Animal Welfare Information Center

United States Department of Agriculture

National Agricultural Library

ISSN: 1052-5378

Quick Bibliography Series, QB 95-13

January 1989 - January 1995

400 citations in English from AGRICOLA

March 1995

Compiled By:

Tim Allen

Animal Welfare Information Center, Information Centers Branch

National Agricultural Library, Agricultural Research Service, U. S. Department of Agriculture

10301 Baltimore Ave., Beltsville, Maryland 20705-2351

Go to:

About the Quick Bibliography Series

Document Delivery Information

National Agricultural Library Cataloging Record

Search Strategy

Author Index

Subject Index

National Agricultural Library Cataloging Record:

Allen, Tim

 Anesthesia and analgesia for farm animals : January 1989-

January 1995.

 (Quick bibliography series ; 95-13)

 1. Animal anesthesia--Bibliography. 2. Domestic animals--

Bibliography. 3. Animal immobilization--Bibliography. I.

Title.

aZ5071.N3 no.95-13

Search Strategy

 Line Description

 ---- -----------

 1. anesthe? or anasthe? or anaesthe? or analges? or pain?

 or distress or tranquil? or anxiolytic? or

 neuroleptanalges? or paralytic? or hypnotic? or

 sedative? or neuromuscular(W)block? or hypothermia

 2. cow or cows or cattle or sheep or pig? or swine or

 boar? or barrow? or gilt? or horse? or mare? or

Anesthesia and Analgesia for Farm Animals, QB 95-13 https://web.archive.org/web/20010210200328/http://www.nal.usda.gov/...

1 of 150 3/29/2016 12:09 PM
 stallion? or livestock? or bull or bulls or lamb? or

 ram? or ewe?

 3. pony or ponies or foal or colt? or chicken? or chick or

 chicks or poult? or hen? or rooster? or turkey? or

 capon? or duck? or geese? or goose or emu? or ostrich?

 or llama?

 4. rhea? or goat? or equine? or bovine? or ovine? or

 buffalo? or catfish? or trout? or donkey? or mule or

 mules

 5. S2 or S3 or S4

 6. S1 and S5

 7. S6/ti

 8. S7 and PY=1989:1995

1 NAL Call. No.: 41.8 Am3A

Accuracy of a reflectance pulse oximeter in anesthetized

horses. Watney, G.C.G.; Norman, W.M.; Schumacher, J.P.; Beck,

E.

Schaumburg, Ill. : American Veterinary Medical Association;

1993 Apr. American journal of veterinary research v. 54 (4):

p. 497-501; 1993 Apr. Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Horses; Anesthesia; Blood; Oxygen; Measurement;

Instruments; Accuracy

Abstract: The accuracy of a reflectance pulse oximeter was

determined in 22 anesthetized horses, oximetric blood oxygen

saturation was measured with the pulse oximeter probe attached

to the mucosa of the mandible. Arterial blood oxygen

saturation (Sao2) was calculated from arterial blood gas

values and the equine blood oxygen dissociation curve. The

mean +/- SD difference between oximetric blood oxygen

saturation and Sao2 was -1.3 +/- 3.1% for values of (Sao2)

ranging from 80 to 100%. The difference between oximetric

blood oxygen saturation and Sao2 was influenced by Sao2, the

mean arterial blood pressure, and preanesthetic medication

administered, but not by age, sex, or body weight of the

horse, individual animal effect, anesthetic induction or

maintenance agent, procedure performed, body position, mode of

lung ventilation, time of sampling, arterial pH, or carbon

dioxide tension.

2 NAL Call. No.: 41.8 Am3

Actions of isoflurane and halothane in pregnant mares.

Daunt, D.A.; Steffey, E.P.; Pascoe, J.R.; Willits, N.; Daels,

P.F. Schaumburg, Ill. : The Association; 1992 Nov01.

Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association v. 201

(9): p. 1367-1374; 1992 Nov01. Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Mares; Pregnancy; Inhaled anesthetics; Halothane;

Anesthesia; Blood pressure; Respiration rate; Carbon dioxide;

Oxygen; Duration; Recovery; Blood chemistry

3 NAL Call. No.: SF601.A46

Acupuncture for the treatment of chronic back pain in 200

horses. Martin, B.B. Jr; Klide, A.M.

Lexington, Ky. : The Association; 1992.

Proceedings of the annual convention of the American

Association of Equine Practitioners (37): p. 593-601; 1992. 

Meeting held December 1-4, 1991, San Francisco, California. 

Includes references.

Language: English

Anesthesia and Analgesia for Farm Animals, QB 95-13 https://web.archive.org/web/20010210200328/http://www.nal.usda.gov/...

2 of 150 3/29/2016 12:09 PM
Descriptors: Horses; Acupuncture; Pain

4 NAL Call. No.: 41.8 Am3A

Acute effects of perineural administration of sodium

hyaluronate on palmar digital neurectomy sites in horses.

Murray, R.C. \u Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS;

Gaughan, E.M.; DeBowes, R.M.; Mosier, D.A.; Hoskinson, J.J.

Schaumburg, Ill. : American Veterinary Medical Association;

1994 Oct. American journal of veterinary research v. 55 (10):

p. 1484-1489; 1994 Oct. Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Horses; Hyaluronic acid; Neurectomy;

Postoperative complications; Drug effects; Neoplasms; Nerve

tissue; Inflammation; Swelling; Infusion

Abstract: Biaxial palmar digital neurectomy of all limbs was

performed on 6 mixed-breed castrated adult male horses, using

a standard guillotine method. Using a Teflon catheter, 20 mg

(2 ml) of sodium hyaluronate (group 1), 2 ml of phosphatebuffered saline solution (group 2), or catheter placement with

no infusion (group 3) was applied to 4 (group 1) or 2 (groups

2 and 3) of 8 incisions/horse. Treatments were administered

after closure of the neurectomy incision, and the catheter was

removed. Horses were evaluated daily for 1 week, then weekly

over a 9-week period for evidence of lameness, swelling, and

ultrasonographic changes. On week 9, horses were euthanatized

and neurectomy sites were removed en bloc for histologic

evaluation of axonal regrowth, inflammation, and fibrosis.

Neither lameness nor sign of painful neuroma was observed

clinically in any of the horses. Neurectomy eliminated

cutaneous heel sensation in all limbs for the duration of the

study. Swelling was evident at all neurectomy sites. There

were no significant differences between treatment sites for

measurement of pastern circumference or ultrasonographic

evaluation of incisional swelling. Foci of ultrasonographic

hyperechogenicity increased over time, but there was no

significant difference in hyperechogenicity between treatment

groups. Histologic evidence of neuroma formation was observed

at all sites. Morphometric assessment of neuroma crosssectional areas revealed no significant difference between the

groups, as did subjective histologic assessment of neuroma

density and fibrous tissue content. We conclude that there are

no clinical, ultrasonographic, or histologic effects on

neuroma formation and fibrosis at sites of palmar digital

neurectomy associated with a single perineural administration

of sodium hyaluronate or phosphate-buffered saline solution.

5 NAL Call. No.: SF910.P34A55 1992

Acute pain from castration and tail docking of lambs.

Molony, V.; Wood, G.N.

New York : Churchill Livingstone; 1992.

Animal pain / edited by Charles E. Short, Alan Van Poznak. p.

385-395, 400-401; 1992. Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Lambs; Pain; Tail; Cutting; Castration;

Anesthesia; Local anesthesia; Xylazine; Morphine; Etorphine;

Naloxone; Drug effects

6 NAL Call. No.: 41.8 R3224

Alleviation of postanesthetic hypoxemia in the horse.

McMurphy, R.M.; Cribb, P.H.

Ottawa : Canadian Veterinary Medical Association; 1989 Jan.

Anesthesia and Analgesia for Farm Animals, QB 95-13 https://web.archive.org/web/20010210200328/http://www.nal.usda.gov/...

3 of 150 3/29/2016 12:09 PM
The Canadian veterinary journal v. 30 (1): p. 37-41; 1989 Jan. 

Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Horses; Anesthesia; Adverse effects; Hypoxia;

Therapy; Oxygen; Partial pressure

7 NAL Call. No.: 442.8 J8222

Alterations in pituitary gland sensitivity in ram lambs to

physiological doses of gonadotrophin-releasing hormone (GnRH),

after divergent selection based on the luteinizing hormone

response to a pharmacological GnRH challenge. Evans, N.P.;

McNeilly, J.R.; Springbett, A.J.; Webb, R.

Colchester : The Journal; 1991 Nov.

Journal of reproduction and fertility v. 93 (2): p. 559-567;

1991 Nov. Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Rams; Lambs; Lines; Gnrh; Lh; Hormone secretion;

Anesthesia; Injectable anesthetics; Dosage effects; Line

differences; Hypothalamus; Pituitary

8 NAL Call. No.: 41.8 R312

Analgesic activity and respiratory effects of butorphanol in

sheep. Waterman, A.E.; Livingston, A.; Amin, A.

London : British Veterinary Association; 1991 Jul.

Research in veterinary science v. 51 (1): p. 19-23; 1991 Jul. 

Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Sheep; Analgesics; Dosage; Pain; Respiratory

gases; Mechanical stimulation; Heat tolerance

Abstract: The analgesic drug butorphanol tartrate has proved

useful clinically in horses and dogs but its analgesic profile

had not yet been investigated in sheep. This study was

initiated to determine the thermal and mechanical

antinociceptive activity of butorphanol (at the dose rates

0.05, 0.1 and 0.2 mg kg-1) in sheep. The drug produced

significant analgesia in the thermal lest system, the duration

of which was dose related but no significant elevation in

mechanical pressure thresholds could be detected. In a further

set of experiments the dose rate was increased to 0.4 mg kg-1

and mechanical testing was repeated. There was still no

clinically significant elevation in pressure thresholds. At a

dose rate of 0.2 mg kg-1 the drug had no detectable effect on

respiratory blood gas tensions. Behavioural changes were

severe if a dose rate of 0.2 mg kg-1 was exceeded.

9 NAL Call. No.: 41.8 V641

Analgesic and spasmolytic effects of dipyrone, hyoscine-Nbutylbromide and a combination of the two in ponies.

Roelvink, M.E.J.; Goossens, L.; Kalsbeek, H.C.; Wensing, T.

London : The Association; 1991 Oct26.

The Veterinary record : journal of the British Veterinary

Association v. 129 (17): p. 378-380; 1991 Oct26. Includes

references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Horses; Colic; Antiinflammatory agents;

Parasympatholytics; Drug combinations; Pain; Spasms; Drug

effects

Anesthesia and Analgesia for Farm Animals, QB 95-13 https://web.archive.org/web/20010210200328/http://www.nal.usda.gov/...

4 of 150 3/29/2016 12:09 PM
10 NAL Call. No.: SF951.E62

The analgesic effect of ketoprofen for use in treating equine

colic as compared to flunixin meglumine.

Betley, M.; Sutherland, S.F.; Gregoricka, M.J.; Pollet, R.A.

Santa Barbara, Calif. : Veterinary Practice Publishing

Company; 1991 Jun. Equine practice v. 13 (6): p. 11-16; 1991

Jun. Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Horses; Colic; Medical treatment; Analgesics;

Flunixin; Pain; Drug effects; Antiinflammatory agents

11 NAL Call. No.: 41.8 R312

Analgesic effects of detomidine in thoroughbred horses with

chronic tendon injury.

Chambers, J.P.; Livingston, A.; Waterman, A.E.; Goodship, A.E.

London : British Veterinary Association; 1993 Jan.

Research in veterinary science v. 54 (1): p. 53-56; 1993 Jan. 

Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Horses; Detomidine; Tendons; Legs; Trauma; Pain

Abstract: This study was undertaken to assess the analgesia

provided by detomidine (20 micrograms kg-1 intravenously) in

thoroughbred horses. Pain thresholds to a mechanical noxious

stimulus were measured before and after a period of mild

chronic pain in one foreleg. Detomidine was a good analgesic

in control animals, their pain thresholds were significantly

elevated for about 60 minutes. After injury, the injured leg

had a significantly lower pain threshold and the intensity and

duration of analgesia provided by detomidine were

significantly reduced. The analgesia in the opposite (sound)

leg was also reduced, indicating that there were both central

and peripheral aspects to this increased sensitivity to

painful stimuli. Detomidine deserves to be considered as a

potent analgesic in the horse rather than a sedative with

analgesic side effects.

12 NAL Call. No.: 41.8 AU72

Analgesic therapy of beak-trimmed chickens.

Glatz, P.C.; Murphy, L.B.; Preston, A.P.

Brunswick, Victoria : Australian Veterinary Association; 1992

Jan. Australian veterinary journal v. 69 (1): p. 18; 1992 Jan. 

Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Fowls; Debeaking; Analgesics; Animal welfare;

Feed intake

13 NAL Call. No.: 41.8 R312

Analysis of the frequency spectrum of the equine

electroencephalogram during halothane anaesthesia.

Johnson, C.B.; Young, S.S.; Taylor, P.M.

London : British Veterinary Association, 1960-; 1994 May.

Research in veterinary science v. 56 (3): p. 373-378; 1994

May. Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Horses; Electroencephalograms; Halothane;

Anesthesia; Recordings

Anesthesia and Analgesia for Farm Animals, QB 95-13 https://web.archive.org/web/20010210200328/http://www.nal.usda.gov/...

5 of 150 3/29/2016 12:09 PM
Abstract: The electroencephalogram (EEG) has been used in

human clinical anaesthesia as an indicator of cortical

activity and as an indicator of the depth of anaesthesia. It

would be useful if it provided a reliable indication of the

depth of anaesthesia of horses. In this study anaesthesia was

induced with thiopentone and maintained with halothane in nine

ponies. The end tidal halothane concentration [P(E-Hal)] was

monitored and 20 seconds of EEG were recorded at 0.8 per cent,

1.0 per cent and 1.2 per cent halothane, equivalent to the

minimum alveolar concentration (MAC), 1.25 MAC and 1.5 MAC.

Each 20 second block of data was divided into one second

segments and averaged to give one second of averaged EEG from

which a frequency spectrum was obtained by using a fast

Fourier transformation. The power of the waveform at low

frequency (1 to 3 Hz) was compared with that at higher

frequency (9 to 11 Hz). The median frequency and 95th

percentile (spectral edge) were also calculated. The spectral

edge frequency had the best correlation with P(E-Hal).

14 NAL Call. No.: aZ5071.N3

Anesthesia and analgesia for farm animals, January 1987-

January 1994. Allen, T.

Beltsville, Md., National Agricultural Library; 1994 Apr.

Quick bibliography series - National Agricultural Library

(94-21): 84 p.; 1994 Apr.

Language: English

Descriptors: Livestock; Anesthesia; Analgesics; Pain

15 NAL Call. No.: SF914.A53 1990

Anesthesia & analgesia in swine.

Swindle, M.M.

Columbia, Md. : American College of Laboratory Animal

Medicine, 1990? :.; 1990.

Anesthesia and analgesia in laboratory animals : proceedings -

- 1990 Forum, American College of Laboratory Animal Medicine,

Columbia Inn, Columbia, Maryland, May 3-6, 1990. p. 79-87;

1990. Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Miniature pigs; Anesthesia; Analgesics

16 NAL Call. No.: SF601.A46

Anesthesia for the compromised or exhausted patient.

Riebold, T.W.; Schmotzer, W.B.

Manhattan, Kan. : The Association; 1989.

Proceedings of the annual convention of the American

Association of Equine Practitioners (34th): p. 509-518; 1989. 

Meeting held December 4-7, 1988, San Diego, CA. Includes

references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Horses; Anesthesia; Exhaustion; Neuroleptics;

Fluids; Blood pressure; Depth; Monitoring; Anesthetics

17 NAL Call. No.: SF601.A46

Anesthesia for the equine orthopedic patient.

Muir, W.W. III

Lexington, Ky. : The Association; 1992.

Proceedings of the annual convention of the American

Association of Equine Practitioners (37): p. 721-733; 1992. 

Meeting held December 1-4, 1991, San Francisco, California. 

Includes references.

Anesthesia and Analgesia for Farm Animals, QB 95-13 https://web.archive.org/web/20010210200328/http://www.nal.usda.gov/...

6 of 150 3/29/2016 12:09 PM
Language: English

Descriptors: Horses; Anesthetics; Hemodynamics; Postoperative

complications

18 NAL Call. No.: SF911.V43

Anesthesia in the llama.

Riebold, T.W.; Kaneps, A.J.; Schmotzer, W.B.

Hagerstown, Md. : J.B. Lippincott Company; 1989 Sep.

Veterinary surgery v. 18 (5): p. 400-404; 1989 Sep. Includes

references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Llamas; Anesthesia; Anesthetics

19 NAL Call. No.: SF601.V535

Anesthesia techniques in sheep and goats.

Ewing, K.K.

Philadelphia, Pa. : W.B. Saunders Company; 1990 Nov.

The Veterinary clinics of North America : food animal practice

v. 6 (3): p. 759-778; 1990 Nov. In the series analytic:

Advances in sheep and goat medicine / edited by M. C. Smith. 

Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Sheep; Goats; Anesthesia; Anesthetics; Analgesics

20 NAL Call. No.: 41.8 AM3

Anesthetic and medical management of acute hemorrhage during

surgery. Wagner, A.E.; Dunlop, C.I.

Schaumburg, Ill. : The Association; 1993 Jul01.

Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association v. 203

(1): p. 40-45; 1993 Jul01. Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Dogs; Cats; Horses; Hemorrhage; Surgery;

Anesthesia; Medical treatment; Blood volume; Losses;

Hematocrit; Blood proteins

21 NAL Call. No.: SF951.V47

Anesthetic complications in the horse.

Klein, L.

Philadelphia, Pa. : W.B. Saunders; 1990 Dec.

The Veterinary clinics of North America : equine practice v. 6

(3): p. 665-692; 1990 Dec. Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Horses; Anesthesia; Equipment; Failure;

Anesthetics; Ventilation; Complications; Cardiovascular

system; Hypotension; Hypothermia; Hypoxia; Hyperthermia;

Cardiac rhythm; Muscular diseases

22 NAL Call. No.: SF601.A46

Anesthetic considerations for dystocia and caesarean section

in mares. Hodgson, D.S.

Manhattan, Kan. : The Association; 1989.

Proceedings of the annual convention of the American

Association of Equine Practitioners (34th): p. 543-547; 1989. 

Meeting held December 4-7, 1988, San Diego, CA. Includes

references.

Anesthesia and Analgesia for Farm Animals, QB 95-13 https://web.archive.org/web/20010210200328/http://www.nal.usda.gov/...

7 of 150 3/29/2016 12:09 PM
Language: English

Descriptors: Mares; Foaling; Anesthesia; Dystocia; Caesarean

section; Techniques; Anesthetics

23 NAL Call. No.: 41.8 AM3

Anesthetic management of an incisional dehiscence in recovery

following exploratory laparotomy in a horse.

Curtis, M.B.; Eicker, S.W.; Archer, R.M.; Lindsay, W.A.

Schaumburg, Ill. : The Association; 1992 Mar01.

Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association v. 200

(5): p. 692-695; 1992 Mar01. Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Horses; Anesthesia; Laparotomy; Postoperative

complications; Case reports

24 NAL Call. No.: 41.8 Am3

Anesthetic management of an incisional dehiscence in recovery

following exploratory laparotomy in a horse.

Curtis, M.B. \u University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI;

Eicker, S.W.; Archer, R.M.; Lindsay, W.A.

Schaumburg, Ill. : The Association; 1992 Mar01.

Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association v. 200

(5): p. 692-695; 1992 Mar01. Corrects AGRICOLA accession

number IND92017406 in which the publication year was

incorrectly entered as 1991. Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Horses; Anesthesia; Laparotomy; Postoperative

complications; Case reports

25 NAL Call. No.: 41.8 Am3

Anesthetic management of ostriches.

Cornick, J.L. \u Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA;

Jensen, J. Schaumburg, Ill. : The Association; 1992 Jun01.

Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association v. 200

(11): p. 1661-1666; 1992 Jun01. Corrects AGRICOLA accession

no. IND92038574 in which the volume was incorrectly entered as

20. Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Ostriches; Anesthesia; Anesthetics; Heart rate;

Respiration rate; Blood pressure; Blood; Gases; Complications

26 NAL Call. No.: 410.9 P94

Anesthetic potency and cardiopulmonary effects of enflurane,

halothane, and isoflurane in goats.

Antognini, J.F.; Eisele, P.H.

Cordova, Tenn. : American Association for Laboratory Animal

Science; 1993 Dec. Laboratory animal science v. 43 (6): p.

607-610; 1993 Dec. Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Goats; Anesthesia; Halothane; Inhaled

anesthetics; Drug effects; Cardiovascular system; Respiratory

system; Dosage; Hemodynamics; Blood; Gases; Adverse effects

Abstract: Anesthetic requirements, as defined by the minimum

alveolar anesthetic concentration (MAC) that prevents gross,

purposeful movement in 50% of animals, have not been

Anesthesia and Analgesia for Farm Animals, QB 95-13 https://web.archive.org/web/20010210200328/http://www.nal.usda.gov/...

8 of 150 3/29/2016 12:09 PM
determined in goats. Therefore, we determined anesthetic

potency of enflurane (N = 6), halothane (N = 8), and

isoflurane (N = 7) in goats by using the tail clamp and dewclaw clamp as the noxious stimuli and then measured the

cardiovascular and respiratory effects of these agents. The

MAC was 2.0 +/- 0.4%, 1.3 +/- 0.1%, and 1.5 +/- 0.3% (mean +/-

SD) for enflurane, halothane, and isoflurane, respectively. At

1 MAC, when ventilation was changed from controlled to

spontaneous, blood pressure decreased in goats anesthetized

with isoflurane (98 +/- 17 to 78 +/- 13 mm Hg) and halothane

(95 +/- 10 to 83 +/- 14 mm Hg) but did not significantly

change in goats anesthetized with enflurane; heart rate

increased in goats anesthetized with halothane (117 +/- 12 to

127 +/- 10 beats/min) but was not significantly different in

goats anesthetized with enflurane or isoflurane; and cardiac

output increased in goats anesthetized with enflurane (5.70

+/-1.23 to 7.05 +/- 2.02 liters/min) and halothane (6.14 +/-

0.94 to 7.91 +/-2.45 liters/min) but not with isoflurane.

During spontaneous breathing, respiratory depression was

manifested by apnea in two animals and an elevated PaCO2:57

+/- 15 mm Hg, 55 +/- 13 mm Hg, and 59 +/- 14 mm Hg,

respectively, for enflurane, halothane, and isoflurane. Minute

ventilation during spontaneous breathing was approximately 50%

of controlled ventilation for each anesthetic agent. We

conclude that anesthetic requirements in goats are similar to

those in other species; enflurane, halothane, and isoflurane

are well tolerated during controlled ventilation; and

respiratory depression makes these drugs less attractive

during spontaneous breathing.

27 NAL Call. No.: 41.8 M69

Anesthetics and surgical techniques useful in the potbellied

pig. Braun, W. Jr

Lenexa, Kan. : Veterinary Medicine Publishing Co; 1993 May05.

Veterinary medicine v. 88 (5): p. 441-447; 1993 May05. 

Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Miniature pigs; Anesthesia; Anesthetics; Surgical

operations

28 NAL Call. No.: HV4711.A56 1989

Animal pain., 2nd ed.

Rollin, B.

Englewood Cliffs, N.J. : Prentice Hall; 1989.

Animal rights and human obligations / edited by Tom Regan,

Peter Singer. p. 60-65; 1989. Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Horses; Animal behavior; Animal welfare; Animal

research; Laboratory animals; Pain; Castration; Suxamethonium

29 NAL Call. No.: 450 P697

Antiinflammatory, analgesic, and antipyretic effects of an

aqueous extract of Erythraea centaurium.

Berkan, T.; Ustunes, L.; Lermioglu, F.; Ozer, A.

Stuttgart, W. Ger. : Georg Thieme Verlag; 1991 Feb.

Planta medica v. 57 (1): p. 34-37; 1991 Feb. Includes

references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Turkey; Gentianaceae; Plant extracts;

Pharmacology; Antiinflammatory agents; Analgesics;

Antipyretics

Anesthesia and Analgesia for Farm Animals, QB 95-13 https://web.archive.org/web/20010210200328/http://www.nal.usda.gov/...

9 of 150 3/29/2016 12:09 PM
30 NAL Call. No.: 41.8 Am3A

Antinociceptive effects of combining low doses of neuroleptic

drugs and fentanyl in sheep.

Kyles, A.E.; Waterman, A.E.; Livingston, A.

Schaumburg, Ill. : American Veterinary Medical Association;

1993 Sep. American journal of veterinary research v. 54 (9):

p. 1483-1488; 1993 Sep. Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Sheep; Pain; Neuroleptics; Fentanyl; Droperidol;

Drug combinations; Dosage; Intravenous injection; Injection

Abstract: Effects of low doses of the neuroleptic drugs

droperidol and zuclopenthixol, combined with a subanalgesic

dose of the opioid mu-agonist, fentanyl, on mechanical

nociceptive thresholds were evaluated in sheep. Intravenously

administered droperidol (5 micrograms/kg of body weight) did

not induce any change in the nociceptive thresholds when

administered alone, but caused marked increase in threshold

responses when combined with a subanalgesic dose of fentanyl

(5 micrograms/ kg). Similarly, a combination of iv

administered zuclopenthixol (100 micrograms/kg) and fentanyl

induced significant (P < 0.05) antinociceptive effects,

whereas zuclopenthixol administered iv alone had no effect on

the threshold responses. Intrathecal administration of a low

dose of droperidol (5-microgram total dose) combined with iv

administered fentanyl also increased mechanical thresholds

significantly (P < 0.05). These results indicate that

interactions exist between dopaminergic and opioid systems in

the processing of nociceptive information and that these

effects may, at least partially, be mediated spinally.

31 NAL Call. No.: SF910.P34A55 1992

Antinociceptive effects of intrathecal opioids and alpha 2-

agonists in sheep. Livingston, A.; Waterman, A.E.; Bouchenafa,

O.; Kyles, A. New York : Churchill Livingstone; 1992.

Animal pain / edited by Charles E. Short, Alan Van Poznak. p.

281-291, 312; 1992. Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Sheep; Agonists; Opioids; Drug effects;

Analgesics; Testing; Anesthesia; Dosage; Xylazine;

Catheterization

32 NAL Call. No.: RS160.J6

Anxiolytic activity of Panax ginseng roots: an experimental

study. Bhattacharya, S.K.; Mitra, S.K.

Limerick : Elsevier Scientific Publishers; 1991 Aug.

Journal of ethno-pharmacology v. 34 (1): p. 87-92; 1991 Aug. 

Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Panax pseudoginseng; Roots; Diazepam; Anxiety;

Behavior; Rats

Abstract: The putative anxiolytic activity of the white and

red varieties of ginseng, the root of Panax ginseng, was

investigated in rats and mice using a number of experimental

paradigms of anxiety and compared with that of diazepam. Pilot

studies indicated that single-dose administration of ginseng

had little to no acute behavioral effects, hence the two

varieties of ginseng were administered orally at two dose

levels twice daily for 5 days, while diazepam (1 mg/kg, i.p.)

Anesthesia and Analgesia for Farm Animals, QB 95-13 https://web.archive.org/web/20010210200328/http://www.nal.usda.gov/...

10 of 150 3/29/2016 12:09 PM
was administered acutely. White and red varieties of ginseng

(20 and 50 mg/kg) showed positive results when tested against

several paradigms of experimental anxiety. Both were effective

in the open-field and elevated plus-maze tests and reduced

conflict behaviour in thirsty rats and footshock-induced

fighting in paired mice. Ginseng also attenuated

pentylenetetrazole-induced decrease in rat brain MAO activity,

confirming its anxiolytic activity since this has been

proposed to be an endogenous marker for anxiety. The effects

induced by white and red ginseng (50 mg/kg X 5 days) were

comparable to those induced by diazepam (1 mg/kg).

33 NAL Call. No.: 41.8 AM3A

Aortic catheterization in cattle via the costoabdominal artery

and validation for progesterone and estradiol-17 beta sample

collection. Haibel, G.K.; Guilbault, L.A.; Villeneuve, P.;

Thatcher, W.W. Schaumburg, Ill. : American Veterinary Medical

Association; 1989 Nov. American journal of veterinary research

v. 50 (11): p. 1923-1925. ill; 1989 Nov. Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Cattle; Aorta; Catheters; Abdomen; Arteries;

Cannulation; Progesterone; Estradiol; Blood specimen

collection

Abstract: The abdominal portion of the aorta was catherized

in 27 cows. Local analgesia was achieved by infiltration of

anesthetic agents. A 10-cm skin incision was made caudal and

parallel to the 13th rib at the lateral border of the epaxial

muscles. The dorsal costoabdominal artery was exposed at its

first lateral cutaneous branch by careful dissection through

fascial layers. A sterile polyvinyl catheter (1.52 mm OD) was

inserted into the artery and was advanced 35 to 40 cm to the

abdominal portion of the aorta. Catheter patency was

maintained for up to 5 weeks. Concentrations of plasma

progesterone and estradiol-17 beta in samples obtained from

the abdominal portion of the aorta were similar to

simultaneously obtained concentration in samples from the

jugular vein before and after parturition.

34 NAL Call. No.: QP251.A1T5

Application of lumbosacral spinal anesthesia for ovine

caesarian surgery and for vasectomy under field conditions.

Scott, P.R. \u Veterinary Field Station, Midlothian, Scotland;

Sargison, N.D.; Penny, C.D.; Pirie, R.S.

Newton, Mass. : Butterworth-Heinemann; 1994.

Theriogenology v. 42 (5): p. 891-893; 1994. Includes

references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Ewes; Caesarean section; Lidocaine; Rams;

Vasectomy; Conduction anesthesia; Preanesthetic medication;

Xylazine; Postoperative complications; Paresis

Abstract: A 2% lignocaine solution infused at a dose of 2

mg/kg at the lumbosacral site gave excellent analgesia in 28

vasectomy operations and in 33 of 38 (87%) Caesarian

operations at a dose of 4 mg/kg. Failure of the anesthetic

technique in 4 sheep (6% of all operations) was associated

with poor positioning of the ewe and incorrect identification

of the epidural space. One fatality was recorded and was

considered to result from lignocaine overdosage and the

probable pooling of blood in the splanchnic vasculature.

Pelvic limb paresis persisted for 2 to 4 h post epidural

injection in all ewes, but no permanent paralysis was

encountered. Lumbosacral epidural anesthesia gave excellent

Anesthesia and Analgesia for Farm Animals, QB 95-13 https://web.archive.org/web/20010210200328/http://www.nal.usda.gov/...

11 of 150 3/29/2016 12:09 PM
analgesia for vasectomy, and was indicated for Caesarian

surgery when a dystocia was associated with severe vaginal

prolapse or the delivery of a fetal monster. Further work is

needed to find an analgesic preparation which has a shorter

duration than the 2% lignocaine solution.

35 NAL Call. No.: SF955.E6

Arterial-alveolar carbon dioxide tension difference and

alveolar dead space in halothane anaesthetised horses.

Moens, Y.

Newmarket : R & W Publications; 1989 Jul.

Equine veterinary journal v. 21 (4): p. 282-284; 1989 Jul. 

Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Horses; Anesthesia; Halothane; Arteries; Carbon

dioxide; Tension

36 NAL Call. No.: 41.8 R312

Assessment of pain associated with degenerative hip disorders

in adult male turkeys.

Duncan, I.J.H.; Beatty, E.R.; Hocking, P.M.; Duff, S.R.I.

London : British Veterinary Association; 1991 Mar.

Research in veterinary science v. 50 (2): p. 200-203; 1991

Mar. Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Turkeys; Hips; Degeneration; Joint diseases;

Pain; Betamethasone; Physical activity

37 NAL Call. No.: 41.8 R312

Assessment of the welfare of food restricted male broiler

breeder poultry with musculoskeletal disease.

Hocking, P.M.

London : British Veterinary Association, 1960-; 1994 Jul.

Research in veterinary science v. 57 (1): p. 28-34; 1994 Jul. 

Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Broilers; Restricted feeding; Skeletomuscular

anomalies; Animal welfare; Pain; Locomotion; Betamethasone;

Naloxone; Animal behavior; Sexual behavior; Male fertility;

Age differences; Opioid peptides

Abstract: The general and sexual activity of food restricted

male broiler breeder poultry was assessed for evidence of

behavioral changes associated with musculoskeletal lesions.

The activity and fertility of male birds given betamethasone

(an anti-inflammatory steroid) or saline were compared in a

two-period crossover experiment. Behavioural changes occurred

and the birds' mating activity and fertility were decreased

when they were given the steroid, but these effects were not

associated with the presence of lesions. In a second

experiment, there were no differences in sexual motivation

between birds either with or without leg disorders. The birds

were trained to walk down an alley for their food and the

speed of walking was compared in a two-period crossover

experiment. Betamethasone decreased their walking speed in

period one and the carryover effect was significant in period

two. Naloxone decreased the walking speed of birds with

lesions more than of those without lesions. This effect was

taken as evidence for analgesia by endogenous opioids and may

help to explain the lack of response of the birds to the

analgesic agent. The evidence that these food restricted male

Anesthesia and Analgesia for Farm Animals, QB 95-13 https://web.archive.org/web/20010210200328/http://www.nal.usda.gov/...

12 of 150 3/29/2016 12:09 PM
broiler breeder birds experienced pain was equivocal.

38 NAL Call. No.: SF955.E6

Atelectasis causes gas exchange impairment in the

anaesthetised horse. Nyman, G.; Funkquist, B.; Kvart, C.;

Frostell, C.; Tokics, L.; Strandberg, A.; Lundquist, H.;

Lundh, B.; Brismar, B.; Hedenstierna, G.

Newmarket : R & W Publications; 1990 Sep.

Equine veterinary journal v. 22 (5): p. 317-324; 1990 Sep. 

Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Horses; Anesthesia; Computed tomography;

Atelectasis; Respiratory disorders; Gas exchange; Lungs

39 NAL Call. No.: SF911.V43

Atracurium as an adjunct to halothane-oxygen anesthesia in a

llama undergoing intraocular surgery: a case report.

Donaldson, L.L.; Holland, M.; Koch, S.A.

Hagerstown, Md. : J.B. Lippincott Company; 1992 Jan.

Veterinary surgery v. 21 (1): p. 76-79; 1992 Jan. Includes

references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Llamas; Anesthesia; Surgical operations; Eyes;

Halothane; Oxygen; Case reports

40 NAL Call. No.: SF910.P34A55 1992

The balloon model for controlled abdominal pain in the horse.

Lowe, J.E.

New York : Churchill Livingstone; 1992.

Animal pain / edited by Charles E. Short, Alan Van Poznak. p.

408-410, 432; 1992. Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Horses; Surgical operations; Pain; Abdomen;

Models; Balloons; Apparatus; Surgical equipment

41 NAL Call. No.: 49 J82

Behavioral and physiological effects of freeze or hot-iron

branding on crossbred cattle.

Lay, D.C. Jr; Friend, T.H.; Randel, R.D.; Bowers, C.L.;

Grissom, K.K.; Jenkins, O.C.

Champaign, Ill. : American Society of Animal Science; 1992

Feb. Journal of animal science v. 70 (2): p. 330-336; 1992

Feb. Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Beef cattle; Branding; Freezing; Blood plasma;

Epinephrine; Heart rate; Norepinephrine; Hydrocortisone;

Stress; Skin temperature; Pain; Animal welfare

Abstract: Twenty-seven crossbred calves (1/2 Simmental, 1/4

Hereford, 1/4 Brahman) averaging 257 +/- 11 d of age were

either hot-iron-branded (H), freeze-branded (F), or shambranded (S). Calves were blocked for temperament, weight, and

sex and were randomly assigned to day and order in which

treatments were applied. To reduce stress from handling at

treatment time, each calf was herded through the squeeze chute

daily for 5 d before the experiment. Jugular cannulas were

inserted in each calf 1 d before application of treatment.

Blood samples and heart rate measures were obtained at -5, -3,

Anesthesia and Analgesia for Farm Animals, QB 95-13 https://web.archive.org/web/20010210200328/http://www.nal.usda.gov/...

13 of 150 3/29/2016 12:09 PM
0, .5, 1, 3, 5, 10, 15, and 20 min after application of the

treatments. Mean concentrations of plasma epinephrine (EPI)

were higher for H calves at time .5 min than for either S or F

calves (P = .10). To account for individual differences,

prebranding heart rates and hormone concentrations were

subtracted from subsequent samples and were also used to

calculate a proportion for each subsequent sample. Analyses of

subtracted values found that EPI concentrations were greater

for H calves than for either S or F calves (P = .007) at .5

min postbranding. No other differences were found for the

subtracted analyses. Analyses of proportion data also revealed

that H calves had greater EPI than did either S or F calves (P

= .027) at .5 min postbranding. Only three animals vocalized

during branding, one H calf and two F calves. Despite the 5-d

acclimation period, handling and restraint elevated plasma

cortisol concentrations and heart rate. Because restraint

elevated physiological indicators of stress, possible

treatment differences may have been masked. The greater

epinephrine response experienced by H calves indicates a

higher momentary pain sensation than that experienced by

either S or F calves.

42 NAL Call. No.: QL750.A6

Behavioural evidence for persistant pain following partial

beak amputation in chickens.

Gentle, M.J.; Waddington, D.; Hunter, L.N.; Jones, R.B.

Amsterdam : Elsevier Science Publishers, B.V.; 1990 Aug.

Applied animal behaviour science v. 27 (1/2): p. 149-157; 1990

Aug. Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Hens; Debeaking; Pain; Behavior change; Drinking

water; Temperature

43 NAL Call. No.: 41.8 R312

Behavioural responses of lambs of three ages in the first

three hours after three methods of castration and tail

docking.

Molony, V.; Kent, J.E.

London : British Veterinary Association, 1960-; 1993 Sep.

Research in veterinary science v. 55 (2): p. 236-245; 1993

Sep. Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Lambs; Castration; Docking; Methodology;

Veterinary equipment; Surgery; Age differences; Pain; Animal

behavior

Abstract: The behavioural responses of groups of seven lambs

were compared with control groups after castration and tail

docking by rubber rings, application of a Burdizzo clamp in

addition to a rubber ring and after surgical castration at

five, 21 and 42 days. All methods at all ages produced changes

in behaviour which were interpreted as indicative of

considerable pain. The rubber ring groups showed most changes

in behaviour at all ages. The rubber ring with Burdizzo groups

showed least changes and some lambs in these groups showed

much less response than others. The surgical groups showed

some behavioural responses which were different, both

qualitatively and quantitatively to those in other groups. It

is concluded that indices used for recognition and assessment

of acute pain received conditional support, that modification

of the rubber ring with Burdizzo may provide the least painful

method without local anaesthesia and that age had little

effect on the responses.

Anesthesia and Analgesia for Farm Animals, QB 95-13 https://web.archive.org/web/20010210200328/http://www.nal.usda.gov/...

14 of 150 3/29/2016 12:09 PM
44 NAL Call. No.: 41.8 Am3A

Benzocaine-induced methemoglobinemia attributed to topical

application of the anesthetic in several laboratory animal

species.

Davis, J.A.; Greenfield, R.E.; Brewer, T.G.

Schaumburg, Ill. : American Veterinary Medical Association;

1993 Aug. American journal of veterinary research v. 54 (8):

p. 1322-1326; 1993 Aug. Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Laboratory animals; Benzocaine; Adverse effects;

Topical application; Methemoglobinemia; Species differences

Abstract: In a screening study, a common benzocainecontaining anesthetic was topically applied to the following

species: dogs (n = 11), domestic shorthair cats (n = 38),

Long-Evans rats (n = 22), Sprague-Dawley rats (n = 11),

ferrets (n = 6), rhesus monkeys (n = 10), cynomolgus monkeys

(n = 10), owl monkeys (n = 10), New Zealand White rabbits (n =

18), miniature pigs (n = 9), ICR mice (n = 4), C3H mice (n =

4), and C57BL/10SnJ mice (n = 24). All animals, except mice

and rats, received a 2-second spray to the mucous membranes of

the nasopharynx for an estimated dose of 56 mg. A 2-second

spray to rodents' oral mucous membranes delivered too great a

volume of fluid for these animals; therefore, an equivalent

dose was applied to the oral mucosa membranes by use of a 23-

gauge needle and syringe. Initial (baseline) blood samples, as

well as 4 blood samples taken every 15 minutes after drug

application, were analyzed for methemoglobin (MHb), using an

oximeter. Positive MHb response (> 3 SD above baseline) was

seen in individuals of all groups. The study was repeated in

dogs several months later to confirm low response. Response to

benzocaine spray was observed in most animals tested, with

response peaking between 15 and 30 minutes after dosing.

Positive MHb response ranged from 3.5 to 38%, was detected in

> 95% of individual animals, and ranged from 15 to 60 minutes

after drug administration. Responses were variable because of

the screening nature of the study and the topical route of

drug administration, but the highest responses were observed

in rabbits and cats, and the lowest were seen in mice and

dogs. Methemoglobin could be a confounding variable for

several types of studies; investigators should consider this

toxicity of benzocaine-containing topical anesthetics and use

appropriate alternative methods or drugs (ie, lidocaine).

45 NAL Call. No.: 41.8 AM3

Bilateral arytenoid cartilage paralysis after inhalation

anesthesia in a horse.

Abrahamsen, E.J.; Bohanon, T.C.; Bednarski, R.M.; Hubbell,

J.A.E.; Muir, W.W. III

Schaumburg, Ill. : The Association; 1990 Nov15.

Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association v. 197

(10): p. 1363-1365; 1990 Nov15. Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Horses; Anesthesia; Adverse effects; Paralysis;

Larynx; Case studies; Peripheral nerves

46 NAL Call. No.: 41.8 R312

Biochemical and haematological changes following prolonged

halothane anaesthesia in horses.

Steffey, E.P.; Giri, S.N.; Dunlop, C.I.; Cullen, L.K.;

Hodgson, D.S.; Willits, N.

London : British Veterinary Association, 1960-; 1993 Nov.

Research in veterinary science v. 55 (3): p. 338-345; 1993

Anesthesia and Analgesia for Farm Animals, QB 95-13 https://web.archive.org/web/20010210200328/http://www.nal.usda.gov/...

15 of 150 3/29/2016 12:09 PM
Nov. Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Horses; Halothane; Anesthesia; Duration; Adverse

effects; Hematology; Blood chemistry; Liver function; Renal

function; Enzyme activity

Abstract: Six healthy horses were anaesthetised with

halothane (1.2 times the horse minimal alveolar concentration)

in oxygen for more than 12 hours. Serum bilirubin, aspartate

aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase and L-iditol

dehydrogenase values were significantly (P < 0.05) increased

for up to nine days after anaesthesia. These changes suggest

an anaesthesia related liver dysfunction. Creatine kinase

increased to an average of more than 1400 iu litre-1 24 hours

after anaesthesia and this change is indicative of muscle cell

disruption. Renal-associated biochemical results, (that is

serum creatinine and inorganic phosphate concentrations) were

significantly increased transiently and are indicative of

reduced renal function during and immediately after

anaesthesia. Plasma concentrations of eicosanoids (6-ketoPGF(1 alpha), PGF(2 alpha), PGE and thromboxane) following

anaesthesia were not different from preanaesthetic values. The

magnitude of liver and muscle cell related increases in serum

enzyme activities resulting from prolonged halothane

anaesthesia was in excess of that previously, reported for

anaesthesia of shorter duration.

47 NAL Call. No.: 41.8 V643

Biopsy of the bovine mammary gland.

Knight, C.H.; Hillerton, J.E.; Teverson, R.M.; Winter, A.

London : Bailliere Tindall; 1992 Mar.

British veterinary journal v. 148 (2): p. 129-132; 1992 Mar. 

Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Dairy cows; Mammary glands; Biopsy; Milk yield

Abstract: A technique is described for biopsy of the bovine

udder, employing sedation and local anaesthesia. Tissue

samples of approximately 5 g were obtained by electrocautery

from two quarters of the udder of a cow laterally recumbent.

Care was taken to ensure complete haemostasis which was

achieved by electrocoagulation and ligation. Postoperative

recovery was rapid, and loss of yield was no greater in

biopsied glands than in control glands of the same cow. Yield

from all quarters returned to preoperative levels within 48 h.

48 NAL Call. No.: 41.8 AM3

Blood pressure response to tourniquet use in anesthetized

horses. Copland, V.S.; Hildebrand, S.V.; Hill, T. III; Wong,

P.; Brock, N. Schaumburg, Ill. : The Association; 1989 Oct15.

Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association v. 195

(8): p. 1097-1103; 1989 Oct15. Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Horses; Anesthesia; Surgery; Veterinary

equipment; Blood pressure

49 NAL Call. No.: 41.2 H198 1991 [no.35]

Blutdruckregistrierung wahrend der Halothannarkose bei Pferden

im Rahmen von Kolikoperationen [Blood pressure monitoring

during halothane anesthesia in colic operations on horses].

Komsthoft, Ute

Anesthesia and Analgesia for Farm Animals, QB 95-13 https://web.archive.org/web/20010210200328/http://www.nal.usda.gov/...

16 of 150 3/29/2016 12:09 PM
Hannover : [s.n.],; 1991.

170 p. : ill. ; 21 cm. Summary in English. Includes

bibliographical references (p. 137-160).

Language: German

50 NAL Call. No.: QL55.A1L3

A bone biopsy procedure for neonatal pigs.

Bobilya, D.J.; Maurizi, M.G.; Veum, T.L.; Allen, W.C.

London : Royal Society of Medicine Services; 1991 Jul.

Laboratory animals v. 25 (3): p. 222-225; 1991 Jul. Includes

references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Piglets; Newborn animals; Bones; Biopsy; Animal

models

Abstract: Neonatal pigs were used to develop a surgical

biopsy procedure to remove bone tissue from the ilium of small

animals, with potential application for infants and small

children. While the neonatal pig was under general

anaesthesia, a scalpel was used to make a punch incision down

to the ilium. Then a Craig Biopsy Trephine was used to remove

a core sample of the bone. The samples ranged from 5 to 15 mm

in length and 2 to 3 mm in diameter, with an average dry

weight of 34.4 mg. The samples were adequate for mineral

(calcium and zinc) analysis in our laboratory and may be

equally suitable for histological or biochemical analyses.

Surgical trauma was minimal, which permitted each pig to be

biopsied every 7 days for 5 weeks without adverse

consequences.

51 NAL Call. No.: 41.8 AM3A

Cardiopulmonary effects of a tiletamine-zolazepam combination

in sheep. Lagutchik, M.S.; Januszkiewicz, A.J.; Dodd, K.T.;

Martin, D.G. Schaumburg, Ill. : American Veterinary Medical

Association; 1991 Sep. American journal of veterinary research

v. 52 (9): p. 1441-1447; 1991 Sep. Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Sheep; Injectable anesthetics; Anesthesia; Heart;

Lungs; Physiological functions

Abstract: To assess the effects on heart and lung function, a

tiletamine-zolazepam (TZ) anesthetic combination was evaluated

in 10 Dorset-type ewes. Ewes were randomly allotted to 2 equal

groups. Ewes of groups 1 and 2 were given a single bolus of TZ

(12 and 24 mg/kg of body weight, IV, respectively) at time

zero. Hemodynamic, pulmonary, and ventilation variables were

measured at 15-minute intervals to 120 minutes. Blood gas

variables were evaluated at 5-minute intervals for the first

30 minutes, then at 15-minute intervals to 120 minutes. In all

sheep, TZ administration induced rapid, smooth induction, with

gradual and unremarkable recovery. Anesthesia duration was not

significantly different between groups (mean +/- SD, 39 +/- 5

and 40 +/- 14 minutes for groups 1 and 2, respectively).

Immediate drug effects included apnea, decreased mean arterial

blood pressure, and arterial hypoxemia. Cardiac output was

significantly decreased in both groups at all times after drug

administration. Significant changes in group-1 ewes included

increased pulmonary and systemic vascular resistances and

decreased inspired minute ventilation, tidal volume, and

respiratory airflow. Significant changes in group-2 ewes

included increased systemic vascular resistance and decreased

pulmonary arterial pressure, inspired minute ventilation, and

respiratory airflow. Both drug dosages induced apneustic

Anesthesia and Analgesia for Farm Animals, QB 95-13 https://web.archive.org/web/20010210200328/http://www.nal.usda.gov/...

17 of 150 3/29/2016 12:09 PM
breathing patterns and caused significant changes in arterial

and venous blood hemoglobin concentrations and PCV.

Tiletamine-zolazepam is useful for intermediate-duration

anesthesia in sheep. However, because of alterations in

cardiopulmonary function, its use at the dosages evaluated by

us is not recommended in studies, in which minimal effects on

heart and lung function are required, or in sheep with

compromised heart or lung function.

52 NAL Call. No.: SF915.J63

Cardiopulmonary effects of ephedrine in halothane-anesthetized

horses. Grandy, J.L.; Hodgson, D.S.; Dunlop, C.I.; Chapman,

P.L.; Heath, R.B. Oxford : Blackwell Scientific Publications;

1989 Dec.

Journal of veterinary pharmacology and therapeutics v. 12 (4):

p. 389-396; 1989 Dec. Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Horses; Ephedrine; Halothane; Anesthesia; Cardiac

output; Blood pressure

53 NAL Call. No.: SF955.E6

Cardiopulmonary effects of epidurally administered xylazine in

the horse. Leblanc, P.H.; Eberhart, S.W.

Newmarket : R & W Publications; 1990 Nov.

Equine veterinary journal v. 22 (6): p. 389-391; 1990 Nov. 

Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Horses; Cardiovascular system; Xylazine;

Analgesics; Conduction anesthesia; Blood pressure

54 NAL Call. No.: 41.8 AM3A

Cardiopulmonary effects of position in conscious cattle.

Wagner, A.E.; Muir, W.W. III; Grospitch, B.J.

Schaumburg, Ill. : American Veterinary Medical Association;

1990 Jan. American journal of veterinary research v. 51 (1):

p. 7-10; 1990 Jan. Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Cattle; Position; Heart rate; Respiration rate;

Blood pressure; Blood ph; Gases; Blood

Abstract: The cardiopulmonary effects of 4 positions

(standing, right lateral, left lateral, and dorsal recumbency)

were evaluated in conscious cattle in which no sedatives or

anesthetic drugs were given. Each position was maintained for

30 minutes, during which time there were no significant

changes in heart rate, respiratory rate, mean arterial blood

pressure, arterial pH, PaCO2, arterial base excess, or venous

blood gas values. Significant decreases in PaO2 developed when

cattle were in lateral positions and dorsal recumbency.

Cardiac index was unchanged in all positions, except in dorsal

recumbency at 30 minutes, when it was significantly decreased.

55 NAL Call. No.: 41.8 Am3A

Cardiopulmonary effects of positioning pregnant cows in dorsal

recumbency during the third trimester.

Dunlop, C.I.; Hodgson, D.S.; Smith, J.A.; Chapman, P.L.;

Tyler, L.M. Schaumburg, Ill. : American Veterinary Medical

Association; 1994 Jan. American journal of veterinary research

v. 55 (1): p. 147-151; 1994 Jan. Includes references.

Anesthesia and Analgesia for Farm Animals, QB 95-13 https://web.archive.org/web/20010210200328/http://www.nal.usda.gov/...

18 of 150 3/29/2016 12:09 PM
Language: English

Descriptors: Cows; Pregnancy; Position; Uterus; Hemodynamics;

Blood flow; Cardiovascular system; Respiratory system

Abstract: The uterine hemodynamic response to maternal

positioning in dorsal recumbency was evaluated in 7 conscious

pregnant cows during the third trimester. Anesthetic or

sedative drugs were not administered. Uterine artery flow was

measured, using a previously implanted ultrasonic flow probe.

Catheters implanted in the uterine artery and vein were used

for measurement of blood pressure and for blood sample

collections. Heart rate, systemic arterial pressure, uterine

arterial blood flow, arterial and venous oxygen and carbon

dioxide tensions, and pH were measured in cows in standing

position. Cows were cast with ropes and positioned in dorsal

recumbency, then measurements were repeated at 15 and 30

minutes. Compared with standing measurements, dorsal

recumbency caused 50% increase in heart rate and 44% increase

in arterial blood pressure. Uterine artery flow did not change

significantly. Despite increased ventilation, arterial

oxygenation was reduced during dorsal recumbency. There were

minimal differences between measurements at 15 and 30 minutes

of dorsal recumbency.

56 NAL Call. No.: 41.8 AM3A

Cardiopulmonary effects of positive end-expiratory pressure in

anesthetized, mechanically ventilated ponies.

Wilson, D.V.; Soma, L.R.

Schaumburg, Ill. : American Veterinary Medical Association;

1990 May. American journal of veterinary research v. 51 (5):

p. 734-739; 1990 May. Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Horses; Anesthesia; Cardiovascular system;

Partial pressure; Respiratory gases; Oxygen; Adverse effects

Abstract: To investigate the cardiopulmonary effects of

positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP), values of 10, 20, and

30 cm of H2O, were applied to anesthetized, dorsally

recumbent, ventilated ponies. After IV induction of general

anesthesia, PEEP was superimposed on controlled ventilation

with 100% oxygen, and changes in gas exchange and cardiac

function were measured. Increasing values of PEEP in these

ponies caused a linear increase in the mean (+/- SEM)

functional residual capacity, from a control value (zero endexpiratory pressure) of 1.7 +/- 0.24 L to 2.2 +/- 0.31, 2.9

+/- 0.32 and 3.4 +/- 0.3 L at PEEP of 10, 20, and 30 cm of

H2O, respectively (P < 0.05). Paralleling these changes,

intrapulmonary shunt fraction decreased significantly (P <

0.05) from a control value of 12.9 +/- 0.5%, to 7.5 +/- 1.1

and 2.1 +/- 0.6%, at PEEP of 20 and 30 cm of H2O,

respectively. Cardiac output was decreased by increasing

values of PEEP, from control value of 11.7 +/-1.56 L/min to

9.9 +/- 1.51, 8.8 +/- 1.33 and 5.62 +/- 0.56 L/min at PEEP of

10, 20, and 30 cm of H2O, respectively. Related to decreasing

cardiac output, tissue oxygen delivery also decreased as PEEP

was increased, from control value of 2.0 +/- 0.09 L/min to 1.8

+/- 0.07, 1.6 +/- 0.06, and 1.03 +/- 0.04 L/min at PEEP of 10,

20, and 30 cm of H2O, respectively. Thus, the effects of

increasing values of PEEP in these ponies included increased

functional residual capacity and arterial oxygenation, but

marked reduction in cardiac output, resulting in no

improvement or decrease in total oxygen delivery. Although

PEEP is useful for improving arterial oxygenation, the

deleterious cardiovascular effects should be anticipated or

ameliorated by use of volume loading and/or inotrope

administration.

