NOT FOR PUBLICATION

UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

 FOR THE NINTH CIRCUIT

MERCEDES URBINA,

Plaintiff-Appellant,

 v.

NATIONAL BUSINESS FACTORS INC.,

Defendant-Appellee.

No. 19-16055

D.C. No. 3:17-cv-00385-WGC

MEMORANDUM*

Appeal from the United States District Court

for the District of Nevada

William G. Cobb, Magistrate Judge, Presiding

Submitted August 12, 2020** 

San Francisco, California

Before: TASHIMA and CHRISTEN, Circuit Judges, and BATAILLON,*** District

Judge.

 

FILED

AUG 17 2020

MOLLY C. DWYER, CLERK

U.S. COURT OF APPEALS

* This disposition is not appropriate for publication and is not precedent

except as provided by Ninth Circuit Rule 36-3.

** The panel unanimously concludes this case is suitable for decision

without oral argument. See Fed. R. App. P. 34(a)(2).

*** The Honorable Joseph F. Bataillon, United States District Judge for

the District of Nebraska, sitting by designation.
Mercedes Urbina appeals the district court’s order granting summary

judgment for National Business Factors, Inc. (NBF), a debt collector. We have

jurisdiction pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1291, and we reverse. Because the parties are

familiar with the facts, we recite them only as necessary to resolve the issues on

appeal.

The district court granted summary judgment for NBF because it concluded

that NBF qualified for the bona fide error defense. To assert a bona fide error

defense, the debt collector must prove that: (1) it violated the FDCPA

unintentionally; (2) the violation resulted from a bona fide error; and (3) it

maintained procedures reasonably adapted to avoid the violation. McCollough v.

Johnson, Rodenburg & Lauinger, LLC, 637 F.3d 939, 948 (9th Cir. 2011) (citing

15 U.S.C. § 1692k(c)). 

The parties do not dispute that NBF unintentionally violated the FDCPA

when it calculated interest on Urbina’s debt owed to the Tahoe Fracture Clinic

(TFC). At issue here is whether NBF maintained procedures reasonably adapted to

avoid this violation. Reviewing de novo, Branch Banking & Tr. Co. v. D.M.S.I.,

LLC, 871 F.3d 751, 759 (9th Cir. 2017), we conclude that it did not. 

TFC contracted NBF for debt collection services in 2014. Under TFC and

NBF’s exclusive agreement, NBF could add interest charges on unpaid collections

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at the statutorily allowed rate. The agreement required TFC to refer outstanding

debts to NBF for collection “with only accurate data and that the balances reflect

legitimate, enforceable obligations of the consumer.” 

NBF argues that this procedure was reasonably adapted to avoid violations

of the FDCPA. We disagree. “To qualify for the bona fide error defense under the

FDCPA, the debt collector has an affirmative obligation to maintain procedures

designed to avoid discoverable errors, including, but not limited to, errors in

calculation and itemization.” Reichert v. Nat’l Credit Sys., Inc., 531 F.3d 1002,

1007 (9th Cir. 2008); Clark v. Capital Credit & Collection Servs., Inc., 460 F.3d

1162, 1177 (9th Cir. 2006) (no defense for debt collector “whose reliance on the

creditor’s representation is unreasonable”). 

The district court erred by concluding as a matter of law that the boilerplate

agreement between TFC and NBF was sufficient to establish a bona fide error

defense. This procedure effectively outsourced NBF’s statutory duty under the

FDCPA. If this practice were sufficient, the FDCPA would be a dead letter. Even

if NBF could show that TFC has a sterling history of providing accurate

information, we have previously rejected unquestioned reliance on a creditor’s

information as a bona fide defense. Reichert, 531 F.3d at 1007 (holding that a

history of providing reliable information cannot “establish that reliance in the

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present case was reasonable and act as a substitute for the maintenance of adequate

procedures to avoid future mistakes”) (emphasis added). 

In Reichert, we described several examples of procedures that may qualify

for the bona fide error defense. 531 F.3d at 1006 (quoting Jenkins v. Heintz, 124

F.3d 824, 834–35 (7th Cir. 1997)). NBF’s agreement with TFC is significantly

more lax. TFC’s 2014 promise to provide “accurate data,” made before a single

debt was reported by TFC to NBF, and four years before the operative facts of this

case occurred, is not a reasonable procedure. 

The district court relied on Turner v. J.V.D.B. & Assocs., Inc., 330 F.3d 991,

996 (7th Cir. 2003). We are not bound by Turner and find it unpersuasive. Turner

mentioned in passing that an agreement to provide reliable information might allow

a debt collector to show bona fide error. Id. But there was no boilerplate

agreement between the parties in Turner, and on remand, the district court

concluded that relying on creditor-clients to provide accurate information does not

suffice to establish a bona fide error defense. Turner v. J.V.D.B. & Assocs., Inc.,

318 F. Supp. 2d 681, 686–87 (N.D. Ill. 2004). 

NBF also mailed Urbina a collection notice with incorrect interest

calculations only a day after receiving the file, but this procedure did not allow

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time to receive a response to the authentication letter, and therefore fails to qualify

as a procedure reasonably adapted to avoid the violation. Appellee to bear costs. 

REVERSED AND REMANDED. 

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