77.5.R37

            Descriptors: care in captivity, *Nestor notabilis*, Psittacidae.

 

Medical management of the California condor. Ensley, Philip K. *Zoo and Wild Animal Medicine: Current Therapy, 4th ed.* Fowler, Murray E.; Miller, R. Eric. W.B. Saunders Co. Philadelphia, London. 1999, i-xxiii, 1-747 p. Chapter pagination: 277-292. ISBN: 0721686648. 

            NAL call no: SF996 Z66 1999

            Descriptors: care in captivity, medical management, captive husbandry. **

 

New handling techniques for the avian patient. Davis, Christine. *Seminars in Avian and Exotic Pet Medicine.* Oct. 1999, v. 8 (4), p. 178-182. ISSN: 1055-937X.

            NAL call no: SF994.2.A1S36

            Descriptors: handling techniques, treatment methods,   restraining techniques, birds.

 

*The Ostrich: Biology, Production and Health.* Deeming, D.C. CABI Publishing; Wallingford, UK. ISBN: 0851993508.

            NAL call no: SF511.O774 1999

            Descriptors: animal production, animal health, biology.

Abstract: This multiauthor book is intended to serve as the reference text on ostrich biology, production and health, for many yers to come. Following an introductory chapter on the species, the subsequent 12 chapters cover (1) anatomy, (2), physiology, (3) behavior in natural and captive environments, (4) basic concepts and recent advances in digestion and nutrition, (5) reproduction, (6) factors affecting success of commercial incubation, (7) rearing environments around the world, (8) welfare, (9) slaughter and products, (10) breeding and genetics, (11) veterinary problems, and (12) health management and veterinary procedures. There is a subject index.

 

Parrot behavior and management for avian veterinarians and avian technicians. Wilson, Liz. *Proceedings of the Annual Conference of the Mid Atlantic States Association of Avian Veterinarians,*1999, v. 20, p. 1-14. 

            NAL call no: SF994.M52

            Descriptors: care in captivity, behavior management techniques, behavior in captivity.

 

Reproductive management of captive parrots. Millam, J.R. *Veterinary Clinics of North America: Exotic Animal Practice,* Jan. 1999, v.2 (1), p. 93-110. ISSN: 1094-9194.

            NAL call no: SF997.5.E95E97

            Descriptors: animal husbandry, parrots, physiology,   reproduction, behavior, egg laying.

Abstract: Studies of the behavior of Amazon parrots throughout a reproductive trial indicate that activities such as food gathering, which may occupy large fractions of the activity budget of wild parrots, occupy little time in captivity. This may be one factor contributing to the large percentage of time during which Amazon parrots are generally inactive in typical captive conditions. The extent of inactivity in captive Amazons creates an open time niche wherein enrichment devices might play a role in improving their well being. Studies of the reproductive endocrinology and the behavior of parrots suggest that hand rearing may impair adult fertility and nest box use. Hand rearing may also cause Cockatiels to lay eggs on cage floors rather than in nest boxes. However, the use of nest boxes with oversized nest entrances can be very effective in alleviating chronic floor laying Cockatiels. Another egg-laying problem in Cockatiels, unwanted egg laying, can be prevented by the use of long-acting formulations of the superactive GnRH agonists, leuprolide acetate, which presumably [figure: see text] acts in birds, as in mammals, by down-regulating pituitary GnRH receptors. Manipulations to limit the increase in prolactin normally seen during incubation in poultry can significantly increase egg production. As clutch size in Cockatiels may also be limited by raising prolactin levels, such manipulations may be effective in stimulating egg production in parrots. An alternative approach for increasing flock-egg production is to place foster eggs in nests of Cockatiel pairs that are slow to lay. This technique stimulates males to increase their nest-oriented behavior and, subsequently, may stimulate egg laying in some females that might not otherwise have laid eggs. The parental phases of reproduction in Amazon parrots are often a time of heightened aggressiveness towards humans, but low levels of serum testosterone in males during that time suggests that this particular interspecies aggressiveness may not be dependent on elevated testosterone levels. Occasional human handling during the nestling stage may produce a degree of tameness comparable with hand-reared chicks, yet not impair adult reproductive performance. Such handling mau also alter the immune status of captive parrots, and possibly reduce the serum corticosterone response to handling. If so, occasional human handling during the nestling stage could improve the adaptation of parrots to captivity. 

 

Taming parent-reared orange-winged Amazon parrots by neonatal handling. Aengus, W.L.; Millam, J.R. *Zoo Biology,* 1999, v. 18 (3), p. 177-187. ref. ISSN: 0733-3188. www.interscience.wiley.com/jpages/0733-3188

            NAL call no: QL77.5.Z6

            Descriptors:*Amazona*, tameness, animal   husbandry, aggressive behavior.

 

Transportation of ostriches-a review. Wotton, S.B.; Hewitt, L. *The Veterinary Record,* Dec. 18/25, 1999, v. 145 (25), p. 725-731. ref. ISSN: 0042-4900.

            NAL call no: 41.8 V641

            Descriptors: ostriches, transport, handling, stress, space requirements.

 

A tropical owl called spectacled owl. Krahe, R.G. *S.C.R.O. Annual Report,* 1999, v. 4, p. 12-23.

            NAL call no: SF82.W57

            Descriptors: diet in captivity, housing techniques, rearing techniques.

 

Turacos: Husbandry, management, and medical considerations. Phalen, David N.; Tocidlowski, Maryanne; Faske, Jay; Faske, Suzanne. *Birds and All That Jazz.* Proceedings of the 20th Annual conference & Expo, Sept. 1-3, 1999. Association of Avian Veterinarians, 1999, i-x. 1-449 p, Chapter pagination: 187-203. 

            NAL call no: SF994.M52

            Descriptors: biological notes, bird care in captivity,   blood, hematological parameters.

 

*The UFAW Handbook on the Care and Management of Laboratory   Animals, Vol. 1. Terrestrial Vertebrates*. Poole, T. Universities Federation for Animal   Welfare, 1999, ed. 7, xiii. 840 pp. ref. Blackwell Science Ltd., Oxford, UK.   ISBN: 0632051310.

            NAL call no: QL55.U5 1999

            Descriptors: animal husbandry, animal welfare, animal housing, laboratory animals.

Abstract: The new edition of this leading textbook on laboratory animals is the work of 60 contributors, and it incorporates numerous improvements in husbandry, arising from experience gained since the previous edition of 1987. The text deals with mammals (30 chapters), birds (6 chapters) and reptiles (one chapter). Each chapter describes biological features, housing, breeding, feeding and common welfare problems of a given species. Thus there are 31 pages on mice, 18 on rats, 22 on guinea pigs, and 20 on dogs. Primates are the subject of 9 chapters. Amphibians and fish are dealt with in the accompanying volume 2.

 

Use of light in aviculture and avian medicine. Ryan, Thomas. *Proceedings of the Annual Conference of the Mid Atlantic States Association of Avian Veterinarians,* 1999, v. 20, p. 69-76. 

            NAL call no: SF994.M52

            Descriptors: bird care in captivity, treatment   techniques, light and behavior modification.

 

*Waterfowl: Health   and Management.* UK Wildlife Information Network. 1999, available: www.wildlifeinformation.org.

            Descriptors: waterfowl, diseases, management, husbandry, toxicology.

Abstract: This multimedia CE-ROM contains text and pictures on the diseases and the management of many different species of waterfowl from around the world. The information is backed up by references and includes techniques on general field procedures, recording and submitting specimens, specimen collection and preservation, specimen shipment, and disease control operations. The data can be accessed via the species of waterfowl, the infectious or non-infectious agents, or by the environmental factors. The species list, which contains about 160 species of mainly geese, ducks and swans includes common names in several languages. The CD can be searched through a web browser and contains Internet links. This will be of great interest to veterinarians and others those involved in management of waterfowl in zoos or in the wild.

 

Water quality for a water   fowl collection. Cambre, Richard C. *Zoo and Wild Animal Medicine,   4th ed.* Fowler, Murray E.; Miller, R. Eric. W.B. Saunders, Co.   Philadelphia, London. 1999, i-xxiii. 1-747 p. Chapter pagination: 292-299. ISBN:   0721686648.NAL call no: SF996 Z66 1999

            Descriptors: water quality requirements, housing   techniques, man made habitat, captive birds. 

 

Welfare. Mitchell, M.A.; Deeming, D.C. *The Ostrich: Biology, Production and Health,* 1999, p. 217-230. ref. ISBN: 0851993508.

            NAL call no: SF511.O774 1999

            Descriptors: reviews, animal welfare, animal   husbandry, ostriches.

 

 

1998

 

Abnormal behavior in caged birds kept as pets. Van Hoek, Caroline S.; Ten Cate, Carel. *Journal of Applied Animal Welfare Science,* 1998, v. 1 (1), p. 51-64. ISSN: 1088-8705.

            NAL call no: HV701.J68

            Descriptors: housing techniques, abnormal behavior, caged individuals, prevention.

 

Appreciating avian intelligence: The importance of a proper domestic environment. Davis, C. *1997 AVMA Animal Welfare Forum: Pet Bird Welfare, Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association,*1998, v. 212 (8), p. 1220-1222. ISSN: 0003-1488. 

            NAL call no: 41.8 AM3

            Descriptors: aviary birds, animal behavior, mental ability, environment, pets.

 

[Basic studies on the practical   farming of the ostrich]. Saito, T.; Rasa, F.S.T.; Osaka, H.; Sitizyo,   K. *Bulletin of the Faculty of Agriculture,* Tottori University, 1998,   v. 51, p. 117-122. ref. ISSN: 0372-0349. Note: In Japanese.

            NAL call no: 513 T64

            Descriptors: animal husbandry, animal housing, ostriches.

 

Beginners’ tips for pigeon and dove keeping. Brickell, N.; Thomason, N. *Avizandum,* Mar. 1998, p. 9-11.

            Descriptors: feeding, pigeons, doves, Columbiformes,   useful animals, pets.

 

Behavioral evidence for individual recognition in Japanese quail. Riters, L.V.; Balthazart, J. *Behaviour,* Jul. 1998, v. 135 (5), p. 551-578. ISSN: 0005-7959.

            NAL call no: 410 B393

            Descriptors: quails, behavior, reproduction, males, females, physiological functions.

 

*Bird Care and Training.*Higdon, Pam. Howell Book   House, N.Y., c 1998. 126 pp. ill. ref. ISBN: 0876052278.

            NAL call no: SF461.H54 1998

            Descriptors: cage birds, training, animal care.

 

Captive birds of prey and environmental enrichment: Results of a field survey. Tardona, Daniel R.; Tardona, Jayne H. *Animal Keeper’s Forum,* Dec. 1998, v. 25 (12), p. 471-481. ISSN: 0164-9531.

            NAL call no: QL77.A54

            Descriptors: housing techniques, environmental enrichment, raptors.

 

Captive management of birds for a lifetime. Clubb, S.L. *Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association,*Apr. 15, 1998, v. 212 (8), p. 1243-1245. ref. ISSN: 0003-1488.

            NAL call no: 41.8 Am3

            Descriptors: birds, pet care, lifespan, animal welfare, developmental stages.

 

Code of recommendations   and minimum standards for the welfare of ostrich and emu. New Zealand,   Animal Welfare Advisory Committee, Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry, 1998.   21 p; 30 cm.*Code of Animal Welfare*, no. 21. ISBN: 047807476X. ISSN:   1171-090X.

            NAL call no: HV4890.4.A3C63 no. 21

            Descriptors: code of recommendations, minimum standards, ostrich, emu.

 

*The Complete Guide to Bird Care.*Alderton, David.   Howell Book House, N.Y. c1998, 112 pp. ill. ISBN: 0876050380.

            NAL call no: SF461.A547 1998

            Descriptors: cage birds, care.

 

Development of microsatellite markers for parentage typing of chicks in the ostrich, *Struthio camelus*. Kimwele, C.N.; Graves, J.A.; Burke, T.; Hanotte, O.; *Molecular Ecology,* 1998, v. 7 (2), p. 249-251. ref. ISSN: 0962-1083.

            NAL call no: QH540.M64

            Descriptors: microsatellites, ostrich, DNA, genetics, ancestry. 

 

Effect of winter climatic conditions on the behaviour of adult ostriches (*Struthio camelus*) on a British farm. Deeming, D.C. *Animal Welfare,* 1998, v. 7 (3), p. 307-315. ref. ISSN: 0962-7286.

            NAL call no: HV4701.A557

            Descriptors: ostriches, winter, rain, foraging, physical activity, animal husbandry.

 

Feeding and vigilance behaviour of breeding ostriches (*Struthio camelus*) in a farming environment in Britain. Ross, E.J.; Deeming, D.C. *British Poultry Science,* May 1998, v. 39 (2), p. 173-177. ref. ISSN: 0007-1668.

            NAL call no: 47.8 B77

            Descriptors: ostriches, feeding behavior, animal behavior, physical activity.

Abstract: 1. Vigilance and feeding behaviour of male and female adult breeding ostriches were recorded to determine feeding and scanning bout lengths, a time budget and the pattern ov vigilance immediately after food was provided. 2. Males were more vigilant and fed for shorter periods than females immediately after concentrate food was delivered but not throughout the whole day. 3. Most interscan periods of males were below 50 s with a maximum of 90 s compared with most interscan periods of females lasting less than 70 s with a maximum of 160 s. 4. Gender differences in behaviour are attributed to increased male vigilance for predators and/or conspecifics, and increased female feeding required for egg production and greater opportunity to feed because of male vigilance.

 

Finken in Kafig und Voliere.   [Finches in cages and aviaries.] Egidius, Hans. *Gefiederte Welt,*   Feb. 1998, v. 122 (2), p. 57-59. ISSN: 0016-5816. Note: In German.

            Descriptors: housing techniques, cage and aviary   conditions.

 

Gruppenhaltung von Blaustirn-Amazonen   und Graupapageien - Moglichkeiten und Grenzen. [Keeping blue-fronted amazons   and grey parrots in groups - possibilities and limitations.] Lantermann,   Werner. *Gefiederte Welt,* Jun. 1998, v. 122 (6), p. 210-213. ISSN: 0016-5816.   Note: In German.

            Descriptors: housing techniques, mixed group,   possibilities and limits.

 

Hand rearing owlets. Catlow, Peter. *Tyto,* De c. 1998, v. 3 (5), p. 133-135. ISSN: 1363-4380.

            Descriptors: diet in captivity, nestling feeds, housing techniques, rearing techniques. 

 

The husbandry, breeding and European regional studbook of the red spectacled amazon at Loro Parque. Sweeney, Roger G. *International Zoo News (IZN),* Sept. 1998, v. 45 (6), p. 352-362. No. 287. ISSN: 0020-9155.

            NAL call no: QL76.I58

            Descriptors: care in captivity, husbandry, breeding programs.

 

Hypothermia in birds. Miller, Erica A. *Wildlife Rehabilitation,*1998, v. 16, p. 37-46. ISSN: 0737-1829.

            NAL call no: SF996.45.J69

            Descriptors: Aves, care in captivity, body temperature, diagnosis and treatment. 

 

Integrating ostrich behaviour in commercial farming systems. Lambrechts, H.; Huchzermeyer, F.W.; Swart, D.; Huchzermeyer, F.W. *Proceedings of the Second International Scientific Ratite Congress,* Oudtshoorn, South Africa. Sept. 21-25, 1998. p. 167-169. ref. 

Descriptors: farming systems, animal behavior,   stress, aggression, husbandry, production systems.

 

Perspectives on pet bird   welfare from the pet industry. Meyers, N.M. *Journal of the American   Veterinary Medical Association,* Apr. 15, 1998, v. 212 (8), p. 1238-1242.   ref. ISSN: 0003-1488.

            NAL call no: 41.8 Am3

            Descriptors: birds, animal welfare, quarantine, transport of animals. 

 

1997 AVMA animal welfare forum: Pet bird welfare.*Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association,* 1998, v. 212 (8), p. 1215-1249. ISSN: 0003-1488.

            NAL call no: 41.8 Am3

            Descriptors: animal husbandry, animal welfare, nutrition, diets, pets, aviary birds.

Abstract: Ten papers on various aspects of pet bird husbandry and welfare are presented. Topics include creating the correct environment for pet birds, selecting the appropriate bird as a pet, bird nutrition, bird anaesthesia and surgery, pet bird welfare, and pet birds and ecotourism. 1

 

*Partridges and Francolins: Their Conservation, Breeding   and Management*. Robbins, G.E.S. World   Pheasant Association, Reading. 1998, i-iv. p. 1-114. ISBN: 0906964453.

            NAL call no: SF510.P3R6

            Descriptors: care in captivity, captive management and breeding, parasites, diseases.

Abstract: The volume covers 92 species which include partridges, francolins, snowcocks and spurfowl, each species having its own data sheet giving details of country of origin, habitat and general description in addition to captive breeding, research and conservation; Aviaries; Breeding management; General management and husbandry.

 

Pet birds: Historical and modern perspectives on the keeper and the kept. Graham, D.L. *1997 AVMA Animal Welfare Forum: Pet Bird Welfare, Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association,* 1998, v. 212 (8), p. 1216-1219. ISSN: 0003-1488.

            NAL call no: 41.8 Am3

            Descriptors: pets, animal husbandry, aviary birds, history, veterinary history.

 

Restraint and housing of ratites. Raines, A.M. *Veterinary Clinics of North America, Food Animal Practice,* 1998, v. 14 (3), p. 387-399. ref. ISSN: 0749-0720.

            NAL call no: SF601.V535

            Descriptors: restraint, housing, transport of animals, ratites.

 

Restraint and housing of ratites. Raines, A.M. *Veterinary Clinics of North America: Food Animal Practice,* Nov. 1998, v. 14 (3), p. 387-399. ISSN: 0749-0720.

            NAL call no: SF601.V535

            Descriptors: emus, physiology, housing, ostriches, restraint.

Abstract: Large animal practitioners are called upon to assist producers to prevent and control disease and to manage flocks. The concerns that exist in traditional livestock and poultry management are also applicable to ratites. Adequate ventilation, shelter, and space allocation are the foundations of flock health. Practitioners need to know how to handle ratites in order to perform a through physical examination and collect diagnostic samples.

 

A review of fine avian abodes. Swann, Karen; Green, Deborah. *Proceedings of the Joint Conference AAZK, EMA, AZH,* 1998, Indianapolis Zoological Society, Inc. 1-286 p. Chapter pagination: 67-72.

            Descriptors: Aves, bird housing techniques, nest   and roost boxes, review.

 

Sex identification of parrots, toucans, and curassows by PCR: Perspectives for wild and captive population studies. Miyaki, C.Y.; Griffiths, R.; Orr, K.; Nahum, L.A.; Pereira, S.L.; Wajntal, A. *Zoo Biology,* 1998, v. 17 (5), p. 415-423. ref. ISSN: 0733-3188.

            NAL call no: QL77.5.Z6

            Descriptors: parrots, wild birds, sec diagnosis, polymerase chain reaction. 

 

The sun conure. Osborne, Tod. *Australian Aviculture,* Aug. 1998, v. 52 (8), p. 187-189. ISSN: 1030-5440.

            Descriptors: diet in captivity, bird care in   captivity, captive breeding, housing techniques.

 

*Why Does my Bird do That?: A Guide to Parrot Behavior.*Rach, Julie. New York: Howell book House, c.1998. xvi. 208 p. ill. ref.   ISBN: 0876050119.

            NAL call no: SF473.P3.R328 1998

            Descriptors: parrots behavior, caged birds behavior,   pet birds.

 

 

1997

 

Bau einer Volierenanlage   - was muss bei der Planung berucksichtigt werden? [The construction of an aviary   - what does the planning have to take into account?] Dorge, Ray. *Papageien,*Mar. 1997, v. 10 (3), p. 73-78. ISSN: 0934-327X. Note: In German.

            Descriptors: Aves, housing, aviary construction,   detailed account.

 

Der Bau eines Papageienhauses.   [The construction of a parrot house.] Seum, Wolfgang. *Papageien,*   1997, v. 10 (12), p. 366-368. ISSN: 0934-327X. Note: In German.

            Descriptors: Psittaciformes, housing techniques,   aviary construction.

 

Behavior of captive American   kestrels hatched from o.p’-dicofol exposed females. MacLellan, K.N.M.;   Bird, D.M.; Shutt, L.J.; Fry, D.M. *Archives of Environmental Contamination   & Toxicology,* New York, Springer-Verlag. May 1997, v. 32 (4), p. 411-415.   ref. ISSN: 0090-4341.

            NAL call no: TD172.A7

            Descriptors:*Falco sparverius*, behavior   patterns, dicofol, exposure.

 

Behaviour of Japanese quail (*Coturnix japonica*) in semi-natural aviaries. Schmid, I.; Wechsler, B. *Applied Animal Behaviour Science,* Dec. 1997, v. 55 (1-2), p. 103-112. ref. ISSN: 0168-1591.

            NAL call no: QL750.A6

            Descriptors: Japanese quails, animal behavior, aviaries. 

 

Behaviour and management   of pigeons. Mahmound, E.A.A. *Thesis in Animal Poultry ethology and   Management,* 1997, 295 p. notes, photo, tables, bibliography. Available:   Library, Fac. of Vet. Med., Moshtohor, Zagazig Univ., Egypt.

            Descriptors: pigeons, feeding, sexual behavior, biological development, behavior.

 

Behaviour and thermogenesis of racing pigeons housed under transport conditions. Gorssen, J.; Koene, P. *Animal Welfare,* 1997, v. 6 (2), p. 153-168. ref. ISSN: 0962-7286.

            NAL call no: HV4601.A557

            Descriptors: racing pigeons, transport, heat production, crowding, animal welfare.

 

*Birds of Prey: Medicine and Management.* Heidenreich,   M. 1997, 304 p. Blackwell Science Ltd., Oxford, UK. ISBN: 0632041862.

            Descriptors: animal husbandry, treatment, surgery, breeding, nutrition, behavior.

 

Breeding and hand rearing the southern sulawesi hornbill *Penelopides exarhatus sanfordi*for the Zoological Society of San Diego. Mace, Michael; Azua, John. *International Zoo Yearbook,* 1997, v. 35, p. 247-253. ISSN: 0074-9664.

            NAL call no: QL76.I5

            Descriptors: diet in captivity, housing, rearing techniques, hand rearing.

 

The burrowing owl (*Speotyto cunicularia*). Turk, Tony. *Tyto,* Apr. 1997, v. 2 (1), p. 18-22. ISSN: 1363-4380.

            Descriptors: housing techniques, aviary requirements, care in captivity.

 

Causation and influence of environmental enrichment on feather picking of the crimson-bellied conure (*Pyrrhura perlata perlata*). Hoek, C.S. van; King, C.E.*Zoo Biology,* 1997, v. 16 (2), p. 161-172. ref. ISSN: 0733-3188.

            NAL call no: QL77.5.Z6

            Descriptors: Psittaciformes, feather picking, enrichment, behavior patterns.

 

Courtship and breeding   behavior in the Sacramento Zoo’s flamingo flock. Johnston, Georgann B.   *Exotic Bird Report,* Fall, 1997, v. 9 (3), p. 2-3. 

            Descriptors: housing techniques, courtship, hatching success, influencing factors.

 

*Cyanoramphus novaezelandiae (Ziegensittisch) - Studien   zum arteigenen Verhalten unter Volierenbedingungen und zur Ableitung eines optimierten   Haltungssystems nach Kriterien der Tiergartenbiologie. [Behaviour of Red-Fronted   New Zealand Parakeets (Cyanoramphus novaezelandiae) kept in Aviaries and Proposal   for Optimum Husbandry.]* Schumann, K. 1997, 144 pp. ref. Tierarztliche Hochschule,   Hannover, Germany. Thesis. Note: In German.

            Descriptors: animal husbandry, animal behavior,   aviary birds.

 

Diurnal behavioural patterns in the houbara bustard (*Chlamydotis undulata*) in captivity: Effects of temperature and daylight. Jacquet, J.M.; Launay, F. *Applied Animal Behaviour Science,* 1997, v. 55 (1-2), p. 137-151. ref. ISSN: 0168-1591.

            NAL call no: QL750.A6

            Descriptors: temperature, photoperiod, diurnal activity, feeding behavior.

Abstract: Twenty adult male houbara were allocated to 4 groups: 12 h light, 12 h dark (12L:12D) at 20° C or 30° C, 8L:16D at 20 degrees C and 16L:8D at 20° C. The temperature was constant and food and water were available ad libitum. The birds were observed fot 96 h and behaviour was analysed for locomotor activity and feeding. Both behaviours were distributed in bouts of high activity in the morning and in the afternoon. At high temperature, the activity pattern was enhanced through an increased midday resting period and reduced food intake was associated with less total feeding activity. Short days contracted the patterns, while long days extended them. Total activity during the day was not modified by daylength, which in short days resulted from a significantly increased activity per hour of light. The evening feeding peak and the increased alertness of the birds at the endo of the night revealed an anticipation of both dawn and dusk. Observations of houbara in the wild have shown bimodal patterns of activity, which have been related to diurnal fluctuations in temperature and food availability. It is suggested that the distribution of activity in 2 bouts constitutes in the houbara a response to inner behavioural or nutritional requirements, independent from daily changes in environmental conditions. 

 

Effect of climatic conditions on the behaviour of adult ostriches (*Struthio camelus*) in Britain. Deeming, D.C. *Animal Welfare,* 1997, v. 6 (4), p. 349-356. ref. ISSN: 0962-7286.

            NAL call no: HV4701.A557

            Descriptors: animal welfare, animal behavior,   weather, climatic factors, rain, UK.

Abstract: This study recorded the frequency of behaviours of adult ostriches kept on a farm in Oxfordshire, UK, during the spring of 1996. Adult ostriches came from farmed flocks (originally from Namibia, Zimbabwe and Israel), were older than 3 years of age, in breeding condition and producing eggs. Nine trios of 1 male and 2 females were observed from a distance of at least 50 m using binoculars and the naked eye. ‘Rainy’, ‘dull and dry’, ‘bright and dry’, and ‘sunny’ weather categories were used to assess the influence of climate on behaviour. Six main behaviours (sitting, standing, pacing, walking, foraging and feeding) were observed together with a variety of low frequency ‘other’ behaviours which were combined for analysis. Gender had no significant effect on any of the behaviour frequencies. During ‘rainy’ periods both males and females showed sitting behaviour five times more than during ‘dull’ and ‘bright’ weather and two and a half times more than during ‘sunny’ weather. Increased sitting behaviour during rainy periods was due to a significant reduction in pacing and ‘other’ behaviours with no significant effect on feeding and foraging behaviours. Sitting during sunny weather also occurred more often than during dull and bright weather but not at the expense of any other particular behaviour. It is concluded that adult ostriches in the UK alter their behaviour in response to prevailing weather conditions, particularly rain.

 

The effect of cover on the behaviour of Japanese quail (*Coturnix japonica*). Buchwalder, T.; Wechsler, B. *Applied Animal Behaviour Science,* 1997, v. 54 (4), p. 335-343. ref. ISSN: 0168-1591.

            NAL call no: QL750.A6

            Descriptors: cages, nesting, activity, flight, animal welfare.

 

Effects of foraging enrichment on the behaviour of parrots. Coulton, L.E.; Waran, N.K.; Young, R.J.; *Animal Welfare,* 1997, v. 6 (4), p. 357-363. ref. ISSN: 0962-7286.

            NAL call no: HV4701.A557

            Descriptors: behavior, foraging, housing , feeding, Psittaciformes, parrots. 

Abstract: The purpose of this study was to enrich parrot enclosures by creating foraging opportunities for the species and to investigate the possible preference for a variable versus a constant food supply. The subjects were housed as single-species groups, which comprised 2 male and 2 female red-fronted macaws (*Ara rubrogenys*), a male-female pair of thick-billed parrots (*Rhynchopsitta pachyrhyncha*), a male-female pair of green-winged macaws (*Ara chloroptera*) and a male-female pair of yellow-backed chattering lorys (*Lorius garrulus*). The foraging device comprised of a length of wood (2x0.08x0.08 m) with 50 holes (0.02 m diameter x 0.02 m depth) drilled into one face. Food was placed in the holes of the foraging device in one of two distributions: ‘constant’, one food item in every hole (total = 50 food items) or ‘variable’, 5 food items in 10 of the holes (total = 50 food items). The holes were then covered with starch paper. During the enrichment period the parrots spent significantly more time allopreening than in baseline or post-enrichment periods. Use of the foraging device implied that birds were performing contrafreeloading since identical free food was available in their food bowls. There was no preference for a variable over a constant food source. It is concluded that providing extra foraging opportunities for parrots is a useful form of enrichment.

 

Enrichment or good husbandry?   Dow, Susan M. *Proceedings of the 2nd**International Conference   on Environmental Enrichment,**Aug. 21-25, 1995, Copenhagen Zoo, Frederiksberg*.   1997, 1-372 p., Chapter pagination: 232-238. ISBN: 8789431146.

            Descriptors: care in captivity, environmental enrichment, good husbandry.**

 

Feather mites are potentially an important source of allergens for pigeons and budgerigar keepers. Collof, M.J.; Merrett, T.G.; Merrett, J.; McSharry, C.; Boyd, G. *Clinical and Experimental Allergy,* 1997, v. 27 (1), p. 60-67. ISSN: 0954-7894.

            Descriptors: allergy, occupational health, clinical immunology, human medicine.

Abstract: Background: Previous studies on allergy to feathers have not addressed whether organisms living on feathers (mites, lice, molds) are a source of allergens. Objective: To investigate whether feather mites produced allergens of clinical relevance to bird keepers. Methods: We examined serum IgE responses of 96 pigeon breeders to an extract of feather mites from pigeons (predominately *Diplaegidia columbae*), using western blotting, specific IgE assay using AlaSTAT EIA and RAST inhibition. Results: Feather mites are a major source of soluble proteins derived from feathers, accounting for up to 10% of the total weight of the feather. Forty-three sera had a negative score (0) for anti-feather mite IgE, 27 were weakly positive (1-2) and 26 had strongly positive scores (3-4). Fewer pigeon breeders with scores gtoreq 3 were asymptomatic than those with negative scores (12 versus 40%), more had late onset symptoms (with or without early onset symptoms; 77% versus 44%) and had IgE antibody against house dust mite (89% versus 23%). Western blotting of eight sera against the extract of Diplaegidia columbae revealed 20 IgE-binding components ranging from 22 to 200 kDa. A high diversity of components was recognized by each serum:arithmetic mean 7 (range 2-14). RAST inhibition indicated feather mites had species-specific epitopes as well as ones that cross-reacted with *Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus*. Conclusion: Strongly-positive alaSTAT scores to pigeon feather mite were associated with allergic symptoms of late onset in pigeon breeders. We conclude that feather mites are a major source of clinically-relevant allergens for pigeon breeders. 

 

Feeding and pecking behaviour in ostrich (*Struthio camelus*) chicks in captivity. Paxton, C.G.M.; Bubier, N.E.; Deeming, D.C. *British Poultry Science,* May 1997, v. 38 (2), p. 151-155. ref. ISSN: 0007-1668.

            NAL call no: 47.8 B77

            Descriptors: ostrich, chicks, behavior, feeding, animal welfare.

Abstract:1. Three sets of experiments were performed on two batches of ostrich chicks to investigate the factors affecting the pecking and feeding behaviour of grouped individuals. 2. Chicks showed no significant alteration of their feeding behaviour in response to raising pen walls in the rearing facility from 30 to 60 cm. 3. Further analysis on a different set of birds revealed consistent short term individual differences in the frequency of feeding and non-feeding pecks. 4. There were significant pen effects on behaviour suggesting the possible development of a pen “culture” of pecking behaviour. 5. Pecking behaviours in 26 to 33 d-old chicks, with the exception of drinking, were generally negatively correlated, so any non-food pecking by a chick was generally associated with fewer pecks targeted at food. 6. By the age of two months chicks were pecking at food on the floor to a far greater extent than at any food presented in food trays.

 

*The Grain Eating Birds of Sub-Saharan Africa: Identification,   Biology and Management.*Allan, R. 1997, viii, 191 p. ref. Natural Resources   Institute (NRI), Chatham, UK. ISBN: 0859544648.

            Descriptors: biology, morphology, chemical control.

Abstract: This book is divided into 4 chapters   on grain-eating birds (morphology, biology and classification); cereal crops;   bird pest surveys and monitoring (*Quelea* surveys, monitoring and use   of mist nets); crop protection (protection methods for breeding and non-breeding   season crops, and use of chemical products). 

 

Haltung und Zucht des Grunwangen-Rotschwanzsittichs   *Pyrrhura molinae*. [Care and rearing of the parakeet (*Pyrrhura molinae*).]   Wurth, Volker. *Papageien,* Mar. 1997, v. 10 (3), p. 70-72. ISSN: 0934-327X.   Note: In German.

            Descriptors: housing techniques, optimum conditions,   rearing techniques.

 

Haltung und Zucht des Ziegensittichs   *Cyanoramphus n. novaezelandiae*. [The care and rearing of the parakeet   *Cyanoramphus n. novaezelandiae*.] Schmidt, Ralph. *Papageien,*   Apr. 1997, v. 10 (4), p. 109-112. ISSN: 0934-327X. Note: In German.

            Descriptors: housing techniques, rearing techniques,   Psittacidae, Aves.

 

Haltung und Zucht von Hellroten   Aras (*Ara macao*). [Keeping and rearing macaws *Ara maco*.]   Schwarzwalder, Erich. *Papageien,*Jan. 1997, v. 10 (1), p. 6-9. ISSN:   0934-327X. Note: In German.

            Descriptors: housing techniques, hand rearing,   optimum conditions, Psittacidae. 

 

Haltung und Zucht von Molukkenkakadus   (*Cacatua moluccensis*). [The keeping and rearing of the cockatoo *Cacatua   moluccensis*.] Spreen, Horst. *Papageien,* Oct. 1997, v. 10 (10),   p. 294-296. ISSN: 0934-327X. Note: In German.

            Descriptors: housing techniques, rearing techniques,   general account.

 

Haltung und Zucht von Schmalschnabelsittichen   *Brotogeris*. [Care and breeding of the *Brotogeris* parakeets.]   Derks, Dinand.*Papageien,*Apr. 1997, v. 10 (4), p. 102-104. ISSN: 0934-327X.   Note: In German.

            Descriptors: housing, rearing, detailed account.

 

Housing and presenting owls. Sayers, Bernard Charles. *Tyto,* Jun. 1997, v. 2(2), p. 1-78. ISSN: 1363-4380.

            Descriptors: Strigiformes, housing techniques, aviary design and layout.

 

Husbandry and breeding   of the Mount Apo lorikeet *Trichoglossus johnstoniae*at Loro Parque.   Sweeney, Roger G. *Avicultural Magazine,* 1997, v. 103 (1), p. 6-14. ISSN:   0005-2256.

            NAL call no: QL671.A9

            Descriptors: care in captivity, husbandry, captive breeding.

 

A method for restraining penguins. Wilson, Rory P. *Marine Ornithology,* 1997, v. 25 (1-2), p. 72-73. ISSN: 1018-3337.

            Descriptors: handling techniques, physical restraint techniques, field restraint.

 

Monitoring the health and productivity of farmed ostrich flocks. More, S.J. *Australian Veterinary Journal,* Aug. 1997, v. 75 (8), p. 583-587. ref. ISSN: 0005-0423.

            NAL call no: 41.8 Au72

            Descriptors: ostriches, animal health, monitoring, animal husbandry.

 

Non invasive methods developed for studies of captive wild birds. Millam, J.R.; Delwiche, M.J. *Exotic Bird Report,* Fall, 1997, v. 9 (3), p. 1, 6-7. 

            Descriptors: care in captivity, nutrition, behavior, activity patterns, housing.

 

North American wood warbler collection and management at the North Carolina Zoological Park. Reininger, Kenneth T. *American Zoo and Aquarium Association Regional Conference Proceedings,* 1997, p. 353-359. ISSN: 1088-0402.

            Descriptors: care in captivity, quarantine and husbandry, netting, acclimation.

 

Pigeons and doves. Hooimeijer, Jan; Dorrestein, Gerry M. *Avian Medicine and Surgery.* Altman, Robert B.; Clubb, Susan L.; Dorrestein, Gerry M.; Quesenberry, Katherine. W.B. Saunders Co., Philadelphia, London, etc. 1997. i-xv. 1-1070 p. Chapter pagination: 886-909. ISBN: 0721654460.

            NAL call no: SF994 A95 1997

            Descriptors: common diseases, treatment, diagnosis, parasites. 

 

Planting for environmental   enrichment at the Melbourne Zoo. Embury, Amanda S. *Proceedings of   the 2nd International Conference on Environmental Enrichment,**Aug. 21-25, 1995. Copenhagen Zoo. Frederiksberg*. 1997, 1-372 p. Chapter   pagination: 290-298. ISBN: 8789431146.

            Descriptors: bird housing techniques, planting   for environmental enrichment, Australia.

 

**Psittacula roseata*.   [Psittacula roseata.]* Baumgartner,   Benno. *Papageien,* Jun. 1997, v. 10 (6), p. 170-171. ISSN: 0934-327X.   Note: In German.

            Descriptors: reproductive techniques, optimum housing and feeding.

 

Regarding pigeons, their keeper, and their keeping. Harrison, G.J. *Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association,* Sept. 1997, v. 211 (5), p. 539. ISSN: 0003-1488.

            NAL call no: 41.8Am3

            Descriptors: animal husbandry, standards, breeding, injuries, genetics.

 

A safer method of handling shrikes and other biting birds. Craig, Susan H. *North American Bird Bander,* Jul.-Sept. 1997, v. 22 (3), p. 123. ISSN: 0363-8979.

            Descriptors:*Laniidae*, handling techniques,   safer handling method.

 

Strutsar och andra ratiter,   del 1. Biologi och farmning. [Ostriches and other ratites, part 1. Biology and   farming.] Jansson, D.S. *Svensk Veterinartidning*, 1997, v. 49 (4),   p. 177-184. ref. Note: In Swedish.

            NAL call no: 41.9 SV23

            Descriptors: meat animals, taxonomy, reproductive   physiology.

 

*Wildlife Care for Birds and Mammals: Volume 7 Basic   Manual Wildlife Rehabilitation Series. 3rd ed.* Carlson, Dale   Bick; Ruth, Irene. Madison, CT: Bick Pub. House. c1997. 7 v. in 1, 286 pp. ill.   ref. ISBN: 1884158161.

            NAL call no: SF996.45.C37 1997

            Descriptors: wildlife rehabilitation, wildlife   rescue of birds.

 

World directory of institutions housing penguins 1997. Cheney, Cynthia. *Penguin Conservation,* Jacksonville. 1997. 1-8 p. 

            Descriptors: directories, institutions housing penguins.

 

 

1996

 

The ABC’s of housing raptors. Gibson, Marjorie J. *Journal of Wildlife Rehabilitation,* Fall, 1996, v. 19 (3), p. 23-31 (Special Topics Issue). ISSN: 1071-2232.

            NAL call no: SF996.45.J69

            Descriptors: Aves, housing techniques, raptors, care in captivity.

 

Aspergillosis outbreaks: A facilities management approach to control. McGill, Patricia A. *American Zoo and Aquarium Association Regional Conference Proceedings,* 1996, p. 683-686. ISSN: 1088-0402.

            Descriptors: Aves, housing, fungal diseases,   care in captivity, aspergillosis.

 

Aviculture medical management. Clipsham, Robert. *Diseases of Cage and Aviary Birds,*3rd ed. 1996. p. 880-903. Rosskopf, W.J.; Woerpel, R.W. (eds.) Williams & Wilkins Co. Baltimore, MD, London. ISBN: 0683073826.

            NAL call no: SF994.2.A1D57

            Descriptors: aviculture, medical management, breeding, housing, veterinary medicine.

 

Avian exhibit substrate of “the bottom line”. Bohmke, Bruce W. *American Zoo and Aquarium Association Regional Conference Proceedings,* 1996, p. 457-459. ISSN: 1088-0402. 

            Descriptors: Aves, bird housing, aviary substrates,   overview.

 

Baby bird science and medicine. Speer, Brian L. *Proceedings of the Annual Conference of the Mid Atlantic States Association of Avian Veterinarians,* 1996, v. 17, p. 40-58. 

            NAL call no: SF994.M52

            Descriptors: Aves, diagnostic techniques, diseases   and disorders, diagnosis, young animals.

 

Behavioral considerations in a captive breeding program for houbara bustards (*Chlamydotis undulata macqueenii*). Warren, S.M. *Journal of Avian Medicine and Surgery,* 1996, v. 10 (3), p. 187-193. ref. 

            NAL call no: SF994.J6

Descriptors: breeding, animal housing, sexual   differences, aggression, behavior, zoo animals, wild caught, inter-sex association.

Abstract: Houbara bustards were observed in 3 adjacent aviaries at the National Avian research Center’s Al Ain Zoo site (United Arab Emirates) during the 1995 breeding season. All birds had been taken from the wild as adults and had not previously exhibited sexual behaviour. Both males and females exhibited strong diurnal patterns of behaviour. Birds were most active during the afternoon and early evening; male courtship display was also most prominent at this time. Individuals spent most of their time (approximately 70%) resting and the remainder of their time in other activities, such as locomotion, feeding, drinking and social and comfort behaviours. Four of the six males under observation were seen to display. Females were never seen to be sexually active. Stereotypic typic behaviour was observed in 56% of females, and 17% of males. Social interactions (aggression) were quite common, with males being more involved in more actions than females. No obvious pattern of dominance status in relation to gender was observed, yet it was clear that dominance status was related to male sexual status; the displaying male in each aviary was also the male of higher dominance status. Birds tended to use the space at the rear of the aviaries in preference to the space at the front, and this behaviour was more prevalent in females than males. Cluster analysis revealed an absence of intersex association. The different social and environmental requirements of males and females are discussed in light of the results of this study and studies on the biology of the species in the wild. It is proposed that a more naturalistic approach to the management of houbara bustards is taken.

 

Behavioral management. Swengel, Scott R.; Archibald, George W.; Ellis, David H.; Smith, Dwight G. *Cranes: Their Biology, Husbandry and Conservation.* Ellis, David H.; Gee, George F.; Mirande, Claire M. (eds.). Hancock House Publishers, Blaine, WA. 1996. i-xii. 1-308 p. Chapter pagination: 105-122. ISBN: 0888393857.

            NAL call no: QL696.G84C73 1996

Descriptors: Gruidae, bird care in captivity,   behavior management, reproductive behavior, cranes.

 

Breeding problems. Cooper, John E. *BSAVA Manual of Psittacine Birds,* New Edition, 1996, p. 198-204. Beynon, P.H.; Forbes, N.A,; Lawton, M.P.C. (eds.). Iowa State university Press, Ames, IA. ISBN: 0813823498.

            NAL call no: SF994.2.A1M37 1996

            Descriptors: bird breeding problems, diagnosis,   low fertility, egg quality.

 

Breeding the thick-billed parrot *Rhynchopsitta pachyrhyncha*at Jersey Wildlife Preserve Trust. French, Hilary. *Dodo,* 1996, v. 32, p. 126-132. ISN: 0265-5640.

            Descriptors: diet in captivity, housing breeding, hand reared parents.

 

*BSAVA Manual of Psittacine Birds. New Edition.* Beynon, Peter H.; Forbes, Neil A.; Lawton, Martin P.C. (eds.). British Small Animal Veterinary Association, Cheltenham. 1996. Iowa State University Press, Ames, IA. ISBN: 0813823498.

            NAL call no: SF994.2.A1M37 1996

            Descriptors: manual of husbandry, care in captivity, veterinary manual.

Abstract: This manual aims to serve as an easily accessible source of information on the clinical aspects of birds of the family Psittacidae belonging to the order Psittaciformes. The book is a new edition and comprises twenty-three chapters. The beginning chapters cover basic aspects of nutrition and husbandry. Other chapters deal with such topics as breeding and behavioral problems of the birds as well as problems associated with their pelvic limbs, wings, head, and respiratory system. Management of diarrhoea, trauma, polydipsia, and fits in psittacines is also covered. An appendix with names of generic drugs mentioned in the text, a subject index, tables, and black-and-white and color illustrations are incorporated into the text. This volume will be of immense help to veterinary surgeons and aviculturists. 

 

Cage bird behavior, taming, and psychology with common behavioral problems and solutions. Davis, Christine. *Diseases of Cage and Aviary Birds,*3rd ed. 1996. p. 19-29. Rosskopf, W.J.; Woerpel, R.W. (eds.). Williams & Wilkins Co., Baltimore, MD, London. ISBN: 0683073826. 

            NAL call no: SF994.2.A1D57 1996

            Descriptors: behavioral management, caged behavior, behavior problems.

 

Caging and environment. McCluggage, David M. *Diseases of Cage and Aviary Birds,*3rd ed. 1996, p. 39-42. Rosskopf, W.J.; Woerpel, R.W. (eds.). Williams & Wilkins Co. Baltimore, MD, London. ISBN: 0683073826.

            NAL call no: SF994.2.A1D57 1996

            Descriptors: aviary design, cage cover, care placement, environmental requirement. 

 

Chick rearing. Wellington, Marianne; Burke, Ann; Nicolich, Jane M.; O’Malley, Kathleen. *Cranes: Their Biology, Husbandry and Conservation.* Ellis, David H.; Gee, George F.; Mirande, Claire M. (eds.). Hancock House Publishers, Blaine, WA. 1996. i-xii. 1-308 p. Chapter pagination: 77-104. ISBN: 0888393857.

            NAL call no: QL696.G84C73 1996

            Descriptors: Gruidae, cranes, rearing techniques.

 

Companion avian bond. Harris, James M. *Diseases of Cage and Aviary Birds,* 3rd ed. Rosskopf, W.J.; Woerpel, R.W. (eds.). 1996, p. 71-74. Williams & Wilkins Co., Baltimore, MD, London. ISBN: 0683073826. 

            NAL call no: SF994.2.A1D57

            Descriptors: behavior problems, diseases, human-bird bond, training.

 

Crane biology. Archibald, George W.; Lewis, James C. *Cranes: Their Biology, Husbandry and Conservation.* Ellis, David H.; Gee, George F.; Mirande, Claire M. (eds.). Hancock House Publishers, Blaine, WA. 1996. i-xii. 1-308 p. Chapter pagination: 1-29. ISBN: 0888393857.

            NAL call no: QL696.G84C73 1996

            Descriptors: Gruidae, biological notes, Aves. 

 

*Cranes: Their Biology, Husbandry and Conservation.*   Ellis, David H.; Gee, George F.; Mirande, Claire M. (eds.). Hancock House Publishers,   Blaine, WA. 1996. i-xii. 1-308 p. ISBN: 0888393857.

            NAL call no: QL696.G84C73 1996

            Descriptors: Gruidae, biology, husbandry and conservation, care in captivity.

 

Developmental problems in young ratites. Speer, Brian L. *Ratite Management, Medicine, and Surgery.* Tully, Thomas N. Jr.; Shane, Simon M. (eds.). Krieger Publishing Co. Malabar, FL 1996. i-xvii. 1-188 p. Chapter pagination: 147-154. ISBN: 0894648748.

            NAL call no: SF995.5.R37 1996

            Descriptors: Ratitae, diseases and disorders, developmental disorders, review. 

 

Exhibit design workshop piano/harp wire enclosures. Macek, Michael. *American Zoo and Aquarium Association Regional Conference Proceedings,* 1996, p. 668-669. ISSN: 1088-0402.

            Descriptors: bird housing techniques, care in   captivity, piano wire enclosures, evaluation.

 

Facilities. Swengel, Scott R.; Besser, Richard W. *Cranes: Their Biology, Husbandry and Conservation.* Ellis, David H.; Gee, George F.; Mirande, Claire M. (eds.). Hancock House Publishers, Blaine, WA. 1996. i-xii. 1-308 p. Chapter pagination: 253-262. ISBN: 0888393857.

            NAL call no: QL696.G84C73 1996

            Descriptors: care in captivity, facilities, reproductive   techniques, cranes.

 

General husbandry. Swengel, Scott R.; Carpenter, James W. *Cranes: Their Biology, Husbandry and Conservation.* Ellis, David H.; Gee, George F.; Mirande, Claire M. (eds.). Hancock House Publishers, Blaine, WA. 1996, i-xii. 1-308 p. Chapter pagination: 31-43. ISBN: 0888393857.

            NAL call no: QL696.G84C73 1996

            Descriptors: Gruidae, care in captivity, cranes.

 

Haltung und Zucht des Hartlaubturakos   im Vogelpark Bobenheim-Roxheim (*Tauraco hartlaubi*). [Care and breeding   of Hartlaub’s turaco (*Tauraco hartlaubi*) in Bobenheim Roxheim, Germany.]   Berenz, Reiner. *Voliere,*Nov. 1996, v. 19 (11), p. 347-350. ISSN: 0344-9270.   Note: In German.

            Descriptors: housing techniques, optimum conditions,   reproductive techniques.

 

Haltung und Zucht des Keas   (*Nestor n. notabilis*). [The keeping and breeding of keas (*Nestor   n. notabilis*).] Pfeffer, Franz. *Voliere,* Jan. 1996, v. 19   (1), p. 6-10. ISSN: 0344-9270. Note: In German.

            Descriptors: housing techniques, optimum conditions,   reproductive techniques.

 

Housing of ornamental birds.   Kummerfeld, N. *Medycyna Weterynaryjna,* 1996, v. 52 (3), p. 150-151. ref.   ISSN: 0025-8628.

            NAL call no: 41.8 M463

            Descriptors: animal husbandry, behavior, housing, cages, aviary birds.

 

Husbandry and diseases of domestic pigeons. Harlin, Roger W. *Diseases of Cage and Aviary Birds,* 3rd ed. 1996. p. 944-950. Rosskopf, W.J.; Woerpel, R.W. (eds.). Williams & Wilkins Co. Baltimore, MD, London. ISBN: 0683073826.

            NAL call no: SF994.2.A1D57

            Descriptors: infection, parasitology, Aves, treatment. 

 

Husbandry and management of ostriches. Black, Doug. *University of Sydney Post Graduate Foundation in Veterinary Science Proceedings,* 1996, v. 279, p. 259-298. ISSN: 1362-5091. (Misnumbered on front cover as 278).

            Descriptors: care in captivity, husbandry, management, ostrich.

 

Husbandry and nutrition. Forbes, Neil A.; Richardson, Tony. *BSAVA Manual of Raptors, Pigeons and Waterfowl.* Beynon, Peter H.; Forbes, Neil A.; Harcourt-Brown, Nigel H. (eds.). Small animal Veterinary Association Ltd., 1996, 1-360 p. Chapter pagination: 289-298. ISBN: 0905214293.

            NAL call no: SF994.B73 1996

            Descriptors: Anseriformes, care in captivity,   review, ducks, geese, swans.

 

Husbandry practices employed by private aviculturists, bird markets and zoo collections, which may be conducive to fostering infectious diseases. Wolff, P.L. *Revue Scientifique et Technique International des Epizooties.* Mar. 1996, v. 15 (1), p. 55-71. ref. ISSN: 0253-1933. 

            NAL call no: SF781.R4

            Descriptors: care in captivity, optimum conditions for reduction of infectious diseases.

Abstract: The husbandry practices (caging, nutrition, transport, quarantine) which can reduce the incidence and spread of infectious disease are reviewed. Significant avian pathogens (bacteria, viruses, parasites) are listed, together with their host range and modes of transmission.

 

Husbandry practices as related to infectious and parasitic diseases of farmed ratites. Tully, T.N.; Shane, S.M. *Revue Scientifique et Technique* Office International des Epizooties, 1996, v. 15 (1), p. 73-89. ref. ISSN: 0253-1933.

            NAL call no: SF781.R4

            Descriptors: husbandry, bacterial diseases, viral diseases, mycoses, parasites, control.

Abstract: Since the mid 1980s there has been   a world-wide increase in the numbers of farm-raised ratites. The focus of ostrich   production remains in South Africa, but other countries are initiating production   of this bird in addition to the emu and rhea. Ostriches, emus and rheas are   being produced commercially outside their native habitat, resulting in new and   unique disease presentations. The authors describe bacterial, viral and parasitic   diseases which are emerging in production settings. It is suggested that biosecurity,   together with adequate management and nutrition, will reduce the likelihood   of flock exposure and limit mortality in the event of infection. The problem   currently facing the industry is that most ratite facilities do not incorporate   separate quarantine areas. Newly-introduced birds may contaminate soil and facilities   with pathogens such as *Mycobacterium* spp. and*Salmonella* spp.   Ratites have excellent production potential if producers can profitably multiply   and rear healthy stock. Diseases which may affect the viability of an intensive   production facility are discussed. 

 

Inexpensive housing perches, and bathing containers for raptors. Middleton, Kim. *Wildlife Rehabilitation,* 1996, v. 14, p. 109-115. ISSN: 0737-1829.

            NAL call no: SF996.45.J69

            Descriptors: birds of prey, housing, perches,   bathing containers, inexpensive.

 

Management and husbandry.   Forbes, Neil A.; Parry-Jones, Jemima. *BSAVA Manual of Raptors, Pigeons and   Waterfowl.* Beynon, Peter H.; Forbes, Neil A.; Harcourt-Brown, Nigel H. Small   Animal Veterinary Association Ltd. 1996, 1-360 p. Chapter pagination: 116-128.   ISBN: 0905214293.

            NAL call no: SF994.B73 1996

            Descriptors: Falconiformes, Strigiformes, care in captivity.

 

Neonate husbandry and problems. Scott, Peter W. ; Stoodley, John. *BSAVA Manual of Psittacine Birds,* New Ed. 1996, p. 205-210. Beynon, P.H.; Forbes, N.A.; Lawton, M.P.C. (eds.) Iowa State University Press, Ames, IA. ISBN: 0813823498.

            NAL call no: SF994.2.A1M37 1996

            Descriptors: anesthesia, hand rearing, neonatal   care, infectious diseases, baby birds.

 

Neonate husbandry and related diseases. Butterworth, Graham; Harcourt-Brown, Nigel H. *BSAVA Manual of Raptors, Pigeons and Waterfowl.* Beynon, Peter H.; Forbes, Neil A.; Harcourt-Brown, Nigel H. (eds.). Small Animal Veterinary Association Ltd. Cheltenham. 1996, 1-360 p. Chapter pagination: 216-223. ISBN: 0905214293.

            NAL call no: SF994.B73 1996

            Descriptors: diet in captivity, young, rearing techniques, diseases and disorders. 

 

Pet avian grooming. Allen, Karen L. *Diseases of Cage and Aviary Birds,* 3rd ed. 1996, p. 50-53. Rosskopf, W.J.; Woerpel, R.W. (eds.). Williams & Wilkins Co. Baltimore, MD, London. ISBN: 0683073826.

            NAL call no: SF994.2.A1D57 1996

            Descriptors: bathing, beak trimming, wing clipping,   pet bird care. 

 

Reproductive physiology. Gee, George F.; Russman, Shirley E. *Cranes: Their Biology, Husbandry and Conservation.* Ellis, David H.; Gee, George F.; Mirande, Claire M. (eds.). Hancock House Publishers, 1996. i-xii. 1-308 p. Chapter pagination: 123-136. ISBN: 0888393857.

            NAL call no: QL696.G84C73 1996

            Descriptors: hormones, reproductive physiology,   hormonal control, Gruidae, cranes.

 

Restraint and handling of the emu. Mouser, David. *Ratite Management, Medicine, and Surgery,* Tully, Thomas N. Jr.; Shane, Simon M. (eds.). Krieger Publishing Co., Malabar, FL. 1996. i-xvii. 1-188 p. Chapter pagination: 41-45. ISBN: 0894648748.

            NAL call no: SF995.5.R37 1996

            Descriptors: handling techniques, housing, restraint, transportation, review.

 

Restraint and handling of the ostrich. Wade, John R. *Ratite Management, Medicine, and Surgery.* Tully, Thomas N. Jr.; Shane, Simon M. (eds.). Krieger Publishing Co. Malabar, FL. 1996, i-xvii. 1-188 p. Chapter pagination: 37-40. ISBN: 0894648748.

            NAL call no: SF995.5.R37 1996

            Descriptors: handling techniques, restraint, housing, care in captivity. 

 

Special techniques, part A: Crane artificial insemination. Gee, George F.; Mirande, Claire M. *Cranes: Their Biology, Husbandry and Conservation.* Ellis, David H.; Gee, George F.; Mirande, Claire M. (eds.). Hancock House Publishers, Blaine, WA. 1996. i-xii. 1-308 p. Chapter pagination: 205-217. ISBN: 0888393857.

            NAL call no: QL696.G84C73 1996

            Descriptors: Gruidae, artificial insemination,   reproductive techniques, cranes.

 

Special techniques, C: Sex determination. Swengel, Scott R. *Cranes: Their Biology, Husbandry and Conservation.*Ellis, David H.; Gee, George F.; Mirande, Claire M. (eds.). Hancock House Publishers, Blaine, WA. 1996, i-xii. 1-308 p. Chapter pagination: 223-229. ISBN: 0888393857.

            NAL call no: QL696.G84C73 1996

            Descriptors: Gruidae, sexing techniques, cranes.

 

Special techniques, D. Reintroduction techniques. Nagendran, Meenakshi; Urbanek, Richard P.; Ellis, David H. *Cranes: Their Biology, Husbandry and Conservation.* Ellis, David H.; Gee, George F.; Mirande, Claire M. (eds.). Hancock House Publishers, Blaine, WA. 1996. i-xii. 1-308 p. Chapter pagination: 231-240. ISBN: 0888393857.

            NAL call no: QL696.G84C73 1996

            Descriptors: Gruidae, release and relocation   programs. reintroduction techniques, cranes.

 

Special techniques, part E: Flight restraint. Ellis, David H.; Dein, F. Joshua. *Cranes: Their Biology, Husbandry and Conservation.* Ellis, David, H.; Gee, George F.; Mirande, Claire M. (eds.). Hancock House Publishers, Blaine, WA. 1996. i-xii. 1-308 p. Chapter pagination: 241-244. ISBN: 0888393857.

            NAL call no: QL696.G84C73 1996

            Descriptors: Gruidae, handling techniques, physical   restraining techniques, cranes.

 

Special techniques, part F: Predator and pest management. Lewis, Thomas E. *Cranes: Their Biology, Husbandry and Conservation.*Ellis, David H.; Gee, George F.; Mirande, Claire M. (eds.). Hancock House Publishers, Blaine, WA. 1996. i-xii. 1-308 p. Chapter pagination: 245-252. ISBN: 0888393857.

            NAL call no: QL696.G84C73 1996

            Descriptors: Gruidae, care in captivity, predator   and pest management, cranes.

 

Um nytjar af aetharfugli.   [Eider husbandry in Iceland.] Snaebjornsson, Arni. *Bliki*(Reykjavik).   Dec. 1996, v. 17, p. 55-63. ISSN: 0256-4181. Note: In Icelandic.

            Descriptors: economic husbandry, conservation,   animals and man, sea ducks, down.

 

Wildlife and husbandry   diseases. Fowler, M.E. (Coordinator). *Revue Scientifique et Technique,*   Office International des Epizooties, 1996, v. 15 (1), 354 pp. ref. ISSN: 0253-1933.

            NAL call no: SF781.R4

            Descriptors: diseases, husbandry, parasitoses, wildlife, conservation.

Abstract: This volume is designed to provide a resource for animal control officers, administrators, government officials, veterinarians and legislators who may require information on the management of wild animals in captivity. 20 papers by 31 contributors review the effect of husbandry practices on infectious and parasitic diseases of reptiles, amphibians, birds, ratites, carnivores, suids, camelids and cervids. 

 

Zoo mesh. Smith, Kim. *American Zoo and Aquarium Association Regional Conference Proceedings,* 1996, p. 800-801. ISSN: 1088-0402.

            Descriptors: bird care in captivity, education   and entertainment, zoo exhibit barriers.

 

 

1995

 

Andean condor medicine, reproduction and husbandry. Olsen, Glenn H.; Carpenter, James W. *Association of Avian Veterinarians Main Conference Proceedings,* 1995, p. 147-152.

            NAL call no: SF994.M52

            Descriptors: care in captivity, blood, haematological values, medical management. 

 

Aviary constructions and birds at Cobham. Sawyer, R.C.J. *Aviculture Magazine,* 1995 (Centenary celebration issue). V. 101 (4), p. 187-191. ISSN: 0005-2256.

            NAL call no: QL671.A9

            Descriptors: housing techniques, aviary design and construction, Aves.

 

Aviaries, and the selection of sites. Baxter, Eric. *Bird Keeping in Australia,* Apr. 1995, v. 38 (4), p. 49-51. ISSN: 0045-2076.

            Descriptors: Aves, housing techniques, aviary site selection and construction.

 

Behavior problems of companion birds. Reisner, J.R. *Applied Animal Behavior Science,* 1995, v. 46 (1-2), p. 134. ISSN: 0168-1591.

            NAL call no: QL750.A6

            Descriptors: aggression, feather picking, husbandry, management, behavior, vices.

 

Bird health and the importance of full spectrum light. Brain, Susie. *Journal of Wildlife Rehabilitation,* Fall, 1995, v. 18 (3), p. 3-9 (Special Topics Issue). ISSN: 1071-2232.

            NAL call no: SF996.45.J69

            Descriptors: care in captivity, diseases, disorders, treatment techniques.

 

The captive propagation of three species of shrikes at the San Diego Zoo and Wild Animal Park. Azua, John V.; Lieberman, Alan. *Proceedings of the Western Foundation of Vertebrate Zoology,* 1995, v. 6 (1), p. 254-257. ISSN: 0511-7550.

            Descriptors: housing and diet, captive breeding, reproductive behavior.

 

Constructing an aviary. Shears, Alan. *Australian Aviculture,* 1995, v. 49 (7), p. 149-150. ISSN: 1030-5440.

            Descriptors: housing techniques, aviary construction, general guidelines, Aves.

 

The Eclectus parrot: Medicine   and aviculture. Speer, B.L.; Roston, M.A.; Marx, K.L. *Proceedings   of the 16th Annual Conference Mid Atlantic States Association of   Avian Veterinarians,**Williamsburg, VA. Apr. 29-May 2, 1995*, p.   156-166. ref.

            NAL call no: SF994.M52

            Descriptors: aviculture, physiology, nutrition,   sex diagnosis, viral diseases.

 

*Environmental Enrichment Information Resources for Laboratory   Animals: 1965-1995. Birds, Cats, Dogs, Farm Animals, Ferrets, Rabbits, and Rodents,**AWIC Resource Series No. 2.*Nicol, C.; McCube, S.; Appleby, M.C.;   Elnon, D.; Gunn, D.; Morton, D.B.; Weered, H.A. van de; Baumans, V. 1995, ix   294 pp., Animal Welfare Information Center, Beltsville, MD. ISBN: 090076791X.

            NAL call no: aHv4701 A94 no. 2

Descriptors: birds, animal welfare, behavior,   enrichment, environment, reviews, animal husbandry, laboratory animals, bibliographies.   

 

Erfahrungen bei der Haltung   und Zucht des Kapuzenloris. [Experience in care and breeding of the violet-necked   lory.] Becker, Astrid; Haase, Matthias. *Voliere,* Jul. 1995, v.   18 (7), p. 214-218. ISSN: 0344-9270. Note: In German.

            Descriptors: housing techniques, optimum conditions, reproductive techniques.

 

Haltung und Zucht des Humboldtpinguins   im Zoologischen Garten Koln (*Spheniscus humboldti*). [The keeping and   breeding of the Humboldt penguin in the Koln Zoological Garden (*Spheniscus   humboldti*).] Pagel, Theo. *Voliere,* Jun. 1995, v. 18 (6), p.   182-185. ISSN: 0344-9270. Note: In German.

            Descriptors: housing techniques, optimum conditions,   reproductive techniques.

 

Haltung und Zucht des Jendayasittichs   (*Aratinga solstitialis jendaya*). [Care and breeding of the Jendaya   sun conure (*Aratinga solstitialis jendaya*).] Wuetz, Ditmar. *Voliere,*   Sept. 1995, v. 18 (9), p. 283-285. ISSN: 0344-9270. Note: In German.

            Descriptors: housing techniques, optimum conditions,   care in captivity, breeding.

 

Haltung und Zucht des Weissburzelloris   (*Pseudeos fuscata*). [Care and breeding of the dusky lory (*Pseudeos   fuscata*).] Wuetz, Dietmar. *Voliere,* Apr. 1995, v. 18 (4),   p. 114-116. ISSN: 0344-9270. Note: In German.

            Descriptors: housing techniques, care in captivity,   optimum conditions, breeding.

 

Management of substrate in aviaries to reduce exposure to fungus and mold. Raphael, Bonnie L.; Sheppard, Christine; Bruning, Don; Maher, Eileen; Cooper, Patti. Junge, Randall e. (Ed.). *Proceedings Joint Conference American Association of Zoo Veterinarians, Wildlife Disease Association, American Association of Wildlife Veterinarians & Wildlife Disease Association.*Place of publication not given. 1995, i-xxviii. 1-546 p. chapter pagination: 220-222. 

            NAL call no: SF605.A4

            Descriptors: Aves, housing, aviary substrate management, reduce exposure to fungus.

 

A roosting appliance for finches. Whitaker, Gerald. *Australian Aviculture,* Jun. 1995, v. 49 (6), p. 143. ISSN: 1030-5440.

            Descriptors: housing techniques, roosting appliance design and construction, care.

 

Shocking facts about electric fences. Philpot, Bob. *Bird Keeping in Australia,* Mar. 1995, v. 38 (3), p. 40-42. ISSN: 0045-2076. 

            Descriptors: housing techniques, electric fencing   for predator exclusion, Aves, bird enclosures.

 

Socialization pen for crane pairing. Businga, Nancy K. *Animal Keeper’s Forum,* Jan. 1995, v. 22 (1), p. 32. ISSN: 0164-9531.

            NAL call no: QL77.5.A54

            Descriptors: Gruidae, crane, housing techniques,   socialization pen, design, pairing behavior.

 

Stella’s lorikeet. Cooke, Dulcie. *Avicultural Magazine,* 1995, v. 101 (2), p. 58-62. ISSN: 0005-2256. 

            NAL call no: QL671.A9

            Descriptors: Loridae, diet in captivity, housing techniques, recommendations.

 

On the sulphur crested   cockatoo *Cacatua sulphurea* Gremlin 1788. Vit, Rudolf. *Gefiederte   Welt,* Aug. 1995, v. 119 (8), p. 254-256. ISSN: 0016-5816.

            Descriptors: housing techniques, aviary conditions, Aves, care in captivity.

 

*Understanding the Bird of Prey*. Fox, Nick. Hancock House Publishers Ltd. Surrey,   British Columbia. 1995. p. 1-375. ISBN: 0888393172.

            Descriptors: Falconiformes, Strigiformes, falcons,   owls, management, care in captivity, prey.

 

Zebra finch behavior and effect of modest enrichment of standard cages. Jacobs, H.; Smith, N.; Smith, P.; Smyth, L.; Yew, P.; Saibaba, P.; Hau, J. *Animal Welfare,* Feb. 1995, v. 4 (1), p. 3-9. ref. ISSN: 0962-7286.

            NAL call no: HV4701.A557

            Descriptors: housing techniques, behavior, enrichment of standard cages, effects.

Abstract: Zebra finches are often housed in monogamous pairs in small barren cages. In the present study it was investigated whether modest enrichment resulted in behavioural changes. Four plywood box cages of 2 different lengths were compared. A small and a large cage were used fir the barren environment. Another small and large cage were used for the enriched environment, and included additional perches, twigs as well as sand and water baths. A ethogram consisting of 19 different behavioural patterns was used. The behaviour of the wild birds was studied using a combination of alternating (20s) one-zero and instantaneous sampling, 1 hour per day during a continuous 4-week period. Locomotor activity, vocalisation and singing was significantly increased in the enriched cages and flying was more frequent in the large enriched cage than in any of the other cages. It was concluded that this study demonstrated the usefulness of behavioural analyses to determine to what extent simple enrichment allows the birds to exhibit a wider range of their natural behaviour.

 

 

1994

 

Alcids in North American zoos and aquaria. Gunther, Mary Roman. *International Zoo Yearbook,*1994, v. 33, p. 136-141. ISSN: 0074-9664.

            NAL call no: QL76.I5

            Descriptors: auk type birds, care in captivity,   husbandry, captive breeding and rearing. 

 

Amelioration of laboratory conditions for pigeons (*Columbia livia*). Huber, L. *Animal Welfare,* 1994, v. 3 (4), p. 321-324. ref. ISSN: 0962-7286.

            NAL call no: HV4701.A557

            Descriptors: laboratory animals, housing, animal welfare.

 

The avian flock. Clubb, Susan L.; Flammer, Keven. *Avian Medicine, Principles and Application.*Ritchie, Branson W.; Harrison, Greg J.;Harrison, Linda R. Wingers Publishing, Inc. Lake Worth, FL. 1994, 1-1348 p. Chapter pagination: 45-62. ISBN: 0963699601.

            NAL call no: SF994.2.A1A94 1996

            Descriptors: bird care in captivity, flock husbandry   and treatment, treatment techniques.

 

Behavior and social organization. Ellis, Susie. *Penguin Husbandry Manual. First Edition.* Feb. 1994. Ellis, Susie; Branch, Sherry (eds.). American Zoo and Aquarium Association (place of publication not given). 1994. i-v. 1-197 p. Chapter pagination: 34-53. 

            Descriptors: birds, care in captivity, behavioral   considerations, social organization, overview.

 

Breeding amazons in captivity. Thompson, Dale R. *Proceedings Annual Conference Association of Avian Veterinarians,* 1994, p. 409-415. 

            NAL call no: SF994.M52

            Descriptors:*Amazona* parrots, care in   captivity, husbandry guidelines for captive breeding.

 

Breeding productivity, microhabitat requirements, and parental care of neotropical migrant bird in the Ozarks of Arkansas. Li, Pingjun. 1994, vi, 136 leaves. ill. ref. Thesis, University of Arkansas.

            NAL call no: ArUQL684.A8L5 1994

            Descriptors: birds, breeding, Arkansas, habitat,   wild birds.

 

Building an aviary. United Bird Societies of SA Inc. *Bird Keeping in Australia,* Jul. 1994, v. 37 (7), p. 104-105. ISSN: 0045-2076.

            Descriptors: Aves, housing techniques, aviary construction.

 

Canaries. Lupu, Corina. *Proceedings of the Annual Conference of the Mid Atlantic States Association of Avian Veterinarians,* 1994, v. 15, p. 67-74. 

            NAL call no: SF994.M52

            Descriptors: diagnostic techniques, treatment techniques, parasites, diseases, disorders.

 

*The Complete Bird Owner’s Handbook.* New Ed. Gallerstein, Gary A. 1952; Acker, Heather. Howell book House, New York, Toronto. Maxwell Macmillian International, c1994. xxiv, 320 p. plates, ill. ISBN: 0876059035.

            NAL call no: SF461.G35 1994

            Descriptors: cage birds, diseases, pets.

 

Directory of Institutions Housing Penguins: 11/94. Anon. *Penguin Conservation,* Nov. 1994, v. 7 (3), 7 p. (Unpaginated leaflet).

            Descriptors: directories, Spheniscidae, penguins, institutions holding specimens.

 

*Everybird: A Guide to Bird Health. Rev.* Macwhirter,   Pat. Melbourne: Inkata Press, 1994. X, 190 p. ill. ref. ISBN: 0409308684.

            NAL call no: SF994.2.A1E94 1994

            Descriptors: cage birds, diseases, treatment, handbooks, wounds, feeding.

 

Der Feinsittich (*Neophema   chrysostoma* Kuhl, 1820). [The blue-winged parrot *Neophema chrysostoma*Kuhl, 1820.] Ehlenbroker, Jorg. *Voliere,* Oct. 1994, v. 17   (10), p. 308-310. ISSN: 0344-9270. Note: In German.

            Descriptors: care in captivity, housing techniques,   biological notes.

 

Gouldians benefit from exercise. Grigg, Ted. *Australian Aviculture,* Apr. 1994, 48 (4), p. 95-96. ISSN: 1030-5440.

            Descriptors: bird, housing techniques, provisions   for exercise, importance.

 

Health. Walsh, Michael; Cramm, Anita. *Penguin Husbandry Manual. First Edition.* Feb. 1994. Ellis, Susie; Branch, Sherry (eds.). American Zoo and Aquarium Association (place of publication not given). 1994. i-v. 1-197 p. Chapter pagination: 126-140.

            Descriptors: care in captivity, veterinary care,   parasites, diseases and disorders, penguins.

 

Housing and enclosure requirements. Beall, Fred.;Branch, Sherry. *Penguin Husbandry Manual. First Edition.* Feb. 1994. Ellis, Susie; Branch, Sherry (eds.). 1994. i-v. 1-197 p. Chapter pagination: 1-13. 

            Descriptors: housing techniques, housing and   enclosure requirements, penguins.

 

The husbandry of the cinereous vulture (*Aegypius monachus*) in North American zoos. Diebold, Edward N.; White, Elizabeth S. *1994 North American Regional Studbook for the Cinereous Vulture (Aegypius monachus). Fourth edition.* Milwaukee County Zoological Park, 1994. 100 p. Chapter pagination: 12 p. 

Descriptors: care in captivity, zoo husbandry, reproductive techniques.

 

The husbandry, medical, and surgical management of domestic water fowl (Anseriformes) collections. LaBonde, Jerry. *Proceedings of the Annual Conference of the Mid Atlantic States Association of Avian Veterinarians,* 1994, v. 15, p. 42-65. 

            NAL call no: SF994.M52

            Descriptors: swans, geese, ducks, care in captivity,   husbandry and medical management, treatment methods.

 

Husbandry and reproduction of the red-faced mousebird. Macek, Michael; Bohmke, Bruce. *Avicultural Magazine,* 1994, v. 100 (1), p. 49-51. ISSN: 0005-2256.

            NAL call no: QL671.A9

            Descriptors:*Urocolius indicus*, captive breeding and rearing records, St. Louis Zoo.

 

**Identificazione elettronica negli uccelli: esperienze   di impianto intramuscolare e sottocutaneo.** [Electronic   identification in birds: Experience with intramuscular and subcutaneous implants.]   Gandini, G.; Rampin, T.; Cerutti, F.; Sironi, G.; Restelli, R.; Cavalchini,   L.G. *Obiettivi e Documenti Veterinari,* 1994, v. 15 (5), p. 47-51. ref.   ISSN: 0392-1913. Note: In Italian.

            Descriptors: identification, transponders, techniques,   Japanese quail, pectoral muscles.

Abstract: Electronic transponders (Trovan, AEG),   1.8 x 12 mm in size, were implanted in the pectoral muscles or s.c. in the neck   region of 10 Japanese quails. There was no effect on their flight or walking   activities over a 30-day observation period, and at the end of this period no   inflammatory reactions or lesions were found at the implantation site. An i.m.   implant was also evaluated in 57 psittaciform birds; no lesions or changes in   behaviour were found 2 years later.

 

Komfortverhalten beim Afrikanischen   Strauss (*Struthio camelus*). [Comfort behaviour of the African ostrich   (*Struthio camelus*).] Sambraus, H.H. *Deutsche Tierarztliche   Wochenschrift,* 1994, v. 101 (8), p. 307-308. ref. Note: In German.

            NAL call no: 41.8 D82

            Descriptors: plumage, production, behavior, diurnal   activity, sun bathing.

Abstract: Comfort behaviour of ostriches consists   of caring of plumage and sand bathing. From studies of 120 ostriches in relation   to the possibilities for ostrich production in central Europe it is concluded   that care of plumage will be possible, but special devices must be constructed   to allow sand bathing in every season.

 

*Lexicon of Parrots.*Arndt, Thomas. Verlag Arndt   & Muller, Papageien, Bruckenfeldstrasse 30, 7518 Bretten, Germany, undated   ?1994, 229 p. Unpaginated. Separately paginated loose leaf sheets. In two volumes   with sheets issued at different times.

            Descriptors: morphology, behavior, care in captivity, housing techniques, diet, flight.

 

Management. Schneider, Tom. *Penguin Husbandry Manual, First Edition.* Ellis, Susie; Branch, Sherry (eds.). American Zoo and Aquarium Association. (place of publication not given). 1994, i-v. 1-197 p. Chapter pagination: 14-33. 

            Descriptors: care in captivity, management techniques,   sexing techniques, penguins.

 

*Perception and Motor Control in Birds: An Ecological   Approach.*Davies, Mark N.O. 1960; Green, Patrick R. Berlin; New York: Springer-Verlag,   c1994. xiv. 364 p. ill. ref. ISBN: 3540528555.

            NAL call no: QL698.P47 1994

            Descriptors: birds sense organs, behavior, physiology, perceptual motor processes. 

 

*Penguin Husbandry Manual. First Edition.* Feb. 1994.   Ellis, Susie; Branch, Sherry (eds.). American Zoo and Aquarium Association (place   of publication not given). 1994. i-v. 1-197 p. 

            Descriptors: care in captivity, husbandry manual,   Spheniscidae, penguins.

 

Pigeons. Harlin, Roger W.*Veterinary Clinics of North America Small Animal Practice,* 1994, v. 24 (1), p. 157-173. ISSN: 0195-5616.

            NAL call no: SF601.V523

            Descriptors: diagnosis, disease, drug therapy, health care, nutrition, housing. 

 

Reproduction. Henry, Linda; Sirpenski, Gayle. *Penguin Husbandry Manual, First Edition.* Ellis, Linda; Branch, Sherry (eds.). Feb. 1994. American Zoo and Aquarium Association (place of publication not given). 1994, i-v. 1-197 p. Chapter pagination: 54-94.

            Descriptors: rearing techniques, hand rearing   guidelines, captive breeding, penguins.

 

Techniques for prolonged confinement and transport of small insectivorous passerines. Bocetti, Carol I. *Journal of Field Ornithology,* Spring, 1994, v. 65 (2), p. 232-236. ISSN: 0273-8570.

            NAL call no: 413.8 B534

Descriptors: song birds, perching birds, housing   techniques, prolonged confinement in captivity, transportation.

 

U.C. Davis Amazon breeding project. Millam, J.R. *Proceedings Annual Conference Association of Avian Veterinarians,*1994, p*.* 403-408.

            NAL call no: SF994.M52

Descriptors:*Amazona* parrots, breeding   programs, care in captivity, handling techniques, U.C. Davis. 

 

Veterinary care of wild Australian birds: 1. Husbandry. Vogelnest, Larry. *University of Sydney Post Graduate Committee in Veterinary Science Proceedings,* 1994, v. 233, p. 117-138. ISSN: 0814-6829.

            Descriptors: care in captivity, pathological techniques, husbandry. 

 

Welfare of ducks in intensive units. Raud, H.; Faure, J.M. *Revue Scientifique et Technique,* Office International des Epizootics. 1994, v. 13 (1), p. 119-129. ref. ISSN: 0253-1933. Note: In English and French.

            NAL call no: SF781.R4

            Descriptors: abnormal behvior, intensive husbandry, animal welfare.

 

*Wildfowl.*Ogilvie, Malcom; Pearson, Bruce. Hamlyn, London. 1994, p. 1-160. ISBN: 0600579735.

            Descriptors: feeding behavior, nutrition, reproduction, locomotion, feeding.

 

 

1993

 

Accommodation [sic] of lories and lorikeets. Van Dooren, Gert. *Lori Journal Internationaal,* 1993, (2), p. 34-38. ISSN: 1381-5253.

            Descriptors: care in captivity housing techniques, notes, Loriidae.

 

The bathtub cage for lories. Taylor, Jim. *Lorinae,* Jun. 1993, v. 9 (2), p. 16-21: Issue 34.

            Descriptors: housing techniques, new cage design, care in captivity.

 

Building baby bird incubators. Watson, Joe; Heckly, Susan. *Journal of Wildlife Rehabilitation,* Winter 1993, v. 16 (4), p. 3-6. ISSN: 1071-2232. 

            NAL call no: SF996.45.J69

            Descriptors: housing techniques, rearing techniques,   incubator for nesting, Aves, young birds.

 

Captive management and husbandry of red-crowned cranes in Europe. Belterman, R.; King, C.E. *IZN-International Zoo News,* 1993, v. 40 (1), p. 6-20. No. 242. ISSN: 0020-9155.

            NAL call no: QL76.I58

            Descriptors: care in captivity, breeding programs, reproductive techniques.

 

Care, behavior, and growth of captive-reared American woodcocks. Vander-Haegen, W. Matthew; Krohn, William B.; Owen, Ray B. Jr. *U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Biological Report*, Jul.1993, v. 16, p. 57-65. ISSN: 0895-1926.

            Descriptors: care in captivity, diet and housing techniques, behavior, cage construction.

 

Care of oiled seabirds. Brain, L.T.A. *Veterinary Record,* 1993, v. 133 (19), p. 484. ISSN: 0042-4900.

            NAL call no: 41.8 V641

            Descriptors: oil spills, pollution, mineral oils,   animal welfare, rescuing and cleaning wild birds.

 

Cave swallows. Levy, C.; Brown, J.; Degia, C. *Gosse Bird Club Broadsheet,* Mar. 1993, v. 60, p. 32. ISSN: 1017-348X. 

            Descriptors: avian prey, behavior, ecology, predators, avoidance behavior. 

 

A comparison of the behavior of solitary and group-house budgerigars. Pope, S.J.; Nicol, C.J. *Animal Welfare,* Aug. 1993, v. 2 (3), p. 269-277. ISSN: 0962-7286.

            NAL call no: HV4701.A557

Descriptors: care in captivity, solitary vs group   housing, effects on behavior, food consumption, activity levels.

Abstract: The behaviour of budgerigars housed in aviaries in a group of 6, or caged individually was studied over 2 months. Budgerigars in the aviary consumed more food and were more active, performing more wing stretching and flying. Caged birds vocalized more. When tested individually, the aviary birds were more active in a novel test chamber and were more likely to approach an unfamiliar bird than were caged birds.

 

Constructing perches for healthier feet. Jones, Maggie. *Journal of Wildlife Rehabilitation,* Spring, 1993, v. 16 (1), p. 13-16. ISSN: 1071-2232.

            NAL call no: SF996.45.J69

            Descriptors: Falconiformes, falcons, Strigiformes,   owls, housing techniques, perch construction.

 

*Le diamant mandarin. [The Zebra Finch.]*Pomarede,   Maurice. Maisons Alfort: Editions du Point Veterinaire*,* 1993, 216 p.   plates, ill. map. ISBN: 2863261002. Note: In French.

            NAL call no: SF473.Z42P65 1993

            Descriptors: zebra finch, aviculture.

 

Emerald lorikeet (*Neopsittacus pullicauda pullicauda*). Baur, Frederick. *Loriinae,* Jun. 1993, v. 9 (2), p. 2-10. Issue 34. 

            Descriptors: diet in captivity, housing techniques, aviary design, optimum conditions.

 

*Housing, Husbandry, and Welfare of Selected Birds (Quail,   Pheasant, Finches, Ostrich, Dove, Parrot): Jan. 1980-Dec. 1993,**Quick Bibliography Series.*   Kreger, Michael D. Animal Welfare Information Center, No. 94-26. Available: www.nal.usda.gov/awic/pubs/oldbib/qb9426.htm

            NAL call no: aZ5071.N3 no. 94-26

            Descriptors: birds bibliography, housing, handling, bibliography.

 

Introducing the ostrich. Kimminau, K.M. *Veterinary Technician,* 1993, v. 14 (8), p. 459-467. ref. ISSN: 8750-8990.

            NAL call no: SF406.A5

            Descriptors: animal behavior, housing, anatomy, restraint, anesthesia, drug therapy.

 

Mixed species aviary breeding. Rakos, Tom. *Bird Keeping in Australia,*Aug. 1993, 36 (8), p. 119-120. ISSN: 0045-2076.

            Descriptors: Aves, housing techniques, mixed   species aviaries, observations on breeding.

 

Notes on the husbandry and breeding of musk lorikeets at Chester Zoo. Wilkinson, Roger; Woodham, Andrew; Morris, Paul; Morris, Anne. *Avicultural Magazine,* 1993, v. 99 (4), p. 188-192. ISSN: 0005-2256.

            NAL call no: QL671.A9

            Descriptors: care in captivity, captive breeding and rearing, records.

 

The ostrich *Struthio camelus*: Capture, care accommodation, and transportation. Keffen, R.H. *The Capture and Care Manual: Care, Accommodation and Transportation of Wild African Animals.* McKenzie, Andrew A. (ed.). Wildlife Decision Support Services and The South African Veterinary Foundation. Lynnwood Ridge & Menlo Park. 1993. i-xxviii. 1-729 p. Chapter pagination: 634-652. 

            NAL call no: SK571 C63 1993

            Descriptors: care in captivity, diet in captivity, housing techniques, parasites, diseases.

 

The pheasant aviary environment. Johnson, K. *WPA News,* 1993, p. 34-37, No. 40. ISSN: 0963-3278.

            Descriptors: housing techniques, aviary design and landscaping, native vegetation.

 

*Pheasants of the World: Their Breeding and Management.*Howman, K. 1993, 184 pp. Hancock House Publishers Ltd. Surrey, Canada. ISBN:   088839280X.

            NAL call no: SF509.H68

            Descriptors: breeding, genetics, husbandry, farming, management.

Abstract: This is the second edition, the 1st edition having been published in 1978. After a brief introduction, the book has chapters on housing, feeding and diseases of pigeons, breeding season, incubation and brooding, and the different pheasant species. The book is profusely illustrated with excellent colour photographs.

 

Zur Problematik der Flugunfahigmachung   von Geflugel und zu Fragen der Teichhaltung von Wassergeflugel aus der Sicht   des Tierschutzrechts. [On the problems of rendering birds flightless and keeping   of waterfowl on ponds from the point of animal welfare.] Kosters, J.;   Jakoby, J.R.; Korbel, R. *Deutsche Tierarztliche Wochenschrift,* 1993,   v. 100 (2), p. 73-76. ref. Note: In German.

            NAL call no: 41.8 D482

            Descriptors: animal husbandry, cosmetic surgery, animal welfare.

Abstract: Methods of rendering birds flightless are described and evaluated from the point of animal welfare. Animal welfare and other laws, that should be considered when waterfowl are kept on ponds are discussed.

 

Small indoor flights for finches. White, David, *Australian Aviculture,*Jun. 1993, v. 47 (6), p. 125-127. ISSN: 1030-5440.

            Descriptors: housing techniques, small indoor flights, care in captivity.

 

Soziale Deprivation bei   Amazonenpapageien (*Amazona*, Aratingidae) in Menschenhand. [Social deprivation   in captive Amazon parrots (*Amazona*, Aratingidae).] Lantermann,   W. *Kleintierpraxis,*1993, v. 38 (8), p. 511-520. ref. ISSN: 0023-2076.   Note: In German.

            Descriptors: housing, nutrition, therapy, behavior, aviary birds.

Abstract: Conditions of captivity for 43 Amazon parrots (housing, nutrition, relationship between owner and pet) are described. Animal:man relations, behaviour changes of the bird, amazon parrots and partner birds, birds without behaviour problems, therapeutical possibilities for behavioural problems are discussed. Most of the birds showed significant behavioural aberrations when reaching sexual maturity, attributable to social isolation from other parrots on the one hand and a very intimate attachment to the pet owner on the other hand. There are effective therapeutical possibilities by keeping the birds in pairs or little groups and by changing the external housing, nutritional and housing conditions. Even long-term isolated parrots with evident behavioural aberrations could be resocialized in this way.

 

[Strange birds penguins!   The king penguin (2).] Dekker, D. *Dieren,* 1993, v. 9 (6), p. 165-167.   ISSN: 0168-6631. Note: In Dutch.

            Descriptors: housing techniques, captive breeding, reproductive techniques.

 

Die Versorgung und Rehabilitation   von vorubergehend in Menschenhand geratenen Greifvogeln - ein Tierschutzproblem.   [Animal welfare aspects of the care and rehabilitation of birds of prey.]   Richter, T.; Hartmann, S. *Tierarztliche Umschau,*1993, v. 48 (4), p. 239-250.   ref. Note: In German.

            NAL call no: 41.8 T445

            Descriptors: biology, veterinary services, animal   welfare, predatory birds.

Abstract: The reception, temporary housing and   rehabilitation of indigenous birds of prey are discussed with respect to the   legal, biological and medical aspects. Although against German hunting rights,   involvement of veterinarians in the care of birds of prey is required for welfare   reasons. Such involvement would not affect the size of the free-living population.   The ethological and medical requirements for the successful rehabilitation of   predatory birds are discussed.

 

 

1992

 

*The Atlas of Quails.*Alderton, D. T.F.H. Publications,   Neptune City, N.J. 1992. 1-144 p.

            NAL call no: SF510.Q2A38 1992Ov

            Descriptors: housing and care in captivity, handling techniques, rearing.

 

Aviary design and construction. Johnson, Tom; Clubb, Kevin. *Psittacine Aviculture: Perspectives, Techniques and Research.*Schubot, Richard M.; Clubb, Kevin J.; Clubb, Susan. Aviculture Breeding and Research Center, Loxahatchee. 1992. i-x. p. 1.1-28.4, Glossary 1-11, Index 1-24, Chapter pagination: 4.1-4.12.

            Descriptors: Psittaciformes, housing techniques,   aviary design and construction.

 

The biology and husbandry of whydahs and combassous. Baptista, L.F. *A.F.A. Watchbird,* 1992, v. 19 (1), p. 40-45. ISSN: 0199-543X.

            NAL call no: QL671.A33

            Descriptors: nest parasitism, parasite biology, nest and roost boxes, avicultural needs. 

 

Bustard husbandry. Weeks, Louise. *AAZPA Regional Conference Proceedings,* 1992, p. 810-816. ISSN: 0731-0539.

            Descriptors: care in captivity, husbandry protocol, reproductive techniques.

            NAL call no: QL76.5 U6A47

 

Care and management of caged birds. Kruckenberg, S. The College, c1992 [Manhattan Kan.]. videocassette (51 min) sd. col 

            NAL call no: Videocassette no. 2104

            Descriptors: aviculture, care, husbandry, housing.

 

The cassowary in captivity. Perron, R. *IZN- International Zoo News,* 1992, v. 39 (7), p. 4-14. ISSN: 0020-9155.

            NAL call no: QL76.I58

            Descriptors: care in captivity, housing techniques, handling techniques, rearing.

 

Conures. Colpman, P. *Bird Keeping in Australia,* 1992, v. 35 (1), p. 1-5. ISSN: 0045-2076.

            Descriptors: care in captivity, nutrition, feeding behavior, diet in captivity, housing.

 

Habitat enrichment for two species of pheasants. Bruce, Dan. *Shape of Enrichment,* Nov. 1992, v. 1 (2), p. 8-9. ISSN: 1088-8152. 

            NAL call no: HV737.S53

            Descriptors: housing techniques, habitat enrichment, *Lophura edwardsi, Tragopan t*. 

 

Health risks of housing small psittacines in galvanized wire mesh cages. Howard, B.R. *Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association,* 1992, v. 200 (11), p. 1667-1674. ISSN: 0003-1488. 

            NAL call no: 41.8 Am3

            Descriptors: housing techniques, galvanized wire   mesh cages, health risks, adult cockatiels, *Nymphicus hollandicus*.

Abstract: Each week over a 6 week period, 80 adult cockatiels (*Nymphicus hollandicus*) of either gender were dosed orally with fine particles of pure zinc or galvanized coating removed from welded wire mesh. At dosage of 32 mg/wk, all birds became severely ill and either died or were killed within 2 weeks. Dosage of 2 mg/wk induced chronic illness marked by dullness, weight loss, and intermittent excretion of greenish droppings. PM examination findings were unremarkable, except for signs suggestive of impaired gastrointestinal tract motility and histological degenerative changes associated with focal mononuclear infiltration in the liver, kidneys, and pancreas. Tissue, especially pancreatic, contents of zinc were markedly high. Pure zinc was as toxic as galvanizing zinc. White rust, an oxidation product, also was toxic. The galvanized coating on cages and flights must be carefully wire brushed and examined before housing psittacine birds.

 

The husbandry of the noisy   *Pitta versicolor*. Hobcroft, D. *Australian Aviculture,*   1992, v. 46 (4), p. 77-79. ISSN: 1030-5440.

            Descriptors: care in captivity, husbandry notes, Pittidae.

 

A note on keeping the houbara bustard in captivity. Shkolnaya, YeA. *Bustard Studies,* 1992, v. 5, p. 194-195. ISSN: 0254-0878.

            Descriptors: housing techniques, care in captivity, stress relief, rearing techniques.

 

Parrot wellbeing. Does it deserve more attention? King, C.E. *Psitta Scene,*1992, v. 4 (2), p. 7-8. ISSN: 1363-3368.

            Descriptors: housing techniques, requirements for well-being, Psittaciformes.

 

The Pesquet’s parrot (*Psittrichas fulgidus*). Norman, Denise. *Psittacine Aviculture: Perspectives, Techniques and Research.* Schubot, Richard M.; Clubb, Kevin J.; Clubb, Susan L. Aviculture Breeding and Research Center, Loxahatchee. 1992. i-x. p. 1.1-28.4. Glossary 1-11. Index 1-24. Chapter pagination: 28.1.

            Descriptors: care in captivity, avicultural status and husbandry, Psittacidae.

 

Population density and breeding success of birds. Fletcher, Mark R.; Jones, Sian A.; Greig-Smith, Peter W.; Hardy, Anthony R.; Hart, Andrew D.M. *Pesticides, Cereal Farming and the Environment.* Grieg-Smith, Peter; Frampton, Geoff; Hardy, Tony. (eds.). The Boxworth project. HMSO. London. 1992. 1-288 p. Chapter pagination: 160-174. ISBN: 0112428726.

            NAL call no: QH545.P4P4814 1992

            Descriptors: Aves, prey, pesticide impact, pesticide effects, breeding effects.

 

*Seed-Eating Birds: Their Care and Breeding: Finches   and Allied Species-Doves, Quail and Hemipode*s. Trollope, Jeffrey; Trollope, Jeffrey. London:   Blandford: New York, N.Y. Dist. In US by Sterling Pub. Co. 1992, 336 pp. col.   ill. ref. ISBN: 0713722703.

            NAL call no: SF461.T76 1992

            Descriptors: cage birds, cage birds breeding.

 

 

1991

 

*Avian-Exotic Animal Care Guides.* Woerpel, Richard   W.; Rosskopf Walter J. American Veterinary Publications, c1991. 83 pp. ref.   ISBN: 0939674246 (loose leaf). 

            NAL call no: SF413.W63

            Descriptors: wild birds as pets, guides.

 

Avian restraint and handling. Vogt, S.L. *Veterinary Technician,* 1991, v. 12 (4), p. 351-357. ref. ISSN: 8750-8990.

            NAL call no: SF406.A5

            Descriptors: animal husbandry, aviary birds, restraint of animals.

 

Basic avian health care and nutrition for the new bird owner. Vogt, S.L. *Veterinary Technician,* 1991, v. 12 (6), p. 461-464, 466-467. ref. ISSN: 8750-8990.

            NAL call no: SF406.A5

            Descriptors: pets, cages, diets, aviary birds, nutrition.

             

Breeding, biology and captive husbandry of the plate-billed mountain toucan *(Andigena laminirostris*). Shannon, Peter W. *AAZPA Regional Conference Proceedings,*1991, p. 188-195. ISSN: 0731-0439.

            NAL call no: QL76.5 U6A47

            Descriptors: reproductive techniques, breeding techniques, observations in captivity.

 

Captive propagation of the collard sunbird (*Anthreptes collaris*). Dellinger, R.M.; Eckart, C.J. *A.F.A. Watchbird,* 1991, v. 18 (2), p. 40-45. ISSN: 0199-543X.

            NAL call no: QL671.A33

            Descriptors: care in captivity, diet in captivity, housing techniques.

 

Curassow husbandry at the Houston Zoological Gardens. Plasse, Rochelle. *AAZPA Regional Conference Proceedings,*1991, p. 229-236. ISSN: 0731-0439.

            NAL call no: QL76.5 U6A47

            Descriptors: diet in captivity, captive breeding, diseases and disorders, review.

 

Emu husbandry. Padget, D. *Journal of the Association of Avian Veterinarians,* 1991, v. 5 (1), p. 48-49. ISSN: 1044-8314.

            NAL call no: SF994.J6

            Descriptors: care in captivity, sexing techniques, Dromaiidae.

 

Facilities. Weaver,   James D. *Falcon Propagation: A Manual on Captive Breeding.* Revised edition.   The Peregrine Fund, Inc. Boise, ID. 1991. i-viii. 1-100 p. Chapter pagination:   3-10. 

            Descriptors: housing techniques, care in captivity,   *Falco peregrinus, peregrin falcon*.

 

High rise housing for waterfowl. Molesky, D.M. *Bios,* 1991, v. 61 (1-2), p. 26-32. ISSN: 0005-3155. 

            Descriptors: nest and roost boxes, elevated nest baskets, design and evaluation.

  

Learning principles as they apply to animal husbandry. Mellen, Jill D.; Ellis-Joseph, Sue.*AAZPA Annual Conference Proceedings,* 1991, p. 548-552. ISSN: 0731-0390.

            NAL call no: QL76.5.U6A472

            Descriptors: care in captivity, Aves, birds,   captive management applications, learning.

 

Macaw breeding and conservation. Abramson, J. *A.F.A. Watchbird,* 1991, v. 18 (3), p. 40-43. ISSN: 0199-543X.

            NAL call no: QL671.A33

            Descriptors: care in captivity, housing techniques,   captive breeding, parrots.

 

Nesting and hand rearing of ramphastids. San Antonio Bird Department. *AAZPA Regional Conference Proceedings,* 1991, p. 203-207. ISSN: 0731-0439.

            NAL call no: QL76.5.U6A472

            Descriptors: housing techniques, hand rearing, rearing techniques, nest management.

 

Ramphastid husbandry and medicine at Riverbanks Zoo. Calhoon, Kevin. *AAZPA Regional Conference Proceedings,* 1991. P. 208-212. ISSN: 0731-0439.

            NAL call no: QL76.5.U6A472

            Descriptors: care in captivity, husbandry techniques, diseases and disorders.

 

Studies on abnormal reproductive behaviours in Baladi pigeons kept under intensive system breeding. Kamel, M.M. *Veterinary Medical Journal Giza,* 1991, v. 39 (3), p. 755-762. ref. ISSN: 1110-1423. 

            NAL call no: SF604.C13

            Descriptors: animal behavior, intensive husbandry, abnormal behavior, mating.

 

The welfare of pet parrots. Roe, D. *Universities Federation for Animal Welfare (UFAW),* 1991, 32 pp. ref. ISBN: 0900767758.

            NAL call no: SF473.P3R63

            Descriptors: pets, aviary birds, behavior, animal welfare.

Abstract: This booklet is intended for people who are thinking about keeping a parrot as a pet, particularly one of the larger species and contains basic information in a easy-to-read format on : parrots as pets, appearance, choosing a parrot, how many to have, housing, furniture, position of the cage, freedom in the house, diet, diseases, plumage, handling and wing clipping. Sources of information are listed at the end of the book. 

 

 

1990

 

Bird injuries, cause of death, and recuperation from collisions with windows. Klem, D. Jr. *Journal of Field Ornithology,* 1990, v. 61 (1), p. 115-119. ISSN: 0273-8570.

            NAL call no: 413.8 B534

            Descriptors: injuries, mortality, window collisions,   survival, treatment, recovery.

 

Companion bird management and nutrition. Taylor, M. *Proceedings Annual Conference Association of Avian Veterinarians,* 1990, p. 409-414. 

            NAL call no: SF994.M52

            Descriptors: diet in captivity, housing techniques, caging systems, design and sanitation.

 

Concepts in flamingo exhibit design. Shannon, Peter. *AAZPA Annual Conference Proceedings,* 1990. P. 226-230. ISSN: 0731-0390.

            NAL call no: QL76.5.U6A472

            Descriptors: housing techniques, exhibit design   concepts, Phoenicopteridae, captive birds.

 

Establishing an enclosure   for gentoo penguins (*Pygoscelis papua*). Stronge, John. *Penguin   Management: Proceedings of a Symposium held at Cotswald Wildlife Park Ltd.**Burford, Oxford.* Blackwell, Simon (Ed.). 1990. 1-64 p. Chapter pagination:   23-27.

            Descriptors: housing techniques, enclosure design and construction, Aves.

 

*Genus Amazona*. Stoodley, J.; Stoodley, P. Bezels Publications, Portsmouth. 1990. i-xi. 1-135 p. 

            NAL call no: SF473.P3S75

            Descriptors: diet in captivity, housing techniques,   care in captivity, biology, parrots.

 

Husbandry and propagation of the black-napped fruit dove, *Ptilinopus melanospila*, at the St. Louis Zoo. Bohmke, B.W. *Avicultrual Magazine,* 1990, v. 96 (4), p. 178-180. ISSN: 0005-2256.

            NAL call no: QL671.A9

            Descriptors: care in captivity, observations, notes, reproduction. 

 

 L'elevage des autriches.   [Ostrich husbandry.] Campodonico, P.; Masson, C. *Bulletin des G.T.V.*,   1990, No. 2, p. 59-73. ISSN: 0399-2519. Note: In French.