Anesthesia and Analgesia for Farm Animals, QB 95-13 https://web.archive.org/web/20010210200328/http://www.nal.usda.gov/...

19 of 150 3/29/2016 12:09 PM
57 NAL Call. No.: SF955.E6

Cardiopulmonary effects of xylazine sedation in the foal.

Carter, S.W.; Robertson, S.A.; Steel, C.J.; Jourdenais, D.A.

Newmarket : R & W Publications; 1990 Nov.

Equine veterinary journal v. 22 (6): p. 384-388; 1990 Nov. 

Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Horses; Foals; Cardiovascular system; Xylazine;

Analgesics

58 NAL Call. No.: SF910.P34A55 1992

Cardiorespiratory and MAC-reducing effects of alpha-2-

adrenoreceptoragonists in horses.

Muir, W.W.; Wagner, A.E.; Hinchcliff, K.W.

New York : Churchill Livingstone; 1992.

Animal pain / edited by Charles E. Short, Alan Van Poznak. p.

102-212; 1992. Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Horses; Agonists; Analgesics; Drug effects;

Anesthetics; Heart rate; Cardiovascular system; Respiratory

system; Xylazine; Alpha-adrenergic receptors

59 NAL Call. No.: 41.8 R312

Cardiorespiratory responses to electrical stimulation of the

buccal mucosa in ponies.

Young, S.S.

London : British Veterinary Association; 1990 Nov.

Research in veterinary science v. 49 (3): p. 268-274. ill;

1990 Nov. Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Horses; Anesthesia; Pain; Electrical stimulation;

Responses; Respiratory system; Cardiovascular system; Mouth;

Mucosa; Halothane; Injectable anesthetics; Blood pressure;

Heart rate; Tidal volume; Lung ventilation

60 NAL Call. No.: 41.8 AM3A

Cardiovascular and respiratory effects of inspired oxygen

fraction in halothane-anesthetized horses.

Cuvelliez, S.G.; Eicker, S.W.; McLauchlan, C.; Brunson, D.B.

Schaumburg, Ill. : American Veterinary Medical Association;

1990 Aug. American journal of veterinary research v. 51 (8):

p. 1226-1231; 1990 Aug. Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Horses; Halothane; Anesthesia; Oxygen;

Respiratory system; Cardiovascular system

Abstract: Anesthesia of equids is associated with pulmonary

dysfunction. Cardiovascular and respiratory effects of

inhalation anesthetic agents and duration of anesthesia have

been studied, using oxygen as the carrier gas. To our

knowledge, the effects of inspired oxygen have not been

determined. We studied the cardiovascular and respiratory

effects of 2 inspired oxygen fractions (0.30 and > 0.85) in 5

laterally recumbent, halothane-anesthetized horses. Mean

systemic arterial blood pressure, cardiac output, central

venous pressure, pulmonary arterial pressure, arterial pH, and

arterial base excess were similar in horses of the 2 groups

Anesthesia and Analgesia for Farm Animals, QB 95-13 https://web.archive.org/web/20010210200328/http://www.nal.usda.gov/...

20 of 150 3/29/2016 12:09 PM
during 4 hours of anesthesia at constant end-tidal halothane

concentration. End-tidal partial pressure of CO2, arterial

partial pressure of CO2 and O2, and alveolar-to-arterial O2

tension difference were greater in horses exposed to the

higher oxygen concentration. On the basis of the data

obtained, we suggest that greater hypoventilation and

ventilation/perfusion mismatch occur when horses are breathing

high-oxygen fraction. Arterial partial pressure of O2 was not

different between the 2 groups of horses after they were

disconnected from the anesthesia circuit and allowed to

breathe room air. Horses recovered from anesthesia without

complications.

61 NAL Call. No.: 410.9 P94

Cardiovascular effects of a ketamine-medetomidine combination

that produces deep sedation in Yucatan mini swine.

Vainio, O.M.; Bloor, B.C.; Kim, C.

Cordova, Tenn. : American Association for Laboratory Animal

Science; 1992 Dec. Laboratory animal science v. 42 (6): p.

582-588; 1992 Dec. Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Miniature pigs; Anesthetics; Cardiovascular

system

Abstract: Seven chronically instrumented Yucatan minipigs

were deeply sedated with the combination of ketamine (10

mg/kg), a dissociative anesthetic, and medetomidine (0.2

mg/kg), an alpha 2-adrenoceptor agonist used as an animal

sedative in Europe. Both drugs were drawn in the same syringe

and administered in the left atrium via a previously inserted

permanent catheter. As a result, hypertension (mean arterial

pressure from 116 +/- 12 mmHg to 142 +/- 18 mmHg) occurred and

was followed by bradycardia (from 107 +/- 22 bpm to 71 +/- 9

bpm). Concomitantly both the rate of increase in ventricular

pressure (48%) and ventricular wan thickening fraction (37%)

decreased, thus indicating some worsening of left ventricular

function. Further, systemic vascular resistance increased

(290%) resulting in a reduction in cardiac output from 1.8 +/-

0.7 l/minute to 0.4 +/- 0.3 l/minute. Also, left ventricular

end diastolic pressure initially increased (maximum 10.2 +/-

10.8 mmHg) but returned to the control level in 5 minutes. In

spite of an increase in respiratory frequency (3x), PaCO2

increased and PaO2 and pH declined. Rectal temperature

decreased from 38.4 +/- 0.9 to 36.0 +/- 0.8 degrees C. All of

these changes were transient and returned to control levels

during the follow-up period (2 hours). However, epinephrine

concentration was exceptionally decreased by the drugs and

stayed under the detection limit (20 pg/kg) for the entire

time, whereas norepinephrine was undetectable for 10 minutes

postadministration. Ketamine-medetomidine, administered in a

dose that produced deep sedation, induced marked but

reversible changes in most of the cardiovascular variables;

there were no pedal or palpebral reflexes for 30 minutes.

62 NAL Call. No.: 41.8 R312

Cardiovascular effects recorded in horses during anaesthesia

after treatment with trichlorfon.

Adams, J.G.; Trim, C.M.

London : British Veterinary Association; 1989 Sep.

Research in veterinary science v. 47 (2): p. 164-169; 1989

Sep. Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Horses; Anesthesia; Cardiovascular system;

Trichlorfon; Anthelmintics; Blood pressure

Anesthesia and Analgesia for Farm Animals, QB 95-13 https://web.archive.org/web/20010210200328/http://www.nal.usda.gov/...

21 of 150 3/29/2016 12:09 PM
63 NAL Call. No.: SF911.V43

The cardiovascular response of sheep to tiletamine-zolazepam

and butorphanol tartrate anesthesia.

Howard, B.W.; Lagutchik, M.S.; Januszkiewicz, A.J.; Martin,

D.G. Hagerstown, Md. : J.B. Lippincott Company; 1990 Nov.

Veterinary surgery v. 19 (6): p. 461-467; 1990 Nov. Includes

references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Ewes; Diazepam; Anesthetics; Ketamine

64 NAL Call. No.: 41.8 AM3A

Cardiovascular responses to exogenous platelet-activating

factor (PAF) in anesthetized ponies, and the effects of a PAF

antagonist, WEB 2086. Wilson, D.V.; Eberhart, S.W.; Robinson,

N.E.; Rice, R.; Gray, P.R. Schaumburg, Ill. : American

Veterinary Medical Association; 1993 Feb. American journal of

veterinary research v. 54 (2): p. 274-279; 1993 Feb. Includes

references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Horses; Phospholipids; Platelets; Dosage; Blood

pressure; Antagonists; Hypotension; Vasoconstriction

Abstract: The effects of exogenous platelet-activating factor

(PAF) were determined in anesthetized ponies. Administration

of PAF induced a decrease in cardiac index that resulted in

systemic hypotension. This was followed by tachycardia,

hypertension, and a return of cardiac index to baseline.

Pulmonary arterial pressure increased markedly because of

pulmonary vasoconstriction. Exogenous PAF also caused

leukopenia and thrombocytopenia. The specific PAF receptor

antagonist (WEB 2086) blocked all PAF-induced changes.

Flunixin meglumine, a cyclooxygenase inhibitor, abolished the

pulmonary hypertension and tachycardia, and attenuated the

systemic hypotension but did not change the PAF-induced

peripheral cellular changes. The PAF antagonist also inhibited

platelet aggregation induced by PAF in vitro. The PAF-induced

changes are similar to those reported after endotoxin exposure

in horses.

65 NAL Call. No.: 41.8 C81

A case report on the use of guaifenesin-ketamine-xylazine

anesthesia for equine dystocia.

Lin, H.C.; Wallace, S.S.; Robbins, R.L.; Harrison, I.W.;

Thurmon, J.C. Ithaca, N.Y. : Cornell Veterinarian, Inc; 1994

Jan.

The Cornell veterinarian v. 84 (1): p. 61-66; 1994 Jan. 

Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Horses; Dystocia; Anesthesia; Guaifenesin;

Ketamine; Xylazine; Drug combinations; Case reports

66 NAL Call. No.: 41.8 Am3A

Caudal analgesia induced by epidural or subarachnoid

administration of detomidine hydrochloride solution in mares.

Skarda, R.T.; Muir, W.W. III

Schaumburg, Ill. : American Veterinary Medical Association;

1994 May. American journal of veterinary research v. 55 (5):

p. 670-680; 1994 May. Includes references.

Anesthesia and Analgesia for Farm Animals, QB 95-13 https://web.archive.org/web/20010210200328/http://www.nal.usda.gov/...

22 of 150 3/29/2016 12:09 PM
Language: English

Descriptors: Mares; Detomidine; Conduction anesthesia;

Anesthesia; Ataxia; Hemodynamics; Injection; Drug effects

Abstract: Seven adult mares were used to determine the

analgesic, CNS, and cardiopulmonary effects of detomidine

hydrochloride solution after epidural or subarachnoid

administration, using both regimens in random sequence. At

least 1 week elapsed between experiments. A 17-gauge Huber

point (Tuohy) directional needle was used to place a catheter

with stylet into either the epidural space at the first

coccygeal interspace or the subarachnoid space at the

lumbosacral intervertebral junction. Catheters were advanced

so that the tips lay at the caudal sacral (S5 to S4) epidural

space or at the midsacral (S3 to S2) subarachnoid space.

Position of the catheter was confirmed radiographically. A 1%

solution of detomidine HCl was injected into the epidural

catheter at a dosage of 60 micrograms/kg of body weight, and

was expanded to a 10-ml volume with sterile water to induce

selective caudal epidural analgesia (CEA). A dose of 30

micrograms of detomidine HCl/kg expanded to a 3-ml volume with

spinal fluid was injected into the subarachnoid catheter to

induce caudal subarachnoid analgesia (CSA). Analgesia was

determined by lack of sensory perception to electrical

stimulation (avoidance threshold > 40 V, 0.5-ms duration) at

the perineal dermatomes and no response to superficial and

deep muscular pinprick stimulation at the pelvic limb and

lumbar and thoracic dermatomes. Maximal CEA and CSA extended

from the coccyx to spinal cord segments T15 and T14 at 10 to

25 minutes after epidural and subarachnoid drug

administrations in 2 mares. Analgesia at the perineal area

lasted longer after epidural than after subarachnoid

administration (142.8 +/- 28.8 minutes vs 127.1 +/- 27.7

minutes). All mares remained standing. Both CEA and CSA

induced marked sedation, moderate ataxia, minimal

cardiopulmonary depression, increased frequency of seconddegree atrioventricular heart block, and renal diuresis. All

treatments resulted in significantly (P < 0.05) decreased

heart rate, respiratory rate, systemic arterial blood

pressure, PCV, and plasma total solids concentration. To the

contrary, arterial carbon dioxide tension, plasma bicarbonate,

and standard base excess concentrations were significantly (P

< 0.05) increased. Arterial oxygen tension, pH, and rectal

temperature did not change significantly from baseline values.

Results indicate that use of detomidine for CEA and CSA in

mares probably induces local spinal and CNS effects, marked

sedation, moderate ataxia, mild cardiopulmonary depression,

and renal diuresis.

67 NAL Call. No.: SF601.I4

Caudal epidural anaesthesia in the ewe.

Harris, T.

London : British Veterinary Association; 1991 Nov.

In practice v. 13 (6): p. 234-235; 1991 Nov. Includes

references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Ewes; Anesthesia

68 NAL Call. No.: SF601.C24

Caudal epidural analgesia in cattle using xylazine.

Caron, J.P.; LeBlanc, P.H.

Ottawa : Canadian Veterinary Medical Association; 1989 Oct.

Canadian journal of veterinary research; Revue canadienne de

recherche veterinaire v. 53 (4): p. 486-489; 1989 Oct. 

Includes references.

Anesthesia and Analgesia for Farm Animals, QB 95-13 https://web.archive.org/web/20010210200328/http://www.nal.usda.gov/...

23 of 150 3/29/2016 12:09 PM
Language: English

Descriptors: Cows; Xylazine; Conduction anesthesia; Dosage;

Duration; Perineum

69 NAL Call. No.: 41.8 AM3A

Caudal epidural analgesia induced by xylazine administration

in cows. St Jean, G.; Skarda, R.T.; Muir, W.W.; Hoffsis, G.F.

Schaumburg, Ill. : American Veterinary Medical Association;

1990 Aug. American journal of veterinary research v. 51 (8):

p. 1232-1236; 1990 Aug. Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Cows; Xylazine; Ataxia; Cardiovascular system;

Respiratory system; Rumen motility; Drug effects; Adverse

effects

Abstract: Xylazine (0.05 mg/kg of body weight diluted to a 5-

ml volume, using 0.9% NaCl) or 5 ml of 0.9% NaCl was

administered epidurally into the first caudal intervertebral

space (Co1-Co2) in 8 cows (mean +/- SD body weight, 583 +/-

150 kg). Cows were observed for responses to deep needle

pricking of the caudal dermatomes (S3 to Co), sedation, and

ataxia. Heart rate, respiratory rate, body temperature, rate

of ruminal contractions, coccygeal arterial blood pressure,

pHa, blood gas tension (Pa(O2), Pa(CO2)), base excess, total

solids concentration, and PCV were determined before and after

xylazine administration. Epidurally administered xylazine

induced sedation and selective (S3 to Co) analgesia for at

least 2 hours. Mild ataxia of hind limbs was observed in 6

cows, but all cows remained standing. Heart rate, respiratory

rate, rate of ruminal contractions, arterial blood pressure,

Pa(O2), PCV, and total solids concentration were significantly

(P < 0.05) decreased, and Pa(CO2), base excess, and

bicarbonate concentration were significantly (P < 0.05)

increased after xylazine administration. Epidurally

administered 0.9% NaCl did not alter sensory perception to

needle pricking and did not affect any of the physiologic

variables determined. Although epidural administration of

xylazine induced analgesia and sedation in healthy cows, it

should be avoided for epidural analgesia in cattle with heart

disease, lung disease, and/or gastrointestinal disease because

of its potent cardiopulmonary and ruminal depressant effects.

70 NAL Call. No.: SF951.J65

Cervical vertebral mobilization under anesthetic (CVMUA): a

physical therapy for the treatment of cervico-spinal pain and

stiffness.

Ahern, T.J.

Lake Elsinore, Calif. : William E. Jones, DVM; 1994 Oct.

Journal of equine veterinary science v. 14 (10): p. 540-545;

1994 Oct. Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Horses; Spine; Pain; Physical therapy;

Anesthesia; Mobilization; Trauma

71 NAL Call. No.: 41.8 C81

Changes in equine carpal joint synovial fluid in response to

the injection of two local anesthetic agents.

White, K.K.; Hodgson, D.R.; Hancock, D.; Parry, B.W.; Cordell,

C. Ithaca, N.Y. : Cornell Veterinarian, Inc; 1989 Jan.

Cornell veterinarian v. 79 (1): p. 25-38; 1989 Jan. Includes

references.

Anesthesia and Analgesia for Farm Animals, QB 95-13 https://web.archive.org/web/20010210200328/http://www.nal.usda.gov/...

24 of 150 3/29/2016 12:09 PM
Language: English

Descriptors: Horses; Lidocaine; Anesthetics; Injections;

Carpus; Joints (animal); Synovial fluid

72 NAL Call. No.: SF910.P34A55 1992

Changes in nociceptive thresholds associated with chronic pain

in sheep. Waterman, A.E.; Livingston, A.; Ley, S.J.; Brandt,

S.

New York : Churchill Livingstone; 1992.

Animal pain / edited by Charles E. Short, Alan Van Poznak. p.

378-385, 400; 1992. Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Sheep; Pain; Central nervous system; Testing;

Animal experiments; Laboratory tests

73 NAL Call. No.: 41.8 R312

Changes in plasma cortisol concentration in lambs of three

ages after three methods of castration and tail docking.

Kent, J.E.; Molony, V.; Robertson, I.S.

London : British Veterinary Association, 1960-; 1993 Sep.

Research in veterinary science v. 55 (2): p. 246-251; 1993

Sep. Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Lambs; Castration; Docking; Methodology;

Veterinary equipment; Surgery; Age differences;

Hydrocortisone; Blood plasma; Pain

Abstract: Lambs were handled only or castrated and tail

docked at five, 21 and 42 days of age by either surgery,

rubber ring or rubber ring and Burdizzo. Plasma cortisol was

measured in blood samples taken before and at 12, 24, 36, 48,

60, 72, 84, 96, 138 and 180 minutes after castration and

docking. Pre-treatment and peak cortisol values were highest

in five-day-old lambs. The peak cortisol values, at each age,

were similar for surgery and rubber ring groups. However, the

peak occurred earlier after surgery and rubber ring Burdizzo

than after rubber ring only treatment. The cortisol peak was

28 nmol litre-1 lower after rubber ring Burdizzo than surgery

or rubber ring only. Plasma cortisol returned to pretreatment

values within 84 minutes after rubber ring Burdizzo, 96 to 138

minutes after rubber ring only but not within 180 minutes

after surgery. The changes in plasma cortisol together with

the changes in behaviour suggest that the rubber ring Burdizzo

method of castration and docking of lambs at all ages, was

probably the least painful of the methods tested.

74 NAL Call. No.: 41.8 R312

Characterisation of compounds isolated from the sera of horses

with aacute grass sickness.

Pemberton, A.D.; Hodgson, J.C.; Gilmour, J.S.; Doxey, D.L.

London : British Veterinary Association; 1990 Nov.

Research in veterinary science v. 49 (3): p. 315-318; 1990

Nov. Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Horses; Grass sickness; Etiology; Blood serum;

Neurotoxins; Hydrocortisone; Analgesics

75 NAL Call. No.: 41.8 V641

Anesthesia and Analgesia for Farm Animals, QB 95-13 https://web.archive.org/web/20010210200328/http://www.nal.usda.gov/...

25 of 150 3/29/2016 12:09 PM
Chemical immobilisation in ostriches (Struthio camelus) using

etorphine hydrochloride.

Samour, J.H.; Irwin-Davies, J.; Faraj, E.

London : The Association; 1990 Dec08.

The Veterinary record : journal of the British Veterinary

Association v. 127 (23): p. 575-576. ill; 1990 Dec08. 

Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Ostriches; Immobilization; Etorphine; Anesthesia

76 NAL Call. No.: SF951.V47

Chemical restraint and analgesia in the horse.

Geiser, D.R.

Philadelphia, Pa. : W.B. Saunders; 1990 Dec.

The Veterinary clinics of North America : equine practice v. 6

(3): p. 495-512; 1990 Dec. Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Horses; Draft animals; Anesthetics; Anesthesia;

Neuroleptics; Restraint of animals; Chloral hydrate; Opioids;

Analgesics; Promazine; Xylazine; Diazepam; Morphine; Pethidine

77 NAL Call. No.: SF601.A46

Chemical restraint and general anesthesia in the draft horse.

Geiser, D.R.

Manhattan, Kan. : The Association; 1989.

Proceedings of the annual convention of the American

Association of Equine Practitioners (35th): p. 461-472; 1989. 

Meeting held December 3-6 1989, Boston, Massachusetts. 

Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Horses; Draft animals; Anesthesia; Anesthetics;

Restraint of animals

78 NAL Call. No.: SF951.V47

Chemical restraint for surgery in the standing horse.

LeBlanc, P.H.

Philadelphia, Pa. : W.B. Saunders; 1991 Dec.

The Veterinary clinics of North America : equine practice v. 7

(3): p. 521-533; 1991 Dec. In the series analytic: Standing

surgery / edited by Alicia L. Bertone. Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Horses; Restraint of animals; Neuroleptics;

Drugs; Opium; Drug combinations

79 NAL Call. No.: 41.8 Am3A

Circulatory and respiratory responses of spontaneously

breathing, laterally recumbent horses to 12 hours of halothane

anesthesia.

Steffey, E.P.; Dunlop, C.I.; Cullen, L.K.; Hodgson, D.S.;

Giri, S.N.; Willits, N.; Woliner, M.J.; Jarvis, K.A.; Smith,

C.M.; Elliott, A.R. Schaumburg, Ill. : American Veterinary

Medical Association; 1993 Jun. American journal of veterinary

research v. 54 (6): p. 929-936; 1993 Jun. Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Horses; Halothane; Cardiovascular system;

Respiratory system; Anesthesia; Duration

Anesthesia and Analgesia for Farm Animals, QB 95-13 https://web.archive.org/web/20010210200328/http://www.nal.usda.gov/...

26 of 150 3/29/2016 12:09 PM
Abstract: Cardiovascular and at accompany markedly long

periods (12 hours) of halothane anesthesia were characterized.

Eight spontaneously breathing horses were studied while they

were positioned in left lateral recumbency and anesthetized

only with halothane in oxygen maintained at a constant endtidal concentration of 1.06% (equivalent to 1.2 times the

minimal alveolar concentration for horses). Results of

circulatory and respiratory measurements during the first 5

hours of constant conditions were similar to those previously

reported from this laboratory (ie, a time-related significant

increase in systemic arterial blood pressure, cardiac output,

stroke volume, left ventricular work, PCV, plasma total solids

concentration, and little change in respiratory system

function). Beyond 5 hours of anesthesia, arterial blood

pressure did not further increase, but remained above

baseline. Cardiac output continued to increase, because heart

rate significantly (P < 0.05) increased. Peak inspiratory gas

flow increased significantly (P < 0.05) in later stages of

anesthesia. There was a significant decrease in inspiratory

time beginning at 4 hours. Although PaO2, and PaCO2, did not

significantly change during the 12 hours of study, PVO2

increased significantly P < 0.05) and progressively with time,

beginning 6 hours after the beginning of constant conditions.

Metabolic acidosis increased with time significantly [P <

0.05] starting at 9 hours), despite supplemental IV

administered NaHCO3. Plasma concentrations of eicosanoids: 6-

ketoprostaglandin F1 alpha (PGF1 alpha, a stable metabolite of

PGI2), PGF2 alpha, PGE, and thromboxane (TxB2, a stable

metabolite of TxA2) were measured in 5 of the 8 horses before

and during anesthesia. Significant changes from preanesthetic

values were not Significant changes from preanesthetic values

were not detected. Dynamic thoracic wall and lung compliances

decreased with time.

80 NAL Call. No.: SF910.P34A55 1992

Clinical assessment of analgesic effects of butorphanol in

cattle. Dodman, N.H.; Levine, H.; Court, M.H.

New York : Churchill Livingstone; 1992.

Animal pain / edited by Charles E. Short, Alan Van Poznak. p.

396-399, 401; 1992. Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Cattle; Analgesics; Drug effects

81 NAL Call. No.: SF955.E6

Clinical evaluation of an infusion of xylazine, guaifenesin

and ketamine for maintenance of anaesthesia in horses.

Young, L.E.; Bartram, D.H.; Diamond, M.J.; Gregg, A.S.; Jones,

R.S. Newmarket : R & W Publications; 1993 Mar.

Equine veterinary journal v. 25 (2): p. 115-119; 1993 Mar. 

Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Uk; Horses; Xylazine; Anesthesia; Guaifenesin;

Ketamine; Surgery

82 NAL Call. No.: SF601.A46

Clinical evaluation of detomidine hydrochloride for equine

reproductive surgery.

McKinnon, A.O.; Carnevale, E.M.; Squires, E.L.; Jochle, W.

Manhattan, Kan. : The Association; 1989.

Proceedings of the annual convention of the American

Association of Equine Practitioners (34th): p. 563-568; 1989. 

Meeting held December 4-7, 1988, San Diego, CA. Includes

Anesthesia and Analgesia for Farm Animals, QB 95-13 https://web.archive.org/web/20010210200328/http://www.nal.usda.gov/...

27 of 150 3/29/2016 12:09 PM
references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Horses; Surgical operations; Analgesics;

Reproductive organs (animal)

83 NAL Call. No.: 41.8 V641

Clinical evaluation of romifidine/ketamine/halothane

anaesthesia in horses. Diamond, M.J.; Young, L.E.; Bartram,

D.H.; Gregg, A.S.; Clutton, R.E.; Long, K.J.; Jones, R.S.

London : The Association; 1993 Jun05.

The Veterinary record : journal of the British Veterinary

Association v. 132 (23): p. 572-575; 1993 Jun05. Includes

references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Horses; Preanesthetic medication

84 NAL Call. No.: SF601.A46

Clinical experience with isoflurane anesthesia in foals and

adult horses. Rose, J.A.; Rose, E.M.; Peterson, P.R.

Manhattan, Kan. : The Association; 1989.

Proceedings of the annual convention of the American

Association of Equine Practitioners (34th): p. 555-561; 1989. 

Meeting held December 4-7, 1988, San Diego, CA. Includes

references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Horses; Foals; Anesthesia; Halothane; Anesthetics

85 NAL Call. No.: SF915.J63

Clinical investigations of halothane and isoflurane for

induction and maintenance of foal anesthesia.

Steffey, E.P.; Willits, N.; Wong, P.; Hildebrand, S.V.; Wheat,

J.D.; Meagher, D.M.; Hodgson, D.; Pascoe, J.R.; Heath, R.B.;

Dunlop, C.

Oxford : Blackwell Scientific Publications; 1991 Sep.

Journal of veterinary pharmacology and therapeutics v. 14 (3):

p. 300-309; 1991 Sep. Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Foals; Halothane; Inhaled anesthetics;

Anesthesia; Safety; Heart rate; Drug effects

86 NAL Call. No.: SF380.I52

Clinical observations in Shami goat kids sedated with

medetomidine. Mohammad, F.K.; Zangana, I.K.; Al-Kassim, N.A.

New York : Elsevier; 1991 Jul.

Small ruminant research v. 5 (1/2): p. 149-153; 1991 Jul. 

Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Kids; Anesthetics; Analgesics; Physiological

functions; Heart rate; Respiration rate; Body temperature;

Rumen motility

87 NAL Call. No.: SF955.E6

Clinical use of epidural xylazine in the horse.

LeBlanc, P.H.; Caron, J.P.

Newmarket : R & W Publications; 1990 May.

Anesthesia and Analgesia for Farm Animals, QB 95-13 https://web.archive.org/web/20010210200328/http://www.nal.usda.gov/...

28 of 150 3/29/2016 12:09 PM
Equine veterinary journal v. 22 (3): p. 180-181; 1990 May. 

Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Horses; Anesthetics; Conduction anesthesia;

Xylazine

88 NAL Call. No.: SF951.V47

Clinical use of positive-pressure ventilation in the horse.

Shawley, R.V.; Mandsager, R.E.

Philadelphia, Pa. : W.B. Saunders; 1990 Dec.

The Veterinary clinics of North America : equine practice v. 6

(3): p. 575-585; 1990 Dec. Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Horses; Anesthesia; Ventilation; Equipment;

Ventilators

89 NAL Call. No.: 41.8 AM3

Clinical use of the neuromuscular blocking agents atracurium

and pancuronium for equine anesthesia.

Hildebrand, S.V.; Holland, M.; Copland, V.S.; Daunt, D.;

Brock, N. Schaumburg, Ill. : The Association; 1989 Jul15.

Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association v. 195

(2): p. 212-219; 1989 Jul15. Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Horses; Anesthesia; Muscle relaxants; Drug

effects; Surgical operations

90 NAL Call. No.: SF911.V43

Closed-circuit liquid injection isoflurane anesthesia in the

horse. Olson, K.N.; Klein, L.V.; Nann, L.E.; Soma, L.R.

Hagerstown, Md. : J.B. Lippincott Company; 1993 Jan.

Veterinary surgery v. 22 (1): p. 73-78; 1993 Jan. Includes

references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Pennsylvania; Horses; Anesthesia; Closed systems;

Injection; Liquids; Surgery

91 NAL Call. No.: 41.8 V641

A combination of methotrimeprazine, midazolam and

guaiphenesin, with and without ketamine, in an anaesthetic

procedure for horses. Luna, S.P.L.; Massone, F.; Castro, G.B.;

Fantoni, D.T.; Hussni, C.A.; Aguiar, A.J.A.

London : The Association; 1992 Jul11.

The Veterinary record : journal of the British Veterinary

Association v. 131 (2): p. 33-35; 1992 Jul11. Includes

references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Horses; Phenothiazines; Benzodiazepines;

Guaifenesin; Ketamine; Anesthesia; Drug combinations;

Preanesthetic medication; Halothane; Drug effects; Adverse

effects; Cardiovascular system; Respiration

92 NAL Call. No.: SF601.A46

Common complications associated with equine chemical restraint

and anesthesia. Muir, W.W. III

Anesthesia and Analgesia for Farm Animals, QB 95-13 https://web.archive.org/web/20010210200328/http://www.nal.usda.gov/...

29 of 150 3/29/2016 12:09 PM
Manhattan, Kan. : The Association; 1990.

Proceedings of the annual convention of the American

Association of Equine Practitioners. p. 259-266; 1990. 

Meeting held December 2-5, 1990, Lexington, KY. Includes

references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Horses; Restraint of animals; Anesthesia;

Postoperative complications

93 NAL Call. No.: SF601.I4

Common conditions of domestic pigeons.

Wallis, A.S.

London : British Veterinary Association; 1991 May.

In practice v. 13 (3): p. 95-100; 1991 May. Literature

review. Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Racing pigeons; Animal health; Laboratory

diagnosis; Parasites; Treatment; Drugs; Anesthetics; Symptoms

94 NAL Call. No.: QP251.A1T5

Comparative efficacy of FSH-P and PMSG on superovulation in

Pashmina goats. Mahmood, S.; Koul, G.L.; Biswas, J.C.

Stoneham, Mass. : Butterworth-Heinemann; 1991 Jun.

Theriogenology v. 35 (6): p. 1191-1196; 1991 Jun. Includes

references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Goats; Goat breeds; Superovulation; Fsh; Pmsg;

Embryos; Isolation; Survival; Corpus luteum; Age; Conception;

Embryo transfer; Anesthesia; Triflupromazine; Barbiturates

Abstract: Twenty-eight Pashmina goats were utilized to study

the comparative effect of FSH-P and PMSG on superovulatory

response. The effect of FSH-P marketed by two commercial firms

was compared with respect to the number of corpora lutea and

embryos recovered. The difference was found to be

nonsignificant. Superovulatory responses with FSH-P (pooled)

and PMSG were 16.55 +/- 6.13 and 11.70 +/- 8.07, respectively,

and the difference was significant (P<0.02). Recovery of

embryos was significantly higher (P<0.001) with FSH-P (4.72 +/-

 4.33) than with PMSG (2.50 +/- 5.02) treatment. The

superovulatory response (number of corpora lutea) and the

embryo recovery rate was better in higher age groups (4 to 6

yr) than younger goats (1.5 to 3 yr). The embryo survival rate

was higher (54.54%) for recipients operated on under a basal

anaesthetics (Triflupromazine hydrochloride USP) than for

those operated on under barbiturate anaesthesia (13.64%). The

overall conception rate was 34.09%.

95 NAL Call. No.: 49 J82

A comparative physiological and behavioral study of freeze and

hot-iron branding using dairy cows.

Lay, D.C. Jr; Friend, T.H.; Bowers, C.L.; Grissom, K.K.;

Jenkins, O.C. Champaign, Ill. : American Society of Animal

Science; 1992 Apr. Journal of animal science v. 70 (4): p.

1121-1125; 1992 Apr. Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Dairy cows; Branding; Pain; Heart rate; Blood

plasma; Hydrocortisone; Behavioral resistance; Animal welfare

Anesthesia and Analgesia for Farm Animals, QB 95-13 https://web.archive.org/web/20010210200328/http://www.nal.usda.gov/...

30 of 150 3/29/2016 12:09 PM
Abstract: A public debate has recently arisen, largely

surrounding the issue of pain, over whether freeze or hot-iron

branding should be the preferred method of permanently

identifying cattle. This study addressed that question by

quantifying the following accepted measures of distress and

pain over a 25-min sampling period: elevated heart rate,

concentrations of cortisol, epinephrine, and norepinephrine,

and escape-avoidance reactions and vocalizations. Twenty-four

dairy cows (15 Holsteins and 9 Jerseys) were assigned to one

of three treatments: freeze-branded (F), hot-iron-branded (H),

or sham-branded (S), in which a room-temperature brander was

applied. Plasma epinephrine and norepinephrine concentrations

showed no discernible trends. Plasma cortisol concentrations

were elevated in the F and H cows from 5.5 min to 25.5 min

postbranding (P = .04). Heart rate, analyzed as a proportion

of the prebranding mean, showed that H cows had a greater,

more acute, response than did F cows (P = .04), which

exhibited a more prolonged response (P = .07). No cows

vocalized during branding; however, H cows had a greater

escape-avoidance reaction toward branding than did the F and S

cows. Both methods of branding produced elevated heart rates

and cortisol concentrations indicative of pain sensations.

Because the cows exhibited a greater escape-avoidance reaction

and heart rate proportions to hot-iron branding, freeze

banding would be preferable to hot-iron branding when

feasible.

96 NAL Call. No.: SF601.A46

Comparative responses to anesthesia in the conditioned and

nonconditioned Standardbred.

Short, C.E.; Keegan, R.D.; Sanders, E.; Gleed, R.D.; Maylin,

G.A.; Abdella, M.G.

Lexington, Ky. : The Association; 1993.

Proceedings of the annual convention of the American

Association of Equine Practitioners. p. 51-67; 1993. Meeting

helding on November 29-December 2, 1992, Orlando, Florida. 

Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Horses; Anesthesia

97 NAL Call. No.: 41.8 AM3A

Comparative study of continuous lumbar segmental epidural and

subarachnoid analgesia in Holstein cows.

Skarda, R.T.; Muir, W.W.; Hubbell, J.A.E.

Schaumburg, Ill. : American Veterinary Medical Association;

1989 Jan. American journal of veterinary research v. 50 (1):

p. 39-44. ill; 1989 Jan. Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Dairy cows; Analgesics; Procaine; Administration;

Injections; Catheters; Holstein-friesian; Cardiovascular

system; Respiratory system

Abstract: Eight adult Holstein cows were used to compare the

effects of lumbar segmental epidural analgesia (SEA) and

lumbar segmental subarachnoid analgesia (SSA). A modified 17-

gauge Huber point (Tuohy) needle was used to place a catheter

with stylet into either the epidural space at the

thoracolumbar (T13-L1) intervertebral space or the

tubarachnoid space at the lumbosacral intervertebral junction.

The catheters were advanced so that their tips lay at the

anterior lumbar (L1-L2) epidural space or at the thoracolumbar

(T-13-L1) subarachnoid space. The position of the catheter was

confirmed radiographically. A 5% solution of procaine HCl was

used at mean doses of 300 mg (6 ml) to induce SEA and 84.4 +/-

Anesthesia and Analgesia for Farm Animals, QB 95-13 https://web.archive.org/web/20010210200328/http://www.nal.usda.gov/...

31 of 150 3/29/2016 12:09 PM
12.9 mg (1.7 +/-0.3 ml) to induce SSA. Onset of analgesia to

superficial and deep muscular pinprick stimulation was

significantly (P less than 0.05) faster in cows with SSA than

in those with SEA (10.4 +/- 2.3 minutes vs 15.9 +/- 3.8

minutes). Maximal thoracolumbar analgesia extended from spinal

cord segments T12 to L4 on one or both sides of the vertebral

column during SEA and from T10 to L3 on one or both sides

during SSA. Duration of analgesia lasted significantly (P less

than 0.05) longer in cows with SEA than in those with SSA

(76.2 +/- 16.2 minutes vs 53.7 +/- 14.3 minutes). The

advantages and disadvantages of the SEA catheter technique are

discussed.

98 NAL Call. No.: 41.8 AM3A

Comparative study of the pharmacokinetics of alfentanil in

rabbits, sheep, and dogs.

Ilkiw, J.E.; Benthuysen, J.A.; McNeal, D.

Schaumburg, Ill. : American Veterinary Medical Association;

1991 Apr. American journal of veterinary research v. 52 (4):

p. 581-584; 1991 Apr. Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Dogs; Sheep; Rabbits; Analgesics;

Pharmacokinetics; Species differences; Anesthesia

Abstract: The central arterial pharmacokinetics of

alfentanil, a short-acting opioid agonist, were studied in

rabbits, sheep, and dogs after short-duration infusion of the

drug. Alfentanil was infused until a set end point (highamplitude, slow-wave activity on the EEG) was reached. This

required a larger alfentanil dose and a higher alfentanil

arterial concentration in sheep, compared with rabbits and

dogs. The plasma concentration-time data for each animal were

fitted, using nonlinear regression, and in all animals, were

best described by use of a triexponential function. In this

study, differences in the disposition kinetics of alfentanil

among the 3 species were found for only distribution clearance

and initial distribution half-life. In dogs, compared with

rabbits and sheep, the first distribution half-life was

longer, probably because of pronounced drug-induced

bradycardia (mean +/- SD, 48 +/-21 beats/min). Distribution

clearance was faster in sheep, compared with dogs, also

probably because of better blood flow in sheep. Elimination

half-life was similar in all species (rabbits, 62.4 +/- 11.3

minutes; sheep, 65.1 +/- 27.1 minutes; dogs, 58.3 +/- 10.3

minutes). This rapid half-life resulted from a small steadystate volume of distribution (rabbits, 908.3 +/- 269.0 ml/kg;

sheep, 720.0 +/- 306.7 ml/kg; dogs, 597.7 +/- 290.2 ml/kg) and

rapid systemic clearance (rabbits, 19.4 +/- 5.3 ml/min/kg;

sheep, 13.3 +/- 3.0 ml/min/kg; dogs, 18.7 +/- 7.5 ml/min/kg).

On the basis of these pharmacokinetic variables, alfentanil

should have short duration of action in rabbits, sheep, and

dogs. This may be beneficial in veterinary practice where

rapid recovery would be expected after bolus administration

for short procedures or after infusion for longer procedures.

99 NAL Call. No.: 41.8 AM3A

Comparative study of ultrasonography and arteriography of the

carotid artery of xylazine-sedated and halothane-anesthetized

goats.

Lee, S.W.; Hankes, G.H.; Purohit, R.C.; Bartels, J.E.; Cartee,

R.E.; Pablo, L.; Conti, J.C.

Schaumburg, Ill. : American Veterinary Medical Association;

1990 Jan. American journal of veterinary research v. 51 (1):

p. 109-113. ill; 1990 Jan. Includes references.

Language: English

Anesthesia and Analgesia for Farm Animals, QB 95-13 https://web.archive.org/web/20010210200328/http://www.nal.usda.gov/...

32 of 150 3/29/2016 12:09 PM
Descriptors: Goats; Ultrasound; Diagnostic techniques; Blood

vessel disorders; Arteries; Neck; Diameter; Blood flow;

Xylazine; Halothane

Abstract: The carotid artery of clinically normal goats was

examined, using duplex ultrasonography and arteriography. The

diameter of the carotid artery was measured by use of twodimensional ultrasonography and Doppler ultrasonography,

respectively, before and after xylazine administration. The

diameter of the artery was also measured by use of an

arteriography technique in halothane-anesthetized goats. There

was no significant difference between the mean diameter of the

carotid artery measured by ultrasonography in conscious

nonsedated goats and that determined by arteriography in goats

under halothane anesthesia. On the other hand, ultrasonography

of xylazine-sedated goats revealed an increase of carotid

artery diameter of 20 to 30%. There was no change in the

velocity of blood flow after xylazine administration.

100 NAL Call. No.: 41.8 C81

A comparison of end-tidal halothane concentrations measured at

proximal and distal ends of the endotracheal tube in the

horse.

Matthews, N.S.; Hartsfield, S.M.; Cornick, J.L.; Jacobson,

J.D.; Williams, J.D.

Ithaca, N.Y. : Cornell Veterinarian, Inc; 1992 Jan.

Cornell veterinarian v. 82 (1): p. 21-27; 1992 Jan. Includes

references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Horses; Halothane; Anesthesia; Concentration;

Measurement; Sampling

101 NAL Call. No.: SF911.V43

A comparison of injectable anesthetic combinations in horses.

Matthews, N.S.; Hartsfield, S.M.; Cornick, J.L.; Williams,

J.D.; Beasley, A. Hagerstown, Md. : J.B. Lippincott Company;

1991 Jul.

Veterinary surgery v. 20 (4): p. 268-273; 1991 Jul. Includes

references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Horses; Anesthetics; Injectable anesthetics;

Xylazine; Drug combinations; Ketamine

102 NAL Call. No.: 41.8 Am3

Comparison of lidocaine, xylazine, and xylazine/lidocaine for

caudal epidural analgesia in horses.

Grubb, T.L.; Riebold, T.W.; Huber, M.J.

Schaumburg, Ill. : The Association; 1992 Oct15.

Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association v. 201

(8): p. 1187-1190; 1992 Oct15. Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Horses; Lidocaine; Xylazine; Drug combinations;

Conduction anesthesia; Duration; Catheters

103 NAL Call. No.: SF911.V43

A comparison of methods for proximal palmar metacarpal

analgesia in horses. Ford, T.S.; Ross, M.W.; Orsini, P.G.

Philadelphia, Pa. : J.B. Lippincott Company; 1989 Mar.

Veterinary surgery v. 18 (2): p. 146-150. ill; 1989 Mar. 

Anesthesia and Analgesia for Farm Animals, QB 95-13 https://web.archive.org/web/20010210200328/http://www.nal.usda.gov/...

33 of 150 3/29/2016 12:09 PM
Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Horses; Metacarpus; Carpus; Joints (animal);

Anesthesia; Injections; Analgesics; Infiltration

104 NAL Call. No.: 41.8 Am3

Comparison of recoveries from halothane vs isoflurane

anesthesia in horses. Matthews, N.S.; Miller, S.M.;

Hartsfield, S.M.; Slater, M.R. Schaumburg, Ill. : The

Association; 1992 Aug15.

Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association v. 201

(4): p. 559-563; 1992 Aug15. Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Horses; Halothane; Inhaled anesthetics;

Anesthesia; Recovery; Time; Surgery

105 NAL Call. No.: SF955.E6

A comparison of responses to analgesia of the navicular bursa

and intra-articular analgesia of the distal interphalagneal

joint in 59 horses. Dyson, S.J.; Kidd, L.

Newmarket : R & W Publications; 1993 Mar.

Equine veterinary journal v. 25 (2): p. 93-98; 1993 Mar. 

Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Uk; Horses; Lameness; Analgesics; Serous bursa;

Joints (animal); Synovial fluid

106 NAL Call. No.: 410.9 P94

Comparison of Telazol, Telazol-ketamine, Telazol-xylazine, and

Telazol-ketamine-xylazine as chemical restraint and anesthetic

induction combination in swine.

Ko, J.C.H.; Williams, B.L.; Smith, V.L.; McGrath, C.J.;

Jacobson, J.D. Cordova, Tenn. : American Association for

Laboratory Animal Science; 1993 Oct. Laboratory animal science

v. 43 (5): p. 476-480; 1993 Oct. Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Pigs; Anesthesia

Abstract: The use of Telazol (T, tiletamine and zolazepam,

4.4 mg T/kg) alone, Telazol-ketamine (TK, 4.4 mg T/kg and 2.2

mg K/kg), Telazol-xylazine (TX, 4.4 mg T/kg, 2.2 mg X/kg), and

Telazol-ketamine-xylazine (TKX, 4.4 mg T/kg, 2.2 mg K/kg, and

2.2 mg X/kg) as chemical restraint and anesthetic induction

combination was compared in pigs. Forty mixed-breed healthy

pigs (24.4 +/- 5.6 kg, mean +/- SD) were randomly assigned to

the four treatment groups (T, TK, TX, TKX) with 10 pigs in

each group. All the anesthetics were premixed by adding

sterile water, ketamine, xylazine, or xylazine and ketamine

directly into the Telazol vial and given as a single

intramuscular injection. All four anesthetic combinations

induced a rapid onset of sternal recumbency within 1.76 +/-

1.0 minutes and lateral recumbency within 3.02 +/- 2.2 minutes

in pigs after intramuscular injection; there was no

significant difference among treatments. The combinations TX

and TKX induced analgesia (as evident by a lack of response to

needle prick in the middle portion of the pinna and flank

regions) duration of 29.0 +/- 11.0 and 36.0 +/- 12.2 minutes,

respectively, and ability to tolerate tracheal intubation (as

evident by lack of coughing and chewing response to a

Anesthesia and Analgesia for Farm Animals, QB 95-13 https://web.archive.org/web/20010210200328/http://www.nal.usda.gov/...

34 of 150 3/29/2016 12:09 PM
laryngoscope) for a period of 34.0 +/-8.4 and 39.0 +/- 9.9

minutes, respectively. The combinations T and TK did not

induce analgesia nor conditions suitable for intubation.

Duration of lateral recumbency was 29.9 +/- 10, 33.1 +/- 6.9,

52.2 +/- 6.9, and 61.5 +/- 10.7 minutes in T-, TK-, TX-, and

TKX-treated pigs, respectively. Recovery quality was roughest

in T-treated pigs. It was somewhat improved in TK- and TKXtreated pigs. The smoothest recovery was observed in TXtreated pigs.We concluded that all four anesthetic

combinations were suitable for chemical restraint in pigs, but

only TKX and TX were suitable for either anesthetic induction

or short-term anesthesia. The addition of ketamine to the TX

combination (i.e., TKX) did not provide any significant

advantages over TX alone when these agents were used for

anesthetic induction or short-term anesthesia.

107 NAL Call. No.: 41.8 V641

Comparison of the sedative effects of medetomidine and

xylazine in horses. Bryant, C.E.; England, G.C.W.; Clarke,

K.W.

London : The Association; 1991 Nov09.

The Veterinary record : journal of the British Veterinary

Association v. 129 (19): p. 421-423; 1991 Nov09. Includes

references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Horses; Alpha-adrenergic receptors; Xylazine;

Drug effects; Intravenous injection; Adverse effects

108 NAL Call. No.: SF915.J63

A comparison of the sedative effects of three alpha 2-

adrenoceptor agonists (romifidine, detomidine and xylazine) in

the horse.

England, G.C.W.; Clarke, K.W.; Goossens, L.

Oxford : Blackwell Scientific Publications; 1992 Jun.

Journal of veterinary pharmacology and therapeutics v. 15 (2):

p. 194-201; 1992 Jun. Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Horses; Xylazine; Agonists; Anesthesia; Dosage;

Intravenous injection; Adverse effects

109 NAL Call. No.: SF910.P34A55 1992

Comparison of the thermal and mechanical antiociceptive

actions of opioids and alpha 2-adrenoreceptor agonists in

sheep.

Livingston, A.; Waterman, A.E.; Nolan, A.; Amin, A.

New York : Churchill Livingstone; 1992.

Animal pain / edited by Charles E. Short, Alan Van Poznak. p.

372-377, 400; 1992. Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Sheep; Agonists; Opioids; Pain; Testing; Animal

experiments; Alpha-adrenergic receptors; Analgesics; Xylazine;

Fentanyl; Pethidine; Laboratory tests

110 NAL Call. No.: 41.8 Au72

Comparison of tiletamine-zolazepam-ketamine and

tiletamine-zolazepam-ketamine-xylazine anaesthesia in sheep.

Lin, H.C. \u Auburn University, AL; Wallace, S.S.; Tyler,

J.W.; Robbins, R.L.; Thurmon, J.C.; Wolfe, D.F.

Brunswick, Vic. : Australian Veterinary Association, 1927-;

1994 Aug. Australian veterinary journal v. 71 (8): p. 239-242;

Anesthesia and Analgesia for Farm Animals, QB 95-13 https://web.archive.org/web/20010210200328/http://www.nal.usda.gov/...

35 of 150 3/29/2016 12:09 PM
1994 Aug. Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Sheep; Anesthesia; Drug combinations; Injectable

anesthetics; Xylazine; Heart rate; Respiration rate; Blood

pressure; Electrocardiograms

111 NAL Call. No.: SF911.V43

A comparison of xylazine-diazepam-ketamine and xylazineguaifenesin-ketamine in equine anesthesia.

Brock, N.; Hildebrand, S.V.

Hagerstown, Md. : J.B. Lippincott Company; 1990 Nov.

Veterinary surgery v. 19 (6): p. 468-474; 1990 Nov. Includes

references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Horses; Anesthetics; Diazepam; Ketamine;

Xylazine; Guaifenesin

112 NAL Call. No.: SF895.P76

Complications associated with alcohol tail-blocks in three

horses. Stewart, R.H.; Reed, S.M.; Weisbrode, S.E.

Washington, D.C. : Fidia Research Foundation; 1990.

Progress in veterinary neurology v. 1 (4): p. 476-480; 1990. 

Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Horses; Case reports; Complications; Ethanol;

Injection; Tail; Conduction anesthesia

113 NAL Call. No.: SF601.A46

Compressed spectral analysis of the EEG as an indicator of

anesthetic quality during anesthesia for orthopedic surgery in

the horses.

Short, C.E.; Ekstrom, P.M.

Lexington, Ky. : The Association; 1993.

Proceedings of the annual convention of the American

Association of Equine Practitioners. p. 69-80; 1993. Meeting

helding on November 29-December 2, 1992, Orlando, Florida. 

Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Horses; Anesthesia

114 NAL Call. No.: SF955.E6

A computer-derived protocol to aid in selecting medical versus

surgical treatment of horses with abdominal pain.

Ducharme, N.G.; Pascoe, P.J.; Lumsden, J.H.; Ducharme, G.R.

Newmarket : R & W Publications; 1989 Nov.

Equine veterinary journal v. 21 (6): p. 447-450; 1989 Nov. 

Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Horses; Abdomen; Pain; Colic; Medical treatment;

Surgery; Decision analysis; Computer analysis

115 NAL Call. No.: SF601.C24

A computer-derived protocol using recursive partitioning to

aid in estimating prognosis of horses with abdominal pain in

referral hospitals. Pascoe, P.J.; Ducharme, N.G.; Ducharme,

Anesthesia and Analgesia for Farm Animals, QB 95-13 https://web.archive.org/web/20010210200328/http://www.nal.usda.gov/...

36 of 150 3/29/2016 12:09 PM
G.R.; Lumsden, J.H. Ottawa : Canadian Veterinary Medical

Association; 1990 Jul. Canadian journal of veterinary

research; Revue canadienne de recherche veterinaire v. 54 (3):

p. 373-378; 1990 Jul. Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Horses; Colic; Abdomen; Survival; Estimation;

Computer analysis

116 NAL Call. No.: 41.8 R312

Contribution of amino acid transmitters to epileptiform

activity and reflex suppression in electrically head stunned

sheep.

Cook, C.J.; Devine, C.E.; Tavener, A.; Gilbert, K.V.

London : British Veterinary Association; 1992 Jan.

Research in veterinary science v. 52 (1): p. 48-56; 1992 Jan. 

Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Sheep; Stunning; Electrical treatment; Gammaaminobutyric acid; Amino acids; Receptors; Anesthetics;

Reflexes; Convulsions

Abstract: In sheep, administration of a combination of

zolazepam and tiletamine hydrochloride resulted in a dose

dependent reduction in the duration of epileptic activity

induced by an electric stun applied to the head. The compound

also lengthened the normal period of reflex suppression that

occurs after a stun. Excitatory amino acid receptor

antagonists (2-amino-7-phosphonoheptanoic and 2-amino-5-

phosphonovaleric acids) also reduced the duration of epileptic

activity following an electric stun. These drugs did not alter

the time of pedal and ear pinch reflex suppression.

Administration of bicuculline (a gamma amino-4-butyric acid

[GABA] receptor antagonist) reduced the period of stun induced

reflex suppression and increased seizure duration.

Administration of a GABA receptor agonist, baclofen, increased

the duration of reflex suppression. The results suggest that

the development of epileptiform-like activity following

application of an electric current to the head is dependent

upon excitatory amino acid receptors. The reflex suppression

that also arises following an electric stun is contributed to

by the activation of GABA receptor mechanisms.

117 NAL Call. No.: 41.8 AM3A

Correlation between drug and metabolite concentrations in

plasma and anesthetic action of ketamine in swine.

Loscher, W.; Ganter, M.; Fassbender, C.P.

