United States Department of Agriculture

Field Guide for Managing

Jointed Goatgrass 

in the Southwest

Forest 

Service

Southwestern

Region TP-R3-16-29 Revised June 2017
Cover Photos

Top left: Jointed goatgrass intermixed with wheat — USDA APHIS PPQ Archive, USDA APHIS PPQ, Bugwood.org 

Top right: Jointed goatgrass inflorescences with awns— Steve Dewey, Utah State Univ., Bugwood.org

Bottom left: Jointed goatgrass spikelets along rachis — Joseph M. DiTomaso, Univ. of Calif.-Davis, Bugwood.org 

Bottom right: Jointed goatgrass spikelets (joints) — Steve Hurst, USDA PLANTS Database, Bugwood.org

In accordance with Federal civil rights law and U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) civil rights 

regulations and policies, the USDA, its Agencies, offices, and employees, and institutions participating in or 

administering USDA programs are prohibited from discriminating based on race, color, national origin, 

religion, sex, gender identity (including gender expression), sexual orientation, disability, age, marital 

status, family/parental status, income derived from a public assistance program, political beliefs, or reprisal 

or retaliation for prior civil rights activity, in any program or activity conducted or funded by USDA (not all 

bases apply to all programs). Remedies and complaint filing deadlines vary by program or incident. 

Persons with disabilities who require alternative means of communication for program information (e.g., 

Braille, large print, audiotape, American Sign Language, etc.) should contact the responsible Agency or 

USDA’s TARGET Center at (202) 720-2600 (voice and TTY) or contact USDA through the Federal Relay 

Service at (800) 877-8339. Additionally, program information may be made available in languages other 

than English. 

To file a program discrimination complaint, complete the USDA Program Discrimination Complaint Form, 

AD-3027, found online at http://www.ascr.usda.gov/complaint_filing_cust.html and at any USDA office or 

write a letter addressed to USDA and provide in the letter all of the information requested in the form. To 

request a copy of the complaint form, call (866) 632-9992. Submit your completed form or letter to USDA 

by: (1) mail: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Office of the Assistant Secretary for Civil Rights, 1400 

Independence Avenue, SW, Washington, D.C. 20250-9410; (2) fax: (202) 690-7442; or (3) email: 

program.intake@usda.gov. 

USDA is an equal opportunity provider, employer and lender.

Printed on recycled paper
1 

Jointed Goatgrass (Aegilops cylindrica Host; A. cylindrical rubiginosa Merr; 

Cylindropyrum cylindricum Merr; Triticum cylindricumMerr)

Grass family (Poaceae), Triticeae tribe

Jointed goatgrass is a common weed that has spread into

wildlands via seed from winter wheat croplands. It is listed 

as a noxious weed in Arizona and New Mexico while in

Texas and Oklahoma it is identified as a troublesome/

common agricultural weed.

This field guide serves as the U.S. Forest Service’s 

recommendations for management of jointed goatgrass in 

woodlands and rangelands associated with the

Southwestern Region. The Southwestern Region covers 

Arizona and New Mexico, which together have 11 national 

forests. The Region also administer 4 national grasslands 

located in northeastern New Mexico, western Oklahoma,

and the Texas panhandle.

Description

Jointed goatgrass (synonyms: jointgrass) is an introduced,

cool season, annual grass that is closely related to winter

wheat. It is native to western Asia and eastern Europe. 

Jointed goatgrass can be introduced as a contaminant in 

winter wheat seed as current technology is typically unable 

to separate these two grass seeds effectively. It is quite 

difficult to controlselectively within wheat fields or in 

wild grassland areas.

Growth Characteristics

• Introduced, cool season, tufted, annual bunchgrass; 

15–30" tall.

• Plants resemble winter wheat, but seedlings have

fine hairs along leaf margins, sheaths, and auricles.

The first leaf to emerge on seedling jointed 

goatgrass is reddish to brownish-green; whereas 

wheat tends to emerge as a whitish-green leaf.