            NAL call no: SF602.G7

            Descriptors: anesthesia, anthelmintics, drug   therapy, diseases, parasitoses, captive birds.

Abstract: The first part of this series on ostrich husbandry summarizes knowledge on the geographical distribution of ostriches, emus, rheas and cassowaries, their adaptability to captivity, diseases and parasites and their treatment, and anaesthesia.

 

Successful propagation   of three Halcyon kingfisher species *H. s. smymensis*,*H. a. albiventris*and *H. c. cinnamomina*at the Cincinnati Zoo. Oehler, D.A.   *Avicultural Magazine,*1990, v. 96 (1), p. 1-9. ISSN: 0005-2256.

            NAL call no: QL671.A9

            Descriptors: breeding techniques, diet in captivity,   housing techniques.

 

Uber Einfang und Versorgung   verletzter Weiss- und Schwarzstorche. [Capture and care of injured white storks   and black storks.] Hatlapa, H.H. *Praktische Tierarzt,*1990, v.   71 (4), p. 46-47. ref. ISSN: 0032-681X. Note: In German.

            NAL call no: 41.8 P882

            Descriptors: wild animals, fractures, storks,   care, treatment.

 

Vulture management and research at the Paris menagerie. Schlee, M.A. *Vulture News,* 1990, p. 11-16, No. 23.

            Descriptors: caging systems, nest platforms, reproductive behavior, care & observations. 

 

 

1989

 

*The Bird Care Book: All You Need to Know to Keep Your   Bird Healthy and Happy.* Rev. and updated. Gerstenfeld, Sheldon L. Reading,   MA: Addison-Wesley Pub. Co. c1989. xxi. 229 p. ill. bibl. ISBN: 0201095599.   

            NAL call no: SF994.2.A1G47 1989

            Descriptors: cage birds diseases, management,   care, health, diet.

 

Caging as a technique for rearing wild passerine birds. de Hamel, R.; McLean, I.G. *Journal of Wildlife Management,* 1989, v. 53 (3), p. 852-856. ISSN: 0022-541X.

            NAL call no: 410. J827

            Descriptors: caged chick rearing, caging systems, survival in captivity, rearing.

 

The captive maintenance   and propagation of the genus Polyplectron. Searle, K.C. *World Pheasant   Association Journal,* 1989, v. 14, p. 16-32. ISSN: 0963-326X.

            Descriptors: care in captivity, review, diet in captivity, housing techniques.

 

The care and feeding of marbled murrelets in captivity. Nelson, Kristine; Douma, Barbara. *AAZPA Regional Conference Proceedings,* 1989, p. 390-397. ISSN: 0731-0439.

            NAL call no: QL76.5.U6A472

            Descriptors: care in captivity, husbandry requirements and observations, Aves.

 

The finch carrying cage. Barham, K. *Australian Aviculture,* 1989, v. 43 (3), p. 53-54. ISSN: 1030-5440. 

            Descriptors: caging systems, transportation cage design, Passeriformes.

 

Free flight aviaries: Balancing display and conservation. Pichner, Jimmy. *AAZPA Regional Conference Proceedings,* 1989, p. 167-171. ISSN: 0731-0439. 

            NAL call no: QL76.5.U6A472

            Descriptors: free flight aviary design, housing techniques, review and discussion. 

 

Humboldt penguin husbandry at Woodland Park Zoo, Seattle. Harris, E.L. *SPN-Spheniscus Penguin Newsletter,* 1989, v. 1 (2), p. 1, 10-13. ISSN: 1045-0076.

            Descriptors: care in captivity, husbandry, techniques.

 

Husbandry and captive breeding of fairy bluebirds (*Irena puella*). Silveri, A.; Bohmke, B. *Avicultural Magazine,* 1989, v. 95 (4), p. 161-169. ISSN: 0005-2256.

            NAL call no: QL671.A9

            Descriptors: care in captivity, husbandry, diet in captivity, caging systems.

 

An improved waterfowl enclosure: Considering animal welfare as a research priority. Davis, D.S.; Allan, H.A, Jr. *Journal of Field Ornithology,* 1989, c. 60 (2), p. 162-167. ISSN: 0273-8570.

            NAL call no: 413.8 B534

            Descriptors: caging systems, new enclosures, housing techniques, animal welfare. 

 

*Introduction to Southern African Cage and Aviary Birds.   Volume 2, Seed Eating Birds.*Brickell, N. ARU, Durban, 1989, p. 1-294.

            Descriptors: diet in captivity, caging systems, morphology, behavior, biology. 

 

Planning and managing a semi-tropical free flight aviary. Salisbury, C. Lex. *AAZPA Regional Conference Proceedings,*1989, p. 480-487. ISSN: 0731-0439. 

            NAL call no: 76.5.U6A472

            Descriptors: Aves, housing techniques, planning and management.

 

Quail. Their breeding and management. Robbins, G.E.S. *World Pheasant Association, Reading,*1989, p. 1-108.

            Descriptors: breeding and management, diet in captivity, parasites, diseases, disorders.

 

Recognizing and caring for the sick bird. Texler, K.H. *Australian Aviculture,* 1989, v. 43 (3), p. 58-61. ISSN: 1030-5440.

            Descriptors: care in captivity, disease recognition, treatment of disease, review.

 

Simplified cage modification to reduce self-inflicted injury in confined birds. Parrish, J.W.; Saunders, D.K. *Wildlife Society Bulletin,* 1989, v. 17 (1), p. 80-81. ISSN: 0091-7648.

            NAL call no: SK357.A1W5

            Descriptors: caging systems, injuries, self inflicted injuries, fiberglass screens.

 

 

1988

 

Aviary materials and construction. White, D. *Australian Aviculture,* 1988, v. 42 (10), p. 246-251. ISSN: 1030-5440.

            Descriptors: caging systems, aviary materials and construction, Aves.

 

Birds.*Nebraska   4-H Small Animal and Pet Series*. Nebraska Cooperative Extension 4-H; no.   279. 15 pp. ill. 

            NAL call no: NBU S533.F66N42-no. 279

            Descriptors: cage birds, juvenile literature.

 

Cabinet or aviary breeding zebra finches. Pinch, R. *Australian Aviculture,* 1988, v. 42 (9), p. 216-217. ISSN: 1030-5440.

            Descriptors: caging systems, cabinet or aviary breeding, discussion and notes.

 

Captive management of the California condor *Gymnogyps californianus*. Toone, W.D.; Risser, A.C. Jr. *International Zoo Yearbook,*1988, v.27, p. 50-58. ISSN: 0074-9664.

            NAL call no: QL76.I5

            Descriptors: captive management, diet in captivity, housing techniques.

 

Captive management of aquatic birds. Pokras, M.A. *AAV Today,* 1988, v. 2 (1), p. 24-33. ISSN: 0892-9904.

            NAL call no: SF994.A2

            Descriptors: diet in captivity, housing techniques, parasites and disorders.

 

Diamonds are forever. Schultz, B. *Bird Keeping in Australia,* 1988, v. 31 (5), p. 81-83. ISSN: 0045-2076.

            Descriptors: birds, care in captivity, housing,   diet in captivity, caging systems.

 

Hand-rearing the secretary bird *Sagittarius serpentarius*at Oklahoma City Zoo. Todd, W.T. *International Zoo Yearbook,* 1988, v. 27, p. 258-263. ISSN: 0074-9664.

            NAL call no: QL76.I5

            Descriptors: captive management, housing techniques, diet in captivity, captive care.

 

Husbandry, breeding and post-embryonic growth of Abdim’s stork *Ciconia abdimi*hand reared at London Zoo. Duignan, P.J.; Nuttall, C.; Kirkwood, J.K.; Olney, P.J.S. *International Zoo Yearbook,* 1988, v. 27, p. 245-252. ISSN: 0074-9664.

            NAL call no: QL75.I5

            Descriptors: care in captivity, diseases, mortality, breeding and rearing relationships.

 

*Keeping and Breeding Zebra Finches: The Complete Type   Standard Guide*. Blackwell, Chris.   1988, 192 pp., plates, ill. ref. Blandon Press, N.Y., N.Y. ISBN: 0713719591.

            NAL call no: SF473.Z42B58

            Descriptors: zebra finch, behavior, management,   housing, breeding.

 

*Weather and Bird Behaviour. 2nd ed.*Elkins,   Norman. Calton, Staffordshire, England: T. & A. D. Poyser, c1988. 239 p.   plates. ill. maps. ISBN: 0856610518.

            NAL call no: QL698.3.E45 1988

            Descriptors: birds, behavior, climatic factors.

 

 

1987

 

Aviary design at Aviculture Institute: A 1987 update. Hanson, J.T.; Thompson, D.R. *Proceedings of the Jean Delacour/IFCB Symposium on Breeding Birds in Captivity.* 1987. i-xxv. 1-574 p. Chapter pagination: 102-108. 

            Descriptors: caging systems, aviary design, Psittaciformes, housing techniques.

 

Caging and environment. Giddings, R.F. *Companion Bird Medicine.* Burr, E.W. (ed.). Iowa State University Press, Ames, IA. 1987. i-x. 1-247 p. Chapter pagination: 8-14.

            NAL call no: SF994.2.A1C66 1987

            Descriptors: Aves, caging systems, optimum environments for captive species. 

 

The canary and other passerine cage birds. Keymer, I.F. *The UFAW Handbook on the Care and Management of Laboratory Animals.* T.B. Poole (ed).; R. Robinson. 6th ed. London: Longman. p. 687-700. ISBN: 058240911X. 

            NAL call no: QL55.U5 1987

            Descriptors: laboratory animals, aviary birds, canaries, biology, husbandry.

 

Captive breeding. Eagles. Carpenter, J.W.; Gabel, R.R.; Wiemeyer, S.N. *National Wildlife Federation Scientific and Technical Series,* 1987, p. 349-356. No. 10. ISSN: 1044-4971

            NAL call no: QL696.F3M52 1991

            Descriptors: caging systems, rearing techniques, breeding techniques.

 

Care and rehabilitation of injured owls. A user’s guide to the medical treatment of raptorial birds and the housing, release, training and captive breeding of native owls. McKeever, K. *The Owl Rehabilitation Research Foundation,* Vinland, Ontario. 1987, p. 1-196.

            Descriptors: captive breeding, release, training, manual, care in captivity, anesthesia.

 

Cool water. Schultz, B. *Bird Keeping in Australia,*1987, v. 30 (9), p. 130-131. ISSN: 0045-2076.

            Descriptors: bird care in captivity, housing   techniques, Aves.

 

European wild birds. Cooper, J.E. *UFAW Handbook on the Care and Management of Laboratory Animals.* T.B. Poole (ed); R. Robinson. 6th ed. p. 709-715. ISBN: 058240911X

            NAL call no: QL55.U5 1987

            Descriptors: laboratory animals, wild birds, animal husbandry, Europe.

 

Evaporative airconditioning. Schultz, B. *Bird Keeping in Australia,* 1987, v. 30 (9), p. 132-133. ISSN: 0045-2076.

            Descriptors: caging systems, aviary evaporative air conditioning system design.

 

*Hand Rearing Parrots and Other Birds.*Low, R. Blandford   Press, Poole, N.Y., Sydney. 1987, 1-128 p. 

            NAL call no: QL698.3.L68 1991

            Descriptors: diet in captivity, digestion, incubators, environmental control devices.

 

Hooded parrots - their housing, care and breeding. Birdbrain. *Bird Keeping in Australia,* 1987, v. 30 (4), p. 60-61. ISSN: 0045-2076.

            Descriptors: care in captivity, Psittacidae, Aves.

 

Housing and feeding of   *Psittaculirostris*. Van Oosten, J.R. *Fig Parrot,* 1987,   v. 1 (1), p. 3-5, 8.

            Descriptors: care in captivity, general account, Psittacidae.

 

Introduction to birds. Cooper, J.E. *The UFAW Habdbook on the Care and Management of Laboratory Animals.* T.B. Poole (ed).; R. Robinson. 6th ed. London: Longman. p. 628-639. ISBN: 058240911X.

            NAL call no: QL55.U5 1987

            Descriptors: laboratory animals, birds, biology, husbandry, disease control.

 

The penguin encounter at Sea World, San Diego. Todd, F.S. *International Zoo Yearbook,*1987, v. 26, p. 104-109. ISSN: 0074-9664.

            NAL call no: QL76.I5

            Descriptors: care in captivity, exhibit husbandry,   environmental control, aquaria, California.

 

Propagation of captive eastern screech owls. Wiemeyer, S.N. *Journal of Raptor Research,* 1987, v. 21 (2), p. 49-56. ISSN: 0892-1016.

            NAL call no: QL696.F3J682

            Descriptors: diet in captivity, housing techniques, maintenance and pairing procedure.

 

White cockatoo husbandry. Silva, T. *Avicultural Magazine,* 1987, v. 93 (4), p. 202-208. ISSN: 0005-2256.

            NAL call no: QL761.A9

            Descriptors: care in captivity, husbandry, breeding   techniques, *Cacatua*.

 

 

1986

 

Biology of birds of paradise and bowerbirds. Diamond, J. *Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics*, 1986, v. 17, p. 17-37. ISSN: 0066-4162.

            NAL call no: QH540.A55

            Descriptors: anatomy, feeding behavior, skeletal musculature, skull, diet. 

 

*The Complete Cage and Aviary Bird Handbook.*Alderton,   D. Pelham, London. 1986. 1-160 p.

            Descriptors: care and breeding in captivity, diet, parasites, diseases, disorders.

 

Electrified fences for aviaries and enclosures. Nash, R.G.; Nash, D.M. *Avicultural Magazine,* 1985, v. 91 (4), p. 208-211. ISSN: 0005-2258.

            NAL call no: QL671.A9

            Descriptors: Aves, caging systems, electrified fencing, predators.

 

Husbandry and captive breeding of birds of prey. Enderson, J. *Zoo and Wild Animal Medicine,* Fowler, M.E. (ed.). W.B. Saunders Co. Philadelphia, London. 1986. i-xxiv. 1-1127 p. Chapter pagination: 376-379. 

            NAL call no: SF996.Z66

Descriptors: Falconiformes, falcons, Strigiformes,   owls, care in captivity, breeding techniques, review.

 

Husbandry of Galliformes. Amand, W.B. *Zoo and Wild Animal Medicine.*Fowler, M. E*.* (ed.). W.B. Saunders Co., Philadelphia, London, 1986. i-xxiv.. 1-1127 p. Chapter pagination: 466. 

            NAL call no: SF996.Z66

            Descriptors: Galliformes, care in captivity,   fowl.

 

Husbandry practices. Harrison G.J. *Clinical Avian Medicine and Surgery Including Aviculture.* Harrison, G.J.; Harrison, L.R. (eds.). W.B. Saunders Co., Philadelphia, London. 1986, i-xviii. 1-717 p. Chapter pagination: 12-19. 

            NAL call no: SF994.2.A1C5

            Descriptors: Aves, care in captivity, birds.

 

Plants suitable for use in aviaries. Staples, G. *Clinical Avian Medicine and Surgery Including Aviculture.* Harrison, G.J.; Harrison, L.R. (eds.). W.B. Saunders Co., Philadelphia, London. 1986. i-xviii. 10717 p. Chapter pagination: 667-668. 

            NAL call no: SF994.2.A1C5

            Descriptors: caging systems, aviaries, food plants, diet, Aves.

 

 

1985

 

*Bird Behavior.*Burton, R. Granada, London. 1985,   p. 1-224.

            Descriptors: Aves, diet, feeding, flight, behavior, communication, reproduction.

 

Pheasant rearing: Associated husbandry and disease problems. Swarbrick, O. *Veterinary Record,* 1985, v. 116 (23), p. 610-617. ISSN: 0042-4900.

            NAL call no: 41.8.V641

            Descriptors: rearing techniques, diseases and disorders, mortality.

 

 

1984

 

**Canary, bengalese and zebra finch***.*   Ellis, M. *Evolution of Domesticated Animals,* 1984, Chapter pagination:   357-360. ref. ISBN: 0582460468.

            NAL call no: S41.E93

            Descriptors: aviary birds, canaries, domesticated birds, varieties.

 

The capture and care of birds exported from south west Africa. Panagis, K.; Stutterheim, I.M. *Bokmakierie,* 1984, v. 36 (1), p. 4-6. ISSN: 0006-5838.

            Descriptors: techniques, care in captivity, housing, caging, Aves.

 

A hazard of plastic litter. Sharrock, R.; Sharrock, L. *Bird Observer,* 1984, v. 94, No. 632. ISSN: 0313-5888.

            Descriptors: injuries, accidental entrapment,   plastic litter, hazards for birds.

 

*Hummingbirds. Their Life and Behavior. A Photographic   Study of the North American Species.* Tyrrell, E.Q. Crown Publishers, Inc.,   New York, 1984, i-xii. 1-212 p. 

            Descriptors: anatomy, general morphology, metabolic rate, diet, flight, behavior.

 

Indoor aviary maintenance. Schmitt, E.C. *American Association of Zoological Parks and Aquariums Regional Conference Proceedings,* 1984, p. 408-412. ISSN: 0731-0439.

            NAL call no: QL76.5.U6A472

            Descriptors: care in captivity, housing techniques, indoor aviaries. 

 

*Nest Building and Bird Behavior.*Collias, N.E.;   Collias, E.C. Princeton University Press, Princeton, N.J. 1984, i-xix. 1-336   p.

            Descriptors: nest building behavior, evolution, courtship, Aves.

 

 

1983

 

The maintenance and captive breeding of the pink pigeon *Nesoenas mayeri*. Jones, C.G.; Jeggo, D.F.; Hartley, J. *Dodo,* 1983, p. 16-26, No. 20. ISSN: 0265-5640.

            Descriptors: diet, caging systems, hand rearing, breeding, food preferences. 

 

Perches to limit feather picking. Swan, M. *Game Conservancy Annual Review,* 1983, 99-100 p. No. 14. ISSN: 0533-9979.

            NAL call no: SK351.G3

            Descriptors: caging systems, behavior, feather picking, housing techniques.

 

 

1982

 

The American kestrel as a laboratory research animal. Bird, D.M. *Nature* (London), 1982, v. 299, p. 300-301. No. 5881. ISSN: 0028-0836.

            NAL call no: 472 N21

            Descriptors: diet in captivity, housing techniques, pen design, laboratory animal.

 

Caging and environment*.*   Dilger, W.C.; Bell, J. *Diseases of Cage and Aviary Birds, 2nd   ed.* 1982, p. 11-17. ill. Lea & Febiger, Philadelphia. Margaret L. Petrak   (ed). ISBN: 081210692X.

            NAL call no: SF994.2.A1D57 1982

            Descriptors: cage birds, cleaning, feeding, care.

 

Controlled environment aviaries. Kenyon, G. *Avicultural Magazine,* 1982, v. 88 (1), p. 36-39. ISSN: 0005-2256.

            NAL call no: QL671.A9

            Descriptors: caging systems, design and construction, controlled environment.

 

*Hummingbirds.* Mobbs, A.J. Triplegate Ltd., Surrey. 1982. i-xi. 1-192 p.

            Descriptors: care in captivity, diet, caging systems, feeding behavior, nutrition.

 

*Looking after Cage Birds: Keep and Care*. Alderton, D. Ward Lock, Ltd., London. 1982:   1-128 p.

            Descriptors: diet in captivity, breeding, housing, behavior, communication.

 

Medical and husbandry aspects of captive Andean condors: A model for the California condor. Carpenter, J.W. *American Association of Zoo Veterinarians Annual Proceedings,* 1982, p. 13-19. ISSN: 0095-0610

            NAL call no: SF605.A4

            Descriptors: medical and husbandry aspects, care in captivity, wildlife management.

 

Radiant heat. Fisher (Lord). *Proceedings International Symposium Zoo Design,* 1982, v. 3, p. 52-53. 

            Descriptors: bird housing techniques, heating   system, Aves.

 

Waterfowl exhibit techniques at Sea World. Drieschman, W.S. *Proceedings International Symposium Zoo Design,* 1982, v. 3, p. 5-7.

Descriptors: housing techniques, water fowl exhibition   techniques, zoological gardens, aquarium, California.

 

 

1981

 

Animal, bird and plant compatability. Bland, G.E. *Ratel,* 1981, v. 8 (3), p. 23-27. ISSN: 0305-1218.

            NAL call no: QL77.5.R37

            Descriptors: housing techniques, plant selection and compatibility in enclosures.

 

*The Bird Care Book: Everything you Need to Know to Keep   any Bird Healthy and Happy.*Gerstenfeld, Sheldon L.1943. Reading, MA. Addison-wesley   Pub. Co. c 1981. 186 p. ill. bibl. ISBN: 0201039087; 0201039095 (pbk).

            NAL call no: SF994.2.A1G47

            Descriptors: caged bird diseases, birds diseases.

 

Housing and facility considerations   for small animal and bird producers. Skinner, J.L.; Brevik, T.J. *Pap.   Am. Soc. Agric. Eng. Microfiche Collect., St. Joseph, Mich.*The Society*,*1981. (fiche no. 81-4550) 1 microfiche. ill. ref.

            NAL call no: FICHE S-72

            Descriptors: housing, bird, small animals, considerations.

 

 

1980

 

Amazon parrot husbandry. Noegel, R. *Avicultural Magazine,* 1980, v. 86 (4), p. 232-245. ISSN: 0005-2256.

            NAL call no: QL671.A9

            Descriptors: care in captivity, *Amazona*,   Psittacidae.

 

Breeding and husbandry of Adelie penguins, *Pygascelis adeliae*, at Sea World of Florida. Beldegreen, R.A.; Asper, E.D. *International Zoo Yearbook,* 1980, v. 20, p. 197-200. ISSN: 0074-9664.

            NAL call no: QL76.I5

            Descriptors: care in captivity, diet in captivity, housing, reproductive behavior.

 

Cleaning of cages for laboratory animals. Haigh, P.B.*Journal of the Institute of Animal Technicians,*1980, v. 31 (1), p. 49-54. 

            NAL call no: QL55.I5

Descriptors: Aves, Mammalia, care in captivity,   cage cleaning techniques, birds as animal models.

 

The husbandry of falcons for return to the wild. Cade, T.J. *International Zoo Yearbook,* 1980, v. 20, p. 23-35. ISSN: 0074-9664.

            NAL call no: Q76.I5

            Descriptors: care in captivity, husbandry in preparation for release, Falconiformes.

 

The husbandry and medicine of captive penguins. Stosfkopf, M.K.; Beall, F.B. *American Association of Zoo Veterinarians Annual Proceedings,* 1980, p. 81-96. ISSN: 0095-0610.

            NAL call no: SF605.A4

            Descriptors: care in captivity, diseases, parasites, review.

 

Keeping and breeding the waldrapp ibis. Schenker, A.; Hirsch, U.; Mallet, M.; Pechlaner, H.; Thaler, E.; Wackernagel, H. *International Zoo News (IZN),* 1980, v. 27 (2-3), p. 9-15. ISSN: 0020-9155.

            NAL call no: QL76.I58

            Descriptors: breeding techniques, care in captivity, diet in captivity, rearing.

 

*Parrots. Their Care and Breeding.*Low, R. Blandford   Press, Poole, Dorset. 1980. i-xiii. 1-654 p.

            NAL call no: SF473.P3L682

            Descriptors: care in captivity, diseases, diet, caging systems, taming, hand rearing.

 

 

1979

 

Cage and aviary design and construction. Jones, C.G. *First Aid and Care of Wild Birds.* Cooper, J.E.; Eley, J.T. (eds.). David & Charles, Newton, Abbot, London & North Pomfret (Vancouver). 1979, 1-288 p. Chapter pagination: 246-258.

            Descriptors: care in captivity, housing techniques, caging systems.

 

*Care and Rehabilitation of Injured Owls. A User’s Guide   to the Medical Treatment of Raptorial Birds, and the Housing, Release, Training   and Captive Breeding of Native Owls.* McKeever, K. The Owl Rehabilitation   Research Foundation, Vineland, Ontario. 1979, 1-112 p. 

            Descriptors: Strigiformes, care in captivity, housing techniques, release training.

 

Husbandry of the chukar partridge. Woodard, A.E. *Game Bird Breeders, Aviculturists, Zoologists, and Conservationists Gazette,* 1979, v. 28 (3), p. 7-16. Also: v. 28 (1-2), p. 28-32, 42. ISSN: 0164-3711.

            NAL call no: 47.8 G144

            Descriptors: daylength effect, photoperiod, fertility effect.

 

Methods of keeping birds   cool. Poultry Industry. Sutton. Apr. 1979 (Suppl. 1) p. 9. ill. ISSN:   0032-5759.

            NAL call no: 47.8 P8644

            Descriptors: birds, housing keeping cool.

 

 

1978

 

*Care of Wild Feathered & Furred: Treating and Feeding   Injured Birds and Animals.*Rev. ed*.*Hickman, Mae; Buy, Maxine; Levine,   Stephen. New York: Michael Kesend Pub., 1978. xvi. 143 pp. ill. ISBN: 093557607X.

            NAL call no: QL83.2.H5 1978

            Descriptors: wildlife rescue, wildlife diseases,   captured birds, care, handling, diets.

 

*Falconry and Hawking.*Glasier, P. Batsford, London.   1978. 1-312 p.

            Descriptors: care in captivity, diet, handling and housing, housing techniques.

 

The influence of housing   and cage design on bird behaviour. Polach, M. *Poultry. Advisor.*Jun.   1978 v. 11 (6), p. 37-41. 

            NAL call no: SF481.P622

            Descriptors: housing, cage design, behavior.

 

Perching birds, parrots, cockatoos and macaws (psittacines and passerines). Passeriform husbandry. Thompson, D.R. *Zoo and Wild Animal Medicine.* Fowler, M.E. (ed.). W.B. Saunders, Co., Philadelphia, London & Toronto. 1978. i-xvi. 1-951 p. Chapter pagination: 353-355.

            NAL call no: SF996.Z66

            Descriptors: care in captivity, housing and nesting requirements, rearing, breeding.

 

Perching birds, parrots, cockatoos and macaws (psittacines and passerines). Psittacine husbandry. Rundel, R.S. *Zoo and Wild Animal Medicine.* Fowler, M.E. (ed.). W.B. Saunders, Co. Philadelphia, London & Toronto. 1978. i-xvi. 1-951 p. Chapter pagination: 350-353. 

            NAL call no: SF996.Z66

            Descriptors: care in captivity, housing, breeding, rearing, structure.

 

Raptors (Falconiformes   and Strigiformes). Husbandry and captive breeding. Enderson, J. *Zoo   and Wild Animal Medicine.* Fowler, M.E. (Ed.). W.B. Saunders, Co. Philadelphia,   London & Toronto. 1978. i-xvi. 1-951 p. Chapter pagination: 232-236. 

            NAL call no: SF996.Z66

            Descriptors: care in captivity, rearing and breeding techniques, artificial insemination.

 

Sanitation and disinfection. Fowler, M.E. *Zoo and Wild Animal Medicine.* Fowler, M.E. (ed.). W.B. Saunders, Co. Philadelphia, London & Toronto. 1978. i-xvi. 1-951 p. Chapter pagination: 21-29.

            NAL call no: SF996.Z66

            Descriptors: Aves, birds, Reptilia, Mammalia,   housing, sanitation and disinfection.

 

*Territory in Bird Life.* Howard, Henry Eliot, 1873-1940.   New York. Arno Press, 1978. xiii. 308 p. ill. Reprint of 1920 ed. Published   by J. Murray, London. ISBN: 0405106963.

            NAL call no: QL698.c.H6-1978.

            Descriptors: birds behavior, territoriality, zoology.

 

 

1977

 

*Ways of the Bird.* Van Vleck, Sarita. New York, N.Y.   Lyons & Burford, c1993. xi. 141 p. ill. ref. ISBN: 155821223X. Originally   published Growing wings. Dublin, N.H.: W.L. Bauhan, 1977.

            NAL call no: QL698.3.V3 1993

            Descriptors: birds, behavior, habits.

 

 

1976

 

*Birds: Their Life, Their Ways, Their World.* Christopher   Perrins; illustrations by Ad Cameron. New York: A.H. Abrams, 1976. 160 p. col.   ill.

            NAL call no: QL674.P4

            Descriptors: behavior, anatomy, identification,   habitats.

 

The overhead mist line. A method of controlling humidity in aviaries. Robbins, G.E.S. *World Pheasant Association Journal,* 1976, v. 1, p. 58. ISSN: 0963-326X.

            Descriptors: care in captivity, housing, aviary humidity control, Aves. 

 

 

1975

 

*Bird Life.* Rowley, Ian.** New York, Taplinger   Pub. Co. 1975, 284 p. 14 leaves of plates. ill.

            NAL call no: QL693.R68

            Descriptors: birds, Australia, behavior.
 

**Return to: Contents**

DISEASES / PARASITES / CONDITIONS
 

2003

Analysis   of field and laboratory data to derive selenium toxicity thresholds for birds.   Adams, W.J.; Brix, K.V.; Edwards, M.; Tear, L.M.; DeForest, D.K.; Fairbrother,   A. *Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry,* Sept. 2003, p. 2020-2029.   ISSN: 0730-7268.

NAL call no:   QH545.A1E58

Descriptors:   selenium toxicity, birds, chronic egg thresholds, laboratory mallard ducks,   wild black-necked stilts.

Abstract:   In this paper, we critically evaluate the statistical approaches and datasets   previously used to derive chronic egg selenium thresholds for mallard ducks   (laboratory data) and black-necked stilts (field data). These effect concentration   thresholds of 3%, 10% (EC10), or 20% have been used by regulatory agencies to   set avian protection criteria and site remediation goals, thus the need for   careful assessment of the data. The present review indicates that the stilt   dataset used to establish a frequently cited chronic avian egg selenium threshold   of 6 mg/kg dry weight lacks statistical robustness (r2=0.19-0.28) based on generalized   linear models), suggesting that stilt embryo sensitivity to selenium is highly   variable or that factors other than selenium are principally responsible for   the increase in effects observed at the lower range of this dataset. Hockey   stick regressions used with the stilt field dataset improve the statistical   relationship (r2=0.90-0.97) but result in considerably higher egg selenium thresholds   (EC10=21-31 mg/kg dry wt). Laboratory-derived (for mallards) and field derived   (for stilts) teratogenicity EC10 values are quite similar (16-24 mg/kg dry wt).   Laboratory data regarding mallard egg inviability and duckling mortality data   provide the most sensitive and statistically robust chronic mean egg selenium   EC10 values of 12 to 15 mg/kg dry weight (r2=0.75-0.90).

Avian   cryptococcosis. Malik, R.; Krockenberger, M.B.; Cross, G.; Doneley, R.;   Madill, D.N.; Black, D.; McWhirter, P.; Rozenwax, A.; Rose, K.; Alley, M.; Forshaw,   D.; Russell-Brown, I.; Johnstone, A.C.; Martin, P.; O’Brian, C.R.; Love, D.N.   *Medical Mycology,* Apr. 2003, v. 41 (2), p. 115-124. ISSN: 1369-3786.

NAL call no:   RC117.A1J68

Descriptors:*Cryptococcosus*, avian, birds, Australia, captive parrots, pigeon, kiwis,   respiratory system.

Abstract:   Clinical and laboratory findings in 15 unreported cases of avian cryptococcosis   from Australia were collected and contrasted with 11 cases recorded in the literature.   *Cryptococcosus* species produced localized invasive disease of the upper   respiratory tract of captive parrots living in Australia. This resulted in signs   referable to mycotic rhinitis or to involvement of structures contiguous with   the nasal cavity, such as the beak, sinuses, choana, retrobulbar space and palate.   Parrots of widely differing ages were affected and of the seven birds for which   sex was determinable, six were male. *Cryptococcosus bacillisporus*(formerly   *C. neoformans**var.**gatti*) accounted for four of five   infections in which the species or variety was determinable, suggesting that   exposure to eucalyptus material may be a predisposing factor. In these cases,   Cryptococcus appeared to behave as a primary pathogen of immunocompetent hosts.   One tissue specimen was available from an Australian racing pigeon with minimally   invasive subcutaneous disease; immunohistology demonstrated a *C. neoformans**var.**grubii* (formerly *C. neoformans**var.**neoformans*serotype A) infection, presumably subsequent to traumatic   inoculation of yeast cells into the subcutis. Two similar cases had been reported   previously in pigeons domiciled in America. Data for parrots, one pigeon and   other birds studied principally in America and Europe (and likely infected with   *C. neoformans*) suggested a different pattern of disease, more suggestive   of opportunistic infection of immunodeficient hosts. In this cohort of patients,   the organism was not restricted to cool superficial sites such as the upper   respiratory tract or subcutis. Instead, infections typically penetrated the   lower respiratory tract or disseminated widely to a variety of internal organs.   Finally, three captive North Island brown kiwis, one residing in Australia,   the other two in New Zealand, died as a result of sever diffuse cryptococcal   pneumonia (two cases) or widely disseminated disease (one case). *C. bacillisporus*strains were isolated from all three cases, as reported previously for another   kiwi with disseminated disease in New Zealand.

Comparison   of methods to detect *Pasteurella multocida* in carrier waterfowl.   Samuel, M.D.; Shadduck, D.J.; Goldberg, D.R.; Johnson, W.P. *Journal of Wildlife   Diseases,*2003, v. 39 (1), p. 125-135. ref. ISSN: 0090-3558.

NAL call no:   41.9 W64B

Descriptors:   waterfowl, *Pasteurella*, carrier, detection, mallard ducks, *Anas   platyrhynchos*.

Abstract:   We conducted laboratory challenge trials using mallard ducks (*Anas platyrhynchos*)   to compare methods for detecting carriers of *Pasteurella multocida*, the   bacterium that causes avian cholera, in wild birds. Birds that survived the   initial infection were euthanized at 2-to 4-week intervals up to 14 weeks post-challenge.   Isolates of *Pasteurella multocida*were obtained at necropsy from 23%   of the birds that survived initial infection. We found that swab samples (oral,   cloacal, nasal, eye, and leg joint) were most effective for detecting carrier   birds up to 14 weeks postinfection. No detectable differences in isolation were   observed for samples stored in either 10% dimethyl sulfoxide or brain heart   infusion broth. The frequency of detecting carriers in our challenge trials   appeared to be related to mortality rates observed during the trial, but was   not related to a number of other factors including time after challenge, time   delays in collecting tissues postmortem, and route of infection. In our trials,   there was little association between antibody levels and carrier status. We   concluded that swab samples collected from recently dead birds, stored in liquid   nitrogen, and processed using selective broth provide a feasible field method   for detecting *P. multocida*carriers in wild waterfowl.

Detection   of West Nile Virus infection in birds in the United States by blocking ELISA   and immunohistochemistry. Jozan, M.; Evans, R.; McLean, R.; Tangredi,   B.; Reed, L.; Scott, J. *Vector Borne and Zoonotic Diseases,* Fall 2003,   v. 3 (3), p. 99-110. ISSN: 1530-3667.

NAL call no:   RA639.5.V43

Descriptors:   West Nile Virus, detection from sera, ELISA, immunohistochemistry, sentinel   chickens, wild birds, New Jersey, New York.

Abstract:   A blocking ELISA targeting an immunodominant West Nile epitope on the West Nile   Virus NSI protein was assessed for the detection of West Nile-specific antibodies   in blood samples collected from 584 sentinel chickens and 238 wild birds collected   in New Jersey from May-December 2000. Ten mallard ducks (*Anas platyrhynchos*)   experimentally infected with West Nile virus and six uninfected controls were   also tested. The ELISA proved specific in detecting WNV antibodies in 9/10 chickens   and 4/4 wild birds previously confirmed as positive by Plaque Reduction Neutralization   test (PRNT) at the Center for Disease Control, Division of Vector Borne Diseases,   fort Collins, CO, USA. Nine out of the ten experimentally infected mallard ducks   also tested positive for WN antibodies in the blocking ELISA, while 6/6 uninfected   controls did not. Additionally, 1705 wild birds, collected in New Jersey from   December 2000-November 2001 and Long Island, New York between November 1999   and August 2001 were also tested for WN antibodies by the blocking ELISA. These   tests identified 30 positive specimens, 12 of which had formalin-fixed tissues   available to allow detection of WN specific viral antigen in various tissues   by WN -specific immunohistochemistry. Our results indicate that rapid and specific   detection of antibodies to WN virus in sera from a range of avian species by   blocking ELISA is an effective strategy for WN Virus surveillance in avian hosts.   In combination with detection of WN-specific antigens in tissues by immunohistochemistry   (IHC) the blocking ELISA will also be useful for confirming WN infection in   diseased birds. 

Feather   mites (Acari: Astigmata): Ecology, behavior, and evolution. Proctor,   H.C. *Annual Review of Entomology,* 2003, v. 48, p. 185-209. ISSN: 0066-4170.   ref.

NAL call no:   421 An72

Descriptors:   feather mites, adaptation, host-parasite relationships, bird parasite.

International   standards for the control of avian influenza. Pearson, J.E. *Avian   Diseases,* 2003, v. 47 (3 Suppl), p. 972-975. ISSN: 0005-2086.

NAL call no:   41.8 AV5

Descriptors:   avian influenza, international standards, control, Office International des   Epizooties, reporting procedures.

Abstract:   The Office International des Epizooties (OIE) has developed international standards   to reduce the risk of the spread of high-pathogenicity avian influenza through   international trade. These standards include providing a definition of high-pathogenicity   avian influenza (HPAI), procedures for prompt reporting of HPAI outbreaks, requirements   that must be met for a country or zone to be defined as free of HPAI, requirements   that should be met to import live birds and avian products to reduce the risk   of spread of HPAI through trade. The goal of these standards is to facilitate   trade while minimizing the risk of the introduction of HPAI. 

Pathogenicity   of a ratite-origin influenza A H5 virus in ostriches (*Struthio camelus*).   Clavijo, A.; Riva, J.; Pasick, J. *Avian Diseases,* 2003, v. 47 (3 Suppl),   p. 1203-1207. ISSN: 0005-2806.

NAL call no:   41.8 AV5

Descriptors:   influenza virus, ostrich, pathogenicity, avian influenza, pathogenic isolate.

Abstract:   Ostriches were inoculated with a highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) virus   of ratite origin, A/emu/Texas/39924/93 (H5N2) done clB. The aim of this study   was to evaluate the pathogenicity of this isolate for ostriches and to assess   the ability of routine virologic and serologic tests to detect infection. Avian   influenza virus (AIV) was isolated from tracheal swabs from 2 to 12 days postinfection   and from cloacal swabs from 3 to 10 days postinfection. AIV was also isolated   from a wide range of tissues. Birds seroconverted as early as 7 days postinfection.   This study indicates that HPAI virus of ratite origin replicates extensively   in infected ostriches without causing significant clinical disease of mortality.

 

 

2002

Avian   diseases at the Salton Sea. Friend, Milton. *Hydrobiologia,*2002,   Apr. 1, 2002, v. 473, p. 293-306. ISSN: 0018-8158. www.kluweronline.com/issn/0018-8158

NAL   call no: 410 H992 

Descriptors:   Aves, diseases and disorders, avian botulism, avian cholera, *Salmonella*,   Newcastle disease, cattle egrets *Bubulcus ibis*,   eared grebes, *Podiceps nigricollis,* pelicans,   *Pelecanus occidentali, Pelecanus erythrorhynchos,*Mullet Island cormorant,   *Phalacrocorax auritus,*literature review, Salton Sea.

Abstract:   A review of existing records and the scientific literature was conducted for   occurrences of avian diseases affecting free-ranging avifauna within the Salton   Sea ecosystem. The period for evaluation was 1907 through 1999. Records of the   U.S. Department of Agriculture, Bureau of Biological Survey and the scientific   literature were the data sources for the period or 1907-1939. The narrative   reports of the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service’s Sonny Bono National Wildlife   refuge Complex and the epizootic database of the U.S. Geological Survey’s National   Wildlife Health Center were the primary data sources for the remainder of the   evaluation. The pattern of avian diseases at the Salton Sea has changed greatly   over time. Relative to past decades, there was a greater frequency of major   outbreaks of avian disease at the Salton Sea during the 1990s than in previous   decades, a greater variety of disease agents causing epizootics, and apparent   chronic increases in the attrition of birds from disease. Avian mortality was   high for about a decade beginning during the mid-1920s, diminished substantially   by the 1940s and was at low to moderate levels until the 1990s when it reached   the highest levels reported. Avian botulism (*Clostridium botulinum*type   C) was the only major cause of avian disease until 1979 when the first major   epizootic of avian cholera *(Pasteurella multocidia*) was documented. Waterfowl   and shorebirds were the primary species affected by avian botulism. A broader   spectrum of species have been killed by avian cholera but waterfowl have suffered   the greatest losses. Avian cholera reappeared in 1983 and has joined avian botulism   as a recurring cause of avian mortality. In 1989, avian salmonellosis (*Salmonella   typhimurium*) was first diagnosed as a major cause of avian disease within   the Salton Sea ecosystem and has since reappeared several times, primarily among   cattle egrets (*Bubulcus ibis*). The largest loss from a single epizootic   occurred in 1992, when an estimated 155,000 birds, primarily eared grebes (*Podiceps   nigricollis*), died from an undiagnosed cause. Reoccurrences of that unknown   malady have continued to kill substantial numbers of eared grebes throughout   the 1990s. The first major epizootic of type C avian botulism in fish-eating   birds occurred in 1996 and killed large numbers of pelicans (*Pelecanus occidentalis*& *P. erythrorhynchos*). Avian botulism has remained as a major   annual cause of disease in pelicans. In contrast, the chronic on-Sea occurrence   of avian botulism in waterfowl and shorebirds of previous decades was seldom   seen during the 1990s. Newcastle disease became the first viral disease to cause   major bird losses at the Salton Sea when it appeared in the Mullet Island cormorant   (*Phalacrocorax auritus*) breeding colony during 1997 and again during   1998. 

Avian   GI tract morphology and diseases. Orosz, S.E.; Marx, K.L. (ed.); Roston,   M.A. *Proceedings of the 23rd Annual Conference on Avian Medicine   and Surgery,**Mid Atlantic States Association of Avian Veterinarians,   Fredericksburg, VA Apr. 28-30, 2002*, p. 116-120. 

NAL   call no: SF994.J6

Descriptors:   anatomy, aviary birds, gastrointestinal diseases, diagnosis.

Avian   polyomavirus vaccines in psittacine birds. Poet, Steven; Ritchie, Branson   W.; Burnley, Victoria; Pesti, Denise. *Official Gazette of the United States   Patent and Trademark Office Patents,* Dec. 10, 2002, v. 1265 (2), No pagination.   ISSN: 0098-1133. www.uspto.gov/web/menu/patdata.html

NAL   call no: T223.A21

Descriptor:   avian polyomavirus, pathogen, infection, viral disease.

Abstract:   The invention provides a nucleic acid vaccine which is protective against avian   polyomavirus infection in a bird which is classified as being a member of the   Psittaciformes order comprising a nucleic acid vaccine vector comprising a suitable   eukaryotic cis-acting transcription/translation regulatory sequence functionally   linked to a nucleic acid encoding an immunogenic avian polyomavirus polypeptide.   Methods for preventing avian polyomavirus infection in a bird classified as   being a member of the Psittaciformes order, are also provided.

Avian   reservoirs of the agent of human granulocytic ehrlichiosis? Daniels,   Thomas J.; Battaly, Gertrude R.; Liveris, Dionysios; Falco, Richard C.; Schwartz,   Ira. *Emerging Infectious Diseases,* Dec. 2002, v. 8 (120, p. 1524-1525.   ISSN: 1080-6040. 

NAL   call no: RA648.5.E64

Descriptors:   granulocytic ehrlichosis, bacterial disease, Aves, infection, zoonotic disease.

Avian   vacuolar myelinopathy: A newly recognized fatal neurological disease of eagles,   waterfowl and other birds. Fischer, John R.; Lewis, Lynn A.; Augspurger,   Tom; Rocke, Tonie E. *Transactions of the North American Wildlife and Natural   Resources Conference,* 2002, v. 67, p. 51-61. Rham, Jennifer (Ed.), Wildlife   Management Institute, 1101 14th St., N.W., Suite 801, Washington,   C.D. 20005. ISSN: 0078-1355.

Descriptors:   avian vacuolar myelinopathy, epidemiology, nervous system disease. 

Avian   wildlife diseases in New Zealand: Current issues and achievements. Alley,   M.R. *New Zealand Veterinary Journal,* 2002, v. 50 (3 Supplement), p. 118-120.   ref. ISSN: 0048-0169.

NAL   call no: 41.8 N483

Descriptors:   animal health, wild birds, wildlife.

Birds   and *Borrelia*. Humair, Pierre Francois. *International Journal   of Medical Microbiology,* Jun. 2002, v. 291 (Supplement 33), p. 70-74. VIth   International Potsdam Symposium on tick Borne Diseases, Berlin, Germany, Apr.   26-27, 2001. ISSN: 1438-4221.

NAL   call no: OR1.Z443

Descriptors:   borreliosis, bacterial disease, ticks, birds. 

A   bird in the hand. Dick, A.D. *British Journal of Ophthalmology,*   Dec. 2002, v. 86 (12), p. 1324-1325. ISSN: 0007-1161.

Descriptors:   eye diseases, ophthalmology, pathology, symptoms.**

Blood   parasites of American crows (*Corvus brachyrhynchos*) and fish crows (*Corvus   ossifragus*) in Florida, USA. Dusek, Robert; Forrester, Donald J.   *Comparative Parasitology,* Jan. 2002, v. 69 (1), p. 92-96. ref. ISSN:   1049-233X.

NAL   call no: QL392 J68

Descriptors:   blood, lymphatics, crows, blood parasites, *Haemoproteus*, *Trypanosoma*.

Abstract:   Blood films from 46 fish crows (*Corvus brachyrhynchos*) and fish crows   (*Corvus ossifragus*) from Florida, U.S.A., were examined for blood parasites.   *Haemoproteus picae*Coatney and Roudabush, *Haemoproteus   danilewski*Kruse, *Trypanosoma   avium*(Danilewsky), and microfilaria of an unidentified filarioid   were identified from both species of crows. An unidentified species of *Haemoproteus*   and *Trypanosoma ontarioensis*Woo and Bartlett were observed in American   crow blood films. Fish crow blood films contained *Plasmodium   relictum*Celli and Sanfelice. Prior to this study, *T. avium*and   *P. relictum*had not been reported from fish crows.

A   comparative analysis of PCR-based detection methods for avian malaria.   Richard, F. Alexander; Sehgal, Ravinder N.M.; Jones, Hugh I.; Smith, Thomas   B. *Journal of Parsitology,* Aug. 2002, v. 88 (4), p. 819-822. ISSN: 0022-3395.   

NAL   call no: 448.8 J824

Descriptors:   malaria, parasitic disease, blood and lymphatic disease, *Plasmodium*,   *Haemoproteus*.

Abstract:   Here, 4 polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assays are compared to test for the   presence of avian malaria, including both the *Plasmodium* and *Haemoproteus*   genera, in 29 different species of African rainforest birds. Two of these PCR   assays use primer sets that amplify fragments of the cytochrome b (cyt b) gene   of *Plasmodium*; the other 2 target the 18S ribosomal subunit gene. These   PCR assays were performed using genomic DNA extracted from blood and subsequently   compared with the results obtained by microscopic examination of blood smears   taken from the same individuals. The 2 primer sets amplifying the cyt b gene   were found to perform more reliably than those that target the 18S gene and   yielded a substantial number of positive samples that were undetected by blood   smear analysis. Of all the individuals screened by PCR, 40% tested positive   for avian malaria, whereas 27% tested positive by blood smear analysis. Although   sequence variation in the parasites may prohibit the specific alignment of primers   and the subsequent PCR amplification of some individuals, PCR, once optimized,   is faster, cheaper, and more reliable than blood smear analysis for large-scale   screening.

Compendium   of measures to control *Chlamydophila psittaci*(formerly *Chlamydia   psittaci*) infection among humans (psittacosis) and pet birds, 2002: Diagnosis   and treatment. Smith, K.A. *Compendium on Continuing Education for   the Practicing Veterinarian,* 2002, v. 24 (4), p. 328-331. ref. ISSN: 0193-1903.

NAL   call no: SF601.C66

Descriptors:   diagnosis, disease control, human diseases, medical treatment, psittacosis,   zoonotic diseases.

Compendium   of measures to control *Chlamydophila psittaci*(formerly *Chlamydia   psittaci*) infection among humans (Psittacosis) and pet birds, 2002: Recommendations   and requirements. USA, National Association of State Public Health Veterinarians.   *Compendium on Continuing Education for the Practicing Veterinarian,* 2002,   v. 24 (5), p. 374-378. ref. ISSN: 0193-1903.

NAL   call no: SF601.C66

Descriptors:   disease control, disease prevention, importation, pets, psittacosis, zoonotic   diseases.

Criptosporidiosi negli uccelli. [Cryptosporidiosis   in birds.] D’Agostino, C.; Papini, B.; Nannetti, C.; Tatantino, C.; Perrucci,   S. *Summa,* 2002, v. 19 (3), p. 23-26. ref. Note: In Italian.

Descriptors:   cryptosporidiosis, diagnosis, disease control, life cycle.

Detection   by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay of antibodies to West Nile virus in birds.   Ebel, Gregory D.; Dupuis, Alan P. II; Nicholas, David: Young, Donna; Maffei,   Joseph; Kramer, Laura D. *Emerging Infectious Diseases,* Sept. 2002, v.   8 (9), p. 979-982. ISSN: 1080-6040. 

NAL   call no: RA648.5.E46

Descriptors:   Aves, diagnostic techniques, viral diseases, ELISA, West Nile virus.

Abstract:   We adapted an indirect immunoglobulin G enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay to   facilitate studies of West Nile virus (WNV) and evaluated its application to   taxonomically diverse avian species. Anti-WNV antibodies were detected in 23   bird species, including many exotic species, demonstrating its value in studies   of WNV epizootiology.

Detection   of West Nile virus in oral and cloacal swabs from bird carcasses. Komar,   Nicholas; Lanciotti, Robert; Brown, Richard; Langevin, Stanley; Bunning, Michel.   *Emerging Infectious Diseases*, Jul. 2002, v. 8 (7), p. 741-742. ISSN:   1080-6040. 

NAL   call no: RA648.5.E46

Descriptors:   West Nile virus infection, infectious diseases, viral disease.

Abstract:   We evaluated if postmortem cloacal and oral swabs could replace brain tissue   as a specimen for West Nile virus (WNV) detection. WNV was detected in all three   specimen types from 20 dead crows and jays with an average of >105 WNV PFU   in each. These findings suggest that testing cloacal or oral swabs might be   a low-resource approach to detect WNV in dead birds.

Diseases   of farmed crocodiles and ostriches. Huchzermeyer, F.W. *Revue Scientifique   et Technique,* Office International des Epizooties, 2002, v. 21 (2), p. 265-276.   ref. ISSN: 0253-1933.

NAL   call no: SF781.R4

Descriptors:   coccidiosis, mycoplasmosis, salmonellosis, stress, thermoregulation. 

Diseases   in wild (free-living) bird populations. Newton, I. *Birds of Prey:   Health & Diseases.* 3rd ed. Cooper, John E. Blackwell Science   Ltd. Oxford, Malden, etc. 2002. i-xvii. 1-345 p, Chapter pagination: 217 -234.   ISBN: 0632051159.

Descriptors:   Falconiformes, parasite, diseases, disorders, Strigiformes.

Diversification   and host switching in avian malaria parasites. Ricklefs, Robert E.; Fallon,   Sylvia M. *Proceedings of the Royal Society Biological Sciences Series B,*   May 2002, v. 269 (1494), p. 885-892. ISSN: 0962-8452.

Descriptors:   malaria, parasitic disease, blood and lymphatic disease.

Abstract:   The switching of parasitic organisms to novel hosts, in which they may cause   the emergence of new diseases, is of great concern to human health and the management   of wild and domesticated populations of animals. We used a phylogenetic approach   to develop a better statistical assessment of host switching in a large sample   of vector-borne malaria parasites of birds (*Plasmodium*and *Haemoproteus*)   over their history of parasite-host relations. Even with sparse sampling, the   number of parasite lineages was almost equal to the number of avian hosts. We   found that strongly supported sister lineages of parasites, averaging 1.2% sequence   divergence, exhibited highly significant host and geographical fidelity. Event-based   matching of host and parasite phylogenetic trees revealed significant cospeciation.   However, the accumulated effects of host switching and long distance dispersal   cause these signals to disappear before 4% sequence divergence is achieved.   Mitochondrial DNA nucleotide substitution appears to occur about three times   faster in hosts than in parasites, contrary to findings on other parasite-host   systems. Using this mutual calibration, the phylogenies of the parasites and   their hosts appear to be similar in age, suggesting that avian malaria parasites   diversified along with their modern avian hosts. Although host switching has   been a prominent feature over the evolutionary history of avian malaria parasites,   it is infrequent and unpredictable on time scales germane to public health and   wildlife management. 

The   evolutionary transition to coloniality promotes higher blood parasitism in birds.   Tella J.L. *Journal of Evolutionary Biology,* Jan. 2002, v. 15 (1), p.   32-41. ISSN: 1010-061X.

NAL   call no: QH359.J68

Descriptors:   avian hosts, colonial breeding, evolution, protozoan parasites.

Abstract:   Parasitism has been argued as one of the major costs of breeding sociality in   birds. However, there is no clear evidence for an increased parasite pressure   associated with the evolutionary transition from solitary to colonial breeding.   I used the pairwise comparative method to test whether colonial bird species   incur in a greater risk of infection and if they must to face with a greater   diversity of blood parasites (*Haematozoa*), by comparing pairs of congeners   that included one solitary and one colonial breeding species. The richness,   both in terms of number of species and number of genera, as well as the prevalence   of blood parasites resulted higher in colonial species than in their solitary   breeding sisters, while controlling for differences in research effort and other   potentially confounding effects. These results point towards higher transmission   rates of blood parasites among colonial hosts. Given the detrimental effects   of blood parasites on their host fitness, the higher risk of infection and the   exposition to a more diverse parasite fauna may have imposed an important cost   associated to the evolution of avian coloniality. This may help to explain why   colonial species have larger immune system organs, as well as to explore differences   in other host life history traits potentially shaped by blood parasites.

Ehrlichiosis,   *Ixodes* ticks and migratory birds. Alekseev, A.N.; Dubinina,   H.V. *International Journal of Medical Microbiology,* Jun. 2002, v. 291   (Supplement 33), p. 196. *VIth International Potsdam Symposium on Tick Borne   Diseases, Berlin, Germany. Apr. 26-27, 2001*. ISSN: 1438-4221.

NAL   call no: OR1.Z443

Descriptors:   ehrlichiosis, bacterial disease, ticks, migratory birds.

Emerging   infectious diseases in wildlife. Williams, E.S.; Yuill, T.; Artois, M.;   Fischer, J.; Haigh, S.A. *Revue Scientifique et Technique,* Office of International   des Epizooties. Apr. 2002, v. 21 (1), p. 139-157. ISSN: 0253-1933. 

NAL   call no: SF781.R4

Descriptors:   pathogens, infectious diseases, population dynamics, vectors, bacterial diseases,   viral diseases, fungal diseases.

Abstract:   The process which gives rise to emerging infectious diseases of wildlife can   be categorised as follows: ecosystem alterations of anthropogenic or natural   origin; movement of pathogens or vectors, via human or natural agency; and changes   in microbes or in the recognition of emerging pathogens due to advances in the   techniques of epidemiology. These are simplistic divisions because factors influencing   the emergence of diseases of wild animals generally fall into more than one   category. Mycoplasmosis among passerines is related to habitat changes and artificial   feeding resulting in increased bird densities and subsequent disease transmission.   The origin of this strain of *Mycoplasma gallisepticum*is not known. Hantavirus   infections in rodents have emerged due to human-induced landscape alterations   and/or climactic changes influencing population dynamics of hantavirus reservoir   hosts, with disease consequences for humans. Movement of pathogens or vectors   is a very important process by which diseases of wildlife expand geographic   range. Although the origin of calciviruses of rabbits and hares is somewhat   obscure, their movement by humans, either deliberately of accidentally, has   greatly expanded the distribution of these viruses. Rabies is an ancient disease,   but geographic expansion has occurred by both natural and anthropogenic movements   of wild animals. Human movement of amphibians may explain the distribution of   the highly pathogenic chytrid fungus around the world. Newly recognised paramyxoviruses   may reflect both changes in these pathogens and the development of techniques   of identification and classification. Many more such examples of emerging diseases   will arise in the future, given the extensive alterations in landscapes world-wide   and movements of animals, vectors and pathogens. Those who study and diagnose   diseases of wildlife must be alert for emerging diseases so that the impact   of such diseases on wild animals, domestic animals and humans can be minimized.   

Engineering   mosquito resistance to malaria parasites: The avian malaria model. James,   A.A. *Insect Biochemistry and Molecular Biology,* Oct. 2002, v. 32 (10),   p. 1317-1323. ISSN: 0965-1748.

NAL   call no: QL495.A1I57

Descriptors:   malaria, transmission, Aedes aegypti, *Plasmodium gallinaceum,*blood and   lymphatic disease.

Abstract:   Genetic approaches to controlling the transmission of mosquito-borne diseases   are being developed to augment the available chemical control practices and   environmental manipulation methods. Much progress has been made in laboratory-based   research that seeks to develop antipathogen or antivector effector genes and   methods for genetically manipulating host vector strains. Research is summarized   here in the development of a malarial-resistant phenotype using as a model system   the avian parasite, *Plasmodium gallinaceum*, and the mosquito, *Aedes   aegypti*. Robust transformation technology based on number of transposable   elements, the identification of promoter regions derived from endogenous mosquito   genes, and the development of single-chain antibodies as effector genes have   made it possible to produce malaria-resistant mosquitoes. Future challenges   include discovery of methods for spreading antiparasite genes through mosquito   populations, determining the threshold levels below which parasite intensities   of infection must be held, and defining the circumstances in which a genetic   control strategy would be employed in the field.

Four   new species of feather mites (Acari: Analgoidea). Mironov, Sergei V.;   Galloway, Terry D. *Canadian Entomologist,* Sept./Oct. 2002, v. 134 (5),   p. 605-618. ISSN: 0008-347X.

NAL   call no: 421.C16

Descriptors:   parasitology, systematics, taxonomy, morphology, *Megniniella ratcliffi sp.   nov*., *Metanalges holderi sp. nov*., *Metengrassia pelecani sp. nov*.,   *Vingrassia cygni sp. nov*.

Abstract:   Four new species of feather mites are described from birds in Canada: *Megniniella   ratcliffi sp. nov*. (Analgidae) and *Metanalges holderi sp. nov*. (Analgidae)   from the Sora, *Prozana carolina*(Linnaeus) (Gruiformes: Rallidae); *Metengrassia   pelecani sp. nov*. (Xolalgidae) from the American White Pelican, *Pelecanus   erythrororhynchos Gmelin*(Pelicaniformes: Pelicanidae); and *Vingrassia   cygni sp. nov*. (Xolalgidae) from the Tundra Swan, *Cygnus columbianus*(Ord) (Anseriformes: Anatidae). The genus *Vingrassia* is reinstated   from its previous synonymy with the genus *Ingrassia*based on the presence   of an enlarged prodorsal shield in both sexes, by the shape of the idiosoma   and the interlobar membrane on the lobar apices in the male, and by the shape   of the hysteronotal shield and the absence of setae ps2 in the female.

Fowl   cholera in pheasants (*Phasianus colchicus*) - etiological investigation   and effect of therapy with thiamphenical. Popova, T. *Bulgarian Journal   of Veterinary Medicine,* 2002, v. 5 (1), p. 23-28. ref. ill. ISSN: 1311-1477.

Descriptors:   pheasants, fowl cholera, antibiotics, etiology, infectious diseases, *Pasteurella   multocida.*

Abstract:   In an outbreak of fowl cholera that occurred in a pheasant *(Phasianus colchicus*)   flock, seventeen per cent of about 1000 birds from the flock died of an acute   disease. The established pathological alterations were typical of fowl cholera.   *Pasteurella multocida*was isolated in pure culture from hearts, livers   and spleens of three dead birds. Examined characteristics included phenotypic   and biochemical determination of the biotype (subspecies) and the in vitro susceptibility   of isolates to antimicrobial agents. Isolates were identified as belonging to   the multocida subspecies. Their drug susceptibility was identical. All isolates   were highly susceptible in vitro to tested amphenicols, including thiamphenicol.

*Haemoproteus   lophortyx*infection in bobwhite quail. Cardona, Carol J.; Ihejirika,   Arthur; McClellan, Linda. *Avian Diseases,* Jan/Mar. 2002, v. 46 (1), p.   249-255. ref. ISSN: 0005-2086.

NAL   call no: 41.8 AV5

Descriptors:   parasitic diseases, mortality, blood and lymphatic diseases.

Abstract:   This report chronicles recurring outbreaks of *Haemoproteus lophortyx*infection   in captive bobwhite quail. Clinically, the signs of infection included reluctance   to move, ruffled appearance, prostration, and death. These signs were associated   with parasitemia, anemia, and the presence of large megaloschizonts in skeletal   muscles, particularly those of the thighs and back. The average cumulative mortality   for flocks experiencing outbreaks was over 20%. In a typical outbreak, mortality   rose when birds were 5-6 weeks of age, peaked in 8-10 wk old quail, and declined   rapidly when quail were 9-11 wk old. Outbreaks occurred exclusively between   the months of May and October, and warm weather was determined to be a risk   factor for *H. lophortyx*mortality. This protozoan most likely overwinters   in native California quail in the area and is transmitted to quail on the ranch   by an insect vector that emerges in warm weather. Infection of the large population   of naive bobwhite quail on the ranch leads to amplification of *H. lophortyx*,   resulting in epidemics in successive flocks. 

Helminth   and arthropod parasites of the brown pelican, *Pelecanus occidentalis*,   in Puerto Rico, with a compilation of all metazoan parasites reported from this   host in the western hemisphere. Dyer, William G.; Williams, Ernest H.   Jr.; Mignucci-Giannoni, Antonio A.; Jiminez-Marrero, Nilda M.; Bunkley-Williams,   Lucy; Moore, Debra P.; Pence, Danny B. *Avian Pathology,* Oct. 2002, v.   31 (5), p. 441-448. ISSN: 0307-9457. www.tandf.co.uk/journals/tf/03079457.html

NAL   call no: SF995.A1A9

Descriptors:   parasitic diseases, pelican, infestation, *Pelecanus*, metazoan parasites,   helminths, arthropods.

Abstract:   Seven species of helminths and six species of arthropods are reported from 23   of 40 brown pelicans, *Pelecanus occidentalis*, collected from various   localities in Puerto Rico. Helminth parasites include three nematodes (*Contracaecum   multipapillatum*, *Contracaecum mexicanum*, and *Eustrongylides sp*.),   three trematodes *(Galactosomum darbyi, Mesostephanus appendiculatoides*,   and *Ribeiroia ondatrae*), and one cestode (*Tetrabothrium sulae*).   Arthropod parasites include *Colpocephalum occidentalis*, *Neottialges   apunctatus*, *Ornithodoros capensis*, *Phalacrodectus pelecani*,   *Phalacrodectus punctatissimus*, and *Phalacrodectus sp.*The presence   of *R. ondatrae*in the brown pelican is a new species host record, and   *P. pelecani, P. punctatissimus*and *N. apunctatus*are new subspecies   host records.*C. multipapillatum, C. mexicanum, G. darbyi*and *M. appendiculatoides*are new locality records for Puerto Rico, and*N. apunctatus, P. punctatissimus*and *T. sulae*are new locality records for the Caribbean. Necrosis   produced by *C. multipapillatum*, *C. mexicanum*, and *R. ondatrae*may have contributed to the emaciation and death of the brown pelicans examined   in the present study.

The   importance of host spatial distribution for parasite specialization and speciation:   A comparative study of bird fleas (Siphonaptera: Ceratophyllidae). Tripet,   Frederick; Christe, Philippe; Moller, Anders Pape. *Journal of Animal Ecology,*   Sept. 2002, v. 71 (5), p. 735-748. ISSN: 0021-8790. www.blackwell-science.com/~cgilib/jnlpage.asp?Journal=janim&file=janim

NAL   call no: 410 J826
Descriptors:   parasitology, ecology, speciation, parasite-host range.

Abstract:   1. The environment of parasites is determined largely by their hosts. Variation   in host quality, abundance and spatial distribution affects the balance between   selection within hosts and gene flow between hosts, and this should determine   the evolution of a parasite’s host-range and its propensity to locally   adapt and speciate. 2. We investigated the relationship between host spatial   distribution and (1) parasite-host range, (2) parasite mobility and (3) parasite   geographical range, in a comparative study of a major group of avian ectoparasites,   the bird fleas belonging to the Ceratophyllidae (Siphonaptera). 3. Flea species   parasitizing colonial birds had a narrower host range than those infesting territorial   nesters or birds with an intermediate level of nest aggregation. 4. The potential   mobility and geographical ranges of fleas decreased with increasing level of   aggregation of their hosts and increased with the fleas’ host range. 5.   Birds with aggregated nest distribution harboured more flea species mainly due   to a larger number of specialists than solitary nesting hosts. 6. These results   emphasize the importance of host spatial distribution for the evolution of specialization,   and for local adaptation and speciation in Ceratophyllid bird fleas.

 

Infectious   agents associated with respiratory disease in pheasants. Welchman, D.   de B.; Bradbury, J.M.; Cavaugh, D.; Aebischer, N.J.; de B. Welchman, D. *Veterinary   Record,* 2002 v. 150 (21), p. 658-664. ref. ISSN: 0042-4900. 

            NAL   call no: 41.8 V641

Descriptors:   aetiology, disease distribution, outbreaks, respiratory diseases, *Mycoplasma   gallisepticum*.

Abstract:   In a case-control study of the infectious agents associated with natural outbreaks   of respiratory disease in pheasants, 28 batches of birds from sites affected   by disease and eight batches of birds from unaffected sites were examined by   six veterinary laboratories in England, Wales and Scotland during the 1998-1999   (April 1998) and 1999-2000 (February 2000) seasons and tested for mycoplasmas,   other bacteria and viruses. Sinusitis was the commonest sign of disease and   was associated with *Mycoplasma gallisepticum*as detected by polymerase   chain reaction (PCR) in the trachea (P<0.05) and conjunctiva (P<0.01).   Sinusitis was also associated with *Pasteurella* cultured from the sinus   (P<0.05), antibody to avian pneumovirus (APV) (P<0.01) and avian coronaviruses   as detected by reverse- transcriptase PCR (RT-PCR) (P<0.05); there was no   association between disease and APV as detected by PCR. Avian coronaviruses   were the most common infectious agents detected. They were genetically close   to infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) but differed in their gene sequence from   all the serotypes of IBV previously identified in domestic fowl and serological   tests with six known IBV types showed little cross reactivity. Mycoplasma species   other than *M. gallisepticum*were cultured in 18 batches of pheasants   but, with the exception of *Mycoplasma gallisepticum*, were not associated   with disease. 

 

Low   humidity reduces ectoparasite pressure: Implications for host life history evolution.   Moyer, Brett R.; Drown, Devin M.; Clayton, Dale H. *Oikos,* May 2002, v.   97 (2), p. 223-228. ISSN: 0030-1299. www.blackwellmunksgaard.com/oikos</p>
            NAL   call no: 410 O14

Descriptors:   ecology, evolution, parasitology, adaptation, effects of humidity, arid regions,   parasite levels, lice.

Abstract:   A parasite’s potential effect, or “pressure”, can influence   the life history strategy of its host. In environments with high parasite pressure,   hosts invest more in anti-parasite defense, which may limit their investment   in other life history components, such as survival. This tradeoff is difficult   to study in natural populations because pressure is hard to quantify. Pressure   is not necessarily correlated with the abundance of the parasite. A host population   can be under high pressure, yet have few parasites, because members of the population   have invested heavily in defense. Therefore, the extent to which parasite pressure   varies among host populations, and the cause of such variation, remain largely   undocumented. In this paper we show that birds in arid regions have fewer ectoparasitic   lice than birds in humid regions. We show experimentally that low humidity reduces   the number of lice on birds, even when the host defense is held constant. Comparisons   of ambient humidity to humidity beneath the plumage demonstrate that plumage   does not provide a buffer for lice against low humidity. Our results confirm   that an abiotic factor can cause substantial variation in parasite pressure   among host populations. We suggest that humidity may influence host life history   evolution through its impact on ectoparasites.

 

The   metazoan parasite fauna of loons (Aves: Gaviiformes), its relationship to the   bird’s evolutionary history and biology, and a comparison with the parasite   fauna of grebes. Storer, Robert W. *Miscellaneous Publications Museum   of Zoology University of Michigan,* Jun. 18, 2002, i-iv. 191 p. Chapter pagination:   1-44. ISSN: 0076-8405.

            NAL   call no: 410.9 M58M

Descriptors:   parasitism, host, parasite, evolution, relationships, helminths.

Abstract:   The data base of this work parallels that of Storer (2000) on the grebes and   contains lists of the multicellular parasites known to parasitize loons and   a list of the known species of prey taken ny each species of loon. The former   includes information on where in the bird the parasites are found, the distribution   of the parasite species by continents, the degree of host specificity, and life   cycles (whether in fresh of salt water), and lists of known intermediate and   parasitic hosts. These data sets are used to show how the parasite faunas are   related to the biology of the birds and their evolutionary histories. The known   species of helminths of loons include 47 digeneans, 22 cestodes, 14 acanthocephalans,   and 15 nematodes, most of which have aquatic life cycles. No families or subfamilies   and only 2 genera and 23 species of helminths are considered loon specialists.   Several factors appear to have contributed to the greater number of genera and   species of parasites in grebes than in loons. Most loons spend the breeding   season on bodies of oligotrophic water, which have fewer species and numbers   of potential prey than eutrophic waters where most grebes nest. All species   of loons winter on salt water, whereas many grebes are resident on fresh waters,   although those nesting in regions where fresh waters freeze in winter spend   that season on salt waters. Much of the difference can also be attributed to   the greater number of genera (7 versus 1) and species (21 versus 5) in the two   groups of birds, and the wider distribution (nearly cosmopolitan in the grebes   versus holarctic in the loons). The difference is also consistent with the grebes’   greater age and degree of parasite-host specificity. Other factors affecting   differences in the two helminth faunas are a presumed marine origin for the   loon in contrast with a fresh-water one for the grebes’, and the greater   size and hence greater speed of loons under water. The smaller size of grebes   for which a greater number of prey species of optimal size is presumably available,   the grebes’ breeding on eutrophic bodies of water in which a greater variety   of prey species (and hence greater number of species of hosts for parasites)   is available, and grebes’ greater diversity in bill form and foot proportions   which are associated with specializations for taking a greater variety of prey,   may all be involved. Adaptations for pursuit diving, include larger size, which   makes possible a relatively larger mass of leg muscles, longer cnemial crests,   which provide a larger area for the attachment of these muscles, and the possible   effect of the coiled barbules on the outer part of grebe’s contour feathers,   which act like capillaries in absorbing water, which may decrease buoyancy and   may also cause this part of the combined feathers to act like a flexible skin   which cause movement of the water in the feathers to act like the skin of a   cetacean in producing laminar flow of water across the surface of the birds.   There is still much to be done before an adequate knowledge of the multicellular   parasites of loons and grebes is know. The larger number of species of external   parasites found on grebes (12 mites and 13 lice versus 1 mite and 2 line on   loons) is believed to have resulted from the association of grebes with coots   and subsequent speciation on the larger number of species of grebes than loons.   

 

*Mycobacterium   tuberculosis*   infection in a canary (*Serinus canaria L*.) And a blue-fronted Amazon   parrot (*Amazona amazona aestiva*). Hoop, R.K. *Avian Diseases,*   2002, v. 46 (2), p. 502-504. ref. ISSN: 0005-2086. 

            NAL   call no: 41.8 AV5

Descriptors:   clinical aspects, diagnosis, tuberculosis, new host records, case report.

 

Parasites   from farmed ostriches (*Struthio camelus*) and rheas (*Rhea americana*)   in Europe. Ponce, Gordo F.; Herrera, S.; Castro, A.T.; Garcia, Duran   B.; Martinez, Diaz R.A. *Veterinary Parasitology,* 2002, v. 107 (1-2),   p. 137-160. ref. ISSN: 0304-4017.

            NAL   call no: SF810.V4

Descriptors:   digestive tract, ectoparasites, parasitoses, lice, mites, helminths, ciliates,   protozoa.

Abstract:   During a 4 year period (1997-2000), more than 500 ostriches and several rheas,   all born in European countries and raised in Spain and Portugal, have been analysed   for the presence of ectoparasites and endoparasites. A total of 29 parasite   species have been found, most of them of the gastrointestinal tract. Some of   the helminth species found may represent spurious parasitoses, as only the eggs   (of an ascarid and a trematode) were found in some samples. From the organisms   identified, the ectoparasites (lice: *Struthiolipeurus rhea, S. nandu*;   mites:*Dermoglyphus pachycnemis, Gabucinia bicaudata*), helminths (Cestoda:   *Houttuynia struthionis*; Nematoda: *Libyostongylus sp.*, *Codiostomum   struthionis*) and the ciliate *Balantidium struthionis*are known as   ratite specific parasites. *Capillaria*eggs and larvae were also found;   there are no previous records of this parasite from ostriches, and the data   available do not allow to do a tentative specific diagnosis. Among protozoa,   most of the species now found are described for the first time in ratites. They   include organisms also found in other birds (*Trichomonas gallinae, Tetratrichomonas   gallinarum, Chilomastix gallinarum, Spironucleus meleagridis*and *Pleuromonas   jaculans*), and organisms whose specific status cannot be established until   further analysis are performed (*Cryptosporidium sp.*, *Elmeria sp.*and/or   *Isospora sp.*, *Entomoeba sp*. of the one-nucleate and of the 8-nucleate   mature cyst groups, *Endolimax sp., Iodamoeba sp., Monocercomonas sp., Retortamonas**sp., Giardia sp., Blastocystis sp.*and euglenids. 

 

Patterns   of intermediate host use and levels of association between two conflicting manipulative   parasites. Outreman, Yannick; Bollache, Loic; Plaistow, Stewart; Cezilly,   Frank. *International Journal for Parasitology,* Jan. 2002, v. 32 (1),   p. 15-20. ISSN: 0020-7519.

            NAL   call no: QH547.I55

Descriptors:   natural selection, selective constraints, transmission, incidence, infection   level, *Polymorphus minutus, Pomphorhynchus laevis.*

Abstract:   For many parasites with complex life cycles, manipulation of intermediate host   phenotypes is often regarded as an adaptation to increase the probability of   successful transmission. This phenomenon creates opportunities for either synergistic   of conflicting interests between different parasite species sharing the same   intermediate host. When more than one manipulative parasite infect the same   intermediate host, but differ in their definitive host, selection should favour   the establishment of a negative association between these manipulators. Both   *Polymorphus minutus*and *Pomphorhynchus laevis*exploit the amphipod   *Gammarus pulex*as intermediate host but differ markedly in their final   host, a fish for *P. laevis*and a bird for *P. minutus*. The pattern   of host use by these two conflicting manipulative parasites was studied. Their   incidence and intensity of infection and their distribution among *G. pulex*were first examined by analysing three large samples of grammarids collected   from the river Tille, Eastern France. Both parasites had low prevalence in the   host population. However, temporal fluctuation in the level of parasitic infection   was observed. Overall, prevalence of both parasite species was higher in male   than in female G. pulex. We then assessed the degree of association between   the two parasites among their intermediate hosts, using two different methods:   a host-centered measure and a parasite-centered measure. Both measures gave   similar results; showing random association between the two acanthocephalan   species in their intermediate hosts. We discuss our results in relation to the   selective forces and ecological constraints that may determine the pattern of   association between conflicting manipulative parasites.

 

*Pelecitus   helicinus* Railliet & Henry, 1910 (Filaroides, Dirofilariinae) and other   nematode parasites of Brazilian birds. Oniki, Y.; Kinsella, J.M.; Willis,   E.O. *Memorias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz,* 2002, v. 97 (4), p. 597-598.   ref. ISSN: 0074-0276.

            NAL   call no: 448.9 IN74

Descriptors:   nematode infections, taxonomy, geographical distribution.

Abstract:   We report *Pelecitus helicinus*from 13 species of birds of 2 orders and   7 families, collected from the states of Sao Paulo and Mato Grosso, Brazil during   1983-84 and 1987-88. All 13 constitute new host records for this nematode. In   addition, we report the first record of *Aprocta golvani*from Brazil and   *Monasa nigrifrons* (Bucconidae), as well as a number of other nematode   records from neotropical birds.

 

Pet   parrot taxonomy and disease predilections: A regional perspective. Speer,   B.L.; Lightfoot, T.; Marx, K.L. (ed.); Roston, M.A. *Proceedings of the 23rd   Annual Conference on Avian Medicine and Surgery,**Mid Atlantic States   Association of Avian Veterinarians, Fredericksburg, VA, Apr. 28-30, 2002*,   p, 134-158. ref. 

            NAL   call no: SF994.M52

Descriptors:   aviary birds, diseases, clinical aspects, infectious diseases, taxonomy.

 

Pictorial   guide to selected avian skin diseases. Schmidt, R.E. *Exotic DVM,*   2002, v. 4 (1), p. 27-32. ref. ISSN: 1521-1363.

            NAL   call no: SF981.E96

Descriptors:   dermatitis, diagnosis, feathers, skin diseases, skin lesions, pets.

 

Psittacosis/avian   chlamydiosis. Eidson, Millicent. *Journal of the American Veterinary   Medical Association,* Dec. 15, 2002, v. 221 (12), p. 1710-1712. ISSN: 0003-1488.   

            NAL   call no: 41.8 Am3

Descriptors:   psittacosis, avian chlamydiosis, bacterial diseases, diagnosis, therapy.

 

Redescription   and systematic status of *Brachydistomum ventricosum* (Rudolphi, 1809)   comb. N. (Trematoda: Dicrocoeliidae) parasiting passeriformes birds.   Sitko, J.; Okulewicz, J. *Helminthologia,* 2002, v. 39 (2), p. 103-110.   ref. 

            NAL   call no: 436.8 H36

Descriptors:   nomenclature, synonyms, taxonomy, new combinations, parasite.

Abstract:   The morphometrical variability of 373 specimens of *Brachydistomum ventricosum*was studied.*Brachylecithum emberizae, B. mosquensis, Lutztrema sinense,   Platynosomum illeciens sensu, P. kirgisensis, P. macrorchis*and *P. tuvensis*are considered synonyms of *B. ventricosum*.

 

Reovirus   infection in psittacine birds (*Psittacus erithacus*): Morphologic and   immunohistochemical study. Sanchez-Cordon, P.J.; Hervas, J.; de Lara,   F. Chacon; Jahn, J.; Saiguero, F.J.; Gomez-Villamandos, J.C. *Avian Diseases,*   Apr./Jun. 2002, v. 46 (2), p. 485-492. ref. ISSN: 0005-2086.

            NAL   call no: 41.8 AV5

Descriptors:   Pacheco disease, mycosis, grey parrots, herpesvirus infection, diagnosis, transmission,   epidemiology.

Abstract:   In this paper we report on an outbreak of reovirus, herpesvirus (Pacheco disease),   and/or mycosis infection (*Aspergillus spp*. and *Zygomyces spp*.)   Affecting a batch of young African grey parrots (*Psittacus erithacus*),   with 80% morbidity and 30% mortality. Study material was taken from five birds   (four dead and one euthanized) with a range of clinical symptoms (depression,   diarrhea, respiratory symptoms). Diagnosis was confirmed by immunohistochemical   detection of avian reovirus, electron microscopy, and virus isolation. Viral   antigen of reovirus was detected mainly in large mononuclear cells in the bursa   of Fabricus and the spleen, pancreas epithelial cells, and circulating cells;   lymphoid organs displayed the largest number of immunopositive cells and severe   lymphocyte depletion. Bacteriologic study was negative. Reovirus infection was   common in all birds studied, whereas Pacheco disease and mycosis were found   in only some, suggesting that reovirus could be the initial cause triggering   the outbreak and facilitating infection by other agents and their swift spread   through the batch. 

 

A   review of toxoplasmosis in wild birds. Dubey, J.P. *Veterinary Parasitology,*   2002, v. 106 (2), p. 121-153. ref. ISSN: 0304-4017.

            NAL   call no: SF810 V4

Descriptors:   animal pathology, blindness, diagnosis, clinical aspects, toxoplasmosis.

 

Some   parasitic nematodes (Nematoda) of birds (Aves) in the Czech republic.   Frantova, D. *Acta Societatis Zoologicae Bohemicae,* 2002, v. 66 (1), p.   13-28. ref. ISSN: 1211-376X.

            NAL   call no: QL1.C4

Descriptors:   parasitic nematodes, morphology, epidemiology, disease prevalence.

Abstract:   More than 600 birds belonging to 50 species and 8 orders, coming mostly from   southern Bohemia in the Czech Republic, were dissected during 1977-1983 and   1999. Parasitic nematodes seemed to be more prevalent in carnivorous than herbivorous   birds. 13 species of birds of the orders Falconiformes, Charadriiformes (*Larus   ridibundus Linnaeus*, 1766), Passeriformes and Pelecaniformes (*Phalacrocorax   carbo Linnaeus*, 1758) were infected with 20 nematode species: Capillariidae   (11 species), Ascarididae (3), Syngamida (2), Acuariidae (2), Anisakidae (1)   and Aproctidae (1). The occurrence of some rare species (*Aonchotheca longifilla*)   (Dujardin, 1845), *Baruscapillaria carbonis*(Dubinin et Dubonina, 1940),   *Capillaria cf. Tenuissima*(Rudolphi, 1809), *Cosmocephalus obvelaru*s   (Creplin, 1825) was recorded. Detailed descriptions of *Aonchotheca exilis*(Dujardin, 1845) and *A. longifilla*are given. *Baruscapillaria   carbonis*from Phalacrocorax carbo is new for the nematofauna of the Czech   Republic. Parasites of the genus Aonchotheca (Lopex-Neyra, 1947) were recorded   from *Fringilla coelebs*for the first time. 

 

Spot-on   formulations for combating parasites. Huet, Anne Marie; Julia, Bruno;   Etchegaray, Jean Pierre; Weil, Andre; Jeannin, Philippe. *Official Gazette   of the United States Patent and Trademark Office, Patents.* (e-file) Jul   30, 2002, v. 1260 (5), no pagination. www.uspto.gov/web/menu/pdata.html.   ISSN: 0098-1133.

            NAL   call no: T223.A21

Descriptors:   parasitic infection, drug therapy, parasitic disease, treatment, topical treatment.

Abstract:   In particular this invention provides for spot-on compositions for the treatment   or prophylaxis of parasite infestations in mammals or birds which comprise:   (1) a composition compromising (A) an effective amount of a 1-phenylpyrazole   derivative; and/or (B) an effective amount of a macrocyclic lactone antihelmintic   or antiparasitic agent; (2) an acceptable liquid carrier vehicle; and (3) optionally,   a crystallization inhibitor. The invention also provides for a method of treating   parasitic infestations of for the prophylaxis of parasite infestations in mammals   or birds which comprises topically applying to said mammal treating parasitic   infestations or for the prophylaxis of parasite infestations in mammals or birds   which comprises topically applying to said mammal or bird an effective amount   of a composition according to the present invention.

 

Thyroid   hyperplasia in birds. Schmidt, Robert A.; Reavill, Drury, R. *Journal   of Avian Medicine and Surgery,* Jun. 2002, v. 16 (2), p. 111-114. ISSN: 1082-6742.

            NAL   call no: SF994.J6

Descriptors:   Aves, thyroid gland, thyroid hyperplasia, occurrence rate, causes, various species.

Abstract:   Thyroid hyperplasia (goiter) has been considered a common problem in birds and   is most commonly observed in budgerigars and pigeons. Records of the Zoo/Exotic   Pathology Service (West Sacramento, CA, USA) were reviewed for the period from   October 1984 tp April 2001. From nearly 12, 500 avian accessions, 30 reported   a morphologic diagnosis of thyroid hyperplasia. Twenty-nine of 30 birds from   varying species had multiple diagnoses at necropsy, while the remaining bird   was diagnosed with thyroid hyperplasia alone. The appearance of all thyroid   glands submitted was similar-the glands were enlarged bilaterally (approximately   2.7 x 1.4 cm in size) and red-brown or purple in color. Histologic changes to   the thyroid parenchyma were diffuse in all cases (30/30). Thyroid glands contained   numerous follicles lined by large cuboidal or low columnar epithelial cells.   The morphological diagnosis was thyroid follicular hyperplasia (hyperplastic   goiter). Macaws were represented disproportionately (20/30), particularly blue   and gold macaws (*Ara ararauna*), which represented 15/20 macaws. The cause   of thyroid hyperplasia was not determined with certainty in the birds examined.   

 

Two   new rhabdoviruses (Rhabdoviridae) isolated from birds during surveillance for   arboviral encephalitis, Northern United States. Travassos da Rosa, A.P.A.;   Mather, T.N.; Takeda, T.; Whitehouse, C.A.; Shope, R.E.; Popov, V.L.; Guzman,   H.; Coffey, L.; Araujo, T.P.; Tesh, R.B.; da-Rosa, A.P.A. Travassos. *Emerging   Infectious Diseases,* 2002, v. 8 (6), p. 514-618. ref. ISSN: 1080-6040.

            NAL   call no: RA648.5.E6

Descriptors:   taxonomy, viral diseases, birds.

Abstract:   Two novel rhabdoviruses were isolated from birds (i.e. dead pigeons) during   surveillance for arboviral encephalitis in the northeastern USA. The first,   designated Farmington virus, is a tentative new member of the Vesiculovirus   genus. The second, designated Rhode Island virus, is unclassified antigenically,   but its ultrastructure and size are more similar to those of some of the plant   rhabdoviruses. Both viruses infect birds and mice, as well as monkey kidney   cells in culture, but their importance for human health is unknown.

 

Update   on survey of diseases and causes of death in wild birds. Waine, Jason.*Fair Isle Bird Observatory Report,* 2002, v. 54, p. 16-20. ISSN:   0427-9190.

Descriptors:   Aves, diseases and disorders, causes, Scotland, mortality causes.

 

Variation   in tick infestation rate in passerine birds. Strub, O.; Seitz, A.; Kaiser,   A. *International Journal of Medical Microbiology,*Jun. 2002, v. 291 (Supplement   33), p. 236. *VIth International Potsdam Symposium on tick Borne Diseases,   Berlin, Germany, Apr. 26-27, 2001*. ISSN: 1438-4221.

            NAL   call no: QR1.Z443

Descriptors:   bird, host, tick, disease vector.

 

Virus   neutralization assays used in exotic bird medicine. Phalen, David N.   *Seminars in Avian and Exotic Pet Medicine,* Jan. 2002, v. 11 (1), p. 19-24.   ISSN: 1055-937X. 

            NAL   call no: SF994.2.A1S36

Descriptors:   psittaciformes, diagnostic technique, virus neutralization assays. 

 

West   Nile virus activity: United States, November 7-13, 2002. Centers for   Disease Control and Prevention. *Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report,*   Nov. 15, 2002, v. 51 (45), p. 1026-1027. ISSN: 0149-2195.

            NAL   call no: RA407.3.M562

Descriptors:   West Nile virus infection, epidemiology, Aves, disease vector, host, birds.

 

West   Nile virus: A threat to North American avian species. McLean, Robert   G. *Transactions of the North American Wildlife and Natural Resources Conference,*   2002, v. 67, p. 62-74. ISSN: 0078-1355. Wildlife Management Institute, 1101   14th St., N.W., Suite 801, Washington, C.D. 20005.

            NAL   call no: 412.9 N814

Descriptors:   epidemiology, vector biology, disease surveillance in birds.

 

 

2001

 

Air   borne transmission of avian pneumovirus (APV). Nagaraja, K.V.; Shin,   H.; Halvorson, D.A. *Abstracts of the General Meeting of the American Society   for Microbiology,* 2001, v. 101, p. 696. ISSN: 1060-2011. 

            NAL   call no: OR1.A5

   Descriptors: viral infection, viral respiratory disease, vector biology,   avian pneumovirus, metapneumovirus, turkeys.

Abstract:   Avian pneumovirus (APV) is a Paramyxovirus that belongs to the genus Metapneumovirus,   and is associated with catarrhal inflammation of upper respiratory tract in   turkeys. APV has been a cause of serious economic problem in turkeys industry   in Minnesota, but the mechanism of transmission of the virus is not clearly   understood. We investigated the possibility of air borne transmission of APV.   Briefly, twenty 2 week old turkey poults were experimentally exposed with 200   *u*l of vero cell cultured avian pneumovirus MN-2a strain (TCID50 5.3/ml)   oculo-nasally. Another 20 birds were exposed with 200 *u*l of minimum essential   media (MEM) through the same route. Turkeys in both groups were kept in two   experimental nursery pens (1.2x1.2m) enclosed in 4 aluminum and plexiglass-clad   chambers connected by a rectangular duct (0.6x0.6m) that was 1m long. The duct   allowed ventilating air to flow from 1 pen housing exposed to the APV unexposed   control turkeys. On 3, 6 and 15 days post inoculation (PI), choanal swabs were   collected from each bird and examined by M. Gene based RT-PCR. In addition,   serum samples were monitored for APV antibody. It is suggested from these results   that APV is transmitted through the air. The results of RT-PCR revealed the   presence of APV viral nucleic acid in samples from controls by 3 days post exposure   of turkeys in one chamber. The serum samples from control showed the presence   of APV antibody.

 

Birds   and *Borrelia*. Humair, P.F.; Suss, J. (ed); Kahl, O. (ed); Dautel,   H. *International Journal of Microbiology,*2001, v. 291, Supplement 33,   p. 70-74. ref. ISSN: 1438-4221.

Descriptors:   disease vectors, epidemiology, Lyme disease, reservoir hosts, *Borrelia burgdorferi*.

Abstract:   After several years of controversy, the contribution of birds in the ecology   of *Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato*(*sl*) has become more and   more obvious on the three continents where the pathogens are distributed. Evidence   of the reservoir competence of particular bird species has been obtained using   tick xenodiagnosis. *B. burgdorferi**sl*circulates not only in   terrestrial environment involving *Ixodes ricinus*and undergrowth-frequenting   birds but also in marine environment involving *I. uriae* and seabirds.   Migrating birds contribute to the spread of *B. burgdorferi sl*and infected   tick vectors along migration routes. 

 

Bird   schistosomes: do they die in mammalian skin? Horak, Petr; Kolarova, Libuse.   *Trends in Parasitology,* Feb. 2001, v. 17 (2), p. 66-69. ISSN: 1471-4922.   

            NAL   call no: QL757.P374

Descriptors:   avian hosts, human hosts, life cycle, skin invasion, transmission. 

 

Bird   and their ticks in northwestern California: Minimal contribution to *Borrelia   bugdorferi*enzootiology. Slowik, Ted J; Lane, Robert S. *Journal   of Parasitology,* Aug. 2001, v. 87 (4), p. 755-761. ISSN: 0022-3395.

            NAL   call no: 448.8.J824

Descriptors:   parasitology, vector biology, tick infestation, Aves, Lyme disease, California.

Abstract:   Birds and their attendant ticks were surveyed for infection with the Lyme disease   spirochete *Borrelia burgdorferi*, in chaparral and woodland-grass habitats   in northwestern California from March to July, 1998 to 1999. In total, 234 birds   were captured and recaptured (15%); nearly 2.5 times more birds were captured   in chaparral than in woodland-grass. Overall, 34 species representing 15 families   were collected during this study; of these, 24 species were caught in chaparral,   19 in woodland-grass, and 9 in both vegetational types. The most frequently   captured birds were sage sparrows (*Amphispiza belli*) in chaparral, and   American robins (*Turdus migratorius*) and oak titmice (*Baelophus inornatus*)   in woodland-grass.Birds hosted 35 *Ixodes   pacificus*(15 larvae, 20 nymphs) and 9 *Haemaphysalis leporispalustris*(3 larvae, 5 nymphs, 1 adult) ticks, of which 32 were removed from chaparral   birds and 12 from woodland birds. The prevalence of tick infestation was 13%   (21/167) in chaparral and 5% (3/67) in woodland-grass, but the relative and   mean tick intensities of 0.19 and 1.5 for chaparral birds, and 0.18 and 4.0   for woodland birds, respectively, did not differ significantly by habitat. Spirochetes   were not detected in either bird-blood or tick-tissue samples when tested by   culture, immunofluorescence, or Giemsa-staining. In contrast, over 90% (86/94)   of western fence lizards (*Sceloporus occidentalis*) collected in June   or July were infested with an average of 6.9 and 8.9 immature I. pacificus in   chaparral and woodland-grass, respectively. We concluded that birds contribute   little to the enzootiology of *B. burgdorferi* in chaparral and woodland-grass   habitats in northwestern California because of their limited parasitism by tick   vectors and lack of detectable spirochetes.

 

Blood   parasites of birds: A plea for more cautious terminology. Cooper, John   E.; Anwar, M. Ali. *Ibis,* Jan. 2001, v. 143 (1), p. 149-150. ISSN: 0019-1019.   

            NAL   call no: SB359.5 B78

Descriptors:   blood parasitism, blood and lymphatic diseases, parasitic diseases, taxonomy.   

 

Detection   and heterogeneity of herpesviruses causing Pacheco’s disease in parrots.   Tomaszewski, E.; Wilson, V.G.; Wigle, W.L.; Phalen, D.N. *Journal of clinical   Microbiology,* 2001, v. 39 (2), p. 533-538. ref. ISSN: 0095-1137.

            NAL   call no: QL46.J6

Descriptors:   animal diseases, diagnosis, epidemiology, polymerase chain reaction, alphaherpesvirus.

Abstract:   Pacheco’s disease (PD) is a common, often fatal, disease of parrots. We   cloned a virus isolate from a parrot that had characteristic lesions of PD.   Three viral clones were partly sequenced demonstrating that this virus was an   alphaherpesvirus most closely related to the gallid herpesvirus. Five primer   sets were developed from these sequences. The primer sets were used with PCR   to screen tissues or tissue culture media suspected to contain viruses from   54 outbreaks of PD. The primer sets amplified DNA from all but one sample. Ten   amplification patterns were detected, indicating that PD is caused by a genetically   heterogeneous population of viruses. A single genetic variant (psittacid herpesvirus   variant) amplified with all primer sets was the most common virus variant (62.7%).   A single primer set (23F) amplified DNA from all of the positive samples, suggesting   that PCR could be used as a rapid postmortem assay for these viruses. PCR was   found to be significantly more sensitive than tissue culture for the detection   of psittacid herpesviruses. 

 

Disease   of aviary birds. Resanovic, R. *Zivinarstvo,* 2001, v. 36 (6-7),   p. 143-145. ISSN: 0354-4036.

Descriptors:   aviary birds, disease, pets.

Abstract:   This is a discussion of handling and treating caged exotic birds at small animal   practice.

 

Disease   control in adult pheasants. Pennycott, T. *In Practice,* 2001, v.   23 (3), p. 132-140. ref. ISSN: 0263-841X. 

            NAL   call no: SF601.I4

Descriptors:   diagnosis, disease control, helminths, game birds, peritonitis. 

 

Disease   emergence in birds: Challenges for the twenty-first century. Friend,   M.; McLean, R.G.; Dein, F.J. *Auk,* 2001, v. 118 (2), p. 290-303. ref.   ISSN: 0004-8038.

            NAL   call no: 413.8 AU4

Descriptors:   bacterial diseases, distribution, parasitoses, reviews, zoonoses.

Abstract:   Disease occurrences in birds that have increased within the past 3 decades,   or threaten to increase in the near future relative to populations affected,   geographical distribution, or magnitude of effects are presented. Disease and   disease emergence in birds are defined. This paper focuses on the microbes and   parasites that cause diseases in unconfined biota and wild avifauna. The following   topics are discussed: disease-distribution; geographical-distribution; mycoses;   parasitoses; population-dynamics; and zoonoses. 

 

Diseases   of caged birds transmissible to humans. Resanovic, R. *Zivinarstvo,*   2001, v. 36 (11), p. 239-240. ref. ISSN: 0354-4036.

Descriptors:   antibiotics, drug therapy, ivermectin, zoonoses, treatment, *Knemidokoptes*.

Abstract:   A parrot beak and feather dystrophy (parvoviral infection), and *Knemidokoptes   spp*. ectoparasitosis of birds are discussed. Parrot and beak and feather   dystrophy can be treated by systemic antibiotics, antifungal disinfectants and   glucocorticosteroids, and *Knemidokoptes spp*. ectoparasitosis with ivermectin.   

 

Diseases   of penguins. Duignan, P.J. *Surveillance-Wellington,* 2001, v. 28   (4), p. 5-11. ref. ISSN: 0112-4972.

            NAL   call no: RA648.5.E46

Descriptors:   bacterial diseases, starvation, viral diseases, animal welfare.

 

*Ehrlichia*-infected   ticks on migrating birds. Bjoersdorff, A.; Bergstrom, S.; Massung, R.F.;   Haemig, P.D.; Olsen, B. *Emerging Infectious Diseases,*2001, v. 7 (5),   p. 877-879. ref. ISSN: 1080-6040.

            NAL   call no: RA648.5.E46

Descriptors:   disease transmission, disease vectors, human diseases, tickborne diseases.

Abstract:   During the spring of 1996, and estimated 581395 *Ehrlichia*-infected   ticks were imported into Sweden by migrating birds. *Ehrlichia* gene   sequences found 9 of 165 ticks collected from these migrating birds were identical   to those of granulocytic ehrlichiosis found in domestic animals and humans in   Sweden. These findings support the idea that birds may play a role in dispersing   *Ehrlichia*. 

 

Ehrlichiosis,   *Ixodes* ticks and migratory birds. Alekseev, A.N.; Dubinina,   H.V.; Suss, J.(ed.); Kahl, O.(ed.); Dautel, H. *Proceedings of the VIth International   Potsdam Symposium on Tick Borne Diseases (IPS VI),**Berlin, Germany,   Apr. 26-27, 2001.**International Journal of Medical Biology,*2001,   v. 291 Supplement 33, p. 236. ISSN: 1438-4221.

            NAL   call no: QR1.Z443

Descriptors:   disease vectors, human diseases, mixed infections, reservoir hosts, *Ehrlichia*.   

 

Emerging   zoonotic diseases. Hansen, G.R.; Woodall, J.; Brown, C.; Jaax, N.; McNamara,   T.; Ruiz, A. *International Conference on Infectious Diseases, Jul. 2000,   Atlanta, GA.**Emerging Infectious Diseases,*2001, v. 7 (3) Supplement   537. ISSN: 1080-6040.

            NAL   call no: RA648.5.E46

             Descriptors:   bacterial diseases, cat-scratch disease, disease models, exotics.

 

Encephalitis   virus persistence in California birds: Preliminary studies with house finches.   Reisen, W.K.; Kramer, L.G.; Chiles, R.E.; Green, E.G.N.; Martinez, V.M. *Journal   of Medical Entomology,* May 2001, v. 38 (3), p. 393-399. ref. ISSN: 0022-2585.

            NAL   call no: 421.J828

Descriptors:   Fringillidae, western equine encephalitis virus, chronic infections.

Abstract:   Field collected house finches of mixed sex and age were infected experimentally   with either western equine encephalomyelitis (WEE) or St. Louis encephalitis   (SLE) viruses during the summer or fall of 1998 and maintained over the winter   under ambient conditions. To detect natural relapse during the spring, 32 birds   were bled weekly from February through June 1999, and then necropsied 1 yr after   infection to detect chronic infections using a reverse transcription polymerase   chain reaction (RT-PCR). After 10 mo, 13/14 surviving birds previously infected   with WEE were antibody positive by enzyme immunoassay (EIA), and 11/14 had plaque   reduction neutralization test (PRNT) antibody titers >1:20, whereas only   of 8/13 birds previously infected with SLE were positive by EIA and all had   PRNT titers < 1:20. When necropsied, 1/14 and 1/13 birds had WEE and SLE   RT-PCR positive lung or spleen tissue, respectively; blood, brain, and liver   tissues were negative as were all previous blood samples. All tissues from these   birds including weekly blood samples tested negative for infectious virus by   plaque assay on Vero cell culture. To determine if persistent antibody was protective,   birds infected initially with WEE of SLE in November 1998 were challenged 6   mo later with homologous virus. WEE antibody persisted well (5/6 birds remained   PRNT positive before challenge) and remained protective, because 0/6 birds were   viremic after challenge. In contrast, SLE antibody decayed rapidly (0/6 birds   remained PRNT positive before challenge) and was not protective, because 3/6   birds developed an ephemeral viremia on day 1 after infection (mean titer, 10(2.73)   plaque forming units/0.1 ml). When necropsied 7 wk after challenge, 1/10 birds   infected with WEE and 1/10 birds infected with SLE exhibited an RT-PCR positive   spleen, despite the fact that both birds had PRNT antibody titers >1:40 at   this time. To determine if immunosuppression would cause a chronic infection   to relapse, eight birds initially infected with either WEE or SLE were treated   with cyclophosphamide and then tested repeatedly for viremia; all samples were   negative for virus by plaque assay. Collectively, our results indicated that   a low percentage of birds experimentally infected with WEE or SLE developed   chronic infections in the spleen or lung that could be detected by Rt-PCR, but   not by plaque assay. Birds did not appear to relapse naturally or after immunosuppression.   The rapid decay of SLE, but not WEE, antibody may allow the relapse of chronic   infections of SLE, but not WEE, to produce viremias sufficiently elevated to   infect mosquitoes. 