Schaumburg, Ill. : American Veterinary Medical Association;

1990 Mar. American journal of veterinary research v. 51 (3):

p. 391-398; 1990 Mar. Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Pigs; Ketamine; Anesthesia; Blood plasma;

Metabolites; Administration; Pharmacokinetics;

Pharmacodynamics

Abstract: Pharmacokinetic variables and metabolism of IM and

IV administered ketamine (15 mg/kg of body weight) were

determined in 8 swine (2 adult sows and 6 young pigs). After

IM administration, maximal plasma concentration was rapidly

reached, but peak concentration varied considerably, although

comparison with IV data for the same swine indicated that the

drug was almost completely absorbed from the musculature.

After IV administration, ketamine kinetics followed a 3-term

Anesthesia and Analgesia for Farm Animals, QB 95-13 https://web.archive.org/web/20010210200328/http://www.nal.usda.gov/...

37 of 150 3/29/2016 12:09 PM
exponential decrease, indicating rapid initial distribution of

the drug to highly vascular tissues including the brain,

followed by redistribution into less vascular tissues, and

elimination. Redistribution and elimination phases, with

similar kinetics as those observed in the IV experiment, also

were determined in the IM experiment. After both routes of

administration, onset of anesthesia was rapid, and most swine

recovered consciousness during the phase of redistribution,

indicating that anesthesia is terminated by redistribution of

drug from the brain into other tissues, whereas metabolism and

excretion are less important for duration of anesthesia

induced by ketamine. The time during which the swine resumed a

lateral position (sleep time) was positively correlated with

plasma ketamine concentration at onset of lateral recumbency,

as well as with the area under the plasma concentration-time

curve. The minimal plasma ketamine concentration for induction

of immobilization was about 2 microgram/ml. In adult sows,

ketamine induced profound analgesia, which was not obtained in

young pigs; this difference in potency could not be related to

pharmacokinetic differences between young and adult swine.

With respect to metabolism of ketamine in swine, the major

metabolite in plasma was norketamine (metabolite I), whereas a

second metabolite (metabolite II) was detected only in low

concentrations. Elimination half-life of ketamine was about 2

hours after either IM or IV administration.

118 NAL Call. No.: SF391.P55

Creatine kinase activity in blood plasma and muscles of pigs

susceptible and resistant to halothane anaesthesia.

Poltarsky, J.; Kolataj, A.; Bulla, J.

Wallingford : Commonwealth Agricultural Bureaux; 1989 Dec. Pig

news and information v. 10 (4): p. 469-472; 1989 Dec. 

Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Pigs; Creatine kinase; Enzyme activity; Blood

plasma; Longissimus dorsi; Halothane; Drug resistance; Sex

differences

119 NAL Call. No.: 41.8 M69

Critical care in adult horses: restraint, analgesia, and antiinflammatory support.

Bertone, J.J.

Lenexa, Kan. : Veterinary Medicine Publishing Co; 1993 Nov.

Veterinary medicine v. 88 (11): p. 1066-1073; 1993 Nov. First

of a series. Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Horses; Intensive care; Restraint of animals;

Anesthesia; Antiinflammatory agents; Drug therapy

120 NAL Call. No.: 41.8 V641

Cushioning the effects of anaesthesia.

Vogel, C.

London : The Association; 1990 Oct20.

The Veterinary record : journal of the British Veterinary

Association v. 127 (16): p. 394; 1990 Oct20.

Language: English

Descriptors: Horses; Anesthesia; Anesthetics

121 NAL Call. No.: SF951.V47

The decision process: standing surgery versus general

Anesthesia and Analgesia for Farm Animals, QB 95-13 https://web.archive.org/web/20010210200328/http://www.nal.usda.gov/...

38 of 150 3/29/2016 12:09 PM
anesthesia and recumbency.

Bertone, A.L.

Philadelphia, Pa. : W.B. Saunders; 1991 Dec.

The Veterinary clinics of North America : equine practice v. 7

(3): p. 485-488; 1991 Dec. In the series analytic: Standing

surgery / edited by Alicia L. Bertone.

Language: English

Descriptors: Horses; Surgery; Anesthesia; Decision making;

Restraint of animals; Risk; Safety; Time; Costs

122 NAL Call. No.: 475 J824

Determination of residues of carazolol and a number of

tranquillizers in swine kidney by high-performance liquid

chromatography with ultraviolet and fluorescence detection.

Keukens, H.J.; Aerts, M.M.L.

Amsterdam : Elsevier Science Publishers; 1989 Feb17.

Journal of chromatography v. 464 (1): p. 149-161; 1989 Feb17. 

Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Netherlands; Pigs; Kidneys; Drug residues;

Neuroleptics; Determination; Liquid chromatography;

Fluorescence; Ultraviolet spectroscopy

123 NAL Call. No.: 41.8 AM3A

Determination of sensitivity to metocurine in exercised

horses. White, D.A.; Hildebrand, S.V.; Jones, J.H.; Fung,

D.L.; Gronert, G.A. Schaumburg, Ill. : American Veterinary

Medical Association; 1992 May. American journal of veterinary

research v. 53 (5): p. 757-761; 1992 May. Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Horses; Muscle relaxants; Exercise;

Pharmacokinetics; Pharmacodynamics

Abstract: On the basis of results in dogs, conditioning

exercise may increase sensitivity to nondepolarizing muscle

relaxants. Five Thoroughbreds were exercised/conditioned 3

times weekly on a treadmill for 8 months. Increasing maximal

rate of O2 consumption verified that the horses were

responding to exercise conditioning. Six nonexercised

Thoroughbreds served as the control group. Studies were done

with horses under general anesthesia by use of halothane

during partial paralysis by a brief constant-rate infusion

with the muscle relaxant, metocurine iodide. Quantification of

degree of paralysis of the hoof twitch (eg, digital extensor)

occurred with simultaneous quantification of blood values of

metocurine. Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic analyses of

the data were done by a nonlinear regression program, using

the Hill equation. There were no differences in findings

between exercised and nonexercised horses. The mean blood

concentration for the 50% paralyzing dose of metocurine was

0.44 +/- 0.11 (SD) micrograms/ml in exercised horses, and 0.58

+/- 0.22 micrograms/ml in nonexercised horses. Despite

evidence for a response to conditioning, a significant change

in the sensitivity of the neuromuscular junction to metocurine

was not found.

124 NAL Call. No.: 475 J824

Determination of tranquilisers and carazolol residues in

animal tissue using high-performance liquid chromatography

with electrochemical detection. Rose, M.D.; Shearer, G.

Amsterdam : Elsevier Science Publishers; 1992 Oct30.

Anesthesia and Analgesia for Farm Animals, QB 95-13 https://web.archive.org/web/20010210200328/http://www.nal.usda.gov/...

39 of 150 3/29/2016 12:09 PM
Journal of chromatography v. 624 (1/2): p. 471-477; 1992

Oct30. Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Animal tissues; Drug residues; Food analysis;

Food contamination; Carazolol; Neuroleptics; Detection; Hplc

125 NAL Call. No.: SF601.A46

Detomidine as a sedative and premedicant in the horse

(1985-1990). Clarke, K.W.; Gerring, E.L.

Manhattan, Kan. : The Association; 1990.

Proceedings of the annual convention of the American

Association of Equine Practitioners. p. 629-635; 1990. 

Meeting held December 2-5, 1990, Lexington, KY. Includes

references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Horses; Preanesthetic medication; Agonists

126 NAL Call. No.: SF951.J65

Detomidine hydrochloride versus xylazine plus morphine as

sedative and analgesic agents for flank laparotomies and ovary

and oviduct removal in standing mares.

Jochle, W.; Woods, G.L.; Little, T.V.; Hillman, R.B.; Ball,

B.A. Lake Elsinore, Calif. : William E. Jones, DVM; 1991 Jul.

Journal of equine veterinary science v. 11 (4): p. 225-228;

1991 Jul. Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Horses; Mares; Reproductive disorders;

Ovariectomy; Oviducts; Surgical operations; Analgesics;

Xylazine; Morphine; Laparotomy

127 NAL Call. No.: 41.8 V641

Detomidine-ketamine anaesthesia in chickens.

Mohammad, F.K.; Al-Badrany, M.S.; Al-Hasan, A.M.

London : The British Veterinary Association; 1993 Aug21.

The Veterinary record : journal of the British Veterinary

Association v. 133 (8): p. 192; 1993 Aug21. Includes

references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Chickens; Detomidine; Ketamine; Drug combinations

128 NAL Call. No.: KyUThesis 1992 Yang

Development of ELISA tests for acepromazine, fluphenazine and

detomidine tranquilizers in performance horses.

Yang, Jyan-Ming,

1992; 1992.

x, 140 leaves : ill. ; 28 cm. Includes vita and abstract. 

Includes bibliographic references (l. 124-136).

Language: English

Descriptors: Radioimmunoassay; Drug testing; Race horses

129 NAL Call. No.: 49 J82

The development of pain in young pigs associated with

castration and attempts to prevent castration-induced

behavioral changes.

McGlone, J.J.; Nicholson, R.I.; Hellman, J.M.; Herzog, D.N.

Anesthesia and Analgesia for Farm Animals, QB 95-13 https://web.archive.org/web/20010210200328/http://www.nal.usda.gov/...

40 of 150 3/29/2016 12:09 PM
Champaign, Ill. : American Society of Animal Science; 1993

Jun. Journal of animal science v. 71 (6): p. 1441-1446; 1993

Jun. Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Pigs; Pain; Castration; Analgesics; Animal

welfare; Age differences; Animal behavior; Liveweight gain;

Survival

Abstract: Four experiments were conducted to examine the

development of castration-induced behavioral changes, the

effects of castration age on pig weight gain, and the efficacy

of common analgesics for use in castrated pigs. In Exp. 1,

behavioral changes associated with castration of pigs at 1, 5,

10, 15, or 20 d of age were evaluated. Castration caused

measurable changes (reduced suckling, reduced standing, and

increased lying times, P < .05) in the behavior of young pigs

compared with that of intact pigs at all ages tested. Effects

of age and interactions between age and castration treatment

were not significant (P > .10) for any behaviors evaluated. In

Exp. 2, the performance of pigs castrated at 1 d of age was

compared with the performance of those castrated on d 14 and

female littermates. Birth weights, weaning weights, and

mortality were recorded. Pigs that were castrated on d 14 were

heavier (P = .05) at weaning and had a higher (P < .05) weight

gain during lactation compared to pigs castrated on d 1 of

age. Pig mortality was similar among the treatments. In Exp. 3

and 4, the efficacies of pain-reducing drugs (non-narcotic

analgesics) were evaluated for effectiveness in reducing

castration-induced behavioral changes in 8-wk-old pigs.

Although castration reduced (P < .05) feeding time and weight

gain, neither aspirin nor butorphanol influenced behavioral

changes associated with castration. We conclude that pigs show

similar behavioral changes (and probably pain perception) when

castrated from 1 to 20 d of age. However, pig performance data

favored castration at 14 d rather than at 1 d of age. Among

older pigs, which show much greater behavioral effects of

castration, analgesics (aspirin and butorphanol), used at

recommended doses, provided no measurable effect on

castration-induced behavioral changes.

130 NAL Call. No.: 41.8 Am3A

Differential artificial ventilation in anesthetized horses

positioned in lateral recumbency.

Moens, Y.; Lagerweij, E.; Gootjes, P.; Poortman, J.

Schaumburg, Ill. : American Veterinary Medical Association;

1994 Sep. American journal of veterinary research v. 55 (9):

p. 1319-1326; 1994 Sep. Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Horses; Lung ventilation; Gas exchange;

Respiratory gases; Position; Anesthesia

Abstract: Effects of differential ventilation on gas exchange

were studied in 7 isoflurane-anesthetized, laterally recumbent

horses, and were compared with effects of conventional

ventilation, using similar minute volume. A tracheal tube-intube intubation technique allowed each lung to be connected

separately to an anesthetic circle system with a ventilator.

Two distribution patterns of tidal volume were investigated;

half the tidal volume was distributed to each lung and twothirds the tidal volume was distributed to the dependent lung.

Effects of the combination of these patterns with positive

end-expiratory pressure (PEEP) of 10 and 20 cm of H20 to the

dependent lung were investigated. Differential ventilation

maintained PaCO2, but significantly increased PaO2, from 180

to 270 mm of Hg (+44%) and decreased shunt perfusion from 22

Anesthesia and Analgesia for Farm Animals, QB 95-13 https://web.archive.org/web/20010210200328/http://www.nal.usda.gov/...

41 of 150 3/29/2016 12:09 PM
to 19% (-15%), regardless of the distribution pattern used.

Mean airway pressure was lower than the value detected during

conventional ventilation. The combination of differential

ventilation with selective PEEP was followed by a decrease in

PaCO2 and further increase of PaO2 and decrease of shunt,

which were similar for both distribution patterns. Effects of

PEEP of 20 cm of H2O were more pronounced than those of PEEP

of 10 cm of H2O. Owing to the combined effects of differential

ventilation and selective PEEP, PaO2 increased to 399 mm of Hg

and shunt decreased to 15%. This represents increase of 112%

and decrease of 33% respectively, compared with values for

conventional ventilation. Mean airway pressure increased

maximally to 23 cm of H2O, which was 11 cm of H2O greater than

the value for conventional ventilation. During differential

ventilation, alveolar dead space in the dependent lung became

greater than that in the nondependent lung and maximum was

39%. There were no significant changes in arterial blood

pressure. Beneficial effects on gas exchange can be explained

by improved matching of ventilation and perfusion, possibly

attributable to reopening of previously dosed units in the

dependent lung.

131 NAL Call. No.: 442.8 Am3

Dominant inheritance of overo spotting in paint horses.

Bowling, A.T.

New York, N.Y. : Oxford University Press; 1994 May.

The Journal of heredity v. 85 (3): p. 222-224; 1994 May. 

Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Horses; Paint; Color patterns; Inheritance;

Autosomes; Dominance; Genes

Abstract: Analysis of selected studbook records of the

American Paint Horse Association, consisting of 687 foals

sired by 13 overo stallions from non-overo mares, supports the

inheritance of overo spotting as an autosomal dominant gene.

More than one gene may control patterns registered as overo.

Additional studies are necessary to explain the sporadic

occurrence of overo spotting from nonspotted quarter horse

parents and to confirm the inheritance of overo spotting in

other breeds.

132 NAL Call. No.: SF951.J65

Dose selection for detomidine as a sedative and analgesic in

horses with colic from controlled and open clinical studies.

Jochle, W.

Lake Elsinore, Calif. : William E. Jones, DVM; 1990 Jan.

Journal of equine veterinary science v. 10 (1): p. 6-11; 1990

Jan. Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Horses; Colic; Analgesics; Drug effects; Dosage

effects; Duration

133 NAL Call. No.: 41.8 R312

Dose-response relationship of atracurium besylate in the

halothane-anaesthetised pig.

Shorten, G.D.; Gibbs, N.M.

London : British Veterinary Association, 1960-; 1993 Nov.

Research in veterinary science v. 55 (3): p. 392-393; 1993

Nov. Includes references.

Language: English

Anesthesia and Analgesia for Farm Animals, QB 95-13 https://web.archive.org/web/20010210200328/http://www.nal.usda.gov/...

42 of 150 3/29/2016 12:09 PM
Descriptors: Pigs; Muscle relaxants; Dosage; Halothane;

Anesthesia

Abstract: The dose response relationship for the

intermediate-acting non-depolarising muscle relaxant,

atracurium besylate in the pig was determined using evoked

electromyography. An incremental dose technique was used in

seven Large White/Landrace crossbred pigs anaesthetised with

nitrous oxide and halothane. ED50 and FD95 were 510 +/- 87

micrograms kg-1 and 1150 +/- 270 micrograms kg-1,

respectively. Although these values may represent an

overestimate, they provide a reasonable guideline for the use

of atracurium by veterinary anaesthetists.

134 NAL Call. No.: SF955.E6

Doxapram infusion during halothane anaesthesia in ponies.

Taylor, P.M.

Newmarket : R & W Publications; 1990 Sep.

Equine veterinary journal v. 22 (5): p. 329-332; 1990 Sep.

Language: English

Descriptors: Horses; Anesthesia; Halothane; Doxapram;

Analeptics; Respiratory system

135 NAL Call. No.: 41.8 AM3A

Dynamic baroreflex sensitivity in anesthetized horses,

maintained at 1.25 to 1.3 minimal alveolar concentration of

halothane.

Hellyer, P.W.; Dodam, J.R.; Light, G.S.

Schaumburg, Ill. : American Veterinary Medical Association;

1991 Oct. American journal of veterinary research v. 52 (10):

p. 1672-1675; 1991 Oct. Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Horses; Anesthesia; Heart rate; Blood pressure;

Reflexes; Xylazine; Ketamine; Halothane; Vasoconstrictor

agents

Abstract: Dynamic baroreflex sensitivity for increasing

arterial pressure (DBSI) was used to quantitatively assess the

effects of anesthesia on the heart rate/arterial pressure

relationship during rapid (less than or equal to 2 minutes)

pressure changes in the horse. Anesthesia was induced with IV

administration of xylazine and ketamine and maintained with

halothane at a constant end-tidal concentration of 1.1 to 1.2%

(1.25 to 1.3 minimal alveolar concentration). Systolic

arterial pressure (SAP) was increased a minimum of 30 mm of Hg

in response to an IV bolus injection of phenylephrine HCl.

Linear regression was used to determine the slope of the R-R

interval/SAP relationship. During dynamic increases in SAP, a

significant correlation between R-R interval and SAP was

observed in 8 of 8 halothane-anesthetized horses. Correlation

coefficients between R-R interval and sap were > 0.80 in 5 of

8 horses. Mean (+/- SD) DBSI was 4.8 +/- 3.4 ms/mm of Hg in

anesthetized horses. A significant correlation between R-R

interval and SAP was observed in only 3 of 6 awake horses

during dynamic increases in SAP. Lack of correlation between

R-R interval and SAP in 3 of 6 awake horses indicated that

rapidly increasing SAP with an IV phenylephrine bolus is a

poor method to evaluate baroreceptor-mediated heart rate

changes in awake horses. Reflex slowing of heart rate in

response to a rising arterial pressure appeared to have been

overridden by the effects of excitement. Mean (+/- SD) DBSI (3

horses) was 7.3 +/- 3.3 ms/mm of Hg in awake horses.

Anesthesia and Analgesia for Farm Animals, QB 95-13 https://web.archive.org/web/20010210200328/http://www.nal.usda.gov/...

43 of 150 3/29/2016 12:09 PM
136 NAL Call. No.: 444.8 G28

Dynorphin modulates prolactin secretion in the turkey.

Youngren, O.M.; Silsby, J.L.; Phillips, R.E.; El Halawani,

M.E. Orlando, Fla. : Academic Press; 1993 Aug.

General and comparative endocrinology v. 91 (2): p. 224-231;

1993 Aug. Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Hens; Turkeys; Prolactin; Hormone secretion;

Opioid peptides; Endorphins; Enkephalins; Hypothalamus;

Infusion

Abstract: Big dynorphin (prodynorphin 209-240), dynorphin A

(prodynorphin 209-225), dynorphin B (prodynorphin 228-240),

beta-endorphin (beta-lipotrophin 61-90), or Met-enkephalin,

each infused into the third ventricle, were tested for their

effect on PRL release in the anesthetized turkey hen. Laying

hens that received big dynorphin at the rate of 0.35 nmol/min

showed a 5.1-fold increase in serum PRL at the end of a 30-min

infusion period. In a second experiment, the big dynorphininduced PRL increase was 2.6-fold. Nest-deprived, previously

incubating hens that received big dynorphin displayed an 8.2-

fold increase in serum PRL. Laying and nest-deprived

incubating control birds infused with saline displayed no PRL

increases. Laying hens that received dynorphin A (0.35

nmol/min) showed a 1.5-fold increase in serum PRL after 30 min

of infusion; after 40 min of infusion, this increase rose to

2.7-fold. Infusions of beta-endorphin (0.35 nmol/min), or Metenkephalin (0.35 nmol/min) failed to evoke PRL increases in

either laying or nest-deprived incubating turkeys. Infusion of

big dynorphin or dynorphin A for 120 min maintained an

elevated PRL level across the period, a level equal to that

evoked by electrical stimulation of the medial preoptic

nucleus (ES/POM). Infusion of dynorphin B (0.48 nmol/min) or a

reduced dose of dynorphin A (0.09 nmol/min) augmented the PRL

response evoked by ES/POM. No augmentation was noted for betaendorphin or Met-enkephalin, nor for saline-infused controls.

The dynorphin-induced PRL response appeared to be dosedependent. It appears that dynorphin is involved in the

regulation of turkey PRL and that beta-endorphin and Met

enkephalin, at the doses tested, are not.

137 NAL Call. No.: 41.8 AM3A

Effect of a specific platelet-activating factor antagonist on

cardiovascular and peripheral cellular responses to colonic

ischemia and reperfusion in anesthetized ponies.

Wilson, D.V.; Stick, J.A.

Schaumburg, Ill. : American Veterinary Medical Association;

1993 Mar. American journal of veterinary research v. 54 (3):

p. 443-448; 1993 Mar. Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Horses; Platelets; Phospholipids; Antagonists;

Torsion; Colon; Ischemia; Immune response; Cardiovascular

system; Pathogenesis

Abstract: The role of platelet-activating factor in mediating

the cardiovascular and peripheral cellular responses to largecolon ischemia and reperfusion, was explored in anesthetized

ponies. A specific platelet. activating factor (PAF)

antagonist (WEB 2086) was administered to a group of 6 ponies,

and another 6 ponies (controls) were given an equivalent

volume of saline solution, prior to 1 hour of large-colon

torsion. After correction of the torsion, ponies were

monitored during the reperfusion period. Significant (P <

0.05) hypotension and metabolic acidosis developed in afl

ponies after correction of colonic torsion, cardiac index

Anesthesia and Analgesia for Farm Animals, QB 95-13 https://web.archive.org/web/20010210200328/http://www.nal.usda.gov/...

44 of 150 3/29/2016 12:09 PM
increased initially, but then decreased significantly (P <

0.05) over the study period. Mean times between correction of

torsion and onset of cardiac failure and death were not

different between groups. Significant (P < 0.05)

thrombocytopenia developed during the reperfusion period in

control ponies, but not in WEB-treated ponies. Blood leukocyte

concentration in control ponies was more variable and

significantly (P < 0.05) decreased immediately upon

reperfusion, compared with that in WEB-treated ponies. We

conclude that although the cardiovascular responses to colonic

ischemia and reperfusion are not prevented by use of a

specific PAF-antagonist, specific peripheral cellular

responses are mediated by PAF.

138 NAL Call. No.: 41.8 AM3A

Effect of body posture on cardiopulmonary function in horses

during five hours of constant-dose halothane anesthesia.

Steffey, E.P.; Kelley, A.B.; Hodgson, D.S.; Grandy, J.L.;

Woliner, M.J.; Willits, N.

Schaumburg, Ill. : American Veterinary Medical Association;

1990 Jan. American journal of veterinary research v. 51 (1):

p. 11-16; 1990 Jan. Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Horses; Posture; Halothane; Anesthesia;

Cardiovascular system; Respiratory system

Abstract: Cardiovascular and respiratory functions were

serially characterized in 7 healthy, spontaneously breathing,

adult horses (from which food had been withheld) during 5

hours of constant 1.06% alveolar halothane (end-expired

halothane concentration of 1.06%; equivalent to 1.2 times the

minimal alveolar anesthetic concentration for horses). To

enable comparison of temporal results in relation to 2 body

postures, horses were studied in lateral recumbency (LR) and

dorsal recumbency (DR) on separate occasions. Temporal changes

in results of measures of circulation previously reported from

this laboratory for horses in LR were confirmed (ie, a timerelated increase in systemic arterial blood pressure, cardiac

output, stroke volume, and PCV). During DR, systemic arterial

blood pressure was initially significantly (P < 0.05) greater

and pulmonary artery pressure less than results at comparable

periods during LR. Differences ceased to exist with duration

of anesthesia. Except for a greater heart rate at hour 5 of

DR, no other significant differences in circulation were found

between LR and DR. In general, except for PaO2, measures of

ventilation did not change with time in either LR or DR. The

PaO2 was significantly greater during LR, compared with DR,

but the average did not change significantly with time in

either body posture.

139 NAL Call. No.: SF910.P34A55 1992

Effect of buffered lidocaine on epidural anesthesia in cattle.

Riebold, T.W.; Hawkins, J.K.; Crisman, R.O.

New York : Churchill Livingstone; 1992.

Animal pain / edited by Charles E. Short, Alan Van Poznak. p.

303-306, 313-315; 1992. Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Cattle; Anesthesia; Lidocaine; Local anesthetics

140 NAL Call. No.: 41.8 R312

Effect of carbon dioxide stunning on somatosensory evoked

potentials in hens. Mohan Raj, A.B.; Gregory, N.G.; Wotton,

S.B.

Anesthesia and Analgesia for Farm Animals, QB 95-13 https://web.archive.org/web/20010210200328/http://www.nal.usda.gov/...

45 of 150 3/29/2016 12:09 PM
London : British Veterinary Association; 1990 Nov.

Research in veterinary science v. 49 (3): p. 355-359. ill;

1990 Nov. Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Fowls; Hens; Stunning; Carbon dioxide;

Electroencephalograms; Convulsions; Animal welfare;

Anesthesia; Consciousness

141 NAL Call. No.: 41.8 R312

Effect of clenbuterol an arterial oxygen tension in the

anaesthetised horse. Gleed, R.D.; Dobson, A.

London : British Veterinary Association; 1990 May.

Research in veterinary science v. 48 (3): p. 331-337; 1990

May. Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Horses; Anesthesia; Oxygen; Arteries; Partial

pressure; Position; Drugs

142 NAL Call. No.: 41.8 AM3A

Effect of halothane, isoflurane, and pentobarbital anesthesia

on myocardial irritability in chickens.

Greenlees, K.J.; Clutton, R.E.; Larsen, C.T.; Eyre, P.

Schaumburg, Ill. : American Veterinary Medical Association;

1990 May. American journal of veterinary research v. 51 (5):

p. 757-758; 1990 May. Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Chickens; Anesthesia; Halothane; Anesthetics;

Pentobarbital; Myocardium; Adverse effects

Abstract: The relative myocardial irritant properties of

halothane, isoflurane, and pentobarbital were evaluated in

chickens. Sixteen adult male broiler chickens were randomly

assigned to 1 of 3 groups: group-1 chickens were anesthetized

with pentobarbital (30 mg/kg, IV), group-2 chickens were

anesthetized with halothane (end tidal halothane 1.2%), and

group-3 chickens were anesthetized with isoflurane (end tidal

isoflurane 2.1%). Birds in any 2 of the 3 treatment groups

were tested on any 1 day. Local anesthesia was induced, and

blood pressure, heart rate, ECG, and blood gas variables were

measured before general anesthesia was induced. Positivepressure ventilation with an inspired O2 fraction > 0.95 was

adjusted to result in an end tidal CO2 concentration that

reflected a PaCO2 similar to that obtained prior to anesthesia

and ventilation. All measurements were repeated. The threshold

for ventricular fibrillation in response to electrical

stimulation of the heart was then determined for all birds.

Effects of anesthesia on hemodynamic and blood gas variables

were similar in all 3 groups. Compared with halothane or

pentobarbital, isoflurane anesthesia resulted in a

significantly (P < 0.05) lower threshold for electrical

fibrillation of the heart.

143 NAL Call. No.: 41.8 AM3A

Effect of high PaCO2 and time on cerebrospinal fluid and

intraocular pressure in halothane-anesthetized horses.

Cullen, L.K.; Steffey, E.P.; Bailey, C.S.; Kortz, G.; Da Silva

Curiel, J.; Bellhorn, R.W.; Woliner, M.J.; Elliott, A.R.;

Jarvis, K.A. Schaumburg, Ill. : American Veterinary Medical

Association; 1990 Feb. American journal of veterinary research

v. 51 (2): p. 300-304; 1990 Feb. Includes references.

Anesthesia and Analgesia for Farm Animals, QB 95-13 https://web.archive.org/web/20010210200328/http://www.nal.usda.gov/...

46 of 150 3/29/2016 12:09 PM
Language: English

Descriptors: Horses; Anesthesia; Halothane; Hypercapnia;

Carbon dioxide; Partial pressure; Timing; Cerebrospinal fluid;

Eyes (animal); Internal pressure

Abstract: The effects of different arterial carbon dioxide

tensions (PaCO2) on cerebrospinal fluid pressure (CSFP) and

intraocular pressure (IOP) were studied in 6 male

halothaneanesthetized horses positioned in left lateral

recumbency. Steady-state anesthetic conditions (1.06% endtidal halothane concentration) commenced 60 minutes following

anesthetic induction with only halothane in oxygen. During

atracurium neuromuscular blockade, horses were ventilated, and

respiratory rate and peak inspiratory airway pressure were

maintained within narrow limits. The CSFP and IOP were

measured at 3 different levels of PaCO2 (approx 40, 60, and 80

mm of Hg). The PaCO2 sequence in each horse was determined

from a type of switchback design with the initial PaCO2

(period 1), established 30 minutes after the commencement of

steady-state anesthesia, being repeated in the middle (period

3) and again at the end (period 5) of the experiment.

Measurements taken from the middle 3 periods (2, 3, and 4)

would form a Latin square design replicated twice. The

interval between each period was approximately 45 minutes.

Data from periods 2, 3, and 4 indicated that CSFP (P < 0.05)

and mean systemic arterial pressure increased significantly (P

< 0.05) with high PaCO2. Mean central venous pressure, heart

rate, and IOP did not change significantly during these same

conditions. Measurements taken during periods 1, 3, and 5 were

compared to assess the time-related responses to anesthesia

and showed a significant increase in CSFP, a significant

decrease in mean central venous pressure, and a small (but not

statistically significant) increase in mean systemic arterial

pressure.

144 NAL Call. No.: 41.8 AM3A

Effect of hypercapnia on the arrhythmogenic dose of

epinephrine in horses anesthetized with guaifenesin, thiamylal

sodium, and halothane. Gaynor, J.S.; Bednarski, R.M.; Muir,

W.W. III

Schaumburg, Ill. : American Veterinary Medical Association;

1993 Feb. American journal of veterinary research v. 54 (2):

p. 315-321; 1993 Feb. Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Horses; Hypercapnia; Epinephrine; Dosage;

Anesthesia; Guaifenesin; Halothane; Inhaled anesthetics;

Arrhythmia

Abstract: The effect of hypercapnia on the arrhythmogenic

dose of epinephrine (ADE) was investigated in 14 horses.

Anesthesia was induced with guaifenesin and thiamylal sodium

and was maintained at an end-tidal halothane concentration

between 0.86 and 0.92%. Base-apex ECG, cardiac output, and

facial artery blood pressure were measured and recorded. The

ADE was determined at normocapnia (arterial partial pressure

of carbon dioxide [Pa(CO2)] = 35 to 45 mm of Hg), at

hypercapnia (Pa(CO2) = 70 to 80 mm of Hg), and after return to

normocapnia. Epinephrine was infused at arithmetically spaced

increasing rates (initial rate = 0.25 micrograms/kg of body

weight/min) for a maximum of 10 minutes. The ADE was defined

as the lowest epinephrine infusion rate, to the nearest 0.25

micrograms/kg/min, at which 4 premature ventricular complexes

occurred in a 15-second period. The ADE (mean +/- SD) during

hypercapnia (1.04 +/- 0.23 micrograms/kg/min) was

significantly (P < 0.05) less than the ADE at normocapnia

(1.35 +/- 0.38 micrograms/kg/min), whereas the ADE after

Anesthesia and Analgesia for Farm Animals, QB 95-13 https://web.archive.org/web/20010210200328/http://www.nal.usda.gov/...

47 of 150 3/29/2016 12:09 PM
return to normocapnia (1.17 +/- 0.22 micrograms/kg/min) was

not significantly different from those during normocapnia or

hypercapnia. Baseline systolic and diastolic arterial

pressures and cardiac output decreased after return to

normocapnia. Significant differences were not found in

arterial partial pressure of O2 (Pa(O2)) or in base excess

during the experiment. Two horses developed ventricular

fibrillation and died during normocapnic determinations of

ADE. Hypercapnia was associated with an increased risk of

developing ventricular arrhythmias in horses anesthetized with

guaifenesin, thiamylal sodium, and halothane.

145 NAL Call. No.: SF911.V43

Effect of hypercapnia or xylazine on lateral ventricle and

lumbosacral cerebrospinal fluid pressures in pentobarbitalanesthetized horses. Moore, R.M.; Trim, C.M.

Hagerstown, Md. : J.B. Lippincott Company; 1993 Mar.

Veterinary surgery v. 22 (2): p. 151-158; 1993 Mar. Includes

references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Horses; Cerebrospinal fluid; Anesthesia

146 NAL Call. No.: SF915.J63

Effect of inhalation anaesthetics on total respiratory

resistance in conscious ponies.

Hall, L.W.; Young, S.S.

Oxford : Blackwell Scientific Publications; 1992 Jun.

Journal of veterinary pharmacology and therapeutics v. 15 (2):

p. 174-179; 1992 Jun. Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Horses; Inhaled anesthetics; Halothane;

Respiration; Resistance

147 NAL Call. No.: 41.8 Am3A

Effect of intramuscularly administered polysulfated

glycosaminoglycan on articular cartilage from equine joints

injected with methylprednisolone acetate.

Fubini, S.L.; Boatwright, C.E.; Todhunter, R.J.; Lust, G.

Schaumburg, Ill. : American Veterinary Medical Association;

1993 Aug. American journal of veterinary research v. 54 (8):

p. 1359-1365; 1993 Aug. Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Horses; Glycosaminoglycans; Intramuscular

injection; Joints (animal); Prednisolone; Cartilage;

Proteoglycans; Protein synthesis; Chondrocytes; Fibronectins

Abstract: Intra-articularly administered, long-acting

corticosteroids are a beneficial treatment for many equine

joint disorders because they alleviate inflammation and signs

of pain, but they also exert detrimental effects on the

biochemical composition and morphologic features of articular

cartilage. Chondroprotective drugs have been shown to mitigate

some of the deleterious effects of intra-articularly

administered corticosteroids on articular cartilage of

laboratory animals. Twenty-one ponies were assigned at random

to receive 1 of 3 treatments in the right middle carpal joint.

Group-1 ponies (n = 8) had methylprednisolone acetate (MPA;

0.2 mg/kg of body weight) andsaline solution administered

intra-articularly and IM, respectively. Group-2 ponies (n = 9)

received MPA (0.2 mg/kg) and polysulfated glycosaminoglycan

(GAG; 2 mg/kg). Group-3 ponies (control; n = 4) had saline

Anesthesia and Analgesia for Farm Animals, QB 95-13 https://web.archive.org/web/20010210200328/http://www.nal.usda.gov/...

48 of 150 3/29/2016 12:09 PM
solution administered intra-articularly and IM. The

corticosteroid or saline solution was injected into the right

middle carpal joint on day 1. The IM administered polysulfated

GAG or saline solution was administered at the same time, then

was repeated every 3 days for 20 days. Ponies were

euthanatized 21 days after initial injection by overdose of

pentobarbital sodium. The cartilage of younger ponies was

significantly (P < 0.05) more responsive to the proteoglycandepleting effects of MPA. Ponies < 10 years old of groups 1

and 2 had significantly (P < 0.05) lower GAG content in the

articular cartilage than did control ponies. Systemic

treatment with polysulfated GAG did not result in a protective

effect against proteoglycan loss from the articular cartilage.

Twenty-one days after MPA injection, difference in

[35S]sulfate incorporation into proteoglycan, between either

MPA-treated group and the control group, was not significant.

There was an approximate tenfold increase in keratan sulfate

concentration in synovial fluid from MPA-treated joints,

compared with control joints. Chondroprotective effect of

polysulfated GAG on the basis of keratan sulfate release from

the articular cartilage into the synovial fluid was not

observed. Methylprednisolone acetate caused a decrease in the

fibronectin content of articular cartilage, but there was no

effect of polysulfated GAG on the fibronectin content of MPAtreated articular cartilage.

148 NAL Call. No.: SF955.E6

Effect of low-dose butorphanol on halothane minimum alveolar

concentration in ponies.

Matthews, N.S.; Lindsay, S.L.

Newmarket : R & W Publications; 1990 Sep.

Equine veterinary journal v. 22 (5): p. 325-327; 1990 Sep. 

Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Horses; Halothane; Analgesics

149 NAL Call. No.: 49 J82

Effect of preslaughter anesthesia on muscle metabolism and

meat quality of pigs of different halothane genotypes.

Klont, R.E.; Lambooy, E.; Logtestijn, J.G. van

Champaign, Ill. : American Society of Animal Science; 1993

Jun. Journal of animal science v. 71 (6): p. 1477-1485; 1993

Jun. Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Pigs; Porcine stress syndrome; Pigmeat; Meat

quality; Genotypes; Halothane; Color; Postmortem changes;

Muscle physiology; Blood chemistry; Metabolites; Enzyme

activity

Abstract: Pigs of different halothane genotypes were

anesthetized 45 min before slaughter. During the period of

anesthesia blood samples and muscle biopsy samples were taken

to investigate muscle energy metabolism by measuring different

metabolites. After exsanguination, the same metabolites and

some meat quality characteristics were determined. Minimal

differences in resting muscle metabolism seemed to exist

between the halothane genotypes. Some significant differences

in ante- and postmortem metabolism were found, particularly in

creatine and lactate concentrations, but these were not

reflected in ultimate meat quality. None of the pigs showed

PSE meat and there were no differences in muscle pH and

temperature at 45 min and 18 h postmortem. However, rigor,

drip loss, and color still showed a significant genotype

effect. It was concluded that due to the method of anesthesia

Anesthesia and Analgesia for Farm Animals, QB 95-13 https://web.archive.org/web/20010210200328/http://www.nal.usda.gov/...

49 of 150 3/29/2016 12:09 PM
there were no differences in muscle metabolism at the moment

of slaughter. This may have led to a more uniform ultimate

meat quality between pigs differing in their genetic

susceptibility toward stress. There were differences in color

and drip loss between the halothane genotypes that cannot be

explained by differences in pH and carcass temperature at 45

min postmortem.

150 NAL Call. No.: 41.8 Am3A

Effect of ranitidine on healing of experimentally induced

gastric ulcers in ponies.

MacAllister, C.G.; Sangiah, S.

Schaumburg, Ill. : American Veterinary Medical Association;

1993 Jul. American journal of veterinary research v. 54 (7):

p. 1103-1107; 1993 Jul. Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Horses; Antihistaminics; Gastric ulcer;

Induction; Flunixin; Healing; Oral administration

Abstract: Thirty young ponies were examined endoscopically

for evidence of gastric ulceration. Seven ponies had

noninduced gastric ulcers present at the initial examination

and were eliminated from the study. In an attempt to induce

gastric ulcers experimentally, flunixin meglumine (1.1 mg/kg

of body weight, IM, q 8 h) was administered for 7 days to the

23 ponies with endoscopically normal gastric mucosa. During

the 7 days of flunixin administration, 11 ponies developed

gastric ulcers that were appropriate for study. The 11 ponies

were randomly allotted to 2 groups. Group-A (n = 5) and groupB (n = 6) ponies received ranitidine (4.4 mg/kg, PO, q 8 h)

and corn syrup, respectively, until ulcers healed or for a

maximum of 40 days. General anesthesia was induced every 3 to

5 days for visual evaluation of ulcer healing by use of a

video endoscope. The earliest complete healing of gastric

lesions observed in a corn syrup-treated pony was at 17 days.

At 40 days, 3 of 5 and 3 of 6 ponies of the ranitidine and

corn syrup-treated groups, respectively, had healed ulcers.

Results of this study indicate that: noninduced gastric ulcers

may be common in young ponies, flunixin meglumine may be

effective in inducing gastric ulcers for gastric healing

studies in young ponies, and ranitidine (4.4 mg/kg, q 8 h) is

not significantly effective in accelerating healing of

experimentally induced gastric ulcers in ponies under

conditions of this study.

151 NAL Call. No.: 41.8 R312

Effect of rate of induction of carbon dioxide anaesthesia on

the time of onset of unconsciousness and convulsions.

Mohan Raj, A.B.; Gregory, N.G.

London : British Veterinary Association; 1990 Nov.

Research in veterinary science v. 49 (3): p. 360-363; 1990

Nov. Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Fowls; Hens; Broilers; Stunning; Carbon dioxide;

Convulsions; Anesthesia; Animal welfare; Dosage effects;

Consciousness

152 NAL Call. No.: TP368.J6

Effect of slaughter method on the progress of rigor of rainbow

trout (Salmo gairdneri) as measured by an image processing

system.

Azam, K.; Strachan, N.J.C.; Mackie, I.M.; Smith, J.; Nesvadba,

P. Oxford : Blackwell Scientific Publications; 1990 Oct.

Anesthesia and Analgesia for Farm Animals, QB 95-13 https://web.archive.org/web/20010210200328/http://www.nal.usda.gov/...

50 of 150 3/29/2016 12:09 PM
International journal of food science and technology v. 25

(5): p. 477-482; 1990 Oct. Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Trout; Food storage; Carbon dioxide; Anesthetics;

Electrocution; Cold storage; Ice; Imagery; Slaughter;

Measurement

153 NAL Call. No.: SF915.J63

The effect of the organophosphate trichlorfon on the

neuromuscular blocking activity of atracurium in halothaneanesthetized horses.

Hildebrand, S.V.; Hill, T.; Holland, M.

Oxford : Blackwell Scientific Publications; 1989 Sep.

Journal of veterinary pharmacology and therapeutics v. 12 (3):

p. 277-282; 1989 Sep. Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Horses; Trichlorfon; Halothane; Anesthesia;

Muscle relaxants

154 NAL Call. No.: 49 J82

The effect of thiopentone-sodium anesthesia and surgery,

relocation, grouping, and hydrocortisone treatment on the

blood levels of cortisol, corticosteroid-binding globulin, and

catecholamines in pigs. Dalin, A.M.; Magnusson, U.; Haggendal,

J.; Nyberg, L.

Champaign, Ill. : American Society of Animal Science; 1993

Jul. Journal of animal science v. 71 (7): p. 1902-1909; 1993

Jul. Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Pigs; Ovariectomy; Catecholamines; Anesthesia;

Hydrocortisone; Epinephrine; Norepinephrine; Globulins

Abstract: Eight crossbred, ovariectomized gilts (Swedish

Landrace X Swedish Yorkshire X Hampshire), with a mean age of

7.5 mo, were studied during anesthesia and surgery, controlsampling, relocation, and grouping during a period of 3 wk.

Acute treatment with a hydrocortisone injection (5 mg, i.v.)

was also given. Blood samples were taken frequently (every 10

min) during the intensive part of the experimental days. The

blood samples were analyzed for catecholamines (CA),

adrenaline (A) and noradrenaline (NA), cortisol, and

corticosteroid-binding globulin (CBG). The surgical period

with anesthesia and surgery showed significant effects on CA,

cortisol, and CBG. The A level increased immediately after the

surgery. A biphasic increase in the cortisol level was

observed on the day of surgery; the greatest increase was seen

when the animals had regained consciousness after surgery but

still were drowsy and staggering. The CBG level decreased on

the day after the surgery. The study showed that the levels of

the analyzed substances were back to normal 2 d after surgery.

During relocation and grouping there was a short, significant

increase in CA and cortisol levels, whereas the CBG level was

not affected. Treatment with hydrocortisone significantly

increased the cortisol level, but no change was seen in plasma

CA or CBG levels. In conclusion, anesthesia and surgery

induced significant effects on the levels of CA, cortisol, and

CBG in gilts and the animals needed 2 d to recover before

regaining their normal condition. During relocation and a

limited grouping period, the significant increases in CA and

cortisol levels were of short duration and CBG did not change.

The animals returned to their normal condition again a few

hours later.

Anesthesia and Analgesia for Farm Animals, QB 95-13 https://web.archive.org/web/20010210200328/http://www.nal.usda.gov/...

51 of 150 3/29/2016 12:09 PM
155 NAL Call. No.: 41.8 AM3A

Effect of xylazine on the arrhythmogenic dose of epinephrine

in thiamylal/halothane-anesthetized horses.

Gaynor, J.S.; Bednarski, R.M.; Muir, W.W. III

Schaumburg, Ill. : American Veterinary Medical Association;

1992 Dec. American journal of veterinary research v. 53 (12):

p. 2350-2354; 1992 Dec. Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Horses; Anesthetics; Drug combinations; Drug

effects

Abstract: The effect of xylazine on the arrhythmogenic dose

of epinephrine (ADE) was studied in 9 horses. Anesthesia was

induced by administration of guaifenesin (50 mg/kg of body

weight, IV) followed by thiamylal (4 to 6 mg/kg, IV) and was

maintained at 1 minimal alveolar concentration MAC) of

halothane (0.89%). Base apex ECG and facial artery pressure

were recorded. Epinephrine was infused in a sequence of

arithmetically spaced increasing rates (initial rate 0.25

(Lg/kg/min) for a maximum of 10 minutes. The ADE was defined

as the lowest epinephrine infusion rate to the nearest 0.25

microgram/kg/min at which at least 4 premature ventricular

depolarizations occurred in a 15-second period. Xylazine (1.1

mg/kg, IV) was administered after the control ADE was

determined. Xylazine did not significantly alter the ADE

(control, 1.12 +/-0.38 microgram/kg/min; xylazine, 1.21 +/-

0.46 microgram/kg/min). Blood pressure increased transiently

for 8 minutes after xylazine administration. Baseline systolic

and diastolic arterial pressures and heart rate were not

significantly different from control baseline pressures and

heart rate 15 minutes after xylazine administration. Blood

pressure and heart rate increased significantly during control

and xylazine ADE determinations. Significant differences in

pH, PaO2, PaCO2, or base excess were not observed between

baseline and ADE in the control or xylazine groups. One horse

developed atrial fibrillation, and 2 horses developed

ventricular fibrillation during ADE determinations.

156 NAL Call. No.: SF380.I52

Effect of yohimbine on xylazine-thiopental anaesthetized

Creole goats. Mora, G.; Messen, J.; Cox, J.F.

Amsterdam ; New York : Elsevier,; 1993 Jul.

Small ruminant research : the journal of the International

Goat Association v. 11 (2): p. 163-169; 1993 Jul. Includes

references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Goats; Yohimbine; Anesthesia; Antagonists

157 NAL Call. No.: QL55.A1L3

An effective combination of anaesthetics for 6-h

experimentation in the golden Syrian hamster.

Reid, W.D.; Davies, C.; Pare, P.D.; Pardy, R.L.

London : Royal Society of Medicine Services; 1989 Apr.

Laboratory animals v. 23 (2): p. 156-162; 1989 Apr. Includes

references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Golden hamster; Anesthetics; Drug combinations;

Pentobarbital; Urethane; Chloralose; Anesthesia

Abstract: The anaesthetics described for use in hamsters to

Anesthesia and Analgesia for Farm Animals, QB 95-13 https://web.archive.org/web/20010210200328/http://www.nal.usda.gov/...

52 of 150 3/29/2016 12:09 PM
date are suitable for the perfomance of short-term

experimentation. However, an anaesthetic regimen was required

which would provide a stable preparation for 6 h and hence, a

suitable combination was developed. In the first set of

experiments, the effect of anaesthetics (chloralose, urethane,

and pentobarbital) were examined alone and in combination on

arterial blood measurements. In the second set of experiments

the effect of the combination of anaesthetics on arterial

blood measurements and minute ventilation was examined for up

to 6 h. Chloralose, urethane and pentobarbital when used alone

in the hamster were considered inadequate for our needs.

Chloralose did not produce adequate surgical anaesthesia

whereas urethane and pentobarbital resulted in marked

respiratory depression. Urethane also produced a trend toward

metabolic acidosis. In contrast, the combination of agents

resulted in surgical anaesthesia and the arterial blood

measurements were adequate. Further, the use of the

combination of anaesthetics in hamsters resulted in a stable

preparation where arterial blood measurements and minute

ventilation were maintained in a good range for up to 6 h. The

combination of chloralose, urethane and sodium pentobarbital

in hamsters should prove useful in long-term non-recovery

experimentation which requires early surgical intervention,

minimal respiratory depression and an even depth of

anaesthesia.

158 NAL Call. No.: 41.8 AM3A

Effects of a highly concentrated hypertonic saline-dextran

volume expander on cardiopulmonary function in anesthetized

normovolemic horses. Moon, P.F.; Snyder, J.R.; Haskins, S.C.;

Perron, P.R.; Kramer, G.C. Schaumburg, Ill. : American

Veterinary Medical Association; 1991 Oct. American journal of

veterinary research v. 52 (10): p. 1611-1618; 1991 Oct.

Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Horses; Fluid therapy; Saline water; Dextran;

Solutions; Anesthesia; Cardiovascular system; Respiratory

system; Adverse effects

Abstract: Conventional fluid resuscitation is unsatisfactory

in a small percentage of equine emergency surgical cases

because the large volumes of fluids required cannot be given

rapidly enough to adequately stabilize the horse. In

anesthetized horses, the volume expansion and cardiopulmonary

effects of a small volume of highly concentrated hypertonic

saline-dextran solution were evaluated as an alternative

initial fluid choice. Seven halothane-anesthetized, laterally

recumbent, spontaneously ventilating, normovolemic horses were

treated with a 25% NaCl-24% dextran 70 solution (HSD) at a

dosage of 1.0 ml/kg of body weight, IV, infused over 10

minutes, and the effects were measured for 120 minutes after

infusion. Plasma volume expansion was rapid and significant

(from 36.6 +/- 4.6 ml/kg to 44.9 +/- 4.8 ml/kg) and remained

significantly expanded for the duration of the experiment.

Packed cell volume, total blood hemoglobin, and plasma protein

concentrations significantly decreased, confirming rapid and

sustained volume expansion with hemodilution. Cardiac index

and stroke index immediately increased and remained high for

the entire study (from 69.6 +/- 15.3 ml/min/kg to 106.6 +/-

28.4 ml/min/kg, and from 1.88 t 0.49 ml/beat/kg to 2.50 +/-

0.72 ml/beat/kg, respectively). Systemic vascular resistance

significantly decreased immediately after HSD infusion and

remained decreased for the duration of the study (from 1.41 +/-

 0.45 mm of Hg/ml/min/kg to 0.88 t 0.22 mm of Hg/ml/min/kg).

Arterial and venous blood oxygen content decreased

significantly because of hemodilution, but actual oxygen

transport transiently increased at the 10-minute measurement

Anesthesia and Analgesia for Farm Animals, QB 95-13 https://web.archive.org/web/20010210200328/http://www.nal.usda.gov/...

53 of 150 3/29/2016 12:09 PM
before returning toward baseline. Plasma osmolality and sodium

significantly increased and remained high for the entire 120

minutes (from 293 +/- 2 osm/L to 326 +/- 9 mosm/L, and from

142.8 +/- 3.3 mM/L to 159.0 +/- 6.2 mM/L, respectively). Urine

output increased in 5 of 7 horses within minutes of HSD

infusion, but the mean increase was

159 NAL Call. No.: SF910.P34A55 1992

The effects of alpha 2-adrenoreceptor agonist analgesia on the

central nervous system in an equine model.

Short, C.E.; Kallfelz, F.A.; Otto, K.; Otto, B.; Wallace, R.

New York : Churchill Livingstone; 1992.

Animal pain / edited by Charles E. Short, Alan Van Poznak. p.

421-430, 433-434; 1992. Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Horses; Pain; Models; Alpha-adrenergic receptors;

Agonists; Analgesics; Drug effects

160 NAL Call. No.: 41.8 R312

Effects of an infusion of dopamine on the cardiopulmonary

effects of Escherichia coli endotoxin in anaesthetised horses.

Trim, C.M.; Moore, J.N.; Hardee, M.M.; Hardee, G.E.; Slade,

E.A. London : British Veterinary Association; 1991 Jan.

Research in veterinary science v. 50 (1): p. 54-63; 1991 Jan. 

Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Horses; Endotoxins; Escherichia coli; Dopamine;

Halothane; Anesthesia; Cardiovascular system; Toxemia

161 NAL Call. No.: 41.8 Am3A

Effects of anesthesia induced and maintained by continuous

intravenous administration of guaifenesin, ketamine, and

xylazine in spontaneously breathing sheep.

Lin, H.C.; Tyler, J.W.; Welles, E.G.; Spano, J.S.; Thurmon,

J.C.; Wolfe, D.F. Schaumburg, Ill. : American Veterinary

Medical Association; 1993 Nov. American journal of veterinary

research v. 54 (11): p. 1913-1916; 1993 Nov. Includes

references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Sheep; Anesthesia; Guaifenesin; Ketamine;

Xylazine; Intravenous injection; Respiratory gases

Abstract: Anesthesia was induced and maintained in 6 Suffolk

wethers by continuous IV infusion of guaifenesin (50 mg/ml),

ketamine (1 mg/ml), and xylazine (0.1 mg/ml) in 5% dextrose in

water (triple drip) to assess the anesthetic and

cardiopulmonary effects. All sheep were positioned in right

lateral recumbency. Dosages of triple drip used for induction

and maintenance of anesthesia were 1.2 +/- 0.02 ml/kg and 2.6

ml/kg/h, respectively. Lack of gross purposeful movement of

sheep to electrical stimulation indicated that analgesia and

muscular relaxation induced by triple trip were adequate for

surgical procedures. Heart rates and arterial blood pressure

remained unchanged from baseline values during a 1-hour period

of anesthesia. Arterial blood pressures were measured

indirectly, using an inflation cuff placed over the metatarsal

artery at the heart level. Significant decrease in arterial

partial pressure of O2 (PaO2), coupled with an increase in

arterial partial pressure of CO2 (PaCO2), from baseline values

was observed throughout the course of the study. Decrease in

PaO2 was observed concomitantly with significant (P < 0.05)

Anesthesia and Analgesia for Farm Animals, QB 95-13 https://web.archive.org/web/20010210200328/http://www.nal.usda.gov/...