• Stems are hollow and may be upright, slightly 

laying down, or abruptly bent near the base. Stems

branch at the base; the stems that branch off the

main stem are called tillers. Mature plants have fine, 

evenly spaced hairs along margins of alternately 

arranged flat blades, 0.07–0.11 inch wide and 1–6 

inches long; fine hairs may also be present on the 

upper and lower blade surface.

• Ligule is membranous but has a fringe of fine hairs 

above the membrane.

• Cylindrical-shaped spike inflorescences called 

spikes (2–4 inches long) with 5-10 spikelets (joints) 

per spike. Each spikelet contains 1-3 viable seeds. 

Spikelets are embedded alternately along the

inflorescence stem (rachis) giving a zigzag

appearance. The lower spikelets tend to have a very 

small awn (more like a point); the uppermost 

spikelets have long, narrow awns (1-3 inches). 

• Spike shatters into individual spikelets at maturity. 

The presence of these spikelets lying on the soil 

surface helps to identify this grass species. 

• Reproduction is solely by seed, which remain viable 

for 3–5 years. Each plant can produce more than 

100 spikes, which may contribute approximately 

3,000 seeds per plant. However, jointed goatgrass 

tends to average only 130 seeds per plant when 

found in a wheat crop. Compacted soil favors 

germination, thus jointed goatgrass is likely to

emerge in the tracks between rows.

Ecology

Impacts/Threats

Jointed goatgrass is a primary concern within or near areas 

with winter wheat where the weed species can contribute to 

reduced yield, loss of profitability, and degraded land 

values. Because of its similarity to wheat in early growth 

stages, control with herbicides is difficult. In wildland 

situations, it may go unnoticed until the infestation 

becomes quite severe. Spikelets of jointed goatgrass can be 

a contaminant in wheat seed planted as a cover crop during 

wildland restoration efforts, such as reseeding after fires.
2 

Site/Distribution

Jointed goatgrass is found mainly as a weed in wheat 

fields or other cropland areas including alfalfa fields and 

pastures. It escapes to waste areas and is found along

roadways, railroad tracks, and other rights-of-way. It 

prefers areas with 10–20 inches of annual precipitation, 

between 820 and 6,500 feet in elevation. The species is 

now found in most States of the continental U.S.

Spread

Prominent awns on spikelets insure transport and dispersal 

of seed by adhering to clothing, fleece, and animal fur. 

Seeds may be carried by wind, water, or by small rodents 

and is very likely to be a contaminant in grain, especially 

in winter wheat seed. Seed can germinate on the soil 

surface, although germination is enhanced by compacted 

soil, as is present between crop rows. Seedlings can 

emerge from seed buried to a depth of 4 inches.

Invasive Features

Jointed goatgrass seedlings emerge mostly from 

September to early November under favorable soil

moisture. The plant has an overwinter dormant period and

then produces new seed in the spring, usually before

winter wheat inflorescences emerge. The seed has a long

anthesis (flowering) period which allows it to take 

advantage of favorable weather conditions and to compete 

with wheat and native grasses for sunlight, soil nutrients, 

and soil moisture. Jointed goatgrass tolerates drought 

better than winter wheat and other annual grasses. 

Management

Preventing the introduction of jointed goatgrass should be

the key objective when managing this weedy species.

Since jointed goatgrass spreads solely via seed, the best 

way to prevent introduction is to always use certified

weed-free seed from a reliable seed source when planting

winter wheat in any rangeland or non-cropland situation. 

Once introduced, management should focus on removing 

seed production and reducing the opportunity for 

germination of seed already present in the soil. In general, 

a combination of control methods should be used when 

managing jointed goatgrass. Initial treatments should 

attempt to eliminate as many live plants and disrupt as 

much seed production as possible. Secondary treatments 

should aim to prevent seed formation and increase 

competition from desirable perennial plants. 

The following actions should be considered when planning 

an overall management approach for jointed goatgrass: 

• Check seed stock, hay, straw, and mulch for presence 

of weed seed before using them in weed-free areas; 

certified weed-free hay or pellets should be fed to 

horses used in backcountry areas.

