The Honorable Milton I. Shadur, United States District Judge for the Northern District of *

Illinois, sitting by designation.

NOT RECOMMENDED FOR FULL-TEXT PUBLICATION

File Name: 08a0222n.06

Filed: April 24, 2008

No. 07-3485

UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

FOR THE SIXTH CIRCUIT

OMRAN ABDUL-KHALIQ,

Plaintiff-Appellant,

v.

CITY OF NEWARK, ERIC COOK,

ARTHUR MINTON, and KYLE GROSS,

Defendants-Appellees.

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ON APPEAL FROM THE UNITED

STATES DISTRICT COURT FOR THE

SOUTHERN DISTRICT OF OHIO

Before: BOGGS, Chief Circuit Judge; ROGERS, Circuit Judge; SHADUR, District Judge.*

ROGERS, Circuit Judge. Plaintiff-Appellant Omran Abdul-Khaliq appeals the district

court’s grant of summary judgment in favor of the defendants in this § 1983 action against the City

of Newark and three individual police officers for selective prosecution, unreasonable seizure,

malicious prosecution, and excessive use of force. Khaliq’s claims arise out of an incident during

which three officers arrested Khaliq outside of his home for disorderly conduct after he yelled and

cursed at the officers and either opened or raised his coat in a potentially threatening manner.

Because Khaliq has presented no genuine issue of material fact as to any of his federal claims, we

affirm the district court’s grant of summary judgment. 
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Abdul-Khaliq is an African-American Muslim who lives with his white girlfriend, Melinda

Fairburn. In March 2003, upon returning home and discovering four armed men demanding money

from his girlfriend, Khaliq dialed 911. According to Khaliq, he informed the Newark Police

Dispatch that “[a] guy just had my kid and girlfriend held by gunpoint.” The dispatch interpreted

this as a child abduction report, and sent Officers Kyle Gross, Arthur Minton, and Eric Cook to

respond. Meanwhile, Khaliq drove off in pursuit of the invaders.

Upon arriving at the scene, Officer Gross observed Khaliq’s neighbor, Naomi Wilder,

standing in the street. He asked if she had witnessed a child abduction. Ms. Wilder stated that she

had not, but that she had overheard Ms. Fairburn ask Khaliq if he wanted to take something with him

as he chased the intruders. According to Ms. Wilder, Khaliq replied: “No, because it does not have

any bullets in it anyway.” Khaliq says that he does not remember Fairburn saying anything as he left

to pursue the invaders.

Officers Cook and Gross then questioned Fairburn, who explained that four armed males had

entered the home, but that her child had not been abducted. Officer Cook then inquired about a gun.

Fairburn initially denied having a gun or offering Khaliq a gun. Officer Gross claims that Fairburn

then changed her story, stating that she had tried to hand Khaliq a toy gun. Fairburn acknowledges

discussing her son’s toy gun with the officers, but claims that she did not handle the gun until after

Khaliq left. 
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After Khaliq lost track of the invaders, he came home, “flying in” to his driveway and found

Officers Cook and Gross in the front yard. Khaliq admits that he was angry and frustrated,

approached the officers, and asked the officers why they were not “chasing after the criminals.”

Khaliq admits that when he first started talking to the officers, he was “kind of loud.” Officer Gross

claims that both officers repeatedly advised Khaliq that they needed to pat him down, and that they

instructed Khaliq to put his hands on his car. When asked during his February 23, 2005, deposition

whether he had been instructed to put his hands on his car or to submit to a pat-down, Khaliq denied

recollection:

Q: Did Officer Cook then ask to pat you down?

A: I can’t recall him asking me that.

Q: Did either of the officers ask you to put your hands on the car so you could be

patted down?

A: No, I can’t recall that.

Q: Now, you just can’t recall today because you’re not sure if it happened, or you

don’t believe that happened?

A: I just—I can’t recall them saying turn around, put your hands on the car . . .

. . . 

Q: Do either of the officers order you to put your hands on the car?

A: I can’t recall. I just recall them just saying where’s the gun. . . .

. . . 

Q: How’s your anger level at this time? You said you were frustrated before when

you were in the car and talking on the cell phone and now you get [home]. What’s

going through your mind at this point?

A: Just basically I was just, like I said, I was upset that the cop had called back in the

manner in which he was talking to me on the phone. I had lost contact with [the

intruders]. Then I get back home and there’s two cops asking me about a gun, you
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know, that I didn’t have. And everything went—like I said, the time, it just seemed

like everything went so fast, it just—you’re asking me did they ask to pat me down,

it just—the next thing I knew, as soon as I said no and a couple words are going back

and forth, I’m getting sprayed with mace.

Q: So the officers did not give you several, three, four direct orders to place your

hands on the car to be patted down?

A: I can’t recall.

Later, Khaliq gained recollection in his July 22, 2006, affidavit: “I never refused to submit to a pat

down search, to place my hands on a car, or to spread my legs. I am certain that no police officer

either repeatedly asked or ordered me to put my hands on the car or to be patted down . . . .” Khaliq

claims that he never refused to do anything the officers requested of him. 

