In the Supreme Court of Georgia

Decided: May 11, 2015

S14G1775. OLIVER et al. v. MCDADE et al.

MELTON, Justice.

In Oliver v. McDade, 328 Ga. App. 368 (762 SE2d 96) (2014), the Court

of Appeals affirmed the trial court’s denial of a motion for partial summary

judgment brought by Crider Transportation and Jerome Oliver, finding that a

question of fact remained whether John McDade could pursue a claim for

emotional distress pursuant to the pecuniary loss rule.

1 We thereafter granted

Oliver’s petition for certiorari to consider the propriety of this ruling. For the

reasons set forth below, we affirm.

As set forth by the Court of Appeals, the facts of this summary judgment

case viewed in favor of the nonmovant, McDade, show that

McDade was riding as a passenger in his own truck, which was

being driven by his close friend Matthew Wood on I–16 in Dublin,

1 “[F]or a pecuniary loss to support a claim for damages for emotional

distress, the pecuniary loss must occur as a result of a tort involving an injury

to the person even though this injury may not be physical.” OB-GYN Assoc.

of Albany v. Littleton, 259 Ga. 663, 667 (B) (386 SE2d 146) (1989). 
Georgia. McDade, Wood, and others were returning home late at

night from a dirt car race in which Wood had competed, and Wood

was towing his race car on a trailer behind McDade's truck. Just

after driving the truck down the on-ramp onto the interstate, Wood

noticed that something on the trailer was not secured, and he pulled

over to the shoulder. Wood then exited the truck and walked back

toward the trailer. A tractor-trailer owned by Crider Transportation

and operated by Jerome Oliver swerved onto the shoulder and

struck Wood's trailer and McDade's truck. Wood was crushed

between the trailer and the truck and killed instantly. The impact

threw McDade against the interior of his truck, shattered the glass

in the rear of the truck's cab, and propelled blood and tissue from

Wood's body onto McDade. McDade then got out of his truck,

discovered Wood's mangled body lying partially in the road, and

protected it from further damage by passing vehicles until

emergency personnel arrived. Due to the collision, McDade has

suffered neck, back and knee injuries, as well as headaches,

insomnia, flashbacks, anxiety, depression and suicidal thoughts. He

sought psychiatric help, was diagnosed as suffering from major

depression as a result of the collision, and was prescribed various

medications. Based on the collision, McDade brought a negligence

claimagainst Oliver, Crider, and Crider's liability insurance carrier.

The defendants sought partial summary judgment on any of

McDade's claims based on emotional distress arising from having

witnessed the injuries to Wood. The trial court initially granted the

defendants' motion, ruling that Georgia's impact rule bars

bystanders from recovering damages for emotional distress

resulting fromwitnessing another person's injuries, but later the trial

court granted a motion for reconsideration, finding that McDade

could pursue a claimfor emotional distress under the pecuniary loss

rule. [The Court of Appeals] granted the defendants' application for

interlocutory review, and [affirmed the denial of the motion for

partial summary judgment].

Id. at 368-369 (762 SE2d 96) (2014). 

2
As recognized by the Court of Appeals, McDade's complaint alleges that

“all of his injuries, damages and suffering were the direct result of and

proximately caused by the negligence of [Oliver].” McDade does not attempt to

separately recover for the emotional distress of witnessing his friend's suffering

and death, and, in fact, he does not dispute that he cannot recover solely for

these injuries, at least under the impact rule.

2

In addition, McDade deposed that

he attributed his emotional injuries both to witnessing his friend’s death and his

own physical injuries related to his neck, back, and knee. He testified that, at

least in part, his emotional distress sprang from “being hurt, not being at work.

I stopped getting paid in February. I haven't had income since. . . .” As a result,

it is currently not possible to determine, as a question of fact, whether any

portion of McDade’s emotional distress arises solely from witnessing the

injuries to his friend. For this reason, the Court of Appeals, in Division 1 of its

opinion, properly found that a question of fact remained regarding the allocation

of McDade’s damages and affirmed the trial court’s denial of Oliver’s motion

2 The impact rule may be summarized as follows: “In a claim concerning

negligent conduct, a recovery for emotional distress is allowed only where there

is some impact on the plaintiff, and that impact must be a physical injury.”

Ryckeley v. Callaway, 261 Ga. 828 (412 SE2d 826) (1992). 

3
for summary judgment. Accordingly, we, in turn, affirm the Court of Appeals

finding in Division 1.

In Division 2 of its opinion, however, the Court of Appeals went further

to assume facts not fully developed and opine as to how the law would apply to

assumed facts. These issues were not ripe for consideration. Therefore, while we

affirm the Court of Appeals holding, we must vacate Division 2 of the opinion.

Judgment affirmed. All the Justices concur.

4