• Remove grazing animals from infested areas before 

jointed goatgrass seed heads mature. If an infested 

area has been grazed, confine animals in a holding 

area long enough to allow contaminated waste to

pass before moving to an un-infested area. Check

animals for presence of seed in fur or fleece.

Monitor animal trails for seed spread in areas of

known infestation.

• Encourage use of spray washing stations to reduce 

seed spread when mechanized equipment is utilized

inside or near an infestation.

• Detect, map, and eradicate new populations of 

jointed goatgrass as early as possible, especially in

areas adjacent to grain croplands. Keep annual 

records of reported infestations.

• Combine mechanical, cultural, biological, and 

chemical methods for most effective control.

• Implement monitoring and a follow-up treatment 

plan for missed plants or seedlings. 

Table 1 summarizes some management options for jointed 

goatgrass control under various situations. Further details 

on these management options are explained below. Choice 

of control method depends on the current land use and site

conditions, accessibility, terrain, and microclimate; extent 

and density of infestation; and non-target flora and fauna 

present. Other considerations include treatment 

effectiveness, cost, and the number of years needed to 

achieve control. More than one control method will likely 

be needed for each site.

 
3 

Table 1. Management options*

Site Physical Control Cultural Control Biological Control Chemical Control

Roadsides, 

fence lines,

and non-crop 

areas

Mow before inflorescence has 

emerged from the sheath, if

possible. Repeat mowing if

necessary. 

Deep moldboard plowing or 

V-blade sweeping may be 

used in suitable areas. The 

moldboard plow is not

recommended on slopes 

highly susceptible to soil

erosion. 

Use seed, mulch, and fill 

materials certified to be weedfree. 

Avoid excessive disturbance. 

Implement requirements for 

vehicle operations and for 

reporting infestations along 

roads. 

Clean mechanized equipment 

after use in infested areas or 

areas suspected of being 

infested. 

No biocontrol agents have

been approved for use by 

USDA.

Use truck or tractor

spraying equipment. 

Wash underneath to 

prevent spread. 

Rangeland or 

pasture areas

Deep moldboard plowing or 

V-blade sweeping may be 

used in suitable areas. The 

moldboard plow is not

recommended on slopes 

highly susceptible to soil

erosion. 

Use seed and forage hay certified

to be weed-free; use pellets for

horses in backcountry areas.

If animals have grazed in an 

infested area, confine before 

moving to a new area.

Consider high intensity

grazing with cattle during 

winter and early spring 

followed by herbicide

treatment of remaining

plants after cattle have 

been removed. 

Use ground broadcast 

sprayer; or for areas

difficult to access, use

backpack sprayer. 

Wilderness, 

other natural 

areas, and/or

small

infestations 

Manual methods such as

hoeing or hand pulling in

localized areas are effective if

roots are pulled. Acceptable to

leave pulled plants to air dry

in situ. 

Use seed and forage hay certified

to be weed-free; use pellets for

horses in backcountry areas.

Post signs warning visitorsto

remove seeds.

No biocontrol agents have

been approved for use by

USDA.

Use backpack sprayer;

broadcast spraying by

other methods may be

used on thicker stands, if

allowed.

* Choice of a particular management option must be in compliance with existing regulations for the land resource. 

P

Hand removal – This method is an acceptable, although it 

is often a difficult option for sparse or low density

populations. Hand pull, cut, or hoe before the seed head 

exits the sheath in late winter or early spring to prevent 

plants from maturing and reaching seed production. 

Several return visits to a site may be required to eliminate 

new plants. Remove as much of the root as possible and 

hysical Control allow pulled plants to dry in place upon the soilsurface.

Physical methods to control jointed goatgrass require

proper timing and may need to be repeated to reach an

acceptable level of control. Focus on removing plants and 

preventing seed production. Improving the competitiveness 

of desired species or planting adaptable species should 

always be considered in combination with mechanical

control.

Manual Methods

Mechanical Methods

If using machinery to manage jointed goatgrass, the 

equipment should be cleaned after use to prevent 

movement of seed into un-infested areas.

