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| **United         States        Department of        Agriculture****Agricultural        Research        Service****National        Agricultural        Library*****Animal         Welfare        Information Center***** | Information Resources on the Care and Welfare of  Dairy Cattle1996 - 2002**AWIC Resource Series No. 16          August 2002**  Updates   Housing, Husbandry, and Welfare of Dairy Cattle, 1995
**Compiled and edited by:****Cynthia P. Smith, M.S.**          Animal Welfare Information Center          National Agricultural Library          U.S. Department of Agriculture
**Published by:**
        U. S. Department of Agriculture        Agricultural Research Service        National Agricultural Library        Animal Welfare Information Center        Beltsville, Maryland 20705        E-mail: awic@nal.usda.govWeb         site: www.nal.usda.gov/awic Published in cooperation with the Virginia-Maryland Regional Collegeof Veterinary MedicineDisclaimersTable of ContentsAcknowledgmentsHow to Use This Document An Overview of Current Dairy Welfare Concerns from the North   American Perspective             Human-Animal   Interaction             Physical   Environment             Social   Environment             Health   Issues             Legislative   Issues             References Effects of Dairy Cattle Breeding and Production Methods on Animal   Welfare              Abstract              Public   Perception of the Dairy Industry              The   Concept of Animal Welfare              The   Welfare of Veal Calves              The   Welfare of Cows                          Leg and Foot Problems                          Mastitis                          Reproductive Problems                          Housing Systems and Welfare                           Milk Yield and Welfare in Dairy Cows              ReferencesBibliography               Behavior   / Breeding   / Feeding   / General   / Health   / Housing               Husbandry   / Legislation   / Reproduction   / Slaughter   / TransportWebsitesAcknowledgments  The editor gratefully acknowledges Dr. Julie Morrow of the United States   Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, for taking the time   to write a thoughtful introduction to this publication. Thanks also to Dr. Broom   from the University of Cambridge, Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine,   for permission to reprint his excellent review on breeding and production concerns   relating to dairy welfare.    Special thanks to D'Anna Jensen for the cover design, final editing, formatting,   and printing of this publication. Her role in guiding this publication to its   final stages is greatly appreciated. Thanks also to Barbara Buchanan for her work in developing the web version of this publication.  How to Use This Document  This document contains two introductory articles written by experts in the farm   animal welfare field from North America and Europe respectively. Each article   ends with a list of references cited by the author. The second section of this   publication consists of an extensive bibliography categorized into the following   topics: behavior, breeding, feeding, health, housing, husbandry, legislation,   reproduction, slaughter, and transport. Citations listed in this section may or   may not overlap with articles cited by the introductory authors.    Citations were selected from searches conducted using a variety of agricultural,   medical, and life science databases. Within a subject category citations are arranged   alphabetically according to the last name of the primary author. Each citation   is listed with a set of keywords that describe useful information about the entry.   If a citation is listed from a publication available through the National Agricultural   Library (NAL) a NAL call number has been included.Information on how to obtain copies of articles mentioned in thebibliography are available from the National Agricultural Library'sDocument Delivery Services Branch athttp://www.nal.usda.gov/ddsb/.        This section provides information on how to request materials thatare included in the collection of the National Agricultural Library (NAL).Please read carefully as there are certain restrictions on media anddocument types.        All patrons are encouraged to explore local library resourcesfirst before contacting the National Agricultural Library.    The final section of this document contains an annotated listing of web links   for internet sites that include information on the care and welfare of dairy cattle   in their content. World Wide Web addresses are listed to access specialized databases,   extension materials, and publications produced by a variety of non-profit organizations.   Readers are cautioned as to the dynamic nature of the internet and the fact that   addresses and content are subject to change.  
**An Overview of Current Dairy Welfare Concerns from the North American Perspective**
Human-Animal Interaction / Physical Environment   / Social Environment / Health Issues   / Legislative Issues / References
**Julie Morrow, Ph.D.**    Research Leader, United States Department of Agriculture    Agricultural Research Service, Livestock Issues Research Unit    123B Animal Science Building    Texas Tech University    Lubbock, TX 79409-2141   
It is heartening to say that progress has been made in the area of dairy cattle     welfare. It is also fair to say that many dairy cattle welfare issues are still     present and, in North America, several new issues have surfaced since publication     of the last AHousing,     Husbandry, and Welfare of Dairy Cattle@ (1995) by AWIC. The intent of this introduction to the bibliography     is to share my perspective on current dairy welfare issues as they affect dairy     cattle raised in North America. Clearly, this perspective will be less influenced     by legislation than the European perspective. This introduction represents my     personal viewpoint and not that of the National Agricultural Library or Animal     Welfare Information Center. My recommendation to readers is to avail themselves     of the well-organized bibliography to draw their own conclusion on the status     of dairy cattle welfare.

Some welfare issues persist through time in the management of dairy     cattle. These include animal abuse and neglect, lack of adequate nutrition and     housing, lack of treatment for disease or injury, transportation and marketing     practices, slaughter and pre-slaughter handling, breeding practices and appropriate     disaster management. Along with these issues are factors that have arisen more     recently due to the establishment of larger dairy herds in certain parts of     the country. These include provision of shade or other cooling mechanisms, the     time period cows stand on concrete or other hard surfaces prior to entering     the milking parlor and lameness. Emergent issues for dairy cattle in North America     are the use of recombinant bovine somatotropin (BST) and the practice of tail     docking. 

 Identifying appropriate well-being in production systems is at best     a complex issue as many interrelated variables impinge on animal welfare. Certainly,     welfare within a production system can vary as much as between systems. Key     components can, however, be identified and those include (but are certainly     not limited to) the human-animal interaction, the physical environment, and     the animal=s social environment. Part of the issue in identifying welfare in     relation to management systems is that it is often a subjective measure of the     entire production system. Scientific studies can reveal changes in physiology     or behavior with varying management practices and environmental conditions but     this science is not always applicable to assessment of animal welfare in the     entire production system (Fregonesi and Leaver, 2001).     We can conduct science to understand the preference of animals for their environment,     however this is not always clearly related to proper animal welfare as animal     preferences may change with changing environmental conditions. For example,     (Fregonesi, 1999) found that dairy cows preferred to lie     and stand in a straw bedded environment. Depending on management of the straw,     udder health and well-being could be affected by blindly imposing this type     of system not to mention environmental concerns in handling the excess straw     as a waste product.
Human-Animal Interaction
 Behavior is a key discipline for understanding cattle welfare. Strides     have been made in studying dairy cattle behavior particularly as it relates     to the human-animal bond and the animal's fear response. We now have a number     of studies that illustrate that the symbiotic relationship between caretaker     and cow is one of the principle factors in determining positive animal welfare.     Fearfulness in cattle affects productivity and can become increasingly severe,     A fearful cow tends to be more difficult to handle, resulting in an elevated     negative human response which promotes additional fearfulness by the cow. The     behavior section of this bibliography contains several references to the human-animal     interaction and relevance to welfare (see in particular Jago     et al., 1999; Morgensen et al., 1999; Munksgaard     et al., 1997; Rushen et al., 1999). 

 Acute events and stressors that are more chronic can affect welfare.     Chronic stress may ultimately lead to alterations in the animals ability to     react to novel stimuli within their environment and they may become hypo or     hyper reactive to such stimuli (Boissy et al., 2001). More     recently we have seen the concept of positive human-animal interaction and welfare     extended to fear responses, health and productivity of calves in veal units     (Lensink et al., 2001). Obviously, this is a fruitful area     of research and an important one for further studies. 
Physical Environment
 It is estimated that about 25% of all dairy cattle in North America     are housed in a free-stall environment. Here cows can enter and leave the stall     at will. The stall has some form of bedding material such as sand, sawdust or     possibly straw. Research has shown that a properly designed stall is necessary     for proper animal welfare with key points being adequate numbers of stalls,     length sufficient to prevent the udder from contacting manure in the gutters     and comfort of the bedding material within the stall. The most predominant environment     for dairy cattle in North America remains the tie-stall, where the cow is confined     to the stall by a neck tether, which allows her to lie down, but not to turn     around within the stall or leave the stall at will. A minority of dairy cows     are kept on pasture throughout the year. The use of straw bedded loose housing     systems (developed in Europe) are not utilized to any great extent in North     America. Lying times for cows tend to be greater for cows in loose housing and     freestall systems but this is dependent on management of the environment within     each system. Certainly, welfare can be affected by these environmental conditions     but few side-by-side comparisons of all systems exist to provide definitive     information on which system is best for cow welfare. 

 Use of dry lot environment for dairy cows has become increasingly     popular. This is due to the increase in size and number of dairies in the western     and southwestern states of the US. These dry lot environments consist of large     dirt paddocks with a central milking parlor. Sometimes cattle will have access     to shade or other cooling device within the dry lot. Concern has recently arisen     regarding the time period animals in large groups stand on hard surfaces while     waiting to be milked and its association with increased lameness and culling     rates for lameness in these herds. This is a particular concern for dairies     with large numbers of cows and insufficient milking parlors. Cooling high-producing     dairy cows has always been an issue in hot climates and may have reached its     pinnacle in drylot systems as genetic selection for high productivity in more     temperate climates may have negatively influenced the dairy cow's ability to     adapt to heat stress (Ravagnolo et al., 2000).

 Calf rearing practices where animals are individually housed and     cannot turn around can be a welfare issue. These young animals are social and     in some environments, they are unable to express social behavior completely.     Many European systems, particularly straw-bedded group housing systems have     been developed but are not used to any extent in North America. Again, it is     a question of having solid research data comparing, in the same study, all systems     with consideration of animal welfare, productivity, economics, and environmental     impact. Until such information is available, we will continue to question which     environments and production systems are best for calves.
Social Environment
 Welfare in group housed dairy animals is strongly affected by the     social environment. Animal density and mixing of cattle are disruptive to the     social order and can certainly impact welfare. Cattle have elaborate social     structures, being group animals and we have found that their behavior is more     complex than what was thought earlier. They can show complex learning, leading     us to rethink the effects of some management practices used on dairy cattle     well-being. How we incorporate new heifers into an established group of cows     or train heifers to the routine of milking is an area that has recently received     more research attention. As we attempt to reduce stress on these animals and     improve their welfare, additional questions regarding their cognitive abilities     will need to be addressed by research.
Health Issues
 Lameness certainly stands out as a consequential and complex welfare     problem in dairy cattle. The complexity arises because lameness is an overt     sign of many clinical, environmental and management problems. Many factors influence     hoof health including genetics, conformation, diet, contagious agents, hygiene,     housing system, animal behavior and management (Bergsten, 2001).     A key issue in the problem of lameness has been our inability to detect it at     an early stage. Recent research by Rajkondawar et al. (2001)     indicates that it may be possible to use engineering tools to identify lameness     in the cow in its very early stages where it is still easily treatable with     a high probability of success. Continued research along these lines will assist     dairy producers in their constant fight against the huge welfare problem of     lameness. The associations between social rank, behavior and lameness have also     recently been studied showing that lower ranking cows spend more time standing.     The lower the social rank of the individual cow, the higher the probability     that she will become lame (Galindo and Broom, 2000).

 Recombinant bovine somatotropin or BST has been a controversial     issue in both Europe and North America. Estimates suggest that over the past     eight or so years since BST has been available for use in this country (FDA     approval occurred on November 5, 1993), approximately 25% of US producers use     BST in their herd (Fetrow, 2001). The European Union (EU)     however, continues to prohibit the marketing and use of BST based on a report     from their Scientific Committee on Animal Health and Animal Welfare that concluded     that BST should not be used from the standpoint of its effect on cow health     and welfare. Is BST a welfare issue? Clearly, it is a political "hot potato".     If one considers the average time period in which cows spend in the milking     herd as an indicator of welfare, then the use of BST could be a welfare issue     (Kronfeld, 2000). How much is too much production? High     production is correlated with both lameness and mastitis. The EU cited both     of these issues as indicators to ban the use of BST in the EU.

 Dehorning, or the removal of the horn buds in young calves (mainly     replacement heifers) has been practiced for a number of years. Non-mechanical     means of ridding cattle of horns, such as genetic selection for polled (animals     without horns) dairy cattle has received little attention from the dairy industry.     Since we continue the practice of dehorning, current research has focused on     developing analgesic agents for dehorning calves including nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory     drugs such as ketoprofen (Faulkner and Weary, 2000). As long     as these standard agricultural practices are used, improving the number and     availability of analgesic (particularly long lasting) agents will be a productive     topic for research.

 The practice of tail docking has increased in North America of late.     The practice first became popular in New Zealand as a prevention against the     infection of milkers with Leptospirosis. In its early history the practice of     tail docking was thought to reduce mastitis as well, although no scientific     evidence substantiates this claim. As a scientist, I am astonished at the behavioral     and physiological response of adult cows after having a tight rubber ring placed     in between the vertebrae of their tails. Cows showed no behaviors that would     be suggestive of a pain or stress response (Eicher et al., 2000).     On the other hand, research reports from the scientific community have suggested     that docking tails may be detrimental to cows at a later time which would in     fact affect their long-term welfare. Several studies in both New Zealand and     North America have shown that behavior of cattle in response to flies is changed     following tail docking. 
Legislative Issues
 Without doubt, transport of "downer cows" or nonambulatory animals     is an issue, which still has not been fully addressed. Grandin     (1998) reported that a large proportion of the severely lame animals arriving     at slaughter are dairy and that the handling of these animals at the packing     plant remains a welfare issue. Clearly, research to identify on-farm management     to prevent nonambulatory cattle is needed. The legislative bent to this issue     is to amend the current Code of Federal Regulations (Title 9,     Section 313.2) to allow USDA inspectors to conduct ante-mortem inspection     of cattle before they are removed from the transport vehicle. If this were possible,     the nonambulatory animal could be euthanised before removal from the truck.     The US Animal Health Association Animal Welfare Committee has also been working     towards drafting language that could be used on a state-by-state basis to prohibit     the transportation of nonanmbulatory animals.

 Dairy cattle have received less attention from the general public     and animal activist groups as having welfare problems. Society may view dairy     cows as well treated, usually kept in social groups with access to a barn, pasture,     food and water. This does not mean that research on dairy cattle welfare is     not necessary. What should be emphasized in the future is a holistic approach     to identify production systems where animal welfare is a key component along     with production, food safety and environmental issues. We have made progress,     as evidenced by this revised bibliography. I hope that a review of the materials     presented in this bibliography will ignite the academic community and those     involved in the dairy industry to continue to improve the welfare of dairy cattle     under our stewardship.
References
(9 CFR) Code of Federal Regulations Title 9, Sec. 313.2 (d)     (2)**(1997). Handling of livestock. National Archives and Records Administration:     Washington, D.C.

Bergsten, C. (2001). Effects of conformation and     management system on hoof and leg diseases and lameness in dairy cows. *Veterinary     Clinics of North America: Food Animal Practice* 17: 1-23.

Boissy, A., I. Veissier, and S. Roussel. (2001). Behavioural     reactivity affected by chronic stress: An experimental approach in calves submitted     to environmental instability. *Animal Welfare* 10: 175-185.

Eicher, S.D., J.L. Morrow-Tesch, J.L. Albright, J.W.     Dailey, C.R. Young, and L.H. Stanker (2000). Tail-docking influences on behavioural,     immunological, and endocrine responses in dairy heifers. *Journal of Dairy     Science* 83: 1456-1462.

Faulkner, P.M., and D.M. Weary. (2000). Reducing pain     after dehorning in dairy calves. *Journal of Dairy Science*. 83: 2037-2041.

Fetrow, J.P. (2001). Commentary: Food animal welfare     and the use of bovine somatotropin. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical     Association. 218: 1886-1889.

Fregonesi, J.A. (1999). Production and behaviour     of dairy cattle in different housing systems. *University of London, Ph.D.     Thesis.*

Fregonesi, J.A., and L.D. Leaver (2001). Behaviour,     performance and health indicators of welfare for dairy cows housed in strawyard     or cubicle systems. *Livestock Production Science*. 68: 205-216.

Galindo, F. and D.M. Broom. (2000). The relationships     between social behaviour of dairy cows and the occurrence of lameness in three     herds. *Research in Veterinary Science* 69: 75-79.

Grandin, T (1998). Handling of crippled and nonambulatory     livestock. *Animal Welfare Information Center Bulletin*9(1-2): 1-2, 12-13.

Jago, J.G., C.C. Krohn, and L.R. Matthews (1999).     The influence of feeding and handling on the development of the human-animal     interactions in young catle. *Applied Animal Behaviour Science* 62: 137-151.

Kronfeld, D.S. (2000). Recombinant bovine somatotropin     and animal welfare. *Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association*     216: 1719-1722.

Lensink, B.J., I. Veissier, and L. Florand. (2001).     The farmers' influence on calves' behaviour, health and production of a veal     unit. *Animal Science*. 72: 105-116.

Morgensen, L., C.C. Krohn, and J. Foldager (1999).     Long-term effect of housing method during the first three months of life on     human-animal relationship in female dairy cattle. *Acta Agriculturae Scandinavica.     Section A, Animal Science* 49: 163-171.

Munksgaard, L., A.M. de Passille, J. Rushen, K. Thodberg,     and M.B. Jensen (1977). Discrimination of people by dairy cows based on handling.     *Journal of Dairy Science*65: 1106-1112.

Rushen, J., A.M. de Passille, and L. Munksgaard (1999).     Fear of people by cows and effects on milk yield, behavior, and heart rate at     milking. *Journal of Dairy Science*82: 720-727.

Rajkondawar, P.G., N. Neerchal, M.A. Varner, B. Erez,     A.M. Lefcourt, R.M. Dyer, and U. Tasch. (2001). Development of a bovine lameness     index that correlates visual lameness scores to measurable limb movement variables--a     pilot study. *Journal Animal Science* 79: 16 (Suppl. 1).

Ravagnolo, O, I. Misztal, and G. Hoogenboom. (2000).     Genetic component of heat stress in dairy cattle, development of heat index     function. *Journal Dairy Science*. 83: 2120-2125.
  Return to Table of Contents
**Effects of Dairy Cattle Breeding and Production Methods on Animal     Welfare**
Abstract / Public Perception of the Dairy     Industry / The Concept of Animal Welfare / The     Welfare of Veal CalvesThe Welfare of Cows / Leg and Foot Problems     / Mastitis / Reproductive Problems /     Housing Systems and WelfareMilk Yield and Welfare in Dairy Cows / References
**Donald M. Broom, Ph.D.**University of Cambridge Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine Madingley Road, Cambridge CB3 0ES, UK 
 Reprinted from Broom, D.M. 2001 in Proceedings of the 21st World     Buiatrics Congress, 1‑7. Montevideo, Uruguay: Sociedad de Medicina Veterinaria     del Uruguay. (ISBN 9974‑7534‑2‑2).
Abstract
 The continuing success of the dairy industry depends upon public     perception of the products. If products and production methods were perceived     to be bad in respect of human health, the welfare of the animals or the impact     of the environment, sales could be severely affected. Animal welfare is of major     concern now in many countries and concern is growing in most countries. The     welfare of an animal is its state as regards its attempts to cope with its environment.     Hence welfare varies from good to poor and includes the health and feelings     of an animal as well as aspects of its behaviour and physiology. 

 Welfare is poor in dairy cows when, for example, they are lame,     have mastitis, are unable to reproduce, are unable to show normal behaviour,     show emergency physiological responses, or are injured. Poor welfare can be     caused by cruelty or poor management but it is also commoner as production efficiency     increases. Mastitis, lameness and reproductive failure tend to increase as milk     yield increases. Hence it may well be necessary to stop using genetic selection     and some feeding methods to increase milk yield. Cows are well adapted to high     fibre, low density foods and moderate milk yields so there are more problems     when their normal biological functioning controls are overtaxed, i.e. when they     are stressed. Bovine somatotrophin increases the risk of poor welfare, especially     when given to cows which are already relatively high yielding. 

 The design of accommodation for cows, and management procedures,     also have considerable effects on cow welfare. Cubicle houses, particularly     when cubicles are too short or otherwise poorly designed, tend to result in     too much lameness and other problems. Straw yards are generally better for welfare     if well managed. Lameness is much rarer in cows at pasture although special     paths are needed in areas with sharp stones. Housed cows can vary individually     in their susceptibility to lameness according to their social position.

 Farm operations and increasing automation on farms also require     careful monitoring if poor welfare is to be minimised. Indeed efforts should     be made to provide conditions in which welfare is good; individual production     will then be better. 
Public Perception of the Dairy Industry
Most members of the public who are asked about the dairy industry     think of cows grazing in fields and living for some time whilst a series of     calves are born and milk is produced. Milk products are considered by the public     in relation to their effects on human nutrition and health, their effects on     the environment and their effects on animal welfare. If production is perceived     to be bad in relation to any of these aspects, sales of the products could be     severely affected. Some people may limit their intakes of milk products because     of a desire to reduce cholesterol intake and certain aspects of the dairy industry,     such as methane production, may be criticised in relation to pollution but it     is animal welfare rather than these topics which is the subject of this paper.     Until recently, the welfare of the cow was not often perceived to be poor and     it has been only in calf rearing that dairy production systems have been regularly     criticised. However, the industry has been changing and evidence of poor welfare     in cows is accumulating and has had influence on public opinion in several countries.     It is important to the dairy industry that welfare problems should be addressed     before there is any widespread public condemnation of breeding and management     practices. A few critical newspaper articles or television programmes which     appear well founded can be very damaging to producers, processors and retailers.     

Public concern about animal welfare manifests itself in actual product     purchasing and in pressure applied to retailers and to legislators. Major supermarket     and cooked food chains can be influenced rapidly by customer pressure and can     cause changes to be brought about in the methods used by suppliers. Retailers     may impose codes of practice on suppliers and the execution of these codes is     checked because the retailers cannot afford public criticism of what they sell     (1). In several European countries, certain housing systems     and farm practices have been changed by many farmers because of the standards     required by the purchasing companies. For example the use of crates for calves,     stalls and tethers for sows and castration of pigs slaughtered at 100 kg or     less has ceased on many farms.

Effects of public pressure on legislation is usually slower but legislation     makes for more equal constraints on producers. Legislation is becoming more     and more international although it is clearly important that where there is     legislation on wholly moral grounds, for example in order to prevent poor welfare     in animals, there should be restrictions on imports from countries whose moral     standards are lower and that such restrictions should be authorised by the World     Trade Organisation.
The Concept of Animal Welfare
 Animal welfare has to be defined in such a way that it can be scientifically     assessed and the term can be used in legislation and in discussion amongst animal     users and the public. Welfare is clearly a characteristic of an individual animal     and is concerned with the effects of all aspects of its environment on the individual.     The welfare of an animal is its state as regards its attempts to cope with its     environment (2). This state includes the feelings of the     individual, various physiological and behavioural responses and its health.     The extent of the difficulty which the individual has in trying to cope with     its environment, the extent of any failure to cope and the degree of happiness     are all components of welfare. Hence welfare varies from very poor to very good     and can be scientifically assessed (3,4,5,6).

 Indicators of animal welfare are listed in Table     1. These include disease prevalence and reduced ability to grow and breed.     As explained by Broom and Johnson (3), the welfare of a     diseased individual is poorer than that of an individual which is not diseased     and reduced ability to produce offspring given appropriate opportunities also     indicates poor welfare. Individuals which are finding it difficult to cope with     their environment, or which are failing to cope may be more likely to become     diseased, less likely to produce embryos, less likely to carry young to term     and more likely to die early. 
Table 1. Indicators of animal welfare (from Pryce *et     al*, 36).
$      Physiological indicators of pleasure

$           Behavioural indicators of pleasure

$           Extent to which strongly preferred behaviours can be shown

$           Variety of normal behaviours shown or suppressed

$           Extent to which normal physiological processes and anatomical development     are possible

$           Extent of behavioural aversion shown

$           Physiological attempts to cope

$           Immunosuppression

$           Disease prevalence

$           Behavioural attempts to cope

$           Behaviour pathology

$           Self narcotization

$           Body damage prevalence

$           Reduced ability to grow or breed

$           Reduced life expectancy

Welfare can be poor in any animal if it is ill-treated or neglected.     This can be a problem occasionally but most dairy farmers value their animals     too much to allow either of these causes of poor welfare to occur. However,     there can be ill treatment of cattle going to slaughter. The general areas of     cattle welfare problems have been reviewed (7) and many of these will not be reported here.
The Welfare of Veal Calves
Scientific studies of the welfare of veal calves have been reported     in detail by Broom (8) and in the Report on the Welfare     of Calves by the E.U. Scientific Veterinary Committee (Directorate-general for     Agriculture VI/5891/95). Amongst the needs of calves which are not met during     veal production in crates are: resting in normal postures, turning around and     exercising adequately, exploration, normal grooming, social contact, normal     gut development and avoidance of anaemia with associated immunosuppression and     disease.

Well managed group-housing systems in appropriately ventilated buildings     had no more disease than individual-housing systems (9).     Anaemic calves with a blood haemaglobin level of 5.5 m mol l-1 are     adversely affected by exercise (10) and immune system     function was adversely affected at 4.5 m mol l-1 (11).     Confined calves show prolonged inactivity, excessive licking and sucking behaviour     with consequent hair-ball formation in the gut, oral stereotypies and locomotor     difficulties (12,13,14,15).     All of these abnormalities of behaviour indicate poor welfare caused by confinement     and lack of normal stimulation. Confined calves also show greater cortisol response     to ACTH challenge than group-housed calves (16, 17     and lack of fibre and iron in the diet causes abnormalities of gut anatomy and     physiology (11,18,19).

As a consequence of the evidence of poor welfare in veal calves,     the European Union passed a Directive in 1997 which required group-housing of     calves after 8 weeks of age, individual pens at least as wide as the height     of the calf at the withers, no tethering of calves except for <1 h at feeding     time, sufficient iron to ensure an average blood haemoglobin of 4.5 m mol l-1     and fibre in the diet increasing from 50 g per day at 8 weeks to 250 g pr day     at 20 weeks. Many E.U. calf producers have found group-housing of calves to     be more successful economically than the old crate system and white veal can     still be produced from systems which comply with the new law.
The Welfare of Cows
 The major welfare problems of dairy cows are lameness, mastitis,     and any conditions which lead to impaired reproduction, inability to show normal     behaviour, emergency physiological responses or injury. ****

**Leg and     foot problems******

****For a recent review of lameness,     including the extent to which it is a welfare problem, see Greenough and Weaver     (20). Almost all animals which walk with a limp, or reduce     walking to a low level, or avoid walking whenever possible suffer from some     leg or foot pain. Their ability to carry out various preferred behaviours is     generally impaired and there may be adverse consequences for various other aspects     of their normal biological functioning. Lameness always means some degree of     poor welfare and sometimes means that welfare is very poor indeed.

****Measurements of the extent     to which some degree of lameness occurs in dairy cows include 35 - 56 cases     per 100 cows per annum in the USA, 59.5 cases per 100 cows per annum in the     UK, and more than 83% of examined cows in the Netherlands. The actual figures     depend upon the method of assessment and most of these cases were not treated     by veterinary surgeons but there is no doubt that lameness is often a severe     welfare problem.

**Mastitis**

****Mastitis in mammals is a     very painful condition. The sensitivity to touch of affected tissues is clearly     evident and there is obvious damaging of normal function. Mastitis prevalence     should have declined greatly with improved methods of prevention and treatment     but it has not declined as much as it should have done. Webster (21)     reports 40 cases of mastitis per 100 cows per year as an average for the UK.

**Reproductive     problems******

****Reproductive problems in     dairy cows have become very common in recent years with large numbers of cows     being culled because of failure to get in calf. In a study of 50 dairy herds     in England, Esslemont and Kossaibati (22) found that farmers     reported failure to conceive as the predominant reason for culling with 44%     of first lactation, 42% of second lactation and 36.5% of cows in total being     culled for this reason. However, mastitis, feet and leg problems, ketosis and     other disease conditions can lead to reproductive problems and it is difficult     to discover their initial cause from farmers' records. A report by Plaizier     *et al* (23) concerning Canadian herds indicated     that reproductive culling risk varied between 0 and 30% with a mean of 7.5%.

**Housing     systems and welfare**

****The incidence of lameness     is much worse in housed cows than in cows at pasture. Cows at pasture may have     stone damage to hooves if they do not have a suitable place to walk but wet     cubicle houses or poorly maintained straw yards can result in very high levels     of lameness. Even the best cubicle housing systems seem to have some lameness     problems which are exacerbated by social factors (24).     Since the best straw yards, with an abrasive area on which normal hoof wear     occurs, have little lameness, these may be the best solution for housed cows.     Mastitis incidence is affected by hygiene at milking and various other conditions     of management. Poorly designed housing systems can result in a variety of welfare     problems and these can be exacerbated by high stocking density. Most of these     problems, such as those resulting from cubicles being too short for the length     of the cows now occupying them or of poor design of cubicles which do not allow     adequate movements in the cow, are well known so are mentioned briefly here.     In general it seems that many dairy cow housing systems, and cubicles in particular,     do not provide an environment to which cows can adapt easily, The best straw     yards seem to be the most successful as they give the cows more opportunity     to control their interactions with their environment.

**Milk yield     and welfare in dairy cows**

****The dairy cow of 1998 may     produce 18000l. or more of milk per annum with a peak milk yield of 75l. per     day. This compares with UK figures of 6000l. and 30l. per day 10 years ago (21)     and a beef cattle average of 1 - 2000l. and 10l. per day. The dairy animal is     producing considerably more than its ancestor would have. This raises questions     of whether it is at or beyond its maximum production level and the extent of     any welfare problems.

****The peak daily energy output     of the dairy cow per unit body weight is not very high in comparison with some     other species such as seals or dogs but the product of daily energy output and     duration of lactation is very high indeed. Hence long term problems are the     most likely to occur (25). This is what we see because,     although some cows seem to be able to produce at high levels without welfare     problems, the risk of poor welfare indicated by lameness, mastitis or fertility     problems is greater as milk yield increases.

****The steady increase in reproductive     problems as milk yields have increased is well known. As Studer (26)     states, "despite programmes developed by veterinarians to improve reproductive     herd health, conception rates have in general declined from 55-66% 20 years     ago to 45-50% recently (27,28,29,30).     During the same periods, milk production has greatly increased."

****Studies showing that milk     yield is positively correlated with the extent of fertility problems have come     from a range of different countries (31,32,33,34,35,36,37).     Studer (26) explains that high producing cows which are     thin and whose body condition score declines by 0.5 1.0 during lactation often     experience anoestrus. A loss of condition score of about 1.0 during lactation     was normal in the review presented by Broster and Broster (38).     Data on the relationships between milk yield and reproduction measures from     two large scale studies are presented in Tables 2 and     3.

****In some studies, effects     of health problems on reproduction are evident, for example Peeler *et al*     (39) showed how cows which were lame in the period before     service were less likely to be observed as being in oestrus. The lameness could     be more likely in high producing cows. Direct links between level of milk production     and extent of disease conditions are also evident from a range of studies, positive     correlations being reported by Lyons *et al* (40),     Uribe *et al* (41) and Pryce*et al* (36,37     see Tables 2, 3). In addition to     mastitis and leg and foot problems, which are often measured in such studies,     the occurrence of other clinical conditions can also be affected by production     level. Modern, high producing cows with good body condition have a high incidence     of milk fever, retained placenta, metritis, fatty liver and ketosis (26).

Table 2. Positive correlations between milk production     level and indicators of poor welfare (from Pryce *et al*, 36).

Milk yield from 33,732 lactation records:
  calving interval0.50+0.06  days to first service0.43+0.08  mastitis0.21+0.06  foot problems0.29+0.11  milk fever0.19+0.06
 

Table 3. Positive correlations between milk production     level and indicators of poor welfare (from Pryce *et al*, 37).

Milk yield from 10,569 lactation records:
  calving interval0.28+0.06  days to first service0.41+0.06  mastitis0.29+0.05  somatic cell count0.16+0.04  foot problems0.13+0.06
****The high yields of modern     dairy cows are a consequence of genetic selection and feeding. Cows are adapted     to high fibre, low density diets. The ways in which they have been modified     genetically do not change these basic characteristics much. Cows do not adapt     easily to high grain diets or to manufactured diets with high protein and low     fibre. Genetic selection has not taken adequate account of the adaptability     and welfare of cows. Current trends towards ever greater milk production and     feed conversion efficiency should not be continued unless it can be insured     that welfare is good (42,43). Bovine     somatotrophin (BST) results in high milk yields and higher levels of mastitis,     lameness, reproductive disorders and other problems such as those at the injection     site (44,45,46,47,48).     Whether or not much of the effect of the genetically engineered hormone is a     consequence of the milk yield, the poorer welfare caused by the BST is unacceptable.

****The Report of the E.U. Scientific     Committee on Animal Health and Animal Welfare on *Animal Welfare Aspects of     the Use of Bovine Somatotrophin* concluded that the use of BST as follows.

****BST is used to increase     milk yield, often in already high-producing cows. BST administration causes     substantially and very significantly poorer welfare because of increased foot     disorders, mastitis, reproductive disorders and other production related diseases.     These are problems which would not occur if BST were not used and often results     in unnecessary pain, suffering and distress. If milk yields were achieved by     other means which resulted in the health disorders and other welfare problems     described above, these mans would not be acceptable. The injection of BST and     its repetition every 14 days also causes localised swellings which are likely     to result in discomfort and hence some poor welfare.

****The Committee also made     the following Recommendation. BST use causes a substantial increase in levels     of foot problems and mastitis and leads to injection site reactions in dairy     cows. These conditions, especially the first two, are painful and debilitating,     leading to significantly poorer welfare in the treated animals. Therefore from     the point of view of animal welfare, including health, the Scientific Committee     on Animal Health and Animal Welfare is of the opinion that BST should not be     used in dairy cows.
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    Return to Table of ContentsBibliographyBehavior   / Breeding / Feeding / General   / Health / Housing / Husbandry   / Legislation / Reproduction   / Slaughter / TransportBehavior
Amon, T., B. Amon, E. Ofner, and J. Boxberger (2001). **Precision     of assessment of animal welfare by the "TGI 35 L" Austrian needs index.***Acta Agriculturae Scandinavica. Section A, Animal Science*51(Supplementum 30): 114‑117, ISSN: 0906‑4702.     NAL Call No.: S3 A27    Keywords: dairy cattle, dairy farms, housing, welfare, livestock farming, methodology.  

Berry, S.L. (2001)**. Milking the golden cow: Her comfort.***Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association*219(10): 1382‑1386,     ISSN: 0003‑1488.    NAL Call No.: 41.8 Am3     Keywords: dairy cows, calf, husbandry, behavior, philosophy, ethics, farmer,     lameness, bone disease, muscle disease, animal housing, welfare, breeding, calving,     comfort, lactation, milk yield, pregnancy.

Boe, K.E., H.J. Myren, and D.F. Fridheim (1999). **Approval     for cow trainers. [Godkjenning av kutrenere.]***Norsk Veterinaertidsskrift*     111(10): 645-646, ISSN: 0332-5741.    NAL Call No.: 41.8 N81    Keywords: dairy cattle, cows, animal behavior, training of animals, apparatus,     animal welfare, Norway, Norwegian language.  

Bremner, K.J. (1997). **Behaviour of dairy heifers during     adaptation to milking***. Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal     Production*57: 105-108, ISSN: 0370-2731.    NAL Call No.: 49.9 N483    Keywords: animal behavior, heifers, adaptation, milking, training.  

Capdeville, J., and I. Veissier (2001). **A method of assessing     welfare in loose housed dairy cows at farm level, focusing on animal observations.***Acta Agriculturae Scandinavica. Section A, Animal Science*51(Supplementum     30): 62‑68, ISSN: 0906‑4702.    NAL Call No.: S3 A27    Keywords: dairy cows, behavior, housing, environmental conditions, animal welfare,     needs assessment, five freedoms: freedom from hunger and thirst, freedom from     discomfort, freedom from pain, injury or disease, freedom to express normal     behavior, and freedom from fear and distress, scoring system.

Chaplin, S., and L. Munksgaard (2001). **Evaluation of simple     method for assessment of rising behaviour in tethered dairy cows*.****Animal     Science: An International Journal of Fundamental and Applied Research* 72     (1): 191‑197, ISSN: 1357‑7298.    NAL Call No.: SF1.A56    Abstract: Problems with getting up can affect welfare, therefore a simple method     for use in assessing rising behaviour was evaluated. Sixty‑one Danish     Friesian cows housed in two identical tie‑stall barns were used. The cows     were in their first (no. = 30), second (no. = 16) or third lactation (no.= 15).     There were 19 cows in early lactation (<100 days in milk), 18 late lactation     cows (>200 days in milk) and 24 dry cows, divided between the age groups.     Rising was scored at three times of day for five consecutive days. Two observers     scored the cows at 11:30 h and one of these observers scored them at 15:00 and     17:30 h. Cows were encouraged to rise using increasing levels of encouragement     but the minimum possible force and were scored for rising (between 1, normal     rising sequence, smooth movement and 5, rising front first) and the level of     encouragement required. The behaviour of each cow was recorded on video for     21.5 h. Total lying time; lying frequency; maximum lying bout length; time to     lie down; time for preparatory phase of lying; time to rise, and time for final     phase of rising were recorded from the videos and video records of rising were     scored. The rising score was repeatable and was unaffected by the different     scoring conditions tested (presence of observer, day of scoring, time of day,     level of encouragement). Stage of lactation affected total lying time, number     of lying bouts, maximum bout length and rising behaviour, while lactation number     only had a minor effect on lying behaviour. The proposed score for rising reliably     reflected whether the cows in tie‑stalls had difficulty rising when at     least three observations were included. The proportion of cows in different     stages of lactation and of different parities should be included in any assessment     of rising behaviour, since stage of lactation and parity significantly affected     rising behaviour.    Keywords: dairy cows, Friesian, breed, tethered housing, posture, rest, duration,     lactation stage, lactation number, physical activity, animal behavior, animal     welfare.

Cross, D.E., D.N. Logue, J.E. Offer, L.M. Birnie, and M.A.     Lomax (1999). **Does separate housing of newly calved heifers influence social     behaviour and lessen claw horn lesion development?** In: *Farm Animal Welfare,     Who Writes the Rules? Proceedings of an International Symposium Organized by     the British Society of Animal Science, Edinburgh, UK, 1999,* A.J.F. Russel,     C.A. Morgan, C.J. Savory, M.C. Appleby, and T.L.J. Lawrence (eds.), British     Society of Animal Science (No. 23): UK, p. 157-158.     NAL Call No.: SF5 B74 no. 23    Keywords: heifers, housing, social behavior, animal welfare, legislation, stress,     foot diseases, claws, United Kingdom.

Damasceno, J.C., F. Baccari, and L.A. Targa (1999). **Behavior     responses of Holstein dairy cows with constant or limited access to shade. [Respostas     comportamentais de vacas Holandesas, com acesso a sombra constante ou limitada.]***Pesquisa Agropecuaria Brasileira*34(4): 709-715, ISSN: 0100-204X.    Keywords: animal behavior, limited, shade, feeding behavior, heat stress, housing,     thermal comfort, rumination, rest, water intake, language, Sao Paulo, Brazil.  

De Passille, A.M., J. Rushen, J. Ladewig, and C. Petherick     (May 1996). **Dairy calves discrimination of people based on previous handling.***Journal of Animal Science* 74(5): 969-974, ISSN: 0021-8812. NAL Call No.:     49 J82 Abstract: To determine whether calves can distinguish between different     people, we examined their contact with familiar and unfamiliar people and with     people who handled them positively or aversively. When a familiar or unfamiliar     person enter ed the calves' pens, latency to contact and duration of contact     were the same, but bouts of contact were shorter and more frequent if the person     was unfamiliar. In Exp. 2, calves were treated repeatedly in their home pens,     by three handlers: one treated them positively, one aversively, and a third     (neutral) did not interact with them. After seven treatments, calves tended     to avoid all three handlers. After 12 treatments, calves contacted the positive     handler significantly more than the a versive handler in their home pens. However,     when retested outside their home pens, the calves did not discriminate. In Exp.     3, calves were treated positively and aversively in a novel treatment pen rather     than in their home pens. The calves made more contact with the positive handler     than the aversive handler after seven treatments. When retested in their home     pens, most of the calves continued to avoid the aversive handler, but some made     contact with the aversive handler. Calves can re adily discriminate between     different people based on their previous experience. They can develop a general     fear of people as a result of aversive handling, and positive handling is required     to overcome this. However, some calves do not generalize their fear of an aversive     handler to places other than those in which they were handled. Keywords: calves,     fearfulness, memory, learning ability, learning experiences, animal welfare.

Eicher, S.D., J.L Morrow Tesch, J.L. Albright, and R.E. Williams     (2001). **Tail docking alters fly numbers, fly avoidance behaviors, and cleanliness,     but not physiological measures.***Journal of Dairy Science* 84 (8):     1822-1828, ISSN: 0022‑0302.    NAL Call No.: 44.8 J822    Keywords: tail docking, animal well being issue, fly season, comparison, docked     versus nondocked cows, stage of lactation, physiological, immunological, behavioral     measures, cows housed in a tie stall barn, blood samples, plasma and leukocyte     separation, cleanliness scoring, fly avoidance behaviors, foot stomping.  

Eicher, S.D., J.L. Morrow-Tesch, J.L. Albright, J.W. Dailey,     C.R. Young, and L.H. Stanker (2000). **Tail docking influences on behavioral,     immunological, and endocrine responses in dairy heifers.***Journal of Dairy     Science* 83(7): 1456-1462, ISSN: 0022-0302.    NAL Call No.: 44.8 J822    Abstract: Behavioral and physiological changes were measured following tail-docking     in primiparous heifers. One month before projected first parturition, 21 heifers     were assigned to control (nondocked), docked, or docked with lidocaine groups.     Heifers were banded to initiate taildocking and the necrotic tail was removed     after 144 h. Physiological, immunological, and behavioral measures were taken     for 240 h following banding. Cortisol was not different for control and treated     heifers. Haptoglobin increased for docked heifers by 168 h postbanding (24 h     postdocking). alpha1-Acid glycoprotein decreased as haptoglobin increased, and     alpha1-acid glycoprotein increased until 240 h postbanding. Tumor necrosis factor-alpha     increased only with lidocaine and did not show an effect of docking by 240 h     postbanding. Lymphocyte phenotyping demonstrated increased CD4+ and CD8+ peripheral     blood mononuclear cells for docked plus lidocaine heifers and gammadelta+ cells     of those heifers tended to be reduced compared with docked heifers. Eating was     the only maintenance behavior affected by banding in both docked groups (increased     with banding and decreased with docking). The initial banding procedure did     not alter heifer physiology and altered only eating behavior, but the cutting     of the tail (docking) increased haptoglobin in response to the tissue damage     and returned eating behavior to baseline. The use of lidocaine to anesthetize     the tail before banding affected lymphocyte phenotypes and TNF-alpha (banding     alone did not alter these parameters).    Keywords: heifers, animal behavior, docking, feeding behavior, haptoglobins,     hydrocortisone, lidocaine, lymphocytes, stress, tail, tumor necrosis factor.  

Emeash, H.H., M.A. ElBably, and A.S. Moustafa (1999). **Studies     on some behavioural patterns, performance and immune status in dairy calves     under field conditions.***Veterinary Medical Journal Giza* 47(4): 549-560,     ISSN: 1110-1423.    NAL Call No.: SF604.C13    Keywords: calves, artificial rearing, birth weight, body measurements, colostrum,     liveweight gain, dairy farms, dams, feeding, immunoglobulins, IgG, IgM, rumination,     weaning, social behaviour, feeding behaviour, husbandry, Egypt.  

Fayed, R.H. (1997). **Effect of housing systems on behaviour     and lameness in dairy cows.***Veterinary Medical Journal Giza*45(1):     101-110, ISSN: 1110-1423.    NAL Call No.: SF604.C13    Keywords: housing systems, floors, animal behavior, health, Egypt.  

Ferrante, V., E Canali, S. Mattiello, M. Verga, P. Sacerdote,     B. Manfredi, and A.E. Panerai (1998). **Preliminary study on the effect of     size of individual stall on the behavioural and immune reactions of dairy calves.***Journal of Animal and Feed Sciences*7(1): 29-36, ISSN: 1230-1388.    NAL Call No.: SF1.J68    Keywords: immune reaction, lymphocytes, individual, behavioral, reactions, stalls,     housing, grooming, dairy cows, newborn calves.

Ferrante, V., E. Canali, M. Verga, S. Mattiello, F. Monti,     and F. Gottardo (1999). **Veal calves rearing: behavioural, physiological and     pathological indicators.** In: *Recent Progress in Animal Production Science.     1. Proceedings of the A.S.P.A. XIII Congress, Piacenza, Italy, 21-24 June, 1999*,     G. Piva, G. Bertoni, F. Masoero, P. Bani, and L. Calamari, (eds.), FrancoAngeli     srl.: Milano, Italy, 575-577p., ISBN: 88-464-1535-3.    NAL Call No.: SF5 R432 1999    Keywords: animal welfare, animal behavior, abnormal behavior, veal calves, cattle     housing, husbandry.

Flower, F.C., and D.M. Weary (2001). **Effects of early separation     on the dairy cow and calf. 2. Separation at 1 day and 2 weeks after birth.***Applied     Animal Behaviour Science*70(4): 275‑284, ISSN: 0168‑1591.    NAL Call No.: QL750.A6    Keywords: dairy cows, calves, separation, calf removal, timing, age differences,     behavior, attachment behavior, vocalization, movement, social behavior, animal     welfare, milk yield, live weight gain, maternal‑filial bond.  

Fregonesi, J.A., and L.D. Leaver (2001). **Behaviour, performance     and health indicators of welfare for dairy cows housed in strawyard or cubicle     systems.***Livestock Production Science* 68 (2/3): 205‑216ISSN:     0343-0200.    NAL Call No.: SF761 Z4    Keywords: dairy cows, behavior, performance, health, animal welfare, housing,     straw, milk yield, indicators, loose housing, hygiene, somatic cell count, locomotion,     feed intake, rumination, hooves, lameness, lying.

Galindo, F., and D.M. Broom (2000). **The relationships between     social behaviour of dairy cows and the occurrence of lameness in three herds.***Research in Veterinary Science*69(1): 75-79, ISSN: 0034-5288.    NAL Call No.: 41.8 R312    Keywords: lameness, social behavior, housing, lesions, hooves, social dominance.  

Galindo, F., D.M. Broom, and P.G.G. Jackson (2000). **A note     on possible link between behaviour and the occurance of lameness in dairy cows.***Applied Animal Behaviour Science* 67(4): 335-341, ISSN: 0168-1591.    NAL Call No.: QL750.A6    Keywords: dairy cows, lameness, susceptibility, social dominance.  

Georg, H., and K. Totschek (2001). **Examining an automatic     cow brush for dairy cows. [Untersuchung einer automatischen Kuhputzmaschine     fur Milchkuhe.]***Landtechnik*56 (4): 260‑261, ISSN: 0023‑8082.    NAL Call No.: 58.8 L235    Keywords: dairy cows, animal behavior, welfare, cow housing, automatic control,     brushes, grooming, intensity, frequency, video recording, German language, Germany.

Gonyou, H.W. and L.J. Keeling (2001). ***Social Behaviour     in Farm Animals***: CABI Publishing: NY, USA, 406 p., ISBN: 0851993974    NAL Call No.: SF756.7 S58 2001    Keywords: social behavior, groupings, evolution, parent behavior, domestication,     cattle, pigs, birds, sheep, horses, fish, contemporary topics, isolation, separation,     personality, human-animal interaction, social cognition.  

Goonewardene, L.A., M.A Price, J.M. Stookey, P.A Day, and G.     Minchau (2000). **Handling, electric goad, and head restraint: effects on calves'     behavior.***Journal of Applied Animal Welfare Science: JAAWS* 3 (1):     5-22.    NAL Call NO.: HV4701.J68    Keywords: Keywords: calves, restraint of animals, handling, electrical stimulation,     animal behavior, chutes, pens, cattle weighers, blood plasma, hydrocortisone,     cattle husbandry, liveweight gain, body weight, duration, sex differences, memory,     stress response, production costs, animal welfare. 

Goonewardene, L.A., M.A Price, E. Okine, and R.T. Berg Minchau     (1999). **Behavioral responses to handling and restraint in dehorning and polled     cattle.***Applied Animal Behaviour Science* 64 (3): 159-167.ISSN: 0168-1591.    NAL Call No.: QL750.A6    Keywords: weaned bull and heifer calves, handling, restraint, movement of animals     through chute, electric prod, voice and slap, tail twist, head gate dehorning. 

Grant, R.J., and J.L. Albright (2001). **Effect of animal     grouping on feeding behavior and intake of dairy cattle.***Journal of Dairy     Science*84 (Elect. Supplement): E156‑E163, ISSN: 0022‑0302.    NAL Call No.: 44.8 J822    Keywords: dairy cows, behavior, social dominance, group dynamics, animal welfare,     wellbeing, housing, feed intake, feeding behavior, stocking density, overcrowd     ing. 

Haley, D.B., J. Rushen, J., and A.M. De Passille (2000). **Behavioural     indicators of cow comfort: activity and resting behaviour of dairy cows in two     types of housing.***Canadian Journal of Animal Science* 80 (2): 257-263,     ISSN: 0008-3984.    NAL Call No.: 41.8 C163    Keywords: housing, pens stalls, animal behavior, rest, behavior patterns, diurnal     activity, animal welfare.  

Hartmut, F. (1999). **Method to assess the learning ability     of group-housed calves and results of visual discrimination tasks.***Archiv     fuer Tierzucht* 42(3): 241-254, ISSN: 0003-9438.    NAL Call No.: 49 AR23    Keywords: more-arm-maze test assessment method, group housing, learning ability     assessment, visual discrimination task.   

Hasegawa, N., and H. Hidari (2001). **Relationships among     behavior, physiological states and body weight gain in grazing Holstein heifers.***Asian Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences* 14 (6): 803-810.    NAL Call No.: SF55 A78A7    Keywords: dairy heifers, Holstein, breed, behavior, performance, pasture, rotationally     grazed, body weights, blood samples, rumen fluid samples, chemical composition     of forage, crude protein, dry matter, acid deterent fiber, grazing time, phospholipid     concentration of blood, acetic acid proportion, butyric acid proportion. 

Hassall, S.A., W.R. Ward, and R.D. Murray (1993). **Effects     of lameness on the behaviour of cows during the summer.***The Veterinary     Record: Journal of the British Veterinary Association* 132(23): 578-580,     ISSN: 0042-4900.    NAL Call No.: 41.8 V641    Keywords: dairy cattle, animal welfare, pain, productivity, animal behavior,     milking parlor, feeding behavior, ruminating, lying, standing.   

Helin, J., A. Katainen, E. Manninen, M. Norring, K. Kaustell,     and H. Saloniemi (2001). **The use of an automatic concentrate feeding station     in a loose housing system for dairy cattle. Part 1: Disturbance at the feeding     station. [Vakirehuautomaatin kaytto lypsylehmilla pihattonavetassa. Osa 1: Hairinta     vakirehuautomaatilla.]***Suomen Elainlaakarilehti*107 (10): 562‑567,     ISSN: 0039‑5501.    NAL Call No.: 41.8 F49    Keywords: dairy cows, loose housing system, automatic feed dispensers, concentrates,     feeding behavior, restricted fed, butting, pushing rate of disturbance, Finnish     language. 

Hindhede, J., L. Mogensen, and J.T Sorensen (1999). **Effect     of group composition and feeding system on behaviour, production and health     of dairy heifers in deep bedding systems.***Acta Agriculturae Scandinavica.     Section A, Animal Science* 49(4): 211-220, ISSN: 0906-4702.    NAL Call No.: S3.A27    Keywords: housing, animal behavior, health, animal welfare, feed intake, liveweight     gain, feeding, cattle, nutrition programs, heifers, concentrates, dairy herds,     group size, litter, productivity, aggression, stress, groups.  

Hoerning, B., and J. Tost (2001). **Influences on the resting     behaviour of dairy cows in loose housing systems.***Advances in Ethology*(36): 178, ISSN: 0931‑4202.    NAL Call No.: 410 Z35B    Keywords: dairy cows, loose housing system, resting behavior, stable.
Hopster, H. (1998). ***Coping Strategies in Dairy Cows*** Landbouwuniversiteit Wageningen (Wageningen Agricultural University): Wageningen,     Netherlands, 152p., ISBN: 9-05-485842-7152.    Keywords: thesis, cows, dairy cattle, milking parlors, management, animal welfare,     animal behavior, stress, adaptation, cortisol, adrenocortical activity, heart     rate, blood sampling, adaptation, animal welfare, leukocytes, endotoxins, behavioral     routines, calf separation, social isolation, emotional responses.  

Hopster, H., J.T.Nvd Werf, and H.J. Blokhuis (1998). **Side     preference of dairy cows in the milking parlour and its effects on behavior     and heart rate during milking.***Applied Animal Behaviour Science* 55(3/4):     213-229, ISSN: 0168-1591.    NAL Call No.: QL750.A6    Keywords: dairy cows, side preference in milking parlor, heart rate, animal     behavior, milk yield, animal welfare.  

Horning, B., C. Zeitlmann, and J. Tost (2001). **Differences     in the behaviour of dairy cows in the lying area of 40 loose houses.[Unterschiede     im Verhalten von Milchkuhen im Liegebereich verschiedener Laufstallsysteme.]***KTBL‑Schrift* 403: 153‑162.    NAL Call No.: 18 K96    Keywords: dairy cows, behavior, housing, cubicles, lying time, straw yards,     bedded slope floors, German language. 

Hultgren, J. (2001). **Effects of two stall flooring systems     on the behaviour of tied dairy cows.***Applied Animal Behaviour Science*73(3): 167‑177, ISSN: 0168‑1591.    NAL Call No.: QL750.A6    Keywords: behavior, resting behavior, slipping behavior, cow housing, tethered     housing, tie stalls, solid floors, slatted floors, mats, litter, wood shavings,     straw, animal welfare.

Hultgren, J. (2001). **Observational and experimental studies     of the influence of housing factors on the behaviour and health of dairy cows.***Acta Universitatis Agriculturae Sueciae: Veterinaria*(No. 104), Faculty     of Veterinary Medicine, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences: Uppsala,     Sweden, 25 p., ISSN: 1401‑6257.    NAL Call No.: SF615.A28    Keywords: dairy cows, animal behavior, health, animal welfare, bovine mastitis,     diseases, housing, cow trainers, culling, hygiene, floor type, foot diseases,     ketosis, litter, loose housing, mastitis, mats, reproductive performance, slatted     floors, tethered housing, Sweden.

Illmann, G. and M. Spinka (1993). **Maternal behaviour of     dairy heifers and sucking of their newborn calves in group housing.***Applied     Animal Behaviour Science* 36(2/3): 91-98, ISSN: 0168-1591.    NAL Call No.: QL750.A6    Keywords: heifers, newborn calves, group housing, parental behavior, sucking     behavior, maternal behavior.
Jago, J.G., C.C. Krohn, and L.R. Matthews (1999). **The influence     of feeding and handling on the development of the human-animal interactions     in young cattle.***Applied Animal Behaviour Science*62(2/3): 137-151,     ISSN: 0168-1591.    NAL Call No.: QL750.A6    Keywords: calves, artificial rearing, feeding, handling, approach behavior,     group size, liveweight gain. 

Jensen, M.B. (2001). **A note on the effect of isolation during     testing and length of previous confinement on locomotor behaviour during open-field     test in dairy calves.***Applied Animal Behaviour Science* 70(4): 309-315,     ISSN: 0168-1591.    NAL Call No.: QL750.A6    Keywords: calves, dairy cattle, housing, isolation, physical activity, social     behavior.

Jensen, M.B. and R. Kyhn (2000). **Play behaviour in group-housed     dairy calves, the effect of space allowance.***Applied Animal Behaviour     Science* 67 (1-2): 35-46, ISSN: 0168-1591.    NAL Call No.: QL750.A6    Keywords: dairy cattle, animal welfare, farm management, group housing, environment,     play behavior, locomotor play, novel environment, age differences, open-field     test, positive feelings, social play, space allowance.  

Jensen, M.B. and R. Kyhn (2000). **Play behaviour in group-housed     dairy calves, the effect of space allowance.***Russian Journal of Ecology*     67(1/2): 35-46, ISSN: 1067-4136.    NAL Call No.: QH540 E32    Keywords: dairy cattle, Danish Holstein Friesian calves, locomotor play, open-field     test, animal behavior, calf housing, pens, animal welfare,Denmark.  

Jensen, M.B., L. Munksgaard, L. Mogensen, and C.C. Krohn (1999).     **Effects of housing in different social environments on open-field and social     responses of female dairy calves.***Acta Agriculturae Scandinavica. Section     A, Animal Science* 49(2): 113-120, ISSN: 0906-4702.    NAL Call No.: S3 A27    Keywords: effects, housing, social environment, open field responses, group     housing, individual housing, loose housing, tethered housing, social behavior,     social tests.  

Jensen, M.B., K.S. Vestergaard, and C.C. Krohn, and L. Munksgaard     (1997). **Effect of single versus group housing and space allowance on responses     of calves during open-field tests.** [Erratum: Dec 28, 1998, v. 61 (2), p.     185.] *Applied Animal Behaviour Science* 54(2/3): 109-121, ISSN: 0168-1591.    NAL Call No.: QL750.A6    Keywords: dairy cows, heifers, housing, fearfulness, heart rate, behavior patterns,     animal welfare.  

Johannesson, T. and J.T. Sorensen (2000). **Evaluation of     welfare indicators for the social environment in cattle herds.***Animal     Welfare*9 (3): 297‑316, ISSN: 0962‑7286.    NAL Call Number: HV4701.A557    Keywords: dairy cows, stocking density, loose housing, body weight, group size,     change, milk yield, agonistic behavior, posture, blood serum, hydrocortisone,     animal behavior, health, animal welfare, literature reviews.  

Juhas, P., O. Debreceni, V. Zimmermann, and V. Klisky (2001).     **Abnormal behaviour in dairy cattle in Slovakia.***Advances in Ethology*(36): 187, ISSN: 0931‑4202.    NAL Call No.: 410 Z35B    Keywords: abnormal behavior, housing condition, milk sucking, tongue playing,     Slovakia, Europe.

Jung, J., and L. Lidfors (2001). **Effects of amount of milk,     milk flow and access to a rubber teat on cross sucking and non nutritive sucking     in dairy calves.***Applied Animal Behaviour Science*72 (3): 201-213*,*ISSN: 0168-1591.    NAL Call No.: QL750.A6    Keywords: Bos taurus, dairy calves, effects of different amounts of milk, flow     rate of milk, and access to a teat, non nutritive sucking, empty teat, cross     sucking on other calves. 

Katila, T., A. Katainen, K. Kaustell, E. Manninen, M. Norring,     and H. Saloniemi (2001).**The use of an automatic concentrate feeding station     in a loose housing system for dairy cattle. Part 2: The relationship between     disturbance at the feeding station and the supply of concentrates and the milk     production of dairy cow. [Vakirehuautomaatin kaytto lypsylehmilla pihattonavetassa.     Osa 2: Vakirehuautomaatilla tapahtuvan hairinnan suhde lehman vakirehun saantiin     ja maidontuotantoon.]***Suomen Elainlaakarilehti*107 (12): 701‑705,     ISSN: 0039‑5501.    NAL Call No.: 41.8 F49    Keywords: automatic feed dispensers, concentrates, cow housing, cows, dairy     cows, feed intake, feeding behavior, loose housing, milk yield, stress, stress     response, Finnish language.
Kashiwamura, F., J. Suda, K. Furumura, S. Hidaka, T. Seo,     and T. Iketaki (2001). **Habituation training for dairy cattle to milking boxes     of new installed automatic milking system.***Animal Science Journal*     72 (8): J266-J273, ISSN: 1344‑3941.    NAL Call No.: SF1 A542    Keywords: cows, Holstein, breed, training of cows to enter milking boxes, automatic     milking system, conventional stanchion stall barn, free stall barn, entrance     gate, alley, three tandem milking boxes, parameters observed, duration of passing     through the entrance gate, duration from passing the gate to entering into a     milking box, score of training difficulty, number of trainings required for     the cows to enter the milking box without difficulty.

Keil, N.M., L. Audige, and W. Langhans (2001). **Is intersucking     in dairy cows the continuation of a habit developed in early life?***Journal     of Dairy Science*84 (1): 140‑146, ISSN: 0022‑0302.    NAL Call No.: 44.8 J822    Abstract: Intersucking, i.e., cattle sucking the udder of heifers or cows, is     a frequent problem in dairy herds and may lead to udder damage, mastitis, milk     loss, and culling of breeding animals. Using epidemiological methods, we conducted     an observational cross‑sectional study to investigate risk factors for     intersucking in Swiss dairy cows. We asked 114 randomly selected dairy farmers     about a broad spectrum of environmental factors possibly associated with intersucking,     such as housing conditions, management, and feeding of calves, heifers, and     cows. Thirty of the 114 farms were confronted with intersucking in cows. The     mean proportion of intersucking cows per farm was 1.6%. From a total of 3077     cows (Swiss Brown Cattle, Simmental, and Holstein Friesian) we recorded 49 cows     that had performed or were currently intersucking. In 69% of these cows, intersucking     had been observed as heifers. Using path analysis and multivariable stepwise     backward logistic and linear regression analyses, we revealed that the most     important risk factor for intersucking cows was the presence of intersucking     heifers on a farm (odds ratio = 7.8). The results suggest that intersucking     in cows is the continuation of a habit that was already established in a cow's     subadult life. This emphasizes the importance of looking not only at the animal's     current environmental situation but also considering its entire life history     for the prevention of behavioral problems.    Keywords: dairy cows, Swiss Brown Cattle, Simmental, Holstein Friesian,breeds,     abnormal behavior, intersucking, udder damage, mastitis, milk loss, cow housing,     calf feeding, calves, livestock numbers, dairy herds, Switzerland.

Keil, N.M., and W. Langhans (2001). **The development of     intersucking in dairy calves around weaning.***Applied Animal Behaviour     Science*72 (24): 295-308, ISSN: 0168-1591.    NAL Call No.: QL750.A6    Keywords: dairy calves, intersucking, udder health problems, occurance prior     to weaning and thereafter, feeding management during weaning, food ration analysis,     feeding management. 

Ketelaar-de Lauwere, C.C., A.H. Ipema, E.N.J. van Ouwerkerk,     M.M. Hendriks, J.H.M. Metz, J.P. Noordhuizen, and W.G. Schouten (1999). **Voluntary     automatic milking in combination with grazing of dairy cows: Milking frequency     and effects on behaviour.***Applied Animal Behaviour Science* 64(2):     91-109, ISSN: 0168-1591.    NAL Call No.: QL750.A6    Keywords: dairy cattle, breed, Holstein-Friesian, cow, automatic milking system,     farm equipment, voluntary automatic milking method, robots, grazing, feeding     behavior, resting behavior, pastures, milking, frequency. 

Kisac, P., J. Broucek, S. Mihina, M. Uhrincat, C.W. Arave,     T.H. Friend, A. Hanus, and S. Marencak (2001). **Effects of rearing methods     of heifers prior to weaning on subsequent behavior.*****Advances in     Ethology*(36): 192‑193, ISSN: 0931‑4202.    NAL Call No.: 410 Z35B    Keywords: dairy calves, heifers, Holstein, breed, maze test, analytical method,     housing, play behavior, rearing, weaning.

Kjaestad, H.P., and H.J. Myren (2001). **Cubicle refusal in     Norwegian dairy herds.***Acta Veterinaria Scandinavica* 42 (1): 181‑187,     ISSN: 0044‑605X.    NAL Call No.: 41.8 AC87    Keywords: dairy herds, heifers, behavior, housing, cubicles, litter, slatted     floor pens, livestock numbers, surveys, Norway.  

Kjaestad, H.P., and H.J. Myren (2001). **Failure to use cubicles     and concentrate dispenser by heifers after transfer from rearing accommodation     to milking herd*.****Acta Veterinaria Scandinavica*42(1): 171‑180,     ISSN: 0044‑605X.    NAL Call No.: 41.8 AC87.    Keywords: dairy heifers, age, animal behavior, housing, cubicles, feed dispensers,     livestock numbers, surveys, Norway.
Krohn C.C. (2001). **Effects of different suckling systems     on milk production, udder health, reproduction, calf growth and some behavioural     aspects in high producing dairy cows: a review**. *Applied Animal Behaviour     Science* 72(3): 271-280, ISSN: 0168-1591.    NAL Call No.: QL750.A6    Keywords: dairy cows, calves, different suckling systems, industrial countries,     milk production, udder health, reproduction, behavior, gain, health, suckling     systems, long term suckling, short term suckling, colostrum period, restricted     versus free suckling systems, suckling decreases the risk of mastitis, post     partum interval.  

Krohn, C.C. (1994). **Behaviour of dairy cows kept in extensive     (loose housing/pasture) or intensive (tie stall) environments. III. Grooming,     exploration and abnormal behaviour.***Applied Animal Behaviour Science*     42(2): 73-86.    NAL Call No.: QL750 A6    Keywords: environment, grooming, loose housing, tethered housing, exercise,     exploration, abnormal behavior, extensive livestock farming.

Krohn, C.C. and L. Munksgaard (1993). **Behaviour of dairy     cows kept in extensive (loose housing/pasture) or intensive (tie stall) environments     II. Lying and lying-down behaviour.***Applied Animal Behaviour Science*     37(1): 1-16, ISSN: 0168-1591.    NAL Call No.: QL750 A6    Keywords: intensive environments, lying behavior, stalls, behavior, activity,     auditory system, parental behavior.

LangRee, R. (1998). **The cow will let you know.****[Kua     gir beskjed.]***Buskap* 50(1): 30-31.    NAL Call No.: 49 B96    Keywords: dairy cattle, animal behavior, animal welfare, health, cows.

Lanier, J.L., T. Grandin, R. Green, D. Avery, and K. McGee     (2001). **A note on hair whorl position and cattle temperament in the auction     ring.***Applied Animal Behaviour Science*73 (2): 93-101, ISSN: 0168-1591.    NAL Call No.: QL750.A6    Keywords: Bos taurus beef breeds, Holstein dairy cattle, Bos indicus beef breeds,     non Holstein dairy breeds, relationships between facial hair whorls and temperament     in cattle, cattle auctions, temperament score, calm, agitated, Holsteins were     calmer than beef cattle, management tool assessing temperment in novel environments.

Lefcourt, A.M., B. Erez, M.A. Varner, R. Barfield, and U. Tasch     (1999). **A noninvasive radiotelemetry system to monitor heart rate for assessing     stress responses of bovines.***Journal of Dairy Science* 82(6): 1179-1187,     ISSN: 0022-0302.    NAL Call No.: 44.8 J822    Abstract: A noninvasive radiotelemetry system was developed to monitor heart     rates of cows and to view and analyze data. The system was validated by comparing     heart rate data of two restrained heifers collected simultaneously using telemetric     and direct electrocardiogram measurements and by acquiring data over 72h from     two dry cows housed in an experimental handling facility consisting of a free-stall     pen, a holding pen, a pass-through stall, and a second holding pen. Telemetric     and direct measurements in response to pharmacological elevation of heart rates     were essentially identical. For cows in the experimental facility, peristimulus-time     histograms indexed to standing or lying showed that average heart rates for     cows increased 4.0 +/- 1.4 beats/min after cows stood and decreased 4.8 +/-     1.0 beats/min after cows lay. Similarly, the average heart rate for the cow     naive to the facility increased from 60 to 86 beats/min and remained elevated     for 6.3 min when heart rate was indexed to maximal heart rate within +/- 3 min     of entry into the pass-through stall. Heart rate for the naive cow increased     consistently from around 60 to over 160 beats/min during repeated agonistic     encounters between animals. Heart rate for the other cow was not affected by     the encounters. These results show clearly that heart rate can be used to monitor     animal anxiety.    Keywords: dairy cows, heart rate, monitoring, telemetry, stress response, agonistic     behavior, detection, animal welfare.  

Lidfors, L.M. (1996). **Behavioural effects of separating     the dairy calf immediately or 4 days post-partum**. *Applied Animal     Behaviour Science* 49(3): 269-283, ISSN: 0168-1591.    NAL Call No.: QL750 A6    Keywords: maternal-filial bond, separation, suckling behavior.  

Lin, J.C., B.R. Moss, J.L. Koon, C.A. Flood, R.C. Smith, K.A.     Cummins, and D.A. Coleman (1998). **Comparison of various fan, sprinkler,     and mister systems in reducing heat stress in dairy cows.***Applied     Engineering in Agriculture*14(2): 177-182, ISSN: 0883‑8542.    NAL Call No.: S671.A66    Keywords: fans, heat stress, lactation performance, dairy cooling systems.

Loberg, J., and L. Lidfors (2001). **Effect of milkflow rate     and presence of a floating nipple on abnormal sucking between dairy calves.***Applied Animal Behaviour Science*72 (3): 189-199*,*ISSN: 0168-1591.    NAL Call No.: QL750.A6    Keywords: calves, breed, Swedish Red and White, access to an artificial teat,     open bucket, abnormal sucking, time drinking, treatments, bucket with fast flow,     bucket with slow flow, floating nipple with fast flow and floating nipple with     slow flow, behavioral observations.  

Loberg, J. And L. Lidfors (2001). **Effect of stage of     lactation and breed on dairy cows' acceptance of foster calves.***Applied     Animal Behaviour Science*74 (2): 97-108*,*ISSN: 0168-1591.    NAL Call No.: QL750.A6    Keywords: cows, calves, breed, Swedish Red and White, Swedish Holstein Friesian,     fostering calves, cow acceptance, cows sniffing, behavior, cow aggressiveness     towards calf, tied, loose housed.  

Lupoli, B., B. Johansson, M.K. Uvnas, and S.K. Svennersten     (2001). **Effect of suckling on the release of oxytocin, prolactin, cortisol,     gastrin, cholecystokinin, somatostatin and insulin in dairy cows and their calves.***Journal of Dairy Research*68 (2): 175-187, ISSN: 0022-0299.    NAL Call No.: 44.8 J823    Keywords: cows, calves, Swedish Red and White, breed, types of early interaction     between dairy cows and calves, influence milking/suckling related hormone release,     machine milked, blood samples, plasma levels, oxytocin, prolactin, cortisol,     gastrin, cholecystokinin (CCK), somatostatin insulin.  

Margerison, J. K., Phillips, C. J. C., Preston, T. R. (1999).     **The effect of cow-calf separation in dairy cattle on animal behaviour.**     In: *Farm Animal Welfare - Who Writes the Rules? Proceedings of an International     Symposium Organized by the British Society of Animal Science, Edinburgh, UK,     1999,* A.J.F. Russel, C.A. Morgan, C.J. Savory, M.C. Appleby, and T.L.J.     Lawrence (eds.), British Society of Animal Science (No. 23): UK.    NAL Call No.: SF5 B74 no. 23    Keywords: animal behavior, dairy cattle, animal welfare, livestock, legislation,     calves.

Millar, K.M. (2000). **Respect for animal autonomy in bioethical     analysis: the case of Automatic Milking Systems (AMS).***Journal of Agricultural     and Environmental Ethics* 12 (1): 41-50, ISSN: 0893-4282.    NAL Call No.: BJ52.5 J68    Keywords: milking, cows, ethics, robots, animal welfare, behavioral freedom,     motivation, automation, milking machines.  

Mogensen, L., C.C. Krohn, and J. Foldager (1999). **Long-term     effect of housing method during the first three months of life on human-animal     relationship in female dairy cattle**. *Acta Agriculturae Scandinavica.     Section A, Animal Science* 49(3): 163-171, ISSN: 0906-4702.    NAL Call No.: S3 A27    Keywords: dairy cattle, housing, calves, cows, handling, lactation, milk, milk     production, milking, pens, cattle housing, animal welfare, human-animal relationship.  

Mogensen, L., Krohn, C.C., Sorensen, J.T., Hindhede, J., and     L.H. Nielsen (1997). **Association between resting behaviour and live     weight gain in dairy heifers housed in pens with different space allowance and     floor type.***Applied Animal Behaviour Science* 55(1/2): 11-19,     ISSN: 0168-1591.    NAL Call No.: QL750.A6    Keywords: dairy cattle, heifers, rest, behavior patterns, liveweight gain, cattle     housing, floor pens, space requirements, floor space, floor type, slatted floors,     litter, welfare.  

Morita, S., M. Komiya, K. Izumi, K. Oikawa, and S. Hoshiba     (2001). **Changes of the utilization of trough, stall and automatic milking     machine after the transfer cows to automatic milking system.***Journal     of Rakuno Gakuen University, Natural Science*26 (1): 57‑61, ISSN:     0388‑001X.    NAL Call No.: QH7.J68    Keywords: dairy cows, behavior, diurnal variation, automatic milking machines,     housing, tie-stalls, free-stall, automatic milking trough use, Japanese language.   
Morrow-Tesch, J. (Winter 1996/1997). **Environmental     enrichment for dairy calves and pigs**. *Animal Welfare Information     Center Newsletter* 7(3/4): 3-8, ISSN: 1050-561X.    NAL Call No.: aHV4701.A952    Keywords: calves, pigs, pens, toys, sucking, animal welfare, lymphocytes, blood     plasma, hydrocortisone, animal behavior, fields, neurons, postnatal development.  