 

Feather   mites on birds: Costs of parasitism or conditional outcomes? Blanco,   Guillermo; Tella, Jose L.; Potti, Jaime; Baz, Arturo. *Journal of Avian Biology,*   Sept. 2001, v. 32 (3), p. 271-274. ISSN: 0908-8857.

Descriptors:   Aves, host, feather mite, parasite, symbiont, cost-benefit relations.

Abstract:   Feather mites (suborder Astigmata, superfamilies Analgoidea, Pterolichoidea   and Freyaniidae) are among the commonest ectosymbionts of birds. Most researchers   have assumed they are parasites, having negative effects on hosts. Here we present   evidence that suggests that feather mites may not be parasites. We develop a   framework for considering conditional outcomes in these interspecific associations,   dealing with different kinds of relationships between symbionts. The non-parasitic   status of feather mites is supported by a literature review as well as by preliminary   data on mites’ food. We illustrate symbiotic relationships with a graphical   model showing different scenarios in which hosts’ cost-benefit relations   are determined by the interactions among their symbionts. 

 

Fecal   shedding and antimicrobial susceptibility of selected bacterial pathogens and   a survey of intestinal parasites in free-living waterfowl. Fallacara,   D.M.; Monahan, C.M.; Morishita, T.Y.; Wack, R.F. *Avian Diseases,* 2001,   v. 45 91), p. 128-135. ref. ISSN: 0005-2086.

            NAL   call no: 41.8 AV5

Descriptors:   parasitic nematodes, bacitracin, parasitoses, multiple drug resistance, nematodes,   *Campylobacter jejuni*, *Escherichia coli*, *Salmonella, Pasteurella   multocida*.

Abstract:   Free-living waterfowl residing in metropolitan parks in central Ohio, USA were   surveyed between October 1998 and August 1999 for faecal shedding and antimicrobial   susceptibility patterns of *Campylobacter jejuni*, *Escherichia coli*,   *Salmonella*and *Pasteurella multocida*. In addition, a survey for   intestinal parasites was also conducted in these same waterfowl to determine   parasite burdens in free-living waterfowl. Prevalences of 67, 50 and 0.2 % of   *E. coli*, *C. jejuni*, and *Salmonella*, respectively, were   observed for all waterfowl species.*P. multocida*was not isolated from   the sample population.*S. java*was isolated from one mallard duck. Statistically,   there was a significantly higher*E. coli*isolation rate for mallard ducks   than for Canada geese, but no difference was observed for *C. jejuni*isolation   rates between waterfowl species. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing was conducted   via the disk diffusion method and multidrug resistance was exhibited for penicillin   G, lincomycin, vancomycin, erythromycin and bacitracin. In addition, the prevalence   of endoparasites in these sampled waterfowl ranged between 5 and 66%. Protozoan   oocysts were most prevalent followed by nematode ova. No trematode or cestode   ovum was recovered from this sampled population. 

 

Gastrointestinal   parasites in ostriches (*Struthio camelus*). Pennycott, T. *Veterinary   Record,* 2001, v. 148 (5), p. 155-156. ISSN: 0042-4900.

            NAL   call no: 41.8 V641

Descriptors:   disease surveys, parasites, gastrointestinal, *Libyostrongylus douglassii,   Codiostomum struthionis, Balantidium sp.,**Entamoeba*.

Abstract:   In 1995 a small survey was carried out by the SAC Veterinary Science Division   in which samples from 50 ostriches from Scotland, England and Wales were examined   for the eggs or larvae of *Libyostrongylus douglassii*or *Codiostomum   struthionis*. No evidence of these nematodes was found but in 1998, larger   numbers of *L. douglassii*and their eggs were found in a 3 year old   ostrich which had died on a farm in Scotland. Small to large numbers of eggs   or larvae were found in faecal samples from 7 of 9 birds on the same site, with   the highest counts found in birds from the same paddock as the bird which died.   No further losses occurred after remaining birds were given ivermectin. Small   numbers of *Balantidium sp.*cysts have been found in the faeces of several   healthy ostriches in Scotland, but large numbers were found in the colon of   a young ostrich, aged 3 months, that lost weight and died. Large numbers of   *Entamoeba*-like protozoa were repeatedly found in the faeces of a healthy   4 month old ostrich.

 

Infestation   of a bird and two cats by larvae of*Plodia interpunctella*(Lepidoptera:   Pyalidae). Pinckney, Rhonda D.: Kanton, Karin; Foster, Cheryl N.; Steinberg,   Howard; Pellitteri, Phillip. *Journal of Medical Entomology,* Sept. 2001,   v. 38 (5), p. 725-727. ISSN: 0022-2585.

            NAL   call no: 421 J828

Descriptors:   parasite, cat, bird, larva, brain, nervous system, Indian meal moth.

Abstract:   The larvae of *Plodia interpunctella*(Hubner), commonly known as the Indian   meal moth, often cause enormous losses in stored food supplies. We present three   clinical case reports of accidental infestation by *P. interpunctella*larvae   in two domestic cats and one parakeet. A larva gained entry into the avian host   and subsequently migrated to the brain. It was alive, covered with “silk-like”   fibers and confirmed to be a fourth instar. *Plodia interpunctella*larvae   were excised with forceps from the subcutaneous tissues of the ear and neck   of two cats in a different household. Previous reports of infestation by*P. interpunctella*larvae in vertebrates are unknown. 

 

Influence   of host ecology and morphology on the diversity of neotropical bird lice.   Clayton, D.H.; Walther, B.A. *Oikos,* Sept. 2001, v. 94 (3), p. 455-467.   ISSN: 0030-1299.

            NAL   call no: 410.OI4

Descriptors:   evolution, adaptation, parasitology, birds, hosts, host ecology, morphology,   chewing lice, Peruvian birds.

Abstract:   Host-parasite systems can be powerful arenas in which to explore factors influencing   community structure. We used a comparative approach to examine the influence   of host ecology and morphology on diversity of chewing lice (Insecta: Phthiraptera)   among 52 species of Peruvian birds. For each host species we calculated two   components of parasite diversity: 1.) Cumulative species richness, and 2.) Mean   abundance. We tested for correlations between these parasite indices and 13   host ecological and morphological variables. Host ecological variables included   geographic range size, local population density, and microhabitat use. Host   morphological variables included body mass, plumage depth, and standard dimensions   of bill, foot and toenail morphology, all of which could influence the efficiency   of anti-parasite grooming. Data were analysed using statistical and comparative   methods that control for sampling effort and host phylogeny. None of the independent   host variables correlated with louse species richness when treated as a dependent   variable. When richness was treated as an independent variable, however, it   was positively correlated with mean louse abundance. Host body mass was also   positively correlated with mean louse abundance. When louse richness and host   body mass were held constant, mean louse abundance correlated negatively with   the degree to which the upper mandible of the host’s bill overhangs the   lower mandible. This correlation suggests that birds with longer overhangs are   better at controlling lice during preening. We propose a specific functional   hypothesis in which preening damages lice by exerting a shearing force between   the overhang and the tip of the lower mandible. This study is the first to suggest   a parasite-control function of such a detailed component of bill morphology   across species. Avian biologists have traditionally focused almost exclusively   on bills as tools for feeding. We suggest that the adaptive radiation of bill   morphology should be reinterpreted with both preening and feeding in mind. 

 

Infraorbital   sinusitis associated with *Pasteurella multocida*in pen-raised ring-neck   pheasants. Chin, R.P.; Goshgarian, M. *Avian Diseases.* Apr./Jun.   2001, v. 45 (2), p. 540-543. ref. ISSN: 0005-2086.

            NAL   call no: 41.9 AV5

Descriptors:   pheasants, sinuses, sinusitis, *Pasteurella multocida*, *Escherichia   coli*, *Pasteurella haemolytica*, *Mycoplasma gallinaceum*, *Mycoplasma   glycophilum,*multiple infections, tetracycline.

Abstract:*Pateurella mulocida*, somatic serotype 6, was isolated from the infraorbital   sinuses of 8-wk-old ring-necked pheasants with severe sinusitis. In addition,   *Escherichia coli*, *Pasteurella haemolytica*like bacteria, *Mycoplasma   gallinaceum*, and *Mycoplasma glycophilum*were also isolated from some   of the sinuses. Clinical signs appeared 3 days after placement on the grow-out   ranch. The sinusitis consisted of severe unilateral of bilateral distention   of the sinuses by mucoid to caseous exudate. Mortality and morbidity were low.   Birds responded to treatment with tetracycline after proper medication procedures.   The source of the infection was not determined, though possible sources include   the brood ranch, wild animals, or wild waterfowl.

 

Interspecific   variability of prevalence in blood parasites of adult passerine birds during   the breeding season in Alaska. Deviche, Pierre; Greiner, Ellis C.; Manteca,   Xavier. *Journal of Wildlife Diseases,* Jan. 2001, v. 37 (1), p. 28-35.   ISSN: 0090-3558. 

            NAL   call no: 41.9 W64B

Descriptors:   blood parasite infection, parasitic disease, blood and lymphatic disease, Alaska.

Abstract:   Blood parasite prevalence based on microscopic examination of stained blood   smears was determined in adults of 11 passerine bird species sampled during   their breeding season (May and June 1997-98) in interior Alaska (USA). These   species included primarily Nearctic migratory species such as the dark-eyed   junco (*Junco hyemalis*) and neotropical migratory species such as the   blackpoll warbler (*Dendrocia striata*), alder flycatcher (*Empidonax   ainorum*), Swainson’s thrush (*Catharus ustulatus*), northern   waterthrush (*Seiurus noveboracensis*), and bank swallow (*Riparia riparia*)   as well as one long-distance palearctic migrant, the arctic warbler (*Phylloscopus   borealis*). The more prevalent parasites were *Leucocytozoon dubreuili*(73% of the sampled turdinids), *L. fringillinarum*(42% of the sampled   fringillids and parulids), and *Trypanosoma avium* (39% of the sampled   hosts). Other parasites (*H. Fallisi*: 18% of the sampled turdinids; *Haemoproteus   paruli*: 14% of the sampled parulids; *H. fringillae*: 5% of the sampled   fringillids; microfilaria: 4% of the sampled hosts) were observed less frequently.   *Plasmodium vaughani*was found only in two yellow warblers (*Dendroica   petechia*). Overall parasite prevalence varied between 0% in the alder flycatcher   to >80% in Swainson’s thrush, arctic warbler, and Townsend’s   warbler (*Dendroica townsendi*). Prevalence of various hematozoa also was   bird species dependent. No relationship was observed between prevalence and   either foraging (aerial versus trees/shrubs) or nesting habits (ground versus   arboreal) or general location of the wintering area of the different species   examined. Prevalence also was unrelated to average dates of arrival on breeding   grounds and, therefore, to potential duration of exposure to local insect vectors   before capture. Differences in blood parasite prevalence among species breeding   in a same region and in the same type of habitat may result from differences   in host specificity such as immunological resistance to infection or blood meal   preference by potential vectors and/or in behavioral adjustments/physiological   traits that alter exposure to vectors.

 

Mycobacteriosis   in birds. Tell, L.A.; Woods, L.; Cromie, R.L. *Revue Scientifique et   Technique Office International des Epizooties,* 2001, v. 20 (1), p. 180-203.   ref. ISSN: 0253-1933.

            NAL   call no: SF781.R4

Descriptors:   diagnosis, disease control, prevention, intestinal diseases, treatment, *Mycobacterium   avium, Mycobacterium genavense*.

Abstract:   Avian mycobacteriosis is an important disease which affects companion, captive   exotic, wild and domestic birds. The disease is most commonly caused by *Mycobacterium   avium*and *Mycobacterium genavense*. Lesions are typically found in   the liver and gastrointestinal tract, although many other organ systems can   potentially be affected. The authors review those species of Mycobacterium reported   to affect birds, the epidemiology of avian mycobacteriosis, immunological responses   to mycobacterial infection, ante- and post-mortem diagnosis, treatment and prevention   or control of the disease.

 

Mycoplasmas   and respiratory disease in pheasants and partridges. Bradbury, Janet   M.; Yavari, Christine A.; Dare, Cynthia M. *Avian Pathology,* Aug. 2001,   v. 30 (4), p. 391-396. ISSN: 0307-9457.

            NAL   call no: SF995.A1A9

Descriptors:   respiratory *Mycoplasma* infection, bacterial diseases, respiratory infections.

Abstract:   Pheasants and partridges with signs of upper respiratory disease were cultured   for mycoplasmas and were also examined for *Mycoplasma gallisepticum*and   *Mycoplasma synoviae*using commercial polymerase chain reaction (PCR)   kits. Sixty-two incidents of disease were investigated in pheasants and 12 in   partridges, respectively, but with PCR a further 15*M. gallisepticum*-positive   incidents were detected in pheasants and another five in partridges. Several   fast-growing *Mycoplasma*species, in particular *Mycoplasma glycophilum,   Mycoplasma gallinacium*and *Mycoplasma pullorum*, were isolated frequently   and were thought to be impeding the isolation of *M. gallisetpticum*by   outgrowing it. Samples yielding *M. gallisepticum*isolates contained significantly   fewer “contaminating” species and were exclusively from specimens   submitted as whole heads rather than as swabs or as cultures from other laboratories.   *M. synoviae* was not isolated and was detected in only one specimen by   PCR.

 

Newcastle   disease virus: Macromolecules and opportunities. Yusoff, Khatijah; Tan-Wen,   Siang. *Avian Pathology,* Oct. 2001, v. 30 (5), p. 439-455. ISSN: 0307-9457.   

            NAL   call no: SF995.A1A9

Descriptors:   Newcastle disease, diagnosis, prevention, treatment.

Abstract:   Over the past two decades, enormous advances have occurred in the structural   and biological characterization of Newcastle disease virus (NDV). As a result,   not only the complete sequence of the viral genome has been determined, but   also a clearer understanding of the viral proteins and their respective roles   in the life cycle has been achieved. This article reviews the progress in the   molecular biology of NDV with emphasis on the new technologies. It also identifies   the fundamental problems that need to be addressed and attempts to predict some   research opportunities in NDV that can be realized in the near future for the   diagnosis, prevention and treatment of disease(s).

 

New   feather mite taxa (Acari: Analgoidea) and mites collected from native and introduced   birds of New Zealand. Miranov, S.V.; Galloway, T.D. *Acarologia,*2001,   v. 42 (2), p. 185-201. ref. ISSN: 0044-586X.

            NAL   call no: 434.8 AC1

Descriptors:   anatomy, ectoparasites, morphology, new species, taxonomy.

Abstract:   Five new species of feather mites are described from several species of native   and introduced birds of New Zealand [date not given]: *Hemialges pilgrimi   sp. nov*. and *Trouessartia rhipidurae sp. nov.* from *Rhipidura fuliginosa   fuliginosa*(Muscicapidae), *Megninia californica sp. nov.*from *Lophortyx   californica brunnescens*(Phasianidae), *Mouchetia novaezealandica sp.*   from *Zosterops lateralis*(Zosteropidae), *Proctphyllodes gerygonae   sp. nov.*from *Gerygone igata*(Acanthizidae). An additional 22 species   of feather mites are recorded, 20 for the first time in New Zealand. One species   of nasal mite *Turbinoptes strandtmanni*, was also collected.

 

Order   Passeriformes (songbirds). Ectoparasites. Guimaraes, Marta Brito. *Biology,   Medicine and Surgery of South American Wild Animals,* 2001. i-x. 1-536. Chapter   pagination: 209. Fowler, Murray E.; Cubas, Zalmir S. (eds). Iowa State Press,   Ames, IA. ISBN: 0813828465. 

            NAL   call no: SF996.4.B56

Descriptors:   Acari, avian hosts, ectoparasites, management, Passeriformes.

 

Order   Psittaciformes (parrots, macaws, conures). Fungal Infections. Biasia,   Iara; Giovanardi, Attilio A.; *Biology, Medicine and Surgery of South American   Wild Animals,* 2001. i-x. 1-536. Chapter pagination: 163-167. Fowler, Murray   E.; Cubas, Zalmir S. (eds). Iowa State University Press, Ames, IA. ISBN: 0813828465.

            NAL   call no: SF996.4.B56

Descriptors:   Psittaciformes, care in captivity, fungal diseases, pathology, management.

 

Order   Psittaciformes (parrots, macaws, conures). Viral diseases. Werther, Karin.   *Biology, Medicine and Surgery of South American Wild Animals,* 2001, i-x.   1-536. Chapter pagination: 157-163. Fowler, Murray E, Cubas, Zalmir S. (eds).   Iowa State University Press, Ames, IA. ISBN: 0813828465.

            NAL   call no: SF996.4.B56

Descriptors:   Psittaciformes, care in captivity, viral diseases, pathology, management.

 

Order   Rheiformes (rheas). Helminth parasites. Gouveia- Arantes, Isau. *Biology,   Medicine and Surgery of South American Wild Animals,* 2001, i-x. 1-536. Chapter   pagination: 68-71. Fowler, Murray E.; Cubas, Zalmir S. (eds). Iowa State University   Press, Ames, IA. ISBN: 0813828465.

            NAL   call no: Sf996.4.B56

Descriptors:   Cestoda, avian hosts, parasites, diseases, management.

 

Order   Tinamiformes (tinamous). Helminthiasis of tinamous. do Nascimento, Adjair   Antonio; Gouveia Arantes, Isau. *Biology, Medicine and Surgery of South American   Wild Animals,* 2001. i-x. 1-536. Chapter pagination: 76-80. Fowler, Murray   E.; Cubas, Zalmir S. (eds). Iowa State University Press, Ames, IA. ISBN: 0813828465.

            NAL   call no: SF996.4.B56

Descriptors:   parasites, avian hosts, diseases, management, Tinamiformes.

 

Parasitic   cheyletoid mites (Acari: Cheyloidae) associated with passeriform birds (Aves:   Passeriformes) in Canada. Bochkov, Andre V.; Galloway, Terry D. *Canadian   Journal of Zoology,* Nov. 2001, v. 79 (11), p. 2014-2028. ref. ISSN: 0008-4301.

            NAL   call no: 470 C16D

Descriptors:   birds, parasitology, new species, ectoparasitism, anatomy.

Abstract:   Eleven species belonging to four families of cheyletoid mites (Acari: Cheyletoidae)   are recorded from several species of passeriform birds from Manitoba, Canada.   Descriptions and diagnoses are provided for four new species, and six species   are recorded for the first time in Canada: *Ornithocheyletia turdi sp. nov*.   (Cheyletiellae) ex *Turdus migratorius*(Turdidae); *Ornithocheyletia   prognae sp. nov*. ex Progne subis (Hirundinidae); *Neocheyletiella microrhyncha*(Berlese et Trouessart, 1889) (Cheyletiellidae) ex *Hirundo rustica*and   *P. subis*(Hirundinidae); *Harpyrhynchoides zumpti*(Fain 1972) (Harpirhynchidae)   ex *Quiscalus quiscula*(Icteridae); *Syringophilopsis icteri sp. nov*.   (Syringophilidaez) ex *Icterus galbula*(Icteridae); *Syringophilopsis   troglodytis*(Fritsch, 1958) ex *Troglodytes aedon*(Troglodytidae);   *Syringophilopsis dendroicae sp. nov*. ex *Dendroica coronata*(Parulidae);   *Syringophiloidus minor*(Berlese, 1887) (Syringophilidae) ex *Passer   domesticus*(Ploceidae); *Sryingophiloidus motacillae*Bochkov et Mironov,   1998 ex *Zonotrichia albicollis*(Emberizidae);*Syringophiloidus seiuri*(Clark, 1964), for which the female is redescribed and the male is described   for the first time, ex Q. Quiscula, and has been previously recorded from the   redwinged blackbird, *Agelaius phoenicius*, in Manitoba.

 

Parasites, immune defences and life-history   trade-offs in birds. Ilmonen, Petteri. *Annales Universitatis Turkuensis   Series A II Biologica, Geographica, Geologica,* 2001, v. 146, p. 1-24. ISSN:   0082-6979. 

            NAL   call no: GB1109.F5L45

Descriptors:   evolution, adaptation, immune system, parasitology.

 

Peripheral   neuritis in psittacine birds with proventricular dilatation disease.   Berhane, Yohannes; Smith, Dale A.; Newman, Shelley; Taylor, Michael; Nagy, Eva;   Binnington, Brian; Hunter, Bruce. *Avian Pathology,* Oct. 2001, v. 30 (5),   p. 563-570. ISSN: 0307-9457. 

            NAL   call no: SF995.A1A9

Descriptors:   adrenalitis, myelitis, viral disease, proventricular dilatation disease.

Abstract:   Necropsies were performed on 14 psittacine birds of various species suspected   to have proventricular dilatation disease (PDD). Eight of the birds exhibited   neurological signs (seizures, ataxia, tremors and uncoordinated movements) and   digestive tract signs (crop stasis, regurgitation, inappetance and presence   of undigested food in the feces). At necropsy, the birds had pectoral muscle   atrophy, proventrucular and ventricular distention, thinning of the gizzard   wall, and duodenal dilation. In addition, five birds had a transparent fluid   (0.2 to 1.0 ml) in the subarachnoidal space of the brain, and one bird had dilatation   of the right ventricle of the heart. The histological lesions differed from   earlier reports of PDD in that peripheral (sciatic, brachial and vagal) neuritis   was seen in addition to myenteric ganglioneuritis, myocarditis, adrenalitis,   myelitis and encephalitis.

 

Prevalence   of *Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato*in the nightingale (*Luscinia megarhynchos*)   and other passerine birds. Kaiser, A.; Seitz, A.; Strub, O. Suss, J.   (ed); Kahl, O. (ed); Dautel, H. *International Journal of Medical Microbiology,*   2001, v. 291 Supplement 33, p. 75-79. ref. ISSN: 1438-4221.

            NAL   call no: QR1.Z443

Descriptors:   disease prevalence, disease vectors, epidemiology, human diseases, Lyme disease,   Germany.

Abstract:   In order to explore the involvement of terrestrial birds in the ecology of Lyme   disease spirochetes, we determined the presence of *Borrelia burgdorferi s.l.*   DNA in tick larvae feeding on the hosts. Birds were caught at several study   sites along the Rhine valley in SW Germany between August 1999 and March 2001.   A total of 987 *Ixodes ricinus* larvae were collected from 225 birds   belonging to 20 host species. The following four passerine species that have   not yet been subject to detailed reservoir competence analysis were investigated:   nightingale (*Luscinia megarhynchos*), dunnock (*Prunella modilaris*),   chiffchaff (*Phylloscopus collybita*) and reed warbler (*Acrocephalus   scirpaceus*). Borrelia DNA was analysed in attached ticks and for one species,   the nightingale, blood samples were included. Borrelia DNA was amplified by   means of polymerase chain reaction (PCR) targeting the ospA gene of*B. burgdorferi   s.l*. and 1-2 larvae per bird were analysed. On the basis of one larvae per   individual bird, *Borrelia* DNA was detected in 6 0f 9 larval ticks from   the nightingale, in one of 10 ticks from the dunnock, in 3 of 9 ticks from the   chiffchaff, and in 2 of 21 larval ticks from reed warblers. Five of 9 ticks   removed from robins *Erithacus rubecula*in winter were Borrelia positive.   Blood samples from nightingales caught during the breeding period were ospA-gene   positive in 71 of 138 birds (51%). 

 

Variation   in tick infestation rate in passerine birds. Strub, O.; Seitz, A.; Kaiser,   A.; Suss, J. (ed); Kahl, O. (ed); Dautel, H. *Proceedings of the VIth International   Potsdam Symposium on Tick-Borne Diseases (IPS-VI),**Berlin, Germany,   Apr. 26-27, 2001*. *International Journal of Medical Microbiology,*   2001, v. 291 Supplement 33, p. 236. ISSN: 1438-4221.

            NAL   call no: QR1.Z443

Descriptors:   Ixodes, disease prevalence, infestation, ticks. 

 

West   Nile encephalitis: An emerging disease in the United States. Marfin,   Anthony A.; Gubler, Duane J. *Clinical Infectious Diseases,* Nov. 15, 2001,   v. 33 (10), p. 1713-1719. ISSN: 1058-4838.

            NAL   call no: RC111.R4

Descriptors:   West Nile encephalitis, viral disease, emergent diseases, West Nile virus, current   status.

Abstract:   In 1999, an epidemic of West Nile virus (WNV) encephalitis occurred in New York   City (NYC) and 2 surrounding New York counties. Simultaneously, an epizootic   among American crows and other bird species occurred in 4 states. Indigenous   transmission of WNV had never been documented in the western hemisphere until   this epidemic. In 2000, the epizootic expanded to 12 states and the District   of Columbia, and the epidemic continued in NYC, 5 New Jersey counties, and 1   Connecticut county. In addition to these outbreaks, several large epidemics   of WNV have occurred in other regions of the world where this disease was absent   or rare >5 years ago. Many of the WNV strains isolated during recent outbreaks   demonstrate an extremely high degree of homology that strongly suggests widespread   circulation of potentially epidemic strains of WNV. The high rates of severe   neurologic illness and death amond humans, horses, and birds in these outbreaks   are unprecedented and unexplained. We review the current status of WNV in the   United States. 

 

Wild   birds as a possible natural reservoir of Borna disease. Berg, M.; Johansson,   M.; Montell, H.; Berg, A.L. *Epidemiology and Infection,* Aug. 2001, v.   127 (1), p. 173-178. ISSN: 0950-2688. 

            NAL   call no: RA651.A1E74

Descriptors:   infection, vector biology, animal viruses, Aves, vectors, mallard ducks, jackdaws.

Abstract:   The natural reservoir of Borna disease virus (BVD) is unknown. In this paper,   we show that mallards (*Anas platyhyncos*) and jackdaws (*Corvus monedula*)   can be subclinically infected carriers of this virus. From faecal samples collected   at a bird pond, we were able to amplify fragments of the BDV p24 and p40 genes.   Following cloning and sequencing, a phylogenetic analysis revealed that these   birds carry strains of BDV closely related to but distinct from the reference   strains BDV V and He/80. To our knowledge, this is the first confirmed finding   of BVD in wild birds. 

 

 

2000

  

**Affections   des estomacs chez les oiseaux de cage et de voliere.**[Stomach   diseases in caged and aviary birds.] Andre, J.P. *Point Veterinaire,*   2000, v. 31 (207), p. 211-217. ref. ISSN: 0335-4997. Note: In French.

            NAL   call no: SF602.P6

Descriptors:   aviary birds, stomach diseases, gastritis, digestive system diseases.

      

Le   affezioni respiratorie negli psittacidi. [Respiratory diseases of psittacine   birds.] Andre, J.P. *Summa,* 2000, v. 17 (2), p. 57-65. ref. Note:   In Italian.

Descriptors:   respiratory diseases, aviary birds.

 

Algal   toxins: Initiators of avian botulism? Murphy, Tom; Lawson, Annette; Nalewajko,   Czesia; Murkin, Henry; Ross, Lisette; Oguma, Keiji; McIntyre, Terry. *Environmental   Toxicology,* Dec. 2000, v. 15 (5), p. 558-567. ISSN: 1520-4081.

            NAL   call no: RA1221.T69

Descriptors:   botulism, bacterial disease, toxicity, birds, algal toxins, *Clostridium*,   sediment, Canada.

Abstract:   An outbreak of avian botulism in Whitewater Lake, Manitoba, Canada was associated   with reducing sediments. But any linkage between sediments and botulism was   only indirect; *Clostridium botulinum*was not observed in the sediments.   The source of the *C. botulinum* was unclear but carcasses that overwintered   appeared to perpetuate the outbreak. The algal toxins anatoxin-a and microcystin   LR were present (17 Itoreq mg/L) when many birds were moulting and unable to   fly, likely making them more sensitive to botulism. The sediment anoxia released   phosphorus into lakewater so that concentrations increased from about 73 to   470 mg/L and enhanced growth of *Microcystis* and *Aphanizomenon.*   Wind resuspension of sediments resulted in areas with more algal biomass and   associated algal toxins.

 

The   annual cycle of *Chalmydia psittaci*shedding in pigeons. Cohen,   Philip. *Israel Journal of Veterinary Medicine,* 2000, v. 55 (1), p. 32.   ISSN: 0334-9152.

            NAL   call no: 41.8 R25

Descriptors:   biosynchronization, infection, Chlamydiaceae, pigeon.

 

Antibody   response to La Sota strain vaccines of Newcastle disease virus in ostriches   (*Struthio camelus*) as detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.   Bilgnaut, A.; Burger, W.P.; Morley, A.J.; Bellstedt, D.U. *Avian Diseases,*   2000, v. 44 (2), p. 390-398. ref. ISSN: 0005-2086.

            NAL   call no: 41.8 AV5

Descriptors:   diagnosis, disease control, ELISA, immunization, humoral immunity.

Abstract:   Because of the fact that South Africa is a Newcastle disease virus (NDV)-endemic   country, major concerns exist that the export of ostrich meat could transmit   velogenic strains of this disease. The ability to transmit the virus could be   reduced by effective vaccination of South African ostriches. In this study,   two vaccination trials were conducted to assess serum antibody production in   response to vaccination with La Sota strain NDV vaccines. To this end, a commercially   available fowl anti-NDV biotin-avidin ELISA was modified for the detection of   anti NDV antibodies in ostrich serum. The results obtained with this ELISA were   verified by comparison with an indirect ELISA. In the first trial, 60 ostriches   were immunized subcutaneously four times with different volumes of an inactivated   vaccine (Lomavac) and their immune response was determined from 2.5 months up   to the ideal slaughter age of 14 months. Results indicate that ostriches responded   in a dose-dependent manner and gave support for the vaccination schedule currently   recommended to South African farmers. In a second trial, immunization by eyedrop   with a live La Sota vaccine of 32 5-week-old ostriches did not elicit a humoral   immune response. The results indicate that it is highly unlikely that ostriches   that have been vaccinated according to the recommended vaccination schedule   can transmit the virus.

 

Avian   mite dermatitis. Orton, D.I.; Warren, L.J.; Wilkinson, J.D. *Clinical   and Experimental Dermatology,* 2000, v. 25 (2), p. 129-131. ref. ISSN: 0307-6983.

Descriptors:   dermatitis, skin diseases, ectoparasites, humans, zoonoses.

Abstract:   A case of infestation of a 58 year old British woman by *Orinthonyssus sylviarum*from an abandoned bird’s nest in the roof of the patient’s home   is described. This caused a puritic erythematous papular eruption on exposed   sites that settled with topical steroids. The authors discuss the diagnosis   and range of clinical manifestations produced by avian mites.

 

Avian   mycobacterial infection. Rich, G. *Exotic Pet Practice,* 2000, v.   5 (6), p. 47. 

            NAL   call no: SF997.5.E95E97

Descriptors:   aviary birds, case reports, eye diseases, granuloma.

 

Biocontrol   of ticks. Samish, Michael. *Tropical Veterinary Diseases: Control and   Prevention in the Context of the New World Order,* Dec. 2000, v. 916, p.   172-178. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. ISSN: 0077-8923. ISBN:   1573312819 (cloth); 1573312827 (paper).

            NAL   call no: 500 N484

Descriptors:   Acarina, bird, parasite, biocontrol agent.

 

Candidiasis   and cryptococcosis in birds. Velasco, Michelle Curtis. *Seminars in   Avian and Exotic Pet Medicine,* Apr. 2000, v. 9 (2), p. 75-81. ISSN: 1055-937X.

            NAL   call no: SF994.2.A1S36

Descriptors:   care in captivity, fungal diseases, pathology, diagnosis, treatment.

 

Common   respiratory disorders in caged birds. Worell, A.B. *Exotic Pet Practice,*   2000, v. 5 (7), p. 49-50. ref. 

            NAL   call no: SF997.5.E95E97

Descriptors:   aviary birds, respiratory diseases, bacterial diseases, fungal diseases.

 

Compendium   of measures to control *Chalmydia psittaci*infection among humans (psittacosis)   and pet birds (Avian chlamydiosis), 2000. CDC. *Morbidity and Mortality   Weekly Report,* Jul. 14, 2000, v. 49 (RR-8), p. 3-17. ISSN: 0149-2195.

            NAL   call no: RA407.3.M562

Descriptors:*Chlamydia psittaci*infection, bacterial disease, control measures. 

 

Crop   disorders in Psittacines. Worell, A.B. *Exotic Pet Practice,* 2000,   v. 5 (3), p. 17-18. 

            NAL   call no: SF997.5.E95E97

Descriptors:   crop disease, treatment, etiology, aviary birds, digestive system diseases,   parrots.

 

Diagnosis   of atoxoplasmosis in a canary (*Serinus canarius [canaria**])* by   histopathologic and ultrastructural examination. Quiroga, M.I.; Aleman,   N.; Vazquez, S.; Nieto, J.M. *Avian Diseases,* 2000, v. 44 (2), p. 465-469.   ref. ISSN: 0005-2086.

            NAL   call no: 41.8 AV5

Descriptors:   diagnosis, pathology, ultrastructure, aviary birds, case reports.

 

Diagnosis   of duck plague in waterfowl by polymerase chain reaction. Hansen, W.R.;   Nashold, S.W.; Docherty, D.E.; Brown, S.E.; Knudson, D.L. *Avian Diseases,*   2000, v. 44 (2), p. 266-274. ref. ISSN: 0005-2086.

            NAL   call no: 41.8 AV5

Descriptors:   carrier state, diagnosis, duck plague, waterfowl, polymerase chain reaction,   Muscovy ducks.

Abstract:   A recently developed polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay was used for diagnosis   of duck plague in waterfowl from past and current cases of waterfowl mortality   and to identify duck plague virus in combined cloacal/oral-pharyngeal swab samples   from healthy mallards (*Anas platyrhynchos*) after a disease outbreak.   The PCR was able to detect viral DNA from all the individual or pooled tissues   assayed from 10 waterfowl, including liver and spleen samples from three Muscovy   ducks *(Cirina moschata domesticus*; obtained in Virginia, Pennsylvania   and Wisconsin, USA in 1996) that did not yield viral isolates. The strong staining   intensity of the PCR products from the waterfowl tissues indicated that large   amounts of virus were present, even when virus was not isolated. Duck plague   DNA was also detected in a cloacal swab sample from a wood duck (*Alx sponsa*)   carcass (obtained in Virginia, USA in 1997) submitted for diagnosis. The PCR   assay identified duck plague in 13 swab samples that produced virus isolates   from carrier mallards sampled in Illinois, USA in 1981 after a duck plague die-off.   The duck plague PCR clearly demonstrated the ability to quickly diagnose duck   plague in suspect mortality cases and to detect virus shed by carrier waterfowl.   

 

Diagnosis   and treatment of common diseases of finches. Steinohrt, L.A.; Bonagura,   J.D. *Kirk’s Current Veterinary Therapy XIII, Small Animal Practice,*   2000, p. 1119-1123. ref. W.B. Saunders, Philadelphia, USA. ISBN: 0721655238.

            NAL   call no: SF745 K57

Descriptors:   diagnosis, treatment, physiology, nutrition, diet, drug therapy.

 

Diseases   of the avian spleen. Powers, L.V. *Compendium on Continuing Education   for the Practicing Veterinarian,* 2000, v. 22 (10), p. 925-967. ref. ISSN:   0193-1903.

            NAL   call no: SF601.C66

Descriptors:   splenic diseases, reviews, aetiology, aviary birds.

 

Druhova   predispozice korel k onemocnenim. [Species disposition of cockatiels to diseases.]   Grymova, V. *Veterinarstvi,* 2000, v. 50 (4), p. 160. ref. ISSN: 0506-8231.   Note: In Czech.

            NAL   call no: 41.8 V6439

Descriptors:   diseases, aviary birds, allergies, predisposition, reviews.

Abstract:   Excessive powder-down production in cockatiels (*Nymphicus hollandicus*)   can give rise to allergies in their owners. Non-infectious diseases mentioned   are the occurrence of bald patches under the crest in lutino cockatiels, the   lutino cockatiel syndrome (night panics), obesity and fatty liver, inhalation   of foreign bodies, and overproduction of eggs and associated egg binding. Cockatiels   are prone to chronic infections of the upper respiratory tract, particularly   with *Mycoplasma, chlamydia* and*Bordetella*; a trismus syndrome   is associated with these in young birds. Treatment of the conditions is discussed.

 

Ectoparasites   of house sparrows (*Passer domesticus*): An experimental test of the immunocompetence   handicap hypothesis and a new model. Poiani, A.; Goldsmith, A.R.; Evans,   M.R. *Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology,* Mar. 2000, v. 47 (4), p. 230-242.   ISSN: 0340-5443. 

            NAL   call no: QL751.B4

Descriptors:   immune system, evolution. adaptation, parasitology.

Abstract:   Conspicuous secondary sexual traits may have evolved as handicap-revealing signals   of as badges of status. We present results of an experiment using males of the   sexually dimorphic house sparrow (*Passer domesticus*), that support the   idea that the male-specific bib can be both a handicap-revealing signal and   a reliable badge indicating the physical condition of the bird. In a test of   the immunocompetence handicap hypothesis, wild-caught adult male house sparrows   were studied in captivity. Birds implanted with elevated doses of testosterone   were more dominant, had higher circulating levels of both testosterone and corticosterone   and they also harboured relatively larger ectoparasite loads. Higher parasite   loads were also associated with individuals showing lower immunocompetence and   larger changes in bib size. A new model for immunocompetence effects in sexual   selection is introduced, integrating actions that the hypothalamopituitary axis   exerts on gonads, adrenals and the thyroid gland. The “integrated immunocompetence   model” synthesizes both the “handicap” (i.e. survival-decreasing)   and “badge of status” (i.e. survival-enhancing) models for evolution   of secondary sexual traits. 

 

Ectoparasites   in a pigeon colony. Owiny, James R.; French, Elisa D.*Comparative Medicine*(Memphis), Apr. 2000. v. 50 (2), p. 229-230. 

            NAL   call no: SF77.C65

Descriptors:   parasitology, systematics, taxonomy, pigeons.

 

Egg   laying problems in caged birds. Speer, B.L.; Bonagura, J.D. *Kirk’s   Current Veterinary Therapy XIII: Small Animal Practice,* 2000, p. 1110-1113.   ref. W.B. Saunders, Philadelphia, USA. ISBN: 0721655238.

            NAL   call no: SF745 K57

Descriptors:   dystocia, cages, oviposition, egg production, aviary birds.

 

*Entamoeba   sp.*(Sarcomastigophora: Endamoebidae) from ostriches (*Struthio camelus*)   (Aves: Struthionidae). Martinez-Diaz, R.A.; Herrera, S.; Castro, A.;   Ponce, F. *Veterinary Parasitology,* Oct. 2000, v. 92 (3), p. 173-179.   ref. ISSN: 0304-4017.

            NAL   call no: SF810.V4

Descriptors:   ostriches, amebiasis, entamoeba, cysts, morphology.

 

Epizootic   West Nile virus in birds. McLean, Robert G. *Proceeding of the West   Nile Virus Action Workshop,* 2000. p.58. *USGS National Wildlife Health   Center, Madison, WI. West Nile Action Workshop, Tarrytown, N.Y. Jan. 19-21,   2000*. Wildlife Conservation Society, International Conservation, 2300 southern   Blvd., Bronx, N.Y. 10460.

Descriptors:   West Nile virus, birds, infection, vector, sentinel species.

  

Genetic   variation and prevalence of blood parasites do not correlate among bird species.   Poulin, Robert; Marshall, Leigh J.; Spencer, Hamish G. *Journal of Zoology*   (London), Nov. 2000, v. 252 (3), p. 381-388. ISSN: 0952-8369.

            NAL   call no: QL1.J68

Descriptors:   avian hosts, evolution, blood parasites, relationships.

 

Geographical   variation in blood parasites in feral pigeons: the role of vectors. Sol,   Daniel; Jovani, Roger; Torres, Jordi. *Ecography,* Jun. 2000, v. 23 (3),   p. 307-314. ISSN: 0906-7590.

            NAL   call no: QH540.H6

Descriptors:   disease vector, parasites, host, parasitology, *Caemoproteus columbae, Pseudolynchia   canariensis*.

Abstract:   Prevalence and intensity of blood parasites are known to vary in space within   a same species, yet the causes underlying such variation are poorly known. Theoretically,   blood parasites variation can be attributed to differences to exposure to parasite   vectors and/or differences in host susceptibility. Here, we show that prevalence   of *Haemoproteus columbae*in feral pigeons *Columba livia*varied   among five near-by populations (range 15%-100%), paralleled by variation in   the abundance of its main vector, the louse flies *Pseudolynchia canariensis*.   Geographic variation in intensity of blood parasites did not covary with abundance   of vectors. Within populations, older individuals had a higher probability of   being parasitized than younger ones, whereas younger birds, when infected, suffered   higher intensities. Furthermore, we found no evidence of sex related differences   neither in prevalence nor intensity of blood parasite infections. To demonstrate   that geographical variation in prevalence was actually due to differences in   vector exposure, we conducted two experiments based on translocation of unparasitized   pigeons from a vector free-area to an area where both the parasite and vector   were abundant. With the first experiment, we demonstrated that unparasitized   pigeons were not resistant to the parasite because when transmission was possible   pigeons became parasitized in a few months. With the second experiment, in which   half of the pigeons were prevented from contacts with the vector, we ruled out   the possibility that pigeons we considered as unparasitized would have suffered   from latent infections. Therefore, both observational and experimental evidence   supports the view that vector abundance is the major factor influencing the   spatial variation in prevalence of *H. columbae*in pigeons.

 

Helminth   parasites in six species of shore birds (Charadrii) from Bristol Bay, Alaska,   USA. Canaris, Albert G.; Kinsella, John M. *Comparative Parasitology,*   Jul. 2000, v. 67 (2), p. 250-252. ref. 

            NAL   call no: QL392.J68

Descriptors:   parasitology, digestive system, parasite, host, shorebirds.

Abstract:   Nineteen species of gastrointestinal helminth parasites were recovered from   6 species of charadriid shorebirds (Aves: Charadriiformes) from Bristol Bay,   Alaska: the surfbird *Aphriza virgata*, the western sandpiper *Calidris   mauri*, the rock sandpiper *Calidris ptilocnemis*, the whimbrel *Numenius   phaeopus*, the northern phalarope *Phalaropus lobatus*, and the blackbellied   plover *Pluvialis squatarola*. Cestode species were dominant (N=14), followed   by trematode species (N=4) and an acanthocephalan (–1). No nematodes were   observed. Only the cestode *Aploparaksis davies*infected more than 1 species   of host, the surfbird Aphriza virgata and the northern phalarope *Phalaropus   lobatus*. All species of helminths have been reported from birds on other   continents, particularly Eurasia.

 

Host   specificity in avian blood parasites: A study of *Plasmodium* and *Haemoproteus*   mitochondrial DNA amplified from birds. Bensh, Staffan; Stjernman, Martin;   Hasselquist, Dennis; Ostman, Orjan; Hansson, Bengt; Westerdahl, Helena; Torres-   Pinheiro, Renato. *Proceedings of the Royal Society Biological Sciences Series   B,* Aug. 7, 2000, v. 267 (1452), p. 1583-1589. ref. ISSN: 0962-8452. 

Descriptors:   host specificity, parasite-host system, phylogenetic tree.

Abstract:   A fragment of the mitochondrial ctyochrome b gene of avian malaria (genera *Haemoproteus*   and *Plasmodium*) was amplified from blood samples of 12 species of passerine   birds from the genera *Acrocephalus*, *Phyllosscopus*and*Parus*. By sequencing 478 nucleotides of the obtained fragments, we found   17 different mitochondrial haplotypes of *Haemoproteus* or *Plasmodium*   among the 12 bird species investigated. Only one out of the 17 haplotypes was   found in more than one host species, this exception being a haplotype detected   in both blue tits (*Parus caeruleus*) and great tits (*Parus major*).   The phylogenetic tree which was constructed grouped the sequences into two clades,   most probably representing *Haemoproteus* and*Plasmodium*, respectively.   We found two to four different parasite mitochondrial DNA (MDNA) haplotypes   in four bird species. The phylogenetic tree obtained from the mDNA of the parasites   matched the phylogenetic tree of the bird hosts poorly. Foe example, the two   tit species and the willow warbler (*Phylloscopus trochilis*) carried parasites   differing by only 0.6% sequence divergence, suggesting that *Haemoproteus*   shift both between species within the same genus and also between species in   different families. Hence, host shifts seem to have occurred repeatedly in this   parasite-host system. We discuss this in terms of the possible evolutionary   consequences for these bird species.

 

Iron   storage disease in birds. Cork, Susan C. *Avian Pathology,* Feb.   2000, v. 29 (1), p. 7-12. ISSN: 0307-9457. 

            NAL   call no: SF995.A1A9

Descriptors:   iron storage disease, etiology, metabolic diseases, treatment.

Abstract:   Parenteral iron is toxic to many species but, because the uptake of iron from   the diet is regulated in the intestine, acute intoxication is not seen under   natural conditions. Chronic ingestion of large amounts of absorbable iron in   the diet can lead to the storage of iron in the liver in many species, including   humans. The excess iron is stored in hapatocytes as haemosiderin and can be   quantitatively assessed by liver biopsy of at necropsy using special stains   such as Perls iron stain and/or biochemical tests. Iron may also be found within   the Kupffer cells in the liver and the macrophage cells of the spleen especially   where concurrent diseases are present such as haemolytic anaemia, septicemia,   neoplasia and starvation. Iron accumulation in the liver, also known as haemosiderosis,   may not always be associated with clinical disease although in severe cases   hepatic damage may occur. It is probable that concurrent disease conditions   are largely responsible for the degree and nature of the pathological changes   described in most cases of haemosiderosis. In some human individuals there may   be a genetic predisposition to iron storage disease, haemochromatosis, associated   with poor regulation of iron uptake across the intestine. In severe cases iron   pigment will be found in the liver, spleen, gut wall, kidney and heart with   subsequent development of ascites, heart failure and multi-system pathology.   Clinical disease associated with accumulation of iron in the liver, and other   tissues, has been reported in many species of bird although it is most commonly   reported in Indian hill mynas (*Gracula religiosa*) and toucans *(Ramphastos   sp.*) It is likely that the tolerance to the build up of tissue iron varies   in individual species of bird and that the predominant predisposing factors   may differ, even within closely related taxonomic groups.

 

The   Metazoan parasite fauna of grebes (Aves: Podicipediformes) and its relationship   to the birds’ biology. Storer, Robert W. *Miscellaneous Publications   of Zoology, The University of Michigan,* May 31, 2000, (188): i-iv. 1-90   p. ref. ISSN: 0076-8405.

            NAL   call no: 410.8 M58M

Descriptors:   birds, parasite-host, digestive system.

Abstract:The data base of this work consists of a list of the multicellular parasites   known to infect grebes and a list of the known species of prey taken by each   species of grebe. The former includes information on where in the bird the parasites   are found, the distribution of the parasite species by continents, degree of   host specificity, and life cycles (whether on fresh of salt water and list of   known intermediate and paratenic hosts). These data sets are used to show how   the parasite faunas are related to the biology of the birds. The aquatic existence   of grebes and the wide range of prey taken by individuals and species of grebes   are reflected in the wide range of helminths infecting the birds (113 species   of digenes, 86 of cestodes, 13 of acanthocephalans, and 37 of nematodes, most   of which have aquatic life cycles). One family, one subfamily (each with the   exception of a single species). Several genera, and 104 species of helminths   are considered grebe specialists, as are most of the species of ectoparasites.   Of the well-studied species of grebe helminths specialists, almost all have   been found in more than one grebe species and many more in more than one grebe   genus. This is believed related to the fact that even grebes adapted for taking   particular kinds of prey will usually take many other kinds. Thus where several   species of grebes are sympatric, there is a considerable overlap in diet and   consequently, overlap in the intermediate hosts ingested. On the other hand,   most of the ectoparasites appear to be confined to a single grebe species. Grebes   contain large numbers of intestinal helminths. In a study of these parasites   of 91 grebes from breeding grounds in Alberta (Stock 1985), all were found infected   with numbers ranging 2 to 15 species and 112 to 33,169 individuals, the majority   (96 percent) of which were cestodes. Most grebes spend the breeding season on   eutrophic bodies of water, which have an abundant supply of kinds and individuals   of potential prey for the birds. More than half of the species of grebes winter   on salt water where a variety of helminths with salt-water intermediate hosts   can infect the birds, but unfortunately, very few grebes taken on salt-water   habitats have been examined for parasites. Still other kinds of helminths may   be acquired bodies of water along the birds’ migration routes. Most of   the helminths that are obtained on fresh waters presumably are lost shortly   after the birds’ arrival on salt water and vise versa. What causes theses   changeovers is unknown, but it is suggested that the mechanisms for this are   the reversals of the salt gradient in the intestines. Eared grebes coming to   the highly saline Mono lake on their molt migration after the breeding season   presumably soon loose their helminth parasites. Grebes have a unique habit of   swallowing their own feathers which form pellets containing other indigestible   materials and, when cast, are believed also to rid the stomach of nematodes   that feed on the grebes food there. A separate plug of feathers is lodged in   the pyloric outlet of the stomach where it acts as a sieve preventing large   pieces of indigestible material from passing through the intestine. This is   believed to reduce the likelihood of parasites being dislodged from the wall   of the gut. Grebes are the only birds that do not nest on land but regularly   build floating nests of materials taken from the water. As a consequence, they   are not known to be parasitized by animals like flies, fleas, bedbugs, and ticks   that require a stay on land as part of their life cycle, and because of their   limited physical contact with other birds, but few species of external arthropod   parasites (12 mites and 13 lice) have been reported from them. Infections by   several of theses external parasites are thought to have resulted from crossovers   from coots (Fulica). Although grebes are found on all continents except Antarctica,   with a minimum of three species on each, studies of their parasites have been   few outside of the Northern Hemisphere. This is especially unfortunate because   the greatest numbers of grebe species and endemics are found in South America.   The virtual lack of information on the parasites of these birds severely limits   the potential for parallel studies on the evolution of grebes and their parasites.   The parasites of grebes offer many possibilities for research from regional   surveys and working out life cycles to studies on biogeography and evolution   of these animals. A data base for the parasites is available on the web (http://www.ummz.lsa.umich.edu/curators/restorer/).
 

Mites   and birds: Diversity, parasitism and coevolution. Proctor, Heather; Owens,   Ian. *Trends in Ecology and Evolution,* Sept. 2000, v. 15 (9), p. 358-364.   ISSN: 0169-5347.

            NAL   call no: QH540.T742

Descriptors:   evolution, adaptation, parasitology, birds, parasite-host. 

 

Nematode   parasite species richness and the evolution of spleen size in birds.   Morand, Serge; Poulin, Robert. *Canadian Journal of Zoology,* Aug. 2000,   v. 78 (8), p. 1356-1360. ref. ISSN: 0008-4301.

            NAL   call no: 470 C16D

Descriptors:   spleen, blood and lymphatics, immune, size, parasites.

Abstract:   Some of the interspecific variation in spleen sizes among birds can be explained   by interspecific variation in the proportion of birds infected by parasitic   nematodes. Because prevalences of parasitic infections vary considerably in   space and time within host species, other variables may provide better measures   of the selective pressure exerted by parasites on their hosts. For instance,   the number of parasite species (species richness) exploiting a host population   or species provides a more reliable index of the pressure exerted by parasites   across generations. Among bird species, relative spleen size correlated positively   with the species richness of nematode parasites exploiting a host species. This   relationship was found after correcting for avian body mass (g), avian phylogeny,   and sampling effort. A possible trade-off between investment in resistance against   parasites and investment in reproduction was highlighted by a negative relationship   between relative spleen size and relative testis mass. Parasitic nematodes could   influence the trade-off, increasingly favoring investment in resistance as their   species richness increases. The results of this comparative analysis and of   previous ones suggest a causative role for parasitic nematodes in the evolution   of avian spleen size.

 

Newcastle   disease in ostriches (*Struthio camelus*) - a review. Alexander,   D.J. *Avian Pathology,* 2000, v. 29 (2), p. 95-100. ref. ISSN: 0307-9457.

            NAL   call no: SF995.A1A9

Descriptors:   reviews, diagnosis, treatment, disease control.

 

Nonspecific   cellular defense of the avian respiratory system: a review. Toth, Thomas   E. *Developmental and Comparative Immunology,* Mar./Apr. 2000, v. 24 (2-3),   p. 121-139. ISSN: 0145-305X.

            NAL   call no: QR180.D4

Descriptors:   bacterial infection, mycoplasma infection, immune system, avian respiratory   phagocytes.

Abstract:   The normal steady-state, avian respiratory system has very low numbers of residing   avian respiratory phagocytes (ARP). Birds must rely heavily on the influx of   ARP to defend against infectious agents. The system is refractory to elicitation   by inert stimulants, but responds efficiently to replicating bacteria, with   very rapid influx of large numbers of activated ARP (polymorphnuclear neutrophils,   heterophils, and macrophages) with increased phagocytic proportions and capacities.   The numbers subside within a few days. Activated ARP act in a non agent specific   manner. *Pasturella multocida*-activated ARP can defend against a severe   *Escherichia coli airsacculitis*. Parenteral routes of stimulation generally   are not, respiratory routes are very, efficient in activating ARP. Heterophils   are the most efficient in defensive actions, such as oxidative burst, production   of nitric oxide and killing of bacteria. Respiratory viruses may stimulate,   but also may diminish some of the defensive functions of ARP. This is also true   for attenuated, modified live virus vaccines. These vaccines must be used carefully   in the presence of subclinical bacterial, mycoplasmal infections. Published   literature on non-specific cellular defense of the avian respiratory system   is very limited, particularly about interactions among multiple infectious agents   and the system. 

 

Occurrence   of *Cryptococcus spp*. in excreta of pigeons and pet birds. Kielstein,   P.; Hotzel, H.; Schmalreck, A.; Kaschabi, D.; Glawischnig, W. *Mycosis,*   Mar./Apr. 2000, v43 (1-2), p. 7-15. ISSN: 0933-7407.

Descriptors:   feces, digestive system, pathogen content, pigeons, Austria.

Abstract:   In pooled samples of feces from 25 pet birds in Thuringia, a high rate of contamination   with *Cryptococcus neoformans**var.**neoformans*was found.   The prevalence of *Cr. neoformans*in the bird-breeding establishments   correlated with the numbers of the different per bird species in these flocks.   The differentiation between varieties of *Cr. neoformans*by means of proline   chain reaction (PCR) fingerprinting, sequencing of PCR products as well as with   Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy showed uniform results which also corresponded   to the serological differentiation between serovars A and D. A predominance   of serovar A could be observed among the pet bird breeding flocks. This corresponds   to the frequency distribution of serovars A and D in cases of human disease   in Germany. In 50% of the samples of pigeon excreta examined (n=30) in Innsbruck   (Austria), *Cryptococcus albidus*could be isolated but not *Cr. neoformans*.   However, this *Cryptococcus* species is of minor pathogenic importance   for man. *Cryptococcus albidus*may be clearly distinguished from *Cr.   neoformans*by means of microbiological methods, PCR and Fourier transform   infrared spectroscopy. 

 

Ostrich   diseases (avian influenza, Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever, Newcastle disease,*Salmonella*). Verwoerd, D.J. *Revue Scientifique et Technique de   l’ OIE,* 2000, v. 19 (2), p. 638-661. ISSN: 0253-1933.

            NAL   call no: SF781.R4

Descriptors:   ostriches, animal diseases, infectious diseases, epidemiology.

 

Parasites   take control. Gregory, R.D.; Hudson, P.J. *Nature*(London)*,* 2000, v. 406 (6791), p. 33-34. ref. ISSN: 0028-0836.

            NAL   call no: 472 N21

Descriptors:   parasites, wild birds, dynamics, host-parasite relationship.

Abstract:   The stable regulation of natural host populations by parasites, and a study   by Hochachka, W.M. and Dhondt, A.A. (*Proceedings of the National Academy   of Sciences of the United States of America* (2000) 97, 5303-5306) on the   infection of *Carpodacus mexicanus*by *Mycoplasma gallisepticum*in   North America are briefly discussed. The study is the first demonstration of   density-dependent regulation of an animal host under natural conditions.

      

A   review of avian influenza in different bird species. Alexander, D.J.;   Reeth, K van (ed.); Pensaert, M. *Special issue: Animal Influenza viruses.   Keynote lectures and selected papers from the European Society for Veterinary   Virology (ESVV) Symposium on Animal Influenza Viruses, May 16-18, 1999. Ghent,   Belgium*. *Veterinary Microbiology,* 2000, v. 74 (1-2), p. 3-13. ref.   ISSN: 0378-1135.

            NAL   call no: SF780.2.V48 1999

Descriptors:   review, disease transmission, diagnosis.

 

A   review of the most common viruses affecting Psittaciformes. Ritchie,   B.W.; Gregory, C.R.; Latimer, K.S.; Pesti, D.; Campagnoli, R.; Lukert, P.D.   *International Zoo Yearbook,* 2000, v. 37, p. 257-273. ISSN: 0074-9664.   

            NAL   call no: QL76.I5

Descriptors:   Pacheco’s disease, viral disease, proventricular dilatation disease.

Abstract:   Four of the most common viral diseases affecting psittacine birds have been   studied in detail: (1) avian polyomavirus, (2) proventricular dilatation disease   (PDD), (3) Pacheo’s disease and (4) psittacine beak and feather disease   (PBF). The Psittacine Disease Research Group, University of Georgia, has been   actively involved in this research. Proventricular dilatation disease has been   reported in more than 50 psittacine species and in species in other families,   while PBFD affects over 40 psittacine species. The acute and chronic clinical   characteristics of the diseases, pathological features, diagnosis, and transmission   prevention and control, including vaccination, are described. The vaccine for   avian polyomavirus is safe and effective in captive birds, and when uses in   high-risk situations, vaccination against Pacheco;s disease (a psittacine herpesvirus)   can prevent high mortality. A safe vaccine for PBFD is being evaluated. Specific   tests for viral nucleic acid (DNA probe tests) for avian polyomavirus and PBFD   virus, and anti-virus antibody assays for avian polyoma virus and Pacheco’s   diseases have been developed which will facilitate the diagnosis and monitoring   of disease. The benefits and limitations of screening psittacines for diseases   are also discussed.

 

The   role of fimbriae and flagella of *Escherichia coli*078:K80 in avian colibacilosis.   La Ragione, R.M.; Woodward. M.J. *Research in Veterinary Science,* Jun.   2000, v. 68 (Supplement A), p. 14. ISSN: 0034-5288.

            NAL   call no: 41.8 R312

Descriptors:   airsacculitis, avian colibacillosis, respiratory disease, pericarditis.

 

Salmonellosis   in birds. Lamberski, N.; Bonagura, J.D. *Kirk’s Current Veterinary   Therapy XIII: Small Animal Practice,* 2000, p. 1123-1125. W.B. Saunders,   Philadelphia, USA. ISBN: 0721655238.

            NAL   call no: SF745 K57

Descriptors:   etiology, pathogenesis, clinical aspects, treatment, diagnosis.

 

The   status of *Plasmodium corradettii Laird*, 1998 (Haemosporida: Plasmodiidae):   A malarial parasite of birds. Valkiunas, G.; Peirce, M.A. *Systematic   Parasitology,* Feb. 2000, v. 45 (2), p. 141-143. ISSN: 0165-5752.

            NAL   call no: QL757.A1S9

Descriptors:   malaria, blood and lymphatic diseases, parasitic disease. 

 

Wybrane   zagadnienia chorob zakaznych strusi. [Selected issues of infectious diseases   in ostrich (*Struthio camelus*).] Weiliczko, Alina; Kuczkowski,   Maciej. *Medycyna Weterynaryjna,*Jan. 2000, v. 56 (1), p. 23-28. ISSN:   0025-8628. Note: In Polish.

            NAL   call no: 41.8 M463

Descriptors:   animal husbandry, infection, veterinary medicine, viruses.

Abstract:   A dynamic development of African ostrich breeding (*Struthio camelus*)   has been observed in the recent years all over the world and since 1993 in Poland   as well. In natural conditions the birds inhabit semidesert and grassy regions   of African savannah. However, they can adapt easily to different European climatic   conditions. Despite the high popularity of ostrich breeding in Poland, breeders   and veterinarians face various problems connected with the birds’ acclimatization   to new environmental and feeding conditions. The ostriches’ state of health   is affected not only by numerous etiological factors such as viruses, bacteria   or fungi, but also breeding and feeding conditions. The most threatening viral   infections in ostrich are: Newcastle disease, Avian influenza, Avian pox and   adenovirus infections. Bacterial infections are also an important issue in intensive   ostrich breeding. The most alarming thing is high level of ostriches’   infection with *Salmonella, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas sp.*instantly   after hatching. In older birds the etiologic agents of diseases are often *Mycolplasma   sp., Campylobacter sp., Megabacteria, Chlamydia psittaci*or *Clostiridium*.

 

Zoonotic   diseases of pet birds. Morris, P.J.; Bonagura, J.D. *Kirk’s Current   Veterinary Therapy XIII: Small Animal Practice,* 2000, p. 1113-1116. ref.   W.B. Saunders, Philadelphia, USA. ISBN: 0721655238.

            NAL   call no: SF745 K57

Descriptors:   zoonoses, pets.

 

 

1999

 

Amphipod   intermediate host of *Polymorphus minutus*(Acanthocephala), parasite of   water birds, with notes on ultrastructure of host-parasite interface.   Dezfuli, B.S.; Glari, L. *Folia Parasitologica,* 1999, v. 46 (2), p. 117-122.   ref. ISSN: 0015-5683.

            NAL   call no: 436.8 C33

Descriptors:   intermediate hosts, morphology, ultrastructure, host-parasite relationship,   Italy. 

Abstract:   From November 1997 to June 1998, 3118 specimens of *Echinogammarus stammeri*were collected from the River Brenta (Northern Italy) and examined for larval   helminths. Larvae of *Polymorphus minutus*singly infected the haemocoele   of 23 (0.74%) of the crustaceans; all were cystacanth stages. This is the first   record of *P. minutus*in *E. stammeri*. Some cystacanths had their   forebody and hindbody fully inverted. Parasites were bright orange and each   was surrounded by s thin acellular envelope. It is considered that this envelope   protects the developing parasite larva from cellular responses of the amphipod.   Haemocytes were seen adherent to the outer surface of the envelope. The sex   ration among the parasitized *E. stammeri*was almost 1:1. All *P. minutus*larva were central in the amphipod body, made intimate contact with host   organs, and frequently induced a marked displacement of them. None of the infected   females of *E. stammeri*carried eggs or juveniles in their brood pouch.   In 5 hosts, *P. minutus*co-occurred with the cystacanth of another acanthocephalan,   Pomphorhynchus laevis, a parasite of fish.

 

Ascaridosis   in a group of psittacine birds. Wilson, G.H.; Greenacre, C.B.; Howerth,   E.W.; Ambrose, D.L.; Fontenot, D. *Journal of Avian Medicine and Surgery,*   1999, v. 13 (1), p. 32-39. ref. 

            NAL   call no: SF994.J6

Descriptors:   aviary birds, pathology, feces, diagnosis, macaw, amazon parrot, cockatoos.

Abstract:   Severe ascardiosis was diagnosed in an adult green-winged macaw (*Ara chloroptera*),   in a blue-fronted Amazon parrot (*Amazona aestiva*), and in 2 juvenile   white (umbrella) cockatoos (*Cacatua alba*) from one aviary. Three of those   psittacine birds were examined PM. Lesions in individual birds variably included   intestinal obstruction with ascarids, hepatic nematodiasis, and adult nematodes   in the pancreatic and bile ducts. In 2 birds, ascarid eggs were detected antemortem   by direct flotation of faecal samples with sodium nitrate solution. However,   in one bird, repeated examination of faecal samples by direct smears and floatation   failed to detect a heavy ascarid infection. When compared with 9 species of   *Ascaridia,* the specimens in these cases matched no currently described   species. 

 

Avian dermatology. Hillyer, E.V.; Birchard,   S.J.(ed); Sherding, R.G. *Saunder’s Manual of Small Animal Practice,*   1999, ed. 2. p. 1417-1427. ref. ISBN: 0721670784. W. B. Saunders; Philadelphia,   USA.

            NAL   call no: SF981.S29 2000

Descriptors:   bird dermatology, skin diseases, feathers, bacterial diseases, nutritional.

 

Avian   digestive system disorders. Oglesbee, B.L.; McDonald, S.; Warthen, K.;   Birchard, S.J. (ed); Sherding, R.G. *Saunder’s Manual of Small Animal   Practice,* 1999, ed. 2. p. 1437-1448. ref. ISBN: 0721670794.

            NAL   call no: SF981.S29 2000

Descriptors:   diagnosis, digestive disorders, nutritional disorders, neoplasms, birds. 

 

Avian   host spectrum of avipoxviruses. Bolte, A.L.; Meurer, J.; Kaleta, E.F.   *Avian Pathology,* Oxforshire: Carfax Publishing Ltd. Oct. 1999, v. 28   (5), p. 415-432. ref. ISSN: 0307-9457.

            NAL   call no: SF995.A1A9

Descriptors:   birds, susceptibility, host range, treatment, disease prevention.

Abstract:   A review is given of the occurrence of poxviruses in different bird species.   The first publications appeared in Europe around 1850. At that time, pox as   a defined disease entity was diagnosed on the basis of clinical signs, while   later the detection of Bollinger’s inclusion bodies (1877) allowed an   aetiological diagnosis by microscopically visible viral aggregates. Virus isolation   in embryonated chicken eggs and direct electron microscopy gained importance   as diagnostic tools in the 1950s. Also briefly described are avipoxvirus taxonomy,   virus characteristics, clinical signs, modes of prevention and diagnostic procedures.   Of the approximately 9000 bird species about 232 species in 23 orders have been   reported to have acquired a natural poxvirus infection. However, it is likely   that many more birds are susceptible to avipoxviruses.

 

Avian   infectious diseases. Oglesbee, B.L.; Bishop, C.L.; Birchard, S.J. (ed.);   Sherding, R.G. *Saunders Manual of Small Animal Practice,* 1999, ed. 2.   p. 1403-1416. ref. ISBN: 0721670784. 

            NAL   call no: SF981.S29

Descriptors:   stress, malnutrition, adverse effects, bacterial diseases.

 

Avian   neurological disorders. Quesenberry, K.; Birchard, S.J. (ed).; Sherding,   R.G. *Saunder’s Manual of Small Animal Practice,* 1999, ed. 2. p.   1459-1463. ref. 

            NAL   call no: SF981.S29

Descriptors:   bird nervous system diseases, metabolic disorders, nutritional disorders.

 

Avian   Ophthalmology, Part 2: Review of ophthalmic diseases. Willis, A.M.; Wilkie,   D.A. *Journal of Avian Medicine and Surgery,* 1999, v. 13 (4), p. 245-251.   ref. 

            NAL   call no: SF994.J6

Descriptors:   eye diseases, eyes, reviews, aviary birds.

 

Avian   respiratory system. Nye, R.R.; Birchard, S.J. (ed.); Sherding, R.G. *Saunder’s   Manual of Small Animal Practice,* 1999, ed. 2. p. 1428-1436. ref. ISBN: 0721670784.

            NAL   call no: SF981.S29

Descriptors:   pet birds, respiratory diseases, bacterial diseases, parasitoses, nutritional.

 

Birds   and their parasites: Victims of infection or fashion? Hudson, P. *Parasitology   Today,* 1999, v. 15 (1), p. 4-5. ref. 

            NAL   call no: QL757.P3742

Descriptors:   parasites, ecology, epidemiology, host-parasite relationship.

Abstract:   A short account is given of a joint meeting between the Baltic and Scandinavian   Societies of Parasitology held in Vilinius, Lithuania, Jun. 25-28, 1998. Topics   are discussed under headings flight and parasite dispersal, and host fitness   and population consequences. 

 

Blood   parasites in penguins and their potential impact on conservation. Jones,   H. I.; Shellam, G.R. *Marine Ornithology,* 1999, v. 27, p. 181-184. ISSN:   1018-3337.

Descriptors:   animals, birds, parasites, hosts, penguin.

Abstract:   This paper reviews the reported blood parasites from wild and captive penguins,   discusses the dynamics of haematozoan infection, considers factors which could   alter the present equilibrium, draws attention to potential risks from exposure   to intensified or introduced infection, and suggests standardized methodologies   to increase understanding and facilitate timely detection of any changes in   infection dynamics.

 

Chlamydiosis in pen-raised bobwhite quail (*Colinus   virginianus*) and chukar partridge (*Alectoris chukar*) with high mortality.   Erbeck, D.H.; Nunn, S.A. *Avian Diseases,* Oct./Dec. 1999, v. 43 (4), p.   798-803. ref. ISSN: 0005-2086.

            NAL   call no: 41.8.AV5

Descriptors:   morbidity, mortality, flocks, clinical aspects, histopathology, *Colinus   virginianus,**Chlamydia psittaci*.

Abstract:   In a flock of 12,000 bobwhite quail (*Colinus virginianus*) and 7200   chukar partridge (*Alectoris chukar*), the owner had 100% morbidity and   40%-50% mortality in birds between the ages of 2 and 4 wk. Affected birds were   stunted and anorexic and had yellow/green diarrhea. Two-and 4-wk-old birds submitted   for necropsy all had slight nasal discharge. Histopathologic examination revealed   mild (bobwhite) to severe (chukar) rhinitis. Immunohistochemistry was positive   for *Chlamydia psittaci*in all birds. *Chlamydia psittaci*organisms   were demonstrated histopathologically in hematoxylin and eosin and Gimenez-stained   slides. Management sanitation and treatment with chlortetracycline stopped further   excessive losses. The owners were also infected. Treatment by their local physician   with tetracycline alleviated symptoms. 

 

[Clinical   aspects of aviary birds. 5. Diseases affecting feathers (part 1).] Nakatsu,   S. *Journal of Veterinary Medicine, Japan,* 1999, v. 52 (11), p. 951-956.   ref. ISSN: 0447-0192. Note: In Japanese.

Descriptors:   feathers, aviary birds.

 

*Cryptosporidium   sp.*in birds. Larramendy,   R.; Perez, A.; Szczypel, B.; Espinosa, V.; Gomez, E. *Revista Cubana de Ciencia   Avicola,* 1999, v. 23 (2), p. 137-140. ref. ISSN: 0138-6352.

            NAL   call no: SF481.R48

Descriptors:   protozoal infections, cryptosporidiosis, detection, Cuba.

Abstract:   A total of 551 birds of different age was analysed in Cuba for the presence   of *Cryptosporidium*, using the flotation coprovoscopic technique. The   modified Zielh-Neelsen dying technique was used to confirm the result. *Cryptosporidium   spp*. were found more often in younger birds (less than 5 weeks old), and   in the bursa of Fabricius and the rectum. 

 

The   control and prevention of avian polyomavirus infection. Topor, S.V. *Journal   of Avian Medicine and Surgery,* 1999, v. 13 (3), p. 157-159. 

            NAL   call no: SF994.J6

Descriptors:   disease control, disease prevention, vaccination, disease resistance.

 

Diseases   acquired by captive penguins: What happens when they are released into the wild?   Brossy, J.J.; Plos, A.L.; Blackbeard, J.M.; Kline, A. *Marine Ornithology,*   1999, v. 27, p. 185-186. ISSN: 1018-3337.

Descriptors:   captive penguins, parasites, hosts, release into wild, possible new disease   introduction.

Abstract:   The possibility of diseases being picked up by penguins and other birds during   captivity and the effects which could follow if such birds are released into   the wild are discussed. Ways of mitigating such problems are suggested for the   African penguin *Spheniscus demersus*.

 

Enteropathogenic   Escherichia coli in Psittaciformes. Schremmer, Caroline; Lohr, J.E.;   Wastlhuber, U.; Koesters, J.; Ravelshofer, K.; Steinrueck, H.; Wieler, L.H.   *Avian Pathology*, Aug. 1999, v. 28 (4), p. 349-354. ISSN: 0307-9457. 

            NAL   call no: SF995.A1A9

Descriptors:   diarrhea, digestive system, bird isolates, *Escherichia coli* isolates.

Abstract:   A total of 103 *Escherichia coli*isolates from psittaciform birds were   examined for the presence of genes coding for shigatoxin 1 (Stx1), shigatoxin   2 (Stx2) and for intimin (eae), using the polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Sixty-eight   *E. coli*strains were isolated from necropsy cases and faecal samples,   the other 35 were from 205 cloacal swabs from Psittaciformes with various conditions.   All isolates were tested for enterohaemorrhagic*E. coli*-haemolysin (HlyEHEC),   some also for Stx production, but there was no geno-typic or phenotypic evidence   of Stx in any of them. Seven isolates, six from birds with diarrhea, harboured   the eae gene, three of them belonging to the 0110:H6 serotype; one each to serotypes   0153:H10; 0131:H-; 063:H6 and Osp:H6. These seven eae-positive strains were   negative for shigatoxin and HlyEHED, and the hlyEHEC gene was not detectable   by PCR. However, a PCR amplifying the enteropathogenic *E. coli*(EPEC)-specific   bundle-forming pili structural gene bfpA detected four bfpA positive strains   (three of serotype 0110:H6; one 0131:H-) among the seven eae positive strains,   which classifies them as EPEC. Our findings suggest that shigatoxin-producing   *E. coli* are uncommon, but that EPEC should be considered as potential   pathogens in psittaciform birds, which may be a source of human EPEC infections.

 

Estrildid   finch dermatology. Ryan, T.P. *Exotic Pet Practice,* 1999, v. 4   (3), p. 17-19. ref. 

Descriptors:   skin diseases, dermatology, treatment, diagnosis, aviary birds.

 

Fowl   cholera in pen-raised ring-neck pheasants. Chin, R.P.; Goshgarian, M.   *Proceedings of the Western Poultry Disease Conference,**Meeting Apr.   24-27, 1999, Vancouver, Canada*. 1999, (48), p. 83-84.

            NAL   call no: SF995.W4

Descriptors:   pheasants,*Pasteurella multocida.*

  

Infectious   and parasitic diseases of raptors. Deem, S.L. *Compendium on Continuing   Education for the Practicing Veterinarian,* 1999, v. 21 (4), p. 329-338.   ref. ISSN: 0193-1903.

            NAL   call no: SF602.C66

Descriptors:   diagnosis, lesions, abscesses, foot disease, differential diagnosis.

 

The   intra- and interspecific relationships between abundance and distribution in   helminth parasites of birds. Poulin, Robert. *Journal of Animal Ecology,*   Jul. 1999, v. 68 (4), p. 719-725. ISSN: 0021-8790. 

            NAL   call no: 410.J826

Descriptors:   birds, parasites, host, relationships.

Abstract:   1. Positive correlations between local abundance and distribution on a larger   spatial scale are commonly observed among related species. 2. Within parasite   species, the same relationship may be expected between prevalence and intensity   of infection across host species used. Across parasitic species, a positive   relationship is expected between average abundance in a host population and   the number of host species that can be exploited based on the resource breadth   hypothesis. Trade-offs between the ability to exploit many host species and   the potential for heavy infections, however, could result in a negative relationship.   3. Intraspecifically, using data on 51 helminth species parasitic in birds,   prevalence and intensity of infection among host species used are generally   only weakly correlated. Only in nematodes is there an overall positive relationship   between prevalence and intensity. 4. A comparative analysis was performed on   data from 389 species of cestodes, trematodes and nematode parasitic in birds   to determine how host specificity covaries interspecifically with abundance,   measured both as prevalence and intensity of infection. 5. After controlling   for phylogenetic influences and sampling effort, the number of host species   used correlated positively with prevalence in all three parasite taxa, and with   intensity of infection in trematodes only. 6. These results do not support the   existence of a trade-off between abundance and the use of many host species,   as has been found for fish parasites. Instead, whatever makes helminth parasites   of birds abundant within a host population may facilitate their successful colonization   of the new host species.

 

Ivermectin:   A novel endectocide. Bhatia, Nitin; Kaur, Soninder. *Indian Veterinary   Medical Journal,* 1999, v. 23 (2), p. 81-84. ISSN: 0250-5266.

            NAL   call no: SF601.I45

Descriptors:   veterinary medicine, parasitology, pharmacology, birds.

 

Medical   management of the California condor. Ensley, P.K.; Fowler, M.E. (ed);   Miller, R.E. *Zoo and Wild Animal Medicine: Current Therapy, 4th   ed.* 1999, p. 277-292. ref. ISBN: 0721686648. W.B. Saunders, Philadelphia,   USA.

            NAL   call no: SF996 Z66 1999

Descriptors:   veterinary medicine, wild birds, animal husbandry, diseases. 

 

Mites   infesting two migratory birds, *Coturnix c. coturnix*(quail or simmaan)   and *Sturnus v. vulgaris*(starling or zarzuur) with reference to avian   zoonosis. Mazyad, Said A.M.; Morsy, Tosson A.; Fekry, Ahmed A.; Faarag,   Abdel; Mageed M.K. *Journal of the Egyptian Society of Parasitology,* Dec.   1999, v. 29 (3), p. 745-761. ISSN: 0253-5890.

            NAL   call no: QL757.J65

Descriptors:   parasitology, quail, starling, hosts, Egypt.

Abstract:   Birds are a marvelous group of creatures. Their beautiful coloration, singing,   dancing and their attractive ways of life offer great pleasure to bird watcher.   Egypt is one of the most important countries of migratory birds. Not less than   300 species of birds visit Egypt annually from all over the world. The mite   fauna of two migratory birds was studied in North Sinai Governorate and Suez   Canal Zone. Thirty-one species of mites were recovered from quail and 39 from   starling. Both types of birds serve hosts for 26 species of mites. Besides,   five species were only recovered from quail and 13 species from starling. These   totaled 44 species belonging to 30 families of three suborders (Mesostigmata,   Trombidiformes and Sarcoptidiformes). The mites index on quail ranged between   1.0 to 5.0 in North Sinai G. And 1.0 to 17.0 in Suez Canal Z. The mite index   on starling ranged between 1.0 to 4.75 in North Sinai G. And 1.0 to 4.5 in Suez   Canal Z. Sixteen of the recovered species of mites were not recorded before   on the Egyptian resident birds (house sparrow and laughing dove). The medical   and veterinary importance of avian zoonosis was discussed. It is hoped to stimulate   the awareness to migratory birds as reservoir hosts for microorganisms and parasites   from all over the world. Besides, there is an urgent need to protect the resident   and the visiting birds.

 

Mites   and ticks - bird parasites and pathogen vectors. Alekseev, A.N.; Dubinina,   H.V. *Ekologija,* 1999, v. 1, p. 44-55. ISSN: 0235-7224. 

            NAL   call no: QH540.E43

Descriptors:   avian hosts, diseases, transmission, parasites, pathogens.

 

Molecular fingerprinting of *Salmonela typhimurium*from birds. Clark, D.E.; Wolcott, M.; Daoust, P.; Shaw, J.J.; Delvecchio,   V.G. *Abstracts of the General Meeting of the American Society for Microbiology,*   1999, v. 99, p. 113. ISSN: 1060-2011.

            NAL   call no: QR1.A5

Descriptors:*Salmonella typhimurium*, infection, bacterial diseases, birds.

 

Nonpathogenic   infectious bursal disease virus and vaccine. van der Marel, Piet; Thijssen,   Martinus A.; Snyder, David; Lutticken, Dieter; Hein, Ruud. *Official Gazette   of the United States Patent and Trademark Office Patents,* Jul. 6, 1999,   v. 1224 (1): no pagination. ISSN: 0098-1133.

            NAL   call no: T223.A21

Descriptors:   bird, infectious bursal disease, pathogen, animal viruses. 

  

Origin   and evolution of feather mites (Astigma). Dabert, Jacek; Mironov, Serge   V. *Series Entomologica (Dordrecht). Ecology and Evolution of the Acari.*   Bruin, J. Van der Geest, L.P.S.; Sabelis, M.W. 1999, v. 55, p. 103. Kluwer Academic   Publishers, Dordrecht, Netherlands. ISSN: 0924-4611. ISBN: 0792356586 (cloth).*Proceedings or the 3rd Symposium of the European Association of Acarologists,**Amsterdam, Netherlands, Jul. 1-5, 1996*.

Descriptors:   Acarina, ectoparasites, Aves, parasite-host. 

 

Parasites   of the greater egret (*Ardea albus*) in Florida and a review of the helminths   reported for the species. Sepulveda, M.S.; Spaulding, M.G.; Kinsella,   J.M.; Forrester, D.J. *Journal of the Helminthological Society of Washington,*   1999, v. 66 (1), p. 7-13. ref. ISSN: 0018-0130.

            NAL   call no: QL392.J68

Descriptors:   disease prevalence, infections, helminths, parasites, *Posthodipiostomum macrocoytle,   P. minimum, P. boydae, Ascocotyle gemina, A. mcintosh, Apharyngostrigea pipientis,   Echinochasmus dietzevi, Clinostomum complanatum, Diplostomum ardeae, Mesorchis   denticulatus, Ribeirola ondatrae, Pholeter anterouterus, Diasiella diasi, Renicola   sp., Tetrameres microspinosa, unidentified Tetrameres sp., Desmidocercella numidica,   Capillaria herodiae, Desportesius invaginatus, Avioserpens galliardi, Acuaria   multispinosa, Chandleeronema longigutterata, Cosmocephalus obvelatus, Glossocercus   caribaensis*,*Dendrouterina ardeae*, unidentified plerocercolds, *Polymorphus   brevis, Arhymorhynchus pumilirostris, Contracaecum multipapillatum*.

Abstract:   39 species of helminths (21 trematodes, 12 nematodes, 2 acantocephalans, and   4 cestodes) were collected from 103 of 106 (97%) great egrets (*Ardea albus*)   from Florida, USA, collected between 1987 and 1997. Infected birds harboured   a mean of 6 helminths (range, 1-23). Details of prevalence, intensity and abundance   are given in a table. 28 species are new host records: *Posthodipiostomum   macrocoytle, P. minimum, P. boydae, Ascocotyle gemina, A. mcintosh, Apharyngostrigea   pipientis, Echinochasmus dietzevi, Clinostomum complanatum, Diplostomum ardeae,   Mesorchis denticulatus, Ribeirola ondatrae, Pholeter anterouterus, Diasiella   diasi, Renicola sp., Tetrameres microspinosa, unidentified Tetrameres sp., Desmidocercella   numidica, Capillaria herodiae, Desportesius invaginatus, Avioserpens galliardi,   Acuaria multispinosa, Chandleeronema longigutterata, Cosmocephalus obvelatus,   Glossocercus caribaensis*,*Dendrouterina ardeae*, unidentified plerocercolds,   *Polymorphus brevis*and *Arhymorhynchus pumilirostris*. The most   prevalent helminths were trematodes of the genera*Posthodiplostomum*   and *Ascocotyle* (represented by at least 4 species each) and the nematode   *Contracaecum multipapillatum*. A review of the parasitic helminths reported   from great egrets is also presented. 

 

Pigeon   pneumonia in Provence: A bird-borne Q fever outbreak. Stein, Andreas;   Raoult, Didier. *Clinical Infectious Diseases,* Sept. 1999, v. 29 (3),   p. 617-620. ISSN: 1058-4838.

            NAL   call no: RC111.R4

Descriptors:   Q fever, bacterial diseases, bird borne, *Coxiella burnetii*, zoonoses.

Abstract:   Q fever is a widespread zoonosis caused by *Coxiella burnetii*, an obligate   intracellular bacterium, which humans usually acquire through the inhalation   of infected dust from subclinically infected mammals. Human infection commonly   takes place when an infected mammal gives birth, since high concentrations of   the organism are found in the products of conception. Worldwide, cattle, sheep,   and goats are the most common reservoirs for *C. burnetii*. A few investigators   have also reported parturient cats and dogs as the sources of human outbreaks   of Q fever. During a 10 day period in May 1996, all five members of one family   had acute Q fever. An epidemiological investigation suggested that this outbreak   resulted from exposure to contaminated pigeon feces and ticks. 

 

Poznamky   ze zprav o onemocnenich bezcu (Ratitae). [Notes on diseases of ostriches (Ratitae).]   Jerabek, J. *Veterinarstvi,* 1999, v. 49 (5), p. 222-223. ISSN: 0506-8231.   Note: In Czech.

            NAL   call no: 41.8 V6439

Descriptors:   helmintosis, ectoparasites, viral diseases, reviews.

 

Poznamky   ze zprav o onemocnenich bezcu (Ratitae). [Notes on diseases of ratites. Part   2.] Jerabek, J. *Veterinarstvi,* 1999, v. 49 (6), p. 266-269. ref.   ISSN: 0506-8231. Note: In Czech.

            NAL   call no: 41.8 V6439

Descriptors:   diseases, viral diseases, bacterial diseases, reviews.

 

Poznamky   ze zprav o onemocnenich bezcu (Ratitae). [Notes on the health and diseases of   ostriches.] Jerabek, J. *Veterinarstvi,* 1999, v. 49 (4), p. 169-171.   ISSN: 0506-8231. Note: In Czech.

            NAL   call no: 41.8 V6439

Descriptors:   diseases, bacterial diseases.

 

Prevalence   of various endoparasites of domestic pigeons. Hayat, C.S.; Maqbool, A.;   Hayat, B.; Badar, N.; Ayub, S. *Indian Veterinary Medical Journal,* Mar.   1999, v. 23 (1), p. 55-56. ISSN: 0250-5266.

            NAL   call no: SF601.I45

Descriptors:   endoparasite infection, parasitic disease, pigeon.

 

Qualitatssichernde   Strategie in der Diagnostik mikrobiell bedingter Infektionskrankheiten beim   Ziervogel. [High quality strategy for diagnosing microbial diseases of cage   birds.] Hinz, K.H.; Kummerfeld, N. *Praktische Tierarzt,* 1999,   v. 80 (9), p. 750-760. ref. ISSN: 0032-681X. Note: In German.

            NAL   call no: 41.8 P882

Descriptors:   infectious diseases, pet birds, bacterial and fungal diseases.

Abstract:   Procedure for laboratory diagnosis of bacterial and fungal diseases in parrots   and other cage birds was outlined, with reference to the dispatch of samples   to the laboratory and interpretation of results. *Chlamydia psittaci*infection   was mentioned.

 

Respiratory   nematodiasis in raptors in Quebec. Lavoie, Martin; Mikaelian, Igor; Sterner,   Mautitz; Villeneuve, Alain; Fitzgerald, Guy; McLaughlin, John D.; Lair, Stephane;   Martineau, Daniel. *Journal of Wildlife Diseases,* Apr. 1999, v. 35 (2),   p. 375-380. ISSN: 0090-3558.

            NAL   call no: 41.9 W64B

Descriptors:   respiratory nematodiases, parasitic diseases, raptors, *Cyathostoma spp*.

Abstract:   This is a retrospective study on wild raptors submitted to the Universite de   Montreal (Quebec, Canada) from 1989 to 1996. *Cyathostoma spp*. (Nematoda:   Syngamidae) adults and/or eggs were found in air sacs, lungs, bronchi, and trachea   of 12 raptors (Falconiformes and Strigiformes) from Quebec, Canada, belonging   to eight different species, five of which are first host records for this parasite:   barred owl *(Strix varia*), snowy owl (Nyctea scandiaca), northern harrier   (*Circus cyaneus*), northern goshawk (*Accipiter gentilis*), and broad-winged   hawk (*Buteo platypterus*). The infection was considered fatal in four   birds, while no significant clinical signs were observed in the other cases.   Major pathological changes included diffuse pyogranulomatous air sacculitis,   pneumonia, and bronchitis. A few unidentified larval nematodes embedded in a   granuloma were found in the lungs of an additional Cooper’s hawk (*Accipiter   cooperii*); they were not considered clinically significant. A dead nematode,   surrounded by necrotic inflammatory cells, was found in the air sac of a northern   goshawk. The presence of nematodes in air sacs or lungs should be considered   in wild raptors demonstrating respiratory problems.

 

Review   of Newcastle disease in Cormorants. Kuiken, T. *Waterbirds,* 1999,   v. 22 (3), p. 333-502. ref. ISSN: 1524-4695.

Descriptors:   epidemiology, reviews, Newcastle disease virus.

 

Small   pox in cage and aviary birds. Gelly, G. *Point Veterinaire,* 1999,   v. 30 (199), p. 287-292. ref. ISSN: 0335-4997. 

            NAL   call no: SF602.P6

Descriptors:   aviary birds, reviews, lesions, septicemia, clinical aspects, histopathology.

 

Speciation   and diversification of parasite lineages: An analysis of congeneric parasite   species in vertebrates. Poulin, R. *Evolutionary Ecology,* 1999,   v. 13 (5), p. 455-467. ref. ISSN: 0269-7653.

            NAL   call no: QH541.P52

Descriptors:   evolution, ecology, helminths, diversification, speciation, phylogeny.

Abstract:   The evolutionary diversification of living organisms is a central research theme   in evolutionary ecology, and yet it remains difficult to infer the action of   evolutionary processes from patterns in the distribution of rates of diversification   among related taxa. Using data from helminth parasite communities in 76 species   of birds and 114 species of mammals, the influence of 4 factors that may either   be associated with or modulate rates of parasite speciation were examined in   a comparative analysis. Two measures of the relative number of congeneric parasite   species/host species were used as indices of parasite diversification, and related   to host body mass, host density, latitude, and whether the host is aquatic or   terrestrial. The occurrence of congeneric parasites was not distributed randomly   with respect to these factors. Aquatic bird species tended to harbor more congeneric   parasites than terrestrial birds. Large-bodied mammal species, or those living   at low latitudes, harboured more congeneric parasites than small-bodied mammals,   or than those from higher latitudes. Host density had no apparent association   with either measures of parasite diversification. These patterns, however, reflect   only the present-day distribution of parasite diversification among host taxa,   and not the evolutionary processes responsible for diversification, because   the apparent effects of the factors investigated disappeared once corrections   were made for host phylogeny. This indicates that features other than host body   size, host density, latitude, and whether the habitat is terrestrial or aquatic,   have been the key driving forces in the diversification of parasitic helminth   lineages.

 

Survey   of pathogens and blood parasites in free-living passerines. Morishita,   T.Y.; Aye, P.P.; Ley, E.C.; Harr, B.C. *Avian Diseases,*American Association   of Avian Pathologists Inc*.,* Jul./Sept. 1999, v. 43 (3), p. 549-552. ref.   ISSN: 0005-2086.

            NAL   call no: 41.8 A5

Descriptors:   passeriformes, disease prevalence, animal diseases.

Abstract:   To determine the disease prevalence of free-living passerines, 1709 passerines   were sampled from 38 different field sites in Ohio. Choanal and cloacal swabs   were collected from each bird and cultured for the presence of *Pasturella   multocida*, *Salmonella ssp*., and *Escherichia coli*by standard   microbiologic techniques. In addition, the serum from each bird was analyzed   for the presence of antibodies to *Mycoplasma gallisepticum, Mycoplasma synoviae*,   Newcastle disease virus, and avian influenza virus. A blood smear was also made   to examine for the presence of blood parasites. Results indicated that the isolation   of *E. coli* varied with bird species, with the European starling having   the higher (21.4%) isolation of *E. coli. Salmonella spp*. Were also isolated   from these free-living passerines. *Pasturella multocida*was not isolated   from any of the sampled passerines. These birds did not have antibodies to *M.   gallisepticum, M. synoviae,*Newcastle disease virus, or avian influenza   virus. Blood parasites were not detected in any of the birds sampled.

 

Therapeutic   effects of some antihaematozoal drugs against *Haemoproteus columbae*in   domestic pigeons. El Metenawy, T.M. *DTE-Deutsche Tieraerztliche Wochenschrift,*   Feb. 1999, v. 106 (2), p. 72. ISSN: 0341-6593.

            NAL   call no: 41.8 D482

Descriptors:*Haemoproteus columbae*infection, blood parasitic diseases, pigeons.

Abstract:   Three antihaematozoal drugs were tested for the treatment of pigeons naturally   infected with *Haemoproteus columbae.*Butalex**(Buparvaquone) was   found effective against the parasite either by using the recommended doses (R.D.)   Or the double (D.D.) doses. The R.D. of Berenil (Diminazene aceturate) was not   effective while the D.D. reduced the number of gametocytes circulating in the   infected blood. Triquine was found very toxic to the pigeons both the R.D. and   the D.D.

 

*Trichobilharzia   regenti*, a pathogen of the avian and mammalian central nervous systems.   Horak, P.; Dvorak, J.; Kolarova, L.; Trefil, L. *Parasitology,* Dec. 1999,   v. 119 (6), p. 577-581. ISSN: 0031-1820. 

            NAL   call no: 448.8 P21

Descriptors:   parasitic disease, leg paralysis, nervous system disease, nasal schistosomes,   experimental infection.

Abstract:   The development of nasal avian shistosomes of the genus *Trichobilhazia*   in their final host is poorly known. Therefore, an experimental infection of   ducklings (*Anas platyrhynchos f. dom*.) by *T. regenti*was performed.   The infection resulted in leg paralysis and orientation/balance disorders of   birds. The examination of the duck’s spinal cord and brain confirmed the   presence of developing parasites in pre-patent as well as patent periods. The   absence of the worms in other tissues strongly supports our hypothesis that   the parasite migrates through the central nervous system (CNS) to its final   location in bird nasal mucosa. The injury level is probably dependent on number   of parasites as well as yet unknown host factors. The affinity to the CNS seems   to be high; also by exposure of experimental animals to low cercarial doses   the growing worms in the CNS were found. In addition to the generally accepted   view that bird schistosomes may cause cercarial dermatitis of mammals (including   man), there is evidence of a partial development of *T. regenti*in mouse   CNS, in certain cases leg paralysis was also recorded. Therefore, the pathogenesis   spectrum caused by bird schistosomes in birds/mammals need to be reconsidered.

 

Visceral   lesions caused by *Yersinia pseudotuberculosis*, serotype II, in different   species of bird. Cork, Susan C.; Collins-Emerson, J.M.; Alley, M.R.;   Fenwick, S.G. *Avian Pathology,* Aug. 1999, v. 28 (4), p. 393-399. ISSN:   0307-9457. 

            NAL   call no: SF995.A1A9

Descriptors:   bacterial diseases, host pathology, case reports, Aves.

 

Wing   web dermatitis in psittacines. Rich, G. *Exotic Pet Practice,* 1999,   v. 4 (4), p. 25-26. ref. 

Descriptors:   dermatitis, aviary birds, skin diseases, treatment, diagnosis.

 

Zoonoses   acquired from birds. Flammer, K.; Fowler, M.E.(ed); Miller, R.E. *Zoo   and Wild Animal Medicine: Current Therapy, 4th ed.,* p. 151-156. ref. ISBN:   0721686648. W.B. Saunders, Philadelphia, USA. 

            NAL   call no: SF996 Z66

Descriptors:   zoonoses, zoo animals, infectious diseases, veterinarians, transmission to humans.

 

 

1998

 

Adenovirus   infections in pigeons: A review. Vereecken, M.; Herdt, P. de; Ducatelle,   R. *Avian Pathology,* 1998, v. 27 (4), p. 333-338. ref. 

            NAL   call no: SF995.A1A9

Descriptors:   avian adenovirus, pigeons, etiology, symptoms, diagnosis.

 

 Adenovirusinfektion   bei Psittaziden. [Adenoviral infection   in psittacine birds.] Soike, D.; Hess, M.; Prusas, C.; Albrecht, K. *Tierarzliche   Praxis, Ausgabe K. Kleintlere Heimtiere,* 1998, v. 26 (5), p. 354-359. ref.   Note: In German.

Descriptors:   viral diseases, mortality, hepatitis, enteritis, aviary birds.

Abstract:   The death of several African grey parrots (*Psittacus erithacus*) and Cape   parrots (*Poicephalus rebustus*) in a large commercial aviary, from severe   necrotic hepatitis and haemorrhagic enteritis, was traced to an avianadenovirus   of serotype 4.

 

Les   affections repiratoires chez les psittacides. [Respiratory conditions in Psittacine   birds.] Andre, J.P. *Point Veterinaire,* May 1998, v. 29 (191),   p. 53-60. ref. ill. ISSN: 0335-4997. Note: In French with an English summary.

            NAL   call no: SF602.P6

Descriptors:   Psittaciformes, captivity, respiratory diseases, neoplasms.

 

Anche   la selvaggina si ammala. [Diseases of game [birds].] Mani, P. *Rivista   di Avicoltura,* 1998, v. 67 (9), p. 40-44. ref. ISSN: 0005-2213. Note: In   Italian.

            NAL   call no: 47.8 R523

Descriptors:   game birds, diseases, game animals. 

 

Avian   aspergillosis. Morrisey, J.K. *Exotic Pet Practice,* 1998, v. 3   (10), p. 73-74. ref. 

Descriptors:   aspergillosis, pet birds, symptoms, treatment, clinical aspects.

 

An   avian reservoir (*Turdus merula*) of the Lyme**borreliosis**spirochetes.   Humair, Pierre Francois; Postic, Daniele; Wallich, Reinhard; Gern, Lise. *Zentrablatt   fuer Bakteriologie,* May 1998, v. 287 (4), p. 521-538. ISSN: 0934-8840.

Descriptors:   Lyme disease, bacterial disease, disease transmission.

Abstract:   The reservoir competence of passerine birds for the Lyme**borreliosis**spirochetes was studied in an enzootic focus in Switzerland. Skin aspirates   and skin biopsies were used to isolate *Borrelia*spirochetes from Turdus   species. *B. burgdorferi sensu lato*was isolated and/or PCR-detected in   BSK medium containing skin biopsy or skin aspirate from 5 blackbirds (*T.   merula*) and one song thrush (*T. philomelos*). Seven isolates were   obtained from 3 different blackbirds. Either *B. garinii*or *Borrelia*   from the genomic group VS116 was found in bird skin samples. Mixed infection   occurred in 2 cases. Tick xenodiagnosis was used to determine whether blackbirds   transmitted *Borrelia* to ticks. Five xenodiagnoses were performed on   3 different blackbirds. *Borrelia* DNA was detected in BSK medium inoculated   with xenodiagnostic ticks from all the passerines tested. Isolates cultured   from xenodiagnostic ticks were obtained from 2 blackbirds. Isolates belonged   to group VS116 (n=10) and to *B. garinii*(n=1). Our study has shown that   *Turdus*sp*.*are infected by *B. garinii*and by *Borrelia*   from group VS116 and that blackbirds are implicated as reservoirs for these   2 genomic groups of *Borrelia*, as they transmit living borreliae to   ticks. An association seems to exist between birds and *Borrelia*VS116,   and to a lesser extent,*B. garinii*, similar to the association existing   between small rodents and *B. afzelii*. Our observations emphasize the   fact that different enzootic cycles maintain Lyme borreliosis spirochetes in   nature. 

 

Beak   disease in psittacines. Lierz, M.; Gobel, T. *Kleintlerpraxis,*   1998, v. 43 (8), p. 595-600. ref. ISSN: 0023-2076.

Descriptors:   beak, trauma, parasitoses, treatment, ivermectin.

 

Choroby   inwazyjne strusi - nematodozy. [Infectious diseases of ostriches - nematode   infections.] Zuchowska, E. *Magazyn Weterynaryjny,* 1998, v. 7 (2),   p. 111. ref. ISSN: 1230-4425. Note: In Polish.

Descriptors:   pathology, parasites, helminths.

 

Choroby   zwiazane z upierzeniem. [Feather diseases in birds.] Kruszewicz, A.G.   *Magazyn Weternaryjny,* 1998, v. 7 (2), p. 106-108. ISSN: 1230-4425. Note:   In Polish.

Descriptors:   cysts, feathers, skin diseases, deficiency diseases, aetiology.

 

Competence of pheasants as reservoirs for Lyme   disease spirochetes. Kurtenbach, Klaus; Carey, Dorothy; Hoodless, Andrew   N.; Nuttall, Patricia A.; Randolph, Sarah E. *Journal of Medical Entomology,*   Jan. 1998, v. 35 (1), p. 77-81. ISSN: 0022-2585.

            NAL   call no: 421.J828

Descriptors:   Lyme borrelliosis, Lyme disease, Borrelia *burgdorferi,*ticks*, Ixodes   ricinus, UK,*bacterial disease, reservoir.

Abstract:   Pheasants, *Phasianus colchicus*L., constitute a major part of the ground-feeding   avifauna of England and Wales and are important hosts to immature stages of   *Ixodes ricinus* L., the principal tick vector of Lyme borreliosis spirochetes   in Europe. Therefore, their competence as hosts for *Borrelia burgdorferi*Johnson, Schmid, Steigerwalt & Brenner sensu lato was investigated.   One group of pheasants was inoculated by needle with 1x106 cultured *B. burgdorferi   s.s.*organism, and a 2nd group of birds was infested with *I.   ricinus*nymphs collected from a focus of Lyme borreliosis**in southern   England. Both bird groups were subjected to Kenodiagnosies using uninfected   *I. ricinus*nymphs. All recovered engorged ticks, as well as pheasant   skin biopsies, were analyzed by a nested polymerase chain reaction targeting   the 5S-23S rRNA genes of*B. burgdorferi s.l.* Both groups proved to be   infective for ticks. The birds that were infected by tick bites proved to be   significantly more infective for ticks (23% of the xenodiagnostic ticks positive)   than those infected by needle (5%). The results show that pheasants can be infected   experimentally with *B. burgdorgeri s.l.*, that they can pass the spirochetes   to ticks and that their infectivity for ticks may persist as long as 3 mo. We   conclude that pheasants are reservoir competent for Lyme borreliosis spirochetes   and potentially play an important role in the maintenance of *B. burgdorferi   s.l.*in England and Wales.