Tillage – Where appropriate, deep tillage with a moldboard 

plow or V-sweep (6–8 inches deep) can effectively deter

germination and emergence. Soil must be fully inverted

and should cover all surface material to a minimum depth

of 4 inches. Subsequent plowing (e.g., for purposes of 

planting crops) should be shallow so as not to return seeds 

to soil surface. If possible, avoid plowing for 2years 

following deep tillage so as to allow time for buried seeds 

to decay. Tillage on wildlands should always be combined 

with reseeding of desirable perennialspecies.
4 

Mowing – Timing is critical for use of this method. 

Ideally, mow in late winter to early spring when 

inflorescences are formed but are still within the sheath. If 

performed too early, extensive tiller production will result. 

If performed after the inflorescence has emerged from the 

sheath, viable seed may be spread. Expect the need to 

follow up with a secondary method—such as herbicide 

spraying—for effective control.

Prescribed Fire

Post-harvest burning of winter wheat stubble is often used 

to reduce germination of jointed goatgrass seed lying on 

the soil surface. However, opportunities for using a 

planned burning program for jointed goatgrass control on 

range or non-crop lands are generally limited. A broadcast 

burn may be used to eliminate dried-out, standing leaf and 

seed material but anticipate that jointed goatgrass will 

return in later years. Expect to implement a second or third 

year management strategy in combination with burning, 

such as herbicide spraying followed by reseeding with

desired species. Other issues to consider are loss of 

nitrogen when burning and conversion of phosphorous to a 

form unavailable to plants which may require increased 

fertilization.

Cultural Control

Vehicles, humans, and domestic animals should be

discouraged from traveling through areas infested with

jointed goatgrass. Seed and materials used for mulch, 

forage, or fill should be certified to be weed-free; pellets 

may be used for horses in backcountry areas. Also, spread 

on restoration projects can be minimized by thoroughly 

cleaning machinery before moving from infested to noninfested areas and processing contaminated grain before 

feeding to livestock. Some additional management tips 

from the agricultural sector that may be applicable to

certain restoration projects in wildland areasinclude:

• Crop rotation – In cultivated fields, crop rotation 

has been found to be a highly effective way to 

significantly reduce jointed goatgrass seed and 

presence. One crop rotation approach commonly 

used includes planting a fall seeded crop, such as 

winter canola, after harvest. Another approach is to 

treat the area with glyphosate or tilling which can

then be followed by planting sorghum, sunflower, or 

corn in the spring.

• Nutrient management – Applying nitrogen in ways 

that increases the amount available to wheat and 

decreases the amount available to jointed goatgrass is 

sometimes used as a means of reducing jointed 

goatgrass. There are two primary approaches to 

manipulate nitrogen levels: (1) “banding” high rates 

of nitrogen adjacent to and below the seed during 

planting time, or (2) using a water diluted nitrogen 

solution as the carrier when applying herbicide. The 

herbicide will control the jointed goatgrass and allow 

the nitrogen to be available for desired plants.

• Seed selection – There are many recommendations 

with regard to size, quality, cultivar selection, and 

competitiveness of wheat seed. Seeding rate 

guidelines should fit the local environment and are 

available through the Cooperative Extension Service.

Biological Control

Grazing

Grazing alone rarely provides complete jointed goatgrass

control since livestock prefer to graze wheat and other 

grassesfirst. However, a combined methods approach 

called “graze-out plus glyphosate” has been used with 

some success in active wheat-growing areas or when doing 

intensive reclamation. With this method, an area is grazed 

at high intensities by using aggressive stocking rates, and 

then cattle are removed early in the spring while jointed 

goatgrass is still green and actively growing. Glyphosate 

herbicide is applied by broadcast spraying to provide 

nonselective grass control.

Classical Biological Control

Biocontrol agents (insects, pathogens, etc.) have not been 

approved by USDA for jointed goatgrass.