54 of 150 3/29/2016 12:09 PM
increase in respiration rate. Changes in arterial blood gas

tensions observed in this study were attributed to respiratory

depressant effect induced by anesthetic drugs and right-toleft shunting, perfusion/ventilation mismatch, or both caused

by right lateral recumbency. Administration of 100% O2 via the

endotracheal tube reduced the magnitude of the decrease in

PaO2. All sheep recovered smoothly and stood within 96.3 +/-

48.9 minutes after termination of triple drip administration.

162 NAL Call. No.: 421 J828

Effects of anesthetization and storage temperature on

bluetongue virus recovery from Culicoides variipennis

(Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) and sheep blood.

Work, T.M.; Sawyer, M.M.; Jessup, D.A.; Washino, R.K.; Osburn,

B.I. Lanham, Md. : The Entomological Society of America; 1990

May. Journal of medical entomology v. 27 (3): p. 331-333; 1990

May. Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Sheep; Cervidae; Infection; Bluetongue virus;

Blood; Anesthesia; Field experimentation; Storage;

Temperature; Culicoides variipennis; Disease vectors; Light

traps

163 NAL Call. No.: 41.8 V641

Effects of atipamezole on xylazine sedation in ponies.

Luna, S.P.L.; Beale, N.J.; Taylor, P.M.

London : The Association; 1992 Mar28.

The Veterinary record : journal of the British Veterinary

Association v. 130 (13): p. 268-271; 1992 Mar28. Includes

references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Horses; Xylazine; Anesthesia; Antagonists; Drug

antagonism; Drug effects

164 NAL Call. No.: 41.8 AM3A

Effects of atracurium administered by continuous intravenous

infusion in halothane-anesthetized horses.

Hildebrand, S.V.; Hill, T. III

Schaumburg, Ill. : American Veterinary Medical Association;

1989 Dec. American journal of veterinary research v. 50 (12):

p. 2124-2126; 1989 Dec. Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Horses; Muscle relaxants; Injections; Halothane;

Anesthesia; Adverse effects

Abstract: Atracurium (0.4 mg/ml in isotonic NaCl solution)

was administered by IV infusion to 7 healthy adult horses for

2 hours. Over the 2-hour period, a 95 to 99% reduction of

train-of-four hoof-twitch response was maintained by 0.17 +/-

0.01 mg of atracurium/kg of body weight/h, for a total of 161 +/-

 6 mg of atracurium (mean +/- SEM) for horses 1 to 4, 6, and

7. Horse 5, a mare in estrus, required 0.49 mg of

atracurium/kg/h to maintain comparable relaxation. Hoof-twitch

recovery time from 10 to 75% of baseline strength was 19.8 +/-

2.5 minutes for all horses. The 10 to 75% recovery time for

horse 5 was 18 minutes. Recovery time from discontinuation of

halothane until standing was 86 +/- 14 minutes (range, 55 to

165 minutes). Horse 5 had a 165-minute recovery. Regarding

recovery from anesthesia, 3 recoveries were rated as

excellent, 1 recovery good, and 2 recoveries as fair. Horse 5

laid quietly until she stood with 1 strong, smooth effort.

Anesthesia and Analgesia for Farm Animals, QB 95-13 https://web.archive.org/web/20010210200328/http://www.nal.usda.gov/...

55 of 150 3/29/2016 12:09 PM
165 NAL Call. No.: 41.8 Am3A

Effects of atropine on the arrhythmogenic dose of dobutamine

in xylazine-thiamylal-halothane-anesthetized horses.

Light, G.S.; Hellyer, P.W.

Schaumburg, Ill. : American Veterinary Medical Association;

1993 Dec. American journal of veterinary research v. 54 (12):

p. 2099-2103; 1993 Dec. Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Horses; Atropine; Antihypertensive agents;

Arrhythmia; Halothane

Abstract: We investigated the influence of parasympathetic

tone on the arrhythmogenic dose of dobutamine in horses

premedicated with xylazine, anesthetized with guaifenesin and

thiamylal, and maintained on halothane in oxygen. Six horses

were used in 12 randomized trials. In each trial, after endtidal halothane concentration was stabilized at 1.1% (1.25

times minimum alveolar concentration [MAC]) in oxygen, either

saline solution (0.02 ml/kg of body weight) or atropine (0.04

mg/kg) was administered IV. Five minutes later, dobutamine

infusion was started at dosage of 2.5 micrograms/kg/min, IV.

The dobutamine infusion was continued for 10 minutes, or until

4 or more premature ventricular complexes occurred within 15

seconds, or sustained narrow-complex tachyarrhythmia clearly

not sinus in nature occurred. If the criteria for termination

were not met, dobutamine infusion was increased by 2.5

micrograms/kg/min, after the hemodynamic variables had

returned to baseline. The horses were allowed to recover, and

were rested for at least 1 week before the second trial. The

arrhythmogenic dose of dobutamine was calculated by

multiplying the infusion rate by the elapsed time into

infusion when arrhythmia occurred. There was significant

difference between the arrhythmogenic dose of dobutamine (ADD)

in saline-treated horses (mean +/-SEM, ADD 105.6 +/- 16.3

micrograms/kg) and atropinized horses (ADD 36.2 +/-8.7

micrograms/kg). There were no differences in the prearrhythmia

or immediate postarrhythmia ventricular heart rate (HR) or

systolic (SAP), diastolic (DAP), or mean (MAP) arterial

pressures between treated and control groups. The change in

hemodynamic variables from prearrhythmia to immediate

postarrhythmia formation was not different between the 2

groups. Ventricular beats were clearly evident in 8 of the 12

arrhythmias meeting the criteria for establishing the ADD.

These results indicate that atropine may lower the

arrhythmogenic threshold for dobutamine in halothaneanesthetized horses.

166 NAL Call. No.: 41.8 AM3A

Effects of butorphanol tartrate on arterial pressure, jejunal

blood flow, vascular resistance, O2 extraction, and O2 uptake

in halothane-anesthetized ponies.

Stick, J.A.; Loeffler, B.S.; Arden, W.A.; Chou, C.C.

Schaumburg, Ill. : American Veterinary Medical Association;

1989 Aug. American journal of veterinary research v. 50 (8):

p. 1202-1206. ill; 1989 Aug. Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Horses; Analgesics; Drug effects; Halothane;

Blood flow; Blood pressure; Jejunum; Oxygen consumption

Abstract: The effects of butorphanol tartrate on arterial

pressure, jejunal blood flow, vascular resistance, oxygen

extraction, and oxygen uptake were determined in 10

anesthetized ponies ventilated with a mixture of halothane and

Anesthesia and Analgesia for Farm Animals, QB 95-13 https://web.archive.org/web/20010210200328/http://www.nal.usda.gov/...

56 of 150 3/29/2016 12:09 PM
100% oxygen, using isolated autoperfused jejunal segments.

Physiologic saline solution or butorphanol tartrate (0.2 mg/kg

of body weight) was administered as a single bolus into the

left jugular vein. By 2 minutes, butorphanol decreased

arterial blood pressure and intestinal blood flow, and

increased intestinal oxygen extraction. However, intestinal

vascular resistance and oxygen uptake were unaffected. Results

of this study indicate that butorphanol tartrate induces a

hypotension that secondarily decreases intestinal blood flow,

but intestinal vascular resistance and metabolism are not

adversely affected. We conclude that butorphanol tartrate does

not compromise intestinal viability in halothane-anesthetized

ponies and, therefore, may be a good analgesic choice for the

equid destined for abdominal surgery.

167 NAL Call. No.: 41.8 R312

Effects of castration on behaviour and plasma cortisol

concentrations in young lambs, kids and calves.

Mellor, D.J.; Molony, V.; Robertson, I.S.

London : British Veterinary Association; 1991 Sep.

Research in veterinary science v. 51 (2): p. 149-154; 1991

Sep. Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Lambs; Kids; Calves; Castration; Hydrocortisone;

Blood sampling; Handling; Stress; Corticotropin; Species

differences; Adrenal glands; Pituitary

Abstract: Behavioural and cortisol responses to the husbandry

practice of castration with tight rubber rings were

investigated in lambs and kids one day after birth and in hand

reared calves aged one to seven days. There were three

treatments: control handling and blood sampling, castration

and, in lambs and kids only, intravenous adrenocorticotrophin

injection (ACTH). The integrated cortisol responses (area

under the cortisol curve) in lambs and kids were least in

control, intermediate in castrated and greatest in ACTH

animals. No cortisol responses were detected in control or

castrated calves. The incidences of behaviour used to assess

the intensity of distress apparently experienced in the

different species corresponded generally with the magnitudes

of the cortisol responses. Behavioural and cortisol responses

together suggested that the distress caused by castration was

greatest in lambs, intermediate in kids and least but not

necessarily absent in hand reared calves.

168 NAL Call. No.: 41.8 V641

Effects of chronic lameness on the concentrations of cortisol,

prolactin and vasopressin in the plasma of sheep.

Ley, S.J.; Livingston, A.; Waterman, A.E.

London : The Association; 1991 Jul20.

The Veterinary record : journal of the British Veterinary

Association v. 129 (3): p. 45-47; 1991 Jul20. Includes

references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Sheep; Lameness; Hydrocortisone; Prolactin;

Vasopressin; Blood plasma; Foot rot; Pain; Acute course;

Chronic course

169 NAL Call. No.: 41.8 Am3A

Effects of clenbuterol hydrochloride on pulmonary gas exchange

and hemodynamics in anesthetized horses.

Dodam, J.R.; Moon, R.E.; Olson, N.C.; Exposito, A.J.; Fawcett,

T.A.; Huang, Y.C.; Theil, D.R.; Camporesi, E.; Swanson, C.R.

Anesthesia and Analgesia for Farm Animals, QB 95-13 https://web.archive.org/web/20010210200328/http://www.nal.usda.gov/...

57 of 150 3/29/2016 12:09 PM
Schaumburg, Ill. : American Veterinary Medical Association;

1993 May. American journal of veterinary research v. 54 (5):

p. 776-782; 1993 May. Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Horses; Clenbuterol; Gas exchange; Oxygen; Carbon

dioxide; Hemodynamics; Anesthesia

Abstract: We evaluated the effects of clenbuterol HCl (0.8

micrograms/kg, of body weight, IV), a beta 2, agonist, on

ventilation-perfusion matching and hemodynamic variables in

anesthetized (by IV route), laterally recumbent horses. The

multiple inert gas elimination technique was used to assess

pulmonary gas exchange. Clenbuterol HCl induced a decrease in

arterial oxygen tension (from 57.0 +/- 1.8 to 49.3 +/- 1.2 mm

of Hg; mean +/- SEM) as a result of increased shunt fraction

(from 6.6 +/- 2.1 to 14.4 +/- 3.1%) and ventilation to regions

with high ventilation-perfusion ratios. In contrast, no

changes in these variables were found in horses given sterile

water. In horses given clenbuterol HCl, O2 consumption

increased from 2.23 +/- 0.18 to 2.70 +/-0.14 ml . min-1 .

kg-1, and respiratory exchange ratio decreased from 0.80 +/-

0.02 to 0.72 +/- 0.01. Respiratory exchange ratio and O2

consumption were not significantly modified in sterile watertreated (control) horses. Clenbuterol HCl administration was

associated with increased cardiac index (from 57.4 +/-4.0 to

84.2 +/- 6.3 ml . min-1 . kg- 1), decreased total peripheral

vascular resistance (from 108.3 +/- 9.3 to 47.6 +/- 2.8 mm of

Hg . s . kg . ml-1), and decreased pulmonary vascular

resistance (from 31.3 +/- 3.8 to 13.6 +/- 0.7 mm of Hg . s .

kg . ml-1). Our findings indicated that clenbuterol HCl may

potentiate hypoxemia as a result of increased shunt fraction

in horses anesthetized by the IV route, and caused changes in

hemodynamic variables that were consistent with its ability to

stimulate beta 2-adrenergic receptors.

170 NAL Call. No.: 41.8 R312

Effects of clinically occurring chronic lameness in sheep on

the concentrations of plasma noradrenaline and adrenaline.

Ley, S.J.; Livingston, A.; Waterman, A.E.

London : British Veterinary Association; 1992 Jul.

Research in veterinary science v. 53 (1): p. 122-125; 1992

Jul. Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Sheep; Lameness; Epinephrine; Norepinephrine;

Blood plasma; Foot rot; Pain

Abstract: Plasma adrenaline (AD) and noradrenaline (NA)

concentrations were measured by high performance liquid

chromatography with electrochemical detection in blood samples

from control and lame sheep. The lame sheep suffered from

naturally occurring foot rot and showed behavioural

characteristics normally associated with chronic pain. The

lame sheep were scored both for impairment of gait and

pathology of the foot and divided into mild and severely

affected groups. Both the mildly and severely lame group

showed a significant increase in plasma AD and plasma NA which

tended to persist even after clinical resolution of the

condition. The measurement of plasma AD and NA may provide

information which can be used to assess animals experiencing

chronic pain, when taken in conjunction with other parameters,

such as nociceptive thresholds and plasma hormone levels.

171 NAL Call. No.: 41.8 V641

Effects of detomidine on equine oesophageal function as

Anesthesia and Analgesia for Farm Animals, QB 95-13 https://web.archive.org/web/20010210200328/http://www.nal.usda.gov/...

58 of 150 3/29/2016 12:09 PM
studied by contrast radiography.

Watson, T.D.G.; Sullivan, M.

London : The Association; 1991 Jul27.

The Veterinary record : journal of the British Veterinary

Association v. 129 (4): p. 67-69; 1991 Jul27. Includes

references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Horses; Analgesics; Esophagus; Deglutition;

Transit time; Peristalsis; Grass sickness

172 NAL Call. No.: 41.8 Am3

Effects of diazepam, acepromazine, detomidine, and xylazine on

thiamylal anesthesia in horses.

Muir, W.W. III; Mason, D.E.

Schaumburg, Ill. : The Association; 1993 Oct01.

Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association v. 203

(7): p. 1031-1038; 1993 Oct01. Paper presented at the

"Symposium on Disaster Medicine", Minneapolis, Minnesota. 

Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Horses; Anesthesia; Preanesthetic medication;

Barbiturates; Diazepam; Detomidine; Xylazine; Drug effects;

Cardiovascular system; Respiratory system

173 NAL Call. No.: 41.8 AM3A

Effects of distention and neostigmine on jejunal vascular

resistance, oxygen uptake, and intraluminal pressure changes

in ponies.

Parks, A.H.; Stick, J.A.; Arden, W.A.; Chou, C.C.; Hengemuhle,

S.M. Schaumburg, Ill. : American Veterinary Medical

Association; 1989 Jan. American journal of veterinary research

v. 50 (1): p. 54-58; 1989 Jan. Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Horses; Intestinal diseases; Bloat; Neostigmine;

Blood pressure; Oxygen consumption; Internal pressure;

Intestines

Abstract: The influence of distention (high baseline

intraluminal pressure) and neostigmine methylsulfate on

intestinal vascular resistance, oxygen uptake, and

intraluminal pressure changes (rhythmic contractions) was

studied in terminal jejunal segments which were perfused at a

constant rate, in 16 anesthetized ponies. When baseline

intraluminal pressure was increased to 10 mm of Hg, the

intestinal vascular resistance and amplitude of rhythmic

contractions were increased. Neostigmine induced cyclic

increases in amplitude of rhythmic contractions whether

intraluminal pressure was 0 or 10 mm of Hg. Neostigmine also

increased intestinal oxygen uptake at intraluminal pressures

of 0 mm of Hg, but not at 10 mm of Hg, and vascular resistance

was not altered at either intraluminal pressure. The results

indicate that intestinal hemodynamics are adversely affected

by distention. Further, neostigmine did not adversely affect

intestinal hemodynamics while increasing rhythmic

contractions, suggesting that neostigmine may be useful in the

treatment of ileus in equids.

174 NAL Call. No.: 41.8 AM3A

Effects of exploratory laparotomy on plasma and peritoneal

coagulation/fibrinolysis in horses.

Baxter, G.M.; Parks, A.K.; Prasse, K.W.

Anesthesia and Analgesia for Farm Animals, QB 95-13 https://web.archive.org/web/20010210200328/http://www.nal.usda.gov/...

59 of 150 3/29/2016 12:09 PM
Schaumburg, Ill. : American Veterinary Medical Association;

1991 Jul. American journal of veterinary research v. 52 (7):

p. 1121-1127; 1991 Jul. Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Horses; Laparotomy; Blood plasma; Body fluids;

Blood coagulation; Fibrinolysis; Adhesions; Blood proteins;

Anticoagulants; Plasminogen; Fibrinogen

Abstract: Plasma and peritoneal fluid samples were collected

before and after surgery from 6 horses undergoing a ventral

midline exploratory laparotomy and from 6 anesthetized control

horses. Coagulation/fibrinolytic components measured in the

plasma and peritoneal fluid of these horses included the

functional activity of antithrombin III, alpha-2 antiplasmin,

plasminogen, and protein C, and the concentrations of

fibrinogen and fibrin degradation products. Peritoneal fluid

antithrombin III, fibrin degradation products, and plasminogen

values were significantly increased after surgery (over time)

in principal horses. Compared with control horses,

postoperative peritoneal fluid from horses undergoing

laparotomy had significantly increased antithrombin-III

activity at 12 and 72 hours, alpha-2 antiplasmin activity at

24 hours, fibrin degradation product concentrations at 6, 12,

24, 72, 96, and 144 hours, plasminogen activity at 6, 12, 24,

48, 72, and 96 hours, and protein-C activity at 12, 24, 72,

and 96 hours. There were no significant changes in the

peritoneal fibrinogen concentration in principal horses.

Plasma plasminogen activity was significantly decreased at 24

hours after surgery in principal horses, compared with

controls. Changes were minimal in the remaining plasma

coagulation/fibrinolytic components of horses undergoing

laparotomy. Plasma and peritoneal fluid values of anesthetized

control horses did not change.

175 NAL Call. No.: 41.8 AM3A

Effects of general anesthesia on myoelectric activity of the

intestine in horses.

Lester, G.D.; Bolton, J.R.; Cullen, L.K.; Thurgate, S.M.

Schaumburg, Ill. : American Veterinary Medical Association;

1992 Sep. American journal of veterinary research v. 53 (9):

p. 1553-1557; 1992 Sep. Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Horses; Anesthesia; Xylazine; Ketamine;

Thiopental; Ileum; Cecum; Colon; Electrical activity; Muscles;

Drug effects; Intestinal motility; Halothane; Guaifenesin

176 NAL Call. No.: 41.8 AM3A

Effects of halothane and isoflurane on baroreflex sensitivity

in horses. Hellyer, P.W.; Bednarski, R.M.; Hubbell, J.A.E.;

Muir, W.W. III Schaumburg, Ill. : American Veterinary Medical

Association; 1989 Dec. American journal of veterinary research

v. 50 (12): p. 2127-2134; 1989 Dec. Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Horses; Halothane; Anesthetics; Reflexes; Blood

pressure

Abstract: Baroreflex sensitivity (BS) was used to

quantitatively assess the effects of halothane and isoflurane

on the heart rate/arterial pressure relationship during

steady-state (10 minutes) and dynamic pressure changes in

adult horses. Arterial pressure was decreased in response to

nitroglycerin or sodium nitroprusside and increased in

Anesthesia and Analgesia for Farm Animals, QB 95-13 https://web.archive.org/web/20010210200328/http://www.nal.usda.gov/...

60 of 150 3/29/2016 12:09 PM
response to phenylephrine HCl. Mean (+/-SEM) BS in awake

horses was 28.9 +/- 2.6 and 13.2 +/- 2.0 ms/mm of Hg during

steady-state decreases and increases in systolic arterial

pressure (SAP), respectively. Halothane and isoflurane either

significantly (P < 0.05) decreased or eliminated BS during

steady-state decreases in SAP, with no significant differences

detected between anesthetic agents. During steady-state

decreases in SAP, significant (P < 0.05) correlation between

R-R interval and arterial pressure was not observed for 6 of

10 and 4 of 11 halothane and isoflurane anesthesia periods,

respectively. Halothane significantly (P < 0.05) decreased BS

during steady-state increases in SAP to 7.9 +/- 0.6 and 6.5 +/-

 1.1 ms/mm of Hg during low and high minimal alveolar

concentration (MAC) multiples, respectively. Isoflurane

decreased BS during steady-state increases in SAP to 9.6 +/-

1.5 and 6.6 +/- 1.1 ms/mm of Hg during low and high MAC

anesthesia, respectively, with high MAC of isoflurane

decreasing BS significantly (P < 0.05), compared with awake

and low MAC values. Plasma catecholamine (epinephrine and

norepinephrine) concentrations increased significantly (P <

0.05), compared with baseline values during steady-state

vasodilator infusions in halothane- and isofluraneanesthetized horses. Steady-state infusions of phenylephrine

in anesthetized horses resulted in arrhythmia development,

with premature atrial and ventricular complexes seen in

halothane-anesthetized horses and increased heart rate and

atrial premature complexes seen less frequently in isofluraneanesthetized horses. Dynamic BS was 25.0 +/- 4.5 and 20.1 +/-

2.8 ms/mm of Hg f

177 NAL Call. No.: SF601.A47

Effects of hepatic P-450 enzyme inhibitors and inducers on the

duration of xylazine + ketamine anesthesis in broiler chickens

and mice. Roder, J.D.; Akkaya, R.; Amouzadeh, H.R.; Sangiah,

S.; Burrows, G.; Qualls, C.W. Jr

Manhattan, Kan. : Kansas State University; 1993 Apr.

Veterinary and human toxicology v. 35 (2): p. 116-118; 1993

Apr. Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Broilers; Xylazine; Anesthesia; Agonists;

Ketamine; Enzyme activators; Liver; Microsomes; Enzyme

inhibitors; Mice

178 NAL Call. No.: SF915.J63

Effects of hypertonic saline on myocardial contractility in

anaesthetized. Hellyer, P.W.; Meyer, R.E.

Oxford [England] : Blackwell Scientific Publications, 1978-;

1994 Jun. Journal of veterinary pharmacology and therapeutics

v. 17 (3): p. 211-217; 1994 Jun. Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Pigs; Sodium chloride; Solutions; Heart; Muscle

contraction; Anesthesia; Hemodynamics

179 NAL Call. No.: 41.9 AM37

The effects of intra-articular anesthesia on soft tissue- and

bone-phase scintigraphy in the horse.

Trout, D.R.; Hornof, W.J.; Fisher, P.E.

Raleigh, N.C. : American College of Veterinary Radiology; 1991

Sep. Veterinary radiology v. 32 (5): p. 251-255; 1991 Sep. 

Includes references.

Language: English

Anesthesia and Analgesia for Farm Animals, QB 95-13 https://web.archive.org/web/20010210200328/http://www.nal.usda.gov/...

61 of 150 3/29/2016 12:09 PM
Descriptors: Horses; Scintigraphy; Local anesthesia

180 NAL Call. No.: 410.9 P94

Effects of isoflurane anesthesia on glucose tolerance and

insulin secretion in Yucatan minipigs.

Laber-Laird, K.; Smith, A.; Swindle, M.M.; Colwell, J.

Cordova, Tenn. : American Association for Laboratory Animal

Science; 1992 Dec. Laboratory animal science v. 42 (6): p.

579-581; 1992 Dec. Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Miniature pigs; Inhaled anesthetics

Abstract: Isoflurane's effect on intravenous glucose

tolerance and insulin secretion was studied in six Yucatan

minipigs. Unanesthetized animals, with previously placed

indwelling venous catheters, were tested while resting

comfortably in slings. The same animals were then retested

during isoflurane anesthesia. Serum glucose and insulin

concentrations were measured at predetermined times in

response to an intravenous bolus of dextrose. The glucose

disappearance rate (k), baseline plasma insulin concentration,

the area under the insulin response curve, and the

insulinogenic index were significantly lower in the

anesthetized animals than in controls. The results of this

study indicate that anesthesia with isoflurane significantly

alters the glucose/insulin response to an intravenous glucose

tolerance test and, therefore, is unsuitable for studies when

glucose tolerance is to be assessed.

181 NAL Call. No.: 41.8 AM3A

Effects of ketamine infusion on halothane minimal alveolar

concentration in horses.

Muir, W.W. III; Sams, R.

Schaumburg, Ill. : American Veterinary Medical Association;

1992 Oct. American journal of veterinary research v. 53 (10):

p. 1802-1806; 1992 Oct. Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Horses; Ketamine; Halothane; Requirements; Dosage

effects; Hemodynamics; Anesthesia

Abstract: Eight adult horses were used in a study to

determine ketamine's ability to reduce halothane requirement.

To obtain steady-state plasma concentrations of 0.5, 1.0, 2.0,

4.0, and 8.0 microg/ml, loading doses and constant infusions

for ketamine were calculated for each horse on the basis of

data from other studies in which the pharmacokinetic

properties of ketamine were investigated. Blood samples for

determination of plasma ketamine concentrations were collected

periodically during each experiment. Plasma ketamine

concentrations were determined by capillary gas

chromatography/mass spectrometry under electron-impact

ionization conditions, using lidocaine as the internal

standard. Halothane minimal alveolar concentration (MAC;

concentration at which half the horses moved in response to an

electrical stimulus) and plasma ketamine concentration were

determined after steady-state concentrations of each ketamine

infusion had been reached. Plasma ketamine concentrations >

1.0 microg/ml decreased halothane MAC. The degree of MAC

reduction was correlated directly with the square root of the

plasma ketamine concentration, reaching a maximum of 37%

reduction at a plasma ketamine concentration of 10.8 +/- 2.7

microg/ml. Heart rate, mean arterial blood pressure, and the

rate of increase of right ventricular pressure did not change

with increasing plasma ketamine concentration and halothane

Anesthesia and Analgesia for Farm Animals, QB 95-13 https://web.archive.org/web/20010210200328/http://www.nal.usda.gov/...

62 of 150 3/29/2016 12:09 PM
MAC reduction. Cardiac output increased significantly during

ketamine infusions and halothane MAC reduction. Our findings

suggest that plasma ketamine concentrations > 1.0 microm/ml

reduce halothane MAC and produce beneficial hemodynamic

effects.

182 NAL Call. No.: 41.8 AM3A

Effects of ketamine, xylazine, and a combination of ketamine

and xylazine in Pekin ducks.

Ludders, J.W.; Rode, J.; Mitchell, G.S.; Nordheim, E.V.

Schaumburg, Ill. : American Veterinary Medical Association;

1989 Feb. American journal of veterinary research v. 50 (2):

p. 245-249; 1989 Feb. Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Ducks; Ketamine; Xylazine; Drug combinations;

Anesthesia; Adverse effects; Cardiovascular system;

Respiratory system

Abstract: Effects of ketamine, xylazine, and a combination of

ketamine and xylazine were studied in 12 male Pekin ducks (7

to 12 weeks old; mean [+/- SD] body weight, 3.1 +/- 0.3 kg).

After venous and arterial catheterization and fixation of a

temperature probe in the cloaca, each awake duck was confined,

but not restrained, in an open box in a dimly lit room. Blood

pressure and lead-II ECG were recorded. Three arterial blood

samples were collected every 15 minutes over a 45-minute

period (control period) and were analyzed for pHa, Paco2 and

Pao2. After the control period, each duck was assigned at

random to 1 of 3 drug groups: (1) ketamine (KET; 20 mg/kg of

body weight, IV), (2) xylazine (XYL; 1 mg/kg, IV), and (3) KET

+ XYL (KET 20 mg/kg and XYL, 1 mg/kg; IV). Measurements were

made at 1, 5, 10, 15, 30, 45, 60, and 90 minutes after drug

administration. All ducks survived the drug study. Cloacal

temperature was significantly (P less than or equal to 0.05)

increased above control cloacal temperature at 90 minutes

after the administration of ketamine, and from 10 through 90

minutes after administration of ketamine plus xylazine. In

ducks of the KET group, pHa, Paco2, and Pao2, remained

unchanged after administration of the drug. In ducks of the

XYL group, pHa and Pao2 decreased significantly (P less than

or equal to 0.05) from control values for all time points up

to and including 15 minutes after drug administration. In

ducks of the KET + XYL group, pHa and Pa02 were significantly

(P less than or equal to 0.05) decreased at all time points up

to and including 45 and 15 minutes, respectively, after

administration of the drugs. In ducks of the XYL group, Paco2

increased significantly (P less than 0.05) during the first 15

minutes after drug administration, and for 45 minutes after

administration of KET + XYL. Results indicated that ketamine

when given alone to ducks, was not associated with pulmonary

depression. There was drug-associated respiratory depression

after IV admini

183 NAL Call. No.: 41.8 R312

Effects of local anaesthesia and intravenous naloxone on the

changes in behaviour and plasma concentrations of cortisol

produced by castration and tail docking with tight rubber

rings in young lambs.

Wood, G.N.; Molony, V.; Fleetwood-Walker, S.M.; Hodgson, J.C.;

Mellor, D.J. London : British Veterinary Association; 1991

Sep.

Research in veterinary science v. 51 (2): p. 193-199; 1991

Sep. Includes references.

Language: English

Anesthesia and Analgesia for Farm Animals, QB 95-13 https://web.archive.org/web/20010210200328/http://www.nal.usda.gov/...

63 of 150 3/29/2016 12:09 PM
Descriptors: Lambs; Castration; Docking; Hydrocortisone;

Lidocaine; Naloxone; Behavior change; Blood plasma; Pain;

Local anesthesia

Abstract: The reliability of some behavioural and

physiological indices used for the recognition and assessment

of acute pain in lambs after castration and tail docking has

been examined. Changes in the indices were measured after

blocking neural activity with local anaesthetic (lignocaine)

and after an opioid antagonist (naloxone) was administered.

Six lambs, aged less than one week, were allocated randomly to

each of six treatments. (i) control handling and blood

sampling; (ii) castration plus tail docking with tight rubber

rings; (iii) local anaesthesia; (iv) local anaesthesia

followed by castration and tail docking; (v) intravenous

naloxone only (0.2 mg kg-1); and (vi) intravenous naloxone

followed by castration and tail docking. Local anaesthesia

eliminated the behavioural and plasma cortisol changes which

usually follow castration and tail docking. Naloxone had a

limited effect on the increase in cortisol but altered the

behaviour. The results support the view that such indices are

useful for assessment of the response to acute pain and that,

although endogenous opioids do reduce pain in young lambs

after castration and tail docking, the effect is small.

184 NAL Call. No.: 41.9 AM37

The effects of regional perineural anesthesia on soft tissue

and bone phase scintigraphy in the horse.

Trout, D.R.; Hornof, W.J.; Liskey, C.C.; Fisher, P.E.

Raleigh, N.C. : American College of Veterinary Radiology; 1991

May. Veterinary radiology v. 32 (3): p. 140-144; 1991 May. 

Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Horses; Scintigraphy; Local anesthesia; Feet

185 NAL Call. No.: 41.8 AM3A

Effects of sodium hyaluronate on tendon healing and adhesion

formation in horses.

Gaughan, E.M.; Nixon, A.J.; Krook, L.P.; Yeager, A.E.; Mann,

K.A.; Mohammed, H.; Bartel, D.L.

Schaumburg, Ill. : American Veterinary Medical Association;

1991 May. American journal of veterinary research v. 52 (5):

p. 764-773; 1991 May. Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Horses; Hyaluronic acid; Tendons; Healing;

Adhesions; Synovial sheaths; Medicinal properties

Abstract: Sodium hyaluronate reduces adhesions after tendon

repair in rodents and dogs, and has been used in limited

clinical trials in people. To evaluate its effect on tendon

healing and adhesion formation in horses and to compare these

effects with those of a compound of similar viscoelastic

properties, a study was performed in horses, using a model of

collagenase injection in the flexor tendons within the digital

sheath. Eight clinically normal horses were randomly allotted

to 2 groups. Adhesion formation between the deep digital

flexor tendon and the tendon sheath at the pastern region was

induced in the forelimbs of all horses. Using tenoscopic

control, a 20-gauge needle was inserted into the deep digital

flexor tendon of horses under general anesthesia and 0.2 ml of

collagenase (2.5 mg/ml) was injected. The procedure was

repeated proximally at 2 other sites, spaced 1.5 cm apart. A

biopsy forceps was introduced, and a 5-mm tendon defect was

created at each injection site. Group-A horses had 120 mg of

Anesthesia and Analgesia for Farm Animals, QB 95-13 https://web.archive.org/web/20010210200328/http://www.nal.usda.gov/...

64 of 150 3/29/2016 12:09 PM
sodium hyaluronate (NaHA) gel injected into the tendon sheath

of one limb. Group-B horses had methylcellulose gel injected

at the same sites. The contralateral limbs of horses in both

groups served as surgical, but noninjected, controls. Horses

were euthanatized after 8 weeks of stall rest.

Ultrasonographic evaluation revealed improved tendon healing

after NaHA injection, but no difference in peritendinous

adhesion formation. Tendon sheath fluid volume and hyaluronic

acid (HA) content were greater in NaHA-treated limbs. Gross

pathologic examination revealed considerably fewer and smaller

adhesions when limbs were treated with NaHA. However,

significant difference in pull-out strengths was not evident

between NaHA-treated and control limbs. Histologically, the

deep digital flexor tendon from the NaHA-treated limbs had

reduced inflammatory cell infiltration, improved tendon

structure, and less intratendinous hemorrhage. Treatment with

methylcellulose had no significant effe

186 NAL Call. No.: 41.8 AM3A

Effects of xylazine and/or butorphanol or neostigmine on

myoelectric activity of the cecum and right ventral colon in

female ponies.

Rutkowski, J.A.; Ross, M.W.; Cullen, K.

Schaumburg, Ill. : American Veterinary Medical Association;

1989 Jul. American journal of veterinary research v. 50 (7):

p. 1096-1101. ill; 1989 Jul. Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Mares; Xylazine; Analgesics; Neostigmine; Drug

effects; Cecum; Colon; Intestine motility; Muscles;

Electromyography

Abstract: Effects of xylazine HCl (0.5 mg/kg of body weight,

IV) and/or butorphanol tartrate (0.04 mg/kg, IV) or

neostigmine methylsulfate (0.022 mg/kg, IV) on myoelectric

activity of the cecum and right ventral colon were studied in

4 conscious female ponies. Eight bipolar Ag/AgCl electrodes

were sequentially placed on the seromuscular layer of the

cecum (6 electrodes) and right ventral colon (2 electrodes).

Recordings began 30 minutes before and continued for 90

minutes after drug administration. Each drug or drug

combination was studied on 2 occasions in each pony. Two major

patterns of coordinated spike bursts were identified. A series

of coordinated spike bursts began at the cecal base and was

conducted to the cecal apex (pattern I). A series of

coordinated spike bursts began at the cecal apex, traversed

the cecum, cecocolic orifice, and right ventral colon and was

termed a progressive pattern (pattern II). Xylazine

administration caused a significant decrease in patterns I and

II for 20 minutes (P less than 0.05). Butorphanol tartrate

administration caused a significant decrease in the

progressive pattern for 10 minutes (P less 0.05) without

affecting the orally directed pattern. Administration of the

combination of xylazine/butorphanol significantly decreased

the frequency of pattern I for 40 minutes (P less than 0.05)

and pattern II for 30 minutes (P less than 0.05). Neostigmine

administration caused a significant increase in the frequency

of pattern II for 30 minutes (P less than 0.05) without

affecting pattern I (P greater than 0.05). Changes in

conduction velocity of pattern I or II or the duration of

spiking activity were not significantly different because of

any treatment.

187 NAL Call. No.: 41.8 AM3A

Effects of xylazine butorphanol on cecal arterial blood flow,

cecal mechanical activity, and systemic hemodynamics in

horses.

Anesthesia and Analgesia for Farm Animals, QB 95-13 https://web.archive.org/web/20010210200328/http://www.nal.usda.gov/...

65 of 150 3/29/2016 12:09 PM
Rutkowski, J.A.; Eades, S.C.; Moore, J.N.

Schaumburg, Ill. : American Veterinary Medical Association;

1991 Jul. American journal of veterinary research v. 52 (7):

p. 1153-1158; 1991 Jul. Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Horses; Xylazine; Cecum; Blood flow; Blood

pressure; Cardiac output; Heart rate; Motility; Hemodynamics;

Analgesics

Abstract: A chronic model with an ultrasonic transit time

blood flow probe and strain gauge force transducers implanted

on the cecum was used to evaluate cecal mechanical activity

and cecal arterial blood flow in 4 conscious adult horses.

Intravenous administration of xylazine (1.1 mg/kg of body

weight) significantly decreased heart rate and cardiac output,

but significantly increased diastolic pulmonary arterial

pressure, mean pulmonary arterial pressure, carotid arterial

pressure, and central venous pressure. Lateral cecal arterial

blood flow after xylazine administration was decreased

substantially more than was cardiac output, suggesting that

xylazine caused constriction of the cecal vasculature. This

effect of xylazine may have resulted from either a direct

effect of xylazine on the cecal vasculature or from reflex

vasoconstriction attributable to reduced cardiac output.

Intravenous administration of butorphanol tartrate (0.1 mg/kg)

did not significantly alter the hemodynamic responses to

xylazine. Cecal mechanical activity, as measured by the

motility index, was decreased for 120 minutes after

administration of xylazine and for 150 minutes after

administration of xylazine/butorphanol.

188 NAL Call. No.: 41.8 AM3A

Effects of xylazine on ventilation in horses.

Lavoie, J.P.; Pascoe, J.R.; Kurpershoek, C.J.

Schaumburg, Ill. : American Veterinary Medical Association;

1992 Jun. American journal of veterinary research v. 53 (6):

p. 916-920; 1992 Jun. Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Horses; Xylazine; Dosage; Heart rate; Respiration

rate; Tidal volume; Lung ventilation; Adverse effects;

Respiratory gases; Pressure

Abstract: The effects of 3 commonly used dosages (0.3, 0.5,

and 1.1 mg/kg of body weight, IV) of xylazine on ventilatory

function were evaluated in 6 Thoroughbred geldings. Altered

respiratory patterns developed with all doses of xylazine, and

horses had apneic periods lasting 7 to 70 seconds at the 1.1

mg/kg dosage. Respiratory rate, minute volume, and partial

pressure of oxygen in arterial blood (PaO2) decreased

significantly (P < 0.001) with time after administration of

xylazine, but significant differences were not detected among

dosages. After an initial insignificant decrease at 1 minute

after injection, tidal volume progressively increased and at 5

minutes after injection, tidal volume was significantly (P <

0.01) greater than values obtained before injection. Partial

pressure of carbon dioxide in arterial blood (PaCO2) was

insignificantly increased. After administration of xylazine at

a dosage of 1.1 mg/kg, the mean maximal decrease in PaO2 was

28.2 +/- 8.7 mm of Hg and 22.2 +/- 4.9 mm of Hg, measured with

and without a respiratory mask, respectively. Similarly, the

mean maximal increase in PaCO2 was 4.5 +/-2.3 mm of Hg and 4.2

+/- 2.4 mm of Hg, measured with and without the respiratory

mask, respectively. Significant interaction between use of

mask and time was not detected, although the changes in PaO2

were slightly attenuated when horses were not masked. The

Anesthesia and Analgesia for Farm Animals, QB 95-13 https://web.archive.org/web/20010210200328/http://www.nal.usda.gov/...

66 of 150 3/29/2016 12:09 PM
temporal effects of xylazine on ventilatory function in horses

should be considered in selecting a sedative when ventilation

is inadequate or when pulmonary function testing is to be

performed.

189 NAL Call. No.: SF911.V43

Electroencephalographic power spectrum analysis as a monitor

of anesthetic depth in horses.

Otto, K.; Short, C.E.

Hagerstown, Md. : J.B. Lippincott Company; 1991 Sep.

Veterinary surgery v. 20 (5): p. 362-371; 1991 Sep. Includes

references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Horses; Anesthesia; Electroencephalograms;

Spectral analysis; Brain

190 NAL Call. No.: SF911.V43

Electroencephalography of detomidine-ketamine-halothane and

detomidine-ketamine-isoflurane anesthetized horses during

orthopedic surgery--a comparison.

Ekstrom, P.M.; Short, C.E.; Geimer, T.R.

Hagerstown, Md. : J.B. Lippincott Company; 1993 Sep.

Veterinary surgery v. 22 (5): p. 414-418; 1993 Sep. Includes

references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Horses; Electroencephalograms; Anesthesia

191 NAL Call. No.: 41.8 R312

Electromyography of some respiratory muscles in the horse.

Hall, L.W.; Aziz, H.A.; Groenendyk, J.; Keates, H.; Rex,

M.A.E. London : British Veterinary Association; 1991 May.

Research in veterinary science v. 50 (3): p. 328-333; 1991

May. Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Horses; Muscles; Diaphragm; Abdomen;

Electromyography; Anesthesia

Abstract: To investigate activity in respiratory muscles,

insulated wire electrodes were used to record

electromyographic activity in the costal diaphragm and in the

intercostal, serratus ventralis, internal abdominal oblique,

transversalis and rectus abdominis muscles in conscious horses

and in the same animals when anaesthetised. Electromyographic

activity was related to respiratory phases as recorded by a

stethograph around the chest wall. The costal diaphragm showed

tonic and inspiratory activity in both conscious and

anaesthetised animals. The principal muscle actively involved

in expiration was the transversalis muscle. Intercostal muscle

activity, and any increased activity in the second part of

either inspiration or expiration recorded in the conscious

animal, was absent under anaesthesia. The very marked tonic

activity found in the serratus ventralis muscle in standing

horses disappeared during anaesthesia. It was concluded that

any stabilisation of the chest wall contributed by activity in

the serratus ventralis and intercostal muscles in conscious,

standing horses is greatly reduced during anaesthesia.

192 NAL Call. No.: SF915.J63

Eltenac, a new anti-inflammatory and analgesic drug for

horses: clinical aspects.

Anesthesia and Analgesia for Farm Animals, QB 95-13 https://web.archive.org/web/20010210200328/http://www.nal.usda.gov/...

67 of 150 3/29/2016 12:09 PM
Prugner, W.; Huber, R.; Luhmann, R.

Oxford : Blackwell Scientific Publications; 1991 Jun.

Journal of veterinary pharmacology and therapeutics v. 14 (2):

p. 193-199; 1991 Jun. Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Horses; Antiinflammatory agents; Analgesics;

Pharmacokinetics; Intravenous injection; Dosage; Drug effects;

Pain; Inflammation

193 NAL Call. No.: SF604.R37 no.215

Embryo transfer in sheep & goats 15-18 July, 1993.

Jackson, Peter

Sydney South, NSW, Australia : Post Graduate Committee in

Veternary Science, University of Sydney,; 1993.

vi, 126 p. : ill. ; 27 cm. (Refresher course for veterinarians

; Proceedings ; no. 215.). Venue: Stephen Roberts Lecture

Theatre, University of Sydney. Includes bibliographical

references and index.

Language: English

Descriptors: Sheep; Goats

194 NAL Call. No.: 41.8 M69

Employing intra-articular anesthesia to detect joint lesions

in lame horses. Gibson, K.T.; Stashak, T.S.

Lenexa, Kan. : Veterinary Medicine Publishing Company; 1989

Nov. Veterinary medicine v. 84 (11): p. 1088-1090, 1092. ill;

1989 Nov. Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Horses; Anesthesia; Lameness; Joints (animal);

Diagnostic techniques

195 NAL Call. No.: SF601.C66

Endotracheal intubation of cattle under xylazine hydrochloride

sedation in the field.

Floyd, J.G. Jr; Randle, R.F.

Lawrenceville, N.J. : Veterinary Learning Systems Company;

1989 Oct. The Compendium on continuing education for the

practicing veterinarian v. 11 (10): p. 1302-1305. ill; 1989

Oct. Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Cattle; Anesthesia; Xylazine; Trachea; Tubes;

Surgical operations

196 NAL Call. No.: 41.8 R312

Enhancement of tetrathiomolybdate-induced biliary copper

excretion in sheep by general anaesthesia and the effect on

copper excretion in urine and bile. Ke, Y.; Symonds, H.W.

London : British Veterinary Association; 1989 May.

Research in veterinary science v. 46 (3): p. 344-348; 1989

May. Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Sheep; Thiomolybdates; Copper; Excretion; Bile;

Urine; Saliva; Anesthesia; Poisoning

197 NAL Call. No.: SF780.9.S63

Anesthesia and Analgesia for Farm Animals, QB 95-13 https://web.archive.org/web/20010210200328/http://www.nal.usda.gov/...

68 of 150 3/29/2016 12:09 PM
Epidemiological aspects of the Confidential Enquiry of

Perioperative Equine Fatalities (CEPEF) and some preliminary

results.

Johnston, G.M.

Great Britain : The Society, 1983-; 1994.

Proceedings of a meeting held at the ... on the ... /. p.

174-184; 1994. Meeting held on April 13-15, 1994, Belfast. 

Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Horses; Mortality; Postoperative complications;

Longitudinal studies; Anesthesia; Sex differences; Risk;

Surgical operations; Breed differences; Seasonal variation;

Age differences; Anesthetics

198 NAL Call. No.: 41.8 AM3

Epidural analgesia with 0.75% bupivacaine for laparotomy in

goats. Trim, C.M.

Schaumburg, Ill. : The Association; 1989 May01.

Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association v. 194

(9): p. 1292-1296; 1989 May01. Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Goats; Analgesics; Laparotomy; Lidocaine;

Duration; Adverse effects

199 NAL Call. No.: 41.8 M69

Epidural injection of xylazine: A new operation for surgical

analgesia of the bovine abdomen and udder.

Zaugg, J.L.; Nussbaum, M.

Lenexa, Kan. : Veterinary Medicine Publishing Company; 1990

Sep. Veterinary medicine v. 85 (9): p. 1043-1046; 1990 Sep. 

Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Cattle; Xylazine; Conduction anesthesia; Abdomen;

Udders; Surgical operations

200 NAL Call. No.: SF951.E62

Equine anesthesia: blood pressure and monitoring.

Keegan, R.D.; Greene, S.A.

Santa Barbara, Calif., : Veterinary Practice Pub. Co. : 1979-;

1994 Jul. Equine practice v. 16 (7): p. 26-33; 1994 Jul. 

Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Horses; Anesthesia; Blood pressure; Monitoring;

Measurement; Cardiovascular system; Cardiac output;

Hypotension; Drug therapy

201 NAL Call. No.: SF951.E54 1991

Equine anesthesia monitoring and emergency therapy.

Muir, William,_1946-; Hubbell, John A. E.

St. Louis : Mosby-Year Book,; 1991.

xi, 515 p. : ill. ; 28 cm. Includes index. Includes

bibliographical references and index.

Language: English

Descriptors: Horses; Veterinary anesthesia

Anesthesia and Analgesia for Farm Animals, QB 95-13 https://web.archive.org/web/20010210200328/http://www.nal.usda.gov/...

69 of 150 3/29/2016 12:09 PM
202 NAL Call. No.: SF601.C66

Equine keratomycosis.

Barton, M.H.

Trenton, N.J. : Veterinary Learning Systems Company, Inc; 1992

Jul. The Compendium on continuing education for the practicing

veterinarian v. 14 (7): p. 936-944, 950; 1992 Jul. Literature

review. Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Horses; Mycotic keratitis; Cornea; Drug therapy;

Antifungal agents; Antibacterial agents; Symptoms; Diagnosis;

Analgesics; Prognosis; Literature reviews

203 NAL Call. No.: 41.8 R312

Equine postanaesthetic myositis: a possible role for free

radical generation and membrane lipoperoxidation.

Serteyn, D.; Mottart, E.; Deby, C.; Deby-Dupont, G.;

Pincemail, J.; Philipart, C.; Lamy, M.

London : British Veterinary Association; 1990 Jan.

Research in veterinary science v. 48 (1): p. 42-46; 1990 Jan. 

Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Horses; Anesthesia; Halothane; Adverse effects;

Muscular diseases; Free radicals; Lipid peroxidation;

Membranes; Blood plasma

204 NAL Call. No.: SF601.C66

Equine postanesthetic myopathy: an update.

Hennig, G.E.; Court, M.H.

Trenton, N.J. : Veterinary Learning Systems Company, Inc; 1991

Nov. The Compendium on continuing education for the practicing

veterinarian v. 13 (11): p. 1709-1716; 1991 Nov. Literature

review. Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Horses; Anesthesia; Muscular diseases; Symptoms;

Pathology; Postoperative care; Treatment; Drug therapy;

Postoperative complications; Etiology; Prevention; Literature

reviews

205 NAL Call. No.: SF951.J65

Equine sports therapy.

Porter, M.

Lake Elsinore, Calif. : William E. Jones, DVM; 1992 May.

Journal of equine veterinary science v. 12 (3): p. 193-194;

1992 May. Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Horses; Sports medicine; Pain; Therapy

206 NAL Call. No.: SF955.E6

The equine stress response to anaesthesia.

Muir, W.W.

Newmarket : R & W Publications; 1990 Sep.

Equine veterinary journal v. 22 (5): p. 302-303; 1990 Sep. 

Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Horses; Anesthesia; Stress response; Drug therapy

Anesthesia and Analgesia for Farm Animals, QB 95-13 https://web.archive.org/web/20010210200328/http://www.nal.usda.gov/...

70 of 150 3/29/2016 12:09 PM
207 NAL Call. No.: SF951.V47

Equipment for inhalation anesthesia.

Eicker, S.W.; Cuvelliez, S.

Philadelphia, Pa. : W.B. Saunders; 1990 Dec.

The Veterinary clinics of North America : equine practice v. 6

(3): p. 543-555; 1990 Dec. Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Horses; Anesthesia; Inhaled anesthetics;

Equipment; Catheters; Ventilators; Oxygen transport; Halothane

208 NAL Call. No.: DISS F1993130

Erfolgskontrolle der intraartikularen

Natriumhyaluronatbehandlung bei Pferden mit positiver tiefer

Palmarnervenanasthesie anhand der Hufgelenksdruckmessung mit

dem Stryker-Intra-Compartmental-Pressure-Monitor-System 

[Controlling the success of intraarticular treatment with

sodium hyaluronate in horses with positive deep anaesthesia of

the nervi digitales palmares by pressure measurement in the

coffin joint with the Stryker intracompartmental pressure

monitor system].

Rupp, Andreas

Hannover : [s.n.],; 1993.

104 p. : ill. ; 21 cm. Summary in English. Includes

bibliographical references (p. 80-104).

Language: German

209 NAL Call. No.: SF911.V43

Evaluation of 25%, 50%, and 67% nitrous oxide with halothaneoxygen for general anesthesia in horses.

Testa, M.; Raffe, M.R.; Robinson, E.P.

Hagerstown, Md. : J.B. Lippincott Company; 1990 Jul.

Veterinary surgery v. 19 (4): p. 308-312; 1990 Jul. Includes

references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Horses; Anesthetics; Nitrous oxide; Halothane;

Oxygen

210 NAL Call. No.: SF601.B6

Evaluation of a xylazine-butorphanol combination for use

during standing laparotomy in dairy cattle.

Levine, H.D.; Dodman, N.H.; Court, M.H.; Hustead, D.

Santa Barbara, Calif. : Veterinary Practice Publishing

Company; 1992 Jul. Agri-Practice v. 13 (7): p. 19-23; 1992

Jul. Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Massachusetts; Dairy cattle; Laparotomy;

Xylazine; Anesthesia; Surgery

211 NAL Call. No.: 41.8 Am3

Evaluation of lidocaine, xylazine, and a combination of

lidocaine and xylazine for epidural analgesia in llamas.

Grubb, T.L.; Reibold, T.W.; Huber, M.J.

Schaumburg, Ill. : The Association; 1993 Nov15.

Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association v. 203

(10): p. 1441-1444; 1993 Nov15. Includes references.

Language: English

Anesthesia and Analgesia for Farm Animals, QB 95-13 https://web.archive.org/web/20010210200328/http://www.nal.usda.gov/...

71 of 150 3/29/2016 12:09 PM
Descriptors: Llamas; Lidocaine; Xylazine; Drug combinations;

Conduction anesthesia; Duration; Pulse rate; Respiration rate

212 NAL Call. No.: SF911.V43

Evaluation of pentobarbital as a drug for standing sedation in

cattle. Valverde, A.; Doherty, T.J.; Dyson, D.; Valliant, A.E.

Philadelphia, Pa. : J.B. Lippincott Company; 1989 May.

Veterinary surgery v. 18 (3): p. 235-238; 1989 May. Includes

references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Cattle; Anesthesia; Pentobarbital; Evaluation

213 NAL Call. No.: 41.8 Am3A

Evaluation of quantitative acid-base balance and determination

of unidentified anions in swine.

Frischmeryer, K.J.; Moon, P.F.

Schaumburg, Ill. : American Veterinary Medical Association;

1994 Aug. American journal of veterinary research v. 55 (8):

p. 1153-1157; 1994 Aug. Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Pigs; Acid base equilibrium; Hemorrhage;

Anesthesia; Blood; Gases; Sodium; Potassium; Lactic acid;

Chloride; Blood proteins; Hydrogen ions; Equations; Models;

Accuracy; Ions; Anions

Abstract: Arterial blood samples were collected from 19

anesthetized pigs before and after hemorrhage was induced.

Blood gas tensions and concentrations of sodium, potassium,

chloride, lactate, and total protein were measured. Results

indicated that hydrogen ion (H+) concentration calculated from

a specific formula was a biased and imprecise estimate of

measured H+ concentration. The bias was 5.45 nEq/L, with

limits of agreement from -7.92 to 18.83 nEq/L. Because albumin

is the fraction of plasma protein most important in acid-base

balance, the agreement between predicted and measured H+

concentration was reevaluated, using an albumin charge

estimate and a reference swine albumin-to-globulin ratio. This

improved the ability of the formula to predict H+

concentration; the bias decreased to 1.33 nEq/L with limits of

agreement from -12.16 to 9.49 nEq/L. The formula and a

simplified approach for clinical application were biased and

unacceptably imprecise estimators of lactate (L-)

concentration. The formula approach underestimated Lconcentration by 2.8 (-12.4, 6.7) mEq/L, whereas the

simplified method overestimated L- concentration by 5.0 (-3.8,

13.9) mEq/L.