Munksgaard, L., A.M.B. de Passille, J. Rushen, and J. Ladewig     (1999). **Dairy cows' use of colour cues to discriminate between people.***Applied Animal Behaviour Science* 65(1): 1-11, ISSN: 0168-1591.    NAL Call No.: QL750.A6    Keywords: handling, color cues, human-animal interaction, people discrimination.  

Munksgaard, L., A.Md. Passille, J. Rushen, K. Thodberg, and     M.B. Jensen (1997). **Discrimination of people by dairy cows based on     handling**. *Journal of Dairy Science* 80(6): 1106-1112, ISSN: 0022-0302.    NAL Call No.: 44.8 J822    Abstract: This study examined whether dairy cows could distinguish among people     based on the treatment received, whether cows used color as a cue to make this     discrimination, and whether cows generalized their discrimination to other locations.     Twelve cows were each repeatedly treated in a special treatment stall by two     people wearing red or yellow overalls. One person always treated the cows aversively,     and the other always treated them gently. The distance between each person and     each cow in the home stall and in the treatment stall was scored during tests.     Before treatment, the distances that cows maintained from the two people were     uncorrelated, and the distances that they maintained in the treatment stall     were uncorrelated with those in the home stall. Before and after treatments,     the cows stood further from the handlers in the treatment stall than in the     home stall, regardless of color of the overalls. Defecation and urination were     more frequent during aversive treatments. After treatment, the cows stood further     from the aversive handler than from the gentle handler in both stalls, and distance     from the aversive handler was positively correlated with distance from the gentle     handler. The cows did not discriminate when the aversive and gentle handlers     wore blue overalls (as worn by the usual barn handlers), when two unfamiliar     people wore the same color overalls as the handlers, or when the cows were shown     photographic slides of the two handlers. In conclusion, the cows learned to     discriminate among the handlers, partially based on the color of the clothes     worn. This discrimination was generalized to another location.    Keywords: cows, breed, Friesian, husbandry, animal welfare, stress, animal behavior,     stockmen, color of clothes worn, descrimination, rough versus gentle handling,     Denmark.  

Munksgaard, L. and H.B. Simonsen (1996). **Behavioral     and pituitary adrenal-axis responses of dairy cows to social isolation and deprivation     of lying down.***Journal of Animal Science* 74(4): 769-778, ISSN:     0021-8812.    NAL Call No.: 49 J82    Abstract: The behavior and plasma concentrations of ACTH and cortisol were studied     in 30 Friesian cows kept in tie stalls and assigned to three treatments: control     (C), deprivation of lying down from 0900 to 1600 and 2200 to 0500 (D), and social     isolation (I). Behavior of the cows was observed before and after 4 and 8 wk     of treatment. The D- and I-cows showed increased frequency of transitions between     different behavioral activities (P < .05). In D- and I-cows the frequency     of grooming (P < .01) and idling (P < .001), and the amount of leaning     (P < .001) increased. In D-cows the frequency of eating was also increased.     The behavior and cortisol response to two novel arena tests performed on two     consecutive days after 22 d of treatment suggests that social isolation and     deprivation of lying change cows' reactions to a novel environment. After 23     d of treatment, concentrations of ACTH and cortisol were measured during 7.5     h. On d 24, cortisol concentrations were determined at time -.5, 0, .5, 1, 2,     3, 4, and 5 h after i.v. administration of ACTH. Cortisol concentrations did     not differ among treatment groups in the baseline series and after ACTH administration.     In D-cows, ACTH concentration was increased in part of the baseline series (P<     .05). The results suggest that the socially isolated cows were frustrated or     tried to compensate for a lack of stimulation and that repeated deprivation     of lying down is aversive to cows.    Keywords: dairy cows, behavior, corticotropin, hydrocortisone, animal welfare,     blood plasma, stress factors, deprivation.  

Nielsen, L.H., L. Mogensen, C. Krohn, J. Hindhede, and J.T.     Sorensen (1997). **Resting and social behaviour of dairy heifers housed     in slatted floor pens with different sized bedded lying areas.***Applied     Animal Behaviour Science* 54(4): 307-316, ISSN: 0168-1591.    NAL Call No.: QL750.A6.    Keywords: social behavior, slatted floor, pens, area, resting.  

Ohnstad, I. (1998).**Machine milking and the well-being     of the dairy cow.** In: *British Mastitis Conference 1998*, Axient     Information Services: Crewe, UK, p.62-67.    Keywords: cows, dairy cows, machine milking, animal welfare, animal behavior,     milking machines, milking, milking parlors, dairy farming, United Kingdom.  

Olofsson, J., and H. Wiktorsson (2001). **Competition for     total mixed diets fed restrictively using one or four cows per feeding station.***Acta Agriculturae Scandinavica. Section A, Animal Science* 51(1): 59‑70,     ISSN: 0906‑4702.    NAL Call No.: S3 A27    Keywords: cows, housing, feeding stations, computerized feeding, feed intake,     feeding behaviour, social dominance, aggression, video recordings, Sweden.

Osterman, S., and I. Redbo (2001).     **Effects of milking frequency on lying down and getting up behaviour in dairy     cows.***Applied Animal Behaviour Science*70 (3): 167‑176, ISSN:     0168‑1591.    NAL Call No.: QL750.A6    Keywords: dairy cows, animal behavior, lying down behavior, getting up behavior,     standing behavior duration, milking interval, rumination, animal welfare.

Paranhos da Costa, M.J.R. and D.M.     Broom. (2001). **Consistency of side choice in the milking parlour by Holstein‑Friesian     cows and its relationship with their reactivity and milk yield.***Applied     Animal Behaviour Science*70 (3): 177‑186, ISSN: 0168‑1591.    NAL Call No.: QL750.A6    Keywords: dairy cows, Holstein‑Friesian, breed, behavior, temperament,     milking, milking parlors, milk yield, animal welfare, milking side preferences.

Perrey, A., G. Rehkamper, C.W. Werner,     and A. Gorlach (2001). **Influence of housing‑systems in arousal behaviour     by cattle bulls towards a human.[Der Einfluss der Haltungsform auf das Erregungsverhalten     von erwachsenen Milchrinderbullen gegenuber dem Menschen.]***KTBL‑Schrift*     403: 71‑80.    NAL Call No.: 18 K96    Keywords: bulls, Holstein Friesian, Red Holstein, breed, behavior, human animal     interaction, aggressive behaviors, presenting body; pulling mouth to a bow,     pawing with forelegs, rubbing head on the ground, snorting, bellowing, poking     tongue, housing, German language. 

Phillips, C.J.C. and I.D. Morris     (2002). **The ability of cattle to distinguish between, and their preference     for, floors with different levels of friction, and their avoidance of floors     contaminated with excreta.***Animal Welfare*11(1): 21‑29, ISSN:     0962‑7286.    NAL Call No.: HV4701.A557    Keywords: dairy cows, behavior, training, food reward, flooring type, discrimination,     preferences, smooth epoxy resin surface, surface‑applied bauxite aggregates,     floors covered in excreta, static friction, walking.  

Phillips, C.J.C. and I.D. Morris     (2001). **A novel operant conditioning test to determime whether dairy cows     dislike passageways that are dark or covered with excreta.***Animal Welfare*10(1): 65‑72, ISSN: 0962‑7286.    NAL Call No.: HV4701.A557    Keywords: dairy cows, conditioning, stimuli, molasses, learning ability, cattle     slurry, floors, lighting, animal welfare, preferences.

Phillips, C.J.C., and M.I. Rind (2001).     **The effects on production and behavior of mixing uniparous and multiparous     cows.***Journal of Dairy Science*84(11): 2424‑2429, ISSN: 0022‑0302.    NAL Call No.: 44.8 J822    Keywords: dairy cows, mixed versus unmixed groups, aggressive behavior, feeding     behavior, grazing behavior, dairy performance, milk yield.  

Plusquellec, P. and M.F. Bouissou Marie France (2001). **Behavioural     characteristics of two dairy breeds of cows selected (Herens) or not (Brune     des alpes) for fighting and dominance ability.***Applied Animal Behaviour     Science*72 (1): 1- 21*,* ISSN: 0168-1591.    NAL Call No.: QL750.A6    Keywords: Herens, Brune des alpes, breeds, fighting and dominance ability,     behavioral trait, social behavior, dominance, agonistic behavior, social tolerance,     social motivation, social distance, fear reactions, ease of handling, physiological     correlates, social distances at pasture, ease of handling.   

Prescott, N.B., T.T. Mottram, and A.J.F. Webster (1998).     **Effect of food type and location on the attendance to an automatic milking     system by dairy cows and the effect of feeding during milking on their behaviour     and milking characteristics.***Animal Science: An International Journal     of Fundamental and Applied Research*67(2): 183-193, ISSN: 1357-7298.    NAL Call No.: SF1 A56    Keywords: automatic milking systems, behavior, feeding, concentrates, milking     parlors, milking rate, milk flow, milk yield, milking interval.  

Prescott, N.B., T.T. Mottram, and A.J.F. Webster (1998).     **Relative motivations of dairy cows to be milked or fed in a Y-maze and     an automatic milking system**. *Applied Animal Behaviour Science*     57(1): 23-33, ISSN: 0168-1591.    NAL Call No.: QL750.A6    Keywords: motivation, Y-maze, choice tests, automatic milking.**

Purushottam, S. and S. Kiran (2002). **Shelter seeking     behaviour of dairy cattle in various types of housing systems.***Indian     Journal of Animal Sciences*72(1): 91‑95, ISSN: 0367‑8318.    NAL Call No.: 41.8 IN22    Keywords: crossbred, lactating cows, shelter system, shelter seeking behavior,     loose housing, loose housing with central shed, closed housing, tree‑shade,     summer, rainy season, winter season.**

Redbo, I., M. Emanuelson, K. Lunberg, N. Oredsson (April 1996).     **Feeding level and oral stereotypies in dairy cows.***Animal     Science: An International Journal of Fundamental and Applied Research* 62(2):     199-206, ISSN: 1357-7298.    NAL Call No.: SF1.A56    Keywords: dairy cows, lactation stage, unrestricted feeding, Swedish Red-and-White,     restricted feeding, abnormal behavior, rumination, eating, feed intake, physical     activity, posture, animal welfare, complete feeds, plane of nutrition.  

Rehkamper, G. and A. Gorlach (1997). **Visual discrinimation     in adult dairy bulls**. *Journal of Dairy Science* 80(8): 1613-1621,     ISSN: 0022-0302.    NAL Call No.: 44.8 J822    Keywords: dairy bulls, Holstein-Friesian, learning ability, temperament, training     of animals.  

Roberts, J. (1997). **Understanding cow behavior.***Bovine Practitioner* 31(2): 104-107, ISSN: 0524-1685.    NAL Call No.: SF779.5 A1B6    Keywords: cows, behavior, stress, animal welfare, milk production, stray voltage,     diagosis, milking.  

Rook, A.J. and C.A. Huckle (1997). **Activity bout criteria     for grazing dairy cows.***Applied Animal Behaviour Science* 54(2):     89-96, ISSN: 0168-1591.    NAL Call No.: QL750.A6    Keywords: behavior, grazing, bout criteria, feeding, nutrition. 

Rushen, J., A. Boissy, E.M.C. Terkiuw, and A.M.B. de Passille     (1999). **Opioid peptides and behavioral and physiological responses of     dairy cows to social isolation in unfamiliar surroundings**.*Journal     of Animal Science* 77(11): 2918-2924, ISSN: 0021-8812.    NAL Call No.: 49 J82    Abstract: To test whether endogenous opioid peptides are involved in the behavioral     and physiological responses of cattle to stress, 12 Holstein cows were either     placed in social isolation in unfamiliar surroundings for 15 min or remained     in their home stalls, either with or without naloxone treatment, following a     Latin square design. Vocalizations (judged as high or low frequency), defecation/urination,     and heart rate were recorded, latency to respond to local thermal stimulation     of the leg by means of a laser was measured to detect pain sensitivity, and     blood was sampled and assayed for cortisol concentrations. Naloxone in the home     stall increased cortisol concentrations and tended to reduce response latencies     to the laser but did not induce vocalization. Social isolation increased the     incidence of high-frequency vocalization and of defecation/urination, heart     rate, cortisol concentrations, and response latencies to the laser. Prior administration     of naloxone increased the incidence of low-frequency vocalization in isolation,     but it had no effect on heart rate or on responses to the laser and only limited     effect on cortisol concentrations when the cows were isolated. Brief periods     of social isolation in unfamiliar surroundings seem to be stressful to cows,     as indicated by increased heart rate, hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenocortical     axis activity, and vocalization. Isolation also reduces pain sensitivity, suggesting     a stress-induced analgesia. However, we found no evidence that naloxone-sensitive     opioid receptors were involved in these responses.    Keywords: dairy cows, behavior, physiology, housing, stress, hydrocortisone,     blood chemistry, naloxone, opioid peptides, heart rate, animal welfare, social     interaction, vocalization.  

Rushen, J., A.M.B. de Passille, and L. Munksgaard (1999). **Fear     of people by cows and effects on milk yield, behavior, and heart rate at milking**.     *Journal of Dairy Science* 82(4): 720-727, ISSN: 0022-0302.    NAL Call No.: 44.8 J822    Abstract: To examine the ability of cows to recognize people and the effects     of the fear of people by cows at milking, cows (n = 14) were handled by two     people; one handled the cows gently, and the other handled them aversively.     The handlers wore clothes of different color. After handling, the cows stood     further from the aversive handler than from the gentle handler. When the handlers     changed the color of their clothing, the cows did not discriminate between them.     The gentle handler stood close to the cows for one milking, and the aversive     handler stood close to the cows for another milking. For two control milkings,     neither handler was present. Measurements included milking duration, milk yield,     residual milk, heart rates, incidence of movement, and kicking behavior of the     cows. Compared with control milkings, the presence of the gentle handler did     not change milk yield or residual milk. The presence of the aversive handler     increased residual milk by 70%. Kicking behavior of cows during milking was     reduced with either handler present, and kicking during udder preparation was     reduced with the aversive handler present. For cows that best discriminated     between the handlers, the presence of the aversive handler increased movement     and heart rate during milking. For cows that did not discriminate well between     the handlers, the presence of either handler increased heart rate and decreased     movement during milking. Cows recognized individual people, and the fear of     people who are present during milking may reduce milk yield.    Keywords: handling, fear, heart rate, kicking behavior, milk yield, milking.  

Rushen, J., L. Munksgaard, A.M.B de Passille, M.B. Jensen,     and K. Thodberg (1998). **Location of handling and dairy cows: responses     to people.***Applied Animal Behaviour Science* 55(3/4): 259-267,     ISSN: 0168-1591.    NAL Call No.: QL750.A6    Keywords: dairy cows, handling, stockmen, learned aversion, fear, animal behavior,     cow temperment, animal welfare, husbandry.

Rushen, J. and A.M.B de Passille (1996). **Behaviour,     welfare and productivity of dairy cattle.** In: *Proceedings of the     Lennoxville Conference on Milk Production, Bishop's University, Lennoxville,     Quebec, Canada, October 9, 1996*, Vol.78, p. 3-21, Centre de recherche et     de developpement sur le bovin laitier et le porc, Agriculture et Agroalimentaire     Canada: Lennoxville, Quebec, Canada.    Keywords: animal welfare, stress, abnormal behavior, dairy cattle, animal behavior,     productivity, cows, dairy cows, reviews, husbandry, calves, cattle housing.  

Schrader, L. (2001). **The behaviour of farm animals     and its significance for housing design**. In: *Human-animal relationship:     stockmanship and housing in organic livestock systems. Proceedings of the Third     NAHWOA Workshop, Clermont-Ferrand, France, 21-24 October 2000*, M. Hovi and     M. Bouilhol (eds.), Network for Animal Health and Welfare in Organic Agriculture,     University of Reading: Reading, UK, ISBN: 0-7049-1094-2, p. 54-63     Keywords: cattle, livestock, abnormal behavior, animal behavior, animal housing,     organic farming.  

Schrader, L. (2001). **Identification     of individual behavioural characteristics in dairy cows. [Identifizierung individueller     Verhaltenscharakteristika bei Milchkuhen.]***KTBL‑Schrift*403:     18‑27.    NAL Call No.: 18 K96    Keywords: dairy cows, behavior, stress, salivary cortisol levels, individual     variation, husbandry, German language.  

Schrader, L., S. Meier, C. Blank, and D. Fuger (2000). **Personality     traits and stress responsiveness in dairy cows. ["Personlichkeit" und Stress     bei Milchkuhen.]***Agrarforschung*7(1): 20-23, ISSN: 1022-663X.    NAL Call No.: S469.S9A37    Keywords: dairy cows, stress, farmers, questionnaires, cow's personality traits,     individual differences, animal behavior, behavioral tests, German language.  

Senica, M., I. Stuhec, and V. Rezar     (2001). **Ethological principles in dairy cattle farming. [Reja krav molznic     po etoloskih nacelih.]***Zootehnika*78 (1): 43‑56, ISSN: 1408‑3434.    Keywords: dairy cows, Brown, Simmental, breeds, housing, tie stalls, stables,     pasture, behavior, lying, defecating, urinating, grooming, chewing, drinking,     resting, Slovenian language.

Sisto, A.M. and T.H. Friend (2001).     **The effect of confinement on motivation to exercise in young dairy calves.***Applied Animal Behaviour Science*73(2): 83‑91, ISSN: 0168‑1591.    NAL Call No.: QL750.A6    Keywords: calves, exercise, motivation, animal behavior, locomotion, calf housing,     individual versus group pens, pens, group effect, duration, hydrocortisone,     blood plasma, lymphocytes, leukocyte count.

Stefanowska, J., M. Plavsic, A.H. Ipema, and M.M.W.B. Hendriks     (2000). **The effect of omitted milking on the behaviour of cows in the     context of cluster attachment failure during automatic milking**. *Applied     Animal Behaviour Science* 67(4): 277-291, ISSN: 0168-1591.    NAL Call No.: QL750.A6    Abstract: The objective was to evaluate the effects of individual housing design     (stalls vs pens) with widths of 56, 66, and 76 cm (2 X 3 factorial treatment     arrangement) on growth, hematology, cleanliness, ambulation, abomasal hairball,     and carcass measurements. Three groups of 36 Holstein bull calves (n = 108)     were randomly allotted within group to treatments. There were no effects (P     > .05) of housing design, width, or two-way interactions for BW, ADG, carcass     weight, or dressing percentage. Blood samples were collected at approximately     33-d intervals. Mean values for hemoglobin, hematocrit, white blood cell count     (WBC), and red blood cell count (RBC) were not different among treatments (P     > .05), with the exception of d 28 hemoglobin, which was greater in the calves     housed in 66-cm vs 76-cm stall. There were differences (P < .05) due to design     and design X width effects for hindquarter cleanliness; manure accumulation     tended to be greater in pens vs stalls as width increased. There were increases     (P < .05) in left front knee swelling scores as stall or pen size decreased;     no important differences were observed in ambulatory ability among treatment     groups. There were design effects (P < .05) for excitability scores, with     calves in stalls being more excitable. There were no important treatment effects     (P > .05) for liver, spleen, and lung condition, number of abomasal hairballs,     or 0- and 24-h after slaughter flank or brisket color. These results indicate     that housing designs and widths did not affect veal calf growth performance,     WBC, RBC, hemoglobin, hematocrit, ambulation, or muscle color.    Keywords: dairy cows, milking interval, milking parlors, automatic control,     failure, clusters, animal behavior, posture, eating, resting, drinking, urination,     defecation, milk yield, lactation number, social dominance, animal welfare.  

Stefanowska, J., A.H. Ipema, and M.M.W.B. Hendriks (1999).     **The behaviour of dairy cows in an automatic milking system where selection     for milking takes place in the milking stalls.***Applied Animal Behaviour     Science*62(2/3): 99-114, ISSN: 0168-159.    NAL Call No.: QL750.A6    Keywords: dairy cows, milking, automation, milking interval, robots, automatic     control, movement, duration, defecation, urination, social dominance, efficiency.  

Stefanowska, J., N.S. Tiliopoulos, A.H. Ipema, and M.M.W.B.     Hendriks (1999). **Dairy cow interactions with an automatic milking system     starting with "walk-through" selection.***Applied Animal Behaviour Science*     63(3): 177-193, ISSN: 0168-1591.    NAL Call No.: QL750.A6    Keywords: dairy cows, milking parlors, milking interval, automation, behavior,     gates, gait, duration, automatic feed dispensers, concentrates, urination, defecation,     animal welfare, efficiency.  

Steinhardt, M., and H.H. Thielscher (1999). **Response     of animals to familiar and unfamiliar situations. Transport and temporary separation     of suckled calves from the herd at different ages during rearing. Effect of     playing recordings of maternal vocalization on hormones, heart rate and vocal     responses. [Reaktionsmuster von Tieren auf gewohnte und ungewohnte Ereignisse.     Transport und temporare Separation von Saugkalbern aus der Mutterkuhhaltung     in verschiedenen Altersperioden wahrend der fruhen Aufzuchtperiode sowie Effekte     der Prasentation von Muttertierrufen auf hormonelle Variablen, Herzfrequenz     und Lautausserungen der Tiere.]***Landbauforschung Volkenrode*     49(3): 153-166, ISSN: 0458-6859.    NAL Call No.: 18 L2353    Keywords: cows, dams, heart, heart rate, young animals, vocalization, animal     welfare, calves, body temperature, hydrocortisone, stress, German language.  

Steinhardt, M. and H.H. Thielscher (1999). **Species     specific husbandry and physiological functions of animals. Development quality     and adaptation of group reared dairy calves at specific age periods and seasonal     effects by birth periods and rearing conditions. [Tiergerechte Haltung und physiologische     Funktionen von Tieren. Entwicklungsqualitat und Anpassungsreaktionen von am     Trankeautomaten aufgezogenen Milchrindkalbern in spezifischen Altersperioden     sowie jahreszeitliche Effekte durch Geburtsperioden und Aufzuchtbedingungen.]***Animal Feed Science and Technology* 49(3): 136-152, ISSN: 0377-8401.    NAL Call No.: SF95.A55    Keywords: calves, calf rearing, husbandry, animal welfare, behavior, adaptation,     hydrocortisone, diagnosis, heart rate, hemoglobin, postnatal development, German     language.

Steinwidder, A., B.M. Ehm, E. Zeiler, L. Gruber, and F. Lettner     (2001)**. Effect of day or night grazing on forage intake and grazing behaviour     of dairy cows. [Einfluss von tag oder nachtweidehaltung auf futteraufnahme und     fressverhalten von milchkuhen.]***Zuechtungskunde*73 (3): 215-232,     ISSN: 0044‑5401.    NAL Call No.: 49 Z8    Keywords: cows, grazing conditions, feed intake, grazing behavior, during day     and night, fresh forage, fed in the stable, energy concentration, total feed,     protein intake, nutrient supply, climatic conditions.

Szyndler, J. and A. Kaczor (1997). **Behaviour of dairy cows     in litter and litter-free tie-in stalls of different size. [Zachowanie sie krow     mlecznych na wiazanych stanowiskach sciolowych i bezsciolowych o roznych wymiarach.]***Roczniki Naukowe Zootechniki* 24(4): 249-262, ISSN: 0137-1657.    NAL Call No.: SF1.R6    Keywords: cattle housing, litter, litter-free tie-in stalls, stall dimensions,     on the, cleanliness, skin injuries and abrasions, legs, udder, health, behavior,     lying, standing, animal welfare, Poland, Polish language.  

Thomas, T., D.M. Weary, and M.C. Appleby (2001). **Newborn     and 5‑week‑old calves vocalize in response to milk deprivation.***Applied Animal Behaviour Science*74(3): 165‑173, ISSN: 0168‑1591.    NAL Call No.: QL750.A6    Keywords: calves, newborn animals, calf feeding, milk, deprivation, supplementary     feeding, vocalization, individual characteristics, weaning, age differences,     animal welfare.

Uetake, K. (1999). **Study on cognitive and learning     abilities of dairy cattle and their application for herd management.***Research Bulletin of the Hokkaido National Agricultural Experiment Station*     170: 9-43.    Keywords: cow housing, cattle housing, dairy cattle, cows, reviews, animal behavior,     animal welfare, cognitive development, learning, productivity, farm management,     milking, automation, robots, color, hearing, feeding behavior, electric current,     music, design, East Asia, Japanese language.  

Uetake, K., K. Yayou, and T. Okamoto (1998). **Influence     of feeding operation and social factors on cattle locomotion in free stall barns.***Canadian Journal of Animal Science*78(3): 421-424, ISSN: 0008-3984.    NAL Call No.: 41.8 C163    Abstract: The influence of feeding operation and social factors on voluntary     movement of cattle was studied with a group of nine Holstein calves in free     stall barns. The results of this study suggest that cattle can move more voluntarily     when rations are put beyond the place that farmers want them to walk through.     The results also suggest that conflicts between motivations for approaching     rations and avoiding competitive feeding behaviour should be considered when     efficient systems of locomotion control of cattle groups are designed, such     as in AMSs.    Keywords: dairy cattle, calves, feeding behavior, social behavior, motivation,     social factors, locomotion, free stall, barns, housing.

Uetake, K., J.F. Hurnik, and L. Johnson (1997). **Effect of     music on voluntary approach of dairy cows to an automatic milking system.***Applied     Animal Behaviour Science* 53(3): 175-182, ISSN: 0168-1591.    NAL Call No.: QL750 A6    Keywords: music, automatic milking, approach behavior.

Uetake, K., J.F. Hurnik, and L. Johnson (1997). **Behavioral     pattern of dairy cows milked in a two-stall automatic milking system with a     holding area.***Journal of Animal Science* 75(4): 954-958, ISSN: 0021-8812.    NAL Call No.: 49 J82    Abstract: Behavioral pattern was investigated in dairy cows milked in an automatic     milking system (AMS) in contrast to cows milked in a conventional milking parlor.     Forty-eight Holstein cows were allocated to two groups of 24 animals. The two     groups were housed in adjacent free stall pens. Both groups were milked twice     a day at 0500 and at 1500 for 30 d before commencement of the experiment, one     in a two-stall AMS (AMS Group), the other in a 16-stall herringbone parlor (Parlor     Group). The respective holding areas were used to encourage cows to enter the     milking compartments. All cows consumed total mixed rations ad libitum, provided     once a day between 0500 and 0600 in indoor feed bunks. Cows in both groups were     allowed daily access to two adjacent outdoor paddocks from 1030 to 1230. Behavioral     observations were carried out in the free stall barn from 0400 to 0900 and from     1250 to 1900 for 30d. The number of cows lying down, standing in the stalls,     standing in the passageway, and eating was recorded every 10 min. Analyses of     variance were used to compare time serial changes in behavioral states between     groups. Although the time serial changes in the behavioral states were not different     between groups after returning from paddocks, they became significantly different     between groups for all four recorded behavioral states after the onset of milking.     Ethograms during the 11-h observation period showed that cows in the AMS group     spent less time eating at the feed bunk and standing in the stalls to compensate     for the longer time standing in the holding area. The results indicate that     AMS milking with a holding area affects social synchronization of cows eating     and resting and reduces time spent eating.    Keywords: automation, milking machines, milking parlors, behavior, milk yield,     lactation stage, age, posture, eating, duration, activity sampling.

Vaarst, M., M.B. Jensen, and A.M. Sandager (2001). **Behaviour     of calves at introduction to nurse cows after the colostrum period.***Applied     Animal Behaviour Science* 73(1): 27‑33, ISSN: 0168‑1591.    NAL Call No.: QL750.A6    Keywords: calves, housing, single boxes, teat bucket, cow colostrum, behavior,     abnormal behavior, social behavior, feeding, nurse cows, suckling.  

Vaarst, M., J. Hindhede, and C. Enevoldsen     (1998). **Sole disorders in conventionally managed and organic dairy herds     using different housing systems.***Journal of Dairy Research*65(2):     175-186, ISSN: 0022-0299.    NAL Call No.: 44.8 J823    Abstract: Records of claw trimmings were analysed in seven organic and six conventional     Danish herds (a total of 974 cows). The housing systems represented were tie     stall systems, loose housing system with slatted floor (one organic herd), and     deep litter systems (deep straw bedding). Occurrence of sole disorders was analysed     separately for cows in first lactation and for cows in later lactations. Three     different responses (acute haemorrhage, sole ulcer in one leg and sole ulcer     in two or more legs) were analysed using three binomial logistic regression     analyses for each group. Herd analysed as a fixed effect was a strong risk factor     for all kinds of sole ulcer. Lactation stage was a risk factor for acute haemorrhage     in both groups of cows, and for sole ulcer in first parity cows. In general,     there was a strong positive association between the period 61-120 d post partum     and the presence of sole disorders. Breed was associated with acute haemorrhage     in cows in second and later parities, and sole ulcer in one leg only in first     parity cows in an interaction with lactation stage in both conditions. Danish     Friesian cows were strongly associated with sole disorder, although the combination     of lactation stage from 61 to 120 d post partum in cows of other dual-purpose     breeds was positively associated with the presence of sole ulcer in one leg     only in first parity cows. The time of year for claw trimming was a risk factor     for acute haemorrhage in first parity cows, with the period from December to     January most strongly associated with acute haemorrhage. Previous disease treatment     was a risk factor for sole ulcer in two or more legs in second and later parities.     Udder related disorders and disorders other than reproductive problems were     positively associated with the occurrence of sole ulcer. Body weight at calving     was associated with acute haemorrhage in cows in second and subsequent parities.     Body weight lower than the mean herd level by > 50 kg was negatively associated     with acute haemorrhage.     Keywords: dairy herds, housing, lameness, handling, feet, lesions, hemorrhage,     lactation stage, breed differences, Friesian, body weight, lameness, deep litter     housing, stalls, hooves, organic farming, slatted floors, straw, litter, calving     season, Denmark.

Vdovina, N.V., and D.I. Lyapolov (2001). **About research     of domestication behavior of calves.***Sel'Skokhozyaistvennaya Biologiya*2: 107-110*,*ISSN: 0131‑6397.    NAL Call No.: S13.S44    Keywords: domestication, behavior of calves, human animal relationships, lack     of fear, food reactions, distance of unknown man, adaptability, Russian language.

Veissier, I., A. Boissy, J. Capdeville,     and C. Sarignac (2000). **Welfare of livestock: how to define and evaluate?****[Le bien-etre des animaux d'elevage: comment peut-on le definir et l'evaluer?]***Developmental Medicine and Child Neurology* 31(205): 117-124, ISSN: 0012-1622.    Keywords: livestock, animal welfare, evaluation, stress, behavior, environment,     health, French language.  

Veissier, I., P. Chazal, P. Pradel, and P. Le Neindre (1997).     **Providing social contacts and objects for nibbling moderates reactivity     and oral behaviors in veal calves.***Journal of Animal Science*     75(2): 356-365, ISSN: 0021-8812.    NAL Call No.: 49 J82    Abstract: The aim of this work was to assess the role of social and physical     enrichment in the adaptation of veal calves to their environment. We compared     calves housed in individual stalls that varied in the extent of contacts they     allowed between neighbors (16 calves: open partitions; 16 calves: solid partitions;     32 calves: solid and extended partitions preventing all contact). All but 16     out of the 32 isolated calves were provided with a piece of tire and a chain,     objects they could easily nibble. We assessed time budget, behavioral reactions     to a water throw, neuroendocrine responses to stress (ACTH challenge and catecholamine     synthesis), health, and growth. Calves kept in isolation displayed more startled     reactions (16 isolated calves vs 5 non-isolated calves were startled by the     throw, P < .05). Calves without objects spent more time nibbling at the feeding     grille (5 vs 3% time, P < .01), licking their lips and tongue-rolling (7     vs 4% time, P <.05). Social contacts and the provision of objects had no     incidence on neuroendocrine measurements and growth. Contacts with neighbors     resulted in a slight but nonsignificant rise in disease. Depriving calves of     social contacts increases behavioral reactivity, probably because there are     no peer animals through which reactions can be moderated, and the lack of adequate     objects to nibble promotes self-directed activities.    Keywords: calves, behavior, neurohormones, stress, veal, calf housing, stalls,     group size, animal welfare, partitions, enrichment, toys, grooming, fright,     behavior, rest, blood plasma, hydrocortisone, stress response, breed differences,     Holstein-Friesian, Montbeliard, health, lesions, stomach ulcers, scars, nibbling,     sniffing, lip-licking, tongue-rolling.  

Veissier, I., V. Gesmier, P. Le Neindre, J.Y. Gautier, and     G. Bertrand (1994). **The effects of rearing in individual crates on subsequent     social behaviour of veal calves**. *Applied Animal Behaviour Science*     41(3/4): 199-210, ISSN: 0168-1591.    NAL Call No.: QL750.A6    Keywords: veal calves, social behavior, housing, isolation rearing, crates.  

Waiblinger, S., T. Baars, and C. Menke (2001). **Understanding     the cow: the central role of human animal relationship in keeping horned dairy     cows in loose housing**. In: *Human Animal Relationship: Stockmanship     and Housing in Organic Livestock Systems. Proceedings of the Third NAHWOA Workshop,     Clermont‑ferrand, France, 21‑24 October 2000*, M. Hovi and M.     Bouilhol (eds.), p. 64-78, Network for Animal Health and Welfare in Organic     Agriculture, University of Reading: Reading, UK, ISBN: 0‑7049‑1094‑2.    Keywords: animal behavior, animal welfare, cattle housing, cows, dairy cows,     loose housing, organic farming, stockmen.  

Weary, D.M., and B. Chua (2000). **Effects of early separation     on the dairy cow and calf. 1. Separation at 6 h, 1 day and 4 days after birth.***Applied Animal Behaviour Science*69(3): 177‑188, ISSN: 0168‑1591.    NAL Call No.: QL750.A6    Keywords: calves, dairy cows, animal behavior, physical activity, vocalization,     calf removal, responses, age differences, animal welfare.  

Wenzel, C. (2001). **Initial ethological improvements     for the management of cows milked by an automatic milking system. [Erste ethologische     Empfehlungen zum Management von Milchrindern beim Melken in einem automatischen     Melksystem.]***Tierarztliche Umschau* 56 (1): 21‑24, ISSN:     0049‑3864.    NAL Call No.: 41.8 T445    Keywords: dairy cows, automation, milking, robots, management, milking parlors,     stress, adaptation, animal welfare, milkers, milking robots, human animal relationships,     German language.  

Wilson, L.L., T.L. Terosky, C.L. Stull, and W.R. Stricklin     (1999). **Effects of individual housing design and size on behavior and     stress indicators of special-fed Holstein veal calves**. *Journal of     Animal Science*77(6): 1341-1347, ISSN: 0021-8812.    NAL Call No.: 49 J82.     Abstract: The objectives of this study were to determine effects of housing     design (calves tethered in open stalls vs untethered in individual pens) and     widths of 56, 66, and 76 cm (2 x 3 factorial arrangement of treatments) on indicators     of stress and behavior in special-fed veal calves. Three production cycles (groups)     were used, each with 36 Holstein bull calves. Calves (n = 108) were randomly     allotted to treatments upon arrival at the facility. Blood samples were collected     four times (wk 4, 9, 13, and 18) during the 18-wk production cycle. Blood serum     values for cortisol and (alpha1)-acid glycoprotein (AGP) exhibited few treatment     differences. Blood leukocyte differential counts at 4 and 18 wk (segmented neutrophils     [N], banded neutrophils, lymphocytes [L], basophils, and the N:L ratio) were     not different (P > .05) among housing designs or widths. However, there were     differences (P < .05) in monocytes and eosinophils during the 28-d period     after arrival; calves in stalls 76 cm wide had the greatest percentage of both     leukocytes, and calves in the 66-cm stalls had the lowest monocyte percentage.     Calves were recorded on videotape during wk 4, 13.5, and 18 to determine frequencies     and durations of postures and behaviors (e.g., lying, standing, chewing, tongue     playing, grooming, and investigative activities). There were no consistent differences     (P > .05) in postures or behaviors among calves in different housing designs     or widths. Calves spent approximately 71 and 31% in lying and standing positions,     with no preference for the right or left side while recumbent. There was a tendency     for calves in wider stalls or pens at wk 9 and 18 to exhibit more self-grooming     activities. Tongue playing and investigative and chewing activities were exhibited     in all treatments, but no differences (P > .05) were observed. However, calves     housed in the 56-cm pens displayed difficulty in changing from lying to a standing     position and were unable to extend one or more legs while recumbent. Even though     there were few differences in behavioral, physiological, growth, or anatomical     traits in this study, further increases in age and(or) weight of finished calves     will require a reassessment of the appropriateness of individual veal calf housing     design and dimensions.    Keywords: calves, young animals, Holstein, stress, veal calves, basophils, blood     serum, hydrocortisone, eosinophils, glycoproteins, grooming, leukocytes, monocytes,     neutrophils, tethered housing, cattle housing, animal welfare, animal experiments,     hematology, blood chemistry, calf housing, stalls, pens, cubicles.  

Winter, A. and J.E. Hillerton (1995). **Behaviour associated     with feeding and milking of early lactation cows housed in an experimental automatic     milking system.***Applied Animal Behaviour Science* 46(1/2): 1-15,     ISSN: 0168-1591.    NAL Call No.: QL750 A6    Abstract: The successful integration of automated milking into the farm will     depend partly on the behaviour of the cow. Diurnal patterns of behaviour and     behaviour associated with the use of an automatic milking stall were recorded     at 10-min intervals for 5 consecutive days for nine early lactation cows housed     in a straw yard. The automatic milking stall was operational between 06:00 h     and 0:00 h and was accessible through a selection/recognition stall on route     to the forage feed area. Cows attending the feed area within 4 h of a previous     milking were diverted directly to feed, by-passing the automatic stall. All     cows attended the milking stall voluntarily, on average three times a day. Milking     frequency was not consistent throughout the day and was related to diurnal patterns     of feeding. Movement to and from milking was hesitant, with cows delaying at     both entry and exit gates of the milking stall. A consistent milking order developed     becoming more variable as the number of millings per cow per day increased,     associated with a similar reduction in synchrony for the maintenance behaviours.     Daily activity budgets suggested accommodation to the system through conservation     of feeding time and a decrease in lying time. Cows became accustomed to waiting     to enter the stall as the experiment proceeded. In conclusion the cows adapted     to using the automated milking stall at their own demand and pace which reduced     efficiency and availability.    Keywords: feeding, milking, lactation, automatic milking, automation, adaptation,     behavior, diurnal activity, feeding frequency.  

Yeruham, I., and O. Markusfeld (1996). **Self destructive     behaviour in dairy cattle.***The Veterinary Record: Journal of the     British Veterinary Association*138(13): 308, ISSN: 0042-4900.    NAL Call No.: 41.8 V641    Keywords: heifers, udders, teats, mammary edema, skin diseases, symptoms, abnormal     behavior, predisposition, excessive licking.