Chemical Control

Because of the genetic similarity between jointed goatgrass 

and wheat, no currently registered herbicide product is 

available that will selectively control jointed goatgrass in 

wheat or related annual grass. Rather, complete plant 
5 

Table 2. Herbicide recommendations

Common

Chemical

Name (active 

ingredient)

Product

Example1

Broadcast 

Treatment 

(rate per acre)

Spot 

Treatment 

(spray 

solution)2

Time of Application Remarks

Imazamox Beyond 

Clearmax

4 oz + 

surfactant and

liquid nitrogen

fertilizer

0.25–1.5% + 

surfactant 

Fall or early spring during 

active growth, but before

maximum plant size is 

reached. See label for specific

number of leaves/tillers.

Only labeled for crop areas 

planted with Clearfield wheat 

variety. Broad spectrum; 

residual; amino acid inhibitor;

affects growth regions in roots 

and stem.

Liquid fertilizer solution should 

be at least 50 percent water 

before use as carrier.

Glyphosate Roundup Pro

Rodeo 

Accord 

2.5–3 pints 0.5–2% Apply to actively growing 

plants emerged before boot 

state.

Nonselective amino acid 

inhibitor; will kill desirable 

vegetation, including forbs and 

woody species; quickly 

inactivated in the soil.

Foliar application only. Use as a

spot treatment or for chemical

fallow.

Imazapic Plateau 0.063–0.188 

pounds per acre

2% + surfactant Apply pre-emergence for best 

results.

Use lower rates for dry climates 

and low leaf litter. Use higher 

rates as moisture increases and/or 

litter increases. Higher rate may 

suppress cool season grasses.

Sulfometuron

methyl

Oust Oust: 1.3–2 

ounces 

NA Apply late fall or winter 

before jointed goatgrass is 3 

inches tall. Best if applied

right before rainfall. 

A broad-spectrum, urea-based

herbicide that blocks cell 

division in growth region of 

stems and roots; may also 

damage non-target vegetation. 

Can provide pre-emergence and 

post-emergence control. Read 

product label carefully before

applying. 

1 Trade names for products are provided for example purposes only, and other products with the same active ingredient(s) may be available. Individual 

product labels should be examined for specific information and appropriate use with jointed goatgrass.

2 Spray solution is the herbicide/water ratio in a spray mix that may be used for spot treatment with backpack or hand-held sprayers. The amount of product 

applied during an annual growing season must not exceed the maximum application rate per acre as specified by the product label – refer to the product 

label for the site type and application.

control using a nonselective herbicide has been the 

primary option relied upon for effective treatment of 

jointed goatgrass in agronomic or wildland situations. 

Glyphosate can be used as a spot treatment or as a 

broadcast spray. An advantage of glyphosate compared to 

other nonselective herbicides is that it has limited soil 

residual activity which allows reseeding shortly after 

spraying. Sulfometuron methyl is another non-selective 

herbicide that is effective on annual grasses, including 

jointed goatgrass, within a rangeland or non-crop setting. 

Sulfometuron methyl is a broad-spectrum, urea-based 

herbicide that inhibits cell division in the growth regions 

of stems and roots; it may be used pre or post-emergent. 

ALS-inhibiting herbicides such as imazamox, imazapic, or 

imazapyr are also effective in controlling jointed 

goatgrass; however, these products have longer soil 

activity than glyphosate. Imazamox herbicides such as 

Beyond® or Clearmax® should only be used on 

Clearfied® wheat. It is important to closely consult the 

herbicide label for application options.
6

Numerous herbicides have been tested for jointed goatgrass 

control in winter wheat fields, and controlsuccess is welldescribed in the literature (see Donald and Ogg 1991). 

Herbicides listed in table 2 are mainly intended for use in 

rangeland or non-crop situations. These products will

effectively control jointed goatgrass when properly applied, 

although all are nonselective and may impact non-target

species. Each herbicide product has different requirements

and restrictions. Thus, it is important to read the label

carefully and follow all instructions and guidelines when 

mixing and applying chemical herbicides. Aquatically 

approved herbicides and surfactants must be used in or near 

water. Consult the registrant if you have questions or need 

further detail.

Herbicide Application

Herbicides may be applied with backpack or hand-held 

sprayers, ATV or UTV sprayers, or conventional boom 

sprayers that are pulled or attached to a tractor or truck. 

