Injuries Among Youth on Farms

in the United States

1998

Department of Health and Human Services

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention

National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health
Injuries Among Youth on Farms

in the United States, 1998

John R. Myers and Kitty J. Hendricks

DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention

National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health

June 2001
ii

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DHHS(NIOSH) Publication No. 2001-154

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iii

CONTENTS

Acknowledgments ix

Public Health Summary 1

Foreword 3

Section I: The Childhood Agricultural Injury Survey 5

Introduction 5

Methods 5

Highlights of Results 9

References 11

Section II: National Injury and Demographic Data 13

National Injury Data

National estimates of farm injuries to all youth less than 20 years of age 15

(Table 2-1 through Table 2-28)

National estimates of farm injuries to all farm youth less than 20 years of age 41

by age group (Table 2-29)

National estimates of farm injuries to farm household youth less than 20 years of age 42

(Table 2-30 through Table 2-35)

National Demographic Data

National estimates of farm injuries to all farm workers less than 20 years of age 45

(Table 2-36 through Table 2-42)

National estimates of all farm youth less than 20 years of age 49

(Table 2-43 through Table 2-46)

National estimates of farm household youth less than 20 years of age 51

(Table 2-47 through Table 2-52)

National estimates of farm household workers less than 20 years of age 56

(Table 2-53 through Table 2-58)

National estimates of hired farm workers less than 20 years of age 61

(Table 2-59 through Table 2-64)
iv

National estimates of all farm workers less than 20 years of age 66

(Table 2-65 through Table 2-70)

National Injury Rates

National farm injury incidence rates to youth less than 20 years of age 71

(Table 2-71 through Table 2-78)

Section III: Regional Injury and Demographic Data 75

Northeast Region Injury Data

Northeast regional estimates of farm injuries to all youth less than 20 years of age 77

(Table 3-1 through Table 3-10)

Northeast regional estimates of farm injuries to all farm youth less than 20 years of age 82

by age group (Table 3-11)

Northeast regional estimates of farm injuries to farm household youth less than 20 years of age 83

(Table 3-12 through Table 3-16)

Northeast regional estimates of farm injuries to all farm workers less than 20 years of age 85

(Table 3-17 and Table 3-18)

Northeast Region Demographic Data 

Northeast regional estimates of all farm youth less than 20 years of age 86

(Table 3-19 and Table 3-20)

Northeast regional estimates of farm household youth less than 20 years of age 87

(Table 3-21 through Table 3-23)

Northeast regional estimates of farm household workers less than 20 years of age 89

(Table 3-24 through Table 3-26)

Northeast regional estimates of hired farm workers less than 20 years of age 91

(Table 3-27 through Table 3-29)

Northeast regional estimates of all farm workers less than 20 years of age 93

(Table 3-30 through Table 3-32)

Northeast regional estimates of all farm youth less than 20 years of age by sex and type of farm 95

 (Table 3-33)

Northeast Region Injury Rates

Northeast regional farm injury incidence rates to youth less than 20 years of age 96

(Table 3-34 through Table 3-37)
v

Midwest Region Injury Data

Midwest regional estimates of farm injuries to all youth less than 20 years of age 99

(Table 3-38 through Table 3-47)

Midwest regional estimates of farm injuries to all farm youth less than 20 years of age 104

by age group (Table 3-48)

Midwest regional estimates of farm injuries to farm household youth less than 20 years of age 105

(Table 3-49 through Table 3-53)

Midwest regional estimates of farm injuries to all farm workers less than 20 years of age 108

(Table 3-54 and Table 3-55)

Midwest Region Demographic Data

Midwest regional estimates of all farm youth less than 20 years of age 109

(Table 3-56 and Table 3-57)

Midwest regional estimates of farm household youth less than 20 years of age 110

(Table 3-58 through Table 3-60)

Midwest regional estimates of farm household workers less than 20 years of age 112

(Table 3-61 through Table 3-63)

Midwest regional estimates of hired farm workers less than 20 years of age 114

(Table 3-64 through Table 3-66)

Midwest regional estimates of all farm workers less than 20 years of age 116

(Table 3-67 through Table 3-69)

Midwest regional estimates of all farm youth less than 20 years of age by sex and type of farm 118

 (Table 3-70)

Midwest Region Injury Rates

Midwest regional farm injury incidence rates to youth less than 20 years of age 119

(Table 3-71 through Table 3-74)

South Region Injury Data

South regional estimates of farm injuries to all youth less than 20 years of age 121

(Table 3-75 through Table 3-84)

South regional estimates of farm injuries to all farm youth less than 20 years of age 126

by age group (Table 3-85)
vi

South regional estimates of farm injuries to farm household youth less than 20 years of age 127

(Table 3-86 through Table 3-90)

South regional estimates of farm injuries to all farm workers less than 20 years of age 129

(Table 3-91 and Table 3-92)

South Region Demographic Data

South regional estimates of all farm youth less than 20 years of age 130

(Table 3-93 and Table 3-94)

South regional estimates of farm household youth less than 20 years of age 131

(Table 3-95 through Table 3-97)

South regional estimates of farm household workers less than 20 years of age 133

(Table 3-98 through Table 3-100)

South regional estimates of hired farm workers less than 20 years of age 135

(Table 3-101 through Table 3-103)

South regional estimates of all farm workers less than 20 years of age 137

(Table 3-104 through Table 3-106)

South regional estimates of all farm youth less than 20 years of age by sex and type of farm 139

 (Table 3-107)

South Region Injury Rates

South regional farm injury incidence rates to youth less than 20 years of age 140

(Table 3-108 through Table 3-111)

West Region Injury Data

West regional estimates of farm injuries to all youth less than 20 years of age 143

(Table 3-112 through Table 3-121)

West regional estimates of farm injuries to all farm youth less than 20 years of age 148

by age group (Table 3-122)

West regional estimates of farm injuries to farm household youth less than 20 years of age 149

(Table 3-123 through Table 3-127)

West regional estimates of farm injuries to all farm workers less than 20 years of age 152

(Table 3-128 and Table 3-129)
vii

West Region Demographic Data

West regional estimates of all farm youth less than 20 years of age 153

(Table 3-130 and Table 3-131)

West regional estimates of farm household youth less than 20 years of age 154

(Table 3-132 through Table 3-134)

West regional estimates of farm household workers less than 20 years of age 156

(Table 3-135 through Table 3-137)

West regional estimates of hired farm workers less than 20 years of age 158

(Table 3-138 through Table 3-140)

West regional estimates of all farm workers less than 20 years of age 160

(Table 3-141 through Table 3-143)

West regional estimates of all farm youth less than 20 years of age by sex and type of farm 162

 (Table 3-144)

West Region Injury Rates

West regional farm injury incidence rates to youth less than 20 years of age 163

(Table 3-145 through Table 3-148)

Appendix A: Questionnaire 165

Appendix B: Sample-based Estimators 175
viii
ix

Acknowledgments

The authors are indebted to Doug Kleweno, Kevin Barnes, Terry O’Connor, and Tony Dorn of the U.S.

Department of Agriculture (USDA), National Agricultural Statistics Service (NASS) for their invaluable

assistance in the survey design, data collection, data entry, and review of this work; all of the NASS State

cooperators who collected these data; and Diane M. Felice for her assistance in preparing this document

for printing.
x
1

1-800-35NIOSH

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Public Health Summary

What are the hazards?

According to data from the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health and the U.S.

Department of Agriculture, approximately 33,000 youth less than 20 years of age were injured on farms

in the United States in 1998. Major causes of these injuries included falls, animals, and off-road

vehicles such as all-terrain vehicles and tractors. This estimate should be considered a conservative

figure due to the potential for recall bias and the under reporting of hired workers.

How can a youth be exposed or put at risk?

Exposures to farm hazards are not limited to youth who work on farms. Youth may sustain injuries while

working on a farm, living on a farm, visiting a farm, or accompanying a parent employed on a farm. The

hazards these youth encounter may be work or non-work in nature, making the farm a unique

environment for developing prevention strategies.

What recommendations has the federal government made to protect the health of farm youth?

The Fair Labor Standards Act of 1938 (FLSA) and its amendments set standards for child labor in

agriculture. However, the FLSA covers only employees whose work involves production of agricultural

goods which are part of interstate commerce. In addition, FLSA regulations do not apply to youth

working for their parents or guardian on the family’s farm. These household youth account for over 70

percent of all youth work injuries on farms. Youth who work on farms are often not protected by

workplace safety and health regulations from the Occupational Safety and Health Administration

(OSHA) because they frequently work for small farming operations that are not inspected by OSHA, or

because OSHA regulations do not apply to them as farm household members. Finally, for all youth on

farms, there are no protections for injuries from hazards associated with non-work activities which often

expose youth to the same hazards as work activities. Given the limited protections for youth on farms,

there is a need for States and communities to develop and implement programs to reduce childhood

agricultural injuries.

Where can more information be found?

Additional NIOSH documents and information on childhood agricultural injuries or other related topics

may be obtained by calling the NIOSH toll-free number or visiting the NIOSH homepage on the World

Wide Web: 
2
3

FOREWORD

More than two million youth less than 20 years of age are potentially exposed to agricultural hazards

each year - as farm residents, farm family workers, hired workers, children of migrant or seasonal

workers, or farm visitors. Youth on farms may be exposed to a wide range of hazards, including

machinery, all-terrain vehicles (ATVs), falls, and animals. As a place of work and a place of residence,

the farm presents unique challenges for injury prevention.

The NIOSH Childhood Agricultural Injury Prevention Initiative seeks to prevent farm injuries from work

and non work-related exposures through a comprehensive program of surveillance, research, and

partnerships. In keeping with the breadth of the Initiative, the following document presents national and

regional data for nonfatal youth injuries on U.S. farms for 1998. These data, drawn from a special survey

of farm operators across the U.S., indicate that nearly 33,000 youth were injured on farms during 1998,

and that major causes of injury included falls, animals, and vehicles such as ATVs. In addition, this

document fills a current data need by providing national and regional demographic information on the

youth exposed to these hazards on the farm. 

This document represents an important step in understanding the magnitude of youth injuries on farms in

the U.S. We hope this document will serve as a valuable resource to federal, state and local agencies,

health and safety professionals, and farm safety advocates in their efforts to develop focused and

coordinated strategies to prevent youth injuries on farms.

Kathleen M. Rest, Ph.D., M.P.A.

Acting Director

National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health
4
5

Section I: The Childhood Agricultural 

Injury Survey

INTRODUCTION

Youth who live on, work on, or visit farms in the United States (U.S.) have received increased attention

recently because of their high risk of injuries [NCCAIP 1996; Rivara 1997; Centers for Disease Control

and Prevention 1998; Castillo et al. 1999]. A major problem with planning injury prevention programs

for these youth is a lack of surveillance data, especially for those injuries which are nonfatal. To address

this lack of nonfatal injury data, the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH),

working in cooperation with the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA), conducted the Childhood

Agricultural Injury Survey (CAIS).

The objective of the CAIS was to determine the frequency, incidence rate, and characteristics of

agricultural-related youth injuries occurring in the U.S. This was accomplished by collecting data on

childhood agricultural injuries that occurred during calendar year 1998 from a random sample of farms

across the U.S. The results of the CAIS provide injury estimates at the regional and national level for all

youth who lived, were directly hired to work on, or visited a farm in 1998. Youth contract laborers were

excluded in the CAIS.

The intent of the following document is to present these CAIS results in an easily accessible statistical

abstract format. Because of the quantity of data presented, no attempt is made to interpret the results

presented here. More focused analyses are planned in the future. It is hoped that the data will be used by

public health and safety professionals, engineers, and other groups working in the area of childhood farm

safety to help guide their intervention programs and injury control research. 

These data were collected by the USDA, National Agricultural Statistics Service (NASS) through an

interagency agreement with NIOSH. The injury estimates and incidence rates presented in this statistical

abstract were calculated by NIOSH and are presented here with the approval of USDA, NASS. Access to

all CAIS data files, or additional injury estimates from the CAIS data, are subject to the approval of

USDA, NASS.

METHODS

General Survey Design: The CAIS was conducted using a Computer Assisted Telephone Interview

(CATI) survey instrument. Randomly selected farming operations across the U.S. were contacted by

eight USDA, NASS calling centers during February and March of 1999. The CAIS was conducted in

these winter months to increase the response rate of the survey. The survey instrument used for the CAIS

was designed to not exceed one-half hour, and is provided in Appendix A.

The sample selection and sampling frame information for the survey was provided by USDA, NASS

through an interagency agreement. All agricultural production operations in the NASS area sampling

frame, excluding large swine confinement operations, were in the population of study. NASS drew all

samples, conducted all telephone contacts to the farm operations, entered all data, and provided all

sampling frame information required for the NIOSH sampling design.

For the survey, a farm was defined as any operation of $1,000 or more of gross agricultural production
6

within a calendar year, and included both crop and livestock operations. An injury was defined as any

condition that resulted in 4 hours or more of restricted activity (e.g., person could not perform work or

other normal duties, missed work, missed school), or a condition that required professional medical

treatment. In this survey, a youth was defined as any person under the age of 20 years. Household youth

were defined as all youth who resided on the farm. Hired farm workers were defined as youth who were

hired directly by the farm operator, excluding contract laborers, to work on the farm, but were not 

household members. Visitors were defined as all other youth who were on the farm, but were not

household members or hired workers.

An agricultural work-related injury was defined as any injury meeting the above definition that occurred

while performing work on the farm associated with the farm business, including chores. Non-work

injuries were defined as injuries occurring on the farm that were not due to farm work. The survey

excluded injuries to contractors working for the farm operation, or injuries that occurred to youth off the

farm property. The categorical injury variables of “source of injury” and “event or exposure” were coded

from narrative injury descriptions using the American National Standards Institute Z16.2-1995

classification system [National Safety Council 1996].

All information provided in the survey was self-reported by the farm operator, spouse, or the injured

youth if they were 16 years of age or older. As such, responses to items such as age and the cause of the

injury event were subject to the interpretation of the respondent. While the total number of childhood

agricultural lost-time injuries was requested for the calendar year 1998, descriptive information was only

requested for the four most recent injury events.

Sampling Design: A stratified random sample of 50,000 farm operations was drawn to provide

estimates for the study population. The strata for the sampling design were the four Bureau of the

Census geographic regions (Table 1-1) [Bureau of the Census 1975]. An equal sample allocation of

12,500 farms was selected in each region. 

A farm was considered to be a valid member of the sample regardless of whether youth were on the farm

in 1998. This was necessary to allow for meaningful estimates of both injuries and the number of youth

on farms for the various youth populations covered in the survey (i.e., household youth, youth directly

hired to work on the farm, and youth visiting the farm).

Injury and Youth Estimates: The national and regional estimates for the number of on-farm injuries

and the number of youth on farms (both household and hired youth) were obtained using sampling

weights for a stratified random sample. The estimators for these sampling weights and the corresponding

variance estimator are presented in Appendix B, and are derived from Cochran [1977]. Because all

responses to the survey were on a "per farm" basis, sampling weights were calculated based on the

number of farms responding to the survey within each stratum (nh). Finally, the total number of farms

within each stratum (Nh

) was derived from the 1997 Census of Agriculture [National Agricultural

Statistics Service 1999]. The sampling weight for an individual stratum was calculated as Nh

/nh

. The

national estimate for a specific injury or youth population variable was calculated as the sum of all

stratum estimates for that specific variable.

For youth visiting the farm, injury estimates were derived, but youth population estimates were not. The

responses to the question on the number of youth visiting the farm in this survey were considered

unreliable, and as such, were not included in this report. Methods to improve the estimation of youth

visiting farms will be examined in future youth injury surveys.
7

Table 1-1. Bureau of the Census Geographic Regions of the United States used in the CAIS.