214 NAL Call. No.: SF601.B6

Evaluation of sedative and analgesic properties of detomidine

in goats. Clark, T.P.; Purohit, R.C.; Wilson, R.C.

Santa Barbara, Calif. : Veterinary Practice Publishing

Company; 1993 Apr. Agri-Practice v. 14 (4): p. 29-33; 1993

Apr. Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Alabama; Goats; Analgesics; Adverse effects

215 NAL Call. No.: 41.8 Am3A

Evaluation of the effect of alfentanil on the minimum alveolar

concentration of halothane in horses.

Pascoe, P.J.; Steffey, E.P.; Black, W.D.; Claxton, J.M.;

Anesthesia and Analgesia for Farm Animals, QB 95-13 https://web.archive.org/web/20010210200328/http://www.nal.usda.gov/...

72 of 150 3/29/2016 12:09 PM
Jacobs, J.R.; Woliner, M.J.

Schaumburg, Ill. : American Veterinary Medical Association;

1993 Aug. American journal of veterinary research v. 54 (8):

p. 1327-1332; 1993 Aug. Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Horses; Opioids; Dosage; Halothane;

Concentration; Dosage effects; Anesthesia; Pharmacokinetics;

Blood pressure; Body temperature

Abstract: The effect of 3 plasma concentrations of alfentanil

on the minimum alveolar concentration (MAC) of halothane in

horses was evaluated. Five healthy geldings were anesthetized

on 3 occasions, using halothane in oxygen administered through

a mask. After induction of anesthesia, horses were

instrumented for measurement of blood pressure, airway

pressure, and end-tidal halothane concentrations. Blood

samples, for measurement of pH and blood gas tensions, were

taken from the facial artery. Positive pressure ventilation

was begun, maintaining PaCO2 at 49.1 +/- 3.3 mm of Hg and

airway pressure at 20 +/- 2 cm of H2O. The MAC was determined

in triplicate, using a supramaximal electrical stimulus of the

oral mucous membranes. Alfentanil infusion was then begun,

using a computer-driven infusion pump to achieve and maintain

1 of 3 plasma concentrations of alfentanil. Starting at 30

minutes after the beginning of the infusion, MAC was

redetermined in duplicate. Mean +/- SD measured plasma

alfentanil concentration during the infusions were 94.8 +/-

29.0, 170.7 +/- 29.2 and 390.9 +/- 107.4 ng/ml. Significant

changes in MAC were not observed for any concentration of

alfentanil. Blood pressure was increased by infusion of

alfentanil and was dose-related, but heart rate did not

change. Pharmacokinetic variables of alfentanil weredetermined

after its infusion and were not significantly different among

the 3 doses.

216 NAL Call. No.: 410.9 P94

External thoracic duct-venous shunt in conscious pigs for long

term studies of connective tissue metabolites in lymph.

Jensen, L.T.; Olesen, P.; Risteli, J.; Lorenzen, I.

Cordova, Tenn. : American Association for Laboratory Animal

Science; 1990 Nov. Laboratory animal science v. 40 (6): p.

620-624; 1990 Nov. Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Pigs; Animal models; Lymph; Metabolites; Blood

serum; Connective tissue; Surgical operations; Thoracic duct;

Collagen; Animal proteins

Abstract: An experimental animal model for lymph studies is

described. Thoracic duct-venous shunt was established in 12

pigs. Shunt patency averaged 5.5 days. The composition of

connective tissue metabolites in lymph and serum were

investigated during a standardized surgical operation

(thoracotomy) under general anesthesia. We measured the

carboxyterminal propeptide of type I procollagen (PICP), the

aminoterminal propeptide of type III procollagen (PIIINP)

hyaluronan (HA) and total protein. During surgery/anesthesia

lymph PICP (p < 0.04), lymph PIIINP (p < 0.03) and serum

PIIINP (p < 0.01) and serum PIIINP (p < 0.03) increased. The

changes may be explained by the inactive physical state of the

animals. HA showed wide variations, with a tendency like

PIIINP In conscious animals the lymph/serum ratio of PIIINP

and HA were 10 and 35, respectively, indicating that lymph is

a major route of tissue clearance for these components. The

lymph/serum ratio of PICP was 1.0 in conscious pigs,

indicating a direct release into the circulation. Total

Anesthesia and Analgesia for Farm Animals, QB 95-13 https://web.archive.org/web/20010210200328/http://www.nal.usda.gov/...

73 of 150 3/29/2016 12:09 PM
protein in lymph decreased (p < 0.04) during

surgery/anesthesia, whereas no changes were observed in serum.

Pigs can be used instead of dogs and sheep in studies on

lymph. The effect of surgery/anesthesia must be taken into

consideration.

217 NAL Call. No.: SF955.E6

Factors influencing the outcome of equine anaesthesia: a

review of 1,314 cases.

Young, S.S.; Taylor, P.M.

Newmarket : R & W Publications; 1993 Mar.

Equine veterinary journal v. 25 (2): p. 147-151; 1993 Mar. 

Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Uk; Horses; Surgery; Anesthesia; Muscular

diseases

218 NAL Call. No.: SF955.E6

Failure of intra-articular anaesthesia of the

antebrachiocarpal joint to abolish lameness associated with

chip fracture of the distal radius. Shepherd, M.C.; Pilsworth,

R.C.

Newmarket : R & W Publications; 1993 Sep.

Equine veterinary journal v. 25 (5): p. 458-461; 1993 Sep. 

Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Horses; Bone fractures; Local anesthesia

219 NAL Call. No.: 41.8 R3224

Fatal body positioning during epidural anesthesia in a ewe.

Clutton, R.E.; Boyd, C.; Ward, J.L.; Sponenberg, D.P.

Ottawa : Canadian Veterinary Medical Association; 1989 Sep.

The Canadian veterinary journal v. 30 (9): p. 748-750; 1989

Sep. Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Ewes; Conduction anesthesia; Hypotension; Death;

Lidocaine; Caesarean section; Venous circulation; Case reports

220 NAL Call. No.: SF601.C66

Field management of simple intestinal obstruction in horses.

Doran, R.

Trenton, N.J. : Veterinary Learning Systems Company; 1993 Mar.

The Compendium on continuing education for the practicing

veterinarian v. 15 (3): p. 463-471, 482; 1993 Mar. Includes

references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Horses; Intestinal obstruction; Stomach;

Analgesics; Colic

221 NAL Call. No.: SF601.A46

Fluid therapy in the acutely injured of exhausted horse.

Becht, J.L.

Manhattan, Kan. : The Association; 1989.

Proceedings of the annual convention of the American

Association of Equine Practitioners (34th): p. 505-508; 1989. 

Meeting held December 4-7, 1988, San Diego, CA. Includes

references.

Anesthesia and Analgesia for Farm Animals, QB 95-13 https://web.archive.org/web/20010210200328/http://www.nal.usda.gov/...

74 of 150 3/29/2016 12:09 PM
Language: English

Descriptors: Horses; Fluids; Therapy; Shock; Exhaustion;

Dehydration (physiological); Analgesics; Trauma; Injuries;

Rehydration

222 NAL Call. No.: SF601.A46

Foal Anesthesia.

Hodgson, D.S.

Manhattan, Kan. : The Association; 1989.

Proceedings of the annual convention of the American

Association of Equine Practitioners (34th): p. 549-554; 1989. 

Meeting held December 4-7, 1988, San Diego, CA. Includes

references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Foals; Anesthesia; Neonates; Techniques;

Anesthetics

223 NAL Call. No.: RS160.J6

From ethnobotanical uses of Strychnos henningsii to

antiinflammatories, analgesics and antispasmodics.

Tits, M.; Damas, J.; Quetin-Leclercq, J.; Angenot, L.

Limerick : Elsevier Scientific Publishers; 1991 Sep.

Journal of ethno-pharmacology v. 34 (2/3): p. 261-267; 1991

Sep. Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Africa; Strychnos henningsii; Traditional

medicines; Ethnobotany; Antiinflammatory agents; Analgesics;

Spasms; Pharmacology; Bark; Rats

Abstract: Strychnos henningsii Gilg is used in African

traditional medicine for the treatment of various ailments,

including rheumatism, gastrointestinal complaints and snake

bites. Different preliminary pharmacological experiments are

described. The results show that some of the reported folk

medicinal applications of S. henningsii can be at least

partially explained by the presence of retuline-like

alkaloids, whose use could lead to new antinociceptive

(antiinflammatory and analgesic) and antispasmodic drugs.

224 NAL Call. No.: SF915.J63

Further studies on the antinociceptive activity and

respiratory effects of buprenorphine in sheep.

Waterman, A.E.; Livingston, A.; Amin, A.

Oxford : Blackwell Scientific Publications; 1991 Sep.

Journal of veterinary pharmacology and therapeutics v. 14 (3):

p. 230-234; 1991 Sep. Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Sheep; Analgesics; Dosage; Drug effects; Stimuli;

Respiratory gases

225 NAL Call. No.: 475 J824

Gas chromatographic-mass spectrometric investigation of

Dextromoramide (Palfium) metabolism in the horse.

Reilly, P.J.; Suann, C.J.; Duffield, A.M.

Amsterdam : Elsevier Science Publishers; 1990 Jan05.

Journal of chromatography v. 498 (1): p. 35-40; 1990 Jan05. 

Includes references.

Anesthesia and Analgesia for Farm Animals, QB 95-13 https://web.archive.org/web/20010210200328/http://www.nal.usda.gov/...

75 of 150 3/29/2016 12:09 PM
Language: English

Descriptors: Horses; Analgesics; Metabolism; Urine; Detection;

Gas chromatography; Mass spectrometry

226 NAL Call. No.: SF951.V47

General anesthesia for horses with specific problems.

Hodgson, D.S.; Dunlop, C.I.

Philadelphia, Pa. : W.B. Saunders; 1990 Dec.

The Veterinary clinics of North America : equine practice v. 6

(3): p. 625-650; 1990 Dec. Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Horses; Anesthesia; Surgical operations;

Laparotomy; Castration; Neoplasms; Ovariectomy; Ovaries;

Caesarean section; Gastrointestinal diseases; Orthopedics; Eye

diseases; Fractures; Larynx; Radiography

227 NAL Call. No.: SF951.V47

General clinical considerations for anesthesia of the horse.

Thurmon, J.C.

Philadelphia, Pa. : W.B. Saunders; 1990 Dec.

The Veterinary clinics of North America : equine practice v. 6

(3): p. 485-494; 1990 Dec. Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Horses; Anesthesia; Respiratory system

228 NAL Call. No.: 60.18 J82

Grazing effects and range trend assessment on California

bighorn sheep range. Wikeem, B.M.; Pitt, M.D.

Denver, Colo. : Society for Range Management; 1991 Sep.

Journal of range management v. 44 (5): p. 466-470; 1991 Sep. 

Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: British Columbia; Ovis canadensis; Grazing

effects; Grasslands; Botanical composition; Plant ecology;

Plant communities; Community ecology; Feeding preferences;

Vigor; Feces composition; Plant succession; Forage; Grasses;

Shrubs

Abstract: This study investigated the effect of grazing by

California bighorn sheep (Ovis canadensis californiana) on

plant community structure. Over 28 months from 1977 to 1979,

bighorn diet consisted of 79 species, including 14 grasses, 47

forbs and bryophytes, plus 18 trees and shrubs. Grasses,

forbs, and shrubs comprised 66.6, 18.9, and 14.5% of the diet,

respectively. Three years of bighorn sheep grazing reduced (P

< 0.05) leaf and culm lengths of bluebunch wheatgrass

(Agropyron spicatum (Pursh) Scribn. & Smith). Grazing

generally reduced leaf length, basal diameter, culm (stem)

length, and culm (stem) numbers of prairie Junegrass (Koeleria

cristata Pers.), Sandberg's bluegrass (Poa sandbergii Vasey),

needle-and-thread (Stipa comata Trin. & Rupr.), Thompson's

paintbrush (Castilleja thompsonii Pennell), silky lupine

(Lupinus sericeus Pursh), and snow buckwheat (Eriogonum niveum

Dougl.). Vigor of arrowleaf balsamroot (Balsamorhiza sagittata

(Pursh) Nutt.) was unaffected by grazing, despite its dietary

importance. Total plant frequency remained unchanged between

1976 and 1983 in areas grazed by bighorn sheep, and in grazing

exclosures. Total grass frequency declined from 46.5 to 30.8%

within the exclosures, but increased from 44.7 to 48.8% in

response to bighorn sheep grazing. Forb frequency remained

Anesthesia and Analgesia for Farm Animals, QB 95-13 https://web.archive.org/web/20010210200328/http://www.nal.usda.gov/...

76 of 150 3/29/2016 12:09 PM
unchanged after 7 years of bighorn sheep grazing while

frequency of yarrow (Achillea millefolium L.) increased more

inside exclosures than on the grazed area. Botanical

composition of shrubs increased on grazed and ungrazed areas

from 1976 to 1983, but frequency was unaffected by bighorn

sheep grazing. Snow buckwheat and Wyeth buckwheat (Eriogonum

heracleoides Nutt.) declined in response to bighorn sheep

grazing. Successional trends caused by California bighorn

sheep grazing differed from trends expected from cattle

grazing.

229 NAL Call. No.: SF951.J65

Guaifenesin-ketamine-xylazine anesthesia for castration in

ponies: Acomparative study with two different doses of

ketamine.

Lin, H.C.; Thurmon, J.C.; Benson, G.J.; Tranquilli, W.J.;

Olson, W.A. Lake Elsinore, Calif. : William E. Jones, DVM;

1993 Jan.

Journal of equine veterinary science v. 13 (1): p. 29-32; 1993

Jan. Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Illinois; Horses; Ketamine; Castration; Surgery;

Anesthesia

230 NAL Call. No.: 41.8 C81

Halothane-sparing effect of benzodiazepines in ponies.

Matthews, N.S.; Dollar, N.S.; Shawley, R.V.

Ithaca, N.Y. : Cornell Veterinarian, Inc; 1990 Jul.

Cornell veterinarian v. 80: p. 259-265; 1990 Jul. Includes

references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Horses; Halothane; Diazepam; Benzodiazepines;

Anesthesia

231 NAL Call. No.: SF951.J65

Hematomyelia in a colt: a post anesthesia/surgery

complication. Wan, P.Y. \u Chino Valley Equine Hospital,

Chino, CA; Latimer, F.G.; Silva-Krott, I.; Goble, D.O.

Lake Elsinore, Calif. : William E. Jones, DVM; 1994 Sep.

Journal of equine veterinary science v. 14 (9): p. 495-497;

1994 Sep. Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Colts; Postoperative complications; Neuromuscular

diseases; Anesthesia; Surgery; Case reports

232 NAL Call. No.: 41.8 AM3A

Hemodynamic and respiratory responses to variable arterial

partial pressure of oxygen in halothane-anesthetized horses

during spontaneous and controlled ventilation.

Steffey, E.P.; Willits, N.; Woliner, M.

Schaumburg, Ill. : American Veterinary Medical Association;

1992 Oct. American journal of veterinary research v. 53 (10):

p. 1850-1858; 1992 Oct. Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Horses; Halothane; Anesthesia; Lung ventilation;

Oxygen; Internal pressure; Hemodynamics

Abstract: Cardiovascular and respiratory responses to

Anesthesia and Analgesia for Farm Animals, QB 95-13 https://web.archive.org/web/20010210200328/http://www.nal.usda.gov/...

77 of 150 3/29/2016 12:09 PM
variable PaO2 were measured in 6 horses anesthetized only with

halothane during spontaneous (SV) and controlled (CV)

ventilation. The minimal alveolar concentration (MAC) for

halothane in oxygen was determined in each spontaneously

breathing horse prior to establishing PaO2 study conditions--

mean +/- SEM, 0.95 +/- 0.03 vol%. The PaO2 conditions of >

250, 120, 80, and 50 mm of Hg were studied in each horse

anesthetized at 1.2 MAC of halothane and positioned in left

lateral recumbency. In response to a decrease in PaO2, total

peripheral resistance and systolic and distolic arterial blood

pressure decreased (P < 0.05) during SV. Cardiac output tended

to increase because heart rate increased (P < 0.05) during

these same conditions. During CV, cardiovascular function was

usually less than it was at comparable PaO2 during SV (P <

0.05). Heart rate, cardiac output, and left ventricular work

increased (P < 0.05) in response to a decrease in PaO2,

whereas total peripheral resistance decreased (P < 0.05).

During SV, cardiac output and stroke volume increased and

arterial blood pressure and total peripheral resistance

decreased with duration of anesthesia at PaO2 > 250 mm of Hg.

During SV, minute expired volume increased (P < 0.05) because

respiratory frequency tended to increase as PaO2 decreased.

Decrease in PaCO2 (P < 0.05) also accompanied these

respiratory changes. Although oxygen utilization was nearly

constant over all treatment periods, oxygen delivery decreased

(P < 0.05) with decrease in PaO2, and was less (P < 0.05)

during CV, compared with SV, for comparable PaO2 values.

Muscle and hepatic-derived serum biochemical values were

substantially increased and evidence of depressed renal

function was observed in these horses immediately after

anesthesia recovery. These serum biochemical changes exceeded

values in horses previously studied during prolonged halothane

anesthesia in the absence of low PaO2.

233 NAL Call. No.: 41.8 AM3A

Hemodynamic effects of carbon dioxide during intermittent

positive-pressure ventilation in horses.

Wagner, A.E.; Bednarski, R.M.; Muir, W.W. III

Schaumburg, Ill. : American Veterinary Medical Association;

1990 Dec. American journal of veterinary research v. 51 (12):

p. 1922-1929; 1990 Dec. Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Horses; Anesthesia; Carbon dioxide; Artificial

respiration; Hemodynamics; Catecholamines; Hypercapnia;

Propranolol; Cardiovascular system

Abstract: The hemodynamic effects of high arterial carbon

dioxide pressure (PaCO2) during anesthesia in horses were

studied. Eight horses were anesthetized with xylazine,

guaifenesin, and thiamylal, and were maintained with halothane

in oxygen (end-tidal halothane concentration = 1.15%).

Baseline data were collected while the horses were breathing

spontaneously; then the horses were subjected to intermittent

positive-pressure ventilation, and data were collected during

normocapnia (PaCO2, 35 to 45 mm of Hg), moderate hypercapnia

(PaCO2, 60 to 70 mm of Hg), and severe hypercapnia (PaCO2, 75

to 85 mm of Hg). Hypercapnia was induced by adding carbon

dioxide to the inspired gas mixture. Moderate and severe

hypercapnia were associated with significant (P < 0.05)

increases in aortic blood pressure, left ventricular systolic

pressure, cardiac output, stroke volume, maximal rate of

increase and decrease in left ventricular pressure (positive

and negative dP/dtmax, respectively), and median arterial

blood flow, and decreased time constant for ventricular

relaxation. These hemodynamic changes were accompanied by

increased plasma epinephrine and norepinephrine

concentrations. Administration of the beta-blocking drug,

Anesthesia and Analgesia for Farm Animals, QB 95-13 https://web.archive.org/web/20010210200328/http://www.nal.usda.gov/...

78 of 150 3/29/2016 12:09 PM
propranolol hydrochloride, markedly depressed the response to

hypercapnia. This study confirmed that in horses, hypercapnia

is associated with augmentation of cardiovascular function.

234 NAL Call. No.: SF951.J65

Hemodynamic parameters and tissue oxygenation during halothane

anesthesia in normal horses and those experiencing post

anesthetic lameness. Branson, K.R.; Benson, G.J.; Thurmon,

J.C.; Olson, W.A.; Tranquilli, W.J.; Dorner, J.L.

Lake Elsinore, Calif. : William E. Jones, DVM; 1992 May.

Journal of equine veterinary science v. 12 (3): p. 153-159;

1992 May. Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Horses; Anesthesia; Halothane; Lameness;

Hemodynamics; Tissues; Oxygen

235 NAL Call. No.: 410.9 P94

Hemodynamic parameters of anesthetized pigs: a comparative

study of farm piglets and Gottingen and Yucatan miniature

swine.

Benharkate, M.; Zanini, V.; Blanc, R.; Boucheix, O.; Coyez,

F.; Genevois, J.P.; Pairet, M.

Cordova, Tenn. : American Association for Laboratory Animal

Science; 1993 Feb. Laboratory animal science v. 43 (1): p.

68-72; 1993 Feb. Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Piglets; Miniature pigs; Anesthesia; Hemodynamics

Abstract: We studied the evolution in time of the main

hemodynamic parameters in farm piglets and Gottingen and

Yucatan miniature swine anesthetized with droperidol,

flunitrazepam, and alpha-chloralose. Measurements included

arterial pressure, heart rate, intraventricular pressure, and

maximum rate of increase during contraction (dp/dt max). For

each parameter and each strain of swine, we determined the

mean stability period defined as the longest period of time

during which the observed values ranged between their mean

value +/-15% and the mean absolute values during the stability

period. In our experimental conditions, the parameters

remained constant for 2 to 3.5 hours. Only minor interstrain

variations were noticed.

236 NAL Call. No.: 41.8 AM3A

Hemodynamic responses of the equine digit to intravenous and

digital arterial infusion of dopamine.

Hunt, R.J.; Moore, J.N.; ALlen, D.

Schaumburg, Ill. : American Veterinary Medical Association;

1990 Apr. American journal of veterinary research v. 51 (4):

p. 567-570. ill; 1990 Apr. Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Horses; Dopamine; Phalanges; Pentobarbital; Blood

vessels; Detoxicants

Abstract: In 6 adult horses anesthetized with pentobarbital,

the hemodynamic responses of the equine digit to infusion of

dopamine were evaluated by use of an isolated extra corporeal

pump perfused digital preparation. Digital blood flow was

maintained at a constant rate that was independent of systemic

hemodynamic changes. Three sequential experiments were

performed on each horse. In the first experiment (n = 6),

dopamine was infused IV at rates of 1.0, 2.5, and 5.0

Anesthesia and Analgesia for Farm Animals, QB 95-13 https://web.archive.org/web/20010210200328/http://www.nal.usda.gov/...

79 of 150 3/29/2016 12:09 PM
microgram/kg/min. For the second experiment (n = 5), dopamine

(400 microgram/ml) was infused into the digital artery at the

rates of 0.07, 0.7, and 1.2 ml/min. The third experiment (n =

5) consisted of a 5-minute intra-arterial infusion of

phentoalamine followed by the intra-arterial infusion of

dopamine while continuing the infusion of phentolamine.

Digital venous, arterial, and capillary pressures, total

digital vascular resistance, and precapillary to postcapillary

resistance ratios were determined in each experiment. Systemic

infusion of dopamine did not induce changes in the

hemodynamics of the digital vasculature. Digital arterial

infusion of dopamine alone resulted in a dose-dependent

increase in arterial pressure, total digital vascular

resistance, and an increase in the precapillary to

postcapillary resistance ratio. Phentolamine attenuated the

vasoconstrictive response elicited by intra-arterial infusion

of dopamine.

237 NAL Call. No.: SF951.J65

The hemodynamic, tissue oxygenation, and selected biochemical

effects of isoflurane and halothane anesthesia in horses.

Branson, K.R.; Benson, G.J.; Thurmon, J.C.; Olson, W.A.;

Tranquilli, W.J.; Dorner, J.L.

Lake Elsinore, Calif. : William E. Jones, DVM; 1993 Jul.

Journal of equine veterinary science v. 13 (7): p. 396-409;

1993 Jul. Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Horses; Anesthesia

238 NAL Call. No.: 41.8 C81

Hemorrhagic myelomalacia following general anesthesia in a

horse. Lerche, E.; Laverty, S.; Blais, D.; Sauvageau, R.;

Cuvelliez, S. Ithaca, N.Y. : Cornell Veterinarian, Inc; 1993

Oct.

The Cornell veterinarian v. 83 (4): p. 267-273; 1993 Oct. 

Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Horses; Anesthesia; Complications

239 NAL Call. No.: SF955.E6

High frequency jet ventilation in horses: an experimental

study. Dunlop, C.I.; Hodgson, D.S.; Watson, J.W.; Gillespie,

J.R.; Steffey, E.P.; Jackson, A.C.

Newmarket : R & W Publications; 1989 Sep.

Equine veterinary journal v. 21 (5): p. 342-346. ill; 1989

Sep. Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Horses; Anesthesia; Ventilators; Lung

ventilation; Artificial respiration; Oxygen; Carbon dioxide

240 NAL Call. No.: 41.8 V643

Histopathology of intact and docked pigtails.

Simonsen, H.B.; Klinken, L.; Bindseil, E.

London : Bailliere Tindall; 1991 Sep.

British veterinary journal v. 147 (5): p. 407-412; 1991 Sep. 

Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Piglets; Pigs; Tail; Docking; Peripheral nerves;

Anesthesia and Analgesia for Farm Animals, QB 95-13 https://web.archive.org/web/20010210200328/http://www.nal.usda.gov/...

80 of 150 3/29/2016 12:09 PM
Histology; Histopathology; Tail biting

Abstract: A histological examination was performed on tails

from three groups of pigs, comprising 10 amputated tail tips

from day-old piglets, 10 tails from undocked fattening pigs

and 20 tails from docked fattening pigs. The investigation

demonstrated that peripheral nerves could be traced to the tip

of the tails of day-old piglets as well as of fattening pigs.

In the docked fattening pigs, the peripheral nerves were

unevenly distributed and showed regressive changes. In some

cases traumatic neuromas were found, indicating an increased

sensitivity to pain in the amputation stump. It was,

surprisingly, demonstrated that widespread inflammatory

reactions could be found in the apparently healthy tails of

both categories of fattening pigs, presumably due to penmates' chewing activities.

241 NAL Call. No.: 41.8 Am3A

Ibuprofen treatment of endotoxin-induced mastitis in cows.

DeGraves, F.J.; Anderson, K.L.

Schaumburg, Ill. : American Veterinary Medical Association;

1993 Jul. American journal of veterinary research v. 54 (7):

p. 1128-1132; 1993 Jul. Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Dairy cows; Analgesics; Bovine mastitis;

Experimental infections; Escherichia coli; Endotoxins; Disease

course; Blood; Milk; Drug effects; Non-steroidal

antiinflammatory agents

Abstract: Ibuprofen treatment was compared with saline

solution treatment in an endotoxin-induced experimental model

of bovine mastitis. Acute mastitis was induced in healthy

lactating Holstein cows (n = 12) by intrammamary inoculation

of 1 mg of Escbericbia coli 026:B6 lipopolysaccharide in a

single quarter per cow. Cows were assigned at random to

ibuprofen (25 mg/kg of body weight, IV, n = 6) or 0.9% sodium

chloride solution control (1.25 ml/kg, IV, n = 6) treatment

groups. Ibuprofen or saline solution was administered once, 2

hours after endotoxin administration. The clinical course of

endotoxin-induced mastitis and hematologic, clinical

biochemical, and plasma mineral changes were monitored and

compared between ibuprofen-treated and control cows. Clinical

monitoring and blood sample collection were performed at 0, 2,

4, 6, 8, 12, 24, 48, 96, and 192 hours after endotoxin

challenge. Rectal temperature and heart and respiratory rates

were significantly (P < 0.05) increased in saline treated

cows, compared with cows treated with ibuprofen, Blood

eosinophil count and serum phosphorus, sodium, and total

carbon dioxide concentrations were significantly (P < 0.05)

decreased in saline-treated cows, compared with cows treated

with ibuprofen. Ibuprofen treatment did not significantly

change ruminations per minute, electrical conductivity of

milk, quarter size, or quarter inflammation. The remaining

hematologic, serum biochemical, plasma mineral, and

coagulation values also were not changed significantly in

response to ibuprofen treatment. Untoward effects attributed

to ibuprofen administration were not observed. These results

indicate that ibuprofen may provide empiric relief of clinical

signs of coliform-induced mastitis.

242 NAL Call. No.: 41.8 Am3

Immunocytochemical and dye distribution studies of nerves

potentially desensitized by injections into the distal

interphalangeal joint or the navicular bursa of horses.

Bowker, R.M.; Rockershouser, S.J.; Vex, K.B.; Sonea, I.M.;

Caron, J.P.; Kotyk, R.

Anesthesia and Analgesia for Farm Animals, QB 95-13 https://web.archive.org/web/20010210200328/http://www.nal.usda.gov/...

81 of 150 3/29/2016 12:09 PM
Schaumburg, Ill. : The Association; 1993 Dec15.

Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association v. 203

(12): p. 1708-1714; 1993 Dec15. Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Horses; Peripheral nerves; Joints (animal);

Serous bursa; Phalanges; Bones; Ligaments; Injectable

anesthetics; Dyes; Latex

243 NAL Call. No.: 47.8 AM33P

An improved procedure for intramagnal insemination of the

chicken. Engel, H.N.; Froman, D.P.; Kirby, J.D.

Champaign, Ill. : Poultry Science Association; 1991 Sep.

Poultry science v. 70 (9): p. 1965-1969; 1991 Sep. Includes

references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Hens; Artificial insemination; Laparotomy;

Xylazine; Anesthetics; Ketamine; Laying performance

Abstract: Intramagnal insemination is a useful technique in

the analysis of spermatozoal function. Precise deposition of

spermatozoa requires the use of laparotomy. However, hen-day

egg production can be adversely affected by such a procedure.

The present work demonstrates that postoperative hen-day egg

production is affected by choice of anesthetic. Hens

anesthetized with a mixture of ketamine and xylazine prior to

laparotomy laid 14% fewer eggs (P < .05) when compared with

intact controls. In contrast, the postoperative hen-day egg

production of hens anesthetized with xylazine alone was

comparable with that of intact controls (P > .05).

Furthermore, the use of xylazine alone increased the case of

handling sedated hens and decreased recovery time. Therefore,

xylazine is recommended for anesthetizing hen prior to

laparotomy.

244 NAL Call. No.: QD415.A1X4

The in vitro blood, fat and muscle concentrations of

lignocaine and bupivacaine in the hindquarters of sheep.

Upton, R.N.; Nancarrow, C.; McLean, C.F.; Mather, L.E.;

Runciman, W.B. London : Taylor & Francis; 1991 Jan.

Xenobiotica v. 21 (1): p. 13-22; 1991 Jan. Includes

references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Sheep; Lidocaine; Local anesthetics; Uptake;

Blood; Skeletal muscle; Fat; Rump

Abstract: 1. A method was developed for sampling muscle and

fat from the hindquarters of sheep undergoing spinal

anaesthesia. The method was used to measure the concentrations

of lignocaine and bupivacaine in the blood, muscle and fat of

the hindquarters of sheep during and after 180 min constantrate infusions of the drugs. 2. For both drugs the muscle drug

concentrations were a relatively constant ratio of the

simultaneous arterial blood drug concentrations during and

after the infusion. 3. There was uptake of both lignocaine and

bupivacaine into subcutaneous fat during the infusions. At the

end of the infusion the ratio of the fat: arterial blood drug

concentrations were 1.54 (SD =0.57, n = 4) and 3.1 (SD = 1.4,

n = 4) for lignocaine and bupivacaine, respectively. 4. The

drug concentrations in fat declined relatively slowly after

the infusion. The ratio of the fat: arterial blood drug

concentrations 180 min after the end of the infusion was 21.5

(SD 4.0, n = 3) and for lignocaine, and 120 min after the end

Anesthesia and Analgesia for Farm Animals, QB 95-13 https://web.archive.org/web/20010210200328/http://www.nal.usda.gov/...

82 of 150 3/29/2016 12:09 PM
of the infusion was 9.54 (SD 5.2, n = 3) for bupivacaine. 5.

It was concluded that the concentrations of lignocaine and

bupivacaine in muscle were essentially in equilibrium with the

arterial concentrations during and after the infusion.

However, the concentrations of lignocaine and bupivacaine in

fat were not in equilibrium with the arterial concentrations

in the post-infusion period.

245 NAL Call. No.: SF955.E6

In vitro responses of equine digital vessels to dopamine and

fenoldopam. Baxter, G.M.; Moore, J.N.; Tackett, R.L.

Newmarket : R & W Publications; 1991 Jan.

Equine veterinary journal v. 23 (1): p. 48-52; 1991 Jan. 

Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Horses; Anesthesia; Dopamine; Dosage effects; In

vitro; Cardiovascular system

246 NAL Call. No.: QD415.A1X4

The in vitro uptake and metabolism of lignocaine, procainamide

and pethidine by tissues of the hindquarters of sheep.

Upton, R.N.; Mather, L.E.; Runciman, W.B.

London : Taylor & Francis; 1991 Jan.

Xenobiotica v. 21 (1): p. 1-12; 1991 Jan. Includes

references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Sheep; Lidocaine; Pethidine; Local anesthetics;

Uptake; In vitro; Drug metabolism; Animal tissues; Liver;

Skeletal muscle; Body fat; Skin; Blood; Rump; Limbs

Abstract: 1. In vitro studies using tissue slices or tissue

homogenates of liver, skeletal muscle, fat skin and blood were

conducted to determine whether the uptake of procainamide,

lignocaine and pethidine into the hindquarters of sheep was

due to distribution or metabolism. Both homogenates and slice

preparations of liver showed significant metabolism or uptake,

confirming the viability of the preparations. 2. None of the

drugs was metabolized in blood and there was minimal uptake of

the drugs into the skin. 3. There was metabolism of pethidine

in skeletal muscle and substantial uptake of pethidine into

fat, indicating that the rapid rate of uptake and prolonged

elution of pethidine in the hindquarters was due to both

distribution and metabolism. 4. No metabolism of lignocaine in

muscle was found, but there was substantial uptake into fat,

indicating that the rapid rate of uptake and prolonged elution

of lignocaine in the hindquarters was due to its distribution

into fat. 5. There was negligible uptake of procainamide into

either muscle or fat, presumably due to its relatively low

lipophilicity.

247 NAL Call. No.: 41.8 AM3A

In vivo muscle 31P nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy

during treatment of halothane-sensitive and halothanenonsensitive pigs.

Geers, R.; Decanniere, C.; Ville, H.; Hecke, P. van;

Goedseels, V.; Vanstapel, F.; Bosschaerts, L.; Ley, J. de;

Zhang, W.; Janssens, S.

Schaumburg, Ill. : American Veterinary Medical Association;

1992 Apr. American journal of veterinary research v. 53 (4):

p. 613-616; 1992 Apr. Includes references.

Language: English

Anesthesia and Analgesia for Farm Animals, QB 95-13 https://web.archive.org/web/20010210200328/http://www.nal.usda.gov/...

83 of 150 3/29/2016 12:09 PM
Descriptors: Pigs; Halothane; Atp; Phosphocreatine; Muscles;

Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy; Prediction

Abstract: In vivo muscle 31P nuclear magnetic resonance

spectroscopy was performed on 10 female pigs originating from

a homozygous halothane-sensitive line and on 10 female pigs

from a homozygous halothane-nonsensitive fine. The mean

concentration of phosphocreatine in the biceps femoris muscle

of the anesthetized pigs decreased to 86% of the initial value

after 11 minutes of halothane exposure (3%, oxygen flow 3

L/min). After the next 5.6 minutes, phosphocreatine

concentration reached a minimal value of 52%, followed by a

mean recovery to 76% of the initial value during the ensuing

11 minutes. Response was not observed in anesthetized

homozygous halothane-nonsensitive pigs. Thus, a decrease to

86% of the initial value of phosphocreatine was 100%

predictive for homozygous halothane-sensitive pigs with body

weight ranging from 10 to 18 kg.

248 NAL Call. No.: SF955.E6

Indirect doppler ultrasonic measurement of arterial blood

pressure results in a large measurement error in dorsally

recumbent anaesthetised horses. Bailey, J.E.; Dunlop, C.I.;

Chapman, P.L.; Demme, W.C.; Allen, S.L.; Heath, R.B.; Crump,

K.T.; Golden, C.S.; Wagner, A.E.

Newmarket : R & W Publications; 1994 Jan.

Equine veterinary journal v. 26 (1): p. 70-73; 1994 Jan. 

Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Horses; Blood pressure; Ultrasonics; Anesthesia

249 NAL Call. No.: 41.8 AM3A

Induction of equine postanesthetic myositis after halothaneinduced hypotension.

Lindsay, W.A.; Robinson, G.M.; Brunson, D.B.; Majors, L.J.

Schaumburg, Ill. : American Veterinary Medical Association;

1989 Mar. American journal of veterinary research v. 50 (3):

p. 404-410; 1989 Mar. Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Horses; Halothane; Anesthesia; Hypotension;

Muscles; Inflammation; Adverse effects; Nervous system

diseases

Abstract: Wick catheters were used to measure

intracompartmental pressures of the extensor carpi radialis

muscles and long heads of the triceps brachii muscles of 7

horses maintained under halothane anesthesia during controlled

ventilation. Horses were positioned in left lateral recumbency

on a water bed for 4 hours. Using a crossover design, 6 of the

7 horses were subjected to normotensive and hypotensive

anesthesia on separate occasions. Hypotension was achieved by

increasing the inspired halothane concentration. Hematologic

and biochemical measurements were determined at designated

intervals before, during and for 7 days after each anesthetic

episode. Under hypotensive conditions, 2 horses developed

severe, generalized myositis and were euthanatized. Three of

the 5 other horses developed swelling of the downside masseter

muscle, 4 demonstrated mild extensor deficits of the downside

forelimb, and 1 had a severe extensor deficit of the uppermost

hind limb. As a group, the hypotensive horses had markedly

increased activities of serum enzymes (creatine kinase,

aspartate transaminase, and blood lactate) and abnormalities

in calcium-phosphorus homeostasis. Lameness or enzyme

alterations were not observed in normotensive horses. Altough

Anesthesia and Analgesia for Farm Animals, QB 95-13 https://web.archive.org/web/20010210200328/http://www.nal.usda.gov/...

84 of 150 3/29/2016 12:09 PM
the intracompartmental pressure values were markedly increased

in the muscle bellies of the compressed limbs of all horses,

there was a statistically significant difference in

intracompartmental pressures between the downside or

compressed muscle compartments of the extensor carpi radialis

of hypotensive and normotensive horses. High concentrations of

halothane may predispose anesthetized horses to postanesthetic

myositis, even when protective padding is used.

Intracompartmental muscle pressure, as measured by the wick

catheter, may not be a reliable predictor of equine

postanesthetic lameness.

250 NAL Call. No.: SF915.J63

The influence of chronic pain on the analgesic effects of the

alpha 2-adrenoceptor agonist, xylazine, in sheep.

Ley, S.; Waterman, A.; Livingston, A.

Oxford : Blackwell Scientific Publications; 1991 Jun.

Journal of veterinary pharmacology and therapeutics v. 14 (2):

p. 141-144; 1991 Jun. Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Sheep; Xylazine; Pain; Drug effects; Local

anesthesia; Foot rot; Duration

251 NAL Call. No.: SF911.V43

The influence of detomidine and epinephrine on heart rate,

arterial blood pressure, and cardiac arrhythmia in horses.

Raekallio, M.; Vainio, O.; Karjalainen, J.

Hagerstown, Md. : J.B. Lippincott Company; 1991 Nov.

Veterinary surgery v. 20 (6): p. 468-473; 1991 Nov. Includes

references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Horses; Anesthetics; Epinephrine; Heart rate;

Blood pressure; Arrhythmia; Cardiovascular system

252 NAL Call. No.: 41.8 AM3A

Influence of preinduction methoxamine, lactated Ringer

solution, or hypertonic saline solution infusion or

postinduction dobutamine infusion on anesthetic-induced

hypotension in horses.

Dyson, D.H.; Pascoe, P.J.

Schaumburg, Ill. : American Veterinary Medical Association;

1990 Jan. American journal of veterinary research v. 51 (1):

p. 17-21; 1990 Jan. Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Horses; Anesthetics; Guaifenesin; Halothane;

Hypotension; Methoxamine; Solutions; Saline water;

Cardiovascular agents

Abstract: A controlled study of the cardiovascular responses

in horses anesthetized with acepromazine (0.05 mg/kg of body

weight, IV), guaifenesin (100 mg/kg, IV), thiamylal (5.0

mg/kg, IV), and halothane in O2 (1.2 to 1.4% end-expired

concentration) was performed to determine whether hypotension

could be prevented by use of various treatments. Six horses

were given 5 treatments in a randomized sequence: no treatment

(control), methoxamine (0.04 mg/kg IV), lactated Ringer

solution (20.0 ml/kg, IV), 7.5% hypertonic saline solution

(4.0 ml/kg, IV), or constant infusion of dobutamine (5.0

mg/kg/min, IV) during anesthesia. Heart rate, ECG, blood

pressure, central venous pressure, cardiac output, blood gas

analysis, PCV, and plasma total protein concentration were

Anesthesia and Analgesia for Farm Animals, QB 95-13 https://web.archive.org/web/20010210200328/http://www.nal.usda.gov/...

85 of 150 3/29/2016 12:09 PM
measured during the study. Compared with the control value, an

increase in blood pressure during halothane administration was

observed after administration of lactated Ringer solution,

hypertonic saline solution, or dobutamine (P < 0.05). The

improved blood pressure response to hypertonic saline solution

and dobutamine was related to an increase in cardiac output,

which was statistically significant (P < 0.05) Other

statistically significant differences in cardiopulmonary

responses among treatments were not observed during

anesthesia. The PCV was increased in response to dobutamine

infusion, and plasma total protein concentration was reduced

in response to administration of hypertonic saline or lactated

Ringer solution.

253 NAL Call. No.: 41.8 AM3A

Influence of tolazoline on caudal epidural administration of

xylazine in cattle.

Skarda, R.T.; St Jean, G.; Muir, W.W. III

Schaumburg, Ill. : American Veterinary Medical Association;

1990 Apr. American journal of veterinary research v. 51 (4):

p. 556-560; 1990 Apr. Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Cows; Xylazine; Detoxicants; Drug antagonism;

Respiratory system; Central nervous system; Cardiovascular

system; Stomach motility

Abstract: Eight adult female cattle (6 Holstein, 1 Jersey, 1

Brown Swiss) were used to determine the antagonistic effects

of tolazoline, an alpha 2-adrenoceptor antagonist, on

xylazine-induced (via caudal epidural administration)

depression of CNS, respiratory, and cardiovascular activity

and rumen motility. A 2% solution of xylazine HCl was injected

into the epidural space at the first coccygeal interspace,

using a dosage of 0.05 mg/kg of body weight, diluted to a 5-ml

volume with sterile water, and administered at a rate of

approximately 1 ml/30 s. Eight minutes after xylazine

injection, either tolazoline (0.3 mg/kg) or saline solution (4

ml) was administered IV. All 8 cattle were treated, using both

regimens in a random sequence; at least 1 week elapsed between

treatments. Epidurally administered xylazine induced caudal

analgesia (S3 to coccyx), as evaluated by no response to

superficial and deep muscular pinprick, and induced sedation,

cardiopulmonary depression, and inhibition of rumen motility,

but all cattle remained standing. Tolazoline effectively

reversed xylazine-induced rumen hypomotility, and partially

antagonized xylazine-induced cardiopulmonary depression

without affecting sedation and desirable local (S3 to coccyx)

analgesic effects.

254 NAL Call. No.: SF915.J63

Influence of yohimbine and tolazoline on the cardiovascular ,

respiratory, and sedative effects of xylazine in the horse.

Kollias-Baker, C.A.; Court, M.H.; Williams, L.L.

Oxford, Blackwell Scientific Publications; 1993 Sep.

Journal of veterinary pharmacology and therapeutics v. 16 (3):

p. 350-358; 1993 Sep. Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Horses; Xylazine

255 NAL Call. No.: SF601.A46

Injectable anesthesia in horses.

Thurmon, J.C.

Manhattan, Kan. : The Association; 1989.

Anesthesia and Analgesia for Farm Animals, QB 95-13 https://web.archive.org/web/20010210200328/http://www.nal.usda.gov/...

86 of 150 3/29/2016 12:09 PM
Proceedings of the annual convention of the American

Association of Equine Practitioners (34th): p. 529-541; 1989. 

Meeting held December 4-7, 1988, San Diego, CA. Includes

references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Horses; Anesthesia; Muscle relaxants; Analgesics;

Anesthetics

256 NAL Call. No.: SF601.C66

Injectable regimens for standing restraint and anesthesia.

Tranquilli, W.J.

Lawrenceville, N.J. : Veterinary Learning Systems Company;

1989 Oct. The Compendium on continuing education for the

practicing veterinarian v. 11 (10): p. 1283-1285; 1989 Oct. 

Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Horses; Anesthesia; Anesthetics; Injections;

Restraint

257 NAL Call. No.: 41.8 AM3A

Inotropic mechanisms of dopexamine hydrochloride in horses.

Muir, W.W. III

Schaumburg, Ill. : American Veterinary Medical Association;

1992 Aug. American journal of veterinary research v. 53 (8):

p. 1343-1346; 1992 Aug. Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Horses; Dopamine; Analogs; Dosage; Heart rate;

Cardiac output; Blood pressure; Muscle contraction

Abstract: Mechanisms responsible for the positive inotropic

effects of dopexamine were investigated in 8 halothaneanesthetized horses. The hemodynamic effects of increasing

infusions of dopexamine (5, 10, 15 microgram/kg of body

weight/min) were determined before and after sequential

administration of specific antagonists. Using glycopyrrolate

and chlorisondamine, and atenolol and ICI 118,551, muscarinic

and nicotinic ganglionic, and beta, and beta-adrenergic

receptor blockade, respectively, was induced. Dopexamine

infusions induced increase in heart rate, cardiac output,

systolic and mean arterial blood pressure, and maximal rate of

left ventricular pressure development (+dP/dt(max)). Right

atrial pressure and systemic vascular resistance decreased.

Parasympathetic and ganglionic blockade attenuated cardiac

output, systolic and mean aortic blood pressures, and

+dP/dt(max) responses to dopexamine infusion. Dopexamineinduced increase in heart rate was potentiated by

parasympathetic and ganglionic blockade. beta-Adrenergic

receptor blockade decreased heart rate, cardiac output,

arterial blood pressure, and +dP/dt(max) from baseline values

and markedly reduced the response to dopexamine infusion.

beta-Adrenergic receptor blockade induced further decrease in

hemodynamic variables from baseline values and completely

abolished the cardiostimulatory effects of dopexamine on

+dP/dt(max) These data indicate that baroreflex activity,

beta- and beta 2-adrenergic receptor stimulation may be an

important cause of dopexamine's positive inotropic effects in

horses.

258 NAL Call. No.: SF955.E6

Interaction of gentamycin and atracurium in anaesthetised

horses. Hildebrand, S.V.; Hill, T. III

Anesthesia and Analgesia for Farm Animals, QB 95-13 https://web.archive.org/web/20010210200328/http://www.nal.usda.gov/...

87 of 150 3/29/2016 12:09 PM
Newmarket : R & W Publications; 1994 May.

Equine veterinary journal v. 26 (3): p. 209-211; 1994 May. 

Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Horses; Gentamicin; Muscle relaxants;

Interactions; Anesthesia; Drug effects

259 NAL Call. No.: SF911.V43

Intraosseous cannulation and drug administration for induction

of anesthesia in chickens.

Valverde, A.; Bienzle, D.; Smith, D.A.; Dyson, D.H.; Valliant,

A.E. Philadelphia, Pa. : W.B. Saunders Company; 1993 May.

Veterinary surgery v. 22 (3): p. 240-244; 1993 May. Includes

references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Chickens; Anesthesia; Cannulation; Ketamine;

Thiopental; Bones; Injection

260 NAL Call. No.: 41.8 C81

Intra-osseous pressure and pressure pulse gradients along the

equine third metatarsal bone.

Stolk, P.W.T.; Firth, E.C.

Ithaca, N.Y. : Cornell Veterinarian, Inc; 1990 Oct.

Cornell veterinarian v. 80 (4): p. 317-328. ill; 1990 Oct. 

Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Horses; Metatarsus; Internal pressure; Gradients;

Anesthesia; Age

261 NAL Call. No.: SF910.P34A55 1992

Intraspinal alpha 2-adrenergic analgesia in sheep.

Eisenach, J.C.

New York : Churchill Livingstone; 1992.

Animal pain / edited by Charles E. Short, Alan Van Poznak. p.

277-280, 311-312; 1992. Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Sheep; Analgesics; Agonists; Spinal cord; Drug

effects; Hypotension; Toxicity; Testing; Anesthesia

262 NAL Call. No.: SF951.V47

Intravenous anesthesia.

Benson, G.J.; Thurmon, J.C.

Philadelphia, Pa. : W.B. Saunders; 1990 Dec.

The Veterinary clinics of North America : equine practice v. 6

(3): p. 513-528; 1990 Dec. Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Horses; Anesthesia; Anesthetics; Injectable

anesthetics; Neuroleptics; Atropine; Phenothiazines; Diazepam;

Chloral hydrate; Xylazine; Barbiturates; Guaifenesin;

Ketamine; Drug combinations

263 NAL Call. No.: 41.8 M69

Intravenous regional anesthesia of the bovine digit.

Weaver, A.D.

Lenexa, Kan. : Veterinary Medicine Publishing Co; 1991 Dec.

Anesthesia and Analgesia for Farm Animals, QB 95-13 https://web.archive.org/web/20010210200328/http://www.nal.usda.gov/...

88 of 150 3/29/2016 12:09 PM
Veterinary medicine v. 86 (12): p. 1227-1229; 1991 Dec. 

Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Cattle; Digits; Local anesthesia; Injectable

anesthetics

264 NAL Call. No.: 41.8 M69

Investigating xylazine's utility when used with Telazol in

equine anesthesia. Short, C.E.; Tracy, C.H.; Sanders, E.

Lenexa, Kan. : Veterinary Medicine Publishing Company; 1989

Feb. Veterinary medicine v. 84 (2): p. 228-233; 1989 Feb. 

Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Horses; Anesthesia; Anesthetics; Neuroleptics;

Xylazine; Drug combinations; Adverse effects; Heart rate;

Respiration rate; Duration

265 NAL Call. No.: SF955.E6

An investigation of injection techniques for local analgesia

of the equine distal tarsus and proximal metatarsus.

Dyson, S.J.; Romero, J.M.

Newmarket : R & W Publications; 1993 Jan.

Equine veterinary journal v. 25 (1): p. 30-35; 1993 Jan. 

Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Spain; Horses; Tarsus; Analgesics; Injection;

Joints (animal); Metatarsus; Pain

266 NAL Call. No.: SF915.J63

Investigations into the effect of two sedatives on the stress

response in cattle.

Brearley, J.C.; Dobson, H.; Jones, R.S.

Oxford : Blackwell Scientific Publications; 1990 Dec.

Journal of veterinary pharmacology and therapeutics v. 13 (4):

p. 367-377; 1990 Dec. Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Cows; Antagonists; Xylazine; Stress;

Intramuscular injection; Transport of animals; Hydrocortisone;

Blood plasma; Blood sugar; Gases

267 NAL Call. No.: 41.8 R3224

Isoflurane as an inhalational anesthetic agent in clinical

practice. Dohoo, S.E.

Ottawa : Canadian Veterinary Medical Association; 1990 Dec.

The Canadian veterinary journal v. 31 (12): p. 847-850; 1990

Dec. Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Inhaled anesthetics; Anesthesia; Veterinary

medicine; Physicochemical properties; Pharmacokinetics;

Safety; Horses; Birds

268 NAL Call. No.: SF955.E6

Jet anaesthesia in horses.

Young, S.S.

Newmarket : R & W Publications; 1989 Sep.

Anesthesia and Analgesia for Farm Animals, QB 95-13 https://web.archive.org/web/20010210200328/http://www.nal.usda.gov/...

89 of 150 3/29/2016 12:09 PM
Equine veterinary journal v. 21 (5): p. 319-320; 1989 Sep. 

Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Horses; Anesthesia; Ventilators; Lung

ventilation; Artificial respiration

269 NAL Call. No.: SF955.E6

Jugular thrombophlebitis resulting from an anaesthetic

induction technique in the horse.

Dickson, L.R.; Badcoe, L.M.; Burbidge, H.; Kannegieter, N.J.

Newmarket : R & W Publications; 1990 May.

Equine veterinary journal v. 22 (3): p. 177-179; 1990 May. 

Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Horses; Thrombosis; Phlebitis; Anesthetics;

Anesthesia; Pathology

270 NAL Call. No.: QL55.I5

Laboratory swine--principles of husbandry and research

techniques. Dopson, D.C. \u Brompton Hospital, London

Sussex : The Institute; 1993 Dec.

Animal technology : journal of the Institute of Animal

Technicians v. 44 (3): p. 175-200; 1993 Dec. Includes

references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Pigs; Laboratory animals; Animal husbandry; Pig

housing; Handling; Anesthesia; Miniature pigs; Strain

differences; Veterinary medicine; Animal models

Abstract: Pigs are anatomically and physiologically similar

to man in many ways. A fact which is supported by many and

diverse scientific studies. However, they may be overlooked as

research models for reasons of the presumed difficulties to be

encountered in maintaining and handling animals of potentially

great size. In fact, the type of pig available in the United

Kingdom ranges from the Large White or Yorkshire pig which may

weigh > 200 kg to the Yucatan Miniature Pig which is

considerably smaller and lighter at < 70 kg. There are a

number of possible advantages to using pigs over other species

in the laboratory and some selected points will be considered

in this paper. The requirements for routine care and

techniques for minor regulated procedures are also described.

Emphasis is also placed on current perspectives in cardiorespiratory research for which the pig is a particularly

suitable animal model.

271 NAL Call. No.: SF955.E6

Lameness due to pain associated with the distal

interphalangeal joint: 45 cases.

Dyson, S.J.

Newmarket : R & W Publications; 1991 Mar.

Equine veterinary journal v. 23 (2): p. 128-135; 1991 Mar. 

Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Horses; Lameness; Joints (animal); Pain; Joint

diseases; Case reports; Radiography; Treatment; Anesthesia

272 NAL Call. No.: aHV4701.A952

Anesthesia and Analgesia for Farm Animals, QB 95-13 https://web.archive.org/web/20010210200328/http://www.nal.usda.gov/...

90 of 150 3/29/2016 12:09 PM
Large animal anesthesia.

Shawley, R.V.