 

Cryptosporidiosis   in birds. Sreter, T. *Journal of Protozoology Research,* Apr. 1988,   v. 8 (2), p. 44-57. ISSN: 0917-4427. 

            NAL   call no: QL366.J68

Descriptors:   digestive system, parasitology, ingestion, assimilation, *Cryptosporidium   baileyi*and *C. meleagridis*, diagnosis, therapy, clinical picture.

Abstract:   The morphology, life cycle, host specificity, incidence of *Cryptosporidium   baileyi*and *C. meleagridis*, and the epidemiology, clinical signs,   pathology, immunity diagnosis, therapy, and control of cryptosporidiosis in   birds are reviewed.

 

Disease   entities of farmed ratites in New Zealand. Cooke, M. *Surveillance   - Wellington,* 1998, v. 25 (4), p. 10-12. ref. ISSN: 0112-4927.

            NAL   call no: SF604.63.N45S87

Descriptors:   viral diseases, bacterial diseases, nutritional disorders, neoplasms. 

 

Diseases   affecting the central nervous system of ostriches in Southern Africa. Vorster,   J.H.; Olivier, A.J.; Huchzermeyer, F.W. *Proceeding of the Second International   Scientific Ratite Congress,* Oudtshoorn, South Africa. Sept. 21-25, 1998.   p. 201-204. ref. 

Descriptors:   nervous system diseases, CNS, diagnosis.

  

*Diseases   of Ostriches and Other Ratites*. Huchzemeyer,   F.W. 1998, Revised edition, 296 pp. 63 fig., 26 colour, 28 pp. ref. ISBN: 186849103X.

Descriptors::   diseases, veterinary medicine, ratites, South Africa.

Abstract:   The 1994 edition of Huchzemeyer’s book has been expanded from 120 pages   to 296 pages, and is now the best available book on diseases of ostriches, drawing   on extensive experience of ostrich farming gained in South Africa.

 

DNA   amplification methods for diagnosis and epidemiological investigations of avian   mycoplasmosis. Kempf, Isabelle. *Avian Pathology,* Feb. 1998, v.   27 (1), p. 7-14. ISSN: 0307-9457. 

            NAL   call no: SF995.A1A9

Descriptors:   mycoplasmosis, bacterial disease, epidemiology, *Mycoplasma gallisepticum*.

Abstract:   This review describes some applications of DNA amplification methods for diagnosis   or epidemiological investigations of avian mycoplasmosis. Tests. For direct   detection of pathogenic *Mycoplasmas* have been developed. Moreover,   most avian mycoplasma species can be differentiated, according to their unique   restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) patterns generated after digestion   of PCR products with different restriction enzymes. In order to characterize   isolates below the species level, PCR-based subtyping methods have been introduced.   One of them, arbitrarily primed-PCR, results in strain-specific arrays of DNA   fragments that can distinguish even closely related strains of a given species.   This method was successfully used to investigate the molecular epidemiology   of vaccine strains and of *Mycoplasma gallisepticum*conjunctivitis in   songbirds. Major issues in the development of DNA-amplification tests concern   the selection of the appropriate target, specimen collection, DNA preparation   and detection of amplification reaction inhibitors. Careful consideration to   the design and work flow of the facility are necessary to avoid false-positive   results.

 

Ecology   of Bird-Parasite Interactions. Alekseev, A.N.; Belozerov, V.N.; Dubinina,   H.V. *Acarina,* 1998 (publ. 1999) v. 6 91-2), p. 101-102. 

            NAL   call no: IPSP12251

Descriptors:   ectoparasites, parasites, host-parasite-relationships.

Abstract:   A report is given on the Symposium “Ecology of Bird-Parasite Interactions”,   which was held in Vilinius, Lithuania, on Jun. 25-28, 1998.

 

Encephalomalacia   associated with vitamin E deficiency in commercially raised emus. Aye,   Pyone Pyone; Morishita, Teresa; Grimes, Sheila; Skowronek, Anthony; Mohan, Ram.*Avian Diseases,* Jul/Sept. 1998, v. 42 (3), p. 600-605. ISSN: 0005-2086.

            NAL   call no: 41.8 Av5

Descriptors:   encephalomalacia, nervous system disease, vitamin E deficiency, symptoms, Ohio.

Abstract:   Thirteen of 64 emus on a commercial emu farm in, Ohio exhibited neurological   signs that included backward staggering, incoordination, generalized weakness,   and sitting on their hocks with head retracted backward. Eight of the birds   showing such signs were found dead. Two of theses emus were necropsied, and   no significant gross lesions were observed. Major histopathological lesions   were found in the cerebellum and included multiple malacic foci in association   with neuropil rarefaction and astrogliosis within the white matter of folia.   In addition, the hepatic vitamin E level of one emu was determined at Michigan   State University animal Health Diagnostic Laboratory (MSU-AHDL) to be 14.61   mug/g dry weight. This vitamin E level was in the lower percentile (35%) of   30 emu liver samples examined at MSU-AHDL. A diagnosis of vitamin E-associated   encephalomalacia was made based on clinical signs, gross and histological lesions,   and liver vitamin E levels.

 

Epidemic   mycoplasmal conjunctivitis in house finches from eastern North America.   Dhondt, Andre A.; Tessaglia, Diane L.; Slothower, Roger L. *Journal of Wildlife   Diseases,* Apr. 1998, v. 34 (2), p. 265-280. ISSN: 0090-3558.

            NAL   call no: 41.7 W64B

Descriptors:   mycoplasmal conjunctivitis, bacterial disease, eye disease, *Mycoplasma gallisepticum,   Carpodacus mexicanus*.

Abstract:   In the winter of 1993-94, house finches (*Carpodacus mexicanus*) with severe   conjunctivitis (later shown to be caused by *Mycoplasma gallisepticum*)   were first observed in suburban Washington D.C. (USA) and adjacent states. Using   a large network of volunteer observers in eastern North America, we were able   to track the monthly prevalence of the disease between November 1994 and March   1997. Using the information on 24,864 monthly data forms, we described the very   rapid spread of the conjunctivitis epidemic through the eastern house finch   population. The epidemic first expanded mainly north, probably carried along   by house finches on their return migration, then mainly toward the southeast,   and later west. By March 1997, conjunctivitis had been reported from most of   the eastern range of the house finch. The prevalence of the disease seemed to   fluctuate seasonally with increases in the fall, probably as a result of dispersing   juveniles. House finch numbers decreased throughout winter in areas with cold   winters and high conjunctivitis prevalence, suggesting significant mortality   associated with the disease. 

 

On   the evolution of sexually transmitted diseases in birds. Lombardo, Michael   P. *Journal of Avian Biology,* Sept. 1998, v. 29 (3), p. 314-321. ISSN:   0908-8857. 

Descriptors:   sexually transmitted diseases, infectious diseases, life history, life span,   importance, ecological conditions.

Abstract:   Sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) in animals are caused by pathogens that   are transmitted during copulation. Birds have played an important role in the   development of STD-centered theories of mating behavior. However, it is not   known whether STDs exist in wild bird populations. While the avian cloaca with   its dual functions of gamete transfer and excretion seemingly predisposes birds   for the evolution of STDs, the life history patterns of most birds (i.e., seasonal   breeders with relatively brief annual periods of sexual activity) suggests otherwise.   The importance of STDs as selective forces that shape host biology depends on   whether host life history patterns provide the necessary conditions for the   evolution and spread of virulent pathogens that rely on host copulation for   dispersal. Infrequent dispersal opportunities for microbes that rely on host   sexual contact for dispersal should favor the evolution of low pathogen virulence,   persistent infection, and lengthened infectious periods. I examine the disease   characteristics of documented STDs that are relevant to birds in order to evaluate   the (1) importance of STDs as selective forces in birds and (2) ecological conditions   in which avian STDs are likely to be discovered. I conclude that socially monogamous   short-lived birds with short breeding cycles and altrical nestlings (e.g. temperate   zone songbirds) are not likely to have coevolved with highly virulent STDs which   would be important selective forces. However, virulent STDs may have evolved   in birds with one or more of the following life history characteristics: long   life spans, long breeding cycles, multiple matings, and precocial young because   these conditions produce increased opportunities for pathogen transmission and   can favor the evolution if virulence. These life history characteristics are   found and exaggerated in birds for which STDs have been documented, the domestic   fowl and waterfowl.

  

Helminth   parasites of the bald eagle, *Hallaeetus leucocephalus*, in Florida.   Kinsella, J.M.; Foster, G.W.; Cole, R.A.; Forrester, D.J. *Journal of the   Helminthology Society of Washington,* 1998, v. 65 (1), p. 65-68. ref. ISSN:   0018-0130.

            NAL   call no: QL392.J68

Descriptors:   helminths, parasites, new host records, wild animals, *Renicola thapari, Mesostephanus   appendiculatoides, Phagicola nana, Microparyphium facetum, Posthodiplostomum   minimum, Desportesius invaginatus, Chandleronema longigutturata, Centrorhynchus   kuntzi, Hamatospiculum, Hamaospiculum*.

Abstract:   Twenty species of helminths (8 trematodes, 9 nematodes, and 2 acanthocephalans),   including 9 new host records (*Renicola thapari, Mesostephanus appendiculatoides,   Phagicola nana, Microparyphium facetum, Posthodiplostomum minimum, Desportesius   invaginatus, Chandleronema longigutturata, Centrorhynchus kuntzi, Hamatospiculum*),   were collected from 40 bald eagles *Hallaeetus leucocephalus*from Florida,   USA. Intensities of infection were low and no lesions were attributed to the   parasites. No species were considered specialists in bald eagles. Five species   were considered raptor generalists and the remainder, generalists in other orders   of fish-eating birds. An undescribed species of *Hamaospiculum* was found   in 3 birds. Most of the common helminths were acquired from eating fish intermediate   hosts.

 

The   incidence of internal parasites in the ostrich (*Struthio camelus*) in   the United States. Raines, A.M.; Huchzermeyer, F.W. *Proceedings of   the Second International Scientific Ratite Congress,* Oudtshoorn, South Africa,   Sept. 21-25, 1998, p. 210-211. ref. 

Descriptors:   parasites, disease prevalence, helminths. 

 

Infectious   diseases and parasites of ratites. Shane, S.M. *Veterinary Clinics   of North America, Food Animal Practice,* 1998, v. 14 (3), p. 455-483. ref.   ISSN: 0749-0720.

            NAL   call no: SF601.V535

Descriptors:   infectious diseases, parasites, diagnosis, treatment, epidemiology, bacteria,   viruses, fungi, protozoa, organs affected.

Abstract:   This article deals with a wide range of infectious and parasitic diseases of   ratites. Diseases are categorised by organ systems into the following categories:   respiratory diseases, gastrointestinal diseases, integumental diseases, central   nervous system diseases and systemic diseases. Aetiological agents are reviewed   including bacteria, viruses, endoparasites, exoparasites, fungi and protozoa.   Brief description of each disease is given covering aetiology and occurrence,   transmission, epidemiology, clinical signs, pathology and diagnosis, treatment   and prevention. 

 

Infektionssygdomme   hos farmede strudsefugle under danske forhold. [Infectious diseases of farmed   ratites under Danish conditions. A review.] Nielsen, Soren Saxmose; Bertelsen,   Mads Frost; Christiansen, Anders Hein; Christensen, Jens Peter; Bisgaard, Magne.   *Dansk Veterinaertidsskrift,* Jun. 1, 1998. v. 81 (10-11), p. 376-383.   ISSN: 0106-6854. Note: In Danish.

            NAL   call no: 41.9 D23

Descriptors:   production animal husbandry, infection, veterinary medicine, *Struthio camelus,   Dromaius novahollandia*, *Rhea americana*.

Abstract:   During the past decade interest in the production of meat from ratites (*Struthio   camelus, Dromaius novahollandia*, and *Rhea americana*) has increased   in several countries. In Denmark, the farmers are planning an annual production   of 150,000 birds. As a profession the veterinarians are supposed to advise the   industry to prevent losses from diseases and poor management. In many countries,   however, the veterinary profession has not received formal education covering   the problems that the ratite production might be facing. Under these conditions   the profession has to rely on published literature, including textbooks. The   present review which should not be taken as complete, consequently summarized   the conditions required for ratite production in Denmark. Based upon original   publications on infectious diseases in these birds, it provides the profession   with background information and a chance to seek further information, when confronted   with a problem. 

 

[Parasites   of ostriches.] Theodoropoulos, G. *Deltion tes Ellenikes Kteniatrikes   Etairelas,**[Bulletin of the Hellenic Veterinary Medical Society]*,   1998, v. 49 (2), p. 99-103. ref. Note: In Greek.

            NAL   call no: 41.9 So18

Descriptors:   protozoal infections, helminthoses, antiparasitic agents, parasites.

Abstract:   A review is given of the protozoa, helminths and arthropods that parasitize   ostriches, with brief mention of some antiparasitic agents (fenbendazole, ivermectin   and carbaryl).

 

Parasitic   mites and ticks of birds. Nagahori, Masayuki. *Journal of the Acrological   Society of Japan,* May 1998, v. 7 (1), p. 1-11. ISSN: 0918-1067. 

Descriptors:   Acarina, literature review, avian hosts, parasite review, Aves.

 

Piroplasmosis.   Wooley, Ian. *Clinical Microbiology Newsletter,* Feb. 15, 1998, v. 20 (4),   p. 25-28. ISSN: 0196-4399.

Descriptors:   birds, piroplasmosis, diagnosis, transmission, treatment, parasitic diseases.

 

Potential   for transmission of the finch strain of *Mycoplasma gallisepticum*between   house finches and chickens. Stallknecht, D.E.; Lutrell. M.P.; Fischer,   J.R.; Kleven, S.H. *Avian Diseases,* Apr./Jun. 1998, v. 42 (2), p. 352-358.   ref. ISSN: 0005-2086. 

            NAL   call no: 41.8 AV5

Descriptors:*Fringillidae*, chicken susceptibility, infections, disease transmission,   diagnosis.

Abstract:   Although *Mycoplasma gallisepticum*(MG) is established in house   finch (*Carpodacus mexicanus*) populations in at least 33 states, the potential   risk of MG introduction to domestic poultry by infected finches currently is   unknown. The objectives of this study were to determine if chickens could be   infected with the finch strain of MG via direct contact, across wire-wire, and   proximity (across-room) contact with naturally infected house finches and to   determine if house finches could be infected through direct contact with experimentally   infected chickens. Chickens were infected with the finch strain of MG through   direct contact with naturally infected house finches, as determined by seroconversion   (80%), polymerase chain reaction (PCR) (20%), and culture of MG (30%). Clinical   disease was not observed in infected chickens. Isolates from chickens were identified   as the original finch strain by arbitrary primed PCR. Transmission required   an extended period of direct contact (10wk) with infected finches, and no evidence   of MG infection was detected in chickens exposed to infected finches across   wire or across the room. Evidence of contact transmission of MG from infected   chickens to house finches was limited to positive serum plate agglutination   results, and infection could not be confirmed by PCR of culture. Results suggest   that minimal biosecurity measures that restrict direct contact between chickens   and house finches should significantly reduce the potential for MG transmission   between these species.

 

Prevalence   of megabacteria in budgerigar colonies. Filippich, L.J.; Hendrikz, J.K.   *Australian Veterinary Journal,* Feb. 1998, v. 76 (2), p. 92-95. ISSN:   0005-0423.

            NAL   call no: 41.8 AU72

Descriptors:   megabacteria infection, bacterial disease, prevalence.

Abstract:   Objective: To measure the prevalence of megabacteria in budgerigar-breeding   colonies and to evaluate possible methods to reduce the prevalence. Design:   A monitoring study over several years. Sample population: Two budgerigar (*Melopsittacus   undulatus*) colonies with over 300 birds each. Procedure: the prevalence   of megabacteria in the faeces in two budgerigar breeding colonies, colony 1   and 2 was determined by faecal examination of each bird. Following an initial   survey (1990), most of the birds that were scored 2+ or more were culled and   a management practice was implemented to discriminate against positive birds.   Consecutively yearly (1991, 1992) were conducted on the young birds bred in   these colonies. The prevalence of megabacteria in colony 2 was also evaluated   in 1994 and 1996 after all the birds were treated with amphotericin B administered   in drinking water. Results: The prevalence of megabacteria in the two colonies   was significantly (P<0.001) different. Overall the prevalence of megabacteria   adjusted for colony differences was significantly higher (P.<0.025) in males   compared to females. Age was not an influencing factor. After the initial survey,   the prevalence in the offspring did not significantly (P>0.05) decrease in   the following two annual breeding seasons but by inference it did significantly   decrease after amphotericin B treatment. Conclusion: The practice of culling   most birds with more magabacteria in faeces and discriminating against positive   birds when selecting for birds for breeding or culling birds on show quality   does not decrease megabacteria prevalence in the offspring. However, a reduction   in prevalence does occur with administration of amphotericin B. Birds may have   amphotericin B-resistant organisms and these birds need to be identified and   culled.

 

Prevalence   of *Toxoplasma gondii* in some common rodents and birds. Devada,   K.; Anandan, R. *Indian Veterinary Journal,* Jun. 1998, v. 75 (6), p. 581-582.   ISSN: 0019-6479.

            NAL   call no: 41.8 IN2

Descriptors:   animals, birds, toxoplasmosis, prevalence.

 

Prevention   of population cycles by parasite removal. Hudson, Peter J.; Dobson, Andy   P.; Newborn, Dave. *Science,* Washington, D.C. Dec. 1998, v. 282 (5397),   p. 2256-2258. ISSN: 0036-8075.

            NAL   call no: 470 SCI2

Descriptors:   ecology, population studies, models and simulations, red grouse, U.K.

Abstract:   The regular cyclic fluctuations in vertebrate numbers have intrigued scientists   for more than 70 years, and yet the cause such cycles has not been clearly demonstrated.   Red grouse populations in Britain exhibit cyclic fluctuations in abundance.   With periodic crashes. The hypothesis that these fluctuations are caused by   the impact of a nematode parasite on host fecundity was tested by experimentally   reducing parasite burdens in grouse. Treatment of the grouse population prevented   population crashes, demonstrating that parasites were the cause of the cyclic   fluctuations.

 

*Proceedings   of the Symposium on Ecology of Bird-Parasite Interactions*. *Arranged   on Behalf of the Baltic Society for Parasitology and the Scandinavian Society   for Parasitology in Vilnius, Lithuania, Jun. 25-28, 1998*. Valkiunas, Gediminas;   Fagerholm, Hans Peter (eds.). *Bulletin of the Scandinavian Society for Parasitology,*   Dec. 1998, v. 8 (2): i-ix. p. 1-87. ISSN: 0803-4907.

Descriptors:   avian hosts, host-parasite interactions, ecology. 

 

Psittacine   beak and feather disease infected cells show a pattern of apoptosis in psittacine   skin. Trinkaus, K.; Wenisch, S.; Leiser, R.; Gravendyck, M.; Kaleta,   E.F. *Avian Pathology,* 1998, v. 27 (6), p. 555-561. ref. ISSN: 0307-9457.

            NAL   call no: SF995.A1A9

Descriptors:   skin, apoptosis, morphology, ultrastructure, microscopy.

Abstract:   Skin biopsies from 23 psittacine birds with psittacine beak and feather disease   were examined by light and electron microscopy. Affected cells, preferentially   found in the layers of the feather follicles, could be clearly identified by   the presence of intracytoplasmic virus inclusion bodies. Ultrastructurally,   the degenerative process in these cells was morphologically suggestive of apoptosis.

 

A   review: Diseases, nutritional and toxic affections of the ostrich (*Struthio   camelus*). Amin, A.E.; Faki, A.E. *Sudan Journal of Veterinary Science   and Animal Husbandry,* 1998, v. 37 (1-2), p. 151-176. ref. 

            NAL   call no: 41.9 SU22

Descriptors:   disease prevalence, reviews, parasitoses, viral, bacterial, nutritional.

 

Risk   factors associated with mycoplasmal conjunctivitis in house finches.   Hartup, Barry K.; Mohammed, Hussni O.; Kollias, George V.; Dhondt, Andre A.   *Journal of Wildlife Diseases,* Apr. 1998, v. 34 (2), p. 281-288. ISSN:   0090-3558.

            NAL   call no: 41.9 W64B

Descriptors:   mycoplasmal conjunctivitis, bacterial disease, eye disease, *Mycoplasma gallisepticum*,   feeders, survey, multivariate analysis, Eastern U.S.

Abstract:   Observations from a citizen based survey were used to identify potential risk   factors associated with mycoplasmal conjunctivitis (*Mycoplasma gallisepticum*)   in eastern house finches (*Carpodacus mexicanus*). Between November 1994   and October 1996, 778 volunteers provided 7,224 monthly observations at residential   bird feeding sites across an eight state region in the eastern USA. Information   collected by questionnaires included health status of house finches and four   sympatric passerine species, types and n umber of bird feeders maintained, neighborhood   housing locale and altitude of the observation site. Bivariate analysis revealed   that house finches were 14 to 72 times as likely to be observed with conjunctivitis   than the sympatric species studied. Year of the study, season, and the presence   of platform, hopper, and tube type feeders were significantly associated with   conjunctivitis in house finches. Multivariate analysis using a logistic regression   model suggests that increased risk of conjunctivitis in house finches was associated   with the second year of the study (the third year of the outbreak), the cooler   non-breeding periods from September through March, and the presence of tube   style feeders. In addition, the presence of raised platform type feeders may   have been protective against conjunctivitis in house finches. Prevention of   spread of this disease may include modifying bird feeding activities based on   season and type of feeder. 

 

Subacute   to chronic fowl cholera in a flock of Pharaoh breeder quail. Miguel,   B.; Wang, C.; Maslin, W.R.; Keirs, R.W.; Glisson, J.R. *Avian Diseases,*   Jan/.Mar. 1998, v. 42 (1), p. 204-208. ref. ISSN: 0005-2086.

            NAL   call no: 41.8 AV5

Descriptors:   mortality, clinical signs, *Pateurella multocida*.

Abstract:   A total of 1300 birds in a flock of breeder Pharaoh quail (*Coturnix coturnix*)   experienced a moderate rate of mortality (13%) during a 7-day period. Clinical   signs included depression, ruffled feathers, prostration, lameness, inapetence,   diarrhea, and periorbital sinus swelling with mucoid discharge and lameness.   Gross lesions observed in dead quail were emaciation, carcass congestion, mild   hepatomegaly with green discoloration, congested intestinal mucosa, caseous   purulent arthritis-osteomyelitis, and thickened crop mucosal epithelium. Histopathologic   examination revealed mild hepatic amyloidosis, proliferative parabronchitis,   splenic reticular cell hyperplasia, thymic cortical atrophy, subacute bacterial   osteomyelitis, periarthritis, and crop mycosis. *Pateurella multocida*was   isolated from the joints of these birds and the isolates were serotype 3x4.   These findings suggest that Pharaoh quail are susceptible to *P. multocida*and are likely to develop subacute to chronic fowl cholera. 

 

Ticks   and mites as permanent and temporary bird ectoparasites, vectors and disseminators   of pathogens. Alekseev, Andrey N. *Bulletin of the Scandinavian Society   for Parasitology,* Dec. 1998, v. 8, p. 1-8. ISSN: 0803-4907. 

Descriptors:   permanent and temporary ectoparasites of Aves, hosts, review. 

 

Use   of live oocyst vaccines in the control of avian coccidiosis: Experimental studies   and field trials. Danforth, H.D. *International Journal of Parasitology,*   Elsevier Science Ltd. Jul. 1998, v. 28 (7), p. 1099-1109. ref. ISSN: 0020-7519.

            NAL   call no: QH547.I55

Descriptors:   disease control, live vaccines, oral administration, oocysts.

Abstract:   Areas addressed in this study on the use of live oocyst vaccines to control   coccidiosis include: the influence of immunocompetency of the strains and sex   of the birds used; methods of delivery of vaccine; immunological variation between   different strains of the same coccidial species; and the effects of combining   vaccine with anticoccidial medication. The results show that vaccination with   live oocysts elicited significant protection against coccidiosis, both with   experimentally induced and naturally acquired coccidial infection, resulting   in average bird weight gains and feed efficiency similar to that obtained with   conventional anticoccidial medication.

 

The   veterinary significance of *Mycoplasma*. Nicholas, Robin. *Methods   in Molecular Biology; Mycoplasma Protocols.* 1998, v. 104, p. 17-23. Miles,   R.; Nicholas, R.(eds.). Humana Press, Inc. Totowa, N.J. ISSN: 0097-0816. ISBN:   0896035255.

Descriptors:   bacterial diseases, respiratory system diseases, birds, host.

 

 

1997

 

Appendix   A: Collection and Identification of Avian Viruses, Bacteria, and Fungi.   Gough, Richard E. *Host Parasite Evolution: General Principles and Avian Models.*   1997. Clayton, D.H.; Moore, J. (eds.). Chapter pagination: 379-395. Oxford University   Press Inc. N.Y., N.Y. ISBN: 0198548923 (paper); 0198548931 (cloth).

            NAL   call no: QL698.95.H67 1997

Descriptors:   Aves, viruses, bacteria, fungi, infection, microorganisms.

 

Appendix   B: Collection and quantification of avian helminths and protozoa. Doster,   Gary L.; Goater, Cameron P. *Host Parasite Evolution: General Principles and   Avian Models.* 1997. Chapter pagination: 396-418. Oxford University Press   Inc. N.Y., N.Y. ISBN: 0198548923 (paper); 0198548931 (cloth).

            NAL   call no: QL698.95.H67 1997

Descriptors:   Aves, parasite-host, helminths, protozoa.

 

Appendix   C: Collection and quantification of arthropod parasites of birds. Clayton,   Dale H.; Walther, Bruno A. *Host Parasite Evolution: General Principles and   Avian Models.* 1997. Chapter pagination:. 419-440. Oxford University Press   Inc. N.Y., N.Y. ISBN: 0198548923 (paper); 0198548931 (cloth).

            NAL   call no: QL698.95.H67 1997

Descriptors:   Arthropoda, animals, birds, parasites.

 

Avian   botulism: another perspective. Wobeser, G. *Journal of Wildlife Diseases,*   1997, v. 33 (2), p. 181-186. ISSN: 0090-3558.

            NAL   call no: 41.9 W64B

Descriptors:   bacterial disease, botulism, pathogen, toxin production, waterfowl, marshes,   predictive model, toxin in maggots.

Abstract:   Waterfowl botulism is unique among intoxications because toxin produced within   its victims leads to secondary poisoning of other birds. Because of this phenomenon,   the epizootiology of the carcass-maggot cycle of botulism resembles that of   an infectious disease and the reproductive rate (R) of the disease could be   defined as the average number of secondary intoxications attributable to a single   carcass introduced into a marsh. I propose that toxin production and botulism   occur commonly at a low level in many marshes and that factors which influence   R determine when the disease expands into a large epizootia. A model that incorporates   the number of carcasses occurring in a marsh, the probability of a carcass containing   spores, the probability of a carcass persisting until toxin-bearing maggots   emerge, and the contact rate between live birds and toxin, may be useful for   predicting the extent of secondary poisoning, for identifying questions for   research, and as a theoretical basis for management. 

 

Avian   pasteurellosis: Taxonomy of the organisms involved and aspects of pathogenesis.   Christensen, J.P.; Bisgaard, M. *Avian Pathology,* 1997, v. 26 (3), p.   461-483. ISSN: 0307-9457.

            NAL   call no: SF995.A1A9

Descriptors:   bacterial disease, pathogenicity, host specificity, birds, *P**asteurella**multocida*.

Abstract:   The taxonomy of the family Pasteurellaceae Phol 1981 appears to be as complex   as that of Enterobacteriaceae. 16SrRNA sequencing indicates that the family   should be divided into more than 20 genera. According to phylogenetic investigations,   the genus *Pasteurella sensu**stricto* includes three subclusters,   two of which represent taxa mainly associated with avian hosts. True species   of the genera *Actinobaccillus* and *Haemophilus* have not been   reported from birds. Some of theses seem to represent genus- like structures.   Due to a high degree of host specificity observed for many taxa belonging to   the family, the existence of many more species can be foreseen as more avian   species are examined. The pathogenesis of *Pasteurella* infections in   birds is poorly understood. However, it has long been recognized that the severity   of the disease and its incidence may vary considerably depending on several   factors associated with the host, the environment or the bacterial strain. Several   virulence factors of *P. multocida*, may be of importance for infection   of birds and are discussed. There is some evidence that the capsule of *P.   multocida*is of importance in the protection against phagocytosis by immunocompetent   cells and that it mediates resistance to complement. Endotoxin is another factor   which has consistently been associated with pathogenicity of *P. multocida*.   There are some indications that the *P. multocida exotoxin*(PMT), which   is involved in the pathogenesis of atrophic rhinitis in swine, may play a role   in some avian infections. High molecular weight outer membrane proteins of *P.   multocida*have been speculated to be the main iron acquisition system of   avian strains of *P. multocida*and thereby representing virulence factors.   An outer membrane protein with anti-phagocytic activity has also been demonstrated.   The potential role of different enzymes in the pathogenesis of *P. multocida*   has been investigated, but not conclusively demonstrated. Apart from the knowledge   concerning the PMT encoding gene toxA, very little is known about the genetic   basis of diseases caused by pasteurellas associated with avian species. 

 

Bacterial   infections in ratites. Welsh, R.D.; Nieman, R.W.; Vanhooser, S.L.; Dye,   L.B. *Veterinary Medicine,* 1997, v. 92 (11), p. 992-998. ref. ISSN: 8750-7943.

            NAL   call no: 41.8 M69

Descriptors:   disease transmission, eggs, drug therapy, antiinfective agents. 

 

[Bird   *Haemosporidia*.] Valkiunas, G. *Acta Zoologica Lituanica,*   1997, v. 3 (5), p. 1-607. ISSN: 1392-1657. Note: In Russian.

            NAL   call no: 436.9 AC8

Descriptors:   avian parasites, *Haemosporidia*, comprehensive parasite study. 

 

Birds   as habitat for parasites. Crompton, D.W.T. *Host Parasite Evolution:   General Principles and Avian Models.* 1997. Clayton, D.H.; Moore, J. (eds.).   Chapter pagination: 253-270. ref. Oxford University Press Inc. N.Y., N.Y. ISBN:   0198548923 (paper); 0198548931 (cloth).

            NAL   call no: QL698.95.H67 1997

Descriptors:   Aves, parasite-host, organisms, micro-habitat.

Abstract:   This review covers aspects of the extent of bird-parasite relations (estimates   of numbers of birds and their parasites) and microhabitats for parasites provided   by birds (alimentary tract, blood system, skin, nest). 

 

Blood   parasites found in three passerine species during spring migration. Rintamaki,   Pekka T.; Halonen, Matti; Kilpimaa, Janne; Lundberg, Arne. *Ornis Fennica,*   1997, v. 74 (4), p. 195-200. ISSN: 0030-5685. 

            NAL   call no: 413.8 OR66

Descriptors:   parasitology, blood and lymphatics, parasite-host, birds, Turdidae, Sylviidae,   Finland.

Abstract:   Blood samples from three common passerine species, Robin, Redstart and Lesser   Whitethroat, were collected during spring migration in the southwestern archipelago   of Finland. A total of 10 parasitic haemosporidian and trypanosomid species   were recorded. The proportion of parasitized samples of all three bird species   was 18.0%, with no significant differences between them. Furthermore, the prevalence   of parasites did not differ between the sexes in Redstarts and between age classes   in Robins and Lesser Whitethroats. Instead, species that belong to the same   family (Turdidae: Redstart and Robin) were partly infected with the same parasite   species. The Lessor Whitethroat, belonging to the family Sylviidae, was infected   with different blood parasite species compared with the Turdids. Our results   indicate that during migration, the prevalence of blood parasites is rather   low and that the taxonomic relationships of bird species is related to their   parasitic fauna.

 

Cecal   spirochetosis associated with *Serpulina pilosicoli* in captive juvenile   ring-necked pheasants. Webb, D.M.; Duhamel, G.E.; Mathiesen, M.R.; Muniappa,   N.; White, A.K. *Avian Diseases,* Oct./Dec. 1997, v. 41 (4), p. 997-1002.   ref. ISSN: 0005-2086.

            NAL   call no: 41.8 AV5

Descriptors:   pheasants, *Serpulina*, cecum, diagnosis, diseases, symptoms.

Abstract:   Spirochetes similar to those described in the ceca of broilers with diarrhea   and in laying hens with decreased egg production and growth were identified   in the ceca of captive-raised juvenile ring-necked pheasants (*Phasianus cholchicus*).   The birds were submitted for diagnostic investigation of an illness characterized   by a seromucoid ocular discharge, sneezing, swollen infraorbital sinuses, and   weight loss. In addition to cecal spirochetosis, the birds had mild enteric   coccidiosis, capillariasis; trichomoniasis, and nematodiasis (*Heterakis spp*.);   esophageal capillariasis; and respiratory mycoplasmosis. Weakly beta-hemolytic   spirochetes isolated from the ceca of one pheasant were identified as *Serpulina   pilosicoli*with the use of a 16S tRNA sequence-specific polymerase chain   reaction amplification assay. Diffuse cecal enterocyte attachment was reproduced   in a 1-day-old chick challenged with the pheasant*S. pilosicoli*isolate.   Immunohistochemical staining of sections of ceca from the pheasant and challenged   chick with a *Serpulina spp*. flagellar antigen-specific monoclonal antibody   confirmed spirochetal attachment to cecal enterocytes. The etiologic significance   of the spirochete infection is unknown because respiratory signs and multiple   gastroenteric pathogens dominated the clinicopathologic manifestations and an   intestinal disorder was not a clinical complaint.

 

Chlamydiosis   in captive white-winged doves (*Zenaida asiatica*). Grimes, James   E.; Small, Michael F.; French, Lewanne L.; Sneed, Lloyd W.; Andersen, Arthur   A. *Avian Diseases,* 1997, v. 41 (2), p. 505-508. ISSN: 0005-2086.

            NAL   call no: 41.8-Av5

Descriptors:   bacterial disease, antibody activity, diagnostic method, *Chlamydia psittaci*.

Abstract:*Chlamydia psittaci*was isolated from the spleen of a moribund white-winged   dove (*Zenaida asiatica*). The isolate was serotyped as the serovar B that   is commonly isolated from pigeons. A fourfold increase in titer of antichlamydial   IgM activity occurred in that bird in paired serum samples tested by chlamydial   elementary body agglutination (EBA) and a greater than or equal to fourfold   decrease of IgG occurred by direct complement fixation (DCF). The increases   or decreases of EBA and DCF titers in other clinically ill birds that were treated   with tetracycline varied, as normally occurs in cases of avian chlamydiosis.   Titers in clinically normal birds were consistent with past infections. These   birds were from a captive group of about 200 birds to be used for breeding and   reproduction research. A small sample of recently caught wild birds was serologically   negative for chlamydial antibody activity. 

 

Collection   and identification of arthropod parasites of birds. Clayton, D.H.; Walther,   B.A.; Clayton, D.H. (ed); Moore, J. *Host Parasite Evolution: General Principles   and Avian Models,* 1997, p. 419-440. ref. Oxford University Press, Oxford,   UK. ISBN: 0198548923.

            NAL   call no: QL698.95.H67 1997

Descriptors:   ectoparasites, collection, sampling, birds, reviews, techniques.

Abstract:   This appendix describes techniques for collection and quantification of avian   arthropod ectoparasites with sections on: previous reviews; host handling and   data; live birds (4 subsections); dead birds (5 subsections); preserved birds;   nests (in situ) (2 subsections); nests (removed) (4 subsections); handling and   preservation of parasites. 

 

Collection   and identification of avian viruses, bacteria, and fungi. Gough, R.E.;   Clayton, D.H.(ed); Moore, J. *Host Parasite Evolution: General Principles   and Avian Models,*1997, p. 379-395. ref. Oxford University Press, Oxford,   UK. ISBN: 0198548923.

            NAL   call no: QL698.95.H67 1997

Descriptors:   identification, fungal diseases, bacteria, diagnostic techniques, birds.

Abstract:   This appendix describes techniques involved in the collection and identification   of avian viruses, bacteria, and fungi. Following a section on sample collection   and handling, the sections on viral diseases, and bacterial and fungal diseases   contain 11 an 7 subsections, respectively. Finally, there is a 10-part section   on serological techniques. 

 

Collection   and quantification of avian helminths and protozoa. Doster, G.L.; Goater,   C.P.; Clayton, D.H. (ed); Moore, J. *Host Parasite Evolution: General Principles   and Avian Models,* 1997, p. 396-418. ref. ISBN: 0198548923.

            NAL   call no: QL698.95.H67 1997

Descriptors:   evolution, host-parasite relationship, collection, techniques.

Abstract:   This appendix gives a brief overview of methods for the collection of helminth   and protozoan parasites of birds, and then discusses collection by anatomical   locations of the parasites.

 

Comparative   studies of host-parasite communities. Gregory, Richard D. *Host Parasite   Evolution: General Principles and Avian Models.* 1997. Clayton, D.H.; Moore,   J. (eds.). Chapter pagination: 198-211.Oxford University Press. N.Y., N.Y. ISBN:   0198548923 (paper); 0198548931 (cloth).

            NAL   call no: QL698.95.H67 1997

Descriptors:   host-parasite community, phylogeny, animals, birds.

 

Common   diseases and injuries of wild urban songbirds. Miller, Erica A. *Wildlife   Rehabilitation,* 1997, v. 15, p. 109-117. ISSN: 0737-1829. 

            NAL   call no: SF996.45 W55

Descriptors:   Passeriformes, treatment techniques, diseases, disorders.

 

Community   ecology of parasites and free-living animals. Simberloff, Daniel; Moore,   Janice. *Host Parasite Evolution: General Principles and Avian Models.*   Clayton, D.H.; Moore, J. (eds.). Oxford University Press. London, New York.   Chapter pagination: 174-197. ISBN: 0198548923 (paper); 0198548931 (cloth). 

            NAL   call no: QL698.95.H67 1997

Descriptors:   free-living birds, parasite-host, organisms. 

 

Compendium   of psittacosis (chlamydosis) control, 1997. Centers for Disease Control   (USA). *Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report,*1997, v. 46 (RR-13) I-II,   1-13. ISSN: 0149-2195.

            NAL   call no: RA407.3.M56 

Descriptors:   avian psittacosis, bacterial disease, chlamydosis, infection.

 

Gastric   disorders in pet birds. Hoefer, H.L. *Proceedings 18th Annual   Conference on Avian Medicine and Surgery,* Mid Atlantic States Association   of Avian Veterinarians, 1997, v. 27 (29), p, 106-110. ref. 

            NAL   call no: SF994.M52

Descriptors:   stomach diseases, digestive system diseases, foreign bodies, radiography.

 

Host-parasite   co-speciation: History, principles, and prospects. Hoberg, Eric P.; Brooks,   Daniel R.; Siegal, Causey Douglas. *Host Parasite Evolution: General Principles   and Avian Models.* Clayton, D.H.; Moore, J. (eds.). 1997. Chapter pagination:   212-235. Oxford University Press, London, New York. ISBN: 0198548923 (paper);   0198548931 (cloth).

            NAL   call no: QL698.95.H67 1997

Descriptors:   parasite-host, evolution, adaptation, parasitology, phylogeny. 

 

Host-parasite   co-speciation, host switching, and missing the boat. Paterson, Adrian   M.; Gray, Russell D. *Host Parasite Evolution: General Principles and Avian   Models.* 1997. Clayton, D.H.; Moore, J. (eds.). Chapter pagination: 236-250.   ref. Oxford University Press, Oxford, England, N.Y., N.Y. ISBN: 0198548923 (paper);   0198548931 (cloth).

            NAL   call no: QL698.95.H67 1997

Descriptors:   parasite-host, host switching, Aves, phylogeny. 

 

*Host-Parasite   Evolution: General Principles and Avian Models.* Clayton, Dale H.; Moore,   Janice.**Oxford; New York: Oxford University Press, 1997. xiii. 473 p.   ill. ref. ISBN: 0198548931. 

            NAL   call no: QL698.95.H67 1997

Descriptors:   birds, parasites, host-parasite relationship, parasite evolution.

 

Host-parasite   processes and demographic consequences. Hudson, Peter J.; Dobson, Andrew   P. *Host Parasite Evolution: General Principles and Avian Models.* Clayton   D.H.; Moore, J. (eds.). Oxford University Press Inc. 1997. Chapter pagination:   128-154. ISBN: 0198548923 (paper); 0198548931(cloth).

            NAL   call no: QL698.95.H67 1997

Descriptors:   parasitology, population studies, demographics, distribution.

 

*Les   infections a Chlamydia psittaci chez les oiseaux de compagnie: etude serologique   et antigenique d' un echantillonnage. [Chlamydia psittaci*infections in   pet birds: A serological and antigenic study of a sample of birds.] Bougerol,   C.; Peirano, Valerie; Matic, Nathalie. *Recueil de Medecine Veterinaire de   l’Ecole-d’Alfort.* 1997, v. 173 (1-3), p. 43-48. ISSN: 0034-1843.   Note: In French.

            NAL   call no: 41.9 R24

Descriptors:   bacterial disease, antigenic diagnosis, pathogen, serological diagnosis.

Abstract:   In a sample of 174 birds (mainly psittacine birds) screened for avian chlamydiosis,   125 were infected, while only 32 showed symptoms linked to the disease. This   disease is contagious for man, and is often under diagnosed because of the exigence   of numerous healthy asymptomatic carriers. Serological and antigenic tests can   be used to detect infection by avarian chlamydosis and reveal the presence of   chlamydia excretors. The same tests performed before and after treatment could   be used as a guide in the choice of treatment and to give a prognosis of the   likely evolution of the disease.

  

Immune   defence: Genetic control. Wakelin, Derek; Apanius, Victor. *Host Parasite   Evolution: General Principles and Avian Models.* Clayton, D.H.; Moore, J.   (eds.). 1997. Chapter pagination: 30-58. Oxford University Press, Oxford. New   York. ISBN: 0198548923 (paper); 0198548931 (cloth). 

            NAL   call no: QL698.95.H67 1997

Descriptors:   immune system, parasitology, genetic control, parasite resistance.

 

Management   of disease in game birds. Dalton, P. [*Correspondence*],*Veterinary   Record,* 1997, 141 (9), p. 231-232. ISSN: 0042-4900.

            NAL   call no: 41.8 V641

Descriptors:   protozoal infection, drug therapy, disease control, parasites, *Mycoplasma*.

Abstract:   The management and control of mycoplasmosis and protozoan infections in game   birds are discussed briefly. The use of drugs for the prevention and treatment   are described.

 

*Mycobacterium*   infection of birds. Keymer, I.F. *Veterinary Record,* 1997, v. 140   (11), p. 292. ref. ISSN: 0042-4900.

            NAL   call no: 41.8 V641

Descriptors:   zoonoses, disease transmission, bacterial diseases, *Columbus palumbus,**Mycobacterium*,   feral psittacines.

Abstract:   The possible role of wood pigeons (*Columbus palumbus*) and other birds,   particularly feral psittacines, in the epizootiology of *Mycobacterium*   infections, including non-avian strains, is discussed. It is suggested that   since birds may harbour unusual strains of *Mycobacterium* which may   pose a threat to domestic livestock and even man, all isolates from birds should   be identified and typed.

 

Non-viral   diseases of psittacines. Smits, B. *Surveillance Wellington,* 1997,   v. 42 (2), p. 17-18. ISSN: 0112-4927.

             NAL   call no: SF604.63.N45S87 

Descriptors:   bacterial diseases, protozoal infections, psittacosis, mycosis.

 

Obesity   in pet birds. Part 2. LaBonde, J. *Exotic Pet Practice,* 1997, v.   2 (11), p. 81-85. ref. 

Descriptors:   pet birds, obesity, diets, diseases.

 

Parasitism   and the evolution of host life history. Moller, Anders Pape. *Host   Parasite Evolution: General Principles and Avian Models.* Clayton, D.H.;   Moore, J. (eds.). 1997. Chapter pagination: 105-127. Oxford University Press,   London, New York. ISBN: 0198548923 (paper); 0198548931 (cloth). 

            NAL   call no: QL698.95.H67 1997

Descriptors:   birds, parasite-host, organisms, evolution, adaptation.

 

Parasite   mediated sexual selection: Endocrine aspects. Hillgarth, Nigella; Wingfield,   John C. *Host Parasite Evolution: General Principles and Avian Models.*   Clayton, D.H.; Moore, J. (eds.).1997. Chapter pagination: 78-104. Oxford University   Press, Oxford. New York. ISBN: 0198548923 (paper); 0198548931 (cloth). 

            NAL   call no: QL698.95.H67

Descriptors:   endocrine system, birds, parasite defense, hormonal regulation.

 

Parasitois   por helmintos y protozoos en aves rapaces. [Helminth and protozoal infections   in birds of prey.] Munoz, Lopez, E.; Gutierrez, Galindo J.F.; Castella,   Espuny J.; Ferrer, Bermejo D. *Medicina Veterinaria,* 1997, v. 14 (12),   p. 657-674. ref. ISSN: 0212-8292. Note: In Spanish.

            NAL   call no: SF604.R482

Descriptors:   protozoal infections, diagnosis, drug therapy.

  

Patterns   in the distribution of avian lice (Phthiraptera: Amblycera, Ischnocera).   Rekasi, Jozsef; Rozsa, Lajos; Kiss, Botond J. *Journal of Avian Biology,*   1997, v. 28 (2), p. 150-156. ISSN: 0908-8857. 

Descriptors:   parasitology, parasite-host, prevalence, distribution, 15 species, territorial   birds, colonial birds.

Abstract:   The frequency distributions of 15 species of avian lice among individuals within   populations are described and 12 previously described distributions are reviewed.   All of these distributions were aggregated, but some of them do not conform   to the negative binomial model (4 at P It 0.05 out of the 25 examined). Distribution   measures (prevalence, mean and variance of louse subpopulations, the exponent   k of the negative binomial distribution, and the index of discrepancy) of lice   in colonial birds are compared to those of territorial ones. Minimum sample   size requirement is calculated for each case study. Louse subpopulation size   and variance do not correlate with host social system, however, residuals from   log mean-log variance regression do. Lice of territorial hosts tend to form   more variable subpopulations than those predicted by the regression curve, while   those of colonial birds tend to form less variable subpopulations. Prevalence   and k are higher, while the index of discrepancy is lower, for the distributions   of lice of colonial hosts, indicating less aggregated louse distributions compared   to those of territorial host species.

 

Protozoa,   helminths, and arthropods of birds. Janovy, John Jr.; Clayton, D.H. (ed).   *Host Parasite Evolution: General Principles and Avian Models.* Oxford   University Press Inc. 1997. Chapter pagination: 303-337. ref. ISBN: 0198548923.

            NAL   call no: QL698.95.H67

Descriptors:   arthropods, helminths, bird parasites, hosts.

Abstract:   This review discusses the protozoa, helminths (Platyhelminths, Nematoda, Acanthocephala,   Annelida) and arthropods (Acari, insects, Pentastomida) of birds. Major taxa   are listed with their host families.

 

Proventricular   dilatation disease. Clubb, S.L.; Taylor, M.; Gregory, C.; Schmidt, R.   *Journal of Avian Medicine and Surgery,* 1997, v. 11 (3), p. 201-203. ref.   

            NAL   call no: SF994.J6

Descriptors:   diagnosis etiology, viral diseases, birds.

 

Psittcine   [psittacine] beak and feather disease (PBFD)- the latest news. Fenton,   Vicki; Fenton, John; Pyle, Josie. *Bird Keeping in Australia,*Mar. 1997,   v. 40 (3), p. 35-39. ISSN: 0045-2076.

Descriptors:   Psittaciformes, diagnostic techniques, viral diseases, treatment.

 

Rapid   diagnosis of avian infectious bronchitis virus by the polymerase chain reaction.   Falcone, Emiliana; D’Amore, Emanuela; Di Trani, Livia; Sili, Amalia;   Tollis, Maria. *Journal of Virological Methods,* 1997, v. 64 (2), p. 125-130.   ISSN: 0166-0934.

            NAL   call no: QR355.J6

Descriptors:   infection, methods and techniques, microbiology.

Abstract:   A simple, sensitive polymerase chain reaction (PCR) procedure was developed   in order to detect infectious bronchitis virus B (IBV) directly in tissue samples.   Viral RNA was extracted from allantoic fluids and cell cultures infected experimentally   with different strains of IBV and from tissues of naturally infected birds.   Viral RNA was then amplified and identified by a nested RT-PCR assay using two   sets of primers flanking a well-conserved region of the nucleocapsid gene. The   selected IBV nucleocapsid sequence was detected successfully by simple direct   electrophoresis of amplified material.

 

The   role of parasites in bird conservation. Dobson, Andrew P.; McCallum,   Harnish. *Host Parasite Evolution: General Principles and Avian Models.*   Clayton, Dale H.; Moore, Janice (eds.). Oxford University Press, Oxford, New   York, etc. 1997. i-xiii. 1-473 p. Chapter pagination: 155-173. ISBN: 0198548923   (paper); 0198548931 (cloth).

            NAL   call no: QL698.95.H67 1997

Descriptors:   avian hosts, ecology, parasites, diseases and disorders, literature review.

 

Some   protozoal diseases of game birds - an unfolding story. Pennycott, T.   *State Veterinary Journal,*1997, v. 7 (2), p. 6-9. ref. ISSN: 0269-5545.

            NAL   call no: SF601.S8

Descriptors:   game birds, *Trichomonas phasiani, Hexamita meleagridis,*UK, treatments,   pheasants, partridges, diagnosis, clinical signs.

Abstract:   The epidemiology, clinical signs, diagnosis, treatment and diseases associated   with *Trichomonas phasiani, Hexamita meleagridis*and Blastocystis in pheasants   (*Phasianus colhicus*) and partridges (*Alectoris rufa*and *Perdix   perdix*) in the UK are described. It is concluded that Hexamita sp. are more   pathogenic and causing greater concern than *T. phasiani*and Blastocystis,   both of which can remain in the digestive tract without causing adverse effects.

 

A   survey of diseases of raptorial birds. Morishita, T.Y.; Aye, P.P.; Brooks,   D.L. *Journal of Avian Medicine and Surgery,*1997, v. 11 (2), p. 77-92.   ref. 

            NAL   call no: SF994.J6

Descriptors:   morbidity, infectious diseases, predatory birds, injuries, reviews.

 

*Veterinary   Entomology: Arthropod Ectoparasites of Veterinary Importance.*Wall, R.;   Shearer, D. 1997, xv. 439 pp. ref. ISBN: 041261510X. 

            NAL   call no: SF810 A3W36 1997

Descriptors:   diagnosis, myiasis, ectoparasites, veterinary entomology, farm species, small   mammals and birds.

Abstract:   This textbook, aimed mainly at veterinary students and practicing veterinarians,   should also be of interest to medical entomologists, parasitologists and those   working in related livestock disciplines. It concentrates on the arthropod ectoparasites   of most significance in temporate northern Europe and North America. Following   a chapter on the importance and diversity of arthropod ectoparasites, the chapters   are on: mites (Acari); ticks (Acari); Adult flies (Diptera); myiasis; fleas   (Siphonaptera); and, lice (Phthiraptera). Most of theses chapters have diagnostic   keys for identification of species or genera of arthropods in that group. The   final, extensive chapter is on the control and treatment of ectoparasite infestation,   with sections on: diagnosis; chemical control of ectoparasites; mode of ectoparasiticide   application; problems with chemical control; non-chemical control of ectoparasites;   and then sections dealing specifically with the ectoparasites of cattle, sheep,   horses, pigs, goats, dogs, cats, small mammals and birds. 

 

Viruses,   bacteria, and fungi of birds. Nuttal, Patricia A. *Host Parasite Evolution:   General Principles and Avian Models.* 1997. Clayton, D.H.; Moore, J. (eds.).   Oxford university Press, Inc. N.Y., N.Y, Chapter pagination: 271-302. ISBN:   0198548923 (paper); 0198548931 (cloth). 

            NAL   call no: QL698.95.K67 1997

Descriptors:   viruses, bacteria, fungi, birds, transmission, parasite-host evolution.

 

Zdravotni   problemy v chovu dravcu. I. Parazitarni, bakterialni, virova a neinfekcni onemocneni   dospelych ptaku. [Health problems in keeping birds of prey. I. Parasitic, bacterial,   viral and non-infectious diseases of adult birds.] Pavlik, I.; Barta,   J.; Lany, P.; Fischer, O.; Cernik, J.; Zendulkova, D.; Kundera, J. *Veterinarstvi,*   1997, v. 47 (9), p. 385-388. ref. Note: In Czech.

            NAL   call no: 41.8 V6439

Descriptors:   animal diseases, predators, parasites, bacterial diseases, helminths.

 

Zdravotni   problemy v chovu dravcu. II. Nejvyznamnejsi onemocneni pri odchovu. [Health   problems in keeping birds of prey. II. Principal diseases in rearing young birds.]   Pavlik, I.; Siska, M.; Docekalova, H.; Diblikova, I.; Bendova, J.; Lany, P.;   Barta, J.; Kundera, J. *Veterinarstvi,* 1997, v. 47 (10), p. 426-428. ref.   Note: In Czech.

            NAL   call no: 41.8 V6439

Descriptors:   animal diseases, predators, aviary birds, young animal diseases.

 

 

1996

 

Avian   chlamydiosis. Fudge, A.M.; W.J. Rosskopf Jr.(ed.); R.W. Woerpel. *Diseases   of Cage and Aviary Birds,* 1996, 3rd ed. p. 572-585. ref. Williams   & Wilkins, Baltimore, MD. ISBN: 0683073826.

            NAL   call no: SF994.2.A1D57 1996

Descriptors:   diagnostic techniques, drug therapy, aviary birds. 

 

Avian   gut-associated lymphoid tissues and intestinal immune response to *Eimeria*   parasites. Lillehoj, Hyun S.; Trout, James M. *Clinical Microbiology   Reviews,*1996, v. 9 (3), p. 349-360. ISSN: 0893-8512.

            NAL   call no: QR67.C54

Descriptors:   digestive system, immune system, parasitology, Aves, birds.

 

Avian   tick paralysis caused by *Ixodes brunneus*in the Southeastern United States.   Luttrell, M.P.; Creekmore, L.H.; Mertins, J.W. *Journal of Wildlife Diseases,*   1996, v. 32 (1), p. 133-136. ISSN: 0090-3558.

            NAL   call no: 41.9 W64B

Descriptors:   avian tick paralysis epidemiology, parasite, parasitic disease, birds, *Ixodes   brunneus,*Southeastern U.S.

Abstract:   Between 1988 and 1994, 16 definitive and 26 presumptive cases of tick paralysis   were diagnosed in 10 species of birds from five southeastern states in the USA.   All birds had engorged adult female *Ixodes brunneus*ticks on the head   region and were partially paralyzed or dead. Cases occurred in the winter and   early spring months, and most birds were passerines found in private yards or   near feeders. All stages of *I. brunneus* feed exclusively on birds,   and this species previously has been associated with avian tick paralysis. Little   is known concerning the life cycle of this ixodid tick and its impact on wild   bird populations.

 

Avian   viral diseases. Cross, Garry.*Diseases of Cage and Aviary Birds.*   3rd ed. 1996, p. 548-567. ref. Rosskopf, W.J.; Woerpel, R.W. (eds.).   Williams and Wilkins Co., Baltimore, MD. London. ISBN: 0683073826.

            NAL   call no: SF994.2.A1D57 1996

Descriptors:   viral diseases, infection, immunosuppression.

 

Bacterial   diseases. Resvill, Drury. *Diseases of Cage and Aviary Birds,*1996,   p. 596-612. Rosskopf, W.J.; Woerpel, R.W. (eds.). Williams and Wilkins Co.,   Baltimore, MD, London. ISBN: 0683073826. 

            NAL   call no: SF994.2.A1D57 1996

Descriptors:   bacterial diseases, infection, Aves, common pathogens. 

 

Bird   parasites. Windsor, Donald A. *Kingbird,* Sept. 1996, v. 46 (3),   p. 190-192. ISSN: 0023-1606.

Descriptors:   Aves, parasites, diseases, disorders, role in avian biology.

 

Borna   disease of ostriches. Ashash, E.; Weisman, Y.; Malkinson, M.; Perl, S.;   Mechany, S. *Israel Journal of Veterinary Medicine,* 1996, v. 51 (3-4),   p. 149-150. ISSN: 0334-9152.

            NAL   call no: 41.8 R25

Descriptors:   reviews, Borna disease, ostriches.

 

Cerebellar   nematodiasis in an emu (*Dromaius novaehollandiae*). Suedmyer, Wm   Kirk; Bermudez, Alex; Kazacos, Kevin R. *Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine,*1996, v. 27 (4), p. 544-549. ISSN: 1042-7260.

            NAL   call no: SF601.J6

Descriptors:   cerebellar nematodiasis, ivermectin treatment, female, parasitology, *Baylisascaris*.

Abstract:   A 3-mo-old female emu (*Dromaius novaegollandiae*) died of cerebellar nematodiasis   caused by *Baylisascaris sp.*infection. Another emu exhibited cerebellar   signs identical to those of the bird that died, but no parasite was observed.   Two additional emus are clinically normal as of this report. The three emus   were first treated prophylactically once weekly with ivermectin and then given   daily pyrantel tartrate pellets. 

 

Degenerative   diseases. Pence, Patricia A. *Diseases of Cage and Aviary Birds,*   3rd ed. 1996, p. 458-463. Rosskopf. W.J.; Woerpel, R.W. (eds.). Williams   and Wilkins Co., Baltimore, MD. London. ISBN: 0683073826.

            NAL   call no: SF994.2.A1D57 1996

Descriptors:   bone disease, degenerative diseases, skeletal system, vascular diseases,   captive birds.

 

Developmental   anomalies. Pence, Paticia. *Diseases of Cage and Aviary Birds,*   3rd ed. 1996, p. 463-469. Rosskopf, W.J.; Woerpel, R.W. (eds.). Williams   and Wilkins Co., Baltimore, MD. London. ISBN: 0683073826.

            NAL   call no: SF994.2.A1D57 1996

Descriptors:   beak deformity, bone disease, cardiac anomaly, eye disease, captive birds.

 

Diagnosis   of psittacine viral diseases using DNA in situ hybridisation. Ramis,   A.; Latimer, K.S.; Naigro, F.D.; Ritchie, B.W. *Israel Journal of Veterinary   Medicine,* 1996, v. 51 (3-4), p. 151. ISSN: 0334-9152. 

            NAL   call no: 41.8 R25

Descriptors:   infection, viruses, genetic methods, DNA, techniques. 

 

Diarrhoea   and vomiting. Hall, Christopher J. *BSVA Manual of Psittacine Birds,*   New Edition, 1996, p. 171-185. Benyon, P.H.; Forbes, N.A.; Lawton, M.P.C. (eds.).   Iowa State University Press, Ames, IA. ISBN: 0813823498.

            NAL   call no: SF994.2.A1M37 1996

Descriptors:   anatomy, bacterial diseases, diarrhea, liver disorder, digestive tract.

 

Diseases   of the avian eye. Lavach, J.D.; W.J. Rosskopf Jr. (ed.); R.W. Woerpel.   *Diseases of Cage and Aviary Birds,* 1996, 3rd ed. p. 380-386.   ref. Williams & Wilkins, Baltimore, MD. ISBN: 0683073826.

            NAL   call no: SF994.2.A1D57 1996

Descriptors:   reviews, eye diseases, aviary birds.

 

*Diseases   of Cage and Aviary Birds,*3rd ed. Rosskopf, Walter J. Jr.; Woerpel,   Richard W. (eds.). 1996, xv. 1088 p. fig. ref. Williams & Wilkins Co., Baltimore,   MD, London, Eng. ISBN: 0683073826.

            NAL   call no: SF994.2.A1D57 1996

Descriptors:   anatomy, behavior, nutrition, pathology, grooming, veterinary medicine.

Abstract:   This third edition text, with contributions from more than forty experts in   their field, has seventy-seven chapters and is aimed at veterinarians in training   and in practice. The book addresses various aspects of caged and aviary birds.   Chapters are organized into two sections. Section one is about such aspects   as the behavior, grooming, anatomy, communication, and nutrition in caged and   psittacine birds. This segment also covers the diagnosis and treatment of avian   diseases and disorders of the different organ systems. The concluding section   examines the diagnosis and surgery required for treatment of disorders in non-psittacine   and non-caged birds. A subject index, end of chapter references, black-and-white   photographs, and other illustrations supplement the text. Twelve appendices   providing such information as common and scientific names of frequently kept   birds, addresses of drug companies, drug dosages, and a list of most commonly   used medications in pet avian medicine are included at the end. 

 

Diseases   and care of wild passerines. Asterino, Rosemarie. *Diseases of Cage   and Aviary Birds,* 3rd ed. 1996, p. 965-980. Williams and Wilkins   Co., Baltimore, MD. ISBN: 0683073826.

            NAL   call no: SF994.2.A1D57 1996

Descriptors:   infection, nutrition, parasitology, veterinary medicine, captive birds.

 

Diseases   of the endocrine system. Lothrop, Clinton D. Jr. *Diseases of Cage   and Aviary Birds,* 3rd ed. 1996, p. 368-379. ref. Lothrop, C.D,   Jr.; Rosskopf, W.J.Jr.; Woerpel R.W. (eds.). Williams and Wilkins Co., Baltimore,   MD. London. ISBN: 0683073826.

            NAL   call no: SF994.2.A1D57 1996

Descriptors:   adrenal gland disease, endocrine diseases, pancreas, thyroid, captive birds.

 

Disorders   of the nervous system. Rosskopf, Walter J. Jr. *Diseases of Cage and   Aviary Birds,* 3rd ed. 1996, p. 406-414. Rosskopf, W.J.; Woerpel   R.W. (eds.). Williams and Wilkins Co. Baltimore, MD. London. ISBN: 0683073826.

            NAL   call no: SF994.2.A1D57 1996

Descriptors:   avian neuroanatomy, clinical examination, laboratory tests, captive birds.

 

Disorders   of the respiratory system. Spira, Annelsia. *Diseases of Cage and Aviary   Birds,* 1996, p. 415-428. Rosskopf, W.J.; Woerpel R.W. (eds.). Williams and   Wilkins Co. Baltimore, MD. London. ISBN: 0683073826.

            NAL   call no: SF994.2.A1D57 1996

Descriptors:   pathology, diagnosis, patient examination, diagnostic method, captive birds.

 

Epilepsie   und andere Anfalle bei Vogeln. [Epilepsy and other bird diseases.] Sandmeier,   Peter. *Voliere,* Jun. 1996, v. 19 (6), p. 185-187. ISSN: 0344-9270. Note:   In German.

Descriptors:   Aves, diseases and disorders, pathology, treatment.

 

Feather   and skin problems. Malley, A.Dermod. *BSAVA Manual of Psittacine Birds,*   New Edition, 1996, p. 96-105. Benyon, P.H.; Forbes, N.A.; Lawton, M.P.C. (eds.).   Iowa State University Press, Ames, IA. ISBN: 0813823498.

            NAL   call no: SF994.2.A1M37 1996

Descriptors:   bacterial infections, endoparasites, skin, fungal diseases, feathers, psittacine   birds.

 

Fits,   incoordination and coma. Forbes, Neil A. *BSAVA Manual of Psittacine   Birds,* New Edition, 1996, p. 190-197. Benyon, P.H.; Forbes, N.A.; Lawton,   M.P.C. (eds.). Iowa State University Press, Ames, IA. ISBN: 0813823498.

            NAL   call no: SF994.2.A1M37 1996

Descriptors:   coma, emergency therapy, fits, incoordination, neurological diseases.

 

Fungal   diseases. Reavill, Drury. *Diseases of Cage and Aviary Birds,* 3rd   ed. 1996, p. 586-612. ref. Rosskopf, W.J.; Woerpel, R.W. (eds.). Williams and   Wilkins Co., Baltimore, MD, London. ISBN: 0683073826.

            NAL   call no: SF994.2.A1D57 1996

Descriptors:   infection, pathogen, fungi, Aves, captive birds.

 

Gamebird   diseases: The need for more research. Pennycott, T. *Game Conservancy   Review,*1996, no. 28, p. 63-65. 

            NAL   call no: SK351.G3

Descriptors:   trichomoniasis, game birds, histomoniasis, signs of disease.

Abstract:   The following aspects of game bird diseases are described: the rising number   of reported cases of hexamitiasis and trichomoniasis, and the falling numbers   of cases of histomoniasis; the decreased availability of antiprotozoal drugs,   particularly dimetridazole; research on alternative methods of controlling these   diseases (showing that pheasants can often carry Trichomonas without obvious   signs of disease); and the need for more such research. 

 

Gastrointestinal   parasites. Greve, J.H.; W.J. Rosskopf Jr.(ed.); R.W. Woerpel. *Diseases   of Cage and Aviary Birds,* 3rd rd. ed. 1996, p. 613-619. Williams   & Wilkins, Baltimore, MD. ISBN: 0683073826.

            NAL   call no: SF994.2.A1D57 1996

Descriptors:   helminthoses, aviary birds, parasites, reviews.

 

Hemoparasites.   Van Der Heyden, Nicole. *Diseases of Cage and Aviary Birds,*3rd   ed. Rosskopf, W.J.; Woerpel, R.W. (eds.). 1996, p. 627-629. ISBN: 0683073826.   Williams and Wilkins Co., Baltimore, MD, London.

            NAL   call no: SF994.2.A1D57 1996

Descriptors:   diagnosis, parasitology, therapeutic method, therapy, blood parasites, captive   birds.

 

Husbandry   practices employed by private aviculturists, bird markets and zoo collections,   which may be conducive to fostering infectious diseases. Wolff, P.L.   *Revue Scientifique et Technique Office International des Epizooties,*   Mar. 1996, v. 15 (1), p. 55-71. ISSN: 0253-1933.

            NAL   call no: SF781.R4

Descriptors:   care in captivity, parasites, diseases, disorders, review.

 

Husbandry   practices as related to infectious and parasitic diseases of farmed ratites.   Tully, T.N.; Shane, S.M. *Revue Scientifique et Technique Office International   des Epizooties,* 1996, v. 15 (1), p. 73-89. ref. 

            NAL   call no: SF781.R4

Descriptors:   parasitoses, bacterial diseases, mycoses, husbandry, disease control, ostriches,   emus, rheas.

Abstract:   Since the mid-1980s, there has been a world-wide increase in the number of farm   raised ratites. The focus of ostrich production remains in south Africa, but   other countries are initiating production of this bird in addition to the emu   and rhea. Ostriches, emus and rheas are being produced commercially outside   their native habitat, resulting in new and unique disease presentations. The   authors describe bacterial, viral and parasitic diseases which are emerging   in production settings. It is suggested that biosecurity, together with adequate   management and nutrition, will reduce the likelihood of flock exposure and limit   mortality in the event of infection. The problem currently facing the industry   is that most ratite facilities do not incorporate separate quarantine areas.   Newly-introduced birds may contaminate soil and facilities with pathogens such   as *Mycobacterium* spp. and *Salmonella* spp. Ratites have excellent   production potential if producers can profitably multiply and rear healthy stock.   Diseases which may affect the viability of an intensive production facility   are discussed.

 

Gastrointestinal   parasites. Greve, John H. *Diseases of Cage and Aviary Birds,* 3rd   ed. 1996, p. 613-619. Williams and Wilkins Co., Baltimore, MD, London. ISBN:   0683073826.

            NAL   call no: SF994.2.A1D57 1996

Descriptors:   digestive system diseases, parasitology, parasitic disease, captive birds. 

 

Gut   parasite load and diet of waders: Methods and first results. Drean, Quenec’   hdu S le; Goss, Custard J.; LeDrean Quenec’ hdu S.; Skirnisson, K.(ed);   Skorping, A. *Bulletin of the Scandinavian Society for Parasitology,* 1996,   v. 6 (2), p. 122. ISSN: 0803-4907.

Descriptors:   parasites, sea birds, ecology, helminths, *Haematopus ostralegus*, *Psilostomum   brevicolle*, *Meiogymnophallus minutus, Capillaria sp.*

Abstract:   The helminth ova detected in the faeces of *Haematopus ostralegus*from   the Exe estuary, UK are reported. The commonest ova found were *Psilostomum   brevicolle*, *Meiogymnophallus minutus* and *Capillaria sp.*

 

Hemoparasites.   Heyden, N. Van der; Van der Heyden, N.; W.J Rosskopf Jr.(ed.); R.W. Woerpel.   *Diseases of Cage and Aviary Birds,* 3rd ed, 1996, p. 627-629.   ref. Williams & Wilkins, Baltimore, MD. ISBN: 0683073826.

            NAL   call no: SF994.2.A1M37 1996

Descriptors:   protozoal infections, parasites, aviary birds. 

 

Lyme   disease spirochetes in ticks collected from birds in midwestern United States.   Nicholls, Thomas H.; Callister, Steven M. *Journal of Medical Entomology,*   1996, v. 33 (3), p. 379-384. ISSN: 0022-2585.

            NAL   call no: 421.J828

Descriptors:   birds, Passeriformes as species, vector biology, spirochetes, ticks, *Haemaphysalis   leporispalustris, Borrelia burgdorferi.*

Abstract:   In a tick-spirochete survey conducted from fall 1989 through fall 1992 in north-western   Wisconsin, 4,256 bird (composed of 91 species) were examined for ticks. Infestations   were recorded for 400 birds (composed of 30 species). Of 1,184 ticks taken from   335 birds (composed of 26 species), 60 (5%) *Haemaphysalis leporispalustris*(Packard) from 8 species of birds were infected with the Lyme disease spirochete,   *Borrelia burgdorferi*Johnson, Scmid, Hyde, Steigerwalt & Brenner.   Similar surveys conducted in 1990 and 1991 in Minnesota and Michigan yielded   223 *H. Leporispalustris* from 61 birds (composed of 23 species), all   free of spirochetes. However, 1 *B. burgdorderi*-infected Ixodes scapularis   (Say) was found in 1 bird species in Minnesota. Most ticks were collected in   fall from ground-foraging birds such as thrushes and sparrows. These results   confirm that tick-infested birds are important in disseminating Lyme disease   spirochetes and may also play a role as sources for infecting ticks. 

 

Malaria   in a captive Emu (*Dromaius novaehollandiae*) from Florida. Fox,   Jonathan H.; Greiner, Ellis C.; Bain, Perry; Jones, Robert. *Avian Diseases,*   1996, v. 40 (2), p. 477-479. ISSN: 0005-2086.

            NAL   call no: 41.8 AV5

Descriptors:   ecology, parasitology, physiology, Aves, animal husbandry, schizonts, merozites,   gametocytes, young animal, red blood cells. 

Abstract:   Severe anemia and intraeryrthrocytic stages of an unusual *Plasmodium sp.*Were identified in the blood of a 5 month-old female emu (*Dromaius novaehollandiae*)   that had a 4-week history of malaise. Examination of blood taken 3 days prior   to the death of the bird revealed a packed cell volume of 10%. Erythrocytes   showed a marked regenerative response. Approximately 4% of erythrocytes had   intracytoplasmic inclusions, mainly within immature cells, resembling malarial   parasites. The schizonts were a combination of the *Haemamoeba* and Huffia   subgenera type with 8-16 merozites in mature forms. The gametocytes were elongate.   The abnormal morphology was probably a reflection of a new host-parasite relationship.   Exoerythrocytic parasite stages were not identified at necropsy. The anemia   was tentatively attributed to the *Plasmodium* infection.

 

Nematode   parasites of marine and shore birds and their role as pathogens. Fagerholm,   H.P.; Skirnisson, K. (ed); Skorping, A. *Proceedings from the Scandinavian   Society for Parasitology Special Symposium, Parasites and Ecology of Marine   and Coastal Birds,**Stykkisholmur, Iceland, June 15-18, 1996.**Bulletin   of the Scandinavian Society for Parasitology,* 1996, v. 6 (2), p. 16-30.   ref. ISSN: 0803-4907.

Descriptors:   sea birds,**parasites*,*helminths, reviews*.*

Abstract:   The nematodes parasitic in marine and shore birds are reviewed under the heading:   Enoplea (Trichinelloidea, Dioctophymatoidea, Muspiceoidea, Acuariodea, Filarioidea,   Diplotriaenoidea, Aproctoidea). Notes on disease are given where appropriate:   It is concluded that there are numerous parasites which have a detrimental impact   on these birds.**

 

Neoplasms.   Bauck, Louise. *Diseases of Cage and Aviary Birds,* 3rd ed.   1996, p. 480-489. Rosskopf, W.J.; Woerpel, R.W. (eds.) Williams and Wilkins   Co., Baltimore, MD. London ISBN: 0683073826. 

            NAL   call no: SF994.2.A1D57 1996

Descriptors:   diagnosis, pharmacotherapy, surgery, therapeutic method, captive birds.

  

Parasites   and the ontogeny of sexual size dimorphism in a passerine bird. Potti,   Jaime; Merino, Santiago. *Proceedings of the Royal Society of London Series   B Biological Sciences,* 1996, v. 263 (1366), p. 9-12. ISSN: 0962-8452.

            NAL   call no: 501.L84B

Descriptors:   development, ecology, sexual selection, genetics, pied flycatchers, *Ficedula   hypoleuca*.

Abstract:   Explanations of sexual size dimorphism in animals have generally relied on theoretical   predictions of sexual selection, niche differentiation, and sex ratio theories,   whereas proximate influences on size dimorphisms are undescribed in wild populations.   We described the differential effects of mite nest ectoparasites on the growth   of the tarsus, a measure of skeletal size, in nesting pied flycatchers, *Ficedula   hypoleuca*, depending on sex. The detrimental effects of mites were suffered   by males to a higher degree than females. It is proposed that parasites may   interact with both host hormones and host immune system to cause sexual size   dimorphism in young animals.

 

Parasites   of the skin. Greve, John H.*Diseases   of Cage and Aviary Birds*, 3rd ed. 1996, p. 623-626. Rosskopf,   W.J.; Woerpel, R.W. (eds.). Williams and Wilkins Co. Baltimore, MD, London.   ISBN: 0683073826. 

            NAL   call no: SF994.2.A1D57 1996

Descriptors:   eyeworm, feather mite, scaly mange, integument system, captive birds.

Abstract:   The parasites are of the mite genera Knemidocoptes, Mylalges, Ornithonyssus   and Syringophilus and the nematode genus Pelecitus.

 

*Parasitosen   des Jagdfasans. [Parasites of Free-Living Pheasants.]*Hospes, R. 1996, 132   pp. ref. Note: In German.

Descriptors:   game birds, disease prevalence, ectoparasites, parasitoses, *Eimeria phasiani*, *E. duodenalis*, *E. pacifica*, *E. colchici*, *Syngamus   trachea*, *Heterakis gallinarum*, *Capillaria spp*., *Argas reflexus*,   *Ixodes ricinus*, *Megninia ginglymura*, *Menopon gallinae*,   *Eomenacanthus stramineus*[*Menacanthus stramineus*], *Goniocotes   spp*., *Liperus spp*., *Reticulipeurus spp*., *Goniodes spp*.   

Abstract:   Of 159 pheasants killed by hunting from October 1989 to January 1990 and from   October 1990 to January 1991 in 2 areas of Germany (Walbeck/Stenden and Hiddingsel),   51.3% were infected with endoparasites and 18.8% with ectoparasites. The parasites   found were: *Eimeria phasiani*(in 23), *E. duodenalis*(in 15), *E.   pacifica*(in 3), *E. colchici*(in 14), *Syngamus trachea*(in   8), *Heterakis gallinarum*(in 29), *Capillaria spp*. (in 19), *Argas   reflexus*(in 1), *Ixodes ricinus*(in 4), *Megninia ginglymura*(in   2), *Menopon gallinae*(in 15), *Eomenacanthus stramineus*[*Menacanthus   stramineus*] (in 6), *Goniocotes spp*. (in 12), *Liperus spp*.   (in 11), *Reticulipeurus spp*. (in 7) and *Goniodes spp.*(in 8).   No differences in endoparasites were seen in pheasants from the 2 different   hunting areas, but in the Walbeck/Stenden area, where artificially-bred and   reared pheasants are released every year, the level of infection with ectoparasites   was approximately 3.5 times that in Hiddingsel, where no release occurs. Host   age and sex had no effect on the prevalence of infection, and no differences   in prevalence of ectoparasites were seen between the 2 hunting seasons: prevalence   of endoparasites was almost twice as high in the 1989/1990 hunting season as   in the 1990/1991 hunting season. *E. colchici*had more pronounced effects   on the intestinal mucosa than did other *Elmiria spp. Syngamus*trachea   caused mucosal swelling at the site of attachment. *A. reflexus*is recorded   on pheasants for the first time. 

 

Pelvic   limb problems. Harcourt-Brown, Nigel H., *BSAVA Manual of Psittacine   Birds,* New Edition, 1996, p. 123-133. Benyon, P.H.; Forbes, N.A.; Lawton,   M.P.C. (eds.). Iowa State University Press, Ames, IA. ISBN: 0813823498.

            NAL   call no: SF994.2.A1M37 1996

Descriptors:   anatomy, bone disease, injury, pelvic limb, nutritional disease, psittacine   birds.

 

Polydipsia   and polyuria. McLoughlin, Anne P. *BSAVA Manual of Psittacine Birds,*   New Edition, 1996, p. 158-170. Beynon, P.H.; Forbes, N.A.; Lawton, M.P.C. (eds.).   Iowa State University Press, Ames, IA. ISBN: 0813823498.

            NAL   call no: SF994.2.A1M37 1996

Descriptors:   clinical assessment, diagnosis, treatment, polydipsia, polyuria, psittacine   birds. 

 

Prevention   of paramyxovirus infection in pet birds using a new vaccine. Hoojmeijer,   J.; Flore, H.; Duchatel, J.P.; Vindevogel, H. *Israel Journal of Veterinary   Medicine,* 1996, v. 51 (3-4), p. 153-157. ISSN: 0334-9152. 

            NAL   call no: 41.8 R25

Descriptors:   Bourkes parakeets, *Neophema bourkii,*immune system, infection, viruses,   diagnosis, genetic method, vaccination, potency testing in chickens.

Abstract:   In this paper results are described of vaccination with a tissue culture-derived   product uses to vaccinate Bourkes parakeets (*Neophema bourkii*), which   were subsequently challenged with virulent PMV-3. The paper also deals with   the development of challenge assay and potency testing of the product in chickens   before release for sale.

 

Reproductive   disorders in birds. Smith, Richard E. *Diseases of Cage and Aviary   Birds,* 3rd ed. 1996. p. 449-457. Rosskopf, W.J.; Woerpel, R.W.   (eds.). Williams and Wilkins Co. Baltimore, MD. London. ISBN: 0683073826.

            NAL   call no: SF994.2.A1D57 1996

Descriptors:   anatomy, breeding failure, housing nutrition, captive birds.

 

Respiratory   parasites. Rosskopf, W.J. Jr.; Woerpel, R.W.; W.J. Rosskopf Jr. (ed.);   R.W. Woerpel. *Diseases of Cage and Aviary Birds,* 1996, 3rd   ed. p. 620-622. ref. Williams & Wilkins, Baltimore, MD. ISBN: 0683073826.

            NAL   call no: SF994.2.A1D57 1996

Descriptors:   respiratory diseases, parasites, aviary birds, reviews, captive birds. 

 

Respiratory   problems. Forbes, Neil A. *BSAVA Manual of Psittacine Birds,* New   Edition, 1996, p. 147-157. Beynon, P.H.; Forbes, N.A.; Lawton, M.P.C. (eds.).   Iowa State University Press, Ames, IA. ISBN: 0813823498.

            NAL   call no: SF994.2.A1M37 1996

Descriptors:   bronchi, fungal diseases, respiratory tract, trachea, medication methods, psittacine   birds.

 

A   review of some orthopedic diseases in ostriches, emus and rheas. Gnad,   D.; St. Jean, G.; Homco, L.D.; Honnas, C. *Agri. Practice,* 1996, v. 17   (10), p. 28-32. ref. ISSN: 0745-452X.

            NAL   call no: SF601.B6

Descriptors:   bone diseases, foot diseases, tendons, genetics, nutrition, orthopedics.

 

Role   of bird migration in the long-distance dispersal of *Ixodes dammini*, the   vector of Lyme disease. Smith, Robert P.; Rand, Peter W.; Lacombe, Eleanor   H.; Morris, Arar R.; Holmes, David W.; Caporale, Diane A. *Journal of Infectious   Diseases,* 1996, v. 174 (1), p. 221-224. ISSN: 0022-1899.

            NAL   call no: 448.8 J821

Descriptors:   Aves, *Ixodes*, ticks, migration, ecology, *Borrelia burgdorferi*.

Abstract:   To evaluate the role of migratory birds in the long-distance dispersal of *Ixodes   dammini*ticks and the spread of Lyme disease, a 6-year study of migrating   birds to an offshore New England island was conducted during 1989-1994. *I.   dammini*are not endemic on this island, therefore allowing assessment of   long-distance tick dispersal rather than local infestation. Of 11,324 spring   migrants examined, 1.2% were infested with *I. dammini*. Of 8,607 fall   migrants examined, 0.2% were infested. Of nymphal ticks examined, 20% were infected   with *Borrelia burgdorferi*. OspB DNA sequencing of 6 B. burgdorferi isolates   was identical to sequences of 2 strains common in coastal Maine. It is evident   that bird migration allows for long-distance dispersal of*I. dammini*from   areas where they are endemic to areas where they are not and that a few bird   species account for the majority of tick dispersal. The likelihood of establishment   of enzootic Lyme disease by this mechanism is discussed.

 

Special   challenges of maintaining wild animal in captivity in Australia and New Zealand:   Prevention of infectious and parasitic diseases. Schultz, D.J.; Hough,   I.J.; Boardman, W. *Revue Scientifique et Technique Office International des   Epizooties,* 1996, v. 15 (1), p. 289-308. ISSN: 0253-1933.

            NAL   call no: SF781.R4

Descriptors:   infection, parasitology, veterinary medicine, wildlife management, captive management.

 

Susceptibility   of pigeons to avian influenza. Panigraphy, B.; Senne, D.A.; Pedersen,   J.C.; Shafer, A.L.; Pearson, J.E. *Avian Diseases,* American Association   of Avian Pathologists, Inc. Jul/Sept. 1996, v. 40 (3), p. 600-604. ref. ISSN:   0005-2086. 

            NAL   call no: 41.8 Av5

Descriptors:   avian influenza, pigeons, susceptibility, disease resistance, viral diseases.

Abstract:   Susceptibility to infection with avian influenza virus (AIV) was studied in   pigeons inoculated via oculonasal (Experiment 1) or intravenous (Experiment   2) route. Chickens were included as susceptible hosts in both experiments. Two   subtypes each of the highly pathogenic AIV (HPAIV; HP CK/PA H5N2 and HP CK/Australia   H7N7) and nonpathogenic AIV (NPIV; NP CK/PA H5N2 and NP emu/TX H7N1) at a dose   of 10(5) embryo infective doses per bird were used as inoculum. The pigeons   inoculated with HP CK/PA H5N2 or HP CK/Australia H7N7 remained apparently healthy   throughout the 21 day observation period, did not shed viruses on 3, 7, 14 and   21 days postinoculation (DPI), and had no demonstrable levels of antibodies   on 21 DPI. On the other hand, 9 of 12 chickens inoculated with the HPAIV died   of highly pathogenic avian influenza; the viruses were recovered from their   respiratory and intestinal tissues, and the surviving chickens had antibodies   to AIV. Regarding responses of pigeons to inoculation with NP CK/PA H5N2 or   NP emu/TX H7N1, the pigeons remained clinically healthy throughout the 21 day   observation period and did not have detectable levels of antibodies on 21 DPI;   only one pigeon yielded the NP emu/TX H7N1 on 3 DPI. The virus was isolated   from a tracheal swab and was believed to be the residual inoculum virus. Based   on the responses of pigeons to NPAIV, it was concluded that the pigeons were   resistant or minimally susceptible to infection with HPAIV of NPAIV.

 

Viability   and infectivity of *Cryptosporidium parvum*oocysts are retained upon intestinal   passage through a refractory avian host. Graczyk, T.K.; Cranfield, M.R.;   Fayer, R.; Anderson, M.S. *Applied and Environmental Microbiology,* Sept.   1996, v. 62 (9), p. 3234-3237. ref. ISSN: 0099-2240.

            NAL   call no: 448.3 AP5

Descriptors:   oocysts, defecation, feces viability, infectivity, waterfowl, Peking ducks,   *Anas platyrhynchos*.

Abstract:   Six Cryptosporidium-free Peking ducks (*Anas platyrhynchos*) were each   orally inoculated with 2.0X10(6) *Cryptosporidium parvum*oocysts infectious   to neonatal BALB/c mice. Histological examination of the stomachs, jejunums,   flea, ceca, cloacae, larynges, tracheae, and lungs of the ducks euthanized on   day 7 postinoculation (p.i.) Revealed no life-cycle stages of*C. parvum*.   However, inoculum-derived oocysts extracted from duck feces established severe   infection in eight neonatal BALB/c mice (inoculum dose, 2.5 X 10(5) per mouse).   On the basis of acid-fast stained direct wet smears, 73% of the oocysts in duck   feces were intact (27% were oocyst shells), and their morphological features   conformed to those of viable and infectious oocysts of the original inoculum.   The flouresence scores of the inoculated oocysts, obtained by use of the MERIFLUOR   test, were identical to those obtained for the feces-recovered oocysts (the   majority were 3+ to 4+). The dynamics of oocyst shedding showed that the birds   released a significantly higher number of intact oocysts than the oocyst shells   (P<0.01). The number of intact oocysts shed (87%) during the first 2 days   p.i. was significantly higher than the number shed during the remaining 5 days   p.i. (P<0.01) and significantly decreased from day 1 to day 2 p.i. (P<0.01).   The number of oocyst shells shed during 7 days p.i. did not vary significantly   (P>0.05). The retention of infectivity of *C. parvum*oocysts after   intestinal passage through an aquatic bird has serious epidemiological ans epizootiological   implications. Waterfowl may serve as mechanical vectors for the waterborne oocysts   and may enhance contamination of surface waters with *C. parvum*. As the   concentration of Cryptosporidium oocysts in source waters is attributable to   watershed management practices, the watershed protection program should consider   waterfowl as a potential factor enhancing contamination of the source water   with *C. parvum.*

 

Why   should marine and coastal bird ecologists bother about parasites? Skorping,   Arne. *Bulletin of the Scandinavian Society for Parasitology,* Nov. 1996,   v. 6 (2), p. 98-102. ISSN: 0803-4907.

Descriptors:   comprehensive zoology, literature review, avian hosts, parasites.

 

Wing   problems. Coles, Brian H. *BSAVA Manual of Psittacine Birds,* New   Edition, 1996, p. 134-146. Beynon, P.H.; Forbes, N.A.; Lawton. M.P.C. (eds.).   Iowa State University Press, Ames, IA. ISBN: 0813823498.

            NAL   call no: SF994.2.A1M37 1996

Descriptors:   diagnosis, muscle disease, injury, neoplasia, nutritional deficiency, psittacine   birds. 

 

Zoonoses   and health implications. Cooper, John E.; Cooper, Margaret E. *BSAVA   Manual of Psittacine Birds,* New Edition, 1996, p. 222-227. Beynon, P.H.;   Forbes, N.A.; Lawton, M.P.C. (eds.). Iowa State University Press, Ames, IA.   ISBN: 0813823498.

            NAL   call no: SF994.2.A1M37 1996

Descriptors:   bacterial disease, chlamydiosis, health implications, zoonoses, psittacine birds.   

 

Zoonotic   disorders. McCluggage, D.M.; W.J. Rosskopf Jr.(ed.); R.W. Woerpel. *Diseases   of Cage and Aviary Birds,* 1996, 3rd. ed. p. 535-547. ref. Williams   & Wilkins, Baltimore, MD. ISBN: 0693073826.

            NAL   call no: SF994.2.A1D57 1996

Descriptors:   psittacosis, salmonellosis, parasitoses, zoonoses, aviary birds, reviews.

 

1995

 

*Avian   hematology and cytology, Second edition*.   Campbell, Terry W. 1995, viii. 1-104 p. Iowa State university Press, Ames, IA.   ISBN: 0813829074.

            NAL   call no: SF994 C35 1995

Descriptors:   blood and lymphatics, cell biology, morphology, birds.

Abstract:   Clinicians, veterinary students, and clinical laboratory technicians will find   this text on the identification and interpretation of avian cellular responses   to be a valuable source of information. This second edition text includes broadly   updated information and references. Topics addressed in the fourteen chapters   include avian hematology and common parasites, evaluation of avian bone marrow   and ectopic hematopoietic tissue, basic cytotechnology, artifacts, and the cytology   of the abdomen, respiratory tract, skin, eye, cloaca, and internal organs. Three   appendices are also included covering hematology and cytology stains and scientific   bird named. Supplementing the text are numerous figures, a reference list, and   an extensive index.

 

Chlamydiosis.   Ritchie, Branson W.; Niagro, Frank D.; Tully Thomas N.; Latimer, Kenneth S.;   Pesti, Denise; Campagnoli, Raymond; Van Vreede, Kelly; Lukert, Phil D. Psittacine   Disease Research Group, Univ. Georgia, Coll. Vet. Med., Athens, GA. 1995, p.   191-192. Junge, R.E. (ed.). *Proceedings of a Joint Conference American Association   of Zoo Veterinarians, Wildlife Diseases Association, and American Association   of Wildlife Veterinarians, Aug. 12-17, 1995.*

            NAL   call no: SF605.A4

Descriptors:   ecology, infection, veterinary medicine, wildlife management.

 

Common   digestive tract disorders in pet birds. Gould, W.J. *Veterinary Medicine,*   1995, v. 90 (1), p. 40-52. ref. ISSN: 8750-7943.

            NAL   call no: 41.8 M69

Descriptors:   pet birds, bacterial diseases, viral diseases, pathology, drug therapy, diagnosis.

 

Common   diseases of game birds. Lister, S.A. *Veterinary Annual,* 1995,   v. 35, p. 331-339. ref. ISSN: 0083-5870.

            NAL   call no: 41.8 V6456

Descriptors:   egg production, hatching, game bird diseases, helminthosis.

 

Diagnosis   of psittacine viral diseases using DNA in situ hybridisation. Ramis,   A.; Latimer, K.S.; Niagro, F.D.; Ritchie, B.W. *Israel Journal of Veterinary   Medicine,* 1996, v. 51 (3-4), p. 151. ISSN: 0334-9152.

            NAL   call no: 41.8 R25

Descriptors:   viral diseases, diagnosis, DNA probes.

 

Epidemiology   of infectious diseases in aquatic birds. Astorga, R.J.; Leon, L.; Miranda,   A.; Cubero, M.J.; Maldonado, A.; Tarradas, M.C.; Arenas, A.; Perea, A. *Medicina   Veterinaria,* 1995, v. 12 (7-8), p. 439-444. ref. ISSN: 0212-8292. Note:   In Spanish.

            NAL   call no: SF604.R482

Descriptors:   waterfowl, infectious diseases, epidemiology, Newcastle disease.

 

An   improved method for collecting bird ectoparasites. Bear, A. *Journal   of Field Ornithology,* Spring 1995, v. 66 (2), p. 212-214. ISSN: 0273-8570.

            NAL   call no: 413.8 B534

Descriptors:   collection of parasites, Aves, improved technique, hosts.

 

Lymphoid   neoplasia in pet birds: A review. Coleman, C.W. *Journal of Avian Medicine   and Surgery,* 1995, v. 9 (1), p. 3-7. ref. 

            NAL   call no: SF994.J6

Descriptors:   pets, lymphosarcoma, diagnosis, drug therapy, neoplasms.

 

Parasaiten   bei Vogein. [Bird   parasites.] Sandmeier,   Peter. *Voliere,*Aug. 1995, v. 18 (8), p. 245-248. ISSN: 0344-9270. Note:   In German.

Descriptors:   avian hosts, parasite list, treatment for parasites, pathology, medication.

 

Parasitic   infection of migratory bird species. Sodhi, N.S.; Loye, J.; Carroll,   S. *Trends in Ecology and Evolution,* 1995, v. 10 (10), p. 417-418. ref.   ISSN: 0169-5347.

            NAL   call no: QH540.T742

Descriptors:   habitats, seasonal migration, parasites, susceptibility, transmission.

Abstract:   The author refers to a paper by J. Loye and S. Caroll (*Trends in Ecology   and Evolution*(1995) 10, 232-235), in which they hypothesize that birds   are more susceptible to parasite infections in fragmented compared to continuous   habitats. Outside the breeding season, many North American migratory birds form   intra-and interspecific flocks when they are more likely to pick up parasitic   infections. Individuals then settle into habitats for breeding according to   their body condition, fragmented habitats being of lower quality than continuous   ones, more infected individuals may settle in fragments than in continuous habitat.   Habitat fragmentation may therefore play an indirect role in parasitism and   this should be considered in conservation strategies.

 

Parasites   and the avian spleen: Helminths. John, Jeremy L. *Biological Journal   of the Linnean Society,* 1995, v. 54 (1), p. 87-106. ISSN: 0024-4066.

            NAL   call no: QH301.B56

Descriptors:   blood and lymphatics, parasitology, helminths, immune system.

Abstract:   A comparative analysis of the relationship between the spleen - a major organ   of immunity - and helminths was undertaken with bird species, using the phylogenetic   regression technique. Species in which many individuals are infected with nematodes   relative to the number of individuals examined for the presence of helminths   (termed “relative nematode presence”) have significantly larger   spleens, for a given body weight, in females (though not in males). There was   little indication that this relationship depends on incidental ecological indices,   the weights of other organs, or the “relative presence” of trematodes,   cestodes or haematozoa. Combined with previous, experimental, work it suggests   that the avian spleen is important in resisting nematodes. Body weight is correlated   with the relative presence of helminths; but even after removing body size effects,   bird species which tend to be infected with nematodes are also more likely to   be infected with cestodes. This paper indicates that the spleens of wild bird   species are associated with macroparasites in the natural environment. 

 

Preventing   psittacine beak and feather disease virus infections. Ritchie, Branson   W.; Latimer, Kenneth S.; Lukert, Phil D.; Greenacre, Cheryl B.; Pesti, Denise;   Campagnoli, Raymond; Van Vreede, Kelly. Psittacine Disease Research Group, Univ.   Of Georgia, Coll. Vet. Med. 1995, p. 193-198. Junge, R.E. (ed.). *Proceedings   of a Joint Conference American Association of Zoo Veterinarians, Wildlife Disease   Association, and American Association of Wildlife Veterinarians, Aug. 12-17,   1995.*

            NAL   call no: SF605.A4

Descriptors:   ecology, infection, birds, veterinary medicine.

 

Ratite neuromuscular diseases. Speer,   B.L.; Roston, M.A.; Marx, K.L. *Proceedings of the 16th Mid-Atlantic   States Association of Avian Veterinarians,**Williamsburg, VA. Apr. 29-May2,   1995.* p. 167-184. ref. 

            NAL   call no: SF994.M52

Descriptors:   anatomy, muscles, nervous system, nutrition, toxic substances, congenital.

 

Viral   diseases of psittacines. Smits, B. *Surveillance Wellington,* 1995,   v. 22 (4), p. 14-19. ref. ISSN: 0112-4927.

            NAL   call no: Sf604.63 N45S87

Descriptors:   viral diseases, psittacines. 

 

 

1994

 

Avian   chlamydiosis. Flammer, K. *Proceedings of the North American Veterinary   Conference,* Eastern States Veterinary Association, 1994, p. 787-788. ref.   

            NAL   call no: SF605.N672

Descriptors:   aviary birds, *Chlamydia psittaci*.

 

Experimental   infection of northern bobwhite quail with *Borrelia burgdorferi*.   Bishop, Katherine L.; Khan, Mazhar I.; Nielsen, Svend W. *Journal of Wildlife   Diseases,* 1994, v. 30 (4), p. 506-513. ISSN: 0090-3558.

            NAL   call no: 41.9 W64B

Descriptors:   birds, bacteria, lyme disease, polymerase chain reaction, organs affected, transmission.

Abstract:   Four week old northern bobwhite quail (*Colinus virginianus*) were inoculated   subcutaneously with 10-6 organisms from a low passage culture of*Borrelia   burgdorferi*. Blood was collected weekly for culture, antibody detection,   and immunoblot analysis. Three weeks postinoculation, viable spirochetes were   isolated from the blood of one bird but not from kidney, spleen, liver, or heart;   all infected birds from which preinfection anitbody titer had been established,   had antibodies by the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The inoculated   birds did not show clinical signs of disease and there were no detectable gross   or histopathologic lesions. *Borrelia burgdorferi*was detected in sections   of kidneys on fluorescent antibody tests. Using polymerase chain reaction (PCR)   analysis to detect *Borrelia burgdorferi*DNA in tissue samples, the expected   PCR product (DNA) of 246 base pairs was visible on agarose gel stained with   ethidium bromide. The identity of the PCR product was confirmed by slot blot   hybridization with *Borrelia burgdorferi*specific DNA probe. Thus, these   birds sustained infections for at least 3 weeks without clinical signs and may   play a role in the transmission of *Borrelia burgdorferi.*

 

*Flavobacterium   meningosepticum*, a pathogen in birds. Vancanneyt, M.; Segers, P.;   Hauben, L.; Hommez, J.; Deviese, L.A.; Hoste, B.; Vandamme, P.; Kersters, K.   *Journal of Clinical Microbiology,* Washington: American Society for Microbiology,   Oct. 1994, v. 32, (10), p. 2398-2403. ref. ISSN: 0095-1137.

            NAL   call no: QR46.J6

Descriptors:   pathogens, *Flavobacterium meningosepticum*, species differences.

Abstract:   Five bacterial isolates were recovered from various diseased birds (chicken,   a pigeon, and a zebra finch) and were identified a *Flavobacterium meningosepticum*.   Four of them were isolated in pure or nearly pure culture of samples from internal   organs, and one strain was isolated in mixed culture of a tarsal joint fluid   sample. Except for the last case, there was no evidence of other disease agents.   By using phenotypic, chemotaxonomic, and genomic methods, the strains were taxonomically   characterized and could not be differentiated from the human clinical reference   strains of the species. Two avian strains were different in their phenotypic   behaviors and constituted another genotypic subgroup. In general, all *F.   meningosepticum*strains constituted a single species which was easily differentiated   from biochemically similar species and phylogenetically closely related taxa.   

 

*Ostrich   Diseases.*Huchzemeyer, F.W. 1994, xiii. 120 pp. fig. ref. ISBN: 1868490017.

            NAL   call no: SF995,H83 1994

Descriptors:   monographs, diseases, ostriches,

Abstract:   The author, who had studied diseases of ostriches in South Africa since 1988,   presents a review of his own experience and of the literature on the subject,   covering transmissible diseases, nutritional diseases and miscellaneous disorders.   There is also brief information on immobilization, husbandry and breeding in   captivity. 

 

Tuberculosis   in farmed rheas (*Rhema americana*). Sanford, S. Ernest; Rehmtulla,   Abdul J.; Josephson, Gaylan, K.A. *Avian Diseases,* 1994, v. 38 (1), p.   193-196. ISSN: 0005-2086.

            NAL   call no: 41.8 AV5

Descriptors:*Mycobacterium avium*, Rheiformes, TB infection, birds.

Abstract:   Avian tuberculosis was diagnosed in two mature rheas on different ratite farms   over a 2-year period. Both birds had died after progressively losing body condition.   Caseo-necrotic granulomas were scattered throughout the liver and spleen in   both birds. Similar granulomas were in the lung of one bird and bilaterally   in the subcutis cranial to the shoulder in the other bird. Smears of several   granulomas from both rheas revealed large numbers of acid-fast bacilli. Histologically,   the granulomas had caseonecrotic, non-mineralized centers surrounded by giant   cells. Large numbers of acid-fast bacilli were seen free in the necrotic material   and within inflammatory cells. Amyloidosis of the liver and spleen occurred   in one rhea. *Mycobacterium avium*complex was isolated at a reference   laboratory from hepatic granulomas submitted from one rhea.

 

 

1993

 

Affections   respiratoires chez les oiseaux de cage et de voliere. [Respiratory disease in   cage and aviary birds.] Wailly, P. De; De Wailly, P. *Bulletin Mensuel   de la Societe Veterinaire Pratique de France,* 1993, v. 77 (3), p. 137-156.   Note: In French.

            NAL   call no: 41.9 SO12

Descriptors:   drug therapy, respiratory diseases, aviary birds, pets.