Northeast Region Midwest Region South Region West Region

Connecticut Illinois Alabama Alaska

Maine Indiana Arkansas Arizona

Massachusetts Iowa Delaware California

New Hampshire Kansas Florida Colorado

New Jersey Michigan Georgia Hawaii

New York Minnesota Kentucky Idaho

Pennsylvania Missouri Louisiana Montana

Rhode Island Nebraska Maryland Nevada

Vermont North Dakota Mississippi New Mexico

Ohio North Carolina Oregon

South Dakota Oklahoma Utah

Wisconsin South Carolina Washington

Tennessee Wyoming

Texas

West Virginia

Virginia

Incidence Rate Estimates: The injury incidence rates were calculated as the estimated number of

injuries at the regional or national level, divided by the estimated number of youth at the regional or 

national level, respectively. The rates are in terms of 100 youth potentially exposed.

To facilitate the correct matching of injury estimates to youth at risk, specific demographic terms were

used for the various combinations of youth populations in the survey (Table 1-2). In this document, “All

youth” refers to all youth covered in the survey (i.e., household youth, hired farm worker youth, and

visiting youth), “All farm youth” refers to all household youth and all hired farm worker youth, and “All

farm workers” refers to all household workers and hired farm workers. In addition, while youth

population estimates are provided for the number of farm household youth who did not work on the farm

in 1998, rates for non-work injuries are based on all farm household youth estimated in 1998 because all

youth living on the farm were considered at risk for non-work injuries. Finally, no rates for youth

visiting the farm were derived because of the unreliable estimate for the number of youth visiting farms

in 1998.
8

Table 1-2. Demographic terms and the specific youth populations they represent for all statistical

tables presented in Sections II and III.

Youth Populations 

Terms Visitors

Non-Working

Household

Working

Household

Hired Farm

Worker

All Youth X X X X

All Farm Youth X X X

Farm Household X X

All Farm Workers X X

Hired Farm Worker X

The variance calculations for the incident rates were estimated using the linear combination of variances

of the injury estimate and the youth estimate as described by Cochran [1977]. The general form of the

variance expression, and alternative forms, are presented in Appendix B. Bolded entries in the data

tables represent group totals for the indented table entries below then. For example, a bolded entry for

“All Farm Workers” represents the sum of the “Hired Farm Worker” and “Farm Household Worker”

entries in the table. The ”Hired Farm Worker” and “Farm Household Worker” estimates are then

presented as indented, non-bolded entries beneath the “All Farm Workers” table entry.

Categorical Frequency Estimates: Categorical variable estimates from the CAIS are based on two

types of information: demographic and injury. Demographic data include an estimate of the number of

youth living on a farm, the number of youth hired to work on a farm, the distribution of youth by age and

sex, and whether a household youth worked on the farm. Demographic data were not collected for youth

visiting the farm. Injury data include information such as whether an injury was work-related or not, the

nature of the injury, the source of the injury, and the body part injured. This information was only

collected for the four most recent injuries that occurred on a farm. 

The frequency estimates for selected demographic variables were adjusted to account for “missing

values” in the data. The variables adjusted were age and sex. This was done for both household and

hired worker demographics. The adjustments were made based on the percent distribution of the “known

values” in the data set. For example, if an estimated 1,000 household youth were identified as having a

missing value for sex, and the known cases indicated that 52 percent of household youth were male, the

frequency estimate for household males would have been increased by 520, while the female estimate

would be increased by 480 for household youth. In addition to age and sex, missing values for work

status of household members (i.e., did work on the farm, or did not do work on the farm) were also

adjusted based on the distribution of known values. Variance estimates were adjusted to account for this

assignment of missing values to known categories.

For injury data, adjustments were made for sex, age, relationship to the farm (i.e., household youth, hired

youth, visiting youth), and work status for most tables, but were not done for more complex tables

involving cross tabulations between sex or age and type of farming operation. The method of adjusting

for missing values was similar to that described for the demographic variables. Information on other
9

injury-related values, such as source of injury and type of injury event, were not adjusted.

Frequency tables for regional and national data are presented at differing levels of detail because of

differing levels of sampling error between the various estimates. In general, an estimate was not

reported if the relative standard error of the estimate exceeded 33 percent. In a limited number of cases,

values are reported with relative standard errors above 33% because they were deemed critical to the

interpretation of the frequency table. However, no estimate is reported with a relative standard error

greater than 40 percent. National frequency tables provide the highest level of detail and cross

classification of information. The regional tables, in general, provide less detail than the national tables.

Survey Limitations: There are some limitations to the results presented in this report. First, the recall

period for an injury in this survey was one year. While the definition of injury was for more severe

cases, which may be easier to recall, there is still the possibility that a reportable injury was not

remembered by a respondent. A second limitation is that most surveys were conducted with the female

head of household, which may have resulted in an under reporting of hired worker injuries, especially for

larger farming operations with many employees. In addition, there was no way to verify the accuracy or

completeness of the responses given for a survey, which could impart some response bias into the overall

survey results. This survey also did not include injuries which occurred to youth contract farm workers. 

Injuries to contract farm workers are being assessed through a separate NIOSH study, and provided in a

separate report.

Finally, there is the possibility of a non-response bias because of the non-respondents to the telephone

survey. Because of the design of the survey, it was not possible to make a second contact to farm

operators who refused to participate in the survey. This did not allow for a follow back questionnaire to

assess these non-respondents. However, the demographic characteristics of the farms for the respondents

to the questionnaire were found to be similar in nature to those reported for farms in the 1997 Census of

Agriculture. This similarity between the survey estimates and the 1997 Census of Agriculture data

suggest that the respondents to the survey were representative of farm operators across the United States,

and that any non-response bias in the survey would be expected to be minimal.

HIGHLIGHTS OF RESULTS

A total of 25,942 of the randomly sampled 50,000 farm operations agreed to participate in the survey. 

The survey response rate by region ranged from a high of 58 percent for the West, to a low of 44 percent

for the Northeast.

Based on this sample, there were an estimated 1,930,306 (± 23,179) youth under the age of 20 years who

lived or worked on a farm in 1998. Farm household youth accounted for 1,263,830 (± 15,152) of 

youth, with the remaining 666,476 (± 16,543) youth being hired workers. Most youth were in the

Midwest region of the United States (905,251 ± 16,358), followed by the South (556,871 ± 14,546). The

fewest youth were in the Northeast region (165,640 ± 4,042). 

The number of youth under the age of 20 years who did work on farms in 1998, including both household

and hired youth, was 1,393,670 (± 20,838). Youth 16 to 19 years of age accounted for approximately 53

percent of these workers (744,694 ± 14,450), although there were 129,774 (± 4,374) youth under the age

of 10 years who also worked on farms during 1998. Finally, approximately 73 percent of all youth

working on farms in 1998 were male (1,011,843 ± 16,719).
10

There were an estimated 32,808 (± 2,241) youth injuries on farms in 1998. Of these injuries, 14,590 (± 

1,322) were work-related in nature, while 18,218 (± 1,322) were reported as not work-related. 

Household youth accounted for the highest number of injuries (23,640 ± 1,830), followed by visitors

(7,040 ± 873) and hired workers (2,127 ± 426). Most injuries occurred to males (26,142 ± 1,989). The

injury rate for all male farm youth (i.e., family and hired youth, excluding visitors) was 1.64 injuries per

100 youth (± 0.14) while all female farm youth had a rate of 0.79 injuries per 100 youth (± 0.10).

Youth less than 10 years of age were estimated to have the highest number of injuries (11,210 ± 1,099),

followed by youth 12 and 13 years of age (5,100 ± 803). The highest injury rate for all farm youth was

seen for both youth less than 10 years of age and youth 12 and 13 years of age with a rate of

approximately 2 injuries per 100 youth. For work related injuries, the highest number of injuries was

estimated for youth 18 and 19 years of age (3,229 ± 588), while the highest injury rate was for youth less

than 10 years of age (1.40 ± 0.33 injuries per 100 workers).

The injury rate for all farm household youth was 1.87 injuries per 100 household youth (± 0.15). Workrelated injuries occurred at a rate of 1.41 injuries per 100 household youth (± 0.16), while non-work

injuries had an incidence rate of 1.06 injuries per 100 household youth (± 0.10). All injuries to hired

workers were reported as work-related, for an injury rate of 0.32 injuries per 100 hired workers (± 0.06). 

The overall work-related injury rate for both family and hired workers was 0.89 injuries per 100 workers

(± 0.09). 

The region of the nation with the highest number of on-farm youth injuries was the Midwest with an

estimated 16,443 injuries (± 1,824), followed by the South (8,810 ± 1,192), West (5,097 ± 456), and

Northeast (2,458 ± 262). The estimated injury rate for all farm youth was relatively consistent between

regions: 1.20 ± 0.15 injuries per 100 farm youth in the Northeast; 1.33 ± 0.17 injuries per 100 farm youth

in the Midwest; 1.36 ± 0.20 injuries per 100 farm youth in the South; and 1.38 ± 0.14 injuries per 100

farm youth in the West. 

The major sources of injury to youth on U.S. farming operations were floors, walkways, ground, or other

surfaces (6,435 ± 757), animals (2,932 ± 537), and non-industrial off-road vehicles (1,963 ± 456). The

leading causes of these injuries were falls (7,225 ± 803), off-road transportation incidents (5,082 ± 727),

and being struck by objects (3,613 ± 634). The parts of the body most commonly injured were the hands,

wrist, or fingers (7,096 ± 840), the head (4,703 ± 655), and the legs (3,833 ± 530). These injuries most

frequently resulted in lacerations (8,162 ± 877), fractures (5,675 ± 687), or scrapes and abrasions (3,709

± 610).

Livestock operations reported the most estimated injuries (16,981 ± 1,414). Within livestock operations,

beef cattle was the sector with the highest number of injuries (8,104 ± 897) followed by dairy farms

(5,913 ± 931). Crop operations reported an estimated 12,338 youth injuries (± 1,152), with cash grain

operations having the most injuries (7,263 ± 927), followed by tobacco farms (1,226 ± 388). The

household injury rate per 100 youth was 2.17 (± 0.22) for all livestock operations and 1.59 (± 0.17) for

all crop operations. The work-related injury rate for household and hired workers was highest for

livestock operations (1.19 ± 0.16 injuries per 100 working youth), with crop operations having a rate of

0.59 injuries per 100 working youth (± 0.09). 

The complete results are presented in Sections II and III of the statistical abstract. Section II presents the

national statistics, with Section III providing the region-specific statistics. Injury estimates, demographic

estimates, and incidence rates are included in both sections
11

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National Safety Council [1996]. Occupational Injury and Illness Classification Manual. Itasca, IL:

National Safety Council.

Rivara F [1997]. Fatal and nonfatal farm injuries to children and adolescents in the United States,1990-

1993. Injury Prevention 3:190-194. 
12
13

Section II:

National Injury and

Demographic Data
14
15

Table 2-1. National estimates of farm injuries to all youth1 less than

20 years of age by region of the United States: 1998.

Region

Youth

Injuries

Standard

 Error

Northeast 2,458 262

Midwest 16,443 1,824

South 8,810 1,192

West 5,097 456

1 All household youth, hired youth, and youth visiting the farm combined.

Table 2-2. National estimates of farm injuries to all youth1 less than

20 years of age by relationship to the farm: 1998.

Relationship

to Farm

Youth

Injuries

Standard

Error

All youth1 32,808 2,241

 Working 14,590 1,322

 Non-working 18,218 1,536

Visitors 7,040 873

All farm youth2 25,768 1,938

 Farm household 23,640 1,830

 Working 10,254 1,134

 Non-working 13,386 1,231

 All farm workers3 12,382 1,253

 Hired workers 2,127 426

1

2 All household youth, hired youth, and youth visiting the farm combined.

3 All household youth and hired youth combined.

All household workers and hired workers combined.
16

Table 2-3. National estimates of farm injuries to all youth1 less than

20 years of age by relationship to the farm and sex: 1998.

Males Females

Relationship 

to Farm

Youth 

Injuries

Standard

Error

Youth 

Injuries

Standard

Error

All youth1 26,142 1,989 6,666 781

 Working 13,194 1,314 1,396 322

 Non-working 12,948 1,249 5,270 713

All farm youth2 20,334 1,700 5,434 709

 Farm household 18,307 1,596 5,333 700

 Working 8,786 1,075 1,468 359

 Non-working 9,521 1,014 3,865 597

 All farm workers3 10,813 1,192 1,569 376

1 All household youth, hired youth, and youth visiting the farm combined.

2

3 All household youth and hired youth combined.

All household workers and hired workers combined.

Table 2-4. National estimates of farm injuries to all youth1 less than

20 years of age by age group: 1998.

Age Group

Youth

Injuries

Standard

Error

<10 years 11,210 1,099

10-15 years 12,882 1,274

 10-11 years 3,653 598

 12-13 years 5,100 803

 14-15 years 4,129 651

16-19 years 8,715 989

 16-17 years 3,983 606

 18-19 years 4,732 749

1 All household youth, hired youth, and youth visiting the farm combined.
17

Table 2-5. National estimates of farm injuries to all youth1 less than

20 years of age by age group and sex: 1998.

Males Females

Age Group

Youth

Injuries

Standard

Error

Youth

Injuries

Standard

Error

<10 years 8,044 951 3,026 408

10-15 years 9,818 1,110 2,972 538

 10-11 years 2,623 500 1,149 362

 12-13 years 4,183 705 ---

2 ---

 14-15 years 3,012 564 956 275

16-19 years 8,280 980 ---

2 ---

 16-17 years 3,801 600 ---

2 ---

 18-19 years 4,479 741 ---

2 ---

1 All household youth, hired youth, and youth visiting the farm combined.

2 Cells are too small to report detailed groups.
18

Table 2-6. National estimates of farm injuries to all youth1 less than

20 years of age by age group and work status: 1998.

Working Non-working

Age Group2

Youth

Injuries

Standard

Error

Youth

Injuries

Standard

Error

<10 years 2,069 443 9,056 986

10-15 years 5,330 799 7,456 897

 10-11 years 1,600 412 2,027 430

 12-13 years 1,761 445 3,300 639

 14-15 years 1,969 416 2,129 458

16-19 years 7,191 901 1,455 387

 16-17 years 3,111 537 ---

3 ---

 18-19 years 4,080 689 ---

3 ---

1 All household youth, hired youth, and youth visiting the farm combined.

2 Table excludes 251 estimated injuries where some combination of age and work

status was unknown.

3

Cells are too small to report detailed groups.
19

Table 2-7. National estimates of farm injuries to all youth1 less than

20 years of age by type of farm: 1998.

Type of Farm

Youth

Injuries

Standard

Error

Crops 12,338 1,152

 Cash grains 7,263 927

 Tobacco 1,226 388

 Veg., fruits, nuts 1,103 271

 All other crops 2,746 497

Livestock 16,981 1,414

 Beef cattle 8,104 897

 Dairy 5,913 931

 Hogs, goats, sheep 1,726 493

 All other livestock 1,238 307

Unknown 3,489 ---

1 All household youth, hired youth, and youth visiting the farm combined.
20

Table 2-8. National estimates of farm injuries to all youth1 less than

20 years of age by sex and type of farm: 1998.

Sex Type of Farm

Youth

Injuries

Standard

Error

Males Crops 8,482 876

 Cash grains 4,804 670

 All other crops 3,678 554

Livestock 12,005 1,175

 Beef cattle 5,312 712

 Dairy 4,524 818

 Hogs, goats, sheep 1,157 818

 All other livestock 1,012 288

Females Crops 1,493 324

 Livestock 3,694 542

 Beef cattle 2,231 435

 All other livestock 1,463 324

Unknown Unknown 7,134 ---

1 All household youth, hired youth, and youth visiting the farm combined.
21

Table 2-9. National estimates of farm injuries to all youth1 less than

20 years of age by age group and type of farm: 1998.