Beltsville, MD : National Agricultural Library, AWIC, 1990-;

1994. Animal Welfare Information Center newsletter v. 5 (1):

p. 8-10; 1994. In the special issue: Farm animals in research

and teaching. Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Cattle; Sheep; Goats; Pigs; Anesthesia;

Anesthetics; Young animals; Complications; Adverse effects;

Preanesthetic medication; Drug combinations

273 NAL Call. No.: QL55.I5

The Large White female pig in research related to cancer

treatment: general husbandry and anaesthesia.

Dickinson, F.; Hubbard, N.

Sussex : The Institute; 1990 Apr01.

Animal technology : journal of the Institute of Animal

Technology v. 41 (1): p. 35-41. ill; 1990 Apr01. Includes

references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Pigs; Animal experiments; Laboratory rearing;

Anesthesia

Abstract: This paper is the accumulation of twenty years

experience in the husbandry and anaesthesia of large swine and

describes the methods we have adopted for the ease of carrying

out the described procedures.

274 NAL Call. No.: 41.8 V641

Laryngotomy as a treatment for chronic laryngeal obstruction

in cattle: a review of 130 cases.

Gasthuys, F.; Verschooten, F.; Parmentier, D.; Moor, A. de;

Steenhaut, M. London : The Association; 1992 Mar14.

The Veterinary record : journal of the British Veterinary

Association v. 130 (11): p. 220-223; 1992 Mar14. Includes

references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Cattle; Larynx; Blockage; Surgical operations;

Anesthesia; Survival; Postoperative complications; Double

muscling

275 NAL Call. No.: SF955.E6

Laryngotracheal lesions following routine orotracheal

intubation in the horse. Heath, R.B.; Steffey, E.P.; Thurmon,

J.C.; Wertz, E.M.; Meagher, D.M.; Hyyppa, T.; Van Slyke, G.L.

Newmarket : R & W Publications; 1989 Nov.

Equine veterinary journal v. 21 (6): p. 434-437. ill; 1989

Nov. Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Horses; Tubes; Trachea; Mouth; Inhaled

anesthetics; Lesions; Complications; Iatrogenic diseases

276 NAL Call. No.: SF601.V535

Llama anesthetic programs.

Heath, R.B.

Philadelphia, Pa. : W.B. Saunders Company; 1989 Mar.

The Veterinary clinic of North America : food animal practice

v. 5 (1): p. 71-80. ill; 1989 Mar. In the series analytic:

Anesthesia and Analgesia for Farm Animals, QB 95-13 https://web.archive.org/web/20010210200328/http://www.nal.usda.gov/...

91 of 150 3/29/2016 12:09 PM
Llama medicine / edited by LaRue W. Johnson. Includes

references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Llamas; Anesthesia; Management; Anesthetics

277 NAL Call. No.: SF951.V47

Local anesthetic techniques for diagnosis of lameness.

Schmotzer, W.B.; Timm, K.I.

Philadelphia, Pa. : W.B. Saunders; 1990 Dec.

The Veterinary clinics of North America : equine practice v. 6

(3): p. 705-728; 1990 Dec. Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Horses; Anesthesia; Local anesthesia; Lameness;

Diagnosis; Anesthetics; Nervous system; Joints (animal); Limbs

278 NAL Call. No.: SF911.V43

Local anesthetics and nuclear medical bone images of the

equine fore limb. Gaughan, E.M.; Wallace, R.J.; Kallfelz, F.A.

Hagerstown, Md. : J.B. Lippincott Company; 1990 Mar.

Veterinary surgery v. 19 (2): p. 131-135. ill; 1990 Mar. 

Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Horses; Local anesthesia; Local anesthetics;

Radiography; Technetium

279 NAL Call. No.: 41.8 R312

A long-term perfusion test to measure net absorption in the

small intestine of weaned pigs.

Nabuurs, M.J.A.; Hoogendoorn, A.; Zijderveld, F.G. van; Klis,

J.D. van der London : British Veterinary Association, 1960-;

1993 Jul. Research in veterinary science v. 55 (1): p.

108-114; 1993 Jul. Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Pigs; Postweaning interval; Small intestine;

Intestinal absorption; Perfusion; Tests; Bacteria; Anesthesia;

Animal welfare

Abstract: To study the effects of bacteria on net absorption

of fluid and electrolytes in the small intestine of newly

weaned pig, a more comprehensive and ethical alternative to

the ligated loop test was developed. Five paired segments,

located at 10, 25, 50, 75 and 95 per cent sites along the

small intestine, were cannulated at both ends and solutions

perfused continuously through the segments for 10 hours. Net

absorption was determined by both a volume method and a method

using a non-absorbable marker. Net absorption of fluid,

sodium, potassium and chloride was significantly less in

segments infected with an enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli

than in control segments. This method was superior to the

ligated loop test because (i) it was performed entirely under

anaesthesia, (ii) the small intestine did not distend during a

test, (iii) net absorption was determined per cm 2 and along

the whole length of the small intestine. Net absorption

determined by the nonabsorbable marker was significantly less

than that determined by the volume method.

280 NAL Call. No.: 41.8 R312

Lung compliance, lung volume and transfer factor for carbon

Anesthesia and Analgesia for Farm Animals, QB 95-13 https://web.archive.org/web/20010210200328/http://www.nal.usda.gov/...

92 of 150 3/29/2016 12:09 PM
monoxide in anaesthetised sheep: normal values and

reproducibility of measurements. Collie, D.D.S.; Watt, N.J.;

Warren, P.M.; Begara, I.; Lujan, L. London : British

Veterinary Association, 1960-; 1993 Sep. Research in

veterinary science v. 55 (2): p. 137-143; 1993 Sep. Includes

references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Ewes; Anesthesia; Respiration; Texel; Normal

values; Regression analysis; Body weight

Abstract: Measurements of quasistatic compliance (Cqst),

effective alveolar volume (VA,eff) and single-breath transfer

factor for carbon monoxide (TL,CO,'sb') were completed in 16

normal, anaesthetized. adult Texel ewes. Regression equations

were computed for these variables as a function of bodyweight

and the optimal equations selected. The 95 per cent prediction

intervals for the equations were calculated such that normal

lung function in similar sheep could be accurately predicted.

The long term reproducibility of these measurements was

assessed in nine sheep, measured at monthly intervals over a

period of rive months. Although measurements made in

individual sheep were often highly variable, the variation

between repeated measurements on the separate days for the

group was insignificant.

281 NAL Call. No.: SF951.V47

Management of anesthesia in the foal.

Tranquilli, W.J.; Thurmon, J.C.

Philadelphia, Pa. : W.B. Saunders; 1990 Dec.

The Veterinary clinics of North America : equine practice v. 6

(3): p. 651-663; 1990 Dec. Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Horses; Foals; Anesthesia; Inhaled anesthetics;

Injectable anesthetics; Newborn animals; Therapy; Monitoring

282 NAL Call. No.: 41.8 Am3A

Measurements of blood flow and xanthine oxidase activity

during postischemic reperfusion of the large colon of ponies.

Wilkins, P.A.; Ducharme, N.G.; Lowe, J.E.; Schwark, W.S.;

Meschter, C.; Erb, H.N.

Schaumburg, Ill. : American Veterinary Medical Association;

1994 Aug. American journal of veterinary research v. 55 (8):

p. 1168-1177; 1994 Aug. Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Horses; Colon; Blood flow; Xanthine oxidase;

Enzyme activity; Intestinal obstruction; Ischemia; Xanthine

dehydrogenase; Trauma

Abstract: To assess right colic artery blood flow and

relevance of xanthine dehydrogenase/xanthine oxidase after

experimentally induced strangulation obstruction and

reperfusion of the colon, 5 ponies were subjected to 2.5 hours

of complete ischemia of the left dorsal and ventral colons,

allowed to recover from surgery, and monitored during a 48-

hour reperfusion period. Five ponies were subjected to sham

surgery and served as controls. All ponies had a Doppler

ultrasound blood flow monitor implanted on the right colic

artery near the pelvic flexure 10 to 14 days prior to the

ischemic period. Colic artery blood flow was monitored prior

to, during, and for 4 hours after surgery. Blood samples from

the right colic artery and vein distal to the obstruction site

were collected during surgery (prior to ischemia, after 1 and

Anesthesia and Analgesia for Farm Animals, QB 95-13 https://web.archive.org/web/20010210200328/http://www.nal.usda.gov/...

93 of 150 3/29/2016 12:09 PM
2 hours of ischemia, and after 10 and 60 minutes of

reperfusion) for determination of arterial and venous blood

gas tensions and electrolytes. Prior to surgery, blood

selenium and plasma vitamin E (alpha-tocopherol)

concentrations and blood glutathione peroxidase (GPX) activity

were determined to assess the status of endogenous

antioxidants. Combined xanthine dehydrogenase (XDH) plus

xanthine oxidase (XO) activity, and XO activity alone

(nanomoles per minute per gram of tissue) were determined,

using a dual-spectrophotometric technique. Xanthine

dehydrogenase and oxidase activities were determined prior to

ischemia, after 1 and 2 hours of ischemia, and at 1 and 48

hours after reperfusion. Median blood flow in the experimental

and control groups (156 ml/min and 110 ml/min, respectively)

was not statistically different before surgery, and was

significantly (P < 0.02) lower in the experimental (4 ml/min)

vs the control group (72.5 ml/min) during the ischemic period.

Experimental ponies had significantly (P < 0.03) lower right

colic artery blood flow during the 4 hours immediately after

recovery from anesthesia. Significant difference was not

observed in right colonic venous bicarbonate concentration

between groups at any time. Median right colonic venous

P(CO2), pH, and standard base excess were different (P <

0.001) between groups during the ischemic period only. Median

venous oxygen saturation and median venous P(O2) were

significantly (P < 0.001) lower in the experimental ponies at

the end of 2 hours of ischemia, but were significantly (P <

0.05) increased during the reperfusion phase. Median venous

potassium concentration was significantly (P < 0.01) higher in

experimental ponies during the ischemic and reperfusion

phases. Vitamin E and GPX values were within normal limits for

all ponies. Median selenium concentration was < 15

microgram/dl; however, there were no significant differences

between control and experimental ponies. Only 3 of 10 ponies

had measurable XHH/XO activity at the beginning of the

experiment. Enzyme activity was detected in 1 additional pony

during the ischemic period. However, in all 4 ponies in wh

283 NAL Call. No.: SF955.E6

Metabolic and hormonal changes associated with arthroscopic

surgery in the horse.

Robertson, S.A.; Steele, C.J.; Chen, C.L.

Newmarket : R & W Publications; 1990 Sep.

Equine veterinary journal v. 22 (5): p. 313-316; 1990 Sep. 

Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Horses; Surgical operations; Anesthesia;

Xylazine; Hormones; Metabolism

284 NAL Call. No.: SF910.P34A55 1992

Metabolic and hormonal changes associated with general

anesthesia and surgery in horses.

Robertson, S.A.

New York : Churchill Livingstone; 1992.

Animal pain / edited by Charles E. Short, Alan Van Poznak. p.

326-330, 359; 1992. Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Horses; Anesthesia; Surgical operations;

Metabolism; Hormones; Stress; Postoperative care

285 NAL Call. No.: 41.8 Am3

Methemoglobinemia induced by a benzocaine-based topically

administered anesthetic in eight sheep.

Anesthesia and Analgesia for Farm Animals, QB 95-13 https://web.archive.org/web/20010210200328/http://www.nal.usda.gov/...

94 of 150 3/29/2016 12:09 PM
Lagutchik, M.S.; Mundie, T.G.; Martin, D.G.

Schaumburg, Ill. : The Association; 1992 Nov01.

Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association v. 201

(9): p. 1407-1410; 1992 Nov01. Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Sheep; Benzocaine; Topical application; Nose;

Adverse effects; Methemoglobinemia; Case reports

286 NAL Call. No.: 41.8 AM3

Methods of stimulating acupuncture points for treatment of

chronic back pain in horses.

Klide, A.M.; Martin, B.B. Jr

Schaumburg, Ill. : The Association; 1989 Nov15.

Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association v. 195

(10): p. 1375-1379. ill; 1989 Nov15. Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Horses; Acupuncture; Pain; Back

287 NAL Call. No.: SF911.V43

Minimal anesthetic concentration and cardiopulmonary dose

response of isoflurane in ducks.

Ludders, J.W.; Mitchell, G.S.; Rode, J.

Hagerstown, Md. : J.B. Lippincott Company; 1990 Jul.

Veterinary surgery v. 19 (4): p. 304-307; 1990 Jul. Includes

references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Ducks; Anesthetics

288 NAL Call. No.: SF951.V47

Monitoring equine anesthesia.

Riebold, T.W.

Philadelphia, Pa. : W.B. Saunders; 1990 Dec.

The Veterinary clinics of North America : equine practice v. 6

(3): p. 607-624; 1990 Dec. Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Horses; Anesthesia; Monitoring; Cardiovascular

system; Respiratory system; Central nervous system; Equipment;

Blood pressure; Pulse; Electrocardiography

289 NAL Call. No.: SF601.A46

Monitoring the equine emergency patient.

Hubbell, J.A.E.

Manhattan, Kan. : The Association; 1990.

Proceedings of the annual convention of the American

Association of Equine Practitioners. p. 255-257; 1990. 

Meeting held December 2-5, 1990, Lexington, KY. Includes

references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Horses; Anesthesia; Blood pressure

290 NAL Call. No.: SF915.J63

Morphine-isoflurane interaction in dogs, swine and Rhesus

monkeys. Steffey, E.P.; Baggot, J.D.; Eisele, J.H.; Willits,

N.; Woliner, M.J.; Jarvis, K.A.; Elliott, A.R.; Tagawa, M.

Oxford [England] : Blackwell Scientific Publications, 1978-;

Anesthesia and Analgesia for Farm Animals, QB 95-13 https://web.archive.org/web/20010210200328/http://www.nal.usda.gov/...

95 of 150 3/29/2016 12:09 PM
1994 Jun. Journal of veterinary pharmacology and therapeutics

v. 17 (3): p. 202-210; 1994 Jun. Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Dogs; Pigs; Macaca mulatta; Morphine; Inhaled

anesthetics; Species differences; Interactions;

Pharmacokinetics; Anesthesia; Pharmacodynamics

291 NAL Call. No.: SF955.E6

Naloxone-induced abdominal distress in the horse.

Kamerling, S.G.; Hamra, J.G.; Bagwell, C.A.

Newmarket : R & W Publications; 1990 Jul.

Equine veterinary journal v. 22 (4): p. 241-243; 1990 Jul. 

Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Horses; Horse diseases; Colic; Digestive

disorders; Naloxone; Abdomen; Pain; Opioid peptides

292 NAL Call. No.: SF955.E6

Narcotics analgesics, their detection and pain measurement in

the horse: a review.

Kamerling, S.; Wood, T.; DeQuick, D.; Weckman, T.J.; Tai, C.;

Blake, J.W.; Tobin, T.

London : British Equine Veterinary Association; 1989 Jan.

Equine veterinary journal v. 21 (1): p. 4-12. ill; 1989 Jan. 

Literature review. Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Horses; Analgesics; Detection; Pain; Measurement;

Pharmacodynamics; Receptors; Screening

293 NAL Call. No.: SF951.V47

Narcotics and local anesthetics.

Kammerling, S.G.

Philadelphia, Pa. : W.B. Saunders; 1993 Dec.

The Veterinary clinics of North America. Equine practice v. 9

(3): p. 605-620; 1993 Dec. In the series analytic: Drug use

in performance horses / edited by Kenneth W. Hinchcliff and

Richard A. Sams. Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Horses; Opioids; Local anesthetics

294 NAL Call. No.: SF910.P34A55 1992

Neurologic evaluation during isoflurane anesthesia.

Short, C.E.; Otto, K.; Abdella, M.

New York : Churchill Livingstone; 1992.

Animal pain / edited by Charles E. Short, Alan Van Poznak. p.

330-338, 359-361; 1992. Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Horses; Anesthesia; Physiological functions;

Central nervous system; Drug effects

295 NAL Call. No.: 41.8 AM3A

Neuromuscular and cardiovascular effects of atracurium in

isoflurane-anesthetized chickens.

Nicholson, A.; Ilkiw, J.E.

Schaumburg, Ill. : American Veterinary Medical Association;

Anesthesia and Analgesia for Farm Animals, QB 95-13 https://web.archive.org/web/20010210200328/http://www.nal.usda.gov/...

96 of 150 3/29/2016 12:09 PM
1992 Dec. American journal of veterinary research v. 53 (12):

p. 2337-2342; 1992 Dec. Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Fowls; Muscle relaxants

Abstract: Atracurium besylate, a nondepolarizing

neuromuscular blocking agent, was administered to 24

isoflurane-anesthetized domestic chickens. Birds were randomly

assigned to 4 groups, and atracurium was administered at

dosage of 0.15, 0.25, 0.35 or 0.45 mg/kg of body weight. The

time of onset of twitch depression, the amount of maximal

twitch depression, and the duration of muscular relaxation

were recorded. After return to control twitch height,

atracurium was further administered to achieve > 75% twitch

depression. When twitch depression reached 75% during

noninduced recovery, 0.5 mg of edrophonium/kg was administered

to reverse the muscle relaxation. Throughout the experimental

period, cardiovascular, arterial blood gas, and acid-base

variables were monitored. The effective dosage of atracurium

to result in 95% twitch depression in 50% of birds,

(ED95/9595) was calculated, using probit analysis, to be 0.25

mg/kg, whereas the ED95/95 the dosage of atracurium to result

in 95% twitch depression in 95% of birds, was calculated by

probit analysis to be 0.46 mg/kg. The total duration of action

at dosage of 0.25 mg/kg was 34.5 +/- 5.8 minutes; at the

highest dosage (0.45 mg/kg), total duration increased to 47.8 +/-

 10.3 minutes. The return to control twitch height was greatly

hastened by administration of edrophonium. Small, but

statistically significant changes in heart rate and systolic

blood pressure, were associated with administration of

atracurium and edrophonium. These changes would not be

clinically relevant. In this study, atracurium was found to be

safe and reliable for induction of muscle relaxation in

isoflurane anesthetized chickens.

296 NAL Call. No.: 41.8 AM3A

Neuromuscular blockade by use of atracurium in anesthetized

llamas. Hildebrand, S.V.; Hill, T. III

Schaumburg, Ill. : American Veterinary Medical Association;

1993 Mar. American journal of veterinary research v. 54 (3):

p. 429-433; 1993 Mar. Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Llamas; Anesthesia; Muscle relaxants; Dosage;

Boluses; Intravenous injection; Adverse effects

Abstract: Anesthesia was induced in 8 healthy llamas by

administration of guaifenesin and ketamine, and was maintained

with halothane in oxygen. On 2 separate experimental days,

atracurium was given to induce 95 to 99% reduction of evoked

hind limb digital extensor tension (twitch). For the first

part of the study, atracurium was given iv as repeat boluses,

with muscle twitch strength being allowed to return without

intervention to 75% of baseline after each bolus before the

subsequent bolus was given. A total of 5 bolus doses of

atracurium was given. For the first bolus, 0.15 mg/kg of body

weight iv, and for subsequent boluses, 0.08 mg/kg, induced

desired relaxation. Onset of relaxation was slightly more

rapid for repeat, compared with initial, bolus. Duration of

relaxation and recovery time were similar to initial and

repeat doses. Maximal twitch reduction was observed in 4 +/-

0.2 minutes (mean +/-SEM). Duration from maximal twitch

reduction to 10% recovery was 6.3 +/- 0.4 minutes. Twitch

recovery from 10 to 50% of baseline took 11.6 +/- 0.6 minutes.

Twitch recovery from 10 to 75% recovery took 19.5 +/- 1.1

minutes. Recovery from 10% twitch to 50% fade took 12.8 +/-

Anesthesia and Analgesia for Farm Animals, QB 95-13 https://web.archive.org/web/20010210200328/http://www.nal.usda.gov/...

97 of 150 3/29/2016 12:09 PM
0.5 minutes. Fade at 50% recovery of twitch was 39 +/- 0.02%.

Significant (P < 0.05) animal-to-animal variation was observed

in twitch recovery times. For the second part of the study,

atracurium was initially given IV as a 0.15-mg/kg bolus,

followed by infusion for 1 to 2 hours. Infusion rate required

some early adjustment to maintain desired relaxation, but the

rate that prevailed was 1.07 +/- 0.07 ml/kg/h (0.4 mg of

atracurium/ml of saline solution). Recovery of muscle twitch

was similar to that previously mentioned for repeat bolus

administration, At the end of the study, edrophonium (0.5

mg/kg) with atropine (0.01 mg/kg, IV) was effective in

antagonizing residual neuromuscular blockade by atracurium.

All llamas recovered without injury from anesthesia, although

1 llama had a rough recovery. It was concl

297 NAL Call. No.: 391.8 T66

Neuromuscular blocking activity of a glycosidic extract of the

plant Sarcolobus globosus.

Mustafa, M.R.; Hadi, A.H.A.

Oxford : Pergamon Press; 1990.

Toxicon v. 28 (10): p. 1237-1239; 1990. Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Asclepiadaceae; Plant composition; Seeds; Plant

extracts; Glycosides; Nerve tissue; Muscle tissue;

Neurophysiology; Paralysis; Rats; Chicks; Frogs

Abstract: Crude glycoside extracts from the plant. Sarcolobus

globosus, were tested on the rat phrenic nerve diaphragm,

chick biventer cervicis and frog rectus abdominis

preparations. Nerve-stimulated twitches were inhibited by the

extract. The muscle paralysis was not similar to that by

curare-like blockers as it was not reversed by neostigmine or

by a tetanus. Although contractures to acetylcholine or

carbachol were not affected by 0.6 mg/ml of the extract,

higher concentration of the extracts (3 mg/ml) depressed the

log dose response curve of acetylcholine and carbachol. The

results suggest that the neuromuscular blocking effect of the

extracts is either dose-dependent or due to a mixture of

toxins with presynaptic or postsynaptic actions.

298 NAL Call. No.: SF951.V47

Neuromuscular blocking agents in equine anesthesia.

Hildebrand, S.

Philadelphia, Pa. : W.B. Saunders; 1990 Dec.

The Veterinary clinics of North America : equine practice v. 6

(3): p. 587-606; 1990 Dec. Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Horses; Anesthesia; Muscle relaxants

299 NAL Call. No.: 410.9 P94

Normal physiologic values of neonatal pigs and the effects of

isoflurane and pentobarbital anesthesia.

Eisenhauer, C.L.; Matsuda, L.S.; Uyehara, C.F.T.

Cordova, Tenn. : American Association for Laboratory Animal

Science; 1994 Jun. Laboratory animal science v. 44 (3): p.

245-252; 1994 Jun. Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Piglets; Animal models; Newborn animals; Animal

physiology; Inhaled anesthetics; Pentobarbital; Anesthesia

Abstract: The newborn piglet is becoming increasingly popular

Anesthesia and Analgesia for Farm Animals, QB 95-13 https://web.archive.org/web/20010210200328/http://www.nal.usda.gov/...

98 of 150 3/29/2016 12:09 PM
as a model for neonatal studies. However data on normal

physiologic baseline values and the influence of anesthesia on

these values are scarce. In this study, we describe husbandry,

surgical, and experimental methods used to establish a

conscious, chronically catheterized neonatal piglet model,

which enabled study of unrestrained piglets recovered from

surgery and anesthesia, for up to 10 days after separation

from the sow Chronic catheterization allowed repeated

experiments to be performed in the same animals, reducing the

number of animals needed for study. Presented herein are

baseline resting hemodynamic and blood chemistry data and

circulating hormone measurements of vasopressin, plasma renin

activity, adrenocorticotrophic hormone, cortisol, epinephrine,

norepinephrine, and dopamine for piglets in the first 2 weeks

of life. Also, in two series of experiments, the effects of

the gas anesthetic isoflurane and the injectable anesthetic

pentobarbital on these baseline values were investigated.

Results indicate that both pentobarbital and isoflurane elicit

changes in blood pressure, heart rate, vasopressin, plasma

renin activity and ventilatory drive that should be considered

when using either of these anesthetic agents in acute studies.

300 NAL Call. No.: SF951.V47

Ophthalmic procedures and surgery in the standing horse.

Wilkie, D.A.

Philadelphia, Pa. : W.B. Saunders; 1991 Dec.

The Veterinary clinics of North America : equine practice v. 7

(3): p. 535-547; 1991 Dec. In the series analytic: Standing

surgery / edited by Alicia L. Bertone. Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Horses; Eyes; Surgery; Eyelids; Lacrimal

apparatus; Cornea; Anesthesia

301 NAL Call. No.: SF601.A46

Osteoarthritis in the horses: the role of the nervous system.

Caron, J.P.; Bowker, R.M.; Toppin, D.S.

Lexington, Ky. : The Association; 1993.

Proceedings of the annual convention of the American

Association of Equine Practitioners. p. 13-20; 1993. Meeting

helding on November 29-December 2, 1992, Orlando, Florida. 

Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Horses; Osteoarthritis; Pain

302 NAL Call. No.: 41.8 SO8

Ostrich (Struthio camelus) immobilisation using carfentanil

and xylazine and reversal with yohimbine and naltrexone.

Raath, J.P.; Quandt, S.K.F.; Malan, J.H.

Pretoria : The Association; 1992 Dec.

Journal of the South African Veterinary Association v. 63 (4):

p. 138-140; 1992 Dec. Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Ostriches; Anesthesia

303 NAL Call. No.: SF910.P34A55 1992

Pain research and therapy: history, current status, and future

goals. Bonica, J.J.

New York : Churchill Livingstone; 1992.

Animal pain / edited by Charles E. Short, Alan Van Poznak. p.

1-29; 1992. Includes references.

Anesthesia and Analgesia for Farm Animals, QB 95-13 https://web.archive.org/web/20010210200328/http://www.nal.usda.gov/...

99 of 150 3/29/2016 12:09 PM
Language: English

Descriptors: Animals; Pain; Research; Therapy; Drug therapy;

Analgesics; Livestock; Laboratory animals; Surgical

operations; Anesthesia

304 NAL Call. No.: 41.8 AM3A

Parasympathetic influence on the arrhythmogenicity of graded

dobutamine infusions in halothane-anesthetized horses.

Light, G.S.; Hellyer, P.W.; Swanson, C.R.

Schaumburg, Ill. : American Veterinary Medical Association;

1992 Jul. American journal of veterinary research v. 53 (7):

p. 1154-1160; 1992 Jul. Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Horses; Halothane; Cardiovascular agents;

Autonomic nervous system; Hemodynamics; Dosage; Arrhythmia

Abstract: We investigated the influence of parasympathetic

tone on the arrhythmogenicity of graded dobutamine infusions

in horses anesthetized under clinical conditions. Six horses

were used in 9 trials. Two consecutive series of graded

dobutamine infusions were given IV; each continuous graded

dobutamine infusion was administered for 20 minutes. The

dobutamine infusion dosage (5, 10, 15, and 20 microgram/kg of

body weight/min) was increased at 5-minute intervals.

Isovolumetric saline solution vehicle (v) or atropine (A; 0.04

mg(kg) was administered IV, or bilateral vagotomy (VG) was

performed as a treatment before the second series of

dobutamine infusions. Treatment was not administered prior to

the first dobutamine infusion. Significant interaction between

treatment and dosage of dobutamine infusion existed for

differences from baseline for mean arterial pressure, systolic

arterial pressure, diastolic arterial pressure, heart rate,

and cardiac index at dosages of 5 and 10 micrograms of

dobutamine/kg/min, given IV and for heart rate at dosage of 15

micrograms of dobutamine/kg/min, given IV. Results for group-V

horses were different from those for group-A and group-VG

horses, but were not different between group-A and group-VG

horses in all aforementioned cases, except for heart rate and

cardiac index at dosage of 5 micrograms of dobutamine/kg/min,

given IV. Normal sinus rhythm, second-degree atrioventricular

block, and bradyarrhythmias predominated during low dobutamine

infusion rates during the first infusion series (nontreated

horses) and in group-V horses during the second infusion

series. Only tachyarrhythmias were observed during the second

infusion series in the horses of the A and VG groups. The

modulating influence of parasympathetic nervous system

activity on hemodynamics and development of arrhythmia was

conspicuous during low dobutamine infusion rates. Significant

differences were not observed in hemodynamic responses to

dobutamine, with respect to parasympathet

305 NAL Call. No.: SF955.E6

Paravertebral thoracolumbar anaesthesia in 10 horses.

Moon, P.F.; Suter, C.M.

Newmarket : R & W Publications; 1993 Jul.

Equine veterinary journal v. 25 (4): p. 304-308; 1993 Jul. 

Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Horses; Anesthesia

306 NAL Call. No.: 41.8 V643

Anesthesia and Analgesia for Farm Animals, QB 95-13 https://web.archive.org/web/20010210200328/http://www.nal.usda.gov/...

100 of 150 3/29/2016 12:09 PM
Pentobarbitone inhibits the stress response to transport in

male goats. Sanhouri, A.A.; Jones, R.S.; Dobson, H.

London : Bailliere Tindall; 1991 Jan.

British veterinary journal v. 47 (1): p. 42-48; 1991 Jan. 

Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Goats; Stress; Pentobarbital; Transport of

animals; Anesthesia; Hydrocortisone; Blood plasma; Blood

sugar; Heart rate; Respiration rate

Abstract: Pentobarbitone (20 mg/kg i.v.) blocked plasma

cortisol release when administered either before a 20 min

journey or during a 2 h journey. This confirms that

pentobarbitone can block stimulated, as well as resting,

cortisol secretion. In general, blood glucose concentrations

were not increased above 90 mg/100 ml until at least 30 min

after the start of transport; however, this increase was also

blocked by pentobarbitone administered 30 min into the 2 h

journey. Significant increases in respiratory and heart rates

occurred within 15 min of the start of transport;

pentobarbitone caused an immediate decrease in these

parameters. In conclusion, pentobarbitone was shown to reverse

many metabolic changes induced by transport.

307 NAL Call. No.: 49 J82

Performance and health of weanling bulls after butorphanol and

xylazine administration at castration.

Faulkner, D.B.; Eurell, T.; Tranquilli, W.J.; Ott, R.S.; Ohl,

M.W.; Cmarik, G.F.; Zinn, G.

Champaign, Ill. : American Society of Animal Science; 1992

Oct. Journal of animal science v. 70 (10): p. 2970-2974; 1992

Oct. Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Calves; Steers; Castration; Analgesics;

Liveweight gain; Feed intake; Feed conversion; Blood serum;

Hydrocortisone; Haptoglobins

Abstract: A total of 268 crossbred, 6- to 9-mo-old, bull

calves (214 +/- 19 kg) were used in two separate 27-d

experiments to assess the effects of butorphanol and xylazine

administration (BXA) on the subsequent performance and health

of beef calves. In each experiment, calves were randomly

allotted to four treatment groups: 1) castration with BXA, 2)

castration without BXA, 3) no castration with BXA, and 4) no

castration without BXA. There were two replicates within each

experiment. The intravenous administration of .07 mg/kg of

butorphanol and .02 mg/kg of xylazine occurred 90 s before

tail hold and castration procedures. Calves were placed in a

squeeze chute and manually restrained by tail elevation. In

Exp. 2, the cattle also were scored for chute activity (on a 1

to 5 scale with 5 being the most active). Cattle were weighed

at the beginning and end of the experiment, feed intake was

recorded daily, and cattle were monitored daily for

respiratory disease. There were no castration X BXA

interactions (P > .51). Castration reduced (P < .01) daily

gain and gain/feed and tended (P = .13) to reduce feed intake.

The administration of BXA had no effect (P > .05) on gain or

gain/feed but did tend (P = .13) to reduce feed intake. No

differences (P > .45) were observed in morbidity or mortality

due to either BXA or castration. Castration and BXA increased

(P < .01) blood cortisol levels on d 3, whereas control

animals had reduced cortisol levels. Castration increased (P <

.05) haptoglobin levels on d 3, but BXA had no effect (P >

.05) on serum haptoglobin concentrations on d 3. Chute

activity was reduced (P < .05) by castration and BXA. In this

Anesthesia and Analgesia for Farm Animals, QB 95-13 https://web.archive.org/web/20010210200328/http://www.nal.usda.gov/...

101 of 150 3/29/2016 12:09 PM
study, animal performance was reduced by castration. The

administration of BXA did not alter stress indicators or

improve performance of castrated bull calves. Serum

haptoglobin may be a more specific indicator of the

inflammatory process in cattle, whereas serum cortisol may be

an indicator of the whole-body stress response.

308 NAL Call. No.: 41.8 M69

Performing epidural anesthesia in swine.

Branson, K.R.; Thurmon, J.C.

Lenexa, Kan. : Veterinary Medicine Publishing Co; 1990 Dec.

Veterinary medicine v. 85 (12): p. 1345, 1348-1350. ill; 1990

Dec. Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Pigs; Conduction anesthesia; Injectable

anesthetics; Techniques; Complications

309 NAL Call. No.: SF951.V47

Perineural and spinal anesthesia.

Gaynor, J.S.; Hubbell, J.A.E.

Philadelphia, Pa. : W.B. Saunders; 1991 Dec.

The Veterinary clinics of North America : equine practice v. 7

(3): p. 501-519; 1991 Dec. In the series analytic: Standing

surgery / edited by Alicia L. Bertone. Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Horses; Local anesthesia; Anesthesia; Spinal

cord; Neurons; Body regions

310 NAL Call. No.: 410.9 P94

Peritracheolaryngeal abscess: an iatrogenic complication of

endotracheal intubation in swine.

Iliff-Sizemore, S.A.; Chrisp, C.E.; Rush, H.G.

Cordova, Tenn. : American Association for Laboratory Animal

Science; 1989 Sep. Laboratory animal science v. 39 (5): p.

455-458. ill; 1989 Sep. Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Pigs; Trachea; Larynx; Abscesses; Bacteria;

Anesthesia; Tubes

311 NAL Call. No.: SF915.J63

The pharmacokinetics and locomotor activity of alfentanil in

the horse. Pascoe, P.J.; Black, W.D.; Claxton, J.M.; Sansom,

R.E.

Oxford : Blackwell Scientific Publications; 1991 Sep.

Journal of veterinary pharmacology and therapeutics v. 14 (3):

p. 317-325; 1991 Sep. Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Horses; Analgesics; Opioids; Pharmacokinetics;

Dosage; Locomotion

312 NAL Call. No.: 41.8 Am3A

Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of acepromazine in

horses. Marroum, P.J. \u US Food and Drug Administration,

Rockville, MD; Webb, A.I.; Aeschbacher, G.; Curry, S.H.

Schaumburg, Ill. : American Veterinary Medical Association;

1994 Oct. American journal of veterinary research v. 55 (10):

p. 1428-1433; 1994 Oct. Includes references.

Anesthesia and Analgesia for Farm Animals, QB 95-13 https://web.archive.org/web/20010210200328/http://www.nal.usda.gov/...

102 of 150 3/29/2016 12:09 PM
Language: English

Descriptors: Horses; Neuroleptics; Pharmacokinetics;

Pharmacodynamics; Drug effects; Blood pressure; Heart rate;

Hematocrit; Respiration; Blood; Gases; Ph

Abstract: A specific, sensitive, reverse-phase highperformance liquid chromatographic assay for acepromazine,

with analytic sensitivity as low as 5 ng/ml of plasma, and

electrochemical detection with an oxidation potential of 0.7

V, was used to study the pharmacokinetics of acepromazine

given at a dosage of 0.15 mg/kg of body weight in horses. The

relation between effect and pharmacokinetics of the drug was

examined. The effects studied included those on blood

pressure, pulse, PCV, measures of respiration function, and

sedation. Intravenously administered doses led to a biphasic

concentration decay pattern with an alpha-phase distribution

half-life of < 3 minutes. The beta-phase half-life was in the

range of 50 to 150 minutes. The CNS effects peaked at 20

minutes after administration, and the hemodynamic effects

peaked at 100 minutes. In all horses, the most sensitive

variable was the PCV, which decreased by up to 20% (P <

0.0001). Systolic, diastolic, and mean blood pressures

decreased (P < 0.0001); heart rate was unchanged (P > 0.05).

Neither blood gas tensions nor blood pH changed noticeably (P

> 0.05). In all horses studied, acepromazine had a significant

(P < 0.0001) sedative effect, as observed by posture and

alertness. None of the observed pharmacodynamic effects

correlated well with plasma acepromazine concentration. These

effects persisted beyond the time of detectable acepromazine

concentration, indicating that they might be caused by active

metabolites, or that their timing could result from complex

pharmacokinetic compartment influences.

313 NAL Call. No.: 41.8 Am3A

Pharmacokinetics of ibuprofen in lactating dairy cows.

DeGraves, F.J.; Anderson, K.L.; Aucoin, D.P.

Schaumburg, Ill. : American Veterinary Medical Association;

1993 Jul. American journal of veterinary research v. 54 (7):

p. 1133-1135; 1993 Jul. Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Dairy cows; Lactating females; Analgesics; Nonsteroidal antiinflammatory agents; Pharmacokinetics;

Intravenous injection; Oral administration; Blood serum; Milk;

Adverse effects

Abstract: The pharmacokinetics of ibuprofen were studied in 6

adult lactating dairy cows after a single iv or oral

administration of ibuprofen (25 mg/kg of body weight).

lbuprofen concentrations in milk and serum were analyzed by

use of high-performance liquid chromatography. The lower limit

of detection of the ibuprofen assay was 50 ng/ml. Serum

ibuprofen concentration-time curves after IV administration

best fit an open two-compartment model. Harmonic mean volume

of distribution at steady state was 0.14 (range, 0.12 to 0.17)

L/kg, elimination half-life was 1.55 (range, 1.33 to 1.73)

hours, and total clearance was 86.2 (range, 68.8 to 106.2)

ml/kg/h. Harmonic mean oral bioavailability was 99% (range, 79

to 112). Adverse effects were not observed in cows given

ibuprofen.

314 NAL Call. No.: SF951.V47

The pharmacology of local anesthetics.

Day, T.K.; Skarda, R.T.

Philadelphia, Pa. : W.B. Saunders; 1991 Dec.

Anesthesia and Analgesia for Farm Animals, QB 95-13 https://web.archive.org/web/20010210200328/http://www.nal.usda.gov/...

103 of 150 3/29/2016 12:09 PM
The Veterinary clinics of North America : equine practice v. 7

(3): p. 489-500; 1991 Dec. In the series analytic: Standing

surgery / edited by Alicia L. Bertone. Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Horses; Local anesthetics; Local anesthesia;

Electrophysiology; Pharmacodynamics; Pharmacokinetics

315 NAL Call. No.: SF910.P34A55 1992

Physiologic responses after caudal epidural administration of

detomidine in horses and xylaxine in cattle.

Skarda, R.T.; Muir, W.W. III

New York : Churchill Livingstone; 1992.

Animal pain / edited by Charles E. Short, Alan Van Poznak. p.

292-302, 312-313; 1992. Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Horses; Cattle; Xylazine; Analgesics; Drug

effects; Physiological functions; Cardiovascular system;

Respiratory system; Statistical analysis

316 NAL Call. No.: 41.8 V641

Physiological responses of sheep to two hours anaesthesia with

diazepam-ketamine.

Coulson, N.M.; Januszkiewicz, A.J.; Ripple, G.R.

London : The Association; 1991 Oct12.

The Veterinary record : journal of the British Veterinary

Association v. 129 (15): p. 329-332; 1991 Oct12. Includes

references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Sheep; Anesthesia; Diazepam; Ketamine; Drug

combinations; Respiration; Cardiovascular system; Adverse

effects

317 NAL Call. No.: 41.8 V643

Plasma concentrations of cortisol, testosterone, glucose and

blood gases in male goats during anaesthesia with

pentobarbitone sodium. Sanhouri, A.A.; Jones, R.S.; Dobson, H.

London : Bailliere Tindall; 1990 Jan.

British veterinary journal v. 146 (1): p. 36-42; 1990 Jan. 

Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Goats; Male animals; Anesthesia; Pentobarbital;

Cortisol; Testosterone; Blood glucose; Gases; Blood; Fasting

318 NAL Call. No.: SF955.E6

Plasma histamine levels during exploratory laparotomies in

suspected equine grass sickness cases.

Hodson, N.; Hunt, J.; Causon, R.C.

Newmarket : R & W Publications; 1990 Sep.

Equine veterinary journal v. 22 (5): p. 362-363; 1990 Sep. 

Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Horses; Grass sickness; Digestive disorders;

Anesthesia; Histamine; Laparotomy; Blood plasma

319 NAL Call. No.: SF911.V43

Anesthesia and Analgesia for Farm Animals, QB 95-13 https://web.archive.org/web/20010210200328/http://www.nal.usda.gov/...

104 of 150 3/29/2016 12:09 PM
Postanesthetic equine myopathy suggestive of malignant

hyperthermia: a case report.

Klein, L.; Ailes, N.; Fackelman, G.E.; Kellon, E.; Rosenberg,

H. Hagerstown, Md. : J.B. Lippincott Company; 1989 Nov.

Veterinary surgery v. 18 (6): p. 479-482; 1989 Nov. Includes

references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Horses; Muscular diseases; Hyperthermia; Case

studies; Halothane; Anesthesia; Etiology

320 NAL Call. No.: SF778.J68

Postanesthetic pulmonary edema in an Arab stallion.

Day, T.K.; Holcombe, S.; Muir, W.W. III

San Antonio, Tx. : Veterinary Emergency & Critical Care

Society; 1993 Jul. Journal of veterinary emergency and

critical care v. 3 (2): p. 90-95; 1993 Jul. Includes

references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Stallions; Anesthesia; Complications; Lungs;

Edema; Trauma; Treatment; Pathogenesis; Case reports

321 NAL Call. No.: 41.8 Am3

Postanesthetic recumbency associated with hyperkalemic

periodic paralysis in a Quarter horse.

Robertson, S.A.; Green, S.L.; Carter, S.W.; Bolon, B.N.;

Brown, M.P.; Shields, R.P.

Schaumburg, Ill. : The Association; 1992 Oct15.

Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association v. 201

(8): p. 1209-1212; 1992 Oct15. Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Horses; Hyperkalemia; Anesthesia; Complications;

Case reports

322 NAL Call. No.: 41.8 V641

Postoperative analgesia using phenylbutazone, flunixin or

carprofen in horses. Johnson, C.B.; Taylor, P.M.; Young, S.S.;

Brearley, J.C.

London : The British Veterinary Association; 1993 Oct02.

The Veterinary record : journal of the British Veterinary

Association v. 133 (14): p. 336-338; 1993 Oct02. Includes

references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Horses; Analgesics; Postoperative care

323 NAL Call. No.: aHV4701.A952

Post-operative care and analgesia of farm animals used in

biomedical research. Randolph, M.M.

Beltsville, MD : National Agricultural Library, AWIC, 1990-;

1994. Animal Welfare Information Center newsletter v. 5 (1):

p. 11-13; 1994. In the special issue: Farm animals in

research and teaching. Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Livestock; Postoperative care; Medical research;

Analgesics; Pain; Animal welfare

Anesthesia and Analgesia for Farm Animals, QB 95-13 https://web.archive.org/web/20010210200328/http://www.nal.usda.gov/...

105 of 150 3/29/2016 12:09 PM
324 NAL Call. No.: SF951.J65

Preliminary studies on the use of plasma beta-endorphin in

horses as an indicator of stress and pain.

McCarthy, R.N.; Jeffcott, L.B.; Clarke, I.J.

Lake Elsinore, Calif. : William E. Jones, DVM; 1993 Apr.

Journal of equine veterinary science v. 13 (4): p. 216-219;

1993 Apr. Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Horses; Endorphins

325 NAL Call. No.: 41.8 R312

Preliminary studies on the use of propofol in the domestic

pigeon (Columba livia).

Fitzgerald, G.; Cooper, J.E.

London : British Veterinary Association; 1990 Nov.

Research in veterinary science v. 49 (3): p. 334-338; 1990

Nov. Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Pigeons; Injectable anesthetics; Intravenous

injection; Safety; Ketamine

326 NAL Call. No.: 41.8 AM3

Premature ventricular contractions and apparent hypertension

during anesthesia in an ostrich.

Matthews, N.S.; Burba, D.J.; Cornick, J.L.

Schaumburg, Ill. : The Association; 1991 Jun01.

Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association v. 198

(11): p. 1959-1961; 1991 Jun01. Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Ostriches; Anesthesia; Hypertension; Ventricles;

Contraction; Anesthetics; Adverse effects; Case reports

327 NAL Call. No.: SF951.V47 v.6 no.3

Principles and techniques of equine anesthesia.

Riebold, T. W.

Philadelphia : Saunders,; 1990.

x p., p. 485-741 : ill. ; 24 cm. (Veterinary clinics of North

America. Equine practice, 6, no. 3). December 1990. Includes

bibliographical references and index.

Language: English

Descriptors: Horses; Veterinary anesthesia

328 NAL Call. No.: 41.8 M69

Problems encountered when anesthetizing potbellied pigs.

Ko, J.C.H.; Thurmon, J.C.; Tranquilli, W.A.; Benson, G.J.;

Olson, W.A. Lenexa, Kan. : Veterinary Medicine Publishing Co;

1993 May05. Veterinary medicine v. 88 (5): p. 435-437, 440;

1993 May05.

Language: English

Descriptors: Miniature pigs; Anesthesia; Intramuscular

injection; Intravenous injection; Inhalation; Animal anatomy

329 NAL Call. No.: 41.8 AM3

Prolongation of anesthesia with xylazine, ketamine, and

guaifenesin in horses: 64 cases (1986-1989).

Anesthesia and Analgesia for Farm Animals, QB 95-13 https://web.archive.org/web/20010210200328/http://www.nal.usda.gov/...

106 of 150 3/29/2016 12:09 PM
McCarty, J.E.; Trim, C.M.; Ferguson, D.

Schaumburg, Ill. : The Association; 1990 Dec15.

Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association v. 197

(12): p. 1646-1650; 1990 Dec15. Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Horses; Anesthesia; Duration; Xylazine; Ketamine;

Guaifenesin; Adverse effects

330 NAL Call. No.: SF955.E6

Prolongation of xylazine/ketamine induced recumbency time with

temazepam in horses.

Matthews, N.S.; Dollars, N.S.; Young, D.B.; Shawley, R.V.

Newmarket : R & W Publications; 1991 Jan.

Equine veterinary journal v. 23 (1): p. 8-10; 1991 Jan. 

Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Horses; Anesthesia; Xylazine; Ketamine;

Benzodiazepines; Drug combinations

331 NAL Call. No.: 41.8 AM3

Prophylactic use of dantrolene associated with prolonged

postanesthetic recumbency in a horse.

Valverde, A.; Boyd, C.J.; Dyson, D.H.; Pascoe, P.J.

Schaumburg, Ill. : The Association; 1990 Oct15.

Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association v. 197

(8): p. 1051-1053; 1990 Oct15. Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Horses; Anesthesia; Postoperative complications;

Muscle relaxants; Chemoprophylaxis; Muscular diseases; Case

studies

332 NAL Call. No.: SF915.J63

Propofol as an induction agent in the goat: a pharmacokinetic

study. Reid, J.; Nolan, A.M.; Welsh, E.

Oxford, Blackwell Scientific Publications; 1993 Dec.

Journal of veterinary pharmacology and therapeutics v. 16 (4):

p. 488-493; 1993 Dec. Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Goats; Pharmacokinetics; Injectable anesthetics

333 NAL Call. No.: SF911.V43

Pulse oximetry in horses.

Whitehair, K.J.; Watney, G.C.G.; Leith, D.E.; Debowes, R.M.

Hagerstown, Md. : J.B. Lippincott Company; 1990 May.

Veterinary surgery v. 19 (3): p. 243-248. ill; 1990 May. 

Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Horses; Oxygen; Hemoglobin; Saturation;

Measurement; Anesthesia; Instruments; Ears; Tongue

334 NAL Call. No.: aHV4701.A952

Recognition of pain in farm animals.

Breazile, J.E.

Beltsville, MD : National Agricultural Library, AWIC, 1990-;

1994. Animal Welfare Information Center newsletter v. 5 (1):

Anesthesia and Analgesia for Farm Animals, QB 95-13 https://web.archive.org/web/20010210200328/http://www.nal.usda.gov/...

107 of 150 3/29/2016 12:09 PM
p. 5-7; 1994. In the special issue: Farm animals in research

and teaching. Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Livestock; Pain; Animal welfare

335 NAL Call. No.: 41.8 Am3A

Recovery of horses from inhalation anesthesia.

Whitehair, K.J.; Steffey, E.P.; Willitis, N.H.; Woliner, M.J.

Schaumburg, Ill. : American Veterinary Medical Association;

1993 Oct. American journal of veterinary research v. 54 (10):

p. 1693-1702; 1993 Oct. includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Horses; Inhaled anesthetics; Halothane; Recovery;

Time; Animal behavior; Blood pressure; Heart rate; Respiration

rate; Respiratory gases; Hematocrit; Blood protein

Abstract: To study behavioral and cardiopulmonary

characteristics of horses recovering from inhalation

anesthesia, 6 nonmedicated horses were anesthetized under

laboratory conditions on 3 different days, with either

halothane or isoflurane in O2. Anesthesia was maintained at

constant dose (1.5 times the minimum alveolar concentration

[MAC]) of halothane in O2 for 1 hour (H1), halothane in O2 for

3 hours (H3), or isoflurane in O2 for 3 hours (13). The order

of exposure was set up as a pair of Latin squares to account

for horse and trial effects. Circulatory (arterial blood

pressure and heart rate) and respiratory (frequency, PaCO2,

PaO, pHa) variables were monitored during anesthesia and for

as long as possible during the recovery period. End-tidal

percentage of the inhaled agent was measured every 15 seconds

by automated mass spectrometry, then by hand-sampling after

horses started moving. Times of recovery events, including

movement of the eyelids, ears, head, and limbs, head lift,

chewing, swallowing, first sternal posture and stand attempts,

and the number of sternal posture and stand attempts, were

recorded. The washout curve or the ET ratio (end-tidal

percentage of the inhaled agent at time t to end-tidal

percentage of the inhaled agent at the time the anesthesia

circuit was disconnected from the tracheal tube) plotted

against time was similar for HI and H3. The slower, then

faster (compared with halothane groups) washout curve of

isoflurane was explainable by changes in respiratory frequency

as horses awakened and by lower blood/gas solubility of

isoflurane. The respiratory depressant effects of isoflurane

were marked and were more progressive than those for halothane

at the same 1.5 MAC dose. During the first 15 minutes of

recovery, respiratory frequency for group-13 horses increased

significantly (P < 0.05), compared with that for the halothane

groups. For all groups, arterial blood pressure increased

throughout the early recovery period and heart rate remained

constant. Preanesthesia temperament of horses and the

inhalation agent used did not influence the time of the early

recovery events (movement of eyelids, ears, head, and limbs),

except for head lift. For events that occurred at anesthetic

end-tidal percentage < 0.20, or when horses were awake,

temperament was the only factor that significantly influenced

the nature of the recovery (chewing P = 0.04, extubation P =

0.001, first stand attempt P = 0.008, and standing P = 0.005).

The quality of the recoveries did not differ significantly

among groups (H1, H3, I3) or horses; however 5 of 6 horses

recovering from the H1 exposure had ideal recovery. During

recovery, the anesthetic end-tidal percentage did not differ

significantly among groups. However, when concentrations were

compared on the basis of anesthetic potency (ie, MAC multiple)

a significantly (P < 0.05) lower MAC multiple of isoflurane

Anesthesia and Analgesia for Farm Animals, QB 95-13 https://web.archive.org/web/20010210200328/http://www.nal.usda.gov/...

108 of 150 3/29/2016 12:09 PM
was measured for the events ear moveme

336 NAL Call. No.: SF951.V47

Regional anesthesia.

LeBlanc, P.H.

Philadelphia, Pa. : W.B. Saunders; 1990 Dec.

The Veterinary clinics of North America : equine practice v. 6

(3): p. 693-704; 1990 Dec. Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Horses; Anesthesia; Local anesthesia; Peripheral

nerves

337 NAL Call. No.: 41.8 Am3A

Relation between body temperature and dexmedetomidine-induced

minimum alveolar concentration and respiratory changes in

isoflurane-anesthetized miniature swine.

Vainio, O.M.; Bloor, B.C.

Schaumburg, Ill. : American Veterinary Medical Association;

1994 Jul. American journal of veterinary research v. 55 (7):

p. 1000-1006; 1994 Jul. Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Miniature pigs; Body temperature; Medetomidine;

Isomers; Anesthesia; Anesthetics; Requirements; Cardiovascular

system; Respiratory system

Abstract: Dexmedetomidine (Dex), an alpha 2-receptor agonist,

is the pharmacologically active d-isomer of medetomidine, a

compound used as a sedative in veterinary medicine. Isoflurane

anesthetic requirement (minimum alveolar concentration; MAC),

rectal temperature, and cardiorespiratory variables were

studied in chronically instrumented Yucatan miniature swine

during DEX (20 micrograms/kg of body weight)-induced changes

in body temperature. All studies were performed at room

temperature of 22 C. The DEX was given as a 2-minute infusion

into the left atrium. Each pig was studied twice. For protocol

1, the core temperature of the pigs was maintained at (mean +/-

 SD) 38.2 +/- 0.5 C by use of a thermostatically controlled

water blanket and a heating lamp. For protocol 2, the core

temperature was not externally manipulated and it decreased

from 38.2 +/- 0.4 C to 32.2 +/- 1.2 C during the more than 3

hours of the protocol. Control isoflurane MAC was 1.66 +/-

0.2% and was 1.74 +/- 0.3% for protocols 1 and 2,

respectively; DEX decreased MAC by 34 and 44%, respectively.

For protocol 1, reduction in MAC after DEX administration

returned by 50 and 80% at 84 and 138 minutes, respectively. If

rectal temperature was not maintained (eg, allowed to

decrease), MAC was reduced by 57% at the same time as the

return to 80% in the swine with maintained body temperature.