Abstract:   The anatomy and physiology of the avian respiratory system is described. The   principal symptoms of respiratory diseases caused by fungi, parasites, bacteria   and viruses are given. The diagnosis of the diseases, drugs used and their methods   of administration are discussed.

 

Avian   aspergillosis. Redig, P.T.; Fowler, M.E. *Zoo and Wild Animal Medicine,*   1993, p. 178-181. ref. W.B. Saunders, Co. Philadelphia. ISBN: 0721636675.

            NAL   call no: SF996.Z66

Descriptors:   zoo animals, mycosis, diagnosis, therapy, disease prevention.

Abstract:   Approaches to the diagnosis, treatment and prevention of avian aspergillosis   infection are discussed.

 

Avian   Haematozoa: Mortality and pathogenicity. Bennett, G.F.; Peirce, M.A,;   Ashford, R.W. *Journal of Natural History,* 1993, v. 27 (5), p. 993-1001.   ISSN: 0022-2933.

            NAL   call no: QH7.J6

Descriptors:   wild birds, parasitology, control, blood parasite, Aves, literature review.

Abstract:   A review of 5640 articles on avian blood parasites showed that 236 reported   mortality or gross pathogenicity in birds, and 89% of them were concerned with   mortality in domesticated birds and how to control the blood parasites involved.   Only 6% of records concerned birds in zoological gardens; the remainder referred   to mortality in wild birds.

 

Avian   mites. Philips, J.R. *Compendium for Continuing Education for Practicing   Veterinarians,* May 1993, v. 15 (5), p. 671-674, 675-683. ref. ISSN: 0193-1903.

            NAL   call no: SH601.C66

Descriptors:   birds, mites, infestation, skin, feather mites, treatment, diagnosis.

 

Bird   blood parasites - a new dimension to bird ringing. Earle, R.A. *Safring   News,* 1993, v. 22 (1), p. 5-9. ISSN: 0379-878X.

Descriptors:   Aves, Protozoan parasites, transmission, blood parasites, vectors.

 

Bird   blood parasite project: Report for 1993. Earle, R.A.; Bennett, G.F. *Safring   News,* 1994, v. 23 (1), p. 38-40. ISSN: 0379-878X.

Descriptors:   avian hosts, Protozoa, blood parasite project 1993 report.

 

Common   avian diseases seen in pet bird practice. Rosskopf, Walter J.; Shindo,   Myra K. *Proceedings Annual Conference Association of Avian Veterinarians,*   1993, p. 388-421. 

            NAL   call no: SF994.M52

Descriptors:   Aves, parasite diseases and disorders, overview, pet species. 

 

Common   infectious and parasitic diseases of quail and pheasants. Olsen, G.H.   *Proceedings 1993, Annual Conference Association of Avian Veterinarians,**Aug. 31-Sept. 4, 1993, Nashville, TN*. p. 146-150. ref. 

            NAL   call no: SF994.M52

Descriptors:   parasites, helminths, protozoal infections.

 

Diseases   of turacos, go-away birds, and plantain eaters. Brannian, R.E.; Fowler,   M.E. *Zoo and Wild Animal Medicine,* 1993, p. 237-240. ref. ISBN: 0721636675.

            NAL   call no: SF996.Z66

Descriptors:   wild birds, animal diseases, parasitoses, infectious diseases, nutrition.

 

The   feather-picking pet bird. Rosenthal, Karen. *Proceedings of the Annual   Conference of the Mid Atlantic States Association of Avian Veterinarians,*   1994, v. 15, p. 125-130.

            NAL   call no: SF994.M52

Descriptors:   Aves, feather picking, diagnostic techniques, diseases, disorders.

 

Infectious   and parasitic diseases of cranes. Carpenter, J.W.; Fowler, M.E. *Zoo   and Wild Animal Medicine,* 1993, p. 229-237. ref. W.B. Saunders Co., Philadelphia.   ISBN: 0721636675.

            NAL   call no: SF996.Z66

Descriptors:   bacterial diseases, viral diseases, protozoal infections, diagnosis, therapy.

 

Infectious   and parasitic diseases of raptors. Cooper, J.E.; Fowler, M.E. *Zoo   and Wild Animal Medicine,* 1993, p. 221-229. ref. W.B. Saunders Co., Philadelphia.   ISBN: 0721636675.

            NAL   call no: SF996.Z66

Descriptors:   predatory birds, infectious diseases, pathology, diagnosis, therapy. 

 

Infectious   and parasitic diseases of ratites. Jensen, J.M.; Fowler, M.E. *Zoo   and Wild Animal Medicine,* 1993, p. 200-203. ref. ISBN: 0721636675.

            NAL   call no: SF996.Z66

Descriptors:   bacterial diseases, viral diseases, parasitoses, ratites.

 

Ocular   lesions in birds of prey. Murphy, C.J.; Fowler, M.E. *Zoo and Wild   Animal Medicine,* 1993, p. 211-221. ref. ISBN: 0721636675.

            NAL   call no: SF996.Z66

Descriptors:   predatory birds, anatomy, surgery, eye diseases, congenital abnormalities.

 

An   outbreak of Pacheco’s parrot disease in a psittacine bird collection and   an attempt to control it by vaccination. Kaleta, E.F.; Bueno-Brinkmann,   Miguel. *Avian Pathology,* 1993, v. 22 (4), p. 785-789. ISSN: 0307-9457.   

            NAL   call no: SF995.A1A9 

Descriptors:   viral diseases, vaccination, treatment techniques, case report.

 

Penguin   and alcid medicine. Stoskopf, M.K.; Fowler, M.E. *Zoo and Wild Animal   Medicine,* 1993, v. p. 189-194. ref. ISBN: 0721636675.

            NAL   call no: SF996.Z66

Descriptors:   zoo animals, reproduction, physiology, pathology, diseases, parasitoses.

 

Psittacine   birds as reservoirs of serious diseases. Schmidt, R.E.; Fowler, M.E,   *Zoo and Wild Animal Medicine,* 1993, p. 244-247. ref. ISBN: 0721636675.

            NAL   call no: SF996.Z66

Descriptors:   bacterial diseases, viral diseases, mycoses, protozoal infection, parrot family.

 

Vaccination   and challenge studies with psittacine beak and feather disease virus.   Raidal, S.R.; Firth, G.A.; Cross, G.M. *Australian Veterinary Journal,*   1993, v. 70 (12), p. 437-441. ISSN: 0005-0423.

            NAL   call no: 41.8 AU72

Descriptors:   immune system, viruses, Psittaciformes, pharmacology, cockatoos, galahs, experimental   infection, antibody response.

Abstract:   Psittacine beak and feather disease virus (PBFDV) was administered to adult   galahs (*Eolophus roseicapillus*) by mouth or by intramuscular injection.   Concentration of PBFDV antibodies in serum and excretion of PBFDV were monitored   by hemagglutination inhibition (HI) and hemagglutination (HA) respectively.   After oral administration, 17 of 18 galahs remained clinically normal and a   small rise in antibody titre was detected in 3 of 18 birds. After intramuscular   administration, antibody was detected in all birds. PBFDV was not detected in   the feather dander of birds in either group. One bird developed diarrhoea and   high faecal HA titres within 4 days of oral administration and then died. Adult   and nestling cockatoos were vaccinated with an experimental inactivated double-oil   emulsion vaccine. PBFDV antibody responses are comparable to those induced by   a primary-oil emulsion vaccination regimen using Freund’s adjuvants. Both   vaccines protected nestlings. Three sibling wild-caught sulphur-crested cockatoos   were vaccinated but died of PBFDV before experimental challenge despite antibody   responses in all birds. Unvaccinated control chicks developed acute PBFDV within   4 weeks of challenge, probably from PBFDV-induced hepatitis since high concentrations   of PBFDV were detected in their livers.

 

*Virus   Infections of Vertebrates, Vol. 4. Virus Infection of Birds.*McFerren, J.B.;   McNulty, M.S. (eds.). 1993; 4: xviii. 1-621 p. ISBN: 0444898999. Elsevier Science   Publishing Co. N.Y., N.Y.

            NAL   call no: SF780.4 V55 1993

Descriptors:   control, diagnosis, disease signs, virus properties, pathogenesis, pathogenesis,   various viruses, epizootiology.

Abstract:   Viruses cause a wide array of diseases in birds. Some are highly infectious.   Some are well defined and can be grown in-vitro. Some cause simultaneous infections   in concert with other viruses. This text reviews current knowledge of the full   range of bird viruses. It is organized by family following the scheme presented   in the *Fifth Report of the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses.*   An overview of each family is presented. For those viruses about which a substantial   amount is known, chapters are divided into sections covering virus properties,   epizootiology, pathogenesis, clinical signs, pathology, laboratory diagnosis,   and prophylaxis and control. The text is illustrated, heavily referenced, and   indexed.

 

 

1992

 

A   clinical approach to neoplastic disease in the pet bird. Bauck, Louise   D. *Seminars in Avian and Exotic Pet Medicine,* Oct. 1992, v. 1 (2), p.   65-72. ISSN: 1055-937X.

            NAL   call no: SF994.2.A1S36

Descriptors:   Aves, diagnostic techniques, bacterial diseases, clinical aspects, cancers.

 

Comparative   ecology of Neotropical bird lice (Insecta: Phthiraptera). Clayton, D.H.;   Gregory, R.D.; Price, R.D. *Journal of Animal Ecology,* 1992, v. 61 (3),   p. 781-795. ISSN: 0021-8790. 

            NAL   call no: 410 J826

Descriptors:   Avian hosts, Insecta, parasites, diseases and disorders, ecology.

 

Enfermedades   mas frecuentes en las gallinas de Guinea. [The most common diseases of guinea   fowls.] Boado, E.; Herrera, C.; Lopez, S.; Quintero, D. *Revista Cubana   de Ciencia Avicola,* 1992, v. 90 (1), p. 40-52. ref. ISSN: 8750-7943. Note:   In Spanish.

            NAL   call no: SF481.R48

Descriptors:   age, diseases, guinea fowl.

 

*Vogelkrankheiten   : Ursachen, Erkennung, Behandlung. [Bird Diseases.]* Hahn, Ute. Alfred Hannover:   M&H Schaper, c1992. 134 p. ill. ISBN: 3794401697. Note: In German.

            NAL   call no: SF994.H36 1992

Descriptors:   birds, ornamental diseases, cage birds diseases.

 

 

 

1991

 

*Bird   Keeping as a Source of Lung Cancer and Other Human Diseases: A Need for Higher   Hygienic Standards.*Holst, P.A.J. Springer-Verlag, Berlin, New York, etc.   1991. i-xiii. 1-123 p. International Archives of Occupational and Environmental   Health - supplement.

Descriptors:   Aves, source of human diseases, care in captivity, transmission, zoonotic potential.

 

*Bird   Parasite Interactions: Ecology, Evolution, and Behaviour.* Loye, J.E.; Zuk,   M. *Oxford Ornithology Series,* No. 2, Oxford, N.Y.: Oxford University   Press, 1991. i-xv.1- 406 p. ill. maps. ref. ISBN: 0198577389.

            NAL   call no: QL698.95.B57 1991

Descriptors:   Aves, behavior, parasites, host ecology, evolution and behavior, birds, host-pathogen   interactions.

 

Giardiasis   in wild and captive bird populations: High prevalence in herons and budgerigars.   Erlandsen, S.L.; Weisbrod, A.R.; Knudson, L.W.; Olereich, R.; Dodge,   W.E.; Jakubowski, W.J. *International Journal of Environmental Health Research,*   1991, v. 1 (3), p. 132-143. ISSN: 0960-3123.

Descriptors:   avian hosts, *Giardia*, prevalence in wild and captive host species.

 

Helminth   parasites of wild birds. Borgsteede, F.H.M. *Wild Bird Mortality in   the Netherlands 1975-1989.* Baars, A.J.; Over, H.J. (eds.). Netherlands Society   for the Protection of Birds, Zeist & Central Veterinary Research Institute,   Lelystad. 1991. 1-59 p. Chapter pagination: 37-42.

            NAL   call no: SF994.W54 1989

Descriptors:   avian hosts, parasitological survey, Netherlands.

 

Parasite   load reduces song output in a passerine bird. Moller, A.P. *Animal   Behaviour,* 1991, v. 41 (4), p. 723-730. ISSN: 0003-3472.

            NAL   call no: 410 B77

Descriptors:   avian hosts, parasite load, effect on song output, acoustic signals.

 

Pathology   and diagnostics on wild bird mortality. Smit, T. *Wild Bird Mortality   in The Netherlands 1975-1989.* Baars, A.J.; Over, H.J. (eds.). Netherlands   Society for the Protection of Birds, Zeist & Central Veterinary Research   Institute, Lelystad. 1991. 1-59 p. Chapter pagination: 15-22.

            NAL   call no: SF994.W54 1989

Descriptors:   diagnostic techniques, Aves, parasitic diseases and disorders, deaths,   Netherlands. 

 

Routes   and prevalence of shedding of psittacine beak and feather disease virus.   Ritchie, B.W.; Niagro, F.D.; Latimer, K.S.; Steffens, W.L.; Pesti, D.; Ancona,   J.; Lukert, P.D. *American Journal of Veterinary Research,* Nov. 1991.   v. 52 (11), p. 1804-1809. ref. ISSN: 0002-9645.

            NAL   call no: 41.8 AM3A

Descriptors:   Psittaciformes, viruses, disease transmission, feces, dust, crop, contaminated   feather dust, colonial housed birds, virus, feces, crops.

Abstract:   Psittacine beak and feather disease (PBFD) virus was recovered from the feces   and crop washings from various species of psittacine birds diagnosed with PBFD.   High concentrations of the virus could also be demonstrated in feather dust   collection from a room where 22 birds with active cases of PBFD were being housed.   The virons recovered from the feces, crop, and feather dust were confirmed to   be PBFD virus by ultrastructural, physical, or antigenic characteristics. Virus   recovered from the feather dust and feces hemagglutinated cockatoo erythrocytes.   The specificity of the hemagglutination was confirmed by hemagglutination inhibition,   using rabbit antibodies against PBFD virus. During the test period, 26% (8 of   31) of the birds screened were found to be excreting PBFD virus in their feces,   and 21% (3 of 14) of crop washings were positive for PBFD virus. Some birds   in the sample group had active cases of diarrhea, whereas others had normal-appearing   feces. Diarrhea was found to be the only significant indicator of whether a   bird was likely to be excreting virus from the digestive tract. These findings   suggest that exposure of susceptible birds to PBFD virus may occur from contact   with contaminated feather dust, feces, or crop secretions. Viral particles that   were morphologically similar to parvovirus (2-to24 nm-icosahedral nonenveloped   virons) also were recovered from feces of some of the birds. 

 

 

1990

 

*Les   maladies des oiseaux de cages et de volieres. [Diseases of Caged and Free-Flying   Birds.]* 1st ed. Andre, J.P. Maisons-Alfort: Editions du Point   Veterinaire, 1990. 380 p. plates, ill. ref. ISBN: 2863269480. Note: In French.

            NAL   call no: SF994.A53 1990

Descriptors:   birds, diseases.

 

A   retrospective study of disease and mortality in zebra finches. Prattis,   S.M.; Cioffee, C.J.; Reinhard, G.; Zaoutis, T.E. *Lab. Animal Science,*   July 1990, v. 40 (4), p. 402-405. ref. ISSN: 0023-6764.

            NAL   call no: 410.9 P94

Descriptors:   animal diseases, morbidity, mortality, symptoms, Fringillidae, domestic colonies,   *E. coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Enterobacter spp*., and *Candida albicans*.

Abstract:   Few public reports exist describing morbidity and mortality in domestic zebra   finch colonies maintained in a laboratory animal setting. A retrospective study   of clinical disease and mortality in quarantined adult zebra finches was performed.   Animals were observed during the 2 week quarantine period and for at least 1   month afterwards (42 days). Signs of disease, including feather and beak abnormalities,   oculonasal discharge, increased respiratory rate or stridor, abdominal enlargement,   pasty vent, diarrhea, lameness and pectoral muscle loss, were evaluated in out   colony during this time. History, physical examination, laboratory testing and   postmortem evaluation were used to determine causes of clinical diseases. Common   clinical findings in sick finches included sudden death, ruffled feathers, increased   respiratory rate or gape mouthed breathing, pasty vent or frank diarrhea, and   beak discoloration. Organisms frequently isolated were *Staphylococcus spp.,   E. coli, Enterobacter spp*., and *Coccidia spp*. of the finches that   died while in the colony (29.5%), 23.0% died in the first week after arrival.   Pathogens frequently isolated from tissues cultured at necropsy included*E. coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Enterobacter spp*., and *Candida albicans*.   When observed, pathological lesions consisted of air sacculitis, fibrinopurulent   polyserositis and ventriculitis. 

 

 

1989

 

Avian   pathogens: Their biology and methods of spread. Reece, R.L. *International   Council for Bird Preservation Technical Publication,* 1989. p. 1-23. No.   10. ISSN: 0277-1330.

            NAL   call no: QL696.P7I32 1980

Descriptors:   Aves, parasite and disease biology and dispersal, significance, birds.

 

Bill   abnormalities. McCulloch, E.M. *Bird Observer,* 1989, v. 82, No.   689. ISSN: 0313-5888.

            NAL   call no: QL684.M4B54

Descriptors:   birds, bill, abnormalities, developmental disorders, records.

 

Diseases   and threatened birds. Cooper, J.E. *International Council for Bird   Preservation Technical Publication,* 1989. i-xi. p.1-200. No. 10. ISSN: 0277-1330.

            NAL   call no: QL696.P7I32

Descriptors:   Aves, endangered species, diseases, significance, birds.

 

Exclusion,   elimination and control of avian pathogens. Ashton, W.L.G.; Cooper, J.E.   *International Council for Bird Preservation Technical Publication,* 1989,   p. 31-38. No. 10. ISSN: 0277-1330.

            NAL   call no: QL696.P7I32

Descriptors:   Aves, pathogen exclusion, elimination and control, significance, birds. 

 

Hematazoa   from the spotted owl. Gutierrez, R. *Journal of Wildlife Diseases,*   1989, v. 25 (4), p. 614-618. ref. ISSN: 0090-3558.

            NAL   call no: 41.9 W64B

Descriptors:   microfilaria, hosts, mixed infections, parasites, disease prevalence, California,   New Mexico, *Strix occidentalis*, *Haemoproteus noctuae, H. syrnii, Leucocytozoon   ziemanni, Trypanosoma avium, Atoxoplasma sp*.

Abstract:   One-hundred-and-five spotted owls (*Strix occidentalis*) from 7 populations   (in California and New Mexico) and 3 subspecies were examined between April   and August from 1987 to 1988 for hematozoa. *Haemoproteus noctuae, H. syrnii,   Leucocytozoon ziemanni, Trypanosoma avium, Atoxoplasma sp.*and unidentified   microfilaria were recorded. All subspecies (*S. occidentalis caurina, S. occidentalis   occidentalis and S. occidentalis lucida*) were infected with at least one   haematozoan; 79% had multiple infections. Twenty-two percent of the owls were   infected with as many as 4 species of parasites. There were significant differences   in the prevalences of these species of parasites occurring among the 5 populations   of northern and California spotted owls sampled in California. *H. noctuae,   H. synrii*and *Atoxoplasma sp.*represented new host records for this   host species. 

 

The   significance of avian *Haematozoa* in conservation strategies.   Peirce, M.A. *International Council for Bird Preservation Technical Publication,*   1989, p. 69-76. No. 10. ISSN: 0277-1330. 

            NAL   call no: QL696.P7I32

Descriptors:*Haematozoa*, Aves, bird hosts, parasites, conservation strategies. 

 

The   role of birds in the long-distance dispersal of disease. Bourne, W.R.P.   *International Council for Bird Preservation Technical Publication,* 1989,   p. 121-128. No. 10. ISSN: 0277-1330.

            NAL   call no: QL696.P7I32

Descriptors:   Aves, transmission, long distance disease dispersal role, disease transmission.

 

The   role of pathogens in threatened populations: An historical review. Cooper,   J.E. *International Council for Bird Preservation Technical Publication,*   1989, p. 51-61. No. 10. ISSN: 0277-1330.

            NAL   call no: QL696.P7I32

Descriptors:   parasites, diseases and disorders, pathogens, extinction, threatened bird populations.   

 

 

1988

 

Psittacine   beak and feather disease - a personal perception. Schmidt, M. *Bird   Keeping in Australia,* 1988, v. 31 (10), p. 173-174. ISSN: 0045-2076.

Descriptors:   Psittacine beak and feather disease, symptoms, pathogenicity.

 

Ticks   among the seabirds. Duffy, D.C. *Living Bird Quarterly,* 1988, v.   7 (3), p. 8-13. ISSN: 0732-9210.

            NAL   call no: QL671.L57

Descriptors:   avian hosts, host nest desertion role, reaction of host to parasite.

 

 

1987

 

Avian   dermatology. Perry, R.A. *Companion Bird Medicine,* Burr, E.W. (ed.).   Iowa State University Press, Ames, IA. 1987. i-x. 1-247 p. Chapter pagination:   40-50.

            NAL   call no: SF994.2.A1C66

Descriptors:   Aves, feathers, treatment in captivity, disorders, skin diseases.

 

Bird   parasites. Donaldson, J. *WBC News,* 1987, v.6, No. 136. ISSN: 0250-1481.

Descriptors:   avian hosts, mortality records, prevalence, starvation.

 

Chlamydiosis.   Eamens, G.J.; Cross, G.M.J. *Companion Bird Medicine,* Burr, E.W. (ed.).   Iowa State University Press, Ames, IA. 1987. i-x. 1-247 p. Chapter pagination:   114-119.

            NAL   call no: SF994.2.A1C66

Descriptors:   Aves, bacterial diseases, symptoms, treatment, captive birds.

 

Digestive   tract protozoa. Burr, E.W. *Companion Bird Medicine,* Burr, E.W.   (ed.). Iowa State University Press, Ames, IA. 1997. i-x. 1-247 p. Chapter pagination:   129-134.

            NAL   call no: SF994.2.A1C66

Descriptors:   protozoa, diagnosis of parasites, avian hosts, treatment, digestive tract, pet   birds. 

 

Entomology.   Stehlik, M. *Companion Bird Medicine,* Burr, E.W. (ed.). Iowa State   University Press, Ames, IA. 1987. i-x. 1-247 p. Chapter pagination: 51-57. 

            NAL   call no: SF994.2.A1C66

Descriptors:   avian hosts, treatment in captivity, insect parasites, pet birds.

 

Gastro-intestinal   diseases. Schultz, D.J.; Rich, B.G. *Companion Bird Medicine,* Burr,   E.W. (ed.). Iowa State University Press, Ames, IA 1987. i-x. 1-247 p. Chapter   pagination: 80-86. 

            NAL   call no: SF994.2.A1C66

Descriptors:   Aves, digestive system, disorders, treatment, pet birds.

 

Helminthology. Shanthikumar, S.R. *Companion   Bird Medicine,* Burr, E.W. (ed.). Iowa State University Press, Ames, IA.   1987. i-x. 1-247 p. Chapter pagination: 135-146. 

            NAL   call no: SF994.2.A1C66

Descriptors:   diagnosis of parasites, diseases, treatment, parasite life cycles, pet birds.   

 

Hematozoa.   Bennett, G.F. *Companion Bird Medicine,* Burr, E.W, (ed.). Iowa   State University Press, Ames, IA. 1997. i-x. 1-247 p. Chapter pagination: 120-128.

            NAL   call no: SF994.2.A1C66

Descriptors:   Protozoa, diagnosis of parasites, treatment, diseases, pet birds.

 

Herpesvirus   infestations. Gaskin, J.M. *Companion Bird Medicine,*Burr, E.W.   (ed.)*.*Iowa State University Press, Ames, IA. 1987. i-x. 1-247 p. Chapter   pagination: 107-110.

            NAL   call no: SF994.2.A1C66

Descriptors:   Aves, viral diseases, symptoms and treatment, Herpesvirus, pet birds.

 

Metabolic   diseases. Brugere, Picoux J.; Brugere, H. *Companion Bird Medicine,*   Burr, E.W. (ed.). Iowa State University, Ames, IA. 1997. i-x. 1-247 p. Chapter   pagination: 72-79.

            NAL   call no: SF994.2.A1C66

Descriptors:   metabolic biochemistry, metabolic disorders, symptoms, treatment, pet birds.   

 

Mutations   and hereditary disorders. Olszewski, A.B. *Companion Bird Medicine,*   Burr, E.W. (ed.). Iowa State University Press, Ames, IA. 1987. i-x. 1-247 p.   Chapter pagination: 33-35.

            NAL   call no: SF994.2.A1C66

Descriptors:   Aves, genetics, diseases in captivity, disorders, brief survey, pet birds.

 

Neoplasms,   cysts and obstructive diseases. Choudary, C. *Companion Bird Medicine,*   Burr, E.W. (ed.). Iowa State University Press, Ames, IA. 1997. i-x. 1-247 p.   Chapter pagination: 231-239.

            NAL   call no: SF994.2.A1C66

Descriptors:   Aves, neoplastic diseases and disorders, diagnosis, treatment, pet birds.

 

Nephritis.   Mandelker, L. *Companion Bird Medicine,* Burr, E.W. (ed.). Iowa State University   Press, Ames, IA. 1987. i-x. 1-247 p. Chapter pagination: 87-88.

            NAL   call no: SF994.2.A1C66

Descriptors:   Aves, kidney, disorders, treatment, pet birds. 

 

Papovavirus   infections of birds. Pass, D.A.; Wylie, S.L.; Forshaw, D. *Bird Keeping   in Australia,* 1987, v. 30 (8), p. 122. ISSN: 0045-2076.

Descriptors:   Aves, viral diseases, Papovavirus, review, pet birds.

 

Quarantine   and isolation. Gilchrist, P.T. *Companion Bird Medicine,* Burr,   E.W. (ed.). Iowa State University Press, Ames, IA. 1987. i-x. 1-247 p. Chapter   pagination: 216-220.

            NAL   call no: SF994.2.A1C66

Descriptors:   Aves, care in captivity, treatment of diseases, quarantine, isolation, pet birds.

 

Reproductive   diseases. Reece, R.L. *Companion Bird Medicine,* Burr, E.W. (ed.).   Iowa State University Press, Ames IA. 1987. i-x. 1-247 p. Chapter pagination:   89-100.

            NAL   call no: SF994.2.A1C66

Descriptors:   Aves, reproductive system, disorders, treatment, diseases, pet birds. 

 

Systemic   mycoses. Patgiri, G.P. *Companion Bird Medicine,* Burr, E.W. (ed.).   Iowa State University Press, Ames, IA. 1987. i-x. 1-247 p. Chapter pagination:   102-106.

            NAL   call no: SF994.2.A1C66

Descriptors:   Aves, fungal diseases and disorders, symptoms and treatment, pet birds.

 

Toxic   conditions. Butler, R. *Companion Bird Medicine,* Burr, E.W. (ed.).   Iowa State University Press, Ames, IA. 1997. i-x. 1-247 p. Chapter pagination:   226-230. 

            NAL   call no: SF994.2.A1C66

Descriptors:   care in captivity, toxic substances, symptoms, treatment, pet birds.

 

Velogenic   viscerotropic Newcastle disease. Fowler, M.E. *Companion Bird Medicine,*   Burr, E.W. (ed.). Iowa State University Press, Ames, IA. 1987. i-x. 1-247 p.   Chapter pagination: 11-113.

            NAL   call no: SF994.2.A1C66

Descriptors:   Aves, viral diseases, symptoms, treatment, Newcastle disease, pet birds.

 

Wild   bird and mammal ectoparasites. Zlotorzycka, J. *Wiadomosci Parazytologiczne,*   1987, v. 32 (4-6), p. 449-457. ISSN: 0043-5163.

            NAL   call no: 436.8 W63

Descriptors:   Avian hosts, ectoparasite biology, review, Aves, Mammalia.

 

Zoonotic   diseases. Turner, G.V. *Companion Bird Medicine,*Burr, G.V.(ed.).   Iowa State University Press, ames, IA. 1987. i-x. 1-247 p. Chapter pagination:   221-225.

            NAL   call no: SF994.2.A1C66

Descriptors:   Aves, epizootiology, epidemiology, survey of diseases, pet birds.

 

 

1985

 

Bird   ectoparasites. Goff, L.M. *Proceedings of the Hawaiian Entomological   Society,*1985, v. 25. p. 5. ISSN: 0073-134X.

            NAL   call no: 420 H312

Descriptors:   Avian hosts, parasites, diseases, disorders.

 

Bird   fleas, genus (*Ceratophyllus*, from Alaska (Siphonaptera: Ceratophyllidae).   Haas, G.E.; Wilson, N.; Rumfelt, T. *Pan-Pac-Entomol.* San Francisco, CA.   Pacific Coast Entomological society, Apr. 1985, v. 61 (2), p. 180-183. ref.   ISSN: 0031-0603.

            NAL   call no: 421 P193

Descriptors:   birds, *Ceratophyllus*, hosts, nests, behavior, habitats.

 

 

1984

 

Birds   and human diseases. Barraclough, B.*Bird   Observer,* 1984, p. 25-26, No. 627. ISSN: 0313-5888.

            NAL   call no: QL684.M4B54

Descriptors:   Aves, allergy producing animals, transmission, human diseases, survey, zoonoses.

 

Bird   fleas (Siphonaptera: Ceratophyllidae) of the genera *Dasypsyllus* and   *Mioctenopsylla* in Alaska. Haas, G.E.; Wilson, N. *Wasmann   Journal of Biology,* 1984, v. 42 (1-2), p. 72-77. ISSN: 0043-0927.

            NAL   call no: 442.8 W28

Descriptors:   nest and burrow fauna, parasites, disease, disorders, bird fleas.

 

*Histoplasmosis and its Relations to Bird Roosts: A Review*. Weeks, Robert   J.; Stickley, Allen R. Denver, CO. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Denver Wildlife   Research Center. [1984] 23 p. Cover title. “November 1984"-P.[1]. “Project   no. 897, work unit no. 31"-P.[1].

            NAL   call no: RC147.H7W43

Descriptors:   histoplasmosis, birds, diseases.

 

Pacheco’s   parrot disease: A serious threat to the pet bird industry. Giambrone,   J.J. *Auburn Veterinarian,* 1984, v. 40 (2), p. 4-5. 

            NAL   call no: 41.8 Au1

Descriptors:   Psittaciformes, viral diseases, Pacheco’s parrot disease. 

 

 

1983

 

The   bird blowfly. Lewis, D. *Gwent Bird Report,* 1983, p. 17-18, No.   18. ISSN: 0962-6301.

Descriptors:   nest parasite larvae, blood sucking larvae, prey, fledgling mortality, fly.

 

Control   of bacterial diseases in a psittacine bird nursery. Flammer, K. *American   Association of Zoo Veterinarians Annual Proceedings,* 1983, p. 164-167. ISSN:   0095-0610.

            NAL   call no: SF605.A4

Descriptors:   bacterial diseases, treatment, prevention and control in captivity.

 

A   trombiculid mite infestation of canaries. Pass, D.A.; Jue, Sue L. *Australian   Veterinary Journal*, Jul. 1983, v. 60 (7), p. 218-219. ISSN: 0005-0423.

            NAL   call no: 41.8 AU72

Descriptors:   canaries host, Arthropoda, Trombiculidae.

 

 

1982

 

*A   Basic Guide to the Health and Common Diseases of Game Birds: Including Quail,   Pheasant, Grouse, Partridge, etc*.   Hayes, Leland B. [S.l.: s.n.] 1982. 60 p. ill. 

            NAL   call no: SF994.4.A1H3

Descriptors:   game bird diseases, bird diseases, game bird culture.

 

Bird   ticks and arboviruses in Australia. Kemp, D.H.; George, T.D.; McKillgan,   N. *Arbovirus Research in Australia,* 1982, p. 152-156. ISSN: 0725-4989.   

            NAL   call no: RC114.5.A7

Descriptors:   avian hosts, parasites, viral diseases, rookery habitats.

 

 

1981

 

Banding   and bird blood. Ervin, S. *North American Bird Bander,* 1981, v.   5 (4), p. 140-142. ISSN: 0363-8979.

Descriptors:   avian hosts, blood smear techniques, parasite identification, protozoa. 

 

 

1978

 

Avian   pox virus infection. Barker, J.K. *Australian Bird Watcher,* 1978,   v. 7 (5), p. 162-163. ISSN: 0045-0316.

Descriptors:   avian pox, viral diseases, occurrence, parasites and disorders. 

 

*Haltung   von Vogeln, Krankheiten der Vogel. [Care of Birds, Diseases of Birds.]*Kronberger,   Harry. Stuttgart; New York: G. Fisher, 1978. 384 pp. ill. ISBN: 3437302884.   Note: In German.

            NAL   call no: SF994.2.A1K76 1978

Descriptors:   cage birds, diseases.

 

 

1973

 

Parasite-host   relationships in feather mites. [Analgoidea, bird pests]. Cerny, V. In   *International Congress of Acarology, 3rd, Prague, 1971, Proceedings*,   1973, p. 761-764.

            NAL   call no: QL458.A215

Descriptors:   birds, parasites, feather mites, host relationship.

 

 

1972

 

Doencas   das aves e organismos que se encontram em aviario, transmissiveis ao homem e   a outros mamiferos. [Avian diseases and organisms found in bird houses transmissible   to man and other mammals.] Chiu-Kong-Son, *Rev Agr Mocambique,*   Feb. 1972, v. 14 (143), p. 20-25. Note: In Portuguese.

            NAL   call no: 24 R323

Descriptors:   avian diseases, organisms, transmissible, man, mammals, zoonoses.

**Return to:    Contents**

NUTRITION / FEEDING
 

  

2003

 

Avian food selection with application to pesticide risk assessment: Are dead and desiccated insects a desirable food source? Stafford, Jennifer M.; Brewer, Larry W.; Gessman, James A. *Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry,* Jun. 2003, v. 22 (6), p. 1335-1339. ISSN: 0730-7268.

            NAL call no: QH545.A1E58

Descriptors:   food selection, dead insects, pesticides, risk assessment, field study, orchard,   corn field, laboratory diet study, preferences.

Abstract:   Past evaluations of pesticide exposure have been conducted with substantial   uncertainty regarding avian consumption of contaminated food items. One question   is whether birds consume invertebrates that are killed by a chemical application   and that may present an increasing chemical concentration as they dessicate.   We addressed the research question in two phases. First, a laboratory study   was conducted in which wild-caught birds were individually offered three food   choices, i.e., live, fresh-dead, and desiccated insect larvae. Second, these   same food choices plus live, fresh-dead, and desiccated crickets were presented   in study plots in two agricultural crops, i.e., a cornfield and an orchard.   The experimental food items were monitored with videography equipment to determine   their fate and to compare laboratory and field results. Laboratory results showed   that birds have a strong preference for live and fresh-dead prey over desiccated   prey, with live prey taken before fresh-dead prey in most trials. The field   study revealed a similar preference for live prey over desiccated prey, with   preference for fresh-dead prey intermediate to the two other types.

 

Hand rearing of pet birds – feeds, techniques and recommendations. Wolf, P.; Kamphues, J.; Liesegang, A. (ed); Riond, J.L. *Journal of Animal Physiology and Animal Nutrition,* 2003, v. 87 (3-4), p. 122-128. ref. 

            NAL call no: 389.78 Z3

Descriptors:   feeds, techniques, pet birds, hand rearing, budgerigars, lovebirds, nutrient   requirements, proteins, minerals, sulphur, amino acids.

Abstract: The comparisons of the contents of nutrients determined in commercial hand rearing diets with the nutrient requirements of growing budgerigars and lovebirds estimated by the factorial**method revealed satisfactory protein, lysine and arginine concentrations. Regarding sulphur amino acids, a number of products showed marginal methionine and cystine contents. Mineral contents generally met all requirements and were even excessive in some cases. Ultimately, the results gained in this study demonstrate that nestlings’ substantial requirements for sulphur amino acids for plumage development are often underestimated, while their calcium requirements in connection with bone mineralization are frequently overestimated. The primary obstacle to successful hand rearing, however, probably lies not so much in energy and nutrient contents, but rather – as revealed by first results of feeding trials with lovebirds – in the passage of the suspended diet through the gastrointestinal tract (e.g. crop disorders) and/or errors regarding feed quantities and feeding frequency.

 

Investigations on feathering, feather growth and potential influences of nutrient supply on feathers’ regrowth in small pet birds (canaries, budgerigars and lovebirds). Wolf, P.; Rabekl, N.; Kamphues, J.; Liesegang, A. (ed); Riond, J.L. *Journal of Animal Physiology and Animal Nutrition,* 2003. v. 87 (3-4), p. 134-141. ref. 

            NAL call no: 389.78 Z3

Descriptors:   feather growth, nutrition, regrowth, small birds, feather regeneration, sulphur,   amino acids, minerals, vitamins.

Abstract: The aim of this study was to quantitate feathering in several companion birds. Besides the ratio of feathers to whole body mass, feather length as well as feather weight were of interest. Furthermore, data on feather loss and growth rates were estimated. In general, it could be observed that the proportion of feathers relative to body mass varied between 14 (canaries) and 7.4% (lovebirds). Feather losses (outside the moult period) amounted to an average of 6.66 (canaries), 8.98 (budgerigars), and 8.43 (lovebirds) mg.bird/day respectively of 37 (canaries), 20 (budgerigars), and 17 (lovebirds) mg.100 g body weight/day (values of interest in calculating of protein requirements for maintenance). In canaries, the average growth rate of the developing feathers amounted to 2 mm/day. In contrast to the onset of feather regeneration, the growth rate of new feathers leaving the follicle was not influenced by the supplements used here. The regeneration period (first measurable feather growth) of a plucked pinion can be used as an indicator and objective parameter to test potential nutritional influences. Parallel to the improvement of nutrient supply the rates of feather losses and also replacement increased, whereas the rates decreased when seed mixtures without any addition of minerals, sulphurous amino acids, and vitamins were fed.

 

Lipolytic and metabolic responses to glucagon in fasting king penguins: Phase II vs. phase III. Bernard, S.F.; Thil, M.A.; Groscolas, R. *American Journal of Physiology,* 2003. V. 284 2(2), R444-R454. ref. ISSN: 0002-9513.

            NAL call no: 447.8 AM3

Descriptors:   glucagon, fasting king penguins, responses, fuel metabolism, plasma concentrations.

Abstract:   This study aims to determine how glucagon intervenes in the regulation of fuel   metabolism, especially lipolysis, at two stages of a spontaneous long-term fast   characterized by marked differences in lipid and protein availability and/or   utilization (phases II and III). Changes in the plasma concentration of various   metabolites and hormones, and in lipolytic fluxes as determined by continuous   infusion of [2-3H]glycerol and [1-14C]palmitate, were examined in vivo in a   subantarctic bird (king penguin) before, during, and after a 2-h glucagon infusion.   In the two fasting phases, glucagon infusion at a rate of 0.025 *u*g.kg-1.min-1   induced a three- to fourfold increase in the plasma concentration and in the   rate of appearance (Ra) of glycerol and nonesterified fatty acids, the percentage   of primary reesterification remaining unchanged. Infusion of glucagon also resulted   in a progressive elevation of the plasma concentration of glucose and beta-hydroxybutyrate   and in a twofold higher insulinemia. These changes were not significantly different   between the two phases. The plasma concentrations of triacylglycerols and uric   acid were unaffected by glucagon infusion, except for a 40% increase in plasma   uric acid in phase II birds. Altogether, these results indicate that glucagon   in along-term fasting bird is highly lipolytic, hyperglycaemic, ketogenic, and   insulinogenic, these effects, however, being similar in phases II and III. The   maintenance of the sensitivity of adipose tissue lipolysis to glucagon could   suggest that the major role of the increase in basal glucagonaemia observed   in phase III is to stimulate gluconeogenesis rather than fatty acid delivery.

 

Methods to determine metabolizable energy and digestibility of feed ingredients in the domestic pigeon (*Columba livia domestica*). Sales, J.; Janssens, G.P. *Poultry Science,* Sept. 2003, v. 82 (9), p. 1457-1461. ISSN: 0032-5791.

            NAL call no: 47.8 AM33P

Descriptors:   feed ingredients, digestibility, metabolizable energy, methods, corn, peas,   intake, excreta output.

Abstract:   The influence of length of excreta collection period (1, 3, 6, 10, 14 d) and   prefeeding protocol (7 d either individual feeding in collection cages or group   feeding in housing cages) on AMEn, nitrogen retention (NR), and apparent DM,   organic matter and ether extract digestibility of corn and peas were evaluated   in domestic pigeons (*Columba livia domestica*). In addition, the use   of internal markers [acid-insoluble ash (AIA) and acid detergent lignin (ADL)]   to determine AMEn. NR, and apparent digestibility was compared with the method   of measuring total feed input ands excreta output. A quadratic (y = a + bx +   cx2) trend in the CV for AMEn, NR, and apparent digestibility coefficients found   over collection periods with corn presented evidence that excreta collection   for a period of 3 d will produce a CV of 5% less than the minimum CV. Although   no trend could be detected in CV for peas, a 3-d excreta collection period resulted   in relatively low variation. Both AIA and ADL, when used as internal markers,   resu lted in AMEn, NR, and digestibility values below (P<0.05) those obtained   with total collection with corn. However, values between markers were comparable   (P>0.05) for all components evaluated. The ADL was unsuccessful as a marker   with peas. Group prefeeding of pigeons in housing cages resulted in lower feed   intake, excreta output, NR, and apparent digestibility than when birds were   adapted individually to collection cages. This study presents evidence that   the method of measuring total feed intake and excreta output for a period of   3 d, with individual adaptation of birds to collection cages, resulted in the   most reliable values for AMEn, NR, and apparent digestibility of DM, organic   matter and ether extract of feed ingredients in pigeons.

 

Nutrition and its interaction with reproductive processes*.* McEvoy, Tom G.; Robinson, John J. *Conservation Biology Series (Cambridge),**Reproductive Science and Integrated Conservation*, 2003, 8: p.42-56. Holt, William V.; Pickard, Armanda R.; Rodger, John C.; Wildt, David E. (eds.). Cambridge University Press, N.Y, N.Y. ISBN: 0521011108 (paper); 0521812151 (cloth).

            NAL call no: QL676.5 C54

Descriptors:   bird husbandry, nutrition, reproduction, egg laying species.

 

Osmoregulation in an avian nectarivore, the whitebellied sunbird Nectarinia talatala: Response to extremes of diet concentration. Fleming, P.A.; Nicolson, S.W. *The Journal of Experimental Biology,* Jun. 2003, v. 206 (Pt, 11), p. 1845-1854. ISSN: 0022-0949.

            NAL call no: 442.8 B77

Descriptors:   diet concentration, nectarivores, osmoregulation, water, nectar, sucrose solutions   at various concentrations.

Abstract:   Water intake of nectarivores is intrinsically linked to nectar concentration.   Osmoregulation in whitebellied sunbirds *Nectarinia talatala* (body mass   9.3 + 0.1 g, mean + S.D., N=7), was examined by feeding them sucrose solutions,   equivalent to extreme diet concentrations (0.07 - 2.5 mol l(-1) sucrose; 2-65%   w/w), with and without supplementary drinking water. Total water gain was 33-515%   of body mass daily. Cloacal fluid (CF) volume increased with diet dilution from   0.4% to 309% of body mass while increases in evaporative water loss (obtained   by difference) were also recorded. Osmolality of CF demonstrated the largest   scope yet recorded for a bird and was significantly correlated with water flux:   mean values were 6-460 mosm kg(-1) H(2)0 (minimum 3, maximum 1900 mosm kg(-1).   When supplementary water was provided, its consumption by birds fed concentrated   diets (2.5 mol l(-1) sucrose) led to a dramatic reduction in CF osmolality,   from 461+ 253 to 80 + 119 mosm kg(-1) fluid. Sunbirds maintained energy balance   on sucrose diets varying tenfold in concentrations, from 0.25 to 2.5 mol l(-1);   however, on extremely dilute diets (0.07 and 0.1 mol l(-1) sucrose, lower than   natural nectar concentrations) their inability to maintain energy balance was   probably due to excess preformed water. Total osmotic excretion and concentrations   of Na(+) and K(+) increased with high water fluxes, and are a possible physiological   constraint for nectarivorous birds on artificial dilute diets devoid of electrolytes.   Even low electrolyte levels in nectars may be adequate to replace these losses,   but other physiological limitations to the intake of dilute nectars are increased   energetic costs of solute recovery, increased heat loss and interference with   digestive processes. Sunbirds therefore deal with sugar solutions spanning the   range of nectar concentrations by shutting down water excretion on concentrated   diets, or on dilute diets, by producing extremely dilute CF with some of the   lowest solute concentrations recorded.

 

 

2002

 

Estimated nutrient content of diets commonly fed to pet birds. Hess, L.; Mauldin, G.; Rosenthal, K. *Veterinary Record,* 2002, v. 250 (13), p. 399-404. ref. ISN: 0042-4900.

            NAL call no: 41.8 V641

Descriptors:   dietary surveys, energy, food consumption, nutrient requirements, seeds, formulated   feeds, human foods, owner survey.

Abstract: 135 pet bird owners in New York city (New York, USA) were surveyed by questionnaire between July 1996 and May 1997, to determine their birds’ weekly food consumption. The birds were divided into 6 food groups on the basis of the amounts of seeds, formulated products and human food they consumed. The formulated products and seeds were analysed for their nutrient content by 2 independent laboratories; the nutrient content of the human foods was obtained from a standard nutrition reference, and each bird’s nutrient intake was estimated. The dietary content of individual nutrients was then compared with the estimated maintenance requirements for pet birds. Birds consuming less than approximately 50% of their diets as formulated products had inadequate intakes of vitamins A [retinol] and D3 [cholecalciferol], and calcium. Diets high in human food were low in protein, energy, vitamins and minerals. Diets high in seed were excessive in fat and deficient in vitamin A and D3 ands calcium. 

 

Introduction to basic husbandry, handling and nutrition of caged birds. Keeble, E.J. *Irish Veterinary Journal,* 2002, v. 55 (5), p. 232-236. ref. ISSN: 0368-0762.

            NAL call no: 41.8 IR4

Descriptors: animal   feeding, animal nutrition, diets, aviary birds, budgerigars.

Abstract: This paper provides information regarding the proper housing, welfare, nutrition and handling of budgerigars, parrots, canaries and other commonly kept pet birds.

 

 

2001

 

Adult cockatiels (*Nymphicus hollandicus*) metabolically adapt to high protein diets. Koutsos, E.A.; Smith, J.; Woods, L.W.; Klasing, K.C. *Journal of Nutrition,* 2001, v. 131 (7), p. 2014-2020. ISSN: 0022-3166.

            NAL call no: 389.8 J82

Descriptors:   protein intake, urea, toxicity, adaptation, diets, liver, essential amino acids,   males, amino acid catabolism, nitrogen excretion.

Abstract:   To determine the ability of cockatiels (*Nymphicus hollandicus*), a granivorous   avian species, to adapt metabolically to high dietary protein levels, adult   males (n=26) were fed isocaloric diets containing 11, 20, 35 or 70% crude protein   (CP) for 11 mo. Throughout the trial, body weight and breast muscle weight were   maintained by 11, 20 or 70% CP. The 35% CP diet resulted in significantly greater   body weight (P<0.05) and whole body lipid content (P<0.05) compared with   the 11% diet. The 20% diet resulted in greater breast muscle mass compared with   70% CP (P<0.05). Activity of the amino acid catabolic enzymes alanine aminotransferase,   aspartate aminotransferase and arginase as well as the gluconeogenic enzyme   phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase were significantly increased with 70% CP (P<0.05).   Serum essential amino acids, urea and uric acid were also increased with 70%   CP (P<0.05), but the magnitude of their increase was similar to that found   in omnivorous chickens fed a similar diet. There was no evidence of visceral   gout, articular gout or renal pathology; however liver lesion severity, and   specifically liver lipogranuloma severity, was significantly increased above   11% CP (P<0.05). We conclude that cockatiels are able to up-regulate enzymes   for amino acid catabolism as well as mechanisms for nitrogen excretion in response   to high dietary protein levels, and that high dietary protein levels are not   associated with kidney dysfunction in this avian species. 

 

The apparent metabolisable energy of diets with different   sources of fibre when fed to emus, ostriches and cockerels. Farrell,   D.J.; Sales, J.; Perez-Maldonado, R.; Kent, P.; Ahermer, M.; Mannion, P.F. *EAAP   publication 103; Proceedings of the 15th Symposium on Energy Metabolism   in Animals.**Snekkersten, Denmark. Sept. 11-16, 2000.* Chwalibog,   A.; Jakobsen, K. (eds.). Publisher: Wageningen, Wageningen (Netherlands), 2001,   487 pp. Chapter pagination: 141-143. ISBN: 9074134831.

Descriptors: emus, ostriches, cockerels, digestibility, dietary fibers, energy metabolism.

 

Captive diets alter egg yolk lipids of a bird of prey (the American kestrel) and of a galliforme (the red-legged partridge). Surai, P.F.; Speake, B.K.; Bortolotti, G.R.; Negro, J.J. *Physiological and Biochemical Zoology,* 2001, v. 74 (2), p. 153-160. ref. ISSN: 1522-1005.

            NAL call no: QL1.P52

Descriptors:   diets, egg composition, egg yolk, fatty acids, lipids, study, increase in polyunsaturate   ratio, fatty acid profile, dietary.

Abstract: The salient feature of fatty acid profile of kestrel eggs collected in the wild was the very high proportion of arachidonic acid (15.2%+ 0.7% of fatty acid mass, n=5) in the phospholipid fraction of the yolk. Kestrels in captivity fed on day old chickens produced eggs that differed from those of the wild birds in a number of compositional features: the proportion of linoleic acid was increased in all the lipid fractions; the proportion arachidonic acid was increased inn yolk phospholipid and choesteryl ester; the proportion of alpha-linolenic acid was decreased in all lipid classes, and that of docosahexaenoic acid was decreased in phospholipid and cholesteryl ester. Partridge eggs from the wild contained linoleic acid as the main polyunsaturate of all the yolk lipid fractions. Captive partridges maintained on a formulated diet very rich in linoleic acid produced eggs with increased levels of linoleic, arachidonic, and –6 docosapentaenoic acids in the phospholipid fraction; reduced proportions of alpha-linoleic acid were observed in all lipid classes, and the proportion of docosahexaenoic acid was markedly reduced in the phospholipid fraction. Thus, captive breeding of both the kestrel and the partridge increases the n-6/–3 polyunsaturate ratio of the yolk lipids. 

 

Diet preferences of warblers for specific fatty acids in relation to nutritional requirements and digestive capabilities. Mcwilliams, S.R.; Kearney, S.B.; Karasov, W.H. *American Zoologist,* Dec. 2001, v. 41 (6), p. 1523. ISSN: 0003-1569.

 NAL call no:   410 AM3

Descriptors: behavior, metabolism, nutrition,   diet, food intake, long-chain saturated fatty acids, yellow-rumped warblers,   *Dendroica coronata*.

Abstract: During energy-demanding periods of   the annual cycle such as migration or during cold days in winter, birds store   fat comprised mostly of 16- or 18-carbon unsaturated fatty acids. In such situations,   birds may feed selectively on foods with specific fatty acids that enable efficient   fat deposition. We offered wild-caught yellow-rumped warblers (*Dendroica   coronata*) paired choices between semi-synthetic diets that differed only   in their fatty acid composition. Warblers strongly preferred diets containing   long-chain (18:1; carbon atoms:double bonds) unsaturated, unesterified fatty   acids to diets containing long-chain saturated, unesterified fatty acids (18:0)   and they preferred diets containing mono-unsaturated fats (18:1) to diets containing   poly-unsaturated fats (18:2). The preference for diets containing long-chain   unsaturated fatty acids to diets containing long-chain saturated fatty acids   was consistent in birds tested one week after capture at 2°C, one month after   capture when cold-acclimated (1°C), and six weeks after capture at 21°C. Birds   acclimated to a diet with 50% of the fat comprised of unesterified stearic acid   (18:0) lost mass and reduced their food intake when we reduced ambient temperature   from 21°C to 11°C over three days. We concluded that especially in energy-demanding   situations there are limits to the yellow-rumped warblers ability to assimilate   some long-chain saturated fatty acids and that this digestive constraint can   explain in part why yellow-rumped warblers prefer diets containing long-chain   unsaturated fatty acids to diets containing long-chain saturated fatty acids.   

 

Early nutrition causes persistent effects on pheasant morphology. Ohisson, T.; Smith, H.G. *Physiological and Biochemical Zoology,*2001, v. 74 (2), p. 212-218. ref. 

NAL call no: QL1.P52

Descriptors: dietary protein, growth rate, ontogeny,   size, tarsus, agricultural pesticide effects, experimental study.

Abstract: Differences in growth conditions during   early ontogeny have been suggested to cause permanent effects on the morphology   and quality of birds. Yearly variation in growth conditions could thus result   in morphological and quality differences between cohorts. In this study, we   investigated the effect of small differences in the dietary protein content   of captive ring-necked pheasants (*Phasianus colchicus*) during their   first 8 wk posthatching. An experimental increase of the proportion of dietary   protein during the first 3 wk of life accelerated growth, whereas a similar   manipulation during the following 5 wk had only a limited effect. Compensatory   growth during the postexperimental period equalized the size of the chicks from   different experimental treatments. However, a difference in tarsus length resulting   from experimental treatment during the first 3 wk remained into adulthood. Furthermore,   the protein content of the diet during the first 3 wk had an effect on the degree   of fluctuating asymmetry in tarsus length, suggesting persistent effects on   the quality of birds. The results of this study may explain sized differences   between cohorts that exist in pheasants and may also provide a link between   the use of pesticides in agriculture and population effects on pheasants. 

 

Effect of age on seed digestion in parrots (*Amazona aestiva*). Vendramin, Gallo M.; Pessutti, C.; Pezzato, A.C.; Vicentini, Paulino M.L.M. *Physiological and Biochemical Zoology,*2001, v. 74 (3), p. 398-403. ref. ISSN: 1522-2152.

NAL call no: QL1.P52

Descriptors:   age, digestibility, fiber, maize, seeds, soybeans, sunflower seeds, young, adults,   gastrointestinal microflora.

Abstract: The objective of this study was to compare the capacity of adult (more than 3 yr old) and young (less than 1 yr old) true parrots (n=12 in each group) to digest seeds that are normally included in their diet in captivity, particularly soyabean, sunflower, and corn. All the seeds were offered for 5 d with an interval of 15 d between different diets. The seeds of soyabean and corn were boiled for 15 min and soaked in water at ambient temperature for 12 h before being fed to the birds. There were no differences in the digestibilities of crude protein and fats (ether extract) among the animals, but the digestibilities of dry matter and crude fibre by the adult animals were higher than those of the young ones. The digestibility of carbohydrates (nitrogen-free extract) by adult birds was higher only for sunflower seeds. It is concluded that the capacity of parrots to digest fibre may change according to the age of the animal. Since the digestion of fibre depends on the action of microorganisms, these results suggest that the colonization of the gastrointestinal tract is delayed or very slow in young parrots.

 

Feeding behaviour of free-ranging penguins determined by oesophageal temperature. Charrassin, J.B.; Kato, A.; Handrich, Y.; Sato, K.; Naito, Y.; Ancel, A.; Bost, C.A.; Gauthier, Clerc M.; Ropert, Coudert Y.; Maho, Y. le; le Maho, Y. *Proceedings of the Royal Society of London, Series B, Biological Sciences,* 2001, v. 268 (1463), p. 151-157. ref. ISSN: 0962-8452.

NAL call no: 501 L84B

Descriptors:   feed intake, temperature related to prey ingestion, esophagus, stomach, *Aptenodytes   patagonicus*.

Abstract: Using oesophageal temperature, we present here a new method for detecting the timing of prey ingestion in free-ranging sea birds, and, to our knowledge, report the first data obtained on king penguins (*Aptenodytes patagonicus*). In birds ashore, which were hand-fed 1-15 pieces of fish, all meal ingestions were detected with a sensor in the upper oesophagus. Detection was poorer with sensors at increasing distances from the beak. At sea, slow temperature drops in the upper oesophagus and stomach characterized a diving effect per se. For the upper oesophagus only, abrupt temperature variations were superimposed, therefore indicating prey ingestions. We determined the depths at which these occurred. Combining the changes in oesophageal temperatures of marine predators with their diving pattern opens new perspectives for understanding their foraging strategy, and, after validation with concurrent applications of classical techniques of prey survey, for assessing the distribution of their prey.

 

Feeding of ostriches (*Struthio camelus*). Arsian, C.; Inal, F. *Kafkas Universitesi Veteriner Fakultesi Dergist,* 2001, v. 7 (2), p. 229-235. ref. ISSN: 1300-6045.

Descriptors: animal anatomy and morphology, nutrition, nutritional physiology.

Abstract: The following review elaborates on features of the gastrointestinal tract and nutrient requirements of ostriches (*Struthio camelus*). Suggested feeding regimes are evaluated. 

 

Food requirements of wild animals: Predictive equations for free-living mammals, reptiles and birds. Nagy, K.A. *Nutritional Abstracts and Reviews, Series B, Livestock Feeds and Feeding.* 2001, v. 71 (10), p. 21R-32R. ref. ISSN: 0309-135X.

Descriptors: animal nutrition, bioenergetics, feed intake, nutrient requirements.

Abstract: Feeding rates (intake of both dry matter and fresh matter) by 79 species of animals, 95 species of birds and 55 species of reptiles were estimated from doubly labeled water-based measurements of field metabolic rate on each species. Allometric (scaling) regression analyses of log 10-transformed feeding rates vs. body mass yielded statistically significant relationships for 90 different taxonomic, dietary and habitat groupings of species. The resulting exponential equations can be used to predict the daily food requirements needed to maintain energy balance for free-living mammals, birds and reptiles with an average error of about 5% to 60%, depending on the group. The ability to predict feeding rates of terrestrial vertebrates should be useful to zoo keepers, animal nutritionists, veterinarians, pet hobbyists, wildlife zoologists, game managers, range biologists, preserve directors and planners, conservationists, paleontologists and ecosystem modelers. These equations should underestimate somewhat the feeding rates of free-living animals that are growing, reproducing or storing up fat. The equations probably overestimate the feeding rates of captive wild animals (e.g. in zoos) and of free-ranging animals during some phases of their lives when they either do not or cannot feed normally. 

 

Fueling around. Sugar junkies of the bird world. Jackson, Sue; Nicolson, Susan. *Africa Birds and Birding,* Jun./Jul. 2001, v. 6 (3), p. 32-35. ISSN: 1025-8264.

Descriptors: nutrition, diet, dietary requirements, feeding behavior, nectar feeding.

 

Function of vitamin A in vertebrate embryonic development. Zile, Maija H. *Journal of Nutrition,* Mar. 2001, v. 131 (3), p. 705-708. ISSN: 0022-3166. 

NAL call no: 389.8 J82

Descriptors:   congenital abnormalities, nutritional disease, vitamin A deficiency, bird embryo.

Abstract: Advances in molecular biology and retinoic acid receptor research have significantly contributed to the understanding of the role of vitamin A during vertebrate development. Examination of the function of this vitamin during very early developmental stages using the completely vitamin A-depleted avian embryo has revealed that the vitamin A requirement begins at the time of formation of the primitive heart, circulation and specification of hindbrain. The lack of vitamin A at this critical time results in gross abnormalities and early embryonic death. In rodent models, vitamin A deficiency can be targeted to later gestational windows and documents the need for vitamin A for more advanced stages of development. Major target tissues of vitamin A deficiency include the heart, central nervous system and structures derived from it, the circulatory, urogenital and respiratory systems, and the development of skull, skeleton and limbs. These abnormalities are also evident in mice mutants from retinoid receptor knockouts; they have revealed both morphological and molecular aspects of vitamin A function during development. Retinoic acid receptors (RAR) in partnership with retinoid X receptor (RXR)alpha appear to be the important retinoid receptor transcription factors regulating vitamin A function at the gene level during development via the physiologic ligand all-trans-retinoic acid. Homeostasis of retinoic acid is maintained by developmentally regulated vitamin A metabolism enzyme systems. Inadequate vitamin A nutrition during early pregnancy may account for some pediatric congenital abnormalities. 

 

How does time since feeding affect the fuels pigeons use during flight? Gannes, L.Z.; Hatch, K.A.; Pinshow, B. *Physiological and Biochemical Zoology,* 2001, v. 74 (1), p. 1-10. ref. ISSN: 1522-2152. 

NAL call no: QL1.P52

Descriptors: blood plasma, carbohydrates, catabolism, feeding, flight, oxidation.

Abstract: Time between meals can vary from multiple   hours to days within and among species. We investigated the effects of time   since feeding on lipid, protein, and carbohydrate oxidation in flying pigeons   (*Columba livia*) by interpreting changes in blood plasma metabolite concentrations   and mass during flight. Five pigeons on the Ben-Gurion University, Negrev, Israel   flown or rested for 4 h after feed deprivations of 2, 12, 24 and 48 h. After   flight, blood plasma concentrations of uric acid and beta-hydroxybutyrate were   elevated over control and preflight values, indicating elevated protein and   lipid catabolism during flight. Lipid oxidation, as indicated by changes in   beta-hydroxybutyrate concentration, increased more than in unfed flying pigeons   compared with recently fed flying pigeons and with resting controls. Protein   oxidation, as indicated by changes in uric acid concentrations, also positively   covaried with feeding time; the covariation was mostly caused by increases in   48 h food-deprived pigeons. Unfed birds lost less mass during a 4 h flight than   recently fed birds. We reasoned that recently fed pigeons oxidized more glycogen   in flight than pigeons not recently fed; calculated glycogen stores explained   72%-117% of mass loss differences between 2 and 48 h fed pigeons. Thus, time   since feeding was an important determinant of the fuels pigeons used in flight.

 

Huidige vooruitgang in volstruisvoeding. [Current trends   in ostrich feeding.] Brand, T.; Brand, Z.; Nel, K.; Van Schalkwyk, K.;   Van der Merwe, G.; Young, D.; Van der Walt, J. *Elsenburg Journal,* 2001,   p. 9-13. ref. ISSN: 0250-1538. Full text available: www.elsenburg.com. Note: In Africans with an English summary.

 Descriptors:   ostriches, animal feeding, nutritional requirements, energy value.

 

Long-term fasting and re-feeding in penguins. Groscolas, Rene; Robin, Jean Patrice. *Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part A Molecular and Integrative Physiology,* Mar. 2001, v. 128A (3), p. 645-655. ISSN: 1095-6433.

NAL call no: QP1.C6

Descriptors:   starvation, long-term fasting, review of adaptations, lipids, protein catabolism,   feeding physiology.

Abstract: Spontaneous fasting during reproduction (sometimes with a full stomach) and moult is a major characteristic of the annual cycle of penguins: Long-term fasting (up to four months in male emperor penguins) is anticipated by the accumulation of fat (incubation fast) and of fat and protein (moult fast). During most of the incubation fast, birds rely almost entirely on lipids as an energy source, body proteins being spared. However, below a critical (but non-total) fat store depletion, marked behavioral, metabolic, and endocrine changes occur. Spontaneous locomotor activity increases and the egg is transitorily left unincubated for increasingly long periods, until it s definitive abandon and the bird departs to re-feed at sea. These changes are thought to be activated by an endogenous re-feeding signal triggered before lethal energy depression. An increase in body protein catabolism in the face of a reduction in lipid availability and utilisation, and an increase in circulating corticosterone vs. a decrease in plasma prolactin, are likely to be major metabolic and humoral components of this signal. The survival and rapid restoration of energy stores in birds having departed to re-feed at a stage of near total lipid depletion demonstrates the effectiveness of the re-feeding signal. Penguins, and possibly other seabirds, are therefore appropriate animal models for understanding the long-term interactions between body energy reserves and fasting, breeding and feeding physiology and behavior.

 

The maintenance nitrogen   requirement of the zebra finch *Taeniopygia guttata*. Allen, L.R.;   Hume, I.D. *Physiological and Biochemical Zoology,* 2001, v. 74 (3), p.   366-375. ref. ISSN: 1522-2152.

NAL call no: QL1.P52 

Descriptors:   dietary minerals, nitrogen, seed diets, protein levels, procedures.

Abstract: A procedure is described for the accurate   determination of the maintenance nitrogen requirement (MNR) of small granivorous   birds. When used with zebra finch (*Taeniopygia guttata*), it yielded   a MNR of 403 mg kgW-0.75 d-1. This is lower than most other passerines so far   measured and more similar to some nonpasserine species. Similarly, the value   for endogenous nitrogen loss estimated for the zebra finch (153 mg kgW-0.75   d-1) is less than that for passerines in general but higher than the nonpasserine   value. We suggest that the low MNR of the strictly granivorous zebra finch is   primarily an adaptation to seed diets in which high-quality protein is a limiting   factor. Comparison with a wider range of species reported in the literature   was restricted because inappropriate methods have been used to estimate MNR   in many cases, including the use of growing or reproducing birds and the assumption   that maintenance of the body mass necessarily coincides with maintenance of   zero nitrogen balance.

 

Nutrition of birds in the order Psittaciformes: A review. Koutsos, E.A.; Matson, K.D.; Klasing, K.C. *Journal of Avian Medicine and Surgery,*2001, v. 15 (4), p. 257-275. ref. ISSN: 1082-6742.

NAL call no: SF 994.J6

Descriptors: animal   nutrition, diets, feeding behavior, nutrient requirements, parrot type birds,   malnutrition in captive birds.

Abstract: Over 350 species of birds make up the order Psittaciformes; many of these are maintained in captive environments. Malnutrition is commonly diagnosed in captive psittacine birds; therefore, providing nutritionally adequate diets must be a primary concern. This review integrates quantitative information on the dietary habits and nutritional requirements of psittacine birds to facilitate the formulation and evaluation of diets for birds in captivity. Initially, characterization of the diet and feeding strategy of a particular species in the wild can provide insight into appropriate diet choices in captivity. Knowledge of the gastrointestinal anatomy and physiology can be used to elucidate the capacity of that species to utilize various feedstuffs. Foe example, the presence of a highly muscular gizzard may allow a bird to utilize a seed-based diet, whereas a species possessing a small gizzard may be unable to process such a diet. Finally, nutrient requirements determined in a particular species or a related species (e.g. similar digestive physiology and feeding strategy) may be applied to create a nutritionally adequate diet. Understanding the factors involved in selecting appropriate diets enables aviculturists, veterinarian, and nutritionists to maintain and propagate these birds with increased success. 

 

Order Psittaciformes (parrots, macaws, conures). Nutrition. Carciofi, Aulus Cavalien. *Biology, Medicine and Surgery of South American Wild Animals,* 2001. i-x. 1-536. Chapter pagination: 152-157. Fowler, Murray E.; Cubas, Zalmir S. (eds). Iowa State University Press, Ames, IA. ISBN: 0813820465.

NAL call no: SF996.4.B56 2001

Descriptors: care in captivity, nutrition, diet, dietary requirements, diseases.

 

Overview of nutraceutical and herbal therapies for birds. McCluggage, D. *Exotic DVM,* 2001, v. 3 (6), p. 8-11. ISSN: 1521-1363.

NAL call no:   SF981.E96

Descriptors: chaparral, herbal drugs, potency, ubiquinones.

 

Pet bird feeding strategies-facts and fallacies. Brue, R.N. *Proceedings North American Veterinary Conference,* Gainesville, FL. Eastern States Veterinary Association, Jan. 13-17, 2001, Orlando, FL.

NAL call no: SF605.N672

Descriptors: birds, animal feeding, animal nutrition.

 

Seed preferences by birds: Effects of the design of feeding-preference experiments. Cueto, Victor R.; Marone, Luis; de Casenave, Javier Lopez. *Journal of Avian Biology,* Sept. 2001, v. 32 (3), p. 275-278. ISSN: 0908-8857.

Descriptors:   feeding analysis techniques, food preference determination, food plants, Rufous-collared   Sparrows, *Zonotrichia capensis*, 8 seed options.

Abstract: We analysed the effects of the design   of feeding-preference experiments in a study of seed selection by Rufous-collared   Sparrows, *Zonotrichia capensis*. We presented eight seed options in   multiple- and simple-offer experiments. Statistical results indicated that in   multiple-offer tests there were three preferred, and two avoided seed species.   The other three species could not be assigned to any of those groups. In contrast,   results of simple-offer tests showed that all seed species were preferred, except   the two avoided ones. Using a graphical combination of the results of both approaches,   we obtained an easily interpretable assessment of the seed preferences of Rufous-collard   sparrows. In the graph space, seed species make up three groups: preferred,   avoided, and less-preferred (i.e. heavily consumed in simple-offer trials, but   avoided of consumed to a lesser extent in multiple-offer trials). With the combination   of both protocols we avoided the biases caused by using one experimental design   alone and could detect secondary-preferred food items. This seems crucial when   the bird under study is plastic in its feeding preferences. 

 

Supplemental ascorbic acid and heat stress in growing Japanese quail chicks. Abou-Egla, E.H. *Mansoura University Journal of Agricultural Sciences,* May 2001, v. 26 (5), p. 2653-2665. ISSN: 1110-0346.

Descriptors: quails, feed additives, ascorbic acid, nutritive value, temperature resistance. 

 

 

2000

 

Desempenho produtivo da   perdiz (Rhynchotus rufescens) submetida a racoes com diferentes niveis energeticos.     [Productive performance of partridge (*Rhynchotus refescens*) fed diets   containing different energy levels.] Moro, M.E.G.; Tavates, F.A.; Lima,   C.G. *Revista Brasileira de Ciencia Avicola,* 2000, v. 2 (1), p. 13-18.   ref. Note: In Portuguese.

Descriptors:   energy consumption, energy requirements, feeding, diets, feed intake, feed conversion   efficiency, egg production, liveweight gain.

Abstract: The optimum energy levels in rations   for partridges during their reproductive phase were investigated by evaluating   feed intake, liveweight gain, feed conversion efficiency and average egg production.   24 R. rufescens, 10 months old, were fed on 3 isoproteic rations (15% CP) with   different levels of ME (2650, 2800 and 2950 kcal ME/kg). A completely randomized   experimental design with three treatments and four replicates per experimental   unit was used. There was no significant differences in feed intake, but energy   level had a significant effect on mean egg weight, egg production and feed conversion   efficiency for the 2650 and 2800 kcal ME/kg diets compared with the 2950 kcal   ME/kg diet. It is concluded that energy levels from 2650 to 2800 kcal ME/kg   be used in partridge diets during the reproductive phase.

 

The diet and nutrition   of the Namaqua sandgrouse, an arid-zone granivore. Lloyd, P.; Durrans,   L.; Gous, R.; Little, R.M.; Crowe, T.M. *Journal of Arid Environments,*   2000, v. 44 (1), p. 105-122. ref. ISSN: 0140-1963.

NAL call no: QH541.5.D4J6

Descriptors:   feeding behaviour, seeds, nutritive value, composition, wild birds, *Pterocles   namaqua*.

Abstract: A study was conducted to evaluate the   feeding behaviour of the Namaqua sandgrouse, *Pterocles namaqua*, and   the nutritive value of its principal seed diets.

 

Dietary nitrogen as a limiting nutrient in frugivorous birds. Bosque, Carlos; Pacheco, M. Andreina. *Revista Chilena de Hostoria Natural,* Sept. 2000, v. 73 (3), p. 441-450. ISSN: 0716-078X.

Descriptors:   nutrition, dietary nitrogen, fruit eaters, energy needs, nutritional requirements,   physiology.

Abstract: Fruit pulp is considered nutritionally inadequate for frugivorous birds because of its low protein content. Consequently, frugivores are expected to minimize their nitrogen losses as an adaptation to frigivory. In this review we examine properties of fruit and physiological traits of frugivores that affect their ability to subsist on fruit diets. Most tropical and temperate fruit seem to contain enough nitrogen to satisfy the birds if their food intake was adjusted to meet their energy needs, but requirements depend on body mass. Birds of larger body size should require foods having a higher ratio of nitrogen to energy than smaller species. However, digestible nitrogen may in fact be limiting because fruit pulp seems to contain considerable amounts of nonproteinaceous nitrogen and an amino acid composition that deviates from that required by birds. Both of these characteristics of fruit pulps should augment nitrogen losses of frugivores and consequently their needs when consuming natural diets. In terms of their physiology, we expect frugivores to maximize their nitrogen extraction efficiency from the diet and hint the possibility that low urinary nitrogen losses of frugivores might be related to a low metabolic rate. Minimization of endogenous fecal losses could be the most important adaptation of frugivores to subsist on nitrogen poor diets. It is not evident how specialized frugivores can have lower than expected nitrogen requirements when compared to birds of other dietary groups. We suggest several areas of research that should improve out understanding of the complex interactions involved in the regulation of protein needs of frugivorous birds.

 

Effects of diet with different levels of protein and energy content on reproductive traits of utility-type pigeons kept in cages. Meleg, I.; Dublecz, K.; Vincze, L.; Horn, P. *Archiv fuer Gefluegelkunde,* 2000, v. 64 (5), p. 211-213. ISSN: 0003-9098.

NAL call no: 47.8 AR2

Descriptors: pigeons, animal feeding, energy, feed intake, conversion efficiency.

 

Utjecaj drzanja i prehrane   tijekom ljetnih mjeseci na bolesti kucnih ptica. [Effects of housing and nutrition   during summer months on disease incidence in pet birds.] Hraste, A; Tratnjak,   D. *Veterinarska Stanica,* 2000, v. 31 (4), p. 209-210. ref. ISSN: 0350-7149.   Note: In Croation.

Descriptors: animal housing, summer, nutrition, heat stress, intestinal diseases.

 

Energetics and nutritional ecology of small herbivorous birds. Lopez-Calleja, M. Victoria; Bozinovic, Francisco. *Revista Chilena de Historia Natural,* Sept. 2000, v. 73 (3), p. 411-420. ISSN: 0716-078X. 

Descriptors:   behavior, digestive system, energy requirements, nutritional requirements, *Phytotoma   rara*, adaptations to plant-based diet.

Abstract: Herbivory is a rare strategy in birds. Only 3% of extant birds exploit plant material as an energy source. Both plant chemical composition and bird constraints associated to flight and digestion may explain why herbivory is so scarce in small endotherms such as birds. Here we tackle the question on how herbivorous birds meet energy/nutrient requirements when feeding on extremely poor diets. We focus on *Phytotoma rara*(Phytomidae), possibly the smallest herbivorous bird. From our mini-review we conclude that several features such as the fast passage rates, and effective physical breakdown of cell walls, and constant and high activities of digestive enzymes make available the highly nutritious cell contents to the small herbivore, without the energy costs of anatomical structures for bacterial fermentation or slow passage rates. These are possible crucial adaptations in the evolution of hebivory in small birds. 

 

Estimating the energy needs of pet birds. Harper, E.J. *Journal of Avian Medicine and Surgery,* 2000, v. 14 (2), p. 95-102. ref. 

NAL call no: SF994.J6

Descriptors:   diets, energy content, energy consumption, energy requirements, expenditures,   mathematical equations, energy.

Abstract: A review. Little is known about the energy requirements of pet birds. Because animals generally eat to meet energy requirements, the nutrient content of a diet must be balanced with energy content. To formulate balanced diets for a range of bird species, both the energy needs of the relevant bird species and the energy content of the diet must be calculated. The most practical way of understanding the energy requirements of pet birds is by studying their daily energy expenditure. Factors affecting energy requirements are body size, activity patterns, environmental temperature, plumage cover, age, and physiological state. Energy costs of maintenance are directly related to the lean body mass and the relative size of different organs, because these are the tissues that actively use oxygen. Activity patterns also have a considerable impact; the difference between sitting and standing can affect the daily energy expenditure by as much as 42%. There are a variety of published allometric equations for determining avian energy requirements, but those derived from fasted species are inappropriate. For companion birds, equations derived for the particular body-weight range of the avian species in question are the most applicable. Two equations are recommended: one for calculating the energy requirements of avian species less than 100 g, and the second for avian species whose body weights are in the range of 100-1500 g. 

 

[The feeding activity of   Derby’s parakeet (*Psittacula derbiana*) in captivity.] Yang, XiaoJun;   Wen, XianJi; Wang, ShuZhen; Yang, Lan; Yang, HongJun; Dong, RongMei; Zhang,   YuKun; Dong, Xin; Li, YuanChun; Yang, X.J.; Wen, X.J.; Wang, S.Z.; Yang, L.;   Yang, H.J.; Dong, R.M.; Zhang, Y.K.; Dong, X.; Li, Y.C. *Zoological Research,*   2000, v. 21 (2), p. 115-120. ref. ISSN: 0254-5853. Note: In Chinese.

NAL call no: QL1.J874

Descriptors:   feeding, behaviour, feeding frequency, total feeding time, regression equation,   sex differences, seasonal variation.

Abstract: The feeding activity of 20 captive   Derby’s parakeets in 4 groups was observed by instantaneous method and scan   sampling method from March 1994 to February 1995. 254 completed feeding activities   were observed by all-occurrences’ recording method from March 1996 to September   1998. The daily feeding frequency of Derby’s parakeets were 32.12+14.28, and   the daily time spent on feeding was 153.23+73.11 min, which accounted for 14.51%   of total observing time. The feeding frequency and feeding time in different   individuals were different (frequency F=1.747, time F=1.791; P<0.05). The   daily feeding frequency and total feeding time were correlated. The daily feeding   activity had two main peaks. Generally the first appeared from 7.00 to 10.00   h, the second was from 15.00 to 19.00 h. However, the time when the peak occurred   was different in different seasons. The feeding activities began earlier and   stopped later in summer and vice versa in winter. The daily feeding frequency   of young was not significantly different from that of adult, but the duration   of each feeding activity lasted longer in young than in adult., e.g. young spent   longer time for feeding than adult daily. The daily time spent on feeding by   male and female was not significantly different from that by female, while the   feeding frequency of female was less than that of male, and the duration of   each activity lasted longer in female than in male. The results by using all-occurrences’   recording method showed that: The feeding activity consisted of a series of   behaviours, including picking-up with bill, grabbing with foot, chewing, carrying   food (in bill or foot), body caring, looking, threatening, and courtship feeding.   The picking-up with bill, grabbing with foot and chewing were >90%. The feeding   activity began with picking-up (100%), then chewing (95.56%), carrying food   (2.87%) or threatening (0.57%; and then picking-up (85.06%), carrying food (7.47%),   chewing (1.15%), body caring (1.15%), grabbing with foot (3.45%), courtship   feeding (0.57%) or looking (1.15%), and etc. The stepwise regression showed   that the feeding activity of males and females were affected by all behaviours.   Temperature, relative humidity and illumination were not the factors significantly   affecting the feeding activities. The feeding activities of young birds were   affected by resting, fed by parents, bite, locomotion and temperature. The regression   equation is as follows: Y=1578.74-1.95 X3-1.76 X4-0.85 X5-1.44 X6-0.74 X7 Y   stood for daily feeding time, X3, X4, X5, X6 and X7 respectively stood for temperature,   resting, locomotion, feeding by parents and bite.

 

Healthy Bird ® Avian   Nutrition System. Rohrberg, Roderick G.; Lillie, Thomas C. *Official   Gazette of the United States Patent and Trade Mark Office, Patents,* (e-file),   Aug. 22, 2000; 1237 (4): No pagination. ISSN: 0098-1133.

NAL call no: T223.A21

Descriptors: animal care, foods, nutrition, avian nutrition system.

Abstract: Methods and liquified dietary supplements for enhancing and maintaining the health of birds are disclosed. The invention also includes dietary supplements which are intended to promote avian well-being by providing a daily regimen of two specifically designed formulas. The Healthy Bird® Sunrise Formula is a morning supplement which furnishes quick energy, and maintains the natural acid base balance of the bird. The Healthy Bird® Sunset Formula is an evening supplement which enables the bird to begin its rest cycle. Both preparations are novel compositions which furnish highly nutritional dietary regimens for domesticated birds.

 

Huidige vooruitgang in   volstruisvoeding. [Effects of feed particle size on the digestive process in   domestic birds.] Carre, B. *Special Issue. Feed Particle Size and Animal   Nutrition. Production Animals.* 2000, v. 13 (2), p. 131-136. ref. ISSN: 0990-0632.   Note: In French.

Descriptors:   feeds, digestion, feed particle size, effects, transit time in the gut, digestibility,   retention.

Abstract: The effects of feed particle size on   the digestive process in domestic birds are reviewed. This paper is divided   into two parts: the effects on digestive transit times and the availability   of intracellular plant components. Coarse particles compared to fine ones generally   result in an increase in total transit time due to a longer retention time in   the gizzard. According to the literature, it seems that coarse grinding should   be positive for reducing water losses, and also, in some cases, for protein   digestibility. The latter effects would be explained by better control of the   intestine transit time by the gizzard emptying when using coarse ground feeds.   Coarse grinding may result in low availabilities for some of the intracellular   components of dicotyledon whole seeds as observed for soyabeans, rapeseeds,   fava beans and peas. In contrast, cereals seem to be much less sensitive to   particle size variations. In dicotyledon seeds, the intracellular components   do not show the same sensitivity: the highest sensitivities to particle size   variations are generally observed for lipids and starch. However, if a pelleting   process is applied after grinding, the effects of the grinding intensity are   considerably reduced with, in this case, similar digestibility values close   to a maximum.

 

Iron storage diseases in birds. Cork, S.C. *Avian Pathology,* 2000, v. 29 (1), p. 7-12. ref. ISSN: 0307-9457.

NAL call no: SF995.A1A9

Descriptors:   storage, absorbable iron, liver, hemosiderosis, reviews, metabolic disorders,   Kupffer cells, iron uptake, Peris   iron stain.

Abstract: Parenteral iron is toxic to many species   but, because the uptake of iron from the diet is regulated in the intestine,   acute intoxication is not seen under natural conditions. Chronic ingestion of   large amounts of absorbable iron in the diet can lead to the storage of iron   in the liver in many species, including man. The excess iron is stored within   hepatocytes as haemosiderin and can be quantitatively assessed by liver biopsy   or at necropsy using special stains such as Peris iron stain and/or biochemical   tests. Iron may also be found within the Kupffer cells in the liver and the   macrophage cells of the spleen especially where concurrent diseases are present   such as haemolytic anemia, septicemia, neoplasia and starvation. Iron accumulation   in the liver, also known as haemosiderosis, may not always be associated with   clinical disease although in severe cases hepatic damage may occur. It is probable   that concurrent disease conditions are largely responsible for the degree and   nature of the pathological changes described in most cases of haemosiderosis.   In some humans there may be a genetic predisposition to iron storage disease,   haemochromatosis, associated with poor regulation of iron uptake across the   intestine. In severe cases iron pigment will be found in the liver, spleen,   gut wall, kidney and heart with subsequent development of ascites, heart failure   and multisystem pathology. Clinical disease associated with accumulation of   iron in the liver, and other tissues, has been reported in many species of bird   although it is most commonly reported in Indian hill mynas (*Gracula religiosa*)   and toucans (*Ramphastos sp.*). It is likely that the tolerance to the   build up of tissue iron varies in individual species of bird and that the predominant   predisposing factors may differ, even within closely related taxonomic groups.

 

Nitrogen requirements of   an Old World nectarivore, the orange-tufted sunbird *Nectarinia osea*.   Roxburgh, L.; Pinshow, B. *Physiological and Biochemical Zoology,* 2000,   v. 73 (5), p. 638-645. ref. 

NAL call no: QL1.P52

Descriptors:   nitrogen requirements, urine, body weight, nitrogen balance, captive-bird study.

Abstract: Nectivorous birds are represented by   three major radiations: honeyeaters and sunbirds in the Old World and hummingbirds   in the New World. Costa’s hummingbirds and New Holland honeyeaters have unusually   low nitrogen requirements, which have been related to the species’ low-protein,   high-sugar diets. Therefore, we hypothesised that orange-tufted sunbirds (*N.   osea*) would likewise have low-maintenance nitrogen requirements and low   rates of endogenous nitrogen loss. To test this hypothesis, we measured nitrogen   balance, total endogenous nitrogen loss, and body mass changes in captive birds   using insects as a nitrogen source. Nitrogen balance, estimated by regression   analysis to be 3.9 mg d-1, was less than one-half of that allometrically predicted,   while total endogenous nitrogen loss (1.9+0.6 mg d-1) was less than one-third   of the allometrically predicted value. Thus, orange-tufted sunbirds follow the   same pattern of low nitrogen requirements found in hummingbirds and honeyeaters.   Total endogenous losses of nitrogen in nectivores are low because a fibreless,   easily digestible liquid diet reduces nitrogen losses in the feces, while the   protein-sparing effect of a diet containing largely sugar leads to endogenous   urinary nitrogen losses.

 

The nutritional, morphologic, and physiologic bases of nectarivory on Australian birds. Gartrell, B.D. *Journal of Avian Medicine and Surgery,* 2000, v. 14 (2), p. 85-94. ref. 

NAL call no: SF994.J6

Descriptors:   foods, forage, nutrient requirements, protein requirements, nectar, honey eaters,   swift parrots, *Lathamus discolor,*lorikeets,   adaptive physiology.

Abstract: A review. Nectarivorous birds are those   that rely predominantly on the products of flowering trees and shrubs for food.   Australian avian nectarivores include honey-eaters of the family Meliphagidae   and lorikeets and swift parrots (*Lathamus discolor*) of the family Psittacidae.   Nectar is a sugar-rich, liquid food source that provides abundant amounts of   energy for birds that are able to harvest it. However, it contains very low   levels of amino acids, vitamins, and trace minerals necessary for avian maintenance,   growth, and reproduction. Therefore, birds classified as nectarivores need to   forage for other food resources. Manna, honeydew, and lerp are common food sources   for a variety of honey-eaters and nectarivorous parrots; these foods are high   in carbohydrates and low in protein, similar to nectar. Pollen protoplasm is   composed of highly digestible protein and contains a diverse amino acid profile;   however, only 3 Australian species of psittacine birds have been recorded engaging   in active pollen harvesting. Insects are thought to be the main source of protein   for nectarivores. Nectarivorous birds have developed a variety of morphological   and physiological adaptations. Morphological adaptations to nectarivory include   changes in body size, plumage, beak and tongue structure, and the alimentary   organs. The physiology of nectarivory is still poorly understood, but there   are indications that adaptations may include lowered metabolic rates, lowered   protein requirements, and changes in digestive and renal physiology. Considerable   work is needed to illuminate the specific nutritional requirements of nectarivores   for maintenance, growth, and reproduction.

 

The science of tastefully formulating bird food. Matson, Kevin D. *Exotic Bird Report,* Jul. 2000, v. 12 (1), p. 1-3. 

Descriptors: diet in captivity, taste, perception, response, thresholds, diet formulation.

 

Taste threshold determination and side-preference in captive cockatiels (*Nymphicus hollandicus*). Matson, K.D.; Milliam, J.R.; Klasing, K.C. *Applied Animal Behaviour Science,* 2000, v. 69 (4), p. 313-326. ref. ISSN: 0168-1591.

NAL call no: QL750.A6

Descriptors:   consumption, flavor, NaCl, sucrose, feeding behavior, citric acid, taste preferences,   water, captive birds.

Abstract: The taste threshold of caged cockatiels (*Nymphicus hollandicus*) for aqueous solutions of sodium chloride, citric acid, and sucrose were studied using two-choice taste-preference tests. The effects of location on the threshold were tested by putting the flavoured solution in either the preferred or non-preferred locations (i.e. sides of cages) and offering water in the opposite location. Four parameters (total consumption, consumption from preferred side, consumption from non-preferred side, and proportion of test solution consumed) were measured at the end of 3-day test periods. Experiments were repeated with increasing concentrations of test flavours until intake variables were significantly (p<0.05) affected. The results showed that birds distinguished (p<0.05) between purified water and 0.16 mol 1-1 sodium chloride and citric acid, 0.36 mol 1-1 sucrose, or pH 5.5 citric acid. The likelihood of detecting a taste threshold was greater for sodium chloride and citric acid when these solutions were placed on the preferred side. In contrast, sucrose sensitivity was greater when this solution was offered on the non-preferred side. 

 

The true metabolisable energy content of canola oilcake meal and full-fat canola seed for ostriches (*Struthio camelus*). Brand, T.S.; De Brabander, L.; Van Schalkwyk, S.J.; Pfister, B.; Hays, J.P. *British Poultry Science,* May 2000, v. 41 (2), p. 201-203. ISSN: 0007-1668.

NAL call no: 47.8 B77

Descriptors:   animal husbandry, nutrition, ostrich, metabolisable energy, protein and energy   sources.

Abstract: 1. The true metabolisable energy (TME) of canola oilcake and oil-fat canola seed was determined for ostriches to broaden our knowledge of canola as a potential protein and energy source for ostriches. 2. Both test materials were diluted with a basal diet, fed to ostriches and TME-values estimated by multiple regression analysis. 3. The TME values for canola oilcake meal and full-fat canola seed for ostriches were respectively 13.76 MJ kg-1 and 22.5 MJ kg-1. 4. The TME values obtained for these 2 important protein sources will assist on the more accurate formulation of diets for ostriches.

 

Why do nutrient requirements   differ among bird species? Koutsos, Elizabeth A.; Klasing, Kirk C. *Exotic   Bird Report,* July 2000, v. 12 (1), p. 4-6, 8. 

Descriptors:   dietary requirements, nutrition, diet, energy requirements, species differences. 

 

Zywienie strusi i emu -   podstawy fizjologiczne i zapotrzebowanie na skladniki pokarmowe. [Feeding ostriches   and emus: Physiological basis and nutritional requirements: a review.]   Jamroz, Dorota. *Prace i Materialy Zootechniczne,* 2000. v. 56, p. 51-73.   ISSN: 0137-1649. Note: In Polish.

NAL call no:   SF1.P672

Descriptors:   animal husbandry, nutrition, energy requirements, ostrich, emu.

Abstract: This paper is a review of literature   in the field of nutrition of ostriches and emus - the biggest herbivorous birds   in the world. The keeping and breeding of these birds develops dynamically not   only in south Africa, Australia, Israel, Canada and United States, but also   in many European countries, including Poland. Essential information is presented   relative to the specificity of the digestive tract, digestibility and requirements   for nutrients and energy depending on the age and performance of birds. Also,   principles are described of the practical feeding of ostriches and emus as well   as the basal characteristics of ostrich egg and meat composition. Cited are   34 references.

 

1999

 

Basic concepts and recent advances in digestion and nutrition. Cilliers, S.C.; Angel, C.R.; Deeming, D.C. *The Ostrich: Biology, Production and Health,* 1999, p. 105-128. ref. ISBN: 0851993508.

NAL call no:   SF511.O774 1999

Descriptors:   digestion, age, diet, feeds, amino acid metabolism, wild ostriches, feed-flow   programs.

Abstract: This chapter briefly describes reports of the diet of wild ostriches. The anatomy of the digestive tract and changes induced by age and diet are also discussed. Other sections include: feedstuff evaluation; amino acid metabolism; implications of urea contamination of ostrich diets; and practical feed-flow programmes. 

 

Calculating the required volume of avian nutritional products. Bartges, J.; Ritchie, B.W. *Compendium on Continuing Education for the Practicing Veterinarian,* 1999, v. 21 (8), p. 694-695. ref. ISSN: 0193-1903.

NAL call no: SF601.C66

Descriptors: nutrient requirements, therapeutic diets, trauma, nutrients, surgery.

Abstract: Nutritional support is important in the management of avian patients that are ill or recovering from trauma or surgical procedures. Provision of adequate calories is essential during convalescence. Formulae for calculating caloric requirements for avian patients are presented and discussed.

 

Comparison of metabolite energy values of different foodstuffs determined in ostriches and poultry. Cillers, S.C.; Sales, J.; Hayes, J.P.; Chwalibog, A.; Du Preez, J.J. *British Poultry Science,* Sept. 1999, v. 40 (4), p. 491-494. ISSN: 0007-1668.

NAL call no: 47.8 B77

Descriptors:   animal husbandry, nutrition, ostriches, energy, values of foodstuff.

Abstract: 1. Apparent (AMEn) and true (TMEn)   metabolisable energy values, corrected for nitrogen retention of wheat bran,   saltbush (*Atriplex nummularia*), common reed (*Phragmites australis*),   lupins, soyabean oil cake meal (SBOCM), sunflower oil cake meal (SFOCM) and   fishmeal were compared in 7 successive trials using 12 mature South African   Black ostriches and 10 adult Australorp cockerels per ingredient. 2. TMEn values   of 11.91, 7.09, 8.67, 14.61. 13.44, 10.79 and 15.13 MJ/kg for wheat bran, saltbrush,   common reed, lupins, SBOCM, SFOCM and fishmeal, respectively, were found for   ostriches in comparison to lower (P<0.05) values of 8.55, 4.50, 2.79, 9.40,   9.04, 8.89 and 13.95 MJ/kg for cockerels. 3. The higher (P<0.05) ME values   for ostriches confirm that the ostrich is capable of digesting foodstuffs, especially   those with high fibre concentrations such as drought-resistant fodders, more   effectively than poultry. Plant protein sources could make a considerable energy   contribution to diets for ostriches. 4. It is concluded that it is essential   to use energy values of foodstuffs determined using ostriches and not extrapolated   values derived from poultry in diet formulation for ostriches.

 

[Digestive system of the   ostrich.] Li, XuGang; Zhu, HongQiang: Sun, ZeWei (et al); Li, X.G.; Zhu,   H.Q.; Sun, Z.W. *Journal of Economic Animal,* 1999, v. 3 (3), p. 43-45.   ref. Note: In Chinese.

Descriptors:   digestive system, ostrich, structure, functions.

 

Does shifting from a commercial to a natural diet affect the nutritional status of hand-reared grey partridges *Perdix perdix*? Liukkonen, Anttila T.; Putaala, A.; Hissa, R. *Wildlife Biology,* 1999, v. 5 (3), p. 147-156. ref.

NAL call no: SK351.W663

Descriptors:   composition, energy content, energy intake, nutrients, blood chemistry, hand-reared,   animals, 6 weeks to adapt.

Abstracts: Two feeding trials (January to April 1996 and 1997) using a total of 54 hand-reared grey partridges were performed in Finland to study the effect of a change from a commercial pelleted diet to a natural diet (barley, oats and weed seeds) on body mass, food consumption, metabolised energy coefficient, gut morphology and some blood metabolites. The abrupt change in the diet which takes place when hand-reared birds are released into the wild was simulated. Controls continued to be given the pelleted diet throughout the trial. Group body mass decreased significantly after the change in diet. However, within 1 week, body mass started to increase again, but it stabilised at a lower level than in control birds (P<0.05). Compared with controls, birds in the test group consumed more food (fresh weight) during the feeding trial (P<0.001) and produced more excreta during the 2nd, 4th and 5th week of the feeding trial (P<0.001). Gross energy intake, amount of metabolised energy and metabolised energy coefficient decreased and excretory energy content increased during the feeding trial. No differences were seen in the analysed blood metabolites. Gizzards of the test birds were heavier than those of the control birds (P=0.01). It is concluded that a period of 6 weeks may be inadequate for partridges to get totally adapted to a new diet.

 

Ecological constraints on digestive physiology in carnivorous and piscivorous birds. Hilton, G.M.; Houston, D.C.; Barton, N.W.H.; Furness, R.W.; Ruxton, G.D. *Special Issue: Avian Gastrointestinsl and Renal Function. Journal of Experimental Zoology,* 1999, v.283 (4-5), p. 365-376. ref. ISSN: 0022-104X.

NAL call no:   410 J825

Descriptors:   digestive tract, digestion, reviews, feeding behaviour, physiology, meat and   fish eating birds, absorption efficiencies, gut length.

Abstract: Digestive strategies of meat-and fish eating birds have received little attention, and the assumption has generally been made that there is rather little variation in digestion parameters between species in these guilds. That there is a significant though small variation between species in apparent absorption efficiency is demonstrated here. This variation is associated with an apparent trade-off between retention time of digesta and apparent absorption efficiency: short retention times result in low apparent absorption efficiency. It is shown that, in raptors, rapid digestion is a consequence of both reduced gut length and increased flow rate of digesta. The ecological correlates of digestive strategy in raptors and seabirds are demonstrated. Rapid digestion appears to be associated with a pursuit foraging mode, whereas slow digestion tends to occur in species with a searching foraging mode. It is suggested that in raptors which actively pursue aerial prey, the weight savings that can be achieved through rapid but inefficient digestion exceed the costs in reduced apparent absorption efficiency. However, a species which adopts a strategy of rapid but inefficient digestion may be restricted in diet to high-quality food types, whereas species with a slow but efficient digestive strategy are able to exploit a wide range of food types, including low-quality prey.

 

Energetics of hummingbird foraging at low ambient temperature. Gass, C.L.; Romich, M.T.; Suarez, R.K. *Canadian Journal of Zoology,* 1999, v. 77 (2), p. 314-320. ref. ISSN: 0008-4301.

NAL call no: 470 C16D

Descriptors:   energy balance, energy consumption, energy intake, thermoregulation, Rufous   hummingbirds, *Selasphorus rufus*, sucrose solutions, metabolic   rates.

Abstract: Because of their small size and high energetic costs of hovering and forward flight, hummingbirds achieve the highest mass-specific metabolic rates known among vertebrates. Rufous hummingbirds (*Selasphorus rufus*) stop to refuel on floral nectar in subalpine meadows as they migrate south from British Columbia, Canada, to Mexico. In such habitats they face the challenge of achieving daily net energy gain despite the high energy costs of flight and thermoregulation at near-freezing morning temperatures. Hummingbirds provided with 15 or 20% sucrose while subjected to these conditions for 4 h in the laboratory did not remain in energy balance and loss mass. However, they achieved energy balance or net energy gain on 30% sucrose. Because these sucrose concentrations are within the range observed in the nectar of hummingbird-visited flowers, the results suggests that the energetic cost of thermoregulation may influence the coevolution of hummingbirds and flowers. Hummingbirds maintaining energy balance at low ambient temperature via high foraging frequencies and high rates of energy intake can sustain average metabolic rates of about 250 W/kg over a 4-h period. These are the highest metabolic rates known among vertebrates at which rates of dietary energy intake equal rates of energy expenditure. 

 

Energy metabolism in an obligate frugivore, the superb fruit-dove (*Ptilinopus superbus*). Schleucher, E. *Australian Journal of Zoology,* 1999, v. 47 (2), p. 169-179. ref. ISSN: 0004-959X.

NAL call no:   410 Au73

Descriptors:   wild birds, energy metabolism, metabolism, fruit eaters.

 

Le esigenze nutritive dei   fasianidi. [Feeding of pheasants.] Mussa, P.P. *Rivista di Avicoltura,*   1999, v. 68, (3), p. 12-15. ref. ISSN: 0005-2213. Note: In Italian.

NAL call no:   47.8 R523

Descriptors:   animal nutrition, feeding, game birds, reviews. 

 

Fatty acid composition   of the adipose tissue and yolk lipids of a bird with a marine-based diet, the   emperor penguin (*Aptenodytes forsteri*). Speake, B.K.; Decrock,   F.; Surai, P.F.; Groscolas, R. *Lipids,* 1999, v. 34 (3), p. 183-290. ref.   ISSN: 0024-4201. 

NAL call no: QP751.L5

Descriptors:   egg yolk, fatty acids, composition, adipose tissue, carotenoids, luteins.

Abstract: The fatty acid composition of the total lipid of the yolk from emperor penguins (*Aptenodytes forsteri*) was characterized by high levels of –3 polyenoic fatty acids. However, it differed in several respects from that of the maternal adipose tissue. For example, the proportions of 14:0 (myristic acid), 16:1n-7 (palmitoleic acid), 20:1n-9 (gadoleic acid), 22:1n-9 (eurcic acid), 20:5n-3 (eicosapentaenoic acid), and 22:6n-3 (docosahexaenoic acid) were significantly greater in adipose tissue than in yolk. Thus adipose tissue lipids contained 7.60+0.3% and 8.0+0.3% (wt% of total fatty acids;+ meanSE; n=5) of 20:5n-3, respectively, whereas the yolk total lipid contained 1.6+0.1 and 5.5+0.3% of these respective fatty acids. The proportions of 16:0 (palmitic acid), 18:0 (stearic acid), 18:1n-9 (oleic acid), 18.2n-6 (linoleic acid), and 20:4n-6 (arachidonic acid) were significantly lower in the adipose tissue than in the yolk lipids. The proportions of triacylglycerol, phospholipid, free cholesterol, and cholesteryl ester in the yolk lipid were, respectively, 67.0+0.2, 25.4+0.3, 5.3+0.2 and 1.8+0.2% (wt% of total yolk lipid). The proportions of 20:4n-6, 20:5n-3, 22:5n-3, and 22:6n-3 were, respectively, 5.7+0.3, 2.8+0.2, 1.4+0.1, and 11.7+0.5 in phospholipid and 0.4+0.0, 1.2+0.1, 0.8+0.1 and 3.6+0.3 in triacylglycerol. About 95% of the total vitamin E in the yolk was in the form of alpha-tocopherol with gamma-tocopherol forming the remainder. Two species of carotenoids, one identified as lutein, were present. 

 

Feed for cockatoos.   Nippashi, K. *Journal of Veterinary Medicine, Japan,* 1999, v. 52 (4),   p. 319-322. ISSN: 0447-0192.