Age Group Type of Farm

Youth

Injuries

Standard

Error

<10 years Crops 5,850 815

 Cash grains 3,638 671

 All other crops 2,212 471

Livestock 5,098 696

 Beef cattle 2,539 492

 Dairy 1,577 388

 All other livestock 982 305

10-15 years Crops 4,004 614

 Cash grains 2,340 482

 All other crops 1,664 368

 Livestock 6,771 892

 Beef cattle 3,472 596

 Dairy 2,157 580

 All other livestock 1,142 315

16-19 years Crops 2,444 500

 Cash grains 1,284 383

 All other crops 1,160 316

Livestock 4,855 676

 Beef cattle 2,056 444

 Dairy 1,959 436

 All other livestock 840 265

Unknown Unknown 3,786 ---

1 All household youth, hired youth, and youth visiting the farm combined.
22

Table 2-10. National estimates of farm injuries to all youth1 less than

20 years of age by work status and type of farm: 1998.

Work Status Farm Type

Youth

Injuries

Standard

Error

Working Crops 5,601 813

 Cash grains 4,066 754

 All other crops 1,535 345

Livestock 8,310 1,011

 Beef cattle 3,586 585

 Dairy 3,475 728

 All other livestock 1,249 385

Non-working Crops 6,696 786

 Cash grains 3,196 528

 All other crops 3,500 582

Livestock 8,615 897

 Beef cattle 4,482 651

 Dairy 2,417 493

 All other livestock 1,716 376

Unknown Unknown 3,586 ---

1 All household youth, hired youth, and youth visiting the farm combined.
23

Table 2-11. National estimates of farm injuries to all youth1 less

than 20 years of age by type of injury: 1998.

Type of Injury

Youth

Injuries

Standard

Error

Scrape,abrasion 3,709 610

Bruise,contusion 2,603 475

Sprain,strain,torn ligament 2,728 543

Broken bone,fracture 5,675 687

Cut,laceration 8,162 877

Puncture,stab,jab 1,251 338

Burn,blister,scald 1,017 330

Multiple injuries 2,141 491

Other injuries 2,809 515

Unknown 2,713 ---

1 All household youth, hired youth, and youth visiting the farm combined.
24

Table 2-12. National estimates of farm injuries to all youth1 less

than 20 years of age by body part injured: 1998.

Body Part Injured

Youth

Injuries

Standard

Error

Head,skull 4,703 655

Face 2,271 480

Shoulder,chest,back 2,579 463

Arm 2,649 440

Hand,wrist,fingers 7,096 840

Leg 3,833 530

Foot,ankle,toes 3,686 608

Multiple body parts 1,605 422

Other body parts 1,673 391

Unknown 2,713 ---

1 All household youth, hired youth, and youth visiting the farm combined.
25

Table 2-13. National estimates of farm injuries to all youth1 less

than 20 years of age by source of injury: 1998.

Source of Injury

Youth

Injuries

Standard

Error

Agricultural,garden machinery 1,179 320

Animals,animal products 2,932 537

Floors,walkways,ground surfaces 6,435 757

Structural elements 1,621 420

Handtools-nonpowered 1,733 410

Highway vehicle, motorized 1,193 328

Offroad vehicle, nonindustrial 1,963 456

Plant or industrial powered

vehicles,tractors

1,109 343

Other sources 9,838 1,200

Unknown 4,805 ---

1 All household youth, hired youth, and youth visiting the farm combined.
26

Table 2-14. National estimates of farm injuries to all youth1 less

than 20 years of age by injury event: 1998.

Type of event

Youth

Injuries

Standard

Error

Contact with object 2,488 485

Struck against object 2,795 554

Struck by object 3,613 634

Caught in,compressed by

equipment or object

1,065 297

Fall, unspecified 1,520 389

Fall to lower level 3,988 579

Fall on same level 1,717 399

Non-highway accident,

except rail, air, water

5,082 727

Assaults by animals 2,642 517

Other events 3,242 762

Unknown 4,656 ---

1 All household youth, hired youth, and youth visiting the farm combined.
27

Table 2-15. National estimates of farm injuries to all youth1 less than

20 years of age by body part injured and type of injury: 1998.

Type of Injury Body Part

Youth

Injuries

Standard

Error

Cut,laceration Head,skull 1,942 448

Face 1,151 341

Hand,wrist,fingers 2,514 474

Broken bone,

fracture

Arm 1,867 395

Hand,wrist,fingers 1,260 353

Scrape,abrasion Head,skull 1,650 409

Other injuries Other injuries 19,711 1,493

Unknown Unknown 2,713 ---

1 All household youth, hired youth, and youth visiting the farm combined.
28

Table 2-16. National estimates of farm injuries to all youth1 less

than 20 years of age by injury event and source of injury: 1998.

Injury Event Source of Injury

Youth 

Injuries

Standard

Error

Struck by an

object

Handtoolsnonpowered

1,018 320

Falls,

unspecified

Floors,walkways,

ground surfaces

1,370 372

Fall to lower

level

Floors,walkway,

ground surfaces

3,801 574

Non-highway

accident, except

rail, air, water

Offroad vehicle,

nonindustrial

1,839 439

Assaults by

animals

Animals,animal

products

2,459 502

Other events Other sources 17,555 1,563

Unknown Unknown 4,766 ---

1 All household youth, hired youth, and youth visiting the farm combined.
29

Table 2-17. National estimates of farm injuries to all youth1 less than

20 years of age by sex and type of injury: 1998.

Sex Type of Injury

Youth

Injuries

Standard

Error

Males Scrape,abrasion 1,535 290

Bruise,contusion 1,525 345

Sprain,strain,torn

ligament

1,908 412

Broken bone,fracture 4,097 581

Cut,laceration 6,789 811

Other injuries 5,123 746

Females Broken bone,fracture 1,153 298

Cut,laceration 1,167 324

Other injuries 2,904 465

Unknown Unknown 6,607 ---

1 All household youth, hired youth, and youth visiting the farm combined.
30

Table 2-18. National estimates of farm injuries to all youth1 less than

20 years of age by sex and body part injured: 1998.

Sex Injured Body Part

Youth

Injuries

Standard

Error

Males Head,skull 2,734 444

Face 1,792 428

Shoulder,chest,back 1,683 368

Arm 1,907 384

Hand,wrist,fingers 5,416 724

Leg 2,868 499

Foot,ankle,toes 2,520 480

Multiple body parts 1,162 341

Other body parts 895 263

Females Hand,wrist,fingers 1,404 364

Other body parts 3,820 529

Unknown Unknown 6,607 ---

1 All household youth, hired youth, and youth visiting the farm combined.
31

Table 2-19. National estimates of farm injuries to all youth1 less

than 20 years of age by sex and source of injury: 1998.

Sex Source of Injury

Youth

Injuries

Standard

Error

Males Agricultural,garden machinery 1,033 298

Animals,animal products 1,618 361

Floors,walkways,ground surfaces 4,032 568

Other structural elements 1,155 357

Handtools-nonpowered 1,477 378

Offroad vehicle, nonindustrial 1,490 394

Plant or industrial powered

vehicles,tractors

1,109 343

Other sources 8,605 1,056

Females Floors,walkways,ground surfaces 1,717 363

Other sources 3,451 529

Unknown Unknown 7,121 ---

1 All household youth, hired youth, and youth visiting the farm combined.
32

Table 2-20. National estimates of farm injuries to all youth1 less

than 20 years of age by sex and injury event: 1998.

Sex Injury Event

Youth

Injuries

Standard

Error

Males Contact with objects and

equipment, unspecified

1,902 420

Struck against object 2,141 473

Struck by object 3,007 585

Fall, unspecified 1,082 322

Fall to lower level 2,500 434

Fall on same level 1,350 353

Nonhighway accident, except

rail, air, water

3,668 594

Assaults by animals 1,420 439

Other events 3,541 685

Females Fall to lower level 1,009 263

Other events 4,179 624

Unknown Unknown 7,009 ---

1 All household youth, hired youth, and youth visiting the farm combined.
33

Table 2-21. National estimates of farm injuries to all youth1 less

than 20 years of age by age group and type of injury: 1998.

 

Age Group Type of Injury

Youth

Injuries

Standard

Error

<10 years Scrape,abrasion 2,483 601

Broken bone,fracture 2,179 412

Cut,laceration 3,601 624

Other injuries 3,052 540

10-15 years Sprain,strain,torn ligament 1,358 378

 Broken bone,fracture 2,644 489

 Cut,laceration 2,872 509

 Other injuries 4,154 641

16-19 years Sprain,strain,torn ligament 1,021 303

 Cut,laceration 1,689 393

 Other injuries 4,823 653

Unknown Unknown 2,932 ---

1 All household youth, hired youth, and youth visiting the farm combined.
34

Table 2-22. National estimates of farm injuries to all youth1 less

than 20 years of age by age group and body part injured: 1998.

Age Group Body Part

Youth

Injuries

Standard

Error

<10 years Head,skull 3,397 680

Face 1,047 305

Arm 1,436 345

Hand,wrist,fingers 1,695 407

Leg 1,097 321

Other body parts 2,643 495

10-15 years Shoulder,chest,back 1,330 382

 Hand,wrist,fingers 2,560 486

 Leg 1,694 380

 Foot,ankle,toes 2,099 479

Other body parts 3,346 534

16-19 years Hand,wrist,fingers 2,840 556

Other body parts 4,692 629

Unknown Unknown 2,932 ---

1 All household youth, hired youth, and youth visiting the farm combined.
35

Table 2-23. National estimates of farm injuries to all youth1 less

than 20 years of age by age group and source of injury: 1998.

Age Group

 

Source of Injury

Youth

Injuries

Standard

Error

<10 years Floors,walkways,ground

surfaces

3,325 541

Other sources 6,214 800

Unknown 2,288 ---

10-15 years Animals,animal products 1,053 312

Floors,walkways,ground

surfaces

2,063 415

Offroad vehicle, nonindustrial 1,287 389

Other sources 6,403 865

16-19 years Animals,animal products 1,299 351

Handtools, nonpowered 1,028 336

Other sources 5,112 692

Unknown Unknown 2,736 ---

1 All household youth, hired youth, and youth visiting the farm combined.
36

Table 2-24. National estimates of farm injuries to all youth1 less

than 20 years of age by age group and injury event: 1998.

 

Age Group Injury Event

Youth

Injuries

Standard

Error

<10 years Fall to lower level 2,337 439

Fall on same level 1,110 334

Nonhighway accident, except

rail, air, water

1,085 298

Other events 4,883 736

Unknown 2,412 ---

10-15 years Struck against object 1,262 395

Struck by object 1,050 285

Fall to lower level 1,152 304

Nonhighway accident, except

rail, air, water

3,450 621

Other events 4,091 670

16-19 years Struck by object 1,661 421

Assaults by animals 1,189 346

Other events 4,662 654

Unknown Unknown 2,464 ---

1 All household youth, hired youth, and youth visiting the farm combined.
37

Table 2-25. National estimates of farm injuries to all youth1 less than

20 years of age by work status and type of injury: 1998.

Work Status Type of Injury

Youth

Injuries

Standard

Error

Working Scrape,abrasion 2,218 588

Bruise,contusion 1,489 359

Sprain,strain,torn ligament 1,649 414

Broken bone,fracture 1,898 420

Cut,laceration 3,508 579

Other injuries 3,549 612

Non-working Scrape,abrasion 1,491 312

Bruise,contusion 1,114 321

Sprain,strain,torn ligament 1,079 316

Broken bone,fracture 3,777 566

Cut,laceration 4,653 666

Multiple injuries 1,538 430

Other injuries 2,131 461

Unknown Unknown 2,714 ---

1 All household youth, hired youth, and youth visiting the farm combined.
38

Table 2-26. National estimates of farm injuries to all youth1 less than

20 years of age by work status and body part injured: 1998.

Work Status Body Part

Youth

Injuries

Standard

Error

Working Head,skull 1,984 501

Face 1,129 376

Shoulder,chest,back 1,474 368

Hand,wrist,fingers 4,023 636

Leg 1,744 415

Foot,ankle,toes 1,944 434

Other body parts 2,013 460

Non-working Head,skull 2,719 483

Face 1,141 323

Shoulder,chest,back 1,105 327

Arm 2,059 409

Hand,wrist,fingers 3,073 664

Leg 2,088 434

Foot,ankle,toes 1,741 397

Multiple body parts 1,073 339

Other body parts 784 257

Unknown Unknown 2,714 ---

1 All household youth, hired youth, and youth visiting the farm combined.
39

Table 2-27. National estimates of farm injuries to all youth1 less than

20 years of age by work status and source of injury: 1998.

Work Status Source of Injury

Youth

Injuries

Standard

Error

Working Animals,animal products 1,719 406

Floors,walkways,ground surfaces 1,863 416

Other structural elements 1,028 336

Handtools-nonpowered 1,147 336

Other sources 6,592 821

Unknown 2,255 ---

Non-working Animals,animal products 1,214 351

Floors,walkways,ground surfaces 4,571 631

Offroad vehicle, nonindustrial 1,473 404

Other sources 8,396 993

Unknown Unknown 2,550 ---

1 All household youth, hired youth, and youth visiting the farm combined.
40

Table 2-28. National estimates of farm injuries to all youth1 less than

20 years of age by work status and injury event: 1998.

Work Status Injury Event

Youth

Injuries

Standard

Error

Working Contact with objects and

equipment, unspecified

1,319 352

Struck against object 1,037 318

Struck by object 2,403 507

Fall to lower level 1,022 310

Nonhighway accident,

except rail, air, water

1,361 394

Assaults by animals 1,521 383

Other events 3,868 996

Unknown 2,072 ---

Non-working Contact with objects and

equipment, unspecified

1,169 333

Struck against object 1,757 426

Struck by object 1,210 337

Fall to lower level 2,966 487

Fall on same level 1,401 365

Nonhighway accident,

except rail, air, water

3,721 612

Assaults by animals 1,120 347

Other events 2,276 350

Unknown Unknown 2,585 ---

1 All household youth, hired youth, and youth visiting the farm combined.
41

Table 2-29. National estimates of farm injuries to all farm youth1

less than 20 years of age by age group: 1998.

Age Group

Youth

Injuries

Standard

Error

<10 years 8,738 961

10-15 years 10,357 1,117

 10-11 years 2,843 535

 12-13 years 4,166 693

 14-15 years 3,348 582

16-19 years 6,674 858

 16-17 years 3,036 529

 18-19 years 3,638 632

1 All household youth and hired youth combined.
42

Table 2-30. National estimates of farm injuries to farm household

youth less than 20 years of age by age group: 1998.

Age Group

Youth

Injuries

Standard

Error

<10 years 8,738 956

10-15 years 9,932 1,083

 10-11 years 2,843 535

 12-13 years 4,041 681

 14-15 years 3,048 574

16-19 years 4,971 741

 16-17 years 2,288 449

 18-19 years 2,683 449

Table 2-31. National estimates of farm injuries to farm household

youth less than 20 years of age by type of farm: 1998.

Type of Farm

Youth

Injuries

Standard

Error

Crops 9,143 964

 Cash grains 5,133 746

 Tobacco 1,226 388

 All other crops 2,784 475

Livestock 12,897 1,281

 Beef cattle 5,898 780

 Dairy 4,864 871

 Hogs, goats, sheep 1,507 491

 All other livestock 628 219

Unknown 1,600 ---
43

Table 2-32. National estimates of farm injuries to farm household

youth less than 20 years of age by type of injury: 1998.

Type of Injury

Youth

Injuries

Standard

Error

Scrape,abrasion 2,832 575

Bruise,contusion 2,033 432

Sprain,strain,torn ligament 2,113 508

Broken bone,fracture 3,936 583

Cut,laceration 6,431 818

Multiple injuries 1,339 370

Other injuries 3,683 612

Unknown 1,276 ---

Table 2-33. National estimates of farm injuries to farm household

youth less than 20 years of age by body part injured: 1998.

Body Part

Youth

Injuries

Standard

Error

Head,skull 3,914 661

Face 1,659 441

Shoulder,chest,back 1,966 428

Arm 2,006 412

Hand,wrist,fingers 4,556 663

Leg 2,841 554

Foot,ankle,toes 2,935 523

Multiple body parts 1,239 355

Other body parts 1,251 374

Unknown 1,273 ---
44

Table 2-34. National estimates of farm injuries to farm household

youth less than 20 years of age by source of injury: 1998.