Zahner, M. (1998). **Modified cow trainer reduces     stress on the cows. [Modifizierter Kuhtrainer reduziert Belastung bei Kuhen.]***Agrarforschung* 5(1): 17-20, ISSN: 1022-663X.    NAL Call No.: S469 S9A37.    Keywords: cows, modified cow trainer, electric shocks, electric current stress,     restraint of animals, freedom of movement, animal welfare, German language. 
    Return to Table of ContentsBreeding
Banos, G. and A. Sigurdsson (June 1996) **Application of contemporary     methods for the use of international data in national genetic evaluations**.     *Journal of Dairy Science* 79(6): 1117-1125, ISSN: 0022-0302.  NAL Call No.: 44.8 J822.  Keywords: dairy cattle, bulls, genetic material, genetic  evaluations across countries, national breeding programs, economically  important traits, well-defined breeding goals.
Ballard, C.S., P. Mandebvu,  C.J. Sniffen, S.M. Emanuele, and M.P. Carter (2001). **Effect of feeding an  energy supplement to dairy cows pre and postpartum on intake, milk yield, and  incidence of ketosis.***Animal Feed Science and Technology*93(1‑2):  55‑69, ISSN: 0377‑8401.  NAL Call No.: SF95.A55  Keywords: cows, Holstein,  breed, ketosis, metabolic disease, calcium propionate,propylene glycol, beet  pulp, ground corn, sugarcane molasses, dietary supplements, lactation, milk  yield, tie stall housing.
Boelling, D., P. Madsen, and  J. Jensen (2001). **Genetic parameters of foot and leg traits in future AI  bulls: II. Correlation to body conformation traits in daughters.***Acta  Agriculturae Scandinavica Section A Animal Science*51 (2): 122-128, ISSN:  0906-4702.  NAL Call No.: S3 A27  Keywords: dairy AI bulls,  breed, Danish Red, Danish Friesian, Jersey, genetic correlations, foot and leg  traits, hoof measurements, horn characteristics, claw disease, hoof trimming,  scores for rear leg side view, rear leg rear view, bone structure, quality of  hocks, foot angle, future selection of AI bulls.
Boer, I.J.M., F.W.A. de Brom, and J.M.G.     Vorstenbosch (1995). **An ethical evaluation of animal biotechnology:     the case of using clones in dairy cattle breeding.***Animal Science:     An International Journal of Fundamental and Applied Research*61(3): 453-463,     ISSN: 1357-7298.  NAL Call No.: SF1.A56  Keywords: dairy cattle, bioethics, moral values, biotechnology,  cloning, animal welfare, genetic variation, artificial insemination, personal  development.
Cartmill, J.A., S.Z. El-Zarkouny, B.A. Hensley, T.G. Rozell, J.F. Smith, and J.S. Stevenson  (2001). **An alternative AI breeding protocol for dairy cows exposed to  elevated ambient temperature before or after calving or both.***Journal of  Dairy Science* 84 (4): 799‑806, ISSN: 0022‑0302.  NAL Call No.: 44.8 J822  Keywords: dairy  cows, lactation, artificial insemination, environmental temperature,  synchronized females, gnrh, prostaglandins, timing, estrus, detection,  conception rate, pregnancy rate, heat stress, relative humidity, postpartum interval, anestrus, blood serum,  progesterone, embryo mortality, summer, Kansas.  
Christensen, L.G. (1998). **Possibilities     for genetic improvement of disease resistance, functional traits and animal     welfare.**In: *Impact of Reproductive Technology on Animal Breeding     and Genetic Conservation*. *Proceedings of the Bertebos Prize Symposium,     Falkenberg, Sweden, September 18-19, 1997, No. 29*, S. Einarsson and J. Rendel     (ed.), Scandinavian University Press: Oslo; Boston, p. 77-89.  NAL Call No.: S3 A27 Suppl.29  Keywords: breeding programes, embryo transfer, computer  simulation, mathematical models, sires, dams, fertility, selection methods,  animal welfare, health, selection, disease resistance, Scandinavia.
Cranford, J.L., and R.E.  Pearson (2001). **Relationships of sire predicted transmitting ability for  somatic cell score with measures of daughter performance.***Journal of  Dairy Science*84 (6): 1501-1507, ISSN: 0022-0302.  NAL Call No.: 44.8 J822  Keywords: Holstein, breed, sire predicted transmitting ability, somatic  cell score, mastitis occurrence, Virginia Tech dairy herd, linear regression  coefficients.
Davis, S.R., I.  Vetharaniam, M. Upsdell, E.S. Kolver, and A.B. Pleasants (2001). **Modelling  the impact of nutrition and genotype on lactation.***Proceedings of the  New Zealand Society of Animal Production*61: 237‑238, ISSN: 0370‑2731.  NAL Call No.: 49.9 N483  Keywords: dairy  cows, mammary gland development, reproductive system, milk, reproductive  system, secretion, udder, reproductive system, grazing, feeding method,  modeling method, genotype, impact, lactation, nutritional status, nutrition  impact, pasture, animal feed, New Zealand. 
Dekkers, J.C. and J.P. Gibson  (1998). **Applying breeding objectives to dairy cattle improvement.***Journal  of Dairy Science* 81(Supplement 2): 19-35.  NAL Call No.: SF221.A4   Keywords: selection criteria, interaction between the scientists  and industry, selection indexes, index expression, index formulation, focus on  response to selection, construction of component indexes, individual mating  decisions, review.
Dekkers, J.C., B.A. Mallard, and K. Leslie (1994). **Workshop:  genetic improvement of resistance to mastitis of dairy cattle with special  emphasis on somatic cell count.***Journal of Dairy Science* 77(2): 616-618,  ISSN: 0022-0302.  NAL Call No.: 44.8 J822.  Keywords: genetic improvement, resistance to mastitis, physiology,  immunology.
Distl, O. (2001). **Implications  of health traits in breeding of dairy cattle. [Die Bedeutung Von  Gesundheitsmerkmalen in Der Zucht Von Milchrindern.]***Archiv Fuer  Tierzucht*44 (4): 365-380.  NAL Call No.: 49 AR23  Keywords: German cattle  breeds. genetic improvement, health and fertility traits, datasets from  Bavaria, Israel and Sweden, heritabilities for disease resistance, genetic  variance. 
Dobos, R.C., K.S. Nandra, K.  Riley, W.J. Fulkerson, I.J. Lean, and R C. Kellaway (2001). **Effects of age  and liveweight at first calving on first lactation milk, protein and fat yield  of Friesian heifers.***Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture*41  (1): 13-19, ISSN: 0816‑1089.  NAL Call No.: 23 Au792  Keywords: heifers, Australian  Holstein Friesian, breed, individual and combined effects of age, and  liveweight at first calving, grazed pasture, growth requirements, milk,  protein, fat yields, first lactation.
  Duraes, M.C., A.F. de  Freitas, J. Valente, N.M. Teixeira, and R.B. Tendencia (2001). **Genetic trend  for milk and fat productions for Holstein Cattle in Minas Gerais State.  [Tendencia genetica Para a Producao De Leite e De Gordura Em Rebanhos Da Raca  Holandesa No Estado De Minas Gerais.]***Revista Brasileira De Zootecnia*30  (1): 66-70.  NAL Call No.: SF1 R45  Keywords: breed, Holstein,  genetic trends, milk and fat yields, statistical analyses, mixed models, herd  year season at calving, effect of age at calving, birth records, milk  production, Brazil.
Esslemont, R.J. and M.A.  Kossaibati (2000). **The use of databases to manage fertility.***Animal  Reproduction Science* 60/61: 725-741, ISSN: 0378-4320.  NAL Call No.: QP251.A5  Keywords: dairy cows, fertility, dairy farming, computer  databases, computer techniques, husbandry, management, health, performance,  information systems, research, animal welfare, zoonoses, environmental  protection, costs, literature reviews.
Fikse, W.F., and G. Banos (2001). **Weighting factors of sire  daughter information in international genetic evaluations.***Journal of Dairy  Science*84 (7): 1759-1767, ISSN: 0022-0302.  NAL Call No.: 44.8 J822  Keywords: dairy bulls, international genetic evaluations, national  genetic evaluation results, alternative weighting factors on international  evaluation results, progeny test scheme, semen exchange, breeding values,  weighting factors, total number of daughters, total number of lactations, group  size.
Goni, M.O., A.G.  Miah, M.A.S. Khan, and M.N. Islam (2001). **The performance of crossbred cows  available in milk pocket area of Bangladesh.***Indian Journal of Animal  Sciences*71 (1 ): 1166‑1168, ISSN: 0367‑8318.  NAL Call No.: 41.8 IN22  Keywords: crossbred dairy  cows, Sahiwal, Holstein‑Friesian, breed, Sahiwal, productive,  reproductive performance, milk yield, lactation length, reproductive  performance, average birth weight of calves, age at puberty, age at first  calving, service per conception, postpartum heat period, gestation period, calving  interval, breed differences, Bangladesh.
Grochowska, R., A. Lunden, L.  Zwierzchowski, M. Snochowski, and J. Oprzadek (2001). **Association between  gene polymorphism of growth hormone and carcass traits in dairy bulls.***Animal  Science Pencaitland* 72 (3): 441-447.   Keywords: bulls, Polish  Friesian, breed, leucine/valine substitution polymorphism, amino acid, growth  hormone (GH) protein, carcass traits, carcass gain, weights of meat, bones,  intermuscular and subcutaneous fat. 
Haile Mariam, M., M.E. Goddard,  and P.J. Bowman (2001). **Estimates of genetic parameters for daily somatic  cell count of Australian dairy cattle.***Journal of Dairy Science*84  (5): 1255-1264*,*ISSN: 0022-0302.  NAL Call No.: 44.8 J822     Keywords: genetic parameters, somatic cell counts, sire random regression model,     conventional ten trait analyses, first lactation, variation in heritabilities,     test day records.
Hansen, L.B. (2000).**Consequences of selection     for milk yield from a geneticist's viewpoint**. *Journal of Dairy Science*     83(5): 1145-1150.  NAL Call No.: 44.8 J822  Abstract: The annual genetic trend for milk yield of Holsteins in the  United States has accelerated with time and had means of 37 kg during the  1960s, 79 kg during the 1970s, 102 kg during the 1980s, and 116 kg from 1990 to  1996. Selection programs of the dairy cattle breeding firms in the United  States have become more selective and effective with time, and selection goals  continue to place major emphasis on yield traits, which clearly impact  profitability of dairying. Traits other than yield are also included in  selection goals of the industry. Type traits, especially those related to udderconformation, body size, and angularity have been included in selection  programs and have altered the appearance and physiological functions of  Holstein cows. Selection programs have continued to increase the body size of  Holsteins despite mounting evidence that smaller cows have advantages for  survival and efficiency. Favorable emphasis on cows that appear sharper might  result in cows that are more prone to metabolic problems. The high intensity of  current selection in the United States has brought about a rapid increase in  genetic relationships among animals. Increased relationships will inevitably  result in undesirable levels of inbreeding in the commercial cow population  unless dairy producers turn to crossbreeding.  Keywords: dairy cows, Holstein-Friesian, genetic trend, milk  yield, body weight, selection intensity, inbreeding depression, selection  responses, female fertility.
Hansen, L.B., J.B. Cole, G.D. Marx, and A.J. Seykora     (1999). **Productive life and reasons for disposal of Holstein cows selected     for large versus small body size.***Journal of Dairy Science* 82     (4): 795-801.  NAL Call No.: 44.8 J822  Abstract: Holstein cows were compared for direct and correlated  responses to selection for large versus small body size. The divergent  selection lines differed for body weight, body dimensions, and birth weight of  calves but did not differ for production or calving ease. Also, cows in the  small line required fewer services to conception during first lactation than  did cows in the large line. Cows in the body size lines differed for three  reasons for disposal: udder conformation, which favored cows in the large line;  problems with legs and feet, which favored cows in the small line; and a  miscellaneous category, which included internal infections and favored cows in  the small line. Productive life to a maximum of 6 yr was 87.7 d (15.4%) longer  for cows in the small line than for cows in the large line. Continued selection  for larger Holstein cows in North America might not be economically  justifiable.  Keywords: dairy cows, size, selection criteria, artificial  selection, longevity, productive life, liveweight, birth weight, calving,  lactation, conception rate, culling, height, length, diameter.
Healy, P.J. (1996). **Testing for undesirable     traits in cattle: an Australian perspective.***Journal of Animal Science*     74(4): 917-922, ISSN: 0021-8812.    NAL Call No.: 49 J82    Abstract: A variety of autosomal recessive defects, many lethal to the newborn     calf, have been recognized in Australia. Definition of a defect at the biochemical     or molecular level facilitates development of heterozygote detection tests essential     for efficient disease control programs. The prevalence of alpha-mannosidosis     in Angus and Murray Greys, generalized glycogenosis in Brahmans and Shorthorns,     and citrullinemia in Holstein/Friesians has been reduced as a result of industry-sponsored     disease-control programs. These defects were disseminated as a consequence of     selection focused on desirable traits carried by individuals. In the long term,     an increase in crossbreeding in commercial beef production will reduce the significance     of recessive defects. Caution will be required to reduce the risk of dissemination     of recessive defects resulting from increased selection pressure within the     dairy industry presently dominated by Holstein/Friesians.    Keywords: cattle, recessive lethals, bulls, genetic defects, breeding value,     genetic disorders, cattle breeds, heterozygotes, animal welfare.
Heringstad, B., G.  Klemetsdal, and J. Ruane (2001). **Responses to selection against clinical  mastitis in the Norwegian cattle population.***Acta Agriculturae  Scandinavica Section A Animal Science* 51 (2): 155-160, ISSN: 0906-4702.  NAL Call No.: S3 A27  Keywords: genetic trend,  clinical mastitis, Norwegian Cattle, mastitis resistance, average selection  differential.
Juga, J. (1998). **The Nordic model for     animal welfare and sustainability: is it competitive?** In: *Impact     of Reproductive Technology on Animal Breeding and Genetic Conservation*.     *Proceedings of the Bertebos Prize Symposium, Falkenberg, Sweden, September     18-19, 1997, No. 29*, S. Einarsson and J. Rendel (ed.), Scandinavian University     Press: Oslo; Boston, p. 108-114.  NAL Call No.: S3 A27 Suppl. 29  Keywords: Finnish dairy cattle, breeding programs, selection,  genetic response, animal welfare, health, milk yield, Finland.
   Kadarmideen, H.N., and J.E. Pryce (2001). **Genetic and economic relationships     between somatic cell count and clinical mastitis and their use in selection     for mastitis resistance in dairy cattle.***Animal Science Pencaitland*     73 (1): 19-28.     Keywords: cows, Holstein,  breed, clinical mastitis, somatic cell count, genetic and economic relationship  of lactation average, genetic parameters, permanent environmental, residual and  phenotypic correlations, selection for mastitis resistance, breeding goals,  genetic resistance.
  Kudrin, A.G. (2001). **The  effects of the selection of highly productive Holstein cows according to  fermental blood tests.***Doklady Rossiiskoi Akademii Sel'Skokhozyaistvennykh Nauk* (1): 38-39.  NAL Call No.: S1 S68  Keywords: cows, Holstein,  breed, blood, selection based on the level of ferments in the serum, milk  productivity.
  Larroque, H., and V. Ducrocq (2001). **Relationships between type and longevity in the Holstein breed.***Genetics Selection Evolution Paris*33 (1): 39-59. NAL Call No.: QH431     A1A52  Keywords: French Holstein,  breed, type traits, longevity, survival analysis model, udder traits, udder  depth, length of productive life, voluntary culling, estimated breeding value.
Lee, D.H., and K.J. Han (2001).     **Genetic parameters for lactation using the coupling chains with Gibbs sampler     in multivariate animal models with missing traits in Korean Holstein cattle.***Journal of Animal Science and Technology*43 (1): 53-64.    NAL Call No.: SF1.H36    Keywords: genetic parameters, milk production, lifetime lactation productions,     Gibbs sampling vs Bayesian inference, repeatability model, Dairy Cattle Improvement     Center, Korea.
Liinamo, A.E. and J.A. Van Arendonk (1999). **Combining     selection for carcass quality, body weight, and milk traits in dairy cattle.***Journal of Dairy Science* 82(4): 802-809, ISSN: 0022-0302.  NAL Call No.: 44.8 J822  Keywords: selection strategies, carcass quality, body weight, milk  aggregate genotype.
  Lukaszewicz, M. and G. Sender  (1999). **Conformation traits in selection indices in dairy cattle, A review.***Prace i Materialy Zootechniczne* 55: 41-49, ISSN: 0137-1649.  NAL Call No.: SF1 P67  Keywords: adaptative complex, animal welfare, breeding goals,  conformation traits, ecology, milk yield.
Meyer, C.L., P.J. Berger, K.J.  Koehler, J.R. Thompson, and C.G. Sattler (2001). **Phenotypic trends in  incidence of stillbirth for Holsteins in the United States.***Journal of  Dairy Science* 84 (2): 515-523*,*ISSN: 0022‑0302.  NAL Call No.: 44.8 J822  Keywords: Holstein, breed,  stillbirths, dystocia, MidStates Dairy Records Processing Center and the  National Association of Animal Breeders, influence of sire, herd, year, season,  sex of calf, parity of dam, calving ease, gestation length, survival of the  calf, United States.
Meyer, C.L., P.J. Berger, J.R.  Thompson, and C.G. Sattler (2001). **Genetic evaluation of Holstein sires and  maternal grandsires in the United States for perinatal survival.***Journal  of Dairy Science*84 (5): 1246-1254, ISSN: 0022-0302.  NAL Call No.: 44.8 J822    Keywords: primiparous cows, Holstein, breed, stillbirth, genetic parameters,     perinatal survival rates, National Association of Animal Breeders calving ease     database, data analysis, effects for sex of calf, dystocia, season of birth,     gestation length, milk yield.
  Muller, U., P. Reinecke, W.  Leucht, and T. Dalle (1999). **Breeding and biological evaluation of selection  for yield in dairy cattle.****[Zuchtungsbiologische bewertung der  leistungsselektion beim Milchrind.]***Archiv fur Tierzucht* 42(1):  33-44, ISSN: 0003-9438.  NAL Call No.: 49 AR23  Keywords: dairy cattle, selection, dairy performance, fitness,  reviews, natural selection, animal welfare, German language.
Murray, R.D. and W.R. Ward (1993). **Welfare implications of modern  artificial breeding techniques for dairy cattle and sheep.***The Veterinary  Record: Journal of the British Veterinary Association*133(12): 283-286,  ISSN: 0042-4900.  NAL Call No.: 41.8 V641.  Keywords: legislation described, cruelty, animal welfare, United  Kingdom, farm animal breeding, acceptable practice, public concern,  biotechnical innovations.
Nash, D.L., G.W. Rogers, J.B. Cooper, G.L. Hargrove, J.F.Keown,  and L.B. Hansen (2000). **Heritability of clinical mastitis incidence and  relationships with sire transmitting abilities for somatic cell score, udder  type traits, productive life, and protein yield**. *Journal of Dairy Science*83(10):  2350-2360. ISSN: 0022-0302.  NAL Call No.: 44.8 J822  Keywords: cows, grazing,  feeding behavior, movement, hygiene, resting/lying down, social behavior,  pastures, cattle housing, animal welfare, health, German language, conference  paper. 
Norman, H.D., R.L. Powell,  J.R. Wright, and C.G. Sattler (2001). **Overview of progeny test programs of  artificial insemination organizations in the United States.***Journal of  Dairy Science*84 (8): 1899-1912, ISSN: 0022-0302.  NAL Call No.: 44.8 J822  Keywords: Ayrshires, Brown  Swiss, Guernseys, Holsteins, Jerseys, Milking Shorthorns, progeny test  programs, artificial insemination, embryo transfer, United States.
Notter, D.R. (1999). **The importance of genetic diversity     in livestock populations of the future.***Journal of Animal Science*     77(1): 61-69, ISSN: 0021-8812.    NAL Call No.: 49 J82    Abstract: Farm animal genetic diversity is required to meet current production     needs in various environments, to allow sustained genetic improvement, and to     facilitate rapid adaptation to changing breeding objectives. Production efficiency     in pastoral species is closely tied to the use of diverse genetic types, but     greater genetic uniformity has evolved in intensively raised species. In poultry,     breeding decisions are directed by a few multinational companies and involve     intense selection, the use of distinct production lines, and very large populations.     In dairy cattle, the Holstein breed dominates production. Intensive sire selection     is leading to relatively rapid inbreeding rates and raises questions about long-term     effects of genetic drift. Key questions in management of farm animal genetic     diversity involve the distribution of potentially useful quantitative trait     locus alleles among global livestock breeds. Experiments with tomato, maize,     and mice suggest that favorable alleles can exist in otherwise lowly productive     stocks; this cryptic variation may potentially contribute to future selection     response. Genetic improvement under relatively intense unidirectional selection     may involve both increases in the frequency of favorable additive alleles as     well as the progressive breakdown of homeostatic regulatory mechanisms established     under the stabilizing selection that is characteristic of natural populations.     Recombination among closely linked regulatory loci and new, potentially avorable     mutations are possible sources of long-term genetic variation. A greater understanding     of the potential that these alternative mechanisms have for supporting long-term     genetic improvement and of genetic relationships among global livestock populations     are priorities for managing farm animal genetic diversity.    Keywords: global livestock populations, poultry, dairy, production efficiency,     genetic uniformity, intensive livestock production, inbreeding rates, genetic     drift, quantitative trait locus alleles, unidirectional selection, review.
Ojango, J.M.K., and G.E.  Pollott (2001). **Genetics of milk yield and fertility traits in Holstein  Friesian cattle on large scale Kenyan farms.***Journal of Animal Science*79  (7): 1742-1750*,*ISSN: 0367‑8318.  NAL Call No.: 41.8 IN22Keywords: cows, bulls,  Holstein Friesian, breed, milk production, genetic trends, fertility traits,  average breeding values large, lactation length, calving interval, age at first  calving. Large, medium, and small farms in Kenya.
Pelicioni, L.C., and S.A. de  Queiroz (2001). **Effect of cytoplasmic lineage on milk yield of Caracu cattle  breed. [Efeito da linhagem citoplasmatica sobre a producao de leite em bovinos  da raca Caracu.]***Revista Brasileira De Zootecnia*30 (1): 109-114.  NAL Call No.: SF1 R45  Keywords: Caracu, breed  cytoplasmic lineage, milk yield, genetic parameters, milk yield, maternal and  cytoplasmic lineage effects.
Philipsson, J., G. Banos, and T. Arnason (1994). **Present and  future uses of selection index methodology in dairy cattle**. *Journal of Dairy  Science* 77(10): 3252-3261, ISSN: 0022-0302.  NAL Call No.: 44.8 J822  Keywords: breeding value, single traits, multiple-trait  evaluation, covariance component estimation, nonlinear models, discounted gene  flow, dynamic programming, international sire evaluations, computing power,  integrated AI, recording schemes, functional nonproduction traits, mastitis  resistance, fertility, review.
Plante, Y., J.P. Gibson, J.  Nadesalingam, Y.H. Mehrabani, S. Lefebvre, G. Vandervoort, and G.B. Jansen  (2001). **Detection of quantitative trait loci affecting milk production  traits on 10 chromosomes in Holstein cattle.***Journal of Dairy Science*  84 (6): 1516-1524*,*ISSN: 0022‑0302.  NAL Call No.: 44.8 J822Keywords: Holstein, breed,  sires, quantitative trait loci, milk, fat, protein yield.
 Riquet, J., W. Coppieters, N. Cambisano, J.J.     Arranz, et al. (1999). **Fine-mapping of quantitative trait loci by identity     by descent in outbred populations: application to milk production in dairy cattle.***Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States     of America* 96(16): 9252-9257, ISSN: 0027-8424.  NAL Call No.: 500 N21P  Keywords: Holstein-Friesian cows, sires, breeding, selection,  genetics, quantitative trait locus (QTL), milk production, nucleotide  polymorphisms, fine-mapping, marker-assisted segregation, milk fat haplotype.
  Rocha, J.L., J.O. Sanders, D.M. Cherbonnier, T.J. Lawlor, and J.F.  Taylor (1998). **Blood groups and milk and type traits in dairy cattle: after  forty years of research.***Journal of Dairy Science* 81(6): 1663-1680,  ISSN: 0022-0302.  NAL Call No.: 44.8 J822  Keywords: Holstein breeding schemes, quantitative variation, trait  loci, linear models, C blood group effect, rump angle, L effect on milk yield,  composition traits, S effect on milk fat yield, biochemistry, physiology,  quantitative genetics.
  Roxstrom, A., E. Strandberg,  B. Berglund, U. Emanuelson, and J. Philipsson (2001). **Genetic and  environmental correlations among female fertility traits and milk production in  different parities of Swedish Red and White dairy cattle.***Acta  Agriculturae Scandinavica Section A Animal Science*51 (1): 7-14*,*ISSN:  0906-4702.  NAL Call No.: S3 A27  Keywords: genetic  correlations, fertility, production traits, number of inseminations per  service, number of treatments for reproductive distrubances, interval between  first and last inseminations, interval between calving and first insemination,  interval between calving and last insemination, early milk production.
St Pierre, N.R. (2001). **Invited  review: integrating quantitative findings from multiple studies using mixed  model methodology.***Journal of Dairy Science*84 (4): 741-755, ISSN:  0022-0302.  NAL Call No.: 44.8 J822  Keywords: relationships  between environment and management, profit margins, improved mathematical and  statistical tools, computer technology, accurate information, published  studies, future research, quantitative models, studies as blocks, random  effects, predictor variables, regression models, biased, variance estimates,  statistical software, meta analyse.
Veerkamp, R.F., E.P.C. Koenen  and G. De Jong(2001). **Genetic correlations among body condition score,  yield, and fertility in first‑parity cows estimated by random regression  models.***Journal of Dairy Science*84(10): 2327‑2335, ISSN: 0022‑0302.  NAL Call No.: 44.8 J822  Keywords: dairy cows, body  condition score, analytical method, fertility, genetic correlation,  heritability, lactation, milk yield, parity, random regression model.
Weigel, K.A., T. Kriegl, and A.L. Pohlman (1999). **Genetic     analysis of dairy cattle production traits in a management intensive rotational     grazing environment.***Journal of Dairy Science* 82(1): 191-195,     ISSN: 0022-0302.  NAL Call No.: 44.8 J822  Keywords: low input dairy herd management, predictability of  progeny performance, lactation data, heritability estimates, milk, fat, and  protein content, progeny testing, US dairy producers.
Zwald, N.R., K.A. Weigel, W.F.  Fikse, and R. Rekaya (2001). **Characterization of dairy production systems in  countries that participate in the International Bull Evaluation Service.***Journal  of Dairy Science*84(11): 2530‑2534, ISSN: 0022‑0302.  NAL Call No.: 44.8 J822  Keywords: Holstein dairy cows,  dairy production systems, genotype‑environment interactions, herd size,  lactation, milk, dairy product, yield, management practices, climate  differences Australia, Austria, Belgium, Canada, Czech Republic, Estonia,  Finland, Germany, Hungary, Ireland, Israel, Italy, Netherlands, New Zealand,  South Africa, Switzerland, United States.  Return to Table of ContentsFeeding
Alderman, G., J.S. Blake, J. France, and E. Kebreab (2001).     **A critique of the Cornell Net Carbohydrate and Protein System with emphasis     on dairy cattle. 2. The Post Rumen Digestion Model.***Journal of Animal     and Feed Sciences*10(2): 203-222.  NAL Call No.:  SF1 J68  Keywords: Cornell Net  Carbohydrate and Protein System (CNCPS), post rumen digestion model nutrient  absorption, small intestine, total digested nutrients, digested energy,  metabolizable energy, net energy for lactation, crude protein.
Allen, M.S. (2000). **Effects of diet on short-term     regulation of feed intake by lactating dairy cattle.***Journal of     Dairy Science* 83(7): 1598-1624, ISSN: 0022-0302.  Keywords: lactating dairy  cows, high producing cows, high forage diets, fermentation acids, dry matter  intake, fiber content, diet formulation.
Alvarez, H.J, F.J. Santini, D.H. Rearte, and J.C. Elizalde     (2001). **Milk production and ruminal digestion in lactating dairy cows     grazing temperate pastures and supplemented with dry cracked corn or high moisture     corn.***Animal Feed**Science and Technology* 91(3 4): 183-195,     ISSN: 0377‑8401.  NAL Call No.: SF95.A55  Keywords: Holstein,  breed, lactating cows, pasture grazed, dry cracked corn, high moisture corn,  energy supplement, ruminal digestion, dry matter (DM) components, food intake,  milk production and composition, and live weight change. (LWC), ruminal  cannula, surgically fitted, ammonia N concentration, ruminal pH, total volatile  fatty acids.
Appleby, M.C., D.M. Weary, and B. Chua (2001). **Performance  and feeding behaviour of calves on ad libitum milk from artificial teats.***Applied  Animal Behaviour Science*.74(3): 191‑201, ISSN: 0168‑1591.  NAL Call No.: QL750.A6  Keywords: dairy calves, calf, feeding, unrestricted feeding,  feeding behavior, bucket calf feeders, teats, sucking, drinking, milk, feeds,  feed, intake, liveweight, gain, fattening performance, diarrhea, animal  welfare, teat feeding, bucket feeding, calf starters.
Ballard, C.S., P. Mandebvu, C.J. Sniffen, S.M. Emanuele, and M.P.  Carter (2001). **Effect of feeding an energy supplement to dairy cows pre and  postpartum on intake, milk yield, and incidence of ketosis.***Animal Feed  Science and Technology*93(1‑2): 55‑69, ISSN: 0377‑8401.  NAL Call No.: SF95.A55  Keywords: cows, Holstein, breed, ketosis, metabolic disease,  calcium propionate,propylene glycol, beet pulp, ground corn, sugarcane  molasses, dietary supplements, lactation, milk yield, tie stall housing.
Barrett, P.D., A.S. Laidlaw, C.S. Mayne, and H. Christie  (2001). **Pattern of herbage intake rate and bite dimensions of rotationally  grazed dairy cows as sward height declines.***Grass and Forage Science*56  (4): 362‑373, ISSN: 0142‑5242.  NAL Call No.: 60.19 B773  Keywords: lactating, dairy cows, Holstein‑Friesian,  breed, condition, daily herbage intake, rotational grazing systems, intake  behavior, bite mass, bite dimensions, herbage intake rate pattern, rotational  grazing, sward height decline.
Bartussek, H. (1999). **Grazing of dairy cows from     the viewpoint of animal welfare. [Die Weidehaltung von Milchkuhen aus der Sicht     des Tierschutzes.]** In: *Report**of the 5th Alpine Expert Forum     on the topic Contemporary Pasture Management, 18-19 March 1999*, BAL Gumpenstein,     Irdning, Austria. Weidewirtschaft,18 und 19. Marz 1999, an der BAL Gumpenstein.]     Bundesanstalt fur Alpenlandische Landwirtschaft Gumpenstein (BAL): Irdning,     Austria, p. 7-14.  Keywords: cows, grazing,  feeding behavior, movement, hygiene, resting/lying down, social behavior,  pastures, cattle housing, animal welfare, health, German language, conference  paper. 
Basaric-Dinic, L. M. Erski-Biljie, D. Vukovic, and B.     Radojicic (1996). **Diet of dairy cows and stress.***Veterinars**ki     Glasnik*50(6): 363-369, ISSN: 0350-2457.  NAL Call No.: 41.8 J93.  Keywords: nutrition,  nutrient deficiencies, stress, cattle diseases.
Block, E. (1994). **Manipulation of dietary cation-anion     difference on nutritionally related production diseases, productivity, and metabolic     responses of dairy cows.***Journal of**Dairy Science* 77(5):     1437-1450, ISSN: 0022-0302.  NAL Call No.: 44.8 J822  Keywords: diet, production,  metabolic diseases, blood plasma, acid base equilibrium.
Bluemmel, M., and P. Lebzien (2001). **Predicting ruminal  microbial efficiencies of dairy rations by in vitro techniques.***Livestock  Production Science*68(2 3): 107-117.  NAL Call No.: SF1 L5  Keywords: microbial production (EMP), mixed diets roughage,  concentrates, in vivo, ruminal infusions, in vitro, partitioning factor, purine  base, NH4 concentrations, microbial N balances, estimation of in vitro  degradability of mixed diets.
Boiko, I.A., I.A. Molchanov, E.N. Nzhoka, and L.P. Soshenko  (2001). **About efficiency of application of ascorbic acid and sodium  ascorbate during growing of milk calf.***Sel'Skokhozyaistvennaya Biologiya*(2): 101-103, ISSN: 0131‑6397.  NAL Call No.: S13.S44   Keywords: milk calves, breed, Black and  White, Holstein, ascorbic acid, sodium ascorbate, adaptation, industrial  technology, age, blood biochemical indices, food eating, exterior, Russian  language.
Broderick, G.A., R.P. Walgenbach, and S. Maignan (2001).     **Production of lactating dairy cows fed alfalfa or red clover silage at equal     dry matter or crude protein contents in the diet.***Journal of Dairy Science*84 (7): 1728-1737, ISSN: 0022-0302.    NAL Call No.: 44.8 J822    Abstract: Replacing alfalfa with red clover improved feed and N efficiency and     apparent digestibility of DM, organic matter, neutral detergent fiber, acid     detergent fiber, and hemicellulose in both trials. Net energy of lactation computed     from animal performance data was 18% greater in red clover than alfalfa. Data     on milk and blood urea and N efficiency suggested better N utilization on red     clover.    Keywords: multiparous lactating Holstein cows, feeding value, red clover,     alfalfa silages, dry matter intake, red clover, alfalfa plus red clover, milk     yield, milk components, total protein, true protein were higher on red clover     corn silage with added soybean meal. 
Caicedo‑Caldas, A., V. Lemus‑Ramirez, C.W.  Holmes, and N. Lopez‑Villalobos (2001). **Feed intake capacity in  Holstein‑Friesian cows which differed genetically for body weight.***Proceedings  of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production*61: 207‑209, ISSN:  0370‑2731.  NAL Call No.: 49.9 N483  Keywords: dairy cows, Holstein‑Friesian, breed,  lactating, pregnant, mathematical method, breeding worth, genetic index,  breeding value, feed conversion efficiency, feed intake capacity, hay, animal  feed, live weight, maintenance energy cost, pasture, productive capacity, New  Zealand Dairy industry.
Camero, A., M. Ibrahim, and M. Kass (2001). **Improving rumen  fermentation and milk production with legume tree fodder in the tropics.***Agroforestry  Systems*51 (2): 157-166.  NAL Call No.: SD387 M8A3  Keywords: breed, Zebu X Creole, Jersey X Creole, leguminous  fodder, high in protein, rumen fermentation, digestibility, low quality fibrous  feeds, tree legume foliage, Erythrina poeppigiana, Gliricidia sepium, protein  supplements, Hyparrhenia rufa hay, rice bran, molasses, fistulated steers.
Capuco, A.V., D.L. Wood, T.H. Elsasser, S. Kahl, R.A. Erdman, C.P.  Van Tassell, A. Lefcourt, and L.S. Piperova (2001). **Effect of somatotropin  on thyroid hormones and cytokines in lactating dairy cows during ad libitum and  restricted feed intake.***Journal of Dairy Science* 84(11): 2430‑2439,  ISSN: 0022‑0302.  NAL Call No.: 44.8 J822  Keywords; IGF‑I, bovine somatotropin, fat, triiodothyronine,  thyroxine, tumor necrosis factor‑alpha energy balance, feed intake,  lactation, production, yield
Chapa, A.M., M.E. McCormick, J.M. Fernandez, D.D. French, J.D.  Ward, and J.F. Beatty (2001). **Supplemental dietary protein for grazing dairy  cows: reproduction, condition loss, plasma metabolites, and insulin.***Journal  of Dairy Science*84 (4): 908-916*,*ISSN: 0022‑0302.  NAL Call No.: 44.8 J822  Keywords: dairy cows, breed,  Holstein, grain crude protein, rumen undegradable protein, concentration,  reproduction, energy status, grazing, annual ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum),  oats (Avena sativa), blood meal, corn gluten meal, plasma urea nitrogen, plasma  ammonia nitrogen, glycated hemoglobin, nonesterified fatty acids, beta  hydoxybutyrate, glucose, insulin concentration, energy deprivation, low  fertility.
Chiy, P.C., and C.J.C. Phillips (1999). **The rate     of intake of sweet, salty and bitter concentrates by dairy cows.***Animal     Science*: *An International Journal of Fundamental and Applied Research*68(4): 731-740, ISSN: 1357-7298.  NAL Call No.: SF1.A56  Keywords: bitterness,  concentrates, dairy cows, flavor compounds, salt, sweet tasting compounds, cattle  feeding, feeding preferences.
Davis, S.R., I. Vetharaniam, M. Upsdell, E.S. Kolver, and  A.B. Pleasants (2001). **Modelling the impact of nutrition and genotype on  lactation.***Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production*61:  237‑238, ISSN: 0370‑2731.  NAL Call No.: 49.9 N483  Keywords: dairy cows, mammary gland development,  reproductive system, milk, reproductive system, secretion, udder, reproductive  system, grazing, feeding method, modeling method, genotype, impact, lactation,  nutritional status, nutrition impact, pasture, animal feed, New Zealand. 
Delaby, L., J.L. Peyraud, and R. Delagarde (2001). **Effect of  the level of concentrate supplementation, herbage allowance and milk yield at  turn out on the performance of dairy cows in mid lactation at grazing.***Animal  Science Pencaitland*73 (1): 171-181.   Keywords: mid lactation cows,  Holstein, breed, performance, concentrate supplementation, contrasting grazing  conditions, milk yield.
Dirksen, V.G., C.  Haagert-Theen, M. Alexander-Katz, and A. Berger (1997). **Monitoring of dairy  cows for metabolic imbalances during high lactation by means of milk parameters  I. Daily milk yield, fat and protein concentrations, fat-protein-qoutient and  urea. [Stoffwechseluberwachung bei Kuhen in der Hochlaktation anhand von  Milchparametern. I. Tagesmilchmenge, Fett- und Eiweisskonzentration,  Fett-Eiweiss-Quotient, Harnstoffkonzentration.]***Tierarztl Umschau* 52(6):  319-324, ISSN: 0049-3864.  NAL Call No.: 41.8 T445  Keywords: herd  monitoring, metabolic imbalances, high lactation, daily milk yield, milk  composition, milk fat, milk protein, urea concentration, feeding, energy  imbalance, nonprotein nitrogen, protein, fat, energy metabolism, reviews German  language.
dos Santos, D.C., M.V.F. dos Santos, I. Farias, F.M. Dias, and  M.D.A. Lira (2001). **Productive performance of 5/8 Holstein/Zebu dairy cows  fed different cactus forage cultivars (Opuntia and Nopalea). [Desempenho  Produtivo De Vacas 5/8 Holando/Zebu Alimentadas Com Diferentes Cultivares De  Palma Forrageira (Opuntia e Nopalea).]***Revista Brasileira De Zootecnia*30  (1): 12-17. NAL Call No.: SF1 R45  Keywords: dairy cows, Holstein X Zebu, cactus forage cultivars,  productive performance, milk yield, fat yield, dry matter intake per milk  yield, Portuguese language.
Drackley, J.K., A.D. Beaulieu, and J.P. Elliott (2001). **Responses  of milk fat composition to dietary fat or nonstructural carbohydrates in  Holstein and Jersey cows.***Journal of Dairy Science*84 (5): 1231-1237*,*ISSN: 0022‑0302.  NAL Call No.: 44.8 J822  Keywords: cows, breed, Jersey,  Holstein, milk fat content, oleic acid, short and medium chain fatty acids,  breed differences.
Eicher, S.D., J.L. Morrill, F. Blecha, C.G. Chitko-McKown, N.V.  Anderson, and J.J. Higgins (1994). **Leukocyte functions of young dairy calves  fed milk replacers supplemented with Vitamins A and E.***Journal of Dairy  Science* 77(5): 1399-1407, ISSN: 0022-0302.  NAL Call No.: 44.8 J822  Keywords: dairy calves, leukocyte function, milk replacers,  vitamins.
Ferris, C.P., F.J. Gordon, and D.C. Patterson (2001). **The  effect of early‑spring grazing on the intake and performance of dairy  cows managed on two contrasting systems of milk production during the winter.***Irish  Journal of Agricultural and Food Research*40 (2):177‑187, ISSN: 0791‑6833.  NAL Call No: S539.5 I74  Keywords: dairy cows, Holstein‑Friesian, breed,  feeding, grazing, spring, forage based systems, silage, winter milk production  systems
  Ford, J.A.Jr., and C.S.  Park (2001). **Nutritionally directed compensatory growth enhances heifer  development and lactation potential**. *Journal of Dairy Science*84(7):  1669-1678*,*ISSN: 0022‑0302.  NAL Call No.: 44.8 J822  Keywords: dairy heifer, breed, Holstein, compensatory nutrition regimen,  lasalocid supplementation, growth performance, lactation cycles, energy  restriction, crude protein, puberty, breeding, gestation period, metabolic  status, circulating insulin, triglyceride levels, milk yield, mammary  development.
Friggens, N.C., B.L.  Nielsen, I. Kyriazakis, B. Tolkamp, and G.C. Emmans (1998). **Effects of feed  composition and stage of lactation on the short-term feeding behavior of dairy  cows.***Journal of Dairy Science*81(12): 3268-3277, ISSN: 0022-0302.  NAL Call No.: 44.8 J822  Keywords: complete feeds,  concentrates, green feed, ryegrass, silage, lactation stage, feeding frequency,  duration, feed intake, dry matter, lactation number, eating rates.
Fulkerson, W.J., and D.J. Donaghy (2001). **Plant soluble  carbohydrate reserves and senescence: key criteria for developing an effective  grazing management system for ryegrass based pastures: a review.***Australian  Journal of Experimental Agriculture*41 (2): 261-275*,*ISSN: 0816‑1089.  NAL Call No.: 23 Au792  Keywords: dairy cattle, grazing system, ryegrass (Lolium spp.),  literature review, soluble carbohydrate reserves, ambient temperature, grazing  interval, pasture nutrients, protein, water soluble carbohydrates, calcium,  potassium, magnesium.
Godden, S.M., K.D. Lissemore, D.F. Kelton, K.E. Leslie, J.S.  Walton, and J.H. Lumsden (2001). **Relationships between milk urea  concentrations and nutritional management, production, and economic variables  in Ontario dairy herds.***Journal of Dairy Science*84 (5): 1128‑1139,  ISSN: 0022‑0302.<  NAL Call No.: 44.8 J822  Keywords: dairy herds, urea, milk composition, milk, feed rations,  feeds, economic analysis, herd improvement, nutrient intake, nutrient content,  crude protein, rumen digestion, dietary carbohydrate, fodder, costs, income,  milk fat yield, Ontario.
Grant, R.J., and J.L. Albright (2001). **Effect of animal  grouping on feeding behavior and intake of dairy cattle.***Journal of  Dairy Science*84 (Elect. Supplement): E156‑E163, ISSN: 0022‑0302.  NAL Call No.: 44.8 J822  Keywords: dairy cows, loose housing system, automatic feed  dispensers, concentrates, feeding behavior, restricted fed, butting, pushing  rate of disturbance, Finnish language.
Grant, R.J. and J.L. Albright (1995). **Feeding behavior and  management factors during the transition period in dairy cattle.***Journal  of Animal Science* 73(9): 2791-2803, ISSN: 0021-8812.  NAL Call No.: 49 J82  Keywords: feeding behavior, management, intake, parturition,  management factors, transition period.
Havrevoll, O. (1999). **Feeding and housing of calves.****[Foring  og oppstalling af kalv.]***Buskap* 51(3): 12-14.  NAL Call No.: 49 B96  Keywords: cattle housing, calves, feeding, animal welfare, stalls,  meat animals, dairy cattle.
Hayirli, A., D.R. Bremmer, S.J. Bertics, M.T. Socha, and R.R.  Grummer (2001). **Effect of chromium supplementation on production and  metabolic parameters in periparturient dairy cows.***Journal of Dairy  Science* 84 (5): 1218-1230*,*ISSN: 0022‑0302.  NAL Call No.: 44.8 J822  Keywords: cows, supplemental chromium, chromium methionine (Cr  Met), production, metabolic parameters, calving, lactation, average body  weight, dry matter intake, body condition score loss, milk, fat, lactose  yields, blood metabolites, liver triglyceride, serum insulin concentration.
Hedges, J., R.W. Blowey, A. J. Packington, C.J. O'Callaghan, and L.E. Green (2001). **A longitudinal field trial of  the effect of biotin on lameness in dairy cows.***Journal of Dairy Science*84 (9): 1969-1975, ISSN: 0022‑0302.NAL Call No.: 44.8 J822  Keywords: milking cows, heifers, commercial farms, biotin  supplementation, incidence of visible lameness, locomotion assessment, sole  ulcer, white line separation, digital dermatitis, interdigital necrobacillosis,  United Kingdom.
Helin, J., A. Katainen, E. Manninen, M. Norring, K.  Kaustell, and H. Saloniemi (2001). **The use of an automatic concentrate  feeding station in a loose housing system for dairy cattle. Part 1: Disturbance  at the feeding station. [Vakirehuautomaatin kaytto lypsylehmilla  pihattonavetassa. Osa 1: Hairinta vakirehuautomaatilla.]***Suomen  Elainlaakarilehti*107 (10): 562‑567, ISSN: 0039‑5501.  Keywords: dairy cows, loose housing system, automatic feed  dispensers, concentrates, feeding behavior, restricted fed, butting, pushing  rate of disturbance, Finnish language.
Ibrahim, M., M. Franco,  D.A. Pezo, A. Camero, and J.L. Araya (2001). **Promoting intake of cratylia  argentea as a dry season supplement for cattle grazing hyparrhenia rufa in the  subhumid tropics**. *Agroforestry Systems* 51 (2): 167-175*.*  NAL Call No.: SD387 M8A3  Keywords: crossbred dual  purpose cattle,*Cratylia argentea*, drought tolerant shrub, nutritive  value, protein supplement, *Hyparrenhia rufa,* dry season, Costa Rica. 
Jago, J.G., C.C. Krohn, and L.R. Matthews (1999). **The influence  of feeding and handling on the development of the human-animal interactions in  young cattle.***Applied Animal Behaviour Science*62(2/3): 137-151,  ISSN: 0168-1591.  NAL Call No.: QL750.A6  Keywords: calves,  artificial rearing, feeding, handling, approach behavior, group size,  liveweight gain.
Jagtenberg, K. and J.V. Lent (1999). **The use of a concentrate     box does not compete with the milking robot. [Krachtvoerbox geen concurrent     van de melkrobot.]***Praktijkonderzoek Rundvee, Schapen en Paarden*     12(1): 2-4.  Keywords: dairy farms,  dairy cattle feeding, milking machines, robots, machine milking, intake, animal  welfare, concentrates, Netherlands, Dutch language.
Johansson, B., I. Redbo,  K. Svennersten-Sjaunja (1999). **Effect of feeding before, during and after  milking on dairy cow behaviour and the hormone cortisol**. *Animal Science: An International  Journal of Fundamental and Applied Research* 68(4):597-604, ISSN: 1357-7298.  NAL Call No.: SF1.A56  Keywords: dairy cows,  Swedish Red-and-White, milking, feeding, timing, physical activity, rumination,  eating, drinking, blood plasma, hydrocortisone, hormone secretion, animal  welfare.
Karatzias, H., N.  Roubies, Z. Polizopoulou, and A. Papasteriades (1995). **[Tongue play and  manganese deficiency in dairy cattle.]***DTW: Deutsche tier�rztliche  Wochenschrift*102(9): 352-353, ISSN: 0341-6593.  NAL Call No.: 41.8 D482.  Keywords: tongue rolling,  total body manganese status, manganese deficiency, hair, diet content,  inorganic Phosphorus, Greece, German language.
Johansson, B. (2000). ***Effect  of Milking and Feeding Routines on Milk Production, Hormone Release and  Behaviour in Dairy Cattle*** Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences:  Uppsala, Acta Universitatis Agriculturae Sueciae. Agraria: 1401-6249, 211.  NAL Call No: S419 A28 no. 211  Keywords: doctoral thesis, behaviour, calves, CCK,  cortisol, dairy cows, feeding, gastrin, insulin, milking, oxytocin, prolactin,  somatostatin, suckling, milk yield, prestimulation.
Jung, J., and L. Lidfors  (2001). **Effects of amount of milk, milk flow and access to a rubber teat on  cross sucking and non nutritive sucking in dairy calves.***Applied Animal  Behaviour Science*72 (3): 201-213*,*ISSN: 0168-1591.  NAL Call No.: QL750.A6  Keywords: Bos Taurus,  dairy calves, effects of different amounts of milk, flow rate of milk, and  access to a teat, non nutritive sucking, empty teat, cross sucking on other  calves.
Kanjanapruthipong, J., N.  Buatong, and S. Buaphan (2001). **Effects of roughage neutral detergent fiber on  dairy performance under tropical conditions.***Asian Australasian Journal of  Animal Sciences*14 (10): 1400-1404.   NAL Call No.: SF55 A78A7  Keywords: multiparous  dairy cows, Holstein X indigenous, diet, increasing roughage neutral detergent  fiber contents, effects on intake, milk yield, dry matter intake, crude  protein, net energy, milk protein, average daily gain, tropical conditions.
Katila, T., A. Katainen, K. Kaustell, E. Manninen, M.  Norring, and H. Saloniemi (2001).**The use of an automatic concentrate feeding  station in a loose housing system for dairy cattle. Part 2: The relationship between  disturbance at the feeding station and the supply of concentrates and the milk  production of dairy cow. [Vakirehuautomaatin kaytto lypsylehmilla  pihattonavetassa. Osa 2: Vakirehuautomaatilla tapahtuvan hairinnan suhde lehman  vakirehun saantiin ja maidontuotantoon.]***Suomen Elainlaakarilehti*107  (12): 701‑705, ISSN: 0039‑5501.  Keywords: automatic feed dispensers, concentrates, cow  housing, cows, dairy cows, feed intake, feeding behavior, loose housing, milk  yield, stress, stress response, Finnish language.
Keady, T.W.J., and C.S. Mayne (2001). **The effects of  concentrate energy source on feed intake and rumen fermentation parameters of  dairy cows offered a range of grass silages.***Animal Feed Science and  Technology*90 (3/4): 117‑129, ISSN: 0377‑8401.  NAL Call No.: SF95.A55  Keywords: dairy cows, grass silage, concentrates, energy  sources, rumen fermentation, lactation, feed intake, animal husbandry, ammonium  nitrogen, crop management, regrowth, silage additives, ph, dry matter, fiber  content, crude protein, protein digestibility, acetic acid, propionic acid,  milk fat percentage.
Keady, T.W., C.S. Mayne, D.A. Fitzpatrick, and M.A. McCoy  (2001). **Effect of concentrate feed level in late gestation on subsequent  milk yield, milk composition, and fertility of dairy cows.***Journal of  Dairy Science*84(6):1468‑79, ISSN: 0022‑0302.  NAL Call No.: 44.8 J822  Keywords: dairy cows, concentrate  feeding, grass silage late gestation, feed intake, milk yield, milk  composition, fertility.
Khalili, H., A. Sairanen, K.  Hissa, and P. Huhtanen (2001). **Effects of type and treatment of grain and  protein source on dairy cow performance.***Animal Science Pencaitland*.  72 (3): 573-584.  Keywords: cows, Finnish Holstein Friesian, breed, different  types of energy or protein supplementation, grass silage, grain sources,  barley, maize, physical processing, rapeseed meal, protein supplement, blood  beta hydroxybutyrate, plasma urea concentrations, milk yield, milk protein,  food intake.
Khorasani, G.R., and J.J.  Kennelly (2001). **Influence of carbohydrate source and buffer on rumen  fermentation characteristics, milk yield, and milk composition in late  lactation Holstein cows.***Journal of Dairy Science*84 (7): 1707-1716,  ISSN: 0022‑0302.  NAL Call No.: 44.8 J822  Keywords: cows, concentrate to  forage ratio, rumen fermentation, rumen cannulas, total mixed ration, ad  libitum, dry matter, rumen pH, milk fat concentration, negative effects, high  grain diets.
Kim, T.H., K.W. An, and W. J.  Jung (2001). **Effects of daily herbage allowance on sward structure, herbage  intake and milk production by dairy cows grazing a pure perennial ryegrass  sward.***Asian Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences* 14 (10):  1383-1388.  NAL Call No.: SF55 A78A7  Keywords: milk production,  sward structure, strip grazing system, measurements of sward factors, herbage  intake, herbage allowance, perennial ryegrass (*Lolium perenne L*.).
Knowlton, K.F., J.H. Herbein,  M.A. Meister Weisbarth, and W.A. Wark (2001). **Nitrogen and phosphorus  partitioning in lactating Holstein cows fed different sources of dietary  protein and phosphorus.***Journal of Dairy Science* 84 (5): 1210-1217*,*ISSN: 0022‑0302.  NAL Call No.: 44.8 J822  Keywords: cows, breed,  Holstein, dietary nitrogen and phosphorus partitioning, soybean meal, blood  meal, mono and di calcium phosphate, wheat bran, feces, urine, milk.
Kumagai, H., Y. Chaipan, and  K. Mitani (2001). **Effects of periparturient vitamin A supplementation on  vitamin A concentrations in colostrum and milk from dairy cows, and plasma  retinol concentrations, feed intake and growth of their calves.***Animal  Science Journal*72 (2): 126-133, ISSN: 1344‑3941.  NAL Call No.: SF1 A542  Keywords: cows, breed,  Holstein Friesian, periparturient vitamin A supplementation, vitamin A  concentrations in colostrum and milk, plasma retinol concentrations, feed  intake, calf growth, liveweight gain.
Kyne, S., M.J. Drennan, and  P.J. Caffrey (2001). **Influence of concentrate level during winter and date  of turnout to pasture on the performance of cattle and the effect of grazing of  silage ground on grass yield and quality.***Irish Journal of Agricultural  and Food Research*40 (1): 23- 32.   NAL Call No.: S539.5 I74  Keywords: steers, heifers,  concentrates, ad libitum grass silage, grazing season, live weight gain,  carcass weight.
Lean, I.J. (2001). **Association  between feeding perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne cultivar grasslands impact)  containing high concentrations of ergovaline, and health and productivity in a  herd of lactating dairy cows.***Australian Veterinary Journal*79 (4):  262-264.  NAL Call No.: 41.8 Au72  Keywords: cows, breed,  Holstein Friesian, perennial ryegrasses, fungal endophyte (*Neotyphodium  lolii*), production of alkaloids, including *Lolitrem B* and  ergovaline, toxic effects in animals, decrease in milk production.
Lindstr�m, T. (2000). ***Feeding  Behaviour in Dairy Cows: Motivational Aspects*** Swedish University of  Agricultural Sciences: Uppsala, Acta Universitatis Agriculturae Sueciae.  Agraria: 1401-6249, 250.  NAL Call No: S419 A28 no. 250.  Keywords: doctoral  thesis, feeding, behaviour, feeding duration, rumen fill, stereotypies,  feed-searching, operant conditioning, oral manipulation, oxytocin, cortisol  concentrations.
Loberg, J., and L. Lidfors  (2001). **Effect of milkflow rate and presence of a floating nipple on  abnormal sucking between dairy calves.***Applied Animal Behaviour Science*72  (3): 189-199*,*ISSN: 0168-1591.  NAL Call No.: QL750.A6  Keywords: calves, breed, Swedish Red and White, access to an  artificial teat, open bucket, abnormal sucking, time drinking, treatments,  bucket with fast flow, bucket with slow flow, floating nipple with fast flow  and floating nipple with slow flow, behavioral observations,.
Logue, D.N. and J.E. Offer (2001). **The effect of forage type on  foot health in dairy heifers.***Veterinary Journal*162 (1): 7-8, ISSN:  1090‑0233.  NAL Call No.: SF601.V484  Keywords: heifer, claw horn lesions, injury, diet; foot health,  forage type, lameness.
Luepping, W. (2001).  **Monitoring of feeding situation and health with physiologically based  parameters. [Fuetterungs‑ und Gesundheitsmonitoring mit physiologischen  Parametern.]***Zuechtungskunde*73(6): 460‑470, ISSN: 0044‑5401.  Keywords: dairy cow,  Holstein, breed, bilirubin, calcium, glutamate dehydrogenase, phosphorus,  protein, selenium, urea, feed, fiber content, roughage content, starch content,  health monitoring, lactation curve, milk, dairy product, milk production, net  acid‑base excretion, German language.
Manninen, M., and H. Huhta (2001).**Influence of pre     partum and post partum plane of nutrition on the performance of crossbred suckler     cows and their progeny**. *Agricultural and Food Science in Finland*10 (1): 3-18.  NAL Call No.: S3 A335  Keywords: cows, calves, Hereford Ayrshire, Limousine Ayrshire,  breed, pre partum feeding, post partum, feeding, hay, straw, concentrate  feeding, dry matter, barley, live weight gain, milk production, conception  rate, plane of nutrition, Finland.
McCormick, M.E., J.D. Ward, D.D. Redfearn, D.D. French, D.C.     Blouin, A.M. Chapa, and J. M. Fernandez (2001). **Supplemental dietary     protein for grazing dairy cows: effect on pasture intake and lactation performance.***Journal of Dairy Science*84 (4): 896-907.  NAL Call No.: 44.8 J822  Keywords: cows, Holstein, breed,  multiparous, primiparous, grain supplement evaluation, crude protein, rumen  undegradable protein, rotational grazing, annual ryegrass oat pastures, soybean  meal, corn gluten meal blood meal mixture, milk yield.
Mertens, D.R. (1997). **Creating a system for meeting     the fiber requirements of dairy cows**. *Journal of Dairy Science*     80(7): 1463-1481, ISSN: 0022-0302.  NAL Call No.: 44.8 J822  Keywords: roughage value, neutral detergent fiber, chewing  activity, fiber content, requirements, mastication, carbohydrates, rumen  fermentation, milk fat percentage, hay, chop length, forage, silage,  concentrates, feeds, in vitro digestibility, particle size, lactation stage,  rumen contents, pH, literature reviews.
Morel, I. (2000). **Use of cereals instead of milk substitute     in the diet of veal calves. [Einsatz von Getreide anstelle von Milchersatzfutter     beim Mastkalb.]***Agrarforschung* 7(1): 24-29, ISSN: 1022-663X.  NAL Call No.: S469 S9A37  Keywords: veal calves, diet, milk substitutes, animal welfare,  barley, cereals, costs, diets, finishing, feed dispensers, feeding, hemoglobin,  health, iron, maize, minerals, vitamins, production costs, Switzerland, German  language.
Morel, I. (2000). **Cereals instead of milk substitute     in the diet of the veal calves. [Remplacement de l'aliment d'allaitement par     des cereales chez le veau a l'engrais.]***Revue Suisse d'Agriculture*     32(1): 43-48, ISSN: 0375-1325.  Keywords: veal calves, feed intake, costs, milk substitutes,  animal welfare, appetite, barley, cereals, diets, finishing, automatic feed  dispensers, feeding, hemoglobin, health, intake, iron, maize, minerals,  production costs, vitamins, French language.
Morisse, J.P., D. Huonnic, J.P. Cotte, and A. Martrenchar (2000).     **The effect of four fibrous feed supplementations on different welfare     traits in veal calves.***Animal Feed Science and Technology* 84     (1/2): 129-136.  NAL Call No.: SF95 A55  Keywords: veal calves, animal welfare, feed supplements, fiber,  starch, feeds, rumen, health, performance, rumination, rumen mucosa, rumen  fermentation, carcass weight, abomasum, rumen digestion, growth rate, lignin,  crude protein, ash, peptic ulcers, bezoar.
Morisse, J.P., J.P. Cotte, and D. Huonnic, and A. Martrenchar     (1999). **Influence of dry feed supplements on different parameters of     welfare in veal calves**. *Animal Welfare* 8(1): 43-52, ISSN: 0962-7286.  NAL Call No.: HV4701.A557  Keywords: carcass weight, veal calves, rumen motility, behavior,  animal welfare, dry feeds, wet feeding, liquid diets, rumen, rumination,  hematology.
Morrow, C.J., E.S. Kolver,     K.A. Macdonald, G.A. Verkerk, and L.R. Matthews (2001). **Monitoring adrenal     activity in dairy cows under various feeding regimens using faecal glucocorticoid metabolites.***Proceedings     of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production*61: 52‑55, ISSN: 0370‑2731.  NAL Call No: 49.9 N483  Keywords: dairy cows, Holstein Friesian, breed, adrenal activity,  plasma glucocorticoid concentrations, fecal glucocorticoid concentrations,  feeding, pastoral conditions, concentrate based, genotype effects, stocking  rates, stress.
Mulling, C.K., H.H. Bragulla, S. Reese, K.D. Budras, and W.  Steinberg (1999). **How structures in bovine hoof epidermis are influenced by  nutritional factors***. Zentralblatt F�r Veterin�rmedizin. Reihe C, Anatomia,  Histologia, Embryologia: Journal Der Weltvereinigung Der Veterin�ranatomen*28(2):  103-108, ISSN: 0340-2096.  NAL Call No.: SF761.Z4   Keywords: hoof epidermis, nutrition, horn quality, keratinization,  cornification, bovine hoof epidermis, lipids, minerals, calcium, vitamins,  biotin, dyskeratotic, light and transmission electron microscopy, histochemical  and enzyme-histochemical techniques.
Nagel, S. (1996). **Feeding management of high yielding cows:  experiences from Canada and the USA. [Futterungsmanagement von  Hochleistungskuhen: Erfahrungen aus Kanada und den USA.]***Milchpraxis*  34(2): 104-107, ISSN: 0026-3753.  NAL Call No.: SF221 M5  Keywords: feeding management, high-yielding dairy cows, lactation,  body condition, feed intake, ration formulation, grass and maize silages, maize  gluten, brewers grains, soybean meal, molasses, crushed barley, shredded maize  cobs, nutrients, intensive production, intensive husbandry, USA, Canada, German  language.
National General (2001). ***Nutrient Requirements of Dairy Cattle***Subcommittee  on Dairy Cattle Nutrition, Committee on Animal Nutrition,Board on Agriculture,  National Research Council, 7th rev. ed., NationalAcademy Press: Washington,  D.C., 381 p. + 1 computer disc (4 3/4 in.)  NAL Call No: SF203 N883 2001  Keywords: nutritional requirements, feeding,  feeds, forages, concentrates, feeding strategies, minerals, vitamins,  metabolites, by-products, ration formulation, nutrient allowances.
Ndiweni, N. (2001). **In vivo vitamin E/selenium supplementation  improved leukocyte function in dairy cows**. *Inflammation Research* 50  (Supplement 3): S192, ISSN: 1023‑3830.  NAL Call No.: RS122 A3  Keywords: immune System, selenium, in vivo supplementation,  vitamin E, in vivo supplementation, inflammation, leukocyte.
Nour, A.A. (1996). **Milk replacer as a sole feed for veal  production from Holstein Friesian calves: 1. Effect of frequency of feeding  milk replacer and age of animals on growth, feed utilization and quality of  meat.***Alexandria Journal of Agricultural Research* 41(3): 11-21, ISSN:  0044-7250.  NAL Call No.: 24 AL2  Keywords: male Holstein Friesian calves, milk substitutes,  digestibility coefficients, feeding frequency, body weight, dressing  percentage, live weight gain, costs, feeding frequency, nitrogen balance,  nitrogen, excretion, meat quality, age, feed conversion efficiency, carcass  weight, Egypt.
Offer, J.E., D.N. Logue, and D.J. Roberts (1997). **The effect of  protein source on lameness and solear lesion formation in dairy cattle.***Animal  Science: An International Journal of Fundamental and Applied Research.*  65(2): 143-149, ISSN: 1357-7298.  NAL Call No.: SF1.A56    Keywords: breed, Holstein-Friesian, protein sources, dietary protein, soybean     oilmeal, complete feeds, lameness, laminitis, fish meal, blood meal, hooves,     meat and bone meal, milk yield, body weight, liveweight gain, body condition,     hardness, foot diseases, blood composition, metabolites.
Olofsson, J. (1999). **Competition for total mixed diets fed for ad  libitum intake using one or four cows per feeding station.***Journal of Dairy  Science* 82(1): 69-79, ISSN: 0022-0302.  NAL Call No.: 44.8 J822  Abstract: When dairy cow faci1ities are being designed, a limited  feeding area might be profitable and recommendable if the increased competition  for feed does not harm the welfare of the animals or affect production  negatively. An experiment was conducted at the University Cattle Research  Centre (Uppsala, Sweden) to investigate the performance of individual cows as  well as groups of cows. Treatments used 1 or 4 cows per feeding station with a  total mixed diet fed for ad libitum intake. The feeding stations were troughs  placed on electronic balances and were 1.08 m wide. Sixteen dairy cows were  divided into two groups and were studied in an experiment with a change over  design so that each group went through each treatment twice. A computerized  feeding system automatically recorded consumption data for feed and water.  Video recordings were used to study the social dominance order, the level of  aggression at the feeding area, and the time budget of the cows. The mean feed  intake increased slightly, but the number of visits to the feeding stations did  not change at the higher level of competition. The cows, however, spent  significantly less time eating and increased their consumption rate when the  competition level increased. The number of displacements at the feeding  stations increased dramatically. Cows of low social rank were much more  frequently displaced while eating. The effects of dominance value, age, eating  rate, and energy requirement of the cows are presented.  Keywords: dairy cows, feed troughs, complete feeds, feed intake,  water intake, social dominance, eating rates, intraspecific competition,  Swedish Red-and-White, feeding frequency, physical activity, age differences,  energy requirements.
Olofsson, J., and H.  Wiktorsson (2001). **Competition for total mixed diets fed restrictively using  one or four cows per feeding station.***Acta Agriculturae Scandinavica.  Section A, Animal Science* 51(1): 59‑70, ISSN: 0906‑4702.  NAL Call No.: S3 A27  Keywords: cows, housing,  feeding stations, computerized feeding, feed intake, feeding behaviour, social  dominance, aggression, video recordings, Sweden.
Oresnik, A. (2001). **Current  aspects and solutions in dairy cattle nutrition.***Krmiva*43 (6): 323‑328,  ISSN: 0023‑4850  NAL Call No.: 389.78 K89   Keywords: dairy cattle, dairy  farms, milk production, milk yield, fertility, herd health, nutrition, high  roughage diets, profits, rural development, environmental preservation, animal  welfare, human health, Slovenia.
Orr, R.J., S.M. Rutter, P.D. Penning, and A.J.  Rook(2001). **Matching grass supply to grazing patterns for dairy cows.***Grass  and Forage Science*56 (4): 352‑361, ISSN: 0142‑5242.  NAL Call No.: 60.19  B773  Keywords: dairy  cows, Holstein‑Friesian, breeds, spring‑calving, daily grass  allowance, strip‑grazing system, carbohydrate concentrations, ruminating  time, perennial ryegrass.
Penno J.W., K.A. Macdonald, and C.W. Holmes (2001). **Toward  a predictive model of supplementary feeding response from grazing dairy cows.***Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production*61: 229‑233,  ISSN: 0370‑2731.  NAL Call No.: 49.9  N483  Keywords: dairy  cows, grazing, feeding method, multiple regression analysis, mathematical  method, pasture based supplementary feeding, predictive model, lactation,  stage, maize, grain, milk production,  value, milk solids.
Petit, H.V., R.J. Dewhurst,  J.G. Proulx, M. Khalid, W. Haresign and H. Twagiramungu (2001). **Milk  production, milk composition, and reproductive function of dairy cows fed  different fats.***Canadian Journal of Animal Science* 81 (2): 263-271.  NAL Call No.: 41.8 C163  Keywords: cows, Holstein,  gestating multiparous, Megalac(R), flaxseed meal (MEGA), whole flaxseed treated  with formaldehyde (FLAX), milk production, milk composition, follicular  development, gestation rate, and fatty acid (FA) composition of blood, increased  fat mobilization, increased milk yield.
Phillips, C.J.C.,  and M.I. Rind (2001). **The effects of frequency of feeding a total mixed  ration on the production and behavior of dairy.***Journal of Dairy Science*84 (9): 1979‑1987, ISSN: 0022‑0302.  NAL Call No.: 44.8  J822  Keywords: dairy  cows, housing, feeding, feeding behavior, standing, ruminating, feeding  frequency, milk yield, nutrition
Porfir'ev, I.A. (2001). **Metabolism  disturbances in high productive milk cows during unsatisfactory conditions of  feeding and keeping.***Sel'Skokhozyaistvennaya Biologiya* 2:20-40.  NAL Call No.: S13.S44   Keywords:  cows, high producing, Black and White, Kholmogorskaya, breeds, metabolic  diseases, carbohydrate, lipid, protein, phosphorus calcium, vitamin A  metabolisms, liver function, reproductive disorders.
Prescott, N.B., T.T. Mottram,  and A.J.F. Webster. (1998). **Effect of food type and location on the  attendance to an automatic milking system by dairy cows and the effect of  feeding during milking on their behaviour and milking characteristics.***Animal  Science: An International Journal of Fundamental and Applied Research*67(2):  183-193, ISSN: 1357-7298.  NAL Call No.: SF1 A56  Keywords: automatic milking  systems, behavior, feeding, concentrates, milking parlors, milking rate, milk  flow, milk yield, milking interval.
Pulido, R.G., and J.D. Leaver  (2001). **Quantifying the influence of sward height, concentrate level and initial  milk yield on the milk production and grazing behaviour of continuously stocked  dairy cows.***Grass and Forage Science 56 (1): 57-67,*ISSN: 0142‑5242.  NAL Call No.: 60.19 B773  Keywords: cows, Holstein  Friesian,breed, cows sward height, concentrate level, initial milk yield, milk  production, grazing behaviour,dry matter intake, grazing time.
Redbo, I., M. Emanuelson, K.  Lunberg, N. Oredsson (1996). **Feeding level and oral stereotypies in dairy  cows.***Animal Science: An International Journal of Fundamental and  Applied Research*62(2): 199-206, ISSN: 1357-7298.  NAL Call No.:  SF1.A56  Keywords: dairy cows, lactation stage, unrestricted feeding,  Swedish Red-and-White, restricted feeding, abnormal behavior, rumination,  eating, feed intake, physical activity, posture, animal welfare, complete  feeds, plane of nutrition.
Rind, M.I. and C.J.C. Phillips (1999). **The effects     of group size on the ingestive and social behavior of grazing dairy cows.***Animal     Science: An International Journal of Fundamental and Applied Research*68(4):     589-596, ISSN: 1357-7298.  NAL Call No.: SF1 A56  Keywords: group size, effects, social behavior, ingestive  behavior, rumination, biting rates, mastication, body condition. 
Riond, J. L. (2001).  **Animal nutrition and acid‑base balance.***European Journal of  Nutrition*40(5): 245‑254, ISSN: 1436‑6207.  NAL Call No: QP141  A1E97  Keywords: acid base  disorders, alkalosis, animal nutrition, bones, cows, dairy cattle, dairy cows, disease  prevention, domestic animals, fractures, hypocalcaemia, mineral content, parturient paresis.  
Roche, J.R., E.S. Kolver, M J. de Veth, and A. Napper (2001).     **Diet and genotype affect plasma calcium, magnesium and phosphorus concentrations     in the periparturient cow.***Proceedings of the New Zealand Society     of Animal Production* 61: 168‑171, ISSN: 0370‑2731.    NAL Call No.: 49.9 N483    Keywords: dairy cows, Holstein‑Friesian, breed, nutrient requirements,     periparturient diseases, parturient hypocalcemia, parturient hypomagnesemia,     calcium concentration, magnesium concentration, phosphorus concentration, pasture,     pasture silage, diet, feeding method, total mixed ration diet, genotype, total     mixed ration.
Rook, A.J. and C.A. Huckle (1997). **Activity bout criteria     for grazing dairy cows**. *Applied Animal Behaviour Science* 54(2):     89-96, ISSN: 0168-1591.    NAL Call No.: QL750.A6  Keywords: behavior, grazing, bout criteria, feeding, nutrition. 
Rossi, F., P. Vecchia, and F. Masoero (2001). **Estimate of methane  production from rumen fermentation.***Nutrient Cycling in Agroecosystems*60(1‑3):  89‑92, ISSN: 1385‑1314.  NAL Call No.: S631 F422  Keywords: dairy cows, CH4 emission, air pollution, concentrates,  animal feeds, corn silage, diet, hay, milk production, rumen fermentation, in  vitro volatile fatty acid (VFA) production.
Ruiz, R., P.J. Van Soest, M.E. Van Amburgh, D.G. Fox, and J.B.     Robertson (2001). **Use of chromium mordanted neutral detergent residue     as a predictor of fecal output to estimate intake in grazing high producing     holstein cows.***Animal Feed Science and Technology*89 (3-4):     155-164*,*ISSN: 0377‑8401.  NAL Call No.: SF95.A55  Keywords: cows, Holstein, breed, lactating, high producing,  grazing, chromium mordanted neutral detergent residue, cobalt EDTA, predictors  of dry matter intake, total mixed ration, housed in confinement.
Salewski, A. (1998). **Calculation of feed rations and feeding  management in the USA. [Berechnung von Futterrationen und Futterungsmanagement  in den USA.]***Milchpraxis* 36(4): 168-171, ISSN: 0026-3753.  NAL Call No.: SF221.M5  Keywords: cattle feeding, dairy cows, feed rations, uptake, rumen,  proteins, carbohydrates, nutritive value, planning, milk yield, lactation, dry  period, health, animal welfare, somatotropin, body condition scores, German  language.
Samuelsson, B., K. Uvnas-Moberg, R. Gorewit, and K.  Svennersten-Sjaunja (1996). **Profiles of the hormones somatostatin gastrin, CCK,  prolactin, growth hormone and cortisol. I. In dairy cows that are milked and  fed separately or milked and fed simultaneously.***Livestock Production  Science* 46(1): 49-56, ISSN: 0343-0200.  NAL Call No.: SF761 Z4  Keywords: hormonal profiles, milking, feeding, feed deprivation.
Schwager, S.R., C. Stricker, D. Erdin, and N. Kunzi (2001).  **Quantification of changes in body weight and body condition scores during  lactation by modeling individual energy balance and total net energy intake.***Animal  Science Pencaitland* 72 (2): 325-334.  Keywords: cows, Holstein Friesians,  Jerseys, Holstein Jersey, breed, individual energy balances, total net energy  intake, body condition score change, quality of roughage, body tissue change,  milk production, maintenance.
Seimiya, Y.M., F.  Kikuchi, N. Yamaguchi, K. Sugawara, and Y. Nakashima (2001). **Effective  control of periparturient diseases in dairy cows owing to preparturient feed  management practices.***Animal Science Journal*72(10): J587‑J593,  ISSN: 1344‑3941.  NAL Call No.: SF1  A542  Keywords: cows,  heifer, Holstein, breed, periparturient disease, prevention and control,  reproductive system disease, preparturient feed management practices, high  energy feeds, gestation, Japanese language.
Silanikove, N., E. Maltz, A. Halevi, and D. Shinder (1997).     **Metabolism of water, sodium, potassium, and chlorine by high yielding     dairy cows at the onset of lactation**. *Journal of Dairy Science*     80(5): 949-956, ISSN: 0022-0302.  NAL Call No.: 44.8 J822  Keywords: cows, dairy cattle, water, hot climates, heat stress,  ions, metabolism, lactation, water intake, feed intake, environmental  temperature, electrolytes, sodium, potassium, chloride, energy intake,  respiration, animal welfare, health, kidneys, milk yield, Israel.
Skidmore, A.L., A. Brand, and C.J. Sniffen (1996). **Monitoring     milk production: defining preset targets and execution.**In: *Herd     Health and Production Management in Dairy Practice* A. Brand, J.P.T.M. Noordhuizen,     and Y.H. Schukken (eds.), Wageningen Pers: Wageningen, Netherlands, p. 223-262,     ISBN: 9-07-413434-3.  NAL Call No.: SF239 B73 1996  Keywords: cows, milk quality, milk recording results, dairy farms,  inspection, herd health program, cow housing, feed troughs, feed mixing, feed  intake, feed formulation, nutrient requirements, feces composition, milk yield,  feeding techniques.
Soriano F.D., C.E. Polan, C.N. Miller (2001). **Supplementing  pasture to lactating Holsteins fed a total mixed ration diet.***Journal of  Dairy Science*84(11): 2460‑2468, ISSN: 0022‑0302.  NAL Call No.: 44.8 J822  Keywords: Holstein dairy cows, pasture, orchardgrass, white  clover, Kentucky bluegrass, acid detergent fiber, crude protein, neutral  detergent fiber, body condition score, body weight, income‑over‑feed  cost, lactation, milk, dairy product, yield, pasture grazing, total mixed  ration diet
Steinwidder, A., B.M. Ehm, E. Zeiler, L. Gruber, and F. Lettner  (2001). **Effect of day or night grazing on forage intake and grazing behaviour  of dairy cows. [Einfluss von tag oder nachtweidehaltung auf futteraufnahme und  fressverhalten von milchkuhen.]***Zuechtungskunde*73 (3): 215-232, ISSN:  0044‑5401.  Keywords: cows, grazing conditions, feed intake, grazing behavior,  during day and night, fresh forage, fed in the stable, energy concentration,  total feed, protein intake, nutrient supply, climatic conditions.
Stockdale, C.R. (1999).**Effect of length of the period     of supplementation with concentrates on pasture intake and performance of grazing     dairy cows**. *Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture* 39(7):     803-809, ISSN: 0816-1089.  NAL Call No.: 23 Au792  Keywords: pasture, intake, performance, supplementation, feed  concentration, grazing, feed intake, feed duration, performance, milk yield,  herbage seasonal variation, dry matter, body condition.
Tesfa, A.T., T. Kokkonen, M. Tuori, T. Saukko, L.A. Lindberg, R.  Poso, H. Saloniemi, and O.L. Syrjala (2001). **The effect of prepartum protein  feeding on post partum lactation performance of Ayrshire heifers and cows**. *Journal  of Animal and Feed Sciences*10 (1): 73-89.  NAL Call No.: SF1 J68  Keywords: cows, heifers, Ayrshire, breed, cows, multiparous cows,  prepartum rapeseed meal supplement, oats, barley, grass silage, feed intake,  body condition, body weight change, milk yield, milk composition.
Thammacharoen, S., S. Chanpongsang, and N. Chaiyabutr (2001). **Effects  of monensin administration on mammary function in late lactating crossbred  Holstein cattle.***Asian‑Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences*  14(12): 1712‑1718, ISSN: 1011‑2367.  NAL Call No.: SF55 A78A7  Keywords: Holstein crossbreds, cows, acetate, allantoin,  propionate, sodium monensin, dietary supplement, slow release capsule,  lactation, mammary function, milk yield
Thomas, T., D.M.  Weary, and M.C. Appleby (2001). **Newborn and 5‑week‑old calves  vocalize in response to milk deprivation.***Applied Animal Behaviour  Science*74(3): 165‑173, ISSN: 0168‑1591.  NAL Call No.:  QL750.A6  Keywords: calves,  newborn animals, calf feeding, milk, deprivation, supplementary feeding,  vocalization, individual characteristics, weaning, age differences, animal  welfare.
Thomas, C., K.A. Leach, D.N. Logue, C. Ferris, and R.H. Phipps  (1999). **Management options to reduce load.***Cattle Practice* 7(1):  121-122, ISSN: 0969-1251.  NAL Call No.: SF961 C37  Keywords: animal health, dairy cattle, cows, metabolism, animal  welfare, reproductive performance, management, energy balance.
Tikofsky, J.N., M.E.  Van Amburgh, and D.A. Ross (2001). **Effect of varying carbohydrate and fat  content of milk replacer on body composition of Holstein bull calves.***Journal  of Animal Science* 79 (9): 2260‑2267, ISSN: 0021‑8812.  NAL Call No.: 49 J82  Keywords: dairy  bulls, calves, dietary carbohydrate, dietary fat, milk substitutes, body  composition, nutrient intake, liveweight, lactose, crude protein, dietary  protein, energy intake, protein intake, dry matter, liveweight gain, growth  rate.
Tolkamp, B.J., D.P.N. Schweitzer, and I. Kyrizakis (2000). **The  biologically relevant unit for the analysis of short-term feeding behavior of  dairy cows.***Journal of Dairy Science*83(9): 2057-2068, ISSN: 0022-0302.   NAL Call No.: 44.8 J822  Keywords: dairy cows, feeding  frequency, duration, feeds, protein content, feed intake, feeding habits,  satiety, data analysis, meal patterns.
Tolkamp, B.J., I. Kyriazakis,  J.D. Oldham, M. Lewis, R.J. Dewhurst, and J.R. Newbold (1998). **Diet choice  by dairy cows. 2. Selection for metabolizable protein or for ruminally  degradable proteins?***Journal of Dairy Science*81(10): 2670-2680,  ISSN: 0022-0302.   NAL Call No.: 44.8 J822  Keywords: dietary protein, feeding preferences, unrestricted  feeding, lactation stage, feed intake, urea, milk yield, nutritive ratio.
Tolkamp, B.J. and I.  Kyriazakis (1997). **Measuring diet selection in dairy cows: effect of  training on choice of dietary protein level.***Animal Science:**An  International Journal of Fundamental and Applied Research* 64(2): 197-207,  ISSN: 1357-7298.  NAL Call No.: SF1.A56  Keywords: food intake, food preferences, protein intake, dietary  protein, nutritive ratio, complete feeds, grass silage, concentrates, milk  yield, protein intake.
Toullec, R. and J.P. Lalles (1996). **Digestion of substitution  proteins by veal calves. [Digestion des proteines de substitution par le veau  de boucherie.]***Revue Suisse d'Agriculture* 28(5): 272-275, ISSN:  0375-1325.  NAL Call No.: S5 R4  Keywords: milk substitutes, dried skim  milk, protein sources, veal calves, calf feeding.