Descriptors: aviary birds, nutrition, pets, Psittaciformes.

 

Feeding of ostriches. Burlini, F. *Informatore Agrario,* 1999, v. 55 (42), p. 111-119. ISSN: 0020-0689.

NAL call no: 281.8 IN32

Descriptors:   diets, feeds, digestive system, feeding, management, nutrition, signs of malnutrition.

Abstract: Ostrich feeding is discussed. Many ostrich farmers have incorrect information about the way to feed ostriches. Causes of this are ignorance about the ostrich digestive system; and inaccurate information about some feeds. It is important to recognize a healthy chick and the effects of an unbalanced diet.

 

Food ingestion and water turnover in hummingbirds: How much dietary water is absorbed? McWhorter, T.J.; Rio, C.M. del; del Rio, C.M. *Journal of Experimental Biology,* 1999, v. 202 (20), p. 2851-1858. ref. ISSN: 0022-0949.

NAL call no: 442.8 B77

Descriptors:   diets, water turnover, absorption, feeding, sugars, water, feed intake, nectar   intake.

Abstract: Hummingbirds are specialized nectarivores that feed on dilute solutions of sugar with trace amounts of amino acids and electrolytes. Their diets contain excess water that, if absorbed, must be eliminated. It has been hypothesized that in hummingbirds only a small fraction of this dietary water may be absorbed in the intestine. The results of experiments designed to examine the relationship between nectar intake and water turnover in hummingbirds (*Selasphorus platysercus*) are reported. These results also allow the estimation of water absorption across the intestine and therefore test the hypothesis that ingested water in hummingbirds passes largely unabsorbed through the gastrointestinal tract. It was found that fractional and total water turnover increased linearly with water ingestion. At low sucrose concentration, food intake rates between four and five times body mass per 12 h were not unusual. A simple mass-balance model suggested that 78% of ingested water was absorbed in the gastrointestinal tract and hence must be processed by the kidneys. However, fractional water absorption was variable and did not appear to be correlated with food or water intake parameters. These results do not lend support to the hypothesis that the bulk of dietary water passes through the intestine unabsorbed. Although hummingbird kidneys appear well suited to excrete large volumes of dilute urine, rates of energy assimilation in hummingbirds may be constrained by excess water elimination when these birds are feeding on nectars with a low sugar concentration. 

 

Fruit sugar preferences   of house finches. Avery, M.L.; Schreiber, C.L.; Decker, D.G. *Wilson   Bulletin,* 1999, v. 111 (1), p. 84-88. ref. USDA, APHIS, National Wildlife   research Center, Gainesville, FL. ISSN: 0043-5643.

NAL call no: 413.8 W692

Descriptors:   assimilation, consumption, deficiency, digestion, sugars, fructose, glucose,   sucrose, hexose.

Abstract: In a series of choice tests, the relative preferences of House Finches (*Carpodacus mexicanus*) for equicaloric aqueous solutions of hexoses (1:1 mixture of fructose and glucose) and sucrose were determined. At 2% (m/v) birds consumed each sugar solution equally and in amounts similar to plain water. Consumption of hexose but not sucrose increased at 4% sugar concentration. At 6% and 10% finches displayed consistent, strong preferences for the hexose over sucrose. In other passerine species, strong hexose preference has been linked to the absence of sucrase, the enzyme needed for digestion of sucrose. Fecal sugar readings from the House Finches, however, indicated approximately equal assimilation of hexose and sucrose, so the hexose preference apparently is mot due to sucrose deficiency. Rather, energetics may determine the finches’ sugar preferences: hexoses are rapidly processed because the 6-carbon sugars are readily assimilable whereas sucrose must first be hydrolyzed.

 

Nestling diet, secondary sexual traits and fitness in the zebra finch. Birkhead, T.R.; Fletcher, F.; Pellatt, E.J. *Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological Sciences,* 1999. V. 266 (1417), p. 385-390. ref. ISSN: 0962-8452.

NAL call no: 501 L84B

Descriptors:   feeds, diets, immunity, growth, secondary sexual traits, mates, *Taeniopygia   guttata*.

Abstract: The effect of the quality of nestling diet on the performance of adult male zebra finches (*Taeniopygia guttata*) in terms of their morphology, primary and secondary sexual traits, condition, immune function and survival, was investigated.

 

Passerine nutrition: An overview of current information. Crissey, Sue. *Wildlife Rehabilitation,* 1998, v. 17, p. 3-14. ISSN: 0737-1829. 

NAL call no: SF996.45.J69

Descriptors:   Passeriformes, diet in captivity, nutritional requirements, nutrition, perching   birds.

 

Studies on the energy content   of pigeon feeds: I. Determination of digestibility and metabolizable energy   content. Hullar, I.; Meleg, I.; Fekete, S.; Romvari, R. *Poultry Science,*   (Hungary), Dec. 1999, v. 78 (12), p. 1757-1762. ISSN: 0032-5791.

NAL call no:   47.8 AM33P

Descriptors:   animal husbandry, nutrition, feed, pigeon, 10 seed species, comparison with   chickens.

 

Studies on the energy content of pigeon feeds. II. Determination of the incorporated energy. Fekete, S.; Meleg, I.; Hullar, I.; Zoldag, L. *Poultry Science,* Dec. 1999, v. 78 (12), p. 1763-1767. ref. ISSN: 0032-5791.

NAL call no: 47.8 AM33P

Descriptors: pigeons, breed differences, metabolizable energy, energy content.

 

Using cotton seed meal in rations of growing Japanese quail. Abdel-Malak, M.S. *Mansoura University Journal of Agricultural Sciences,* Sept. 1999, v. 24 (9), Pt. A. P. 4527-4539. ref. 

Descriptors: quails, cotton seed meal, rations, feed, digestibility, development.

 

Voedingsgerelateerde problemen   bij gezelschapsvogels. [Diet-related problems in pet birds.] Schoemaker,   N.J.; Lumeij, J.T.; Dorrestein, G.M.; Beynen, A.C. *Tijdschrift voor Diergeneeskunde,*   Jan. 15, 1999, v. 124 (2), p. 39-43. ISSN: 0040-7453. Note: In Dutch.

NAL call no:   41.8 T431

Descriptors:   goitre, nutritional diseases, metabolic diseases, endocrine disease, hypocalcemia,   vitamin deficiency, parrot family, budgerigars,   minahs, toucans.

Abstract: The detection and correction of dietary   errors plays an important role in avian medicine. Examples of diseases caused   in part by a deficiency of abundance of a nutrient include hypovitaminosis A   in birds of the parrot (Psittacidae) family, hypocalcemia in the African grey   parrot, goitre in budgerigars, and iron storage diseases in the minah and toucan.   Hypovataminosis A can lead to metaplasia of mucous membranes, which in turn   can lead to chronic rhinitis and respiratory fungal infections. Vitamin A deficiency   is caused by feeding a seed based diet. Seed mixtures are often deficient in   calcium, and nutritional secondary hyperparathyroidism can develop if an additional   source of calcium, in the form of ground shells, is not provided. Tetanic symptoms   as a result of hypocalcemia are seen only in the African grey parrot and the   timneh parrot. Over supplementation with vitamin D gives rise to poisoning with   polyuria and polydipsia as common initial symptoms. The exact cause of iron   storage diseases in toucans and minahs is not known. A diet low in iron and   vitamin C is advised as therapy. Goitre can develop in budgerigars as a result   of iodine-deficient drinking water and provision of a seed mixture based on   millet. An unbalanced or multideficient diet can give rise to reproductive disorders,   abnormal feathers, or infections as a result of diminished resistance. It is   usually not possible to relate the causes of these diseases in a simple way   to the composition of the diet. Obesity, which occurs in the galah, amazon parrot,   and budgerigars, can lead to fatty liver and lipoma. A gradual reduction in   weight, by means of calorie restriction, is recommended. Commercially available   nutritionally balanced bird food is often effective. 

 

1998

 

Absorption and metabolism of carotenoids in birds, fish and crustaceans. Schiedt, K.; Britton, G (ed.); Liaaen, Jensen S.; Pfander, H. *Carotenoids,**v. 3: Biosynthesis and Metabolism,* 1998, p. 285-358. ref. ISBN: 3764358297.

Descriptors: carotenoids, metabolism, retinoids, transport, distribution, plumage.

Abstract: A selective review concerning the absorption and metabolic transformation of carotenoids in animals excluding mammals, focusing on recent results using modern analytical methods from studies in birds, fish and crustaceans. Metabolic transformations of special interest are the oxidative and reductive transformation of the beta and epsilon end groups of various chiralities and the cleavage of carotenoids to retinoids.

 

Avian nutrition. Forbes, N.A. *Voorjaarsdagen Congress 1998. Veterinary Quarterly, 1998,* 20, Supplement, p. S64-S65. ISSN: 0165-2176. 

NAL call no: SF601.V46

Descriptors: nutrition, aviary birds, diets, vitamins, dietary minerals, protein.

 

Avian nutrition: anatomy of the avian digestive system - Part 2. Klasing, K.C. *Exotic Bird Report,* May 1998, v. 10 (1), p. 4-6. 

Descriptors:   Aves, digestive system, anatomy, birds.

 

*Comparative Avian Nutrition*. Klasing, Kirk C. CAB International, Oxon &   New York, 1998. i-ix. 350 pp. ISBN: 0851992196.

NAL call no:   QL698.K58 1998

Descriptors: nutrition, digestive system, anatomy, physiology, Aves, textbook. 

 

Contrasting digestive strategies of fruit-eating birds. Witmer, M.C.; Van Soest, P.J. *Functional Ecology,* Oct. 1998, v, 12 (5), p. 728-741. ISSN: 0269-8463. 

NAL call no: QH540.F85

Descriptors:   diet selection, digestive strategies, fruit, protein requirement, comparison   study, lipid digestion, adaptions, Cedar Waxwings,   *Bombycilla cedrorum*.

Abstract: 1. Sugary fruits dominate the annual diet of Cedar Waxwings (*Bombycilla cedrorum*), whereas lipid-rich foods dominate the diets of frugivorous thrushes. Nutrient utilization and preferences of Cedar Waxwings and thrushes fed sugary and lipid-rich natural fruits were assessed to ascertain the potential for nutrient-based specializations that could explain diet selection in nature. 2. Compared allometrically, Cedar Waxwings showed higher rates of sugar assimilation from sugary fruits than did thrushes, by virtue of higher intake rates, and achieved the highest energy assimilation rates from sugary fruits than did thrushes, by virtue of higher intake rates, and achieved the highest energy assimilation rates when eating a sugary fruit. A trade-off to this digestive strategy appears to be less efficient utilization of lipids when eating exclusively lipid-rich fruits. 3. Thrushes digested lipids more efficiently than Cedar Waxwings as a function of intake rate or estimated retention time, and thrushes achieved the highest energy assimilation rates when eating a lipid-rich fruit. Specialization to a diet rich in lipids appears to limit the rate at which sugary fruits can be processed. 4. Within each bird species, sugar digestive efficiencies were high and were not reduced at higher intake rates. Lipids were consumed at lower rates than sugars, and lipid digestive efficiencies declined with increasing intake rates. Frugivorous birds modulated digestive processing of fruits according to the time needed for efficient digestion and/or absorption of sugars and lipids, respectively. 5. Rate of nitrogen intake, not sugar assimilation, positively influenced body mass changes of birds. Sugary fruits appear nutritionally rich in energy, but limited in protein for avian frugivores. Relatively high intake rates and low protein requirements of Cedar Waxwings suggests that specialization to sugary, low-protein diets involves traits that facilitate acquisition and conservation of protein/amino acids. 6. Cedar Waxwings and thrushes show digestive specialization to the utilization of sugars and lipids, respectively, as dominant dietary nutrients. These traits explain patterns of food selection by these birds in the laboratory and in nature. Variation in the value of particular fruit nutrients to different birds renders the dietary descriptor of ‘frugivore’ ambiguous in a nutritional context.

 

Daily energy budgets of avian embryos: The paradox of the plateau phase in egg metabolic rate. Dietz, M.W.; Kampen, M. van; Griensven, M.J.M. van; Mourik, S. van; Van Griensven, M.J.M.; Van Mourik, S.; Van Kampen, M. *Physiological Zoology,* 1998, v. 71 (2), p. 147-156. ref. ISSN: 0031-935X.

NAL call no:   QL1.P52

Descriptors:   energy balance, metabolism, eggs, embryos, energy, models, galliform species,   embryonic synthesis and maintenance.

Abstract: The metabolic rate of precocial bird eggs reaches a plateau when about 80% of the incubation period has passed. This is unexpected, as in many species the embryo continues to grow and maintenance costs must therefore increase. To investigate this paradox, daily energy budgets were constructed for embryos of 4 galliform species according to 2 models that used empirical data on egg metabolic rate and embryo growth. In the first model, embryonic synthesis costs were estimated, with an assumed synthesis efficiency, before calculating the maintenance costs. In the second model, embryonic maintenance was calculated first, and no assumptions were made on the synthesis efficiency. The calculations show that assumptions of the synthesis efficiency had a major impact on the energy budget calculations, because embryonic growth rate was high. During the plateau phase, a galliform embryo allocated energy in favor of its maintenance costs in three ways: by decreasing growth rate, by increasing synthesis efficiency, and by depressing the formation of glycogen. The results suggest that a reduction in growth rate plays a minor role. An increase of synthesis efficiency is more likely to explain the plateau in energy expenditure, since small increases in synthesis efficiency can lead to great savings on synthesis costs.

 

Diet, maternal condition, and offspring sex ratio in the zebra finch, *Poephila guttata*. Bradbury, R.B.; Blakey, J.K. *Proceedings of the Royal Society**of London, Biological Sciences,* May 22, 1998, v. 265 (1399), p. 895-899. ISSN: 0962-8452.

NAL call no: 501 L84B

Descriptors:   sex ratios, breeding, dietary intake, fitness, progeny, sex-biased mortality,   quality of diets.

Abstract: Where maternal conditions affects condition and reproductive potential of offspring differentially with respect to sex, mothers in relatively good condition should produce more of the sex whose fitness is more dependent on condition. We experimentally manipulated body-condition in unmated zebra finches by feeding them for three months on high- or low-quality diets. Birds were then allowed to breed, while keeping the same diets. Females on the lower quality diet were in better condition and hatched significantly more males than females. Poorer conditioned females hatched an equal sex ratio. Chicks fed on low quality diet, but not on the high-quality diet, showed female-biased mortality. These results show that facultative sex ratio manipulation and sex-biased mortality can act together to produce extreme sex ratios in this vertebrate. 

 

Determination of energy, protein and amino acid requirements for maintenance and growth in ostriches. Cilliers, S.C.; Hayes, J.P.; Chwalibog, A.; Sales, J.; Du Preez, J.J. *Animal Feed Science and Technology,* Jun. 1998, v. 72 (3-4), p. 283-293. ISSN: 0377-8401. 

NAL call no: SF95 A55

Descriptors: animal   husbandry, nutrition, dietary maintenance requirements, young animals.

Abstract: requirements for maintenance and utilization of dietary true meatabolisable energy, corrected for nitrogen (N)-retention (TMEn), effective energy, corrected for N-retention, protein and amino acids were assessed in 44 young ostriches (7 months of age) by means of a comparative slaughter technique. Response in nutrient gain (energy, lipid, protein and amino acids) in feathers, legs, hides and carcasses were separately studied by scarifying 8 birds at the beginning and 12 birds at the end of a 21-day feeding period. TMEn required for maintenance was 0.42 MJ/empty body weight (EBW),kg0.75/day or 7.96 MJ/day, while maintenance requirements for effective energy, corrected for N-retention, amounted to 0.311 MJ/EBW. Kg0.75/day of 8.90 MJ/day. Utilization deficiencies for TMEn were estimated as 0.414+0.016 (MJ/day), whereas a value of 0.568 +0.009 was determined for effective energy, corrected for N-retention. Digestible maintenance protein requirements of 0.678 +0.027 g/EBW. Kg0.75/day was found, and by altering this estimate to requirement for total dietary protein, 1.05+0.038 g/EBW, kg0.75/day was calculated. Maintenance requirements for lysine, methionine+ cystine, threonine and valine compared favourable to literature values for poultry, but substantially higher values than for poultry, however, were determined for lucine, arginine and histidine. Net utilisation estimates for digestible amino acids varied between 0.948+0.025 for the slow turnover amino acids (cystine) with a mean value of 0.747. Results in the present study presented essential information for the establishment of requirement estimates for ostriches. 

 

Dietary flexibility and intestinal plasticity in birds: A field and laboratory study. Sabat, P.; Novoa, F.; Bozinovic, F.; Rio, C.M. del; Del Rio, C.M. *Physiological Zoology,* 1998, v. 71 (2), p. 226-236. ref. ISSN: 0031-935X. 

NAL call no: QL1 P52

Descriptors:   feed intake, enzymes, digestion, intestines, digestive tract, modulation of   intestinal enzymes by diet, hydrolases, *Zonotrichia   capensis, Diuca diuca*, *Z. capensis*.

Abstract: The adaptive modulation hypothesis   posits that the expression of digestive proteins should be modulated in response   to intake of their respective substrates. A corollary of this hypothesis suggests   that dietary flexibility and digestive plasticity should be correlated. Both   hypotheses were examined in 2 granivorous Chilean birds (*Zonotrichia capensis*   and *Diuca diuca*) that differ in dietary breadth.*D. dicua*   is a strict granivore, whereas *Z. capensis*also eats insects. In field-caught   birds, the activity of the intestinal dipeptidase aminopeptidase-N was positively   correlated with intake of insects in *Z. capensis* but not in *D.   dicua*. This is the first field documentation of modulation of intestinal   enzymes by diet in birds. Intestinal maltase and sucrase activities were not   correlated with seed (vs. insect) intake in either species. In the laboratory,   both species exhibited similar modulation of membrane-bound intestinal hydrolases   when fed on synthetic diets of contrasting carbohydrate and protein composition.   Maltase, sucrase and aminopeptidase-N activities were significantly higher in   birds fed on the carbohydrate-free than those on the carbohydrate-containing   diet. Activities of the 3 enzymes were positively correlated. This increase   was attributed to nonspecific increases of all enzymes resulting from intake   of the carbohydrate-free diet. Principal components analysis separating the   effect of diet on specific and on nonspecific modulation revealed that diet   had a strong effect on nonspecific activity of intestinal enzymes in both *Z.   capensis* and *D. diuca*. Diet also significantly affected aminopeptidase-N   activities when the effect of diet on nonspecific modulation was removed. Birds   fed on the carbohydrate-free, high-protein diet had significantly higher specific   aminopeptidase-N activities than those fed on the carbohydrate-containing diet.   The results cast doubts on the notion that dietary flexibility and the plasticity   of the gut’s enzymes are necessarily correlated and on the general validity   of the adaptive modulation hypothesis.

 

Ecological and evolutionary implications of energy and protein requirements of avian frugivores eating sugary diets. Witmer, M.C. *Physiological Zoology,* 1998, v. 71 (6), p. 599-610. ref. ISSN: 0031-935X.

NAL call no:   QL1 P52

Descriptors:   feeds, composition, protein content, sugars, diets, nutrient requirements, *cedar   waxwings, Bombycilla cedrorum*, American robins, *Turdus migratorius*,   wood thrushes, *Hylocichia mustelina, Catharus mustelinus*, fruit   eaters.

Abstract: The digestive and physiological responses   of cedar waxwings *(Bombycilla cedrorum*), American robins (*Turdus migratorius*)   and wood thrushes (*Hylocichia mustelina and Catharus mustelinus*) to 3   artificial diets varying in sugar (6.6, 12.4 and 22.0% solutes) and protein   content (4.5, 3.0 and 1.5% of DM) were evaluated. The results suggest that the   digestive systems of frugivorous birds respond flexibly to dietary sugar concentration,   but that protein content of fruits can present a nutritional limitation, potentially   influencing the proportions of fruit and animal foods in the diets of birds.   

 

The effect of dietary fibre   level on the production of growing ostriches. Salih, M.E.; Brand, T.S.;   Schalkwyk, S.J. van; Blood, J.; Pfister, B.; Brand, Z.; Akbay, R.; van Schalkwyk,   S.J.; Huchezermeyer, F.W. *Proceeding of the Second International Scientific   Ratite Congress,**Oudtshoorn, South Africa, 21-25 Sept. 1998*, p.   31-37. ref. 

Descriptors:   feed conversion efficiency, digestive tract, fiber, feed intake, cellulose,   hindgut digests high fiber diets.

 

The effect of group size on mean food intake rate in birds. Beauchamp, G. *Biological Reviews of the Cambridge Philosophical Society,* 1998, v. 73 (4), p. 449-472. ref. ISSN: 0006-3231.

NAL call no: 442.9 C14

Descriptors:   behavior, feeding habits, feed intake, reviews.

 

Emerging trends in pet bird diets. Reid, R.B.; Perlberg, W. *Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association,* Apr. 15, 1998, v. 212 (8), p. 1236-1238. ref. ISSN: 0003-1488.

NAL call no: 41.8 Am3

Descriptors:   birds, diet, trends, nutrient requirements, seed-based diets, pelleted and extruded   diets, problems of artificial diets.

 

Fugli i praksis. Nr 2.   [Birds in veterinary practice. 2. (Feeding).] Reither, N.P.; Stabursvik,   H.M.; Fyldeng, H.C. *Norsk Veterinaertidsskrift,* 1998, v. 110 (6), p.   371-372. ISSN: 0029-2773. Note: In Norwegian.

NAL call no:   41.8 N81

Descriptors:   nutrition, feeds, aviary birds, nutritional disorders, feeding, diets.

 

Gefiederprobleme und ernahrung   bei ziervogeln. [Wing problems and nutrition in pet birds.] Steinmetz,   D. *Fachpraxis,* 1998, No. 33, p. 6-8. Note: In German.

Descriptors:   aviary birds, wings, nutrition, feathers.

 

Impiego di probiotici nell'alimentazione   dello struzzo. Nota preliminare: utilizzazione digestiva in giovani soggetti.     [Use of probiotics in ostrich nutrition. Preliminary note: digestive utilization   in young animals.] Lambiase, M.; Meo, C. Di; Mauro, P.; Menna, L.F.;   Nizza, A.; di Meo, C. *Nuovi aspetti della profilassi vaccinale in avicolura.   XXXVI Convegno della Societa Italiana di Patalogia Aviares, Sept. 25-26, 1997,   Selezione Veterinaria,*1998, No. 8-9, p. 661-665. ref. ISSN: 0037-1521.   Note: In Italian.

NAL call no:   241.71 B75

Descriptors:   digestibility, probiotics, supplements, feed additives.

Abstract: Twelve ostriches, 6 weeks old, were   divided into 3 groups; one group served as the control while the other 2 were   supplemented with 1% Turval 6 and turval 12 (2 different probiotics). Probiotic   supplementation improved the digestibility of the ostriches.

 

Mineral deficiency in pet   birds. Wolf, P.; Bayer, G.; Wendler, C.; Kamphues, J. *Journal of Animal   Physiology and Animal Nutrition,* Dec. 1998, v. 80 (2-5), p. 140-146. ref.   ISSN: 0931-2439.

NAL call no: 389.78 Z3

Descriptors:   mineral deficiency, nutritional diseases, phosphorous, sodium, zinc, copper,   selenium, calcium, egg shells, bones, age requirements.

Abstract: Mineral deficiencies present one of the most frequent problems in pet bird nutrition. Calcium deficiency during reproduction leads to disturbances of egg production (thin shelled eggs, egg binding) or a demineralization of the skeleton. During the growth of chickens calcium and phosphorous are required in a ratio of 1.6:1, whereas some rearing feeds as well as commercial seed mixtures contain extremely low calcium levels and more phosphorous than calcium. Without an adequate calcium supply, the growing birds rapidly develop rickets and adults will in the long term show osteomalacia. Furthermore, a sodium deficiency (with disturbances of egg production or feather picking) occurs, if pet bird fanciers offer seed mixtures without mineral supplements. A low zinc content results in disturbances of the mucous membrane of the crop which causes an inflammation. Signs of insufficient copper content are decreased feed intake, poor quality of eggshells or eventually fading feathers. Muscle dystrophy may be related to a selenium deficit in birds fed exclusively on cereals. In addition the calcium-phosphorous ratio is often imbalanced. This imbalance is made worse (up to 0.03:1) by the dehusking and shelling of seeds and is tolerated in adults for a long time (even if individual birds show osteomalacia on x-ray), although clinical signs will eventually develop, particularly in the presence of high amounts of other minerals such as zinc should be considered. In general, the diagnosis of mineral disturbances is very complex and difficult. The assessment of mineral contents in plasma is possible, but not easy due to high variations and the lack of reference data. In addition to x-rays (mineralization of the skeleton?), analyses of feathers are made, but their value is doubtful given the present state of knowledge of normal values. The most helpful information is given by nutritional anamnesis and feed analysis. Although it is very difficult to quantify the mineral requirements of pet birds in different stages of life (maintenance, growth, moult, etc.), first estimates as well as recommendations exist and allow a rough evaluation of mineral supply provided under the specific feeding conditions reported by bird fanciers. 

 

Native fruits for birds. Gorrie, Ian. *Bird Obsewrver (Nunawading),* Jul. 1998, v. 767, p. 6-7. ISSN: 0313-5888. 

Descriptors: habitat management, diet, nutrition.

 

Normal bacterial floras in intestinal tract of ring-necked pheasant. Xu, ShuLin; Shen, XiuLi; Xu, S.L.; Shen, X.L. *Journal of Forestry Research,* 1998, v. 9 (2), p. 105-107. ref. ISSN: 1007-662X.

NAL call no: SD221.J67

Descriptors:   intestines, microbial flora, age, game birds, microbial ecology, *Bifidobacterium*,   *Lactobacillus, Bacteroideceae*, China.

Abstract: The normal bacterial flora in the intestinal   tract of ring-necked pheasants wer investigated in birds obtained from 2 locations   in Hellongjiang Province, China. Eight age groups were chosen (1, 2, 5, 10,   20, 30 60 and 120 days). Samples from intestines were diluted in 10 fold series   and incubated on different selective media. After incubation, the bacterial   colonies were counted and the number of CFU/g of gut inclusions was evaluated.   The data were statistically analysed. The physiological characteristics of the   8 main normal bacterial floral representatives were obtained. The results showed   that the normal bacterial flora in the intestinal tract of ring-necked pheasants   was established between 10 and 30 days old. The dominant bacteria were *Bifidobacterium,   Lactobacillus* and *Bacteroideceae*. 

 

Recommendations for diets of captive pheasants, based on information from the diets of wild birds. Sheppard, C.; Dierenfield, E. Burnett, M. *Wildlife Conservation Society, WPA News,* 1998, No. 56, p. 27-33. ref.

Descriptors: reviews, diets, nutrition, game birds, wild birds.

Abstract: Published reports on wild pheasant diets were reviewed and information for 42 species was compiled. A basic diet for each pheasant group is described, which should provide adequate nutrition on the basis of current knowledge.

 

[Study on the advance of   nutrients for *Phasianus colchicus*.] Liu, GriRong; Zhang, AiWu;   Li, ShunCai (et-al); Liu, G.R.; Zhang, A.W.; Li, S.C. *Journal of Economic   Animal,* 1998, No. 8-9, p. 661-665. ref. Note: In Chinese.

Descriptors: nutrition, nutrient requirements, reviews.

 

Twenty years of progress in pet bird nutrition. Harrison, G.J. *Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association,* Apr. 15, 1998, v. 212 (8), p. 1226-1230. ref. ISSN: 0003-1488. 

NAL call no: 41.8 Am3

Descriptors: birds, animal nutrition, diet, feeding, malnutrition, nutrient requirements.

Abstract: Research in pet bird nutrition in the last 20 years is briefly reviewed. It is suggested that, in comparison with improvements in surgery and medical care of companion birds, there has been little progress in the understanding of their nutrition. It is further argued that many veterinary practitioners and pet shop personnel are not well informed on bird nutrition and recommend inappropriate diets for birds. However, it is suggested that there is a considerable amount of data on the dietary requirements of Galliformes, Anseriformes and Passeriformes, and that many manufacturers of bird diets have improved their formulations accordingly. Changes in avian feeding recommendations between 1977 and 1997 are briefly reviewed and there are further summaries of the development of manufactured bird diets, the evaluation of avian diets and the importance of bird nutrition in avian preventive medicine. There are 3 appendices summarizing, respectively, recommendations for feeding pet birds between 1977 and 1997, compounds in which seed diets are deficient, and clinical signs of malnutrition.

 

Twenty years of progress in pet bird research. Flammer, K. *Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association*, Apr. 15, 1998, v. 212 (8), p. 1231-1233. ISSN: 0003-1488.

NAL call no: 41.8 Am3

Descriptors: birds, animal health, research, veterinary medicine.

 

Wzbogacanie diety ptakow   i bledy zywieniowe. [Enrichment of pet bird diets and common feeding mistakes.]   Kruszewicz, A. *Magazyn Weterynaryjny,* 1998, v. 7 (5), p. 352-354. ISSN:   1230-4425. Note: In Polish.

Descriptors:   diets, nutrition, pets, feeding.

 

 

1997

 

Clinical nutrition of companion birds. Donoghue, S.; Stahl, S. *Journal of Avian Medicine and Surgery,* 1997, v. 11 (4), p. 228-246. ref. ISSN: 1044-8314 or 0892-9904.

NAL call no: SF994.J6

Descriptors:   diet treatment, pets, undernutrition, review, nutritional support, diets.

Abstract: In this review, nutritional information that may improve the clinical management of sick companion birds, including those suffering from actual or anticipated losses of body weight, condition or muscle, is presented. Specific dietary management is discussed for birds exhibiting signs of undernutrition and for those with chronic conditions responsive to diet. The key to nutritional intervention is the complete assessment of the avian patient with emphasis on evaluating body water, fat or protein by physical examination, detecting specific signs of undernutrition and improving the performance of birds that fail to thrive.

 

A comparative study between mature ostriches (*Struthio camelus*) and adult cockerels with respect to true and apparent metabolisable energy values for maize, barley, oats and triticale. Cilliers, S.C.; Hayes, J.P.; Chwalibog, A.; Preez, J.J. du; Sales, J. *British Poultry Science,* 1997, v. 38 (1), p. 96-100. ref. ISSN: 0007-1668.

NAL call no: 47.8 B77

Descriptors: ostriches, cocks, energy metabolism, energy value, nutritive value.

 

*The Consumer’s Guide to Feeding Birds: What Bird Owners   Need to Know About What’s Good and What’s Not for their Pets and Why.*Palika,   Liz. Howell Book House, c. 1997. viii, 135 p. ref. ill. New York. ISBN: 0876056419.

NAL call no: SF461.75 P35 1997

Descriptors: cage birds, feeding and feeds, nutrition, consumer education. 

 

Contribution on ornamental bird nutrition. Anon. *Ubersichten zur Tierernahrung,* 1997, v. 25 (2), p. 189-252. 

NAL call no: SF95 A1U2 

Descriptors: nutrition, aviary birds, nutritional disorders, nutrient requirements.

 

Diet selection by Japanese quail (*Coturnix coturnix japonica*) in relation to ambient temperature and metabolic rate. MacLeod, M.G.; Dabutha, L.A. *British Poultry Science,* Dec. 1997. v. 38 (5), p. 586-589. ref. ISSN: 0007-1668. 

NAL call no: 47.8 B77

            Descriptors: feeding preferences, feeds, air temperature, metabolism.

 

Effects of foraging enrichment on the behaviour of parrots. Coulton, L.E.; Waran, N.K.; Young, R.J. *Animal Welfare,* 1997, v. 6 (4), p. 357-363. ref. ISSN: 0962-7286. 

NAL call no: HV4701.A557

Descriptors:   foraging, enrichment, environment, animal behavior, animal welfare, red-front   macaws, *Ara rubrogenys*, thick-billed parrots, *Rhynchopsitta pachyrhyncha*,   green-winged macaws, *Ara chloroptera*, yellow-backed chattering lorys,   *Lorius garrulus,*wood with drilled holes.

Abstract: The purpose of this study was to enrich   parrot enclosures by creating foraging opportunities appropriate for the species   and to investigate the possible preference for a variable versus a constant   food supply. The subjects were housed as a single-species groups, which comprised   2 male and 2 female red-front macaws (*Ara rubrogenys*), a male-female   pair of thick-billed parrots (*Rhynchopsitta pachyrhyncha*), a male-female   pair of green-winged macaws (*Ara chloroptera*) and a male-female pair   of yellow-backed chattering lorys (*Lorius garrulus*). The foraging device   comprised of a length of wood (2X0.08X0.08 m) with 50 holes (0.02m diameter   X 0.02 m depth) drilled into one face. Food was placed in the holes of the foraging   device in one of two distributions: ‘constant’, one food item in every hole   (total=50 food items) or ‘variable’, 5 food items in 10 holes (total=50 food   items). The holes were then covered with starch paper. During the enrichment   period the parrots spent significantly more time allopreening than in the baseline   or post-enrichment periods. Use of the foraging device implied that birds were   performing contrafreeloading since identical free food was available in their   food bowls. There was no preference for a variable over a constant food source.   It is concluded that providing extra foraging opportunities for parrots is a   useful form of enrichment. 

 

Effects of plasma glucose manipulation on food intake in white-crowned sparrows. Boswell, T.; Lehman, T.L.; Ramenofsky, M. *Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology A, Physiology,* 1997, v. 118 (3), p. 721-726. ref. **ISSN: 0300-9629.

NAL call no: QP1.C6

Descriptors: insulin, glucagon, food intake, glucose, effects, plasma, feed intake.

 

Effects of sugar concentration on hummingbird feeding and energy use. Lopez-Calleja, M. Victoria; Bozinovic, Francisco; Martinez-Del Rio, Carlos. *Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology A,* Dec. 1997, v. 118 (4), p. 1291-1299. ISSN: 0300-9629.

NAL call no: QP1.C6

Descriptors:   metabolism, nutrition, feeding, energetics, sucrose solutions, Chilean   hummingbird, *Sephanoides sephanoides*.

Abstract: We investigated the effects of sucrose   concentration on the patterns of feeding, gut function, and energy management   in the nectar-eating Chilean hummingbird *Sephanoides sephanoides*. We   interpreted these results with a sample model of digestive function. The predictions   of this model are: (a) Hummingbirds should exhibit 100% assimilation efficiency   of sugars at all sugar concentrations; (b) Daily rates of energy intake should   be positively correlated with sugar concentration; and (c) increased sugar concentration   should lead to linearly increasing meal retention times, and, therefore, to   linearly increasing time intervals between meals. In agreement with the model,   hummingbirds exhibited almost complete assimilation of sugars and increased   meal retention times and intervals with increased sugar concentration. Hummingbirds   did not, however, show any significant differences in daily energy intake when   fed different sugar concentrations. Birds differed in their temporal pattern   of feeding when fed solutions with sucrose solutions of contrasting concentrations.   At low food sucrose concentrations (0.25 M), birds showed a burst of feeding   before dark. In contrast, birds feeding on higher sucrose concentrations (0.5M   and 0.75M) showed steadily declining feeding activity throughout the day. In   addition to measuring the behavior and gut function of hummingbirds. We also   measured their daily patterns of energy using respirometry. Hummingbirds showed   considerable flexibility in their patterns of energy use. The amount of energy   used at night was positively correlated with the surplus of energy (intake minus   diurnal expenditures) at dusk. Although birds exhibited only a small variation   in total daily energy budgets as a function of sugar concentration, birds feeding   at the lowest sucrose concentration (0.25M) seemed to rely on nocturnal torpor   with more frequency than those fed on higher concentrations. We concluded that   energy maximization is probably an inappropriate assumption for birds that are   not growing, storing fat, or reproducing. We present a modification of the original   model that allows assuming that birds do not maximize energy intake, but rather   maintain constant rates of energy intake. We describe experiments and criteria   that allow discriminating among the two models. 

 

Einfluss der Verfutterung   von Federmehl auf die Entwicklung und das Federwachstum bei jungen Fasanen.   [The influence of feeding feather meal to young pheasants on their growth and   the growth of their feathers.] Tucak, Z.; Klaic, T. *Zeitschrift fuer   Jagdwissenschaft,* 1997, v. 43 (1), p. 65-69. ISSN: 0044-2887. Note: In German.

NAL call no:   SK351 Z45

Descriptors:   animal husbandry, development, food requirement, feather meal, feather growth,   Yugoslavia.

Abstract: In 1983 in the pheasantry Darda in   former Yugoslavia a feeding trial was conducted to determine whether feather   meal could be substituted for meat and fish meal with 800 chick at the age of   eight weeks. The feed for three trial groups consisted of respectively 1%, 3%,   and 5% feather meal as a protein substitute (Table 1 and 2). The daily food   requirements increased with increasing proportions of feather meal, and weight   gains of the chicks was 1.5% to 6% lower than that of the control group (Table   3). The feather meal had no influence on the growth of the feathers in any of   the trial groups.

 

Energy expenditure in wild   birds. Bryant, David M. *Proceedings of the Nutrition Society,*Nov.   1997, v. 56 (3), p. 1025-1039. ISSN: 0029-6651.

NAL call no: 389.9 N953

Descriptors:   body mass, daily energy, flight activity, basal metabolic rate, 58 species,   various ages.

Abstract: Energy expenditure was measured for a total of 58 species of bird from 123 stages as daily expenditure (DEE), DEE as a function of BMR [basal metabolic rate], and DEE relative to the metabolic mass (Wb). Two analyses were conducted: (1) data was employed from all species studied, (2) data on flight behaviour when available. Mean energy expenditure was shown to lie in narrow bands between species. For the 5 stages of annual cycle the highest energy expenditure was observed while rearing young, whereas the lowest cost (among non-breeders) was only 28% lower. Longer day length extended energy expenditure by allowing longer periods of activity. The combined effect of day length and ambient temperature accounted for 72% of the variation in DEE. Flight was amongst the most energetically expensive of animal activities (exceeding 20 X BMR) and therefore has a considerable impact on DEE. A table listing the bird species and sources included in this study is presented. 

 

Essential amino acid metabolism in moulting and non-moulting sparrows in different nutritional states. Pearcy, S.D.; Murphy, M.E. *Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology A, Physiology,* 1997, v. 118 (4), p. 1291-1299. ref. ISSN: 0300-9629.

NAL call no: QP1.C6

Descriptors: amino acid metabolism, moulting, nutritional state, wild birds.

 

First International Symposium on Pet Bird Nutrition. Hannover, Germany, 3-4 Oct. 1997. 134 pp. Tierarztliche Hochschule, Hannover, Germany. ISBN: 300001926X.

Descriptors:   wild birds, energy, expenditure, energy metabolism, health, diagnostics, therapy.

Abstract: These proceedings contain abstract papers. The programme is in 7 sections covering general conditions of pet bird management, basic knowledge of avian nutrition, feed science-nutritive value, risks and problems, feed and water intake of pet birds, energy and nutrient requirements of pet birds, practice of feeding pet birds, and malnutrition, health problems, diagnostics and therapy.

 

Food choice in birds and insect chemical defenses. Bairlein, F. *Entomologia Generalis,* 1997, v. 21 (3), p. 205-216. ref. ISSN: 0171-8177.

NAL call no: QL461 E582

Descriptors:   biology, behavior, prey, insect defense physiology, ecology.

Abstract: Many insects contain defensive compounds to protect them from parasitoids of predators. The biological significance of insect defenses against insectivorous birds has been insufficiently studied, and is poorly known. Insect defenses may affect the birds’ choice of food, its foraging behaviour, and may even have adverse effects on the birds’ fitness. The author briefly summarizes evidence that insect chemical defenses play a considerable role in avian feeding and nutrition.

 

Gastrointestinal physiology and nutrition in wild birds. Duke, Gary E. *Proceedings of the Nutrition Society,* Nov. 1997, v. 56 (3), p. 1049-1056. ref. ISSN: 0029-6651. 

NAL call no: 389.9 N953

Descriptors: nutrition, fruits, gastrointestinal tract motility, nectar, food.

Abstract: A brief review of the gastrointestinal tract and its motility is given, including the small intestine reflex. Carbohydrate digestion (fibre, nectar, fruits and chitin) and protein digestion (gastric digestion and pellet egestion) are discussed. Digestion of fats is also covered.

 

Grouse and ptarmigan nutrition in the wild and in captivity. Moss, R. *Proceeding of the Nutritional Society,* 1997, v. 56 (3), p. 1137-1145. ref. ISSN: 0029-6651.

NAL call no: 389.9 N953

Descriptors:   nutrition, nutrient requirements, feeds, seasonal variations, *Lagopus   lagopus,*red grouse, *L. mutus,*rock ptarmigan, *L. leucurus,*white-tailed   ptarmigan.

Abstract: A brief review is presented on the diets of grouse and ptarmigan (*Lagopus lagopus*(red grouse), *L. mutus*(rock ptarmigan) and *L. leucurus*(white-tailed ptarmigan). Topics covered include: winter foods; spring foods for adult birds (captive and wild birds); chick diet; and the differences between captive and wild birds with respect to nutritional content of foods and anatomical changes.

 

*A Guide to a Naturally Healthy Bird: Nutrition, Feeding   and Natural Healing Methods for Parrots.* McWatters, Alicia. East Canaan,   CT: Safe Goods, c1997. 72 p. ill. ref. ISBN: 1884820212.

NAL call no: SF473.P3M38 1997

Descriptors: parrots, feeding, feeds, nutrition, health, holistic veterinary medicine.

 

Heat increment of feeding in adult white-crowned sparrows. Schieltz, P.C.; Murphy, M.E. *Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology A, Physiology,* 1997, v. 118 (3), p. 737-743. ref. ISSN: 0300-9629.

NAL call no: QP1.C6

Descriptors: heat production, metabolism, diet, increment, feeding.

 

The importance of green seed in the nitrogen nutrition of the zebra finch *Taeniopygia guttata*. Allen, L.R.; Hume, I.D. *Australian Journal of Ecology,* Dec. 1997, v. 22 (4), p. 412-418. ISSN: 0307-692X. 

NAL call no: QH540.A8

Descriptors:   nitrogen, nutrition, diet, green and ripe seeds, growth, whole egg powder, amino   acid composition.

Abstract: Australian grass finches are widely   reported to consume large quantities of green seed when it becomes available,   and the opportunistic breeding of wild Zebra Finches in the arid zone has been   correlated with the occurrence of rain. In this study, green and ripe seeds   were harvested from seven pasture and weed grasses grown in experimental plots   and, along with three cereal flours and whole-egg powder, were analysed for   the amino-acid composition of their protein. The relative levels of ten amino   acids essential in the diets of growing birds were compared between samples   using a cluster analysis dendrogram generated from Raabe’s Similarity index.   The protein of all green seeds clustered with whole egg, and away from all but   one of the ripe seeds and seed products. Green ripe seed profiles were found   to be significantly different by a two-sample multivariate test of significance   (Hotelling’s T2). Histidine lysine, phenylalanine and theronine were   the amino acids most different. Of these four amino acids, lysine and theronine   (along with methionine) were potentially limiting in ripe seeds when compared   with whole-egg protein. In green seeds, lysine was only marginally limiting,   theronine was no longer limiting, but methionine was still limiting when compared   with whole-egg protein. These results indicate that the benefit of green vs   ripe seed in the diet of breeding Zebra Finches is partly a higher level of   the limiting essential amino acid, lysine, and partly a higher intake and throughput   of soft green seed and consequent greater extraction of limiting essential amino   acids.

 

Nutrition of companion birds and reptiles. Donoghue, S.; Anderson, N. (ed.); Oglesbee, B. (ed.); Sokolowski, J.H. (ed.); Gumbs, M.W. *21st Annual Waltham-OSU Symposium for the Treatment of Small Animal Diseases: Exotics,* Sept. 27-28, 1997, p. 27-33. ref. ISSN: 0893-777X.

NAL call no: SF981 K34

Descriptors: nutrition,   pets, aviary birds, psittacines, passerines, reptiles.

 

Nutrition and physiology   of ratites. Scheidler, S.E. *Proceedings 18th Annual Conference   on Avian Medicine and Surgery,* Mid Atlantic States Association of Avian   Veterinarians. Clinton, MD. 1997, p. 149-155. ref. 

NAL call no: SF994.M52

Descriptors:   nutrition, physiology, stomach motility.

 

Nutritional constraints   on egg production in birds. Houston, D.C. *Proceedings of the Nutritional   Society,* 1997, v. 56 (3), p. 1057-1065. ref. ISSN: 0029-6651. 

            NAL call no: 389.9 N953

            Descriptors: egg production, constraints, nutrition, nutrient requirements, reviews.

Abstract: This paper   reviews whether there is any evidence that nutrient availability, and essential   amino acids might constrain egg production. Areas of discussion include the   nutritional constraints and the role of body reserves on egg formation in wile   birds. The implications for captive breeding of birds in relation to diet are   discussed.

 

Polyuria and polydipsia due to vitamin and mineral over supplementation of the diet of a salmon crested cockatoo (*Cacatua moluccensis*) and a blue and gold macaw (*Ara ararauna*). Shoemaker, N.J.; Lumeij, J.T.; Beynen, A.C. *Avian Pathology,* 1997, v. 26 (1), p. 201-209. ref. ISSN: 0307-9457.

            NAL call no: SF995.A1A9

            Descriptors: urination disorders, diet, diagnosis, foodborne diseases.

 

Symposium on nutrition of wild and captive wild animals, held at Edinburgh Zoo, 16-18 May, 1997. UK Nutrition Society. *Proceedings of the Nutrition Society,*1997, v. 56 (3), p. 989-1145. ISSN: 0029-6651.

            NAL call no: 389.9 N953

            Descriptors: zoo animals, game animals, wild birds, nutrition, egg production.

Abstract: The following series of papers were presented: plenary lecture - captive wild animal nutrition - a historical perspective: from babirusa (*Babyrousa babyrussa*) to domestic pig - the nutrition of swine; fatty acid metabolism in domestic cats (*Felis catus*) and cheetahs (*Acinonyx jubatus*); energy expenditure in wild birds; physiological adaptation in savanna ungulates; gastrointestinal physiology and nutrition in wild birds; nutritional constraints on egg production in birds; stable isotopes in adipose tissue fatty aids as indicators of diet in arctic foxes; utilising wild foraging ecology information to provide captive primates with an appropriate diet; the importance of food presentation for animal welfare and conservation; the importance of Ca in relation to P, especially in folivorous reptiles; factors influencing the daily energy expenditures of small mammals; and grous and ptarmigan nutrition in the wild and captivity. Abstracts of other papers presented at this meeting are included at the end of this issue (pp. 318A-324A). 

 

Voedingsaspecten van de   struisvogel (Struthio camelus). [Nutritional aspects of the ostrich (*Struthio   camelus*).] Janssens, G.P.J.; Seynaeve, M.; Wilde, R.O. de; Rycke,   H. De; De Wild,, R.O.; DeRycke, H. *Vlaams Diergeneeskundig Tijdschrift,*   1997, v. 66 (4), p. 153-160. ref. ISSN: 0303-9021. Note: In Dutch.

            NAL call no: 41.8 V84

Descriptors:   nutrition, vitamins, minerals, proteins, nutrient requirements, behavioral pecularities,   physiological status, maintenance, growth, breeding.

 

1996

 

*Avian energetics, ecology, and evolution*. Ricklefs, Robert T. 1996, p. 1-30. Carey, C. (ed.). Chaoman & Hall, Inc. N.Y., N.Y. ISBN: 0412037017.

            NAL call no: QL698 A825 1996

            Descriptors: nutrition, metabolism, evolution,   adaptation, Aves, birds.

 

Bases de l'alimentation   des oiseaux de cage et de voliere. [Feeding data of cage and aviary birds.]   Jouglar, J.Y. *Revue de Medecine Veterinaire,*1996, v. 147 (7), p. 539-546.   ref. Note: In French.

            NAL call no: 41.8 R32

            Descriptors: feeding, diets, nutrient requirements,   aviary birds.

Abstract: General   nutritional requirements of pet birds belonging to the orders Columbiformes,   Psittaciformes and Passeriformes are presented.

 

Calcium deficiency in wild   birds. Graveland, J. *Veterinary Quarterly,* 1996, v. 18 (SUPPL   3), p. S136-S137. ISSN: 0165-2176.

            NAL call no: 41.8 V84

            Descriptors: bone disease, calcium deficiency, eggshell defect, nutritional disease. 

 

Digestive plasticity in avian energetics and feeding ecology. Karasov, William H. *Avian Energetics and Nutritional Ecology,* 1996, p. 61-84. ISBN: 0412037017. Carey, C. (ed). Chapman & Hall, Inc. N.Y., N.Y.

            NAL call no: QL698.A825

            Descriptors: energetics, feeding ecology, digestive plasticity, reproduction.

 

Food choice by seed-eating birds in relation to seed chemistry. Diaz, M. *Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology A, Physiology,* 1996, v. 113 (3), p. 239-246. ref. ISSN: 0300-9629.

            NAL call no: QP1.C6

Descriptors: seeds, nutrient composition, energy   content, secondary compounds, seed selection, dietary shifts, through-put speeds,   adaptions to mechanical aspects of digestion.

Abstract: The role of seed chemical traits (nutrient composition, energy contents and presence of secondary compounds) in seed selection by granivorous birds and for the evolution of bird granivory is analysed and compared with the roles of other seed traits such as seed distribution and seed morphology. This review focuses on seasonal dietary shifts from seeds to other feed items; dietary effects of between-seeds differences in energy and nutrient contents; and dietary effects of seed secondary chemistry. Results suggest that the effects of seed chemistry on seed-eating bird diets are much less important than the effects of morphological traits related to seed processing speed. In general, birds tended to select feed items they could process faster, their chemical composition being of secondary importance. Several experiments aimed to test this hypothesis are proposed. This pattern of feed selection suggests that the evolution of bird granivory has been mainly focused on the development of morphological adaptations for the mechanical digestion of seeds, whereas physiological adaptations for their chemical digestion appear to be secondary.

 

Fruit eating birds and its nutritional consequences. Bairlein, Franz.*Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology A,* 1996, v. 113 (3), p. 215-224. ref. ISSN: 0300-9629.

            NAL call no: QP1.C6

Descriptors: nitrogen, frugivory, diet, nutrition,   biochemistry, Aves, seasonal changes, secondary plant metabolites effects.

Abstract: Fruits   comprise a large portion of the diet in many bird species. Several species switch   diet composition seasonally, from a diet consisting almost entirely of invertebrates   to one that comprises even exclusively fruits, and vice versa. The adaptive   significance of these dietary shifts has rarely been investigated. The present   article reviews some recent data revealing much evidence that seasonal frugivory   is highly adaptive, and that fruits may be an adequate diet to satisfy the birds’   daily nutritional demands. There is further evidence that fruits may provide   particular nutritional qualities to meet particular demands. Secondary plant   metabolites considered to act as feeding deterrents seem to be less detrimental   to avian frugivores than observed in many herbivores. The birds appear to be   able to counteract the detrimental effects of secondary compounds taken with   their fruit diets. In addition, there is evidence that secondary plant compounds   may even stimulate food intake and metabolism in avian frugivores, although   the mechanisms of counteradaptation need to be clarified. 

 

Husbandry and nutrition. Forbes, Neil A.; Richardson, Tony. *Manual of Raptors, Pigeons and Waterfowl,* 1996, p. 289-298. Beynon, P.H.; Forbes, N.A.; Harcourt-Brown, N.H. (eds). Iowa State University Press, Ames, IA. ISBN: 0813828767.

            NAL call no: SF994.B73 1996

            Descriptors: animal husbandry, nutrition, disease   control, raptors, pigeons, watefowl.

 

Husbandry and nutrition.   Harper, Frank D.W. *Manual of Raptors, Pigeons and Waterfowl,* 1996, p.   233-237. Beynon, P.H.; Forbes, N.A.; Harcourt-Brown, N.H. (eds.). Iowa State   University Press, Ames, IA. ISBN: 0813828767. 

            NAL call no: SF994.B73 1996

Descriptors: animal husbandry, feeding, nutrition,   management, dosing, raptors, pigeons, watefowl.

 

Management and husbandry. Forbes, Neil A.; Parry-Jones, Jemima. *Manual of Raptors, Pigeons and Waterfowl,* 1996, p. 116-128. Beynon, P.H.; Forbes, N.A.; Harcourt-Brown, N.H. (eds.). Iowa State University Press, Ames, IA. ISBN: 0813828767.

            NAL call no: SF994.B73 1996

Descriptors: bird husbandry, aviary, nutrition,   housing, management, raptors, pigeons, watefowl.

 

Nutricne deficiencie v   tuku rozpustnych vitaminov a ich metabolicke vazby u exotickych vtakov. [Nutritional   deficiencies of fat-soluble vitamins and their metabolic binding in exotic birds.]   Magic, D.; Magic, D. Kozak, M. *Slovensky Veterinarsky Casopis,*1996,   v. 21 (5), p. 262-266. ref. Note: In Slovakian.

            Descriptors: pets, nutrient deficiencies, retinol,   vitamin D, vitamin E, vitamin K.

 

Nutrition. Scott, Peter W. *BSAVA Manual of Psittacine Birds,* new ed. 1996, p. 17-26. Beynon, P.H.; Forbes, N.A.; Lawton, M.P.C. (eds.). Iowa State University Press, Ames, IA. ISBN: 0813823498.

            NAL call no: SF994.2.A1M37 1996

            Descriptors: metabolism, nutrition, diet, energy   requirement, parrot family.

 

Nutrition and feeding of ostriches. Ullrey, D.E.; Allen, M.E. *Animal Feed Science and Technology,* 1996, v. 59 (1-3), p. 27-36. ref. ISSN: 0377-8401.

            NAL call no: SF95.A55

Descriptors: nutrient requirements, feeding,   nutrition, growth, health, reviews, calcium requirements, egg production, adequate   diets.

Abstract: The historic habitat, environmental adaptability, feeding behaviour in the wild, gastrointestinal anatomy and function, nutrient requirements and feeding suggestions for ostriches are discussed. Very few experiments have been conducted to determine nutritional requirements of ostriches and it was suggested that the turkey is the best avian model from which to predict ostrich nutrient needs. It was concluded that to minimize leg abnormalities in ostrich chicks, it may be helpful to restrict liveweight gain by limiting dietary protein concentrations below those recommended for starting turkeys and by feeding high-fibre diets. Non-slip surfaces and exercise are also important. Egg production by ostriches laying a normal annual clutch does not significantly increase the dietary calcium requirement; however, when egg production is forced by continually removing eggs, increased Ca requirements should be met by providing dietary concentrations of 16 g/kg or by ad libitum access to granulated calcium carbonate of oyster shell. 

 

Nutrition and metabolism. Murphy, Mary E. *Avian Energetics and Nutritional Ecology,* 1996, p. 31-60. ISBN: 0412037017.

            NAL call no: QL698.A825 1996

            Descriptors: behavior, digestive system, nutrition,   metabolism, behavior, birds.

 

Nutrition of New Zealand native birds - more questions than answers. Guilford, W.G. *Proceeding of the Nutritional Society of New Zealand,* 1996, v. 21, p. 116-119. ref. ISSN: 0110-4187.

            NAL call no: TX341 N86

            Descriptors: endangered breeds, nutrition, breeding,   New Zealand.

 

Nutritional disorders. Roudybush, Thomas. *Diseases of Cage and Aviary Birds,* 3rd. ed. Rosskopf, W.J. Woerpel, R.W. (eds.). 1996, p. 490-500. Williams and Wilkins Co., Baltimore, MD. ISBN: 0683073826.

            NAL call no: SF994.2.A1D57 1996

            Descriptors: metabolism, nutrition, diet, growth,   disorders, captive birds.

 

Practical feeding strategies for individual pet birds. Rosskopf, Walter J. Jr.; Woerpel, Richard W. *Diseases of Cage and Aviary Birds, 3rd ed.*1996, p. 235-241. Williams and Wilkins Co., Baltimore, MD. ISBN: 0683073826.

            NAL call no: SF994.2.A1D57 1996

            Descriptors: behavior, development, foods, nutrition, dietary supplementation.

 

Practical feeding of psittacine birds. Macartney, A.I.; Johnston, D. (ed.).; Warner, T. *Proceedings and Abstracts 21st Congress of the World Small Animal Veterinary Association (WSAVA),* Jerusalem, Israel. Oct. 20-23, 1996. P. 173-174. ref. 

            Descriptors: nutrition, pet foods, diets, parrot   family.

 

Principy vyzivy a krmenia   papagajovitych vtakov (Psittaciformes) v aviariach a klietkach. [Principles   of nutrition and feeding of psittacine birds (Psittaciformes) in aviaries and   cages.] Magic, D.; Magic, D. *Slovensky Veterinarsky Casopis,* 1996,   v. 21 (2), p. 68-71. ref. Note: In Slovakian. 

            Descriptors: reviews, nutrition, aviary birds,   feeding, diets.

 

Ratite nutrition. Angel, C. Roselina; Scheideler, Sheila E.; Sell, Jerry L. *Ratite Management, Medicine and Surgery,* 1996, p. 11-30. Tully, T.N. Jr.; Shane, S.M. (eds.). Krieger Publishing Co. Malabar, FL. ISBN: 0894648748.

            NAL call no: SF995.5.R37 1996

            Descriptors: nutrition, digestive system, gastrointestinal tract, development.

 

Retention time of seeds   in bird guts: Cost and benefits for fruiting plants and frugivorous birds.   Fukui, Akiko. *Plant Species Biology,* 1996, v. 11 (2-3), p. 141-147. ISSN:   0913-557X. 

            NAL call no: QK980.P66

            Descriptors: nutrition, diet, seed retention time, digestion, seeds.

 

A review of ratite nutrition. Angel, C. Roselina; Blair, R. *Animal Feed Science and Technology,* 1996, v. 60 (3-4), p. 241-246. ref. ISSN: 0377-8401. 

            NAL call no: SF95.A55

Descriptors: digestive   system, metabolism, nutrition, animal husbandry, ostriches, emus, rheas, digestibility,   lysine requirements.

Abstract: This paper reviews the literature available on ostrich, emu and rhea nutrition. Information on the unique characteristics of the gastrointestinal tract and general biological information about these flightless birds is presented. The following information is discussed: nutrient digestibility in ostriches and emus, nutrient requirements of ratites, lysine requirements of growing emus, and ostrich and emu performance. To the author’s knowledge, there are no scientific studies published on rhea performance or nutrition.

 

[Studies on the nutrition   and feeding of ostrich.] Zhang, GuiYou; Wang, Sujian; Cui, GuoYin; Zhang,   G.Y.; Wang, S.J.; Cui, G.Y. *Chinese Journal of Zoology,* 1996, v. 31 (6),   p. 40-43. ref. ISSN: 0250-3263. Note: In Chinese.

            NAL call no: QL1.T8

            Descriptors: feeding, diets, composition, minerals, nutrient requirements.

 

Untersuchungen zur Zusammensetzung   handelsublicher Mauserpraparate fur Ziervogel. [Composition of commercial supplements   for enhancing the nutrient supply during moult for pet birds.] Wolf,   P. Wendler, C.; Kamphues, J. *Kleinitierpraxis,* 1996, v. 41 (9), p. 669-678.   ref. ISSN: 0023-2076. Note: In German.

Descriptors: composition, supplements, moult,   feed supplements, pet foods, labeling 20 feed supplements.

Abstract: Composition   and labeling of 20 commercial feed supplements for the moulting period in aviary   birds were studied. Few of the products met the nutrient composition expected   of such preparations nor that specified on the label. In some cases the suggested   dosage was inaccurate which would lead to nutrient excesses or deficiencies.

 

Variation in reproductive effort in female zebra finches (*Taeniopygia guttata*) in relation to nutrient-specific dietary supplements during egg laying. Williams, T.D. *Physiological Zoology,* 1996, v. 69 (5), p. 1255-1275. ref. ISSN: 0031-935X.

            NAL call no: 410 P56

            Descriptors: nutrient balance, egg production, protein supplements, fats.

 

 

1995

 

Clinical nutrition of exotic pets. Donoghue, S.; Langenberg, J. *Veterinary Clinical Nutrition,* 1995, v. 2 (2), p. 57-63. ref. ISSN: 1076-3872.

            NAL call no: SF94.5.V48

            Descriptors: pet birds, vitamins, nutrient deficiencies,   nutrition, anorexia.

 

Copper nutritional deficiency in the ostrich (*Struthio camelus*). Speer, brian L. *Association of Avian Veterinarians Main Conference Proceedings,* 1995, p. 221-225. 

            NAL call no: SF994.M52

            Descriptors: literature review, dietary requirements, copper deficiency, symptoms.

 

Diets, feeding practices, and nutritional problems in psittacine birds. Kollias, G.V. *Veterinary Medicine,* 1995, v. 90 (1), p. 29-39. ref. ISSN: 8750-7943. 

            NAL call no: 41.8 M69

            Descriptors: pets, nutrient deficiencies, vitamins,   minerals, diets, feeding, parrot-type birds.

 

Effect of medium-chain fatty acids on cholesterolemia and atherosclerosis in Japanese quail. Toda, T.; Oku, H. *Nutrition Research,*1995, v. 15 (1), p. 99-113. ref. ISSN: 0271-5317.

            NAL call no: QP141.A1N88

            Descriptors: fats, oils, maize, blood lipids,   atherosclerosis, intake, cholesterol, triacylglycerols.

Abstract: 54 forty-day-old, male Japanese quails were fed on basal diet or a diet containing 15% fat or oil and 2% cholesterol for 3 months. Oils and fats used were maize oil, palmitic fatty acids, medium chain triacylglycerols, coconut and palm kernel oil. No significant difference was noted in serum triacylglycerols among fat or oil fed groups. Quails fed on the diet containing maize oil or palmitic fatty acids and cholesterol showed marked hypercholesterolemia and severe lipid-rich aortic lesions. Quails fed on MCT, coconut or palm kernel oil and cholesterol had slight increases in serum cholesterol values and initial thickening of the aortas. These findings suggest that fats containing abundant medium-chain fatty acids are less atherogenic than the other fats and oils.

 

Guidelines for estimating the feeding performance of diving birds. Magic, D.; Magic, D.; Kozak, M. *Wildfowl Slimbridge,* 1995, No. 46, p. 119-128. ref. ISSN: 0954-6324.

            NAL call no: SK351 W575

Descriptors:   performance, nutrient requirements, digestibility, nutrition, reviews, wild   birds, field and captive data, diving-efficiency, feed consumption.

Abstract: A method of assessing the feeding performance of wild diving birds is presented that relies on the use of field data on diving behaviour and environmental conditions, and of additional information on underwater behaviour obtained from captive during experiments. Two components of feeding performance are considered - diving efficiency (measured as the ratio of the time spent feeding over the dive cycle time) and the rate of feed consumption. These 2 components can be used to assess habits that differ in water depth and feed concentration. At present, however, there is limited information available on consumption rates of birds feeding on natural foods and on different substrates in the benthos. This information could be obtained from captive feeding trials.

 

 Optimalizacia vyzivy jarabac   vo farmovom chove. [The optimization of partridge nutrition at the breeding   farm.] Misko, J.; Pancak, J.; Kocis, J.; Sokol, J. *Folia Venatoria,*   1995, No. 25, p. 119-126. ref. Note: In Slovakian.

            Descriptors: reproduction, nutrition, diets, feeding.

 

Protein (part 1). Pearson, Jim. *Bird Keeping in Australia,* 1995, v. 38 (7), p. 109-112. ISSN: 0045-2076.

            Descriptors: Aves, proteins, diet, dietary protein,   amino acids, birds.

 

Protein (part 2). Pearson, Jim. *Bird Keeping in Australia,* 1995, v. 38 (8), p. 124-128. ISSN: 0045-2076. 

            Descriptors: diet in captivity, Aves, protein   requirements, dietary requirements, birds.

 

Protein (part 3). Pearson, Jim. *Bird Keeping in Australia,* 1995, v. 38 (9), p. 140-143. ISSN: 0045-2076. 

            Descriptors: Aves, diet in captivity, dietary   requirements, protein sources, birds.

 

The science and practice of ostrich nutrition. Niekerk, B.H.D. van; Van Niekerk, B.D.H. *Journal of the Zimbabwe Society for Animal Production,* 1995, v. 7, p. 45-60. ref. 

            Descriptors: diets, nutrition, feeding, nutrient   requirements, reviews, diet forumlation.

Abstract: Nutritional requirements of ostriches and recommendations for the formulation of complete ostrich diets are reviewed.

 

A tarsmadarak gyakorlati   takarmanyozasa, [Practical nutrition of companion birds.] Taylor, J.   *Magyar Allatorvosok Lapja,* 1995, v. 50 (7), p. 442-443. Note: In Hungarian.

            NAL call no: 41.8 V644

            Descriptors: feeding, nutrient requirements,   nutrition, aviary birds.

 

 

1994

 

Advances in our understanding of the nutrition of pet birds. Nott, H.M.R.; Taylor, E.J. *Wiener Tierarztliche Monatsschrift,* 1994, v. 81 (5), p. 135-140. ref. 

            NAL call no: 41.8 T345

            Descriptors: nutrient requirements, aviary birds,   reviews, nutritional deficiencies. 

Abstract: Pet birds are widely kept as companion animals and the most common cause of disease has been identified as nutritional deficiency, due to lack of understanding or knowledge of the owners. This paper reviews current information on energy requirements for maintenance, reproduction and growth, protein requirements of adult and growing birds, and requirements of calcium and phosphorous, trace elements, vitamins and water.

 

Bird behavior. Cowdy, Susan. *Buckinghamshire Bird Club Bulletin,* May 1994, v. 130, p. 3. 

            Descriptors: foraging, Columbidae, buds and blossoms, nutrition, feeding behavior.

 

Diet and nutrition. Crissey, Sue; McGill, Patty. *Penguin Husbandry Manual* 1st ed. Ellis, Susie; Branch, Sherry (eds). Feb. 1994, American Zoo and Aquarium Association, i-v. 1-197, Chapter pagination: 95-125. 

Descriptors: diet in captivity, guidelines, rearing   techniques, hand rearing diets, captive penguins.

 

Feeding big birds. Scheideler, S.; Angel, R. *Large Animal Veterinarian,* 1994, v. 49 (2), p. 28, 30. ref. ISSN: 0888-028X.

            NAL call no: SF740.A54

Descriptors: vitamin   E, selenium, nutrient requirements, ratites, ostriches, emus, kiwis, rheas,   cassowaries.

 

A guide to the nutrition of captive honeyeaters. Rich, Brian. *Bird Keeping in Australia,* Sept. 1994, v. 39 (9), p. 130-136. ISSN: 0045-2076.

            Descriptors: Meliphagidae, diet in captivity, care in captivity. 

 

Hemosiderosis and dietary iron in birds. Dierenfeld, Ellen S.; Pini, Maria T.; Sheppard, Christine D. *Journal of Nutrition,* 1994, v. 124 (12 Suppl.) p. 2685S-2686S. ISSN: 0022-3166.

            NAL call no: 389.8 J82

            Descriptors: dietary implications, hepatic iron overload, liver pathology, Aves.

 

Macromineral content in   quail feedstuffs. Tikk, H.; Hammal, J.; Tikk, V. *Proceedings of the   Animal Nutrition Conference,**26-27 May, 1994 in Tartu, Estonia*.   1994, p. 131-134. ref.

            NAL call no: SF94.6.A56 2000 

            Descriptors: egg production, egg shell quality, calcium, intake.

Abstract: Trials with quail are described that demonstrate that 4.1 compared with 2.8% Dietary calcium improves egg production, laying intensity and egg shell variables. Average egg weight, viability of quails and egg fertility were not affected by Ca intake.

 

The nutrition of the canary (*Serinus canarius*). Taylor, E. Jean; Nott, Helen M.R.; Earle, Kay E. *Journal of Nutrition,* 1994, v. 124 (12 Suppl.) p. 2636S-2637S. ref. ISSN: 0022-3166.

            NAL call no: 389.8 J82

Descriptors: metabolism,   nutrition, digestive system, Aves, energy requirements, adults, young, digestibility   of major nutrients. 

 

Nutritional mechanisms and temporal control of migratory energy accumulation in birds. Bairlein, F.; Gwinner, E. *Annual Review of Nutrition,* 1994, v. 14, p. 187-215. ref. ISSN: 0199-9885.

            NAL call no: QP141.A1A63

            Descriptors: energy metabolism, wild birds, migration,   reviews, passerine birds.

Abstract: Nutritional adaptations and temporal control of migrants that enable them to cope with the enormous migratory energy storage in long-distance migration are reviewed. Passerines are focused upon primarily since they are the largest group of migrants in all continents. 

 

Pre-laying nutrition of sage grouse hens in Oregon. Barnett, J.K.; Crawford, J.A. *Journal of Range Management,* 1994, v. 47 (2), p. 114-118. ref. ISSN: 0022-409X.

            NAL call no: 60.18 J82

Descriptors: feeding   behavior, game birds, feeding habits, feeding preferences, female *Centrocercus   urophasianus*, Oregon, variety of desert plants.

Abstract: Nutrient composition and diet selection by female sage grouse *(Centrocercus urophasianus*) were determined during the pre-laying period in southeastern Oregon, USA, in 1990 and 1991. 42 female sage grouse were collected during 5 weeks before incubation (4 March-8 April). Sagebrush (*Artemisia spp*.) Was the most common among 21 feeds consumed but forbs composed 18 to 50% of the diet by weight. Desert parsley (*Lomatium spp*.) hawksbeard (*Crepis spp*.), long-leaf phlox (*Phlox longifolla*), everlasting (*Antennaria spp*.), mountain dandelion (*Agoseris spp*.), clover (*Trifolium spp*.), Pursh’s milk-vetch (*Astragalus purshii*), buckwheat (*Eriogonum spp*.) And obscure milk-vetch *(A. obscurus*) were the primary (1% 0f the diet by weight) forbs consumed. Forbs were used selectively over sagebrush in both low and big sagebrush cover types. All forbs were higher in CP and phosphorous and many were higher in calcium than sagebrush. Consumption of forbs increased nutrient content of the composite diet. Substantially fewer forbs were present in the diet in 1991 than in 1990, which coincided with reduced sage grouse productivity in the study area. Results suggest that consumption of forbs during the pre-laying period may affect reproductive success by improving nutritional status of hens.

 

Selenium in plant and animal nutrition. Mayland, H.F.; Frankenberger, W.T. Jr. (ed.); Benson, S. *Selenium in the Environment,* 1994, p. 29-45. ref. ISBN: 0824789938.

            NAL call no: QH545.S45S46 1994

Descriptors: toxicity, birds, deficiency, nutritional   state, nutritional physiology, bioavailability in foodstuffs.

Abstract: After a brief introduction this chapter presents an historical perspective of selenium nutrition focusing on deficiency and toxicity. The presence of selenium in water, soils and plants, and bioavailability in feedstuffs are discussed. In addition bioavailability of selenium in faces, urine and products of respiration as well as prediction of selenium status, management of selenium-responsive diseases in cattle and sheep, selenium in human nutrition and health and toxicity in birds and animals are also covered.

 

Vitamin E in exotics: Effects, evaluation and ecology. Dierenfeld, Ellen S. *Journal of Nutrition,* 1994, v. 124 (12 Suppl.), p. 2579S-2581S. ISSN: 0022-3166.

            NAL call no: 389.8 J82

            Descriptors: vitamin E deficiency, wildlife,   nutrition, metabolism, birds.

 

What do we know about bird nutrition and what don’t we know? Crissey, Sue. *American Zoo and Aquarium Association Annual Conference Proceedings,*1994, p 407-413.

            NAL call no: QL75.5.U6A472

            Descriptors: diet in captivity, nutrition, Aves, review.

 

 

1993

 

Bird nutrition. Pearson, Jim. *Bird Keeping in Australia,*1993, v. 36 (4), p. 56-60. ISSN: 0045-2076.

            Descriptors: diet in captivity, basic requirements, dietary requirements, Aves.

 

Calculations of energy requirements of dogs, cats and small psittacine birds. Earle, K.E. *Journal of Small Animal Practice,* 1993, v. 34 (4), p. 163-172. ref. ISSN: 0022-4510.

            NAL call no: 41.8 J8292

Descriptors: energy requirements, aviary birds,   pets, energy, nutrient requirements, weight, feeding behavior, owner-pet-interactions.

Feeding your pet bird.   Burgmann, Petra M. *Barron’s Educational Series,*c1993. ix. 182 p. ill.   ref. ISBN: 0812015215.

            NAL call no: SF643.5 B87 1993

            Descriptors: cage birds, nutrition, feeding, feeds.

 

Non date agli struzzi il   mangime per tacchini. [Do not give ostriches feeds for turkeys.] Anon.   *Rivista di Avicoltura,* 1993, v. 62 (2), p. 21-24. ISSN: 0005-2213. Note:   In Italian.

            NAL call no: 47.8 R523

Descriptors: nutrient   requirements, ostriches, kcal/kg in feeds, crude protein, calcium, phosphorus,   vitamins, antibiotics.

Abstract: The use   of turkey diets rich in protein and energy for feeding young ostriches can result   in a too rapid increase in body weight for the partly mineralized bones in the   feet to support, resulting in deformations. Recent data on the specific nutrient   requirements of ostriches are discussed. Recommended intake of metabolizable   energy for maintenance, growth and reproduction is 2400, 2600 to 2700 and 2400   to 2500 kcal/kg feed. Recommended intake of crude protein is 140, 180 to 200   and 160 to 200 g, lysine, 7, 9 to 10 and 8 to 10 g, methionine plus cystine   6.5, 8 to 8.5 and 7 to 9 g, calcium 8 to 10. 10 and 28 to 30 g and available   phosphorous 4.5, 5 and 4.5 g/kg, respectively. In cases of stress electrolytes,   vitamins and antibiotics if necessary should be given in addition to drinking   water.

 

Nutrition of pet birds. Nott, H.M.R.; Taylor, E.J.; Burger, I.H. *The Waltham Book of Companion Animal Nutrition,* 1993, p. 69-84. Pergamon Press, Oxford, UK. ISBN: 0080408443.

            NAL call no: SF427.5.W35 1993

Descriptors: ornamental birds, nutritional requirements,   aviary birds, mimic natural feeding, ecology.

 

Pelleted feeds for pigeons. Davoli, E. *Rivista di Avicoltura,* 1993, v. 62 (2), p. 33-40. ISSN: 0005-2213.

            NAL call no: 47.8 R523

            Descriptors: pelleted feeds, pigeons, diet options,   grain mixtures.

 

The role of vitamin D endocrine   system in avian bone biology. Norman, A.W.; Hurwitz, S. *Journal of   Nutrition,* 1993, v. 123 (2), p. 310-316. ref. ISSN: 0022-3166.

            NAL call no: 398.8 J82

Descriptors: bones, metabolism, calcitriol, vitamin   D, reviews, bone development and growth, bone remodeling, osteoblasts, osteoclasts.

Abstract: The involvement of vitamin D and its endocrine system is essential, both for the process of bone development and growth, as well as bone remodeling. Important bone cells participating in those processes include the osteoblast (bone formation), the osteoclast (bone resorption) and the growth plate chondrocyte (longitudinal bone growth). The hormonally active form of cholecalciferol, calcitriol, generates many of the biological responses attributed to the parent cholecalciferol, including actions on osteoblasts and chondrocytes and the stimulation of the production of osteoclasts. Calcitriol is able to generate biological responses via both genomic and nongenomic pathways. This review provides a summary of this area.

 

[Stereotypes of bird feeding   behavior.] Khlebosolov, El. *Uspekhi Sovremennoi Biologii,* 1993,   v. 113 (6), p. 717-730. ISSN: 0042-1324. Note: In Russian.

            NAL call no: 442.8 ER3

            Descriptors: nutrition, feeding behavior, diet, behavior.

 

Understanding pet bird   nutrition. Butcher, G.D.; Miles, R.D. *Circular Florida Cooperative   Extension Service,* Gainesville, FL. University of Florida, Feb. 1993, (1062)   6 p. ISSN: 0099-7676.

            NAL call no: 275.29-F66C

            Descriptors: aviary birds, pet foods, nutrition, nutrient requirements.

 

*Wildlife Feeding and Nutrition. 2nd ed.*Robbins,   Charles T. 1993, San Diego, Academic Press. xiv. 352 pp. ill. ref. ISBN: 0125893825.

            NAL call no: QL756.5.R6 1993

            Descriptors: animal nutrition, captive wild animals, feeding and feeds.

 

 

1992

 

Die Futter- und Wasseraufnahme   bei Kanarien - Einflussfaktoren und Abhangigkeiten. [Feed and water intake in   canaries. Influencing factors and relationships.] Wolf, P.; Kamphues,   J. *Kleintierpraxis,*1992, v. 37 (8), p. 545-552. ref. ISSN: 0023-2076.   Note: In German. 

             Descriptors: feed intake, housing, temperature, feeds, water intake.

 

Der Nahrstoffbedarf von   Papageien. [Nutritional requirements of parrots.] Nott, H.M.R. *Waltham   International Focus,* 1992, v. 2 (3), p. 2-7. ref. Waltham Centre for Pet   Nutrition, Pedigree Foods, Melton Mowbray, Leics LE 14 4RS, UK. Note: In German.   

            NAL call no: SF600.W34

Descriptors: dietary protein, vitamins, minerals,   lipid nutrient requirements, carbohydrates, water.

Abstract: In this survey it is stressed that the first essential is to provide a balanced diet composed of proteins, lipids, carbohydrates, vitamins, minerals and water. 20% proteins in the food is sufficient for maintenance, growth and egg production. High quality protein should contain methionine, phenylalanine and lysine. Lipids are the main energy source and facilitate the resorption of fat-soluble vitamins. Starch and fibres are the main source of carbohydrates. Fibres are indigestible but necessary for the normal function of the digestive system. Vitamins A, C and D can be synthesised from pro-vitamins contained in the diet. B vitamins do not accumulate in the body and must be provided with the foodstuff. The birds require large amounts of Ca, P, Mg, Na and K and very small quantities of Co, Cu, F, Mn and Zn. The water uptake depends on the ambient temperature, air humidity, the kind of foodstuff provided and egg production. Energy requirements vary with physical activity.

 

[The use of fish oil and   vitamins E and C for preventing metabolic disorder in birds.] Zabolotnikova,   M.V.; Konchura, T.M.; Sokolovskaya, V.I.; Belov, A.D. *Biologecheskie priemy   povysheniya produktivnosti sel’ skokhozaistvennoi ptitsy.* 1992. p. 46-49.Note:   In Russian. 

            Descriptors: fowl feeding, fish oils, haemoglobin,   body weight, diets, hematology, chickens.

Abstract: Belarus’-9 chickens were fed from 1 to 70 days old, in 5 groups, on a basal diet (BD) supplemented with gaseous ammonia-treated fish oil at 10 or 20 kg/t plus vitamins E and C at 10 and 100 g/t, respectively; the BD plus standard fish oil at 10 or 20 kg/t plus vitamins E and C; or the BD alone. Body weight of the chickens at 2 weeks old was 506.3, 562.5, 537.5, 619.4 and 431.1 g, respectively. Concentration of haemaglobin at 60 days old was 9.28, 8.28, 8.64, 9.10 and 8.8- g/100ml. Survival of the chickens to 2 weeks old was lowest with BD given alone. In another trial the number of chickens culled was greater in the group given the BD alone than in that on the BD plus fish oil and the vitamins.

 

 

1991

 

Basic avian health care and nutrition for the new bird owner. Vogt, S.L. *Veterinary Technician.* 1991, v. 12 (6), p. 461-464, 466-467. ref. ISSN: 8750-8990.

            NAL call no: SF406.A5

            Descriptors: pets, cages, diets, nutrition, aviary birds. 

 

Cockatiel (*Nymphicus hollandicus*) nutrition. Roudybush, T.E.; Grau, C.R. *Journal of Nutrition,* 1991, v. 121 (115), p. S206. ISSN: 0022-3166.

            NAL call no: 398.8 J82

Descriptors: nutrition, birds, psittacines, feeding,   hatchlings, gworing birds, protein requirements. 

Abstract: The feeding of cockatiels (*Nymphicus hollandicus*) is discussed. For the first 3 days after hatching, cockatiels must receive a diet including about 90% water which can then be reduced to 30% until they can regulate their water intake. Protein requirement is 20% of the diet; less results in reduced growth and more behavioral abnormalities. Lysine requirement for growth is 0.8%. Choline deficiency in growing cockatiels resulted in normal growth, but 30 to 40% of the birds showed achromatosis on tail and wing feathers. Pantothenic acid deficiency resulted in mortality or in reduced feather growth on the body. Calcium requirement in reproducing females for maintenance of shell thickness and egg shell conductance was 0.35% of the diet.

 

Energy requirements for maintenance and growth of wild mammals, birds and reptiles in captivity. Kirkwood, J.K. *Journal of Nutrition,* 1991, v. 121 (115), p. 529-534. ref. ISSN: 0022-3166. 

            NAL call no: 398.8 J82

Descriptors: energy requirements, nutrient requirements,   pets, zoo animals, captive breeding, basal metabolism rates.

Abstract: A wide range of animals are maintained in captivity as pets and an increasing number are likely to become dependent on captive breeding for conservation. Generally, these animals are fed freely and a knowledge of their energy requirements is not essential. However, estimates of energy requirements are helpful in several situations: treating obesity, providing nutritional support to anorexic animals and feeding newborn animals. Data on basal metabolic rates (BMR) are available for about 5% of avian and 17% of mammalian species, and the maintenance requirement can be estimated at twice the BMR. Estimates for other species can be based on allometric equations relating energy expenditure to body weight in the species that have been studied. Although between species time taken to grow increases with adult mass, wide variation remains after the effect of adult mass is considered. A model is developed which illustrates the impact of variation in time taken to grow on daily growth rate (per metabolic mass) at all stages of maturity. This model may assist in estimating the lower limit to energy requirements during growth.

 

Formulated diet versus   seed mixtures for psittacines. Ullrey, D.E.; Allen, M.E.; Baer, D.J.   *Journal of Nutrition,* 1991, v. 121 (115), p. S195-S205. ref. ISSN: 0022-3166.

            NAL call no: 398.8 J82

Descriptors: diets, birds, Psittacidae, parrot   family, natural diet diversity, diet formulation inconsistant.

Abstract: The natural dietary habits of certain psittacines are reviewed. Psittacines are often classified as seed eaters despite studies that have established great diversity in food habits in the wild. While seeds are consumed, so are flowers, buds, leaves, fruits and cambium. Some psittacines consume parts of >80 species of grasses, forbs, shrubs and trees. In addition, insects may be important. Although there are few controlled studies of the requirements of psittacines, it is probable that most nutrient needs are comparable to those of domesticated precocial birds that have been thoroughly studied. Commercial seed mixes for psittacines commonly contain maize, sunflower, safflower, pumpkin and squash seeds, wheat, groundnut, millet, oat groats and buckwheat, although other seeds may be present. Because hulls/seeds comprise 18 to 69% of these seeds and they are removed before swallowing, a significant proportion of typical seed mixtures is waste. Some of the seeds are very high in fat and promote obesity. Common nutrient deficiencies of decorticated seeds include lysine, calcium, available phosphorus, sodium, manganese, zinc, iron, iodine, selenium, retinol, vitamins D, E and K, riboflavin, pantothenic acid, available nicotinic acid, vitamin B-12 and choline. Attempts to correct these deficiencies by incorporating pellets into seeds mixes are usually thwarted by rejection of the pellets and disproportionate consumption of items that are more highly favored. An extruded diet formulated to meet the projected nutrient needs of psittacines was given with fruits and vegetables to 8 species of psittacines for 1 year. Fledging percentage was increased to 90% from the 66% observed during the previous 2 years when these psittacines were fed seeds, fruits and vegetables. Although this extruded diet was well accepted in a mixture of fruits and vegetables and met the nutrient needs, analyses have shown that not all commercial formulated diets are of equal merit.

 

Lifetime energy budgets in mammals and birds. Jurgens, K.D.; Prothero, J. *Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology A, Comparative Physiology,* 1991, v. 100 (3), p. 703-709. ref. ISSN: 0300-9629.

            NAL call no: QP1C6

            Descriptors: energy metabolism, lifespan, 35   species of birds, mammals.

Abstract: 2 Data sets for standard energy metabolism (351 and 320 species, respectively) and 1 for maximal lifespan (494 species) in mammals were assembled from the literature. In addition, smaller data sets of active (field) energy metabolism in mammals (36 species) and in birds (25 species) were drawn on. The products of the respective regression parameters as well as the products of energy metabolism and maximal lifespan in individual species were compared in order to estimate lifetime energy metabolism in mammals generally and in various mammalian orders. It was found that lifetime energy budgets in mammals generally, whether standard or active, vary systematically with body mass with slopes between 0.87 and 0.93, significantly different from unity (P<0.001 or P<0.01). In birds, lifetime energy budgets, whether standard or active, varied with slopes of 0.94+ 0.5 and 0.88 + 0.09, which were not significantly different from unity(P>0.1). In carnivores, artiodactyls, primates and bats, the slope for lifetime standard as well as lifetime active energy budgets were not significantly different from 1 in any of the investigated data sets. In rodents, the lifetime standard energy budget had slopes significantly different from 1; in marsupials, 1 data set for lifetime standard and another for lifetime active energy budget led to slopes significantly different from 1. It is concluded from this analysis that current data do not support the hypothesis that lifetime energy budgets, whether standard or active, vary as the first power of body mass in mammals generally. But this hypothesis may be valid for birds generally and for some mammalian orders.

 

[Nutritional diseases of   small birds.] Ishimori, R. *Journal of Veterinary Medicine, Japan.*   1991, v. 44 (9), p. 566-569. ISSN: 0447-0192. Note: In Japanese.

            Descriptors: aviary birds, nutritional disorders.

 

The nutrition of the budgerigar   (*Melopsittacus undulatus*). Earle, K.E.; Clarke, N.R. *Journal   of Nutrition,* 1991, v. 121 (115), p. S186-S192. ref. ISSN: 0022-3166.

            NAL call no: 389.8 J82

            Descriptors: nutrition, reviews, nutrient requirements,   breeding trials, daily energy intake.

Descriptors: Nutrient   requirements of the budgerigar (*Melopsittacus undulatus*) were reviewed   to estimate the relationship between daily metabolic energy intake (kj/kg) and   body weight change (g/day) for groups of adult budgerigars showed that they   required daily 48 to 128 kj/bird depending on body mass. During a series of   breeding trials the daily intake for a breeding pair plus 3 chicks, at peak   energy intake was 483 to 505 kj (at pairing, the mean daily energy intake of   the breeding pairs was 231kj). Apparent metabolizability of major nutrients   from a seed diet were generally >80%, which allows the birds to assimilate   the high amounts of energy needed for basal metabolism.

 

The protein nutrition of simple-stomached mammals, birds and fishes. Butts, C.A.; Darragh, A.J.; Moughan, P.J. *Proceedings of the Nutritional Society of New Zealand.* 1991, v. 16, p. 60-81. ref. ISSN: 0110-4187.

            NAL call no: TX341 N86

**Descriptors:**protein requirement, amino acids, requirements, monogastric, amino   acid availability estimates, methods compared.

 

Trace elements and their role in avian nutrition. Ryan, T. *Canine Practice,* 1991, v. 16 (2), p. 30-35. ref. ISSN: 0094-4904.

            NAL call no: SF991.A1C3

            Descriptors: trace elements, aviary birds,   deficiency symptoms, sources in various diets.

 

Why birds need calcium and how to ensure they get it. Pearson, J. *Bird Keeping in Australia,* 1991, v. 34 (10), p. 154-156. ISSN: 0045-2076.

            Descriptors: Aves, diet in captivity, nutrition, diet, calcium.

 

Vitamin A (retinol and retinyl esters), alpha-tocopherol and lipid levels in plasma of captive wild mammals and birds. Schweigert, F.J.; Uehlein, Harrell S.; Hegel, G.V.; Wiesner, H. *Journal of Veterinary Medicine, Series A,* 1991, v. 38 (1), p. 35-42. ref. ISSN: 0931-184X.

            NAL call no: 41.8 Z5

Descriptors: retinol, blood chemistry, vitamin   A, lipids, vitamin E, blood plasma values, Ciconiiformes, Falconiformes.

Abstract: Vitamin A (retinol and retinyl esters) vitamin E and lipids were determined in several wild mammals and birds held in captivity (250 samples). In mammals plasma levels of vitamin A were generally below 500mg/ml and those of vitamin E were highly variable (0.1-2*u*g/ml. In primates, vitamin E levels were 3 to 8*u*g/ml. Whereas in Marsupalia, Chiroptera, primates, Rodentia, Proboscidea, Sirenia, Perisodactyla, and Artiodactyla only retinol was found, retinyl esters (basically retinol palmitate/oleate) represented 10 to 50% of the total plasma vitamin A in some birds of the order Ciconiiformes and Falconiformes. Retinol levels in birds were higher compared to mammals (500-2000 mg/ml). The same was true for lipids as well as for vitamin E levels (*1-*26*u*g/ml) in the plasma of birds.

 

 

1990

 

Alimentation et reproduction   des autruches - rapport d'un stage effectue au Zimbabwe d'un D.E.S. de production   des regions chaudes. [Nutrition and reproduction of ostriches. 3. Nutrition.]   Campodonico, P.; Masson, C. *Bulletin des G.T.V.,* 1990, No. 4, p. 73-76.   ISSN: 0399-2519. Note: In French.

            NAL call no: SF602.G7

            Descriptors: nutrition, ostriches, zoo animals,   production farms, rheas, emus, cassowarys.

Abstract: Recommendations   are given for the nutrition of the 4 main struthioniformes in captivity (ostrich,   rhea, emu and cassowary) based on information from 52 zoos worldwide followed   by examples of diets provided in ostrich farms.

 

Companion bird management   and nutrition. Taylor, M. *Proceedings Annual Conference Association   of Avian Veterinarians,*1990, p. 409-414.

            NAL call no: SF994.M52

            Descriptors: Psittaciformes, diet in captivity,   caging system, parrot family.

 

*Healthy Diet, Healthy Bird.*Henzler, David J. Augusta,   ME; D.J. Henzler, c 1990. x, 54 p. ill. ref. ISBN: 0962755206.

            NAL call no: SF463.5.H46-1990

            Descriptors: cage birds, nutrition, feeding, feeds. 

 

Nutrition and food selection in migratory birds. Bairlein, F. *Bird Migration: Physiology and Ecophysiology.*Gwinner, E. (ed.). 1990. i-xii. 1-435 pp. Chapter pagination: 198-213.

            NAL call no: QL698.9 B57 1990

            Descriptors: Aves, dietary requirements, energy requirements, nutrition, migration.

 

Utilization of lipid versus protein reserves during long-term fasting in mammals and birds. Belkhou, R.; Robin, J.P.; Cherel, Y.; Maho, Y. le; Le Maho, Y.; Mellinger, J. (ed.). *Animal Nutrition and Transport Processes. 1. Nutrition in Wild and Domestic Animals: Comparative Physiology.* 1990. V. 5, p. 231-141. ref.

            NAL call no: QL141 A1E89 

            Descriptors: protein metabolism, starvation, lipid metabolism.

 

 

1989

 

*Bird Flight Performance. A Practical Calculation Manual*.   Pennycuick, C.J. Oxford University Press, N.Y. 1989. i-xi. 1-253 pp. 

            NAL call no: QL698.7.P4

            Descriptors: bird flight performance, calculations,   metabolic rate, biomechanics, nutrition.

 

Effect of cecectomy on water and nutrient absorption of birds. Chaplin, S.B. *Journal of Experimental Zoology,* 1989, Suppl. 3, p. 81-86. ref. ISSN: 0022-104X.

            NAL call no: 410.J825

Descriptors: water, absorption, caecum, reviews,   osmoregulation, nutrient use, adaption, effects.

Abstract: The effect of the removal of the avian digestive caeca on osmoregulation and absorption of certain nutrients is reviewed. While data indicate that the caeca have the potential for the absorption of a significant quantity of water, several studies have demonstrated that effects of ceacectomy on water intake and output are transitory and that compensatory adjustments made within 2 to 3 weeks postsurgery allow caecectomized birds to eat and gain weight normally. However, caecectomized great horned owls exposed to 27 degrees C turned over their body water 1.6 times faster than intact owls under the same condition, suggesting that the caeca do have a vital role in water balance of thermally stressed horned owls. Caecectomy resulted in slightly lower metabolizability of feed, lower digestibility of crude fibre in low fibre diets, and greater loss of certain amino acids in caecectomized birds that were fasted or fed on a protein-free diet. The latter result suggests that the caeca are important in recovery of amino acids from endogenous protein degradation. Loss of caecal function also resulted in higher energy intake and excretion in Japanese quail, amounting to 5.7% of the total daily energy requirement.

 

Effect of quantity and source of dietary methionine on the growth and plasma free amino acid titres of Japanese quail. Shim, K.F.; Chen, E.V. *Nutrition Reports International,* 1989, v. 40 (6), p. 1073-1080. ref. 

            NAL call no: RC620.A1N8

            Descriptors: methionine, sources, feeding, growth,   maize-soybean diet, plasma levels.

Abstract: In a 4x3 factorial design trial, groups of 15 day-old Japanese quails were freely given a maize-soyabean diet with 0.05, 0.10 or 0.15% methionine from 4 sources: DL-methionine (DL-Met), DL-methionine hydroxy analogue calcium (DL-MHA-Ca), DL-methionine hydroxy analogue free acid (DL-MHA-FA) and liquid DL-methionine (DL-Met-Na). A control group was given the basal diet alone. At 7 days old, quails given DL-Met or DL-Met-Na grew significantly faster than those given DL-MHA-Ca or DL-MHS-FA at 0.10 or 0.15% but from 7 days to 5 weeks old, there were no differences in utilization of the 4 methionine sources. Plasma levels of the sulphur-amino acids remained constant with increasing levels of methionine. Increasing order of growth and feed:gain ratio of the 4 methionine sources was: DL-MHA-Ca, DL-MHA-FA, DL-Met-Na, DL-Met. 

 

Food utilization in relation to gut structure and function in wild and domestic birds and mammals. Dawson, T.J. *Acta Veterinaria Scandinavica,* 1989, Suppl. 86, p. 20-27. ref. ISSN: 0044-605X.

            NAL call no: 41.8 AC87

            Descriptors: nutrition physiology, herbivores, wild birds, reviews.

 

Gut size and the digestion of fibrous diets by tetraonid birds. Moss, R. *Journal of Experimental Zoology,* 1989, Suppl. 3, p. 61-65. ref. ISSN: 0022-104X. 

            NAL call no: 410.J825

Descriptors: fiber, digestion, reviews, red grouse,   differing levels of heather, adaptions to diet options.

Abstract: In this review, experiments in which red grouse were given diets containing different proportions of heather with low-fibre grain are discussed. With increasing heather and associated fibre contents, feed intake increased and overall digestibility decreased. For grouse on diets containing up to 40% heather, the calculated partial digestibility of heather was only 9.4%, but when heather was eaten as the sole feed, its digestibility was 46%. Adaptations to diets containing more heather included increases in the size of the digestive system. Gizzard weight increased linearly with feed intake. Length of intestine and particularly caeca increased with intake, but not linearly. Up to an intake of about 50 g DM/day no significant change occurred. Above 50 g/day, but size increased rapidly. Bulk may have started to limit intake at about 50 g/day. It is suggested that galliform digestion functions in 2 modes; a low-fibre mode, in which bulk does not limit intake and fibre digestion is unimportant, and a high-fibre mode in which bulk limits intake and fibre digestion may be important. Most studies on avian digestion have been of captive galliforms, most of which probably function in low-fibre mode all the time. Wild galliforms seem to function in high-fibre mode for much of the time.

 

Hummingbird nutrition: Development of a purified diet for long-term maintenance. Brice, A.T.; Grau, C.R. *Zoo Biology,* 1989, v. 8 (3), p. 233-237. ref. ISSN: 0733-3188.

            NAL call no:QL77.5.Z6

Descriptors: nutrient requirements, hummingbirds,   soy-protein, *Calypte anna, C. costae*, purified liquid diet, one year   study. 

Abstract: A purified   liquid diet containing 25% solids (by weight) was developed for maintenance   of adult hummingbirds so that nutritional studies could be conducted. *Calypte   anna* and *C. costae* were fed on the diet for at least 1 year, during   which time they maintained body weight and general good health, and they moulted   normally. A diet containing 3% protein (dry weight basis), supplied by isolated   soyabean protein plus methionine, met the need for nitrogen. It was found that   *Calypte anna* and *C. costae* do not need ascorbic acid in their   diets.

 

Methionine requirement and its effect on the feather loss of laying Japanese quail. Shim, K.F.; Chen, E.V. *Nutrition Reports International,* 1989, v. 40 (5), p. 1003-1010. ref.

            NAL call no: RC620.A1N8

            Descriptors: methionine, requirements, egg production,   female, diet study.

Abstract: A basal diet containing 0.29% methionine was supplemented with DL-methionine to provide diets with 0.39, 0.49, 0.59 and 0.60% methionine. Diets were given to 260 female Japanese quail from 5 weeks to 1 year old. Requirement of methionine for optimum egg production and feed intake was 0.39% of diet. Feather loss was not affected by methionine deficiency or egg production.

 

[Stimulating effect of   fish protein concentrate on vital activities in birds.] Kushak, R.I.;   Tarvid, I.L.; Basova, N.A.; Yukhno, E.N.; Filipchenkova, L.P.; Isidorov, G.E.;   Val’ dman, A.R.*Doklady Vsesoyuznoi Ordena Lenina i Oedena Trudovogo Krasnogo   Znameni Akademil Sel’skokhozyaistvennykh Nauk. V.I. Lenina.* 1989, No. 10,   p. 37-39. ref. Note: In Russian.

            Descriptors: fish protein concentrate, fowl feeding, protein metabolism, body weight.

Abstract: Dried fish protein concentrate (Suberkon), a secondary by-product of the fish industry, when added at 1% to the diet of chickens significantly increased body weight, increased rate of protein metabolism and increased the activities of pancreatic and small intestinal enzymes. **

 

Stimulation of avian cholesterol metabolism by alpha-tocopherol. Qureshi, A.A.; Peterson, D.M.; Elson, C.E.; Mangels, A.R.; Din, Z.Z. *Nutrition Reports International,* 1989, v. 40 (5), p. 993-1001. ref. 

            NAL call no: RC620.A1N8

            Descriptors: cholesterol metabolism, alpha tocopherol. 

Abstract: Alpha-Tocopherol delivered via intraperitoneal injection in short-term studies or via the diet in long-term studies elicited significant concentration-dependent increases in avian hepatic beta-hydroxy-beta-methylglutaryl-CoA (HMG-GoA) reductase and cholesterol 7alpha-hydroxylase activities. The reciprocal actions pf the 2 hepatic enzymes precluded an increase in serum low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol. High-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol was increased by alpha-tocopherol, but not significantly. Dietary cholesterol (0.5%) decreased HMG-CoA reductase activity, increased serum lipoprotein cholesterol and had no effect on cholesterol 7alpha-hydroxylase activity. Addition of alpha-tocopherol (100mg/kg diet) to the cholesterol-enriched diet elicited a reversal of the cholesterol-mediated suppression of HMG-CoA reductase activity and increased cholesterol 7alpha-hydroxylase activity. In these conditions, alpha-tocopherol had no effect on serum total or LDL cholesterol but produced a numerical increase in HDL cholesterol compared with a cholesterol-free diet. The disparity in the influences of alpha-tocopherol and alpha-tocotrienol on cholesterol metabolism seems to be due to the different side chains of the 2 methyl-substituted tocols. 

 

 

1988

 

Avian diseases and winter bird feeding. Brittingham, M.C.; Temple, S.A. *Passenger Pigeon,*1988, v. 50 (3), p. 195-203. ISSN: 0031-2703.

            Descriptors: diseases, winter feeders, mortality,   diseases seen at winter feeders. 

 

Nutrient requirements of game birds. Beer, J.V.; Haresign, W. (ed.).; Cole, D.J.A. (ed.). *Recent Advances in Animal Nutrition,* 1988, p. 195-203. ref. Butterworths; London, UK. ISBN: 040701165X. ISSN: 0269-5642.

            NAL call no: SF95.R47

            Descriptors: nutrient requirements, game birds,   pheasant, partridge.

Abstract: Rearing programmes, nutrient requirements, and growth rates, feed consumption and efficiency in game birds are discussed. Crude protein and metabolizable energy in pheasant and partridge diets and amino acid content of pheasant diets are tabulated

 

An overview of pet bird nutrition. Villm, D.L.; O’Brien, S.E. *Iowa State University Veterinarian,* 1988, v. 50 (2), p. 107-113. ref. ISSN: 0099-5851.

            NAL call no: 41.8 V6425

Descriptors: diet   in captivity, nutritional requirements, nutrition, Psittaciformes, parrot family,   diagnosis and treatment, nutritional deficiencies.

Abstract: The organ systems and clinical signs seen in the commoner nutrient deficiencies of pet birds are discussed including the integument, mucous membranes of the oral cavity and nares, growth and skeletal abnormalities, reproduction, the vascular system and the central and peripheral nervous system. Diagnosis and treatment of nutritional deficiencies are covered with selected psittacine diets provided.