Source of Injury

Youth

Injuries

Standard

Error

Animals,animal products 1,925 457

Floors,walkways,ground surfaces 4,945 414

Other structural elements 1,111 352

Highway vehicle, motorized 1,013 301

Offroad vehicle, nonindustrial 1,504 372

Other sources 9,964 1,080

Unknown 3,178 ---

Table 2-35. National estimates of farm injuries to farm household

youth less than 20 years of age by injury event: 1998.

Injury Event

Youth

Injuries

Standard 

Error

Contact with objects and

equipment

1,820 425

Struck against object 1,989 460

Struck by object 2,787 523

Fall, unspecified 1,261 377

Fall to lower level 2,850 489

Fall on same level 1,677 398

Nonhighway accident, except

rail, air, water

3,931 626

Assaults by animals 1,545 404

Other events 2,588 570

Unknown 3,192 ---
45

Table 2-36. National estimates of farm injuries to all farm workers1

less than 20 years of age by age group: 1998.

Age Group

Youth

Injuries

Standard

Error

<10 years 1,818 419

10-15 years 4,828 764

 10-11 years 1,307 370

 12-13 years 1,719 442

 14-15 years 1,802 395

16-19 years 5,736 798

 16-17 years 2,507 487

 18-19 years 3,229 588

 

1 All household workers and hired workers combined.

Table 2-37. National estimates of farm injuries to all farm workers1

less than 20 years of age by type of farm: 1998.

Type of Farm

Youth

Injuries

Standard

Error

Crops 3,484 536

 Cash grains 2,043 411

 All other crops 1,442 340

Livestock 7,135 944

 Beef cattle 2,986 535

 Dairy 3,286 719

 All other livestock 863 301

Unknown 1,763 ---

1 All household workers and hired workers combined.
46

Table 2-38. National estimates of farm injuries to all farm workers1

less than 20 years of age by type of injury: 1998.

Type of Injury

Youth

Injuries

Standard

Error

Bruise,contusion 1,249 324

Sprain,strain,torn ligament 1,446 396

Broken bone,fracture 1,357 345

Cut,laceration 2,928 526

Other injuries 3,820 589

Unknown 1,582 ---

1 All household workers and hired workers combined.

Table 2-39. National estimates of farm injuries to all farm workers1

less than 20 years of age by body part injured: 1998.

Body Part

Youth

Injuries

Standard 

Error

Face 1,129 376

Shoulder,chest,back 1,474 368

Hand,wrist,finger 3,057 527

Leg 1,525 385

Foot,ankle,toes 1,654 399

Other body parts 1,961 370

Unknown 1,582 ---

1 All household workers and hired workers combined.
47

Table 2-40. National estimates of farm injuries to all farm workers1

less than 20 years of age by source of injury: 1998.

Source of Injury

Youth

Injuries

Standard

Error

Animals,animal products 1,589 391

Floors,walkways,ground surfaces 1,826 672

Other sources 7,148 818

Unknown 1,819 ---

1 All household workers and hired workers combined.

Table 2-41. National estimates of farm injuries to all farm workers1

less than 20 years of age by injury event: 1998.

Injury Event

Youth

Injuries

Standard

Error

Contact with objects and

equipment, unspecified

1,060 315

Struck by object 1,885 445

Nonhighway accident, except

rail, air, water

1,215 376

Other events 6,439 790

Unknown 1,783 ---

1 All household workers and hired workers combined.
48

Table 2-42. National estimates of farm injuries to all farm workers1

less than 20 years of age by relationship to farm: 1998.

Relationship

to Farm

Youth

Injuries

Standard

Error

All farm workers 12,382 1,253

 Household - working 10,253 1,135

 Hired workers 2,129 514

1 All household workers and hired workers combined.
49

Table 2-43. National estimates of all farm youth1 less than 20 years

of age by region of the United States: 1998.

Region

Estimated

 Youth

Standard

 Error

Northeast 165,640 4,042

Midwest 905,251 16,358

South 556,871 14,546

West 302,544 6,465

1 All household youth and hired youth combined.

Table 2-44. National estimates of all farm youth1 less than 20 years

of age by relationship to the farm: 1998.

Relationship

to Farm

Estimated

 Youth

Standard

 Error

All farm youth1 1,930,306 23,179

 Farm household 1,263,830 15,152

 Working 727,194 11,373

 Non-working 536,636 9,843

 All farm workers2 1,393,670 20,838

 Hired workers 666,476 16,543

1

2 All household youth and hired youth combined.

All household workers and hired workers combined.
50

Table 2-45. National estimates of all farm youth1 less than 20 years

of age by relationship to the farm and sex: 1998.

 

Relationship

to Farm

Males Females

Estimated

 Youth

Standard

 Error

Estimated

 Youth

Standard

 Error

All farm youth1 1,242,599 17,675 687,707 10,372

 Farm household 665,533 9,586 598,297 9,168

 Working 434,475 7,742 292,719 6,393

 Non-working 231,058 5,663 305,578 6,636

 All farm workers2 1,011,843 16,719 381,827 8,044

 Hired workers 577,066 14,242 89,410 4,661

1 All household youth and hired youth combined.

2 All household workers and hired workers combined.

Table 2-46. National estimates of all farm youth1 less than 20 years

of age by age group: 1998.

Age Group

Estimated

 Youth

Standard

Error

<10 years 436,019 8,720

10-15 years 658,015 10,727

 10-11 years 154,453 3,923

 12-13 years 203,900 4,751

 14-15 years 299,662 6,623

16-19 years 836,272 14,746

 16-17 years 470,101 9,684

 18-19 years 366,171 8,349

1 All household youth and hired youth combined.
51

Table 2-47. National estimates of farm household youth less than 20

years of age by age group: 1998.

Age Group

Estimated

 Youth

Standard

 Error

<10 years 430,580 8,655

10-15 years 472,307 7,993

 10-11 years 136,931 3,629

 12-13 years 158,275 3,925

 14-15 years 177,101 4,144

16-19 years 360,943 6,414

 16-17 years 202,626 4,377

 18-19 years 158,318 3,942

Table 2-48. National estimates of farm household youth less than 20

years of age, by age group and sex: 1998.

Males Females

 

Age Group

Estimated

 Youth

Standard

 Error

Estimated

 Youth

Standard

 Error

<10 years 226,032 5,515 204,548 5,277

10-15 years 245,794 5,423 226,513 5,093

 10-11 years 69,096 2,557 67,835 2,564

 12-13 years 81,943 2,868 76,332 2,694

 14-15 years 94,755 3,714 82,346 2,800

16-19 years 193,706 4,498 167,237 4,220

 16-17 years 107,731 3,189 94,895 3,037

 18-19 years 85,974 2,897 72,344 2,669
52

Table 2-49. National estimates of farm household youth less than 20

years of age by type of farm: 1998.

Type of Farm

Estimated

 Youth

 Standard

 Error

Crops 616,277 11,414

 Cash grains 368,892 9,300

 Tobacco 46,711 3,506

 Cotton 20,730 2,356

 Vegetables 27,088 2,362

 Fruits, nuts 36,013 2,194

 Nursery 23,404 2,220

 Other crops 93,440 4,390

Livestock 637,746 11,876

 Beef cattle 350,180 8,767

 Dairy 165,233 6,654

 Hogs 44,415 3,666

 Sheep, goats 16,337 1,794

 Equine 25,170 2,118

 Poultry, eggs 23,907 2,735

 Other livestock 12,502 1,736

Unknown 9,808 ---
53

Table 2-50. National estimates of farm household youth less than 20

years of age by type of farm and sex: 1998.

Males Females

 

Type of Farm

Estimated

 Youth 

Standard

 Error

Estimated

 Youth 

 Standard

 Error

Crops 329,114 7,181 287,163 6,645

 Cash grains 199,848 5,889 169,044 5,289

 Tobacco 26,671 2,311 20,040 1,877

 Cotton 9,676 1,231 11,054 1,538

 Vegetables 13,351 1,393 13,737 1,462

 Fruits, nuts 18,876 1,354 17,137 1,218

 Nursery 12,152 1,276 11,252 1,326

 Other crops 48,541 2,677 44,899 2,631

Livestock 331,433 7,204 306,313 7,003

 Beef cattle 181,398 5,355 168,782 5,209

 Dairy 85,366 3,859 79,867 3,826

 Hogs 22,342 2,004 22,073 2,144

 Sheep, goats 9,201 1,117 ---

1 ---1

 Equine 12,564 1,310 12,606 1,290

 Poultry, eggs 13,069 1,747 10,838 1,485

 Other livestock 7,494 1,219 12,144 1,227

Unknown 4,985 --- 4,823 ---

1 ”Sheep, goats” are combined with “Other livestock” because the estimates for

some female categories were not reportable. 
54

Table 2-51. National estimates of farm household youth less than 20

years of age by age group and type of farm: 1998.

Age Group Farm Type

Estimated

 Youth

Standard

 Error

<10 years Crops 217,287 6,371

Livestock 210,563 6,272

Unknown 2,730 ---

10-15 years Crops 229,952 5,841

Livestock 238,651 5940

Unknown 3,705 ---

 10-11 years Crops 65,290 2,517

Livestock 70,626 2,691

Unknown 1,016 ---

 12-13 years Crops 77,115 2,780

Livestock 79,940 2,875

Unknown 1,219 ---

 14-15 years Crops 87,546 3,083

Livestock 88,085 2,953

Unknown 1,469 ---

16-19 years Crops 169,039 4,529

Livestock 188,532 4,889

Unknown 3,373 ---

 16-17 years Crops 95,917 3,117

Livestock 104,834 3,277

Unknown 1,875 ---

 18-19 years Crops 73,121 2,728

Livestock 83,698 2,948

Unknown 1,498 ---
55

Table 2-52. National estimates of farm household youth less than 20

years of age by age group, type of farm, and sex: 1998.

Males Females

Age Group Farm Type

Estimated

 Youth

Standard

 Error

Estimated

 Youth

Standard

 Error

<10 years Crops 114,966 4,066 102,321 3,879

Livestock 109,823 3,929 100,740 3,717

Unknown 1,244 --- 1,486 ---

10-15 years Crops 123,673 4,003 106,279 3,558

Livestock 120,490 3,853 118,161 3,791

Unknown 1,631 --- 2,074 ---

 10-11 years Crops 34,406 1,803 30,884 1,713

Livestock 34,191 1,839 36,435 1,935

Unknown 499 --- 517 ---

 12-13 years Crops 40,803 2,031 36,312 1,883

Livestock 40,599 2,061 41,399 2,062

Unknown 540 --- 679 ---

 14-15 years Crops 48,463 2,352 39,083 1,973

Livestock 45,700 2,102 42,385 2,041

Unknown 592 --- 877 ---

16-19 years Crops 90,476 3,144 78,563 2,944

Livestock 101,120 3,349 87,412 3,135

Unknown 2,110 --- 1,263 ---

 16-17 years Crops 50,787 2,242 45,130 2,111

Livestock 55,847 2,317 48,987 2,228

Unknown 1,099 --- 776 ---

 18-19 years Crops 39,689 1,987 33,432 1,844

Livestock 45,273 2,141 38,425 1,963

Unknown 1,011 --- 487 ---
56

Table 2-53. National estimates of working farm household youth less

than 20 years of age by age group: 1998.

Age Group

Estimated

 Youth

Standard

 Error

<10 years 118,297 4,022

10-15 years 336,456 6,851

 10-11 years 84,772 2,882

 12-13 years 114,432 3,376

 14-15 years 137,252 3,733

16-19 years 272,441 5,611

 16-17 years 155,207 3,911

 18-19 years 117,234 3,411

Table 2-54. National estimates of working farm household youth less

than 20 years of age by age group and sex: 1998.

Males Females

Age Group

Estimated

 Youth

Standard

 Error

Estimated

 Youth

Standard

 Error

<10 years 69,438 2,847 48,859 2,384

10-15 years 196,614 4,900 139,842 3,997

 10-11 years 48,152 2,152 36,620 1,893

 12-13 years 65,953 2,592 48,479 2,152

 14-15 years 82,510 2,937 54,742 2,288

16-19 years 168,419 4,250 104,022 3,339

 16-17 years 94,332 3,009 60,875 2,441

 18-19 years 74,086 2,726 43,148 2,062
57

Table 2-55. National estimates of working farm household youth less

than 20 years of age by type of farm: 1998.

Type of Farm

Estimated

 Youth

 Standard

 Error

Crops 328,868 7,954

 Cash grains 202,695 6,528

 Tobacco 27,394 2,525

 Cotton 7,888 1,316

 Vegetables 15,900 1,720

 Fruits, nuts 17,370 1,422

 Nursery 11,968 1,464

 Other crops 45,650 2,791

Livestock 392,796 8,889

 Beef cattle 205,863 6,358

 Dairy 112,619 5,183

 Hogs 28,213 2,656

 Sheep, goats 11,009 1,358

 Equine 13,782 1,459

 Poultry, eggs 14,573 1,963

 Other livestock 6,734 1,113

Unknown 5,107 ---
58

Table 2-56. National estimates of working farm household youth less

than 20 years of age by type of farm and sex: 1998.

Males Females

 

Type of Farm

Estimated

 Youth 

Standard

 Error

Estimated

 Youth 

 Standard

 Error

Crops 202,562 5,543 126,306 4,218

 Cash grains 128,508 4,613 74,187 3,330

 Tobacco 17,547 1,822 9,847 1,251

 Cotton 4,244 798 3,644 819

 Vegetables 8,510 1,113 7,390 1,048

 Fruits, nuts 10,528 968 6,842 739

 Nursery 6,960 879 5,008 805

 Other crops 26,266 1,847 19,384 1,595

Livestock 229,019 5,820 163,777 4,981

 Beef cattle 122,423 4,254 83,440 3,546

 Dairy 63,415 3,216 49,204 2,885

 Hogs 16,491 1,622 11,722 1,446

 Sheep, goats 6,105 850 ---

1 ---1

 Equine 7,659 969 6,123 839

 Poultry, eggs 8,892 1,399 5,681 1,031

 Other livestock 4,034 817 7,682 935

Unknown 2,894 --- 2,268 ---

1 ”Sheep, goats” are combined with “Other livestock” because the estimates for

some female categories were not reportable. 
59

Table 2-57. National estimates of working farm household youth less

than 20 years of age by age group and type of farm: 1998.

Age Group Farm Type

Estimated

 Youth

Standard

 Error

<10 years Crops 50,747 2,659

Livestock 67,139 3,091

Unknown 411 ---

10-15 years Crops 154,095 4,813

Livestock 180,085 5,137

Unknown 2,278 ---

 10-11 years Crops 37,158 1,940

Livestock 47,040 2,166

Unknown 574 ---

 12-13 years Crops 52,153 2,318

Livestock 61,678 2,508

Unknown 600 ---

 14-15 years Crops 64,783 2,683

Livestock 71,366 2,657

Unknown 1,104 ---

16-19 years Crops 124,447 3,885

Livestock 146,029 4,258

Unknown 1,966 ---

 16-17 years Crops 70,666 2,683

Livestock 83,112 2,919

Unknown 1,428 ---

 18-19 years Crops 53,780 2,365

Livestock 62,917 2,530

Unknown 537 ---
60

Table 2-58. National estimates of working farm household youth less

than 20 years of age by age group, type of farm, and sex: 1998.

Males Females

Age Group Farm Type

Estimated

 Youth

Standard

 Error

Estimated

 Youth

Standard

 Error

<10 years Crops 29,816 1,917 20,931 1,570

Livestock 39,323 2,138 27,816 1,810

Unknown 299 --- 112 ---

10-15 years Crops 94,273 3,541 59,822 2,620

Livestock 101,155 3,511 78,930 3,067

Unknown 1,187 --- 1,091 ---

 10-11 years Crops 22,832 1,494 14,326 1,186

Livestock 24,932 1,559 22,708 1,525

Unknown 387 --- 187 ---

 12-13 years Crops 30,794 1,790 21,359 1,457

Livestock 34,839 1,897 25,839 1,512

Unknown 319 --- 281 ---

 14-15 years Crops 40,647 2,180 24,136 1,533

Livestock 41,383 2,004 29,983 1,691

Unknown 480 --- 624 ---

16-19 years Crops 78,471 2,974 45,976 2,230

Livestock 88,539 3,137 57,490 2,531

Unknown 1,408 --- 558 ---

 16-17 years Crops 43,944 2,097 26,722 1,623

Livestock 49,406 2,187 33,706 1,840

Unknown 983 --- 445 ---

 18-19 years Crops 34,527 1,887 19,253 1,402

Livestock 39,133 1,995 23,784 1,526

Unknown 425 --- 112 ---
61

Table 2-59. National estimates of hired farm workers less than 20

years of age by age group: 1998.