Uchida, K., C.S. Ballard, P. Mandebvu, C.J. Sniffen, and M.P.  Carter (2001). **Effect of variation in proportion of cornmeal and steam rolled  corn in diets for dairy cows on behavior, digestion, and yield and composition  of milk.***Journal of Dairy Science* 84 (2): 453-461, ISSN: 0022‑0302.  NAL Call No.: 44.8 J822  Keywords: cows, lactating multiparous, Holstein, breed, free stall  facility, animal performance, cornmeal, dry matter basis, total mixed ration,  dry matter, Cornell Penn Miner Dairy(R) nutrition model, percentage and yield  of fat, crude protein, true protein, lactose in milk, milk urea nitrogen.
Uegaki, R., S. Ando, M. Ishida, O. Takada, K. Shinokura, and Y.  Kohchi (2001). **Antioxidative activity of milk from cows fed herbs.***Nippon  Nogeikagaku Kaish*75 (6): 669-671.  Keywords: cows, Holstein, breed,  herb feeding, antioxidative activity in milk, hay, beef pulp, lemongrass,  peppermint, basil, 6 Hydroxy 2,5,7,8 tetramethylchroman 2 carboxylic acid  (HTCA).
Uetake, K., K. Yayou, and T. Okamoto (1998). **Influence of feeding  operation and social factors on cattle locomotion in free stall barns.***Canadian  Journal of Animal Science*78(3): 421-424, ISSN: 0008-3984.  NAL Call No.: 41.8 C163  Keywords: dairy cattle, calves, feeding behavior, social behavior,  motivation, social factors, locomotion, free stall, barns, housing, AG AB.
Vaarst, M., M.B.  Jensen, and A.M. Sandager (2001). **Behaviour of calves at introduction to  nurse cows after the colostrum period.***Applied Animal Behaviour Science*  73(1): 27‑33, ISSN: 0168‑1591.  NAL Call No.: QL750.A6  Keywords: calves,  housing, single boxes, teat bucket, cow colostrum, behavior, abnormal behavior,  social behavior, feeding, nurse cows, suckling.
van der Merwe, B.J.,  T.J. Dugmore, and K.P. Walsh (2001). **The effect of monensin on milk  production, milk urea nitrogen and body condition score of grazing dairy cows.***South  African Journal of Animal Science*31 (1): 49‑55, ISSN: 0375‑1589.  NAL Call No.: SF1  S6  Keywords: dairy  cows, Holstein‑Friesian, breed, postpartum, monensin, pasture grazing,  kikuyu pasture, maize‑based concentrates, body condition scores,  reproductive efficiency, dietary supplement, urea nitrogen, milk concentration,  milk composition, milk production.
van der Merwe, B.J.,  T.J. Dugmore, and K.P. Walsh (2001). **The effect of monensin on milk  production, milk urea nitrogen and body condition score of grazing dairy cows.***South  African Journal of Animal Science*31 (1): 49‑55, ISSN: 0375‑1589.  NAL Call No.: SF1 S6  Keywords: dairy  cows, Holstein‑Friesian, breed, postpartum, monensin, pasture grazing,  kikuyu pasture, maize‑based concentrates, body condition scores,  reproductive efficiency, dietary supplement, urea nitrogen, milk concentration,  milk composition, milk production.
Veissier, I., A.R. Ramirez, and P. Pradel (1998). **Nonnutritive  oral activities and stress responses of veal calves in relation to feeding and  housing conditions.***Applied Animal Behaviour Science*57(1-2): 35-49,  ISSN: 0168-1591.  NAL Call No.: QL750 A6  Abstract: This study assessed the extent to which eating solid foods  and social contacts influence nibbling objects and improve the welfare of veal  calves. Animals were fed milk replacer only vs. supplemented with solid foods  and were housed in individual stalls vs. together in pens. Time budget,  reactions to handling in a weighing machine, growth, health (length of medical  treatments) and abomasal lesions were assessed. In addition, chronic activation  of the hypothalamo--pituitary--adrenocortical axis was evaluated after ACTH and  CRF challenges, and that of the sympathetic nervous system, through activities  of catecholamine-synthesising enzymes. The provision of solid foods reduced  time spent nibbling objects and being inactive in proportion to and at the time  of the increase in time spent eating and chewing. The calves housed together in  pens had higher basal cortisol levels and they reacted to weighing. Health and  physiological indices of chronic stress did not vary with feeding or housing  conditions. It is concluded that nibbling in veal calves derives at least in  part from a lack of development of feeding behaviour appropriate to ruminants.  There was no clear evidence of poorer welfare due to feeding on milk replacer  only or individual housing, but calves reared in groups seemed more stressed by  handling than calves reared in individual stalls.  Keywords: oral activities, food, chewing, feeding behavior, milk  replacer, social contacts, individual housing, group housing, stalls, pens,  time budget, handling, growth, health, medical, treatments, lesions,  sympathetic nervous system, stress response, enzymes, basal, cortisol, chronic  stress conditions, development.
Wadhwa, D., N.F.G. Beck, L.P. Borgida, M.S. Dhanoa, and R.J.  Dewhurst (2001). **Development of a simple in vitro assay for estimating net  rumen acid load from diet ingredients.***Journal of Dairy Science*84 (5):  1109-1117*,*ISSN: 0022‑0302.  NAL Call No.: 44.8 J822  Keywords: in vitro technique, evaluate,  production, neutralization, acids, fermenting feed, rumen, substrate  preferences, microbial populations, calcium, legumes, sugar beet pulp, citrus  pulp.
Weiss, W.P. (March 1998) **Estimating the available energy content  of feeds for dairy cattle.***Journal of Dairy Science* 81(3): 830-839,  ISSN: 0022-0302.  NAL Call No.: 44.8 J822  Keywords: available energy content of feeds, diet formulation,  energy availability, net energy for lactation (NEL), total digestible nutrients  (TDN) acid detergent fiber, mechanistic models, improved accuracy, review.
Wensing, T. (1998). ***Production diseases in farm animals: 10th  international conference, Utrecht, Netherlands, 24-28 August, 1998***, Wageningen  Pers: Wageningen, Netherlands, 390p., ISBN: 9-07-413460-2.  NAL Call No.: SF854  I57 1998  Keywords: livestock, calves, piglets, weaning, veterinary  education, trace elements, minerals, immune system, nutrition, animal health,  reproduction, energy metabolism, animal husbandry, animal welfare,  epidemiology, reproductive disorders, milk production, mammary glands, poultry,  mastitis, mammary gland diseases, nutritional disorders, milk, dairy cows,  farming, metabolic disorders, European Union countries.
Wesselink, R., K.J. Stafford, D.J. Mellor, S. Todd, and N.G.  Gregory (1999). **Colostrum intake by dairy calves.***New Zealand Veterinary  Journal* 474: 31-34, ISSN: 0048-0169.  NAL Call No.: 41.8 N483  Keywords: colostrum intake, imunoglobulin, behavior.
West, J.W., L.O. Ely, and S.A. Martin (1994). **Wet brewers grains  for lactating dairy cows during hot, humid weather.***Journal of Dairy Science*77(1): 196-204, ISSN: 0022-0302.  NAL Call No.: 44.8 J822  Keywords: lactating dairy cows, humid weather, feeding, diet,  grain, feed intake, dry matter, milk yield, milk fat percentage, milk protein  percentage, heat stress, environmental temperature, relative humidity, blood  serum, rumen fluid, pH, respiration rate, body temperature, summer, Georgia.
Westwood, C.T., and    L.J. Lean (2001). **Nutrition and lameness in pasture‑fed dairy cattle.***Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production* 61: 128‑134,  ISSN: 0370‑2731.  NAL Call No.: 49.9  N483  Keywords: hoof,  health, rumen, digestive system, diseases, chronic ruminal acidosis, digestive  system disease, metabolic disease, lameness, epidemiology, etiology, pathology,  prevention and control, laminitis, bone disease, connective tissue disease,  joint disease, endotoxins, histamine, lactic acid, nutrient detergent fiber,  protein, degradation, serotonin, trace elements, inadequate uptake, nutrition,  pH, fiber content, moisture content, New Zealand. 
Whitaker, D.A., E.J. Smith, G.O. da Rosa, and J.M. Kelly (1993).  **Some effects of nutrition and management on the fertility of dairy cattle**. *Veterinary  Record: Journal of the British Veterinary Association*133(3): 61-64, ISSN:  0042-4900.  NAL Call No.: 41.8 V641  Keywords: cows, energy status, plasma beta-hydroxybutyrate level,  plasma glucose level, interval between calving, onset of cyclicity, conception,  silage-based diet, dry period.
Wu, Z., L.D. Satter, A.J.  Blohowiak, R.H. Stauffacher and J.H. Wilson (2001). **Milk production,  estimated phosphorus excretion, and bone characteristics of dairy cows fed  different amounts of phosphorus for two or three years.***Journal of Dairy  Science* 84 (7): 1738-1748, ISSN: 0022‑0302.  NAL Call No.: 44.8 J822  Keywords: cows, multiparous,  Holstein, breed, diet, 0.31, 0.39, or 0.47% phosphorus, dry matter basis, bone  analysis, bone strength, ash and Phosphorus content.
Wu, Z., V.R. Kanneganti, L.J.  Massingill, M.C. Wiltbank, R.P. Walgenbach, and L.D. Satter (2001). **Milk  production of fall calving dairy cows during summer grazing of grass or grass  clover pasture.***Journal of Dairy Science*84 (5): 1166-1173, ISSN:  0022‑0302.  NAL Call No.: 44.8 J822  Keywords: cows, Holstein, breed, fall calving, milk production, summer  grazing, grass pasture, clover mixed, bovine somatotropin, concentrate  supplements, dry matter, average daily milk.
Zappavigna, P., P.  Liberati, and U. Chiappini (1998). **Feeding control system for dairy cows.***Journal of Agricultural Engineering Research*71(4): 321-329, ISSN:  0021-8634.  NAL Call No.: 58.8  J82  Keywords: feeding,  system, automatic control, feed rations, lactation, social behavior.  
Zimmerly, C.A., and W.P. Weiss (2001). **Effects of supplemental     dietary biotin on performance of holstein cows during early lactation.***Journal of Dairy Science* 84 (2): 498-506, ISSN: 0022‑0302.  NAL Call No.: 44.8 J822  Keywords: cows, Holstein, breed, blood samples, milk samples, dry  matter intake, lactation, milk production, linear increase, biotin  supplementation, milk fat, protein percentages.  Return to Table of ContentsGeneral
Alban, L., A.K. Ersboll, T.W. Bennedsgaard, and P.F.  Johnsen (2001). **Validation of welfare assessment methods at herd level: an  example.***Acta Agriculturae Scandinavica. Section A, Animal Science*51(Supplementum  30): 99‑102, ISSN: 0906‑4702.  NAL Call No.: S3.A27   Keywords: dairy herds, animal welfare, validity, assessment  methods, environment based method, animal based method. 
Albright, J.L. (2000). **Dairy cattle behaviour, facilities,  handling and husbandry.** In: *Livestock Handling and Transport*, 2nd  ed. T. Grandin (ed.), CABI Publishing, Wallingford, UK, ISBN: 0-85-199409-1,  p.127-150.  NAL Call No.: SF88.L58 2000   Keywords: handling, husbandry, behavior, housing, dairy cattle,  social behavior, calves, bulls, transport of animals, animal welfare.
Albright, J.L. and C.W.  Arave (1997). ***The Behaviour of Cattle***. CAB International: Wallingford,  UK, 306 p., ISBN: 0-85-199196-3.  NAL Call No.: SF202.5 A43  1997  Keywords: animal  production, animal welfare, dairy cattle, beef cattle, maternal and calf  behavior, behavioral responses to management systems, human-cattle  interactions, training cattle, social behavior, reproductive behavior, feeding  behavior.
Arave, C.W. and J.L.  Albright (1998). **Animal welfare issues: dairy.***Animal Welfare Information  Center Newsletter* 9(1/2): 3-10, ISSN: 1050-561X.  NAL Call No.: aHV4701.A952  Keywords: animal health,  dairy farming, cows, reviews, animal welfare, transport of animals, exercise,  tail docking, dehorning, disease, environmental issues.
Berentsen, P.B.M., G.W.J.  Giesen, and M.M.F.H. Schneiders (1998). **Conversion from conventional to  biological dairy farming: Economic and environmental consequences at farm level  dairy farming.***Biological Agriculture and Horticulture: An International  Journal* 16(3): 311-328, ISSN: 0144-8765.  NAL Call No.: S605.5.B5  Abstract: Biological dairy  farming is often advocated as a solution for environmental problems caused by  Dutch dairy farming. At the same time, biological farming can improve animal  welfare and increase income due to a higher milk price. In this paper the central  issue is to quantify economic and environmental consequences for dairy farms  when converting to biological dairy farming. A linear programming model is used  to model an extensive and an intensive dairy farm typical for the Province of  Utrecht, The Netherlands. The objective function of the model maximizes labour  income of the farm. From the results it appears that the extensive farm  benefits from conversion while the intensive farm loses income. The  environmental consequences are quite diverse. The nitrogen surplus after  conversion is much lower than before because nitrogen fixation by legumes is  omitted from the calculation. On the other hand, ammonia emission is higher  after conversion to biological farming due to a higher number of animals. On  the extensive farm the phosphate surplus in the biological situation is much  higher than in the conventional situation due to the fact that a shortage of  nitrogen in the biological situation can only be made up by applying animal  manure (slurry) from other farms with consequential overfertilization of  phosphate. When environmental legislation is introduced, the biological farms  appear to lose more income than the conventional farms. From the sensitivity  analysis it appears that assumptions about milk yield per cow and milk price  are crucial for the economic results of biological farms.  Keywords: dairy farming,  organic farming, economic analysis, environmental impact, dairy farms,  sustainability, animal welfare, milk, food prices, mathematical models,  extensive husbandry, intensive husbandry, nitrogen fixation, nitrogen balance,  ammonia, emission, phosphate, cattle slurry, milk yield, farm income.
Boettcher, P.J. (2001). **2020 Vision? The future of dairy  cattle breeding from an academic perspective.***Journal of Dairy Science*84  ( Elect. Supplement ): E62‑E68, ISSN: 0022‑0302.  NAL Call No.: 44.8 J822  Keywords: breeding, dairy farming, dairy industry, dairy research,  global marketing, genomics, technology, computers, forecasts, health, animal  welfare, production costs.
Brade, W. (2001). **Animal welfare aspects of dairy  farming: definition, conditions, and criteria. [Tiergerechte  Milchrinderhaltung: definition, Anforderungen und Kriterien].***Praktische  Tierarzt*82(8): 588-594, ISSN: 0032‑681X.  NAL Call No: 41.8 P882  Keywords: age, animal behavior, feeding, housing,  husbandry, nutrition, animal welfare, dairy farming, health hazards, stress,  German language.
Burgat, F. and R.  Dantzer, R. (2001). ***Does livestock has a right to welfare? [Les animaux  d'elevage ont-ils droit au bien-etre?]*** Institut National de la Recherche  Agronomique: Paris, France, 191p., ISBN: 2-7380-0965-4.  Keywords: large-scale  livestock farming, animal welfare, philosophy, ethics, legislation, French  language.
Chenoweth, P.J. (1998).  **Animal production and welfare issues: dairy cattle and veal calves***.  Proceedings of the North American Veterinary Conference* 12: 902-903.  NAL Call No.: SF605.N672  Keywords: calves, animal  welfare, cattle husbandry.
de Grassi, A.M. (2001). **A look at bovine welfare: What's good, what's bad, and the lessons within.***Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association*219(10):  1369‑1373, ISSN: 0003‑1488.  NAL Call No.: 41.8 Am3   Keywords: animal welfare,  attitudes, farming American Farm Bureau Federation.
Farm Animal Welfare  Council (1997). ***Report on The Welfare of Dairy Cattle**.* Farm Animal  Welfare Council: Surbiton, UK, 96p.  Keywords: dairy industry,  organic farming, animal welfare issues, stockmanship, training, housing and  environment, lameness, machine milking, infectious diseases, mastitis,  nutrition, fertility and reproduction, handling facilities, calf and heifer  rearing, mutilations, new technology, somatotropin, unwanted progeny, extended  lactation, United Kingdom.
Federation of Animal Science Societies (1999). **Guidelines for  Dairy Cattle Husbandry.**In: *Guide for the Care and Use of Agricultural  Animals in Agricultural Research and Teaching*, First Revised Edition,  Federation of Animal Science Societies (FASS): Savoy, Il., p. 37-47.  NAL Call No.: QL55.G8 1999  Keywords: facilities, environment, housing, bedding pasture, feed,  water, social environment, tail-docking, foot care, handling, transportaion,  euthanasia.
Francis, J., and S. Sibanda (2001). **Case study of the viability  of smallholder dairy farming in Nharira Lancashire, Zimbabwe.***Asian  Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences* 14 (8): 1098-1105.  NAL Call No.: SF55 A78A7   Keywords: smallholder dairy farming,  Zimbabwe, considerable inter farm differences, economics, milk sales, cattle  feed expenses, number of cows, size of land holdings.
Gregory, N.G. (1995).  **Welfare of dairy cattle**. *Proceedings of the 12th seminar for the Society of  Dairy Cattle Veterinarians of the New Zealand Veterinary Association held at  New Plymouth, New Zealand, June 27-30, 1995,*p. 85-96.  Keywords: health, dairy  farming, attitudes, veterinarians, animal welfare, New Zealand.
Gregory, N.G. (1995). **Welfare of dairy cattle**.   *Dairy Farming Annual* 47: 130-139.  Keywords: cows,  veterinarians, animal welfare, dairy farms, farm management, New Zealand.
Hemsworth, P.H., J.L.  Barnett, L. Beveridge, and L.R. Matthews (1995). **The welfare of extensively  managed dairy cattle: a review.***Applied Animal Behaviour Science* 42(3):  161-182, ISSN: 0168-1591.  NAL Call No.: QL750.A6  Keywords: dairy cattle,  dairy farming, cattle husbandry, animal welfare, extensive livestock farming,  literature reviews.
Ilgner, H. (1998).  **Operational organization and management of milk production in larger stocks as  exemplified by the Gorlsdorf dairy farm. [Verfahrensgestaltung und Management  der Milchproduktion in grosseren Bestanden am Beispiel des Milchgutes      Gorlsdorf.]***Zuchtungskunde* 70(6): 414-421, ISSN: 0044-5401.  NAL Call No.: 49 Z8  Keywords: milk  production, farm management, dairy cattle, cows, dairy farms, dairy farming,  production possibilities, milk, animal welfare, identification, health, prophylaxis,  vaccination, Germany, German language.
Lindberg, R.A., and P.V.  Phibbs (2001). **Genetically modified organisms: basic technology, problems and  promises**. *Bovine Practitioner* 35 (1): 1-7, ISSN: 0524-1685.  NAL Call No.: SF779.5 A1B6  Keywords: new biotechnologies, overview, genetic manipulation,  food animals, introduction to biotechnology, genomics, bioinformatics, gene  mapping, cloning, genetically modified organisms, transgenic animals, potential  impact on the beef, dairy and veterinary industries, regulatory  responsibilities, future challenges.
Ozawa, T., N. Lopez‑Villalobos, and H.T. Blair (2001). **A  comparison of dairy farming between New Zealand and Japan.***Proceedings  of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production*61: 203‑206, ISSN:  0370‑2731.  NAL Call No.: 49.9 N483  Keywords: dairy cows, farm expense, rice, grain crop, milk solids,  financial analysis, butter, dairy product, cash surplus ration, fixed expenses,  gross assets, turnover ratio, hay, animal feed, high interest expenditure,  milk, dairy product, production, non‑subsidized lone procurement, pasture  grazing system, feeding method, silage, animal feed, skim milk powder, dairy  product, variable cost, analytical method, Japan, New Zealand.
Rollin, B.E. (1996). **The new ethic for animals and the dairy  industry.***Annual Meeting held on Feb. 18-21, 1996*, *Nashville,  Tennessee*, The Council: Arlington, VA, ISSN: 0271-9967.  NAL Call No.:  SF967.M3N32  Keywords: animal welfare,  dairy cattle.
Rougoor, C. (1998).**High  production requires good animal welfare. [Hoge productie stelt eisen aan  diermanagement.]***Praktijkonderzoek Rundvee, Schapen en Paarden* 11(6):  22-24.  Keywords: dairy farms,  cows, milk, costs, veterinary services, animal welfare, monitoring, dairy  cattle, productivity, dairy farming, Netherlands, Dutch language.
Rushen, J. (2001). **Assessing the welfare of dairy  cattle.***Journal of Applied Animal Welfare Science: JAAWS*4(3): 223‑234.  NAL Call No.: HV4701 J68  Keywords: dairy cows, animal welfare, lameness, bovine mastitis,  intensive livestock farming, dairy farming, livestock numbers, selection  criteria, farm structure, cow housing, floor type, literature reviews. 
Schulte, R., B. Earley,  and S.V.D. Wouw, and N. Culleton (1998). **Animal welfare: development of  methodology for its assessment.***Farm and Food* 8(3): 20-23, ISSN:  0046-3302.  NAL Call No.: TX341 F3  Keywords: dairy farming,  animal welfare, case studies, evaluation, regulations, agricultural policy, dairy  farms, organic farming, ethology, immunology, European Union Countries.
Seufert, H. (1997). **Theoretical and practical experiences with  milk production. [Art- und praxisgemasse Verfahren der Milcherzeugung.]***Ergebnisse  Landwirtschaftlicher Forschung an der Justus Liebig-Universitat* 23: 29-55,  ISSN: 0026-3753.  NAL Call No.: SF221 M5  Keywords: dairy farming, milk production, animal welfare, costs,  planning, Germany, German language.
Sundrum, A. (2001). **Organic livestock farming: a critical review.***Livestock  Production Science* 67 (3): 207‑215, ISSN: 0301‑6226.  NAL Call No.: SF1.L5  Keywords: livestock,  animal welfare, livestock farming, organic farming, reviews, environmental  impact, production methods, minimal standards, legislation standards, quality  assurance.
Thomsen, J. (1999). **Cow-comfort: just a word or an important  factor [for increased milk yield]?** [Kuh-Komfort: nur Schlagwort oder  Erfolgsfaktor?] *Milchpraxis* 37(4): 183-186, ISSN: 0026-3753.  NAL Call No.: SF221 M5  Keywords: milk yield, diary cows, animal welfare, dairy farming,  German language.
Tosi, M.V., E.  Canali, L. Gregoretti, V. Ferrante, C. Rusconi, M. Verga, and C. Carenzi  (2001). **A descriptive analysis of welfare indicators measured on Italian  dairy farms: preliminary results.***Acta Agriculturae Scandinavica.  Section A, Animal Science*51(Supplementum 30): 69‑72, ISSN: 0906‑4702.  NAL Call No.: S3.A27   Keywords: dairy cows,  behavior, dairy farms, farmer questionnaire, animal welfare, assessment tools,  inter‑suckling in cows, human animal relationships, Italy.
Waterfield, W. (1999). ****The Provision and Developments in  Management Advice to Dairy Farmers**. Nuffield Farming Scholarships Trust  (NFST): Uckfield, UK, 34 p., ISBN: 1-90-180186-1.  Keywords: extension, professional services, consultants, financial  planning, farm planning, technology transfer, information services, diffusion  of research, diffusion of information, farmers, dairy farms, farm management,  consumer attitudes, animal welfare, comparisons between countries, United Kingdom,  Japan, USA, Australia.
Webster, A.J.F. (2001). **Welfare  on the dairy farm: cows and their minders.***Research in Veterinary  Science* 70 (Supplement A): 34, ISSN: 0034‑5288.  NAL Call No.: 41.8 R312  Keywords: animal care, animal  welfare, improvement.
Webster, A.J.F. (1995). **Welfare considerations in future selection  and management strategies.***BSAP Occasional Publication* (19): 87-91,  ISSN: 0263-967X.  NAL Call No.: SF5.B74  Keywords: dairy cows, genetic improvement, milk yield, cost  benefit analysis, animal welfare, production costs, species differences, energy  cost of activities, energy cost of production, beef cows, bovine mastitis,  embryo transfer, lameness.
Whay, H.R., D.C.J. Main, L.E.  Green, and A.J.F. Webster (2001). **Identification of issues affecting the  welfare of dairy cows through expert opinion.***Research in Veterinary  Science* 70 (Supplement A): 34*,*ISSN: 0034‑5288.  NAL Call No.: 41.8 R312  Keywords: dystocia,  reproductive system disease, mastitis, animal welfare issues, identification,  body condition, calf disease, cleanliness, comfort, cubicle design, expert  opinions, behavior, lameness, non‑specific disease, nutrition,  production, skin lesions, social interaction, stockperson, animal interactions,  dystocia, mastitis.
Wierenga, H.K. and H.J. Blokhuis (1997). **Cattle welfare, science  and policy.***Presented at the XIX World Buiatrics Congress, Edinburgh, UK,  July 8-12, 1996, Vol.32, No.31.2,* p. 16-18.  Keywords: animal welfare, veal calves, beef cattle, dairy cows,  health, behavior, housing, milk production, transport of animals.
Wilfried, B.V. (2001). **Animal  welfare aspects of dairy farming. [Tiergerechte Milchrinderhaltung.]***Berichte  ueber Landwirtschaft*79(4): 578‑596, ISSN: 0005‑9080.  Keywords: dairy cows, welfare  issues, ethology, management specific indicators, housing, natural feedstuffs,  stress avoidance, production stability, German language.
Wilson, J. (2001). ***Keeping  a Cow***NSW Agriculture: Orange, Australia, 5th.ed., 106p.,  ISBN: 0‑7313‑0552‑3.  Keywords: selection, behavior,  breeding, reproduction, milking, milk handling, how a milking machine works,  milk composition, quality, making dairy foods at home, feeding, calf rearing,  health.  Return to Table of ContentsHealth
Aeberhard, K., R.M. Bruckmaier, U. Kuepfer, and J.W. Blum  (2001). **Milk yield and composition, nutrition, body conformation traits,  body condition scores, fertility and diseases in high‑yielding dairy  cows: Part 1.***Journal of Veterinary Medicine. Series A*48(2): 97‑110, ISSN: 0931‑184X.  NAL Call No.: 41.8 Z5   Keywords: dairy cows, high milk producing, feed intake, body  conformation traits, body weight, body condition score, fertility, disease  incidence, abortion, dyspepsia, hypocalcemia, incidence, lactation, live weight  gain, mastitis, milk, milk composition, milk yield, ovarian cysts, type score,  Switzerland.
Agger, J.F. and L. Alban  L. (1996). **Welfare in Danish dairy herds. 3. Health management and general  routines in 1983 and 1994.***Acta Veterinaria Scandinavica* 37(1): 79-97,  ISSN: 0044-605X.  Keywords: milk production, quotas, milk distribution, milk  marketing, exports, cows, animal welfare, milk hygiene, somatotropin,  tuberculosis, bovine spongiform encephalopathy, United Kingdom.
Agricultural Committee, House  of Commons (1996). **Second Special Report: Reply by the Government to the  First Report from the Agriculture Committee, Session 1995-96, The UK Dairy  Industry and the CAP Dairy Regime (HC 40).** HMSO Publications Centre,  London, UK, 16 p., ISBN: 0-10-551366-0.  Keywords: milk production, quotas, milk distribution, milk  marketing, exports, cows, animal welfare, milk hygiene, somatotropin,  tuberculosis, bovine spongiform encephalopathy, United Kingdom.
Agriculture Committee, House of Commons (1996). ***The     UK Dairy Industry and the CAP Dairy Regime.******Volume 1****:*Report, Proceedings of the Committee. HMSO Publications Centre: London,     UK, 80 p., ISBN: 0-10-550276-6.  Keywords: milk production, milk marketing, quotas, farm income,  dairy farms, milk processing, milk hygiene, bovine spongiform encephalopathy,  animal welfare, somatotropin, tuberculosis, United Kingdom.
Alban, L. and J.F. Agger (1996). **Welfare in     Danish dairy herds. 1. Disease management routines in 1983 and 1994.***Acta Veterinaria Scandinavica* 37(1): 49-63, ISSN: 0044-605X.  Keywords: Dutch Animal Health Service, bovine herpesvirus 1  (BHV1), problems with vaccine batch, contamination with bovine virusdiarrhea  virus (BVDV) type 2, monoclonal antibodies, cine farm visits, laboratory results,  disease symptoms, high morbidity, descreased feed intake and milk production,  nasal discharge, fever, diarrhea, necropsy, erosions and ulcers of the mucosa  of the digestive tract, degeneration of the liver, hyperaemia of the abomasum,  swollen mesenterial lymph nodes, swollen spleen.
Alban, L. (1996). **Assessing and managing welfare     in a Danish dairy herd: problems and a proposal**. In: *Livestock Farming     Systems: More than Food Production, Proceedings of the 4th International Symposium,     Foulum, Denmark, August 22-23, 199*6, J.T. Sorensen (ed.), Wageningen Pers:     Wageningen, Netherlands p. 262-266, ISBN: 9-07-413449-1.  NAL Call No.: 49.9 Eu7 no.89  Keywords: dairy cattle, cow housing, animal welfare assessment,  health, management, cattle diseases, foot diseases, clinical examinations,  Denmark.
Alban, L. and J.F. Agger (1996). **Welfare in Danish     dairy herds. 2. Housing systems and grazing procedures in 1983 and 1994**.     *Acta Veterinaria Scandinavica* 37(1): 65-77, ISSN: 0044-605X.  NAL Call No.: 41.8  AC87  Keywords: animal  welfare, behavior, health, questionnaires, surveys, descriptive epidemiology,  tie stall environments, lameness, feeding, pasture grazing, recommendations,  partitions, cubicles, saw dust, resting area, housing systems.
Alonso‑Andicoberry,  C., F.J. Garcia‑Pena, J. Pereira‑Bueno, E. Costas, and L.M. Ortega‑Mora  (2001). **Herd‑level risk factors associated with Leptospira spp.  seroprevalence in dairy and beef cattle in Spain.***Preventive Veterinary  Medicine*52 (2): 109‑117, ISSN: 0167‑5877.  NAL Call No.: SF601.P7  Keywords: beef  cattle, dairy cattle, disease, bacterial, leptospira, seroprevalence, risk  factors, herds, grazing, animal husbandry, livestock numbers, serotypes, Spain.
Amstutz, H.E. (1996). **International perspective     on bovine medicine.***Bovine Practitioner* 30:1-4, ISSN: 0524-1685.       NAL Call No.: SF779.5.A1B6  Keywords: veterinary medicine, animal welfare, production, cattle  diseases.
Anderson, R.J., J.K. House,  B.P. Smith, H. Kinde, R.L. Walker, S.B.J. Vande, and R.E. Breitmeyer (2001). **Epidemiologic  and biological characteristics of salmonellosis in three dairy herds.***Journal  of the American Veterinary Medical Association*219 (3): 310-322, ISSN: 0003‑1488.  NAL Call No.: 41.8 Am3   Keywords: salmonellosis,  bacterial disease, biological characteristics, epidemiologic characteristics,  food safety, public veterinary medicine, livestock production, serologic  profiles.
Andrews, A.H.(2000). ***The Health of Dairy Cattle**.*Blackwell Science:Oxford; Malden, MA., 359p., ISBN: 063204103X.  NAL Call No.: SF208  H43  Keywords: nutrition, calf health, fertility, lameness, milk production,  disease, building design, husbandry, economics, recordkeeping.
Aubry, P., L.D. Warnick, C.L Guard, B.W. Hill, and M.F.     Witt (2001). **Health and performance of young dairy calves vaccinated     with a modified‑live Mannheimia haemolytica and Pasteurella multocida     vaccine.***Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association*219(12): 1739‑1742, ISSN: 0003‑1488.  NAL Call No.: 41.8 Am3  Keywords: dairy calves, Holstein, breed, health, performance, *Mannheimia  haemolytica*, *Pasteurella multocida*, vaccine, blood collection,  antibody titers.
Baillargeon, P., G. Fecteau, J. Pare, P. Lamothe and     R. Sauve (2001). **Evaluation of the embryo transfer procedure proposed     by the international embryo transfer society as a method of controlling vertical     transmission of *Neospora caninum* in cattle.***Journal of the     American Veterinary Medical Association*218 (11): 1803-1806, ISSN:     0003‑1488.  NAL Call No.: 41.8 Am3  Keywords: embryo transfer, seronegative recipients, International  Embryo Transfer Society (IETS), prevention, Neospora caninum, antibody titers,  pregnancy, calf blood samples, tissue collection, stillborn calves, aborted  fetuses, immunohistochemical (IHC) methods, pretransfer testing of embryo  transfer recipients.
Ballard, C.S., P. Mandebvu, C.J. Sniffen, S.M. Emanuele,     and M.P. Carter (2001). **Effect of feeding an energy supplement to dairy     cows pre and postpartum on intake, milk yield, and incidence of ketosis**.     *Animal Feed Science and Technology*93(1‑2): 55‑69, ISSN:     0377‑8401.  NAL Call No.: SF95.A55  Keywords: cows, Holstein, breed, ketosis, metabolic disease,  calcium propionate,propylene glycol, beet pulp, ground corn, sugarcane  molasses, dietary supplements, lactation, milk yield, tie stall housing.
Barkema, H.W., C.J.M Bartels, L. van Wuijckhuise, J.W.     Hesselink, M. Holzhauer, M.F. Weber, P. Franken, P.A. Kock, C.J.M. Bruschke,     and G.M. Zimmer (2001). **Outbreak of bovine virus diarrhoea on Dutch     dairy farms induced by a bovineherpesvirus 1 marker vaccine contaminated with     bovine virus diarrhoea virus type 2. [Uitbraak Van Bovine Virus Diarree Op Nederlandse     Rundveebedrijven Na Vaccinatie Met Een Met BVDV Type 2 Gecontamineerd BHV1 Markervaccin.]***Tijdschrift Voor Diergeneeskunde*126 (6): 158-165.  NAL Call No.: SF601.N4   Keywords: Dutch Animal Health Service, bovine herpesvirus 1  (BHV1), problems with vaccine batch, contamination with bovine virusdiarrhea  virus (BVDV) type 2, monoclonal antibodies, cine farm visits, laboratory results,  disease symptoms, high morbidity, descreased feed intake and milk production,  nasal discharge, fever, diarrhea, necropsy, erosions and ulcers of the mucosa  of the digestive tract, degeneration of the liver, hyperaemia of the abomasum,  swollen mesenterial lymph nodes, swollen spleen.
Barnett, J.L., G.J. Coleman, P.H. Hemsworth, E.A. Newman,     S. Fewings-Hall, and C. Ziini (1999). **Tail docking and beliefs about     the practice in the Victorian dairy industry**. *Australian Veterinary     Journal* 77(11): 742-747, ISSN: 0005-0423.    NAL Call No.: 41.8 Au72    Keywords: docking, cows, dairy cows, husbandry, interviews, farmers, risk, leptospirosis,     mastitis, bovine mastitis, milk quality, pain, milking, animal welfare, surveys,     questionnaires.
Bartels, C.J.M., H.W. Barkema, M.L. Beiboer, J.A. Bouma,     and A. Stegeman (2001). **Management and herd performance of dairy herds with     and without "chronic wasting" disease. [Bedrijfsvoering en kengetallen van tot slijterbedrijven     verworden melkveebedrijven.]***Tijdschrift voor Diergeneeskunde*126 (6): 198‑207, ISSN: 0040‑7453.    NAL Call No.: 41.8 T43    Keywords: cattle diseases, farm management     factors, questionnaire, epidemiology, predisposition, bovine herpesvirus 1,     fertility, udder health, Dutch language, Netherlands.
Bauman, D.E. (1998).**Bovine somatotropin and     lactation: from basic science to commercial application**. *Third International     Conference on Farm Animal Endocrinology: The Somatotropic Axis, December 7-10,     1998, Brussels, Belgium, Vol. 17, No.2/3,* J. Buyse (ed.), p. 101-116.  Keywords: cows, dairy cattle, lactation, somatotropin,  carbohydrates, farm income, growth factors, health, insulin-like growth factor,  lipids, mammary glands, metabolism, milk, milk consumption, milk quality, milk  synthesis, milk yield, minerals, nutrition physiology, milk prices,  profitability, reviews.
Bebe, B.O., S.A. Abdulrazak, P.O. Ogore, J.O. Ondiek,     and T. Fujihara (2001). **A note on risk factors for calf mortality in     large‑scale dairy farms in the tropics : a case study on Rift valley area     of Kenya.***Asian‑Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences*     14 (6): 855‑857, ISSN: 1011‑2367.  NAL Call No.: SF55.A78A7  Keywords: dairy calves, mortality, risk factors, dairy farms,  tropics, risk assessment, sex  differences, sex, calving season, pneumonia, dams, age, cattle housing, Kenya.
Bergsten, C. (2001).**Effects of conformation     and management system on hoof and leg diseases and lameness in dairy cows.***Veterinary Clinics of North America, Food Animal Practice*17 (1): 1‑23,     ISSN: 0749‑0720.  NAL Call No.: SF601 V535   Keywords: dairy cows, housing, conformation, disease prevention,  environment, exercise, floors, hooves, lameness, legs, lesions, management,  posture, risk factors, wear.
Berry, S.L. (2001). **Milking the golden cow: Her     comfort**. *Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association*219(10): 1382‑1386, ISSN: 0003‑1488.  NAL Call No.: 41.8 Am3  Keywords: dairy cows, calf, husbandry, behavior, philosophy,  ethics, farmer, lameness, bone disease, muscle disease, animal housing,  welfare, breeding, calving, comfort, lactation, milk yield, pregnancy.
Bertoni, G., L. Calamari, and E. Trevisi (1999). **Evaluation     of the welfare of dairy cattle. [Valutazione del benessere delle lattifere.]***Informatore Agrario Supplemento* 55(35): 5-66.  NAL Call No.: 281.8 IN32   Keywords: dairy cows, husbandry, animal welfare, milk yield,  reproduction, health, nutrition, housing, female fertility, intensive farming,  Italy, Italian language.
Bertoni, G. (1999).**Welfare, health and management     of dairy cows**. In: *Recent Progress in Animal Production Science.     1. Proceedings of the A.S.P.A. XIII Congress, Piacenza, Italy, 21-24 June, 1999*,     G. Piva, G. Bertoni, F. Masoero, P. Bani, and L. Calamari,(eds.), FrancoAngeli     srl.: Milano, Italy, p. 59-106, ISBN: 88-464-1535-3.  NAL Call No.: SF5.R432 1999   Keywords: dairy cows, health, animal welfare, management, reviews.
Bertoni, G. (1998). **Alimentary prophylaxis of puerperal  hypocalcemia (and of Downer cow) in the milking cow. [La profilassi alimentare  dell'ipocalcemia puerperale (e della "downer cow") nella bovina da  latte.]** Congresso Nazionale, Piacenza, Italy, May 1998. *Atti della Societa  Italiana di Buiatria* 30: 123-138.  Keywords: cows, dairy cattle, lactation, parturient paresis,  parturition, hypocalcaemia, puerperal disorders, diet treatment, prevention,  body condition scores, energy intake, diets, nutritional disorders, CA and P  intakes Italian language.
Bijman, J. (1996). **Recombinant bovine somatotropin     in Europe and the USA**. *Biotechnology and Development Monitor*     27: 2-5, ISSN: 0924-9877.  Keywords: cows, dairy cattle, dairy farms, milk yield, milk  production, food safety, environmental impact, animal welfare, milk, quotas,  socioeconomics, somatotropin, economics, economic impact, utilization.
Blanken, K., J. van  Lent, and G. Smolders (2001). **Claw health on steel grids is also good.  [Klauwgezondheid op stalen roosters ook goed.]***Praktijkonderzoek Rundvee* 14 (2): 1‑3, ISSN: 1386‑8470.  Keywords: dairy  cows, housing, health, animal welfare, steel floors, concrete grid floors  concrete, feeding behavior, feet, floors, foot diseases.
Blowey, R.W. (1997). **Current health challenges     to dairy farming a practitioner's perspective**. *Journal of the Royal     Agricultural Society of England* 158: 32-39, ISSN: 0080-4134.  NAL Call No.: 10 R81   Keywords: cows, dairy farming, health, mastitis, lameness,  fertility, respiratory diseases, cow housing, cow comfort.
Boelling, D. and G.E. Pollott (1997). **The genetics     of feet, legs and locomotion in cattle**. *Animal Breeding Abstracts*     65(1): 1-11, ISSN: 0003-3499.  NAL Call No.: 241 IM72RA   Keywords: cows, dairy cattle, longevity, legs, feet, dimensions,  pasterns, foot angle, heritability, genetic correlation, genetic parameters,  reviews, lameness, milk yield, locomotion, conformation, breeding programs.
Bonizzi, L., M. Amadori, M. Melegari, W. Ponti, A. Ceccarelli,     and E. Bolzani. (1989).**Characterization of some parameters of non-specific     immunity in dairy cattle**. *Zentralblatt fur Veterinarmedizin*36(5):     365-373.    NAL Call No.: 41.8 Z52  Keywords: serum protein, immunoglobulin, complement, lysozyme,  serum bactericidal activity, blast transformation, peripheral blood  lymphocytes, non-specific defense, field conditions, calves, colostrums uptake,  animal welfare. 
Bradley, A.J., and M.J. Green (2001). **Adaptation     of *Escherichia coli* to the bovine mammary gland.***Journal     of Clinical Microbiology.*39(5): 1845 1849.  NAL Call No.: QR46.J6   Keywords: clinical mastitis, Escherichia coli, DNA  fingerprinting, enterobacterial repetitive intergenic consensus primers,  epidemiology, pathogen adaptation, host susceptibility.
Brand, A., J.P.T.M. Noordhuizen, and Y.H. Schukken (1996).     ***Herd Health and Production Management in Dairy Practice***.     Wageningen Pers: Wageningen, Netherlands, 566 p., ISBN: 9-07-413434-3.  Keywords: poultry, cattle, swine, sheep, animal welfare, disease,  leg disorders, tibial dyschondroplasia, femoral head necrosis, broiler  chickens, mastitis, dairy cow,.sheep scab, parasitic disease.
Broom, D.M., and M.J. Corke (2001). **Effects of disease on farm  animal welfare.***Acta Veterinaria Brno*71 (1): 133‑136, ISSN: 0001‑7213.  NAL Call No.: SF604.B7   Keywords: poultry, cattle, swine, sheep, animal welfare, disease,  leg disorders, tibial dyschondroplasia, femoral head necrosis, broiler  chickens, mastitis, dairy cow,.sheep scab, parasitic disease.
Butler, J.A., C.C.  Pinnow, J.U. Thomson, S. Levisohn, and R.F. Rosenbusch (2001). **Use of  arbitrarily primed polymerase chain reaction to investigate Mycoplasma bovis  outbreaks*.****Veterinary Microbiology*  78 (2): 175‑181, ISSN: 0378‑1135.  NAL Call No.:  SF601.V44  Keywords: mycoplasma  bovis, outbreaks, polymerase chain reaction, diagnosis, incidence, case studies, beef herds, dairy  cattle, infections, epidemiology.
Cambier, C., T. Clerbaux, B. Moreaux, B. Detry, D. Beerens,     A. Frans, and P. Gustin. (2001). **Blood oxygen binding in calves with     naturally occurring diarrhea**. *American Journal of Veterinary Research*62 (5): 799-804, ISSN: 0002‑9645.    NAL Call No.: 41.8 Am3A    Keywords: calves, dairy, double muscled, blood oxygen binding, diarrhea, severity,     ability of affected calves to stand, hydration, depression, arterial blood sampling,     2,3 diphosphoglycerate, ATP, chloride, inorganic phosphate, lactate, pyruvate,     total protein, albumin, hemoglobin concentrations, oxygen equilibrium curves,     hypocapnia, hypothermia.
Capdeville, J., and  I. Veissier (2001). **A method of assessing welfare in loose housed dairy cows  at farm level, focusing on animal observations.***Acta Agriculturae  Scandinavica. Section A, Animal Science*51(Supplementum 30): 62‑68,  ISSN: 0906‑4702.  NAL Call No.: S3 A27  Keywords: dairy  cows, behavior, housing, environmental conditions, animal welfare, needs  assessment, five freedoms: freedom from hunger and thirst, freedom from  discomfort, freedom from pain, injury or disease, freedom to express normal  behavior, and freedom from fear and distress, scoring system.  
Cattell, M.B., R.P. Dinsmore, A.P. Belschner, J. Carmen,     and G. Goodell (2001).**Environmental gram positive mastitis treatment:     In vitro sensitivity and bacteriologic cure.***Journal of Dairy Science*84(9): 2036‑2043, ISSN: 0022‑0302.    NAL Call No.: 44.8 J822  Keywords: Streptococcus sp. (Gram‑Positive Cocci),pathogen,  dairy cattle, host, bacterial disease, mastitis, treatment, clinical trial,  pirlimycin hydrochloride, antibacterial drug, intramammary administration,  resistant isolates, lactation.
Cavirani, S., C.S. Cabassi, G. Donofrio, B. De Iaco, S. Taddei,  and C.F. Flammini (2001). **Association between *Chlamydia psittaci*seropositivity  and abortion in Italian dairy cows.***Preventive Veterinary Medicine*50  (1-2): 145-151, ISSN: 0167‑5877.    NAL Call No.: SF601.P7  Keywords: seroprevalence, *Chlamydia psittaci,* Italian dairy  herds, genital disorders, aborted cow population, Northern Italy.
Chaplin, S.J., H.E. Ternent, J.E. Offer, D.N. Logue, and C.H.  Knight (2000). **A comparison of hoof lesions and behaviour in pregnant and early  lactation heifers at housing.***Veterinary Journal* 159(2): 147-153.ISSN:  0042-4900.  Keywords: dairy  cows, Holstein‑Friesian, preventive hoof trimming, dry period, foot  health Portuguese language.
Clarkson, M.J., D.Y. Downham, W.B. Faull, J.W. Hughes,     FJ Manson, J.B. Merritt, R.D. Murray, W.B. Russell, J.E. Sutherst, and W.R.     Ward (1996). **Incidence and prevalence of lameness in dairy cattle**.     *The Veterinary Record: Journal of the British Veterinary Association*     138(23): 563-567, ISSN: 0042-4900.  NAL Call No.: 41.8 V641  Keywords: lameness, health, milking, dairy farms.
Collier, R.J., J.C.  Byatt, S.C. Denham, P.J. Eppard, A.C. Fabellar, R.L. Hintz, M.F. McGrath, C.L.  McLaughlin, J.K. Shearer, and J.J. Veenhuizen (2001). **Effects of sustained  release bovine somatotropin (Sometribove) on animal health in commercial dairy  herds.***Journal of Dairy Science* 84 (5): 1098‑1108, ISSN: 0022‑0302.  NAL Call No.: 44.8  J822    Abstract: The health of dairy cows given bovine somatotropin (bST) for one lactation     was evaluated in 28 commercial herds located in four regions of the United States.     At least six herds were in a region and at least one herd/regioncontained fewer     than 60 cows. Cows (n = 1213) were assigned randomly to control or bST groups     and were treated beginning in wk 9 to 10 of lactation and every 14 d until dry‑off     or d 400 of lactation. Management was according to site practices. Cows were     observed for health‑related signs by farm personnel daily and by the herd     veterinarian biweekly. Average 305‑d test‑day milk yields were 932     kg greater for bST‑treated cows. Pregnancy rates, days open, twinning,     cystic ovaries, or abortions were unaffected by treatments. Supplementation     of cows with bST had no effect on total mastitis cases, total days of mastitis,     duration of mastitis, or the odds ratio of a cow to develop mastitis. Cows supplemented     with bST used more medications for health events other than mastitis. This usage     was associated primarily with treatments for disorders of the foot and hock.     Supplemented cows had a slight increase in foot disorders. There was no effect     of supplementation with bST on culling from the herd or removal from study.     Overall, the results confirm that label directions for bST are adequate for     safe use under field conditions. All clinical signs observed in this study occur     normally in dairy herds and were managed in cows supplemented with bST.  Keywords: dairy  herds, dairy cows, health, lactation, geographical variation, milk yield,  pregnancy rate, open days, litter size, ovarian diseases, abortion, mastitis,  duration, foot diseases, hocks, diseases, culling, cystic ovarian diseases.
Conedera, G., P.A. Chapman, S.  Marangon, E. Tisato, P. Dalvit, and A. Zuin (2001). **A field survey of *Escherichia  coli*O157 ecology on a cattle farm in Italy.***International Journal  of Food Microbiology*66(1-2): 85-93.  NAL Call No.: QR115 I57  Keywords: heifers, field  survey, control measures, rectal swabs, isolation, *Escherichia coli*  O157, Northern Italy.
Cooray, R. (1994). **Use of bovine myeloperoxidase as an indicator  of mastitis in dairy cattle.***Veterinary Microbiology*42(4): 317-326.  NAL Call No.: SF601 V44.  Keywords: bovine myeloperoxidase (MPO), heme protein, diagnosis of  udder infections, mastitic milk content.
Cox, V.S. and R.J. Farmsworth (1998). **Prevention and treatment of  down cows: a continuum**. *Proceedings of the AnnualConferenceof American  Association of Bovine Practitioners* (31): 167-169.  NAL Call No.: SF961.A5  Keywords: dairy cows, cattle diseases, disease prevention,  treatment.
Cox, V.S. and J.S. Onapito (1998). **The many causes of down cows.***Proceedings  of the Annual Conference of American Association of Bovine Practitioners*  (31): 164-166.  NAL Call No.: SF961.A5  Keywords: dairy cows, cattle diseases, etiology.
Cross, D.E., D.N. Logue, J.E. Offer, L.M. Birnie, and M.A. Lomax  (1999). **Does separate housing of newly calved heifers influence social  behaviour and lessen claw horn lesion development?** In: *Farm Animal Welfare,  Who Writes the Rules?**Proceedings of an International Symposium  Organized by the British Society of Animal Science, Edinburgh, UK, 1999,*  A.J.F. Russel, C.A. Morgan, C.J. Savory, M.C. Appleby, and T.L.J. Lawrence  (eds.), British Society of Animal Science (No. 23): UK, p. 157-158.   NAL Call No.: SF5 B74 no. 23  Keywords: heifers, housing, social behavior, animal welfare, legislation,  stress, foot diseases, claws, United Kingdom.
Cruz, C., D.  Driemeier, C. Cerva, and L.G. Corbellini (2001). **Bovine digital dermatitis  in southern Brazil**. The Veterinary Record: Journal of the British Veterinary  Association148(18): 576‑577, ISSN: 0042-4900.  NAL Call No.: 41.8 V641  Keywords: dairy  cattle, Holstein, breed, animal welfare, lameness, case reports, clinical  aspects, dermatitis, digits, disease prevalence, prevention, correct trimming,  adequate nutrition, hygiene, epidemiology, foot diseases, histopathology,  lesions, medical treatment, oxytetracycline, Brazil.
de Mol, R.M., and W. Ouweltjes  (2001). **Detection model for mastitis in cows milked in an automatic milking  system.***Preventive Veterinary Medicine*49 (1-2): 71-82, ISSN: 0167‑5877.  NAL Call No.: SF601.P7  Keywords: dairy cows,  automated detection of disease, mastitis, automatic milking system (AMS), milk  yield, electrical conductivity of milk, parameter values, residual variances,  linear regression after each milking, mastitis alerts.
de Oliveira, N.J.B., M.A. de  Alencar Araripe, N.J.N. Miranda, and G.M. Maria (2001). **Heat stress indexes  and the use of bovine somatotropin (bST) in crossbred dairy cows (Bos indicus X  Bos taurus) raised in a semi‑arid region of the Brazilian Northeast.  [Indicadores de estresse termico e utilizacao da Somatotropina Bovina (bST) em  vacas leiteiras mesticas (Bos taurus x Bos indicus) no semi arido do nordeste.]***Revista Brasileira De Zootecnia*30 (2): 360-367.  NAL Call No.: SF1 R45  Keywords: crossbred dairy cows  (Bos indicus X Bos taurus), semi arid zone, bovine somatotropin (bST), diet,  elephant grass and concentrate, milk production, temperature, humidity index,  heat stress, Brazil.
de Kruif, A. (2001). **Did  vaccination with an infectious bovine rhinotracheitis (IBR) marker vaccine on  thirteen cattle farms give rise to "chronic wasting" among dairy cattle? [Dertien rundveebedrijven  waar koeien ziek zouden zijn geworden na vaccinatie tegen Infectieuze Bovine  Rhinotracheitis (IBR).]***Tijdschrift Voor Diergeneeskunde*126 (6):  166-173.  NAL Call No.: 41.8 T431  Keywords: cows, Dutch Animal  Health Service, chronic wasting, illness after vaccination with all IBR marker  vaccine, lameness, mastitis, diarrhea, stillbirth, subfertility, abomasal  displacement, decreasing body condition, high milk production, longer periods  of housing indoors, insufficient quality of stable and cubicles, high work  load, insufficient management.
DesCoteaux, L., M. Doucet, and  V. Caldwell (2001). **Evaluation of the impact of parasite control with the  IVOMEC(R) SR bolus given at breeding age on first lactation yield in holstein  heifers.***Veterinary Parasitology*98 (4): 309-314*.*  NAL Call No.: SF810 V4  Keywords: Holstein heifers,  field trial, treatment, sustained release ivermectin bolus, first lactation,  milk production, milk composition, percent fat, protein, fecal samples,  nematode egg excretion, average daily gain, total weight gain, IVOMEC(R) SR bolus.
Dias, R.O.S., and A.  de P. Marques Junior (2001). **Preventive hoof trimming in dairy cattle during  the dry period on the control of foot problems. [Casqueamento preventivo de  vacas leiteiras em periodo seco, no controle de afeccoes podais.]***Veterinaria  Noticias*7(1): 33‑38, ISSN: 0104‑3463.  NAL Call No.: SF604.V484   Keywords: dairy  cows, Holstein‑Friesian, preventive hoof trimming, dry period, foot  health Portuguese language.
Dijkstra, T., H.  Barkema, J. Hesselink, and W. Wouda (2002). **Point source exposure of cattle  to Neospora caninum consistent with periods of common housing and feeding and  related to the introduction of a dog.***Veterinary Parasitology*105(2):  89‑98, ISSN: 0304‑4017.  NAL Call No.: SF810.V4   Keywords: dairy herds, post‑natal  transmission, Neospora caninum, point source exposure, common housing, feeding,  abortion, vertical transmission of neosporosis.
Dirksen, G. (1996).**Faults of housing and management     as a cause of claw and leg disease in cattle: I. Faulty rebuilding of a stanchion-barn     into a loose housing with cubicles and slatted floor. [Stallbau- und Haltungsfehler     als Ursache von Klauen- und Gliedmassenerkrankungen in Rinderbestanden.]***Praktische     Tierarzt* 77(10): 924-932, ISSN: 0032-681X. NAL Call No.: 41.8 P882.  Keywords: dairy cows, loose housing, cubicles, slatted floors,  improper installation, design defects, feet, hooves, animal welfare, foot  diseases, diseases, cattle diseases, Germany, German language.
Distl, O. (2001). I**mplications of health traits in breeding of  dairy cattle. [Die Bedeutung Von Gesundheitsmerkmalen in Der Zucht Von  Milchrindern.]***Archiv Fuer Tierzucht*44 (4): 365-380.  NAL Call No.: 49 AR23  Keywords: German cattle breeds. genetic improvement, health and  fertility traits, datasets from Bavaria, Israel and Sweden, heritabilities for  disease resistance, genetic variance. 
Douglas, V.L., S.G. Fenwick, D.U. Pfeiffer, N.B. Williamson, and  C.W. Holmes (2000). **Genomic typing of *Streptococcus uberis* isolates from  cases of mastitis, in New Zealand dairy cows, using pulsed-field gel  electrophoresis.***Veterinary Microbiology* 75(1): 27-41.  NAL Call No.: SF601.V44   Keywords: dairy cattle mastitis, *Streptococcus uberis*,  genetic dissimilarity between isolates, banding patterns, New Zealand farms.
Drillich, M., O. Beetz, A. Pfuetzner, M. Sabin, H.J. Sabin, P.  Kutzer, H. Nattermann, and W. Heuwieser (2001). **Evaluation of a systemic  antibiotic treatment of toxic puerperal metritis in dairy cows.***Journal of  Dairy Science*84(9): 2010‑2017, ISSN: 0022‑0302.  NAL Call No.: 44.8 J822  Keywords: bacterial infection, bacterial disease, toxic puereral  mastitis, treatment, systemic, ampicillin, ceftiofur, antibacterial drugs,  intramuscular administration, economics, financial analysis.
Dubreuil, P., J. Daigneault, Y. Couture, P. Guay, and D. Landry  (2001). **Penicillin concentrations in serum, milk, and urine following  intramuscular and subcutaneous administration of increasing doses of procaine  penicillin G in lactating dairy cows.***Canadian Journal of Veterinary  Research.*65 (3): 173-180.  NAL Call No.: SF601 C24  Keywords: cows, breed, crossbred Holstein, housed in tie stalls,  procaine penicillin G (PPG) (300 000 IU/mL), intramuscular or subcutaneous  injection, once daily for 5 consecutive days.
Egan, J., N.  Leonard, J. Griffin, A. Hanlon, and D. Poole (2001). **A survey of some  factors relevant to animal welfare on 249 dairy farms in the Republic of  Ireland. Part 1: Data on housing, calving and calf husbandry.***Irish  Veterinary Journal*54(8): 388‑392, ISSN: 0368‑0762.  NAL Call No.: 41.8 IR4  Keywords: farmer questionnaire, calving assistance, housing,  cubicles, nutrition, animal welfare.
Ehinger, A.M. and M. Kietzmann (1998). **Pharmacokinetic aspects of  mastitis therapy.***Berliner und Munchener Tierarztliche Wochenschrift*111(9):  337-343, ISSN: 0005-9366.  NAL Call No.: 41.8 B45  Keywords: mastitis treatment, antibiotics, inflammatin, weak acids, weak bases, benzylpenicillin potassium, in vitro, model,   isolated perfused bovine udder, German language.
Eicher, S.D., J.L Morrow Tesch, J.L. Albright, and R.E. Williams  (2001). **Tail docking alters fly numbers, fly avoidance behaviors, and  cleanliness, but not physiological measures.***Journal of Dairy Science* 84  (8): 1822-1828, ISSN: 0022‑0302.  NAL Call No.: 44.8 J822  Keywords: tail docking, animal well being issue, fly season,  comparison, docked versus nondocked cows, stage of lactation, physiological,  immunological, behavioral measures, cows housed in a tie stall barn, blood  samples, plasma and leukocyte separation, cleanliness scoring, fly avoidance  behaviors, foot stomping.
El Eragi, A.M.S., M.M., Mukhtar, and S.H. Babiker (2001). **Specific  antibodies of *Pasteurella multocida* in newborn calves of vaccinated  dams.***Tropical Animal Health and Production*33 (4): 275-283.  NAL Call No.: SF601 T7   Keywords: newborn calves, breed, Holstein Friesian, dams  vaccinated against haemorrhagic septicaemia (HS), transferred antibody levels,  enzyme linked immunosorbent assays, IgG response, age of calf.
Emanuelson, U. and P.A.  Oltenacu (1998). **Incidences and effects of diseases on the performance of  Swedish dairy herds stratified by production.***Journal of Dairy Science*  81(9): 2376-2382, ISSN: 0022-0302.  NAL Call No.: 44.8 J822  Keywords: dairy cows, risk  factors, herd production, estrus detection, efficiency, health.
Enevoldsen, C. and Y.T. Grohn (1996). **A methodology for assessment  of the health-production complex in dairy herds to promote welfare.***Acta  Agriculturae Scandinavica Section A Animal Science*(Suppl. 27): 86-90,  ISSN: 0906-4702.  NAL Call No.: S3 A27  Keywords: epidemiology, health, economics, herd health management,  qualitative research, simulation, systems analysis, methodology, assessment,  animal welfare.
Enting, H., D. Kooij, A.A.  Dijkhuizen, R.B.M. Huirne, and E.N. Noordhuizen-Stassen (1997). **Economic  losses due to clinical lameness in dairy cattle.***Livestock Production  Science* 49(3): 259-267, ISSN: 0343-0200.  NAL Call No.: SF761 Z4  Keywords: dairy cattle,  lameness, economic losses, milking.
EU Scientific Committee on Animal Health and Animal Welfare  (1999).**BST [bovine somatotropin] in the EU: welfare aspects.***Irish  Veterinary Journal* 52(5): 268-269, ISSN: 0368-0762.  NAL Call No.: 41.8 IR4  Keywords: animal welfare, cows, mastitis, lesions, immune  response, lameness, somatotropin.
Farr, V.C., K. Stelwagen, L.R. Cate, A.J Molenaar, T.B McFadden,  and S.R. Davis (April 1996). **An improved method for the routine biopsy of  bovine mammary tissue.***Journal of Dairy Science* 79(4): 543-549, ISSN:  0022-0302.  NAL Call No.: 44.8 J822  Abstract: Eight primiparous cows in midlactation were used to determine  a method for the mammary biopsy of standing cows in full lactation. Cows were  mildly sedated; therefore, preoperative feed withdrawal was not necessary. A  core of secretory tissue (0.75 to 1 g) was extracted using a rotating stainless  steel cannula with a retractable blade at the cutting edge. Postoperative  recovery was rapid, taking only 15 min per cow, and the method was reliable and  efficient. The presence of secretory tissue was verified by histology and in  situ hybridization with alpha s1-casein and alpha-lactalbumin probes. The  capsular end of the core contained more connective tissue, and the parenchyma  showed heterogeneous expression of alpha s1-casein and alpha-lactalbumin.  Despite some postoperative bleeding, milk yield and composition in the biopsied  gland were affected only transiently. Yield recovered by 3.5 d after biopsy,  and composition recovered by 6.5 d after biopsy. Yield and composition of milk  from the control glands were not affected by the procedure. Biopsy sites healed  rapidly and without infection. No clinical mastitis was observed in any of the  biopsied cows throughout the remainder of the lactation.  Keywords: dairy cows, biopsy, mammary tissue, lactation,  preoperative care, surgical instruments, cannulae, histology, milk composition,  milk yield, healing, messenger RNA, AlphaS1-casein, alpha-lactalbumin, animal  welfare.
Fayed, R.H. (1997). **Effect of housing systems on behaviour and  lameness in dairy cows.***Veterinary Medical Journal Giza*45(1): 101-110,  ISSN: 1110-1423.  Keywords: housing systems, floors, behavior, health, Egypt.
Fernandes, C.A.C., D.S. Costa, and J.H.M. Viana (2001). **Impact of  the retained placenta on the reproductive performance in cattle. [Impacto da  retencao de placenta sobre a performance reprodutiva de vacas leiteiras.]***Revista  Brasileira De Reproducao Animal*25 (1): 26-30.  NAL Call No.: QP251 R48   Keywords: cows, dairy farms, incidence of retained placenta,  effect on the reproductive performance, incidence of uterine infection,  interval from parturition to first estrus, number of services/conception, body  condition.
Fetrow, J.P. (2001).  **Food animal welfare and the use of bovine somatotropin.***Journal of  the American Veterinary Medical Association*218 (12): 1886‑1889,  ISSN: 0003‑1488.  NAL Call No.: 41.8  Am3  Keywords: dairy  cows, somatotropin, animal welfare, bovine mastitis, milk production.
Fleischer, P., M. Metzner, M. Beyerbach, M. Hoedemaker, and W.  Klee (2001). **The relationship between milk yield and the incidence of some  diseases in dairy cows.***Journal of Dairy Science*84(9): 2025‑2035,  ISSN: 0022‑0302.  NAL Call No.: 44.8 J822  Keywords: breed, Holstein‑Friesian, logistic regression  analysis, analytical method, milk yield, disease resistance, retained placenta,  mastitis, milk fever, ketosis, displaced abomasum, ovarian cysts, claw  diseases, milk yield correlation, Lower Saxony, Germany.
Forshell, K.P., T. Fjeldaas, K.M. Hjorungdal, and A.L. Kleppa  (2001). **Claw disorders in a Norwegian dairy herd: A case study. [Klauvproblemer  i en norsk storfebesetning: En kasusbeskrivelse.]***Norsk Veterinaertidsskrift*113(12): 775‑778, ISSN: 0332‑5741.  NAL Call No.: 41.8 N81  Keywords: cows, heifers, Norwegian dairy herd, case study, claw  disorder, diagnosis, etiology, integumentary system disease, pathology,  bacterial disease, prevention and control, therapy, corns, digital dermatitis,  sole hemorrhage, oxytetracycline, antibacterial drug, antiinfective drug, wood  tar copper sulfate, bactericide, disinfectant, fungicide, body scoring system,  evaluation method, claw trimming, therapeutic method, Norway, Norwegian  language.
Forshell, K.P. (1999). **Hoof diseases: a hidden problem.  [Klauvsjukdommer: et skjult problem!]***Buskap* 51(3): 20-21.  NAL Call No.: 49 B96  Keywords: foot diseases, health, productivity, hooves, floors,  animal welfare, dairy cattle, cows, Norwegian language, Sweden, Norway.
Forshell, K.P., T.  Fjeldaas, K.M. Hjorungdal, and A.L. Kleppa (2001). **Claw disorders in a  Norwegian dairy herd: A case study. [Klauvproblemer i en norsk storfebesetning:  En kasusbeskrivelse.]***Norsk Veterinaertidsskrift*113(12): 775‑778,  ISSN: 0332‑5741.  NAL Call No.: 41.8  N81  Keywords: cows,  heifers, Norwegian dairy herd, case study, claw disorder, diagnosis, etiology,  integumentary system disease, pathology, bacterial disease, prevention and  control, therapy, corns, digital dermatitis, sole hemorrhage, oxytetracycline,  antibacterial drug, antiinfective drug, wood tar copper sulfate, bactericide,  disinfectant, fungicide, body scoring system, evaluation method, claw trimming,  therapeutic method, Norway, Norwegian language.
Fossing, C., M. Vaarst, C.M. Christensen, S.M. Thamsborg, E.M.  Vestergaard, C.L. Ingvartsen, T.W. Bennedsgaard (2001). **Improving welfare in  organic dairy cattle.** In: *Human Animal Relationship: Stockmanship and Housing  in Organic Livestock Systems. Proceedings of the Third NAHWOA Workshop,  Clermont‑ferrand, France, 21‑24 October 2000*, M. Hovi and M.  Bouilhol, eds., p.151, Network for Animal Health and Welfare in Organic  Agriculture, University of Reading: Reading, UK, ISBN: 0‑7049‑1094‑2.  Keywords: animal welfare, coccidiosis, parasites, dairy cattle,  homeopathy, organic farming. 
Fourichon, C., H.  Seegers, F. Beaudeau, L. Verfaille, and N. Bareille (2001). **Health‑control  costs in dairy farming systems in western France.***Livestock Production  Science*68 (2/3): 141‑156, ISSN: 0301‑6226.  NAL Call No.: SF1.L5  Keywords: dairy  farming, farming systems, costs, economic analysis, hygiene, infectious diseases, disease control, dairy  herds, parasites, pest control, heifers, calves, digestive disorders, metabolic  disorders, reproductive disorders, movement disorders, dairy farms, intensive  husbandry, France.
Fourichon, C., F. Beaudeau,  N. Bareille, and H. Seegers (2001). **Incidence of health disorders in dairy  farming systems in western France.***Livestock Production Science* 68  (2-3): 157-170.  NAL Call No.: SF1 L5  Keywords: incidence of health  disorders, dairy farms, France, clinical mastitis, locomotor disorders,  digestive disorders, reproductive disorders, retained placenta, dystocia, milk  fever, chronic metritis, somatic cell counts, size of the dairy unit, dairy  specialization, breed differences in disorders.
Galindo, F., D.M. Broom, P.G.G. Jackson. (2000). **A note on  possible link between behaviour and the occurance of lameness in dairy cows.***Applied  Animal Behaviour Science* 67(4): 335-341, ISSN: 0168-1591.  NAL Call No.: QL750.A6  Keywords: dairy cows, lameness, susceptibility, social dominance.
Galindo, F. and D.M. Broom (2000). **The relationships between  social behaviour of dairy cows and the occurrence of lameness in three herds.***Research  in Veterinary Science*69(1): 75-79, ISSN: 0034-5288.  NAL Call No.: 41.8 R312  Keywords: lameness, social behavior, housing, lesions, hooves,  social dominance.
Galland, J.C., H.F.  Troutt, R.L. Brewer, B.I. Osburn, R.K. Braun, P. Sears, J.A., Schmitz, A.B Childers, E. Richey, and K.  Murthy (2001). **Diversity of Salmonella serotypes in cull (market) dairy cows  at slaughter.***Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association*219  (9): 1216‑1220.  NAL Call No.: 41.8  Am3  Keywords:  salmonella, serotypes, culling, slaughter, digesta, cecum, colon, geographical  variation, seasonal variation, incidence, comparisons, USA.
Galligan, D.T. (1999). **The economics of optimal health and  productivity in the commercial dairy.***Revue Scientifique et Technique:  Office International des Epizooties* 18(2): 512-519, ISSN: 0253-1933.  NAL Call No.: SF781 R4  Keywords: dairy farms, disease control, efficiency, optimization,  case studies, economic analysis, health, bovine somatotropin, feed composition,  computerized data, costs, productivity, new technology, postpartum diseases,  USA.
Ghamsari, S.M., J.A. Acorda, K. Taguchi, N. Abe, and H. Yamada  (1996). **Evaluation of wound healing of the teat with and without low level  laser therapy in dairy cattle by laser Doppler flowmetry in comparison with  histopathology, tensiometry and hydroxyproline analysis.***British Veterinary  Journal* 152(5): 583-592, ISSN: 0007-1935.  NAL Call No.: 41.8 V643  Keywords: lactating Holstein-Friesian cows, perforated teat  wounds, suture patterns with or without low level laser therapy (LLLT), wound  healing, laser Doppler flowmetry (LDF), tensiometry and hydroxyproline  analysis, histopathological examination, invasiveness, pain.
Gibbs, A. (2001). **Practical  approach to the control of pneumonia in housed calves.***In**Practice*  23(1): 32‑39, ISSN: 0263‑841X.  NAL Call No.:  SF601.I4  Keywords: calves,  disease control, pneumonia, beef cattle, dairy cattle, disease transmission,  colostral immunity, calf feeding, stress management, calf housing, viral  diseases, vaccination, combined vaccines.
Gillund, P., O. Reksen, Y.T.  Grohn, and K. Karlberg (2001). **Body condition related to ketosis and  reproductive performance in Norwegian dairy cows.***Journal of Dairy  Science* 84(6):1390‑1396, ISSN:  0022-0302.  NAL Call No.: 44.8 J822  Keywords: dual‑purpose  cows, body condition score, ketosis, reproductive performance, housing, tie  stall barns, nutrition, Norway.
Giovannini, G., and A. Zecconi  (2002). **Field study on epidemiology of clinical mastitis in five Italian  dairy herds.***Milchwissenschaft*57(1): 3‑6, ISSN: 0026‑3788.  NAL Call No.: 44.8 M5933   Keywords: clinical mastitis,  economical losses, farmers, consumer risk, epidemiological analysis, Italian  dairy herds, housing management, udder hygiene, milking machine characteristic,  milking procedures, risk factors, month of the year, days in milk (DIM), parity  number, control measures.
Gitau, G.K., J.J.  McDermott, B. McDermott, and B.D. Perry (2001). **The impact of *Theileria  parva*infections and other factors on calf mean daily weight gains in  smallholder dairy farms in Murang'a District, Kenya.***Preventive  Veterinary Medicine* 51 (3/4):149‑160.  NAL Call No.: SF601  P7   Keywords: dairy  cattle calves, *Theileria parva*, infections, liveweight gain, small  farms, protozoal infections, symptoms, geographical variation, climatic  factors, age differences, animal housing, feeding, pest control, morbidity,  mortality, grazing, breeds, concentrates, milk, mineral nutrition, compensatory  growth, Kenya.
Gregory, N.G., J.K.  Robins, D.G. Thomas, and R.W. Purchas (1998). **Relationship between body  condition score and body composition in dairy cows.***New Zealand Journal  of Agricultural Research*41(4): 527-532, ISSN: 0028-8233.  NAL Call No.: 23 V4892   Keywords: dairy cattle, cow, breed, Friesian, Friesian-cross,  channel fat, dewlap thickness, weight, mesenteric fat, omental fat, udder,  weight, body composition, body condition score, body contours, dentition,  emaciation, New Zealand.
Guard, C. (2001). **Investigating  herds with lameness problems.**Veterinary Clinics of North America. Food Animal Practice   17(1):175‑87, ISSN: 0749-0720.  NAL Call No.: SF601 V535  Keywords: dairy herds, lameness, evaluation, etiologic diagnosis,  prevention, corrective measures, risk factors. 
Gudkov, I.N., G.M. Tkachenko, and A.I. Mazurkevich (2001).  **Difficulties in radiation safety of agricultural animals on territory  contaminated by radionuclides.***Veterinary Radiology and Ultrasound* 42  (2): 187.  NAL Call No.: SF757.8 A4  Keywords: toxicology, blood and lymphatics, immune system, B‑lymphocyte,  T‑lymphocyte, neutrophil, dysentery, digestive system disease, genetic  damage, genetic disease, injury, infectious disease, infectious disease,  leukosis, blood and lymphatic disease, osteosarcoma, bone disease, injury,  neoplastic disease, radiation cataract, eye disease, injury, tuberculosis,  bacterial disease, cesium‑137, accumulation, mobile, radionuclide,  transfer factor; heavy metal, mineral substance, nitrate, organic substance,  pesticide, saponite, zeolite, ionizing radiation, radiologic method, toxicity,  epizootic situation, forest, immune status, meat, meat, milk, dairy product;  pest‑swampy soil, radiation safety, stress factor, trophic chain, Europe.
Guitian, F.J., F.J. Garcia Pena, J. Oliveira, M.L. Sanjuan, and E.  Yus (2001). **Serological study of the frequency of leptospiral infections among  dairy cows in farms with suboptimal reproductive efficiency in Galicia, Spain.***Veterinary  Microbiology* 80 (3): 275-284.  NAL Call No.: SF601 V44  Keywords: cows, lactating, farms, suboptimal reproductive  efficiency, blood samples, microscopic agglutination, Leptospira interrogans  serogroups: Australis, Autumnalis, Ballum, Canicola, Grippotyphosa,  Icterohaemorrhagiae, Louisiana, Pomona, Sejroe, Shermani and Tarassovi, Spain.
Hallaran, G., and J.  Sumner (2001). **Prevalence of E coli O157 in dairy cows presented for  slaughter in Victoria.***Australian Veterinary Journal*79(10): 707‑708,  ISSN: 0005‑0423.  NAL Call No.: 41.8  Au72  Keywords: dairy  cows, escherichia coli, disease prevalence, feces, slaughter, Victoria.
Hansen, D. and V.A. Bridges (1999). **Survey description of  down-cows and cows with progressive or non-progressive neurological signs  compatible with a TSE from veterinary-client herds in 38 states.***Bovine  Practitioner* 33(2): 179-187, ISSN: 0524-1685.  NAL Call No.: SF779.5.A1B6  Keywords: cows, herds, central nervous system, nervous system  diseases, downer cows, non-ambulatory cows, beef cattle, beef herds, dairy  cattle, dairy cows, dairy herds, injury, trauma, septicemia/toxemia,  non-responsive milk fevers, parturient paresis, monitoring, surveillance,  bovine spongiform encephalopathy, US cattle populations.
Hassall, S.A., W.R. Ward, and R.D. Murray (1993). **Effects of lameness  on the behaviour of cows during the summer**. *The Veterinary Record: Journal  of the British Veterinary Association*, 132(23): 578-580.ISSN:  0042-4900.  NAL Call No.: 41.8 V641  Keywords: dairy cattle, animal welfare, pain, productivity,  behavior, milking parlor, feeding behavior, ruminating, lying, standing.
Hassan, L., H.O. Mohammed,and  P.L. McDonough (2001). **Farm‑management and milking practices  associated with the presence of Listeria monocytogenes in New York state dairy  herds.***Preventive Veterinary Medicine*51 (1/2): 63‑73, ISSN:  0167‑5877.  NAL Call No.: SF601.P7  Keywords: dairy herds,  disease, bacterial, listeria monocytogenes, animal husbandry, farm management,  milking, disease prevention, microbial contamination, food contamination, risk  factors, milking machines, milking parlors, escherichia coli, vaccines, food  safety, New York.
Hedges, J., R.W. Blowey, A. J.  Packington, C.J. O'Callaghan, and L.E. Green  (2001). **A longitudinal field trial of the effect of biotin on lameness in  dairy cows.***Journal of Dairy Science*84 (9): 1969-1975, ISSN: 0022‑0302.  NAL Call No.: 44.8 J822  Keywords: milking cows,  heifers, commercial farms, biotin supplementation, incidence of visible  lameness, locomotion assessment, sole ulcer, white line separation, digital  dermatitis, interdigital necrobacillosis, United Kingdom.
Henriksen, B.I.F.  (2001). **Effect of organic fodder on prevention of milk fever.**In: *Human  Animal Relationship: Stockmanship and Housing in Organic Livestock Systems.  Proceedings of the Third NAHWOA Workshop, Clermont‑ferrand, France, 21‑24  October 2000*, M. Hovi and M. Bouilhol, eds., pp.152‑153, Network for  Animal Health and Welfare in Organic Agriculture, University of Reading:  Reading, UK, ISBN: 0‑7049‑1094‑2.  Keywords: cattle  feeding, dairy cattle, fodder, organic farming, parturient paresis, pathogens,  bacterial, fungal.
Heringstad, B., G. Klemetsdal, and J. Ruane (2001). **Responses to  selection against clinical mastitis in the Norwegian cattle population.***Acta  Agriculturae Scandinavica Section A Animal Science* 51 (2): 155-160, ISSN:  0906-4702.  NAL Call No.: S3 A27  Keywords: genetic trend,  clinical mastitis, Norwegian Cattle, mastitis resistance, average selection  differential.
Heringstad, B., G. Klemetsdal, and J. Ruane (2001). **Variance  components of clinical mastitis in dairy cattle: effects of trait definition  and culling.***Livestock Production Science* 67 (3): 265-272.  NAL Call No.: SF761.Z4  Keywords: dairy cows, mastitis, culling, lactation, incidence,  heritability, health, duration, genetic variation estimation, variance  components, Norway.
Heringstad, B., G. Klemetsdal, and J. Ruane (2000). **Selection for  mastitis resistance in dairy cattle: a review with focus on the situation in  the Nordic countries.***Livestock Production Science* 64(2-3): 95-106,  ISSN: 0343-0200.  NAL Call No.: SF761 Z4  Keywords: dairy cattle, literature review, selection for mastitis  resistance, breeding programs, data recording, model selection, breeding value  estimation, somatic cell counts, Denmark, Finland, Norway.
Hernandez, J. and J.K. Shearer (2000). **Efficacy of oxytetracycline  for treatment of papillomatous digital dermatitis lesions on various anatomic  locations in dairy cows.***Journal of the American Veterinary Medical  Association* 216(8): 1288-1290, ISSN: 0003-1488.  NAL Call No.: 41.8 Am3  Keywords: dairy cows, oxytetracycline, topical application,  efficacy, dermatitis, feet, lesions, size, papilloma, pain.
Hernandez, J., J.K. Shearer,  and J.B. Elliott (1999). **Comparison of topical application of  oxytetracycline and four nonantibiotic solutions for treatment of papillomatous  digital dermatitis in dairy cows.***Journal of the American Veterinary  Medical Association* 214(5): 688-690, ISSN: 0003-1488.  NAL Call No.: 41.8 Am3  Keywords: dairy cows, oxytetracycline, topical application,  solutions, copper, hydrogen peroxide, efficacy, treatment, dermatitis, pain,  lesions.
Hernandez, J., J.K. Shearer,  and D.W. Webb (2001). **Effect of lameness on the calving to conception  interval in dairy cows.***Journal of the American Veterinary Medical  Association*218 (10): 1611-1614, ISSN: 0003‑1488.  NAL Call No.: 41.8 Am3  Keywords: lactating dairy cows, lameness, reproductive performance, interval  from calving to conception, number of breedings required per conception, foot  rot, papillomatous digital dermatitis, claw lesions, multiple lesions.
Hernandez, J., C. Risco, and  A. Donovan (2001). **Association between exposure to *Neospora caninum*  and milk production in dairy cows.***Journal of the American Veterinary  Medical Association*219 (5): 632-635, ISSN: 0003‑1488.  NAL Call No.: 41.8 Am3  Keywords: cows, Holstein,  breed, exposure to *Neospora caninum*, milk production in dairy cows,  seropositive or seronegative cows, kinetic ELISA, production data, decrease in  milk production, economic loss.
Heuer, C., Y.H. Schukken, L.J.  Jonker, J.I.D. Wilkinson, and J.P.T.M. Noordhuizen (2001). **Effect of  monensin on blood ketone bodies, incidence and recurrence of disease and  fertility in dairy cows.***Journal of Dairy Science*84 (5): 1085-1097, ISSN: 0022‑0302.  NAL Call No.: 44.8 J822  Keywords: effect of monensin,  milk production, health, reproduction, calving, clinical mastitis, intramammary  infection, lameness, calving to conception intervals, endometritis, cystic  ovarian disease.
Hillerton, J.E. (1998). **Mastitis  treatment: a welfare issue.***British Mastitis Conference 1998*, Axient  Information Services: Crewe, UK, p. 3-8.  Keywords: mastitis, treatment, animal welfare, dairy cows, milk  production, milk quality, economics, drug resistance, antibiotics, bovine mastitis,  United Kingdom.
Hillerton, J.E. (1998). **Bovine spongiform encephalopathy: current  status and possible impacts**. *Journal of Dairy Science* 81(11): 3042-3048,  ISSN: 0022-0302.  NAL Call No.: 44.8 J822  Abstract: Bovine spongiform encephalopathy is an apparently new disease,  first recognized in 1985, its pathological distinction was first reported in  1986. Bovine spongiform encephalopathy is a member of a group of transmissible  encephalopathies that includes scrapie in sheep and Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease  in humans. Early indications of its epidemiology suggested that the disease was  transmitted via cattle feed containing meat and bone meals from previously  infected animals. The tissues most likely to contain infectious agents were  considered to be nervous tissues and offal and their inclusion in ruminant feed  was banned in the United Kingdom in 1989, regulations were tightened in 1992.  Subsequent diagnosis has indicated that this ban has been effective and that  confirmed cases are predicted to decline from a peak in the United Kingdom of  37,490 in 1992, to 7417 actual cases in 1996, and then to virtual extinction in  2001. Subsequent culling of all nonproductive cattle more than 30 mo of age and  culling of cohort animals of confirmed cases is likely to reduce the predicted  numbers and times significantly. Current interest is in the means of  transmission of bovine spongiform encephalopathy within species and possibly to  humans. A new variant of Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease, with 28 cases confirmed, is  virtually certain to be bovine spongiform encephalopathy in humans. The  outbreak of bovine spongiform encephalopathy has had major impacts on the  United Kingdom dairy industry, including the loss of beef from dairy markets,  the culling of more than 900,000 dairy bull calves, the removal of all cattle  more than 30 mo of age from the human food chain, and now slaughter of cohort  animals. Impacts on dairy marketing have yet to be properly assessed.  Information and statistics for bovine spongiform encephalopathy can be found on  the worldwide web at http://www.maff.gov.uk/maffhome.html  Keywords: cattle, bovine spongiform encephalopathy,  Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease, amyloid, molecular conformation, epidemics, disease  transmission, feed formulation, dairy industry, EU regulations.
Hirvonen, J., K. Eklund, A.M. Teppo, G. Huszenicza, M. Kulcsar, H.  Saloniemi, and S. Pyorala (1999). **Acute phase response in dairy cows with  experimentally induced *Escherichia coli* mastitis.***Acta Veterinaria  Scandinavica* 40(1): 35-46, ISSN: 0044-605X.  NAL Call No.: 41.8  AC87  Keywords: acute,  acute phase response, phase, response, induced, *Escherichia coli*,  mastitis, bovine, acute phase proteins, haptoglobin, nitric oxide.
Hoeben, D., C. Burvenich, P.J. Eppard, J.C. Byatt, and D.L. Hard  (1999). **Effect of bovine somatotropin on neutrophil functions and clinical  symptoms during *Streptococcus uberis* mastitis**. *Journal of Dairy  Science* 82(7): 1465-1481, ISSN: 0022-0302.  NAL Call No.: 44.8 J822  Keywords: dairy cows, bovine mastitis, *Streptococcus uberis*,  experimental infections, insulin-like growth factor, somatotropin, blood  plasma, neutrophils, chemiluminescence, heart rate, hydrocortisone, movement,  surface antigens, leukocyte count, blood picture, alpha-lactalbumin.