At some point during the course of events, all agree that Officer Cook asked Khaliq where

his gun was, at which point Khaliq became angry and admits to arguing with the officers about

whether or not he had a gun: “before I know it, I’m yelling back and forth, they’re yelling back at

me, where’s the gun, where’s the gun.” Khaliq also admits to cursing at the officers, saying “this

is fucking crazy” and that he “didn’t have a fucking gun.” After debating with the officers about

whether or not he was carrying a gun, Khaliq reached for his jacket. Khaliq claims that he opened

his coat as a non-threatening gesture to show the officers that he was not carrying a gun. Officer

Gross, however, claims that Khaliq quickly stepped back and began to lift his jacket, which action

the officers interpreted as an aggressive gesture. In response, the officers sprayed Khaliq with pepper

spray, shoved him to the ground, and handcuffed him. Khaliq was arrested for disorderly conduct.
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Officer Minton did not arrive on the scene until after Khaliq had been sprayed and was on the

ground. 

Following these events, Khaliq filed suit under 42 U.S.C. § 1983 against Officers Gross,

Cook, and Minton, and against the City of Newark. Khaliq brought an Equal Protection selectiveprosecution claim on the ground that he was treated differently than his similarly situated white

girlfriend; a Fourth Amendment unreasonable-seizure claim on the ground that there was not

probable cause for his arrest; a malicious-prosecution claim under the Fourth and Fourteenth

Amendments; and arguably a Fourth Amendment claim for excessive use of force. Khaliq argues

that the City of Newark is liable because the constitutional violations he alleges were caused by

unconstitutional policies and customs of the City; namely, a failure to train and supervise its officers

adequately, and a failure to discipline or investigate officers following past instances of

discrimination. Khaliq also brought a number of state-law claims, seeking to take advantage of the

court’s supplemental jurisdiction. 

In response, the defendants filed a motion for summary judgment on all of Khaliq’s claims

except that for excessive use of force. Khaliq filed a motion in opposition, additionally noting his

observation that the defendants had not moved forsummary judgment on his excessive-force claim.

In reply, the defendants argued that if Khaliq had intended to plead excessive force, summary

judgment in their favor was appropriate on that claim as well. Khaliq subsequently moved to strike

this portion of the defendants’ reply, or, in the alternative, to file a sur-reply to oppose summary

judgment on his excessive-force claim.
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The district court denied Khaliq’s motion to strike and granted the defendants’ motion for

summary judgment. The court concluded that Khaliq had failed adequately to plead a claim for

excessive use of force, and alternatively concluded that Khaliq’s excessive-force claim could not

survive summary judgment. The court also granted the defendants summary judgment on Khaliq’s

selective-prosecution claim, finding that Khaliq and Fairburn were not similarly situated and,

alternatively, that Khaliq could not establish a discriminatory purpose because the officers had

questioned both Khaliq and Fairburn about the gun and only focused on Khaliq after he had become

difficult.

The court also granted summary judgment on Khaliq’s unreasonable-seizure claim, finding

that, relying solely on Khaliq’s account of what happened, the officers had probable cause to arrest.

The court noted that Khaliq had admitted to yelling and cursing at the officers when they questioned

him about the gun, and to opening his coat to show the officers that he was not carrying a firearm.

The court reasoned that the officers had probable cause to arrest Khaliq for disorderly conduct based

on his disregard forthe law because they “had a reasonable beliefthat Plaintiff was acting disorderly,

which consists of recklessly causing inconvenience, annoyance, or alarm to another by: (1) engaging

in fighting, in threatening harm to persons or property, or in violent or turbulent behavior.” The

court also granted summary judgment on Khaliq’s malicious-prosecution claim, based on its finding

that the officers had probable cause to arrest. 

Finally, the district court granted summary judgment in favor of the City of Newark on the

ground that Khaliq had failed to demonstrate that his alleged injuries were caused by an
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We reach no conclusions regarding the merits of Khaliq’s state-law claims.

1

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unconstitutional City custom or policy. The court concluded that Khaliq had failed to demonstrate

a clear pattern of unconstitutional activity in citing apparently isolated and responded-to instances

of discrimination by individual police officers, and rejected Khaliq’s arguments that the City failed

to train, supervise, investigate, and discipline its officers adequately. The court also concluded that

Khaliq had failed to show that the officers’ actions represent any City policy. 

On appeal, Khaliq argues that the district court did not correctly apply the standard for

summary judgment; that the district court erred in holding that he had not adequately pled a claim

for excessive use of force; that he has presented genuine issues of material fact as to all of his federal

claims and that summary judgment was improper; and that the district court erred in declining to

exercise supplemental jurisdiction over his remaining state-law claims.