Age Group

Estimated

 Youth

Standard

 Error

<10 years 11,477 1,499

10-15 years 182,746 6,837

 10-11 years 16,620 1,441

 12-13 years 44,365 2,536

 14-15 years 121,886 4,961

16-19 years 472,252 14,746

 16-17 years 265,587 8,339

 18-19 years 206,664 7,150

Table 2-60. National estimates of hired farm workers less than 20

years of age by age group and sex: 1998.

Age Group

Males Females

Estimated

 Youth

Standard

 Error

Estimated

 Youth

Standard

 Error

<10 years 8566 1,246 2,933 668

10-15 years 148,964 5,703 33,782 2,418

 10-11 years 13070 1,228 3,455 662

 12-13 years 32,691 2,020 11,566 1,321

 14-15 years 103,202 4,386 18,684 1,609

16-19 years 419,536 11,527 52,716 3,322

 16-17 years 234,787 7,513 30,800 2,310

 18-19 years 184,746 6,578 21,918 1,754
62

Table 2-61. National estimates of hired farm workers less than 20

years of age by type of farm: 1998.

Type of Farm

Estimated

 Youth

 Standard

 Error

Crops 357,617 13,361

 Cash grains 146,913 7,599

 Tobacco 51,795 5,525

 Cotton 8,917 1,718

 Vegetables 33,890 5,157

 Fruits, nuts 41,425 5,495

 Nursery 30,771 4,587

 Other crops 43,905 3,574

Livestock 305,038 10,216

 Beef cattle 165,396 7,235

 Dairy 79,046 4,969

 Hogs 16,958 2,732

 Sheep, goats 8,680 1,313

 Equine 14,836 2,367

 Poultry, eggs 11,054 2,660

 Other livestock 9,069 2,817

Unknown 3,821 ---
63

Table 2-62. National estimates of hired farm workers less than 20

years of age by type of farm and sex: 1998.

Males Females

 

Type of Farm

Estimated

 Youth 

Standard

 Error

Estimated

 Youth 

 Standard

 Error

Crops 302,383 11,104 55,234 4,010

 Cash grains 131,361 6,561 15,552 1,936

 Tobacco 43,904 4,674 7,891 1,619

 Cotton 7,530 1,467 1,387 546

 Vegetables 27,540 4,420 6,350 1,497

 Fruits, nuts 29,536 3,704 11,889 2,337

 Nursery 23,069 3,755 7,702 1,169

 Other crops 38,545 3,087 5,360 1,027

Livestock 271,367 9,305 33,671 2,388

 Beef cattle 149,124 6,734 16,272 1,453

 Dairy 70,966 4,292 8,080 1,434

 Hogs 15,079 2,414 1,879 593

 Sheep, goats 7,921 1,266 ---

1 ---1

 Equine 10,446 1,915 4,390 785

 Poultry, eggs 9,686 2,445 1,368 535

 Other livestock 7,981 2,735 1,847 466

Unknown 3,317 --- 506 ---

1 ”Sheep, goats” are combined with “Other livestock” because the estimates for

some female categories were not reportable. 
64

Table 2-63. National estimates of hired farm workers less than 20

years of age by age group and type of farm: 1998.

Age Group Farm Type

Estimated

 Youth

Standard

 Error

<10 years Crops 5,466 883

Livestock 6,011 1,222

10-15 years Crops 99,043 5,552

Livestock 82,672 4,050

Unknown 1,031 ---

 10-11 years Crops 7,933 996

Livestock 8,592 1,042

 12-13 years Crops 22,985 1,957

Livestock 20,911 1,609

Unknown 361 ---

 14-15 years Crops 68,126 4,063

Livestock 53,090 2,876

Unknown 670 ---

16-19 years Crops 253,108 10,325

Livestock 216,354 8,032

Unknown 2,790 ---

 16-17 years Crops 140,573 6,415

Livestock 123,307 5,468

Unknown 1,707 ---

 18-19 years Crops 112,534 5,666

Livestock 93,047 4,441

Unknown 1,083 ---
65

Table 2-64. National estimates of hired farm workers less than 20

years of age by age group, type of farm, and sex: 1998.

Males Females

Age Group Farm Type

Estimated

 Youth

Standard

 Error

Estimated

 Youth

Standard

 Error

<10 years Crops 3,904 666 1,562 562

Livestock 4,662 1,068 1,349 361

10-15 years Crops 79,360 4,555 19,683 1,945

Livestock 68,929 3,485 13,743 1,411

Unknown 675 --- 356 ---

 10-11 years Crops 6,441 878 1,492 452

Livestock 6,629 858 1,963 482

 12-13 years Crops 17,076 1,520 5,909 1,042

Livestock 15,422 1,333 5,489 783

Unknown 193 --- 168 ---

 14-15 years Crops 55,842 3,524 12,284 1,073

Livestock 46,878 2,641 6,212 885

Unknown 482 --- 188 ---

16-19 years Crops 219,118 8,852 33,990 2,973

Livestock 197,776 7,621 18,578 1,525

Unknown 2,642 --- 148 ---

 16-17 years Crops 119,915 5,515 20,658 2,019

Livestock 113,209 5,187 10,098 1,150

Unknown 1,663 --- 44 ---

 18-19 years Crops 99,203 5,091 13,331 1,497

Livestock 84,566 4,254 8,481 900

Unknown 977 --- 106 ---
66

Table 2-65. National estimates of all farm workers1 less than 20 years

of age by age group: 1998.

Age Group

Estimated

 Youth

 Standard

 Error

<10 years 129,774 4,374

10-15 years 519,204 9,909

 10-11 years 101,297 3,242

 12-13 years 158,688 4,300

 14-15 years 258,949 6,349

16-19 years 744,694 14,450

 16-17 years 420,794 9,468

 18-19 years 323,900 8,130

1 All household workers and hired workers combined.

Table 2-66. National estimates of all farm workers1 less than 20 years

of age by age group and sex: 1998.

Males Females

Age Group

Estimated

 Youth

Standard

 Error

Estimated

 Youth

Standard

 Error

<10 years 78,004 3152 51,770 2,500

10-15 years 345,579 7,714 173,512 4,699

 10-11 years 61,221 2492 40,115 2,004

 12-13 years 98,643 3354 60,045 2,570

 14-15 years 185,712 5386 73,242 2,819

16-19 years 587,954 12,489 156,740 4,820

 16-17 years 329,120 8294 91,529 3,401

 18-19 years 258,831 7196 65,008 2,791

1 All household workers and hired workers combined.
67

Table 2-67. National estimates of all farm workers1 less than 20 years

of age by type of farm: 1998.

Type of Farm

Estimated

 Youth 

 Standard

 Error

Crops 686,714 16,459

 Cash grains 349,883 10,754

 Tobacco 79,241 6,734

 Cotton 16,810 2,349

 Vegetables 49,819 5,690

 Fruits, nuts 58,818 5,879

 Nursery 42,683 4,914

 Other crops 89,458 4,895

Livestock 698,059 14,473

 Beef cattle 371,229 10,159

 Dairy 191,812 7,980

 Hogs 45,229 4,427

 Sheep, goats 19,713 2,099

 Equine 28,642 2,948

 Poultry, eggs 25,620 3,728

 Other livestock 15,814 3,082

Unknown 8,472 ---

1 All household workers and hired workers combined.
68

Table 2-68. National estimates of all farm workers1 less than 20 years

of age by type of farm and sex: 1998.

Males Females

 

Type of Farm

Estimated

 Youth 

Standard

 Error

Estimated

 Youth 

 Standard

 Error

Crops 504,945 13,040 181,540 5,981

 Cash grains 259,869 8,552 89,739 3,935

 Tobacco 61,451 5,503 17,738 2,148

 Cotton 11,774 1,763 5,031 1,052

 Vegetables 36,050 4,731 13,740 1,849

 Fruits, nuts 40,064 3,935 18,731 2,543

 Nursery 30,029 3,940 12,710 1,486

 Other crops 64,811 3,777 24,744 1,973

Livestock 500,386 11,563 197,448 5,660

 Beef cattle 271,547 8,328 99,712 3,900

 Dairy 134,381 5,887 57,284 3,345

 Hogs 31,570 3,218 13,601 1,699

 Sheep, goats 14,026 1,676 ---

2 ---2

 Equine 18,105 2,277 10,513 1,149

 Poultry, eggs 18,578 3,140 7,049 1,207

 Other livestock 12,015 2,865 9,529 1,067

Unknown 6,211 --- 2,774 ---

1 All household workers and hired workers combined.

2 ”Sheep, goats” are combined with “Other livestock” because the estimates for

some female categories were not reportable. 
69

Table 2-69. National estimates of all farm workers1 less than 20 years

of age by age group and type of farm: 1998.

Age Group Farm Type

Estimated

 Youth

Standard

 Error

<10 years Crops 56,213 2,842

Livestock 73,150 3,370

Unknown 411 ---

10-15 years Crops 253,138 7,709

Livestock 262,757 6,716

Unknown 3,309 ---

 10-11 years Crops 45,091 2,198

Livestock 55,632 2,416

Unknown 574 ---

 12-13 years Crops 75,138 3,149

Livestock 82,589 3,019

Unknown 961 ---

 14-15 years Crops 132,909 5,056

Livestock 124,456 4,012

Unknown 1,774 ---

16-19 years Crops 377,555 11,378

Livestock 362,383 9,578

Unknown 4,756 ---

 16-17 years Crops 211,239 7,166

Livestock 206,419 6,495

Unknown 3,135 ---

 18-19 years Crops 166,314 6,307

Livestock 155,964 5,332

Unknown 1,620 ---

1 All household workers and hired workers combined.
70

Table 2-70. National estimates of all farm workers1 less than 20 years

of age by age group, type of farm, and sex: 1998.

Males Females

 

Age Group Farm Type

Estimated

 Youth

Standard

 Error

Estimated

 Youth

Standard

 Error

<10 years Crops 33,720 2,051 22,493 1,695

Livestock 43,985 2,434 29,165 1,860

Unknown 299 --- 112 ---

10-15 years Crops 173,633 6,028 79,505 3,323

Livestock 170,084 5,088 92,673 3,399

Unknown 1,862 --- 1,447 ---

 10-11 years Crops 29,273 1,750 15,818 1,267

Livestock 31,561 1,789 24,071 1,560

Unknown 387 --- 187 ---

 12-13 years Crops 47,870 2,433 27,268 1831

Livestock 50,261 2,346 32,328 1796

Unknown 512 --- 449 ---

 14-15 years Crops 96,489 4,290 36,420 2057

Livestock 88,261 3,373 36,195 1925

Unknown 962 --- 812 ---

16-19 years Crops 297,589 9,551 79,966 5982

Livestock 286,315 8,507 76,068 3027

Unknown 4,050 --- 706 ---

 16-17 years Crops 163,859 6,082 47,380 2613

Livestock 162,615 5,814 43,804 2509

Unknown 2,646 --- 489 ---

 18-19 years Crops 133,730 5,495 32,584 2131

Livestock 123,679 32,265

Unknown 1,402 --- 218 ---

1 All household workers and hired workers combined.
71

Table 2-71. National estimates of farm injury rates per 100 youth

less than 20 years of age: 1998.

Relationship

to Farm Injuries Youth

Rate/

100 youth

Standard

Error

All farm youth1 25,768 1,930,306 1.33 0.10

 Farm household 23,640 1,263,830 1.87 0.15

 Working 10,254 727,194 1.41 0.16

 Non-working 13,386 1,263,830 1.06 0.10

 All farm workers2 12,382 1,393,670 0.89 0.09

 Hired workers 2,127 666,476 0.32 0.06

1 All household youth and hired youth combined.

2 All household workers and hired workers combined.

Table 2-72. National estimates of farm injury rates per 100 youth

less than 20 years of age by sex and relationship to farm: 1998.

Sex and 

Relationship to Farm Injuries Youth

Rate/

100 youth

Standard

Error

Males

 All farm youth1 20,334 1,242,599 1.64 0.14

 Farm household 18,307 665,533 2.75 0.24

 Working 8,786 434,475 2.02 0.25

 Non-working 9,521 665,533 1.43 0.15

 All farm workers2 10,813 1,011,843 1.07 0.12

Females

 All farm youth1 5,434 687,707 0.79 0.10

 Farm household 5,333 598,297 0.09 0.01

 Working 1,468 292,719 0.50 0.12

 Non-working 3,865 598,297 0.65 0.10

 All farm workers2 1,569 381,827 0.41 0.10

1 All household youth and hired youth combined.

2 All household workers and hired workers combined.
72

Table 2-73. National estimates of farm injury rates per 100 youth for

all farm youth1 less than 20 years of age by age group: 1998.

 

Age Group Injuries Youth

Rate/

100 youth

Standard

Error

<10 years 8,738 436,019 2.00 0.22

10-15 years 10,357 658,015 1.57 0.23

 10-11 years 2,843 154,453 1.84 0.39

 12-13 years 4,166 203,900 2.04 0.43

 14-15 years 3,348 299,662 1.12 0.30

16-19 years 6,674 836,272 0.80 0.18

 16-17 years 3,036 470,101 0.65 0.20

 18-19 years 3,638 366,171 0.99 0.30

1 All household youth and hired youth combined.

Table 2-74. National estimates of farm injury rates per 100 youth for

farm household youth less than 20 years of age by age group: 1998.

 

Age Group Injuries Youth

Rate/

100 youth

Standard

Error

<10 years 8,738 430,580 2.03 0.23

10-15 years 9,932 472,307 2.10 0.23

 10-11 years 2,843 136,931 2.08 0.39

 12-13 years 4,041 158,275 2.55 0.43

 14-15 years 3,048 177,101 1.72 0.33

16-19 years 4,971 360,943 1.38 0.21

 16-17 years 2,288 202,626 1.13 0.22

 18-19 years 2,683 158,318 1.69 0.29
73

Table 2-75. National estimates of farm injury rates per 100 youth for

all farm workers1 less than 20 years of age by age group: 1998.

 

Age Group Injuries Youth

Rate/

100 youth

Standard

Error

<10 years 1,818 129,774 1.40 0.33

10-15 years 4,828 519,204 0.93 0.15

 10-11 years 1,307 101,297 1.29 0.37

 12-13 years 1,719 158,688 1.08 0.28

 14-15 years 1,802 258,949 0.70 0.15

16-19 years 5,736 744,694 0.77 0.11

 16-17 years 2,507 420,794 0.60 0.12

 18-19 years 3,229 323,900 1.00 0.18

1 All household workers and hired workers combined.

Table 2-76. National estimates of farm injury rates per 100 youth

less than 20 years of age by type of farm and relationship to farm:

1998.

Type of Farm and

Relationship to Farm Injuries Youth

Rate/

100 youth

Standard

Error

Crops

 All farm youth1 10,668 973,894 1.10 0.12

 Farm household 9,811 616,277 1.59 0.17

 All farm workers2 4,061 686,714 .059 0.09

Livestock

 All farm youth1 15,100 942,784 1.60 0.16

 Farm household 13,829 637,746 2.17 0.22

 All farm workers2 8,321 698,059 1.19 0.16

1 All household youth and hired youth combined.

2 All household workers and hired workers combined.
74

Table 2-77. Regional estimates of farm injury rates per 100 youth for

all farm youth1 less than 20 years of age: 1998.