Hoedemaker, M., B. Korff, B.  Edler, M. Emmert, and E. Bleckmann (2001). **Dynamics of *Staphylococcus  aureus* infections during vaccination with an autogenous bacterin in dairy  cattle.***Journal of Veterinary Medicine Series B.*48 (5): 373-383.  NAL Call No.: 41.8 Z52  Keywords: vaccine against *Staphylococcus  aureus,* mastitis, somatic cell count, subcutaneously administered,  supramammary lymph nodes, quarter milk samples.
Hoglund, J., C. Svensson, and  A. Hessle (2001). **A field survey on the status of internal parasites in  calves on organic dairy farms in southwestern sweden.***Veterinary  Parasitology* 99 (2): 113-128.  NAL Call No.: SF810 V4  Keywords: organic dairy herds,  internal parasites, reduced productivity, first grazing season cattle, nematode  infections, management practices, *Eimeria alabamensis* oocysts per gram  of feces, pasture contamination, *Ostertagia ostertagi* infection,  lungworm infection, dictyocaulosis, management practices, supplementary  feeding, control of gastrointestinal parasites, Sweden.
Holloway, N.M., J.W. Tyler, J.  Lakritz, S.L. Carlson, and J. Holle (2001). **Serum immunoglobulin G  concentrations in calves fed fresh and frozen colostrum.***Journal of the  American Veterinary Medical Association*219 (3): 357-359, ISSN: 0003‑1488.  NAL Call No.: 41.8  Am3  Keywords: neonatal calves, Holstein, breed, serum IgG concentrations, fresh  versus frozen colostrum.
Hopster, H., J.T.N. van der  Werf, J.H.F. Erkens, and H.J. Blokhuis (1999). **Effects of repeated jugular  puncture on plasma cortisol concentrations in loose-housed dairy cows.***Journal  Animal Science* 77(3): 708-714, ISSN: 0021-8812.  NAL Call No.: 49 J82  Abstract: In three experiments, the  effects of venipuncture on plasma cortisol concentrations were studied in  loose-housed dairy cows. In Exp. 1, two blood samples were collected 18 min  apart on three alternate days from 20 dairy cows for studying their  adrenocortical response to a single venipuncture. To further evaluate the  effect of cows anticipating venipuncture, in Exp. 2, 15 dairy cows were  sequentially venipunctured once daily on 12 successive days in a randomized  order in groups of five, starting 15 min apart. In Exp. 3, 10 primiparous cows  were used on three alternate days to study habituation to serial sampling  (i.e., collection of first blood samples by venipuncture, 15 min apart). In  cows accustomed to handling, jugular puncture did not affect cortisol  concentrations in plasma collected 18 min later. Average daily cortisol  concentrations varied between 2.07 +/- .38 and 3.81 +/- .56 ng/mL in the first  (t = 0) and between 1.43 +/- .15 and 2.61 +/- .72 ng/mL in the second (t = 18)  blood samples. Likewise, when cows were sampled sequentially once a day, the  order of sampling between and within groups did not influence (P > .05)  plasma cortisol concentrations. In contrast, primiparous dairy cows that were  less used to being handled showed an average increase in cortisol  concentrations when five samples were collected by venipuncture 15 min apart.  During successive sampling sessions, however, the cows did not decrease of  increase plasma cortisol concentrations in response to repeated serial sampling  at the group level (P > .05). Between individuals, the maximum effect of  repeated venipuncture on cortisol concentrations (4.5 to 22.6 ng/mL), the time  at which the effect reached its maximum (30 to 60 min), and the consistency of  the response handling and to being restrained, baseline cortisol concentrations  can be measured in single blood samples that are collected by jugular puncture  within 1 min after first approaching the cow. When successive blood samples  need to be collected within 15 to 20 min, jugular puncture may induce an  increase in cortisol concentration, which seems to depend on the handling  experience of the animals and on individual differences.  Keywords: dairy cows,  handling, individual characteristics, remote sampling. 
Hopster, H., J.T.N. van der. Werf, and H.J. Blokhuis (1998).  **Stress enhanced reduction in peripheral blood lymphocyte numbers in dairy cows  during endotoxin-induced mastitis.***Veterinary Immunology and Immunopathology*  66(1): 83-97, ISSN: 0165-2427.  NAL Call No.: SF757.2.V38  Keywords: dairy cows, lymphocytes, stress, endotoxins, mastitis,  etiology, hydrocortisone, blood chemistry, lactation, defense mechanisms, body  temperature, animal welfare, susceptibility, incidence, variation.
Hopster, H. and H.J. Blokhuis (1994). **Validation of a heart-rate  monitor for measuring a stress response in dairy cows.***Canadian Journal of  Animal Science*74(3): 465-474, ISSN: 0008-3984.  NAL Call No.: 41.8 C163  Keywords: heart rate, stress, treadmill, telemetry.
Houe, H., S. Ostergaard, T. Thilsing‑Hansen, R.J. Jorgensen,  T. Larsen, and J.T. Sorensen, J.F. Agger, and J.Y. Blom (2001). **Milk fever and  subclinical hypocalcaemia: an evaluation of parameters on incidence risk,  diagnosis, risk factors and biological effects as input for a decision support  system for disease control.***Acta Vet Scand*42(1):1‑29.  NAL Call No.: 41.8 AC87   Keywords: milk fever,  incidence, diagnosis, risk factors, subclinical hypocalcaemia, laboratory  examinations, nutrition, cation‑anion balance, calcium level,  reproductive disorders, dystocia, uterine prolapse, retained placenta, metritis  repeat breeding, ketosis, displaced abomasum, mastitis.
Hu, S., C. Concha, A.  Johannisson, G. Meglia, K.P. Waller (2001). **Effect of subcutaneous injection  of ginseng on cows with subclinical Staphylococcus aureus mastitis.***Journal  of Veterinary Medicine Series B*48(7): 519‑528, ISSN: 0931‑1793.  NAL Call No.: 41.8 Z52  Keywords: cow, host,  Staphylococcus aureus, bacterial disease, subclinical mastitis, immune system,  oxidative burst activity, Panax ginseng extract, medicinal plant, immune  stimulator, adverse reactions, dosage, subcutaneous injection, innate immunity,  somatic cell count (SCC).
Hughes, J.W., W.B. Faull, P.J. Cripps, and N.P. French (1997).  **Environmental control of bovine lameness.***Cattle Practice: Journal of the  British Cattle Veterinary Association* 5(3): 235-246, ISSN: 0969-1251.  NAL Call No.: SF961 C37  Keywords: dairy cattle, farm comparisons, cattle housing,  lameness, cubicles, walking surfaces, wood peelings, tracks, lanes, straw  yards, comfort, mastitis incidence, United Kingdom.
Hultgren, J. (2002).  **Foot/leg and udder health in relation to housing changes in Swedish dairy  herds.***Preventive Veterinary Medicine*53(3): 167‑89, ISSN:  0167‑5877.  Keywords: Swedish  commercial dairy herds, disease incidence rate, farmers' data, housing comparisons,   tie‑stalls versus  cubicles, management practices, foot/leg  disorders, clinical mastitis, teat injuries, high milk somatic cell counts  (MSCCs).
Hultgren, J. (2001).  **Observational and experimental studies of the influence of housing factors  on the behaviour and health of dairy cows.***Acta Universitatis  Agriculturae Sueciae: Veterinaria*(No. 104), Faculty of Veterinary  Medicine, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences: Uppsala, Sweden, 25p,  ISSN: 1401‑6257.  Keywords: dairy  cows, animal behavior, health, animal welfare, bovine mastitis, diseases,  housing, cow trainers, culling, hygiene, floor type, foot diseases, ketosis,  litter, loose housing, mastitis, mats, reproductive performance, slatted  floors, tethered housing, Sweden.
Ilha, M.R.S., C.F. Riet, and C.S.L. Barros (2001). **Dysthermic  syndrome (hyperthermia) in cattle associated with poisoning by Claviceps  purpurea. [Sindrome distermica (hipertermia) em bovinos associada a intoxicacao  por Claviceps purpurea.]***Pesquisa Veterinaria Brasileira*21 (2): 81-86.  NAL Call No.: SF756.37 B7P5  Keywords: dairy cattle, outbreak of dysthermic syndrome  (hyperthermia), poisoning, *Claviceps purpurea*, feed contamination,  fungus, clinical signs, pyrexia, dull, rough and long hair coats, intense  salivation, difficult respiration with open mouth, environmental temperature,  necropsy findings, Brazil.
Ingvartsen, K.L. and J.B. Andersen (2000). **Integration of  metabolism and intake regulation: a review focusing on periparturient animals.***Journal  of Dairy Science* 83(7): 1573-1597, ISSN: 0022-0302.  NAL Call No.: 44.8 J822  Abstract: There has been great interest in dry matter intake regulation  in lactating dairy cattle to enhance performance and improve animal health and  welfare. Predicting voluntary dry matter intake (VDMI) is complex and  influenced by numerous factors relating to the diet, management,  housing,environment and the animal. The objective of this review is to identify  and discuss important metabolic factors involved in the regulation of VDMI and  their integration with metabolism. We have described the adaptations of intake  and metabolism and discussed mechanisms of intake regulation. Furthermore we  have reviewed selected metabolic signals involved in intake regulation. A  substantial dip in VDMI is initiated in late pregnancy and continues into early  lactation. This dip has traditionally been interpreted as caused by physical  constraints, but this role is most likelyoveremphasized. The dip in intake  coincides with changes in reproductive status, fat mass, and metabolic changes  in support of lactation, and we have described metabolic signals that may play  an equally important role in intake regulation. These signals include  nutrients, metabolites, reproductive hormones, stress hormones, leptin,  insulin, gut peptides, cytokines, and neuropeptides such as neuropeptide Y,  galanin, and corticotrophin-releasing factor. The involvement of these signals  in the periparturient dip in intake is discussed, and evidence supporting the  integration of the regulation of intake and metabolism is presented. Still,  much research is needed to clarify the complex regulation of VDMI in lactating  dairy cows, particularly in the periparturient animal.  Keywords: lactating dairy cows, dry matter intake, performance,  health, animal welfare, metabolic factors, changes in reproductive status, fat  mass, nutrients, metabolites, reproductive hormones, stress hormones, leptin,  insulin, gut peptides, cytokines, neuropeptides, neuropeptide Y, galanin,  corticotrophin-releasing factor.
Institute of Food Science and Technology (1998). ***Bovine     Somatotropin (BST). News Release, June 11, 1998,*** Institute of Food     Science and Technology: London, UK, 16p.  Keywords: somatotropin, milk production, dairy cows, synthetic  hormones, adverse effects, drug residues, meat hygiene, milk hygiene, bovine  mastitis, human health, product labels, health, animal welfare, reviews.
Janosi, S., and G. Huszenicza (2001). **Role of drying off therapy  of dairy cows in the control of mastitis. Review article. [A tejelo tehenek  szarazraallitasi terapiajanak szerepe a togygyulladas elleni vedekezesben.  Irodalmi attekintes.]***Magyar Allatorvosok Lapja* 123(7): 11‑416,  ISSN: 0025‑004X  NAL Call No.: 41.8 V644  Keywords: mastitis, reproductive system disease, dry cow therapy,  selective dry cow therapy, literature review, Hungarian language.
Janosi, S., F. Ratz G. Szigeti, M. Kulcsar, J. Kerenyi, T. Lauko,  F. Katona, and G. Huszenicza (2001). **Review of the microbiological,  pathological, and clinical aspects of bovine mastitis caused by the alga *Prototheca  zopfii***.   *The Veterinary Quarterly:  Quarterly Journal of Veterinary Science* 23 (2): 58-61.   NAL Call No.: SF601 V46  Keywords: high producing, machine milked dairy cows, mastitis, *P.  zopfii alga,* resistant forms, poor management, economic loss, decreased  milk quality and quantity, culling of infected animals, pathogen isolation and  identification, clinical features, control, review.
Janosi, S., G.  Szigeti, F. Ratz, T. Lauko, J. Kerenyi, M. Tenk, F. Katona, A. Huszenicza, M.  Kulcsar, and G. Huszenicza (2001). **Prototheca zopfii mastitis in dairy herds  under continental climatic conditions.***The Veterinary Quarterly:  Quarterly Journal of Veterinary Science*23 (2): 80‑83, ISSN: 0165‑2176.  NAL Call No.:  SF601.V46.  Keywords: dairy  cows, prototheca zopfii, dairy herds, climatic factors, bovine mastitis,  outbreaks, epidemics, hygiene, animal husbandry, risk factors, pathotypes, infections,  lactation, inflammation, latent infections, milk yield, somatic cell count,  histopathology, protothecosis, Hungary.
Johannesson, T., J.T. Sorensen, and L. Munksgaard (1997).  **Production environment as a component in a welfare assessment system in dairy  cattle herds.** In*: Livestock Farming Systems: More than Food Production.  Proceedings of the 4th International Symposium, Foulum, Denmark, August 22-23,  1996*, J.T. Sorensen (ed.), Wageningen Pers: Wageningen, Netherlands p.  251-255, ISSN: 9-07-413449-1.  NAL Call No.: 49.9 Eu7 no.89  Keywords: cows, animal welfare assessment, herds, behavior,  injuries.
Jong, S.K., S.K.  Gong, H.K. Chung, and S.H. Dae (2001). **Dairy‑cattle health in  Gyeongnam, Korea.***Preventive Veterinary Medicine*52 (2): 163‑169,  ISSN: 0167‑5877.  NAL Call No.:  SF601.P7  Keywords: dairy  cattle, animal health, monitoring, disease prevalence, frequency, epidemiology,   data collection, dairy herds, animal husbandry, livestock numbers, disease  prevention, reproductive disorders, mastitis, parturition complications,  gastrointestinal diseases, metabolic disorders, lameness, respiratory diseases,  skin diseases, Korea Republic.
Jonsson, M.E., A.  Aspan, E. Eriksson, and I. Vagsholm (2001). **Persistence of verocytotoxin  producing Escherichia coli O157:H7 in calves kept on pasture and in calves kept  indoors during the summer months in a Swedish dairy herd.***International  Journal of Food Microbiology*66 (1/2): 55‑61, ISSN: 0168‑1605.  NAL Call No.:  QR115.I57  Abstract: In 1997, a Swedish  dairy farm was implicated in a human case of verocytotoxigenic Escherichia coli  (VTEC) infection. The bacterium was found in a faecal sample from the human  case and in faecal samples from cattle on the farm. Subtyping with pulsed field  gel electrophoresis (PFGE) showed that the isolates were identical. The farm  was further studied to assess the occurrence and the epidemiology of the agent  at the farm level. The objective of this part of the study presented here was  to examine the persistence of VTEC O157:H7 in calves that were kept on pasture  and indoors, respectively, during the summer. Twelve calves in the herd, with  one positive faecal sample each of VTEC O157:H7 in April 1999, were followed by  faecal sampling during the summer months. Six calves were kept indoors and six  were kept on pasture. Faecal samples from each calf were collected once a month  on five occasions from April to September. Bacterial examination was performed  with immunomagnetic separation (IMS) and cultivation on CT‑SMAC. PCR was used  to test for the presence of genes encoding for verocytotoxin (VT), intimin  (eaeA), enterohemorrhagic E. coli‑hemolysin (EHEC‑Hly) and the  flagellar antigen H7. PFGE was used for genotyping the isolates. The faecal  samples from the calves kept on pasture were negative during the whole period.  It is possible that the faecal samples had bacterial counts lower than the  detection limits for our procedure, or that the faecal samples were free from  the bacteria at the time of sampling. This suggests that calves on pasture may  be less exposed to the bacteria or that they clear themselves. In the pen  group, there were between one and six culture positive individuals per sampling  occasion. One of the calves that was housed indoors was positive in faecal  culture on four consecutive samplings.  Keywords: calves,  escherichia coli, bacterial diseases, pastures, dairy farms, dairy herds,  husbandry, pens, summer, Sweden.
Jorgensen, R.J., T. Hansen, M.L. Jensen, and H.T. Thilsing (2001).  **Effect of oral drenching with zinc oxide or synthetic zeolite a on total blood  calcium in dairy cows.***Journal of Dairy Science* 84 (3): 609-613, ISSN:  0022‑0302.  NAL Call No.: 44.8 J822  Keywords: cows, Danish Holstein, breed, late lactation, milked in  the morning only, oral drenching with zeolite A and zinc oxide, total serum  calcium, blood samples, daily fluctuations in blood calcium, hypocalcemia.
Kadarmideen, H.N., and J.E. Pryce (2001). **Genetic and economic  relationships between somatic cell count and clinical mastitis and their use in  selection for mastitis resistance in dairy cattle.***Animal Science  Pencaitland* 73 (1): 19-28.   Keywords: cows, Holstein, breed, clinical mastitis, somatic cell  count, genetic and economic relationship of lactation average, genetic  parameters, permanent environmental, residual and phenotypic correlations,  selection for mastitis resistance, breeding goals, genetic resistance.
Kalis, C.H.J., J.W. Hesselink, H.W. Barkema, and M.T. Collins  (2001). **Use of long‑term vaccination with a killed vaccine to prevent  fecal shedding of Mycobacterium avium subsp paratuberculosis in dairy herds**. *American  Journal of Veterinary Research* 62 (2): 270‑274, ISSN: 0002‑9645.  NAL Call No.: 41.8 Am3A  Keywords: dairy cows, dairy herds, vaccination, inactivated  vaccines, mycobacterium  paratuberculosis, feces, shedding, disease prevention, efficacy, culture  techniques, culling, cattle husbandry.
Kjaestad, H.P., and E. Simensen (2001). **Cubicle refusal and  rearing accommodation as possible mastitis risk factors in cubicle‑housed  dairy heifers.***Acta Veterinaria Scandinavica* 42 (1): 123‑130, ISSN: 0044‑605X.  NAL Call No.: 41.8 AC87  Keywords: dairy  cows, heifers, housing, cubicle refusal, sheds, animal wastes, bovine mastitis,  calving, epidemiology, mastitis, pregnancy, regression analysis, risk factors,  disease incidence, Norway.
Kobayashi, Y., M.J. Vandehaar, H.A. Tucker, B.K. Sharma, and M.C.  Lucy (1999). **Expression of growth hormone receptor 1A messenger ribonucleic  acid in liver of dairy cows during lactation and after administration of  recombinant bovine somatotropin.***Journal of Dairy Science* 82(9):  1910-1906, ISSN: 0022-0302.  NAL Call No.: 44.8 J822  Keywords: Holstein cows, mRNA, growth hormone receptor,  physiology. 
Koehler, H., H. Gyra, K. Zimmer, K.G. Draeger, B. Burkert, B.  Lemser, D. Hausleithner, K. Cussler, W. Klawonn, and R.G. Hess (2001). **Immune  reactions in cattle after immunization with a mycobacterium paratuberculosis  vaccine and implications for the diagnosis of *M. paratuberculosis* and *M.  bovis* infections.***Journal of Veterinary Medicine Series B*48 (3):  185-195.   NAL Call No.: 41.8 Z52  Keywords: calves, immunization of with a live modified *Mycobacterium  paratuberculosis* vaccine, humoral and cell mediated immune reactions,  vaccine shedding, tuberculin skin test, diagnostic methods, antibody enzyme  linked immunosorbent assay, interferon gamma test, polymerase chain reaction,  interferon gamma production, humoral immunity.
Kossaibati, M.A., and R.J. Esslemont (1997). **The costs of  production diseases in dairy herds in England.***Veterinary Journal*  154(1): 41-51, ISSN: 0042-4900.  NAL Call No.: 41.8 V641  Abstract: Economic losses due to common health problems in dairy cattle  were investigated in 90 Friesian/Holstein herds (average size 152 cows), which  calved in England during the 1992/1993 season with an average annual yield of  about 6000 1 per cow. By using only the direct costs of common production diseases  and other health problems (mastitis, lameness, vulval discharge, treatments for  oestrus-not-observed, retained foetal membranes, milk fever, twinning, calf  mortality and aid at calving), the cost of ill health in a 100 cow herd with  average rates of these problems (compared with target levels) was estimated at  pound sterling 6300 per year. The costs ranged from pound sterling 1200  (average of the top 10%) to pound sterling 13600 (average of the worst 10% of  the herds). The main losses were due to mastitis and lameness (38 and 27% of  health cost, respectively).  Keywords: Friesian/Holstein herds, economic loss, health problems,  mastitis, lameness, vulval discharge, treatments for estrus-not-observed,  retained fetal membranes, milk fever, twinning, calf mortality, aid at calving,  estimated costs, losses, animal welfare, indexes.
Krebs, S., J.  Danuser, and G. Regula (2001). **Using a herd health monitoring system in the  assessment of welfare.***Acta Agriculturae Scandinavica. Section A, Animal  Science*51(Supplementum 30): 78‑81, ISSN: 0906‑4702.  NAL Call No.: S3.A27   Keywords: cows,  dairy farms, health, claws, herd improvement, joints (animal), monitoring, skin  tests, trauma.
Kremer, W.D.J.,  J.P.T.M. Noordhuizen, and J.T. Weeda (2001). **Veterinary herd health  consultancy on dairy farms: Guidelines for starters. [Veterinaire advisering  van melkveebedrijven: Een leidraad voor starters.]***Tijdschrift Voor  Diergeneeskunde*126 (13): 455-461.  NAL Call No.: 41.8  T431  Keywords: veterinary  herd health and production management advisory programs, dairy farms, farmers,  veterinarians, structured content, well planned activities, professional  implementation.
Kristoffersen, S. (1999). **Focus on milk quality, health of cows  and animal welfare. [Fokus pa maelkekvalitet, kvaegsundhed og dyrevelfaerd.]***Dansk**Veterinaertidsskrift* 82(1): 16-17, ISSN: 0106-6854.  NAL Call No.: 41.9 D23  Keywords: milk quality, animal welfare, cows, milk, Denmark.
Krohn, C.C. (2001). **Effects of different suckling systems on milk  production, udder health, reproduction, calf growth and some behavioural  aspects in high producing dairy cows: a review.***Applied Animal Behaviour  Science* 72 (3): 271-280, ISSN: 0168-1591.  NAL Call No.: QL750.A6  Keywords: dairy cows, calves, different  suckling systems, industrial countries, milk production, udder health,  reproduction, behavior, gain, health, suckling systems, long term suckling,  short term suckling, colostrum period, restricted versus free suckling systems,  suckling decreases the risk of mastitis, post partum interval.
Kronfeld, D.S. (2000).**Recombinant bovine somatotropin and animal welfare.***Journal of the  American Veterinary Medical Association* 216(11): 1719-1724, ISSN:  0003-1488.  NAL Call No.: 41.8 Am3  Keywords: somatotropin, dairy cows, animal welfare, bovine  mastitis, law, ethics, data analysis, epidemiology, policy.
Kronfeld, D.S. (1997). **Recombinant bovine somatotropin. Views on  the ethics of communication and animal health. [Rekombinant bovint somatotropin.  Synpunkter pa informations-och djurhalsoetik.]***Svensk Veterinartidning*  49(4): 157-165, ISSN: 0346-2250.  NAL Call No.: 41.9 SV23  Keywords: dairy cows, adverse effects, bovine mastitis,  somatotropin, milk production, milk yield, animal welfare, mastitis, Swedish.
  Krukowski, H., M. Tietze, T. Majewski, and P. Rozanski (2001).  **Survey of yeast mastitis in dairy herds of small type farms in the Lublin  region, Poland.***Mycopathologia* 150 (1): 5-7.   NAL Call No.: 450 M994  Keywords: cows, clinical and subclinical mastitis, isolate fungi,  quarter milk, milk samples, blood agar, Mac Conkey agar, aesculin tallium  acetate crystal violet blood agar, Sabouraud agar with chloramphenicol and  gentamicin.
Kumar, H., S. Mahmood, and L.P. Singh (2001). **Treatment of  placental retention with ecbolic drugs and its effect on subsequent fertility  in crossbred cows.***Indian Journal of Animal Sciences*71 (7): 654-657,  ISSN: 0367‑8318.  NAL Call No.: 41.8 IN22  Keywords: cows, fertility response, retained fetal membranes,  ecbolic drugs, intrauterine infusion, oriprim bolus, synotocinon, luprostiol,  estradiol valerate, herbal drug, metrali, reproductive efficiency, interval  from parturition to conception, number of services per conception.
Lam, T.J.G.M. (1999). **Gain more from the Chain Quality Milk  programme. Paper work can be useful. [Haal meer uit Keten Kwaliteit Melk.  Papierwerk kan ook nuttig zijn.]***Veehouder en Dierenarts* 13(1): 26-27.  Keywords: dairy farms, milk processing, veterinary products,  residues, milk, animal welfare, health, cows, milking, milking parlors,  storage, cleaning, disinfection, contamination, dairy wastes, environmental  impact, veterinarians, quality controls, milk quality, Netherlands, Dutch  language.
LangRee, R. (1998). **The cow will let you know. [Kua gir beskjed.]***Buskap*  50(1): 30-31.  NAL Call No.: 49 B96  Keywords: dairy cattle, behavior, animal welfare, health, cows.
Le Fevre, A.M., D.N. Logue, J.E. Offer, I. McKendrick, and G.    Gettinby (2001). **Correlations of measurements of subclinical claw horn lesions  in dairy cattle.***The Veterinary Record: Journal of the British Veterinary  Association* 148(5): 135-138, ISSN: 0042-4900.  NAL Call No.: 41.8 V641  Keywords: breed, Holstein-Friesian cows, foot diseases, claws,  sole and white line lesions, severity score, measurement, distribution,  calving.
Leach, K.A., D.N. Logue, J.M. Randall, and S.A. Kempson (1998).  **Claw lesions in dairy cattle: methods for assessment of sole and white line  lesions.***The Veterinary Journal* 155(1): 91-102, ISSN: 1090-0233.  NAL Call No.: SF601.V484  Abstract: Claw lesions are a major cause of lameness in dairy cattle.  Analysis of the development of lesions is aided by numerical representation of  their significance. Using data from observations on 31 heifers at 9 weeks  post-calving, 5 lesion scoring method were compared. These were: (1) number of  lesions; (2) severity (3) adjusted severity; (4) size (measured by a novel  technique involving image analysis of distal view photographs) and (5) size  multiplied by adjusted severity (combined score). Relationships between scores  for sole and white line lesions and between different claws within a cow were  investigated. The small size but high clinical significance of severe lesions  means that severity must be weighted if combined with size in a score. Sole and  white line lesions showed a moderate but significant correlation in terms of  severity but none in terms of size. The highest correlation between scores for  a single claw (the right hind outer) and the remaining claws was found for  adjusted severity of sole lesions.  Keywords: heifers, claws, lesions, assessment, size, disease  course, grading, hemorrhage, soles, image analysis. 
Leach, K.A., D.N. Logue, S.A. Kempson, J.E. Offer, H.E. Ternent,  and J.M. Randall (1997). **Claw lesions in dairy cattle: development of sole and  white line haemorrhages during the first lactation.***The Veterinary Journal*  154(3): 215-225, ISSN: 1090-0233.  NAL Call No.: SF601.V484  Keywords: heifers, lesions, foot diseases, soles, claws,  hemorrhage, calving, lactation, disease, course, pathogenesis, AG AB.
LeJeune, J.T., T.E. Besser, N.L. Merrill, D.H. Rice, and D.D.  Hancock (2001). **Livestock drinking water microbiology and the factors  influencing the quality of drinking water offered to cattle**. *Journal of  Dairy Science* 84 (8): 1856-1862, ISSN: 0022‑0302.  NAL Call No.: 44.8 J822  Keywords: drinking water, microbial quality, cattle water troughs,  coliform, *Escherichia coli*concentrations, proximity of the water trough  to the feedbunk, increased contamination, protection of the trough from direct  sunlight, concentrations of protozoa in the water, warm weather, Salmonella  sp., shigatoxigenic E. coli O157, treatment with cycloheximide, increased  persistence of E. coli O157. 
Lende, T. van der, F.A.M. de Loos, and T. Jorna (2000). **Postnatal  health and welfare of offspring conceived in vitro: a case for epidemiological  studies**. *Theriogenology* 53(2): 549-554, ISSN: 0093-691X.  NAL Call No.: QP251.A1T5  Keywords: epidemiology, in vitro, animal experiments, blastocyst,  dairy cattle, fertilization, in vitro culture, livestock, reproduction,  culture, embryo transfer, animal welfare.
Leonard, N., J.  Egan, J. Griffin, A. Hanlon, and D. Poole (2001). **A survey of some factors  relevant to animal welfare on 249 dairy farms in the Republic of Ireland. Part  2: Data on incidence of disease, culling and biosecurity measures. Teagasc,  Moorepark, Fermoy, Co. Cork, Irish Republic**. *Irish Veterinary Journal*  54(9): 454‑456, ISSN: 0368‑0762.  NAL Call No.: 41.8 IR4  Keywords: cows, culling, dairy  farms, animal welfare, bovine mastitis, disease prevention, disease surveys,  epidemiology, heifers, incidence, infertility, lameness, mastitis, mineral  supplements, mortality, biosecurity, Irish Republic.
Leonard, F.C., J.M.  O'Connell, and K.J. O'Farrell (1996). **Effect of overcrowding on claw health  in first-calved Friesian heifers.***British Veterinary Journal* 152(4):  459-472, ISSN: 0007-1935.  NAL Call No.: 41.8  V643.  Keywords: dairy  cows, heifers lameness, foot diseases, overcrowding, behavior.
Lin,     Y.L., C.C. Chou and T.M. Pan (2001). **Screening procedure from cattle feces     and the prevalence of *Escherichia coli*O157:H7 in Taiwan dairy cattle.***Journal of Microbiology Immunology and Infection*34 (1): 17-24*.*    Keywords: screening *Escherichia coli*O157:H7, bovine feces, enrichment,     selective culture, phenotyping, genotyping, culture, species confirmation, serotyping     to O157 and H7, detection of verocytotoxin (VT) production, Taiwan.
  Lischer, C.J., and P. Ossent (2001). **Bovine sole ulcer: a literature review. [Das  Sohlengeschwur beim Rind: Eine Literaturubersicht.]***Berliner und  Munchener Tierarztliche Wochenschrift*114(1‑2):13‑21, ISSN:  0005-9366.  NAL Call No.: 41.8  B45  Keywords: dairy  cattle, sole ulcers, lameness, economic loss, animal wellbeing, corium, locus  minoris, lesions, claw bone, tuberculum flexorium, healing process,  epidemiological studies, German language.
Koller, H. Geyer, C. Mulling, J. Schulze, and P. Ossent (2002). **Effect of  therapeutic dietary biotin on the healing of uncomplicated sole ulcers in dairy  cattle: a double blinded controlled study.***Veterinary Journal*  163(1):51‑60, ISSN: 0007-1935.  NAL Call No.: 41.8 V643  Keywords: dairy  cows, sole ulcers, healing, biotin, orally administered, orthopedic shoe,  histological examination, horn samples.
Lischer, C.J., A. Dietrich‑Hunkeler, H. Geyer, J. Schulze,  and P. Ossent (2001). **Healing process of uncomplicated sole ulcers in dairy  cows kept in tie stalls: clinical description and biochemical investigations.  [Heilungsverlauf von unkomplizierten Sohlengeschwuren bei Milchkuhen in  Anbindehaltung: Klinische Beschreibung und blutchemische Untersuchungen.]***Schweizer  Archiv fur Tierheilkunde*143( 3 ):125‑133, ISSN: 0036‑7281.  NAL Call No.: 41.8 SCH9  Keywords: dairy cows, hoof health, lameness, scoring system,  biotin, glucose, hematology, nutritional status, healing, horns, retinol,  ulcers, German language.
Logan K.E., M.J. Stear, B. McGuirk, D.J. Platt, and J.L.  Fitzpatrick (1998). **Immunological responses of Holstein Friesian cattle to *Staphylococcus**aureus***. *British Mastitis Conference 1998*, Axient Information  Services: Crewe, UK, p. 93.  Keywords: immunology, immune response, bovine mastitis, mastitis,  economics, animal welfare, somatic cell count, latent infections, bulls,  genetic markers, Holstein-Friesian, dairy cows, United Kingdom.
Logue, D.N. and J.E. Offer (2001). **The effect of forage type on  foot health in dairy heifers.***Veterinary Journal*162 (1): 7-8, ISSN:  1090‑0233.  NAL Call No.: SF601.V484  Keywords: heifer, claw horn lesions, injury, diet; foot health,  forage type, lameness.
Logue, D.N., J.E. Offer, K. Leach, S.A. Chaplin, A. le Fevre, and  R. Berry (2001). **Cattle lameness and the welfare of the dairy cow.***Research  in Veterinary Science*70(Supplement A): 35, ISSN: 0034‑5288.  NAL Call No.: 41.8 R312  Keywords: animal welfare, housing, cubicle, comfort, lameness,  risk factors, nutrition, pre‑calving cubicle exposure.
Logue, D.N. (1999). **A  veterinary perspective on the development of a farm assurance scheme in  Scotland: lessons for the national scheme?***Cattle Practice: Journal of  the British Cattle Veterinary Association* 7(4): 369-370, ISSN: 0969-1251.  NAL Call No.: SF961 C37  Keywords: animal welfare, farm management, farm sector, animal  production, legislation, hygiene, cattle housing, health, transport of animals,  record keeping, Scotland.
Logue, D.N., R.J. Berry, J.E. Offer, et al. (1999). **Consequences  of "metabolic load" for lameness and disease**. *Cattle Practice: Journal of the  British Cattle Veterinary Association.* 7(1): 113, ISSN: 0969-1251.  NAL Call No.: SF961 C37  Keywords: metabolic disorders, lameness, animal diseases, health,  animal welfare, dairy cows, behavior.
Logue, D.N.,  McNulty, D., and A.M. Nolan (1998). **Lameness in the dairy cow: pain and  welfare.***Veterinary Journal* 156(1): 5-6, ISSN: 0007-1935.  NAL Call No.: 41.8  V643  Keywords: dairy  cattle, lameness, cows, pain, animal welfare, experimental design.
Logue, D.N. (1997). **Productivity,  management and disease in dairy cattle.***Bovine Practitioner* 31(2):  51-55, ISSN: 0524-1685.  NAL Call No.:  SF779.5.A1B6  Keywords: dairy  cattle, infertility, mastitis, lameness, animal welfare, behavior, management,  cost benefit analysis, etiology, milk production, production, cattle diseases.
Logue, D.N., J.E.  Offer, and J.J. Hyslop (1994). **Relationship of diet, hoof type and  locomotion score with lesions of the sole and white line in dairy cattle.***Animal  Production* 59(2): 173-181, ISSN: 0003-3561.  NAL Call No.: 49 AN55   Keywords: breed, Jersey, Holstein-Friesian, diet, hoof angle,  locomotion, milk yield, pathogenesis, foot diseases, diet, composition.
Loneragan, G.H., D.A. Dargatz, P.S. Morley, and M.A. Smith(2001).  **Trends in mortality ratios among cattle in US feedlots.***Journal of the  American Veterinary Medical Association*219(8): 1122‑1127, ISSN: 0003‑1488.  NAL Call No.: 41.8 Am3  Keywords: dairy cattle, beef cattle, feedlot, mortality,  epidemiology, respiratory tract disorders, USA.
Luepping, W. (2001).  **Monitoring of feeding situation and health with physiologically based  parameters. [Fuetterungs‑ und Gesundheitsmonitoring mit physiologischen  Parametern.]***Zuechtungskunde*73(6): 460‑470, ISSN: 0044‑5401.  NAL Call No.: 49 Z8   Keywords: dairy cow,  Holstein, breed, bilirubin, calcium, glutamate dehydrogenase, phosphorus,  protein, selenium, urea, feed, fiber content, roughage content, starch content,  health monitoring, lactation curve, milk, dairy product, milk production, net  acid‑base excretion, German language.
Mahmoudzade, A.R., M Tarahomi,  and H. Fotoohi (2001). **Effect of abnormal vaginal discharge at oestrus on  conception rate after artificial insemination in cows.***Animal Science  Pencaitland*72 (3): 535-538.  Keywords: cows, heifers, Holstein Friesian,  breed, estrus, visual characteristics of the cervical mucous discharge,  cervical mucus with urine, cervical mucus with microbes, cervical mucus with  blood, no cervical mucus, artificial insemination, conception rate.
Maloo, S.H., W. Thorpe, G.  Kioo, P. Ngumi, G.J. Rowlands, and B.D. Perry (2001). **Seroprevalences of  vector‑transmitted infections of small‑holder dairy cattle in  coastal Kenya.***Preventive Veterinary Medicine* 52 (1): 1‑16,  ISSN: 0167‑5877.  NAL Call No.:  SF601.P7  Keywords: Zebu,  breed, small farms, seroprevalence, pests, protozoa, anaplasma marginale,  babesia bigemina, theileria parva, vector‑borne diseases, risk factors,  animal husbandry, crop management, surveys, elisa, hematocrit, metastigmata,  pest control, Kenya.
Manske, T., J. Hultgren, and  C. Bergsten (2002). **Topical treatment of digital dermatitis associated with  severe heel‑horn erosion in a Swedish dairy herd.***Preventive  Veterinary Medicine*53(3): 215‑31, ISSN: 0167‑5877.  NAL Call No.: SF601.P7  Keywords: cows, breed, Swedish  Red and White, Swedish Holstein, commercial dairy herd, foot health, topical treatments, digital dermatitis, severe  heel‑horn erosion, treatment, glutaraldehyde, oxytetracycline, foot  trimming, cleansing, alone, grazing season, footbath twice daily after milking  copper solution.
Martini, A., P. Tambini, M.  Miccinesi, F. Ambrosini, A. Giorgetti, D. Rondina, R. Bozzi, C. Sargentini, and  M. Moretti (2001). **Utilisation of homeopathy in dairy cattle: first results  of an Italian trial.**In: *Human Animal Relationship: Stockmanship and  Housing in Organic Livestock Systems. Proceedings of the Third NAHWOA Workshop,  Clermont‑ferrand, France, 21‑24 October 2000*, M. Hovi and M.  Bouilhol, eds., pp.119‑124, Network for Animal Health and Welfare in  Organic Agriculture, University of Reading: Reading, UK, ISBN: 0‑7049‑1094‑2.  Keywords: cattle diseases,  dairy cattle, homeopathy, legislation, organic farming, Italy.
Mele, M., P. Secchiari, A.  Serra, G. Ferruzzi, F. Paoletti, and M. Biagioni (2001). **Application of the  Atracking signal@ method to the monitoring of udder health and oestrus in dairy  cows.***Livestock Production Science*72(3): 279‑284, ISSN: 0301‑6226.  NAL Call No.: SF1 L5  Keywords: dairy cows, models,  simulations, computational biology, udder health, reproductive system tracking  signal method, monitoring method, estrus, milk electrical conductivity, moving  average model, mastitis.
Metz, J. H. M., E. Maltz, T.T.  Mottram (1999). **Monitoring health and welfare in practice.***Cattle  Practice: Journal of the British Cattle Veterinary Association* 7(1): 123,  ISSN: 0969-1251.  NAL Call No.: SF961 C37  Keywords: health, animal  welfare, diagnosis, cows, milking, mastitis, dairy herds, milk yield.
Meyer, W., and H.  Georg (2001). **Influence of floor design on the claw health of dairy cows.  [Einfluss der Laufflachengestaltung auf die Klauengesundheit von Milchkuhen.]***Landtechnik*56(4): 258‑259, ISSN: 0023‑8082.  NAL Call No.: 58.8  L235  Keywords: dairy  cows, cow housing, floors, slatted, mats, chopped straw, unclean surfaces,  claws, foot diseases, hooves, infection, German language.
Miettinen, P.V.  (1995). **Prevention of bovine ketosis with glucogenic substance and its  effect on fertility in Finnish dairy cows.***Berliner und Munchener  Tierarztliche Wochenschrift* 108(1): 14-19, ISSN: 0005-9366.  NAL Call No.: 41.8  B45  Keywords: negative  energy balance, propylene glycol, nicotinic amide solution, post partum,  acetone content in milk, fertility, milk yield, fat and protein.
Mill, J.M., and W.R. Ward (1994). **Lameness in dairy cows and  farmers' knowledge, training and awareness.***Veterinary Record: Journal  of the British Veterinary Association*134(7): 162-164, ISSN: 0042-4900.  NAL Call No.: 41.8 V641  Keywords: animal welfare, economics, knowledge, training of  farmers, England.
Moore, D.A., S.L  Berry, M.L. Truscott, and V. Koziy (2001). **Efficacy of a nonantimicrobial  cream administered topically for treatment of digital dermatitis in dairy  cattle.***Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association*219  (10): 1435‑1438, ISSN: 0003‑1488.  NAL Call No.: 41.8  Am3  Keywords: dairy  cows; Holstein, breed, drug therapy; interdigital dermatitis; pain scores,  lesion activity, lesion size, pharmacology; lincomycin paste, potency;  treatment; veterinary products.
Morales, E., F.J. Trigo, F.  Ibarra, E. Puente, and M. Santacruz (2001). **Neosporosis in mexican dairy  herds: lesions and immunohistochemical detection of *Neospora caninum* in  fetuses.***Journal of Comparative Pathology* 125 (1): 58-63.  NAL Call No.: 41.8 J82  Keywords: dairy herds, aborted  bovine fetuses, microscopical lesions, lymphocytic myocarditis microgliosis  multifocal necrosis in the brain, lymphocytic hepatitis, lymphocytic myositis,  immunohistochemical examination, brain, myocardium, liver, Mexico.
Morrow, C.J.,  E.S., Kolver, K.A. Macdonald, G.A.  Verkerk, and L.R. Matthews (2001). **Monitoring adrenal activity in dairy cows  under various feeding regimens using faecal glucocorticoid metabolites.***Proceedings of the New Zealand  Society of Animal Production*61: 52‑55, ISSN: 0370‑2731.  NAL Call No.: 49.9 N483  Keywords: dairy  cows, Holstein Friesian, breed, adrenal activity, plasma glucocorticoid  concentrations, fecal glucocorticoid concentrations, feeding, pastoral  conditions, concentrate based, genotype effects, stocking rates, stress.
Morrow-Tesch, J., and K. Whitehead (1998). **The effect of blood  sampling site on measures of stress in dairy cattle.***Proceedings of the New  Zealand Society of Animal Production*58: 218-219, ISSN: 0370-2731.    NAL Call No.: 49.9 N483  Keywords: cows, blood sampling, stress, measures, haptoglobins,  magnesium, blood specimen collection, stress analysis.
Mosure, W.L., R.A. Meyer, J. Gudmundson, and A.D. Barth (1998).  **Evaluation of possible methods to reduce pain associated with  electroejaculation in bulls.***Canadian Veterinary Journal* 39(8): 504-506,  ISSN: 0008-5286.  NAL Call No.: 41.8  R3224  Keywords: bulls, evaluation, pain, heart rate, electroejaculation,  animal welfare, anaesthesia, lidocaine, xylazine, heart rate, semen collection.
Mudron, P., H. Scholz, H.P. Sallmann, J. Rehage, G. Kovac, F.  Bartko, and M. Holtershinken. (1994). **Effect of vitamin E injection on cortisol  and white blood cell response to surgical stress in dairy cows.***International  Journal for Vitamin and Nutrition Research* 64(3): 176-180, ISSN: 0300-9831.  NAL Call No.: 389.8 Z33  Keywords: Vitamin E, cortisol, white blood cell count, surgery,  stress, alpha-tocopherol, hydrocortisone, leukocytes, intramuscular injection,  liver, blood plasma, sequential sampling, vitamin supplements.
Mulling, C.K., H.H. Bragulla, S. Reese, K.D. Budras, and W.  Steinberg (1999). **How structures in bovine hoof epidermis are influenced by  nutritional factors.***Anatomia Histologia Embryologia* 28(2): 103-108,  ISSN: 0340-2096.  Keywords: hoof epidermis, nutrition, horn quality, keratinization,  cornification, bovine hoof epidermis,lipids, minerals, calcium, vitamins,  biotin, dyskeratotic, light and transmission electron microscopy, histochemical  and enzyme-histochemical techniques.
Munksgaard, L. and  P. Lovendahl (1993). **Effects of social and physical stressors on growth  hormone levels in dairy cows.***Canadian Journal Animal Science*73(4):  847-853, ISSN: 0008-3984.  NAL Call No.: 41.8  C163  Keywords: dairy  cows, stress, ACTH, GH-release.
Murugaiyah, M., P. Ramakrishnan, A.R. Sheikh, C.H. Knight, and  C.J. Wilde (2001). **Lactation failure in crossbred Sahiwal Friesian cattle**. *Journal  of Dairy Research*68 (2): 165-174, ISSN: 0022-0299.  NAL Call No.: 44.8 J823  Keywords: cows, Sahiwal Friesian, breed,  susceptible to lactation failure, milk yield, post partum, acetyl CoA  carboxylase, fatty acid synthetase galactosyltransferase, key enzyme markers of  cellular differentiation, failure of milk removal, impaired milk ejection  reflex, Malaysia.
Musser, J.M.B., K.L.  Anderson, and J.O. Boison (2001). **Tissue disposition and depletion of  penicillin G after oral administration with milk in unweaned dairy calves*.****Journal  of the American Veterinary Medical Association*219 (3): 346‑350,  ISSN: 0003‑1488.  NAL Call No.: 41.8  Am3Keywords: dairy  calves, antibiotic residues, benzylpenicillin, kidneys, liver, milk, oral  administration.
Nelson, A.J., and  M.B. Cattell (2001). **Culling and laminitis: real herds, real cows, real  deaths.***Bovine Practitioner*35 (1): 42-45, ISSN: 0524-1685.  NAL Call No.: SF779.5 A1B6  Keywords: cows, laminitis  lesions, cull rate, foot and leg problems, reproduction, mastitis, low  production, New York dairy herds, United States.
Nickerson, S.C., W.E. Owens,  L.K. Fox, C.C. Scheifinger, T.R. Shryock, and T.E. Spike (1999). **Comparison  of tilmicosin and cephapirin as therapeutics for *Staphylococcus aureus*  mastitis at dry-off.***Journal of Dairy Science* 82(4): 696-703, ISSN:  0022-0302.  NAL Call No.: 44.8 J822  Keywords: dairy cows,  staphylococcus aureus, bovine mastitis, dry period, antibiotics, experimental  infections, lactation, application methods, secretions, somatic cell count,  drug therapy, efficacy, antibiotic residues.
Nickerson, S.C.,  W.E. Owens, G.M. Tomita, and P.W. Widel (1999). **Vaccinating dairy heifers  with a *Staphylococcus aureus* bacterin reduces mastitis at calving.***Large  Animal Practice* 20(3): 16, 18-19, 28, ISSN: 1092-7603.  NAL Call No.: SF601.B6  Keywords: heifers, *Staphylococcus  aureus*, vaccination, mastitis. 
Nicoletti, J.L.M. de, F.A.A.  de Souza, A. Thomassian, C.A. Hussni, and A.LG. Alves (2001). **Feet lesions  and lameness prevalence in dairy cows kept in permanent confinement (free‑stall  and tie‑stall). [Prevalencia de lesoes podais e graus de claudicacao em  vacas leiteiras mantidas em confinamento permanente ("free‑stall" e "tie‑stall").]**  Revista de Educacao Continuada  do CRMV‑SP 4 (2): 24‑32, ISSN: 1516‑3326.  Keywords: dairy cows, age  differences, number of parturitions, housing, tie‑stall, free stall, disease  prevalence, foot diseases, lameness, lesions, sole bleeding, white line  disease, heel erosion, double sole, interdigital dermatitis, hoof cracks,   Portuguese language, Sao Paulo farms.
Nielsen, B.L. (1999). **Perceived welfare issues in dairy cattle, with  special emphasis on metabolic stress.***Cattle Practice: Journal of the  British Cattle Veterinary Association*7(1): 97-98, ISSN: 0969-1251.  NAL Call No.: SF961 C37  Keywords: stress, metabolic disorders, animal welfare, dairy cows,  dairy farming.
Noordhuizen, J.P.,  and G.H. Wentink (2001). **Developments in veterinary herd health programmes  on dairy farms: a review.***The  Veterinary Quarterly: Quarterly Journal of Veterinary Science*23(4): 162‑9,  ISSN: 0165‑2176.  NAL Call No.:  SF601.V46  Keywords: dairy farms,  herd health, production management programs, epidemiology, quality assurance.
Noordhuizen-Stassen,  E.N., and J. Fink-Gremmels (1999). **Use of rBST: renewed discussion. [rBST-toelating:  opnieuw overwogen.]***Tijdschrift voor Diergeneeskunde* 124(12):  380-382, ISSN: 0040-7453.  NAL Call No.: 41.8 T431   Keywords: cows, metabolism, animal breeding, reproduction,  legislation, regulations, animal welfare, bovine mastitis, somatotropin,  administration, marketing, public health, biotechnology, cattle diseases  Europe, Dutch language.
Norgaard, N.H., K.M. Lind, and J.F. Agger (1999). **Cointegration  analysis used in a study of dairy-cow mortality.***Preventive Veterinary  Medicine* 42(2): 98-119, ISSN: 0167-5877.  NAL Call No.: SF601.P7  Keywords: dairy cows, mortality, statistical analysis, intensive  husbandry, livestock farming, market competition, costs, animal welfare,  stress, health, diseases, epidemiology, concentrates, feed intake, growth rate,  herds, assets, livestock numbers, milk yield, Norwegian language.
O'Brien, C.N., A.J. Guidry, L.W. Douglass, and D.C. Westhoff  (2001).**Immunization with *Staphylococcus aureus*lysate incorporated into  microspheres.***Journal of Dairy Science*84 (8): 1791-1799, ISSN:  0022‑0302.  NAL Call No.: 44.8 J822  Keywords: antibiotics, *Staphylococcus aureus,* resistant  strains, scar tissue formation, blockage of ducts, inflammation, macrophages,  mammary gland, treatments, lysate in NaCl, lysate in Freund's incomplete  adjuvant (FICA), lysate in microspheres in NaCl, lysate in microspheres in  FICA, antibody response.
  Offer, J.E., D.N. Logue, and D.J. Roberts (1997). **The effect of  protein source on lameness and solear lesion formation in dairy cattle.***Animal  Science: An International Journal of Fundamental and Applied Research.*  65(Part 2): 143-149, ISSN: 1357-7298.  NAL Call No.: SF1.A56  Keywords: breed,  Holstein-Friesian, protein sources, dietary protein, soybean oilmeal, complete  feeds, lameness, laminitis, fish meal, blood meal, hooves, meat and bone meal,  milk yield, body weight, liveweight gain, body condition, hardness, foot  diseases, blood composition, metabolites.
Offer, J.E., D. McNulty, and D.N., Logue (2000). **Observations of  lameness, hoof conformation and development of lesions in dairy cattle over  four lactations.***The Veterinary Record: Journal of the British Veterinary  Association*147(4): 105-109, ISSN: 0042-4900.  NAL Call No.: 41.8 V641  Keywords: dairy cows, lameness, claws, conformation, lesions,  incidence, lactation, productive life, locomotion, calving.
Oikawa, S. and N.  Katoh (2002). **Decreases in serum apolipoprotein B‑100 and A‑I concentrations in cows with milk fever and  downer cows.***Canadian Journal of Veterinary Research*66(1): 31‑34,  ISSN: 0830‑9000.  NAL Call No.: SF601  C24   Keywords: cows, milk fever, peripartum period, fatty liver, non‑esterified  fatty acids (NEFA), hepatic lipidosis,  serum levels, apolipoprotein (apo) B‑100, apoA‑I, downer cow  syndrome.
Oliver, S.P., B.E. Gillespie, M.J. Lewis, S.J. Ivey, R.A. Almeida,  D.A. Luther, D.L. Johnson, K.C. Lamar, Moorehead, and H.H. Dowlen (2001).  **Efficacy of a new premilking teat disinfectant containing a phenolic h d  combination for the prevention of mastitis.***Journal of Dairy Science* 84  (6): 1545-1549, ISSN: 0022‑0302.  NAL Call No.: 44.8 J822  Keywords: premilking, teat disinfectant, phenolic combination,  prevention, intramammary infection, split udder experimental design, clinical  mastitis, *Streptococcus uberis, Streptococcus dysgalactiae.*
Olsson, I.M., S. Jonsson, and A. Oskarsson (2001). **Cadmium and  zinc in kidney, liver, muscle and mammary tissue from dairy cows in  conventional and organic farming.***Journal of Environmental Monitoring*3  (5): 531‑538, ISSN: 1464‑0325.  Keywords: cows, kidneys, liver, mammary tissue, organic farming,  metallothionein, cadmium, zinc, tissue levels.
  Oltenacu, P.A., Hultgren, J., and B. Algers (1998). **Associations  between use of electric cow-trainers and clinical diseases, reproductive  performance and culling in Swedish dairy cattle.***Preventive Veterinary  Medicine* 37(1/4): 77-90, ISSN: 0167-5877.  NAL Call No.: SF601.P7  Abstract:  The role of electric cow-trainer technology as a risk factor  for several diseases was evaluated. Diseases considered were retained placenta,  metritis, ketosis, cystic ovaries, silent heat, milk fever, clinical mastitis,  and foot and leg problems. Historical and contemporary controls (with control  herds selected to match the experimental herds for size and location) were  used. Data consisted of 10 264 Swedish Red and White (SRB) and 5461 Swedish  Friesian (SLB) lactation records in 150 herds in Sweden, of which 33 used  cow-trainers. Logistic regression was used to estimate the effects of parity  and exposure to electric cow-trainers on the risks of diseases and the effects  of diseases and exposure to electric cow-trainers on risk of culling. The  dominant effects associated with use of electric cow-trainers were an increased  risk for silent heat, clinical mastitis, ketosis and culling relative to cows  in herds not using cow-trainers. Diseases had negative effects on reproductive  performance and the effects were larger for cows in herds using cow-trainers.  In herds using electric cow-trainers, the largest increase in the interval from  first service to conception (58 days) was caused by the occurrences of silent  heat, cystic ovaries and the combination of two or more diseases. Retained  placenta, metritis, cystic ovaries, clinical mastitis and a combination of two  or more diseases increased the risk of culling about two times relative to  healthy primiparous cows with the increase being greater for cows in herds  using cow-trainers. Silent heat did not increase risk of culling in control  groups, but was the largest risk factor for culling in the exposed group. It is  concluded that exposure to electric cow-trainers increased the incidence risk  of silent heat, clinical mastitis, and ketosis and changed silent heat from a  neutral disease with respect to culling to a major risk factor. Finally,  exposure to cow-trainers increased the general negative effect of diseases on  the cows' reproductive performance and risk for culling.  Keywords: cow trainers, electrical equipment, placental retention,  puerperal disorders, metabolic disorders, ketosis, lameness,culling,  infertility, reproductive disorders, estrus, husbandry, animal welfare, Sweden.
Omer, M.K., E.  Skjerve, Z. Woldehiwet, and G. Holstad (2001). **A cross‑sectional study  of bovine tuberculosis in dairy farms in Asmara, Eritrea.***Tropical  Animal Health and Production*33(4): 295‑303, ISSN: 0049‑4747.  NAL Call No.:  SF601.T7  Keywords: dairy  cattle, tuberculosis, dairy farms, disease prevalence, risk factors, diagnosis,  mathematical models, dairy breeds, risk assessment, livestock numbers,  epidemiology, cattle housing.
Owens, W.E., S.C.  Nickerson, R.L. Boddie, G.M. Tomita, and C.H. Ray (2001). **Prevalence of  mastitis in dairy heifers and effectiveness of antibiotic therapy.***Journal  of Dairy Science* 84 (4): 814-817, ISSN: 0022‑0302.  NAL Call No.: 44.8  J822  Keywords: heifers, *Staphylococcus  aureus,* antibiotics, cephapirin, penicillin novobiocin penicillin  streptomycin, tilmicosin, cephalonium, dry cow products, not available in the  United States.
Owens, W.E., S.C. Nickerson, and C.H. Ray (1999). **Efficacy of  parenterally or intramammarily administered tilmicosin or ceftiofur against  Staphylococcus aureus mastitis during lactation.***Journal of Dairy Science*  82(3): 645-647, ISSN: 0022-0302.  NAL Call No.: 44.8 J822  Keywords: dairy cows, *Staphylococcus aureus*, mastitis,  ceftiofur, antibiotics, application methods, efficacy, lactation, evaluation,  dosage, duration, drugs, treatment, somatic cell count, bacteria, milk. 
Owens, W.E., S.P. Oliver, B.E.  Gillespie, C.H. Ray, and S.C. Mickerson (1998). **Role of horn flies (*Haematobia**irritans*) in *Staphylococcus aureus*-induced mastitis in dairy  heifers**. *American Journal of Veterinary Research* 59(9): 1122-1124,  ISSN: 0002-9645.  NAL Call No.: 41.8 Am3A  Keywords: horn flies,  mastitis, disease, health, production.
Paulino do L.E.,  P.A. Vaz, S. Ivanete, de F.V. Pedroso, and do L.L. Alberto (2001). **Effect of  body condition score at calving on energy metabolism, milk yield and disease  occurence in postpartum of dairy cows. [Efeito da Condicao Corporal ao Parto  sobre Alguns Parametros do Metabolismo Energetico, Producao de Leite e  Incidencia de Doencas no Pos‑Parto de Vacas Leiteiras.]***Revista  Brasileira de Zootecnia*30(5): 1544‑1549.  NAL Call No.: SF1  R45  Keywords: Holstein,  calf, cow, body condition score, calving, disease occurrence, energy  metabolism, milk production, fat content, blood beta‑hydroxybutirate  (BHBA), aspartate‑aminotransferase (AST) glucose, lactation, milk yield,  parturition, Portuguese language.
Pavlata, L., A.  Pechova, and J. Illek (2001). **Muscular dystrophy in dairy cows following a  change in housing technology.***Acta Veterinaria Brno*70 (3): 269‑275,  ISSN: 0001‑7213.<  NAL Call No: SF604  B7  Keywords: dairy  cows, Bohemian Red Pied, breed, muscle tissue damage, muscular dystrophy,  mineral deficiencies, potassium, selenium, stress, downer cows, transport of  animals, change in housing, locomotor activity, deaspartate aminotransferase,  creatine kinase, glutathione peroxidase, lactate dehydrogenase.
Phillips, C.J.C. and S.A.  Schofield (1994). **The effect of cubicle and straw yard housing on the  behaviour, production and hoof health of dairy cows*.****Animal  Welfare* 3: 37-44, ISSN: 0962-7286.  NAL Call No.: HV4701.A557  Keywords: cattle housing,  animal welfare, lameness.
Phipps, A.M., L.R. Matthews,  and G.A. Verkerk (1995). **Tail docked dairy cattle: fly induced behaviour and  adrenal responsiveness to ACTH.***Proceedings of the New Zealand Society  of Animal Production* 55: 61-63, ISSN: 0370-2731.  NAL Call No.: 49.9 N483  Keywords: tail docking, flies,  behavior, adrenal responsiveness to ACTH, production.
Platz, S., F. Miller, and J. Unshelm (1999). **The impact of  suboptimal husbandry practices on animal health and economic profitability -  the example of tie-in versus loose housing system of dairy cattle. [Auswirkung  von haltungsmangeln auf tiergesundheit und wirtschaftlichkeit am beispiel der  anbinde- und laufstallhaltung von milchkuhen.]***Berliner und Munchener  Tierarztliche Wochenschrift* 112(12): 422-429, ISSN: 0005-9366.  NAL Call No.: 41.8 B45  Keywords: dairy cattle, housing, husbandry, loose housing,  tethering, profitability, abnormalities, animal welfare, leukocyte count,  checklists, cows, trauma, interviews, milk, milk yield, pregnancy,  questionnaires, interviews, economics, qualifications of dairy stockmen,  handling of animals, poor management, injury, number of inseminations per  pregnancy, age of cow, cell count of milk, milk yield, German language.
Pillai, S.R., E. Kunze, L.M. Sordillo, and B.M. Jayarao (2001).  **Application of differential inflammatory cell count as a tool to monitor udder  health.***Journal of Dairy Science*84 (6): 1413-1420, ISSN: 0022‑0302.  NAL Call No.: 44.8 J822  Keywords: flow cytometric technique, differential inflammatory  cell count, bovine peripheral blood leukocytes, quarter milk samples,  mononuclear leukocyte count, polymorphonuclear leukocyte count, udder health  status.
Pocknee, B. (1998). **Quality milk production: meeting the  challenge.** In: *British Mastitis Conference 1998,*Axient Information  Services: Crewe, UK, p. 97-98.  Keywords: economics, dairy farming, bovine mastitis, treatment,  teat management, milking machines, animal welfare, milk production, milk  production costs, quality standards, prevention, farm management, dairy farms,  husbandry, udders, cow culling, United Kingdom.
Polk, C. (2001). **Cows, ground surface potentials and earth  resistivity.***Bioelectromagnetics*22(1): 7‑18.   Keywords: dairy  farms, cows, stray voltage, step voltage, long term exposure, soil resistivity,  health, milk production.
Porfir'ev, I.A. (2001). **Metabolism disturbances in high  productive milk cows during unsatisfactory conditions of feeding and keeping.***Sel'Skokhozyaistvennaya Biologiya*2: 20-40.   Keywords: cows, high producing, Black and  White, Kholmogorskaya, breeds, metabolic diseases, carbohydrate, lipid,  protein, phosphorus calcium, vitamin A metabolisms, liver function,  reproductive disorders.
Prasad, H., R.K.  Roychoudhury, and G. Patgiri (2001). **Incidence of subclinical mastitis at  drying off.***Indian Veterinary Journal*78 (4): 316-318, ISSN:  0019-6479.  NAL Call No.: 41.8 IN2  Keywords: subclinical  mastitis, per cent cow wise, per cent quarter wise, number of lactations.
Rajan, G.H., C.A. Morris, V.R. Carruthers, R.J. Wilkins, and T.T.  Wheeler (December 1996). **The relative abundance of a salivary protein, bSP30,  is correlated with susceptibility to bloat in cattle herds selected for high or  low bloat susceptibility.***Animal Genetics* 27(6): 407-414, ISSN:  0268-9146.  NAL Call No: QP98 A1A5  Keywords: dairy cattle, pasture bloat, economics, animal welfare,  salivary proteins, etiology of bloat, cattle grazed on legumes in New Zealand.
Rankin, M. (1998). **An overview of nuisance flies on cattle.***Cattle  Practice: Journal of the British Cattle Veterinary Association*6(1): 59-62,  ISSN: 0969-1251.  NAL Call No.: SF961 C37  Keywords: disease vectors, disease transmission, Musca autumnalis,  Hydrotaea irritans, Morellia simplex, Stomoxys calcitrans, Haematobia irritans,  Haematopota pluvialis, Chrysops, Simulium, Culicoides, biology and behavior of  flies.
Rasmussen, M.D, J.Y. Blom, L.A.H. Nielsen, and P. Justesen (2001).  **Udder health of cows milked automatically.***Livestock Production Science*72(1‑2):  147‑156, ISSN: 0301‑6226.  NAL Call No.: SF1 L5  Keywords: automatic milking, cull somatic cell count, new somatic  cell count, old somatic cell count, dairy product, monthly cow cell count, new  infections, udder health, Denmark.
Reeves, V.B. (1995). **Liquid chromatographic procedure for the  determination of novobiocin residues in bovine milk: interlaboratory study.***Journal  of AOAC International* 78(1): 55-58, ISSN: 1060-3271.  NAL Call No.: S583 A7  Keywords: treatment of mastitis in dairy cattle, novobiocin  residues, tolerance, liquid chromatography.
Rothbauer, D.L. (1994). **The  relationship between production, stress, and the health of dairy cows.***Veterinary  Medicine* 89(12): 1164-1168.  NAL Call No.: 41.8 M69  Keywords: stress, nutrition,  management, health, production, housing, handling.  
Rufenacht, J., P. Schaller, L. Audige, B. Knutti, U. Kupfer, and  E. Peterhans (2001). **The effect of infection with bovine viral diarrhea virus  on the fertility of Swiss dairy cattle.***Theriogenology*56 (2): 199-210,  ISSN: 0093‑691X.  NAL Call No.: QP251.A1T5  Keywords: bovine viral diarrhea virus, cattle pathogen, worldwide  distribution, protective immunity, immunotolerance, viral invasion of fetuses,  epidemiology, viral shedding, infection sources, increased rate of return to  estrus, abortion, birth of calves with malformations, fetal deaths, gestation  failures, management practices, Switzerland.
Schrick, F.N., M.E. Hockett, A.M. Saxton, M.J. Lewis, H.H. Dowlen,  and S.P. Oliver (2001). **Influence of subclinical mastitis during early  lactation on reproductive parameters.***Journal of Dairy Science*84 (6):  1407-1412, ISSN: 0022‑0302.  NAL Call No.: 44.8 J822  Keywords: cows, Jersey, breed, mastitis, subclinical, clinical,  early lactation, reproductive performance, quarter foremilk samples,  microbiological examination, services per conception, days open, days to first  service, reproductive performance.
Schultz, C.E. (1999). **Detection of antibiotic residues in cull  dairy cows at slaughter**. In: *Proceedings One Hundred and Third Annual  Meeting of the United States Animal Health Association, San Diego, California,  USA, October 7-14, 1999*, p. 277-293, United States Animal Health  Association: Richmond, USA.  Keywords: antibiotics, cows, dairy cows, drug residues, antibiotic  residues, meat inspection, meat hygiene.
  Scott, P.R. (1996). **Lameness in dairy cattle**. *The British  Veterinary Journal*152(1): 11-12, ISSN: 0007-1935.  NAL Call No.: 41.8 V643  Keywords: dairy cattle, lameness, cattle husbandry, animal  welfare.
Seimiya, Y.M., F.  Kikuchi, N. Yamaguchi, K. Sugawara, and Y. Nakashima (2001). **Effective  control of periparturient diseases in dairy cows owing to preparturient feed  management practices.***Animal Science Journal*72(10): J587‑J593,  ISSN: 1344‑3941.  NAL Call No.: SF1  A542  Keywords: cows,  heifer, Holstein, breed, periparturient disease, prevention and control,  reproductive system disease, preparturient feed management practices, high  energy feeds, gestation, Japanese language.
Simon, K.H. (1997). **Health and fertility of dairy cows and  veterinary service contracts for herd health care. [Gesundheit und  Fruchtbarkeit von Milchkuhen, Service-Vertrag zur Bestandsuberwachung und  Gesundheitsvorsorge.]***Zuchtungskunde* 69(6): 464-470, ISSN: 0044-5401.  NAL Call No.: 49 Z8  Keywords: veterinary practice, veterinary medicine, veterinary  services dairy, herd medicine, fertility, health, animal welfare, farm  management, herds, quality controls, dairy industry, dairy farms, contracts,  quality standards, Germany, German language.
Singh, S.S., W.R. Ward, J.W. Hughes, K. Lautenbach, and R.D.  Murray (1994). **Behaviour of dairy cows in a straw yard in relation to lameness.***The Veterinary Record: Journal of the British Veterinary Association*135(11):  251-253, ISSN: 0042-4900.  NAL Call No.: 41.8 V641  Keywords: housing, straw, lameness, behavior, handling, farmyards,  rumination, diurnal variation, cattle housing.
Singh, S.S., W.R. Ward, K.  Lautenbach, and R.D. Murray (1993). **Behaviour of lame and normal dairy cows  in cubicles and in a straw yard.***The Veterinary Record: Journal of the  British Veterinary Association* 133(9): 204-208, ISSN: 0042-4900.  NAL Call No.: 41.8 V641  Keywords: behavior, housing,  cubicles, straw, lameness, health, behavior, housing, cubicles.
Singh, S.S., R.D. Murray, and W.R. Ward (1992). **Histopathological  and morphometric studies on the hooves of dairy and beef cattle in relation to  overgrown sole and laminitis.***Journal of Comparative Pathology*107(3): 319-328,  ISSN: 0021-9975.  NAL Call No.: 41.8 J82  Keywords: histopathology, outer hind claws, overgrown sole, wall  epidermis, lameness in diary cattle versus beef cattle.
Sischo, W.M., E.R. Atwill,  L.E. Lanyon, and J. George (2000). **Cryptosporidia on dairy farms and the  role these farms may have in contaminating surface water supplies in the  northeastern United States.***Preventive Veterinary Medicine*43(4):  253-267.  NAL Call No.: SF601 P7  Keywords: dairy cattle,  calves, dairy farms, water contamination, risk factors, surface waters,  manure-management practices, on-farm water, stream samples, cryptosporidia  shedding.
Sixt, A., C. Stanek and E. Mostl (1997). **Effect of different ways  of trimming the claws of cows on plasma cortisol concentration. [Der Einfluss  verschiedener Methoden der Klauenkorrektur auf den Plasmakortisolspiegel bei  der Milchkuh.]***Wiener Tierarztliche Monatsschrift* 84(7): 181-188, ISSN:  0043-535X.   NAL Call No.: 41.8 T345  Keywords: dairy cows, animal welfare, stress, restraint,  hydrocortisone, claw trimming, German language. 
Smith, B.P. (1997). **Down  cows: causes and treatments.***Proceedings of the Annual Conference of the  American Association of Bovine Practitioners* (31): 43-45.  NAL Call No.: SF961.A5  Keywords: dairy cows, cattle  diseases, paresis, prevention.
Spranger, J. (1998). **[Guidelines for prevention and therapy in  ecological animal farms as in the example of bovine mastitis].***DTW: Deutsche  tier�rztliche Wochenschrift*105(8): 321-323, ISSN: 0341-6593.  NAL Call No.: 41.8 D482  Keywords: dairy cattle, mastitis, forbidden prophylactic use of  antibiotics, restricted therapy antibiosis, systematic homeopathic prophylaxis,  sanitation measures, false homeopathic medications, German language.
Stefanowska, J., D.  Swierstra, C.R. Braam, and M.M.W.B. Hendriks (2001). **Cow behaviour on a new  grooved floor in comparison with a slatted floor, taking claw health and floor  properties into account.***Applied Animal Behaviour Science*71(2): 87‑103,  ISSN: 0168‑1591.  NAL Call No.:  QL750.A6  Keywords: dairy  cows, cow housing, floors, floor type, slatted floors, animal behavior, time,  movement, claws, trauma, animal health, animal welfare, cattle dung, farm  equipment, time budgets, floor walkability, manure scrapers.
Stehr, W., B. Twele,  and L. Rosales (2001). **Use of recombinant somatotropin in dairy cows. [Uso  de somatotrofina recombinante en vacas lecheras.]***Archivos de Zootecnia*  50(191): 419‑422, ISSN: 0004‑0592.  NAL Call No.: 49  AR22  Keywords: lactose,  recombinant somatotropin, total protein, milk fat, milk production.
Steinhardt, M. And  H.H. Thielscher (2001). **Heart rate and diurnal rhythmicity in dairy calves  at different ages.[Herzfrequenz und Tagesperiodik bei Milchrindkaelbern  waehrend der Aufzucht am Traenkeautomaten.]***Tieraerztliche Umschau*56(8):  413‑423, ISSN: 0049‑3864.  NAL Call No.: 41.8 T445   Keywords: dairy  cattle, German Holstein Friesian, German Red Pied, breed, calf age, 5, 15, 40  and 60 days of age, diurnal rhythmicity, heart rate, circadian rhythms, German  language.
  Stelwagen, K., D.C. van Espen, G.A. Verkerk, H.A. McFadden, and  V.C. Farr (1998). **Elevated plasma cortisol reduces permeability of mammary  tight junctions in the lactating bovine mammary epithelium**. *Journal of  Endocrinology* 159: 173-178. ISSN: 0022-0795.   NAL Call No.: 448.8 J8293  Keywords: plasma cortisol, mammary tight junctions, lactation,  milking.
Stelwagen, K., G.A. Verkerk, A.H. Phipps, and  L.R. Matthews (1997). **Effect of cortisol on mammary tight junction (TJ)  permeability in lactating dairy cows.***Livestock Production Science*  50(1): 39-40, ISSN: 0343-0200.  NAL Call No.: SF761 Z4  Keywords: cortisol, permeability, mammary tight junction.
Stockdale,  C.R.(2001). **Body condition at calving and the performance of dairy cows in  early lactation under Australian conditions: a review.***Australian  Journal of Experimental Agriculture*41(6): 823‑839, ISSN: 0816‑1089.  NAL Call No.: 23  Au792  Keywords: dairy cows,  body condition, calving, performance, lactation, stress, nutritional state,  pastures, grazing, energy intake, dietary protein, fiber, starch, feed  supplements, crude protein, rumen digestion, protein digestibility,  reproductive performance, milk composition, milk yield, literature reviews.
Thilsing, H.T., and  R.J. Jorgensen (2001). **Hot topic: prevention of parturient paresis and  subclinical hypocalcemia in dairy cows by zeolite a administration in the dry  period.***Journal of Dairy Science* 84 (3): 691-693, ISSN: 0022‑0302.  NAL Call No.: 44.8  J822  Keywords: dry cows,  zeolite feed supplement, parturient calcium status, milk fever, calcium  carbonate, drench, blood samples, serum calcium, subclinical hypocalcemia.
Thompson, R.C., R.M. Hopkins, and W.L. Homan (2000). **Nomenclature  and genetic groupings of Giardia infecting mammals.***Parasitology Today*  16(5): 210-213, ISSN: 0169-4758.  NAL Call No.: QL757 P374  Keywords: enteric parasite, zoonotic diseases, humans, dogs, dairy  cattle, diarrhea in child-care centers, molecular characterization,  morphologically of isolates, taxonomy.
Tucker, C.B., D. Fraser, and D.M. Weary (2001). **Tail     docking dairy cattle: effects on cow cleanliness and udder health.***Journal of Dairy Science*84 (1): 84‑87, ISSN: 0022‑0302.  NAL Call No.: 44.8 J822  Abstract:  To determine whether tail docking would influence cow  cleanliness and udder health in a free‑stall system, we monitored milking  cows after half the animals in a herd were docked. A sample of 223 docked and  190 undocked cows (reducing to 169 and 105 over the study as cows were dried  off) were monitored for 8 wk. Cow cleanliness was scored in two areas: along  the spine, and the rump adjacent to the tail at 1, 2, 3, 5, and 8 wk after  docking. Cleanliness was evaluated by counting squares that were soiled (0 to  14 on a 5‑ x 17.5‑cm grid) and judging soiling severity on a scale  from 0 (clean) to 3 (thickly caked). Udder cleanliness was scored with the same  scale (0 to 3) and by counting the number of teats with debris on them. Udder  health was assessed by measuring SCC of two milk samples and the number of  animals diagnosed as mastitic by the on‑farm veterinarian. No treatment  differences were found in four measures of cow cleanliness, two measures of  udder cleanliness, or udder health. However, cow cleanliness did differ over  time, and analysis of a subsample of cows illustrated individual differences in  cleanliness.  Keywords: dairy cows, tail, docking, cow housing, stalls, hygiene,  udders, somatic cell count, individual characteristics, machine milking,  milkers, animal welfare.
UK, Agriculture Committee, House of Commons (1996). ***The UK  Dairy Industry and the CAP Dairy Regime. Volume 2:*** Minutes of Evidence and  Appendices HMSO Publications Centre: London, UK, 431 p., ISSN: 0-10-550236-7.  Keywords: milk production, milk marketing, quotas, farm income,  dairy farms, milk processing, milk hygiene, bovine spongiform encephalopathy,  animal welfare, somatotropin, tuberculosis, United Kingdom.
UK, Institute of Food Science and Technology (1998). **Bovine  Somatotropin (BST)**. *Food Science and Technology Today* 12(3): 169-176,  ISSN: 0950-9623.  NAL Call No.: TX341 F664  Keywords: cows, somatotropin, somatic cell count milk quality,  safety, risk, health, mastitis, somatic cell count, legislation, GATT,  labelling, health, antibiotic residues, public health, food safety, milk  production, United Kingdom, USA, Europe.
Vaarst, M. and C. Enevoldsen (1996). **Claw disorders among dairy  cows in organic and in deep bedded pack barn systems in Denmark.** In: *Society  for Veterinary Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine. Proceedings of a meeting  held at the University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK, March 27-29, 1996*, M.V.  Thrusfield and E.A. Goodall (eds.), Society for Veterinary Epidemiology and  Preventive Medicine: Roslin, UK, p.185-194, ISSN: 0-94-807324-1.  Keywords: dairy cows, housing, floors, litter, hooves,  epidemiology, lameness, foot diseases, animal welfare, Denmark.
van Klink, E.G., W.G. de Ruyter, C.D. Sijpkens, P.W. van Ham  (March 1995). **[Veterinary medicine and organic animal husbandry. III. Animal  health in organic dairy farms].***Tijdschrift voor Diergeneeskunde*120(5):  144-146, ISSN: 0040-7453.  NAL Call No.: 41.8 T431   Keywords: organic farms versus conventional farms, stockmen,  relationship with animals, disease prevention, selective medicine use,  regulations, disease incidence, Dutch language.
van Schaik, G., M. Nielen, and A.A. Dijkhuizen (2001).  **Biosecurity on dairy farms: the economic benefits**. In: *Proceedings of the  Society for Veterinary Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine Noordwijkerhout,  Netherlands March 28‑30, 2001*, F.D. Menzies and S.W. J. Reid (eds.),  Society for Veterinary Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine Proceedings,  Coventry, UK, p. 175‑185, ISSN: 0956‑7496 ISBN: 0‑948073‑49‑7.  NAL Call No.: SF780.9.S63   Keywords: infectious disease, biosecurity, dairy farms, economic  benefits, book chapter.  
van Schaik, G.  (2001). **Risk and economics of disease introduction to dairy farms. [Risico  en economie van insleep van ziekten op melkveebedrijven.]***Tijdschrift  voor Diergeneeskunde*126(12):414‑8, ISSN: 0040‑7453.   NAL Call No.: 41.8  T431  Keywords: closed  farming system, disease eradication, transmission, bovine virus diarrhoea  virus, bovine herpesvirus 1 (BHV1), direct animal contacts, sales, shows,  economic model, Dutch languge.
van der Lende, T., F.A. de Loos, and T. Jorna (January 2000).  **Postnatal health and welfare of offspring conceived in vitro: a case for  epidemiological studies.***Theriogenology* 53(2): 549-554, ISSN: 0093-691X.  NAL Call No.: QP251.A1T5  Keywords: in vitro fertilization, humans, livestock, long-term  effects on health and welfare of offspring, in vitro culture, blastocyst,  epidemiological studies in humans, animal experiments, livestock industry.
Vandenberg, A. (August 14, 2001). **Dairy feeding stanchion having flipper  locking design.***Official Gazette of the United States Patent and Trademark  Office Patents* 1249 (2): No Pagination, ISSN: 0098‑1133.  NAL Call No.: T223 A21  Keywords: stanchions, housing, milking, feeding, vertically spaced  upper and lower horizontal members, swing pipes, spaced positions, free access,  economically feasible manner.
Veissier, I., J. Rushen, D. Colwell, and A.Md. Passille (2000). **A  laser-based method for measuring thermal nociception of cattle.***Russian  Journal of Ecology* 66(4): 289-304, ISSN: 1067-4136.  NAL Call No.: QH540 E32  Keywords: Holstein calves, methodology, thermography, lasers,  measurement, temperature, pain, leg lift, tail flick, response latency, animal  welfare, health, management.
Ventura, P.G. (1997). **Ways of increasing the well-being of  high-yielding dairy cows. [Soluzioni per aumentare il benessere delle bovine da  latte ad alta produzione.]***Informatore Agrario* 53(35): 77-79.  Keywords: cow housing, barn roof design, ventilation, drinking  water, cubicles, bedding, flooring, skin and foot care, Italy, Italian  language.
Verkerk, G.A., A.D. Fisher,  C.J. Morrow, and L.R. Matthews (1999). **The effects of stressors on milk  composition in dairy cows.***Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of  Animal Production* 59: 192-194, ISSN: 0370-2731.  NAL Call No.: 49.9 N483  Keywords: breed, Jersey,  stress, feed restriction, bodyweight, lying, milk composition, protein.
Verkerk, G.A., A.M. Phipps, J.F. Carragher, L.R. Matthews, and K.  Stelwagen (1998). **Characterization of milk cortisol concentrations as measure  of short-term stress responses in lactating dairy cows.***Animal Welfare*  7(1): 77-86, ISSN: 0962-7286.  NAL Call No.: HV4701.A557  Keywords: dairy cows, lactation, corticotropin, transport,  hydrocortisone, concentration, milk, blood plasma, stress, animal welfare.
Vokey F.J., C.L.  Guard, H.N. Erb, and D.M. Galton (2001). **Effects of alley and stall surfaces  on indices of claw and leg health in dairy cattle housed in a free‑stall  barn.***Journal of Dairy Science*84(12): 2686‑99, ISSN: 0022-0302.  NAL Call No.: 44.8 J822  Keywords: dairy  herd, housing, alley surfaces, grooved concrete, rubber mats, free stall beds,  deep sand, rubber mattresses, concrete, sawdust, hind claws, hocks, lesions,  dorsal wall length, heel depth, toe angle, digital dermatitis, scoring.
Vollebregt, R.J., J.P.T.M.  Noordhuizen, and H. van der Wal (2001). **From dairy herd health and  production management to veterinary consultancy**. **[Van veterinaire  begeleiding naar veterinaire advisering van melkveebedrijven.]***Tijdschrift  Voor Diergeneeskunde* 126 (13): 448-454.   NAL Call No.: 41.8 T431  Keywords: herd health, production  management, programs, veterinary practices, professionally oriented veterinary  consultancy, profit gains.
Vos, P. (1999). **"The repeat breeder cow," aetiopathogenesis and possible therapies.***Cattle Practice*  7(1): 93-95, ISSN: 0969-1251.  NAL Call No.: SF961 C37  Keywords: ovarian cysts, ovarian diseases, female infertility,  etiology, pathogenesis, treatment, cows, economics, reproductive disorders,  embryo mortality, estrus, fertilization, calving interval, milk production,  animal housing, nutrition, calving, animal health, animal welfare, metabolic  disorders, mastitis, lameness, endometritis.
Waage, S., S.A. Odegaard, A. Lund, S. Brattgjerd and T. Rothe  (2001). **Case control study of risk factors for clinical mastitis in postpartum  dairy heifers.***Journal of Dairy Science* 84 (2): 392-399ISSN:  0022‑0302.  NAL Call No.: 44.8 J822  Keywords: heifers, risk factors, clinical mastitis, postpartum,  blood in the milk, udder edema, teat edema, milk leakage, significant risk  factors, *Staphylococcus aureus*.
WagtendonkdeLeeuw, A.Mv., E. Mullaart, A.P.Wd. Roos, et al.  (2000). **Effects of different reproduction techniques: AI, MOET or IVP, on  health and welfare of bovine offspring.** In: *Proceedings of the Annual  Conference of the International Embryo Transfer Society, Maastricht, The  Netherlands, January 9-11, 2000, Vol.53, No.1*, S.J. Dieleman (ed.), p.  575-597.  Keywords: MOET, reproduction, birth weight, bulls, calving,  culture techniques, congenital abnormalities, embryos, estrus, heart rate,  heifers, in vitro culture, malformations, perinatal mortality, semen  production, culture, embryo transfer, culture media.
Waiblinger, S., U.  Knierim, and C. Winckler,(2001). **The development of an epidemiologically  based on‑farm welfare assessment system for use with dairy cows.***Acta  Agriculturae Scandinavica. Section A, Animal Science*51(Supplementum 30): 114‑117,  ISSN: 0906‑4702.  NAL Call No.: S3  A27  Keywords: animal  welfare, assessment, dairy cows, epidemiology, multivariate analysis.
Ward, W. R. (1999). **Lameness in dairy cattle, an overview**. *Cattle  Practice: Journal of the British Cattle Veterinary Association*7(4):  333-340, ISSN: 0969-1251.NAL Call No.: SF961 C37Keywords: dairy cattle, reviews, lameness, lesions, foot diseases,  dermatitis, animal welfare, pain, economics, risk factors, physiology,  locomotion, animal behavior, cattle housing.
Ward, J.L. and W.C. Rebhun (1992). **Chronic frontal sinusitis in  dairy cattle: 12 cases (1978-1989).***Journal of the American Veterinary  Medical Association* 201(2): 326-328, ISSN: 0003-1488.NAL Call No.: 41.8 Am3Keywords: dehorning, respiratory tract, Actinomyces pyogenes,  Pasteurella multocida, infection, clinical signs, anorexia, lethargy, fever,  frontal bone distortion, exophthalmos, abnormal posture, nasal discharge,  neurologic abnormalities, treatment, drainage and lavage of the sinus cavity,  antibiotics, analgesics.
Warnick, L.D., D. Janssen, C.L. Guard, and Y.T. Grohn (2001). **The  effect of lameness on milk production in dairy cows.***Journal of Dairy  Science* 84 (9):1988‑1997, ISSN: 0022‑0302.NAL Call No.: 44.8 J822    Keywords: foot abscess, foot rot, foot ulcer, lameness, milk production, treatment,     New York, USA.