Because we conclude that Khaliq has presented no genuine issue of material fact regarding

his federal claims, we affirm the district court’s grant of summary judgment. The police had

1

probable cause to arrest Khaliq for disorderly conduct. Although Khaliq claims that he was not

hostile or uncooperative toward the officers, it is clear from Khaliq’s deposition testimony that he

was being argumentative and uncooperative inasmuch as he admits to angry yelling and cursing at

the officers while carrying on a prolonged debate about whether or not he had a gun. Moreover,

Khaliq admits that he opened his coat in a vigorous gesture toward the police officers. These

circumstances are sufficient to “warrant a prudent man in believing that the [arrestee] had committed
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or was committing an offense.” Diamond v. Howd, 288 F.3d 932, 936-37 (6th Cir. 2002); see also

Ohio Rev. Code § 2917.11 (“No person shall recklessly cause inconvenience, annoyance, or alarm

to another by . . . : (1) Engaging in fighting, in threatening harm to persons or property, or in violent

or turbulent behavior.”). Under Ohio law, vulgar language accompanied by aggressive behavior can

be sufficient to support a disorderly conduct conviction based on “turbulent behavior.” See

Middletown v. Carpenter, No. CA2006-01-004, 2006 WL 1972061, at *3 (OhioCt. App. 2006);see

also Thacker v. Lawrence County, 182 F. App’x 464, 469-70 (6th Cir. 2006) (concluding that

officers had probable cause to arrest for “turbulent behavior” in light of arrestee’s admissions that

he had “raised his voice . . . was swearing loudly and did not cease this behavior after the deputies

requested that he do so.”). Given Khaliq’s behavior, the officers had probable cause to arrest him

for disorderly conduct, and his arrest was therefore not an unreasonable seizure in violation of the

Fourth Amendment.

Because the district court correctly concluded that the officers had probable cause to arrest,

Khaliq’s claim for malicious prosecution necessarily fails. See Thacker v. City of Columbus, 328

F.3d 244, 259 (6th Cir. 2003) (“Although this Court has yet to resolve the elements of a federal

malicious prosecution claim, it is clear that a plaintiff must show, at a minimum, ‘that there was no

probable cause to justify [his] arrest and prosecution.’” (citing Darrah v. City of Oak Park, 255 F.3d

301, 312 (6th Cir. 2001))).
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Consequently, whether or not the district court erred in concluding that Khaliq failed to 2

adequately plead an excessive-force claim is immaterial.

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Khaliq has also failed to present a genuine issue of material fact regarding whether or not the

officers used excessive force in his arrest. As explained above, Khaliq admits to angry yelling and 2

cursing at the officers, carrying on a prolonged and heated debate about whether or not he had a gun,

and vigorously opening his coat in a gesture toward the police officers. Khaliq suffered a brief dose

of pepper spray, was knocked to the ground, and was handcuffed. He does not claim that he was

maced for an excessively long amount of time, as the plaintiff alleged in Adams v. Metiva, 31 F.3d

375, 384-85 (6th Cir. 1994), on which case Khaliq relies. Based on the version of events admitted

by Khaliq, and construing the evidence in his favor, the officers’ use of force was objectively

reasonable under the circumstances. See Graham v. Connor, 490 U.S. 386, 395-96 (1989).

There is also no genuine issue of material fact regarding whether Khaliq was subjected to

selective enforcement in violation of the Equal Protection Clause. Most importantly, Khaliq cannot

demonstrate that he was treated differently than someone to whom he was similarly situated, as is

required for a selective-enforcement claim based on race. See Farm Labor Org. Comm. v. Ohio

State Highway Patrol, 308 F.3d 523, 533-34 (6th Cir. 2002). A claimant alleging selective

enforcement offacially neutral criminal laws must demonstrate that the challenged law enforcement

practice “had a discriminatory effect and that it was motivated by a discriminatory purpose.” Id.

(citing Wayte v. United States, 470 U.S. 598, 608 (1985)). “To establish a discriminatory effect in

a race case, the claimant must show that similarly situated individuals of a different race were not
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prosecuted.” Id. (citing United States v. Armstrong, 517 U.S. 456, 465 (1996)); see also Boone v.

Spurgess, 385 F.3d 923, 932 (6th Cir. 2004) (“In order to make out an equal protection claim on the

basis of selective enforcement, a plaintiff must demonstrate that someone similarly situated but for

the illegitimate classification used by the government actor was treated differently.”). Although

Khaliq argues that he was similarly situated to his white girlfriend, who was not arrested, Khaliq was

yelling, cursing, and making gestures perceived to be threatening, while his girlfriend was not. 

Because Khaliq has failed to demonstrate a constitutional violation, his § 1983 claims against

the City necessarily fail. To succeed on a municipal liability claim, Khaliq must demonstrate both:

(1) the deprivation of a constitutional right, and (2) that the City is responsible for that violation. See

Doe v. Clairborne County, 103 F.3d 495, 505-06 (6th Cir. 1996) (citing Collins v. City of Harker

Heights, 503 U.S. 115, 120 (1992)). His failure to demonstrate a constitutional violation dooms his

claim at step one.

Finally, because Khaliq’s federal claims cannot survive summary judgment, it was proper

for the district court to decline to exercise supplemental jurisdiction over his state-law claims. See

28 U.S.C § 1367(c)(3); Saglioccolo v. Eagle Ins. Co., 112 F.3d 226, 233 (6th Cir. 1997) (citing

United Mine Workers v. Gibbs, 282 U.S. 715, 726 (1966)). 

For the foregoing reasons, we affirm the district court’s grant of summary judgment in favor

of the defendant City and officers.