Region Injuries Youth

Rate/

100 youth

Standard

Error

Northeast 1,995 165,640 1.20 0.15

Midwest 12,040 905,251 1.33 0.17

South 7,569 556,871 1.36 0.20

West 4,174 302,544 1.38 0.14

1 All household youth and hired youth combined.

Table 2-78. Regional estimates of farm injury rates per 100 youth for

farm household youth less than 20 years of age by sex: 1998.

Region and 

Sex Injuries Youth

Rate/

100 youth

Standard

Error

Northeast

 Males 1,318 49,192 2.68 0.42

 Females 337 45,492 0.74 0.17

Midwest

 Males 8,926 331,202 2.70 0.38

 Females 2,232 301,153 0.74 0.16

South

 Males 5,115 186,052 2.75 0.51

 Females 1,943 166,345 1.17 0.29

West

 Males 2,948 99,086 2.98 0.36

 Females 821 85,308 0.96 0.20
75

Section III:

Regional Injury and

Demographic Data
76
77

Table 3-1. Northeast regional estimates of farm injuries to all youth1

less than 20 years of age by relationship to the farm: 1998.

Relationship

to Farm

Youth

Injuries

Standard

Error

All youth1 2,458 262

 Working 1,207 160

 Non-working 1,251 180

Visitors 462 100

All farm youth2 1,996 240

 Farm household 1,655 216

 Working 750 123

 Non-working 905 156

 All farm workers3 1,091 164

 Hired workers 341 82

1

2 All household youth, hired youth, and youth visiting the farm combined.

3 All household youth and hired youth combined.

All household workers and hired workers combined.

Table 3-2. Northeast regional estimates of farm injuries to all youth1

less than 20 years of age by relationship to the farm and sex: 1998.

Males Females

Relationship

to Farm

Youth 

Injuries

Standard

Error

Youth 

Injuries

Standard

Error

All youth1 1,992 242 466 92

 Working 1,078 153 129 49

 Non-working 914 157 337 79

Farm household 1,318 201 337 77

1

All household youth, hired youth, and youth visiting the farm combined.
78

Table 3-3. Northeast regional estimates of farm injuries to all youth1

less than 20 years of age by age group: 1998.

Age Group

Youth

Injuries

Standard

Error

<10 years 735 136

10-15 years 806 161

16-19 years 917 139

1

All household youth, hired youth, and youth visiting the farm combined.

Table 3-4. Northeast regional estimates of farm injuries to all youth1

less than 20 years of age by type of farm: 1998.

Type of Farm

Youth

Injuries

Standard

Error

Crops 540 151

Livestock 1,878 214

 Beef cattle 260 72

 Dairy 1,199 164

 All other livestock 420 118

Unknown 40 ---

1

All household youth, hired youth, and youth visiting the farm combined.
79

Table 3-5. Northeast regional estimates of farm injuries to all youth1

less than 20 years of age by type of injury: 1998.

Type of Injury

Youth

Injuries

Standard

Error

Bruise,contusion 300 82

Sprain,strain,torn ligament 200 63

Broken bone,fracture 659 114

Cut,laceration 600 105

Other injuries 639 120

Unknown 140 ---

1

All household youth, hired youth, and youth visiting the farm combined.

Table 3-6. Northeast regional estimates of farm injuries to all youth1

less than 20 years of age by body part injured: 1998.

Body Part Injured

Youth

Injuries

Standard

Error

Head,skull 260 72

Face 180 60

Shoulder,chest,back 160 56

Arm 360 85

Hand,wrist,fingers 679 132

Leg 280 80

Foot,ankle,toes 360 85

Other body parts 120 49

Unknown 60 ---

1

All household youth, hired youth, and youth visiting the farm combined.
80

Table 3-7. Northeast regional estimates of farm injuries to all youth1

less than 20 years of age by source of injury: 1998.

Source of Injury

Youth

Injuries

Standard

Error

Agricultural,garden machinery 200 69

Animals,animal products 280 75

Floors,walkways,ground surfaces 599 113

Other injury sources 1,259 190

Unknown 120 ---

1

All household youth, hired youth, and youth visiting the farm combined.

Table 3-8. Northeast regional estimates of farm injuries to all youth1

less than 20 years of age by injury event: 1998.

Injury Event

Youth

Injuries

Standard

Error

Contact with object 200 63

Struck by object 420 91

Fall, unspecified 220 66

Fall to lower level 360 89

Fall on same level 160 56

Non-highway accident, except

rail, air, water

220 66

Assaults by animals 260 72

Other events 478 97

Unknown 140 ---

1

All household youth, hired youth, and youth visiting the farm combined.
81

Table 3-9. Northeast regional estimates of farm injuries to all youth1

less than 20 years of age by type of injury and body part injured:

1998.

Type of Injury Body Part

Youth

Injuries

Standard

Error

Broken bone,fracture Arm 200 63

Foot,ankle,toes 160 56

Cut,lacerations Head,skull 160 56

Hand,wrist,fingers 240 69

Other injuries Other body parts 1,638 201

Unknown Unknown 60 ---

1

All household youth, hired youth, and youth visiting the farm combined.

Table 3-10. Northeast regional estimates of farm injuries to all

youth1 less than 20 years of age by source of injury and injury event:

1998.

Source of Injury Injury Event

Youth

Injuries

Standard

Error

Animals,animal products Assaults by animals 260 72

Floors,walkways,ground

surfaces

Falls, unspecified 180 59

Fall to lower level 320 85

Other sources Other events 1,578 210

Unknown Unknown 120 ---

1

All household youth, hired youth, and youth visiting the farm combined.
82

Table 3-11. Northeast regional estimates of farm injuries to all farm

youth1 less than 20 years of age by age group: 1998.

Age Group

Youth

Injuries

Standard

Error

<10 years 645 128

10-15 years 617 144

16-19 years 734 121

1 All household youth and hired youth combined.
83

Table 3-12. Northeast regional estimates of farm injuries to farm

household youth less than 20 years of age by age group: 1998.

Age Group

Youth

Injuries

Standard

Error

<10 years 345 128

10-15 years 521 126

16-19 years 489 100

Table 3-13. Northeast regional estimates of farm injuries to farm

household youth less than 20 years of age by type of farm: 1998.

Type of Farm

Youth

Injuries

Standard

Error

Crops 320 114

Livestock 1,319 180

 Beef cattle 160 56

 Dairy 859 137

 All other livestock 300 104

Unknown 20 ---

Table 3-14. Northeast regional estimates of farm injuries to farm

household youth less than 20 years of age by type of injury: 1998.

Type of Injury

Youth

Injuries

Standard

Error

Bruise,contusion 220 72

Broken bone,fracture 500 100

Cut,laceration 300 77

Other injuries 599 113
84

Table 3-15. Northeast regional estimates of farm injuries to farm

household youth less than 20 years of age by body part injured: 1998.

Body Part Injured

Youth

Injuries

Standard

Error

Head,skull 180 60

Arm 280 75

Hand,wrist,fingers 420 111

Foot,ankle,toes 260 72

Other body parts 479 102

Table 3-16. Northeast regional estimates of farm injuries to farm

household youth less than 20 years of age by injury event: 1998.

Injury Event

Youth

Injuries

Standard

Error

Struck by object 340 82

Fall, unspecified 160 56

Fall to lower level 320 85

Non-highway accident, except

rail, air, water

180 60

Other events 599 117

Unknown 20 ---
85

Table 3-17. Northeast regional estimates of farm injuries to all farm

workers1 less than 20 years of age by age group: 1998.

Age Group

Youth

Injuries

Standard

Error

<16 years2 425 93

16-19 years 666 115

1

2 All household workers and hired workers combined.

One or more age groups below 16 years of age for all farm workers were not

reportable.

Table 3-18. Northeast regional estimates of farm injuries to all farm

workers1 less than 20 years of age by type of farm: 1998.

Type of Farm

Youth

Injuries

Standard

Error

Crops 180 59

Livestock 819 126

 Dairy 699 118

Unknown 20 ---

1

All household workers and hired workers combined.
86

Table 3-19. Northeast regional estimates of all farm youth1 less than

20 years of age by relationship to the farm: 1998.

Relationship

to Farm

Estimated

 Youth

Standard

 Error

All farm youth1 165,064 4,028

 Farm household 94,684 2,085

 Working 61,389 1,683

 Non-working 33,295 1,103

 All farm workers2 131,769 3,839

 Hired workers 70,380 3,427

1

2 All household youth and hired youth combined.

All household workers and hired workers combined.

Table 3-20. Northeast regional estimates of all farm youth1 less than

20 years of age by relationship to the farm and sex: 1998.

Males Females

Relationship

to Farm

Estimated

 Youth

Standard

 Error

Estimated

 Youth

Standard

 Error

All farm youth1 106,349 3,062 58,715 1,644

 Farm household 49,192 1,266 45,492 1,242

 Working 34,457 1,070 26,932 966

 Non-working 14,735 644 18,560 738

 All farm workers2 91,614 2,993 40,155 1,444

 Hired workers 57,157 2,797 13,223 1,041

1

2 All household youth and hired youth combined.

All household workers and hired workers combined.
87

Table 3-21. Northeast regional estimates of farm household youth less

than 20 years of age by age group: 1998.

Age Group

 Estimated

 Youth

 Standard

 Error

<10 years 32,285 1,148

10-15 years 35,534 1,039

 10-11 years 10,701 468

 12-13 years 12,021 494

 14-15 years 12,813 513

16-19 years 26,864 816

 16-17 years 14,518 535

 18-19 years 12,346 496

Table 3-22. Northeast regional estimates of farm household youth less

than 20 years of age by age group and sex: 1998.

Males Females

 

Age Group

Estimated

 Youth

Standard

 Error

Estimated

 Youth

Standard

 Error

<10 years 16,275 696 16,010 708

10-15 years 18,251 677 17,283 657

 10-11 years 5,378 331 5,323 329

 12-13 years 6,050 351 5,971 348

 14-15 years 6,824 372 5,989 349

16-19 years 14,666 577 12,198 518

 16-17 years 7,455 386 7,063 376

 18-19 years 7,211 380 5,135 318
88

Table 3-23. Northeast regional estimates of farm household youth less

than 20 years of age by type of farm: 1998.

Type of Farm

Estimated

 Youth 

 Standard

 Error

Crops 29,605 1,240

 Cash grains 6,924 626

 Vegetables 4,366 528

 Fruits, nuts 2,701 367

 Nursery 6,071 581

 Other crops 9,543 717

Livestock 64,591 1,877

 Beef cattle 12,143 796

 Dairy 41,240 1,627

 Hogs 1,198 267

 Sheep, goats 2,335 394

 Equine 2,411 274

 Poultry, eggs 2,234 422

 Other livestock 2,031 320

Unknown 487 ---
89

Table 3-24. Northeast regional estimates of working farm household

youth less than 20 years of age by age group: 1998.

Age Group

 Estimated

 Youth

 Standard

 Error

<10 years 11,675 619

10-15 years 28,626 962

 10-11 years 7,824 404

 12-13 years 9,841 456

 14-15 years 10,962 476

16-19 years 21,088 730

 16-17 years 11,573 485

 18-19 years 9,514 438

Table 3-25. Northeast regional estimates of working farm household

youth less than 20 years of age by age group and sex: 1998.

Males Females

 

Age Group

Estimated

 Youth

Standard

 Error

Estimated

 Youth

Standard

 Error

<16 years 21,905 829 18,396 782

 <14 years1 15,935 696 13,404 648

 14-15 years 5,970 346 4,992 324

16-19 years 12,552 539 8,536 442

 16-17 years 6,541 367 5,032 323

 18-19 years 6,011 348 3,503 265

1

One or more age groups below 14 years of age for family or hired workers were

not reportable.
90

Table 3-26. Northeast regional estimates of working farm household

youth less than 20 years of age by type of farm: 1998.

Type of Farm

Estimated

 Youth 

 Standard

 Error

Crops 17,176 925

 Cash grains 4,034 454

 Vegetables 2,954 439

 Fruits, nuts 1,446 256

 Nursery 3,178 398

 Other crops 5,562 523

Livestock 44,009 1,499

 Beef cattle 7,967 608

 Dairy 28,525 1,297

 Sheep, goats 1,508 285

 Equine 2,425 322

 Poultry, eggs 1,589 333

 Other livestock 1,997 296

Unknown 204 ---
91

Table 3-27. Northeast regional estimates of hired farm workers less

than 20 years of age by age group: 1998.

Age Group

 Estimated

 Youth

 Standard

 Error

<10 years 1,176 215

10-15 years 19,769 1,219

 10-11 years 1,176 162

 12-13 years 3,528 322

 14-15 years 15,066 1,043

16-19 years 49,435 2,548

 16-17 years 30,964 1,733

 18-19 years 18,471 1,180

Table 3-28. Northeast regional estimates of hired farm workers less

than 20 years of age by age group and sex: 1998.

Males Females

 

Age Group

Estimated

 Youth

Standard

 Error

Estimated

 Youth

Standard

 Error

<16 years 16,965 1,044 3,980 414

 <14 years1 4,744 415 1,136 177

 14-15 years 12,221 837 2,844 353

16-19 years 40,191 2,143 9,244 799

 16-17 years 24,592 1,399 6,373 623

 18-19 years 15,600 1,037 2,871 316

1

One or more age groups below 14 years of age for family or hired workers were

not reportable.
92

Table 3-29. Northeast regional estimates of hired farm workers less

than 20 years of age by type of farm: 1998.

Type of Farm

Estimated

 Youth 

 Standard

 Error

Crops 35,230 3,017

 Cash grains 4,356 706

 Vegetables 7,374 1,229

 Fruits, nuts 5,535 1,021

 Nursery 11,530 2,326

 Other crops 6,435 902

Livestock 34,830 1,751

 Beef cattle 6,035 672

 Dairy 22,041 1,305

 Sheep, goats 1,079 259

 Equine 2,438 503

 Poultry, eggs 879 275

 Other livestock 2,358 799

Unknown 320 ---
93

Table 3-30. Northeast regional estimates of all farm workers1 less

than 20 years of age by age group: 1998.

Age Group

 Estimated

 Youth

 Standard

 Error

<10 years 12,851 660

10-15 years 48,395 1,563

 10-11 years 9,000 437

 12-13 years 13,369 562

 14-15 years 26,028 1,148

16-19 years 70,523 2,696

 16-17 years 42,537 1,794

 18-19 years 27,985 1,280

1

All household workers and hired workers combined.

Table 3-31. Northeast regional estimates of all farm workers1 less

than 20 years of age by age group and sex: 1998.

Males Females

 

Age Group

Estimated

 Youth

Standard

 Error

Estimated

 Youth

Standard

 Error

<10 years 7,333 460 5,518 374

10-15 years 31,537 1,168 16,858 731

 10-11 years 5,203 331 3,797 284

 12-13 years 8,143 430 5,225 336

 14-15 years 18,191 911 7,836 483

16-19 years 52,743 2,209 17,780 929

 16-17 years 31,133 1,439 11,405 711

 18-19 years 21,611 1,104 6,374 420

1

All household workers and hired workers combined.
94

Table 3-32. Northeast regional estimates of all farm workers1 less

than 20 years of age by type of farm: 1998.

Type of Farm

Estimated

 Youth 

 Standard

 Error

Crops 52,406 3,245

 Cash grains 8,390 881

 Vegetables 10,328 1,367

 Fruits, nuts 6,981 1,128

 Nursery 14,708 2,399

 Other crops 11,996 1,957

Livestock 78,839 2,387

 Beef cattle 14,002 971

 Dairy 50,566 1,950

 Hogs 1,195 290

 Sheep, goats 2,587 413

 Equine 4,863 631

 Poultry, eggs 2,468 461

 Other livestock 3,160 838

Unknown 524 ---

1

All household workers and hired workers combined.
95

Table 3-33. Northeast regional estimates of all farm youth1 less than

20 years of age by relationship to farm, type of farm and sex: 1998.