Warnick, L.D., L.M. Crofton,  K.D. Pelzer, and M.J. Hawkins (2001). **Risk factors for clinical  salmonellosis in Virginia, USA cattle herds.***Preventive Veterinary  Medicine* 49 (3 4): 259-275ISSN: 0167‑5877.NAL Call No.: SF601.P7Keywords: clinical  salmonellosis, fecal samples, water samples, feed samples, *Salmonella  Typhimurium,*significant factors, number of mature cows in herd, calves  born in a buildings, poultry manure spread on bordering property, rodents  infestation, wild geese.
Weber, M.F., and J. Verhoeff  (2001). **Integrated disease control in dairy herds: A case study from the  veterinarians' viewpoint. [Integrale  dierziektebestrijding op melkveebedrijven: visie van rundveedierenartsen op een  casus.]***Tijdschrift Voor  Diergeneeskunde*126 (10): 340-345.NAL Call No.: 41.8 T431    Keywords: disease control, bovine virus diarrhoea virus, bovine herpesvirus     1, Leptospira interrogans serovar hardjo subtype hardjobovis, Mycobacterium     avium subsp. paratuberculosis, Salmonella Dublin, economic benefits, culling,     Netherlands.
Weber, M.F., and J. Verhoeff  (2001). **Prevalence of chronic wasting in Dutch dairy herds with a history of  chronic health problems. [Prevalentie van slijtend rundvee op nederlandse  melkveebedrijven met een historie van chronische gezondheidsproblemen.]***Tijdschrift  Voor Diergeneeskunde* 126(6): 180-183.NAL Call No.: 41.8 T431Keywords: Dutch dairy farms,  chronic wasting, health problems, cull rates, mortality.
Webster, A.J.F. (2001). **Effects  of housing and two forage diets on the development of claw horn lesions in  dairy cows at first calving and in first lactation.***The Veterinary  Journal*162 (1): 56‑65, ISSN: 1090‑0233.NAL Call No.: SF601.V484  Abstract:  This paper describes a  systematic study of the development of lesions of the claw horn (CHL, sole and  white line) in heifers calving for the first time, housed either in cubicles or  a straw yard and fed either a low‑ or high‑dry‑matter forage  diet. The feet of all animals were inspected on five occasions, at  approximately four weeks before and four, eight, 16 and 24 weeks post calving.  Haemorrhagic lesions of the sole and white line were described according to a  geometric lesion score for severity and a cumulative lesion score based on the  product of (severity x area) for each lesion. Geometric and cumulative lesion  scores increased in all groups of cattle in the first eight weeks after  calving. However, the severity and persistence of the lesions were  significantly greater in cattle housed in cubicle yards. Wet feeding increased  the severity of CHL in the cubicle yard only. There were no associations  between lesion scores and body weight, body condition or foot conformation. The  heels of the cattle in straw yards tended to be thick but many showed pitting  erosions. In cubicles the heels were smooth but thin. This may have contributed  to CHL by increasing concussive forces within the hoof. There was a highly  significant (but relatively low) correlation between scores for sole lesions  and lameness in individual animals. These observations are consistent with the  hypothesis that systemic events associated with calving and the onset of  lactation may set in motion the chain of events that lead to the lesions of  CHL; the extent and severity of these lesions being then determined by the  externally imposed conditions of housing and feeding.Keywords: heifers, calving,  lactation, cow housing, cubicles,straw yards, forage, dry matter, cattle  feeding, moisture, interactions, claws, lesions, body weight, body condition,  risk factors, hemorrhage, conformation,  feet, lameness, etiology.
Webster, A.J.F. (1997). **The  role of the bovine practitioner in cattle welfare.***Presented at the XIX  World Buiatrics Congress, Edinburgh, UK, July 8-12, 1996*, *Vol.32,  No.31.2, p.10-15*.Keywords: dairy cows, animal  welfare, lameness, metabolic disorders, bovine mastitis, milk production.
Weller, R.F. and P.J. Bowling  (2000). **Health status of dairy herds in organic farming dairy cows.***The  Veterinary Record: Journal of the British Veterinary Association* 46(3):  80-81, ISSN: 0042-4900.NAL Call No.: 41.8 V641Keywords: organic farming, farm management, dairy herds, health,  organic farming, diseases, bovine mastitis, *Streptococcus uberis,* bulk  milk, somatic cell count, incidence, cubicles, straw yards.
Wells, S.J., S.L. Ott, and A.H. Seitzinger (November 1998). **Key  health issues for dairy cattle: new and old.***Journal of Dairy Science*  81(11): 3029-3035, ISSN: 0022-0302.NAL Call No.: 44.8 J822  Abstract:  The objective of this paper is to use available information to  evaluate the relative importance of various health issues affecting dairy  cattle. In addition to traditional ranking using evaluation methods based on  impacts to animal productivity, this paper considers zoonotic risks,  international trade implications, and animal welfare concerns. Traditional  production costs rank mastitis, reproductive problems, and lameness as the top  dairy cattle diseases. When the other areas of importance are included, the  top-ranked diseases change to include salmonella, Johne's disease, bovine viral  diarrhea-associated disease, and mastitis. Researchers in the dairy industry  may want to reevaluate their criteria for setting research priorities to  include zoonotic risks, international trade implications, and animal welfare  concerns.Keywords: dairy cows, health, milk production, health issues  affecting dairy cattle, zoonotic risks, international trade implications,  animal welfare concerns, mastitis, reproductive problems, lameness, dairy  cattle diseases, salmonella, Johne's disease, bovine viral diarrhea, review,  bovine mastitis, production costs, bovine diarrhea virus, paratuberculosis,  zoonoses, cryptosporidiosis, foodborne diseases, international trade, decision  making, research projects, dairy research.
Westwood, C.T., and L.J. Lean  (2001). **Nutrition and lameness in pasture‑fed dairy cattle.***Proceedings  of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production* 61: 128‑134, ISSN:  0370‑2731.NAL Call No.: 49.9 N483Keywords: hoof, health, rumen,  digestive system, diseases, chronic ruminal acidosis, digestive system disease,  metabolic disease, lameness, epidemiology, etiology, pathology, prevention and  control, laminitis, bone disease, connective tissue disease, joint disease,  endotoxins, histamine, lactic acid, nutrient detergent fiber, protein,  degradation, serotonin, trace elements, inadequate uptake, nutrition, pH, fiber  content, moisture content, New Zealand. 
Whay, H.R., A.E., A.E. Waterman, A.J.F. Webster, and J.K. O'Brien  (1998). **The influence of lesion type on the duration of hyperalgesia associated  with hindlimb lameness in dairy cattle**. *The Veterinary Journal* 156:  23-29, ISSN: 1090-0233.NAL Call No.: SF601 V484Keywords: health, lameness, claw lesions, hyperalgsia, nociceptive  threshold, milking.
Whay, H.R., A.E. Waterman and  A.J.F. Webster (1997). **Associations between locomotion, claw lesions and  nociceptive threshold in dairy heifers during the peri-partum period.***The  Veterinary Journal* 154 (2): 155-161, ISSN: 1090-0233.NAL Call No.: SF601 V484  Abstract:  The locomotion of 15  heifers was examined at fortnightly intervals over a 4 month peri-partum  period. Measurements were made of the development of gait abnormalities,  thermal and mechanical nociceptive thresholds, and severity and size of sole  lesions observed in the hind claws. All heifers developed lesions at, or  shortly after, parturition, and in seven animals this induced marked lameness.  Abnormalities of gait were related more to the severity, than to the size of  the lesion. Lameness was associated with a significant increase in sensitivity  to mechanical noxious stimuli applied to the lame leg but not to a thermal  stimulus applied to the ear. This study demonstrated interactions between  lameness, claw lesions and the development of hyperalgesia in heifers during  the post-partum period.Keywords: heifers,  gait, claws, lesions, pain, prepartum period, postpartum interval, lameness,  predisposition. 
Whitaker, D.A., J.M. Kelly,  and S. Smith (2000). **Disposal and disease rates in 340 British dairy herds.***The  Veterinary Record: Journal of the British Veterinary Association* 146(13):  363-367, ISSN: 0042-4900.NAL Call No.: 41.8 V641Keywords: disposal rates,  disease rates, health.
White, L.J., Y.H., Schukken, T.J.G.M. Lam, G. F. Medley,     and M.J. Chappell (2001). **A multispecies model for the transmission and control     of mastitis in dairy cows.***Epidemiology and Infection*127 (3): 567‑576,     ISSN: 0950‑2688.    NAL Call No: RA651  A1E74Keywords: bovine  mastitis, cows, dairy cows, disease control, disease transmission, mastitis,
Wiederkehr, T.U., K. Friedli,  and B. Wechsler (2001). **Influence of regular outdoor exercise on occurrence  and type of hock lesions of dairy cows kept in tied housing systems. [Einfluss  von regelmassigem Auslauf auf das Vorkommen und den Schweregrad von  Sprunggelenksschaden bei Milchvieh im Anbindestall.]***KTBL‑Schrift*  403: 163‑170.  NAL Call No.: 18 K96   Keywords: dairy cows, disease prevention, exercise,  joint diseases, hock lesions, lameness, exercise, lying area, litter, German  language.
Wilson, J.H. (July 1992) **The  art of physical diagnosis.***Veterinary Clinics of North America. Food  Animal Practice* 8(2): 169-176, ISSN: 0749-0720.  NAL Call No.: SF601 V535  Keywords: dairy cattle, sick animals, physical examination of food  animals, physical and rectal, sample recording form.
Winckler, C., and S.  Willen (2001). **The reliability and repeatability of a lameness scoring  system for use as an indicator of welfare in dairy cattle.***Acta  Agriculturae Scandinavica. Section A, Animal Science*51(Supplementum 30):  103‑107, ISSN: 0906‑4702.  NAL Call No.: S3  A27  Keywords: dairy cows, animal welfare, lameness, scoring system,  inter‑observer repeatability, lesions, sole disorders, locomotion,  methodology.
Wolf,V., H. Hamann, H. Scholz, and O. Distl (2001). **Systematic  effects on the occurrence of abomasal displacements in German Holstein cows.  [Systematische einfluesse auf das auftreten von labmagenverlagerungen bei  Deutschen Holstein Kuehen.]***Zuechtungskunde* 73 (4): 257-265, ISSN:  0044‑5401.  NAL Call No.: 49 Z8   Keywords: cows, German Holstein,breed, risk factors, abomasal  displacement, genetic disposition, percent left abomasal displacement, percent  right abomasal displacement, influence of calving month, the lactation number,  age at calving, calving performance, duration of pregnancy, inbreeding  coefficient, did not explain a significant part of the variation of the  frequency of the abomasal displacement.
Wolferstan, F. (2001). **A preliminary report on a study of BSE in  cattle in relation to farm husbandry: its possible relevance to vCJD and  infertility problems in humans.***Journal of Nutritional and Environmental  Medicine*11 (3): 205‑216, ISSN: 1359‑0847.    NAL Call No.: RM214 J68  Keywords: farm survery, questionnaire, agricultural chemicals,  organophosphorus compounds, breeding, husbandry, bovine spongiform  encephalopathy, calves, copper, dams (mothers), suckler herds, trace element  deficiencies, etiology vCJD, human infertility problems, United Kingdom.
Woolhouse, M.E., D.T. Haydon, A. Pearson, and R.P. Kitching  (1996).**Failure of vaccination to prevent outbreaks of foot-and-mouth disease.***Epidemiology  and Infection* 116(3): 363-371, ISSN: 0950-2688.  NAL Call No.: RA651 A1E74  Keywords: dairy cattle, vaccine trials, antibody responses  following vaccination, mathematical model, Saudi Arabia.
Zadnik, T. (1998). **Herd health management and dairy production  strategies in Slovenia in the 21st century.***Zbornik Veterinarske Fakultete  Univerza Ljubljana* 36(1): 129-141, ISSN: 0353-8044.  NAL Call No.: SF604  L51  Keywords: cows, dairy herds, dairy farms, health, production,  animal welfare, biotechnology, breeding programs, milk composition, consumer  preferences, data collection, feeding, feed formulation, milk, lactose,  metabolic disorders, milk production, disease prevention, udders, milk fat,  milk protein, environment, pollutants, intensive farming, genetic engineering,  computers, information technology, data processing, trends, Slovenia.
Yamada, A. (2001). **The potential pathway of dioxins in grassland  husbandry.***Grassland Science* 47 (1): 72-79.  NAL Call No.: 60.9 J27   Keywords: polychlorinated  dibenzo p dioxins, polychlorinated dibenzofurans, produced during combustion  processes, by products of the manufacture of chlorinated compounds,  environmental contaminants, cow's milk, beef, animal fat, forage sampling, field investigation.
Young, F., D. Platt, D. Logue, H. Ternent, and J. Fitzpatrick  (2001). **Bovine Staphylococcus aureus mastitis: Strain recognition and dynamics  of infection.***Journal of Dairy Research* 68(3): 377‑388, ISSN:  0022-0299.  NAL Call No.: 44.8 J823  Keywords: *Staphylococcus aureus,*pathogen, strain  variation, mastitis, bacterial disease.  Return to Table of ContentsHousing
Adrighetto, I., F.  Gottardo, D. Andreoli, and G. Cozzi. (1999). **Effect of type of housing on veal  calf growth performance, behaviour and meat quality.***Livestock Production  Science* 57(2): 137-145, ISSN: 0301-6226.NAL Call No.: SF1.L5Keywords: veal calves,  housing system, behavior, weight gain, meat quality, housing, growth, growth  performance, meat quality.
Alban, L. (1996).  **Assessing and managing welfare in a Danish dairy herd: problems and a proposal.**  In: *Livestock Farming Systems: More than Food Production. Proceedings of the  4th International Symposium, Foulum, Denmark August 22-23, 1996*, J.T.  Sorensen (ed.), Wageningen Pers: Wageningen, Netherlands p. 262-266, ISSN:  9-07-413449-1.NAL Call No.: 49.9 Eu7  no.89Keywords: dairy cattle,  cow housing, animal welfare assessment, health, management, cattle diseases,  foot diseases, clinical examinations, Denmark.
Alban, L. and J.F. Agger (1996). **Welfare in Danish dairy herds. 2. Housing systems and grazing procedures in 1983 and 1994.***Acta  Veterinaria Scandinavica* 37(1): 65-77, ISSN: 0044-605X.NAL Call No.: 41.8 AC87Keywords: animal welfare, behavior, health, questionnaires,  surveys, descriptive epidemiology, tie stall environments, lameness, feeding,  pasture grazing, recommendations, partitions, cubicles, saw dust, resting area,  housing systems.
Amon, B., T. Amon, J. Boxberger, and C. Alt (2001). **Emissions  of NH3, N2O and CH4 from dairy cows housed in a farmyard manure tying stall  (housing, manure storage, manure spreading).***Nutrient Cycling in  Agroecosystems*60 (1/3): 103‑113, ISSN: 1385‑1314.NAL Call No: S631 F422Keywords: air pollution, ammonia, composting, cow housing,  tie stalls, dairy cows, emission, farmyard manure, fermentation, methane,  nitrous oxide, stacking, manure treatment.
Amon, T., J. Boxberger,  P. Schatz, and C. Kummernecker (1997).**Evaluating the suitability of dairy  husbandry systems in terms of animal welfare by means of a comparative analysis  of the models TGI 35 L/1995 and TGI 200/1994. [Beurteilung der Tiergerechtheit  von Milchviehhaltungssystemen anhand einer vergleichenden Modellanalyse TGI 35  L/1995 und TGI 200/1994.]** In: *Schriftenreihe der Eidgenossische  Forschungsanstalt fur Agrarwirtschaft und Landtechnik*, R. Weber (ed.),  Eidgenossische Forschungsanstalt fur Agrarwirtschaft und Landtechnik: Tanikon,  Switzerland, No.45, p. 24-35.  Keywords: cows,  husbandry, cattle housing, dairy farming, animal welfare, models, evaluation,  quality standards, testing, comparisons, German language.
Aneshansley, D.J., and  R.C. Gorewit (1999). **Sensitivity of Holsteins to 60 Hz and other waveforms  present on dairy farms.** In: *ASAE/CSAE-SCGR Annual International Meeting,  Toronto, Ontario, Canada, 18-21 July, 1999*, American Society of Agricultural  Engineers (ASAE): St Joseph, USA, 13 p.  NAL Call No.: S671.3 A54Keywords: dairy farms,  lactating Holstein cows, animal welfare, electricity, electric current, steady  state, transient and momentary waveforms.
Barash, H., N.  Silanikove, A. Shamay, and E. Ezra (2001). **Interrelationships among ambient  temperature, day length and milk yield in dairy cows under a Mediterranean  climate.***Journal of Dairy Science*84 (10): 2314‑2320, ISSN: 0022‑0302.  NAL Call No.: 44.8 J822Keywords: dairy cows,  Holstein, breed, calving season, dairy performance, daylight, photoperiod, Mediterranean climate,   environmental temperature, temperature  patterns, effects on lactation, milk protein yield, milk yield, stress, stress  response.
Barrington, S. (1999).  **Comfort of cows in tethered housing. [Le confort de la vache en stabulation  entravee.]***Producteur de Lait Quebecois*19(5): 22-26, ISSN: 0228-1686.  Keywords: cow housing,  tethered housing, design, animal welfare, rest, feeding, cattle housing, milk  yield, French language.
Bergmann, J. and W.  Heuwieser (2000). **Cow-comfort: optimal performance only possible under optimal  conditions. Cubicle design. [Kuh-Komfort: optimale Leistung nur durch optimale  Bedingungen. Liegeboxengestaltung.]***Milchpraxis* 38(2): 68-71, ISSN:  0026-3753.  NAL Call No.: SF221 M5Keywords: cows, animal  welfare, design, housing, dairy cattle, German language.
Bergmann, J., J. Kluth,  and W. Heuwieser (2000).**Cow comfort: optimal keeping only possible under  optimal conditions. Part 1: behaviour and cattle housing. [Kuh-Komfort:  optimale Leistung nur durch optimale Bedingungen. Teil 1: Verhaltungsbiologie  und Stallgestaltung.]***Milchpraxis* 38(1): 14-16, ISSN: 0026-3753.NAL Call No.: SF221 M5  Keywords: cows, cattle  farming, behavior, cattle housing, animal welfare, German language.
Berry, E.A. (1998).  **Mastitis incidence in straw yards and cubicles.***The Veterinary Record:  Journal of the British Veterinary Association* 142(19): 517-518, ISSN:  0042-4900. NAL Call No.: 41.8 V641Keywords: dairy cows,  cattle housing, cubicles, yards, bovine mastitis, winter, lameness, bulk milk,  leukocyte count, dairy herds, animal welfare.
Bewley, J., R.W. Palmer, and D.B. Jackson‑Smith  (2001). **A comparison of free‑stall barns used by modernized Wisconsin  dairies.***Journal of Dairy Science*84 (2): 528‑541, ISSN: 0022‑0302.  NAL Call No: 44.8 J822.  Abstract:  A primary objective of the Wisconsin Dairy Modernization Survey was to compare features  of free‑stall barns available to dairy producers. This study used data from a  large random sample of expanding dairy farms to determine  whether the theoretical benefit of particular free‑stall configurations bear out under  on‑farm conditions. Comparisons were made among  herds using free‑stall barns as their primary housing for new versus remodeled  facilities, barn design, bedding  used, feed‑delivery design, manure removal strategies, animal  restraint, maternity areas, overcrowding, and cooling methods.  Producers who made the transition from tie‑stall  housing to free‑stall housing were satisfied with this decision. New free‑stall  barns provided a more desirable environment for the herds than remodeled  free‑stall barns, although initial investments were higher. When  new free‑stall barns were compared, herds with four‑row barns had higher  production, lower somatic cell count, and higher stocking rates than herds with  six‑row barns. Respondents were more satisfied with four‑  and six‑row barns than  with two‑ and three‑row barns. Respondents felt sand provided  some advantages for cow comfort, while satisfaction with bedding cost and manure  handling was higher with mattresses. Dairy  Herd Improvement data showed no difference in milk production or somatic cell  count for producers who chose sand or mattress‑based free stalls.  Respondents were more satisfied with the use of drive‑through feeding than other  feed‑delivery designs. Most producers chose to use tractor scrapers to  remove manure; however, producers who used automated systems were more satisfied with manure  management. Few differences were observed when comparing self‑locking head  gates to palpation rails. Overcrowding did not have any adverse affect  on production or user satisfaction with feed intake or cow comfort.  Using supplemental cooling appeared to facilitate  higher production.  Keywords: dairy farms, dairy herds, expansion, barns, stalls, cow housing, litter, sand, mats, animal welfare, cattle  dung, waste disposal, milk production,  stocking density, building, construction, somatic cell count, cattle husbandry,  mobile feeders, restraint of animals, calving, pens, cow comfort, new barns,  remodeled barns, drive‑through feeding, Wisconsin.
Bickert, W.G. and G.W.  Atkeson (1997). **Dry cow facilities: early dry, pre-calving and maternity**. In: *Livestock  Environment 5, Volume 2. Proceedings of the Fifth International Symposium,  Bloomington, Minnesota, USA, May 29-31, 1997, No.1*, R.W. Bottcher and S.J.  Hoff (eds.) American Society of Agricultural Engineers (ASAE): St Joseph, USA,  p. 1063-1068, ISSN: 0-92-935584-9.  NAL Call No.: SF91 L58  1997.Keywords: cow housing,  cow comfort, barn design, management, dairy farms, stalls.
Blanken, K., and J. van Lent (2001). **Reduced ammonium  emission with steel grids. [Lagere ammoniakemissie bij stalen roosters.]***Praktijkonderzoek  Rundvee* 14(2): 29‑30, ISSN: 1386‑8470.Keywords: ammonium, housing, cattle manure, dairy cows,  emission, floors, steel grid floor, steel grid floor and top layer covered by  sand, steel grid floor and grooved top layer temperature, concrete grid floors,  Dutch language, Netherlands.
Blanken, K., H.J. van Dooren, and M. de Haan (2001). **New  housing for young cattle at the low cost farm. [Nieuwe jongveestal op het  lagekostenbedrijf.]***Praktijkonderzoek Rundvee*14 (5): 11‑13,  ISSN: 1569‑805X.Keywords: calves, calf housing costs, investment,  comparison of different types of housing Dutch language, Netherlands
Blanken, K., J. van Lent, and G. Smolders (2001). **Claw  health on steel grids is also good. [Klauwgezondheid op stalen roosters ook  goed.]***Praktijkonderzoek Rundvee*14 (2): 1‑3, ISSN: 1386‑8470.Keywords: dairy cows, housing, health, animal welfare,  steel floors, concrete grid floors concrete, feeding behavior, feet, floors,  foot diseases.
Bockisch, F.J., T.  Jungbluth, and A. Rudovsky (1999). **Technical indicators for evaluation of  housing systems for cattle, pigs and laying hens relating to animal welfare.***Zuechtungskunde*  71(1): 38-63, ISSN: 0044-5401.  NAL Call No.: 49 Z8   Keywords: cattle,  chickens, laying hens, pigs, production, animal welfare, climate control, feed  supply, floor design, housing system, evaluation indicators, waste handling,  water supply, German language.
Bockisch, F.J. (1996)  **Aspects of animal-friendly loose housing for dairy cows. [Aspekte zu  tierangepassten Laufstall sustemen fur Milchkuhe.]***KTBL-Arbeitspapier*  233: 149-156, ISSN: 0930-0295.  NAL Call No.: S674.43  G3K8Keywords: dairy farms,  cow housing, automation, loose housing versus stanchion systems, animal  welfare, ergonomics, labor, costs, free movement, lying and feeding area, cow  size, milk yields, conference paper.
Bodman, G.R. (1994/1995).  ***Designing the Cow Environment for Comfort***Agricultural Research  Division, Institute of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of  Nebraska, Lincoln (65-A): 31-32.NAL Call No.: 100 N27MKeywords: cow housing,  design, dairy hygiene.
Bolinger, D.J., J.L.  Albright, J. MorrowTesch, and S.J. Kenyon, and M.D. Cunningham (1997). **The  effects of restraint using self-locking stanchions on dairy cows in relation to  behavior, feed intake, physiological parameters, health, and milk yield.***Journal  of Dairy Science* 80(10): 2411-2417, ISSN: 0022-0302.NAL Call No.: 44.8 J822  Abstract: Holstein cows (n =  64) ranging from peak to end lactation were restrained in self-locking  stanchions (i.e., head locks) for approximately 4 h/d for four periods in a  modified switchback design. Milk yield, milk fat percentage, somatic cell  count, and dry matter intake and dry matter intake were unaffected by  restraint. Milk protein percentage was significantly lower for cows that were  restrained. Plasma cortisol concentrations and the ratio of neutrophils to  mononuclear cells were not significantly different between restrained and  unrestrained (control) cows. No difference in the incidence of mastitis or  other health concerns was noted. Behaviorally, cows that were locked in the  stanchions spent significantly more time lying after release from restraint.  For cows that were locked up, eating frequency over 24 h was significantly  reduced, but dry matter intake was not affected. Total rumination frequency  over 24 h was not significantly different for cows that were restraubed;  however, cows that were restrained ruminated less during the day following  release. Grooming was considered to be a behavioral need and was significantly  increased during all times when cows were not locked up. Grooming was also one  of the first behaviors performed following release. Acts of aggression were  elevated during all periods following restraint, but oral behaviors, such as  tongue playing and chewing on objects, drinking behavior, and resting postures  were not affected. The use of self-locking stanchions did not appear to affect  substantially the overall well-being of the cow.Keywords: dairy cows,  restraint of animals, milk yield, milk fat percentage, milk protein percentage,  animal welfare, somatic cell count, feed intake, dry matter, blood plasma,  hydrocortisone, blood picture, agonistic behavior, physical activity, pastures,  rumination, eating, grooming, drinking, self locking stanchions, tethering,  restraint, behavior, grooming, tongue playing, chewing objects, animal welfare,  feed intake, milk yield, health, milk composition, milk fat, milk protein,  hydrocortisone, plasma cortisol, neutrophils, somatic cell.
Borell, E. von, and S.  van den Weghe (1999). **Development of criteria for the assessment of housing  systems for cattle, pigs and laying hens in relation to animal welfare and  environmental impact. [Erarbeitung von messbaren Kriterien fur die Einschatzung  von Haltungsverfahren fur Rinder, Schweine und Legehennen bezuglich ihrer  Tiergerechtheit und Umweltwirkung.]***Zuchtungskunde* 71(1): 8-16, ISSN:  0044-5401.NAL Call No.: 49 Z8Keywords: housing,  poultry, cattle, pig, animal welfare, environmental impact, economics, feeding,  manures, waste disposal, German language.
Boxberger, J., T. Amon,  and B. Amon (1996). **Trends in development of dairy cow housing. [Stallbauliche  Entwicklungstendenzen in der Milchviehhaltung.]***Praktische Tierarzt* 77:  35-40, ISSN: 0032-681X.NAL Call No.: 41.8 P882Keywords: dairy cattle,  cows, housing, behavior, movement, animal welfare, design, trends, German  language.
Brade, W. (1999).  **Recommendations for appropriate humane housing for dairy cattle. [Empfehlungen  zur tiergerechten Milchrinderhaltung.]***Tierarztliche Umschau* 54(12):  692-698, ISSN: 0049-3864.NAL Call No.: 41.8 T445Keywords: dairy cows, cow  housing, cubicles, tethered, loose housing milking parlors, computers, milking  machines, hygiene, automation, animal welfare, German language.
Brunsch, R., J. Trilk, D.  May, and O. Kaufmann (2001). **Large open‑front dairy cow house with  automatic milking system in Gross Kreutz.***Landtechnik*56 (4): 262‑263,  ISSN: 0023‑8082.  NAL Call No.: 58.8 L235   Keywords: cow housing, dairy farming, design, milking  machines, milking robots, design, German language, Germany.
Buenger, A, V. Ducrocq, and H.H. Swalve (2001). **Analysis  of survival in dairy cows with supplementary data on type scores and housing  systems from a region of northwest Germany.***Journal of Dairy Science*84  (6): 1531‑1541, ISSN: 0022‑0302.  NAL Call No.: 44.8 J822    Abstract: In survival analysis, type traits can be included as  covariates to evaluate their use as predictors for survival. One problem in  such an analysis is the availability of suitable data. Whereas data on the  length of productive life (LPL) of individual cows can be retrieved from milk  recording data, for type traits, all cows in the population must be scored for  type at least once. In the present analysis, a dataset from the Osnabruck  region in northwestern Germany, which fulfilled this requirement in recent  years, was used. Data consisted of 169,733 cows with information on LPL for  calving years 1980 to 1996 (dataset I) and of 39,233 cows with information on  LPL and type for calving years 1990 to 1996 (dataset II). A further dataset  (III) contained 43,116 cows from calving years 1987 to 1996 and included  information on the housing system for each herd. The basic model included stage  of lactation, relative production within herd, change of herd size, and year‑season  as time dependent effects; age at calving as a time‑independent effect;  and herd‑year‑season and sire as random effects. Other effects  (information on type, housing system) were included additionally. For dataset  II, the scores for 15 linear type traits were also included as corrected  phenotypic values, estimated breeding values, and residuals from a previous  BLUP analysis. The package Survival Kit 3.0 was used for all analyses. The results  indicate a moderate heritability of 0.17 and 0.18 for true and functional LPL  (dataset I). Almost all type traits analyzed (dataset II) exceeded a 0.001  level of significance in their effect on survival. The strongest relationships  between survival and type were found for udder depth, fore udder attachment,  and front teat placement. The main result from the comparison of housing  systems (dataset III) was that bedding has a positive effect on survival.  Keywords: dairy cows, survival, housing, prediction, milk  yield, calving, livestock numbers, temporal variation, phenotypes, Germany.
Busato, A., P. Trachsel,  J.W. Blum (May 2000). **Frequency of traumatic cow injuries in relation to  housing systems in Swiss organic dairy herds.***Journal of Veterinary Medicine.  Series A.* 47(4): 221-229, ISSN: 0931-184X.  NAL Call No.: 41.8 Z5Keywords: dairy herds,  dairy cows, housing, trauma, risk factors, risk assessment, organic farming,  animal welfare, nutritional state, milk yield, body condition, lesions,  husbandry.
Caenegem, L. van, and J.M. Anceau (2001). **Cattle houses  in mountain areas (Engadin): optimized cold house or warm house.  [Rindviehstalle im Berggebiet (Engadin): Kaltstall oder Warmstall optimieren.]***FAT‑Berichte,  Switzerland (No.572)*, Eidgenossische Forschungsanstalt fur Agrarwirtschaft  und Landtechnik (FAT): Tanikon, Switzerland,12p., ISSN: 1018‑502X.  NAL Call No.: S671.B55   Keywords: building materials, carbon dioxide, cattle  housing, costs, cows, design, heat, nurse cows, relative humidity, roofs, snow,  temperature, bulletin, Switzerland.
Caenegem, L.V. and H.K.  Messerli (1997). ***The Open Yard Attached to Loose Housing for Dairy Cows.  Ethological and Construction Aspects. [Der Laufhof Fur Den Milchvieh-Laufstall.  Ethologische Und Bauliche Aspekte.] No. 504**, Eidgenossische  Forschungsanstalt fur Agrarwirtschaft und Landtechnik (FAT): Tanikon,  Switzerland, 8p.  Keywords: dairy cattle,  health, animal welfare, seasonal behavior, housing, stalls, outdoor yards,  Switzerland German language.
Calamari, L., M.G. Maianti, V. Cappa, and E. Frazzi (1995). **The  influence of air speed on yield and milk characteristics in dairy cows during  summer.***Annali della Facolta di Agraria*35(1/2): 95-107, ISSN:  0540-049X.  NAL Call No.: 16 M582   Keywords: milk composition, milk yield, milk fat, milk protein,  lactation, ventilation, housing, summer, heat stress, temperature,  triiodothyronine, thyroxine, hydrocortisone, respiration, pH, Italy.
Carlsson, H. (1999). **Cubicles for dairy cows in loose housing  dimensions and partition design for more comfort and cleaner cows.**Sveriges  lantbruksuniversitet: Institution for lantbruksteknik, Uppsala, Sweden, 47 p.,  ISSN: 0283-0086.  NAL Call No.: S760.S8 U6 no. 236  Keywords: housing, loose, design, comfort, animal welfare.
Chaplin, S., and L. Munksgaard (2001). **Evaluation of  simple method for assessment of rising behaviour in tethered dairy cows*.****Animal  Science: An International Journal of Fundamental and Applied Research* 72  (1): 191‑197, ISSN: 1357‑7298.  NAL Call No.: SF1.A56  Keywords: dairy cows, Friesian, breed, tethered housing, posture,  rest, duration, lactation stage, lactation number, physical activity, animal  behavior, animal welfare.
Chaplin, S.J., G. Tierney, C. Stockwell, D.N. Logue, and M. Kelly  (2000). **An evaluation of mattresses and mats in two dairy units.***Russian  Journal of Ecology* 66(4): 263-272, ISSN: 1067-4136.  NAL Call No.: QH540 E32Keywords: cows, comfort,  mats, floors, litter, ethylethene vinyl acetate, loose rubber crumb with a  polypropylene cover, body condition, feed intake, body weight, trauma, hock and  knee injury, lameness, locomotion, milk composition, milk yield, milk quality,  somatic cell count, feeding, ruminating, and lying behavior, animal welfare,  United Kingdom.
Chua, B., E. Coenen, J. van Delen, and D. Weary (2002). **Effects  of pair versus individual housing on the behavior and performance of dairy  calves.***Journal of Dairy Science* 85(2): 360‑4, ISSN: 0022‑0302.  NAL Call No.: 44.8 J822Keywords: health, performance, behavior,  individually and pair‑housed calves,  milk fed, ad libitum, artificial teats, single pen, group pen, pair‑housed  calves.
Cielejewski, H. (1997).  **Experience with cold housing for dairy cows. [Erfahrungen mit Kaltstallen fur  Milchvieh.]***Landtechnik* 52(4): 204-205, ISSN: 0023-8082.NAL Call No.: 58.8 L235Keywords: winter, cold  zones, cold resistance, cold tolerance, frost, temperature, snow, cattle  housing, cow housing, behavior, animal welfare, non-insulated, frozen ball  drinkers, frozen silage, frozen slurries, Germany, German language.
Collins, E.R., J.M.  Swisher, T.M. Younos, B.B. Ross, R.F. Shank, and K.G. Wooden (1998). **Dairy  loafing lot rotational management systems for improving animal well-being and  water quality**. In: *Proceedings of the Fourth International Dairy Housing  Conference, St. Louis, Missouri, USA, 28-30 January 1998*, J.P. Chastain  (ed.), American Society of Agricultural Engineers (ASAE): St Joseph, USA, p.  336-345, ISSN: 0-92-935589-X.NAL Call No.: SF506 I58  1998.Keywords: cows, best  management practice, cleanliness of cattle, mastitis, grass paddock,  earth-surfaced paddock, total dissolved solids, fecal and total coliforms,  Escherichia coli, farm management, animal welfare.
Cross, D.E., D.N. Logue,  J.E. Offer, L.M. Birnie, and M.A. Lomax (1999). **Does separate housing of newly  calved heifers influence social behaviour and lessen claw horn lesion  development?** In: *Farm Animal Welfare, Who Writes the Rules? Proceedings of  an International Symposium Organized by the British Society of Animal Science,  Edinburgh, UK, 1999*, A.J.F. Russel, C.A. Morgan, C.J. Savory, M.C. Appleby,  and T.L.J. Lawrence (eds.), British Society of Animal Science (No. 23): UK, p.  157-158. NAL Call No.: SF5 B74 no.  23Keywords: heifers, housing,  social behavior, animal welfare, legislation, stress, foot diseases, claws,  United Kingdom.
Damasceno, J.C., F.  Baccari, and L.A. Targa (1999). **Behavior responses of Holstein dairy cows with  constant or limited access to shade. [Respostas comportamentais de vacas  Holandesas, com acesso a sombra constante ou limitada.]***Pesquisa  Agropecuaria Brasileira*34(4): 709-715, ISSN: 0100-204X.NAL Call No.: S15 P452Keywords: behavior,  limited, shade, feeding behavior, heat stress, housing, thermal comfort, rumination,  rest, water intake, language, Sao Paulo, Brazil.
Demmers, T.G.M., V.R. Phillips, L.S. Short, L.R. Burgess,  R.P. Hoxey, and C.M. Wathes (2001). **Validation of ventilation rate  measurement models and the ammonia emission from naturally ventilated dairy and  beef buildings in the United Kingdom.***Journal of  Agricultural Engineering Research*  79(1): 107‑116, ISSN: 0021‑8634.  NAL Call No.: 58.8 J82  Abstract:  Measurements of ammonia emission, especially from  cattle buildings, are needed to assess the environmental impact of ammonia.  There are no data available for cattle buildings in the United Kingdom because  most buildings are naturally ventilated and methods for long‑term  measurement of emission from naturally ventilated buildings have not been  developed. Two measurement methods, based on either the release of a tracer gas  or on the pressure difference across ventilation openings, were validated in a  full‑scale cross‑section of a naturally ventilated livestock  building against a known release rate of a gaseous pollutant at high and low  wind speeds. A good correlation between the measured and the actual release  rates was found for the tracer gas method with an average recovery rate of  108%. The method based on pressure difference failed to estimate the  ventilation rate correctly when only measured pressure coefficients were used,  because the measurements of mass flow rates in and out through all openings of  the building failed to balance. The traditional approach, based on measured  values for the external pressure coefficients and an estimate of the internal  coefficient balanced the flow through the building by definition, but failed to  estimate the actual emission rate correctly. Current knowledge of the discharge  coefficient for the opening designs of the building is insufficient for the  pressure difference method to be used to estimate the ventilation rate. Using  the tracer method, measurements were carried out between February and May 1996  in a straw‑based beef house and a slurry‑based dairy cow house with  cubicles and scraped passage ways. The buildings were space boarded and had a  covered ridge. The ammonia emission was estimated to be 3.5 and 8.9 kg NH3 per  livestock unit per year for the beef and dairy buildings, respectively.Keywords: ammonia, pollutants, emission, natural  ventilation, animal housing, U.K. 
Demmers, T.G.M., V.R. Phillips, L.S. Short, L.R. Burgess,  R.P. Hoxey, and C.M. Wathes (2001). **Validation of ventilation rate  measurement methods and the ammonia emission from naturally ventilated dairy  and beef buildings in the United Kingdom.***Journal of Agricultural  Engineering Research* 79 (1): 107‑116, ISSN: 0021‑8634.  NAL Call No.: 58.8 J82   Keywords: air pollution, ammonia, housing, straw-based beef  house, slurry‑based dairy cow house with cubicles, emission, mass flow,  measurement, methodology, natural ventilation, tracer techniques, United  Kingdom.
Dirksen, G. (1996). **Faults of housing and management as  a cause of claw and leg disease in cattle: I.****Faulty rebuilding of a  stanchion-barn into a loose housing with cubicles and slatted floor. [Stallbau-  und Haltungsfehler als Ursache von Klauen- und Gliedmassenerkrankungen in  Rinderbestanden.]***Praktische Tierarzt* 77(10): 924-932, ISSN:  0032-681X.  NAL Call No.: 41.8 P882  Keywords: dairy cows, loose housing, cubicles, slatted  floors, improper installation, design defects, feet, hooves, animal welfare,  foot diseases, diseases, cattle diseases, Germany, German language.
Dobson, T. (1999). ***Getting the Most From Cubicle  Housing Comparisons of Dairy Cow Housing in Eastern Europe and North America*.**  Nuffield Farming Scholarships: Trust (NFST), Uckfield, UK, 19 p., ISBN:  1-90-180181-0.  Keywords: dairy farms,  housing, mechanization, animal welfare, management, calf housing, bedding,  tethered housing, free stalls, cubicles, labor costs, Europe, North America.
Dooren, H.J. van, and K. Blanken (2001).**Walking on  closed floors with furrows: less skidding on floors with profile.[Begaanbaarheid  van dichte vloeren beter met groeven: minder slippartijen op geprofileerde  vloeren.***Praktijkonderzoek Rundvee*14 (6): 13‑15, ISSN: 1569‑805X.    Keywords: cows, health, animal welfare, cattle housing,  walking, skidding, dairy farming, floors, Netherlands.
Dumelow, J. (Winter  1995). **Testing cubicle mats for dairy cows.***The Agricultural Engineer*  50(4): 17-21, ISSN: 0308-5732.  NAL Call No.: 58.9 In7  Keywords: dairy cows,  cubicles, mats, design, materials, hardness, durability, abrasion resistance,  animal welfare, physical properties, hygiene.
Egan, J., N. Leonard, J. Griffin, A. Hanlon, and D. Poole  (2001). **A survey of some factors relevant to animal welfare on 249 dairy  farms in the Republic of Ireland. Part 1: Data on housing, calving and calf  husbandry.***Irish Veterinary Journal*54(8): 388‑392, ISSN: 0368‑0762.    NAL Call No: 41.8 IR4Keywords: farmer  questionnaire, calving assistance, housing, cubicles, nutrition, animal  welfare.
Ekelund, K., A. Herlin,  P. Michanek, and M. Ventorp (1998). ***Simplified Floor Constructions in  Cubicles for Cattle. [Forenklade Golv-Konstruktioner I Liggbas For Notkreatur I  Losdrift.]***Report No.230, Institutionen for Jordbrukets Biosystem och  Teknologi*, Sveriges Lantbruksuniversitet: Lund, Sweden, 46p.  Keywords: housing, lying  behavior, floors, cubicles, sand, litter/bedding, sand/sawdust mixture on  compacted tarmac, sawdust on a soft rubber, concrete, lying behaviour, hygiene  of lying area, contamination of soil, costs, comfort, health, animal behavior,  animal welfare, comparison between countries, Sweden, USA, Swedish language.
Ferrante, V., E. Canali,  M.Verga, S. Mattiello, F. Monti, and F. Gottardo (1999). **Veal calves rearing:  behavioural, physiological and pathological indicators.** In: *Recent Progress  in Animal Production Science. 1. Proceedings of the A.S.P.A. XIII Congress,  Piacenza, Italy, 21-24 June, 1999*, G. Piva, G. Bertoni, F. Masoero, P.  Bani, and L. Calamari (eds.), FrancoAngeli srl.: Milano, Italy, p. 575-577,  ISBN: 88-464-1535-3.  NAL Call No.: SF5 R432  1999  Keywords: animal welfare,  behavior, abnormal behavior, veal calves, cattle housing, animal husbandry.
Flaba, J. (1995). **Improving  the comfort of fettering in stalls [for cows]. [L'amelioration du confort des  stabulations entravees.]***Agricontact* 275: 27-29, ISSN: 0770-285X.  Keywords: cow housing,  tethering, stalls, Belgium, French language.
Fleming, M.W. (1998). **Experimental inoculations with *Ostertagia  ostertagi* or exposure to artificial illumination alter peripheral cortisol  in dairy calves (Bos taurus).***Comparative Biochemistry And Physiology.  Part A, Molecular and Integrative Physiology*119A(1): 315-319.  NAL Call No.: QP1 C6  Abstract:  A series of experiments were conducted on dairy calves (Bos  taurus) to assess, by way of circulating cortisol, the impact of a parasitic  infection as a systemic stressor. The first study was designed to assess the  effects of chronic stress on dairy calves resulting from a large bolus  inoculation of the nematode parasite, Ostertagia ostertagi. Peripheral cortisol  concentrations and adrenal cortical competency to adrenocorticotropic hormone  (ACTH) challenge were utilized as indicators of chronic stress for 5 weeks.  Calves were cleared of nematodes by anthelminthic treatment after the third  week of infection. Calves were challenged with ACTH on weeks 0 and 2, and blood  samples were obtained at a 12 x 10-min bleeding schedule. Cortisol  concentrations were significantly higher (P < 0.05) in the infected calves  than in the uninfected calves. The maximal response level to the ACTH challenge  was also higher while the calves were infected. Two additional experiments were  conducted to investigate the effects of experimental procedures that became  evident during Experiment 1. Firstly, calves that had previously been fitted  with jugular cannulae were sampled from 3 hr predawn until 5 hr after dawn  under red-or white-light incandescent illumination. Calves under red lights had  lower initial cortisol concentrations but increased to the concentrations in  calves under white lights, indicating a compounding effect of lighting with the  procedures of blood-sample acquisition. Secondly, 12 calves were inoculated  with 10,000, 100,000, or 200,000 third-stage, infective larvae of O. ostertagi.  Blood samples were obtained similarly to the regimen in Experiment 1. Cortisol  concentrations were elevated only in the 200,000-dose.  Keywords:****cortisol, dairy calves, experimental infections,  parasite, nematode, stress, adrenal glands, lighting, well-being.
Forshell, K.P. (1999). **Hoof diseases: a hidden problem.****[Klauvsjukdommer:  et skjult problem!]***Buskap* 51(3): 20-21.  NAL Call No.: 49 B96 Keywords: foot diseases,  health, productivity, hooves, floors, animal welfare, dairy cattle, cows,  Norwegian language, Sweden, Norway.
Frazzi, E. (2001). P**rotection  against extreme heat on dairy farms. [Le difese contro il caldo estremo  nell'allevamento bovino da latte.]***Informatore Agrario* 57(21): 50‑56,  ISSN: 0020‑0689.  NAL Call No.: 281.8 IN32   Keywords: dairy farming,  housing, heat, temperature, cooling systems, design, water sprayers, location,  ventilation, ventilators, water, Italian language.
Frazzi, E., L. Calamari,  and F. Calegari, and L. Stefanini (2000). **Behavior of dairy cows in response to  different barn cooling systems.***Transactions of the ASAE*43(2): 387-394,  ISSN: 0001-2351.NAL Call No.: 290.9  Am32T   Keywords: cooling, heat  stress, climate, feeding, milk yield, relative humidity, summer, cow housing,  behavior, milk quality, environmental temperature, Italy.
Frazzi, E., L. Calamari,  and F. Calegari (1998). **Dairy cows heat stress index including air speed  parameter.***Rivista di Ingegneria Agraria* 29(2): 91-96, ISSN: 0304-0593.  NAL Call No.: S671 R5Keywords: ventilation,  sprinklers, dairy cows, heat stress, airflow, cattle housing, Italy.
Frazzi, E., L. Calamari,  F. Calegari, M.G. Maianti, and V. Cappa (1997). **The aeration, with and without  misting: effects on heat stress in dairy cows.**In: *Livestock Environment 5,  Volume 2. Proceedings of the Fifth International Symposium, Bloomington,  Minnesota, USA, May 29-31, 1997, No.1*, R.W. Bottcher and S.J. Hoff (eds.),  American Society of Agricultural Engineers (ASAE): St Joseph, USA, p.  907-914,ISSN: 0-92-935584-9.NAL Call No.: SF91 L58  1997 Keywords: environmental  control, dairy farms, cow housing, milk production, milk yield, milk  composition, rectal temperature, respiration rate, animal welfare, mists,  sprinklers, ventilation, Italy.
Fregonesi, J.A., and L.D. Leaver (2001). **Behaviour, performance  and health indicators of welfare for dairy cows housed in strawyard or cubicle  systems.***Livestock Production Science* 68 (2/3): 205‑216, ISSN:  0343-0200.NAL Call No.: SF761 Z4 Keywords: dairy cows, behavior, performance, health, animal  welfare, housing, straw, milk yield, indicators, loose housing, hygiene,  somatic cell count, locomotion, feed intake, rumination, hooves, lameness,  lying.
Fritzsche, S. and W. Hartmann (1996). **The 1995/1996 German  competition: exemplary cow houses for large dairy herds.****[Bundeswettbewerb  1995/96: beispielhafte Milchviehstalle fur grossere Bestande.]***Landtechnik*  51(6): 344-345, ISSN: 0023-8082.  NAL Call No.: 58.8 L235 Keywords: cow housing, dairy cattle, design, German competition,  best cow houses for large dairy herds, cost, animal welfare, Germany, German  language.
Gaudin, V., P. Billon,  and O. Sauvee (1998). **What kind of milking parlour for efficient and  comfortable working conditions? [Choisir une salle de traite efficace et  confortable.]***Rencontres Recherches Ruminants* 5: 321-326.NAL Call No.: SF191.2  R46 Keywords: milking  parlors, milking, animal welfare, size, dimensions, husbandry, economics, labor  requirements, efficiency, reviews, milking machines, French language. 
Gerighausen, G. (1997).  **From straw to water beds. Comfortable lying areas in cattle housing. [Vom Stroh  bis zum Wasserbett. Liegekomfort in Kuhstallen.]***Milchpraxis* 35(2):  78-81, ISSN: 0026-3753.NAL Call No.: SF221 M5 Keywords: floor covering  evaluation, straw, sawdust, mats, cows, costs, dairy cattle housing, udders,  hygiene, dairy hygiene, service life, labor, maintenance, wood chips, wood  shavings, floors, litter, characteristics, durability, Germany, German  language.
Glaszczka, A. and W.  Wardal (1998). **Tests of open stalls in chosen family farms. [Badania obor  wolnostanowiskowych w wybranych gospodarstwach rodzinnych.]**In: *Problemy  intensyfikacji produkcji zwierzecej przy uwzglednieniu ograniczen ochrony  srodowiska. Materialy: IV Miedzynarodowa Konferencja Naukowa, Warszawa, 29-30  Wrzesnia 1998*, Instytut Budownictwa, Mechanizacji i Elektryfikacji  Rolnicywa, Komitet Techniki Rolniczej PAN, Polskie Towarzystwo Inzynierii  Polniczej: Warsaw, Poland, p. 97-102, ISBN: 8-38-626453-5.Keywords: dairy cattle,  animal welfare, milk quality, management, milk production, cows.
Goodger, W.J., G.G.  Frank, K.V. Nordlund, B. Hilbelink, and C. Eisele (1996). **Financial assessment  of results of intervention to correct a housing-system problem on a dairy farm.***Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association* 209(8):  1406-1410, ISSN: 0003-1488.  NAL Call No.: 41.8 Am3 Keywords: dairy cows,  somatic cell count, mastitis, performance, milk production, lameness, health,  economics, cow housing, bovine mastitis, milk production, milk prices, costs,  investment, returns, cattle diseases, USA, Wisconsin farm, case study.
Halachmi, I. and J.A.P.  Heesterbeek (1999). **Computer simulation and a stochastic model for optimal  facility allocation in a robotic milking barn.***ASAE/CSAE-SCGR Annual  International Meeting, Toronto, Ontario, Canada, July 18-21, 1999*, American  Society of Agricultural Engineers (ASAE): St Joseph, USA, ASAE Paper No.  994011, 4p.  NAL Call No.: S671.3.A54   Keywords: milking, animal  welfare, dairy cattle, design, computer simulation, Queuing/Markov model,  computer software, milking parlors, milking robots, economics.
Haley, D.B, A. M. de  Passille, J. Rushen (2001). **Assessing cow comfort: effects of two floor types  and two tie stall designs on the behaviour of lactating dairy cows.***Applied  Animal Behaviour Science* 71(2): 105-117, ISSN: 0168-1591.  NAL Call No.: QL750.A6   Keywords: behaviour,  animal welfare, cow housing, floors, stalls.
Haley, D.B., J. Rushen,  J., and A.M. De Passille (2000).**Behavioural indicators of cow comfort:  activity and resting behaviour of dairy cows in two types of housing.***Canadian  Journal of Animal Science* 80 (2): 257-263.ISSN: 0008-3984.NAL Call No.: 41.8 C163   Abstract:  We explored which  aspects of dairy cow behaviour provide measures of cow comfort and how housing  affects resting time. Following a crossover design, we observed the behaviour  of eight lactating Holstein cows kept for three weeks in stalls believed to  represent a contrast in comfort. Cows individually housed in large pens with a  mattress flooring lay down 4.2 h d-1 longer than cows housed in tie-stalls on a  concrete floor, while cows in tie-stalls stood idle (without eating) for  longer. Cows stood up and lay down more often in the large pens and the  duration of individual standing bouts was longer in tie-stalls. We found no  differences in eating time and few differences in body, head or leg positions  cows assumed while lying. There was little evidence of diurnal rhythm in  activity. A lower frequency of standing and lying and an increase in the  duration of lying bouts suggests that in tie-stalls cows are more reluctant to  change position from lying to standing. The type of pen or stall in which cows  are housed can have a substantial impact on resting time. The duration and  frequency of lying behaviour and the time spent standing without eating appear  to be probable behavioural indicators of cow comfort.Keywords: housing, pens  stalls, animal behavior, rest, behavior patterns, diurnal activity, animal  welfare.
Hansen, K. and C.N.  Pallesen (1998). **Dairy cow pressure on self-locking feed barriers.** In: *Proceedings  of the Fourth International Dairy Housing Conference, St. Louis, Missouri, USA,  January 28-30, 1998*, J.P. Chastain (ed.), American Society of Agricultural  Engineers (ASAE): St Joseph, USA, p. 312-319, ISSN: 0-92-935589-X.NAL Call No.: SF506 I58  1998 Keywords: non-lactating  cows, feeding systems, sloping and vertical self-locking feed barriers,  pressure exerted by cows on barrier, narrow and wide feed mangers, automatic  feed dispensers, animal welfare.
Harada, H. (1997). **Yearly  changes of freestall housing and the facilities on dairy management in Aichi  Pref. One way towards modern dairy management.***Research Bulletin of the  Aichi-ken Agricultural Research Center* 29: 275-281, ISSN: 0388-7995.Keywords: cattle  husbandry, dairy farming, dairy cattle, stalls, loose housing, litter,  crowding, cattle farming, cattle housing, farm workers, farm dairies, farm  buildings, farm equipment, agricultural economics, Japan, Japanese language.
Havrevoll, O. (1999).  **Feeding and housing of calves. [Foring og oppstalling af kalv.]***Buskap*  51(3): 12-14.  NAL Call No.: 49 B96 Keywords: cattle housing,  calves, feeding, animal welfare, stalls, meat animals, dairy cattle.
Herlin, A.H. (1997).  **Comparison of lying area surfaces for dairy cows by preference, hygiene and  lying down behaviour.***Swedish Journal of Agricultural Research* 27(4):  189-196, ISSN: 0049-2701.NAL Call No.: S3 S8 Keywords: dairy cows,  housing, husbandry, concrete flooring, conventional rubber matting, soft rubber  matting, tie-down stalls, concrete surfaced cubicles, milk leakage, comfort,  hygiene, animal behavior.
Hindhede, J., L.  Mogensen, and J.T Sorensen (1999). **Effect of group composition and feeding  system on behaviour, production and health of dairy heifers in deep bedding  systems.***Acta Agriculturae Scandinavica. Section A, Animal Science*  49(4): 211-220, ISSN: 0906-4702.NAL Call No.: S3 A27 Keywords: housing, animal  behavior, health, animal welfare, feed intake, liveweight gain, feeding, cattle  feeding, nutrition programs, heifers, concentrates, dairy herds, group size,  housing, litter, productivity, aggression, stress, groups.
Horning, B. (2001). **The assessment of housing conditions  of dairy cows in littered loose housing systems using three scoring methods.***Acta  Agriculturae Scandinavica. Section A, Animal Science*51(Supplementum 30):  42‑47, ISSN: 0906‑4702.NAL Call No.: S3 A27 Keywords: dairy cows,  loose housing systems, straw‑based, organic farms, conventional farms,  costs, comparison of housing systems, Germany.
Horning, B., C. Zeitlmann, and J. Tost (2001). **Differences  in the behaviour of dairy cows in the lying area of 40 loose  houses.[Unterschiede im Verhalten von Milchkuhen im Liegebereich verschiedener  Laufstallsysteme.]***KTBL‑Schrift* 403: 153‑162.Keywords: dairy cows,  behavior, housing, cubicles, lying time, straw yards, bedded slope  floors, German language.
Horning, B. (1997).  **Evaluating the suitability of loose housing with straw litter for dairy cattle  using an evaluation index. [Bewertung der Tiergerechtheit von eingestreuten  Milchviehlaufstallen anhand eines Punkteschemas.]***Schriftenreihe: Institut  fur Organischen Landbau* 4: 431-437, ISBN: 3-89-574225-2.  NAL Call No.: 59 V42   Keywords: comparison of  dairy farms, conventional farming methods versus organic farming methods, types  of housing, deep-litter loose housing, single-section, multi-section, deep  litter loose housing, sloping floor, cubicle, loose housing with litter, animal  behavior, lying down, feeding, walking, feeding troughs, waterers, space  requirements, animal welfare, Germany, German language.
Horning, B. and C. Gaio  (1997). **Investigations of loose housing with straw litter for dairy cattle with  respect to amounts of straw used, dirtiness of animals and process technology.  [Erhebungen zu Strohverbrauch, Tierverschmutzung und Verfahrenstechnik in  eingestreuten Milchviehlaufstallen.]**In: *Contributions to the 4th Scientific  Meeting on Ecological Agriculture, held on 3-4 March 1997*, *at the  Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universitat Bonn, Vol.4*, Institut fur  Organischen Landbau: Bonn, Germany, p. 480-487, ISBN: 3-89-574225-2.  NAL Call No.: 59 V42   Keywords: comparison of   dairy farms, conventional farming methods versus organic farming methods, cattle  housing, loose housing, numbers of straw bales used for litter, cow body  soiling index, hygiene, manure removal, costs of using straw, animal welfare,  health, Germany, German language.
Horning, B., C. Gaio, and  D.W. Folsch (1997). **How loose dairy cattle housing systems with straw function  in practice. [Eingestreute Milchviehlaufstalle in der Praxis.]**In: *Schriftenreihe  der Eidgenossische Forschungsanstalt fur Agrarwirtschaft und Landtechnik*,  R. Weber (ed.), Eidgenossische Forschungsanstalt fur Agrarwirtschaft und  Landtechnik: Tanikon, Switzerland, No. 45, p. 198-206.Keywords: cows, cattle  housing, animal husbandry, animal welfare, hygiene, dairy farming, evaluation,  loose housing, deep litter housing, litter, characteristics, design, utilization,  costs, investment, Germany, German language.
Hultgren, J. (2001). **Effects of two stall flooring  systems on the behaviour of tied dairy cows.***Applied Animal Behaviour  Science*73(3): 167‑177, ISSN: 0168‑1591.  NAL Call No.: QL750.A6  Keywords: behavior, resting behavior, slipping behavior,  cow housing, tethered housing, tie stalls, solid floors, slatted floors, mats,  litter, wood shavings, straw, animal welfare.
Hultgren, J., and C. Bergsten (2001). **Effects of a  rubber‑slatted flooring system on cleanliness and foot health in tied  dairy cows.***Preventive Veterinary Medicine*52 (1): 75‑89,  ISSN: 0167‑5877.  NAL Call No.: SF601.P7  Keywords: dairy cows, hygiene, floors, cattle housing,  feet, foot diseases, feces, urine, hooves, disease prevalence, Sweden.
Hultgren, J. (2001). **Observational and experimental  studies of the influence of housing factors on the behaviour and health of  dairy cows.***Acta Universitatis Agriculturae Sueciae: Veterinaria*(No.  104), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Swedish University of Agricultural  Sciences: Uppsala, Sweden, 25 p., ISSN: 1401‑6257.  NAL Call No.: SF615.A28   Keywords: dairy cows, animal behavior, health, animal  welfare, bovine mastitis, diseases, housing, cow trainers, culling, hygiene,  floor type, foot diseases, ketosis, litter, loose housing, mastitis, mats,  reproductive performance, slatted floors, tethered housing, Sweden.
Hultgren, J., T. Ekman,  J. Malgeryd, J. Svedberg, and K. Sallvik (1998). **Don't get caught in the  centimetre trap! State directive on minimum stall dimensions for housed cattle.  [Fastna inte i centimeterfallan!]***Svensk Veterinartidning* 50(7):  323-325, ISSN: 0346-2250.  NAL Call No.: 41.9 SV23 Keywords: legislation,  dairy cattle, cows, animal welfare, tethered housing, cattle housing, Sweden,  Swedish language.
Igono, M.O., H.D.  Johnson, B.J. Steevens, G.F. Krause, and M.D. Shanklin (1987). **Physiological,  productive, and economic benefits of shade, spray, and fan system versus shade  for Holstein cows during summer heat.***Journal of Dairy Science* 70(5):  1069-1079, ISSN: 0022-0302.NAL Call No.: 44.8 J822 Keywords: spray, fan,  freestall areas, feeding areas, milk yield, plasma growth hormone, prolactin,  freestall utilization, Holstein cows, weekly milk and rectal temperatures,  diurnal patterns, plasma growth hormone, assessment of heat stress using milk  temperature, cow comfort.
Ipema, A.H. (1997).  **Integration of robotic milking in dairy housing systems. Review of cow traffic  and milking capacity aspects.***Computers and Electronics in Agriculture*17(1):  79-94, ISSN: 0168-1699.NAL Call No.: S494.5  D3C652 Keywords: milking,  housing systems, review, cow integration.
Jacobsen, K.L. (1996).  **The well-being of dairy cows in hot and humid climates. Part I. Housing and  effects of heat stress.***Compendium on Continuing Education for the  Practicing Veterinarian*18 (Supplement 4): S137-S143. NAL Call No.: SF601 C66 Keywords: dairy cattle,  cows, heat, humidity, housing, husbandry, milk production, cost benefit  analysis, ventilation, heat stress, nutritional disorders, animal welfare,  cooling systems.
Jadhav, K.L., S. Brahma,  and M.M. Kale (1995). **Comfort zone for maximum milk production in crossbred  cattle at Leh (Ladakh).***Indian Journal of Dairy Science* 48(5): 336-338,  ISSN: 0019-5146.NAL Call No.: 44.8 IN28 Keywords: Holstein x  Sahiwal crossbreds, animal welfare, cows, crossbreeding, milk yield, high  altitude, environmental temperature, mountain areas, seasonal variation in milk  yield, India.
Jensen, M.B. (2001). **A  note on the effect of isolation during testing and length of previous  confinement on locomotor behaviour during open-field test in dairy calves.***Applied  Animal Behaviour Science* 70(4): 309-315, ISSN: 0168-1591.NAL Call No.: QL750.A6 Keywords: calves, dairy  cattle, housing, isolation, physical activity, social animal behavior.
Jensen, M.B. and R. Kyhn  (2000). **Play behaviour in group-housed dairy calves, the effect of space  allowance.***Russian Journal of Ecology* 67(1/2): 35-46, ISSN: 1067-4136.  NAL Call No.: QH540 E32 Keywords: dairy cattle,  Danish Holstein Friesian calves, locomotor play, open-field test, animal  behavior, calf housing, pens, animal welfare, Denmark.
Jensen, M.B., L.  Munksgaard, L. Mogensen, and C.C. Krohn (1999). **Effects of housing in different  social environments on open-field and social responses of female dairy calves.***Acta  Agriculturae Scandinavica. Section A, Animal Science* 49(2): 113-120, ISSN:  0906-4702.NAL Call No.: S3 A27 Keywords: effects,  housing, social environment, open field responses, group housing, individual  housing, loose housing, tethered housing, social behavior, social tests.
Jensen, M.B., K.S.  Vestergaard, and C.C. Krohn, and L. Munksgaard (1997). **Effect of single versus  group housing and space allowance on responses of calves during open-field  tests.** [Erratum: Dec 28, 1998, v. 61 (2), p. 185.] *Applied Animal Behaviour  Science* 54(2/3): 109-121, ISSN: 0168-1591.NAL Call No.: QL750.A6 Keywords: dairy cows,  heifers, housing, animal behavior, fearfulness, heart rate, behavior patterns,  animal welfare.
Johannesson, T., J.T.  Sorensen, and L. Munksgaard (1996). **Production environment as a component in a  welfare assessment system in dairy cattle herds.** In: *Livestock Farming  Systems: More than Food Production. Proceedings of the 4th International  Symposium, Foulum, Denmark August 22-23, 1996*, J.T. Sorensen (ed.),  Wageningen Pers: Wageningen, Netherlands p. 251-255, ISSN: 9-07-413449-1.NAL Call No.: 49.9 Eu7  no.89 Keywords: cows, animal  welfare assessment, herds, animal behavior, injuries.
Kaczor, A. and J.  Szyndler (1997). **Resting comfort and body weight gains of calves housed in pens  with sloping beds. [Komfort wypoczynku i przyrosty masy ciala cielat w kojcach  z pochylymi legowiskami.]***Roczniki Naukowe Zootechniki* 24(4): 263-272,  ISSN: 0137-1657.  NAL Call No.: SF1 R6   Keywords: cattle housing,  calves, heifers, bulls, type of bed, inclination angles of bed, conventional  horizontal bed, animal behavior, weight gain, Poland, Polish.
Kain, M.L., S.L. Kochevar, J.N. Sofos, K.E. Belk, C. Rossiter, J.O. Reagon, and G.C. Smith (2001).  **Relationships of live animal scores for ambulatory status, body condition,  hide cleanliness, and fecal matter consistency to microbiological contamination  of dairy cow carcasses.***Dairy, Food and Environmental Sanitation*21(12):  990‑998.  NAL Call No.: SF221 D342  Keywords: dairy cows, carcass quality, slaughter, microbial  contamination, plate count, lameness, hygiene.
Kant, P. and Jv. Lent  (1998).**Much attention to climate and animal well being in high-tech  enterprises. [Veel aandacht voor klimaat en welzijn dier in het  high-techbedrijf.]***Praktijkonderzoek Rundvee, Schapen en Paarden* 11(4):  5-6.  Keywords: cow housing,  cattle housing, cubicles, dairy cows, milking machines, robots, ventilation,  floor space, Netherlands, Dutch language.
Karrer, M. and R. Nitsche  (1997). **Investigations into uninsulated housing for dairy cattle. [Erfahrungen  mit Aussenklimastallen fur Milchvieh.]** In: *Schriftenreihe der Eidgenossische  Forschungsanstalt fur Agrarwirtschaft und Landtechnik*, R. Weber (ed.), No.45,  p. 166-172, Eidgenossische Forschungsanstalt fur Agrarwirtschaft und  Landtechnik: Tanikon, Switzerland.  Keywords: cows, dairy  farming, husbandry, animal welfare, cattle housing, temperature, environmental  control, insulation, design, characteristics, evaluation, cold zones, Germany,  German language.
Kaufmann, R., M. Keck,  and R. Hauser (1998). **Indications for the design of loose housing in cubicles.  [Indications pour la configuration de stabulations libres a logettes.]***Technique  Agricole* 60(5): 9-24.  Keywords: cubicles, dairy  farms, building construction, cattle housing, animal welfare, Switzerland,  French language.
Kavolelis, B. (2001). **The climatic conditions in  uninsulated cowshed.**In: *[Problemy intensyfikacji produkcji zwierzecej z  uwzglednieniem ochrony srodowiska i przepisow UE. VII Miedzynarodowa  Konferencja Naukowa, Warszawa, Polska, 25‑26 wrzesnia 2001]*E. Bien  (ed.), Instytut Budownictwa, Mechanizacji i Elektryfikacji Rolnictwa: Warsaw,  Poland, ISBN: 83‑86264‑71‑3.  Keywords: housing, dairy cows, insulation, microclimate,  cold loose housing, cubicle housing, straw bedding, deep litter, tie stalls,  air quality, ammonia, dust, Lithuania.
Kavolelis, B., and R. Bleizgys (2001). **Uninsulated  cowshed.**In: *[Aktualni Zadaci Mehanizacije Poljoprivrede. Zbornik Radova  29. Medunarodnog Simpozija Iz Podrucja Mehanizacije Poljoprivrede, Opatija, 06.  ‑ 09. Veljace]*, Lithuanian University of Agriculture, Lithuanian  Institute of Agricultural Engineering: Kaunas, Lithuania, p. 307‑314,  ISBN: 953‑6135‑32‑9.   Keywords: dairy cows, loose housing, cubicle housing  system, straw bedding, microclimate conditions, ammonia emission, health,  mathematical model, moisture balance, condensation heat transmission  coefficient, daily outside air temperature, air quality.
Ketelaar-de Lauwere,  C.C., A.H. Ipema, E.N.J. van Ouwerkerk, M.M. Hendriks, J.H.M. Metz, J.P.  Noordhuizen, and W.G. Schouten (1999). **Voluntary automatic milking in  combination with grazing of dairy cows: Milking frequency and effects on  behaviour.***Applied Animal Behaviour Science* 64(2): 91-109, ISSN:  0168-1591.  NAL Call No.: QL750.A6 Keywords: dairy cattle,  breed, Holstein-Friesian, cow, automatic milking system, farm equipment,  voluntary automatic milking method, robots, grazing, feeding behavior, resting  behavior, pastures, milking, frequency.
Ketelaar-de Lauwere, C.C., M.M.W.B. Hendriks, J.H.M. Metz,  and W.G.P. Schouten (1998). **Behaviour of dairy cows under free or forced cow  traffic in a simulated automatic milking system environment.***Applied  Animal Behaviour Science*56(1): 13-28.  NAL Call No.: QL750 A6  Keywords: cow traffic, automatic milking, milking parlors,  milking interval, environment, selection system, simulation, animal behavior.
Kjaestad, H.P., and E. Simensen (2001). **Management of  calving in Norwegian cubicle‑housed dairy herds.***Acta Veterinaria  Scandinavica*42 (1): 131‑137, ISSN: 0044‑605X.  NAL Call No.: 41.8 AC87  Keywords: animal housing, calves, calving, cows, dairy  cows, management, location of the cow when giving birth, farmer presence,  assisted births, suckling, time after birth when cow and calf were separated,  cubicles, pasture, calving pens, tethered cows, calf injuries, sheds, surveys,  Norway.
Kjaestad, H.P., and E. Simensen (2001). **Cubicle refusal  and rearing accommodation as possible mastitis risk factors in cubicle‑housed  dairy heifers.***Acta Veterinaria Scandinavica*42 (1): 123‑130, ISSN: 0044‑605X.  NAL Call No.: 41.8 AC87  Keywords: dairy cows, heifers, housing, cubicle refusal,  sheds, animal wastes, bovine mastitis, calving, epidemiology, mastitis,  pregnancy, regression analysis, risk factors, disease incidence, Norway.
Kjaestad, H.P., and H.J. Myren (2001). **Cubicle refusal  in Norwegian dairy herds.***Acta Veterinaria Scandinavica* 42 (1): 181‑187,  ISSN: 0044‑605X.  NAL Call No.: 41.8 AC87  Keywords: dairy herds, heifers, behavior, housing,  cubicles, litter, slatted floor pens, livestock numbers, surveys, Norway.
Kjaestad, H.P., and H.J. Myren (2001). **Failure to use  cubicles and concentrate dispenser by heifers after transfer from rearing  accommodation to milking herd*.****Acta Veterinaria Scandinavica*42(1):  171‑180, ISSN: 0044‑605X.  NAL Call No.: 41.8 AC87  Keywords: dairy heifers, age, animal behavior, housing,  cubicles, feed dispensers, livestock numbers, surveys, Norway.
Klungel, G.H. (1996). **Comfort of mats defines  differences.****[Comfort stalmatten bepaalt verschillen.]***Praktijkonderzoek  Rundvee, Schapen en Paarden* 9(6): 10-11.  Keywords: dairy cattle,  effects of different types of mats, milk production, hygiene, udders, tits,  Netherlands, Dutch language.
Kraszewski, J., S.  Wawrzynczak, A. Mandecki, and J. Szyndler(1998). **Comparison of heifer rearing  performance in lying-box and deep-litter systems. [Porownanie efektywnonsci  wychowu jalowic utrzymywanych systemem boksowo-legowiskowym i na glebokiej  sciolce.]***Roczniki Naukowe Zootechniki* 25(3): 153-165, ISSN: 0137-1657.  NAL Call No.: SF1 R6 Keywords: cows, heifers,  liveweight gain, housing, bedding, deep litter, performance, animal welfare,  milk yield, animal behavior, Polish language.
Kraszewski, J., J.  Szyndler, and S. Wawryznczak (1996). **Effect of tethered and loose housing on  milk yield, milk composition and hygienic quality, and cow behaviour. [Wplyw  utrzymania uwieziowego i wolnostanowiskowego krow na ich wydajnosc, sklad i  jakosc higieniczna, mleka oraz zachowanie.]***Roczniki Naukowe Zootechniki*  23(1): 223-234, ISSN: 0137-1657.NAL Call No.: SF1 R6  Keywords: cows, cow  housing, loose housing, tethered housing, animal behavior, milk yield, milk  composition, mastitis, milk quality, milk hygiene, Poland, Polish language.
  Krohn, C.C. (1994).  **Behaviour of dairy cows kept in extensive (loose housing/pasture) or intensive  (tie stall) environments. III. Grooming, exploration and abnormal behaviour.***Applied  Animal Behaviour Science* 42(2): 73-86.  NAL Call No.: QL750 A6 Keywords: environment,  grooming, loose housing, tethered housing, exercise, exploration, abnormal  behavior, extensive livestock farming. 
Krohn, C.C. and L.  Munksgaard (1993). **Behaviour of dairy cows kept in extensive (loose  housing/pasture) or intensive (tie stall) environments. II. Lying and lying-down  behaviour.***Applied Animal Behaviour Science* 37(1): 1-16, ISSN:  0168-1591.  NAL Call No.: QL750 A6  Keywords: intensive  environments, lying behavior, stalls, animal behavior, activity, auditory  system, parental behavior. 
Kromann, H. (1999). **Cattle  housing for calves or young cattle. [Stalde til kalve og ungkvaeg.]***Landbonyt,  Erhvervsjordbruget* 6(9): 21-26.Keywords: cattle housing,  calves, legislation, ventilation, management, construction, litter, stalls,  animal welfare, Danish language.
Le Neindre, P. (1993).  **Evaluating housing systems for veal calves.***Journal of Animal Science*71(5):  1345-1354, ISSN: 0021-8812.  NAL Call No.: 49 J82  Keywords: literature  review, veal calves, animal behavior, animal welfare, environment, housing  systems, diet, slaughter weight, age, France. 
Leblanc, R. (1997).  **Comfortable housing for increasing [milk] yield. [Des logettes confortables  pour augmenter la production.]***Producteur de Lait Quebecois* 17(9):  19-22.  Keywords: stress, milk  yield, cow housing, stalls, dimensions, feeding, rest, design, reduction, cows,  floors, litter, French language.
Lensink, B.J, I.  Veissier, and L. Florand (2001). **The farmers'  influence on calves' behaviour, health and  production of a veal unit.***Animal Science: An International Journalof  Fundamental and Applied Research* 72(1): 105-116.  NAL Call No.: SF1  A56  Abstract:  Although veal  production is a highly standardized system, there still remains considerable  variability in productivity between units. This variability might be due to the  farmers working on these units, through differences in stockmanship, work  attitudes or behaviour, which in turn may affect animals' fear responses,  productivity and health. A survey was conducted on 50 commercial farms  affiliated to the same veal company. All units had calves housed in individual  crates, a similar number of crates, and the same diets and management advice.  Data were collected on: building and general farm characteristics, farmers'  backgrounds and their attitudes towards their work and calves, farmers'  behaviour food efficiency and mortality) were used to classify veal units as  'high producing' (no. = 24) v. "moderate producing" (no. = 26). Calves were  less reactive to people in units where the farmer behaved sympathetically and  where there were several stockpersons working. The disease level was lower in  units where the farmer had a positive attitude towards the sensitivity of the  calves to contact and towards the importance of cleaning. Productivity of the  veal unit was associated with the health of the calves but not with their  reactivity to people. It is suggested that the farmer can have an influence on  the success of the veal unit mainly through his/her ability to control the  health of the calves and that a positive attitude towards animals and towards  work (specifically cleaning actions) can improve the accuracy of surveillance  and care of the animals. Moreover, through his/her behaviour with the calves  and his/her ability to control their health, the farmer can play an important  role in assuring calves' welfare.  Keywords: veal calves,  calf production, calf diseases, animal health, farmers' attitudes, fearfulness,  calf housing, hygiene, stockmen, liveweight gain, feed conversion, mortality,  animal welfare, human animal interactions. France.  
Lensink, B.J., X.  Fernandez, G. Cozzi, L. Florand, and I. Veissier (2001). **The influence of  farmers' behavior on calves' reactions to transport  and quality of veal meat.***Journal of Animal Science* 79 (3): 642-652.  NAL Call No.: 49 J82   Abstract: The relationships  between farmers' behavior toward veal calves, calves' responses to handling  and transport, and veal meat quality were assessed. Two groups of 10 veal units  were selected based on previous observed farmers' behavior toward the  calves: one group consisted of farmers who had shown predominantly "positive" behavior toward the  calves, and the other group of farmers had shown predominantly "negative" behavior. Calves were  observed for their reactions to people at the unit, and 20 calves per veal unit  were transported either directly to the slaughterhouse or subjected to  additional transport consisting of a supplementary 20-min transport with  additional unloading and loading. The effort needed to load the calves onto the  truck and their behavior during loading was observed. During loading and  unloading, and during lairage at the slaughterhouse, potentially traumatic  incidents (falling down, hits against structures, slips) were recorded, and  heart rate and cortisol measurements were taken. Carcasses were evaluated on  their weight, color, conformation, pH, and bruise level. A meat sample was  taken from the longissimus thoracis muscle for physical, chemical, and sensory  analysis. Calves originating from "positive behavior" units showed fewer fear  responses to people at the veal unit, needed less effort to be loaded to the  truck, had lower heart rates during loading and unloading, and had fewer  incidents at the slaughterhouse than calves from "negative behavior" units (P < 0.05).  Carcasses from calves from "positive behavior" units were paler, and  analyses of the meat sample revealed lower pH, moisture level, and redness  compared to carcasses from calves from "negative behavior" units (P < 0.05).  Additional transport led to a lower cortisol level after transport and to  higher carcass pH values at slaughter compared to direct transport (P <  0.05) but did not affect meat quality. We concluded that farmers' positive behavior toward  veal calves during rearing is likely to reduce the emotional responses of  calves to handling and transport and to lead to fewer incidents, compared to  negative behavior. This reduction of calves' emotional responses  seems to be the reason for improved veal meat color.   Keywords: veal calves,  transport of animals, cattle husbandry, animal husbandry, animal behavior,  stress, hydrocortisone, heart rate, carcass quality, carcass weight, meat  quality, color, pH, conformation, bruises, heme, cooking losses, shear  strength, moisture content, sensory evaluation, tenderness, flavor, veal,  farmers, behavior patterns, animal handling. 
Lensink, B.J., X. Boivin,  P. Pradel, P. Le Neindre, and I. Veissier (2000). **Reducing veal calves' reactivity to people by  providing additional human contact.***Journal of Animal Science* 78(5):  1213-1218, ISSN: 0021-8812.NAL Call No.: 49 J82   Abstract:  We studied the  importance of the stock-person's behavior on veal calf  behavior using 22 veal calves housed in individual crates. Eleven calves  received minimal contact from the stockperson, and the other 11 calves were  stroked and allowed to suck the stockperson's fingers after each meal during  the entire fattening period (21 wk). The effects of this additional contact  with the stockperson on the calves' responses to people was  studied, when in their home environment (crate) or outside their home  environment (singly in a novel arena). When tested in their home environment,  the calves receiving additional contact withdrew less from the approach of  humans (familiar or unfamiliar) (P < .05) compared with control calves. When  tested outside the home environment with a human (familiar or unfamiliar)  standing motionless, calves that had received additional contact interacted more  frequently and for a longer time with the humans and defecated less often  compared with control calves (P < .05). In conclusion, being stroked and  sucking the stockperson's fingers seemed to be  experienced as positive by the calf, because they reduced withdrawal from and  increased approaches to familiar and unfamiliar humans in familiar and  unfamiliar environments. Such a lower reactivity to people could improve ease  of handling, animal performance, and animal welfare.Keywords: animal  behavior, animal welfare, veal calves, fearfulness, escape responses, handling,  human-animal interactions.
Lensink, B.J., X.  Fernandez, X. Boivin, P. Pradel, P. Le Neindre, and I. Veissier (2000). **The  impact of gentle contacts on ease of handling, welfare, and growth of calves on  quality of veal meat.***Journal of Animal Science* 78(5): 1219-1226, ISSN:  0021-8812.NAL Call No.: 49 J82   Abstract:  It has been  demonstrated previously that regularly stroking and letting calves suck fingers  leads to less avoidance and more approach behavior of the calves toward people.  To examine whether these positive contacts affect the welfare and productivity  of calves and the quality of veal meat we used 22 veal calves housed in  individual crates. Half of them received minimal contact with the stockperson  (controls), and the other half were given additional gentle contacts around  meals, by stroking the calves and allowing them to suck the stockperson's  fingers, during the entire fattening period (21 wk). Welfare was assessed  through behavioral reactivity (reactions to handling, to surprise stimuli, and  to novelty), neuroendocrine responses to stress (cortisol in response to an  ACTH challenge, catecholamine-synthesizing enzymes), and health (number of  medical treatments, abomasal lesions). Calf productivity was assessed through  growth rates and meat quality through glycolytic potential (an estimator of  resting glycogen level in muscle), pH, and color. Calves that received gentle  contacts were less agitated (P < .01) and tended to defecate less (P = .08)  when handled in a cart on wheels than the control calves, but no treatment  effects were found in reactivity to novelty and surprise stimuli, responses to  ACTH, and catecholamine synthetic potential. Calves given gentle contacts had  fewer abomasal lesions than controls (0/11 vs 4/11, P = .05). The glycolytic  potential of the semimembranosus muscle was higher in calves that received  gentle contacts than in controls (172.6 vs 154.1 micromol/g, P < .05), but  no treatment effects were observed on meat pH, meat color, or growth rates. It  is concluded that gentling veal calves reduces their reactions to handling.  Gentle contacts reduce the reaction to transport shown by differences in glycolytic  potential. In addition, the reduction in reactions to handling and the  decreased incidence of abomasal lesions can contribute to an improvement of the  calves' welfare.Keywords: animal  behavior, calves, handling, meat quality, veal, human-animal interactions.  
Lent, Jv. and A. Pieters  (1998). **Building for a high-tech farm. [Bouwen voor een high-techbedrijf.]***Praktijkonderzoek  Rundvee, Schapen en Paarden* 11(5): 6-8.Keywords: cattle housing,  dairy farms, slatted floors, ventilation, animal welfare, cattle feeding, lying  cubicles, design, cow housing, Netherlands, Dutch language.
Leonard, F.C. and J.M.  Oconnell (1997). **Cubicle housing conditions and cow comfort**. *Irish  Veterinary Journal* 50(11): 675-682, ISSN: 0368-0762.  NAL Call No.: 41.8 IR4.  Keywords: cattle housing,  animal behavior.
Lischer, C.J., A. Dietrich‑Hunkeler, H. Geyer, J.  Schulze, and P. Ossent (2001). **Healing process of uncomplicated sole ulcers  in dairy cows kept in tie stalls: clinical description and biochemical  investigations. [Heilungsverlauf von unkomplizierten Sohlengeschwuren bei  Milchkuhen in Anbindehaltung: Klinische Beschreibung und blutchemische  Untersuchungen.]***Schweizer Archiv fur Tierheilkunde*143( 3 ):125‑133,  ISSN: 0036‑7281.  NAL Call No.: 41.8 SCH9  Keywords: dairy cows, hoof health, lameness, scoring  system, biotin, glucose, hematology, nutritional status, healing, horns,  retinol, ulcers, German language.
Manninen, E., A. M. de Passille, J. Rushen, M. Norring, and  H. Saloniemi (2002). **Preferences of dairy cows kept in unheated buildings  for different kind of cubicle flooring.***Applied Animal Behaviour Science*75(4): 281‑292, ISSN: 0168‑1591.  NAL Call No.: QL750.A6  Keywords: dairy cows, Friesian, breed, flooring, cubicles, deep  straw, soft rubber mats, sand bedding, preference testing, paired choice  procedure, summer, winter.
Marten, F. and J. Wolf  (1999).**Effect of different mats on resting time of dairy cows. [Einfluss  verschiedener Bodenbelage auf die Liegedauer von Milchkuhen.]***Milchpraxis*  37(2): 90-94, ISSN: 0026-3753.  NAL Call No.: SF221 M5  Keywords: cattle housing,  dairy farms, mats, floors, costs, cleaning, installing, labor requirements,  resting behavior, German language, European Union countries.
Matias, J.M. (1998).  **Behavior of grazing purebred and crossbred dairy cows under tropical  conditions.***Applied Animal Behaviour Science* 59(1/3): 235-243, ISSN:  0168-1591.  NAL Call No.: QL750.A6  Keywords: dairy cows,  crossbreds, Holstein-Friesian, Sahiwal, physical activity, grazing, respiration  rate, air temperature, imported breeds, relative humidity, wind speed, rain,  animal behavior.
Mayer, D.G., T.M. Davison, M.R. McGowan, B.A. Young, A.L.  Matschoss, A.B. Hall, P.J. Goodwin, N.N. Jonsson, and J.B. Gaughan (1999). **Extent  and economic effect of heat loads on dairy cattle production in Australia dairy  cattle.***Australian Veterinary Journal* 77(12): 804-808, ISSN: 0005-0423.  NAL Call No.: 41.8 Au72   Keywords: heat loads, temperature, humidity, mapping, milk  production, economics, thermoregulation.
McFarland, D.F. and M.J. Gamroth (1994). **Freestall designs with  cow comfort in mind.***Annual Meeting* 270-285, ISSN: 0271-9967.  NAL Call No.: SF967.M3N32   Keywords: dairy cows, cubicles, structural design, space  requirements, dimensions,animal welfare.
Metz, J.H.M. (1999). **Future perspectives for the integration of  the requirements of animal welfare and environmental compatibility in animal  housing systems.****[Zukunftsperspektiven fur eine tiergerechte und  umweltschonende Tierhaltung.]***Zuchtungskunde* 71(1): 89-98, ISSN:  0044-5401.  NAL Call No.: 49 Z8   Keywords: husbandry, animal welfare requirements, dairy cows,  milking parlors, cattle housing, pig housing, slatted floors, poultry housing,  broilers, deep litter housing, waste gases, ammonia, ventilation, environmental  impact, German language.
Meyer, W., and H. Georg (2001). **Influence of floor  design on the claw health of dairy cows.[Einfluss der Laufflachengestaltung auf  die Klauengesundheit von Milchkuhen.]**Landtechnik 56(4): 258‑259, ISSN: 0023‑8082.    NAL Call No.: 58.8 L235   Keywords: dairy cows, cow housing, floors, slatted, mats, chopped  straw, unclean surfaces, claws, foot diseases, hooves, infection, German  language.
Millar, K.M. (2000).  **Respect for animal autonomy in bioethical analysis: the case of Automatic  Milking Systems (AMS).***Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Ethics*  12(1): 41-50, ISSN: 0893-4282.  NAL Call No.: BJ52.5 J68   Keywords: milking, cows,  ethics, robots, animal welfare, behavioral freedom, motivation, automation,  milking machines.
Mogensen, L., C.C. Krohn,  and J. Foldager (1999). **Long-term effect of housing method during the first  three months of life on human-animal relationship in female dairy cattle.***Acta  Agriculturae Scandinavica. Section A, Animal Science* 49(3): 163-171, ISSN:  0906-4702.  NAL Call No.: S3 A27   Keywords: dairy cattle,  housing, calves, cows, handling, lactation, milk, milk production, milking,  pens, cattle housing, animal welfare, human-animal relationship.
Mogensen, L., Krohn,  C.C., Sorensen, J.T., Hindhede, J., and L.H. Nielsen (1997). **Association  between resting behaviour and live weight gain in dairy heifers housed in pens  with different space allowance and floor type.***Applied Animal Behaviour  Science* 55(1/2): 11-19, ISSN: 0168-1591.  NAL Call No.: QL750.A6   Keywords: dairy cattle,  heifers, rest, behavior patterns, liveweight gain, cattle housing, floor pens,  space requirements, floor space, floor type, slatted floors, litter, welfare.
Mogensen, L., L.H.  Nielsen, J. Hindhede, J.T. Soorensen, and C.C. Krohn (1997). **Effect of space  allowance in deep bedding systems on resting behaviour, production, and health  of dairy heifers.***Acta Agriculturae Scandinavica. Section A, Animal Science*  47(3): 178-186, ISSN: 0906-4702.  NAL Call No.: S3 A27   Keywords: Danish  commercial dairy farms, Danish Friesian, breed, dairy cows, heifers, resting  behavior, daily gain, feed intake, feed conversion ratio, heel horn erosion,  animal welfare, health, production, Denmark.
Moore, R.P. (1998).  **Perception and reality welfare in farm animals.** In: *Ethics, Welfare, Law and  Market Forces: The Veterinary Interface: Proceedings of a Symposium Organised  on Behalf of the Royal College of Veterinary Surgeons and the Universities  Federation for Animal Welfare and Held at the Royal College of Veterinary Surgeons  14th-15th November 1996*, A.R. Michell and R. Ewbank (eds.), UFAW:  Wheathampstead, England, p. 67-70, ISBN: 0900767995.NAL Call No.: HV4704.E84  1998.Keywords: livestock,  animal welfare, housing, cattle, dairy cows, husbandry.
Morita, S., M. Komiya, K. Izumi, K. Oikawa, and S. Hoshiba (2001).  **Changes of the utilization of trough, stall and automatic milking machine  after the transfer cows to automatic milking system.***Journal of Rakuno  Gakuen University, Natural Science*26 (1): 57‑61, ISSN: 0388‑001X.  Keywords: dairy cows, behavior, diurnal variation, automatic  milking machines, housing, tie-stalls, free-stall, automatic milking trough  use, Japanese language.
Morita, S., S. Nishino, S. Hoshiba, A.H. Ipema, and J.H.M. Metz  (1996). **Choice of feeding position of dairy cows in free-stall barn.***Journal  of Rakuno Gakuen University, Natural Science* 21(1): 115-122, ISSN: 0388‑001X.  NAL Call No.: QH2.J68  Keywords: choice, feeding, free stall.
Mudron, P., G. Kovac, P.  Bartko, J. Choma, and I. Zezula (1996). **Effect of vitamin E on the cortisol and  lactate levels and the acid base equilibrium of calves subjected to transport  stress.[Vplyv vitaminu E na hladinu kortizolu, laktatu a acidobazicku rovnovahu  u teliat vystavenych transportnej zatazi.]***Veterinarni Medicina* 41(3):  71-76, ISSN: 0375-8427.  NAL Call No.: 41.9 C333  Keywords: blood  chemistry, lactates, hydrocortisone, transport of animals, calves, vitamin E,  stress, language, Slovakian.
Mudron,P., G. Kovac, V.  Bajova, J. Pistl, J. Choma, P. Bartko,and H. Scholz (1994). **Effect of vitamin E  on some leukocytic parameters and functions in transported calves.***DTW*: *Deutsche  Tierarztliche Wochenschrift* 101(2): 47-49, ISSN: 0012-0847.  NAL Call No.: 41.8 D482 Keywords: stress, calf  diseases, road transport, leukocytes, immunoglobulins, phagocytosis, vitamin E,  neutrophils, lymphocytes, hydrocortisone.
Muller, C.J.C., J.A. Botha, and W.A. Smith (1996). **Effect of  confinement area on production, physiological parameters and behaviour of  Friesian cows during winter in a temperate climate.***South African  Journal of Animal Science* 26(1): 1-5, ISSN: 0375-1589.NAL Call No.: SF1 S6   Keywords: feed-intake, earthen mound, dry lots, camp size.
Munksgaard, L. and H.B. Simonsen (1995). **Behavioural and  pituitary-adrenal axis responses of tethered cows or cows kept in pens with  slatted floors.***Acta Agriculture Scandinavica Section A, Animal Science*  45(2): 132-138, ISSN: 0906-4702.  NAL Call No.: S3 A27   Keywords: dairy cows, ACTH, animal behavior, cortisol, floor-type.
Nardone, A., N. Lacetera, U. Bernabucci, and B. Ronchi (1997). **Composition  of colostrum from dairy heifers exposed to high air temperatures during late  pregnancy and the early postpartum period.***Journal of Dairy Science*  80(5): 838-844, ISSN: 0022-0302.  NAL Call No.: 44.8 J822   Abstract:  This study examined the effects of heat stress on composition  of colostrum from primiparous cows during late pregnancy and the early  postpartum period. Two groups of 6 Holstein heifers were utilized. During the  last 3 wk of pregnancy and during the first 36 h after calving, one group was  exposed to thermal comfort (temperature-humidity index = 65); the other group  was exposed to high air temperatures (temperature-humidity index = 82 from 0900  to 2000 h and temperature-humidity index = 76 from 2100 to 0800 h). Heifers  under heat stress had higher rectal temperatures and respiratory rates; lower  plasma triiodothyronine and glucose; higher plasma nonesterified fatty acids  and beta-hydroxybutyrate; lower intakes of dry matter, net energy for  lactation, and crude protein; higher water intakes; and lower body condition  scores. The decline of plasma immunoglobulins (Ig) over the final 2 wk of  pregnancy was less pronounced for heifers under heat stress. For the first four  milkings, colostrum of cows exposed to high air temperatures had lower mean  concentrations of IgG and IgA; lower mean percentages of total protein, casein,  lactalbumin, fat, and lactose; lower contents (grams per liter) of short- and  medium-chain fatty acids; lower energy; lower titratable acidity; and higher  pH. Thus, high air temperatures during late pregnancy and the early postpartum  period markedly affected the composition of colostrum from primiparous dairy  cows.Keywords: heifers, cow colostrum, heat stress, pregnancy, dry  period, postpartum period, dairy cows, lactation number, body temperature,  environmental temperature, blood sugar, blood plasma, fatty acids,  3-hydroxybutyric acid, respiration rate, triiodothyronine, feed intake, dry  matter, water intake, energy intake, protein intake, milk fat percentage, milk  protein percentage, lactose, pH, IGG, IGM, IGA, casein, lactalbumin,  lactoglobulins,pregnancy, heat stress, air temperature, humidity, feed intake,  dry matter, energy requirements, immunoglobulins, immunity, blood, milk  protein, lactose, lactalbumin, medium chain fatty acids, titratable acidity,  triiodothyronine, water intake, IgA, IgG, pH, milking, colostrum, composition,  environmental temperature, heifers.
Nicoletti, J.L.M. de, F.A.A. de Souza, A. Thomassian, C.A. Hussni,  and A.LG. Alves (2001). **Feet lesions and lameness prevalence in dairy cows  kept in permanent confinement (free‑stall and tie‑stall).  [Prevalencia de lesoes podais e graus de claudicacao em vacas leiteiras  mantidas em confinamento permanente ("free‑stall" e "tie‑stall").]**  Revista de Educacao Continuada do CRMV‑SP   4 (2): 24‑32, ISSN:  1516‑3326.Keywords: dairy cows, age differences, number of parturitions,  housing, tie‑stall, free stall, disease prevalence, foot diseases,  lameness, lesions, sole bleeding, white line disease, heel erosion, double  sole, interdigital dermatitis, hoof cracks,    
Nielsen, L.H., L.  Mogensen, C. Krohn, J. Hindhede, and J.T. Sorensen (1997). **Resting and social  behaviour of dairy heifers housed in slatted floor pens with different sized  bedded lying areas.***Applied Animal Behaviour Science* 54(4): 307-316,  ISSN: 0168-1591.  NAL Call No.: QL750.A6 Keywords: social  behavior, slatted floor, pens, area, resting.
Nita, O. (2001). **Application of slaked lime in the byre  and dairy and its results.***Journal of Veterinary Medicine, Japan* 54  (3): 191‑194, ISSN: 0447‑0192.Keywords: cow housing, buildings, calcium hydroxide,  ceilings, dairies, paints, slaked lime, walls, Japanese language.
Nosal, D.and E. Bilgery (2002). **Milking without stress.  [Larm und Vibrationen in Melkanlagen.]***Agrarforschung*9(1): 4‑7,  ISSN: 1022‑663X.  NAL Call No: S469 S9A37  Keywords: dairy cows, milking, stress, noise, airborne,  structure‑borne sound (vibration).
Pavlata, L., A. Pechova, and J. Illek (2001). **Muscular  dystrophy in dairy cows following a change in housing technology.***Acta  Veterinaria Brno*70 (3): 269‑275, ISSN: 0001‑7213.  NAL Call No: SF604 B7Keywords: dairy cows, Bohemian Red Pied, breed, muscle tissue  damage, muscular dystrophy, mineral deficiencies, potassium, selenium, stress,  downer cows, transport of animals, change in housing, locomotor activity,  deaspartate aminotransferase, creatine kinase, glutathione peroxidase, lactate  dehydrogenase.
Perrey, A., G. Rehkamper, C.W. Werner, and A. Gorlach  (2001). **Influence of housing‑systems in arousal behaviour by cattle  bulls towards a human. [Der Einfluss der Haltungsform auf das  Erregungsverhalten von erwachsenen Milchrinderbullen gegenuber dem Menschen.]***KTBL‑Schrift* 403: 71‑80.  NAL Call No.: 18 K96  Keywords: bulls, Holstein Friesian, Red Holstein, breed, behavior,  human animal interaction, aggressive behaviors, presenting body; pulling mouth  to a bow, pawing with forelegs, rubbing head on the ground, snorting,  bellowing, poking tongue, housing, German language.
Phillips, C. J. C. and I.D. Morris (2002). **The ability  of cattle to distinguish between, and their preference for, floors with  different levels of friction, and their avoidance of floors contaminated with  excreta.***Animal Welfare*11(1): 21‑29, ISSN: 0962‑7286.  NAL Call No.: HV4701.A557 Keywords: dairy cows, behavior, training, food reward, flooring  type, discrimination, preferences, smooth epoxy resin surface, surface‑applied  bauxite aggregates, floors covered in excreta, static friction, walking.
Phillips, C.J., and I.D. Morris (2001). **The locomotion  of dairy cows on floor surfaces with different frictional properties.***Journal  of Dairy Science*  84(3):623‑8, ISSN: 0022-0302.NAL Call No.: 44.8 J822 Keywords: dairy cows, locomotion, floors,  with a smooth epoxy resin surface, surface‑applied  bauxite aggregate, static friction, walking, food reward.
Phillips, C.J.C. and I.D. Morris (2001). **A novel operant  conditioning test to determime whether dairy cows dislike passageways that are  dark or covered with excreta.***Animal Welfare*10(1): 65‑72,  ISSN: 0962‑7286.NAL Call No.: HV4701.A557   Keywords: dairy cows, conditioning, stimuli, molasses, learning  ability, cattle slurry, floors, lighting, animal welfare, preferences.
Phillips, C.J.C. and I.D.  Morris (2000). **The locomotion of dairy cows on concrete floors that are dry,  wet, or covered with a slurry of excreta.***Journal of Dairy Science*  83(8): 1767-1772, ISSN: 0022-0302.NAL Call number: 44.8  J822 Keywords: locomotion,  floor type, concrete, cattle slurry, depth, slip, velocity, joints, legs, gait.
Phillips, C.J.C., I.D.  Morris, C.A. Lomas, and S.J. Lockwood (2000). **The locomotion of dairy cows in  passageways with different light intensities.***Animal Welfare* 9(4):  421-431, ISSN: 0962-7286.  NAL Call No.:  HV4701.A557 Keywords: gait, legs,  joints, light intensity, velocity, animal welfare. 
Platz, S., F. Miller and  J. Unshelm (1999). **The impact of suboptimal husbandry practices on animal  health and economic profitability - the example of tie-in versus loose housing  system of dairy cattle. [Auswirkung von haltungsmangeln auf tiergesundheit und  wirtschaftlichkeit am beispiel der anbinde- und laufstallhaltung von  milchkuhen.]***Berliner und Munchener Tierarztliche Wochenschrift* 112(12):  422-429, ISSN: 0005-9366.NAL Call No.: 41.8 B45 Keywords: dairy cattle,  housing, husbandry, loose housing, tethering, profitability, abnormalities, animal  welfare, leukocyte count, checklists, cows, trauma, interviews, milk, milk  yield, pregnancy, questionnaires, interviews, economics, qualifications of  dairy stockmen, handling of animals, poor management, injury, number of  inseminations per pregnancy, age of cow, cell count of milk, milk yield, German  language.
Purushottam, S. and S. Kiran (2002). **Shelter seeking  behaviour of dairy cattle in various types of housing systems.***Indian  Journal of Animal Sciences*72(1): 91‑95, ISSN: 0367‑8318.Keywords: crossbred, lactating cows, shelter system, shelter  seeking behavior, loose housing, loose housing with central shed, closed  housing, tree‑shade, summer, rainy season, winter season.
Rabaud, N.E., T.A. James,  L.L. Ashbaugh, and R.G. Flocchini (2001). **A passive sampler for the  determination of airborne ammonia concentrations near large‑scale animal  facilities.***Environmental Science and Technology*35 (6): 1190‑1196,  ISSN: 0013‑936X.  NAL Call No.: TD420.A1E5  Keywords: dairies, cow  housing, dairy cattle, pollution.
Redbo, I., A. Ehrlemark,  and P. Redbo‑Torstensson (2001). **Behavioural responses to climate demands  of dairy heifers housed outdoors.***Canadian Journal of Animal Science*81  (1): 9‑15, ISSN: 0008‑3984.  NAL Call No.: 41.8 C163  Abstract:  The aim of the  present study was to investigate the behavioural responses to different  climatic demands of growing dairy heifers, during winter at a latitude of 60  degrees N. Two groups (n = 11, 12) of yearling dairy heifers were housed in two  similar 3‑ha enclosures, characterised by deciduous forest, ley and  pasture. Each enclosure also contained a lying area, a heated water source and  a feed bunk from which the heifers had free access to grass silage. The  behaviour and location of each heifer were recorded by instant interval  observations every 5 min between 0600 h and 2000 h during 23 observation days  spread over the entire winter period. Outdoor temperature, wind speed and solar  radiation were measured continuously. The climatic energy demand (CED, W m‑2)  was measured with a heated animal model. The climate had significant effects on  all the main activities and on the location of the heifers. Higher CED values  corresponded to a greater number of observations of heifers in the lying area,  and a greater incidence of lying and of ruminating, but to a decreased  incidence of eating and grazing. Increased migration to the forested areas  instead of to open areas reflected increasing CED values. The results from the  present study show that dairy heifers adapt their behavioural activity and  choice of location to the climatic conditions, to reduce energy expenditure.  Thus, dairy heifers can be sustained in a cold climate if they are provided  with wind breaks and dry lying places.  Keywords: heifers, dairy  cattle, winter, cold, animal behavior, environmental temperature, wind speed,  solar radiation, energy expenditure, Sweden. 
Reinemann, D.J., L.E. Stetson, J.P Reilly and N.K. Laughlin  (1999). **Dairy cow sensitivity to short duration electrical currents.***Transactions  of the ASAE* 42(1): 215-222, ISSN: 0001-2351.  NAL Call No.: 290.9 Am32T  Abstract:  The results of 299  tests to determine the behavioral response threshold of dairy cows to a variety  of short-duration or "transient" electrical current  waveforms via the muzzle to 4-hoof pathway are reported. The phase duration of  stimuli tested ranged from 10 micros to 8.3 ms. Phase duration is defined as  the time between two consecutive zero crossing points of the waveform (e.g.,  1/2 cycle of a sinusoidal waveform). The amplitude of the electrical currents,  at a given phase duration, were increased in an ascending series. The lowest  threshold current at which an observer could detect a behavioral change was  determined for individual cows. Various behaviors were quantified. Facial  activity was the most sensitive behavioral response followed by front hoof  lifting. Human observers measurements of hoof lifting agreed well with  automated recording of animal motion. Tail motion showed no statistically  significant response to the current stimulus. Cows were less sensitive (e.g.,  more current was required to elicit a response) to shorter duration or higher  frequency waveforms. The strength-duration relationship observed for cows  agreed well with neuro-electrical models previously verified by human response.  Keywords: sensitivity,  duration, electrical, current, stray voltage, stray current, transient voltage,  electrical stimulation duration, electric fences, animal behavior.
Ronchi, B., G. Stradaioli, A.V. Supplizi, U. Bernabucci, N.  Lacetera, P.A. Accorsi, A. Nardone, and E. Seren (2001). **Influence of heat  stress or feed restriction on plasma progesterone, oestradiol‑17beta, LH,  FSH, prolactin and cortisol in holstein heifers*.****Livestock  Production Science*68 (2/3): 231‑242, ISSN: 0301‑6226.  NAL Call No.: SF1.L5  Keywords: heifers, dairy cows, heat stress, food  restriction, blood chemistry, progesterone, estradiol, LH, FSH, prolactin, hydrocortisone, hormone  secretion, feed rations, air temperature.
Rossi, P., and A. Gastaldo (2001). **The milking parlour:  a difficult choice for the breeder of dairy cows. [Sala mungitura: una scelta  difficile per gli allevatori di vacche da latte.]***Informatore Agrario*57 (8): 85‑90, ISSN: 0020‑0689.  NAL Call No.: 281.8 IN32  Keywords: dairy cows, dairy farming, animal welfare,  design, herringbone parlors, auto‑tandem arrangement, investment, labor  requirements, milk production, milk quality, milking machines, milking parlors,  Italian language.
Rossi, P. and A. Gastaldo  (1999). **Innovative solutions for free stables organized in cubicles. [Soluzioni  innovative per la stalla libera a cuccette.]***Informatore Agrario* 55(21):  35-41.  NAL Call No.: 281.8 IN32  Keywords: cattle housing,  cow housing, dairy cows, mats, cubicles, stalls, floor coverings, Italian  language, European Union countries.
Ruud, L.E.(1999). **Stalls  that permit lying down: cows' beds. [Liggebasen: kuas  seng.]***Buskap* 51(3): 28-29.  NAL Call No.: 49 B96 Keywords: dairy cattle,  cow housing, loose housing, floor coverings, hay, mattresses, stall dimensions,  cleaning, drainage, welfare, farm buildings, animal behavior, Norway, Norwegian  language.
Saharia, J., S. Saikia,  and G.N. Dutta (1998). **Effect of flooring type on foot and leg abnormalities in  dairy cows.***Indian Veterinary Journal* 75(6): 579-580, ISSN: 0019-6479.  NAL Call No.: 41.8 IN2 Keywords: dairy cows,  housing, concrete flooring, wooden flooring, bursitis, bruises, hooves, foot  diseases, hoof elongation, hock injuries, animal welfare.
Schaub, J., K. Friedli  and B. Wechsler (1999). **Soft floor mats for loose box housing of dairy cattle.  Straw mats and six makes of soft floor mats are compared. [Weiche Liegematten  fur Milchvieh-Boxenlaufstalle. Strohmatratzen und sechs Fabrikate von Weichen  Liegematten im Vergleich.]***Bundesamt fur Veterinarwesen (BVET), c/o  Eidgenossische Forschungsanstalt fur Agrarwirtschaft und Landtechnik (FAT),  CH-8356 Tanikon, Switzerland, No.537*, Eidgenossische Forschungsanstalt fur  Agrarwirtschaft und Landtechnik (FAT): Tanikon, Switzerland, 8p.  Keywords: cows, housing,  animal behavior, resting, standing, litter, types of floor mats, Mouflex, Cow  Comfort, Kraiburg Typ KSK, Pasture, Comfy Cushion, Agriprom, joint damage,  injuries, animal welfare, hygiene, German language.
Schon, H., L. Rittel, G.  Wendl, M. Karrer, and H. Pirkelmann (1998). **Cattle housing solutions for the  use of automatic milking systems. [Stallbaulosungen fur den Einsatz  automatischer Melksysteme.]***Landtechnik* 53(4): 262-263, ISSN: 0023-8082.  NAL Call No.: 58.8 L235 Keywords: automation,  milking, cattle housing, dairies, animal welfare, design, German language.
Seufert, H. (1997). **Dairy  cattle housing which takes into account cost-effectiveness, animal physiology  and animal welfare. [Tier- und leistungsgerechte Haltungssysteme fur Milchkuhe  unter Beachtung der Kostenminimierung.]***Zuchtungskunde* 69(6): 421-434,  ISSN: 0044-5401.NAL Call No.: 49 Z8 Keywords: overview of  housing for dairy cows in Germany, profitability, farmers, dairy technology,  animal welfare, production, husbandry, cost analysis, manure removal, floor  types, litter, milking parlors, milking robots, udders, milk production, labor,  farm management, financial planning, Germany, German language.
Sevegnani, K.B., I.J.Od.  Silva, and H.G. Filho (1994). **Thermal comfort of dairy cattle. [Conforto  termico en bovinos leiteiros.]***Ecossistema* 19: 169-176, ISSN: 0100-4107.  NAL Call No.: S542 B7E3 Keywords: cows, heat  stress, climate, housing, European breeds, Brazil, Portuguese language.
Shearer, J.K., D.K.  Beede, D.R. Bray, and R.A. Bucklin (1999). **Managing during heat stress.***Proceedings  of the Tri-State Dairy Nutrition Conference 99-111*.NAL Call No.: SF203.T75   Keywords: dairy cattle,  heat stress, performance, health, environmental management, cooling systems,  shade, acidosis, acid base equilibrium, lameness, body heat loss.
Singh, S.S., W.R. Ward, K. Lautenbach, and R.D. Murray (1993). **Behaviour  of lame and normal dairy cows in cubicles and in a straw yard.***The  Veterinary Record: Journal of the British Veterinary Association* 133(9):  204-208, ISSN: 0042-4900.NAL Call No.: 41.8 V641   Keywords: animal behavior, housing, cubicles, straw, lameness,  health, animal behavior, housing, cubicles.
Sonck, B., J. Daelemans, and J. Langenakens (1999). **Preference  test for free stall surface material for dairy cows.** In: *ASAE/CSAE-SCGR  Annual International Meeting, Toronto, Ontario, Canada, July 18-21, 1999*,  ASAE Paper No. 994011, American Society of Agricultural Engineers (ASAE): St  Joseph, USA, 10 p.  NAL Call No.: S671.3.A54  Keywords: dairy cows, housing, housing, preference tests, Kraiburg  rubber mat, Supercomfort cow mattress, Pasture Mat, Blister Mattress, Kraiburg  Soft Bed System, Enkamat K2000, Comfy Cushion, Alfa Laval Comfort Mat, Alanta  Waterbed, Agritarp Mattress, concrete littered with sawdust, comfort, animal  welfare, rest, animal behavior, claw and leg lameness.
Stale, F. (1998). **Two  convincing buildings in Jura. [Deux constructions convaincantes en pays  jurassien.]***Technique Agricole* 60(6): 5-7.Keywords: legislation,  pig housing, cattle housing, cow housing, steers, dairy cows, animal welfare,  Switzerland, French language.
Stefanowska, J., D. Swierstra, C.R. Braam, and M.M.W.B.  Hendriks (2001). **Cow behaviour on a new grooved floor in comparison with a  slatted floor, taking claw health and floor properties into account.***Applied  Animal Behaviour Science*71(2): 87‑103, ISSN: 0168‑1591.  NAL Call No.: QL750.A6  Keywords: dairy cows, cow housing, floors, floor type,  slatted floors, animal behavior, time, movement, claws, trauma, animal health,  animal welfare, cattle dung, farm equipment, time budgets, floor walkability,  manure scrapers.
Stefanowska, J., M.  Plavsic, A.H. Ipema, and M.M.W.B. Hendriks (2000). **The effect of omitted  milking on the behaviour of cows in the context of cluster attachment failure  during automatic milking.***Applied Animal Behaviour Science* 67(4):  277-291, ISSN: 0168-1591.  NAL Call No.: QL750.A6 Keywords: dairy cows,  milking interval, milking parlors, automatic control, failure, clusters, animal  behavior, posture, eating, resting, drinking, urination, defecation, milk  yield, lactation number, social dominance, animal welfare.
Stefanowska, J. and H. Hogeveen (1997). **Time study on  dairy cows in an automatic milking system with a selection unit and one-way cow  traffic.***Canadian Agricultural Engineering*39(3): 221-229, ISSN:  0045-432X.NAL Call No.: 58.8 C164 Keywords: selection, time, automatic system, cow traffic.  
Steinhardt, M. and H.H.  Thielscher (March 1997). **Hemoglobin derivatives in blood of cattle during  during winter housing. Effect of age as well as developmental and functional  conditions.***DTW: DeutscheTier�rztliche Wochenschrift*104(3): 99-103,  ISSN: 0341-6593.NAL Call No.: 41.8 D482 Keywords: peripheral  venous blood samples, lactating dairy cattle, calves, hemoglobin content,  hematocrit, oxygen saturation, oxygen capacity, oxygen content, hemoglobin  derivatives, differences between age groups and breeds, German language.
Sunesson, A.L., J. Gullberg, and G. Blomquist (2001). **Airborne  chemical compounds on dairy farms.***Journal of Environmental Monitoring*  3(2): 210‑6.Keywords: dairy farms, housing, cow sheds, volatile organic  compounds, formaldehyde, ammonia, carbon dioxide, p‑cresol, 2‑butanone,  ethyl acetate, alpha‑pinene and delta 3‑carene, occupational  exposure level.
Swierstra, D., C.R. Braam, and M.C. Smits (2001). **Grooved  floor system for cattle housing: ammonia emission reduction and good slip  resistance.***Applied Engineering in Agriculture* 17(1): 85‑90,  ISSN: 0883‑8542.NAL Call No.: S671.A66  Abstract:  To improve the slip resistance of solid floors in dairy  cow houses and to achieve the ammonia emission reduction prescribed by the  Dutch government, precast concrete floors with grooves and a dung scraper were  investigated. The grooves parallel to the alley had 160 mm center‑to‑center  spacing and were 35 mm wide and 30 mm deep. The urine could drain along the  grooves. Perforations in the grooves were spaced 1.1 m apart and could be open  or closed. When the perforations were open, urine could be drained directly  into a slurry pit below. In case of closed perforations, draining of urine was  only possible at one alley end. The feces were dragged to one end of the alley  using a scraper, provided with facilities, that also cleaned the grooves. The  floor system was constructed in a compartment of a mechanically ventilated  experimental cow house. In another compartment a traditional slotted floor  served as a reference. Ammonia emissions from both compartments were recorded  continuously. The effects on ammonia emission and the performance of the  perforations in the floor were determined. The floor system was also  implemented into various practical farms and some practical experiences were  gathered. Ammonia emission from the compartment with the grooved solid floor  operating with open perforations was reduced by 46% compared with the reference  compartment. Closing of the perforations resulted in an ammonia emission  reduction of 35% compared to the reference compartment.  Keywords: cattle housing, floors, cattle dung, urine,  removal, equipment, ammonia, emission, grooved concrete floors, dung scrapers.
Szyndler, J. and A.  Kaczor (1997). **Behaviour of dairy cows in litter and litter-free tie-in stalls  of different size. [Zachowanie sie krow mlecznych na wiazanych stanowiskach  sciolowych i bezsciolowych o roznych wymiarach.]***Roczniki Naukowe  Zootechniki* 24(4): 249-262, ISSN: 0137-1657.  NAL Call No.: SF1 R6 Keywords: cattle housing,  litter, litter-free tie-in stalls, stall dimensions, on the, cleanliness, skin  injuries and abrasions, legs, udder, health, animal behavior, lying, standing,  animal welfare, Poland, Polish language.
Takahashi, K., H.  Takenaka, and I. Inano (1998). **Improvement of cow comfort by using rubber  filled cow mattresses.***Bulletin of Hokkaido Prefectural, Agricultural  Experiment Stations* 75:89-94, ISSN: 0441-0807.NAL Call No.: S304 H6E22 Keywords: animal welfare,  cows, cow housing, cattle housing, litter, rubber, Japan.
Terosky, T.L., L.L.  Wilson, C.L. Stull, and W.R. Stricklin (1997).**Effects of individual housing  design and size on special-fed Holstein veal calf growth performance,  hematology, and carcass characteristics.***Journal of Animal Science*  75(7): 1697-1703, ISSN: 0021-8812.NAL Call No.: 49 J82 Keywords: veal, calves,  carcass quality, housing, design, size, Holstein, growth, performance, width,  blood, lymphocytes, erythrocytes, meat, color, carcass weight, dressing  percentage, stalls, pens, management.
Uetake, K., J.F. Hurnik, and L. Johnson (1997). **Behavioral  pattern of dairy cows milked in a two-stall automatic milking system with a  holding area.***Journal of Animal Science* 75(4): 954-958, ISSN:  0021-8812.NAL Call No.: 49 J82   Abstract:  Behavioral pattern was investigated in dairy cows  milked in an automatic milking system (AMS) in contrast to cows milked in a  conventional milking parlor. Forty-eight Holstein cows were allocated to two  groups of 24 animals. The two groups were housed in adjacent free stall pens.  Both groups were milked twice a day at 0500 and at 1500 for 30 d before  commencement of the experiment, one in a two-stall AMS (AMS Group), the other  in a 16-stall herringbone parlor (Parlor Group). The respective holding areas  were used to encourage cows to enter the milking compartments. All cows  consumed total mixed rations ad libitum, provided once a day between 0500 and  0600 in indoor feed bunks. Cows in both groups were allowed daily access to two  adjacent outdoor paddocks from 1030 to 1230. Behavioral observations were  carried out in the free stall barn from 0400 to 0900 and from 1250 to 1900 for  30d. The number of cows lying down, standing in the stalls, standing in the  passageway, and eating was recorded every 10 min. Analyses of variance were  used to compare time serial changes in behavioral states between groups.  Although the time serial changes in the behavioral states were not different  between groups after returning from paddocks, they became significantly  different between groups for all four recorded behavioral states after the  onset of milking. Ethograms during the 11-h observation period showed that cows  in the AMS group spent less time eating at the feed bunk and standing in the stalls  to compensate for the longer time standing in the holding area. The results  indicate that AMS milking with a holding area affects social synchronization of  cows eating and resting and reduces time spent eating.Keywords: automation, milking machines, milking parlors,  behavior, milk yield, lactation stage, age, posture, eating, duration, activity  sampling.
Vaarst, M., J. Hindhede, and C. Enevoldsen (1998). **Sole  disorders in conventionally managed and organic dairy herds using different  housing systems.***Journal of Dairy Research*65(2): 175-186, ISSN:  0022-0299.NAL Call No.: 44.8 J823 Keywords: dairy herds, housing, lameness, handling, feet,  lesions, hemorrhage, lactation stage, breed differences, Friesian, body weight,  lameness, deep litter housing, stalls, hooves, organic farming, slatted floors,  straw, litter, calving season, Denmark., AG AB. 
Valtorta, S.E., P.E.  Leva, and M.R. Gallardo (1997). **Evaluation of different shades to improve dairy  cattle well-being in Argentina.***International Journal of Biometeorology*41(2):  65-67, ISSN: 0020-7128.NAL Call No.: 340.8 In8 Keywords: tree shades,  artificial shade structure, black woven polypropylene cloth, black globe  temperatures, effectiveness in reducing heat load, floor temperatures, holding  pens, pasture-based system, animal well-being.
Valtorta, S.E., M.R.  Gallardo, H.C. Castro, and M.E. Castelli (1996). **Artificial shade and  supplementation effects on grazing dairy cows in Argentina.***Transactions of  the ASAE* 39(1): 233-236, ISSN: 0001-2351.NAL Call No.: 290.9  Am32T Keywords: cows,  mid-laactation, heat stress, summer, grazing, parity, somatic cell count, milk  quality, blood composition, milk protein, sodium, potassium, urea, body  temperature, milk yield, milk composition, milk protein yield.
van Schaik, G., M. Nielen, and A.A. Dijkhuizen (2001). **An  economic model for on‑farm decision support of management to prevent  infectious disease introduction into dairy farms.***Preventive Veterinary  Medicine* 51(3‑4): 289‑305, ISSN: 0167‑5877.  NAL Call No: SF601 P7  Keywords: closed farming system, disease control, bovine  herpesvirus type 1 (BHV1), models. sanitary barrier, protective clothing.
Veissier, I., A.R. Ramirez, and P. Pradel (1998). **Nonnutritive  oral activities and stress responses of veal calves in relation to feeding and  housing conditions.***Applied Animal Behaviour Science*57(1-2): 35-49,  ISSN: 0168-1591.  NAL Call No.: QL750 A6  Abstract:  This study assessed the extent to which eating solid foods  and social contacts influence nibbling objects and improve the welfare of veal  calves. Animals were fed milk replacer only vs. supplemented with solid foods  and were housed in individual stalls vs. together in pens. Time budget,  reactions to handling in a weighing machine, growth, health (length of medical  treatments) and abomasal lesions were assessed. In addition, chronic activation  of the hypothalamo--pituitary--adrenocortical axis was evaluated after ACTH and  CRF challenges, and that of the sympathetic nervous system, through activities  of catecholamine-synthesising enzymes. The provision of solid foods reduced  time spent nibbling objects and being inactive in proportion to and at the time  of the increase in time spent eating and chewing. The calves housed together in  pens had higher basal cortisol levels and they reacted to weighing. Health and  physiological indices of chronic stress did not vary with feeding or housing  conditions. It is concluded that nibbling in veal calves derives at least in  part from a lack of development of feeding behaviour appropriate to ruminants.  There was no clear evidence of poorer welfare due to feeding on milk replacer  only or individual housing, but calves reared in groups seemed more stressed by  handling than calves reared in individual stalls.  Keywords: oral activities, food, chewing, feeding behavior, milk  replacer, social contacts, individual housing, group housing, stalls, pens,  time budget, handling, growth, health, medical, treatments, lesions,  sympathetic nervous system, stress response, enzymes, basal, cortisol, chronic  stress conditions, development.
Veissier, I., P. Chazal, P. Pradel, and P. Le Neindre (1997). **Providing  social contacts and objects for nibbling moderates reactivity and oral  behaviors in veal calves.***Journal of Animal Science* 75(2): 356-365,  ISSN: 0021-8812.  NAL Call No.: 49 J82.  Abstract:  The aim of this work was to assess the role of social and  physical enrichment in the adaptation of veal calves totheir environment. We  compared calves housed in individual stalls that varied in the extent of  contacts they allowed between neighbors (16 calves: open partitions; 16 calves:  solid partitions; 32 calves: solid and extended partitions preventing all  contact). All but 16 out of the 32 isolated calves were provided with a piece  of tire and a chain, objects they could easily nibble. We assessed time budget,  behavioral reactions to a water throw, neuroendocrine responses to stress (ACTH  challenge and catecholamine synthesis), health, and growth. Calves kept in  isolation displayed more startled reactions (16 isolated calves vs 5  non-isolated calves were startled by the throw, P < .05). Calves without  objects spent more time nibbling at the feeding grille (5 vs 3% time, P <  .01), licking their lips and tongue-rolling (7 vs 4% time, P <.05). Social  contacts and the provision of objects had no incidence on neuroendocrine  measurements and growth. Contacts with neighbors resulted in a slight but  nonsignificant rise in disease. Depriving calves of social contacts increases  behavioral reactivity, probably because there are no peer animals through which  reactions can be moderated, and the lack of adequate objects to nibble promotes  self-directed activities.  Keywords: calves, animal behavior, neurohormones, stress, veal,  calf housing, stalls, group size, animal welfare, partitions, enrichment, toys,  grooming, fright, rest, blood plasma, hydrocortisone, stress response, breed  differences, Holstein-Friesian, Montbeliard, health, lesions, stomach ulcers,  scars, nibbling, sniffing, lip-licking, tongue-rolling.
Veissier, I., V. Gesmier, P. Le Neindre, J.Y. Gautier, and G.  Bertrand (1994). **The effects of rearing in individual crates on subsequent  social behaviour of veal calves.***Applied Animal Behaviour Science*  41(3/4): 199-210, ISSN: 0168-1591.  NAL Call No.: QL750.A6  Keywords: veal calves, social behavior, housing, isolation  rearing, crates.
Ventura, P.G. (1999). **European cow-sheds ever more economic in  2000.****[Sempre piu economica la stalla europea del 2000.]***Informatore  Agrario* 55(25): 38-41.  NAL Call No.: 281.8 IN32  Keywords: cattle housing, design, costs, waste management,  construction materials, netting walls, European Union Countries, Italian  language.
Ventura, P.G. (1997). **Ways of increasing the well-being of  high-yielding dairy cows.****[Soluzioni per aumentare il benessere delle  bovine da latte ad alta produzione.]***Informatore Agrario* 53(35):  77-79.  NAL Call No.: 281.8 IN32   Keywords: cow housing, barn roof design, ventilation, drinking  water, cubicles, bedding, flooring, skin and foot care, Italy, Italian  language.
Vokey F.J., C.L. Guard, H.N. Erb, and D.M. Galton (2001). **Effects  of alley and stall surfaces on indices of claw and leg health in dairy cattle  housed in a free‑stall barn.***Journal of Dairy Science*84(12):  2686‑99, ISSN: 0022-0302.  NAL Call No.: 44.8 J822 Keywords: dairy herd, housing, alley surfaces, grooved  concrete, rubber mats, free stall beds, deep sand, rubber mattresses, concrete,  sawdust, hind claws, hocks, lesions, dorsal wall length, heel depth, toe angle,  digital dermatitis, scoring.
Wandel, H. and T.  Jungbluth (1997).**Assessing new design of lying boxes for cows. [Bewertung  neuer Liegeboxenkonstruktionen.]***Landtechnik* 52(5): 266-267, ISSN:  0023-8082.NAL Call No.: 58.8 L235 Keywords: dairy cows,  housing, design, construction, costs, cubicles, boxes, husbandry, mats, floors,  German language.
Webster, A.J.F. (2001). **Effects of housing and two  forage diets on the development of claw horn lesions in dairy cows at first  calving and in first lactation.***The Veterinary Journal*162 (1): 56‑65,  ISSN: 1090‑0233.NAL Call No.: SF601.V484  Abstract:  This paper describes a systematic study of the  development of lesions of the claw horn (CHL, sole and white line) in heifers  calving for the first time, housed either in cubicles or a straw yard and fed  either a low‑ or high‑dry‑matter forage diet. The feet of all  animals were inspected on five occasions, at approximately four weeks before  and four, eight, 16 and 24 weeks post calving. Haemorrhagic lesions of the sole  and white line were described according to a geometric lesion score for  severity and a cumulative lesion score based on the product of (severity x  area) for each lesion. Geometric and cumulative lesion scores increased in all  groups of cattle in the first eight weeks after calving. However, the severity  and persistence of the lesions were significantly greater in cattle housed in  cubicle yards. Wet feeding increased the severity of CHL in the cubicle yard  only. There were no associations between lesion scores and body weight, body  condition or foot conformation. The heels of the cattle in straw yards tended  to be thick but many showed pitting erosions. In cubicles the heels were smooth  but thin. This may have contributed to CHL by increasing concussive forces  within the hoof. There was a highly significant (but relatively low)  correlation between scores for sole lesions and lameness in individual animals.  These observations are consistent with the hypothesis that systemic events  associated with calving and the onset of lactation may set in motion the chain  of events that lead to the lesions of CHL; the extent and severity of these  lesions being then determined by the externally imposed conditions of housing  and feeding.Keywords: heifers, calving, lactation, cow housing,  cubicles,straw yards, forage, dry matter, cattle feeding, moisture,  interactions, claws, lesions, body weight, body condition, risk factors,  hemorrhage,  conformation, feet,  lameness, etiology.
Wiederkehr, T.U., K. Friedli, and B. Wechsler (2001). **Influence  of regular outdoor exercise on occurrence and type of hock lesions of dairy  cows kept in tied housing systems. [Einfluss von regelmassigem Auslauf auf das  Vorkommen und den Schweregrad von Sprunggelenksschaden bei Milchvieh im  Anbindestall.]***KTBL‑Schrift* 403: 163‑170.  Keywords: dairy cows, disease prevention, exercise, joint diseases, hock  lesions, lameness, exercise, lying area, litter, German language.
Wilson, L.L., T.L.  Terosky, C.L. Stull, and W.R. Stricklin (1999). **Effects of individual housing  design and size on behavior and stress indicators of special-fed Holstein veal  calves.***Journal of Animal Science* 77(6): 1341-1347, ISSN: 0021-8812.  NAL Call No.: 49 J82  Abstract:  The objectives of this study were to determine effects of housing design  (calves tethered in open stalls vs untethered in individual pens) and widths of  56, 66, and 76 cm (2 x 3 factorial arrangement of treatments) on indicators of  stress and behavior in special-fed veal calves. Three production cycles  (groups) were used, each with 36 Holstein bull calves. Calves (n = 108) were  randomly allotted to treatments upon arrival at the facility. Blood samples  were collected four times (wk 4, 9, 13, and 18) during the 18-wk production  cycle. Blood serum values for cortisol and (alpha1)-acid glycoprotein (AGP)  exhibited few treatment differences. Blood leukocyte differential counts at 4  and 18 wk (segmented neutrophils [N], banded neutrophils, lymphocytes [L],  basophils, and the N:L ratio) were not different (P > .05) among housing  designs or widths. However, there were differences (P < .05) in monocytes  and eosinophils during the 28-d period after arrival; calves in stalls 76 cm  wide had the greatest percentage of both leukocytes, and calves in the 66-cm  stalls had the lowest monocyte percentage. Calves were recorded on videotape  during wk 4, 13.5, and 18 to determine frequencies and durations of postures  and behaviors (e.g., lying, standing, chewing, tongue playing, grooming, and  investigative activities). There were no consistent differences (P > .05) in  postures or behaviors among calves in different housing designs or widths.  Calves spent approximately 71 and 31% in lying and standing positions, with no  preference for the right or left side while recumbent. There was a tendency for  calves in wider stalls or pens at wk 9 and 18 to exhibit more self-grooming  activities. Tongue playing and investigative and chewing activities were  exhibited in all teatments, but no differences (P > .05) were observed.  However, calves housed in the 56-cm pens displayed difficulty in changing from  lying to a standing position and were unable to extend one or more legs while  recumbent. Even though there were few differences in behavioral, physiological,  growth, or anatomical traits in this study, further increases in age and (or)  weight of finished calves will require a reassessment of the appropriateness of  individual veal calf housing design and dimensions.Keywords: calves, young  animals, Holstein, stress, veal calves, basophils, blood serum, hydrocortisone,  eosinophils, glycoproteins, grooming, leukocytes, monocytes, neutrophils,  tethered housing, cattle housing, animal welfare, animal experiments,  hematology, blood chemistry, calf housing, stalls, pens, cubicles.
Yamamoto, S., B.A. Young,  B.P. Purwanto, F. Nakamasu, and T. Matsumoto (1994). **Effect of solar radiation  on the heat load of dairy heifers solar-radiation.***Australian Journal of  Agricultural Research* 45(8): 1741-1749.NAL Call No.: 23 Au783   Keywords: dairy heifers,  respiration rate, mean body temperature, effective temperature, heat load,  solar radiation, thermoregulation, respiration rate, heat production, heart  rate, shading, summer, autumn, equations.
Zahner, M., M. Keck, W. Langhans, B. Wechsler, and R.  Hauser (2001). **Influence of weather protection in winter on ethological and  physiological parameters in dairy cows. [Einfluss von Witterungsschutz im  Winter auf ethologische und physiologische Parameter bei Milchkuhen.*]****KTBL‑Schrift*403: 28‑36.  NAL Call No.: 18 K96  Keywords: dairy cows, housing, cubicles, winter weather,  cold, stress, body temperature, heart rate, milk cortisol.   Return to Table of ContentsHusbandry
  Baumgartner, G. (1999). **General regulations for the humane  husbandry of livestock. [Rahmenbedingungen fur die tierschutzgerechte Haltung  landwirtschaftlicher Nutztiere.]***Zuchtungskunde* 71(1): 2-7, ISSN:  0044-5401.  NAL Call No.: 49 Z8  Keywords: animal welfare, legislation, livestock, husbandry,  Europe, German language.
Bazeley, K., G. Anderson, and A. Hibbert (2000). **Measurement of  the quality of stockmanship.***Cattle Practice* 8(1): 13-14, ISSN:  0969-1251.NAL Call No.: SF961 C37 Keywords: stockmen, dairy cattle, cows, animal welfare, husbandry,  United Kingdom.
Bewley, J.,  R.W. Palmer, and D.B. Jackson‑Smith  (2001). **An overview of experiences of Wisconsin dairy farmers who modernized  their operations.***Journal of Dairy Science*84(3):717‑29.  NAL Call No.: 44.8 J822 Keywords: farm  expansion, modernization, production increase, herd size, milk production,  labor efficiency, herd performance, profitability, labor management, financing,  loan procurement, construction and cost overruns, feet and leg health.
  Brade, W. (2001). **Comparison  of automatic and conventional milking systems. [Automatische und konventionelle  Melksysteme im Vergleich].***Berichte ueber Landwirtschaft*79(2): 275‑292,  ISSN: 0005‑9080.  NAL Call No.: 18 G31  Keywords: dairy cows, farmer,  automatic milking system, cost effectiveness, milk collection method, milk  quality, quality of life, German language.
  Brade, W. (2001). **Precision  farming in animal husbandry. [Precision farming in der tierischen Erzeugung.]***Tierarztliche  Umschau*56 (11): 582‑590, ISSN: 0049‑3864.  NAL Call No.: 41.8 T445  Keywords: dairy  farming, cattle feeding, machine milking, animal recognition, automatic data  collection, German language.
  Breuer, K., P.H. Hemsworth, J.L. Barnett, L.R. Matthews, and G.J.  Coleman (2000). **Behavioural response to humans and the productivity of  commercial dairy cows.***Applied Animal Behaviour Science* 66(4): 273-288,  ISSN: 0168-1591.  NAL Call No.: QL750.A6 Keywords: dairy cattle, cows, productivity, attitudes, stockmen,  dairy farms, animal behavior, fearfulness, vocalization, stress response,  trauma, animal welfare, milk yield, milkers, milk yield, milk protein, milk  yield, milk fat. 
Buchwalder, T., T. Oswald, and B. Wechsler (1999). **Alternatives to  the cow trainer: evaluation of cow behaviour when using the Albrecht iron and  the aktorik. [Alternativen zum elektrischen Kuhtrainer: Beurteilung des  Verhaltens der Kuhe unter dem Albrecht-Bugel und unter der Aktorik.]***Eidgenossische  Forschungsanstalt fur Agrarwirtschaft und Landtechnik (FAT)*, Switzerland,  No. 535, 8p., ISSN: 1018-502X.  NAL Call No.: S671.B55  Keywords: cows, restraint of animals, housing, animal behavior,  animal welfare, movement, electric current, cow trainers, equipment, waste  disposal, cattle manure, Switzerland, German language.
Choi, D.Y., H.T. Kim, D.W. Lee, J.D. Han, H.S. Kang, D.J. Kwon,  and S.K. Lee (2001). **A computer vision system for weighing dairy cows.***Journal  of Animal Science and Technology*43 (1): 131-138.  NAL Call No.: SF1.H36  Keywords: Holstein Friesian, breed, dairy  cows, body weight, computer vision system, pixel values of images, top and side  view of dairy cow, cameras, personal computer, effect of light reflection, dark  illumination.
Davis, S.R., V.C. Farr, and K.  Stelwagen (1999). **Once-daily milking of dairy cows: an appraisal.** In: *59th  conference, Holy Cross College, Mosgiel, 28 June-1 July 1999*, Vol.59,  p.36-40, Dairy Science Group, AgResearch, Ruakura Research Centre: Hamilton,  New Zealand.Keywords: milking, cows, milk quality, milk yield, milking  interval, costs, economics, productivity, milk composition, cow comfort, animal  welfare.
  Devir, S., J.P.T.M. Noordhuizen, and P.J.M. Huijsmans (1996).  **Validation of a daily automatic routine for dairy robotic milking and  concentrates supply.***Journal of Agricultural Engineering Research* 64(1):  49-60, ISSN: 0021-8634.  NAL Call No.: 58.8 J82  Keywords: automatic system, diet, concentrate supplementation,  Freisian-Holstein, breed.
  Eicher, S.D., J.L. Morrow-Tesch, J.L. Albright, J.W. Dailey, C.R.  Young, and L.H. Stanker (2000). **Tail-docking influences on behavioral,  immunological, and endocrine responses in dairy heifers.***Journal of Dairy  Science* 83(7): 1456-1462, ISSN: 0022-0302.  NAL Call No.: 44.8 J822   Abstract:  Behavioral and physiological changes were measured following  tail-docking in primiparous heifers. One month before projected first  parturition, 21 heifers were assigned to control (nondocked), docked, or docked  with lidocaine groups. Heifers were banded to initiate taildocking and the  necrotic tail was removed after 144 h. Physiological, immunological, and  behavioral measures were taken for 240 h following banding. Cortisol was not  different for control and treated heifers. Haptoglobin increased for docked  heifers by 168 h postbanding (24 h postdocking). alpha1-Acid glycoprotein  decreased as haptoglobin increased, and alpha1-acid glycoprotein increased  until 240 h postbanding. Tumor necrosis factor-alpha increased only with  lidocaine and did not show an effect of docking by 240 h postbanding.  Lymphocyte phenotyping demonstrated increased CD4+ and CD8+ peripheral blood  mononuclear cells for docked plus lidocaine heifers and gammadelta+ cells of  those heifers tended to be reduced compared with docked heifers. Eating was the  only maintenance behavior affected by banding in both docked groups (increased  with banding and decreased with docking). The initial banding procedure did not  alter heifer physiology and altered only eating behavior, but the cutting of  the tail (docking) increased haptoglobin in response to the tissue damage and  turned eating behavior to baseline. The use of lidocaine to anesthetize the  tail before banding affected lymphocyte henotypes and TNF-alpha (banding alone  did not alter these parameters).Keywords: heifers, animal behavior, docking, feeding behavior,  haptoglobins, hydrocortisone, lidocaine, lymphocytes, stress, tail, tumor  necrosis factor.
Fossing, C., M. Vaarst, C.M. Christensen, S.M. Thamsborg, E.M.  Vestergaard, C.L. Ingvartsen, T.W. Bennedsgaard (2001). **Improving welfare in  organic dairy cattle.**In: *Human Animal Relationship: Stockmanship and  Housing in Organic Livestock Systems. Proceedings of the Third NAHWOA Workshop,  Clermont‑ferrand, France, 21‑24 October 2000*, M. Hovi and M.  Bouilhol, eds., p.151, Network for Animal Health and Welfare in Organic  Agriculture, University of Reading: Reading, UK, ISBN: 0‑7049‑1094‑2.  Keywords: animal welfare, coccidiosis, parasites, dairy cattle,  homeopathy, organic farming.
  Frazzi, E. (2001).**How to adapt the stable to the milking robot.  [Come adattare la stalla al robot di mungitura.]***Informatore Agrario*57(18):  58‑62, ISSN: 0020‑0689.  NAL Call No.: 281.8 IN32  Keywords: dairy cows, animal welfare, dairy farming, machine  milking, milking machines, milking robots, comfort, design, milking parlors,  movement of cows, Italian language, Netherlands.
  Fuchs, C. (2001). **Economic efficiency of intensive and extensive  animal husbandry. [Okonomischer Nutzen von extensiver und intensiver Tierproduktion.]***Praktische Tierarzt*82(8): 578-585, ISSN: 0032‑681X.  NAL Call No: 41.8 P882Keywords: agricultural economics, animal welfare, beef cattle,  dairy cattle, swine, climate, grazing, intensive husbandry, housing, straw  handling, labor costs, research, German language.
  Gobbel, T. (1998). **Opportunities only for big farms with best  performance: milk production in Wisconsin. [Chance nur fur grosse Betriebe mit  Hochstleistungen: Milchproduktion in Wisconsin.]***Milchpraxis* 36(4):  196-199, ISSN: 0026-3753.  NAL Call No.: SF221 M5   Keywords: dairy farms, milk production, milking techniques,  nutrition, animal welfare, cattle feeding, machine milking, milk prices, cows,  German language.
Fuhrmann, T. (2001). **Dairy heifer replacements: Caring for the  future.***Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association*219(10):  1387‑1388, ISSN: 0003‑1488.NAL Call No.: 41.8 Am3  Keywords: National Animal Health Monitoring System; animal  welfare, herd size, ethics.
Giovannini, G., and  A. Zecconi (2001). **Tools of production and health management: autocontrol in  dairy cattle rearing. [Come strumento di produzione e di gestione sanitaria:  l'autocontrollo negli allevamenti bovini.]***Informatore Agrario*  57(19): 67‑69, ISSN: 0020‑0689.  NAL Call No.: 281.8 IN32  Keywords: health,  dairy cattle, dairy industry, farm management, guidelines, livestock, mastitis,  milk products, sanitary risks, monitoring, productivity, quality controls,  Italian language.
  Graham, M.H.(2001). **Voltage  compensation circuit and method for reducing electric shocks to teats of an  animal during its milking.***Official Gazette of the United States Patent  and Trademark Office Patents*1246(4): Pagination May 22, 2001, Patent Number: US  6234108, ISSN: 0098‑1133.  NAL Call No.: T223  A21  Keywords: dairy cow,  equipment, milk pipeline, milk stream, method for reducing electric shocks to  cows during milking.
  Hamann, J. (2001). **Actual  aspects on automatic milking systems. [Aktuelle aspekte zum einsatz  automatischer melkverfahren.]***DTW Deutsche Tieraerztliche Wochenschrif*  108 (3): 110-112.  NAL Call No.: 41.8  D482  Keywords: dairy  cows, automatic milking systems, working conditions, quality of life of the  dairy farmer, performance status of the cow, milk quality, milk hygiene  regulations, udder health, German language.
  Hamann, J., V.  Bronzo, P. Moroni, A. Casula, and A. Zecconi (2001). **Conventional and  positive pressure pulsation effects on bovine teats and on immunological  components of different milk fractions.***Milchwissenschaft*56 (8):  423-427.  NAL Call No.: 44.8  M5933   Keywords: physical  forces, mechanical milking, changes in the teat tissue, blood circulation, cell  population, teat tissue immune status, positive pressure milking system,  conventional milking unit, relationship between machine milking and changes in  differential cell counts.
  Heissenhuber, A.,  and H. Hoffmann (2001). **Intensive or extensive milk production? [Intensive  oder extensive Milcherzeugung?]***Zuechtungskunde*73(6): 422‑429,  ISSN: 0044‑5401.  NAL Call No.: 49 Z8  Keywords:  agricultural intensity, building costs, environmental incentives, extensive  milk production, farm management, farming efficiency, feed costs, forage costs,  intensive milk production, location quality, organizational intensity, price‑cost  ratio, German language, Germany.
  Hill, J. (2001). **Dairy  research in New Zealand.***Milchwissenschaft*56(9): 484‑487,  ISSN: 0026‑3788.  NAL Call No.: 44.8 M5933   Keywords: animal health,  welfare, dairy foods, dairy product, dairy research, food ingredients, food  processing, genetics, research and development, literature review.
  Hogeveen, H., W. Ouweltjes,  C.J.A.M de Koning, and K. Stelwagen (2001). **Milking interval, milk  production and milk flow‑rate in an automatic milking system.***Livestock  Production Science* 72(1‑2): 157‑167, ISSN: 0301‑6226.  NAL Call No.: SF1 L5  Keywords: milking robot,  automatic milking, voluntary visits by cow, milk flow rate, milking interval,  milk production, variation, udder health.
  Hopster, H., J.T.N. van der. Werf, J.H.F. Erkens, H.J. Blokhuis  (March 1999).**Effects of repeated jugular puncture on plasma cortisol  concentrations in loose-housed dairy cows.***Journal of Animal Science*  77(3): 708-714, ISSN: 0021-8812.  NAL Call No.: 49 J82   Abstract:  In three experiments, the effects of venipuncture on plasma  cortisol concentrations were studied in loose-housed dairy cows. In Exp. 1, two  blood samples were collected 18 min apart on three alternate days from 20 dairy  cows for studying their adrenocortical response to a single venipuncture. To  further evaluate the effect of cows anticipating venipuncture, in Exp. 2, 15  dairy cows were sequentially venipunctured once daily on 12 successive days in  a randomized order in groups of five, starting 15 min apart. In Exp. 3, 10  primiparous cows were used on three alternate days to study habituation to  serial sampling (i.e., collection of first blood samples by venipuncture, 15min  apart). In cows accustomed to handling, jugular puncture did not affect  cortisol concentrations in plasma collected 18 min later. Average daily  cortisol concentrations varied between 2.07 +/- .38 and 3.81 +/- .56 ng/mL in  the first (t = 0) and between 1.43 +/- .15 and 2.61 +/- .72 ng/mL in the second  (t = 18) blood samples. Likewise, when cows were sampled sequentially once a  day, the order of sampling between and within groups did not influence (P >  .05) plasma cortisol concentrations. In contrast, primiparous dairy cows that  were less used to being handled showed an average increase in cortisol  concentrations when five samples were collected by venipuncture 15 min apart.  During successive sampling sessions, however, the cows did not decrease of  increase plasma cortisol concentrations in response to repeated serial sampling  at the group level (P > .05). Between individuals, the maximum effect of  repeated venipuncture on cortisol concentrations (4.5 to 22.6 ng/mL), the time  at which the effect reached its maximum (30 to 60 min), and the consistency of  the response pattern over successive series varied largely. The results of this  study show that in cows that were accustomed to the handling and to being  restrained, baseline cortisol concentrations can be measured in single blood  samples that are collected by jugular puncture within 1 min after first  approaching the cow. When successive blood samples need to be collected within  15 to 20 min, jugular puncture may induce an increase in cortisol  concentration, which seems to depend on the handling experience of the animals  and on individual differences.Keywords: dairy cows, blood chemistry, blood plasma,  hydrocortisone, stress, jugular vein, acclimatization, animal welfare.   