Any equipment used to spray herbicide should be 

calibrated. For sparse populations, one person or a small 

team can spot spray jointed goatgrass with an adjustable 

spray nozzle attached to a hand-held or backpack sprayer. 

The foliage should be sprayed to wet without dripping. 

Apply glyphosate in spring when jointed goatgrass is fully 

tillered but before the inflorescence has emerged from the 

sheath. Precautionary measure should be taken if desirable

plants, including woody species, need to be protected.

Management Strategies

Management of jointed goatgrass in a non-crop or 

rangeland setting begins with identifying and mapping the

infestation. Consider the area occupied by jointed

goatgrass and the intended land use and objectives. 

Develop a plan for controlling the weed that is practical to 

implement and envisions the end result. The plant density 

and size of the infested area should also be considered 

when determining the appropriate approach for weed

control.

To reduce further spread, consider treating the perimeters 

of large, dense infestations of jointed goatgrass first. For 

confined or isolated patches where goatgrass occurs in 

high densities, consider broadcast spraying with

glyphosate in the spring and then follow up by reseeding

native perennial plants. Prevent the spread of low density

jointed goatgrass populations from disturbed areas (oil

well pads, field edges, access roads, rights-of-way, etc.) by 

hand pulling, hoeing, or spot spraying with glyphosate.

Successful reseeding projects on range or noncropland 

following jointed goatgrass control can be challenging, 

especially when precipitation is low and there are few 

adaptable species choices for planting purposes. If 

possible, invest in a major reclamation effort for heavily 

infested areas by using glyphosate to prepare the site for 

seeding. Anticipate that treatments may need to be

repeated in later years. If reseeding is not planned, then 

encourage growth of desirable native plants that will

directly compete for soil moisture, light, nutrients, and 

space. In a rangeland or other non-crop setting, 

suppression or removal of jointed goatgrass will often 

enable the natural return of native plants without 

undergoing the added expense and difficulties associated 

with reseeding.

In most cases, several years of treatment are necessary to 

control jointed goatgrass. Since it is ordinarily useless to 

treat an area only one time without retreatment, sufficient 

resources must be allocated for the area where control is 

attempted. After initial treatment, it is especially important 

that resources are also available to respray or retreat the 

treated area as necessary. Anticipate 1–2 years of 

monitoring and implementing further measures to control 

emergence of new plants from the seed bank. Failure to 

perform follow-up management may result in a return of 

the infestation.

Adaptive Management

Jointed goatgrass is an introduced, naturalized species

commonly found throughout the western U.S. and

controlling it across broad areas may be impractical.

Therefore, realistic goals and objectives should be 

established to manage jointed goatgrass infestations spread

extensively throughout a given landscape. To improve 

long-term success in controlling jointed goatgrass, 

consider using an adaptive management approach with the

overall goal of restoring desirable plant communities. The 

stepwise process for adaptive management involves: 
7 

1. Assessment of the overall weed problem,

2. Establishing management goals and objectives,

3. Implementation of control strategies and 

measures,

4. Monitoring the effectiveness of management 

actions,

5. Evaluating actual outcomes in relation to expected

results, and 

6. Adjusting practices as necessary.

Steps of this process should be methodically repeated in 

sequence as part of a continuous learning cycle that 

improves management planning and strategy by learning 

from the outcomes of from the outcomes of previous 

management actions. In general, an adaptive management 

approach is considered to be successful if: 

1. Stakeholders are actively involved and remain 

committed to the process;

2. Monitoring and assessment are used to adjust and

improve management decisions; and

3. Management goals and/or objectives for the 

resource are being achieved.

References and Further

Information

Donald, W.W. and A.G. Ogg, Jr. 1991. Biology and

Control of Jointed Goatgrass (Aegilops cylindrical),

a Review. Weed Technology, Vol. 5, No. 1 (Jan.–

Mar. 1991); Pp. 3–17. Available at

http://www.jstor.org/ stable/3986780 (accessed 

November 2012)

Duncan, K., K. McDaniel, and M. Renz. 2005.Chemical

Weed and Brush Control for New Mexico 

Rangelands. Las Cruces: NMSU College of 

Agriculture and Home Economics and Cooperative

Extension Service. (Refer to recommendations for 

goatgrass, jointed on p. 7) 

Encycloweedia Datasheets. 2012. Available at 

www.cdfa.ca/plant/ipc/weedinfo/aegilops.htm

North American Plant Protection Organization (NAPPO). 