Males Females

Relationship

to Farm Farm Type

Estimated

 Youth

Standard

 Error

Estimated

 Youth

Standard

 Error

Household Crops 15,195 733 14,410 808

Livestock 33,691 1,119 30,900 1,085

Unknown 306 --- 181 ---

 Working Crops 9,394 559 7,782 545

Livestock 24,921 956 19,088 830

Unknown 143 --- 61 ---

 Non-Working Crops 5,801 429 6,628 441

Livestock 8,770 494 11,812 616

Unknown 163 --- 120 ---

All Farm

Workers2 Crops 36,335 2,558 16,701 1,102

Livestock 54,817 1,760 24,022 1,050

Unknown 463 --- 61 ---

 Hired 

 workers Crops

26,941 2,460 8,289 860

Livestock 29,896 960 4,934 602

Unknown 320 --- 0 ---

1 All household youth and hired youth combined.

2 All household workers and hired workers combined.
96

Table 3-34. Northeast regional estimates of farm injury rates per 100

youth less than 20 years of age: 1998.

Relationship

to Farm Injuries Youth

Rate/

100 youth

Standard

Error

All farm youth1 1,996 165,064 1.21 0.15

 Farm household 1,655 94,684 1.75 0.23

 Working 750 61,389 1.22 0.20

 Non-working 905 94,684 0.96 0.17

 All farm workers2 1,091 131,769 0.83 0.13

1 All household youth and hired youth combined.

2 All household workers and hired workers combined.

Table 3-35. Northeast regional estimates of farm injury rates for

farm household youth less than 20 years of age by age group: 1998.

Age Group Injuries Youth

Rate/

100 Youth

Standard

Error

<10 years 345 32,285 1.07 0.40

10-15 years 521 35,534 1.47 0.36

16-19 years 489 26,864 1.82 0.38

Table 3-36. Northeast regional estimates of farm injury rates for all

farm workers1 less than 20 years of age by age group: 1998.

Age Group Injuries Youth

Rate/

100 Youth

Standard

Error

<10 years 100 12,851 0.78 0.35

10-15 years 325 48,395 0.67 0.17

16-19 years 666 70,523 0.94 0.17

1 All household workers and hired workers combined.
97

Table 3-37. Northeast regional estimates of farm injury rates per 100

youth less than 20 years of age by type of farm and relationship to

farm: 1998.

Farm Type and

Relationship to Farm Injuries Youth

Rate /

100 youth

Standard

Error

Crops

 Farm household 320 29,605 1.08 0.39

 All farm workers1 180 52,406 0.34 0.05

Livestock

 Farm household 1,319 64,591 2.04 0.68

 All farm workers1 819 78,839 1.04 0.16

1 All household workers and hired workers combined.
98

This page intentionally left blank.
99

Table 3-38. Midwest regional estimates of farm injuries to all youth1

less than 20 years of age by relationship to the farm: 1998.

Relationship

to Farm

Youth

Injuries

Standard

Error

All youth1 16,443 1,824

 Working 7,506 1,031

 Non-working 8,937 1,228

Visitors 4,403 730

All farm youth2 12,040 1,526

 Farm household 11,158 1,428

 Working 5,225 866

 Non-working 5,933 931

 All farm workers3 6,107 932

 Hired workers 882 312

1

2 All household youth, hired youth, and youth visiting the farm combined.

3 All household youth and hired youth combined.

All household workers and hired workers combined.

Table 3-39. Midwest regional estimates of farm injuries to all youth1

less than 20 years of age by relationship to the farm and sex: 1998.

Males Females

Relationship 

to Farm

Youth 

Injuries

Standard

Error

Youth 

Injuries

Standard

Error

All youth1 13,493 1,604 2,950 565

 Working 6,917 1,007 589 240

 Non-working 6,576 1,012 2,361 512

Farm household 8,926 1,227 2,232 484

1

All household youth, hired youth, and youth visiting the farm combined.
100

Table 3-40. Midwest regional estimates of farm injuries to all youth1

less than 20 years of age by age group: 1998.

Age Group

Youth

Injuries

Standard

Error

<10 years 6,237 904

10-15 years 6,191 948

16-19 years 3,985 727

1

All household youth, hired youth, and youth visiting the farm combined.

Table 3-41. Midwest regional estimates of farm injuries to all youth1

less than 20 years of age by type of farm: 1998.

Type of Farm

Youth

Injuries

Standard

Error

Crops 6,358 860

 Cash grains 5,152 780

 All other crops 1,206 363

Livestock 7,564 1,007

 Beef cattle 2,960 569

 Dairy 3,069 675

 All other livestock 1,535 490

Unknown 2,521 ---

1

All household youth, hired youth, and youth visiting the farm combined.
101

Table 3-42. Midwest regional estimates of farm injuries to all youth1

less than 20 years of age by type of injury: 1998.

Type of Injury

Youth

Injuries

Standard

Error

Scrape,abrasion 2,083 477

Bruise,contusion 1,206 363

Sprain,strain,torn ligament 1,206 395

Broken bone,fracture 2,192 490

Cut,laceration 4,494 717

Multiple injuries 987 363

Other injuries 2,302 525

Unknown 1,973 ---

1 All household youth, hired youth, and youth visiting the farm combined.

Table 3-43. Midwest regional estimates of farm injuries to all youth1

less than 20 years of age by body part injured: 1998.

Body Part Injured

Youth

Injuries

Standard

Error

Head,skull 2,083 477

Face 1,425 395

Arm 1,096 346

Hand,wrist,fingers 3,069 579

Leg 1,864 477

Foot,ankle,toes 2,192 514

Multiple body parts 987 363

Other body parts 1,754 438

Unknown 1,973 ---

1 All household youth, hired youth, and youth visiting the farm combined.
102

Table 3-44. Midwest regional estimates of farm injuries to all youth1

less than 20 years of age by source of injury: 1998.

Source of Injury

Youth

Injuries

Standard

Error

Animals,animal products 1,206 363

Floors,walkways,ground surfaces 3,398 609

Other sources 8,551 1,173

Unknown 3,288 ---

1 All household youth, hired youth, and youth visiting the farm combined.

Table 3-45. Midwest regional estimates of farm injuries to all youth1

less than 20 years of age by injury event: 1998.

Injury Event

Youth

Injuries

Standard

Error

Contact with object 1,425 395

Struck against object 1,315 410

Struck by object 1,315 379

Fall to lower level 2,192 490

Non-highway accident, except

rail, air, water

2,412 536

Assaults by animals 1,206 363

Other events 3,509 809

Unknown 3,069 ---

1 All household youth, hired youth, and youth visiting the farm combined.
103

Table 3-46. Midwest regional estimates of farm injuries to all youth1

less than 20 years of age by type of injury and body part injured:

1998.

Type of Injury Body Part

Youth

Injuries

Standard

Error

Scrape,abrasion Head,skull 877 310

Cut,lacerations Face 877 310

Hand,wrist,fingers 1,425 395

Other injuries Other body parts 11,290 1,198

Unknown Unknown 1,974 ---

1 All household youth, hired youth, and youth visiting the farm combined.

Table 3-47. Midwest regional estimates of farm injuries to all youth1

less than 20 years of age by source of injury and injury event: 1998.

Source of Injury Injury Event

Youth

Injuries

Standard

Error

Animals,animal products Assaults by animals 1,096 346

Floors,walkways,ground

surfaces

Fall to lower level 2,192 490

Other sources Other events 9,866 1,253

Unknown Unknown 3,289 ---

1 All household youth, hired youth, and youth visiting the farm combined.
104

Table 3-48. Midwest regional estimates of farm injuries to all farm

youth1 less than 20 years of age by age group: 1998.

Age Group

Youth

Injuries

Standard

Error

<10 years 4,289 741

10-15 years 4,698 777

16-19 years 3,053 648

1 All household youth and hired youth combined.
105

Table 3-49. Midwest regional estimates of farm injuries to farm

household youth less than 20 years of age by age group: 1998.

Age Group

Youth

Injuries

Standard

Error

<10 years 4,289 741

10-15 years 4,403 728

16-19 years 2,466 591

Table 3-50. Midwest regional estimates of farm injuries to farm

household youth less than 20 years of age by type of farm: 1998.

Type of Farm

Youth

Injuries

Standard

Error

Crops 4,494 718

 Cash grains 3,617 648

 All other crops 877 310

Livestock 5,590 903

 Beef cattle 1,973 465

 Dairy 2,521 627

 All other livestock 1,096 471

Unknown 329 ---
106

Table 3-51. Midwest regional estimates of farm injuries to farm

household youth less than 20 years of age by type of injury: 1998.

Type of Injury

Youth

Injuries

Standard

Error

Scrape,abrasion 1,644 474

Sprain,strain,torn ligament 1,096 403

Broken bone,fracture 1,315 379

Cut,laceration 3,398 628

Other injuries 2,632 600

Unknown 219 ---

Table 3-52. Midwest regional estimates of farm injuries to farm

household youth less than 20 years of age by body part injured: 1998.

Body Part Injured

Youth

Injuries

Standard

Error

Head,skull 1,644 456

Hand,wrist,fingers 1,864 451

Leg 1,096 380

Foot,ankle,toes 1,864 451

Other body parts 3,917 724

Unknown 219 ---
107

Table 3-53. Midwest regional estimates of farm injuries to farm

household youth less than 20 years of age by injury event: 1998.

Injury Event

Youth

Injuries

Standard

Error

Struck by object 1,206 363

Fall to lower level 1,425 395

Non-highway accident, except

rail, air, water

1,644 424

Other events 4,714 794

Unknown 1,315 ---
108

Table 3-54. Midwest regional estimates of farm injuries to all farm

workers1 less than 20 years of age by age group: 1998.

Age Group

Youth

Injuries

Standard

Error

<10 years 1,211 364

10-15 years 2,225 521

16-19 years 2,671 608

1 All household workers and hired workers combined.

Table 3-55. Midwest regional estimates of farm injuries to all farm

workers1 less than 20 years of age by type of farm: 1998.

Type of Farm

Youth

Injuries

Standard

Error

Crops 2,741 598

 Cash grains 2,412 568

Livestock 3,179 681

 Beef cattle 1,096 346

 Dairy 1,535 490

 All other livestock 548 335

Unknown 328 ---

1 All household workers and hired workers combined.
109

Table 3-56. Midwest regional estimates of all farm youth1 less than 20

years of age by relationship to the farm: 1998.

Relationship

to Farm

Estimated

 Youth

Standard

 Error

All farm youth1 904,763 16,349

 Farm household 632,355 11,566

 Working 371,969 8,902

 Non-working 260,386 7,348

 All farm workers2 644,377 14,627

 Hired workers 272,408 10,895

1

2 All household youth and hired youth combined.

All household workers and hired workers combined.

Table 3-57. Midwest regional estimates of all farm youth1 less than 20

years of age by relationship to the farm and sex: 1998.

Males Females

Relationship

to Farm

Estimated

 Youth

Standard

 Error

Estimated

 Youth

Standard

 Error

All farm youth1 569,943 12,012 334,820 7,748

 Farm household 331,202 7,249 301,153 7,002

 Working 219,318 5,977 152,651 5,054

 Non-working 111,884 4,149 148,502 4,960

All farm workers2 458,059 11,316 186,318 6,048

 Hired workers 238,741 9,164 33,667 3,109

1 All household youth and hired youth combined.

2 All household workers and hired workers combined.
110

Table 3-58. Midwest regional estimates of farm household youth less

than 20 years of age by age group: 1998.

Age Group

 Estimated

 Youth

 Standard

 Error

<10 years 223,112 6,797

10-15 years 233,137 6,003

 10-11 years 70,286 2,743

 12-13 years 77,638 2,925

 14-15 years 85,213 3,119

16-19 years 176,106 4,816

 16-17 years 100,918 3,323

 18-19 years 75,188 2,895

Table 3-59. Midwest regional estimates of farm household youth less

than 20 years of age by age group and sex: 1998.

Males Females

 

Age Group

Estimated

 Youth

Standard

 Error

Estimated

 Youth

Standard

 Error

<10 years 117,440 4,263 105,672 4,124

10-15 years 121,016 4,077 112,121 3,833

 10-11 years 35,534 1,940 34,752 1,935

 12-13 years 40,339 2,151 37,299 2,003

 14-15 years 45,144 2,352 40,069 2,109

16-19 years 92,745 3,325 83,361 3,225

 16-17 years 53,636 2,399 47,282 2,308

 18-19 years 39,110 2,070 36,078 2,020
111

Table 3-60. Midwest regional estimates of farm household youth less

than 20 years of age by type of farm: 1998.

Type of Farm

Estimated

 Youth 

 Standard

 Error

Crops 341,853 9,091

 Cash grains 285,935 8,441

 Tobacco 3,676 1,002

 Vegetables 9,691 1,667

 Fruits, nuts 4,790 1,244

 Nursery 4,678 1,317

 Other crops 33,082 3,052

Livestock 286,604 8,948

 Beef cattle 134,224 6,029

 Dairy 95,683 5,829

 Hogs 35,979 3,337

 Sheep, goats 5,235 1,245

 Equine 6,795 1,320

 Poultry, eggs 5,347 1,518

 Other livestock 3,342 970

Unknown 3,899 ---
112

Table 3-61. Midwest regional estimates of working farm household

youth less than 20 years of age by age group: 1998.

Age Group

 Estimated

 Youth

 Standard

 Error

<10 years 63,262 3,239

10-15 years 172,572 5,314

 10-11 years 44,596 2,251

 12-13 years 59,126 2,588

 14-15 years 68,850 2,851

16-19 years 136,135 4,267

 16-17 years 79,692 3,011

 18-19 years 56,444 2,537

Table 3-62. Midwest regional estimates of working farm household

youth less than 20 years of age by age group: 1998.

Males Females

 

Age Group

Estimated

 Youth

Standard

 Error

Estimated

 Youth

Standard

 Error

<16 years 136,487 4,745 99,347 3,899

 <14 years1 96,134 3,898 70,850 3,252

 14-15 years 40,353 2,246 28,497 1,788

16-19 years 82,831 3,182 53,304 2,637

 16-17 years 48,290 2,300 31,402 1,930

 18-19 years 34,541 1,970 21,903 1,602

1

One or more age groups below 14 years of age for family or hired workers were

not reportable.
113

Table 3-63. Midwest regional estimates of working farm household

youth less than 20 years of age, by type of farm: 1998.

Type of Farm

Estimated

 Youth 

 Standard

 Error

Crops 189,561 6,528

 Cash grains 159,607 6,042

 Veg.,fruits,nuts 8,494 1,496

 Other crops 21,459 2,309

Livestock 180,284 6,818

 Beef cattle 80,921 4,472

 Dairy 65,944 4,571

 Hogs 22,913 2,451

 Sheep, goats 2,749 841

 Other livestock 7,712 1,379

Unknown 2,124 ---
114

Table 3-64. Midwest regional estimates of hired farm workers less

than 20 years of age by age group: 1998.

Age Group

 Estimated

 Youth

 Standard

 Error

<10 years 4,586 1,005

10-15 years 88,837 5,292

 10-11 years 8,255 1,121

 12-13 years 20,440 1,981

 14-15 years 60,142 3,864

16-19 years 178,985 7,718

 16-17 years 112,553 5,541

 18-19 years 66,431 3,670

Table 3-65. Midwest regional estimates of hired farm workers less

than 20 years of age by age group and sex: 1998.

Males Females

 

Age Group

Estimated

 Youth

Standard

 Error

Estimated

 Youth

Standard

 Error

<16 years 77,959 4,593 15,464 1,928

 <14 years1 25,110 2,195 8,171 1,333

 14-15 years 52,849 3,529 7,293 1,190

16-19 years 160,782 6,755 18,203 2,073

 16-17 years 100,965 4,935 11,588 1,531

 18-19 years 59,817 3,327 6,615 972

1

One or more age groups below 14 years of age for family or hired workers were

not reportable.
115

Table 3-66. Midwest regional estimates of hired farm workers less

than 20 years of age by type of farm: 1998.