Ipema, A.H. (1997). **Integration  of robotic milking in dairy housing systems.****Review of cow traffic and  milking capacity aspects.***Computers and Electronics in Agriculture*17(1):  79-94, ISSN: 0168-1699.NAL Call No.: S494.5 D3C652 Keywords: milking, housing  systems, review, cow integration.
Jago, J.G., C.C. Krohn, and L.R. Matthews (Feb. 15, 1999). **The  influence of feeding and handling on the development of the human-animal  interactions in young cattle.***Applied Animal Behaviour Science*62(2/3):  137-151, ISSN: 0168-1591.NAL Call No.: QL750 Keywords: calves, artificial rearing, feeding, handling, approach  behavior, group size, liveweight gain.
Kashiwamura, F., J. Suda, K.  Furumura, S. Hidaka, T. Seo, and T. Iketaki (2001). **Habituation training for  dairy cattle to milking boxes of new installed automatic milking system.***Animal  Science Journal* 72 (8): J266-J273, ISSN: 1344‑3941.  NAL Call No.: SF1 A542  Keywords: cows, Holstein,  breed, training of cows to enter milking boxes, automatic milking system,  conventional stanchion stall barn, free stall barn, entrance gate, alley, three  tandem milking boxes, parameters observed, duration of passing through the  entrance gate, duration from passing the gate to entering into a milking box,  score of training difficulty, number of trainings required for the cows to  enter the milking box without difficulty.
  Kjaestad, H.P., and  E. Simensen (2001). **Management of calving in Norwegian cubicle‑housed  dairy herds.***Acta Veterinaria Scandinavica*42 (1): 131‑137,  ISSN: 0044‑605X.  NAL Call No.: 41.8 AC87  Keywords: animal housing,  calves, calving, cows, dairy cows, management, location of the cow when giving  birth, farmer presence, assisted births, suckling, time after birth when cow  and calf were separated, cubicles, pasture, calving pens, tethered cows, calf  injuries, sheds, surveys, Norway.
Kotting, C., H. Seufert, H.P. Schwarz, and J. Hesse (1999).  **Milking and milking technique in the USA. [Melkverfahren und Melktechnik in den  USA.]***Milchpraxis* 37(1): 26-28, ISSN: 0026-3753.  NAL Call No.: SF221 M5 Keywords: dairy farms, cows, milking, milking machines, udders,  cleaning, movement, human behavior, animal behavior, milking parlors,  automation, milkers, techniques, German language.
Krohn, C.C. (2001). **Effects  of different suckling systems on milk production, udder health, reproduction,  calf growth and some behavioural aspects in high producing dairy cows: a  review.***Applied Animal Behaviour Science* 72 (3): 271-280*,*ISSN:  0168-1591.  NAL Call No.: QL750.A6   Keywords: dairy cows, calves,  different suckling systems, industrial countries, milk production, udder  health, reproduction, behavior, gain, health, suckling systems, long term  suckling, short term suckling, colostrum period, restricted versus free suckling  systems, suckling decreases the risk of mastitis, post partum interval.
Lawson, T.J., and A.D. Kennedy  ( 2001). **Inhibition of nighttime melatonin secretion in cattle: threshold  light intensity for dairy heifers.***Canadian Journal of Animal Science*  81 (1): 153-156.NAL Call No.: 41.8 C163  Keywords: heifers, Holstein, breed, melatonin secretion, lower light  intensities, plasma melatonin concentrations.
Ledin, I. and A. Lema (1996). **An eye for the animals: a necessary  competence in Swedish milk production?** In: *Livestock Farming Systems: More  than Food Production. Proceedings of the 4th International Symposium, Foulum,  Denmark, August 22-23, 1996*, J.T. Sorensen (ed.), Wageningen Pers: Wageningen,  Netherlands, p. 106-113, ISSN: 9-07-413449-1.NAL Call No.: 49.9 Eu7 no.89   Keywords: dairy farming, cows, husbandry, animal welfare, milk  production, farmers' attitudes, farmer interviews, Sweden.
Lewis, N.J. and J.F. Hurnik (1998). **The effect of some common  management practices on the ease of handling of dairy cows.***Applied Animal  Behaviour Science* 58(3): 213-230, ISSN: 0168-1591.  NAL Call No.: QL750.A6   Keywords: management, temperament, animal behavior, handling,  human-animal interactions.
Masoero, G., G. Bergoglio, C.F. Cereti, and L. Cialie Rosso (1996).  **Stocking rate on pasture and productive response of Valdostana Red Pied and  Piedmont cattle for veal or milk production. [Intensita di carico al pascolo e  risposte produttive da bovine Valdostane p.r. e Piemontesi munte o allattanti.]***Rivista di Agronomia* 31(Supplement 1): 337-340, ISSN: 0035-6034.  NAL Call No.: S9.R58  Keywords: dairy cows, nursing cows, Red Pied and Piedmont, breed,  stocking rate, high, low, milk, milk yield, veal, pastures, Italy, Piedmont,  Italian language.
  Mauries, M., G. Allard, J.C. Emile, D. Parent, D. Pellerin, and F.  Sarrazin (1998). **Producing organic milk: making the transition successfully.  [Produire du lait biologique: reussir la transition.]**Editions France Agricole:  Paris, France, 192p., ISBN: 2-85-557039-5.  Keywords: organic farming, farm management, dairy farms,  monitoring, ecosystems, soil, fertilizers, grasslands, grassland management,  soil amendments, rotations, regulations, farmers' associations, cost analysis, conflict, animal welfare, book,  French language, France, Quebec, Canada.
  Mayntz, M., R. Sederstrom, and G. Sender (2001). **Quantitative  effect of after milking stimulation on milk yield and fat composition in dairy  cattle.***Acta Agriculturae Scandinavica Section A Animal Science*51 (2):  107-113, ISSN: 0906-4702.  NAL Call No.: S3 A27 Keywords: cows, Swedish Red  and White, breed, milking stimulation, pushes towards the teat base, hand  milking bouts, milk yield, blood serum, fat content, fatty acids, 
Morita, S., K. Uetake, S.  Shimizu, K. Yayou, S. Kume, T. Tanaka, and S. Hoshiba (2001). **Evaluation of  routine rearing work for human animal interactions in commercial dairy farm.***Journal of Rakuno Gakuen University Natural Science* 25 (2): 263-269.  NAL Call No.: QH7 J68  Keywords: stockperson's working position, human  animal relationship, contact with cows, flight distance.
Munksgaard, L., A.Md. Passille, J. Rushen, K. Thodberg, and M.B.  Jensen (1997). **Discrimination of people by dairy cows based on handling.***Journal  of Dairy Science* 80(6): 1106-1112, ISSN: 0022-0302.NAL Call No.: 44.8 J822   Abstract:  This study examined whether dairy cows could distinguish among  people based on the treatment received, whether cows used color as a cue to  make this discrimination, and whether cows generalized their discrimination to  other locations. Twelve cows were each repeatedly treated in a special  treatment stall by two people wearing red or yellow overalls. One person always  treated the cows aversively, and the other always treated them gently. The distance  between each person and each cow in the home stall and in the treatment stall  was scored during tests. Before treatment, the distances that cows maintained  from the two people were uncorrelated, and the distances that they maintained  in the treatment stall were uncorrelated with those in the home stall. Before  and after treatments, the cows stood further from the handlers in the treatment  stall than in the home stall, regardless of color of the overalls. Defecation  and urination were more frequent during aversive treatments. After treatment,  the cows stood further from the aversive handler than from the gentle handler  in both stalls, and distance from the aversive handler was positively  correlated with distance from the gentle handler. The cows did not discriminate  when the aversive and gentle handlers wore blue overalls (as worn by the usual  barn handlers), when two unfamiliar people wore the same color overalls as the  handlers, or when the cows were shown photographic slides of the two handlers.  In conclusion, the cows learned to discriminate among the handlers, partially  based on the color of the clothes worn. This discrimination was generalized to  another location.Keywords: cows, breed, Friesian, husbandry, animal welfare,  stress, animal behavior, stockmen, color of clothes worn, descrimination, rough  versus gentle handling, Denmark.
Norman, H.D., J.L. Edwards, J.R. Wright (2001). **Accuracy of  recorded birth and calving dates of dairy cattle in the United States.***Journal  of Dairy Science*84(9): 2089‑2096, ISSN: 0022‑0302.  NAL Call No.: 44.8 J822 Keywords: husbandry, record keeping, birth recording, accuracy,  calving dates, cow age, herd size, standardized yield, fitness records, genetic  evaluations, USA.
Ordolff, D. (2001). **Introduction of electronics into milking  technology.***Computers and Electronics in Agriculture*30 (1-3): 125-149.  NAL Call No.: S494.5.D3C652  Keywords: machine milking, milk flow, application of electricity, electronic  components, sensors, control units, teat cups, automatic checks of udder  condition, milk quality, on line milk analysis, dairy farmer, technology,  former German Democratic Republic,
Paranhos da Costa,  M.J.R. and D.M. Broom. (2001). **Consistency of side choice in the milking  parlour by Holstein‑Friesian cows and its relationship with their  reactivity and milk yield.***Applied Animal Behaviour Science*70 (3):  177‑186, ISSN: 0168‑1591.NAL Call No.:  QL750.A6 Keywords: dairy  cows, Holstein‑Friesian, breed, behavior, temperament, milking, milking  parlors, milk yield, animal welfare, milking side preferences.
Reubold, H. (1999). **Automatic water dispensers tested by the DLG.  [DLG-geprufte Selbsttranken.]***Milchpraxis* 37(3): 148-153, ISSN:  0026-3753.NAL Call No.: SF221 M5 Keywords: livestock, drinkers, design, installation, water  troughs, bowl drinkers, dispensers, testing, characteristics, evaluation,  Germany, German language.
Rossing, W, E. Aurik, and W. Smit (1998). **Robot milking systems  and the integration in the dairy farm: Automatic Milking.** In: *Proceedings of  the Fourth International Dairy Housing Conference, St. Louis, Missouri, USA,  January 28-30, 1998*, J.P. Chastain (ed.), American Society of Agricultural  Engineers (ASAE): St Joseph, USA, p. 61-70, ISSN: 0-92-935589-X.  NAL Call No.: SF506 I58 1998Keywords: dairy cows, automatic milking system design, social  aspects, animal welfare, milk yield, milk quality, milking interval, individual  cow management.
Rossing, W., P.H. Hogewerf, A.H. Ipema, C.C. KetelaarDeLauwere,  and C.J.A.Md. Koning (1997). **Robotic milking in dairy farming.***Netherlands  Journal of Agricultural Science* 45(1): 15-31, ISSN: 0028-2928.Keywords: cows, milk yield, animal welfare, labor, dairy farming,  robots, automation, machine milking, milking parlors, dairy farms, reviews,  Netherlands.
  Sandoe, P., L. Munksgaard, N.P. Badsgard, and K.H. Jensen (1996).  **How to manage the management factor: assessing animal welfare at the farm  level.** In: *Livestock Farming Systems: More than Food Production. Proceedings  of the 4th International Symposium*, Foulum, Denmark, August 22-23, 1996,  J.T. Sorensen (ed.), Wageningen Pers: Wageningen, Netherlands, p. 221-230,  ISSN: 9-07-413449-1.  NAL Call No.: 49.9 Eu7 no.89 Keywords: dairy cattle, dairy farms, animal welfare assessment,  effects of management, reviews.
Schon, H. and G. Wendl (2000). **Precision animal husbandry.  [Rechnergestutzte Tierhaltung.]***Landtechnik* 55(3): 238-239, ISSN:  0023-8082.NAL Call No.: 58.8 L235 Keywords: animal welfare, intensive husbandry, precision  agriculture, data records, computer-aided methods, individual electronic animal  identification, feeding, resting, milking, costs, dairy farms, husbandry,  German language.
Seabrook, M.F. (1994). **Psychological interaction between the  milker and the dairy cow.***National Mastitis Council Annual Meeting*  163-174, ISSN: 0271-9967.  NAL Call No.: SF967.M3N32 Keywords: psychology, human animal interactions, man, perception,  animal welfare.
Smolders, G. (2001).  **Animal management on organic dairy farms.[Diermanagement op biologische  melkveebedrijven.]***Praktijkonderzoek Rundvee*14(4): 31‑36,  ISSN: 1569‑805X.Keywords: dairy cows, age at  first calving, age at first insemination, health, body condition, breeds,  housing, dairy farming, farm management, fertility, milk, milk production,  organic farming, somatic cell count, Dutch language, Netherlands.
  Sorensen, A., D.D. Muir, and C.H. Knight (2001). **Thrice‑daily  milking throughout lactation maintains epithelial integrity and thereby  improves milk protein quality.***The Journal of Dairy Research* 68 (1):  15‑253, ISSN: 0022‑0299.  NAL Call No.: 44.8  J823  Abstract:  Cows managed for  extended lactations of 16 months duration were milked on a half‑udder  basis twice or thrice daily, commencing in lactation week 9.Mammary epithelial  integrity (assessed by milk sodium:potassium ratio) was greater in the half‑udder  which was milked thrice daily. This difference was evident throughout the  lactation but became greater after week 41. Milk protein composition was  assessed during late lactation (52+/‑3 weeks). Casein number (casein as a  proportion of total protein) was significantly higher in half‑udders  milked thrice daily, as were the relative amounts of alpha‑ and beta‑caseins,  whilst those of kappa‑ and gamma‑caseins were reduced. Two days of  inverted milking frequency (i.e. thrice‑milked udder halves now milked twice, and vice  versa) only partly reversed these difference. We concluded that thrice‑daily  milking will help to prevent or ameliorate the usual decline in milk processing  quality associated with late lactation. Part of this effect is due simply to  reduced exposure to proteolytic enzymes as a result of decreased storage time  in the udder, but part is due to a better maintenance of epithelial tight  junction integrity as lactation advances, which restricts leakage of  proteolytic enzymes from serum into milk.  Keywords: dairy cows, milking, lactation, frequency, epithelium, milk protein, protein quality,  milk composition, animal husbandry, sodium, potassium, ratios, mammary glands,  protein composition, alpha‑casein, beta‑casein, gamma‑casein,  kappa‑casein, processing quality, temporal variation.
  Srairi, M.T., and  M. El Khattabi (2001). **Economical and technical performance of an intensive  dairy cattle barn in a semi‑arid zone in Morocco. [Evaluation economique  et technique de la production laitiere intensive en zone semi aride au Maroc.]***Cahiers Agricultures*10 (1): 51-55.  NAL Call No.: S5 C34  Keywords: cows, Holstein, breed, economic profitability, intensive dairy  cattle barn, breeding practices, seasonally dependent, weather changes,  rainfall, drought, semi arid zone, availability of forage, milk yields,  concentrates, artificial insemination, natural mating, calf mortality rate,  production costs, feed costs, Morocco.
  Stonehouse, D.P.,  E.A. Clark, and Y.A. Ogini (2001). **Organic and conventional dairy farm  comparisons in Ontario, Canada.***Biological Agriculture and Horticulture*19  (2): 115‑125, ISSN: 0144‑8765.  NAL Call No.: S605.5.B5  Keywords: husbandry,  dairy cows, dairy farms, economic analysis, intensive livestock farming versus,  organic farming, milk yield, costs, crop production, feed costs, replacement  livestock. profits, Canada.
  Stull, C., E. DePeters, and G. Beall (1993). ***Dairy Care  Practices*** Dairy Workgroup: University of California, Cooperative Extension,  48 p.  NAL Call No.: SF196 U6D35 1993  Keywords: calf care, heifer care, lactating  cow care, dry cow care, care of dairy bulls, handling, slaughter, euthanasia,  dairy industry in California.   
  Tozer, P.R., and  A.J. Heinrichs (2001). **What affects the costs of raising replacement dairy  heifers: a multiple component analysis.***Journal of Dairy Science*84  (8): 1836-1844*,*ISSN: 0022‑0302.  NAL Call No.: 44.8  J822  Keywords: dairy  replacement herd, model, herd variables, cost of rearing, age at first calving,  calving interval, cull rate, preweaned calf deaths, Pennsylvania, United  States.
  Turki, H. and S.  Winnicki (2001). **Effect of premilking procedures of cows on milk flow  duration and machine‑on time.***Folia Universitatis Agriculturae  Stetinensis, Zootechnica*(42): 157‑162, ISSN: 1506‑1698.  NAL Call No.: 20.5 St4  Keywords: dairy  cows, Holstein‑Friesian, breed, manually cleaning and drying the teats, machine milking, milk flow,  milking, milking time, udder quarters.
  Vargas, B., M.  Herrero, and J.A.M. van Arendonk (2001). **Interactions between optimal  replacement policies and feeding strategies in dairy herds.***Livestock  Production Science*69 (1): 17-31.   NAL Call No.: SF1 L5  Keywords:  performance model, cull rate, artificial insemination, estimates, feed intake,  milk yield body weight change, availability and quality of feed, interactions  between nutrition, reproduction, breeding at the animal and herd level, Costa  Rican herds.
  Waiblinger, S., T.  Baars, and C. Menke (2001). **Understanding the cow: the central role of human  animal relationship in keeping horned dairy cows in loose housing.** In: *Human  Animal Relationship: Stockmanship and Housing in Organic Livestock Systems.  Proceedings of the Third NAHWOA Workshop, Clermont‑ferrand, France, 21‑24  October 2000*, M. Hovi and M. Bouilhol (eds.), p. 64-78, Network for Animal  Health and Welfare in Organic Agriculture, University of Reading: Reading, UK,  ISBN: 0‑7049‑1094‑2.  Keywords: animal  behavior, animal welfare, cattle housing, cows, dairy cows, loose housing,  organic farming, stockmen.
  Wendl, G, and K. Klindtworth (2000). **Computer-supported production  management in dairy farming. [Rechnergestutztes Produktionsmanagement in der  Milchviehhaltung.]***Milchpraxis* 38(1): 9-13, ISSN: 0026-3753.   NAL Call No.: SF221 M5  Keywords: dairy farming, cows, computer monitored feeding, milk  quality, milking machines, animal welfare, German language.
  Wenzel, C. (2001).   **Initial  ethological improvements for the management of cows milked by an automatic  milking system.[Erste ethologische Empfehlungen zum Management von Milchrindern  beim Melken in einem automatischen Melksystem.]***Tierarztliche Umschau*56 (1): 21‑24, ISSN: 0049-3864.  NAL Call No.: 41.8 T445  Keywords: dairy cows,  automation, milking, robots, management, milking parlors, stress, adaptation,  animal welfare, milkers, milking robots, human animal relationships, German  language.
  Worstorff, H., and D. Weiss  (2001). **Performance of single teat cups in simulated automatic routines  compared to conventional cluster milking of cows.***Milchwissenschaft*  56 (7): 363-366, ISSN: 0026‑3788.  NAL Call No.: 44.8 M5933   Keywords: routines, automatic  milking systems, teat cleaning, quarter milk flow, milking performance, twice  daily milking, tandem boxes,, standard cluster, robot teat cups, milk flow,  peak flow.  Return to Table of ContentsLegislation
Bieri, H. and K.  Aeberhard (2000). **Milk processing at the farm and the main legislative  regulations. [Milchverarbeitung auf dem Hof und wichtigste gesetzliche  Vorschriften.]***Forum Kleinwiederkauer/Petits Ruminants* 48(3): 4-6.  Keywords: Swiss  legislation, milk processing, dairy farms, milk quality, quality controls, farm  buildings, hygiene, microbial contamination, animal welfare, health, water  quality, Switzerland, German and French language.
Burgoyne, D. (1999).  **International trade and animal welfare.***Cahiers Agricultures* 8(6):  445-449, ISSN: 1166-7699.  NAL Call No.: S5 C34 Keywords: Application of  Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures (SPS Measures), agricultural commerce,  animal welfare, international agreements, international regulations,  international trade, negotiations, trade regulation, voluntary standards,  European Union, French.
Friend, T.H., D.C. Jr.  Lay, D.M. Bushong, and D.W. Pierce (1994). **Wisconsin's "stale calf" issue and a study  designed to resolve some of the animal welfare concerns.***Journal of Animal  Science*72(9): 2260-2263, ISSN: 0021-8812.NAL Call No.: 49 J82 Keywords: veal calves,  identification, ear cropping, pain, legislation.
Kellogg, D.W., J.A.  Pennington, Z.B. Johnson, and R. Panivivat (2001). **Survey of management  practices used for the highest producing DHI herds in the United States**.*Journal of Dairy Science*84 (Elect. Supplement): E128‑E143, ISSN:  0022‑0302.  NAL Call No.: 44.8 J822 Keywords: Holstein, Jersey, breeds, dairy herds, dairy farming,  animal husbandry, dairy education, farm surveys, teaching methods, management  practices, breeding, feeding, information for producers, Dairy Herd Improvement  herds, USA.
Khaitsa, M.L., T.E. Wittum, K.L. Smith, J.L. Henderson, and  K.H. Hoblet (2001). **Characteristics and management practices associated with  milk production in dairy herds in Ohio enrolled in official Dairy Herd  Improvement Association programs.***American Journal of Veterinary  Research*62 (8): 1262‑1265, ISSN: 0002‑9645.  NAL Call No.: 41.8 Am3A  Keywords: dairy herds, dairy cows, milk production, farmers' associations, husbandry, dairy farms, bulk milk, livestock  numbers, staphylococcus aureus, lactating females, estrus, calves, mortality,  somatotropin, Ohio.
Kolacz, R. (1999).  **European regulations affecting welfare of animals during transport.  [Europejskie regulacje prawne dotyczace dobrostanu zwierzat gospodarskich  podczas transportu.]***Zycie Weterynaryjne* 74(10): 491-497, ISSN: 0137-6810.  NAL Call No.: SF604 Z9 Keywords: cattle, sheep,  pigs, horses, body weight, feeding, rest, transport of animals, animal welfare,  Poland, Polish language.
Kronfeld, D.S. (2000).  **Recombinant bovine somatotropin and animal welfare.***Journal of the American  Veterinary Medical Association* 216(11): 1719-1724, ISSN: 0003-1488.  NAL Call No.: 41.8 Am3 Keywords: somatotropin,  dairy cows, animal welfare, bovine mastitis, law, ethics, data analysis,  epidemiology, policy.
MacDonald, A. (1998).  **Quality systems in the dairy industry. Who benefits? Who pays?** In: *Proceedings  of 50th Meeting of Dairy Farmers, Massey University, New Zealand, May 19-21,  1998, Vol. 51*, G.F. Wilson (eds), p.71-81.Keywords: dairy farming,  dairy farms, milk quality, legislation, animal welfare, quality standards, milk  marketing, Milk Marketing Boards, New Zealand.
Macpherson, R. (1998).  **Dairy cattle welfare: The FAWC perspective.***Cattle Practice* 6(2):  125-126, ISSN: 0969-1251.  NAL Call No.: SF961 C37 Keywords: UK Farm Animal  Welfare Council's perspective, dairy cattle welfare, United Kingdom.
  Schulte, R., B. Earley,  and S.V.D. Wouw, and N. Culleton (1998). **Animal welfare: development of  methodology for its assessment.***Farm and Food* 8(3): 20-23, ISSN:  0046-3302.NAL Call No.: TX341 F3 Keywords: dairy farming,  animal welfare, case studies, evaluation, regulations, agricultural policy,  dairy farms, organic farming, ethology, immunology, European Union Countries.
  Stull, C., E. DePeters,  and G. Beall (1993). ***Dairy Care Practices*** Dairy Workgroup: University of  California, Cooperative Extension, 48 p.NAL Call  No.: SF196 U6D35 1993   Keywords:  calf care, heifer care, lactating cow care, dry cow care, care of dairy bulls,  handling, slaughter, euthanasia, dairy industry in California.Available online  in PDF format at     http://animalscience.ucdavis.edu/extension/dm/INF-DA_CarePrax.pdf
Vaarst, M., L. Alban, L. Mogensen, S. Milan, S.M. Thamsborg, and  E.S. Kristensen (2001). **Health and welfare in Danish dairy cattle in the  transition to organic production: problems, priorities and perspectives.***Journal  of Agricultural and Environmental Ethics*14 (4): 367‑390, ISSN: 1187‑7863.  NAL Call No.: BJ52.5.J68  Keywords: health, husbandry, animal welfare, behavior, calves,  dairy cattle, dairy farming, organic farming, farm interviews, veterinarians, farmers, poor  management, legislation, Denmark.
Verstegen, J.A.A.M.  (1998). ***A Preparatory Study to Determine Policy for Livestock  Farming.[Voorstudie Technology Assessment Koersbepaling Veehouderij.**]*  Landbouw-Economisch Instituut (LEI), Den Haag, Netherlands, No.3 (170), ISBN:  9-05-242455-1, 73p.  Keywords: livestock  farming, cattle farming, pig farming, poultry farming, processing, meat  products, milk products, egg products, agricultural production, public opinion,  health, animal welfare, breeders' associations, consumer  attitudes, dairy farming, Netherlands, Dutch language.  Return to Table of ContentsReproduction
  Allore, H.G., L D Warnick, J Hertl, and Y T Grohn (2001). **Censoring in survival   analysis: a simulation study of the effect of milk yield on conception.***Preventive   Veterinary Medicine*49 (3-4): 223-234, ISSN: 0167‑5877.  NAL Call No.: SF601.P7Keywords: interval from  calving to conception, milk yield on days open, culling, simulated data sets.
  Arbel, R, Y. Bigun, E. Ezra,  H. Sturman, and D. Hojman (2001). **The effect of extended calving intervals  in high yielding lactating cows on milk production and profitability.***Journal  of Dairy Science*84(3): 600 608*,*ISSN: 0022‑0302.  NAL Call No.: 44.8 J822Keywords: calving interval,  high yielding cows, primiparous cows, lactation, multiparous cows, lactation,  economic advantage.
  At Taras, E.E. and S.L. Spahr  (2001). **Detection and characterization of estrus in dairy cattle with an  electronic heatmount detector and an electronic activity tag.***Journal of  Dairy Science*84 (4): 792-798, ISSN: 0022‑0302.NAL Call No.: 44.8 J822  Keywords: lactating dairy  cows, length, onset of estrus, electronic heatmount sensor, HeatWatch,  electronic activity tag, Heat Seeker, activity ratio, mounting, physical  activity, estrus detection, improved the efficiency of detection over visual  observation.
  Becker, F., W. Kanitz, and F.  Schneider (2001)**. Timed artificial insemination in cattle: Mission  impossible?***Archiv fuer Tierzucht*44 (Special Issue): 68‑70,  ISSN: 0003‑9438.NAL Call No.: 49 AR23Keywords: estradiol, fertility‑drug,  hormone drug, gonadotrophin releasing hormone, fertility drug, hormone drug,  luteinizing hormone, prostaglandin F 2 alpha, fertility drug, hormone drug,  estrous synchronization, assisted reproduction method, timed artificial  insemination, assisted reproduction method, fertility, lactation, reproductive  efficiency.
  Cartmill, J.A., S.Z.  El Zarkouny, B.A. Hensley, G.C. Lamb, and J.S. Stevenson (2001). **Stage of  cycle, incidence, and timing of ovulation, and pregnancy rates in dairy cattle  after three timed breeding protocols.***Journal of Dairy Science*84  (5): 1051-1059, ISSN: 0022‑0302.NAL Call No.: 44.8  J822Keywords: cows,  Ovsynch protocol, GnRH injection, PGF2alpha injection, insemination,  palpation, pregnancy rates, embryo survival. 
  Cordoba, M.C., R.  Sartori, and P.M. Fricke (2001). **Assessment of a commercially available  Early Conception Factor (ECF) test for determining pregnancy status of dairy  cattle.***Journal of Dairy Science*84 (8): 1884-1889, ISSN: 0022‑0302.  NAL Call No.: 44.8  J822Keywords: breed,  Holstein cows, heifers, Early Conception Factor (ECF) test, commercially  available qualitative assay, pregnancy detection, glycoprotein, bovine serum,  conception, embryonic loss, false positive results, blood sampling, unreliable  method.
  Darwash, A.O., G.E.  Lamming, and M.D. Royal (2001). **A protocol for initiating oestrus and  ovulation early post partum in dairy cows.***Animal Science Pencaitland*72  (3): 539-546.  Keywords: Holstein Friesian, breed, cows, prostaglandin  F2alpha (PGF2alpha) and progesterone (P4) treatment, initiating estrus and  ovulation post partum, incidence of silent ovulation, reproductive performance.
  de Mol, R.M., G.H.  Kroeze, J.M.F.H. Achten, K. Maatje, and W. Rossing (1997). **Results of a  multivariate approach to automated oestrus and mastitis detection dairy cows.***Livestock  Production Science*48(3): 219-227, ISSN: 0343-0200.NAL Call No.: SF761  Z4 Keywords: estrus  detection, mastitis detection, time series analysis, Kalman filter, telemetry.
  Deshmukh, B.T., A.S.  Nagvekar, B.A. Talvelkar, S.H. Dalvi, and S.R. Chinchkar (2001). **Effect of  bovine somatotropin on blood serum minerals, thyroid hormones and reproductive  performance of lactating crossbred cows.***Indian Journal of Animal  Sciences*71(7): 663-666.  NAL Call No.: 41.8 IN22  Keywords: multiparous lactating crossbred  cows, treatment, sometribove zinc suspension, sustained release preparation,  blood samples, bovine somatotropin, blood serum calcium, phosphorus, magnesium,  sodium, potassium, chloride, serum triiodothyronine, thyroxine concentrations,      
  Dobson, H., J.E.  Tebble, R.F. Smith, and W.R. Ward (2001). **Is stress really all that  important?***Theriogenology*55 (1): 65‑73, ISSN: 0093‑691X.NAL Call No.:  QP251.A1T5Keywords: dairy  cows, embryo transfer, female fertility, pregnancy rate, animal welfare,  stress.
  Fernandes, C.A.C., D.S. Costa, and J.H.M. Viana (2001). **Impact of the retained placenta on the  reproductive performance in cattle. [Impacto da retencao de placenta sobre a  performance reprodutiva de vacas leiteiras.]***Revista Brasileira De  Reproducao Animal*25 (1): 26-30.  NAL Call No.: QP251.R48  Keywords: cows, dairy farms,  incidence of retained placenta, effect on the reproductive performance,  incidence of uterine infection, interval from parturition to first estrus,  number of services/conception, body condition.
  Galimberti, A.M.,  F.A. Fonseca, M.C.C. Araujo, E.P. da Costa, C. de Freitas, J.D. Guimaraes, and  A. de M. Ferreira (2001). **Pregnancy rate and plasma progesterone  concentrations in bovine embryo recipients treated with buserelin after embryo  transfer. [Taxa De Gestacao e Niveis Plasmaticos De Progesterona, Em Receptoras  De Embriao Bovino, Tratadas Com Buserelina Apos a Inovulacao.]***Revista  Brasileira De Zootecnia*30(2): 353-359.NAL Call No.: SF1  R45Keywords: dairy  cows, heifers, crossbred, hormonal treatment, GnRH agonist, buserelin, embryo  transfer, pregnancy rate, progesterone in bovine embryo recipients, plasma  concentrations, blood collection pregnancy diagnosis, transrectal way.
Garcia, S.C., and C.W.  Holmes (2001). **Lactation curves of autumn and spring calved cows in pasture  based dairy systems.***Livestock Production Science* 68 (2-3): 189-203.  NAL Call No.: SF1 L5  Keywords: linear  based, non linear based, analysis method for lactation curves, effects of  calving season, total milk yield, milk composition, autumn and spring calved  cows, seasonal variation.
Godden, S.M., D.F.  Kelton, K.D. Lissemore, J.S. Walton, K.E. Leslie, and J.H. Lumsden (2001). **Milk  urea testing as a tool to monitor reproductive performance in Ontario dairy  herds.***Journal of Dairy Science*84 (6): 1397-1406, ISSN: 0022‑0302.  NAL Call No.: 44.8  J822  Keywords: Holstein,  breed, cows, dairy herd improvement test day data, commercial dairy herds, milk  urea concentrations, infrared test method, reproductive performance, fertility  pregnancy, insemination, nitrogen excretion.
Guzeloglu, A., J.D.  Ambrose, T. Kassa, T. Diaz, M.J. Thatcher, and W.W. Thatcher (2001). **Long‑term  follicular dynamics and biochemical characteristics of dominant follicles in  dairy cows subjected to acute heat stress.***Animal Reproduction Science*66  (1/2): 15‑34, ISSN: 0378‑4320.  NAL Call No.:  QP251.A5  Keywords: dairy  cows, ovarian follicles, heat stress, estrus, quality, progesterone,  prostaglandins, air temperature, body temperature,  follicular fluid, heat shock proteins,  molecular weight.
Hansen, P.J. and  C.F. Arechiga, (1999). **Strategies for managing reproduction in the  heat-stressed dairy cow.***Journal of Animal Science* 77(Suppl. 2):  36-50.  NAL Call No.: 49  J82  Abstract:  Establishment  and maintenance of pregnancy is difficult in lactating dairy cows exposed to  heat stress because of reductions in estrous detection rate and the proportion  of inseminated cows that maintain pregnancy. The most common approach to  ameliorate heat stress in developed countries has been to alter the cow's  environment through provision of shade, fans, sprinklers, and so on.  Nonetheless, seasonal variation in reproductive function persists. Increased  understanding of bovine reproductive function and its alteration by heat stress  has led to additional strategies for reducing deleterious consequences of heat  stress on reproduction. These include hormonally induced timed artificial  insemination, which can reduce losses in reproductive efficiency caused by poor  detection of estrus, and embryo transfer, which can increase pregnancy rate by  allowing embryos to bypass the period when they are most sensitive to elevated  temperature (i.e., in the first 1 to 2d after breeding). Other efforts are  directed toward developing methods to protect the embryo from harmful actions  of elevated temperature. Approaches being studied include manipulation of  embryonic synthesis of heat shock proteins and use of antioxidants to reduce  free radical damage associated with heat stress. It may also be possible to  reduce the magnitude of hyperthermia caused by heat stress. This might be  possible physiologically, for example by feeding of agents that affect  thermoregulatory systems, or genetically by selecting for specific traits  conferring thermal resistance. Finally, the development of bovine somatotropin  as a lactational promotant means that it may be possible to extend lactations  beyond 305 d and voluntarily discontinue inseminations during periods of heat  stress.  Keywords: dairy  cows, heat stress, lactation, body temperature, body temperature regulation,  estrus detection, postpartum interval, pregnancy rate, embryo mortality,  uterus, oviducts, spermatozoa, heat shock, genetic resistance,embryo transfer,  literature reviews.
Hansen, P.J., M.  Drost, R.M. Rivera, F.F. Paula-Lopes, Y.M. Al-Katanani, C.E. Krininger, and  C.C. Chase (2001). **Adverse impact of heat stress on embryo production:  causes and strategies for mitigation.***Theriogenology* 55 (1): 91-103.  NAL Call No.: QP251  A1T5  Keywords: dairy  cows, beef cows, body temperature regulation, superovulation.
Hernandez, J., J.K.  Shearer, and D.W. Webb (2001). **Effect of lameness on the calving to conception  interval in dairy cows.***Journal of the American Veterinary Medical  Association*218 (10): 1611-1614*,*ISSN: 0003‑1488.  NAL Call No.: 41.8  Am3  Keywords: lactating dairy cows, lameness, reproductive performance, interval  from calving to conception, number of breedings required per conception, foot  rot, papillomatous digital dermatitis, claw lesions, multiple lesions.
Hernandez, C.J. and  R.J.S. Morales(2001). **Conception failure in dairy cattle: Evaluation of  hormone therapies.[Falla en la concepcion en el ganado lechero: Evaluacion de  terapias hormonales.]***Veterinaria Mexico* 32(4): 279‑287, ISSN:  0301‑5092.  NAL Call No.: SF604.V485  Keywords: bovine  somatotrophin, human chorionic gonadotropin, progesterone, conception rate,  fertility, milk production, pregnancy, mortality, early embryonic death, repeat  breeder cows.
Heuer, C., Y.H.  Schukken, L.J. Jonker, J.I.D. Wilkinson, and J.P.T.M. Noordhuizen (2001). **Effect  of monensin on blood ketone bodies, incidence and recurrence of disease and  fertility in dairy cows.***Journal of Dairy Science*84 (5): 1085-1097*,*ISSN: 0022‑0302.  NAL Call No.: 44.8  J822  Keywords:  effect of monensin, milk production, health, reproduction, calving, clinical  mastitis, intramammary infection, lameness, calving to conception intervals,  endometritis, cystic ovarian disease.
Holmes, C.W. (2001).  **Managing fertility in the New Zealand dairy herd.***Proceedings of the  New Zealand Society of Animal Production*61:135‑140, ISSN: 0370‑2731.  NAL Call No: 49.9  N483  Keywords: dairy  cows, body condition, feeding, fertility, genetics, health, lactation, milk  products, milk yield, reviews, New Zealand.
  Kennedy, A.D. and  J.R. Ingalls (1995). **Estrus detection with activity tags in dairy cows  housed in tie-stalls.***Canadian Journal of Animal Science* 75(4):  633-636, ISSN: 0008-3984.  NAL Call No.: 41.8  C163  Keywords: activity,  estrus-detection, tie-stall, reproduction.
  Kruip, T.A.M., J.  Stefanowska, and W. Ouweltjes (2000). **Robot milking and effect on  reproduction in dairy cows: a preliminary study.***Animal Reproduction  Science* 60-61: 443-447.  NAL Call No.: QP251  A5  Keywords: robot  milking, fertility, sexual reproduction, lactation, energy balance, fecundity,  husbandry, feed rations, live weight, weight loss, body condition.
  Kumar, H., S.  Mahmood, and L.P. Singh (2001). **Treatment of placental retention with  ecbolic drugs and its effect on subsequent fertility in crossbred cows.***Indian  Journal of Animal Sciences*71 (7): 654-657.  NAL Call No.: 41.8 IN22  Keywords: cows, fertility  response, retained fetal membranes, ecbolic drugs, intrauterine infusion,  oriprim bolus, synotocinon, luprostiol, estradiol valerate, herbal drug,  metrali, reproductive efficiency, interval from parturition to conception,  number of services per conception.
  LeBlanc, S. (2001). **The  Ovsynch breeding program for dairy cows: a review and economic perspective.***Bovine Practitioner*35 (1): 13-22.  NAL Call No.: SF779.5 A1B6  Keywords: program for  synchronization of ovulation (Ovsynch), heat detection, reproductive  performance, artificial insemination, economic impact, literature review.
  Lucy, M.C. (2001). **Reproductive  loss in high producing dairy cattle: where will it end?***Journal of Dairy  Science* 84 (6): 1277-1293, ISSN: 0022‑0302.  NAL Call No.: 44.8  J822  Keywords: dairy  industry, milk production per cow, steady increase, improved management, better  nutrition, intense genetic selection, larger herd size, reproductive physiology  control of the estrous cycle, metabolic effects of lactation on reproduction,  mechanisms linking disease to reproduction, early embryonic mortality,  infertility, United States.
  Mahmoudzade, A.R., M  Tarahomi, and H. Fotoohi (2001). **Effect of abnormal vaginal discharge at  oestrus on conception rate after artificial insemination in cows.***Animal  Science Pencaitland*72 (3): 535- 538.   Keywords: cows, heifers, Holstein  Friesian, breed, estrus, visual characteristics of the cervical mucous  discharge, cervical mucus with urine, cervical mucus with microbes, cervical  mucus with blood, no cervical mucus, artificial insemination, conception rate.
  Mele, M., P.  Secchiari, A. Serra, G. Ferruzzi, F. Paoletti, and M. Biagioni (2001). **Application  of the Atracking signal@ method to the monitoring of udder health and oestrus  in dairy cows.***Livestock Production Science*72(3): 279‑284,  ISSN: 0301‑6226.  NAL Call No.: SF1 L5  Keywords: dairy  cows, models, simulations, computational biology, udder health, reproductive  system tracking signal method, monitoring method, estrus, milk electrical  conductivity, moving average model, mastitis.
Morales, R.J.S., L  Zarco, C.J. Hernandez, and G. Rodriguez (2001). **Effect of short term  treatment with bovine somatotropin at estrus on conception rate and luteal  function of repeat breeding dairy cows.***Theriogenology* 55 (9):  1831-1841.   NAL Call No.: QP251.A1T5  Keywords: cows, Holstein, breed, estrus on progesterone concentrations,  conception rate, repeat breeding, artificial insemination, recombinant bovine  somatotropin, luteal function, blood samples.
  Moran, J. and D.  McLean (2001). ***Heifer Rearing: A Guide to Rearing Dairy Replacement  Heifers in Australia*** Bolwarrah Press: Bolwarrah, Vic., 135 p.  NAL Call No: SF208 H44  Keywords: calving weights, liveweights, growth, first calving,  natural mating, artificial insemination, nutrition, grazing management, disease  prevention, herd health, economics, dairy beef, replacement heifers, best  management practices
  Moreira, F., C.  Orlandi, C.A. Risco, R. Mattos, F. Lopes, and W.W. Thatcher (2001). **Effects  of presynchronization and bovine somatotropin on pregnancy rates to a timed  artificial insemination protocol in lactating dairy cows.***Journal of  Dairy Science* 84 (7): 1646-1659, ISSN: 0022‑0302.  NAL Call No.: 44.8  J822  Keywords: cows,  lactating Holstein, breed, presynchronization, bovine somatotropin (bST),  pregnancy rates, artificial insemination, GnRH, PGF2alpha, increase first  service pregnancy.
  Mosure, W.L., R.A. Meyer, J. Gudmundson, and A.D. Barth (1998).  **Evaluation of possible methods to reduce pain associated with  electroejaculation in bulls.***Canadian Veterinary Journal* 39(8): 504-506,  ISSN: 0008-5286.  NAL Call No.: 41.8 R3224  Keywords: bulls,  evaluation, pain, heart rate, electroejaculation, animal welfare, anaesthesia,  lidocaine, xylazine, heart rate, semen collection.
  Norup, L.R., P.W.  Hansen, K.L. Ingvartsen, and N.C. Friggens (2001). **An attempt to detect  oestrus from changes in Fourier transform infrared spectra of milk from dairy  heifers.***Animal Reproduction Science* 65(1/2): 43-50.  NAL Call No.: QP251  A5  Keywords: dairy  cows, heifers, milk, estrus, infrared spectroscopy, estrous cycle, lactation,  prostaglandins, synchronized females, diagnosis.
  Pryce J.E., M.P.  Coffey, and G. Simm(2001). **The relationship between body condition score and  reproductive performance.***Journal of Dairy Science*84(6):1508‑15, ISSN: 0022-0302.  NAL Call No.: 44.8 J822  Keywords: dairy  cows, body condition score, ad libitum diets, high concentrates, low  concentrates, genetic differences, production.
Rensis, F. de, and  R.J. Scaramuzzi (2001). **The heat stress and seasonal effects on reproduction  in dairy cow.***Annali della Facolta di Medicina Veterinaria, Universita  di Parma*20: 92, ISSN: 0393‑4802.  Keywords: female  fertility, Graafian follicles, heat stress, hypothalamus, infertility, ovaries,  pituitary, pregnancy, reviews, summer, Italy.
  Ronchi, B., G. Stradaioli,  A.V. Supplizi, U. Bernabucci, N. Lacetera, P.A. Accorsi, A. Nardone, and E.  Seren (2001). **Influence of heat stress or feed restriction on plasma progesterone,  oestradiol‑17beta, LH, FSH, prolactin and cortisol in holstein heifers.***Livestock Production Science*68 (2/3): 231‑242, ISSN: 0301‑6226.  NAL Call No.: SF1.L5  Keywords: heifers, dairy cows,  heat stress, food restriction, blood chemistry, progesterone, estradiol, LH, FSH, prolactin, hydrocortisone, hormone  secretion, feed rations, air temperature.
  Rutledge, J.J.  (2001). **Use of embryo transfer and IVF to bypass effects of heat stress.***Theriogenology*  55 (1): 105‑111, ISSN:0093‑691X.  NAL Call No.:  QP251.A1T5  Keywords: dairy  cows, embryo culture, pregnancy rate.
  Smeaton D.C., and  H.W. Vivanco (2001). **Potential benefits from new reproductive technologies  in commercial dairy herds, a case study simulation.***Proceedings of the  New Zealand Society of Animal Production*61: 199‑202, ISSN: 0370‑2731.  NAL Call No.: 49.9  N483  Keywords: bull,  calf, dairy cow, embryo, female, heifer, immature, male, computer software,  embryo transfer, assisted reproduction method, milking, collection method, new  reproductive technologies, potential benefits, reproductive method, simulation  model, mathematical model method, status quo selection system, breeding method,  breeding worth, genetic gain, production cull, control method, selection  pressure, New Zealand.
  Stevenson, J.S.  (2001). **Reproductive management of dairy cows in high milk‑producing  herds.***Journal of Dairy Science*84 (Elect. Supplement): E128‑E143,  ISSN: 0022‑0302.  NAL Call No.: 44.8 J822  Keywords: dairy  cows, breeding, husbandry, reproduction, reproductive efficiency, body  condition, dry matter intake, transition from the dry period to lactation,  estrous cycles, detection of estrus, embryonic survival, diet formulation, feed  bunk management, cow comfort, free stalls, holding pens, milking parlor,  temperature, humidity, proper hoof care, milking management, mastitis prevention.
  Tolleson, D.R, R.D.  Randel, J.W. Stuth, S.T. Willard, and B.S. Gandy (2001). **Detection of  pregnancy in cattle using near infrared reflectance spectroscopy of feces.***Journal  of Animal Science*79 (Supplement 2):  19, ISSN: 0021‑8812.  NAL Call No.: 49 J82  Keywords: dairy  cows, feces, digestive system, near IR reflectance spectroscopy, assessment  method, determination method, pregnancy,  reproductive status.
  van Eerdenburg  F.J.C.M. and H. Verhoeven (2001). **The influence of environmental stress  around puberty on fertility in dairy cattle: Possible relations with sexual  differentiation?***Hormones and Behavior*39 (4): 353, ISSN: 0018‑506X.  NAL Call No.: QP801  H7H64  Keywords: behavior,  behavioral neuroendocrinology, environmental stress, fertility, puberty, sexual  behavior, sexual differentiation.
  Velasco‑Garcia,  M.N. and T. Mottram (2001). **Biosensors in the livestock industry: An  automated ovulation prediction system for dairy cows.***Trends in  Biotechnology*19(11): 433‑434, ISSN: 0167‑7799.  NAL Call No.: TA166  T72  Keywords: ovulation  prediction system, automated, progesterone biosensor, pregnancy detection.
  Verkerk, G.A., R.W.  Claycomb, V.K. Taufa, P. Copeman, A. Napper, and E. Kolver (2001). **CowTrakkerTM  technology for improved heat detection.***Proceedings of the New Zealand  Society of Animal Production* 61:172‑175, ISSN: 0370‑2731.  NAL Call No.: 49.9  N483  Keywords: breed,  Holstein Friesian, progesterone, field equipment, Bovine Beacon, CowTrakker,  motion detector, HeatWatch, pedometer; Kamar Heat Detector, artificial  insemination, behavioral observation, pasture grazing, proactive reproductive  management, tail paint, identification, New Zealand.
  Wagner, D.C., R.H.  BonDurant, and W.M. Sischo (2001). **Reproductive effects of estradiol  cypionate in postparturient dairy cows.***Journal of the American  Veterinary Medical Association*219 (2): 220-223, ISSN: 0003‑1488.  NAL Call No.: 41.8  Am3  Keywords: cows,  postparturient, estradiol cypionate, reproductive efficiency, pregnancy rate.
  Wainstein, A.G.,  A.S. Bernal, M.R. Iriondo, A.O. Luco (2001). **Heatwatch, electronic heat  detection system used in Holstein Friesian. [Heatwatch, sistema electronico de  deteccion de celo evaluado en hembras Holstein Friesian.]***Archivos de  Zootecnia*50(191): 403‑406,  ISSN: 0004‑0592.  NAL Call No.: 49  AR22  Keywords: cows,  heifers, Holstein Friesian, breed, electronic heat detection system,  traditional heat detection methods, farm equipment, field conditions.
  Walker, W.L., R.L. Nebel, and  M.L. Mcgilliard (1996). **Time of ovulation relative to mounting activity in  dairy cattle.***Journal of Dairy Science* 79(9): 1555-1561, ISSN:  0022-0302.  NAL Call No.: 44.8 J822  Keywords: ovulation, mounting,  time activity, Holstein-Friesian, estrus, duration, mating behavior,  synchronized females, artificial insemination, timing, telemetry, environmental  temperature. 
  Xu, Z.Z., D.J. McKnight, R.  Vishwanath, C.J. Pitt, and L.J. Burton (1998). **Estrus detection using  radiotelemetry or visual observation and tail painting for dairy cows on  pasture.***Journal of Dairy Science* 81(1): 2890-2896, ISSN: 0022-0302.  NAL Call No.: 44.8 J822  Keywords: estrus detection,  radiotelemetry, visual observation, remote recording, grazing, sexual behavior,  calving season, Jersey, Friesian, remote sensing, milk composition,  progesterone, conception rate, mounting, New Zealand.  Return to Table of ContentsSlaughter
Burchardt, S. (1999).  **Stunning and slaughter of animals. [Bedovelse og aflivning af slagtedyr.]***Dansk**Veterinaertidsskrift* 82(21): 928-932, ISSN: 0106-6854.  NAL Call No.: 41.9 D23 Keywords: slaughter,  slaughtering equipment, animal welfare, stunning, meat animals, poultry,  cattle, sheep, goats, pigs, European Union, Denmark, Danish language.
  Canadian Federation of  Humane Societies (1990). ***Recommended Code of Practice for the Care and  Handling of Dairy Cattle*** Available from Communications Branch,Agriculture  Canada: Ottawa, Ontario, 41 p.  NAL Call  No.: 7 C16Pu no.1853/E   Keywords: care, handling, slaughter, transport.  Available online through the Canadian Dairy Information Database©   http://cgilnt.aps.uoguelph.ca/cgi-bin/foliocgi.exe/dairy.nfo/query=*/doc/{t9}?
Dousek, J., V. Vecerek,  A. Kozak, and O. Valcl (1999). **Veterinary inspection at slaughterhouses and  protection of animals against cruelty. [Veterinarni dozor nad porazenim zvirat  z hlediska ochrany zvirat.]***Veterinarstvi* 49(11): 474-477, ISSN:  0506-8231.  NAL Call No.: 41.8 V6439  Keywords: animal welfare,  abattoirs, legislation, Czech Republic, Czech language.
Grandin, T. (2001).  **Welfare of cattle during slaughter and the prevention of nonambulatory (downer)  cattle.***Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association*219(10):  1377‑1382, ISSN: 0003‑1488.  NAL Call No.: 41.8 Am3  Keywords: dairy cattle,  downers, ambulation, animal handling, welfare, behavior, slaughter, stress,  stunning, vocalization
Holleben, K. von, and M.  von Wenzlawowicz (1999) **Humane killing of animals on the farm.  [Tierschutzgerechtes Toten von Tieren in landwirtschaftlichen Betrieben.]***DTW:  Deutsche Tierarztliche Wochenschrift* 106(4): 163-165, ISSN: 0341-6593.  NAL Call No.: 41.8 D482  Keywords: slaughter,  husbandry, destruction of animals, poultry, animal welfare, cattle, pigs,  sheep, goats, fowls, German language.
Lowe, A.G. (1999).  **Casualty slaughter: a whole new industry.***Cattle Practice* 7(4): 389-394,  ISSN: 0969-1251.  NAL Call No.: SF961 C37  Keywords: slaughter,  emergencies, animal welfare, euthanasia.
Schultz, C.E. (1999). **Detection of antibiotic residues in cull  dairy cows at slaughter.** In: *Proceedings One Hundred and Third Annual  Meeting of the United States Animal Health Association, San Diego, California,  USA, October 7-14, 1999*, p. 277-293, United States Animal Health  Association: Richmond, USA.  NAL Call No.: SF601.U83   Keywords: antibiotics,  cows, dairy cows, drug residues, antibiotic residues, meat inspection, meat  hygiene.
Tennessen, T. and J.  Morrigan (1999). **Welfare of cull Holstein cows at an abattoir.***Canadian**Journal  of Animal Science* 79(4): 586, ISSN: 0008-3984.  NAL Call No.: 41.8 C163  Keywords: cattle,  breed-Holstein, cull dairy cow, female, abattoir, animal welfare, avoidance  behavior, balking, electric prod, escape behavior, ethology, humane handling.
Tuckey, J.B. (1999).  **Slaughter of infant [letter].***Veterinary Record: Journal of the British  Veterinary Association*145(12): 352, ISSN: 0042-4900.  NAL Call No.: 41.8 V641  Keywords: animal welfare,  newborn, attitude of health personnel, cattle.  Return to Table of ContentsTransport
Bergeron, R., and N. Lewis (1999).**Farm animal transportation,  health and welfare. [Transport, sante et bien-etre des animaux de ferme.]***Cahiers  Agricultures* 8(6): 437-444, ISSN: 1166-7699.  NAL Call No.: S5 C34  Keywords: animal welfare, health, transport, livestock, French  language.
Eicher, S.D. (2001). **Transportation of cattle in the dairy  industry: current research and future directions.***Journal of Dairy Science*84  (Elect. Supplement): E19‑E23, ISSN: 0022‑0302.  NAL Call No.: 44.8 J822  Keywords: dairy cattle,  calves, heifers animal welfare, transport, stress, stress factors, stress  response, increased heart rate, cortisol concentrations, enzymatic changes,  immunological effects, transport of animals, footing, driver, driving  conditions, stocking density, postsecondary mortality.
Ferrari, A. (1999). **Stress and the welfare of transported cattle.  [Stress e benessere nel trasporto dei bovini.]***Obiettivi e Documenti  Veterinari* 20(6): 43-46, ISSN: 0392-1913.  Keywords: road transport, animal welfare, stress, losses, Italian  language.
Fisher, A. D., P.V. Pearce,  and L.R. Matthews (1999). **The effects of long haul transport on pregnant,  non-lactating dairy cows.***New Zealand Veterinary Journal* 47(5):  161-166, ISSN: 0048-0169.  NAL Call No.: 41.8 N483  Keywords: dairy cows, breed, Jersey, pregnancy, long-haul  transport, creatine kinase, supplementary feeding, body weight, transport of  animals, rest, blood serum, blood chemistry, magnesium, mineral supplements,  feed supplements.
Kolacz, R.(1999). **European regulations affecting welfare of  animals during transport. [Europejskie regulacje prawne dotyczace dobrostanu  zwierzat gospodarskich podczas transportu.]***Zycie Weterynaryjne* 74(10):  491-497, ISSN: 0137-6810.  NAL Call No.: SF604 Z9  Keywords: cattle, sheep, pigs, horses, body weight, feeding, rest,  transport of animals, animal welfare, Poland, Polish language.
Kreuzer, M., W. Langhans, F. Sutter, R.E. Christen, H.  Leuenberger, and P.L. Kunz (1998). **Metabolic response of early-lactating cows  exposed to transport and high altitude grazing conditions.***Animal Science:  An International Journal of Fundamental and Applied Research* 67(2):  237-248, ISSN: 1357-7298.  NAL Call No.: SF1.A56  Keywords: dairy cows, high altitude, transport of animals,  adaptation, blood plasma, hydrocortisone, triiodothyronine, thyroxine, insulin,  blood sugar, blood lipids, 3-hydroxybutyric acid, lacticacid, urea, mountain  grasslands, grazing, heat production, environmental temperature, duration.
Pearce, P. (1998). **Effects of long distance travel on dairy cows.***Surveillance  (Wellington)* 25(3): 8-9, ISSN: 0112-4927.  NAL Call No.: SF604.63 N45S87  Keywords: animal welfare, cows, dairy cows, transport of animals,  health, New Zealand.
Steinhardt, M., and  H.H. Thielscher (2001). **Transport stress in dairy calves. Effects of rearing  conditions on acid‑base balance, haematological variables, blood gas  content and heart rate. [Transportbelastung bei Milchrindkalbern. Effekte von  Aufzuchtbedingungen auf Saure‑Basen‑Status, hamatologische  Variablen, Blutgasgehalte und Herzfrequenz.]***Tierarztliche Praxis  Ausgabe G, Grosstiere/Nutztiere*29  (1): 8‑16, ISSN: 1434‑1220.  NAL Call No.: SF603.V43  Keywords: calves,  housing, single box, blood sampling, blood chemistry, hematology, stress,  transport of animals, German language.
Steinhardt, M., and  H.H. Thielscher (2000). **Response of dairy calves to transport stress at 60  days of age.****Effects of rearing conditions and development on selected  physiological variables. [Reaktionen von Milchrindkalbern im Alter von 60  Lebenstagen auf Transport mit Strassenfahrzeugen: Effekte durch  Haltungsvarianten und Entwicklungsqualitat der Kalber auf physiologische  Variablen und deren Anderungen.]***DTW*: *Deutsche Tierarztliche  Wochenschrift* 107(2): 59-65, ISSN: 0341-6593.  NAL Call No.: 41.8 D482  Keywords: stress, albumins, blood sampling, creatinine, heart  rate, urea, blood chemistry, transport of animals, young animals, calves,  German language.
Steinhardt, M., and H.H.  Thielscher (2000). **Transport stress in dairy calves.****Effects of  rearing conditions on metabolic and hormonal variables. [Transportbelastung bei  Milchrindern: Effekte von Aufzuchtbedingungen auf metabolische und hormonelle  Variablen.]***Tierarztliche Umschau* 55(1): 22-28, ISSN: 0049-3864.    NAL Call No.: 41.8 T445  Keywords: stress, physiological parameters, albumins, body  temperature, body weight, creatinine, hormones, road transport, saliva  cortisol, thyroid gland, thyroid hormones, urea, calves, transport of animals,  blood chemistry, Germany, German language.
Steinhardt, M., and H. Thielscher  (1999). **Maturity of suckler calves and dairy calves at 2- and 3-weeks-of-age  and reactions to road transport**. **[Entwicklungsqualitat von Saugkalbern  aus der Mutterkuhhaltung und von Trankkalbern in der zweiten und dritten  Lebenswoche sowie Reaktionen der Tiere auf den Transport mit  Strassenfahrzeugen.]***Landbauforschung Volkenrode* 49(2): 70-89, ISSN:  0458-6859.  NAL Call No.: 18 L2353  Keywords: calves, transport stress, epinephrine, albumins, venous  blood sampling, body temperature, cortisol, norepinephrine, heart rate,  haemoglobin, hormones, metabolites, minerals, norepinephrine, thyroid hormones,  triiodothyronine, thyroxine, dairy cattle, suckler herds, blood chemistry,  German language.
Steinhardt, M., and H.H. Thielscher (1999). **Observations on acid-base  balance, metabolic, hormonal variables and heart rate in dairy calves from the  end of automatic milk feeding to transport by road. [Reaktionen von am  Trankeautomaten aufgezogenen Milchrindkalbern am Ende der  Milchernahrungsperiode auf Transportbelastung Saure-Basen-Status, metabolische  und hormonelle Variablen und Herzschlagfrequenz.]***Tierarztliche Umschau*  54(11): 610-617, ISSN: 0049-3864.  NAL Call No.: 41.8 T445  Keywords: calves, heart rate, milk production, transport of  animals, albumins, body temperature, hydrocortisone, saliva cortisol, stress,  urea, thyroxine, triiodothyronine, proteins, blood sampling, blood sugar,  lactic acid, blood chemistry, acid base equilibrium, German language.
Steinhardt, M., and H.H. Thielscher (1999). **Response of animals to  familiar and unfamiliar situations. Transport and temporary separation of  suckled calves from the herd at different ages during rearing. Effect of  playing recordings of maternal vocalization on hormones, heart rate and vocal  responses. [Reaktionsmuster von Tieren auf gewohnte und ungewohnte Ereignisse.  Transport und temporare Separation von Saugkalbern aus der Mutterkuhhaltung in  verschiedenen Altersperioden wahrend der fruhen Aufzuchtperiode sowie Effekte  der Prasentation von Muttertierrufen auf hormonelle Variablen, Herzfrequenz und  Lautausserungen der Tiere.]***Landbauforschung Volkenrode* 49(3): 153-166,  ISSN: 0458-6859.  NAL Call No.: 18 L2353  Keywords: cows, dams, heart, heart rate, young animals,  vocalization, animal welfare, calves, body temperature, hydrocortisone, stress,  German language.
Steinhardt, M., and H.H. Thielscher (1998). **Effects of age and  type of husbandry on the the response of dairy calves and suckled calves to  transport by road.[Reaktionen junger Milchrindkalber und junger Saugkalber der  Mutterkuhhaltung auf Transport mit Strassenfahrzeugen, Effekte durch Alter und  Haltungsbedingungen.]***DTW: Deutsche Tierarztliche Wochenschrift* 105(1):  17-24, ISSN: 0341-6593.  NAL Call No.: 41.8 D482  Keywords: calves, road transport, stress response, heart rate,  rectal temperature, age differences, bucket-fed versus suckled calves, German  language.
Wilson, L.L., J.L. Smith, D.L. Smith, D.L. Swanson, T.R. Drake,  D.R. Wolfgang, and E.F. Wheeler (April 2000). **Characteristics of veal calves  upon arrival, at 28 and 84 days, and at end of the production cycle.***Journal  of Dairy Science* 83(4): 843-854, ISSN: 0022-0302.  NAL Call No.: 44.8 J822  Abstract:  Holstein bull calves  arriving at five special-fed veal farms (eight production groups) were scored  for various physical condition traits and blood-sampled within 2 h after  arrival and at 28 d, 84 d, and 1 wk prior to slaughter at 116 to 143 d. Of 1179  total calves in the production groups, 758 calves were scored and evaluated.  Blood cell analyses (red and white blood cell counts, hemoglobin, and packed  cell volume) were conducted at all four sampling times, total serum protein  concentration was obtained at 0 and 28 d. The study was initiated in autumn and  ended the following autumn. Mean initial and final body weights were 46.3 +/-  0.17 and 209.7 +/- 0.77 kg, mean mortality was 2.5%. Average daily gain of the  eight groups ranged from 1.23 to 1.70 kg/d. Subjective scores of 5 = excellent  to 1 = very poor condition were used to evaluate 16 different physical  condition characteristics. With the exception of leg joint, hoof, and foot  scores, most of the physical condition scores exhibited improvement during the  first 28 d. Foot and leg impairments did not appear to hinder the ambulatory  ability of the calves during the production period. Physical condition scores  at d 0 and 28 were generally not related to numbers or types of medical  treatments (enteric, respiratory, other, or total) or to average daily gain  during the production period. Means for most erythrocytic and leukocytic traits  upon arrival (d 0) were within normal ranges, although 27.4% of the calves were  clinically or marginally anemic. Final mean hemoglobin and packed cell volume  were 8.53 g/dl and 26.1%. Forty-three percent of the calves at d 0 were  colostral deficient, assuming that total serum protein concentrations of  <5.5 g/dl indicate colostral deficiency. No blood trait was consistently  correlated with body weight gain when gain during the production period was  divided into quartiles and the blood traits were averaged by gain quartile.  Calves in the lowest serum total protein quartile (mean 4.58 g/dl) had more  respiratory and total medical treatments than quartiles with higher total  protein means. Dairy bull calves arriving at veal production units after  transporting from the dairy farm to the auction market (or other collection  facility) have several physical impairments. However, most of these physical  impairments are improved early in the veal feeding period and are not generally  related to subsequent growth rate or medical treatment.  Keywords: veal calves, Holstein-Friesian, breed, milk substitutes,  body weight, liveweight gain, body condition, animal health, mortality,  respiratory diseases, hair, hooves, dehydration (physiological), joint  diseases, erythrocyte count, leukocyte count, hemoglobin value, hematocrit,  blood protein, anemia, medical treatment, colostral immunity, IGG.
Wilson, L.L., P.A. Nordstrom, M.J. Richards, D.L.Smith, and K.J.  Vandergrift (March 1999). **Dairy and veal producer assessment of changes in  care, handling, and transportation factors.***The Professional Animal  Scientists* 15(1): 24-33, ISSN: 1080-7446.  NAL Call No.: SF51.P76  Keywords: dairy cows, veal calves, calf production, milk  production, cattle husbandry, artificial rearing, livestock numbers, transport  of animals, stress management, loss prevention, health, animal welfare,  ventilation.  Return to Table of ContentsWebsites