Respiratory rate and minute ventilation were significantly

higher in swine with maintained temperature. The PaCO2 was

lower and, accordingly, pH was higher in these swine. Blood

pressure and heart rate were not affected by temperature

changes.

338 NAL Call. No.: SF911.V43

The reliability of endoscopic examination in assessment of

arytenoid cartilage movement in horses. II. Influence of side

of examination, reexamination, and sedation.

Ducharme, N.G.; Hackett, R.P.; Fubini, S.L.; Erb, H.N.

Hagerstown, Md. : J.B. Lippincott Company; 1991 May.

Veterinary surgery v. 20 (3): p. 180-184; 1991 May. Includes

references.

Anesthesia and Analgesia for Farm Animals, QB 95-13 https://web.archive.org/web/20010210200328/http://www.nal.usda.gov/...

109 of 150 3/29/2016 12:09 PM
Language: English

Descriptors: Horses; Larynx; Respiratory system; Endoscopy;

Evaluation; Video recordings; Analgesics; Xylazine

339 NAL Call. No.: 41.8 C81

Repetitive injectable anesthesia in a 27-year-old horse.

Matthews, N.S.; Hartsfield, S.M.; Sanders, E.A.; Light, G.S.;

Walker, M.A. Ithaca, N.Y. : Cornell Veterinarian, Inc; 1993

Jul.

The Cornell veterinarian v. 83 (3): p. 219-225; 1993 Jul. 

Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Horses; Anesthesia; Geriatrics

340 NAL Call. No.: SF601.A46

The responses to detomidine usage as a sole agent or in

combination in the horse.

Short, C.E.; Otto, K.; Gilbert, M.; Maylin, G.A.

Manhattan, Kan. : The Association; 1989.

Proceedings of the annual convention of the American

Association of Equine Practitioners (35th): p. 153-166; 1989. 

Meeting held December 3-6 1989, Boston, Massachusetts. 

Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Horses; Analgesics; Safety; Anesthetics;

Anesthesia

341 NAL Call. No.: 41.8 AM3A

Resuscitation of anesthetized endotoxemic pigs by use of

hypertonic saline solution containing dextran.

Hellyer, P.W.; Meyer, R.E.; Olson, N.C.

Schaumburg, Ill. : American Veterinary Medical Association;

1993 Feb. American journal of veterinary research v. 54 (2):

p. 280-286; 1993 Feb. Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Pigs; Endotoxemia; Endotoxins; Escherichia coli;

Resuscitation; Dextran; Solutions; Sodium chloride;

Hemodynamics; Drug effects

Abstract: We evaluated the biochemical and hemodynamic

response to hypertonic saline solution plus dextran in

isoflurane-anesthetized pigs infused IV with Escherichia coli

endotoxin (5 micrograms/kg of body weight for 0 to 1 hour + 2

micrograms/kg for 1 to 4 hours). After 120 minutes of

endotoxemia, pigs were treated with a bolus (4 ml/kg over 3

minutes) of either normal saline solution (NSS; 0.9% NaCl), or

hypertonic saline solution plus dextran (HSSD; 7.5% NaCl + 6%

dextran-70). Administration of HSSD significantly (P < 0.05)

increased serum osmolality and concentrations of sodium and

chloride for approximately 2 hours during endotoxemia. Plasma

total protein concentration decreased significantly (P < 0.05)

for 2 hours after treatment with HSSD, indicating hemodilution

and increased plasma volume. Although HSSD transiently

increased cardiac index (CI) for approximately 15 minutes,

this effect was not sustained; however, the endotoxin-induced

decrease in CI was ameliorated from 120 to 180 minutes. In

pigs of the endotoxin + NSS group from 180 to 240 minutes, CI

decreased significantly (P < 0.05), compared with baseline and

control values. The endotoxin-induced increases in mean

pulmonary arterial pressure and pulmonary vascular resistance

Anesthesia and Analgesia for Farm Animals, QB 95-13 https://web.archive.org/web/20010210200328/http://www.nal.usda.gov/...

110 of 150 3/29/2016 12:09 PM
were not attenuated by HSSD. At 135 minutes, total peripheral

vascular resistance was transiently lower (for approx 15

minutes) in pigs treated with HSSD, compared with control

pigs. The endotoxin-induced increase in plasma lactate

concentration was not attenuated by HSSD, indicating continued

peripheral O2 debt. We conclude that, despite sustained

increases in serum osmolality and concentrations of sodium and

chloride, HSSD has only transiently beneficial cardiopulmonary

effects during endotoxemia in pigs.

342 NAL Call. No.: SF951.E62

A review of chemical restraint for standing procedures in the

horse. Moll, H.D.; Pablo, L.S.; Purohit, R.C.

Santa Barbara, Calif. : Veterinary Practice Publishing

Company; 1989 Jun. Equine practice v. 11 (6): p. 25-30; 1989

Jun. Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Horses; Restraint of animals; Anesthetics;

Neuroleptics

343 NAL Call. No.: SF910.P34A55 1992

A review of equine pain models.

Matthews, N.S.

New York : Churchill Livingstone; 1992.

Animal pain / edited by Charles E. Short, Alan Van Poznak. p.

403-407, 430-432; 1992. Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Horses; Pain; Models; Analgesics; Evaluation

344 NAL Call. No.: SF601.A47

Role of socialization, stress and sex of chickens on response

to anesthesia and on response to an organophosphate

neurotoxicant.

Odom, A.; Gross, W.B.; Ehrich, M.

Manhattan, Kan. : Kansas State University; 1992 Apr.

Veterinary and human toxicology v. 34 (2): p. 134-137; 1992

Apr. Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Fowls; Stress; Pentobarbital; Neurotoxins

345 NAL Call. No.: 41.8 AM3

Salmonella typhimurium abscess as a postoperative complication

in a horse with colic.

Blikslager, A.T.; Wilson, D.A.; Taylor, D.S.; MacFadden, K.E.;

Fischer, J.R.; Fales, W.H.

Schaumburg, Ill. : The Association; 1991 Dec15.

Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association v. 199

(12): p. 1757-1759; 1991 Dec15. Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Horses; Colic; Postoperative complications;

Abscesses; Salmonella typhimurium; Intramuscular injection;

Analgesics; Case reports

346 NAL Call. No.: SF601.A46

Sedation, analgesia, and anesthesia in equine practice.

Short, C.E.

Lexington, Ky. : The Association; 1993.

Anesthesia and Analgesia for Farm Animals, QB 95-13 https://web.archive.org/web/20010210200328/http://www.nal.usda.gov/...

111 of 150 3/29/2016 12:09 PM
Proceedings of the annual convention of the American

Association of Equine Practitioners. p. 37-49; 1993. Meeting

helding on November 29-December 2, 1992, Orlando, Florida. 

Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Horses; Anesthesia; Drug effects

347 NAL Call. No.: SF951.J65

Sedation and analgesia with Dormosedan (detomidine

hydrochloride) or acepromazine for suturing of the vulvar lips

in mares (Caslick's surgery). Hamm, D.; Jochle, W.

Lake Elsinore, Calif. : William E. Jones, DVM; 1991 Mar.

Journal of equine veterinary science v. 11 (2): p. 86-88; 1991

Mar. Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Mares; Analgesics; Neuroleptics; Dosage; Vulva;

Suture; Anesthesia; Drug effects

348 NAL Call. No.: SF601.A46

Sedation and anesthesia of the mare during obstetric

manipulation. LeBlanc, M.M.; Norman, W.M.

Lexington, Ky. : The Association; 1993.

Proceedings of the annual convention of the American

Association of Equine Practitioners. p. 619-622; 1993. 

Meeting helding on November 29-December 2, 1992, Orlando,

Florida. Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Mares; Anesthetics; Dystocia

349 NAL Call. No.: 41.8 V641

Sedation of horses with romifidine and butorphanol.

Browning, A.P.; Collins, J.A.

London : The British Veterinary Association; 1994 Jan22.

The Veterinary record : journal of the British Veterinary

Association v. 134 (4): p. 90-91; 1994 Jan22. Includes

references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Horses; Analgesics

350 NAL Call. No.: 410.9 P94

Sedative and cardiovascular effects of midazolam in swine.

Smith, A.C.; Zellner, J.L.; Spinale, F.G.; Swindle, M.M.

Cordova, Tenn. : American Association for Laboratory Animal

Science; 1991 Apr. Laboratory animal science v. 41 (2): p.

157-161; 1991 Apr. Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Pigs; Benzodiazepines; Dosage effects;

Cardiovascular system; Heart rate; Respiration rate

Abstract: The ability to reliably produce sedation in swine

is hampered by the paucity of agents available. This project

examined the use of a new water soluble benzodiazepine,

midazolam, as a sedative in swine. Echocardiographic studies

were performed on thirty 23 to 30 kg Yorkshire swine before

and 20 minutes after each animal received a single

intramuscular dose of 100 micrograms/kg midazolam. Heart rate

Anesthesia and Analgesia for Farm Animals, QB 95-13 https://web.archive.org/web/20010210200328/http://www.nal.usda.gov/...

112 of 150 3/29/2016 12:09 PM
and respiratory rate decreased significantly compared to

nonsedated values (93 +/- 7 versus 117 +/- 2 bpm and 10 +/- 1

versus 20 +/- 1 breaths/min, respectively [p < 0.05]).

However, there was no effect on left ventricular fractional

shortening (29.9 > 0.05 versus 29.5 +/- 0.05% [p > 0.05]). An

additional five pigs were instrumented for a dose response

study in order to collect hemodynamic data and blood gas

values at baseline, and 15 min after the intravenous

administration of incremental doses of midazolam (100 to 1,000

micrograms/kg). Despite a significant decrease in heart rate

and respiratory rate, cardiac output, blood gases, and pH

remained within normal ranges at all dosage levels. Both

routes of administration produced sedation for 20 min in all

animals. Midazolam is an effective swine sedative that is

associated with stable cardiac function.

351 NAL Call. No.: SF951.V47

Sedatives, tranquilizers, and stimulants.

Dyke, T.M.

Philadelphia, Pa. : W.B. Saunders; 1993 Dec.

The Veterinary clinics of North America. Equine practice v. 9

(3): p. 621-634; 1993 Dec. In the series analytic: Drug use

in performance horses / edited by Kenneth W. Hinchcliff and

Richard A. Sams. Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Horses; Neuroleptics; Stimulants; Barbiturates;

Benzodiazepines; Chloral hydrate; Agonists

352 NAL Call. No.: SF601.A46

Selected problems in the draft horse.

Goble, D.O.

Manhattan, Kan. : The Association; 1989.

Proceedings of the annual convention of the American

Association of Equine Practitioners (34th): p. 607-610; 1989. 

Meeting held December 4-7, 1988, San Diego, CA.

Language: English

Descriptors: Horses; Draft animals; Feet; Hooves; Anesthesia;

Laminitis; Osteochondritis; Horse diseases

353 NAL Call. No.: SF910.P34A55 1992

The sheep as a model for experimental pain studies.

Livingston, A.; Waterman, A.E.; Nolan, A.; Morris, R.; Ley,

S.J.; Headley, P.M.

New York : Churchill Livingstone; 1992.

Animal pain / edited by Charles E. Short, Alan Van Poznak. p.

364-371, 399; 1992. Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Sheep; Pain; Animal experiments; Models;

Analgesics; Testing; Morphology; Laboratory tests

354 NAL Call. No.: 41.8 V643

Short latency auditory evoked potentials recorded from nonanaesthetized thoroughbred horses.

Mayhew, I.G.; Washbourne, J.R.

London : Bailliere Tindall; 1992 Jul.

British veterinary journal v. 148 (4): p. 315-327; 1992 Jul. 

Includes references.

Language: English

Anesthesia and Analgesia for Farm Animals, QB 95-13 https://web.archive.org/web/20010210200328/http://www.nal.usda.gov/...

113 of 150 3/29/2016 12:09 PM
Descriptors: Horses; Brain stem; Bioelectric potential;

Hearing; Normal values; Recordings

Abstract: The Brainstem Auditory Evoked Potential (BAEP) is a

recording of the electrical activity of the brainstem

following an acoustic stimulation. Up to seven peaks may be

identified within 10 ms, and are labelled I to VII. The first

five of these peaks are of most clinical importance, and in

normal horses, peaks I, III and V are always present at

stimulus intensities of 70-100 dB. Repeated sampling of

clinically normal subjects at different stimulus intensities

has enabled mean latency values to be determined for the

ipsilateral and contralateral peaks I, III and V, and also for

the interpeak latencies (IPLs) at each intensity. The maximum,

normal, absolute latency for ipsilateral peak I was 1.86 ms,

for peak III, 3.53 ms and for peak V, 5.52 ms. The equivalent

contralateral values were 2.50 ms, 4.44 ms and 5.59 ms. The

maximum, normal, contralateral IPL, for I-III was 1.78 ms,

that for III-V was 2.26 ms and for I-V was 3.76 ms. The

maximum, normal, contralateral IPLs were 2.17 ms for I-III,

1.41 ms for III-V and 3.32 ms for I-V. If a peak or peaks are

absent or delayed, or the IPL is greater than expected, the

patient can be determined to have abnormal brainstem or

auditory nerve conduction. The amplitudes of peaks I and V

were measured, and the ratio of amplitudes was determined, to

find the normal V:I values. At a stimulus intensity of 100 dB,

the ipsilateral ratio was 0.49+/-0.19, and the contralateral

value 1.49+/-0.48. Dispersal values were also calculated, by

dividing the height of the III-V complex by its duration. For

a stimulus intensity of 100 dB, the ipsilateral dispersal

value was 0.416+/-0.104 microvolts/ms, and the contralateral

value of 0.473+/-0.074 microvolts/ms. A range of normal values

for both V:I ratio and dispersal were calculated. Height,

weight and inter-aural distance were measured, and the

relationship of the various peaks and IPLs to these variables

was ascertained by statistical analysis. For the ipsilateral

values, the correlation between

355 NAL Call. No.: QP251.A1T5

A simplified laparoscopy technique for repeated ovarian

observation in the water buffalo (Bubalus bubalis).

Ambrose, J.D.; Manik, R.S.; Singla, S.K.; Madan, M.L.

Stoneham, Mass. : Butterworth-Heinemann; 1993 Sep.

Theriogenology v. 40 (3): p. 487-496; 1993 Sep. Includes

references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Buffaloes; Laparoscopy; Corpus luteum

Abstract: A simplified technique of laparoscopy was developed

for ovarian observation in the riverine buffalo, through a

right paralumbar incision. The technique differed from

previously described ones in that it involved only a single

puncture and required no abdominal insufflation. A Hopkins 0

degree forward viewing endoscope (5.5 mm X 500 mm) in

combination with an endoscope sheath having a built-in

instrument channel, and a long flexible forceps (630 mm) were

used. Of the 23 observation attempts on 13 buffalo, 21

successful observations were conducted. Laparoscopies were

performed using a combination of Xylazine, local infiltration

and epidural anesthesia in a standing position. Six repeated

observations were made within a 21-day period on 1 buffalo,

with no postoperative complications. Observation of both left

and right ovaries was possible through the same puncture. The

technique was useful in buffalo to confirm ovarian structures

which could not be determined with certainty through palpation

per rectum. Our results suggest that the single puncture

laparoscopy technique can be safely used for repeated ovarian

Anesthesia and Analgesia for Farm Animals, QB 95-13 https://web.archive.org/web/20010210200328/http://www.nal.usda.gov/...

114 of 150 3/29/2016 12:09 PM
examination in the water buffalo.

356 NAL Call. No.: SF915.J63

Single-dose pharmacokinetics of detomidine in the horse and

cow. Salonen, J.S.; Vaha-Vahe, T.; Vainio, O.; Vakkuri, O.

Oxford : Blackwell Scientific Publications; 1989 Mar.

Journal of veterinary pharmacology and therapeutics v. 12 (1):

p. 65-72; 1989 Mar. Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Horses; Cows; Analgesics; Dosage effect;

Pharmacokinetics; Radioimmunoassay

357 NAL Call. No.: 41.8 M69

Small intestinal diseases of horses: diagnosis and surgical

intervention. Mueller, P.O.E.; Parks, A.H.; Baxter, G.M.

Lenexa, Kan. : Veterinary Medicine Publishing Co; 1992 Oct.

Veterinary medicine v. 87 (10): p. 1030-1036; 1992 Oct. 

Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Horses; Intestinal diseases; Small intestine;

Diagnosis; Surgery; Symptoms; Physiopathology; Abdomen; Pain

358 NAL Call. No.: SF951.E62

Standing castration of the llama using butorphanol tartrate

and local anesthesia.

Barrington, G.M.; Meyer, T.F.; Parish, S.M.

Santa Barbara, Calif. : Veterinary Practice Publishing

Company; 1993 May. Equine practice v. 15 (5): p. 35-39; 1993

May. Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Llamas; Castration; Local anesthesia

359 NAL Call. No.: SF601.I4

Standing chemical restraint in the horse.

Munroe, G.; Young, L.

London : British Veterinary Association; 1991 Jul.

In practice v. 13 (4): p. 163-166; 1991 Jul. Includes

references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Horses; Anesthesia

360 NAL Call. No.: 41.8 AM3A

Steady-state response characteristics of a pulse oximeter on

equine intestine. Schmotzer, W.B.; Riebold, T.W.; Rowe, K.E.;

Scott, E.A.

Schaumburg, Ill. : American Veterinary Medical Association;

1991 Apr. American journal of veterinary research v. 52 (4):

p. 619-626; 1991 Apr. Literature review. Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Horses; Intestines; Viability; Oxygen;

Saturation; Blood flow; Instruments; Hemoglobin; Absorption

Abstract: The steady-state response characteristics of a

pulse oximeter were evaluated on intestinal segments of seven

clinically normal halothane-anesthetized horses. Arterial

Anesthesia and Analgesia for Farm Animals, QB 95-13 https://web.archive.org/web/20010210200328/http://www.nal.usda.gov/...

115 of 150 3/29/2016 12:09 PM
oxygen tension > 200 mm of Hg, end tidal carbon dioxide from

30 to 35 mm of Hg, and systemic mean arterial pressure > 70 mm

of Hg were maintained throughout the recording periods. Values

for percentage of pulse oximeter oxygen saturation, pulsatile

blood flow, and percentage of signal strength were recorded

from jejunum, ileum, cecum, left ventral colon, left dorsal

colon, and descending colon. Probe placement on intestinal

segments was recorded as over or not over visible subserosal

or transmural vessels. There was no significant difference

between median values on the basis of vessel codes for pulse

oximeter oxygen saturations, pulsatile flow, and signal

strength. Median values recorded for pulse oximeter oxygen

saturation were 93% from jejunum and ileum and 95% from cecum,

left ventral colon, left dorsal colon, and descending colon;

median values for pulsatile flow were 576 from jejunum, 560

from ileum, 560 from cecum, 574 from left ventral colon, 578

from left dorsal colon, and 560 from descending colon; median

values for signal strength were 50% from jejunum, 67.5% from

ileum, 60% from cecum, 75% from left ventral colon, 50% from

left dorsal colon, and 52.5% from descending colon. Median

values obtained from each anatomic location were not

significantly different for pulsatile flow or signal strength.

Median pulse oximetry oxygen values recorded from jejunum and

ileum were significantly lower than values obtained from other

intestinal segments. When calculated arterial oxygen

saturation was compared with oxygen saturation determined by

the pulse oximeter, pulse oximeter oxygen saturation was

consistently lower by 6.7% (jejunum and ileum) and 4.7%

(cecum, left ventral colon, left dorsal colon, and descending

colon). Equine and human absorption spectra were generated and

compared for reduced hemog

361 NAL Call. No.: QP1.P4

Stereotypic behavior, endogenous opioids, and postfeeding

hypoalgesia in pigs. Rushen, J.; Passille, A.M.B. de;

Schouten, W.

Elmsford, N.Y. : Pergamon Press; 1990 Jul.

Physiology & behavior v. 48 (1): p. 91-96; 1990 Jul. Includes

references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Pigs; Tethering; Animal behavior; Feeding; Pain;

Stress; Naloxone

Abstract: Tethered sows, some of which performed marked

behavioral stereotypies after feeding, were injected IM with 1

mg/kg of naloxone 30 min before feeding (with 2 saline control

days). Tail-flick latencies on a pain-sensitivity test were

recorded before and after feeding. On control days, tail-flick

latencies after feeding were longer than those before feeding,

and this effect was abolished by naloxone pretreatment. Thus,

there is an opioid-based hypoalgesia after feeding. However,

sows with marked behavioral stereotypies had shorter tailflick latencies after feeding. Thus, we have no evidence that

performance of behavioral stereotypies results in increased

opioid activity. Naloxone reduced the time spent in behavioral

stereotypies by approximately 30% but this may be due to a

reduction in time spent active. Naloxone increased the

frequency and reduced the mean duration of bouts of chain

manipulating, operating the drinker and rooting. We suggest

that endogenous opioids are involved in the positive feedback

that maintains the persistence of behavior and inhibits

switching between different activities.

362 NAL Call. No.: SF955.E6

The stress response to anaesthesia in ponies: barbiturate

anaesthesia. Taylor, P.M.

Anesthesia and Analgesia for Farm Animals, QB 95-13 https://web.archive.org/web/20010210200328/http://www.nal.usda.gov/...

116 of 150 3/29/2016 12:09 PM
Newmarket : R & W Publications; 1990 Sep.

Equine veterinary journal v. 22 (5): p. 307-312; 1990 Sep. 

Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Horses; Anesthesia; Stress response; Respiratory

system; Barbiturates; Thiopental; Pentobarbital

363 NAL Call. No.: SF910.P34A55 1992

Stress responses to anesthesia in horses.

Taylor, P.M.

New York : Churchill Livingstone; 1992.

Animal pain / edited by Charles E. Short, Alan Van Poznak. p.

322-325, 358-359; 1992. Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Horses; Anesthesia; Drug effects; Stress

364 NAL Call. No.: SF951.V47

Supportive therapy in the anesthetized horse.

Daunt, D.A.

Philadelphia, Pa. : W.B. Saunders; 1990 Dec.

The Veterinary clinics of North America : equine practice v. 6

(3): p. 557-574; 1990 Dec. Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Horses; Anesthesia; Therapy; Equipment;

Respiratory system; Fluid therapy; Cardiovascular system;

Sodium bicarbonate; Hypotension; Sympathomimetics;

Norepinephrine; Ephedrine; Dopamine; Isoprenaline; Calcium

365 NAL Call. No.: SF601.C66

Surgical correction of impaction of the proventriculus in

ostriches. Gamble, K.C.; Honnas, C.M.

Trenton, N.J. : Veterinary Learning Systems Company; 1993 Feb.

The Compendium on continuing education for the practicing

veterinarian v. 15 (2): p. 235-245; 1993 Feb. Includes

references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Ostriches; Proventriculus; Surgical operations;

Anesthesia

366 NAL Call. No.: 41.8 Am3

Suspected malignant hypertermia syndrome in a miniature potbellied pig anesthetized with isoflurane.

Claxton-Gill, M.S.; Cornick-Seahorn, J.L.; Gamboa, J.C.;

Boatright, B.S. Schaumburg, Ill. : The Association; 1993

Nov15.

Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association v. 203

(10): p. 1434-1436; 1993 Nov15. Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Miniature pigs; Anesthesia; Inhaled anesthetics;

Complications; Hyperthermia; Case reports

367 NAL Call. No.: 49 J82

Teaching standard agricultural practices that are known to be

painful. McGlone, J.J.; Hicks, T.A.

Champaign, Ill. : American Society of Animal Science; 1993

Anesthesia and Analgesia for Farm Animals, QB 95-13 https://web.archive.org/web/20010210200328/http://www.nal.usda.gov/...

117 of 150 3/29/2016 12:09 PM
Apr. Journal of animal science v. 71 (4): p. 1071-1074; 1993

Apr. Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Animal welfare; Teaching; Pain; Stress;

Castration

Abstract: Animal science faculty teach, demonstrate, and ask

students to perform procedures that are known to be painful.

Potentially painful procedures include castration, branding,

dehorning, ear notching, teeth clipping, beak trimming, comb

and wattle removal, and tail docking. In each case, the degree

of pain experienced by an animal is generally not known.

Furthermore, the consequences of animals having to endure pain

are also not fully understood. A survey was conducted of

animal science faculty to identify current departmental

policies and practices related to castration in beef and swine

production classes. Departments vary in what they require of

students. Departments should set a policy to address 1) which

(and how) potentially painful procedures are taught and 2) how

the faculty deal with students who refuse to participate in

putatively painful procedures. The institutional animal care

and use committee should approve potentially painful teaching

procedures after instructor and department have concluded that

teaching such procedures is essential to a complete

educational experience.

368 NAL Call. No.: 410.9 P94

A technique for liver biopsy performed in Pekin ducks using

anesthesia with Telazol.

Carp, N.Z.; Saputelli, J.; Halbherr, T.C.; Mason, W.S.;

Jilbert, A.R. Cordova, Tenn. : American Association for

Laboratory Animal Science; 1991 Oct. Laboratory animal science

v. 41 (5): p. 474-475; 1991 Oct. Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Ducks; Liver; Biopsy; Anesthesia; Lidocaine;

Injectable anesthetics; Safety; Duck hepatitis virus

Abstract: Infection of Pekin ducks with duck hepatitis B

virus is a useful model for studying the hepadenoviruses, of

which human hepatitis B virus is the prototype. The utility of

this model has been limited, however, by the difficulties

associated with anesthetizing and obtaining liver biopsies

from ducks. We developed a technique using Telazol, (13 mg/kg)

to anesthetize ducks before surgical biopsy of the liver in

ducks infected with duck hepatitis B virus. Eight Pekin ducks

infected with duck hepatitis B virus underwent serial biopsies

at 4- to 5-week intervals. There was one perioperative death

in 34 surgical procedures with no evidence on intra-abdominal

sepsis or wound complications. Telazol can be used safely and

humanely to anesthetize ducks without the need for general

endotracheal anesthesia.

369 NAL Call. No.: 41.8 C81

Telazol and xylazine anesthesia in sheep.

Lin, H.C.; Tyler, J.W.; Wallace, S.S.; Thurmon, J.C.; Wolfe,

D.F. Ithaca, N.Y. : Cornell Veterinarian, Inc; 1993 Apr.

Cornell veterinarian v. 83 (2): p. 117-124; 1993 Apr. 

Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Sheep; Anesthesia

Anesthesia and Analgesia for Farm Animals, QB 95-13 https://web.archive.org/web/20010210200328/http://www.nal.usda.gov/...

118 of 150 3/29/2016 12:09 PM
370 NAL Call. No.: 41.8 V641

Temporary bilateral laryngeal paralysis in a horse associated

with general anaesthesia and post anaesthetic myositis.

Dixon, P.M.; Railton, D.I.; McGorum, B.C.

London : The Association; 1993 Jan09.

The Veterinary record : journal of the British Veterinary

Association v. 132 (2): p. 29-32; 1993 Jan09. Includes

references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Horses; Anesthesia; Adverse effects

371 NAL Call. No.: QP1.C6

Thyroid regulation of body temperature in anaesthetized

chickens. Lam, S.K.; Harvey, S.

Oxford : Pergamon Press; 1990.

Comparative biochemistry and physiology : A : Comparative

physiology v. 95 (3): p. 435-439; 1990. Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Chickens; Anesthesia; Thyroid function; Body

temperature; Blood plasma; Triiodothyronine; Thyroxine;

Somatostatin

372 NAL Call. No.: 41.8 SO8

Tiletamine hydrochloride in combination with zolazepam

hydrochloride as an anaesthetic agent in sheep.

Taylor, J.H.; Botha, C.J.; Swan, G.E.; Mulders, M.S.G.;

Grobler, M.J. Pretoria : The Association; 1992 Jun.

Journal of the South African Veterinary Association v. 63 (2):

p. 63-65; 1992 Jun. Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Sheep; Anesthesia; Anesthetics; Drug

formulations; Dosage; Atropine; Preanesthetic medication;

Blood pressure; Heart rate

373 NAL Call. No.: QP1.C6

Tissue blood content in anaesthetised sheep and horses.

Weaver, B.M.Q.; Staddon, G.E.; Pearson, M.R.B.

Oxford : Pergamon Press; 1989.

Comparative biochemistry and physiology : A : Comparative

physiology v. 94 (3): p. 401-404. ill; 1989. Includes

references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Sheep; Horses; Tissues; Anesthesia; Erythrocytes;

Blood volume

374 NAL Call. No.: QP1.C6

Tissue perfusion in anaesthetised sheep.

Weaver, B.M.Q.; Staddon, G.E.; Pearson, M.R.B.

Oxford : Pergamon Press; 1990.

Comparative biochemistry and physiology : A : Comparative

physiology v. 95 (3): p. 359-361; 1990. Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Sheep; Anesthesia; Tissue analysis;

Radioactivity; Heart output; Blood flow

Anesthesia and Analgesia for Farm Animals, QB 95-13 https://web.archive.org/web/20010210200328/http://www.nal.usda.gov/...

119 of 150 3/29/2016 12:09 PM
375 NAL Call. No.: SF955.E6

A tracheal tube-in-tube technique for functional separation of

the lungs in the horse.

Moens, Y.; Gootjes, P.; Lagerweij, E.

Newmarket : R & W Publications; 1992 Mar.

Equine veterinary journal v. 24 (2): p. 103-106; 1992 Mar. 

Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Horses; Lungs; Anesthesia; Trachea; Tubes;

Bronchi; Fiber optics

376 NAL Call. No.: 49 J82

Transport of pigs different with respect to the halothane

gene: stress assessment.

Geers, R. \u Catholic University, Leuven, Heverlee, Belgium;

Bleus, E.; Schie, T. van; Gerard, H.; Janssens, S.; Nackaerts,

G.; Decuypere, E.; Jourquin, J. Champaign, Ill. : American

Society of Animal Science; 1994 Oct. Journal of animal science

v. 72 (10): p. 2552-2558; 1994 Oct. Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Pigs; Transport of animals; Halothane

susceptibility; Heart rate; Body temperature; Hydrocortisone;

Endorphins; Fasting; Genotypes; Stress; Animal welfare

Abstract: Two transport experiments were carried out with 18

pigs each. These pigs originated from three genetic lines

(homozygous halothane-positive and -negative and

heterozygotes). Half the pigs were unfed for 12 h before

transport. All pigs were transported twice for 2 h. Before and

after transport pigs were anesthetized to take blood samples

from the jugular vein and biopsies from the biceps femoris. At

the same time equipment to measure body temperature and heart

rate were attached or detached. Plasma cortisol and betaendorphin concentrations were measured as well as the glycogen

concentration in the muscle sample. Line differences were

detected with respect to body temperature (P < .04)7 heart

rate (P < .05), and cortisol (P < .01). The withholding of

feed influenced (P < .04) plasma beta-endorphin concentration.

Body temperature (P < .02), heart rate (P < .001), cortisol (P

< .01), and beta-endorphin (P < .001) were different before

and after transport, whereas a training effect of the

transport number was observed for heart rate (P < .07) and

plasma beta-endorphin (P < .02). No interactions between

treatments were observed. The relationship between cortisol

and beta-endorphin suggests a nonconcomitant release of ACTH

and beta-endorphin.

377 NAL Call. No.: SF911.V43

An unusual cause of increasing airway pressure during

anesthesia. Klein, L.V.; Wilson, D.V.

Philadelphia, Pa. : J.B. Lippincott Company; 1989 May.

Veterinary surgery v. 18 (3): p. 239-241. ill; 1989 May. 

Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Mares; Anesthesia; Halothane; Defects; Partial

pressure

378 NAL Call. No.: SF955.E6

Urticarial response during anesthesia in a horse.

Matthews, N.S.; Light, G.S.; Sanders, E.A.; Hartsfield, S.M.;

Hustead, D.R. Newmarket : R & W Publications; 1993 Nov.

Anesthesia and Analgesia for Farm Animals, QB 95-13 https://web.archive.org/web/20010210200328/http://www.nal.usda.gov/...

120 of 150 3/29/2016 12:09 PM
Equine veterinary journal v. 25 (6): p. 555-556; 1993 Nov. 

Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Horses; Anesthesia; Urticaria; Guaifenesin

379 NAL Call. No.: SF910.P34A55 1992

Use of acupuncture for the control of chronic pain and for

surgical analgesia. Klide, A.M.

New York : Churchill Livingstone; 1992.

Animal pain / edited by Charles E. Short, Alan Van Poznak. p.

249-257; 1992. Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Animals; Horses; Pain; Laminitis; Surgical

operations; Analgesics; Treatment; Acupuncture

380 NAL Call. No.: 41.8 V6456

The use of detomidine as a premedicant and sedative in horses.

Jones, R.S.

London : Wright; 1989.

The Veterinary annual (29): p. 175-177; 1989. Includes

references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Horses; Preanesthetic medication; Agonists;

Neuroleptics; Analgesics; Anesthesia; Pharmacokinetics;

Dosage; Adverse effects

381 NAL Call. No.: 41.8 AM3A

Use of end-tidal CO2 tension to predict arterial CO2 values in

isoflurane-anesthetized equine neonates.

Geiser, D.R.; Rohrbach, B.W.

Schaumburg, Ill. : American Veterinary Medical Association;

1992 Sep. American journal of veterinary research v. 53 (9):

p. 1617-1621; 1992 Sep. Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Horses; Newborn animals; Carbon dioxide; Blood;

Anesthesia; Inhaled anesthetics; Lung ventilation

382 NAL Call. No.: 41.8 R3224

Use of epidural morphine to relieve pain in a horse.

Valverde, A.; Little, C.B.; Dyson, D.H.; Motter, C.H.

Ottawa : Canadian Veterinary Medical Association; 1990 Mar.

The Canadian veterinary journal v. 31 (3): p. 211-212; 1990

Mar. Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Horses; Pain; Conduction anesthesia; Morphine;

Case reports

383 NAL Call. No.: SF951.V47

Use of halothane and isoflurane in the horse.

Brunson, D.B.

Philadelphia, Pa. : W.B. Saunders; 1990 Dec.

The Veterinary clinics of North America : equine practice v. 6

(3): p. 529-541; 1990 Dec. Includes references.

Language: English

Anesthesia and Analgesia for Farm Animals, QB 95-13 https://web.archive.org/web/20010210200328/http://www.nal.usda.gov/...

121 of 150 3/29/2016 12:09 PM
Descriptors: Horses; Anesthesia; Halothane; Nitrous oxide;

Inhaled anesthetics; Respiratory system; Cardiovascular system

384 NAL Call. No.: SF601.J62

Use of inhalation anesthesia to facilitate surgical training

on swine farms. Riebold, T.W.; Ferries, J.V.; Crisman, R.O.

Blacksburg, Va. : The Association of American Veterinary

Medical Colleges; 1989.

Journal of veterinary medical education v. 16 (2): p. 50-52.

ill; 1989. Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Pigs; Veterinary education; Surgical operations;

Anesthesia; Apparatus; Halothane; Hyperthermia

385 NAL Call. No.: SF951.J65

The use of tiletamine-zolazepam for "darting" feral horses.

Matthews, N.S.; Myers, M.M.

Lake Elsinore, Calif. : William E. Jones, DVM; 1993 May.

Journal of equine veterinary science v. 13 (5): p. 264-267;

1993 May. Proceedings of the First International Conference on

Equine Rescue, February 6-7, 1993, Santa Barbara, California. 

Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: North Carolina; Horses; Feral herds; Anesthesia;

Restraint of animals

386 NAL Call. No.: 41.8 M69

Using injectable anesthetic drugs safely in horses.

Matthews, N.S.; Hartsfield, S.M.

Lenexa, Kan. : Veterinary Medicine Publishing Co; 1993 Feb.

Veterinary medicine v. 88 (2): p. 154-159; 1993 Feb. Includes

references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Horses; Injectable anesthetics; Anesthesia;

Preoperative care; Safety

387 NAL Call. No.: 41.8 M69

Using perineural anesthesia to localize equine lameness.

Gibson, K.T.; Stashak, T.S.

Lenexa, Kan. : Veterinary Medicine Publishing Company; 1989

Nov. Veterinary medicine v. 84 (11): p. 1082, 1084-1086; 1989

Nov. Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Horses; Anesthesia; Legs; Lameness; Diagnostic

techniques

388 NAL Call. No.: 41.8 M69

Using Telazol-ketamine-xylazine anesthesia for castration of

cryptorchid pigs. Ko, J.C.H.; Thurmon, J.C.; Benson, G.J.;

Tranquilli, W.J. Lenexa, Kan. : Veterinary Medicine Publishing

Co; 1994 Oct. Veterinary medicine v. 89 (10): p. 999-1002;

1994 Oct. Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Pigs; Cryptorchidism; Castration; Anesthesia;

Anesthesia and Analgesia for Farm Animals, QB 95-13 https://web.archive.org/web/20010210200328/http://www.nal.usda.gov/...

122 of 150 3/29/2016 12:09 PM
Injectable anesthetics; Ketamine; Xylazine; Drug combinations;

Adverse effects

389 NAL Call. No.: 41.8 V641

Variation in the analgesic effects of xylazine in different

breeds of sheep. Ley, S.; Waterman, A.; Livingston, A.

London : The Association; 1990 May19.

The Veterinary record : journal of the British Veterinary

Association v. 126 (20): p. 508; 1990 May19. Includes

references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Sheep; Xylazine; Breed differences; Clun forest;

Swaledale; Welsh mountain; Drug effects

390 NAL Call. No.: DISS F1992212

Ventilation and gas exchange in each lung of the anaesthetised

horse the influence of body position and mechanical

ventilation = Ventilatie en gasuitwisseling in iedere long bij

het geanaestheseerde paarde : invloed van de lichaamspositie

en van mechanische beademing.. Ventilatie en gasuitwisseling

in iedere long bij het geanaestheseerde paarde, invloed van de

lichaamspositie en van mechanische beademing

Moens, Y.

Utrecht? : s.n.,; 1992.

203 p. : ill. ; 24 cm. Thesis statement, summary, afterword,

and vita in Dutch. Includes bibliographical references.

Language: English

391 NAL Call. No.: SF955.E6

Ventilation-perfusion relationships in the anaesthetised

horse. Nyman, G.; Hedenstierna, G.

Newmarket : R & W Publications; 1989 Jul.

Equine veterinary journal v. 21 (4): p. 274-281; 1989 Jul. 

Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Horses; Anesthesia; Ventilation; Statistical

analysis

392 NAL Call. No.: 41.2 H198 1989 [no.60]

Versuche zur Entwicklung einer intramuskularen

Injektionsananthesie beim Schwein mit Kombinationen von

Phenothiazinen, Phencyclidinien, Benzodiazepinen,

Imidazolidinderivaten und morphinahnlichen Analgetika [Trials

to develop an intramuscular injectable anesthesia with

combinations of phenothiazines, phencyclidines,

benzodiazephines, imadazolidine derivatives and morphine-like

analgesics in swine].

Ruppert, Konstanze

Hannover : [s.n.],; 1989.

175 p. : ill. ; 21 cm. English summary. Includes

bibliographical references (p.163-175).

Language: German

393 NAL Call. No.: SF910.P34A55 1992

Visceral and peripheral pain detection models in the horse,

using flunixin and carprofen.

Schatzmann, U.; Gugelmann, M.; Cranach, J. von; Ludwig, B.M.;

Rehm, W.F.; Baumgartner, T.; Stauffer, J.L.

New York : Churchill Livingstone; 1992.

Anesthesia and Analgesia for Farm Animals, QB 95-13 https://web.archive.org/web/20010210200328/http://www.nal.usda.gov/...

123 of 150 3/29/2016 12:09 PM
Animal pain / edited by Charles E. Short, Alan Van Poznak. p.

411-420, 432-433; 1992. Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Horses; Pain; Detection; Models; Antiinflammatory

agents; Flunixin; Testing; Balloons; Pharmacokinetics;

Analgesics

394 NAL Call. No.: SF951.E62

Waste anesthetic gases in the operating room.

Greene, S.; Keegan, R.

Santa Barbara, Calif. : Veterinary Practice Publishing

Company; 1989 Oct. Equine practice v. 11 (9): p. 25-28. ill;

1989 Oct. Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Horses; Anesthetics; Wastes; Health protection;

Health hazards; Veterinarians; Abortion; Leakage

395 NAL Call. No.: SF601.I4

Welfare aspects of castration and tail docking of lambs.

Wood, G.; Molony, V.

London : British Veterinary Association; 1992 Jan.

In practice v. 14 (1): p. 2-4, 6-7; 1992 Jan. Includes

references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Uk; Lambs; Castration; Docking; Vasoconstriction;

Infections; Pain; Local anesthesia; Blood plasma; Animal

welfare; Complications; Veterinary equipment; Animal behavior;

Hydrocortisone

396 NAL Call. No.: S13.A53 nr.76

Wymiana gazowa i hemodynamika koni znieczulanych halotanem z

oddechem spontaniczym i kontrolowanym = Gas exchange and

hemodynamics of halothane anesthetized horses with spontaneous

and controlled ventilation.. Gas exchange and hemodynamics of

halothane anesthetized horses with spontaneous and controlled

ventilation

Ratajczak, Kornel

Wroclaw : Wydawn. Akademii Rolniczej we Wroclawiu, Katedra i

Klinika Chirurgii,; 1989.

69 p. : ill. ; 24 cm. (Zeszyty naukowe Akademii Rolniczej we

Wroclawiu. Rozprawy, nr. 76). Summary and subcaptions in

English. Includes bibliographical references (p. 63-68).

Language: Polish

397 NAL Call. No.: 41.8 AM3A

Xylazine and tiletamine-zolazepam anesthesia in horses.

Hubbell, J.A.E.; Bednarski, R.M.; Muir, W.W.

Schaumburg, Ill. : American Veterinary Medical Association;

1989 May. American journal of veterinary research v. 50 (5):

p. 737-742; 1989 May. Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Horses; Xylazine; Anesthetics; Anesthesia;

Cardiovascular system; Respiratory system

Abstract: The cardiopulmonary and anesthetic effects of

xylazine in combination with a 1:1 mixture of tiletamine and

zolazepam were determined in 6 horses. Each horse was given

Anesthesia and Analgesia for Farm Animals, QB 95-13 https://web.archive.org/web/20010210200328/http://www.nal.usda.gov/...

124 of 150 3/29/2016 12:09 PM
xylazine IV or IM, as well as tiletamine-zolazepam IV on 4

randomized occasions. Anesthetics were administered at the

rate of 1.1 mg of xylazine/kg of body weight, IV, 1.1 mg of

tiletamine-zolazepam/kg, IV (treatment 1); 1.1 mg of

xylazine/kg, IV, 1.65 mg of tiletamine-zolazepam/kg, IV

(treatment 2); 1.1 mg of xylazine/kg, IV, 2.2 mg of

tiletamine-zolazepam/kg, IV (treatment 3); and 2.2 mg of

xylazine/kg, IM, 1.65 mg of tiletamine-zolazepam/kg, IV

(treatment 4). Tiletamine-zolazepam doses were the sum of

tiletamine plus zolazepam. Xylazine, when given IV, was given

5 minutes before tiletamine-zolazepam. Xylazine, when given

IM, was given 10 minutes before tiletamine-zolazepam.

Tiletamine-zolazepam induced recumbency in all horses.

Duration of recumbency in group 1 was 31.9 +/- 7.2 (mean +/- 1

SD) minutes. Increasing the dosage of tiletamine-zolazepam

(treatments 2 and 3) significantly (P less than 0.05)

increased the duration of recumbency. Xylazine caused

significant (P less than 0.05) decreases in heart rate and

cardiac output and significant (P less than 0.05) increases in

central venous pressure and mean pulmonary artery pressure 5

minutes after administration. Respiratory rate was decreased.

Arterial blood pressures increased significantly (P less than

0.05) after xylazine was administered IV in treatments 1 and

3, but the increases were not significant in treatment 2.

Xylazine administered IM caused significant (P less than 0.05)

increases in central venous pressure and significant (P less

than 0.05) decreases in cardiac output. Tiletamine-zolazepam

administration caused significant (P less than 0.05) decreases

in arterial partial pressure of oxygen and arterial pH and

significant (P less than 0.05) increases in arterial partial

pressure of carbon dioxide. These changes persisted for the

durati

398 NAL Call. No.: SF955.E6

Xylazine and tiletamine-zolazepam for induction of anaesthesia

maintained with halothane in 19 horses.

Abrahamsen, E.J.; Hubbell, J.A.E.; Bednarski, R.M.; Muir,

W.W.; Macioce, B.A. Newmarket : R & W Publications; 1991 May.

Equine veterinary journal v. 23 (3): p. 224-225; 1991 May. 

Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Horses; Anesthesia; Xylazine; Halothane; Blood

pressure

399 NAL Call. No.: 41.8 R3224

Xylazine epidural analgesia for cesarean section in cattle.

Caulkett, N.; Cribb, P.H.; Duke, T.

Ottawa : Canadian Veterinary Medical Association, c1978-; 1993

Nov. The Canadian veterinary journal; La revue veterinaire

canadienne v. 34 (11): p. 674-676; 1993 Nov. Includes

references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Cattle; Caesarean section; Xylazine

400 NAL Call. No.: SF601.C66

Xylazine hydrochloride epidural analgesia: a method of

providing sedation and analgesia to facilitate castration of

mature bulls.

Caulkett, N.A.; Macdonald, D.G.; Janzen, E.D.; Cribb, P.N.;

Fretz, P.B. Trenton, N.J. : Veterinary Learning Systems

Company; 1993 Aug. The Compendium on continuing education for

the practicing veterinarian v. 15 (8): p. 1155-1159; 1993 Aug. 

Includes references.

Anesthesia and Analgesia for Farm Animals, QB 95-13 https://web.archive.org/web/20010210200328/http://www.nal.usda.gov/...

125 of 150 3/29/2016 12:09 PM
Language: English

Descriptors: Bulls; Pain; Analgesics; Conduction anesthesia

Go to: Author Index | Subject Index | Top of Document

Abdella, M. 294

Abdella, M.G. 96

Abrahamsen, E.J. 45, 398

Adams, J.G. 62

Aerts, M.M.L. 122

Aeschbacher, G. 312

Aguiar, A.J.A. 91

Ahern, T.J. 70

Ailes, N. 319

Akkaya, R. 177

Al-Badrany, M.S. 127

Al-Hasan, A.M. 127

Al-Kassim, N.A. 86

ALlen, D. 236

Allen, S.L. 248

Allen, T. 14

Allen, W.C. 50

Ambrose, J.D. 355

Amin, A. 8, 109, 224

Amouzadeh, H.R. 177

Anderson, K.L. 241, 313

Angenot, L. 223

Antognini, J.F. 26

Archer, R.M. 23, 24

Arden, W.A. 166, 173

Aucoin, D.P. 313

Azam, K. 152

Aziz, H.A. 191

Badcoe, L.M. 269

Baggot, J.D. 290

Bagwell, C.A. 291

Bailey, C.S. 143

Bailey, J.E. 248

Ball, B.A. 126

Barrington, G.M. 358

Bartel, D.L. 185

Bartels, J.E. 99

Barton, M.H. 202

Bartram, D.H. 81, 83

Baumgartner, T. 393

Baxter, G.M. 174, 245, 357

Beale, N.J. 163

Beasley, A. 101

Beatty, E.R. 36

Becht, J.L. 221

Beck, E. 1

Bednarski, R.M. 45, 144, 155, 176, 233, 397, 398

Begara, I. 280

Bellhorn, R.W. 143

Benharkate, M. 235

Benson, G.J. 229, 234, 237, 262, 328, 388

Benthuysen, J.A. 98

Berkan, T. 29

Bertone, A.L. 121

Bertone, J.J. 119

Betley, M. 10

Bhattacharya, S.K. 32

Bienzle, D. 259

Anesthesia and Analgesia for Farm Animals, QB 95-13 https://web.archive.org/web/20010210200328/http://www.nal.usda.gov/...

126 of 150 3/29/2016 12:09 PM
Bindseil, E. 240

Biswas, J.C. 94

Black, W.D. 215, 311

Blais, D. 238

Blake, J.W. 292

Blanc, R. 235

Bleus, E. 376

Blikslager, A.T. 345

Bloor, B.C. 61, 337

Boatright, B.S. 366

Boatwright, C.E. 147

Bobilya, D.J. 50

Bohanon, T.C. 45

Bolon, B.N. 321

Bolton, J.R. 175

Bonica, J.J. 303

Bosschaerts, L. 247

Botha, C.J. 372

Boucheix, O. 235

Bouchenafa, O. 31

Bowers, C.L. 41, 95

Bowker, R.M. 242, 301

Bowling, A.T. 131

Boyd, C. 219

Boyd, C.J. 331

Brandt, S. 72

Branson, K.R. 234, 237, 308

Braun, W. Jr 27

Brearley, J.C. 266, 322

Breazile, J.E. 334

Brewer, T.G. 44

Brismar, B. 38

Brock, N. 48, 89, 111

Brown, M.P. 321

Browning, A.P. 349

Brunson, D.B. 60, 249, 383

Bryant, C.E. 107

Bulla, J. 118

Burba, D.J. 326

Burbidge, H. 269

Burrows, G. 177

Camporesi, E. 169

Carnevale, E.M. 82

Caron, J.P. 68, 87, 242, 301

Carp, N.Z. 368

Cartee, R.E. 99

Carter, S.W. 57, 321

Castro, G.B. 91

Caulkett, N. 399

Caulkett, N.A. 400

Causon, R.C. 318

Chambers, J.P. 11

Chapman, P.L. 52, 55, 248

Chen, C.L. 283

Chou, C.C. 166, 173

Chrisp, C.E. 310

Clark, T.P. 214

Clarke, I.J. 324

Clarke, K.W. 107, 108, 125

Claxton, J.M. 215, 311

Claxton-Gill, M.S. 366

Clutton, R.E. 83, 142, 219

Cmarik, G.F. 307

Collie, D.D.S. 280

Collins, J.A. 349

Colwell, J. 180

Conti, J.C. 99

Cook, C.J. 116

Cooper, J.E. 325

Copland, V.S. 48, 89

Anesthesia and Analgesia for Farm Animals, QB 95-13 https://web.archive.org/web/20010210200328/http://www.nal.usda.gov/...

127 of 150 3/29/2016 12:09 PM
Cordell, C. 71

Cornick, J.L. 100, 101, 326

Cornick, J.L. \u Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA

25

Cornick-Seahorn, J.L. 366

Coulson, N.M. 316

Court, M.H. 80, 204, 210, 254

Cox, J.F. 156

Coyez, F. 235

Cranach, J. von 393

Cribb, P.H. 6, 399

Cribb, P.N. 400

Crisman, R.O. 139, 384

Crump, K.T. 248

Cullen, K. 186

Cullen, L.K. 46, 79, 143, 175

Curry, S.H. 312

Curtis, M.B. 23

Curtis, M.B. \u University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI

24

Cuvelliez, S. 207, 238

Cuvelliez, S.G. 60

Da Silva Curiel, J. 143

Daels, P.F. 2

Dalin, A.M. 154

Damas, J. 223

Daunt, D. 89

Daunt, D.A. 2, 364

Davies, C. 157

Davis, J.A. 44

Day, T.K. 314, 320

DeBowes, R.M. 4

Debowes, R.M. 333

Deby, C. 203

Deby-Dupont, G. 203

Decanniere, C. 247

Decuypere, E. 376

DeGraves, F.J. 241, 313

Demme, W.C. 248

DeQuick, D. 292

Devine, C.E. 116

Diamond, M.J. 81, 83

Dickinson, F. 273

Dickson, L.R. 269

Dixon, P.M. 370

Dobson, A. 141

Dobson, H. 266, 306, 317

Dodam, J.R. 135, 169

Dodd, K.T. 51

Dodman, N.H. 80, 210

Doherty, T.J. 212

Dohoo, S.E. 267

Dollar, N.S. 230

Dollars, N.S. 330

Donaldson, L.L. 39

Dopson, D.C. \u Brompton Hospital, London 270

Doran, R. 220

Dorner, J.L. 234, 237

Doxey, D.L. 74

Ducharme, G.R. 114, 115

Ducharme, N.G. 114, 115, 282, 338

Duff, S.R.I. 36

Duffield, A.M. 225

Duke, T. 399

Duncan, I.J.H. 36

Dunlop, C. 85

Dunlop, C.I. 20, 46, 52, 55, 79, 226, 239, 248

Dyke, T.M. 351

Dyson, D. 212

Dyson, D.H. 252, 259, 331, 382

Anesthesia and Analgesia for Farm Animals, QB 95-13 https://web.archive.org/web/20010210200328/http://www.nal.usda.gov/...

128 of 150 3/29/2016 12:09 PM
Dyson, S.J. 105, 265, 271

Eades, S.C. 187

Eberhart, S.W. 53, 64

Ehrich, M. 344

Eicker, S.W. 23, 24, 60, 207

Eisele, J.H. 290

Eisele, P.H. 26

Eisenach, J.C. 261

Eisenhauer, C.L. 299

Ekstrom, P.M. 113, 190

El Halawani, M.E. 136

Elliott, A.R. 79, 143, 290

Engel, H.N. 243

England, G.C.W. 107, 108

Erb, H.N. 282, 338

Eurell, T. 307

Evans, N.P. 7

Ewing, K.K. 19

Exposito, A.J. 169

Eyre, P. 142

Fackelman, G.E. 319

Fales, W.H. 345

Fantoni, D.T. 91

Faraj, E. 75

Fassbender, C.P. 117

Faulkner, D.B. 307

Fawcett, T.A. 169

Ferguson, D. 329

Ferries, J.V. 384

Firth, E.C. 260

Fischer, J.R. 345

Fisher, P.E. 179, 184

Fitzgerald, G. 325

Fleetwood-Walker, S.M. 183

Floyd, J.G. Jr 195

Ford, T.S. 103

Fretz, P.B. 400

Friend, T.H. 41, 95

Frischmeryer, K.J. 213

Froman, D.P. 243

Frostell, C. 38

Fubini, S.L. 147, 338

Fung, D.L. 123

Funkquist, B. 38

Gamble, K.C. 365

Gamboa, J.C. 366

Ganter, M. 117

Gasthuys, F. 274

Gaughan, E.M. 4, 185, 278

Gaynor, J.S. 144, 155, 309

Geers, R. 247

Geers, R. \u Catholic University, Leuven, Heverlee, Belgium

376

Geimer, T.R. 190

Geiser, D.R. 76, 77, 381

Genevois, J.P. 235

Gentle, M.J. 42

Gerard, H. 376

Gerring, E.L. 125

Gibbs, N.M. 133

Gibson, K.T. 194, 387

Gilbert, K.V. 116

Gilbert, M. 340

Gillespie, J.R. 239

Gilmour, J.S. 74

Giri, S.N. 46, 79

Glatz, P.C. 12

Gleed, R.D. 96, 141

Goble, D.O. 231, 352

Goedseels, V. 247

Anesthesia and Analgesia for Farm Animals, QB 95-13 https://web.archive.org/web/20010210200328/http://www.nal.usda.gov/...