 

*Proceedings of the Third Annual Dr. Scholl Conference   on the Nutrition of Captive Wild Animals*. Meehan, T.P.; Allen, M.E. (eds.).   1988, 166 pp.

            NAL call no: SF95.D7

            Descriptors: animal nutrition, nutrition of captive wild animals.

Abstract: This is   a report of the proceedings of the third Annual Dr. Scholl Conference on the   Nutrition of Captive wild Animals held on December 2 and 3, 1983 in Lincoln   Park Zoological Gardens, Chicago, USA. There are 12 contributions to the conference,   dealing with feeding, foraging and mental health; computer analysis of diets   fed to zoo animals; protein and amino acid utilization in carnivores; providing   proper nutrition for captive Alcidae and penguins; the apparent diet digestibilities   of captive tigers; considerations in feeding exotic cats; feeding strategies   and metabolic adjustments; results of a digestion trial evaluating 6 species   of carnivores; diet and oral health in captive amur tigers (*Panthera tigris   altaica*); the effects of cricket calcium levels on calcium levels in tree   frogs and geckos; progress and problems associated with bullfrog tadpole diets   and nutrition; and considerations in the uses of fish as food. The need for   careful examination of what the captive animal is fed and how it is fed within   the broad context of how animals feed in nature is emphasized. Using computer-generated   data tables of composition pf diets for various animals and birds are presented.

 

Roche Symposium "The   Value of Vitamins in Animal Nutrition’, London, October 1988. The significance   of carotenoids in animal nutrition. Schiedt, K. *1988, 28 pp.; Brochure   in Series Animal Nutrition Events.* ref. F. Hoffmann-La Roche & Co. Ltd.,   Basle, Switzerland.

            Descriptors: carotenoids, animal nutrition, reviews.

Abstract: This review summarises that bacteria, fungi and higher plants synthesize carotenoids de novo. Carotenoid functions in these organisms are energy transfer and photoprotection. Animals are unable to synthesize carotenoids de novo and depend on dietary supply. However, they can transform ingested carotenoids into species-and tissue-specific carotenoides by oxidation or reduction. Colourants are of vital importance for the pigmentation of the plumage in birds and also for the integuments of fish and crustacea. Some biochemical processes related to vision and reproduction have also been found. A greater number of varieties of fish, molluscs and crustacea are of increasing interest in industrialized livestock production. Their commercial value, as with the yolk colours in eggs, depends largely on their pigmentation. Carotenoids have a much wider spectrum of functions than being merely cosmetics and, for many of these functions, it is important that the correct carotenoid is supplied.

 

 

1987

 

A different aspect on avian nutrition. Rich, B.; Osmond, G. *Bird Keeping in Australia,* 1987, v. 30 (6), p. 86-91. ISSN: 0045-2076.

            Descriptors: diet in captivity, review, care in captivity, techniques, Aves.

 

Feeding and nutritional disorders. Dolphin, R.E. *Companion Bird Medicine,* Burr, E.W. (ed.). Iowa State University Press, Ames, IA. 1987, i-x. 1-247 pp. Chapter pagination: 66-71. 

            NAL call no: SF994.2.A1C66 1987

            Descriptors: Aves, diet in captivity, deficiencies, disorders, nutrition in captivity.

 

 

1982

 

Bird feeding: Tips for beginners and veterans. Craven, Scott R.; Ruff, Robert L. *University of Wisconsin Extension Publication, 3176,* 1982, 11 p. ill.

            Descriptors: birds, food, bird feeders.

 

 

1978

 

Dietary requirements of gallinaceous birds. Wylie, S.R. *Game Bird Breeders, Aviculturists, Zoologists and Conservationist Gazette,* 1978, v. 27 (7), p. 9-10. ISSN: 0164-3711.

            NAL call no: 47.8 G144

            Descriptors: Galliformes, rearing and breeding techniques, dietary requirements.

 

Twenty-five years of research in game bird nutrition. Scott, J.L. *World Pheasant Association Journal,* 1978, v. 3, p. 31-45. ISSN: 0963-326X.

            Descriptors: nutrition, dietary requirements, Phasianidae, research review.

            **Return to: Contents**

VETERINARY
 

2003 

 

Antifungal   agents of use in animal health–practical applications. Rochette,   R.; Engelen, M.; Bossche, H. Van den; den Bossche, H, van; van den Bossche,   H. *Journal of Veterinary Pharmacology and Therapeutics,* 2003, v. 26 (1),   p. 31-53. ref. ISSN: 0140-7783.

            NAL   call no: SF915.J63

Descriptors:   antifungal agents, practical applications, animal health, successful therapeutic   regimens, dogs, cats, cattle and sheep, horse, pig, poultry, various birds,   rodents, rabbits, fur animals

 

Approach   to the sick bird. Lightfoot, T.; Coles, G (ed); Dobson, J. (ed); Elliot,   J. (ed); Elwood, C. (ed); Hall, E. (ed); Heath, S. (ed); Hill, P. (ed); Moore,   P.H. (ed); Innes, J. (ed); Jeffery, A. (ed); Redrobe, S. (ed); Tasker, S. (ed);   Williams, J. (ed); Wotton, P. (ed); Yam, P. *Scientific Proceedings Veterinary   Programme: British Small Animal Veterinary Association,**46th   Annual Congress, Birmingham, UK, Apr. 3-6, 2003*, p. 397-398. ref. ISBN:   0905214773.

            NAL   call no: 41.9 B774

Descriptors:   sick bird, approaches, techniques, methods.

 

Birds   that sing and die: Beta amyloid precursor protein as a marker for avian traumatic   brain injury. Agnew, Dalen W.; Masliah, Eliezer; Rideout, Bruce. *Proceedings   of the American Association of Zoo Veterinarians Annual Conference,**Minneapolis,   MN. Oct. 4-10, 2003*. 333 pp. p. 146-148.

            NAL   call no: SF605.A4

Descriptors:   birds, avian traumatic brain injury, axonal injury, amyloid precursor protein   marker, diagnosis

Abstract:   Accurate information regarding the morbidity and mortality of zoo animals is   important in their captive management and may affect the success of efforts   to reproduce critically endangered species. Traumatic injury is one of the leading   causes of death in avian zoological specimens and head trauma is a major subset   of these cases. In veterinary patients, the ability to diagnose traumatic brain   injury is often hampered by incomplete history and a lack of gross lesions or   histologic evidence visible by routine staining and light microscopy. The diagnosis   of traumatic brain injury is often tentative and made by exclusion of other   causes. Accurate, rapid, and economic methods to document injury to the brain   would provide an important tool in avian diagnostics. In the last 10 yr there   has been a surge of research regarding the pathophysiology, diagnosis, and treatment   of traumatic brain injury in humans. Recent advances have indicated the importance   of axonal injury (AI) as a cause of morbidity and mortality. AI in humans and   mammalian models can be detected with high specificity and sensitivity by immunohistochemical   demonstration of β- amyloid precursor protein (β-APP). A neuronal   glycoprotein, β-APP, is carried by rapid anterograde transport within the   axon and accumulates in areas where that transport is impaired (i.e. sites of   axonal injury). These immunohistochemical methods have been used successfully   in forensics to document many kinds of mechanical injury, such as “shaken   baby syndrome,”with as short a posttraumatic survival period as 30 min.   To date, no published efforts have been made to apply these methods to nonmammalian   species, although the presence of β-amyloid has been confirmed in an avian   model and a single avian patient. The hypothesis of this study was that β-APP   accumulates within the damaged axons in the brains of birds which have died   from traumatic brain injury, and that this β-APP can be detected by immunohistochemical   methods already developed for mammalian species. Case material was gathered   from archived necropsy cases of the Zoological Society of San Diego. Sixteen   adult birds were examined of which three had histologically apparent axonal   lesions, and the others had either confirmed gross, histologic, clinical, or   historic evidence compatible with head trauma. Two cases also had spinal cord   trauma. Species included representatives from six orders (Columbiformes, Psittaciformes,   Apodiformes, Passeriformes, Ciconiformes, and Gruiformes). Three birds euthanatized   for unrelated reasons were used as negative controls. Human brain tissue from   a patient with Alzheimer’s disease was used as a positive control. An   additional 14 cases from the archives of the ZSSD in which the birds died suddenly   and no diagnosis was found were also examined. Using standard immunohistochemical   avidin-biotin complex techniques, two antibodies against β-APP were utilized   at varying concentrations: a) β-APP (clone 22, C11; Boehringer AG, Mannheim,   Germany), and b) β-APP C-terminus (CT 695; Zymed Laboratories, 561 Eccles   Ave., So. San Francisco, CA 94080). The results of this study confirmed that   β-APP is produced in bird neural tissue, that it does accumulate within   damaged axons, and that immunohistochemical techniques developed for its detection   in mammalian subjects will work in avian species. Subjectively, the use of β-APP   is helpful in detecting injured axons that might otherwise be overlooked in   standard H&E sections. In addition, the results of at least one case indicate   that immunohistochemical staining with β-APP may detect axonal injury earlier   than standard histopatholgic techniques. AI, however, was not detected in the   majority of confirmed head trauma patients in this study and AI was not found   in any “sudden death” cases in a population of birds which died   suddenly of unknown causes. These negative results most likely reflect some   of the limitations of this study, since relatively few serial sections were   examined in each case and standardization of the anatomic location, post trauma   to death interval, or character of the original traumatic event was not possible.   The subjective increase in neuronal staining with β-APP may also be important,   but these results could not be confirmed objectively without carefully matched   controls. While further work utilizing cases with a well-defined trauma to death   interval is needed to fully develop this diagnostic tool, β-APP immunohistochemical   staining can be a potentially important new method to diagnose and study acute   brain injury in avian species.

 

Control   of nematode infections in captive birds. Lloyd, C. *In Practice,*   2003, v. 25 (4), p. 198, 201-206. ref. ISSN: 0263-841X.

            NAL   call no: SF601.I4

Descriptors:   nematode infections, diagnosis and control, captive birds, Serratospiculum,   Syngamus,**Cyathostoma, Baylisascaris. 

Abstract:   Avian parasitic nematodes are most frequently found within the gastrointestinal   system although a number of species show a predilection for other parts of the   body such as the air sacs *(*Serratospiculum**species), trachea (Syngamus   species,**Cyathostoma**species), sinuses (Cyathostoma species) or   central nervous system (Baylisascaris species). Methods of control in captive   birds vary depending on the husbandry requirements of the host species and the   life cycle of the nematode. This article briefly reviews relevant diagnostic   techniques and discusses the basic principles of nematode control in captive   birds.

 

Dealing   with hepatomegaly in psittacines. Lightfoot, T.; Coles, G. (ed); Dobson,   J. (ed); Elliott, J. (ed); Elwood, C. (ed); Hall, E. (ed); Heath, S. (ed); Hill,   P. (ed); Moore, P.H. (ed); Innes, J. (ed); Jeffery, A. (ed); Redrobe, S. (ed);   Tasker, S. (ed); Williams, J. (ed); Wotton, P. (ed); Yam, P. *Scientific Proceedings   Veterinary Programme; British Small Animal Veterinary Association,**46th   Annual Congress, Birmingham, UK. Apr. 3-6, 2003*, p. 401-403. ref. ISBN:   0905214773.

            NAL   call no: 410 B774

Descriptors:   hepatomegaly, psittacines, methods, techniques. 

 

Diagnosis   of *Erysipelothrix septicemia*in a little blue penguin (*Eudyptula minor*).   Boerner, Leslie; Nevis, Kathleen R.; Hinckley, Lynn S.;Weber, E.Scott; Frasca,   Salvatore Jr. *Proceedings of the American Association of Zoo Veterinarians   Annual Conference*, *Minneapolis, MN. Oct. 4-10, 2003*. 333 pp. p.209.

            NAL   call no: SF605.A4 

Descriptors:*Erysipelothrix septicemia*, little blue penguin, *Eudyptula minor*,   diagnosis, culturing, PCR

Abstract:   In summer 2002, a 5 yr-old little blue penguin (*Eudyptula minor*) was   presented to veterinary clinicians by husbandry staff agonal and died within   10 min despite emergency treatment. Microscopic examination of formalin-fixed   paraffin-embedded tissue sections revealed intravascular Gram-positive, non-acid-fast   bacilli in multiple organs, with necrosis of tips of intestinal villi and histocytic   infiltrates in pulmonary interstitium and hepatic sinusoids. Frozen samples   of lung, liver and intestines were cultured on blood agar under microaerophilic   and anaerobic conditions at 37°C and 42°C. Cultures from lung, liver   and intestine yielded isolates identified by standard methods as *Eyrsipelothrix   rhusiopathiae*. Genomic DNA was extracted from paraffin tissue blocks and   cultures from lung, liver and intestine, and a previously published protocol   was modified slightly to allow amplification of *E. rhusiopathiae* DNA   from formalin-fixed tissues. Single-band amplicons of comparable molecular weight   to positive control products were obtained from bacterial cultures of lung,   liver and intestine and from formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded sections of lung   and intestine. Standard nucleotide-nucleotide BLAST sequence comparisons of   PCR products against NCBI nucleotide databases demonstrated 99% nucleotide sequence   identity with 16S SSU ribosomal DNA of *E. rhusiopathiae*and *E. tonsillarum*.   To our knowledge, this is the first confirmed case of erysipelas in a penguin   and expands our knowledge of the range of aquatic animal considered susceptible   to acute *Erysipelothrix* sp. septicemia. Application of a previously   published PCR protocol allowed retrospective analysis and correlation of culture   results with formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissues, which may be pertinent   to cases from other aquatic species wherein this diagnosis is suspected. 

 

Doxycycline   in drinking water for treatment of *Chlamydophila psittaci*in fruit doves.   Padilla, Luis R.; Miller, R. Eric; Flammer, Keven. *Proceedings of the Amaerican   Association of Zoo Veterinarians Annual Conference,**Minneapolis, MN.   Oct. 4-10, 2003.* 333 pp. p. 267-268.

            NAL   call no: SF605.A4

Descriptors:*Chlamydophila psittaci*, fruit doves, group treatment protocol, doxycycline.

Abstract:*Chlamydophila psittaci*(formerly *Chlamydia psittaci*) infections   have been described in a large number of avian species, but the disease is most   commonly associated with psittacines, turkeys and pigeons. Clinical signs are   variable and nonspecific, but a large number of birds show no clinical signs   while actively shedding the organism. These subclinical carriers may serve as   reservoirs of the disease in aviary flock situations. Management of the disease   has been complicated by the zoonotic nature of the organism, the inherent difficulties   in its diagnosis, and the lack of practical treatment modalities. Tetracyclines   are effective antibiotics in treating the obligate intracellular bacterium *C.   psittaci*, and are the treatment recommended by animal and public health   regulatory agencies. Doxycycline has greater tissue penetration when compared   to other tetracyclines and absorption in mammals is less affected by food ingestion.   Being a basteriostatic antibiotic, therapy is most efficacious during active   bacterial replication, and specific treatment for *C. psittaci*should   last 30-45 days to address the possibility of intracellular dormancy in host   cells. However, daily handling of birds for purposes of medicating is not ideal   for delicate species, or in large collections where the added labor of treating   individual birds is impractical or cost prohibitive. The purpose of this study   was to establish a group treatment protocol that produced therapeutic levels   of doxycycline for *C. psittaci*infections. Similar studies done in selected   psittacine birds have considered plasma doxycycline concentrations greater than   1 *u*g/ml as adequate for inhibiting Chlamydolphia replication. During   routine screening of Columbiformes at the Saint Louis Zoo, we identified *C.   psittaci*in cloacal swabs of 50% of a small group of fruit doves. Since   these birds were housed in areas shared with other fruit doves and the diseases   is difficult and costly to diagnose, we decided to treat all potentially exposed   birds. Treatment of selected individuals was monitored for this study. Eighteen   doves of four species (black-naped fruit doves, beautiful fruit doves, Jambu   fruit doves and ring-necked doves) were offered a 500 mg/L solution of doxycycline   hyclate as the only source of drinking water ad lib for 45 days. Blood was collected   from jugular or basilic veins six times during treatment to measure plasma doxycycline   concentrations and complete blood counts. Weight was monitored weekly in all   birds, and birds were monitored for clinical signs of doxycycline toxicity.   Birds were retested for *C. psittaci*upon completion of therapy. During   the course of the study, birds experienced no significant changes in weight   or body condition. No significant differences were seen in blood counts monitored   throughout the study. Preliminary results show that plasma concentrations were   more erratic than those measured in similarly dosed psittacine birds. Some birds   failed to maintain doxycycline concentrations above 1 *u*g/ml for the entire   treatment period, but the majority of birds reached or exceeded these levels   at some point during treatment. However, since few studies have been done to   establish blood concentrations that inhibit replication of *C. psittaci*,   it is possible that many of the birds below 1 *u*g/ml were reaching therapeutic   levels. PCR swabs collected upon completion of therapy showed no evidence of   *C. psittaci*in the collection. This study provides preliminary evidence   that doxycycline administered in drinking water ad lib results in therapeutic   plasma levels for some species of fruit doves without adverse effects at concentrations   of 500 mg/L. For birds where therapeutic levels were not achieved, the effects   of calcium content in the diet, water consumption and other factors need to   be explored to maximize the efficacy of this protocol in aviary situations.   Although doxycycline plasma levels varied significantly between individual birds,   this treatment protocol has significant potential for the management of *C.   psittaci*in aviaries and zoological institutions, and has application towards   conservation of rare or endangered fruit doves.

 

Endoscopic   techniques for the collection of lymphoid tissue from pigeons: Evaluation of   the splenic and bursa of Fabricus biopsy technique and histopathologic quality.   Hernandez-Divers, Stephen J.; Lester, Vanessa K.; Latimer, Kenneth S.; Wilson,   G. Heather; Hernandez-Drivers, Sonia M.; Hanley, Christopher S.; Ritchie, Branson   W. *Proceedings of the American Association of Zoo Veterinarians Annual Conference,**Minneapolis, MN. Oct. 4-10, 2003*. 333 pp. p. 269-270.

            NAL   call no: SF605.A4

Descriptors:   pigeons, endoscopic techniques, lymphoid tissue, histopathology.

Abstract:   As a part of a large ongoing investigation into pigeon circovirus, endoscopic   techniques to biopsy lymphoid tissue from 71 juvenile and adult white Carneaux   pigeons (*Colunbua livia*) were investigated under an Institutional animal   Care and Use Committee (IACUC) license at the College of Veterinary Medicine,   University of Georgia. Each pigeon was premedicated using butorphanol. Anesthesia   was induced by face mask using isoflurane and oxygen. Each bird was intubated   and maintained on oxygen and isoflurane adjusted to individual patient requirements.   Cloacoscopy was performed with the pigeon in dorsal recumbancy using a 2.7 mm   telescope housed within a 14.5 Fr sheath. Sterile saline warmed to 100°F   was used for irrigation. The dorsal wall of the urodeum just caudal to the urodeal   fold was closely examined for the opening of the bursa of fabricus. If located,   5 Fr biopsy forceps were introduced and one or two biopsies were collected from   within the bursa. Then each pigeon was placed into right lateral recumbency.   The left flank was aseptically prepared, and a standard approach was made to   the coelom behind the last rib. The telescope, sheath and instruments were cold   sterilized using 2% glutaraldehyde solution between every procedure. From within   the left abdominal air sac, the spleen was located just caudal to the isthumus   of the proventriculus and ventriculus. On occasion, it proved necessary to incise   the abdominal air sac membrane using 3-Fr scissors to gain clear access to the   spleen. Biopsy forceps (5Fr) were used to harvest one or two biopsies from the   spleen. Single biopsies were submitted for circovirus DNA detection, and where   two biopsies were collected the second was submitted for histopathologic examination.   All birds except one recovered uneventfully from the procedures. One bird died   immediately after the endoscopic procedure due to perforation of the bursa and   flooding of the air sac system as a consequence of bursal biopsy. A second bird   died 10 days later from severe coelomitis. Post endoscopy infection cannot be   ruled out as none of the birds received postoperative antibiotics. Of the 62   birds examined by cloacoscopy, it was only possible to visualize and biopsy   the bursa of 28 individuals (45.2%). Of these 28 birds, 10 were submitted for   histopathology (the remainder were submitted for circovirus DNA detection),   and only three possessed lymphoid tissue of diagnostic quality (4.8%). Splenic   biopsies were successfully obtained from 61 of 71 birds (85.9%). All 10 cases   in which the spleen could not be visualized involved female birds exhibiting   extensive reproductive activity. Histologically, splenic biopsies were judged   as good to excellent for cell preservation and tissue orientation. In conclusion,   endoscopic biopsy appears to be safe a and rewarding diagnostic procedure in   pigeons. However, per cloacal endoscopic biopsy of the bursa of Fabricus is   problematic and not recommended in the pigeon due to the lack of lymphoid tissue   obtained and the potential risk of cloacal perforation.

 

Evaluation   of the hematology and biochemistry of scarlet macaws before and after reintroduction   in Costa Rica. Martinez-Perez, Pedro Armando, DVM. *Proceedings of   the American Association of Zoo Veterinarians Annual Conference,* Minneapolis,   MN. Oct. 4-10, 2003. 333 pp. p. 49-50.

            NAL   call no: SF605.A4

Descriptors:   hematology, biochemistry, scarlet macaw, reintroduction, Costa Rica, *Ara   macao,*soft release program.

Abstract:   As part of a rehabilitation and reintroduction program of scarlet macaws (*Ara   macao*), hematologic and biochemistry values were determined during captivity,   at the release site, and once they were released back into the wild. A group   of 21 scarlet macaws (*Ara macao*), 13 females and 8 males were confiscated   during 1993, 1994 and 1996, their average age was estimated to be 20 yr. They   were rehabilitated and reintroduced in 1998 and 1999 in the central Pacific   area of Costa Rica. This species had disappeared from this area approximately   40 yr ago due to hunting and illegal capture for sale as pets. A soft release   program was used to reintroduce the individuals. A special cage was developed   to condition the animals to natural feeding behaviors. Two cages were constructed.   One was hung inside the release cage while the other one was hung outside. The   exterior cage functioned as a feeding trap device in order to feed the animals   and capture them for future analysis. Several artificial nests were built. Two   were hung inside the release cage and eight were hung throughout the release   area in order to encourage nesting in the area. An environmental education program   was developed and executed. Changes (before release vs. after release) in the   hematology and blood chemistry values of released macaws were used to evaluate   adaptation of the released animals. All of the birds had identical housing,   diet and health status during captivity. The results of all analytes during   captivity were within the range reported for this species. There were 19 individuals   in the final release group. One individual died with severe obstructive uropathy   due to renal parasite, while the second one developed bilateral ocular dysfunction   related to the presence of cataracts. Two wets of blood samples (July, 1998   and September, 1998) were taken during captivity and two more (May 1999 and   June 1999) were taken once the animals were released. Data obtained both in   captivity and after release were compared using nonparametric statistics to   verify significant changes. All of the hematologic values except lymphocyte,   monocyte and eosinophil counts tended to increase over time. However, only seven   of the 10 variables measured were statistically different before and after release.   (Ht, Hgb, MCHC, heterophils, lymphocytes, monocytes and unopettee cell count).   Out of the nine biochemistry values (TP, glucose, uric acid, Ca2+, P, ALKP,   CPK, ALT, AST) measured, six tended to increase (TP, Ca, P, CPK, uric acid,   BUN, AST) and three to decrease (ALT, ALKP, glucose) but only five were statistically   significant (TP, Ca, P, CPK, ALT). According to the results, variables tended   to increase 1 mo after the release date and then to decrease 1 mo after. Hematologic   and biochemistry variables measured in this study, after the release, were not   that different from the data published for captive individuals for the same   species. Minor differences could be due to diet, environmental conditions, gender,   laboratory procedures, or sample handling. It is reported therefore, that based   on observations and the results after release, the individuals were apparently   healthy and that the changes found, were due to adaptation to several factors   such as stress, hypoxia and exercise.

 

Exotic   Newcastle disease outbreak in Southern California: Biosecurity measures for   prevention in zoo collections. Janssen, Donald L.; Southerland-Smith,   Meg.; Papendick, Rebecca; Lamberski, Nadine; Lewins, Ed; Mace, Michael; Edwards,   Mark. *Proceedings of the American Association of Zoo Veterinarians Annual   Conference,**Minneapolis, MN. Oct. 4-10, 2003*. 333 pp. p. 107-110.

            NAL   call no: SF605.A4

Descriptors:   Exotic Newcastle disease, outbreak, biosecurity measures, zoo collections, history   of outbreak.

Abstract:   Exotic Newcastle disease (END) is classified as an Office International des   Epizooties (OIE) List A disease and is a foreign animal disease in the United   States. It is caused by highly contagious and pathogenic paramyxovirus strain   that affects many species of birds. In domestic poultry, the mortality rate   is high, though there is variable mortality in other species of birds. A carrier   state may exist in psittacine and some wild birds. Southern California had an   extensive outbreak in commercial poultry in the early 1970's that lasted 2 yr   and resulted in 12 million birds being destroyed. In October 2002, END was diagnosed   in southern California backyard poultry flocks that spread to commercial poultry   flocks in early December 2002. On December 30. 2002 END was confirmed in a commercial   egg-laying facility in San Diego County within 10 miles of the San Diego Wild   Animal Park. As of April 1, 2003, 22 commercial poultry premises were affected,   seven of which were in San Diego County within a 15 mile radius of the San Diego   Wild Animal Park. The consequences would be catastrophic if our premises at   the San Diego wild Animal Park became infected. Those consequences could include   partial or complete depopulation of the avian collections, closing all or part   of the public facilities, and loss of genetic diversity for key conservation   programs, including the California condor (Gymcnogyps californianus). It was   recognized early on that prevention, through stringent biosecurity measures,   was essential. Close communications were established with the mult-agency END   Task force including critical protocol reviews, site visits, and outreach presentations   to employees. The following is a summary of the biosecurity measures, based   on recommendations for domestic poultry, put into place in response to the threat   of END occurring in our region. Since many of these measures are generally a   good practice, some will likely stay in place once the quarantine is lifted.   These biosecurity measures are categorized by the potential source of infection   to the avian collection.

 

Fatal   disseminated yeast infection in orinoco geese (*Neochen jubata*) and brown   pelicans (*Pelecanus fuscus*). Garner, Michael M.; Dunker, Freeland;   Ochsenreiter, John; Nordhausen, Robert W.; Barr, Bradd C.; Coleman, Gary; Murray,   William.*Proceedings of the American   Association of Zoo Veterinarians Annual Conference,**Minneapolis, MN.   Oct. 4-10, 2003*. 333 pp. p. 276-277.

            NAL   call no: SF605.A4

Descriptors:   yeast infection, orinoco geese, brown pelican, fatality, case histories.

Abstract:   This report describes systemic yeast infection occurring in three captive Orinoco   geese and two captive brown pelicans from the San Francisco Zoo during 1996   and 1999. Case 1 was a 2-yr old female captive bred Orinococ goose (295001),   and had a history of recurrent lameness of 4 mo duration. The bird was hospitalized   during a 5-day period of lameness in September, 1996. The goose received supportive   care but died. Case 2 was a 2-yr old make Orinoco goose (295004) that had a   history of recurrent lameness of 4 mo duration. The bird had been hospitalized   during a 7-day period of lameness in September, 1996. The goose received supportive   care but dies. Case 3 (298079/00-0010) and 4 (298045) were adult female brown   pelicans that were found dead in a lake on the zoo grounds in January, 1999.   Case 5 was a male Orinoco goose (298064/1999-0086) that was found dead on the   zoo grounds in 1999. Histologically in all birds, intracytoplasmic organisms   were detected in the endothelial cells or luminal macrophages of veins, venules   and capillaries of the lung with associated mild to moderate perivascular lymphoid   cuffs and interstitial lymphohistiocytic pneumonia. The organisms were also   detected in endothelial cells of vessels in peripheral nerves of the leg in   cases 1 and 2, and occasionally in low numbers in other tissues. The organisms   in the endothelial cells were ovoid and approximately 1-3*u*m in greatest   dimension. The organisms stained positive with PAS and GMS, and did not react   with Brown and Brenn or Fite’s acid fast stains. Electron microscopy revealed   that the organisms were 1.10x2.04 *u*m, had a single central to slightly   eccentric nucleus, trilaminar cell wall, thin outer capsule, and replicated   by budding from the apical or apico-lateral regions of the cell wall. The light   microscopic, ultrastructural, and tinctorial properties of the organisms were   features consistent with yeasts. Despite extensive culturing for fungal organisms   from tissues of case 3, no significant fungal growth was obtained. Disseminated   yeast infection has been documented in birds, primarily those belonging to the   order Anseriformes, particularly from Northwest America. The identity of these   organisms is based on light and electron microscopic morphology and tinctorial   properties. The etiologic agent or agents of this condition have not been named   or further characterized because culture attempts have been unsuccessful. The   organisms typically infect endothelial cells and macrophages and death is attributed   to associated inflammation and vascular damage.

 

Health   evaluation of the flamingo populations of the *Phoenicopurrus* genus   in northern Chile. Fabry, Mauricio; Parada, Mario; Bonacic, Cristian.   *Proceedings of the American Association of Zoo Veterinarians Annual Conference,**Minneapolis, MN. Oct. 4-10, 2003*. 333 pp. 51-52.

            NAL   call no: SF605.A4

Descriptors:   flamingo, *Phoenicoparrus*, health evaluation, northern Chile.

Abstract:   The objectives of our study were to assess the health status of free-ranging   flamingo populations and to improve the capture methods in terms of safety and   effectiveness. The first sampling campaign was performed in November 2002 in   the Salar de Atacama, II district, Chile (23° 18' 31'’ S, 68°08'   25'’ W, at 2,330m above sea level). Thirty-two flamingos (11 Andean, 21   James) were captured with foot traps (n=8) or during night captures with nets   (n=24). The second sampling campaign was performed in March 2002, in Surire   I district (18° 50' 42'’ S, 68° 59' 21'’ W, at 4,283 m above   sea level).³ Nineteen flamingos (7 Andean, 12 James) were captured with   foot traps (n=1) or during night captures with nets (n=18). The animals were   weighed and then physically examined and tagged. Swabs were collected for complete   blood cell counts, biochemical analysis and serology. Fresh fecal samples were   obtained for parasitology. The Andean flamingos weighed an average of 2.86+   0.34kg, while the James flamingos weighed 2.32+0.32kg. The average of white   cell count was 8,084.62 +2,584.52 cells/mm³ for the Andean flamingos, and   5,909.58+1,615.87 cells/mm³ for the James flamingos. The most frequent   bacteria isolated from the cloaca and choana was Bacillus spp. In addition,   Penicillium and Aspergillus were identified in both species. Antibodies were   present for influenza virus (n=4), Newcastle disease virus (n=11), and Eastern   and Western equine encephalitis disease virus (n=2). Fecal samples were negative.   At necropsy, one Andean flamingo was found heavily parasitized with Flamingolepsis   spp. Two hundred Flamingolepsis tapeworms were recovered from a James flamingo.   This parasite has not previously been reported in this species.

 

Heart   rate response to cooling in emu hatchlings. Tamura, A.; Akiyama, R.;   Chiba, Y.; Moriya, K.; Dzialowski, E.M.; Burggren, W.W.; Tazawa, H. *Comparative   Biochemistry and Physiology A; Molecular and Integrative Physiology,* 2003,   v. 134 (4), p. 829-838. ref. 

Descriptors:   emu, hatchlings, cooling, heart rate response.

Abstract:   Among fluctuations of instantaneous heart rate (IHR) in newly hatched chicks,   heart rate (HR) oscillation with a mean frequency of 0.7 Hz has been designated   as Type II HR variability characterized by low frequency (LF) oscillation [*Comp.   Biochem. Physiol. Part A* 124 (1999) 461]. In response to exposure to lowered   ambient temperature (Ta), chick hatchlings raised their HR baseline accompanied   with the production or augmentation of Type II HR oscillation, indicating that   LF oscillation is a phenomenon relating to thermoregulation [*J. Therm. Biol*.   26 (2001) 281]. In emu hatchlings that are precocial like chickens, type II   HR oscillation also occurred, but less frequently in comparison with chick hatchlings   [*Comp. Biochem. Physiol. Part A* 131 (2002) 787]. This present experiment   was conducted to elucidate how IHR of emu hatchlings responds to changes in   Ta. Six hatchlings were measured for IHR and skin temperature (Ts) during a   3-h period when they were exposes to controlled Ta (ca 35°C), lowered Ta   (ca. 15-30°C) and again the controlled Ta for individual 1-h periods. In   response to all the cooling and re-warming procedures, HR baseline changed depending   upon the intensity of the Ta differences; i.e. large differences of a Ta produced   large changes in HR. HR fluctuations tended to augment during cooling with a   few exceptions, but LF oscillation was not produced. Thus, LF oscillation, which   was scarce even at the controlled Ta, could not be used as a thermoregulatory   indicator in emus.

 

Hematologic   and biochemical reference ranges for the California condor *(Gymnogyps californianus*).   Dujowich, Mauricio; Mazet, Jonna K.; Zuba, Jeffery R. *Proceedings of the   American Association of Zoo Veterinarians Annual Conference,* Minneapolis,   MN. Oct. 4-10, 2003. 333 pp. p. 283-284.

            NAL   call no: SF605.A4

Descriptors:   hematologic and biochemical ranges, California condo, *Gymnogyps californianus*,   blood sampling, captive animals, various parameters sampled.

Abstract:   Introduction: The California condor (*Gymnogyps californianus*) was at   the point of extinction with only 22 individuals in the wild 2 decades ago.   Condors were taken into captivity for captive propagation and subsequent reintroduction   with the last condor being captured in 1987. Today there are approximately 200   condors; 130 condors in captivity and 70 successfully reintroduced in the wild   (J. Zuba, personal communication). In order to provide proper medical care for   this endangered species, veterinarians need accurate hematologic and biochemical   reference ranges on which to base medical evaluations and treatments. Methods:   Blood samples from 61 captive California condors housed at the San Diego Wild   Animal Park were evaluated by sex and age to determine serum biochemical and   hematologic reference ranges. Chloride, cholesterol, and total plasma protein   concentrations were higher in males than n females (n=23 males, 21 females:   P<0.05). The condors were grouped by age for analysis as follows: group 1   included bird 30 days of age or less; group 2 included birds from 30 days to   6 mo of age; group 3 included birds from 6 mo tp 5 yr of age; group 4 included   all birds older than 5 yr. Results and Discussion: When comparing biochemical   values by age, significant differences in glucose, potassium, phosphorous, calcium,   albumin, globulin, cholesterol, and bile acid concentrations, as well as, aspartate   aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase, lactate dehydrogenase, and crestine   phosphokinase activities were identified. When comparing hematologic values   by age, differences in white blood cell count, hemoglobin, hematocrit, total   plasma protein concentration, heterophils, lymphocytes, and eosinophils were   identified. A steady increase in glucose and a decrease in alkaline phosphatase   and lactate dehydrogenase activities, as well as cholesterol, bile acid, calcium,   and phosphrous concentrations were correlated with age. Condors from age group   1 and age group 2 were identified as unique compared to other age groups. Due   to these differences two reference ranges (condors under 6 mo of age and condors   over 6 mo of age) have been established by calculating a 90% confidence interval.   Reference ranges obtained from other published avian data including those for   psittaciformes, ratites, galliformes, anseriformes, and raptors were similar   to the condors in this study.

 

Incidence   of juvenile osteodystrophy in hand-reared grey parrots (*Psittacus e erithacus*).   Harcourt-Brown, N. *Veterinary Record,* 2003, v. 152 (14), p. 438-439.   ref. ISSN: 0042-4900.

            NAL   call no: 41.8 V641

Descriptors:   osteodystrophy, hand-reared grey parrots, incidence, *Psittacus e erithacus*,   furcula, carina, ribs, wing and leg bones.

Abstract:   Radiographic examinations of grey parrots (*Psittacus e erithacus*, n=34)   were undertaken to assess for the presence of osteodystrophy. The following   bones were examined: furcula (fused clavicles), carina (keel), ribs, humerus,   radius, ulna and pelvis, including the synsacrum, femur and tibiotarsus. Results   showed that 19 birds (56%) had normal bones, whereas 44% had signs of juvenile   osteodystrophy. Based on the radiographic appearance, the furcula was not affected   in 25% of the birds; the percentage of birds with affected ribs, humerus, radius,   ulna, pelvis/synsacrum and femur was 41, 8, 33, 33, 25 and 25%.

 

Management   of egg-related peritonitis in a blue and gold macaw (*Ara ararauna*).   Wilson, H.; Graham, J. *Compendium on Continuing Education for the Practicing   Veterinarian,* 2003, v. 25 (1), p. 42-47. ref. ISSN: 0193-1903.

            NAL   call no: SF601.C66

Descriptors:   egg related peritonitis, management, macaw, *Ara ararauna*, case study.

Abstract:   A 16 year old female blue and gold macaw (*Ara ararauna*) was presented   with a history of a nutritionally inadequate diet, inappetence, and mild depression   [place and date not given]. Clinical signs included severe dyspnea, depression,   anorexia, coelomic distention, and cloacal prolapse. Radiographs indicated a   soft tissue mass in the midcoelomic cavity. Laparoscopic examination provided   a timely diagnosis: septic egg-related peritonits. Salpingohysterectomy, with   removal of inspissated egg yolk, and antimicrobial treatment with enrofloxacin   resolved clinical signs. Dietary changes resolved poor feather quality.

 

Pharmacokinetics   of marbofloxacin in the Blue and Gold Macaw (*Ara ararauna*). Carpenter,   James W.; Olsen, John H.; Henry, Heather, Koch, David E.; Isaza, Ramiro; Hunter,   Robert P. *Proceedings of the**American Association of Zoo Veterinarians   Annual Conference,**Minneapolis, MN. Oct. 4-10, 2003*. 333 pp. p.   79.

            NAL   call no: SF605.A4

Descriptors:   marbofloxacin, antimicrobial agent, pharmacokinetics, blue and gold macaw,*Ara ararauna*.

Abstract:   Because there is a lack of approved pharmaceutical agents in the United States   for pet birds there has been an increased interest in the clinical pharmacology   of pet bird species in recent years to insure proper dosing and treatment of   these animals. Marbofloxacin is a synthetic antimicrobial agent of the fluoroquinolone   class. This drug is safe and efficacious, and is approved for the treatment   of skin and soft tissue infections in dogs and cats, and urinary tract infections   in dogs. There have been no pharmacokinetic studies on marbofloxacin in pet   birds, Although the pharmacokinetics of marbofloxacin in broiler chickens and   Eurasian buzzards (*Buteo buteo*) have been determined, there have been   no pharmacokinetic studies of marbofloxacin in pet birds. Because antimicrobial   management of bacterial infections is one of the most challenging aspects of   therapy encountered in avian medicine, a study was designed to determine the   pharmacokinetics of marbofloxacin in blue and gold macaws (*Ara ararauna*),   a species commonly kept both as a companion animal and as a display animal in   zoological collections. Marbofloxacin (2.5 mg/kg) was administered orally via   crop gavage to five birds and intravenously to five birds, and blood samples   obtained at 0, 0.5, 1, 3, 6, 12, 24, 48, 72, and 96 hr post-marbofloxacin administration.   Following a 4-wk wash-out period, the study was repeated, with the first five   birds receiving the intravenous dose and the second five birds receiving the   oral dose. The data derived from this study was used to calculate therapeutic   dosage regimes for treating infectious disease.

 

Radiography   of birds. Forbes, N.A,; Coles, G. (ed); Dobson, J (ed); Elliott, J. (ed);   Elwood, C. (ed); Hall, E. (ed); Heath, S. (ed); Hill, P. (ed); Moore, P.H. (ed);   Innes, J. (ed); Jeffery, A. (ed); Redrobe, S. (ed); Tasker, S. (ed); Williams,   J. (ed); Wotton, P. (ed); Yam, P. *Scientific Proceedings Veterinary Programme;   British Small Animal Veterinary Association,**Birmingham, UK. Apr. 3-6,   2003*, p. 399-401. ref. ISBN: 0905214773.

            NAL   call no: 41.9 B774

Descriptors:   birds, radiography, methods, techniques. 

 

Radiography   and image-intensified fluoroscopy of barium passage through the gastrointestinal   tract in six healthy Amazon parrots (*Amazona aestiva*). Vink, Nooteboom,   M.; Lumeij, J.T.; Wolvekamp, W.T.C. *Veterinary Radiology and Ultrasound,*   2003, v. 44 (1). p. 43-48. ref. ISSN: 1058-8183.

            NAL   call no: SF757.8.A4

Descriptors:   radiography, fluoroscopy, gastrointestinal tract, barium, parrots.

Abstract:   Gastrointestinal contrast studies were performed in six clinically healthy blue-fronted   Amazon parrots (*Amazona aestiva*) using radiography and image-intensified   fluoroscopy. During examination, the birds were confined in a perspex cage.   The quality of the lateral radiographs was adequate for assessment of the contrast   medium-filled gastrointestinal tract. Thirty minutes after administration of   20 mL/kg of a 25% barium sulfate suspension directly into the crop, in all birds   the ventriculus was totally outlined by barium. After 60 minutes, the small   intestine was filled in five of six birds. After 180 minutes, the crop was empty   in all birds. The barium outlined ventriculus had differences in shape on radiographs   of individual birds and also between birds. The colon and cloaca had further   filling after 120 to 300 minutes. With image-intensified fluoroscopy, gastrointestinal   motility was evaluated. Contractions of the crop were seen, and boluses of contrast   medium passing through the oesophagus toward the proventriculus were easily   identified. Proventricular contractions were rarely noted, but ventriculus motility   was present and clearly defined. The ventriculus had a mean of 3.7 contraction   cycles/minute. In the duodenum and small intestine, rapid antegrade and retrograde   peristaltic movements in combination with segmental contractions were seen.   In the colon, occasionally very slow peristaltic activity, mainly of segmental   nature, was present. During the examination, no defeacation was recorded. Confinement   in a small perspex cage provides an adequate and handy radiological set-up for   evaluation of gastrointestinal passage and motility in birds, minimizing the   influences of stress and anaesthesia.

 

Raptor   mites. Philips, James R. *Proceedings of the American Association of   Zoo Veterinarians Annual Conference,**Minneapolis, MN. Oct. 4-10, 2003*.   333 pp. p. 300.

            NAL   call no: SF605.A4

Descriptors:   raptors, mites, feather mites, quill mites, skin and subcutaneous mites, respiratory   mites.

Abstract:   Birds of prey host many mites, ranging from harmful to harmless to beneficial   species. These mites include feather mites, quill mites, skin and subcutaneous   mites and respiratory mites, and they reproduce either on or in the host or   in the nest. The mites feed on blood, tissue fluid, skin and feather lipids   and debris, keratin, fungi, algae and other mites. The mite fauna of over half   the falconiform and stringiform species is completely unknown, but 21 families   of mites are associated with falconiformes and 17 families are associated with   owls, with nearly 100 total mite species in each case, and up to 18 mite species   known from an individual raptor species. Healthy looking raptors without obvious   mites may harbor populations of 15,000 feather mites and 4,000 quill mites.   Abnormal host transferences can occur with birds in captivity (e.g. crane mites   occurring on falcons). Owls tend to have the greatest variety of raptor mites,   and both owls and eagles often host large mite populations. Hawks tend to have   fewer mites and falcons very few. My website at http://raptormites.babson.edu   provides a more detailed overview of the varied raptor mites, with photographs,   and an up-to-date host/parasite species checklist for mites of the Falconiformes   and Stringiformes of the world. Zoo veterinarians have the opportunity to examine   many of the raptor species whose mite fauna is poorly known or unknown, and   to discover many new raptor mite species and host relationships.    

Sex   determination in the common buzzard (*Buteo buteo*) by means of endoscopy   and DNS analysis. Angioletti, A.; Battocchio, M.; Veronesi, M.C.; Raimindi,   S. *Veterinary Research Communications,* Sept. 2003, v. 27 (Suppl. 1),   p. 197-199. ISSN: 0165-7380.

            NAL   call no: SF601.V38

Descriptors:   common buzzard, sex determination, endoscopy.

 

Suspected   ivermectin toxicity in a nenday parakeet (*Nandayus nenday*). Perpinan,   David; Melero, Roberto. *Proceedings of the American Association of Zoo Veterinarians   Annual Conference,**Minneapolis, MN. Oct. 4-10, 2003*. 333 pp. p.   298-299.

            NAL   call no: SF602.A4

Descriptors:   parakeet, ivermectin toxicity, *Nanadayus nenday,***case study.

Abstract:   Twenty birds in an aviary were prophylactically treated with a single dose of   ivermectin. The following morning one adult Nenday parakeet (*Nandayus nenday*)   was found on the floor of the cage, prostrate with some wind movement and signs   of bradypnea, hypothermia ataxia, and depression. The animal was placed in a   warm place and treated with intraosseous fluid therapy and a single high dose   of corticosteroids. The parakeet did not recover and died 10 hr after the onset   of the treatment. No necropsy was performed. The death was supposed to be an   adverse reaction to ivermectin. 

 

Symblepharon   with aberrant protrusion of the nictitating membrane in the snowy owl (*Nyctea   scandiaca*). Williams, D.L.; Flach, E. *Veterinary Ophthalmology,*2003, v. 6 (1), p. 11-13. ref. 

            NAL   call no: SF891.V47

Descriptors:   symblepharon, nictitating membrane, protrusion, snowy owl, treatment, case study.

Abstract:   Two young snowy owl chicks were presented with aberrant protrusion of the nictitating   membranes. This was caused by conjunctival adhesions causing symblepharon secondary   to a previous septiceaemia episode. While symblepharon has been noted in birds   before, this unusual presentation of the nictitating membrane has not been reported.   Surgical intervention ameliorated the clinical signs, allowing vision in one   bird by removal of the nictitating membranes, a technique which appeared to   have no deleterious effects on the ocular surface. 

 

Tissue   content of novel renal disease markers in pigeons (*Columba livia*). Wimsatt,   Jeffery; Pearce, Roger D.; Nelson, Scott; Shanahan, Lynne T.; Vap, Linda M.   *Proceedings of the American Association of Zoo Veterinarians Annual Conference,**Minneapolis, MN. Oct. 4-10, 2003*. 333 pp. p. 317-318.

            NAL   call no: SF605.A4

Descriptors:   renal disease, markers, pigeons, tissue content.

Abstract:   Acute renal disease remains challenging to diagnose in avian species due to   their ability to hide illness, an absence of specific clinical signs, and a   lack of validated sensitive markers of glomerular and tubular dysfunction or   damage. Acute avian renal disease occurs in response to a range of nephron damaging   events, including: severe dehydration, high protein load, vitamin A deficiency,   nephrotoxin exposure, and renal adenocarcinoma. Introduction: Mammalian renal   indices are of limited value. For example, birds make predominately creatine,   not creatinine; they are more uricotelic than ureotelic, and BUN when produced   is strongly influenced by dietary protein intake and differential handling by   functionally discrete nephron populations. The purpose of the present study   was to determine tissue levels of creatine and N-acetyl-b-D-glucosaminidase   (NAG) as a prelude to renal disposition and diseases studies. Methods: A modified   two-step creatinine assay procedure (Boehringer-Mannheim, now Roche) was previously   adapted and validated and used to measure creatine, using an Hitachi 917 clinical   chemistry Autoanalyzer. NAG was similarly assayed using a standard commercial   kit (Roche). Selected tissue samples (pancreas, liver, skeletal muscle, kidney   and small/large intestine) from four captive-bred homing pigeons fed a standard   diet and humanely euthanatized as a part of flock culling were rapidly collected,   snap frozen, powdered in liquid nitrogen and stored at -80°C. At the time   of assay. Aliquots of frozen powdered tissues were resuspended in cold Tris   buffer (pH 8.0), vortexed 30 sec, centrifuged at 10,000 rpm, and assayed for   creatine and NSG. Analysis employed one-way ANOVA tissues as factors. Results:   Results indicated that creatine was significantly (P<00001) elevated in skeletal   muscle as compared to other tissues examined, and that NAG was significantly   (P<00001) elevated in renal tissue as compared to other tissues.

 

Vaccination   of Andean condors (*Vultur gryphus*) and California condors (*Gymnogyps   californianus*) with a West Nile virus DNA vaccine. Stringfield, Cynthia   E.; Davis, Brent S.; Chang, Gwong-Jen J. *Proceedings of the American Association   of Zoo Veterinarians Annual Conference*, *Minneapolis, MN. Oct. 4-10,   2003*. 333 pp. p. 193-194.

            NAL   call no: SF605.A4

Descriptors:   condors, West Nile virus, vaccine.

Abstract:   During the late summer and early fall of 1999, an outbreak of viral encephalitis   occurred in New York, resulting in fatal neurologic disease in humans and a   variety of native and exotic birds, and horses. West Nile virus (WNV), a mosquito-borne   flavivirus never before identified in the western Hemisphere was shown to be   the cause of disease. The virus has spread across the United States in the past   3 yr, killing thousands of birds of many species, and is expected to cross the   Rocky Mountains imminently reaching the home of the last 200 plus members of   the endangered species, the California condor (*Gymnogyps californianus*).   The only commercially available vaccine is one manufactured and approved for   horses. It is a killed vaccine in a lipid adjuvant (Metastim™) (West Nile-Innovator,   fort Dodge, Fort Dodge, IA) with variable results in some species of birds and   of unknown efficacy in most species. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention   (CDC) has developed an experimental recombinant DNA plasmid vaccine in an aluminum   phosphate adjuvant, that in experimental studies has shown promise in protecting   two very sensitive crow species, Fish crows (*Corvus ossifragus*) and American   crows (*Corvus brachyrhynchos*) (Bunning et al., personal communication).   The CDC included the California condor in its evaluation of their experimental   DNA plasmid vaccine. Eight Andean condors (*Vultur gryphus*) and 27 California   condors residing at the Los Angeles Zoo were vaccinated twice, 21 days apart.   Serum was collected at day 0, day 21, and at 3 mo (or longer) post vaccine.   There were no adverse reactions, and preliminary evaluations show good immune   response to this vaccine, and further titer evaluation is pending. Vaccination   of the rest of the population is in progress. The candidate vaccine looks to   be a promising one for future avian vaccination for WNV; however, it is currently   for research only and not commercially available at this time.

 

Variability   in brain and arterial blood temperatures in free-ranging ostriches in their   natural habitat. Fuller, A.; Kamerman, P.R.; Maloney, S.K.; Mitchell,   G.; Mitchell, D. *Journal of Experimental Biology,* 2003, v. 206 (7), p.   1171-1181. ref. 

            NAL   call no: 442.8 B77

Descriptors:   brain and arterial blood temperature, variability, natural habitat, carotid   blood, daily rhythm, air temperature impacts.

Abstract:   We used implanted miniature data loggers to measure brain (in or near the hypothalamus)   and carotid arterial blood temperatures at 5 min intervals in six free-ranging   ostriches *Struthio camelus* in their natural habitat, for a period of   up to 14 days. Carotid blood temperatures exhibited a large amplitude (3.0-4.6°   C) circadian rhythm, and was positively correlated with air temperature. During   the day, brain temperature exceeded carotid blood temperature by approx. 0.4°   C, but there were episodes when brain temperature was lowered below blood temperature.   Selective brain cooling, however, was not present in all ostriches, and was   not tightly coupled to the prevailing body temperature. Brain temperature was   maintained within narrow daily limits of approx. 2° C, and varied significantly   less than blood temperature at short time scales of 5 to 20 min. At night, brain   temperature exceeded blood temperature by as much as 3° C. We attribute   the elevated brain temperatures to warming of cerebral arterial blood, by reduced   heat exchange in the ophthalmic rete or possibly heat gain from cranial structures,   before supplying the hypothalamus. Further studies are necessary to elucidate   the significance of such variations in brain temperature and the importance   of selective brain cooling in free-living birds. 

 

Waterfowl   in practice. Saunders, R. *Veterinary Times,* 2003, v. 33 (8). p.   12. ref.

Descriptors:   waterfowl, veterinary practice.

 

 

2002

 

Abdominal   effusion in a bird. Caruso, Kimberly J.; Cowell, Rick L.; Meinkoth, James   H.; Klaassen, James K. *Veterinary Clinical Pathology,* 2002, v. 31 (3),   p. 127-128. ISSN: 0275-6382. 

            NAL   call no: SF601.A54

Descriptors:   abdominal effusion, peritonitis, digestive system disease, case study. 

 

Avian   critical care. Echols, M.S.; Marx, K.L.(ed).; Roston, M.A. *Proceedings   23rd Annual Conference on Avian Medicine and Surgery,**Mid-Atlantic   States Association of Avian Veterinarians, Fredericksburg, VA. Apr. 28-30, 2002*.   P. 1-9. ref. 

            NAL   call no: SF994.M52

Descriptors:   aviary birds, blood transfusion, fluid therapy, intensive care.

 

Basic   and advanced diagnostic testing in pet birds. Echols, M.S.; Marx, K.L.(ed);   Roston, M.A. *Proceedings of the 23rd Annual Conference on Avian   Medicine and Surgery,* Mid-Atlantic States Association of Avian Veterinarians,   Fredericksburg, VA, Apr. 28-30, 2002. p. 20-35. ref. 

            NAL   call no: SF994.M52

Descriptors:   biopsy, blood specimen collection, cytology, diagnostic techniques. 

 

Birds   of prey. Chitty, J.; Meredith, A. (ed.); Redrobe, S. *BSAVA Manual   of Exotic Pets,* 2002, ed. 4. p. 179-192. ref. ISBN: 0905214471.

            NAL   call no: SF981. B78

Descriptors:   anesthetics, animal diseases, drug therapy, restraint of animals. 

 

*Birds   of prey: Health and Diseases.* Cooper, J.E.; Cooper, J.E. 2002, ed. 3, xvii.   345 pp. ref. Blackwell Science, Oxford, UK. ISBN: 0632051159. 

            NAL   call no: SF994.5.C65 2002

Descriptors:   anesthesia, animal anatomy, nutrition, diagnosis, diseases, feet, reviews.

Abstract:   This book reviews the health and diseases of birds of prey. It is divided into   the following chapters: the history of raptor medicine; nomenclature, anatomy;   methods of investigation and treatment; non-infectious diseases; infectious   diseases, excluding macroparasites; parasitic diseases; foot conditions; neurological   disorders; nutritional diseases, including poisoning, in captive birds; poisoning   in wild raptors; anaesthesia and surgery; miscellaneous and emerging diseases;   diseases in wild bird populations; and discussion and conclusions. The following   are also presented: list of species and raptors; clinical examination forms;   post-mortem and egg/embryo protocol examination form; cytology and blood smear   report forms; key to major clinical diagnosis; key to major post-mortem diagnosis   including findings in eggs; the principles of health monitoring, with particular   reference to the movement of raptors; minimally invasive health monitoring;   medicines and other agents used in treatment, including emergency anaesthesia   kit and avian resuscitation protocol; field work, field kit and portable equipment,   and field post-mortem technique; and legislation and codes of practice relevant   to working with raptors.

 

*BSAVA Manual of Exotic Pets*. 2002, ed. 4, viii, 304 pp. ref. ISBN: 0905214471.

            NAL   call no: SF981.B78

Descriptors:   anesthesia, anatomy, diseases, husbandry, diagnosis, birds, drug therapy.

Abstract:   This manual discusses the anatomy, biology, husbandry, handling and restraint,   diagnosis of diseases, principles of anaesthesia and analgesia, common surgical   procedures, euthanasia and drug formulation for exotic animals and pets like   rats, mice, hamsters, gerbils, chipmunks, guinea pigs, chinchillas, rabbits,   ferrets, fancy pigs, aviary birds, pigeons, tortoises, turtles, lizards, snakes,   amphibians, ornamental fishes and other invertebrates.

 

Care   and aviary birds. Stanford, M.D.; Meredith, A. (ed).; Redrobe, S. *BSAVA   Manual of Exotic Pets.* 2002, ed. 4, p. 157-167. ref. ISBN: 0905214471.

            NAL   call no: SF981.B78

Descriptors:   anesthetics, bird feeding, bird diseases, diagnosis, drug therapy.

 

Clinical   chemistry of companion avian species: A review. Harr, Kendal E. *Veterinary   Clinical Pathology, Inc.* 2002, v. 31 (3), p. 140-151. ISSN: 0275-6382.

            NAL   call no: SF601.A54

Descriptors:   clinical chemistry reference values, biochemistry, biophysics.

Abstract:   Birds have evolved alternate physiological strategies to contend with dehydration,   starvation, malnutrition, and reproduction. Basic anatomic and functional differences   between birds and mammals impact clinical chemistry values and their evaluation.   Interpretation of the results of standard biochemical analyses, including BUN,   alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, creatinine kinase, gamma   glutamyltransferase, bilirubin, ammonia, alkaline phosphatase, cholesterol,   bile acids, glucose, albumin, globulins, calcium, phosphorous, prealbumin (transthyretin),   fibrinogen, iron, and ferritin, is reviewed and discussed in relation to these   physiological differences. The use and interpretation of alternative analytes   appropriate for avian species, such as uric acid, biliverdin, glutamate dehydrogenase,   and galactose clearance, also are reviewed. Normal avian urine and appropriate   use of urinalysis, an integral part of laboratory diagnosis in mammalian species   that frequently is omitted from avian diagnostic protocols, is discussed.

 

The   influence of stress from transport and handling on haematological and clinical   blood chemistry parameters of racing pigeons (*Columbia livia domestica*).   Scope, A.; Filip, T.; Gabler, C.; Resch, F. *Avian Diseases,* 2000. v.   46 (1), p. 224-229. ISSN: 0005-2086. ref.

            NAL   call no: 41.8 AV5

Descriptors:   blood chemistry, hematology, handling, transport stress.

Abstract:   In the present study, the influence of stress from handling and transport on   some frequently examined blood parameters of racing pigeons was evaluated. After   3 h. there was a highly significant (P<0.01) increase the number as well   as the percentage of heterophils and a decrease in lymphocytes. For blood chemistry,   increases in creatine kinase and glucose and a decrease in uric acid were observed.   There was a mean decrease of the total white blood cell count of >15% that   was less significant (P<0.05). Changes in lactate dehydrogenase, basophils,   and monocytes did not prove to be significant; eosinophils, aspartate aminotransferase,   total protein, and packed cell volume were not influenced by stress.

 

Pigeons.   Redrobe, S.; Meredith, A. (ed).; Redrobe, S. *BSAVA Manual of Exotic Pets.*2002, ed. 4, p. 168-178. ref. ISBN: 0905214471.

            NAL   call no: SF981.B78

Descriptors:   anesthetics, diagnostic techniques, restraint of animals, surgical operations.

 

Plasma   chemistry reference values in ostriches. Verstappen, F.L.A.M.; Lumeij,   J.T.; Bronneberg, R.G.G. *Journal of Wildlife Diseases,* Jan. 2002, v.   38 (1), p. 154-159. ref. ISSN: 0090-3558.

            NAL   call no: 41.9 W64B

Descriptors:   albumins, blood chemistry, normal values, glucose, bile acids, proteins, potassium,   methods.

Abstract:   Reference values for 18 plasma chemical values in blue neck ostriches (*Struthio   camelus australis*, n=60, age 24-36 months) in the reproductive age were   established for use in veterinary clinical practice using non-parametric statistics.   The following values were established for the percentiles P2.5 and P97.5: sodium   147-157 mmol/litre, calcium 2.4-4.8 mmol/litre, inorganic phosphate 1.3-2.3   mmol/litre, chloride 94-105 mmol/litre, glucose 10.3-13.7 mmol/litre, urea 0.5-0.8mmol/litre,   uric acid 351-330 *u*mol/litre, bile acids 8-33 *u*mol/litre, total   protein 39-56 g/litre, albumin-globulin ratio 0.45-0.59, osmolality 304-330   mOsm/kg, alkaline phosphate 69-217 IU/litre, aspartate aminotransferase 243-418   IU/litre, gamma-glutamyltransferase0-1 IU/litre, creatine kinase 1648-4894 IU/litre,   glutamate dehydrogenase 8-17 IU/litre, and lactate dehydrogenase 860-2236 IU/litre.   The plasma calcium concentration was significantly (P<0.001; r=0.74) related   to the total protein concentration and an adjustment formula for calcium was   derived. This formula was: adjusted Ca (mmol/litre)=Ca (mmol/litre)-0.09 TP   (g/litre)+4.4. The influence of blood sample treatment on the plasma potassium   concentration as seen in other avian species was demonstrated in a separate   experiment, emphasizing the need to separate plasma and cells immediately after   collection in avian blood samples.

 

* Proceedings   of the 23rd Annual Conference on Avian Medicine and Surgery, Mid-Atlantic   States Association of Avian Veterinarians, Fredericksburg, VA. Apr. 28-30, 2002,*   186 pp. ref. 

            NAL   call no: SF605.A4

Descriptors:   anesthesia, animal behavior, dermatology, diagnosis, diet, surgery.

Abstract:   The 27 articles compiled elaborate on different aspects of avian medicine and   surgery, including critical care, anaesthesia and analgesia, transfusion and   fluid therapy, and clinical techniques. Common injuries and illnesses, disease   surveillance of West Nile virus infections, diseases of the gastrointestinal   tract, duck plague/duck viral enteritis, the prevalence of Chlamydophila psittaci   and Pacheco’s disease virus in Guatemala, and cases of chlamydophilosis,   metal toxicoses, pancreatic cancer and stifle luxation are discussed. Basic   and advanced diagnostic techniques as well as therapeutical regimens, particularly   for megabacteria, are presented. The other articles elaborate on avian haematology,   dermatology and behaviour; nutrition; clinical consequences of routine grooming   procedures; and pet parrot taxonomy and disease predilections. 

 

‘Sick   bird syndrome’- differential diagnosis and initial therapy. Keeble,   E.J. *Irish Veterinary Journal,* 2002, v. 55 (6), p. 287-290. ref. ISSN:   0368-0762.

            NAL   call no: 41.8 IR4

Descriptors:   analgesics, antibiotics, clinical aspects, diagnostic techniques, drug therapy.

 

Sonographic   investigations of the gastrointestinal tract of granivorous birds. Krautwald   Junghanns, Maria Elisabeth; Stahl, Anja; Pees, Michael; Enders, Frank; Bartels,   Thomas. *Veterinary Radiology and Ultrasound,* Nov./Dec. 2002, v. 43 (6),   p. 576-582. ISSN: 1058-8183.

            NAL   call no: SF757.8.A4

Descriptors: digestive   system, radiology, methods and techniques, normal gastrointestinal tract.

Abstract:   This article describes the sonographic examination of the normal gastrointestinal   tract of granivorous birds. Preliminary tests with dead birds were performed   to get an idea of the sonographic echotexture of the avian gastrointestinal   tract. Later, clinically healthy seedeaters of different weights were examined   sonographically. As equipment a convex microcurved scanner with a particularly   small coupling surface and an adjustable frequency from 5.5-7.5 MHz was used.   For the investigation of the gastrointestinal tract, six sonographic approaches   are described. After a starving time of 18 hours in the granivorous birds and   water input, the best sonographic image quality could be obtained. Using this   method, the crop, ventriculus, intestines, and cloaca could be demonstrated   sonographically; whereas, it was not possible to visualize the normal proventriculus   in granivorous birds. In contrast to mammals, the different layers of the wall   of the gastrointestinal tract could not be visualized with the equipment used.   Motilty of individual parts of the gastrointestinal tract (GI tract), however,   could be well demonstrated.

 

Stomach   impaction in ostriches (*Struthio camelus*): blood chemistry, hematology,   and treatment. Yuksek, Nazmi; Agaoglu, Zahid; Kaya, Abdullah; Asian,   Logman; Erdogan, Hidayet Metin; Akgul, Yakup. *Avian Diseases,* Jul./Sept.   2002, v. 46 (3), p. 757-760. ISSN: 0005-2086.

            NAL   call no: 41.8 AV5

Descriptors:   stomach impaction, digestive system diseases, etiology, therapy, clinical signs.

Abstract:   This study involved 14 ostriches of both sexes between 3 and 24 mo of age. Some   hematologic and biochemical parameters were studied in animals with stomach   impaction. Clinical examination of the birds revealed anorexia, emaciation,   decreased defecation, listlessness, separation from the flock and recumbence.   The total number of leukocytes (10.4 X 103 mm3), the concentrations of serum   glucose (166 mg/dl), and total protein (2.4 g/dl) decreased; serum creatine   phosphokinase (1240 U/L) and alkaline phosphatase (598 U/L) increased, whereas   no changes were found in the concentrations of calcium, phosphorous, magnesium,   zinc, and copper. Medical treatment was initiated in 13 animals; six of them   recovered and seven birds died. Necropsy revealed edema, erosions, and hemorrhagic   ulcers in the stomach of the dead birds. Foreign bodies such as sand; stone;   pieces of wood, glass, and plastic; and metallic objects were encountered in   the stomach at necropsy. In one bird, metallic foreign body was diagnosed and   the bird was referred to surgery. Under stress factors, ostriches tend to eat   foreign material; therefore, adequate housing, nutrition, and care are crucial   in prevention of stomach impaction.

 

Techniques   de rehydratation des oiseaux sauvages. [Techniques for rehydration of wild birds.]   Risi, E. *Point Veterinaire,* 2002, v. 33 (222), p. 28-32. ref. ISSN: 0335-4997.   Note: In French.

            NAL   call no: SF605.S59 

Descriptors:   oral rehydration therapy, rehydration, wild birds.

 

The   use of surgical lasers in exotic and avian practice. Rupley, Agnes E.;   Parrott, Nenezian, Terri. *Veterinary Clinics of North America, Small Animal   Practice,* May 2002, v. 32 (3), p. 703-721. ISSN: 0195-5616.

            NAL   call no: SF601.V523

Descriptors:   carbon dioxide laser, diode laser, laser surgery, therapeutic method.

Abstract:   Laser use on exotics is a relatively new but expanding field. Protocols are   being developed to determine which surgical techniques will benefit from CO2   laser use. Techniques should be modified as needed to accomplish the goal of   the surgery. The diode laser overlaps the carbon dioxide laser in many clinical   uses in small mammals. Use of diode laser energy with fiberoptic endoscopic   delivery in exotic animal and avian practices offers a minimally invasive method   for performing specific surgical procedures. 

 

 

2001

 

Common   avian emergencies. Stahl, S.J. *Proceedings of the North American Veterinary   Conference,**Jan. 13-17, 2001, Orlando, FL**,* Eastern States   Veterinary Association, 2001, v. 15, p. 777-780. ref. In the volume: *Small   Animal and Exotics.* Part of a three volume set. 

            NAL   call no: SF605.N672

Descriptors:   birds, intensive care.

 

Diagnosis   of pericardial effusion in birds by ultrasound. Straub, J.; Pees, M.;   Krautwald-Junghanns, M.E. *Veterinary Record,* 2001, v. 149 (3) p. 86-88.   ref. ISSN: 0042-4900.

            NAL   call no: 41.8 V641

Descriptors:   aviary birds, diagnostic techniques, heart disease, pericardial effusion, various   species, parrots, ducks pigeons, mynahs..

Abstract:   Over a period of 12 months (July 1999 to June 2000), the cardiovascular system   of 60 severely diseased parrots and several other bird species, including ducks,   pigeons, mynahs, displaying medium-to-high-grade deterioration of general condition,   was examined by ultrasonography. Of the 60 birds examined, five (8.3%) exhibited   pericardial effusion. The pericardium as well as the pericardial cavity could   only be seen sonographically in the presence of pathological alterations. Based   on the ultrasound, dilation of the right ventricle and an anechoic area between   the pericardium and the epicardium were observed. These results suggest that   pericardial effusion in caged and aviary birds is not rare. The apparent capacity   of ultrasound examinations to differentiate between echopoor fluid and echogenous   tissues, such as myocardium and pericardium, indicates that it is the only routine   method to definitively diagnose pericardial effusion in birds. Radiological   examination and ECG only permit tentative diagnosis.

 

Diagnosis   and therapy of white muscle disease in young ostriches. Liu, ZhenXiang;   Zeng, YuanGen; Zhong, FuSheng; Tang, XiaoLing; Liu, Z.X.; Zeng, Y.G.; Zhong,   F.S.; Tang, X.L. *Chinese Journal of Veterinary Science and Technology,*   2001, v. 31 (3), p. 38-39. ISSN: 1000-6419.

Descriptors: deficiency   diseases, mineral deficiencies, nutrient deficiencies, vitamin E, young animals,   China.

Abstract:   Among 96 young ostriches of 1 - 2 months old reared on a farm in southern Hunan,   China, 29 died in March/April 1999. Samples were taken from tissues of the dead   birds and their feed examined. The samples of both the tissues and feed had   their Se level significantly lower than that in the normal birds and their standard   feed. For its control, the young ostriches were injected subcutaneously with   sodium selenite 1.0g/litre at 2 ml/bird, and vitamin E at 0.2 mg/bird at 15   day interval. In addition, sodium selenite and vitamin E were supplemented to   their feed at 0.3 mg/kg and 20 mg/kg, respectively. Then, the disease was brought   under control.

 

Electrocardiography,   heart rates, and heart weights of free-living birds. Machida, N.; Aohagi   Y. *Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine,* Mar. 2001, v. 32 (1), p. 47-54.   ref. ISSN: 1042-7260.

            NAL   call no: SF601.J6

Descriptors:   cardiac rhythm, electrocardiograms, heart rate, myocardial ischaemia, activity   effects. 

Abstract:   To examine the waveforms of electrocardiograms, cardiac rhythm, heart rates   at rest and during excitement, and the rate of increase of heart rate, electrocardiograms   were recorded with standard bipolar limb leads from 79 free-living birds, including   19 species which are members of the family Procellariidae, Anatidae, Accipitridae,   Ardeidae, Fringillidae, Scolopacidae, Laridae, Podicipedidae, Columbidae, Corvidae,   Muscicapidae, Ploceidae and Strigidae. The heart weights and heart-to-body weight   ratios were obtained from an additional 96 free-living birds, including 20 species.   In the majority of the electrocardiograms, lead I was of low amplitudes for   all waves except the P wave, and leads II and III were very similar to each   other with a predominant S wave and a very short or elevated ST segment. The   P wave was often superimposed on the T wave when the heart rate increased to   330 beats/minute. Four types of arrhythmia were observed in 50 of the 79 birds   (63.3%): 48 sinus arrhythmias, 4 sinus arrests, 2 atrial premature contractions   and 1 ventricular premature contraction. The resting heart rate was negatively   associated with the rate of increase, suggesting that a bird with a low resting   rate might be able to maintain a greater capacity to increase its heart rate   than one with a high resting rate. A negative correlation on a bilogarithmic   scale was obtained between the heart weight and the resting heart rate, indicating   that a bird with a high heart weight had lower resting heart rate than a bird   with a low heart weight. When the heart-to-body weight ratios of free-living   birds were compared according to their motility, the ratios of more active birds   were greater than those of less active ones.

 

Electrocardiographic   reference values for macaws (*Ara* species) and cockatoos (*Cacatua*   species). Oglesbee, B.L.; Hamlin, R.L.; Klingman, H.; Clanicola, J.;   Hartman, S.P. *Journal of Avian Medicine and Surgery,* 2001, v. 15 (1),   p. 17-22. ref. ISSN: 1082-6742.

            NAL   call no: SF994.J6

Descriptors:   electrocardiograms, heart rate, macaws, cockatoos.

Abstract:   Electrocardiograms (ECGs) were recorded from 41 healthy macaws (*Ara*   species) and 31 healthy cockatoos (*Cacatua* species). All birds were   anesthetized via face mask with isoflurane anesthesia. Standard bipolar (I,   II, III) and augmented unipolar (aVR, aVL, aVF, V10) leads were recorded with   birds in dorsal recumbency using a direct-writing oscillograph. Heart rates   for macaws and cockatoos ranged from 231 to 571 beats per minute. A sinus arrhythmia   was observed in 32% and 23% of the macaws and cockatoos, respectively. The mean   electrical axis for the macaw ECGs ranged from -76 to -87, whereas the mean   electrical axis for the cockatoo ECGs ranged from -73 to -89. The QRS was of   the rS contour in lead II in 73% of the macaw ECGs and 84% of the cockatoo ECGs.   Electrocardiographic parameters reported in this study can aid clinicians in   evaluating commonly seen species of macaws and cockatoos.

 

Emergency   care for the avian patient. Orosz, Susan E. *Proceedings of the Annual   Conference of the Mid-Atlantic States Association of Avian Veterinarians,*   2001, v. 22, p. 139-142. 

            NAL   call no: SF994.M52

Descriptors:   Aves, treatment techniques, emergency veterinary care procedures.

 

Geriatric   birds require comprehensive care: With their extended life spans, older birds   need special attention. Vaughn, S. *Veterinary Practice News,* 2001,   v. 13 (9), p. 39. ISSN: 1528-6398.

Descriptors:   cirrhosis, diet, fatty liver, life spans, neoplasms, therapy, vitamin E.

 

Herbal   treatment for liver disease. Ness, R. *Exotic DVM,*2001, v. 3 (6),   p. 15-16. ISSN: 1521-1363.

            NAL   call no: SF981.E96

Descriptors:   herbal drugs, lipidosis, liver disease.

 

How   to perform abdominocentesis in birds. Flinchum, G. *Exotic DVM,*2001,   v. 3 (5), p. 20-21. ref. ISSN: 1521-1363.

            NAL   call no: SF981.E96

Descriptors:   aspiration, diagnostic technique, birds, abdominocentesis. 

 

Intravenous   cisplatin administration in sulphur-crested cockatoos (*Cacatua galerita*):   Clinical and pathological bservations. Filippich, L.J.; Bucher, A.M.;   Charles, B.G.; Sutton, R.H. *Journal of Avian Medicine and Surgery,*2001,   v. 15 (1), p. 23-30. ref. ISSN: 1082-6742.

            NAL   call no: SF994.J6

Descriptors:   blood pressure, clinical aspects, heart rate, intravenous injection.

Abstract:   The prevalence of neoplasia in birds is generally low, however, in some species   of companion and aviary birds the incidence is high and neoplasia is a common   cause of death. Surgical excision or limb amputation has been performed as the   therapeutic plan. Chemotherapy in the treatment of avian neoplasia is largely   empirical and poorly documented. For example, cisplatin has been used intralesionally   in macaws (*Ara* species) with limited clinical success. Eight sulphur-crested   cockatoos (*Cacatua galerita*), under general isoflurane anesthesia, were   infused intravenously with cisplatin at 6.4 or 1.0 mg/kg over 1 hour and hydrated   with lactated Ringer’s solution for 1 hour before and 2 hours after cisplatin   infusion. Birds were euthanatized 96 hours after infusion, except for 2 birds   given the low cisplatin dose, which were euthanatized on day 25 after dosing.   All birds tolerated the study procedure while under anesthesia. Blood pressure,   heart rate, and respiratory rate did not change significantly. In the low-dose   group, the mean cloacal temperature decreased significantly during the infusion   period (P< .001) and then rose progressively to preinfusion values by 24   hours. Also in this group, the mean body weight tended to increase during the   infusion before significantly decreasing (P<.05) by 5% at 96 hours after   dosing. AT 24 hours after dosing, all birds were bright and eating. However,   intermittent regurgitation and fecal changes (moist, dark green feces and yellow   urates) occurred in 3 of 8 birds, especially those given the high dose. By 72   hours after dosing, droppings in the low-dose group were normal in appearance.   One bird in the high-dose group died by 94 hours after dosing. Myelosuppression   was not observed in any bird and at necropsy, no evidence of cisplatin toxicity   was found except in 1 bird given the high cisplatin dose. On histology, this   bird showed nephrotoxicity, and its serum uric acid levels and mean estimated   white blood cell count increased significantly by 24 hours after dosing. This   paper reports for the first time the effect of systemic cisplatin administration   in birds and provides veterinarians data for formulating efficacious and safe   protocols for platinum-containing compounds when treating neoplasia in parrots   and other companion birds.

 

Intravenous   pharmacokinetics of penicillin G and antipyrine in ostriches (*Struthio camelus*)   and emus (*Dromaius novaehollandiae*). Clarke, Cyril R.; Kocan,   A. Alan; Webb, Alistair I.; Wang, Zuncal; Cudd, Laura. *Journal of Zoo and   Wildlife Medicine,* Mar. 2001, v. 32 (1), p. 74-77. ISSN: 1042-7260.

            NAL   call no: SF601.J6

Descriptors:   antipyrine, penicillin, intravenous administration, pharmacokinetics.

Abstract:   Penicillin G and antipyrine, which served as model drugs to assess the relative   capacities of renal and hepatic pathways, respectively, were each administered   intravenously to six ostriches (*Struthio camelus*) and to six emus *(Dromaius   novaehollandiae*). Drug concentrations in blood samples collected over a   period of 12 hr after administration were assayed, and elimination half-life,   mean residence time, clearance, and steady-state volume of distribution were   calculated. Mean values for elimination half-life and mean residence time of   penicillin G were significantly higher in emus than in ostriches; no significant   differences in antipyrine pharmacokinetics between species were demonstrated.   

 

Morphological   study of red blood cells as a tool for animal identification. Shehata,   A.; Abdel-Mohsen, M.A. *Assiut Veterinary Medical Journal,* 2001, v. 45   (89), p. 326-335. ref. ISSN: 1012-5973.

            NAL   call no: SF604.A77

Descriptors:   cell ultrastructure, diameter, morphology, nuclei, species, erythrocytes, birds,   fish, amphibians.

Abstract:   The present study recorded the different morphological measurements of red blood   cells in different animals, birds, fish, and amphibian as a tool for identification.   Blood smears sere prepared from fresh-collected blood of individual species   (mammals, birds, fish and amphibians). Ten blood samples were collected from   each investigated species. The blood smears were stained with Geimsa stain.   Twenty cells from each sample were examined and measured by the computerized   program. Diameter, total surface area and contour of each cell were measured.   In addition the total surface area of the nucleus, in nucleated cells was measured   and the ratio between it and total area was calculated. Our results revealed   that, the cell diameter was 4.5, 5.2, 5.7, 5.9, 6.0, 7.0, 7.5, 7.7 and 7.4 x   4.3 *u*m in sheep, cow, buffalo, cat, donkey, dog, rabbit, human and camel   respectively. The smallest area and contour were recorded in sheep (16.2+2.3   *u*m2 and15.7+1.5*u*m), where it has also the smallest diameter (4.5+0.5*u*m).   The largest surface area and contour were recorded in human red blood cells   (42.3+5.4*u*m2 and 26.4+2.5*u*m) which have the largest diameter (7.7+0.6*u*m).   In nucleated red blood cells, the maximum diameter, contour and surface area   were recorded in frog (23.2 x 14.7, 67.9+3.0*u*m and 110.9+2.5*u*m2).   The minimal diameter, contour and surface area were recorded in Clarias gariepinus   fish, (9.8x7.2, 31.5+2.6*u*m and 56.9+8.5*u*m2). The results indicated   that the ratio of nucleus surface area to the total surface area (%) of the   cell was 17.5, 20.8, 25.5, 24.05, 19.9, 22.6, 24.3, 16.0 and 23.4% of the total   area in chicken, turkey, duck, goose, pigeon, frog, *Oreochromis niloticus*,   *Clarias gariepinus*and *Ctenopharyngodon idella*respectively.

 

Order   Falconiformes (hawks, eagles, falcons, vultures), raptor medicine and surgery.   Aguilar, Roberto F. *Biology, Medicine and Surgery of South American Wild   Animals.* 2001. i-x. 1-536. Chapter pagination: 118-124. Fowler, Murray E.;   Cubas, Zalmir S. (eds). Iowa State University Press, Ames, IA. ISBN: 0813828465.   

            NAL   call no: SF996.4.B56 2001

Descriptors:   care in captivity, surgical techniques, medicine and surgery, parasites. 

 

Order   Passeriformes (songbirds). General medicine. Godoy, Silvia Neri. *Biology,   Medicine and Surgery of South American Wild Animals,* 2001, i-x. 1-536. Chapter   pagination: 201-207. Fowler, Murray E.; Cubas, Zalmir S. (eds). Iowa State University   Press, Ames, IA. ISBN: 0813828465.

            NAL   call no: SF996.4.B56 2001

Descriptors:   care in captivity, pathological techniques, parasites, diseases, pathology. 

 

Psittacine   restraint in the examination room. Wilson, Liz. *Veterinary Clinics   of North America, Exotic Animal Practice.* Sept. 2001, v. 4 (3), p. 633-639.   ISSN: 1094-9194.

            NAL   call no: SF997.5.E95E97

Descriptors:   handling techniques, physical restraining techniques, examination.

 

Radiography   of the thoraco-abdominal cavity of the ostrich (*Struthio camelus*).   Wagner, Wencke M.; Kiberger, Robert M. *Veterinary Radiology and Ultrasound,*   Mar./Apr. 2001, v. 42 (2), p. 134-140. ISSN: 1058-8183.

            NAL   call no: SF757.8.A4

Descriptors:   radiography, diagnostic methods, six frame technique.

Abstract:   A standard radiographic procedure was developed for the thoraco-abdominal   cavity of female non-breeding ostriches. Positioning, collimation, centering   and a technique chart were defined to give reproducible and consistently good   quality radiographs. Radiographs were obtained from one adult ostrich cadaver,   two adult female ostriches as well as two growing ostriches at various stages.   A 6-frame technique was established for lateral views taking the topographic   tissue distribution into consideration and using easily palpable landmarks as   centering points. Standing true right lateral radiographs are recommended for   standard procedures. For dorsoventral exposures a 3-frame technique in the recumbent   ostrich was found to be optimal. Birds should be fasted if possible. A technique   chart for lateral exposures is provided.

 

Raptor   emergency and critical care: Assessment and examination. Heatley, J.J.;   Marks, S.; Mitchell, M.; Tully, T. *Compendium on Continuing Education for   the Practicing Veterinarian,* Veterinary Learning Systems, Trenton, N.J.   May 2001, v. 23 (5), p. 442-450. ref. ISSN: 0193-1903.

            NAL   call no: SF601.C66

Descriptors:   trauma, prognosis, clinical examination, blood chemistry, normal values.

 

Raptor   emergency and critical care: Therapy and techniques. Heatley, J.J.; Marks,   S.; Mitchell, M.; Tully, T. *Compendium on Continuing Education for the Practicing   Veterinarian,* Veterinary Learning Systems, Trenton, N.J. Jun. 2001, v. 23   (6), p. 561-570. ref. ISSN: 0193-1903.

            NAL   call no: SF601.C66

Descriptors:   trauma, intensive care, fluid therapy, cannulation, fracture fixation.

 

Semen   collection, examination and spermiogram in ostriches. Hemberger, M.Y.;   Hospes, R.; Bostedt, H. *Reproduction in Domestic Animals [Zuchthygiene]*.   Oct. 2001, v. 36 (5), p. 241-243. ref. ISSN: 0936-6768.

            NAL   call no: SF105.A1Z8

Descriptors:   ostriches, semen, collection, fertility, efficiency, morphology.

 

Supportive   care of the avian patient. Orosz, Susan E.; Jones, Michael P. *Proceedings   of the Annual Conference of the Mid-Atlantic States Association of Avian Veterinarians,*   2001, v. 22, p. 143-149.

            NAL   call no: SF994.M52

Descriptors:   Aves, care in captivity, treatment techniques, supportive care, therapies.

 

Tips   for avian radiography. Taylor, B.; Hays, C. *Exotic DVM,* 2001,   v. 3 (2), p. 33-35. ISSN: 1521-1363.

            NAL   call no: SF981.E96

Descriptors:   methodology, radiography, veterinary equipment, birds. 

 

A   ventricular septal defect in a juvenile ostrich (*Struthio camelus*): A   case report. Sikala, E.T.; Chananza, R.; Zimhunga, T.; Erlwanger, K.   *Zimbabwe Veterinary Journal,*2001, v. 32 (3-4), p. 76-80. ref. ISSN:   1016-1511.

            NAL   call no: SF601.R5

Descriptors:   case reports, congenital abnormalities, heart diseases, histopathology, liver.

 

What   every veterinarian needs to know about pionus parrots. Leck, S.L. *Exotic   DVM,*v. 3 (2), p. 38-40. ISSN: 1521-1363.

            NAL   call no: SF981.E96

Descriptors:   aggressive behavior, animal nutrition, blood chemistry, normal values.

 

Wound   care and non-surgical fracture repair in pet birds. Antinoff, Natalie.   *Proceedings of the Annual Conference of the Mid-Atlantic States Association   of Avian Veterinarians,* 2001, v. 22, p. 22-26. 

            NAL   call no: SF994.M52

Descriptors:   treatment techniques, injuries, wound care, non-surgical repair of fractures.

 

 

2000

 

Application   of diagnostic endoscopy in birds. Lierz, M. *ICE 2000. Proceedings   of the International Conference on Exotics,**May 12-14, 2000, Lago Mar   Beach Resort, Ft. Lauderdale, FL*. *Exotic DVM,* 2000 v. 2 (3), p.   19-24.

            NAL   call no: SF981.E96

Descriptors:   diagnosis, endoscopy, aviary birds, wild birds.

 

Avian   ophthalmology. Andrew, S.E. *Proceedings of the North American Veterinary   Conference,* Eastern States Veterinary Association, 2000, v. 14, p. 851-853.   ref. 

            NAL   call no: SF605.N672

Descriptors:   birds, eyes, eye diseases, animal anatomy.

 

The   avian spleen: Anatomy, physiology, and diagnostics. Powers, L.V. *Compendium   on Continuing Education for the Practicing Veterinarian,* 2000, v. 22 (9),   p. 838-843. ref. ISSN: 0193-1903.

            NAL   call no: SF601.C66

Descriptors:   spleen, anatomy, physiology, splenic diseases, diagnostic techniques.

 

*Birds   2000: The KVF Jubb Refresher Course for Veterinarians, Aug. 21-25, 2000.*   Post Graduate Foundation in Veterinary Science*,* University of Sydney,   2000, xiv. 486 pp. ill. ref. ISBN: 1875582924.

            NAL   call no: SF604.R37 no. 334

Descriptors:   avian medicine, congresses.

 

Blood   plasma chemistries from wild mourning doves held in captivity. Schulz,   J.H.; Bermudez, A.J.; Tomlinson, J.L.; Firman, J.D.; He, Z.Q. *Journal of   Wildlife Diseases,* Jul. 2000, v. 36 (3), p. 541-545. ref. ISSN: 0090-3558.

            NAL   call no: 41.9.W64B

Descriptors:   columbiformes, game birds, physiology, biochemistry.

Abstract:   Despite the extensive amount of research conducted on mourning doves (*Zenaida   macroura*), no biochemical reference values exist for this species. Our objective,   therefore, was to establish base line clinical chemistry reference values for   mourning doves to assist with establishing clinical diagnoses. Wild mourning   doves were captured 19 March 1996 to 8 August 1996, and 6 February 1998 to 12   May 1998; blood samples were collected from 382 mourning doves. Plasma biochemical   values were established for glucose, sodium, potassium, chloride, enzymatic   CO2, albumin, total protein, globulin, calcium, phosphorous, cholesterol,   magnesium, aspartate aminotransferase (AST), gamma glutamyl transferase (GGT),   lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), and uric acid. These reference values are invaluable   for determining diagnosis of diseases of the gastrointestinal tract, hepatic,   renal, cardiovascular, musculoskeletal, and endocrine systems.

 

The   care and the maintenance of the captive cormorant *Phalacrocorax carbo*.   Finney, J.K. *Animal Technology,* 2000, v. 51 (1), p. 37-46. ref. ISSN:   0264-4754.

            NAL   call no: QL55.I5

Descriptors:   animal husbandry, enrichment, housing, behavior, hygiene, wild birds.

 

[Clinical   aspects of pet birds (7). External wounds and fractures. Part 1. External wounds.]   Nakatsu, S. *Journal of Veterinary Medicine, Japan,* 2000, v. 53 (3), p.   31-35. ISSN: 0447-0192. Note: In Japanese.

Descriptors:   aviary birds, wounds, pets, wound treatment.

 

[Clinical   aspects of pet birds (9). Abdominal swellings and neoplasms of the anterior   part of the body. Part 1. Over-expansion of the abdominal wall.] Nakatsu,   S. *Journal of Veterinary Medicine, Japan,* 2000, v. 53 (3), p. 204-206.   ISSN: 0447-0192. Note: In Japanese.

Descriptors:   neoplasms, aviary birds, pets, surgery.

 

[Clinical   aspects of pet birds (10). Abdominal swellings and neoplasms of the anterior   part of the body. Part 2.] Nakatsu, S. *Journal of Veterinary Medicine,   Japan,* 2000, v. 53 (4), p. 286-290. ISSN: 0447-0192. Note: In Japanese.

Descriptors:   aviary birds, neoplasms, pets, diagnosis, case reports.

 

[Clinical   aspects of pet birds (15). Intramedullary transfusion and physiology of the   digestive organs.] Nakatsu, S. *Journal of Veterinary Medicine Japan,*   2000, v. 53 (9), p. 767-769. ref. ISSN: 0447-0192. Note: In Japanese.

Descriptors:   digestive system, physiology, pets, aviary birds, transfusion.

 

[Clinical   aspects of pet birds (16). Digestive tract physiology and characteristics of   the excreta.] Nakatsu, S. *Journal of Veterinary Medicine Japan,*   2000, v. 53 (10), p.862-865. ref. ISSN: 0447-0192. Note: In Japanese.

Descriptors:   digestive system, physiology, aviary birds, excreta, faces.

 

Comparative   electrocardiography in four species of macaws (genera Anodorhynchus**and   Ara). Casares, M.; Enders, F.; Montoya, J.A. *Journal of Veterinary   Medicine Series A,* Jun. 2000, v. 47 (5), p. 277-281. ISSN: 0931-184X. 

            NAL   call no: 41.8 Z5

Descriptors:   heart, circulatory system, electrocardiography.

Abstract:   Electrocardiograms (ECGs) were recorded during isoflurane anaesthesia from 52   macaws of four species of the genera Anoforhynchus and Ara in order to establish   electrocardiographic reference values. The birds examined were clinically healthy   macaws of the following species: hyacinth macaw (HM; *Anodorhynchus hyacinthinus*,   n=14); green-winged macaw (GWM; Ara chloroptera, n=11); blue-throated macaw   (BTM; *Ara glaucogularis*, n=15), and red-fronted macaw (RFM; *Ara rubrogenys*,   n=12). All ECGs were recorded using a paper speed of 50 mm/s and a calibration   of 10 mm=1 mV. Significant differences were determined between species for the   heart rate, duration and amplitude of the P wave, amplitude of the T wave, and   amplitude of the QRS complex, especially comparing the RFM to the other macaw   species. No significant differences were found between two species of similar   body weight: the HM and the GWM. 

 

Diagnosis   and treatment of common diseases of finches. Steinhort, L.A.; Bonagura,   J.D. *Kirk’s Current Therapy XIII, Small Animal Practice,* 2000,   p. 1119-1123. ref. ISBN: 0721655238.

            NAL   call no: SF745 K57

Descriptors:   diagnosis, treatment, anatomy, diets, drug therapy, diseases, parasitoses.

 

Diagnostic   use of protein electrophoresis in birds. Cray, C.; Bonagura, J.D. *Kirk’s   Current Veterinary Therapy XIII, Small Animal Practice,* 2000, p. 1107-1109.   ref. ISBN: 0721655238. 

            NAL   call no: SF745 K57

Descriptors:   diagnosis, blood protein, electrophoresis, blood protein disorders.

 

Differentiating   abdominal swelling in birds with ultrasonography. Zantop, D.W. *ICE   2000, Proceedings of the International Conference on Exotics,**May 12-14,   2000. Lago Mar Beach Resort, Ft. Lauderdale, FL.**Exotic DVM,* 2000,   v. 2 (3), p. 11-12.

            NAL   call no: SF981.E96

Descriptors: ultrasonic   diagnosis*,* aviary birds, wild birds.

 

Electrodiagnostic   evaluation of peripheral nerve function in rheas and barred owls. Clippinger,   T.L.; Platt, S.R.; Bennett, R.A.; Chrisman, C.L. *American Journal of Veterinary   Research*, Apr. 2000, v. 61 (4), p. 469-472. ref. ISSN: 0002-9645.

            NAL   call no: 41.8 Am3

Descriptors: rhea,   strix, peripheral nerves, diagnostic techniques, anesthesia, muscles.

 

Endoscopy   in birds and reptiles. Divers, S.J. *Veterinary Times,* 2000, v.   30 (9), p. 26. ISSN: 0378-6213.

Descriptors:   endoscopy, diagnostic techniques.

 

Endoscopy-guided   biopsy in birds. Lierz, M. *ICE 2000, Proceedings of the International   Conference on Exotics,**May 12-14, 2000. Lago Mar Beach Resort, Ft. Lauderdale,   FL.**Exotic DVM,* 2000, v. 2 (3), p. 25-27.

            NAL   call no: SF981.E96

Descriptors:   biopsy, endoscopy, aviary birds.

 

Fracture   healing after stabilization with intramedullary xenograft cortical bone pins:   A study in pigeons. Wander, Kathy W.; Schwarz, Peter D.; James, Susan   P.; Powers, Barbara E.; Taylor, Bobbi; Wimsatt, Jeffery H. *Veterinary Surgery,*   May/Jun. 2000, v. 29 (3), p. 237-244. ISSN: 0161-3499.

            NAL   call no: SF911.V43

Descriptors:   humeral fracture, bone disease, injury, pigeons, *Columbia   livia*.

Abstract:   Objective: To investigate the effectiveness of intramedullary xenograft cortical   pins compared with stainless steel Kirshner wire for the repair of a standardized   avian humoral fracture. Study Design: Prospective randomized study. Sample population:   Thirty mature pigeons (*Columbia livia*). Methods: Birds were randomly   assigned to 3 groups. Transverse mid-diaphyseal humeral fractures were created   in 1 humerus in each bird. Fractures were stabilized with intramedullary ostrich   or canine xenograft cortical bone pins of Kishner wire. Radiographic, histological,   and biomechanical assessments were used to compare fracture healing 6 weeks   after fracture stabilization. The contralateral humerus of each bird was used   as a control. Results: All fractures healed regardless of intramedullary pin   type. There were no statistically significant biomechanical differences among   groups or within groups. Xenograft bone pins induced a mononuclear inflammatory   reaction that did not impair bone healing. Bones stabilized with intramedullary   cortical bone pins had more periosteal callus and inflammation at the fracture   site than bones stabilized with stainless steel Kirshner wires. Conclusions:   Intramedullary xenograft cortical bone pins, derived from mammalian or avian   sources, appear to represent an alternative for the repair of avian fractures.   Clinical Revelance: Intramedullary xenograft cortical bone pins are biodegradable   and may reduce the need for additional surgery to remove implants after fracture   healing.

 

Innovative   approach to liver and kidney diseases in psittacine birds. Hochleithner,   C.; Hochleithner, M. *ICE 2000, Proceeding of the International Conference   on Exotics,**May 12-14, 2000. Lago Mar Beach Resort, Ft. Lauderdale,   FL*. *Exotic DVM,* 2000, v. 2 (3), p. 84-87. 

            NAL   call no: SF981.E96

Descriptors:   kidney diseases, liver diseases, parrot-type birds.**

 

Magnetic   resonance imaging in psittacine birds with chronic sinusitis. Pye, G.W.;   Bennett, R.A.; Newell, S.M.; Kindred, J.; Johns, R. *Journal of Avian Medicine   and Surgery,* 2000, v. 14 (4), p. 243-256. ref. ISSN: 1082-6742.

            NAL   call no: SF994.J6

Descriptors:   diagnostic techniques, magnetic resonance imaging, skull, surgery, Ara species,   *Psittacus erithacus*, *Ara ararauna*,   *Ara macao*, *Ara ararauna x macao*, *Amazona ochrocephala auropalliata*.

Abstract:   Ten psittacine birds (3 African grey parrots [*Psittacus erithacus*], 3   blue and gold macaws [*Ara ararauna*], 2 scarlet macaws [*Ara macao*],   a harlequin macaw [*Ara ararauna x macao*], and a yellow-naped Amazon parrot   [*Amazona ochrocephala auropalliata*] with histories of chronic sinusitis   were referred for evaluation before possible surgical therapy. The duration   of clinical signs in these birds ranged from 8 months to 11 years, and response   to conventional medical therapy had been poor. Diagnostic procedures performed   in each bird included a physical examination, complete blood count, plasma biochemical   analysis, survey whole body and skull radiographs, and skull magnetic resonance   imaging. In 7 of the 10 birds, a discrete lesion was localized by using magnetic   resonance imaging. Six of these 7 birds had surgery performed to remove the   lesion. Four granulomas, a mucocele, and a polyp were diagnosed by histopathologic   examination. The chronic sinusitis resolved after surgery in 5 birds. Magnetic   resonance imaging proved to be an excellent diagnostic tool for examining the   avian infraorbital sinus, allowing identification, localization, and characterization   of lesions within the sinuses. 

 

*Manual   of Standards for Diagnostic Tests and Vaccines: List A and B Diseases of Mammals,   Birds and Bees.* ed. 4. Office International des Epizooties. 2000. i-xxxii.   1-957 p. ISBN: 9290445106 (cloth).

            NAL   call no: SF771.M36 1992

Descriptors: bacterial   diseases, diagnosis, prevention and control, diseases.

Abstract:   This 957 page monograph aims to facilitate international trade in animals by   describing internationally standardized laboratory methods for diagnosis of   specific veterinary diseases and requirements for the production and control   of biological products. Three parts include general information, Office International   des Epizooties (OIE) listed diseases, and other diseases of importance in international   trade. These parts are further divided into sections of specific animal groups,   such as sheep, equine, swine, avian, lagomorphs,, and bees. The 104 chapters   are each a specific disease organized under the respective animal section. Selected   chapters include African swine fever, screwworm, Japanese encephalitis, fowl   cholera, tularemia, varroosis, and scrapie. Each chapter includes a list of   references. The book highlights a list of contributors and their respective   institutions. The text is written in English and indexed by subject with an   appendix of OIE reference laboratories, a glossary, a list of abbreviations,   and illustrations. Users of this book will include veterinarians, researchers   in animal biologicals, disease surveillance officials, agricultural producers,   and commercial representatives in the international trade of livestock.

 

Rontgenpraxis   bei Zier- und Wildvogeln. [Radiography in pet birds and wild birds.]   Brinkmeier, J.; Kummerfeld, N. *Praktische Tierarzt,* 2000, v. 81 (5),   p. 374-386. ref. ISSN: 0032-681X. Note: In German.

            NAL   call no: 41.8 P882

Descriptors:   pets, wild birds, radiography, diagnostic techniques.

 

Serum   cortisone concentrations in response to restraint, anesthesia, and skin testing   in Hispaniolan Amazon parrots (*Amazona ventralis*). Heatley, J.J.;   Oliver, J.W.; Hosgood, G.; Columbini, S.; Tully, T.N. *Journal of Avian Medicine   and Surgery,* 2000, v. 14 (3), p. 172-176. ref. ISSN: 1082-6742.

             NAL   call no: SF994.J6

Descriptors:   anesthesia, stress, handling, corticosterone, restraint, skin tests.

Abstract:   Serum corticosterone concentrations were evaluated in 40 adult Hispaniolan Amazon   parrots after manual restraint and anaesthesia and before and after skin testing.   24 to 72 hours before the skin testing, blood samples were collected immediately   after capture from manually restrained birds. On 2 separate days, half of the   parrots in the study group (20 birds each) were anaesthetized with isoflurane,   and blood samples were taken immediately before and at 2.5, 7.5 and 17 minutes   after skin testing. Serum samples were assayed by radioimmunoassay for corticosterone   concentration. Although baseline corticosterone concentrations plotted against   time varied in both anaesthetized and manually restrained parrots, a downward   trend was seen at 14.00 h (anaesthetized birds) and at 13.00 h (manually restrained   birds). The mean baseline concentration (plus or minus SEM) of corticosterone   measured in birds that were manually restrained was significantly higher (33.7   + 2.83 ng/ml) than that in anaesthetized birds (10.8 + 1.97 ng/ml). Mean corticosterone   concentrations (plus or minus SEM) in anaesthetized birds increased progressively   after skin testing, from 19.8 + 2.02 ng/ml before skin testing to 52.7 + 2.63   ng/ml at 2.5 minutes, 63.1 + 2.3 ng/ml at 7.5 minutes, and 74.5 + 2.79 ng/ml   at 17.0 minutes after skin testing. In birds, this increase in serum corticosterone   concentration may account for the wheal formation observed during skin testing   and emphasizes the need to read skin test results within a few minutes after   intradermal injection. 

 

Veterinary   care of the mute swan. Routh, A. *In Practice,* Sept. 2000, v. 22   (8), p. 426-443. ref. ISSN: 0263-841X.

            NAL   call no: SF601.I4

Descriptors:   animal health, wild birds, diseases, treatment, water pollution, swans.

 

What   every veterinarian should know about swans. Flinchum, G. *Exotic DVM,*   2000, v. 2 (1), p. 36-38. ref. 

            NAL   call no: SF981.E96

Descriptors:   animal behavior, diseases, health, reproduction, diets, housing.