2003. Host Grains Panel Pest Fact Sheet: Aegilops

cylindrica Host. Available athttp://www.invasive. 

org/weedcd/pdfs/Aegilopscylindrica.pdf (accessed 

October 2012)

Noxious Weed Control Board. 2010. Jointed Goatgrass 

Aegilops cylindrica Weed Detail. Available athttp:// 

www.nwcb.wa.gov (accessed October 2012).

Oklahoma State University Stillwater. 2012. Plant Info: 

Jointed Goatgrass Aegilops cylindrica. Available at

http://plantpests.okstate.edu/Plantinfo.asp?id=1

(accessed November 2012)

Quinn, M.P., D.W. Morishita and W.J. Price. 2006.

Determining Physiological Maturation ofJointed

Goatgrass (Aegilops cylindrica Host) Caryopses.

Weed Technology Vol. 20 No. 4 (Oct. – Dec. 2006) 

Pp. 921– 933. Available athttp://www.jstor.org/ 

stable/4495774 (accessed November 2012)

Schmale, D., T. Peeper, and D. Stahlman. 2009. Jointed

Goatgrass Best Management Practices: Southern

Great Plains. Washington State University

Publication EM011. Available at www.

jointedgoatgrass.org (accessed November 2012)

Smith, J.P. Jr. 2012. Aegilops in Jepson Flora Project (eds). 

Jepson E-Flora. Available athttp://ucjeps.berkeley.

edu/cgi-bin/get_JM_treatment.pl?8738,8760,8761 

(accessed October 2012)

USDA NRCS National Plant Database. 2010. Available at 

http://www.plants.usda.gov (accessed October 2012)

Williams, B.K., R.C. Szaro, and C.D. Shapiro. 2009.

Adaptive Management: The U.S. Department ofthe

Interior Technical Guide. Adaptive Management 

Working Group, U.S. Department of the Interior, 

Washington, DC. Available at http://www.doi.gov/ 

initiatives/AdaptiveManagement (accessed April 

2011) 
8

Suggested Web Sites

For jointed goatgrass project information: 

http://www.jointedgoatgrass.org/

For information on invasive species: 

http://www.invasivespeciesinfo.gov/ 

http://www.invasive.org/weedus/index.html

For information about calibrating spray equipment: NMSU 

Cooperative Extension Service Guide A-613, 

Sprayer Calibration. Available at 

http://aces.nmsu.edu/pubs/_a/A613.pdf

Herbicide labels online: 

http://www.cdms.net/LabelsMsds/LMDefault.aspx

Noxious Weed List for Arizona: 

http://www.azda.gov/PSD/quarantine5.htm

Noxious Weed List for New Mexico: 

http://nmdaweb.nmsu.edu/animal-and-plantprotection/noxious-weeds/noxious20weed memo 

list.pdf

For more information or

other field guides, contact:

USDA Forest Service 

Southwestern Region

Forest Health

333 Broadway Blvd., SE 

Albuquerque, NM 87102

Or visit the Southwestern Region’s 

website for invasive species:

http://www.fs.usda.gov/goto/r3/invasivespecies

The use of trade or firm names in this publication is for reader 

information only and does not imply endorsement of any 

product or service by the U.S. Department of Agriculture. 

Recommendations made here for 

pesticide use are not obligatory, 

nor do they imply that discussed

uses have been registered. All

uses of pesticides must be

registered by appropriate State 

and/or Federal agencies before

they can be applied.

CAUTION: Pesticides can be 

injurious to humans, domestic 

animals, desirable plants, and fish or other wildlife—if they 

are not handled or applied properly. Use all pesticides 

carefully and lawfully. Follow recommended practices for the 

disposal of surplus pesticides and pesticide containers.