129 of 150 3/29/2016 12:09 PM
Golden, C.S. 248

Goodship, A.E. 11

Goossens, L. 9, 108

Gootjes, P. 130, 375

Grandy, J.L. 52, 138

Gray, P.R. 64

Green, S.L. 321

Greene, S. 394

Greene, S.A. 200

Greenfield, R.E. 44

Greenlees, K.J. 142

Gregg, A.S. 81, 83

Gregoricka, M.J. 10

Gregory, N.G. 140, 151

Grissom, K.K. 41, 95

Grobler, M.J. 372

Groenendyk, J. 191

Gronert, G.A. 123

Grospitch, B.J. 54

Gross, W.B. 344

Grubb, T.L. 102, 211

Gugelmann, M. 393

Guilbault, L.A. 33

Hackett, R.P. 338

Hadi, A.H.A. 297

Haggendal, J. 154

Haibel, G.K. 33

Halbherr, T.C. 368

Hall, L.W. 146, 191

Hamm, D. 347

Hamra, J.G. 291

Hancock, D. 71

Hankes, G.H. 99

Hardee, G.E. 160

Hardee, M.M. 160

Harris, T. 67

Harrison, I.W. 65

Hartsfield, S.M. 100, 101, 104, 339, 378, 386

Harvey, S. 371

Haskins, S.C. 158

Hawkins, J.K. 139

Headley, P.M. 353

Heath, R.B. 52, 85, 248, 275, 276

Hecke, P. van 247

Hedenstierna, G. 38, 391

Hellman, J.M. 129

Hellyer, P.W. 135, 165, 176, 178, 304, 341

Hengemuhle, S.M. 173

Hennig, G.E. 204

Herzog, D.N. 129

Hicks, T.A. 367

Hildebrand, S. 298

Hildebrand, S.V. 48, 85, 89, 111, 123, 153, 164, 258, 296

Hill, T. 153

Hill, T. III 48, 164, 258, 296

Hillerton, J.E. 47

Hillman, R.B. 126

Hinchcliff, K.W. 58

Hocking, P.M. 36, 37

Hodgson, D. 85

Hodgson, D.R. 71

Hodgson, D.S. 22, 46, 52, 55, 79, 138, 222, 226, 239

Hodgson, J.C. 74, 183

Hodson, N. 318

Hoffsis, G.F. 69

Holcombe, S. 320

Holland, M. 39, 89, 153

Honnas, C.M. 365

Hoogendoorn, A. 279

Hornof, W.J. 179, 184

Anesthesia and Analgesia for Farm Animals, QB 95-13 https://web.archive.org/web/20010210200328/http://www.nal.usda.gov/...

130 of 150 3/29/2016 12:09 PM
Hoskinson, J.J. 4

Howard, B.W. 63

Huang, Y.C. 169

Hubbard, N. 273

Hubbell, J.A.E. 45, 97, 176, 289, 309, 397, 398

Hubbell, John A. E. 201

Huber, M.J. 102, 211

Huber, R. 192

Hunt, J. 318

Hunt, R.J. 236

Hunter, L.N. 42

Hussni, C.A. 91

Hustead, D. 210

Hustead, D.R. 378

Hyyppa, T. 275

Iliff-Sizemore, S.A. 310

Ilkiw, J.E. 98, 295

Irwin-Davies, J. 75

Jackson, A.C. 239

Jackson, Peter 193

Jacobs, J.R. 215

Jacobson, J.D. 100, 106

Janssens, S. 247, 376

Januszkiewicz, A.J. 51, 63, 316

Janzen, E.D. 400

Jarvis, K.A. 79, 143, 290

Jeffcott, L.B. 324

Jenkins, O.C. 41, 95

Jensen, J. 25

Jensen, L.T. 216

Jessup, D.A. 162

Jilbert, A.R. 368

Jochle, W. 82, 126, 132, 347

Johnson, C.B. 13, 322

Johnston, G.M. 197

Jones, J.H. 123

Jones, R.B. 42

Jones, R.S. 81, 83, 266, 306, 317, 380

Jourdenais, D.A. 57

Jourquin, J. 376

Kallfelz, F.A. 159, 278

Kalsbeek, H.C. 9

Kamerling, S. 292

Kamerling, S.G. 291

Kammerling, S.G. 293

Kaneps, A.J. 18

Kannegieter, N.J. 269

Karjalainen, J. 251

Ke, Y. 196

Keates, H. 191

Keegan, R. 394

Keegan, R.D. 96, 200

Kelley, A.B. 138

Kellon, E. 319

Kent, J.E. 43, 73

Keukens, H.J. 122

Kidd, L. 105

Kim, C. 61

Kirby, J.D. 243

Klein, L. 21, 319

Klein, L.V. 90, 377

Klide, A.M. 3, 286, 379

Klinken, L. 240

Klis, J.D. van der 279

Klont, R.E. 149

Knight, C.H. 47

Ko, J.C.H. 106, 328, 388

Koch, S.A. 39

Kolataj, A. 118

Kollias-Baker, C.A. 254

Anesthesia and Analgesia for Farm Animals, QB 95-13 https://web.archive.org/web/20010210200328/http://www.nal.usda.gov/...

131 of 150 3/29/2016 12:09 PM
Komsthoft, Ute 49

Kortz, G. 143

Kotyk, R. 242

Koul, G.L. 94

Kramer, G.C. 158

Krook, L.P. 185

Kurpershoek, C.J. 188

Kvart, C. 38

Kyles, A. 31

Kyles, A.E. 30

Laber-Laird, K. 180

Lagerweij, E. 130, 375

Lagutchik, M.S. 51, 63, 285

Lam, S.K. 371

Lambooy, E. 149

Lamy, M. 203

Larsen, C.T. 142

Latimer, F.G. 231

Laverty, S. 238

Lavoie, J.P. 188

Lay, D.C. Jr 41, 95

LeBlanc, M.M. 348

Leblanc, P.H. 53

LeBlanc, P.H. 68, 78, 87, 336

Lee, S.W. 99

Leith, D.E. 333

Lerche, E. 238

Lermioglu, F. 29

Lester, G.D. 175

Levine, H. 80

Levine, H.D. 210

Ley, J. de 247

Ley, S. 250, 389

Ley, S.J. 72, 168, 170, 353

Light, G.S. 135, 165, 304, 339, 378

Lin, H.C. 65, 161, 229, 369

Lin, H.C. \u Auburn University, AL 110

Lindsay, S.L. 148

Lindsay, W.A. 23, 24, 249

Liskey, C.C. 184

Little, C.B. 382

Little, T.V. 126

Livingston, A. 8, 11, 30, 31, 72, 109, 168, 170, 224, 250,

353, 389

Loeffler, B.S. 166

Logtestijn, J.G. van 149

Long, K.J. 83

Lorenzen, I. 216

Loscher, W. 117

Lowe, J.E. 40, 282

Ludders, J.W. 182, 287

Ludwig, B.M. 393

Luhmann, R. 192

Lujan, L. 280

Lumsden, J.H. 114, 115

Luna, S.P.L. 91, 163

Lundh, B. 38

Lundquist, H. 38

Lust, G. 147

MacAllister, C.G. 150

Macdonald, D.G. 400

MacFadden, K.E. 345

Macioce, B.A. 398

Mackie, I.M. 152

Madan, M.L. 355

Magnusson, U. 154

Mahmood, S. 94

Majors, L.J. 249

Malan, J.H. 302

Anesthesia and Analgesia for Farm Animals, QB 95-13 https://web.archive.org/web/20010210200328/http://www.nal.usda.gov/...

132 of 150 3/29/2016 12:09 PM
Mandsager, R.E. 88

Manik, R.S. 355

Mann, K.A. 185

Marroum, P.J. \u US Food and Drug Administration, Rockville,

MD 312

Martin, B.B. Jr 3, 286

Martin, D.G. 51, 63, 285

Mason, D.E. 172

Mason, W.S. 368

Massone, F. 91

Mather, L.E. 244, 246

Matsuda, L.S. 299

Matthews, N.S. 100, 101, 104, 148, 230, 326, 330, 339, 343,

378, 385, 386

Maurizi, M.G. 50

Mayhew, I.G. 354

Maylin, G.A. 96, 340

McCarthy, R.N. 324

McCarty, J.E. 329

McGlone, J.J. 129, 367

McGorum, B.C. 370

McGrath, C.J. 106

McKinnon, A.O. 82

McLauchlan, C. 60

McLean, C.F. 244

McMurphy, R.M. 6

McNeal, D. 98

McNeilly, J.R. 7

Meagher, D.M. 85, 275

Mellor, D.J. 167, 183

Meschter, C. 282

Messen, J. 156

Meyer, R.E. 178, 341

Meyer, T.F. 358

Miller, S.M. 104

Mitchell, G.S. 182, 287

Mitra, S.K. 32

Moens, Y. 35, 130, 375, 390

Mohammad, F.K. 86, 127

Mohammed, H. 185

Mohan Raj, A.B. 140, 151

Moll, H.D. 342

Molony, V. 5, 43, 73, 167, 183, 395

Moon, P.F. 158, 213, 305

Moon, R.E. 169

Moor, A. de 274

Moore, J.N. 160, 187, 236, 245

Moore, R.M. 145

Mora, G. 156

Morris, R. 353

Mosier, D.A. 4

Mottart, E. 203

Motter, C.H. 382

Mueller, P.O.E. 357

Muir, W.W. 58, 69, 97, 206, 397, 398

Muir, W.W. III 17, 45, 54, 66, 92, 144, 155, 172, 176, 181,

233, 253, 257, 315, 320

Muir, William,_1946- 201

Mulders, M.S.G. 372

Mundie, T.G. 285

Munroe, G. 359

Murphy, L.B. 12

Murray, R.C. \u Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 4

Mustafa, M.R. 297

Myers, M.M. 385

Nabuurs, M.J.A. 279

Nackaerts, G. 376

Nancarrow, C. 244

Nann, L.E. 90

Anesthesia and Analgesia for Farm Animals, QB 95-13 https://web.archive.org/web/20010210200328/http://www.nal.usda.gov/...

133 of 150 3/29/2016 12:09 PM
Nesvadba, P. 152

Nicholson, A. 295

Nicholson, R.I. 129

Nixon, A.J. 185

Nolan, A. 109, 353

Nolan, A.M. 332

Nordheim, E.V. 182

Norman, W.M. 1, 348

Nussbaum, M. 199

Nyberg, L. 154

Nyman, G. 38, 391

Odom, A. 344

Ohl, M.W. 307

Olesen, P. 216

Olson, K.N. 90

Olson, N.C. 169, 341

Olson, W.A. 229, 234, 237, 328

Orsini, P.G. 103

Osburn, B.I. 162

Ott, R.S. 307

Otto, B. 159

Otto, K. 159, 189, 294, 340

Ozer, A. 29

Pablo, L. 99

Pablo, L.S. 342

Pairet, M. 235

Pardy, R.L. 157

Pare, P.D. 157

Parish, S.M. 358

Parks, A.H. 173, 357

Parks, A.K. 174

Parmentier, D. 274

Parry, B.W. 71

Pascoe, J.R. 2, 85, 188

Pascoe, P.J. 114, 115, 215, 252, 311, 331

Passille, A.M.B. de 361

Pearson, M.R.B. 373, 374

Pemberton, A.D. 74

Penny, C.D. 34

Perron, P.R. 158

Peterson, P.R. 84

Philipart, C. 203

Phillips, R.E. 136

Pilsworth, R.C. 218

Pincemail, J. 203

Pirie, R.S. 34

Pitt, M.D. 228

Pollet, R.A. 10

Poltarsky, J. 118

Poortman, J. 130

Porter, M. 205

Prasse, K.W. 174

Preston, A.P. 12

Prugner, W. 192

Purohit, R.C. 99, 214, 342

Qualls, C.W. Jr 177

Quandt, S.K.F. 302

Quetin-Leclercq, J. 223

Raath, J.P. 302

Raekallio, M. 251

Raffe, M.R. 209

Railton, D.I. 370

Randel, R.D. 41

Randle, R.F. 195

Randolph, M.M. 323

Ratajczak, Kornel 396

Reed, S.M. 112

Rehm, W.F. 393

Reibold, T.W. 211

Reid, J. 332

Anesthesia and Analgesia for Farm Animals, QB 95-13 https://web.archive.org/web/20010210200328/http://www.nal.usda.gov/...

134 of 150 3/29/2016 12:09 PM
Reid, W.D. 157

Reilly, P.J. 225

Rex, M.A.E. 191

Rice, R. 64

Riebold, T. W. 327

Riebold, T.W. 16, 18, 102, 139, 288, 360, 384

Ripple, G.R. 316

Risteli, J. 216

Robbins, R.L. 65, 110

Robertson, I.S. 73, 167

Robertson, S.A. 57, 283, 284, 321

Robinson, E.P. 209

Robinson, G.M. 249

Robinson, N.E. 64

Rockershouser, S.J. 242

Rode, J. 182, 287

Roder, J.D. 177

Roelvink, M.E.J. 9

Rohrbach, B.W. 381

Rollin, B. 28

Romero, J.M. 265

Rose, E.M. 84

Rose, J.A. 84

Rose, M.D. 124

Rosenberg, H. 319

Ross, M.W. 103, 186

Rowe, K.E. 360

Runciman, W.B. 244, 246

Rupp, Andreas 208

Ruppert, Konstanze 392

Rush, H.G. 310

Rushen, J. 361

Rutkowski, J.A. 186, 187

Salonen, J.S. 356

Samour, J.H. 75

Sams, R. 181

Sanders, E. 96, 264

Sanders, E.A. 339, 378

Sangiah, S. 150, 177

Sanhouri, A.A. 306, 317

Sansom, R.E. 311

Saputelli, J. 368

Sargison, N.D. 34

Sauvageau, R. 238

Sawyer, M.M. 162

Schatzmann, U. 393

Schie, T. van 376

Schmotzer, W.B. 16, 18, 277, 360

Schouten, W. 361

Schumacher, J.P. 1

Schwark, W.S. 282

Scott, E.A. 360

Scott, P.R. \u Veterinary Field Station, Midlothian, Scotland

34

Serteyn, D. 203

Shawley, R.V. 88, 230, 272, 330

Shearer, G. 124

Shepherd, M.C. 218

Shields, R.P. 321

Short, C.E. 96, 113, 159, 189, 190, 264, 294, 340, 346

Shorten, G.D. 133

Silsby, J.L. 136

Silva-Krott, I. 231

Simonsen, H.B. 240

Singla, S.K. 355

Skarda, R.T. 66, 69, 97, 253, 314, 315

Slade, E.A. 160

Slater, M.R. 104

Smith, A. 180

Smith, A.C. 350

Anesthesia and Analgesia for Farm Animals, QB 95-13 https://web.archive.org/web/20010210200328/http://www.nal.usda.gov/...

135 of 150 3/29/2016 12:09 PM
Smith, C.M. 79

Smith, D.A. 259

Smith, J. 152

Smith, J.A. 55

Smith, V.L. 106

Snyder, J.R. 158

Soma, L.R. 56, 90

Sonea, I.M. 242

Spano, J.S. 161

Spinale, F.G. 350

Sponenberg, D.P. 219

Springbett, A.J. 7

Squires, E.L. 82

St Jean, G. 69, 253

Staddon, G.E. 373, 374

Stashak, T.S. 194, 387

Stauffer, J.L. 393

Steel, C.J. 57

Steele, C.J. 283

Steenhaut, M. 274

Steffey, E.P. 2, 46, 79, 85, 138, 143, 215, 232, 239, 275,

290, 335

Stewart, R.H. 112

Stick, J.A. 137, 166, 173

Stolk, P.W.T. 260

Strachan, N.J.C. 152

Strandberg, A. 38

Suann, C.J. 225

Sullivan, M. 171

Suter, C.M. 305

Sutherland, S.F. 10

Swan, G.E. 372

Swanson, C.R. 169, 304

Swindle, M.M. 15, 180, 350

Symonds, H.W. 196

Tackett, R.L. 245

Tagawa, M. 290

Tai, C. 292

Tavener, A. 116

Taylor, D.S. 345

Taylor, J.H. 372

Taylor, P.M. 13, 134, 163, 217, 322, 362, 363

Testa, M. 209

Teverson, R.M. 47

Thatcher, W.W. 33

Theil, D.R. 169

Thurgate, S.M. 175

Thurmon, J.C. 65, 110, 161, 227, 229, 234, 237, 255, 262, 275,

281, 308, 328, 369, 388

Timm, K.I. 277

Tits, M. 223

Tobin, T. 292

Todhunter, R.J. 147

Tokics, L. 38

Toppin, D.S. 301

Tracy, C.H. 264

Tranquilli, W.A. 328

Tranquilli, W.J. 229, 234, 237, 256, 281, 307, 388

Trim, C.M. 62, 145, 160, 198, 329

Trout, D.R. 179, 184

Tyler, J.W. 110, 161, 369

Tyler, L.M. 55

Upton, R.N. 244, 246

Ustunes, L. 29

Uyehara, C.F.T. 299

Vaha-Vahe, T. 356

Vainio, O. 251, 356

Vainio, O.M. 61, 337

Vakkuri, O. 356

Anesthesia and Analgesia for Farm Animals, QB 95-13 https://web.archive.org/web/20010210200328/http://www.nal.usda.gov/...

136 of 150 3/29/2016 12:09 PM
Valliant, A.E. 212, 259

Valverde, A. 212, 259, 331, 382

Van Slyke, G.L. 275

Vanstapel, F. 247

Verschooten, F. 274

Veum, T.L. 50

Vex, K.B. 242

Ville, H. 247

Villeneuve, P. 33

Vogel, C. 120

Waddington, D. 42

Wagner, A.E. 20, 54, 58, 233, 248

Walker, M.A. 339

Wallace, R. 159

Wallace, R.J. 278

Wallace, S.S. 65, 110, 369

Wallis, A.S. 93

Wan, P.Y. \u Chino Valley Equine Hospital, Chino, CA 231

Ward, J.L. 219

Warren, P.M. 280

Washbourne, J.R. 354

Washino, R.K. 162

Waterman, A. 250, 389

Waterman, A.E. 8, 11, 30, 31, 72, 109, 168, 170, 224, 353

Watney, G.C.G. 1, 333

Watson, J.W. 239

Watson, T.D.G. 171

Watt, N.J. 280

Weaver, A.D. 263

Weaver, B.M.Q. 373, 374

Webb, A.I. 312

Webb, R. 7

Weckman, T.J. 292

Weisbrode, S.E. 112

Welles, E.G. 161

Welsh, E. 332

Wensing, T. 9

Wertz, E.M. 275

Wheat, J.D. 85

White, D.A. 123

White, K.K. 71

Whitehair, K.J. 333, 335

Wikeem, B.M. 228

Wilkie, D.A. 300

Wilkins, P.A. 282

Williams, B.L. 106

Williams, J.D. 100, 101

Williams, L.L. 254

Willitis, N.H. 335

Willits, N. 2, 46, 79, 85, 138, 232, 290

Wilson, D.A. 345

Wilson, D.V. 56, 64, 137, 377

Wilson, R.C. 214

Winter, A. 47

Wolfe, D.F. 110, 161, 369

Woliner, M. 232

Woliner, M.J. 79, 138, 143, 215, 290, 335

Wong, P. 48, 85

Wood, G. 395

Wood, G.N. 5, 183

Wood, T. 292

Woods, G.L. 126

Work, T.M. 162

Wotton, S.B. 140

Yang, Jyan-Ming, 128

Yeager, A.E. 185

Young, D.B. 330

Young, L. 359

Young, L.E. 81, 83

Young, S.S. 13, 59, 146, 217, 268, 322

Anesthesia and Analgesia for Farm Animals, QB 95-13 https://web.archive.org/web/20010210200328/http://www.nal.usda.gov/...

137 of 150 3/29/2016 12:09 PM
Youngren, O.M. 136

Zangana, I.K. 86

Zanini, V. 235

Zaugg, J.L. 199

Zellner, J.L. 350

Zhang, W. 247

Zijderveld, F.G. van 279

Zinn, G. 307

Go to: Author Index | Subject Index | Top of Document

Abdomen 33, 40, 114, 115, 191, 199, 291, 357

Abortion 394

Abscesses 310, 345

Absorption 360

Accuracy 1, 213

Acid base equilibrium 213

Acupuncture 3, 286, 379

Acute course 168

Adhesions 174, 185

Administration 97, 117

Adrenal glands 167

Adverse effects 6, 26, 44, 45, 46, 56, 69, 91, 107, 108, 142,

158, 164, 182, 188, 198, 203, 214, 249, 264, 272, 285, 296,

313, 316, 326, 329, 370, 380, 388

Africa 223

Age 94, 260

Age differences 37, 43, 73, 129, 197

Agonists 31, 58, 108, 109, 125, 159, 177, 261, 351, 380

Alabama 214

Alpha-adrenergic receptors 58, 107, 109, 159

Amino acids 116

Analeptics 134

Analgesics 8, 10, 12, 14, 15, 19, 29, 31, 53, 57, 58, 74, 76,

80, 82, 86, 97, 98, 103, 105, 109, 126, 129, 132, 148, 159,

166, 171, 186, 187, 192, 198, 202, 214, 220, 221, 223, 224,

225, 241, 255, 261, 265, 292, 303, 307, 311, 313, 315, 322,

323, 338, 340, 343, 345, 347, 349, 353, 356, 379, 380, 393,

400

Analogs 257

Anesthesia 1, 2, 5, 6, 7, 13, 14, 15, 16, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22,

23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 31, 35, 38, 39, 45, 46, 48, 51, 52, 56,

59, 60, 62, 65, 66, 67, 70, 75, 76, 77, 79, 81, 84, 85, 88,

89, 90, 91, 92, 94, 96, 98, 100, 103, 104, 106, 108, 110, 113,

117, 119, 120, 121, 130, 133, 134, 135, 138, 139, 140, 141,

142, 143, 144, 145, 151, 153, 154, 156, 157, 158, 160, 161,

162, 163, 164, 169, 172, 175, 177, 178, 181, 182, 189, 190,

191, 194, 195, 196, 197, 200, 203, 204, 206, 207, 210, 212,

213, 215, 217, 222, 226, 227, 229, 230, 231, 232, 233, 234,

235, 237, 238, 239, 245, 248, 249, 255, 256, 258, 259, 260,

261, 262, 264, 267, 268, 269, 270, 271, 272, 273, 274, 276,

277, 279, 280, 281, 283, 284, 288, 289, 290, 294, 296, 298,

299, 300, 302, 303, 305, 306, 309, 310, 316, 317, 318, 319,

320, 321, 326, 328, 329, 330, 331, 333, 336, 337, 339, 340,

346, 347, 352, 359, 362, 363, 364, 365, 366, 368, 369, 370,

371, 372, 373, 374, 375, 377, 378, 380, 381, 383, 384, 385,

386, 387, 388, 391, 397, 398

Anesthetics 16, 17, 18, 19, 21, 22, 25, 27, 58, 61, 63, 71,

76, 77, 84, 86, 87, 93, 101, 111, 116, 120, 142, 152, 155,

157, 176, 197, 209, 222, 243, 251, 252, 255, 256, 262, 264,

269, 272, 276, 277, 287, 326, 337, 340, 342, 348, 372, 394,

397

Animal anatomy 328

Animal behavior 28, 37, 43, 129, 335, 361, 395

Animal experiments 72, 109, 273, 353

Anesthesia and Analgesia for Farm Animals, QB 95-13 https://web.archive.org/web/20010210200328/http://www.nal.usda.gov/...

138 of 150 3/29/2016 12:09 PM
Animal health 93

Animal husbandry 270

Animal models 50, 216, 270, 299

Animal physiology 299

Animal proteins 216

Animal research 28

Animal tissues 124, 246

Animal welfare 12, 28, 37, 41, 95, 129, 140, 151, 279, 323,

334, 367, 376, 395

Animals 303, 379

Anions 213

Antagonists 64, 137, 156, 163, 266

Anthelmintics 62

Antibacterial agents 202

Anticoagulants 174

Antifungal agents 202

Antihistaminics 150

Antihypertensive agents 165

Antiinflammatory agents 9, 10, 29, 119, 192, 223, 393

Antipyretics 29

Anxiety 32

Aorta 33

Apparatus 40, 384

Arrhythmia 144, 165, 251, 304

Arteries 33, 35, 99, 141

Artificial insemination 243

Artificial respiration 233, 239, 268

Asclepiadaceae 297

Ataxia 66, 69

Atelectasis 38

Atp 247

Atropine 165, 262, 372

Autonomic nervous system 304

Autosomes 131

Back 286

Bacteria 279, 310

Balloons 40, 393

Barbiturates 94, 172, 262, 351, 362

Bark 223

Beef cattle 41

Behavior 32

Behavior change 42, 183

Behavioral resistance 95

Benzocaine 44, 285

Benzodiazepines 91, 230, 330, 350, 351

Betamethasone 36, 37

Bile 196

Bioelectric potential 354

Biopsy 47, 50, 368

Birds 267

Bloat 173

Blockage 274

Blood 1, 25, 26, 54, 162, 213, 241, 244, 246, 312, 317, 381

Blood chemistry 2, 46, 149

Blood coagulation 174

Blood flow 55, 99, 166, 187, 282, 360, 374

Blood glucose 317

Blood ph 54

Blood plasma 41, 73, 95, 117, 118, 168, 170, 174, 183, 203,

266, 306, 318, 371, 395

Blood pressure 2, 16, 25, 48, 52, 53, 54, 59, 62, 64, 110,

135, 166, 173, 176, 187, 200, 215, 248, 251, 257, 288, 289,

312, 335, 372, 398

Blood protein 335

Blood proteins 20, 174, 213

Blood sampling 167

Blood serum 74, 216, 307, 313

Blood specimen collection 33

Blood sugar 266, 306

Blood vessel disorders 99

Anesthesia and Analgesia for Farm Animals, QB 95-13 https://web.archive.org/web/20010210200328/http://www.nal.usda.gov/...

139 of 150 3/29/2016 12:09 PM
Blood vessels 236

Blood volume 20, 373

Bluetongue virus 162

Body fat 246

Body fluids 174

Body regions 309

Body temperature 86, 215, 337, 371, 376

Body weight 280

Boluses 296

Bone fractures 218

Bones 50, 242, 259

Botanical composition 228

Bovine mastitis 241

Brain 189

Brain stem 354

Branding 41, 95

Breed differences 197, 389

British Columbia 228

Broilers 37, 151, 177

Bronchi 375

Buffaloes 355

Bulls 400

Caesarean section 22, 34, 219, 226, 399

Calcium 364

Calves 167, 307

Cannulation 33, 259

Carazolol 124

Carbon dioxide 2, 35, 140, 143, 151, 152, 169, 233, 239, 381

Cardiac output 52, 187, 200, 257

Cardiac rhythm 21

Cardiovascular agents 252, 304

Cardiovascular system 21, 26, 53, 55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 60, 61,

62, 69, 79, 91, 97, 137, 138, 158, 160, 172, 182, 200, 233,

245, 251, 253, 288, 315, 316, 337, 350, 364, 383, 397

Carpus 71, 103

Cartilage 147

Case reports 23, 24, 39, 65, 112, 219, 231, 271, 285, 320,

321, 326, 345, 366, 382

Case studies 45, 319, 331

Castration 5, 28, 43, 73, 129, 167, 183, 226, 229, 307, 358,

367, 388, 395

Catecholamines 154, 233

Catheterization 31

Catheters 33, 97, 102, 207

Cats 20

Cattle 33, 54, 80, 139, 195, 199, 212, 263, 272, 274, 315, 399

Cecum 175, 186, 187

Central nervous system 72, 253, 288, 294

Cerebrospinal fluid 143, 145

Cervidae 162

Chemoprophylaxis 331

Chickens 127, 142, 259, 371

Chicks 297

Chloral hydrate 76, 262, 351

Chloralose 157

Chloride 213

Chondrocytes 147

Chronic course 168

Clenbuterol 169

Closed systems 90

Clun forest 389

Cold storage 152

Colic 9, 10, 114, 115, 132, 220, 291, 345

Collagen 216

Colon 137, 175, 186, 282

Color 149

Color patterns 131

Colts 231

Community ecology 228

Complications 21, 25, 112, 238, 272, 275, 308, 320, 321, 366,

Anesthesia and Analgesia for Farm Animals, QB 95-13 https://web.archive.org/web/20010210200328/http://www.nal.usda.gov/...

140 of 150 3/29/2016 12:09 PM
395

Computed tomography 38

Computer analysis 114, 115

Concentration 100, 215

Conception 94

Conduction anesthesia 34, 53, 66, 68, 87, 102, 112, 199, 211,

219, 308, 382, 400

Connective tissue 216

Consciousness 140, 151

Contraction 326

Convulsions 116, 140, 151

Copper 196

Cornea 202, 300

Corpus luteum 94, 355

Corticotropin 167

Cortisol 317

Costs 121

Cows 55, 68, 69, 253, 266, 356

Creatine kinase 118

Cryptorchidism 388

Culicoides variipennis 162

Cutting 5

Dairy cattle 210

Dairy cows 47, 95, 97, 241, 313

Death 219

Debeaking 12, 42

Decision analysis 114

Decision making 121

Defects 377

Degeneration 36

Deglutition 171

Dehydration (physiological) 221

Depth 16

Detection 124, 225, 292, 393

Determination 122

Detomidine 11, 66, 127, 172

Detoxicants 236, 253

Dextran 158, 341

Diagnosis 202, 277, 357

Diagnostic techniques 99, 194, 387

Diameter 99

Diaphragm 191

Diazepam 32, 63, 76, 111, 172, 230, 262, 316

Digestive disorders 291, 318

Digits 263

Disease course 241

Disease vectors 162

Docking 43, 73, 183, 240, 395

Dogs 20, 98, 290

Dominance 131

Dopamine 160, 236, 245, 257, 364

Dosage 8, 26, 30, 31, 64, 68, 108, 133, 144, 188, 192, 215,

224, 257, 296, 304, 311, 347, 372, 380

Dosage effect 356

Dosage effects 7, 132, 151, 181, 215, 245, 350

Double muscling 274

Doxapram 134

Draft animals 76, 77, 352

Drinking water 42

Droperidol 30

Drug antagonism 163, 253

Drug combinations 9, 30, 65, 78, 91, 101, 102, 110, 127, 155,

157, 182, 211, 262, 264, 272, 316, 330, 388

Drug effects 4, 5, 9, 10, 26, 31, 58, 66, 69, 80, 85, 89, 91,

107, 132, 155, 159, 163, 166, 172, 175, 186, 192, 224, 241,

250, 258, 261, 294, 312, 315, 341, 346, 347, 363, 389

Drug formulations 372

Drug metabolism 246

Drug residues 122, 124

Drug resistance 118

Anesthesia and Analgesia for Farm Animals, QB 95-13 https://web.archive.org/web/20010210200328/http://www.nal.usda.gov/...

141 of 150 3/29/2016 12:09 PM
Drug testing 128

Drug therapy 119, 200, 202, 204, 206, 303

Drugs 78, 93, 141

Duck hepatitis virus 368

Ducks 182, 287, 368

Duration 2, 46, 68, 79, 102, 132, 198, 211, 250, 264, 329

Dyes 242

Dystocia 22, 65, 348

Ears 333

Edema 320

Electrical activity 175

Electrical stimulation 59

Electrical treatment 116

Electrocardiograms 110

Electrocardiography 288

Electrocution 152

Electroencephalograms 13, 140, 189, 190

Electromyography 186, 191

Electrophysiology 314

Embryo transfer 94

Embryos 94

Endorphins 136, 324, 376

Endoscopy 338

Endotoxemia 341

Endotoxins 160, 241, 341

Enkephalins 136

Enzyme activators 177

Enzyme activity 46, 118, 149, 282

Enzyme inhibitors 177

Ephedrine 52, 364

Epinephrine 41, 144, 154, 170, 251

Equations 213

Equipment 21, 88, 207, 288, 364

Erythrocytes 373

Escherichia coli 160, 241, 341

Esophagus 171

Estimation 115

Estradiol 33

Ethanol 112

Ethnobotany 223

Etiology 74, 204, 319

Etorphine 5, 75

Evaluation 212, 338, 343

Ewes 34, 63, 67, 219, 280

Excretion 196

Exercise 123

Exhaustion 16, 221

Experimental infections 241

Eye diseases 226

Eyelids 300

Eyes 39, 300

Eyes (animal) 143

Failure 21

Fasting 317, 376

Fat 244

Feces composition 228

Feed conversion 307

Feed intake 12, 307

Feeding 361

Feeding preferences 228

Feet 184, 352

Fentanyl 30, 109

Feral herds 385

Fiber optics 375

Fibrinogen 174

Fibrinolysis 174

Fibronectins 147

Field experimentation 162

Fluid therapy 158, 364

Fluids 16, 221

Anesthesia and Analgesia for Farm Animals, QB 95-13 https://web.archive.org/web/20010210200328/http://www.nal.usda.gov/...

142 of 150 3/29/2016 12:09 PM
Flunixin 10, 150, 393

Fluorescence 122

Foaling 22

Foals 57, 84, 85, 222, 281

Food analysis 124

Food contamination 124

Food storage 152

Foot rot 168, 170, 250

Forage 228

Fowls 12, 140, 151, 295, 344

Fractures 226

Free radicals 203

Freezing 41

Frogs 297

Fsh 94

Gamma-aminobutyric acid 116

Gas chromatography 225

Gas exchange 38, 130, 169

Gases 25, 26, 54, 213, 266, 312, 317

Gastric ulcer 150

Gastrointestinal diseases 226

Genes 131

Genotypes 149, 376

Gentamicin 258

Gentianaceae 29

Geriatrics 339

Globulins 154

Glycosaminoglycans 147

Glycosides 297

Gnrh 7

Goat breeds 94

Goats 19, 26, 94, 99, 156, 193, 198, 214, 272, 306, 317, 332

Golden hamster 157

Gradients 260

Grass sickness 74, 171, 318

Grasses 228

Grasslands 228

Grazing effects 228

Guaifenesin 65, 81, 91, 111, 144, 161, 175, 252, 262, 329, 378

Halothane 2, 13, 26, 35, 39, 46, 52, 59, 60, 79, 84, 85, 91,

99, 100, 104, 118, 133, 134, 135, 138, 142, 143, 144, 146,

148, 149, 153, 160, 164, 165, 166, 175, 176, 181, 203, 207,

209, 215, 230, 232, 234, 247, 249, 252, 304, 319, 335, 377,

383, 384, 398

Halothane susceptibility 376

Handling 167, 270

Haptoglobins 307

Healing 150, 185

Health hazards 394

Health protection 394

Hearing 354

Heart 51, 178

Heart output 374

Heart rate 25, 41, 54, 58, 59, 85, 86, 95, 110, 135, 187, 188,

251, 257, 264, 306, 312, 335, 350, 372, 376

Heat tolerance 8

Hematocrit 20, 312, 335

Hematology 46

Hemodynamics 17, 26, 55, 66, 169, 178, 181, 187, 232, 233,

234, 235, 304, 341

Hemoglobin 333, 360

Hemorrhage 20, 213

Hens 42, 136, 140, 151, 243

Hips 36

Histamine 318

Histology 240

Histopathology 240

Holstein-friesian 97

Hooves 352

Hormone secretion 7, 136

Anesthesia and Analgesia for Farm Animals, QB 95-13 https://web.archive.org/web/20010210200328/http://www.nal.usda.gov/...

143 of 150 3/29/2016 12:09 PM
Hormones 283, 284

Horse diseases 291, 352

Horses 1, 3, 4, 6, 9, 10, 11, 13, 16, 17, 20, 21, 23, 24, 28,

35, 38, 40, 45, 46, 48, 52, 53, 56, 57, 58, 59, 60, 62, 64,

65, 70, 71, 74, 76, 77, 78, 79, 81, 82, 83, 84, 87, 88, 89,

90, 91, 92, 96, 100, 101, 102, 103, 104, 105, 107, 108, 111,

112, 113, 114, 115, 119, 120, 121, 123, 125, 126, 130, 131,

132, 134, 135, 137, 138, 141, 143, 144, 145, 146, 147, 148,

150, 153, 155, 158, 159, 160, 163, 164, 165, 166, 169, 171,

172, 173, 174, 175, 176, 179, 181, 184, 185, 187, 188, 189,

190, 191, 192, 194, 197, 200, 201, 202, 203, 204, 205, 206,

207, 209, 215, 217, 218, 220, 221, 225, 226, 227, 229, 230,

232, 233, 234, 236, 237, 238, 239, 242, 245, 248, 249, 251,

252, 254, 255, 256, 257, 258, 260, 262, 264, 265, 267, 268,

269, 271, 275, 277, 278, 281, 282, 283, 284, 286, 288, 289,

291, 292, 293, 294, 298, 300, 301, 304, 305, 309, 311, 312,

314, 315, 318, 319, 321, 322, 324, 327, 329, 330, 331, 333,

335, 336, 338, 339, 340, 342, 343, 345, 346, 349, 351, 352,

354, 356, 357, 359, 360, 362, 363, 364, 370, 373, 375, 378,

379, 380, 381, 382, 383, 385, 386, 387, 391, 393, 394, 397,

398

Hplc 124

Hyaluronic acid 4, 185

Hydrocortisone 41, 73, 74, 95, 154, 167, 168, 183, 266, 306,

307, 376, 395

Hydrogen ions 213

Hypercapnia 143, 144, 233

Hyperkalemia 321

Hypertension 326

Hyperthermia 21, 319, 366, 384

Hypotension 21, 64, 200, 219, 249, 252, 261, 364

Hypothalamus 7, 136

Hypothermia 21

Hypoxia 6, 21

Iatrogenic diseases 275

Ice 152

Ileum 175

Illinois 229

Imagery 152

Immobilization 75

Immune response 137

In vitro 245, 246

Induction 150

Infection 162

Infections 395

Infiltration 103

Inflammation 4, 192, 249

Infusion 4, 136

Inhalation 328

Inhaled anesthetics 2, 26, 85, 104, 144, 146, 180, 207, 267,

275, 281, 290, 299, 335, 366, 381, 383

Inheritance 131

Injectable anesthetics 7, 51, 59, 101, 110, 242, 262, 263,

281, 308, 325, 332, 368, 386, 388

Injection 30, 66, 90, 112, 259, 265

Injections 71, 97, 103, 164, 256

Injuries 221

Instruments 1, 333, 360

Intensive care 119

Interactions 258, 290

Internal pressure 143, 173, 232, 260

Intestinal absorption 279

Intestinal diseases 173, 357

Intestinal motility 175

Intestinal obstruction 220, 282

Intestine motility 186

Intestines 173, 360

Intramuscular injection 147, 266, 328, 345

Intravenous injection 30, 107, 108, 161, 192, 296, 313, 325,

328

Anesthesia and Analgesia for Farm Animals, QB 95-13 https://web.archive.org/web/20010210200328/http://www.nal.usda.gov/...

144 of 150 3/29/2016 12:09 PM
Ions 213

Ischemia 137, 282

Isolation 94

Isomers 337

Isoprenaline 364

Jejunum 166

Joint diseases 36, 271

Joints (animal) 71, 103, 105, 147, 194, 242, 265, 271, 277

Ketamine 63, 65, 81, 91, 101, 111, 117, 127, 135, 161, 175,

177, 181, 182, 229, 243, 259, 262, 316, 325, 329, 330, 388

Kidneys 122

Kids 86, 167

Laboratory animals 28, 44, 270, 303

Laboratory diagnosis 93

Laboratory rearing 273

Laboratory tests 72, 109, 353

Lacrimal apparatus 300

Lactating females 313

Lactic acid 213

Lambs 5, 7, 43, 73, 167, 183, 395

Lameness 105, 168, 170, 194, 234, 271, 277, 387

Laminitis 352, 379

Laparoscopy 355

Laparotomy 23, 24, 126, 174, 198, 210, 226, 243, 318

Larynx 45, 226, 274, 310, 338

Latex 242

Laying performance 243

Leakage 394

Legs 11, 387

Lesions 275

Lh 7

Lidocaine 34, 71, 102, 139, 183, 198, 211, 219, 244, 246, 368

Ligaments 242

Light traps 162

Limbs 246, 277

Line differences 7

Lines 7

Lipid peroxidation 203

Liquid chromatography 122

Liquids 90

Literature reviews 202, 204

Liver 177, 246, 368

Liver function 46

Livestock 14, 303, 323, 334

Liveweight gain 129, 307

Llamas 18, 39, 211, 276, 296, 358

Local anesthesia 5, 179, 183, 184, 218, 250, 263, 277, 278,

309, 314, 336, 358, 395

Local anesthetics 139, 244, 246, 278, 293, 314

Locomotion 37, 311

Longissimus dorsi 118

Longitudinal studies 197

Losses 20

Lung ventilation 59, 130, 188, 232, 239, 268, 381

Lungs 38, 51, 320, 375

Lymph 216

Macaca mulatta 290

Male animals 317

Male fertility 37

Mammary glands 47

Management 276

Mares 2, 22, 66, 126, 186, 347, 348, 377

Mass spectrometry 225

Massachusetts 210

Measurement 1, 100, 152, 200, 292, 333

Meat quality 149

Mechanical stimulation 8

Medetomidine 337

Medical research 323

Medical treatment 10, 20, 114

Anesthesia and Analgesia for Farm Animals, QB 95-13 https://web.archive.org/web/20010210200328/http://www.nal.usda.gov/...

145 of 150 3/29/2016 12:09 PM
Medicinal properties 185

Membranes 203

Metabolism 225, 283, 284

Metabolites 117, 149, 216

Metacarpus 103

Metatarsus 260, 265

Methemoglobinemia 44, 285

Methodology 43, 73

Methoxamine 252

Mice 177

Microsomes 177

Milk 241, 313

Milk yield 47

Miniature pigs 15, 27, 61, 180, 235, 270, 328, 337, 366

Mobilization 70

Models 40, 159, 213, 343, 353, 393

Monitoring 16, 200, 281, 288

Morphine 5, 76, 126, 290, 382

Morphology 353

Mortality 197

Motility 187

Mouth 59, 275

Mucosa 59

Muscle contraction 178, 257

Muscle physiology 149

Muscle relaxants 89, 123, 133, 153, 164, 255, 258, 295, 296,

298, 331

Muscle tissue 297

Muscles 175, 186, 191, 247, 249

Muscular diseases 21, 203, 204, 217, 319, 331

Mycotic keratitis 202

Myocardium 142

Naloxone 5, 37, 183, 291, 361

Neck 99

Neonates 222

Neoplasms 4, 226

Neostigmine 173, 186

Nerve tissue 4, 297

Nervous system 277

Nervous system diseases 249

Netherlands 122

Neurectomy 4

Neuroleptics 16, 30, 76, 78, 122, 124, 262, 264, 312, 342,

347, 351, 380

Neuromuscular diseases 231

Neurons 309

Neurophysiology 297

Neurotoxins 74, 344

Newborn animals 50, 281, 299, 381

Nitrous oxide 209, 383

Non-steroidal antiinflammatory agents 241, 313

Norepinephrine 41, 154, 170, 364

Normal values 280, 354

North Carolina 385

Nose 285

Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy 247

Opioid peptides 37, 136, 291

Opioids 31, 76, 109, 215, 293, 311

Opium 78

Oral administration 150, 313

Orthopedics 226

Osteoarthritis 301

Osteochondritis 352

Ostriches 25, 75, 302, 326, 365

Ovariectomy 126, 154, 226

Ovaries 226

Oviducts 126

Ovis canadensis 228

Oxygen 1, 2, 6, 39, 56, 60, 141, 169, 209, 232, 234, 239, 333,

360

Anesthesia and Analgesia for Farm Animals, QB 95-13 https://web.archive.org/web/20010210200328/http://www.nal.usda.gov/...

146 of 150 3/29/2016 12:09 PM
Oxygen consumption 166, 173

Oxygen transport 207

Pain 3, 5, 8, 9, 10, 11, 14, 28, 30, 36, 37, 40, 41, 42, 43,

59, 70, 72, 73, 95, 109, 114, 129, 159, 168, 170, 183, 192,

205, 250, 265, 271, 286, 291, 292, 301, 303, 323, 334, 343,

353, 357, 361, 367, 379, 382, 393, 395, 400

Paint 131

Panax pseudoginseng 32

Paralysis 45, 297

Parasites 93

Parasympatholytics 9

Paresis 34

Partial pressure 6, 56, 141, 143, 377

Pathogenesis 137, 320

Pathology 204, 269

Pennsylvania 90

Pentobarbital 142, 157, 212, 236, 299, 306, 317, 344, 362

Perfusion 279

Perineum 68

Peripheral nerves 45, 240, 242, 336

Peristalsis 171

Pethidine 76, 109, 246

Ph 312

Phalanges 236, 242

Pharmacodynamics 117, 123, 290, 292, 312, 314

Pharmacokinetics 98, 117, 123, 192, 215, 267, 290, 311, 312,

313, 314, 332, 356, 380, 393

Pharmacology 29, 223

Phenothiazines 91, 262

Phlebitis 269

Phosphocreatine 247

Phospholipids 64, 137

Physical activity 36

Physical therapy 70

Physicochemical properties 267

Physiological functions 51, 86, 294, 315

Physiopathology 357

Pig housing 270

Pigeons 325

Piglets 50, 235, 240, 299

Pigmeat 149

Pigs 106, 117, 118, 122, 129, 133, 149, 154, 178, 213, 216,

240, 247, 270, 272, 273, 279, 290, 308, 310, 341, 350, 361,

376, 384, 388

Pituitary 7, 167

Plant communities 228

Plant composition 297

Plant ecology 228

Plant extracts 29, 297

Plant succession 228

Plasminogen 174

Platelets 64, 137

Pmsg 94

Poisoning 196

Porcine stress syndrome 149

Position 54, 55, 130, 141

Postmortem changes 149

Postoperative care 204, 284, 322, 323

Postoperative complications 4, 17, 23, 24, 34, 92, 197, 204,

231, 274, 331, 345

Posture 138

Postweaning interval 279

Potassium 213

Preanesthetic medication 34, 83, 91, 125, 172, 272, 372, 380

Prediction 247

Prednisolone 147

Pregnancy 2, 55

Preoperative care 386

Pressure 188

Prevention 204

Anesthesia and Analgesia for Farm Animals, QB 95-13 https://web.archive.org/web/20010210200328/http://www.nal.usda.gov/...

147 of 150 3/29/2016 12:09 PM
Procaine 97

Progesterone 33

Prognosis 202

Prolactin 136, 168

Promazine 76

Propranolol 233

Protein synthesis 147

Proteoglycans 147

Proventriculus 365

Pulse 288

Pulse rate 211

Rabbits 98

Race horses 128

Racing pigeons 93

Radioactivity 374

Radiography 226, 271, 278

Radioimmunoassay 128, 356

Rams 7, 34

Rats 32, 223, 297

Receptors 116, 292

Recordings 13, 354

Recovery 2, 104, 335

Reflexes 116, 135, 176

Regression analysis 280

Rehydration 221

Renal function 46

Reproductive disorders 126

Reproductive organs (animal) 82

Requirements 181, 337

Research 303

Resistance 146

Respiration 91, 146, 280, 312, 316

Respiration rate 2, 25, 54, 86, 110, 188, 211, 264, 306, 335,

350

Respiratory disorders 38

Respiratory gases 8, 56, 130, 161, 188, 224, 335

Respiratory system 26, 55, 58, 59, 60, 69, 79, 97, 134, 138,

158, 172, 182, 227, 253, 288, 315, 337, 338, 362, 364, 383,

397

Responses 59

Restraint 256

Restraint of animals 76, 77, 78, 92, 119, 121, 342, 385

Restricted feeding 37

Resuscitation 341

Risk 121, 197

Roots 32

Rumen motility 69, 86

Rump 244, 246

Safety 85, 121, 267, 325, 340, 368, 386

Saline water 158, 252

Saliva 196

Salmonella typhimurium 345

Sampling 100

Saturation 333, 360

Scintigraphy 179, 184

Screening 292

Seasonal variation 197

Seeds 297

Serous bursa 105, 242

Sex differences 118, 197

Sexual behavior 37

Sheep 8, 19, 30, 31, 51, 72, 98, 109, 110, 116, 161, 162, 168,

170, 193, 196, 224, 244, 246, 250, 261, 272, 285, 316, 353,

369, 372, 373, 374, 389

Shock 221

Shrubs 228

Skeletal muscle 244, 246

Skeletomuscular anomalies 37

Skin 246

Skin temperature 41

Anesthesia and Analgesia for Farm Animals, QB 95-13 https://web.archive.org/web/20010210200328/http://www.nal.usda.gov/...

148 of 150 3/29/2016 12:09 PM
Slaughter 152

Small intestine 279, 357

Sodium 213

Sodium bicarbonate 364

Sodium chloride 178, 341

Solutions 158, 178, 252, 341

Somatostatin 371

Spain 265

Spasms 9, 223

Species differences 44, 98, 167, 290

Spectral analysis 189

Spinal cord 261, 309

Spine 70

Sports medicine 205

Stallions 320

Statistical analysis 315, 391

Steers 307

Stimulants 351

Stimuli 224

Stomach 220

Stomach motility 253

Storage 162

Strain differences 270

Stress 41, 167, 266, 284, 306, 344, 361, 363, 367, 376

Stress response 206, 362

Strychnos henningsii 223

Stunning 116, 140, 151

Superovulation 94

Surgery 20, 43, 48, 73, 81, 90, 104, 114, 121, 210, 217, 229,

231, 300, 357

Surgical equipment 40

Surgical operations 27, 39, 40, 82, 89, 126, 195, 197, 199,

216, 226, 274, 283, 284, 303, 365, 379, 384

Survival 94, 115, 129, 274

Suture 347

Suxamethonium 28

Swaledale 389

Swelling 4

Sympathomimetics 364

Symptoms 93, 202, 204, 357

Synovial fluid 71, 105

Synovial sheaths 185

Tail 5, 112, 240

Tail biting 240

Tarsus 265

Teaching 367

Technetium 278

Techniques 22, 222, 308

Temperature 42, 162

Tendons 11, 185

Tension 35

Testing 31, 72, 109, 261, 353, 393

Testosterone 317

Tests 279

Tethering 361

Texel 280

Therapy 6, 205, 221, 281, 303, 364

Thiomolybdates 196

Thiopental 175, 259, 362

Thoracic duct 216

Thrombosis 269

Thyroid function 371

Thyroxine 371

Tidal volume 59, 188

Time 104, 121, 335

Timing 143

Tissue analysis 374

Tissues 234, 373

Tongue 333

Topical application 44, 285

Anesthesia and Analgesia for Farm Animals, QB 95-13 https://web.archive.org/web/20010210200328/http://www.nal.usda.gov/...

149 of 150 3/29/2016 12:09 PM
Torsion 137

Toxemia 160

Toxicity 261

Trachea 195, 275, 310, 375

Traditional medicines 223

Transit time 171

Transport of animals 266, 306, 376

Trauma 11, 70, 221, 282, 320

Treatment 93, 204, 271, 320, 379

Trichlorfon 62, 153

Triflupromazine 94

Triiodothyronine 371

Trout 152

Tubes 195, 275, 310, 375

Turkey 29

Turkeys 36, 136

Udders 199

Uk 81, 105, 217, 395

Ultrasonics 248

Ultrasound 99

Ultraviolet spectroscopy 122

Uptake 244, 246

Urethane 157

Urine 196, 225

Urticaria 378

Uterus 55

Vasectomy 34

Vasoconstriction 64, 395

Vasoconstrictor agents 135

Vasopressin 168

Venous circulation 219

Ventilation 21, 88, 391

Ventilators 88, 207, 239, 268

Ventricles 326

Veterinarians 394

Veterinary anesthesia 201, 327

Veterinary education 384

Veterinary equipment 43, 48, 73, 395

Veterinary medicine 267, 270

Viability 360

Video recordings 338

Vigor 228

Vulva 347

Wastes 394

Welsh mountain 389

Xanthine dehydrogenase 282

Xanthine oxidase 282

Xylazine 5, 31, 34, 53, 57, 58, 65, 68, 69, 76, 81, 87, 99,

101, 102, 107, 108, 109, 110, 111, 126, 135, 161, 163, 172,

175, 177, 182, 186, 187, 188, 195, 199, 210, 211, 243, 250,

253, 254, 262, 264, 266, 283, 315, 329, 330, 338, 388, 389,

397, 398, 399

Yohimbine 156

Young animals 272

Go to: Author Index | Subject Index | Top of Document

Return to:

Animal Welfare Information Center

National Agricultural Library

The Animal Welfare Information Center, awic@nal.usda.gov

http://www.nal.usda.gov/awic/pubs/oldbib/qb9513.htm, April 19, 1998

Anesthesia and Analgesia for Farm Animals, QB 95-13 https://web.archive.org/web/20010210200328/http://www.nal.usda.gov/...

150 of 150 3/29/2016 12:09 PM