  Website addresses change  periodically. The sites listed are current as of **January 2003**.
**Agriculture and Agri-food  Canada**http://www.agr.ca/index_e.phtml- Agriculture and Agri-Food  Canada provides information, research and technology, and policies and programs  to achieve security of the food system, health of the environment and  innovation for growth. Abstracts available from "The Lennoxville Symposium  on Farm Animal Welfare In Canada: New technologies, research and world trade."

**The ADDS Program: Agricultural Databases for Decision Support**http://www.reeusda.gov/adds/- Comprehensive electronic  collections of peer-reviewed and expert-selected educational materials, lists,  software tools and other decision aids to support decision making by the  nation's farmers, ranchers, growers and forest land owners, and by those who  work with them in an educational, consultative, or service capacity. Databases  available/ or in progress for dairy, beef, goat, sheep, and swine. Collections  are distributed via CD-ROM and the World Wide Web.

**Agri INFO**http://cgilnt.aps.uoguelph.ca/Agri_INFOe.htm- Agri INFO is the largest  Canadian collection of technical publications related to beef, dairy and maple  production. The Canadian Dairy Extension Committee, Canadian Farm Business  Management Council, and the Ontario Cattlemen's Association jointly  sponsor the site.

**Alberta Farm Animal Care (AFAC) Association**  http://afac.ab.ca  Cambrian PO Box 75028  Calgary, Alberta, Canada  T2K 6J8  Tel: (403) 932‑8050, Fax: (403) 932‑8052, Email: info@afac.ab.ca- AFAC is an association started by farmers. AFAC's goal is to promote responsible animal care and enhance public  understanding of Alberta's animal agriculture. AFAC participates in issues and legislation  that affect animal care and encourages research relevant to animal care.  Website contains  Farm Animal Welfare News  a publication that contains  current information on farm animal welfare initiatives, relevant issues, and  research conducted in Canada. Reports, codes of practice, legislative  information, and information on training courses in dairy handling and  transport are also listed.

**American Dairy Science  Association**http://www.adsa.org  1111 N. Dunlap Avenue  Savoy, IL 61874  Tel: (217) 356-3182, Fax: (217) 398-4119. E-mail:   adsa@assochq.org- The objectives of American Dairy Science Association  (ADSA) are to stimulate the discovery, application, and dissemination of  knowledge. Original research, reviews and timely information are published in  the official ADSA publication, the Journal of Dairy Science. Special topic  publications available for purchase covering dairy health, housing, and  management. The ADSA website includes additional links to university dairy  related websites, breed associations, and databases.

**Animal Health and Welfare**http://www.defra.gov.uk/animalh/animindx.htm  - The health and welfare of  animals is central to Department for Environment, Food & Rural Affair's (DEFRA) work of  protecting and improving livestock and controlling and eradicating disease. The  Animal Health and Welfare pages are divided into various subject areas  including: BSE, Tuberculosis, Identification, Animal Welfare, International  Trade, Disease surveillance and control.

**Animal Welfare  Information Center (AWIC)**  http://www.nal.usda.gov/awic  National Agricultural  Library  10301 Baltimore Blvd.  Beltsville, MD 20705  Tel: (301) 504-6212, Fax: (301)  504-7125, E-mail:   awic@nal.usda.gov- The Animal Welfare Information Center (AWIC) located at the  U.S. Department of Agriculture's National Agricultural Library provides  reference services primarily for patrons using animals covered by the Animal  Welfare Act. Farm animals used in teaching, testing, and non-production  oriented research are covered by the Act. AWIC produces bibliographies on the  welfare and husbandry of swine, cattle, horses, sheep, poultry, dogs, cats,  rabbits, and rodents. The Animal Welfare Information Center Bulletin contains  several articles on agricultural animal care and use including anesthesia,  analgesia, animal transport, and animal welfare issues. The AWIC website  includes these documents. The site also contains links to US farm animal  policies, guidelines, and congressional activity.

**Animal Welfare Ministry  of Agriculture and Forestry (MAF) New Zealand**  http://203.97.170.4/biosecurity/animal-welfare/codes/index.htm- Full text Codes of Recommendations and Minimum Standards available  for dairy cattle and bobby calves. Humane treatment of cattle during transport,  slaughter, and sale yards covered.

**Animal Well-Being and  Stress Control Systems**  http://www.nps.ars.usda.gov/programs/programs.htm?NPNUMBER=105- The Agricultural Research  Service (ARS) is the principal research agency of the U.S. Department of  Agriculture. ARS is charged with extending the nation's scientific knowledge  across a broad range of program areas. This website describes ARS research  initiatives in the area of farm animal well-being and stress.

**Annotated Database on  Refinement of Housing and Handling Conditions and Environmental Enrichment for  Laboratory Animals. Part II: Cattle, Calves, Chickens, Goats, Horses, Quails,  Pigs, Sheep**  http://www.awionline.org/Lab_animals/biblio/refine.htm  - Database of articles,  abstracts, book chapters, and books on all aspects of refinement and  environmental enrichment of housing and handling conditions. Regularly updated.

**Canadian Dairy  Information Database©**  http://cgilnt.aps.uoguelph.ca/cgi-bin/foliocgi.exe/dairy.nfo/query=*/doc/{t9}?- Provides fact sheets,  research reports, codes of practice, and other materials regarding the care,  health, diseases, breeding, environment, feeding, and reproduction of dairy  cattle raised in Canada. 

**Canadian Agri-Food  Research Council (CARC)**  http://www.carc-crac.ca/english/codes_of_practice/index.htm- Provides factsheets  summarizing Canadian Recommended Codes of Practice for dairy cattle, veal  calves, and other livestock. Proceedings from Farm Animal Welfare Challenge  2000 Workshop available in PDF format.

**Colonel K.L. Campbell  Centre for the Study of Animal Welfare**  http://www.aps.uoguelph.ca/%7Ecsaw/CSAW1.htm- Located at the University  of Guelph, the Centre's mission is to promote  the welfare of animals through research and education. Research projects focus  on: alternatives for the use of animals in teaching; assessing animal well  being; enriching the lives of laboratory animals; ethical issues of animal use;  animal breeding and genetic engineering; humane husbandry systems alleviating  animal suffering; and relationships between animals and people.

**Cooperative State  Research Education & Extension Service (CSREES) Home Page**http://www.reeusda.gov/- CSREES links the research  and education programs of the U.S. Department of Agriculture and works with  land-grant institutions in each state, territory and the District of Columbia.  The mission of CSREES is in cooperation with partners and customers, to advance  a global system of research, extension and higher education in the food and  agricultural sciences and related environmental and human sciences to benefit  people, communities, and the Nation. A clickable map of extension programs by  state is available at    http://www.reeusda.gov/statepartners/usa.htm  Dairy producers are  encouraged to use this site to locate extension materials that are specific to  their state's climate conditions,  breeds of cattle, types of housing, etc.
**Combined Livestock Issues  Database Information**  http://www.liru.asft.ttu.edu/refman/index.htm- Reference database  compiled for farm animal researchers and educators. Provides references on  contemporary issues in animal agriculture.

**Companion Animals and  Livestock**http://www.agric.nsw.gov.au/reader/aw-companion- Information provided by  New South Wales Department of Agriculture on dairy cattle breeding and  selection, health, nutrition, facilities, handling, and quality assurance.

**Dr. Temple Grandin's Web  Page**  http://www.grandin.com/- Full text, abstracts,  reviews, and general information based on or related to the work of applied  ethologist Temple Grandin. Topics include livestock behavior, design of  stockyards and restraining systems, humane and ritual slaughter, stress and  meat quality, current research, animal welfare/rights, and books.

**Encyclopedia of Farm  Animal Behavior (EFAB)**  http://www.liru.asft.ttu.edu/EFAB/default.asp- Includes audio and video  images. This encyclopedia is intended for research and teaching and will  provide a standard for what actions compose a given behavior. Provided by the  USDA, ARS, Southern Plains Area, Livestock Issues Research Unit, and Multimedia  Division.

**European Commission on  Animal Welfare**http://europa.eu.int/comm/food/index_en.htm- The European Commission's activities on animal welfare start with  the recognition that animals are sentient beings. The Directorate General for  Health and Consumer Protection is responsible for an important part of this  work, setting standards for the welfare of animals on the farm, during  transport and at slaughter. Links to animal welfare policy objectives,  legislative action, ongoing initiatives, and international animal welfare  issues.

**Farm Animal Welfare  Council Report on the Welfare of Dairy Cattle**  http://www.rase.org.uk/communications/resfarm.html- Response of the Royal  Agricultural Society of England to the Farm Animal Welfare Council Report on  Dairy Cattle.

**Healthy Animals**  http://www.ars.usda.gov/is/np/ha/- The Healthy Animals website offers an online compilation of  animal health-related research news by the U.S. Department of Agriculture's  chief scientific agency, the Agricultural Research Service.

**The International Veterinary Information Service (IVIS)**   http://www.ivis.org - A not‑for‑profit organization created to provide  clinically relevant, up‑to‑date information to veterinary  practitioners, veterinary students, clinicians and researchers worldwide using  the Internet and provides free access to original, electronic textbooks,  reviews, updates, and other resources on a wide variety of veterinary topics.  All publications are original contributions written specifically for the IVIS  website and reviewed by the editor(s) of the book. Each book is available on‑line  and includes links to information about relevant medications and to abstracts  of references. Book chapters can be printed on a desktop printer for easy  reading. Veterinary related information available for farm, laboratory,  companion, and exotic animal species.

**NetVet**  http://netvet.wustl.edu/vet.htm- NetVet focuses on  veterinary resources with links to veterinary education, listservs,  organizations, publications, and images. This award-winning site is an  excellent starting point for looking for materials for training personnel in  care and use of agricultural animals. A useful feature of NetVet is the  Electronic Zoo. Among the Electronic Zoo animal group icons are horses, cows,  pigs, small ruminants, and birds. Each icon contains a list of websites related  to these species. The cow page for example, http://netvet.wustl.edu/cows.htm  includes links to professional associations such as the American Dairy Science  Association, trade publications including Hoard's Dairyman, university  departments of animal or dairy sciences, and information publications including  Information Resources for Mastitis.

**Oklahoma State  University, Department of Animal Science Web page**  http://www.ansi.okstate.edu- Livestock virtual  library, breeds of livestock, multimedia CD-ROM on livestock reproduction,  dairy publications on feeding, etc.

**Ontario, Canada, Ministry  of Agriculture, Food and Rural Affairs, Livestock Web page**  http://www.gov.on.ca/OMAFRA/english/livestock/- Web pages are available  for dairy, beef, swine, goats, and alternative livestock. Dairy page includes  conference listings, facts sheets on dry cows, calves, health management,  forages, waste management, and current legislation.

**Texas A&M Dairy  Cattle Website**  http://animalscience.tamu.edu/ansc/index.htm- Fact sheets available on dairy cattle feeding, heat stress,  hoof care, pest control, mastitis, and more. Select dairy cattle from the menu bar.

**Total Dairy Management at  the Cornell Animal Science Department**  http://www.ansci.cornell.edu/dm/index.html- This program is designed  for students, dairy farmers, agribusiness people and others who have a sincere  interest in dairy farm management. Objectives are to gain further understanding  of the integration and application of dairy farm management principles and  programs with respect to progressive dairying and related industries.

**UC Davis Dairy Cattle  Programs and Welfare Page**  http://www.vetmed.ucdavis.edu/vetext/DA-Progs.html- Fact sheets available on  West Nile Virus, Antrax, Foot and Mouth Disease, biosecurity on dairy farms,  body scoring of dairy cattle, colostrum intake in calves, and more. "Dairy Care Practices" a 44 page document  covering many aspects of health and production available in PDF format.

**University of Nebraska  Cooperative Extension Dairy Page**  http://www.ianr.unl.edu/pubs/dairy/- Fact sheets published by  Extension Dairy Specialists, from the Institute of Agriculture and Natural  Resources, University of Nebraska-Lincoln. Full text articles on breeding,  reproduction, herd management, heat stress, feeding, nutrition, and more.

**Virginia Cooperative  Extension Dairy Page**   http://www.ext.vt.edu/cgi-bin/WebObjects/Docs.woa/wa/getcat?cat=ir-lpd-da- Dairy experts from the  Common Wealth review literature and suggest recommendations for dairy cattle  care and husbandry in the state of Virginia. Abstracts available online  covering health, management, nutrition, and reproduction of dairy cattle.

**University of Alberta, Canada, Western Canadian Dairy Seminar Home  Page**  http://www.afns.ualberta.ca- Seminar designed for  participants who want to improve their knowledge and decision-making abilities  in dairy production and technology. Site includes keyword searchable  proceedings from 1995.

**USDA APHIS Veterinary Services (VS) Centers for Epidemiology and  Animal Health (CEAH) Dairy page**  http://www.aphis.usda.gov/vs/ceah/cahm/Dairy_Cattle/dairy.htm- Information on  biosecurity strategies for dairy farms.  E coli ,  Salmonella  other  disease pathogens covered.

**WWW Library Dairy Cattle  Resources Focuses on Specific Problems**  http://www.ansi.okstate.edu/library/dairy/sp-prob.htm#welfare- Links provided to  websites and online documents covering management, housing, nutrition, health,  disease, genetics, reproduction, and welfare.

**XPLOR, University of  Missouri, Cooperative Extension Dairy Publications**  http://muextension.missouri.edu/xplor/agguides/dairy/index.htm- Factsheets and abstracts  available on dairy feeding, management, mastitis treatment, breeding, housing,  and waste management.
  Return to Table of Contents
*The Animal Welfare Information Center,   awic@nal.usda.gov  http://www.nal.usda.gov/awic/pubs/dairy/dairy2.htm  Updated July 7, 2004***                                       |
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