 

 

1999

 

Avian   critical care for the veterinary nurse/technician. Echols, S.; Roston,   M.A. (ed); Marx, K.L. *Proceedings of the 20th Annual Conference   on Avian Medicine and Surgery,**Baltimore, MD. Apr. 25-27, 1999**,*   Mid-Atlantic States Association of Avian Veterinarians, 1999. p. 15-19. ref.   

            NAL   call no: SF994.M52

Descriptors:   first aid, intensive care, anesthesia, fluid therapy, nutrition, pain.

 

Avian   obstetric medicine. Rosskopf, W.J.; Woerpel, R.W.; Birchard, S.J. (ed);   Sherding, R.G. *Saunders Manual of Small Animal Practice,* 1999 ed. 2,   p. 1449-1458. ref. W.B. Saunders, Philadelphia. ISBN: 0721670784.

            NAL   call no: SF981.S29

Descriptors:   obstetrics, ovulation, endometritis, peritonitis, neoplasms, egg, pets. 

 

Avian   ophthalmology. Part 1: anatomy, examination, and diagnostic techniques.   Willis, A.M.; Wilkie, D.A. *Journal of Avian Medicine and Surgery,* Sept.   1999, v. 13 (3), p. 160-166. ISSN: 1082-6742. ref.

            NAL   call no: SF994.J6

Descriptors:   diagnosis, diagnostic techniques, bird eyes, anatomy, clinical examination.

 

Avian   renal disease part I of II: Antemortem diagnosis. Echols, M.S.; Roston,   M.A. (ed); Marx, K.L. *Proceedings of the 20th Annual Conference   on Avian Medicine and Surgery,**Baltimore, MD. Apr. 25-27, 1999*,   Mid-Atlantic States Association of Avian Veterinarians. 1999. ref. 

            NAL   call no: SF994.M52

Descriptors:   diagnosis, bird kidney disease, liver disease, kidney, biopsy, treatment.

 

Avian   renal disease part II: Management. Echols, M.S.; Roston, M.A. (ed); Marx,   K.L. *Proceedings of the 20th Annual Conference on Avian Medicine   and Surgery,****Baltimore, MD. Apr. 25-27, 1999*. Mid-Atlantic   States Association of Avian Veterinarians, 1999. ref. 

            NAL   call no: SF994.M52

Descriptors:   bird kidney diseases, treatment.

 

Avian   techniques. Oglesbee, B.L.; Birchard, S.J.(ed); Sherding, R.G. *Saunders   Manual of Small Animal Practice,* 1999, ed. 2, p. 1396-1402. W.B. Saunders,   Philadelphia. ISBN: 0721670784.

            NAL   call no: SF981.S29

Descriptors:   clinical examination, diagnostic techniques, restraint, radiography, birds. 

 

[Clinical   aspects of aviary birds. 2. Respiratory diseases.] Nakatsu, S. *Journal   of Veterinary Medicine,* Japan, 1999, v. 52 (8), p. 678-683. ref. ISSN: 0447-0192.   Note: In Japanese.

Descriptors:   aviary birds, respiratory diseases, pathology, drug therapy.

 

[Clinical   aspects of aviary birds. 3. Respiratory diseases.] Nakatsu, S. *Journal   of Veterinary Medicine,* Japan, 1999, v. 52 (9), p. 727-732. ref. ISSN: 0447-0192.   Note: In Japanese.

Descriptors:   respiratory diseases, pathology, pollution, aviary birds. 

 

Critical   care of companion birds. Oglesbee, B.L. *Proceedings of the North American   Veterinary Conference,****Jan. 9-13, 1999, Orlando, FL*. Eastern   States Veterinary Association, 1999, v. 13, p. 737-739. ref. .

            NAL   call no: SF605.N672

Descriptors:   birds, intensive care.

 

Diagnostic   radiology of pet and wild birds: A review. I. Radiographic techniques and radiographs   of healthy birds. Beregi, A.; Molnar, V.; Felkai, F.; Biro, F.; Szentgali,   Z.S. *Acta Veterinaria Hungarica,* 1999, v. 47 (3), p. 291-303. ref. ISSN:   0236-6290.

            NAL   call no: 41.8 AC83

Descriptors:   reviews, techniques, radiography, diagnosis, restraint of animals, anatomy.

Abstract:   The first part of the present review summarises the basic technical conditions   of radiological examinations, analyses of the radiographic features of healthy   birds, and describes the procedure and radiological indications of contrast   radiography.
 

Diagnostic   radiology of pet and wild birds: A review. II. Indications of radiological examination   and radiographs of pathological lesions. Beregi, A.; Molnar, V.; Felkai,   F.; Biro, F.; Szentgali, Zs. *Acta Veterinaria Hungaria,* 1999, v. 47 (4),   p. 395-408. ISSN: 0236-6290. 

            NAL   call no: 41.8 AC83

Descriptors:   bone fractures, injury, surgical management, diagnostic methods.

Abstract:   The second part of the review dealing with the diagnostic radiology of pet and   wild birds discusses the indications of radiological examination, the interpretation   of radiographs taken of pathological lesions, and the differential diagnosis   of such lesions. Radiology has paramount importance in the diagnosis of diseases   affecting the skeletal, digestive, respiratory, urogenital and cardiovascular   systems. Certain diseases (storage of grits, ovarian cysts) cannot be recognised   without radiography. Other conditions (e.g. Macaw Wasting Disease, renal tumors,   egg retention) require this complementary diagnostic method for confirmation   of a suspicion based upon the clinical signs. Radiographic examination is also   indicated for follow-up of the surgical management of a bone fracture and for   facilitating the implantation of transponders aimed at individual identification   of birds. 

 

Exotic   animal ophthalmology. Kern, Thomas J. *Veterinary Ophthalmology, 3rd   ed.* 1999, p. 1273-1305. Gelatt, K.N. (ed). Lippincott Williams and Wilkins,   Philadelphia, PA. ISBN: 0683300768.

            NAL   call no: SF891 G45 2001

Descriptors:   ophthalmic disease, bird eye disease, ophthalmic anatomy, examination.

 

Health   management and veterinary procedures. Perelman, B.; Deeming, D.C. *The   Ostrich: Biology, Production and Health,* 1999, p. 321-346. ref. CABI Publishing   Co. Walingford, UK. ISBN: 0851993508.

            NAL   call no: SF511.0773 1999

Descriptors:   reviews, disease control, hematology, blood chemistry, serology, ostriches. 

 

Haematological   and immunological variables in a domesticated and wild subspecies of ostrich   (*Struthio camelus*). Spinu, M.; Spinu, O.; Degen, A.A. *British   Poultry Science,* Dec. 1999, v. 40 (5), p. 613-618. ref. ISSN: 0007-1668.

            NAL   call no: 47.8.B77

Descriptors:   ostriches, leucocyte count, lymphocytes, ratios, antibody, stress response.

 

*Holistic   Care for Birds: A Manual of Wellness and Healing.*McCluggage, David; Higdon,   Pam. Howell book House, N.Y., 1999, xi. 180 pp. ill. ref. ISBN: 0876055668.

            NAL   call no: SF994.2.A1M33 1999

Descriptors:   cage birds, diseases, alternative treatments, health, holistic medicine.

 

Initial   evaluation and care of raptors. Hudelson, K.S. *Proceedings of the   North American Veterinary Conference,* Eastern States Veterinary Association,   1999, v. 13, p. 857-858.

            NAL   call no: SF605.N672

Descriptors:   predatory birds, treatment, clinical examination.

 

Management   of respiratory diseases in psittacine birds. Lwaton, M.P.C. *In Practice,*   1999, v. 21 (2), p. 76-88. ref. ISSN: 0263-841X.

            NAL   call no: SF601.I4

Descriptors:   respiratory diseases, aviary birds, pets, etiology, diagnosis, treatment, parrot   type birds.

 

Medical   management of the California condor. Ensley, P.K.; Fowler, M.E. (ed);   Miller, R.E. *Zoo and Wild Animal Medicine: Current Therapy,* 4th   ed. 1999. p. 277-292. ref. ISBN: 0721686648.

            NAL   call no: SF996.Z66

Descriptors:   wild animals, wild birds, animal husbandry, diseases.

 

Physical   restraint. Ryan, Thomas. *Proceedings of the Annual Conference of the   Mid-Atlantic States Association of Avian Veterinarians,* 1999, v. 20, p.   32. 

            NAL   call no: SF994.M52

Descriptors:   physical restraining techniques, recommendations for use in veterinary care.

 

*Proceedings   of the 20th Annual Conference on Avian Medicine and Surgery,**Baltimore,   MD. Apr. 25-27, 1999**.* Roston, M.A. (ed); Marx, K.L. Mid-Atlantic   States Association of Avian Veterinarians, 1999. 175 pp. ref. 

            NAL   call no: SF994.M52

Descriptors:   animal behavior, trauma, diagnostic techniques, handling, surgery, treatment.

 

Raptor medicine: Basic principles and noninfectious   conditions. Deem, S.L. *Compendium of Continuing Education for the   Practicing Veterinarian,* Mar. 1999, v. 21 (3), p. 205-215, 268. ISSN: 0193-1903.

            NAL   call no: SF601.C66

Descriptors:   predatory birds, restraint of animals, anesthesia, clinical examination.

 

Review   of techniques for the diagnosis of *Chlamydia psittaci*infection in psittacine   birds. Elder, J.; Brown, C. *Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation,*   1999, v. 11 (6), p. 539-541. ref. ISSN: 1040-6387.

            NAL   call no: SF774.J68

Descriptors:   diagnosis, histopathology, immunohistochemistry, parrot-type birds. 

 

A   technique for evaluating analgesia in conscious perching birds. Paul   Murphy, Joanne R.; Brunson, David B.; Miletic, Vjekoslav. *American Journal   of Veterinary Research,* Oct. 1999, v. 60 (10), p. 1213-1217. ISSN: 0002-9645.   

            NAL   call no: 41.8 AM3A

Descriptors:   behavior, analgesic drug, analgesic evaluation.

Abstract:   Objective: To develop a technique for objective assessment of nociperception   in conscious perching birds. Animals: 31 adult African gray parrots. Procedure:   Birds were randomly assigned to receive saline (0.9%NaCl) solution (n=10), butorphanol   tartrate (11), or buprenorphine hydrochloride (10), IM. Birds were fitted with   a surface electrode on the medial metatarsus of 1 leg. An electrical stimulus   was delivered to the birds foot through an aluminum surface on half of the perch.   The alternate side of the perch delivered a noxious thermal stimulus. A withdrawal   response to either stimulus was recorded when the bird lifted its foot or vigorously   flinched its wings. Results: Responses to thermal stimuli were extremely variable   during baseline testing and after administration of drugs. Thus, significant   differences were not detected after drug injection. In contrast, responses to   an electrical stimulus were predictable with much less variation. Conclusions   and Clinical Relevance: This method and device allowed for the reliable determination   of withdrawal threshold in perching birds. Use of this technique for objective   assessment of modulation of nociperception in conscious perching birds will   enable assessment of analgesic drugs.

 

Transcutaneous   ultrasonography of the avian urogenital tract. Hofbauer, Helmut; Krautwald   Junghanns, Maria E. *Veterinary Radiology and Ultrasound,* Jan./Feb. 1999,   v. 40 (1), p. 58-64. ISSN: 1058-8183. 

            NAL   call no: SF757.8.A4

Descriptors:   radiology, urinary system, urogenital tract, excretory system, pet birds.

Abstract:   The purpose of this article is to provide a survey of the diagnostic use of   transcutaneous sonographic examination of the urogenital tract of pet birds.   Possibilities and limitations in imaging normal and altered components of this   organ system are discussed. Ultrasonographic examination of the avian urogenital   tract was evaluated in 386 birds. Abnormal clinical signs were present in 289   birds; 97 birds were normal. Transcutaneous ultrasonography proved to be a useful,   noninvasive, and fast diagnostic tool, especially in imaging laminated eggs   and changes of the oviduct. Until now, these pathologic changes were not diagnosable   in birds with other common noninvasive methods (e.g. radiology). The imaging   of low-grade changes of the oviduct, disorders of the kidney without enlargement   of the organ, as well as roughening of the egg shell proved to be difficult.   Sonographic imaging of neither the normal kidney nor the inactive gonads was   possible.

 

Use   of enrofloxacin (Baytril R) in psittacine birds. Flammer, K.; Ford, R.B.   *Third International Veterinary Symposium on Fluroquinolones,* Proceeding.   Seville, Spain. Mar. 11-12, 1999. *Compendium on Continuing Education for   the Practicing Veterinarian*, 1999, v. 21 (12 suppl.), p 107-109. ref. ISSN:   0193-1903.

            NAL   call no: SF601.C66

Descriptors:   enrofloxacin, drug therapy, treatment, dosage, phamacokinetics, parrot-type   birds.

 

Waterfowl:   Health and management. UK, Wildlife Information Network. 1999, London,   UK. Available at: http:www.wildlifeinformation.org

Descriptors:   waterfowl, diseases, management, husbandry, toxicology.

Abstract:   This multimedia CD-ROM contains text and pictures on the diseases and the management   of many different species of waterfowl from around the world. The information   is backed up by references and includes techniques on general field procedures,   recording and submitting specimens, specimen collection and preservation, specimen   shipment, and disease control operations. The data can be accessed via the species   of waterfowl, the infectious or non-infectious agents, or by the environmental   factors. The species list, which contains about 160 species of mainly geese,   ducks and swans includes common names in several languages. The CD can be searched   through a web browser and contains Internet links. This will be of great interest   to veterinarians and others those involved in management of waterfowl in zoos   or in the wild.

 

 

1998

 

Avian   respiratory disease. Forbes, N.A. *Veterinary Quarterly,* 1998,   20 Suppl. 1, p. S67-S69. Voorjaarsdagen Congress 1998. ISSN: 0165-2176.

            NAL   call no: SF601.V46

Descriptors:   respiratory diseases, aviary birds, symptoms, drug therapy.

 

Badania   bakterioskopowe w diagnostyce chorob ptakow. [Bacterioscopic diagnosis of bird   diseases.] Kruszewicz, A. *Magazyn Weterynaryjny,* 1998, v. 7 (3),   p. 182-183. ISSN: 1230-4425. Note: In Polish.

Descriptors:   bacteriology, diagnostic techniques, diagnosis. 

 

Birds, reptiles, ferrets, rabbits, and rodents.   Tully, T.N.; McCurnin, D.M. *Clinical Textbook for Veterinary Technicians,*   1998, ed. 4, p. 593-613. ref. ISBN: 0721621961.

            NAL   call no: SF745.C625 2002

Descriptors:   restraint of animals, diseases, veterinary medicine.

 

Evaluation   of pulmonary volumetric morphometry at the light and electron microscopy level   in several species of passerine birds. Vitali, S.D.; Richardson, K.C.   *Journal of Anatomy,* Nov. 1998, v. 193 (4), p. 573-580. ISSN: 0021-8782.

            NAL   call no: 447.8 J826

Descriptors:   morphology, respiratory system, methods and techniques, microscopy, perching   birds.

Abstract:   The lungs of 3 small passerine species, having similar body mass but different   diurnal activity patterns, were analysed morphometrically to assess the relationship   between diurnal activity and pulmonary volumetry at the light and electron microscopic   levels. The percentage volumes of the major lung and exchange tissue components   of the 3 species- an aerial insectivore, a foliage gleaner/nectarivore and a   ground forager-were strikingly similar, and consistent with literature values   for other passerine species. The only significant difference found was exchange   tissue plasma volume and pulmonary haematocrit, with the ground-foraging, low   activity *Malurus splendens*having significantly lower values than the   other 2 species. This may indicate that cardiovascular parameters are more important   determinants of metabolic activity in small passerines than aspects of pulmonary   anatomy.

 

*Handbook   of Veterinary Drugs. Second Edition*.   Allen, Dana G.: Pringle, John K.; Smith, Dale A. 1998, ix. 886 p. Lippencott   Raven Publishers, Philadelphia, PA. ISBN: 0397584350.

            NAL   call no: SF917 A44 1998

Descriptors:   veterinary drugs, administration routes, side effects, dosage, interactions.

Abstract:   This revised second edition of the “Handbook of Veterinary Drugs”   provides a quick reference for commonly used drugs in veterinary medicine. The   text is divided into three major parts: small animals (dogs and cats), large   animals (horses, pigs, cattle, sheep, and goats), and exotic species (rodents,   rabbits, ferrets, reptiles, and birds). Each part is subdivided into sections   covering these animal categories. The first section contains lists of common   drug names, dosages, and recommended administration of these drugs. The second   section has tables listing parasites, helminths, and bacteria and presents useful   drugs for the treatment of these microbials. The third section provides a description   of veterinary drugs under the following headings: indications, adverse and common   side effects, drug interactions, supplied as, and other uses. Veterinary students   and practitioners will find this to be a useful pocket manual. Supplementing   the book is a body weight-to-surface area conversion chart for small animals,   a list of common abbreviations, tables, and a subject index.

 

Health   examinations and clinical diagnostic procedures of ratites. Tully, T.N.   Jr. *Veterinary Clinics of North America, Food Animal Practice,* 1998,   v. 14 (3), p. 401-420. ref. ISSN: 0749-0720.

            NAL   call no: SF601.V535

Descriptors: clinical   examination, diagnosis, restraint, blood chemistry, haematology.

 

Hematologic   and plasma chemistry values in captive Psittacine birds. Polo, F.J.;   Peinado, V.I.; Viscor, G.; Palomeque, J. *Avian Diseases,* Jul./Sept.1998,   v. 42 (3), p. 523-535. ref. ISSN: 0005-2086.

            NAL   call no: 41.8 AV5

Descriptors:   hematology, blood plasma, blood chemistry, normal values, parrot-type birds,   *Probosciger aterrimus, Cacatua goffini, C. alba,   Calyptorhynchus funereus*, *Psittacus erithacus*, *Amazona amazonica,   A. aestiva, A. festiva, A. leucocephala, A. ochrocephala, A. vinacea*, *Anodorhynchus   hyacinthinus, Ara ararauna, A. chloroptera, A. maco, A. militaris*, *Aratinga   guarouba, Cyanoliseus patagonus*, *Eos bornea*.

Abstract:   Reference values for some haematological parameters in 19 species and plasma   chemical values in 11 species of Psittacine birds, including cockatoos (*Probosciger   aterrimus, Cacatua goffini, C. alba, Calyptorhynchus funereus*), parrots   (*Psittacus erithacus*), amazons (*Amazona amazonica, A. aestiva, A.   festiva, A. leucocephala, A. ochrocephala, A. vinacea*), macaws (*Anodorhynchus   hyacinthinus, Ara ararauna, A. chloroptera, A. maco, A. militaris*), conures   (*Aratinga guarouba, Cyanoliseus patagonus*), and lories (*Eos bornea*),   were established. The following parameters were studied: haematocrit, haemoglobin   concentration, erythrocyte number, mean corpuscular volume, mean corpuscular   haemablobin, mean corpuscular haemaglobin concentration, erythrocyte dimensions,   leukocyte number and differential leukocyte count, glucose, urea, uric acid,   cholesterol, triglycerides, creatinine, aspartate aminotransferase, alanine   aminotransferase, alkaline phosphotase, creatinine phosphokinase, lactic dehydrogenase,   gamma glutamyl transpeptidase, total plasma protein, albumin, globulins, albumin-globulin   ratio, sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium, total phosphorous, chloride, and   osmolality. Haematologically, the Psittacine is a very homogeneous avian group,   with small differences between species. They are, however, different from other   groups of birds.

 

Holding   power of different pin designs and pin insertion methods in avian cortical bone.   Degernes, Laurel A.; Roe, Simon C.; Abrams, C. Frank Jr. *Veterinary Surgery,*   Jul./Aug. 1998, v. 27 (4), p. 301-306. ISSN: 0161-3499.

            NAL   call no: SH911.V43

Descriptors:   equipment, apparatus, surgery, fixator pin, holding power.

Abstract:   Objective: To measure pullout strength of four pin types in avian humeri and   tibiotarsi bones and to compare slow-speed power and hand insertion methods.   Study design: Axial pin extraction was measured in vitro in avian bones. Animal   population: Four cadaver red-tailed hawks and 12 live red-tailed hawks. Methods:   The pullout strength of four fixator pin designs was measured: smooth, negative   profile threaded pins engaging one of two cortices and positive profile threaded   pins. Part 1. Pins were placed in humeri and tibiotarsi after soft tissue removal.   Part 2. Pins were placed in tibiotarsi in anesthetized hawks using slow-speed   power or hand insertion. Results: All threaded pins, regardless of pin design,   had greater pullout strength than smooth pins in all parts of the study (P<0.001).   The cortices of tibiotarsi were thicker than the cortices of humeri (P<.0001).   There were few differences in pin pullout strengths between threaded pin types   within or between bone groups. There were no differences between the pullout   strength of pins placed by slow-speed power or by hand. Conclusions: There is   little advantage of one threaded pin type over another in avian humeri and tibiotarsi   bones. It is possible that the ease of hand insertion in thin cortices minimizes   the potential for wobbling and therefore minimizes the difference between slow-speed   drill and hand insertion methods. Clinical Relevance: threaded pins have superior   bone holding strength in avian cortices and may be beneficial for use with external   fixation devices in birds. 

 

How   I approach the feather picking bird. Lightfoot, T.L. *Proceedings of   the North American Veterinary Association,*Eastern States Veterinary Association,   1998, v. 12, p. 758-760. 

            NAL   call no: SF605.N672

Descriptors:   birds, feather picking, drug therapy.

 

How   I approach the polyuric, polydipsic bird. Murray, M.J. *Proceedings   of the North American Veterinary Conference,**Jan. 10-14, 1998, Orlando,   FL*. Eastern States Veterinary Association, 1998, v. 12, p. 772-773. ref.   

            N   AL call no: SF605.N672

Descriptors:   birds, polyuria, polydipsia, etiology, treatment, diagnostic techniques.

 

How   I approach the sneezing dyspneic bird. Murray, M.J. *Proceedings of   the North American Veterinary Conference,* Eastern States Veterinary Association,   1998, v. 12, p. 769-771. Jan. 10-14, 1998, Orlando, FL. ref.

            NAL   call no: SF605.N672

Descriptors:   birds, dyspnea, respiratory disorders, diagnosis, treatment.

 

Intensive   care of the critically ill bird. Murray, M.J. *Proceedings of the North   American Veterinary Conference,**Jan. 10-14, 1998, Orlando, FL.*Eastern   States Veterinary Association, 1998, v. 12p. 763-766. ref. 

            NAL   call no: SF605.N672

Descriptors:   birds, illness, fluid therapy, therapeutic diets, monitoring.

 

Managing   the avian intensive care unit. Barnes, S.M.; Marx, K.L. (ed); Roston,   M.A. *Proceedings of the 19th Annual Conference on Avian Medicine   and Surgery,**Lancaster, PA. Apr. 26-28, 1998*. Mid-Atlantic States   Association of Avian Veterinarians, 1998, p. 1-7. 

            NAL   call no: SF994.M52

Descriptors:   intensive care units, intensive care, apparatus, techniques.

 

Methods   to provide artificial passive immunity in birds. Reynolds, D.L. *Official   Gazette of the United States Patent and Trademark Office, Patents,*Sept*.*   15, 1998, v. 1214 (3), p. 2867. ISSN: 0098-1133.

            NAL   call no: T223.A21

Descriptors:   egg administration, immunologic agent, avian antibody.

 

Naturally   occurring adenovirus-associated gastrointestinal lesions in *Coturnix*   (*Coturnix coturnix*) quail. Tsai, S.S.; Chang, T.C.; Chang, G.N.;   Chern, R.S.; Chien, M.S.; Itakura, C. *Avian Pathology,* 1998, v. 27 (6),   p. 641-643. ref. ISSN: 0307-9457.

            NAL   call no: SF995.A1A9

Descriptors:   avianadenovirus, quails, lesions, pathology, digestive system.

 

Pharmacokinetics   of amoxicillin/clavulanic acid combination after intravenous and intramuscular   administration to pigeons. Escudero, E.; Vicente, M.S.; Carceles, C.M.   *Research in Veterinary Science*, 1998, v. 65 (1), p. 77-81. ref. ISSN:   0034-5288.

            NAL   call no: 41.8 R312

Descriptors:   pharmacology, drug combinations, pigeons, dosage, antibiotics.

 

Physical   examination of ratites. Tully, Thomas N. Jr.; Shane, Simon M. *Large   Animal Practice,* Nov./Dec. 1998, v. 19 (6), p. 26-28. ref. ISSN: 1092-7603.

            NAL   call no: SF601.B6

Descriptors:   animal husbandry, veterinary medicine, ratites.

 

Ratites.   Shane, S.M.; Tully, T.N. Jr. *Veterinary Clinics of North America, Food Animal   Practice,* 1998, v. 14 (3), i-vi, p. 373-550. ref. ISSN: 0749-0720.

            NAL   call no: SF601.V535

Descriptors:   diagnosis, infectious diseases, therapy, anesthesia, restraint.

Abstract:   The 10 paper in this issue include: Ratite production as an agricultural enterprise;   restraint and housing of ratites; Health examination and clinical diagnostic   procedures; Ratite diagnostic imaging; Ratite reproduction; Infectious and parasitic   conditions of ratites; Current ratite therapy; ratite anaesthesia and surgical   techniques; Jurisprudence for ratite practitioners; and Federal regulations   relating to ratite and food products. There is an index.

 

Serum   biochemical values of farmed ostrich (*Struthio camelus*) in Botswana.   Muchi, E. Z.; Binta, M.G.; Chabo, R.G.; Isa, J.F.W.; Modisa, L.*Onderstepoort   Journal of Veterinary Research,* Sept. 1998, v. 65 (3), p. 189-193. ISSN:   0030-2465.

            NAL   call no: 41.8 On1

Descriptors:   animal husbandry, veterinary medicine, serum biochemical values.

Abstract:   reference biochemical values for serum analytes of 126 clinically normal farmed   ostriches on one farm in Botswana were established. These included sodium, potassium,   chloride, total protein, albumin, urea, creatinine, uric acid, cholesterol,   total bilirubin, conjugated bilirubin, glucose, triglyceride, calcium, phosphorous,   manganese, copper, zinc, alkaline phosphatase, gamma glutamyl transferase and   creatinine kinase. The values obtained in this study can be used as reference   values.

 

Splinting   techniques for nestlings and small adult birds. Davis, Lessie M. *Wildlife   Rehabilitation,* 1998, v. 18, p. 47-63. ISSN: 0737-1829.

            NAL   call no: SF996.45.J64

Descriptors:   treatment techniques, splinting, injuries, limb fractures, sprains.

 

Triage   and stabilization of the critical avian patient. Barnes, S.M.; Marx,   K.L. (ed); Roston, M.A. *Proceedings of the 19th Annual Conference   on Avian Medicine and Surgery,**Lancaster, PA. Apr. 26-28, 1998*.   Mid-Atlantic States Association of Avian Veterinarians, 1998, p. 8-24. ref.

            NAL   call no: SF994.M52

Descriptors:   first aid, intensive care, artificial respiration, fluid therapy.

 

Twenty   years pf progress in pet bird research. Flammer, K. *1997 AVMA Animal   Welfare Forum: Pet Bird Welfare. Journal of the American Veterinary Association,*   1998, v. 212 (8), p. 1231-1233. ref. ISSN: 0003-1488.

            NAL   call no: 41.8 AM3

Descriptors:   research, veterinary medicine, aviary birds, diseases, pets.

 

The   use of computer assisted tomography as an instrument in collecting information   on anatomical structures of the respiratory tract in live birds. Krautwald-Junghanns,   M.E.; Schumacher, F.; Sohn, H.G. *Zoology,* 1998, v. 101 (3), p. 139-147.   ref. 

            NAL   call no: 410.9 B772B

Descriptors:   computed-tomography, respiratory system, anatomy, morphology.

 

Veterinary   aspect of preventive medicine in ostriches. Perelman, B.; Huchzemeyer,   F.W. *Proceedings of the Second International Scientific Ratite Congress,**Oudtshoorn, South Africa. Sept. 21-25, 1998*. p. 181-186. ref. 

Descriptors:   disease prevention, biosafety, disease control, disinfection, prophylaxis.

 

Veterinary   care of oiled seabirds. Nomura, O.; Komatsu, Y.; Uematsu, K.; Sasaki,   T.; Niizuma, I.; Baba, K.; Okio, S.; Morita, A.; Noguchi, Y. *Japanese Journal   of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine,* 1998, v. 3 (2), p. 113-116. ref. ISSN: 1342-6133.

Descriptors:   marine environment, mineral oils, oil spills, sea birds, treatment.

 

 

1997

 

Approach   to the vomiting bird. Flammer, K.; Sokolowski, J.H.; Gumbs, M.W. *The   21st Annual Waltham-OSU Symposium for the Treatment of Small Animal   Diseases: Exotics,**Sept. 27-28, 1997*, p. 19-21. ref. ISSN: 0893-777X.

            NAL   call no: SF981 K34

Descriptors:   vomiting, regurgitation, digestive disorders, clinical examination.

 

Avian   viewpoints. An overview of emergency avian medicine for the practitioner.   Worell, A.B. *Exotic Pet Practice,* 1997, v. 2 (4), p. 25-28. 

Descriptors:   emergencies, treatment, diseases, trauma, intensive care, pet birds.

 

*Birds   of Prey: Medicine and Management*.   Heidenreich, M. Blackwell Science Ltd. Oxford, UK. 1997, 304 pp. ISBN: 0632041862.

            NAL   call no: SF994.5 H4513 1997

Descriptors:   birds of prey, surgery, treatment, diagnosis, nutrition, behavior.

 

Clinica   delle malattie dell'apparato digerente degli uccelli familiari. (Canarini, colombi,   fringillidi, pappagalli, rapaci, ecc.). [Clinical aspects of digestive system   diseases of pet birds (canaries, pigeons, finches, parrots, birds of prey, tec.).]   Zucca, P.; Oberosier, R.; Ballarini, G. *Obiettivi e Documenti Veterinari,*   1997, v. 18 (5), p.7-14. ref. ISSN: 0392-1913. Note: In Italian. 

Descriptors:   predatory birds, pets, digestive system diseases, drug therapy, aviary birds.

 

Diagnosing   and preventingcommon viral infections   in companion birds. Ritchie, B.W. *Proceeding of the 18th   Annual Conference on Avian Medicine and Surgery,**Clinton, MD. 1997.*Mid-Atlantic States Association of Avian Veteriarians, 1997, p. 27-29,   81-99.

            NAL   call no: SF994.M52

Descriptors:   viral diseases, aviary birds, drug therapy, immunization, carrier state.

 

Drug   metabolizing enzymes in the ostrich (*Struthio camelus*):Comparison with   the chicken and the rat. Amsallem-Holtzman, E.; Ben-Zvi, Z. *Comparative   Biochemistry and Physiology C: Pharmacology, Toxicology**and Endocrinology,* 1997, v. 116 (1), p. 47-50. ISSN: 0742-8413.

            NAL   call no: QP901.C6

Descriptors:   rats, liver enzymes, physiological functions, drugs, ostrich, metabolism, comparison   study.

 

Emergency   and supportive care for the avian patient. Rose, K.; Squires, R.A. *Proceedings   from the Annual Seminar of the New Zealand Veterinary Nursing Association,*   Jun. 29-Jul. 4, 1997, No. 177, p. 83-94. ref. ISSN: 0112-9643. 

            NAL   call no: SF604.P82

Descriptors:   wild birds, pets, emergencies, first aid, fluid therapy.

 

Endoscopy   in parrots. Harcourt-Brown, N. *In Practice,* 1997, v. 19 (1), p.   2-7, 9-13. ref. ISSN: 0263-841X. 

            NAL   call no: SF601.I4

Descriptors:   parrots, diagnosis, biopsy, endoscopy, aviary birds, methods.

 

Medical   considerations in neonatal psittacines. Worell, A.B. *Exotic Pet Practice,*   1997, v. 2 (8), p. 57-60. 

Descriptors:   pets, newborn animals, diseases, body-weight, parrot family.

 

Psittacine   pediatric husbandry. Harris, D.J.; Sokolowski, J.H. (ed); Gumbs, M.W.   *The 21st Annual Waltham OSU Symposium for the Treatment of Small   Animal Diseases: Exotics,**Sept. 27-28, 1997*, p. 23-24. ref. ISSN:   0893-777X.

            NAL   call no: SF981 K34

Descriptors:   pediatrics, young animals, weaning, husbandry, risk factors, parrot family.**

 

Psittacine   pediatric husbandry and medicine. Clubb, Susan L. *Avian Medicine and   Surgery,* Altman, Robert B.; Clubb, Susan L.; Dorrestein, Gerry M.; Quesenberry,   Katherine. W.B. Saunders Co., Philadelphia, PA. i-xv. 1-1070. Chapter pagination:   73-95. ISBN: 0721654460. 

            NAL   call no: SF994.A95 1997

Descriptors:   diet in captivity, pathological techniques, parasites, diseases, disorders,   parrot family. 

 

Stabilization   of the emergency avian patient. Campbell, T. *Exotic Pet Practice,*   1997, v. 2 (12), p. 89-90.

Descriptors:   emergencies, treatment, trauma, diseases, fluid therapy, pets.

 

Ultrasonography.   Krautwald-Junghanns, Maria E.; Enders, Frank. *Avian Medicine and Surgery,*   Altman, Robert B.; Clubb, Susan L.; Dorrestein, Gerry M.; Quesenberry, Katherine.   W.B. Saunders Co., Philadelphia, London. 1997. i-xv. 1-1070. Chapter pagination:   200-209. ISBN: 0721654460.

            NAL   call no: SF994.A95 1997

Descriptors:   Aves, diagnostic techniques, ultrasonography, examination, birds. 

 

 

1996

 

Allergies   in pet birds. Johnson-Delaney, Cathy; Nye, Richard R. *Diseases of   Cage and Aviary Birds,* 3rd ed. 1996, p. 507-510. Rosskopf, W.J.;   Woerpel R.W. (eds). Williams & Wilkins Co. Baltimore, MD. ISBN: 0683073826.

            NAL   call no: SF994.2.A1D57 1996

Descriptors:   allergy, hypersensitivity, immune system disease, medication reaction.

 

Avian   cardiology. Oglesbee, B.L.; Roston, M.A. (ed); Marx, K.L. *Proceedings   of the 17th Annual Conference,**Mid-Atlantic States Association   of Avian Veterinarians, Pocono Manor, PA. Apr. 28-30, 1996,* p. 71-75.

            NAL   call no: SF994.M52

Descriptors:   cardiovascular system, diagnostic techniques, echocardiography, bird hearts.

 

Avian   clinical biochemistry. Fudge, Alan M. *Diseases of Cage and Aviary   Birds,* 3rd ed. 1996, p. 773-782. Rosskopf, W.J.; Woerpel, R.W.   (eds). Williams & Wilkins Co. Baltimore, MD. ISBN: 0683073826.

            NAL   call no: SF994.2.A1D57 1996

Descriptors:   biochemistry, physical examination, serum enzyme, bile acid, captive birds.

 

Avian   cytology. Fudge, Alan M. *Diseases of Cage and Aviary Birds,* 3rd   ed. Rosskopf, W.J.; Woerpel, R.W. (eds). 1996, p. 806-820. Williams & Wilkins,   Co. Baltimore, MD. ISBN: 0683073826. 

            NAL   call no: SF994.2.A1D57 1996

Descriptors:   cytology, bone marrow sampling, impression smear, staining, captive birds.

 

Avian   emergency medicine and critical care. Morrisey, J.K.; Roston, M.A. (ed).;   Marx, K.L. *Proceedings 17th Annual Conference,**Mid-Atlantic   States Association of Avian Veterinarians, Pocono Manor, PA. Apr. 28-30, 1996*,   p. 142-148. ref. 

            NAL   call no: SF994.M52

Descriptors: fluid   therapy, clinical examination, blood transfusion, shock, oxygen, bird care. 

 

Avian   emergency therapy. Westerhof, I. *Israel Journal of Veterinary Medicine,*   1996, v. 51 (304), p. 121-123. ISSN: 0334-9152.

            NAL   call no: 41.8 R25

Descriptors:   avian emergency therapy, diagnosis, general treatment, pathology.

Abstract:   The confrontation with a bird in a critical health situation can be very alarming.   In this overview some of the frequently seen emergency patients will be discussed.

 

Avian   hematology. Basic cell identification, white blood cell count determinations,   and clinical pathology. Lane, R.A.; W.J. Rosskopf Jr. (ed); R.W. Woerpel.   *Diseases of Cage and Aviary Birds,* ed. 3, 1996, p. 739-772. fig. ref.   Williams & Wilkins, Baltimore, MD. ISBN: 0683073826.

            NAL   call no: SF994.2.A1D57 1996

Descriptors:   blood cells, leukocytes, hematology, aviary birds.

 

Avian   hysterectomy. Smith, Richard E. *Diseases of Cage and Aviary Birds,*1996, p. 694-696. Rosskopf, W.J.; Woerpel, R.W. (eds). Williams & Wilkins   Co. Baltimore, MD. ISBN: 0683073826.

            NAL   call no: SF994.2.A1D57 1996

Descriptors:   hysterectomy, surgical method, chronic dystocia, yolk peritonitis, captive birds.

 

Avian   radiology. Krautwald-Junghanns, Maria Eisabeth. *Diseases of Cage and   Aviary Birds,* 3rd ed. 1996, p. 630-663. Rosskopf, W.J.; Woerpel   R.W. (eds). Williams & Wilkins Co., Baltimore, MD. ISBN: 0683073826. 

            NAL   call no: SF994.2.A1D57 1996

Descriptors:   contrast media, diagnostic radiology, sedation, positioning, captive birds.

 

Avian   urinalysis. A practical guide to analysis and interpretation. Lane, Rosalie   A. *Diseases of Cage and Aviary Birds,* 3rd ed. 1996, p. 783-794.   Rosskopf, W.J.; Woerpel, R.W. (eds). Williams & Wilkins Co. Baltimore, MD.   ISBN: 0683073826.

            NAL   call no: SF994.2.A1D57 1996

Descriptors:   urinalysis, urinary sediment analysis, indications, bird urine.

 

Baby   bird science and medicine. Speer, B.L.; Roston, M.A.; Marx, K.L. *Proceedings   17th Annual conference Mid-Atlantic States of Avian Veterinarians,**Pocono Manor, PA. Apr. 28-30, 1996*, p. 40-58. ref. 

            NAL   call no: SF994.M52

Descriptors:   anatomy, incubators, hatching weight, hatching, chicks, hatchlings.

 

Bandaging   and collaring. McCluggage, David M. *Diseases of Cage and Aviary Birds,*   3rd ed. 1996, p. 672-674. Rosskopf, W.J.; Woerpel R.W. (eds). Williams   & Wilkins Co. Baltimore, MD. ISBN: 0683073826.

            NAL   call no: SF994.2.A1D57 1996

Descriptors:   acrylic bandage, acrylic splint, body bandage, collar, dressing, captive birds.

 

Beak   repair and surgery. Rosskoph, Walter J. Jr.; Woerpel, Richard W. *Diseases   of Cage and Aviary Birds,* 3rd ed. 1996, p. 718-721. Rosskopf,   W.J.; Woerpel, R.W. (eds). Williams & Wilkins Co., Baltimore, MD. ISBN:   0683073826.

            NAL   call no: SF994.2.A1D57 1996

Descriptors:   beak deformity, beak fracture, surgery, injury, prosthesis, captive birds.

 

*BSAVA   Manual of Psittacine Birds.* Beynon, P.H.; Forbes, N.A. (eds); Lawton, M.P.C.   1996, 239 pp. 17 contributors, British Small Animal Veterinary Association.   ISBN: 0905214307.

            NAL   call no: SF994.2.A1M37 1996

Descriptors:   veterinary medicine, aviary birds, parrot family, care, diagnosis, treatment.

Abstract:   While the commonest psittacine patient seen in veterinary practice is the budgerigar,   this book also caters for Amazon parrots, cockatiels, cockatoos, conures, eclectus   parrots, lorikeets, lories, lovebirds, macaws, parakeets and rosellas. As in   other titles in the well-established series of BSAVA manuals, basic care, clinical   examination and treatments are described by various authors. Many of the 150   illustrations are in colour. Selected references are provided.

 

Clinical   management and biomedicine of sea birds. Pokras, M.A.; W.J. Rosskopf   Jr.(ed); R.W. Woerpel. *Diseases of Cage and Aviary Birds,* ed. 3, 1996,   p. 981-1001. ref. Williams & Wilkins, Baltimore, MD. ISBN: 0683073826.

            NAL   call no: SF994.2.A1D57 1996

Descriptors:   nutrition, protozoal infections, diseases.

 

Diagnosis   in the feather picking bird. Rosenthal, K. *Proceedings of the North   American Veterinary Association,* Eastern States Veterinary Association,   1996, v. 10, p. 741.

            NAL   call no: SF605.N672

Descriptors:   feather picking, diagnosis, abnormal behavior.

 

Diagnostik   und medizinische betreuung von greifvogeln in einer zusammenstellung der falle   von 1985-1994. [Diagnosis and therapy of raptors with a compilation of cases   1985-1994.] Hatt, J.M.; Baumgartner, R.; Isenbugel, E. *Schweizer   Archiv fuer Tierheilkunde,* 1996, v. 138 (8), p. 434-440. ISSN: 0036-7281.   Note: In German.

            NAL   call no: 41.8 SCH9

Descriptors:   birds of prey, diagnosis, therapy, starving, rehabilitation, case summaries,   diagnosis, treatment, wild birds, injuries.

Abstract:   This article summarizes the findings in 554 birds of prey, that were admitted   to the zoo animal and exotic pet clinic of the veterinary faculty in Zurich   between 1 January 1985 and 31 December 1994. Details on the diagnosis, therapy   and prognosis are intended to give the practitioner information on the possibilities   for the management of diseased raptors. However, it has to be emphasized that   the ultimate goal of treatment has to be the rehabilitation of an animal that   will be able to survive to a suitable environment. The data presented shows   that 31% of the birds of prey were successfully released. The most frequent   reason for admission was trauma and 47% of the patients had one or more fractures.   But only one out of three fractures was considered suitable for treatment. The   management of birds that are starving is a challenge because they require a   special dietary regimen. Successful work in the field of the treatment and rehabilitation   of raptors requires detailed knowledge of their biology and medicine.

 

Diarrhoea   and vomiting. Hall, Christopher. *BSAVA Manual of Psittacine Birds,*   New Ed. 1996, p. 171-185. Beynon, P.H.; Forbes, N.A.; Lawton, M.P.C. (eds).   Iowa State university Press, Ames, IA. ISBN: 0813823498.

            NAL   call no: SF994.2.A1M37 1996

Descriptors:   anatomy, bacterial diseases, digestive system, vomiting, neoplastic, parrot   family, birds.

 

Endoscopy.   McDonald, Scott E. *Diseases of Cage and Aviary Birds,* 3rd   ed. 1996, p. 699-717. Rosskopf, W.J.; Woerpel, R.W. (eds). Williams & Wilkins   Co., Baltimore, MD. ISBN: 0683073826.

            NAL   call no: SF994.2.A1D57 1996

Descriptors:   endoscopy, laparoscopy, diagnostic method, endoscopic equipment, birds.

 

Finch   and canary medicine update. Bauck, L.; Roston, M.A. (ed); Marx, K.L.   *Proceedings of the 17th Annual Conference,**Mid-Atlantic   States Association of Avian Veterinarians, Pocono Manor, PA. Apr. 28-30, 1996*,   p. 100-109.

            NAL   call no: SF994.M52

Descriptors:   amyloidosis, diarrhea, parasitoses, nutrition, antibiotics, aviary birds.

 

Foot   and leg problems. Harcourt-Brown, Nigel H. *Manual of Raptors, Pigeons   and Waterfowl,* 1996, p. 147-168. Beynon, P.H.; Forbes, N.A.; Harcourt-Brown,   N.H. (eds). Iowa State University Press, Ames, IA. ISBN: 0813818767.

            NAL   call no: SF994.B73 1996

Descriptors:   anatomy, arthritis, bone disease, fracture, bumble foot, treatment. 

 

Further   studies of brain cholinesterase: Cholinergic receptor ratios in the diagnosis   of acute lethal poisoning of birds by anticholinesterase pesticides.   Burn, John D.; Leighton, Frederick A. *Journal of Wildlife Diseases,* 1996,   v. 32 (2), p. 216-224. ISSN: 0090-3558.

            NAL   call no: 41.9 W64B

Descriptors:   acute lethal poisoning, bird brains, diagnosis, toxicology, 20 species, organophosphate   chlorpyrifos.

Abstract:   Cholinesterase (ChE) and the muscarinic (mAChR) and nicotinic (nAChR) cholinergic   receptors were measured in the brains of 88 birds of 20 different species collected   in Saskatchewan, Canada during 1991 and 1992. There was a strong correlation   between ChE and mChR, and the ratio of ChE: mACgR was 38% less variable than   was ShE alone. In a hypothetical test for minimal acute lethal poisoning of   all birds based on a reduction by 50% of the normal ChE measured in each, the   use of a single diagnostic threshold value of the ChE: mChR ratio had a diagnostic   sensitivity of 98% and a specificity of 99%, thus making theoretically possible   the diagnosis of acute lethal poisoning by anticholinesterase chemicals without   the use of reference control values for ChE. Both ChE and mAChR were highly   stable during 12 days of postmortem decomposition under several different daily   temperature regimes. Substantial changes in these molocules occurred only under   conditions of constant high temperature (36 C). Acute lethal poisoning by the   organophosphate chlorpyrifos did not affect the density of mACgR. Postmortem   decomposition did not appear to be an important confounding factor in the diagnostic   interpretation of either ChE or the ChE:mAChR ratio except under hot climatic   conditions.

 

Head   and neck problems. Wallis, Alan S. *Manual of Raptors, Pigeons and   Waterfowl,* 1996, p. 238-245. Beynon, P.H.; Forbes, N.A.; Harcourt-Brown,   N.H. (eds). Iowa State University Press, Ames, IA. ISBN: 0813828767.

            NAL   call no: SF994.B73 1996

Descriptors:   head problems, neck problems, anatomy, infectious disease of birds. 

 

Idiopathic   disorders. Goodman, Gloria J. *Diseases of Cage and Aviary Birds,*   3rd ed. 1996, p. 501-506. Rosskopf, W.J.; Woerpel, R.W. (eds). Williams   & Wilkins Co, Baltimore, MD. ISBN: 0683073826.

            NAL   call no: SF994.2.A1D57 1996

Descriptors:   baldness, abnormal molting, mental disorders, feather picking, birds.

 

Introduction.   Cooper, John E. *Manual of Raptors, Pigeons and Waterfowl,* 1996, p. 9-16.   Beynon, P.H.; Forbes, N.A.; Harcourt-Brown, N.H. (eds). Iowa State University   Press, Ames, IA. ISBN: 0813828767.

            NAL   call no: SF994.B73 1996

Descriptors:   anatomy, bird welfare, diets, health precautions, molting, taxonomy.

 

Medicine   and surgery of gallinaceous birds. Labonde, Jerry.*Diseases of Caged   and Aviary Birds,* 3rd ed. 1996, p. 951-955. Rosskopf, W.J.; Woerpel,   R.W. (eds). Williams & Wilkins Co., Baltimore, MD. ISBN: 0683073826.

            NAL   call no: SF994.2.A1D57 1996

Descriptors:   anesthesia, husbandry, diseases, nutrition, surgery, surgical method.

 

Medicine   and surgery of mynahs. Labonde, Jerry.*Diseases of Caged and Aviary   Birds,* 3rd ed. 1996, p. 928-932. Rosskopf. W.J.; Woerpel, R.W.   (eds). Williams & Wilkins Co. Baltimore, MD. ISBN: 0683073826.

            NAL   call no: SF994.2.A1D57 1996

Descriptors:   anesthesia, nutrition, surgery, common diseases, reproduction.

 

Medicine   and surgery of toucans. Worell, Amy Beth. *Diseases of Caged and Aviary   Birds, 3rd ed.* 1996, p. 933-943. Rosskopf, W.J.; Woerpel, R.W.   (eds). Williams & Wilkins Co., Baltimore, MD. ISBN: 0683073826.

            NAL   call no: SF994.2.A1D57 1996

Descriptors: housing,   nutrition, pediatrics, surgery, veterinary care.

 

Necropsy   findings in ratites (70 cases). Clark, f. Dustan; Kelly, E. Jane; Phillips,   S. Nannette. *Agri Practice,* 1996, v. 17 (8), p. 34-35. ISSN: 0745-452X.

            NAL   call no: SF601.B6

Descriptors:   necropsy findings, ratites, pathology, diseases, ostriches, emus, rheas.

Abstract:   A variety of infectious and noninfectious diseases have been diagnosed to date   in the ratite industry. From January 1991 through April 1994, 70 ratites were   submitted to the Utah State University Provo Branch Diagnostic Laboratory for   necropsy. The birds ranged in age from 1 day to adults. Both infectious and   noninfectious diseases were diagnosed in the birds. Ostriches accounted for   50 971.4%), rheas for 17 (24.3%) and emus for three (4.3%) of the 70 necropsy   cases. This report summarizes necropsy findings from 70 ratites. 

 

Non   surgical sexing technology.Pence,   Patricia A. *Diseases of Cage and Aviary Birds,* 3rd ed. 1996,   p. 851-856. Rosskopf, W.J.; Woerpel, R.W. (eds). Williams & Wilkins, Baltimore,   MD. ISBN: 0683073826. 

            NAL   call no: SF994.2.A1D57 1996

Descriptors:   behavior, hormonal sexing, physical characteristics, cytogenetics, birds. 

 

Orthopedic   surgery. Maccoy, Douglas M. *Diseases of Cage and Aviary Birds,*   3rd ed. 1996, p. 722-738. Rosskopf, W.J.; Woerpel, R.W. Williams   & Wilkins Co. Baltimore, MD. ISBN: 0638073826.

            NAL   call no: SF994.2.A1D57 1996

Descriptors:   bone disease, external fixation, fracture, injury, orthopedic surgery, birds.

 

Otoscopic   sexing. Harlin, Roger W. *Diseases of Cage and Aviary Birds,* 3rd   ed. 1996, p. 697-698. Rosskopf, W.J.; Woerpel R.W. (eds). Williams & Wilkins   Co. Baltimore, MD. ISBN: 0683073826.

            NAL   call no: SF994.2.A1D57 1996

Descriptors:   otoscopic sexing, surgical method, veterinary medicine, birds.

 

Pathology   of caged birds. Major diseases encountered in pet avian practice. Schmidt,   R.E.; W.J. Rosskopf Jr. (ed); R.W. Woerpel. *Diseases of Cage and Aviary Birds,*   ed. 3, 1996, p. 857-879. fig. ref. Williams & Wilkins, Baltimore, MD. ISBN:   0683073826. 

            NAL   call no: SF994.2.A1D57 1996

Descriptors:   small animal practice, diseases, pathology, pet/captivebirds, reviews.

 

Pelvic   limb problems. Harcourt-Brown, Nigel H. *BSAVA Manual of Psittacine   Birds,* New ed., 1996, p. 123-133. Beynon, P.H.; Forbes, N.A.; Lawton, M.P.C.   (eds). Iowa State University Press, Ames, IA. ISBN: 0813823498.

            NAL   call no: SF994.B73 1996

Descriptors:   bird bone disease, fracture, injury, joint dislocation, anatomy, nutrition.

 

Practical   avian therapeutics with dosages of commonly used drugs. Rosskopf, W.   Jr.; Woerpel, R.W.; W.J. Rosskopf Jr. (ed); R.W. Woerpel. *Diseases of Cage   and Aviary Birds,* 3rd ed. 1996, p. 255-259. ref. ISBN: 0683073826.   Williams & Wilkens, Baltimore, MD.

            NAL   call no: SF994.2.A1D57 1996

Descriptors:   drug therapy, aviary birds.

 

Psittacine   paediatrics. Harris, D.J.; Roston, M.A. (ed); Marx, K.L. *Proceedings   17th Annual Conference Mid Atlantic States Association of Avian Veterinarians,**Pocono Manor, PA. Apr. 28-30, 1996*, p. 59-67. 

            NAL   call no: SF994.M52

Descriptors:   young bird diseases, animal husbandry, feeding, chicks, aviary birds, parrot   family.

 

Radiology.   Harcourt-Brown, Nigel H. *Manual of Raptors, Pigeons and Waterfowl,*1996,   p. 89-97. Beynon, P.H.; Forbes, N.A.; Harcourt-Brown, N.H. (eds). Iowa State   university Press, Ames, IA. ISBN: 0813828767.

            NAL   call no: SF994.B73 1996

Descriptors:   anatomy, contract techniques, diagnostic method, interpretation, birds.

 

*Ratite   Management, Medicine and Surgery*.   Angel, C.R.; Cornick-Seahorn, J.L.; Crabill, M.R.; Craig, T.M.; Diamond, P.L.;   Fowler, M.E.; Fudge, A.M.; Hicks-Alldredge, K.D.; Honnas, C.M.; Minteer, L.;   Raines, A.M.; Speer, D.L.; Stewart, J.S.; Wade, J.R.; Tully, T.N. Jr.(ed.);   Shane, S.M. 1996, xvii. 188 pp. ref. Krieger Publishing Co., Malabar, FL. ISBN:   0894648748.

            NAL   call no: SF995.5.R37 1996

Descriptors:   diseases, surgery, animal production, veterinary medicine.

Abstract:   The ratites comprise ostrich, emu, rhea, cassowary and kiwi. The first 3 birds   have been exploited commercially in North America since the late 1980s. Chapters   in this book are: clinical anatomy, by M.E. Fowler; nutrition, by C.R. Angel   and others; biosecurity and control of diseases by S.M. Shane & L. Minteer;   restraining and handling ostriches, by R. Wade; restraining and handling emus,   by D. Mouser; reproduction, by K.D. Hicks-Alldredge; hatchery management in   ostrich production (J.S. Stewart) and emu production (S.M. Shane); anaesthesia,   by J.L. Cornick-Seahorn; surgical conditions, by M.R. Crabill & C.M. Honnas;   clinical haematology, by A.M. Fudge; parasites, by T.M. Craig & P.L. Diamond;   infectious diseases, by Shane & Tully; developmental problems, by B.L. Speers;   therapeutics, by Tully; health certification, by A.M. Raines & Shane; jurisprudence,   by Shane.

 

Reproductive   disorders in birds. Smith, Richard E. *Diseases of Cage and Aviary   Birds, 3rd ed.* 1996, p. 449-457. Williams & Wilkins Co. Baltimore,   MD. ISBN: 0683073826.

            NAL   call no: SF994.2.A1D57 1996

Descriptors:   anatomy, breeding failure, nutrition, bird reproductive disorders. 

 

Soft   tissue surgery. Rosskopf, Walter J. Jr.; Woerpel, Richard W. *Diseases   of Cage and Aviary Birds,* 1996, p. 675-693. Rosskopf, W.J.; Woerpel, R.W.   (eds). Williams & Wilkins Co., Baltimore, MD. ISBN: 0683073826.

            NAL   call no: SF994.2.A1D57 1996

Descriptors:   surgery, ascitic fluid, abdominal incision, fluid problems, birds.

 

Traumatic   disorders, Rich, Gregory A. *Diseases of Cage and Aviary Birds,*   3rd ed. 1996, p. 523-534. Rosskopf, W.J.; Woerpel R.W. (eds). Williams   & Wilkins Co. Baltimore, MD. ISBN: 0683073826.

            NAL   call no: SF994.2.A1D57 1996

Descriptors:   bite wound, burns, injuries, blood-feather trauma, broken bones, bird injuries.

 

Using   contrast radiography to diagnose gastrointestinal diseases in birds.   Sander, J. E. *Veterinary Medicine,* 1996, v. 91 (7), p. 652-655. ref.   ISSN: 8750-7943.

            NAL   call no: 41.8 M69

Descriptors:   barium, contrast media, diagnosis, digestive system, radiography, bird diseases.

 

Veterinary   care of sea birds. Tseng, F.S. *Proceeding of the North American Veterinary   Conference,**Jan. 13-17, 1996, Orlando, FL.* Eastern States Veterinary   Association, 1996, v. 10, p. 882-884. ref. 

            NAL   call no: SF605.N672

Descriptors:   bird, veterinary medicine, marine birds.

 

Vomiting   and diarrhea in the avian patient. Oglesbee, B.L.; Roston, M.A. (ed);   Marx, K.L. *Proceedings of the 17th Annual Conference,**Mid-Atlantic   States Association of Avian Veterinarians, Pocono Manor, PA. Apr. 28-30, 1996*,   p. 71-75.

            NAL   call no: SF994.M52

Descriptors:   symptoms, gastrointestinal diseases, diagnostic techniques, vomiting, birds.

 

 

1995

 

Avian   acupuncture. Partington, M.; Roston, M.A.; Marx, K.L. *Proceedings   16th Annual Conference, Mid-Atlantic States Association of Avian   Veterinarians,**Williamsburg, VA. Apr. 29-May 2, 1995*, p. 127-155.   ref.

            NAL   call no: SF994.M52

Descriptors:   therapy, techniques for birds, history, abnormal behavior, anatomy, acupuncture.

 

Avian   dermatology. Orosz, S.E. *Proceedings of the North American Veterinary   Conference,* Eastern States Veterinary Association, 1995, v. 9, p. 564-565.   ref. 

            NAL   call no: SF605.N672

Descriptors:   birds, skin diseases, animal anatomy.

 

Avian   respiratory diseases: Clinical overview. Tully, T.N. Jr. *Journal of   Avian Medicine and Surgery,* 1995, v. 9 (3), p. 162-174. ISSN: 1082-6742.   ref. 

            NAL   call no: SF994.J6

Descriptors:   diagnosis, reviews, aviary birds, respiratory diseases, respiratory system,   anatomy, physiology.

Intratendinous   ossification in birds: A review. Vanden Berge, James C.; Storer, Robert   W. *Journal of Morphology,* Oct. 1995, v. 226 (1), p. 47-77. ISSN: 0362-2525.

            NAL   call no: 444.8 J826

Descriptors:   skeletal musculature, tendons, ossification, literature review.

 

Pharmacokinetic   considerations of the renal system in birds: Part 1. Anatomic and physiologic   principles of allometric scaling. Frazier, D.L.; Jones, M.P.; Orosz,   S.E. *Journal of Avian Medicine and Surgery,* 1995, v. 9 (2), p. 92-103.   ISSN: 1082-6742. ref.

            NAL   call no: SF994.J6

Descriptors:   reviews, anatomy, physiology, drug excretion, kidneys, dosage.

 

Ratite   neuromuscular diseases. Speer, B.L.; Roston, M.A.; Marx, K.L. *Proceedings   of the 16th Mid-Atlantic States Association of Avian Veterinarians,**Williamsburg, VA. Apr. 29-May 2, 1995*. p. 167-184. ref. 

            NAL   call no: SF994.M52

Descriptors:   anatomy, muscles, nervous system, nutrition, rickets, congenital, birds.

 

Treatment   of tracheal obstruction in psittacine birds using a suction technique: A retrospective   study of 19 birds. Westerhof, I. *Journal of Avian Medicine and Surgery,*   1995, v. 9 (1), p. 45-49. ref. 

            NAL   call no: SF994.J6

Descriptors:   respiratory diseases, dyspnea, trachea, obstruction, surgery, grey parrots,   cockatoos, Amazon parrots.

Abstract:   Tracheal obstruction in 19 dyspnoeic birds (10 Amazon parrots, 7 African grey   parrots, 2 cockatoos) aged 4 months to 40 years was treated with a vacum technique.   Diagnosis was made by tracheoscopy. Following localization of the obstruction,   the obstructive material was removed by vacuum suction. *Aspergillus fumigatus*   was cultured from the tracheal swab samples in all birds. All birds had a history   of dietary nutritional deficiencies; they had been fed an all-seed diet. Eight   birds (42%) died during or following the suction procedure. In all the birds   that died, the obstruction could not be removed completely during the first   suction attempt. The tracheal suction procedure in conjunction with an air sac   tube is a lifesaving technique in acutely dyspnoeic psittacine birds with a   trachael obstruction. Whole-body radiographs and tracheoscopic findings provided   information about the prognosis of the bird. 

 

 

1994

 

Administration   of total parenteral nutrition in pigeons. Degernes, L.; Davidson, G.;   Flammer, K.; Kolmstetter, C.; Munger, L. *American Journal of Veterinary Research,*   1994, v. 55 (5), p. 660-665. ref. ISSN: 0002-9645.

            NAL   call no: 41.8 AM3A

Descriptors:   pigeons, *Columba livia*, jugular vein catheters, liquid nutrient requirements,   treatment and diagnosis, nutrition, techniques and methodologies.

Abstract:   Venous access devices connected to jugular vein catheters were implanted s.c.   in 2 groups of 6 White Carneau pigeons (*Columba livia*). Total parenteral   nutrition (TPN), or a control solution (lactated Ringer’s solution) was   infused as a bolus 4 times daily. Physiological, haematological, and biochemical   variables were monitored over 5 days. Complications in the TPN-treated pigeons   included 8.7% weight loss during the 5 day trial, hyperglycemia for up to 90   min after infusion, and glucosuria after infusion. Control pigeons lost 1.3%   of their body weight and did not become hyperglycaemic of glucosuric after infusion.   Haematocrit in both groups of pigeons decreased to to a value slightly below   published reference values for pigeons. Five pigeons developed venous thrombosis   in the proximal part of the cranial vena cava. Results indicated that intermittent   administration of TPN is possible in birds, however, further research is required   to develop better techniques for administration of TPN solutions. Additionally,   it is important to determine, more specifically, the caloric and nutrient requirements   of pigeons under stress and receiving TPN.

 

*Avian   Medicine: Principles and Application.*Ritchie, B.W.; Harrison, G.J.; Harrison,   L.R. Wingers Publishing Inc., Lake Worth, USA. 1994, 1384 pp. ISBN: 0963699601.

            NAL   call no: SF994.2.A1A94 1996

Descriptors:   veterinary medicine, pathology, surgery, nutrition, diagnosis, examination,   anatomy, physiology, diseases, nutrition, toxicology, all groups of birds, captive,   wild, ornamental. 

Abstract:   The authors (and their 39 contributors) have succeeded in their aim to produce   ‘a definitive reference text that blends the science of health with the   art of clinical medicine’. It provides clear, thorough, extensive and   well illustrated coverage of all aspects of avian medicine and all groups of   birds including aviary birds, wild fowl and ornamental birds (though most of   the principles have been detailed with respect to psittacines). Husbandry, nutrition,   welfare, life cycles and behaviour are covered as are anatomy and physiology,   clinical examination and diagnostic considerations, and pathological conditions   and infectious diseases of each body system. As well as the medicine being divided   by body system, there are also chapters dedicated to each family of birds concentrating   on their specific needs and problems. There are also chapters on each group   of pathogens and a chapter on toxicology. Many impressive colour photographs   and radiographs of cases are included. Diagnostic techniques are described thoroughly   including cytology, haematology, biochemistry, imaging techniques, endoscopy   and biopsy and postmortem examination. Pharmacology and drug therapy coverage   includes extensive tables of dosage regimes. The detailed surgery section covers   anaesthesia and general surgical considerations and has detailed line drawings   describing many surgical procedures. This book will benefit both the veterinary   student and the seasoned practitioner and will be coveted by the caged bird   enthusiasts. 

 

Diszmadarak   az allatorvosi praxisban I. A tartasi mod jelentosege a diszmadarbetegsegek   diagnosztizalasaban. [Pet birds in the veterinary practice. Part 1. The importance   of examining housing and management practice in the diagnosis of pet bird diseases.]   Steiner, A. *Kisallatvorvoslas,*1994, v. 1 (4), p. 15-17, 20. ref. Note:   In Hungarian.

Descriptors:   bird housing, cages, cage density, reviews, small animal practice, diseases.

Abstract:   The first article of a series discusses the problems concerning the diagnosis   of diseases in pet birds. Although the diagnostic procedure is almost the same   as for other pets, the emphasis should be put on anamnesis and observation.   It should be clarified whether the bird has been kept alone or in pairs for   a longer time (‘room bird’) or it has originated from an aviary   with the possibility of exposure to other birds. Commonest causes of diseases   in the case of a ‘room bird’ are behavioral changes, malnutrition,   inappropriate husbandry and neoplasms. They are frequently injured or they can   swallow foreign bodies. Infectious diseases more often develop in aviary birds   are described including diseases caused by *Sternostoma tracheacolum*,   respiratory form of avipoxvirus infection, coccidiosis, ascaridosis and bacterial   diseases. Disease of room and aviary birds are reviewed.

 

Emergency   care of avian patients. Ritchie, B.W. *Proceedings of the North American   Veterinary Conference,* Jan. 15-20, 1994, Orlando, FL. Eastern States Veterinary   Association, 1994, p. 806-808. ref. 

            NAL   call no: SF605.N672

Descriptors:   birds, intensive care.

 

Ophthalmology.   Williams, David. *Avian Medicine: Principles and Application.* Ritchie,   Branson W.; Harrison, Gregg J.; Harrison, Linda R. Wingers Publishing Inc. Lake   Worth, FL. 1994, 1384 pp. Chapter pagination: 673-694.

            NAL   call no: SF994.2.A1A94 1996

Descriptors: diagnostic   techniques, treatment techniques, eye, anatomy, pathology, bird patients.

 

Practical   avian first aid care. Part 1. Hedberg. G. *Veterinary Practice-Staff,*   1994, v. 6 (1), p. 15-16. ISSN: 1047-8639.

            NAL   call no: SF601.V4747

Descriptors:   emergencies, trauma, shock, diagnosis.

 

Practical   avian first aid care for the veterinary technician. Part 2. Hedberg,   G. *Veterinay Practice-Staff,* 1994, v. 6 (2), p. 26-30. ref. ISSN: 1047-8639.

            NAL   call no: SF601.V4747

Descriptors:   technicians, first-aid, emergencies, birds.

 

Veterinary   care for young birds. Tully, T.N. Jr. *Proceedings of the North American   Veterinary Conference,* Jan. 15-20, 1994, Orlando, FL. Eastern States Veterinary   Association, 1994, p. 940. ref. 

            NAL   call no: SF605.N672

Descriptors:   ostriches, rhea, emus, veterinary practice, birds.

 

 

1993

 

Avian   respiratory diseases. Gill, J. *Respiratory & Pulmonary Conditions:   Refresher Course for Veterinarians,**Proceedings 222, Oct. 4-8, 1993,   University of Sydney*, p. 75-83. ref. ISBN: 1875582312.

            NAL   call no: SF604 R37 no. 222

Descriptors:   aviary birds, respiratory diseases, rhinitis, anatomy.

 

Evaluation   of latex agglutination for detecting chlamydial antibody activity in psittacine   bird sera by comparison with direct complement fixation. Arizmendi, F.;   Grimes, J.E. *Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation,* Apr. 1993,   v. 5 (2), p. 277-279. ISSN: 1040-6387.

            NAL   call no: SF774.J68

Descriptors:   psittaciformes, *Chlamydia psittaci,* latex agglutination test, diagnostics,   parrot family.

 

Odor   thresholds in passerines. Clark, L.; Avilova, K.V.; Bean, N.J. *Comparative   Biochemistry and Physiology A; Comparative Physiology,* Feb. 1993, v. 104   (2), p. 305-312. ref. ISSN: 0300-9629.

            NAL   call no: QP1.C6

Descriptors:   passeriformes, smell, odors, detection, olfactory organs, brain, parrot family.

Abstract:   1. Eight species of passerines were evaluated for their ability to form conditioned   responses to odor stimuli. Only 5 species met training criteria and were tested   for odor detection thresholds. 2. Detection thresholds were comparable to other   passerines tested. Detection values were also similar to mammalian macrosomatic   species, such as rats and rabbits. Thus, despite the poorly elaborated olfactory**anatomy of passerines, these birds possess an adequate sense of smell. 3.   Within the Passeriformes there is no correlation between olfactory acuity and   relative size of the olfactory bulb. However, there is a correlation between   acuity and olfactory bulb size across orders of birds. These latter observations   are consistent with hypotheses correlating form and function.**

 

*Ostrich   Bibliography*. Westhuizen, E. Van   der (ed); Earle, A. Veterinary Library, University of Pretoria, Private Bag   X04, 0110 Onderstepoort, South Africa, 1993, iii. 316 pp. ref. ISBN: 0869799258.

            NAL   call no: Z5333.08088 1993

Descriptors:   diseases, anatomy, bacterial, viral, mycoses, parasites, hematology.

Abstract:   This bibliography was compiled from reference collections belonging to 4 South   African ostrich experts (Brooke, F. Huchzermeyr, A. Bezuidenhout and H. Ebedes)   as well as from the CAB ABSTRACTS, BIOSIS and Agricola databases and other bibliographies.   Many references have abstracts attached, which are usually based on the authors   summaries. Entries are arranged alphabetically by first author under main subject   headings. Additional descriptors have been allocated where necessary and items   are listed alphabetically under these descriptors in a separate list of descriptors.   There is also an author list. Both the descriptor and author lists have numbers   allocated to each entry to enable the user to distinguish between the entries.   The user is directed to the entry of interest by means of the main subject heading   and author names, rather than by the numbers. The bibliography is well produced   and should prove most useful. It is not clear whether it is available in electronic   form. 

 

Pharmacokinetic   properties of gentamicin and amikacin in the cockatiel. Ramsay, Edward   C.; Vulliet, Richard. *Avian Diseases,* 1993, v. 37 (2), p. 628-634. ISSN:   0005-2086.

            NAL   call no: 41.8 Av5

Descriptors:   metabolism, pharmacology, gentamicin, amikacin, Aves, *Nymphicus   hollandicus*.

Abstract:   Gentamicin and amikacin are commonly used in veterinary medicine to treat a   variety of gram-negative bacterial infections, The present study evaluates the   pharmacokinetics of gentamicin sulfate and amikacin sulfate in the cockatiel   (*Nymphicus hollandicus*), a small (approximate body-weight=100 g) psittacine   bird, utilizing treatment regimens developed in larger parrot species. Serum   antibiotic concentrations were determined in cockatiels following twice-daily   intramuscular treatment with 5 mg gentamicin/kg body weight and 15mg amikacin/kg   body weight. In the present study, peak values of gentamicin were 4.6 +1.45   mu-g/ml, and trough values were 0.17 + 0.04 mu-g/ml. Amikacin administration   resulted in peak values of 27.3 + 6.9 mu-g/ml and trough concentrations of 0.9   + 0.3 mu-g/ml. Based on the present study, an appropriate intramuscular dose   regimen for gentamicin in cockatiels is 5 to 10 mg/kg body weight two of three   times per day. An intramuscular amikacin dosage of 15 to 20 mg/kg body weight   either two or three times per day is recommended for treatment of infection   caused by susceptible bacteria. 

 

Preliminary   care for injured wild birds. Hedberg, G. *Veterinary Practice-Staff,*   1993, v. 5 (4), p. 25-27. ISSN: 1047-8639.

            NAL   call no: SF601.V4747

Descriptors:   emergencies, stress, therapy, trauma, wild birds. 

 

Surgical   correction of impaction of the proventriculus in ostriches. Gamble, K.C.;   Honnas, C.M. *Compendium on Continuing Education for the Practicing Veterinarian,*   Feb. 1993, v. 15 (2), p. 235-245. ISSN: 0193-1903.

            NAL   call no: SF601.C66

Descriptors:   ostriches, proventriculus, surgical operations, anesthesia.

 

*Veterinary   Care of Birds, Rodents, Rabbits, Ferrets and Guinea Pigs.* Pass, David;   Scott, Lyndy. Perth, W.A.: Murdoch University, Foundation for Continuing Veterinary   Education, May 5, 1993, c 1995. ii. 116 pp. ill. ISBN: 0869053566.

            NAL   call no: SF981.V48 1993

Descriptors: veterinary   therapeutics, pet medicine.

 

 

1992

 

Application   du diagnostic radiologique, avec ou sans moyen de contraste, a la description   de differentes images pathologiques chez les oiseaux. [Radiological diagnosis   in birds with or without contrast media.] Grimm, F. *Revue de Medecine   Veterinaire,* 1992, v. 143 (3), p. 213-217. ref. Note: In French.

            NAL   call no: 41.8 R32

Descriptors:   diagnosis, anatomy, radiography, contrast media, birds.

 

Avian   acupuncture. Partington, M. *Problems in Veterinary Medicine,*   1992, v. 4 (1), p. 212-222. ref. ISSN: 1041-0228.

            NAL   call no: SF601.P76

Descriptors:   anatomy, acupuncture, birds, case reports.

 

Avian   radiology birds, anatomy, disease diagnosis. McMillan, M.C. *Diseases   of Cage and Aviary Birds,*2nd ed. Margaret L. Petrak (ed). Lea   & Febiger, Philadelphia, PA. 1982, p. 329-360. ill. ref. ISBN: 081210692X.

            NAL   call no: SF994.2.A1D5 1982

Descriptors:   birds, radiology, diseases, anatomy.

 

Basic   avian medical techniques. McCluggage, David M. *Proceedings of the   Annual Conference of the Mid-Atlantic States Association of Avian Veterinarians,*   1992, No. 13, p. 78-93.

            NAL   call no: SF994.M52

Descriptors:   Aves, handling techniques, care in captivity, medical procedures.

 

Electrocardiogram   of the African grey (*Psittacus erithacus*) and Amazon (*Amazona spp.*)   parrot. Nap, A.M.P.; Lurneij, J.T.; Stokhof, A.A. *Avian Pathology,**Journal of the W.V.P.A*. 1992, v. 21 (1), p. 45-53. ref. ISSN: 0307-9457.   

            NAL   call no: SF995.A1A9

Descriptors:*Psittacus, Amazona*, electrocardiograms, reference standards, heart rate.

 

Fluid   dynamics of intraosseous fluid administration in birds. Lamberski, N.;   Daniel, G.B. *Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine,* 1992, v. 23 (1), p.   47-54. ref. ISSN: 1042-7260.

            NAL   call no: SF601.J6

Descriptors:   catheters, fluid therapy, birds, pigeons, *Columba   livia*, 99mTc-DTPA.

Abstract:   This study documents the fluid dynamics of substances injected into the medullary   cavity of clinically normal adult pigeons (*Columba livia*). A radioactive   blood pool agent (99mTc-DTPA) was administered via an intraosseous catheter,   and its distribution in the body was recorded with a gamma camera. When a bolus   of 99mTc-DTPA was administered into the distal ulna, >50% of the administered   dose passed from the ulna to the systemic circulation within 30 sec. In a second   trial, an infusion pump administered 99mTc-DTPA in a lactated Ringer’s   solution at 10 ml/hr for 2 hr. Radioisotope passed into the systemic circulation   at 9.85 ml/hr, paralleling the rate of fluid administration. The results suggest   that intraosseous fluid administration is a viable alternative to intravenous   catheterization in avian patients.

 

Survey   of clinical psittacine bird sera for *Salmonella typhimurium*agglutins.   Grimes, J.E.; Arizmendi, F. *Avian Diseases,* Jul./Sept. 1992, v. 36 (3),   p. 813-815. ISSN: 0005-2086.

            NAL   call no: 41.8 AV5

Descriptors:   psittaciformes, *Salmonella typhimurium*, agglutinins, serological surveys.

Abstract:   Of 2407 serum samples from various kinds of psittacine birds submitted for *Chlamydia*   serology, 2343 (97.4%) were negative, 26 (1.0%) were equivocal, and 39 (1.6%)   were positive for *Salmonella typhimurium*agglutinins. In additional serum   samples from two groups of African gray parrots, the prevalence of agglutinins   was 0.0% (0/38) in the Timneh variety and 24.0% (6/25) in the Congo variety.   In sera from one macaw, one cockatoo, and one Amazon parrot, which were negative   for chlamydial antibody activity there were strongly reactive agglutinins for   *S. typhimurium*. Two Amazon parrots had antibody activity against *Salmonella*   and *Chlamydia* antigens.

 

Der   Ziervogel als Notfallpatient. [Emergency care in pet bird medicine.]   Hochleithner, M. *Praktische Tierarzt,*1992, v. 73 (2), p. 87-88, 91-91.   ref. ISSN: 0032-681X. Note: In German.

            NAL   call no: 41.8 P882

Descriptors: drug   therapy, clinical examination, emergencies, aviary birds. 

Abstract:   Emergency care medicine is a very important part of pet bird practice. Different   emergency cases are discussed. The possibilities of pet bird examination, steps   for diagnosis, and therapeutic methods are demonstrated. The most important   drugs and dosages are shown in tables.

 

 

1991

 

Avicultural   medical management. An introduction to basic principles of flock medicine and   the closed aviary concept. Speer, B.L. *Veterinary Clinics of North   America, Small Animal Practice,* Nov. 1991, v. 21 (6), p. 1393-1404. ISSN:   0195-5616.

            NAL   call no: SF601.V523

Descriptors:   birds, aviculture, veterinary medicine, flock approach.

 

Basic   history taking and the avian physical examination. Rich, G.A. *Veterinary   Clinics of North America, Small Animal Practice,* Nov. 1991, v. 21 (6), p.   1135-1145. ISSN: 0195-5616.

            NAL   call no: SF601.V523

Descriptors:   birds, clinical examination, veterinary history.

 

General   principles of avian surgery. MacCoy, D.M. *Compendium on Continuing   Education for the Practicing Veterinarian,* Jun. 1991, v. 13 (6), p. 989-992.   ref. ISSN: 0193-1903.

            NAL   call no: SF601.C66

Descriptors:   birds, surgery, fracture fixation, anesthesia, surgical equipment.

 

*Homoeopathic   Treatment for Birds.*Chapman, B.M. 1991, 64 pp. Daniel (C.W.) Co. Ltd. Saffron   Walden, UK. ISBN: 085207235X.

Descriptors:   homoeopathy, treatment, wild birds, trauma, diseases.

 

Introduction   to psittacine birds. Clipsham, R. *Veterinary Clinics of North America,   Small Animal Practice,* 1991, v. 21 (6), p. 1361-1391. ref. ISSN: 0195-5616.

            NAL   call no: SF601.V523

Descriptors:   aviary birds, animal husbandry, foot diseases, therapy, housing, parrot family.

 

A   preliminary study of skeletal pathology of birds in zoos and its implications.   Feduccia, A. *Acta 20 Congressus Internationalis Ornithologici,* Bell,   B.D.; Cossee, R.O.; Flux, J.E.C.; Heather, B.D.; Hitchmough, R.A.; Robertson,   C.J.R.; Williams, M.J. (eds.). Christchurch, New Zealand, Dec. 2-9, 1990. V.   3 New Zealand Ornithological Congress Trust Board, Wellington. 1297-1946. Chapter   pagination: 1930-1936. 

Descriptors:   housing techniques, skeletal pathology, implications, skeleton, diseases, captive   birds. 

 

Routes   and prevalence of shedding of psittacine beak and feather disease virus.   Richie, B.W.; Niagro, F.D.; Latimer, K.S.; Steffens, W.L.; Pesti, D.; Ancona,   J.; Lukert, P.D. *American Journal of Veterinary Research,* Nov. 1991,   v. 52 (11), p. 1804-1809. ref. ISSN: 0002-9645.

            NAL   call no: 41.8 AM3A

Descriptors:   psittaciformes, viruses, viral disease transmission, feces, dust, crop. 

Abstract:   Psittacine beak and feather disease (PBFD) virus was recovered from the feces   and crop washings from various species of psittacine birds diagnosed with PBFD.   High concentrations of the virus also could be demonstrated in feather dust   collection from a room where 22 birds with active cases of PBFD were being housed.   The virons recovered from the feces, crop, and feather dust were confirmed to   be PBFD virus by ultrastructural, physical, or antigenic characteristics. Virus   recovered from the feather dust and feces hemagglutinated cockatoo erythrocytes.   The specificity of the agglutination was confirmed by hemagglutination inhibition,   using rabbit antibodies against PBFD virus. During the test period, 26% (8 of   31) of the birds screened were found to be excreting PBFD virus in their feces,   and 21% (3 of 14) of crop washings were positive for PBFD virus. Some birds   in the sample group had active cases of diarrhea, whereas others had normal   appearing feces. Diarrhea was found to be the only significant indicator of   whether a bird was likely to be excreting virus from the digestive tract. These   findings suggest that exposure of susceptible birds ro PBFD virus may occur   from contact with contaminated feather dust, feces, or crop secretions, Viral   particles that were morphologically similar to parvovirus (2-to 24nm-icosahedral   nonenveloped virions) also were recovered from feces of some of the birds.

 

 

1990

 

Avian   endoscopy. Satterfield, W.C. *Veterinary Clinics of North America,   Small Animal Practice,* Sept. 1990, v. 20 (5), p. 1353-1367. ill. ref. ISSN:   0195-5616.

            NAL   call no: SF601.V523

Descriptors:   birds, endoscopy, anesthesia, liver, biopsy, anatomy.

 

Emergency   care of avian patients. Ritchie, B.W. *Veterinary Medicine Report,*   1990, v. 2 (3), p. 230-245. ref. ISSN: 0895-7703.

            NAL   call no: SF601.V4742

Descriptors:   trauma, emergencies, drugs, anesthesia, gases, symptoms, reviews, toxins, organophosphates;   gases; plants; rodenticides and bacteria and the management of poisoning.

 

Haematology   of birds, reptiles and fish. Campbell, T.W. *Veterinary Technician,*   1990, v. 11 (8), p. 538, 540-542. ref. ISSN: 8750-8990.

            NAL   call no: SF406.A5

Descriptors:   erythrocytes, leukocytes, monocytes, lymphocytes, platelets, blood cells.

 

Raptor   foot care. Degernes, L.A.; Talbot, B.J.; Muelller, L.R. *Journal of   the Association of Avian Veterinarians,* 1990, v. 4 (2), p. 93-95. ref. ISSN:   8750-8990.

            NAL   call no: SF994.J6

Descriptors:   pathology, therapy, foot diseases.

 

 

1988

 

Imaging   of avian urogenital diseases. McMillan, M.C. *AAV Today,* 1988,   v. 2 (2), p. 74-82. ref. 

            NAL   call no: SF994.A2

Descriptors:   bird kidney diseases, anatomy, diagnosis, radiography, physiology.

 

An   overview of avian serum chemical profiles. Allen, J.L. *Contemporary   Issues in Small Animal Practice,* 1988, v. 9, p. 143-157. ref. Churchill   Livingstone, N.Y., N.Y. ISSN: 0891-9747.

            NAL   call no: SF601.C84

Descriptors:   birds, blood chemistry, blood serum, normal values, animal physiology. 

 

 

1987

 

Antibiotic   therapy. Harry, E.G. *Companion Bird Medicine,* Burr, E.W. Iowa   State University Press, Ames, IA. 1987. i-x. 1-247. Chapter pagination: 204-213.   ISBN: 0813803624.

            NAL   call no: SH994.2A1C66 1987

Descriptors:   Aves, treatment of diseases, antibiotics, birds.

 

Avian   diagnostics: A guide to caring for caged birds. Levine, B.S. *Veterinary   Medicine,* May 1987, v. 82 (5), p. 469-481. ill. ref. ISSN: 0042-4889 (0750-7943).   

            NAL   call no: 41.8 M69

Descriptors:   ornamental birds, diagnostic techniques, pet care, veterinary medicine. 

 

Avian   haematology.  Van der Heyden, N. *Care and Rehabilitation of Injured   Owls. A User’s Guide to the Medical Treatment of Raptorial Birds - and   the Housing, Release Training and Captive Breeding of Native Owls.* McKeever,   K. The Owl Rehabilitation Research Foundation, Vineland, Ontario. 1987. 1-196.   Chapter pagination: 87-99. 

            NAL   call no: SF994.52.O9M15

Descriptors:   blood, hematology techniques, normal parameters, birds.

 

Clinical   examination. Wise, R.D. *Companion Bird Medicine,* Burr, E.W. (ed).   Iowa State University Press, Ames, IA. 1987, i-x. 1-247. Chapter pagination:   20-27. ISBN: 0813803624.

            NAL   call no: SF994.2A1C66 1987

Descriptors:   handling techniques, clinical examination, treatment of diseases, pet birds.

 

Clinical   pathology and laboratory diagnostic tools. Woerpel, R.W.; Rosskopf, W.J.   Jr.; Monahan, Brennan M. *Companion Bird Medicine,* Burr, E.W. (ed). Iowa   State University Press, Ames, IA. 1987. i-x. 10247. Chapter pagination: 180-196.   ISBN: 0813803624.

            NAL   call no: SF994.2A1C66 1987

Descriptors:   diagnosis of parasites, hematological techniques, treatment of diseases, pet   birds. 

 

*Companion**Bird Medicine.* Burr, E.W. 1987. Iowa State University Press, Ames,   IA. i-x. 1-247. ill. col. ISBN: 0813803624.

            NAL   call no: SF994.2A1C66 1987

Descriptors:   textbooks, care in captivity, treatment of diseases, pet birds.

 

Orthopedics.   Blass, C.E. *Companion Bird Medicine,* Burr, E.W. 1987. Iowa State University   Press, Ames, IA. i-x. 1-247. Chapter pagination: 120-128. ISBN: 0813803624.

            NAL   call no: SF994.2A1C66 1987

Descriptors:   surgical techniques, orthopedics, treatment of diseases, pet birds.

 

Pathology   and the complete autopsy. Evans, R.H. *Care and Rehabilitation of Injured   Owls. A User’s Guide to the Medical Treatment of Raptorial Birds - and   the Housing, Release Training and Captive Breeding of Native Owls.* McKeever,   K. The Owl Rehabilitation Research Foundation, Vineland, Ontario. 1987. 1-196.   Chapter pagination: 81-86. 

            NAL   call no: SF994.52.O9M15

Descriptors:   surgical techniques, injury pathology, autopsy, injuries, owls, raptors.

 

A   radiological review of fracture management in raptors. Redig, P.T. *Care   and Rehabilitation of Injured Owls. A User’s Guide to the Medical Treatment   of Raptorial Birds - and the Housing, Release Training and Captive Breeding   of Native Owls.* McKeever, K. The Owl Rehabilitation Research Foundation,   Vineland, Ontario. 1987. 1-196. Chapter pagination: 50-80.

            NAL   call no: SF994.52.O9M15

Descriptors:   radiography, injuries, fractures, radiological review, injured owls.

 

 

1985

 

Selected   soft tissue–pet avian surgical procedures. Rosskopf, W.J. Jr.;   Woerpel, R.W. *Proceedings of the Western Poultry Disease Conference,**Univ. of Calif., Davis, CA. 1985*, p. 101-103. Mar. 3-6, 1985. ref. 

            NAL   call no: SF995.W4

Descriptors:   aviary birds, surgical operations, anesthesia, antibiotics, pet birds.

 

 

1984

 

Bird   amputees. Elder, W.H.*North   American Bird Bander,* 1984, v. 9 (4), p. 21. ISSN: 0363-8979.

Descriptors:   tagging, limbs, injuries, leg loss due to ringing, hindlimbs.

 

Comparative   use of various mydriatic drugs in kestrels (*Falco tinnunculus*).   Mikaelian, I.; Paillet, I.; Williams, D. *American Journal of Veterinary Research,*   Feb. 1994, v. 55 (2), p. 270-272. ref. ISSN: 0002-9645.

            NAL   call no: 41.8 AM3A

Descriptors:   drugs, eyes, dilation, topical application, drug effects, adverse effects, hawks,   alcuronium chloride, vecuronium   bromide.

Abstract:   The mydriatic effect of 3 curare-like neuromuscular blocking agents was tested   in European kestrels (*Falco tinnunculus*) after topical application. Alcuronium   chloride (5mg/ml) was found to be effective at a dose of 1 drop (20 drops=1ml)   administered twice at a 15 minute interval. Mydriasis was achieved at t=26 +   11 minutes, maximal effect was reached at t=60 + 39 minutes, and sufficient   mydriasis ended at t=364 + minutes. Nevertheless, side effects, including temporary   full paralysis in 1 bird, indicated that this drug should not be used. Pancuronium   bromide (2mg/ml) had an inconsistent effect on each bird at a dose of 2 drops   administered twice at 15 minute intervals, and total mydriasis was not reached   in 5 of 8 birds. Mydriasis was achieved at t=34 + 11 minutes, maximal effect   was reduced and reached at t=43 + 13 minutes, and sufficient mydriasis ended   at t=90 + 39 minutes. Vecuronium bromide (4mg/ml) was administered at a dose   of 2 drops, 3 times, at 15 minute intervals. Mydriasis was achieved at t=23   + 8 minutes, maximal effect was reached at t=65 + 12 minutes, and sufficient   mydriasis ended at t=253 + 65 minutes. Side effects were not detected. Vecuronium   bromide should be used in raptorial birds whenever retinal examination requires   fundoscopy.

 

Symposium   on caged bird medicine. Harrison, Greg J. *The Veterinary Clinics of   North America, Small Animal Practice,* v. 14, no. 2. ISSN: 0195-5616. Saunders,   c1984, vi, p. 145-406. ill. Philadelphia.

            NAL   call no: SF601.V523

Descriptors:   cage birds, diseases, congresses.

 

Tonometry   of normal eyes in raptors. Stiles, J.; Buyukmihci, N.C.; Farver, T.B.   *American Journal of Veterinary Research,* Apr. 1994, v. 55 (4), p. 477-479.   ISSN: 0002-9645.

            NAL   call no: 41.8 AM3A

Descriptors:   hawks, eagles, owls, eyes, species differences, internal pressure, intraocular   pressure, red-tailed hawks, *Buteo jamaicensis*,   Swainson’s hawks, *Buteo swainsoni*, golden eagles, *Aquila chrysaetos*,   bald eagles, *Haliaeetus leucocephalus*, great horned owls, *Bubo virginianus*,   barn owls, *Tyto alba*.

Abstract:   An applanation tonometer was used to estimate intraocular pressure in normal   eyes of several species or raptors. No bird had active injury or illness, though   some were nonreleasable to the wild because of previous injury. Mean (+ SD)   intraocular pressure was 20.6 (+ 3.4)mm of Hg in red-tailed hawks (*Buteo   jamaicensis*, n=10), 20.8 (+ 2.3) mm Hg in Swainson’s hawks (*Buteo   swainsoni*, n=6), 21.5 (+ 3.0) mm Hg in golden eagles (*Aquila chrysaetos*,   n=7)), 20.6 (+ 2.0) mm Hg in bald eagles (*Haliaeetus leucocephalus*, n=3),   and 10.8 (+ 3.6) mm Hg in great horned owls (*Bubo virginianus*, n=6).   There was no significant differences in intraocular pressure between hawks and   eagles. Mean pressure in great horned owls was significantly (P,0.01) lower   than pressure in hawks or eagles. Reliable intraocular pressure readings could   not be obtained in barn owls (*Tyto alba*).

 

 

1983

 

*Diagnostic   Procedures for Pet Birds:**Proceedings of a 1983 Veterinarian Seminar*.   American Federation of Aviculture, 79 p. 

            NAL   call no: SF461.D5

Descriptors:   cage birds, diseases, congresses, diagnosis.

 

Pharmacokinetics   of gentamicin in birds of prey. Bird, J.E.; Miller, K.W.; Larson, A.A.;   Duke, G.E. *American Journal of Veterinary Research,* Jul. 1983, v. 44   (7), p. 1245-1247. ill. ref. ISSN: 0002-9645.

            NAL   call no: 41.8 AM3A

Descriptors:   gentamicin, pharmacokinetics, birds of prey.

 

Toxicity   of gentamicin in red-tailed hawks. Bird, J.E.; Walser, M.M.; Duke, G.E.   *American Journal of Veterinary Research,* Jul. 1983, v. 44 (7), p. 1289-1293.   ill. ref. ISSN: 0002-9645.

            NAL   call no: 41.8 AM3A

Descriptors:   gentamicin, toxicity, red-tailed hawks.

 

*Veterinary Care of Birds, Rodents, Rabbits, Ferrets, and Guinea Pigs*.   Pass, David; Scott, Lyndy. Perth, W.A. Murdoch University, Foundation for Continuing   Veterinary Education*,* May 5, 1993, no. 93/2, ii, 116 p. ill. ref. ISBN:   0869053566. 

            NAL   call no: SF981.V48 1993

Descriptors:   veterinary therapeutics, pet medicine. 

 

 

1982

 

Stabilization   of a tibiotarsal fracture using a modified Kirschner Ehmer apparatus in a Mullocan   cockatoo. Treatment of a broken leg in large tropical bird. Kock, M.D.   *California Veterinarian,* Sept. 1982, v. 36 (9), p. 11-13. ill. ref. ISSN:   0006-1612.

            NAL   call no: 41.8 C12

Descriptors:   leg fracture, tibiotarsal, stabilization, cockatoo.

 

 

1981   

 

*Caged   Bird Medicine: Selected Topics.*1st ed*.* Steiner, Charles   V.; Davis, Richard B. Iowa State University Press, Ames, IA. 1981, xi. 176 pp.   ill. ISBN: 0813817153.

            NAL   call no: SF461.S7 1981

Descriptors:   caged birds, birds diseases.

 

 

1979

 

*Care   and Rehabilitation of Injured Owls: A User’s Guide to the Medical Treatment   of Raptorial Birds, and the Housing, Release Training and Captive Breeding of   Native Owls.*McKeever, Katherine.Lincoln,   Ont.: W.F. Rannie, 1979, 112 pp. ill. plans. 

            NAL   call no: SF994.52.O9M15

Descriptors:   owls, diseases, birds of prey diseases, first aid, captive, wild birds.

 

Finding   and examining wild birds. Dall, J.A. *First Aid and Care of Wild Birds,*   Cooper, J.E.; Eley, J.T. (eds.). David & Charles, Newton, Abbot, London   & North Pomfret (Vancouver) 1979. 1-288. Chapter pagination: 64-75. 

Descriptors:   handling techniques, housing techniques, injured wild birds. 

 

 

1978

 

*Restraint and Handling of the Bird-Special Groups*. Fowler, Murray E.   School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, 1978, 1   videocassette (VHS) (34 min), sd. col.

            NAL   call no: Videocassette no. 403

Descriptors:   animal immobilization, wild birds, captive animal welfare.

 

        
**Return to: Contents**
SELECTED WEBSITES
 

American Dove Association.http://www.flatratewebsites.com/sites/ada/

Mostly shows and hobby   breeders but does contain information on the following: FAQ’s; Nutrition; Housing;   Breeding; Diseases; Species, Links, etc.

Avian Publications.http://www.avianpublications.com/items/vetmed/itemA10.htm

Many publications on   bird keeping and care, such as, *The Ratite Encyclopedia: Ostrich-Emu-Rhea;*and books and videos about Avian Veterinary Medicine.

Bibliography of   Psittacine birds.http://www.papageien.org/literatur/index_en.shtml

A searchable bibliography   on Psittacine birds. Also contains a listing of German and international publications   referring to Psittacine birds (Psittaciformes).

 

Birds of the World   Two: Galliformes.http://cm27personal.fal.buffalo.edu/birds/bow/bow_2/galliformes.html
Anatomy and other information   on Galliformes from the University of Illinois, Ornithology Laboratory.

Budgerigar Home   Page.http://www.geocities.com/RainForest/3298/main.html

Information on budgerigars   (parakeets).

 
California Raptor Center, University of California Davis. http://www.vetmed.ucdavis.edu/ars/raptor.htm
Dedicated to the rehabilitation   of injured and orphaned raptors. Provides hands-on training in the care and   management of birds of prey and educational programs.

Canary List Info   Pages.http://members.aol.com/CanaryList/main.htm

A growing collection   of canary and bird related links provided to List members. Searchable CANARY   Archives at www.boisestate.edu.

 
Coast & Oceans Marine Species Conservation - Seabirds.http://www.deh.gov.au/coasts/species/seabirds
Biology, diet and breeding   and more from the Australian Government, Department of the Environment and Heritage.   

Estimating seabird   diets using fatty acids: Protocol development and testing of ReFER hypotheses.http://www.sfos.uaf.edu/npmr/projects/seabirds/26/project26.html

Development of a catalog   of fatty acids to identify the composition of prey in fatty acid profiles of   predators. Also refining the biopsy technique and obtaining tissue samples for   analysis, and diet analysis of stomach contents by Sara Iverson, Dalhousie University   and Alan springer, University of Alaska, Fairbanks.

Finch & Canary   World Online!http://www.seacoastpub.com/fcw_mag.html

A publication dedicated   to providing information to finch, canary and softbill enthusiasts.

 

House Finch Disease   Survey.http://birds.cornell.edu/hofi/

A survey to track the   spread of infectious diseases in a wildlife population and send the data to   the Cornell Lab of Ornithology. Concerned with mycoplasmal conjunctivitis.

 
House Finch Conjunctivitis (*Mycoplasma gallisepticum*).http://members.aol.com/FinchMG/Home.htm
Created for the purpose   of sharing information about *Mycoplasma gallisepticum*in 33 eastern states   and southeastern Canada. Serves as an informal reference to birders.

TheIncubation  of Ratite Eggs.
http://gallus.tamu.edu/Extension%20publications/Incubation%20of%20Ratite%20Eggs.pdf
A publication on how  to successfully incubate ratite eggs from the Texas CooperativeExtension, Texas  A&M University. 

 
Management requirements for Waterfowl.http://www.ext.vt.edu/pubs/poultry/factsheets/2.html
A fact sheet on the   management of waterfowl from the Virginia Cooperative Extension, Virginia Polytechnic   Institute & Virginia State University.

Methods for Attaching   Radio Transmitters to Passerines and Associated Impacts to their Behavior.http://www.npwrc.usgs.gov/resource/tools/telemtry/passerin.htm

A paper on the attachment   of radio transmitters to Passerines for field studies and the effects on behavior   from the Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center, USGS.

 
Old world Aviaries Psittacine Links.http://www.oldworldaviaries.com/text/bookmarks/bookmark.htm
A list of links for   Psittacines including Anatomy, Animal Rights, Behavior, Bibliographies, Care,   Housing & Grooming, Diet & Nutrition, and more.

That Quail Place.http://www.shaywood.com/

Information on raising   quail and game birds, general care, breeding, incubating, brooding and raising   of quail. Information about many game birds.

The Only Pigeon   Center in the World.http://www.wpc.be/

Pigeon information   in Nederlands, Francais, Deutsch, English and Espanol.

The Premier Source   for Finch Information.http://www.finchworld.com/

Zebra finches: A Complete   Pet Owners Manual; links to zebra finch and many other finch species information.

Proceedings of   International Virtual Conferences in Veterinary Medicine: Diseases of Psittacine   Birds, May 15 - June 30, 1998. http://www.vet.uga.edu/ivcvm/1998/

Proceedings from the   above conference plus proceedings for Diseases of Reptiles and Amphibians, and   Diseases of Exotic Animals and Wildlife, from the University of Georgia.

Psittacine Incubation   Techniques, Incubation Periods, and First Generation Captive Raised Breeding   (Egg laying) Data. http://www.funnyfarmexotics.com/IAS/Firstbr.htm

Information on incubation   from E. Trent Swigert, Parrot Jungle, formerly Curator of Birds, Avicultural   Breeding & Research Center.

 
Psittacine Pediatrics: Housing and Feeding of Baby Parrots.http://shell.pubnix.net/~mhagen/docu/tabcon4.html
Information on Hygiene,   Food Preparation, Methods of Feeding, Housing, Weaning, Care of Baby Parrots   and more.

The Raptor Center.http://www.raptor.cvm.umn.edu

From the University   of Minnesota. Raptor facts, publications, FAQ’s and more.

Raptor Research   Foundation.http://biology.boisestate.edu/raptor/

Journal of Raptor Research,   conferences, links and more.

Ratite Bibliography   and Database.http://duke.usask.ca/~ladd/ratalt.htm

Purpose is to provide   information about papers published on Ratites derived from veterinary and biomedical   research journals and conference proceedings. Formerly the Canadian Ratite Home   Page. Includes a searchable Ratite database and other references.

Ratite Nutrition   and Feeding.http://www.ext.vt.edu/pubs/poultry/factsheets/7.html

As stated, covers diets   and feeding of Ratites with tables for vitamin and mineral levels for diets,   suggested minimum nutrient compositions, suggested ingredients, minimums and   maximums (lbs/ton). From Virginia Cooperative Extension, Virginia Polytechnic   Institute and Virginia State University. 

Seabirds. http://www.wordplay.com/tourism/self_guided_tours/birds/

Introduces seabirds   and colonies in Newfoundland and Labrador and describes common provincial birds   that make a living from the sea.

University of   Michigan, Museum of Zoology.www.ummz.lsa.umich.edu/

Databases on insects,   mollusks, fish, reptiles and amphibians, birds, mammals. Publications and more.

Waterfowl: Health   & Management.www.wildlifeinformation.org

An electronic encyclopedia   and library providing information on the natural history, health and management   of captive and free-ranging wild animals. Requires a subscription.

Zebra Finch Society.http://www.zebrafinch-society.org/

A specialty club for   zebra finch fanciers for management of the zebra finch as a pet, plus articles   and egg candler.

**Return to: Contents**
*The Animal Welfare Information Center,     awic@nal.usda.gov  http://www.nal.usda.gov/awic/pubs/Birds/birds2.htm  Updated July 8, 2004*                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          |
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