Type of Farm

Estimated

 Youth 

 Standard

 Error

Crops 147,879 8,629

 Cash grains 112,033 6,929

 Veg.,fruits,nuts 16,662 4,011

 Other crops 19,184 3,408

Livestock 122,447 7,001

 Beef cattle 56,345 4,398

 Dairy 42,204 4,390

 Hogs 12,168 2,054

 Sheep, goats 2,521 767

 Other livestock 9,208 2,652

Unknown 2,083 ---
116

Table 3-67. Midwest regional estimates of all farm workers1 less than

20 years of age by age group: 1998.

Age Group

 Estimated

 Youth

 Standard

 Error

<10 years 67,848 3,475

10-15 years 261,409 7,647

 10-11 years 52,851 2,516

 12-13 years 79,566 3,334

 14-15 years 128,992 4,862

16-19 years 315,120 9,155

 16-17 years 192,245 6,508

 18-19 years 122,875 4,648

1

All household workers and hired workers combined.

Table 3-68. Midwest regional estimates of all farm workers1 less than

20 years of age by age group: 1998.

Males Females

 

Age Group

Estimated

 Youth

Standard

 Error

Estimated

 Youth

Standard

 Error

<10 years 40,103 2,445 27,745 2,030

10-15 years 174,343 5,997 87,066 3,599

 10-11 years 32,639 1,954 20,212 1,515

 12-13 years 48,503 2,587 31,064 1,998

 14-15 years 93,202 4,254 35,790 2,143

16-19 years 243,613 7,645 71,507 3,489

 16-17 years 149,255 5,604 42,990 2,505

 18-19 years 94,358 3,919 28,518 1,972

1

All household workers and hired workers combined.
117

Table 3-69. Midwest regional estimates of all farm workers1 less than

20 years of age by type of farm: 1998.

Type of Farm

Estimated

 Youth 

 Standard

 Error

Crops 337,440 11,500

 Cash grains 271,640 9,860

 Vegetables 14,799 3,238

 Fruits, nuts 10,358 3,225

 Nursery 9,152 2,824

 Other crops 31,490 3,425

Livestock 302,731 10,562

 Beef cattle 137,266 6,628

 Dairy 108,148 7,070

 Hogs 35,081 3,685

 Sheep, goats 5,315 1,312

 Equine 7,631 2,094

 Other livestock 9,290 2,591

Unknown 4,207 ---

1

All household workers and hired workers combined.
118

Table 3-70. Midwest regional estimates of all farm youth1 less than 20

years of age by relationship to farm, type of farm and sex: 1998.

Males Females

Relationship

to Farm Farm Type

Estimated

 Youth

Standard

 Error

Estimated

 Youth

Standard

 Error

Household Crops 182,250 5,727 159,603 5,292

Livestock 146,940 5,266 139,664 5,241

Unknown 2,011 --- 1,888 ---

 Working Crops 116,477 4,534 73,084 3,500

Livestock 101,611 4,315 78,673 3,851

Unknown 1,230 --- 894 ---

 Non-working Crops 65,773 3,257 86,519 3,880

Livestock 45,329 2,736 60,991 3,318

Unknown 781 --- 994 ---

All farm

workers2 Crops 245,675 8,877 91,765 4,422

Livestock 209,234 8,011 93,497 4,413

Unknown --- --- 1,056 ---

 Hired 

 workers Crops

129,198 7,097 18,681 2,445

Livestock 107,623 6,103 14,824 1,928

Unknown 1,921 --- 162 ---

1

2 All household youth and hired youth combined.

All household workers and hired workers combined.
119

Table 3-71. Midwest regional estimates of farm injury rates per 100

youth less than 20 years of age: 1998.

Relationship

to Farm Injuries Youth

Rate/

100 youth

Standard

Error

 All farm youth1 12,040 904,763 1.33 0.17

 Farm household 11,158 632,355 1.76 0.23

 Working 5,225 371,969 1.40 0.24

 Non-working 5,933 632,355 0.94 0.15

 All farm workers2 6,107 644,377 0.95 0.15

1 All household youth and hired youth combined.

2 All household workers and hired workers combined.

Table 3-72. Midwest regional estimates of farm injury rates for farm

household youth less than 20 years of age by age group: 1998.

Age Group Injuries Youth

Rate/

100 Youth

Standard

Error

<10 years 4,289 223,112 1.92 0.34

10-15 years 4,403 233,137 1.89 0.32

16-19 years 2,466 176,106 1.40 0.34

Table 3-73. Midwest regional estimates of injury rates for all farm

workers1 less than 20 years of age by age group: 1998.

Age Group Injuries Youth

Rate/

100 Youth

Standard

Error

<10 years 1,211 67,848 1.78 0.54

10-15 years 2,225 261,409 0.85 0.20

16-19 years 2,671 315,120 0.85 0.19

1

All household workers and hired workers combined.
120

Table 3-74. Midwest regional estimates of farm injury rates per 100

youth less than 20 years of age by type of farm and relationship to

farm: 1998.

Type of Farm and 

Relationship to Farm Injuries Youth

Rate/

100 youth

Standard

Error

Crops

 Farm household 4,494 341,853 1.31 0.21

 All farm workers1 2,741 337,440 0.81 0.18

Livestock

 Farm household 5,590 286,604 1.95 0.32

 All farm workers1 3,179 302,731 1.05 0.23

1

All household workers and hired workers combined.
121

Table 3-75. South regional estimates of farm injuries to all youth1

less than 20 years of age by relationship to the farm: 1998.

Relationship

to Farm

Youth

Injuries

Standard

Error

All youth1 8,810 1,192

 Working 3,623 803

 Non-working 5,187 797

Visitors 1,253 433

All farm youth2 7,557 1,097

 Farm household 7,058 1,040

 Working 2,643 676

 Non-working 4,415 733

 All farm workers3 3,142 508

 Hired workers 499 249

1

2 All household youth, hired youth, and youth visiting the farm combined.

3 All household youth and hired youth combined.

All household workers and hired workers combined.

Table 3-76. South regional estimates of farm injuries to all youth1

less than 20 years of age by relationship to the farm and sex: 1998.

Males Females

Relationship to

Farm

Youth 

Injuries

Standard

Error

Youth 

Injuries

Standard

Error

All youth1 6,815 1,082 1,995 483

 Working 3,409 787 ---

2 ---

 Non-working 3,406 654 1,781 459

Farm household 5,115 938 1,943 470

1

2 All household youth, hired youth, and youth visiting the farm combined.

Cells are too small to report detailed groups.
122

Table 3-77. South regional estimates of farm injuries to all youth1

less than 20 years of age by age group: 1998.

Age Group

Youth

Injuries

Standard

Error

<10 years 2,645 563

10-15 years 3,629 750

16-19 years 2,536 620

1

All household youth, hired youth, and youth visiting the farm combined.

Table 3-78. South regional estimates of farm injuries to all youth1

less than 20 years of age by type of farm: 1998.

Type of Farm

Youth

Injuries

Standard

Error

Crops 3,350 690

 Cash grains 1,241 464

 Tobacco 1,117 372

 All other crops 992 351

Livestock 4,715 910

 Beef cattle 2,978 632

Unknown 745 ---

1

All household youth, hired youth, and youth visiting the farm combined.
123

Table 3-79. South regional estimates of farm injuries to all youth1

less than 20 years of age by type of injury: 1998.

Type of Injury

Youth

Injuries

Standard

Error

Scrape,abrasion 993 351

Sprain,strain,torn ligament 993 351

Broken bone,fracture 1,613 447

Cut,laceration 1,861 480

Other injuries 2,853 667

Unknown 496 ---

1

All household youth, hired youth, and youth visiting the farm combined.

Table 3-80. South regional estimates of farm injuries to all youth1

less than 20 years of age by body part injured: 1998.

Body Part Injured

Youth

Injuries

Standard

Error

Head,skull 1,737 464

Shoulder,chest,back 993 351

Hand,wrist,fingers 2,358 568

Leg 993 351

Other body parts 2,233 554

Unknown 496 ---

1

All household youth, hired youth, and youth visiting the farm combined.
124

Table 3-81. South regional estimates of farm injuries to all youth1

less than 20 years of age by source of injury: 1998.

Source of Injury

Youth

Injuries

Standard

Error

Animals,animal products 1,117 372

Floors,walkways,ground surfaces 1,117 372

Other structural elements 993 351

Other sources 4,590 884

Unknown 993 ---

1

All household youth, hired youth, and youth visiting the farm combined.

Table 3-82. South regional estimates of farm injuries to all youth1

less than 20 years of age by injury event: 1998.

Injury Event

Youth

Injuries

Standard

Error

Struck against object 993 351

Struck by object 1,365 480

Non-highway accident, except

rail, air, water

1,241 430

Assaults by animals 993 351

Other events 3,101 644

Unknown 1,117 ---

1

All household youth, hired youth, and youth visiting the farm combined.
125

Table 3-83. South regional estimates of farm injuries to all youth1

less than 20 years of age by type of injury and body part injured:

1998.

Type of Injury Body Part

Youth

Injuries

Standard

Error

Cut,lacerations Head,skull 869 328

Other injuries Other body parts 7,445 1,063

Unknown Unknown 496 ---

1

All household youth, hired youth, and youth visiting the farm combined.

Table 3-84. South regional estimates of farm injuries to all youth1

less than 20 years of age by source of injury and injury event: 1998.

Source of Injury Injury Event

Youth

Injuries

Standard

Error

Animals,animal products Assaults by animals 993 351

Other sources Other events 6,823 1,071

Unknown Unknown 993 ---

1

All household youth, hired youth, and youth visiting the farm combined.
126

Table 3-85. South regional estimates of farm injuries to all farm

youth1 less than 20 years of age by age group: 1998.

Age Group

Youth

Injuries

Standard

Error

<10 years 2,549 555

10-15 years 3,215 740

16-19 years 1,793 512

1

All household youth and hired youth combined.
127

Table 3-86. South regional estimates of farm injuries to farm

household youth less than 20 years of age by age group: 1998.

Age Group

Youth

Injuries

Standard

Error

<10 years 2,549 555

10-15 years 3,239 746

16-19 years 1,270 401

Table 3-87. South regional estimates of farm injuries to farm

household youth less than 20 years of age by type of farm: 1998.

Type of Farm

Youth

Injuries

Standard

Error

Crops 2,606 568

 Tobacco 1,117 372

 All other crops 1,489 429

Livestock 3,970 840

 Beef cattle 2,482 581

 Dairy 1,117 568

Unknown 248 ---
128

Table 3-88. South regional estimates of farm injuries to farm

household youth less than 20 years of age by type of injury: 1998.

Type of Injury

Youth

Injuries

Standard

Error

Broken bone,fracture 1,241 392

Cut,laceration 1,613 447

Other injuries 3,846 773

Unknown 124 ---

Table 3-89. South regional estimates of farm injuries to farm

household youth less than 20 years of age by body part injured: 1998.

Body Part Injured

Youth

Injuries

Standard

Error

Head,skull 1,613 447

Hand,wrist,fingers 1,613 447

Other body parts 3,474 764

Unknown 124 ---

Table 3-90. South regional estimates of farm injuries to farm

household youth less than 20 years of age by injury event: 1998.

Injury Event

Youth

Injuries

Standard

Error

Contact with objects and equipment 2,233 554

Non-highway accident, except rail,

air, water

1,117 411

Other events 2,730 581

Unknown 744 ---
129

Table 3-91. South regional estimates of farm injuries to all farm

workers1 less than 20 years of age by age group: 1998.

Age Group

Youth

Injuries

Standard

Error

< 16 years2 1,634 548

16-19 years 1,508 470

1

2 All household workers and hired workers combined.

One or more age groups below 16 years of age for all farm workers were not

reportable.

Table 3-92. South regional estimates of farm injuries to all farm

workers1 less than 20 years of age by type of farm: 1998.

Type of Farm

Youth

Injuries

Standard

Error

Crops 1,117 456

Livestock 2,109 644

 Beef cattle 1,117 372

Unknown 124 ---

1

All household workers and hired workers combined.
130

Table 3-93. South regional estimates of all farm youth1 less than 20

years of age by relationship to the farm: 1998.

Relationship

to Farm

Estimated

 Youth

Standard

 Error

All farm youth1 557,501 14,562

 Farm household 352,397 8,800

 Working 180,406 6,231

 Non-working 171,991 5,958

 All farm workers2 385,510 13,020

 Hired workers 205,104 10,818

1

2 All household youth and hired youth combined.

All household workers and hired workers combined.

Table 3-94. South regional estimates of all farm youth1 less than 20

years of age by relationship to the farm and sex: 1998.

Males Females

Relationship

to Farm

Estimated

 Youth

Standard

 Error

Estimated

 Youth

Standard

 Error

All farm youth1 367,716 11,591 189,785 6,136

 Farm household 186,052 5,662 166,345 5,359

 Working 113,621 4,396 66,785 3,424

 Non-working 72,431 3,561 99,560 4,077

 All farm workers2 295,285 10,954 90,225 4,584

Hired workers 181,664 9,629 23,440 2,962

1

2 All household youth and hired youth combined.

All household workers and hired workers combined.
131

Table 3-95. South regional estimates of farm household youth less

than 20 years of age by age group: 1998.

Age Group

 Estimated

 Youth

 Standard

 Error

<10 years 114,860 4,827

10-15 years 133,142 4,799

 10-11 years 35,303 2,138

 12-13 years 45,515 2,400

 14-15 years 52,324 2,562

16-19 years 104,395 3,861

 16-17 years 55,854 2,658

 18-19 years 48,541 2,464

Table 3-96. South regional estimates of farm household youth less

than 20 years of age by age group and sex: 1998.

Males Females

 

Age Group

Estimated

 Youth

Standard

 Error

Estimated

 Youth

Standard

 Error

<10 years 60,584 3,185 54,276 2,976

10-15 years 68,552 4,103 64,590 3,063

 10-11 years 16,822 1,494 18,481 1,531

 12-13 years 23,146 1,734 22,369 1,663

 14-15 years 28,585 1,880 23,739 1,723

16-19 years 56,916 2,765 47,479 2,492

 16-17 years 29,596 1,910 26,258 1,807

 18-19 years 27,320 1,861 21,221 1,615
132

Table 3-97. South regional estimates of farm household youth less

than 20 years of age by type of farm: 1998.

Type of Farm

Estimated

 Youth 

 Standard

 Error

Crops 144,741 6,111

 Cash grains 38,959 3,333

 Tobacco 42,615 3,361

 Cotton 18,534 2,289

 Vegetables 5,169 1,290

 Fruits, nuts 3,782 984

 Nursery 9,078 1,608

 Other crops 26,603 2,657

Livestock 203,873 7,041

 Beef cattle 145,876 5,849

 Dairy 17,021 2,525

 Hogs 5,674 1,408

 Sheep, goats 4,035 1,025

 Equine 10,717 1,514

 Poultry, eggs 15,508 2,215

 Other livestock 5,043 1,345

Unknown 3,782 ---
133

Table 3-98. South regional estimates of working farm household youth

less than 20 years of age by age group: 1998.

Age Group

 Estimated

 Youth

 Standard

 Error

<10 years 23,658 2,049

10-15 years 84,636 3,875

 10-11 years 19,230 1,600

 12-13 years 29,351 1,957

 14-15 years 36,056 2,176

16-19 years 72,112 3,280

 16-17 years 38,333 2,234

 18-19 years 33,779 2,088

Table 3-99. South regional estimates of working farm household youth

less than 20 years of age by age group and sex: 1998.

Males Females

 

Age Group

Estimated

 Youth

Standard

 Error

Estimated

 Youth

Standard

 Error

<16 years 66,047 3,329 42,247 2,663

 <14 years1 42,387 2,648 29,851 2,228

 14-15 years 23,660 1,727 12,396 1,261

16-19 years 47,574 2,570 24,538 1,809

 16-17 years 24,546 1,753 13,787 1,320

 18-19 years 23,028 1,737 10,751 1,165

1

One or more age groups below 14 years of age for family or hired workers were

not reportable.
134

Table 3-100. South regional estimates of working farm household youth

less than 20 years of age by type of farm: 1998.

Type of Farm

Estimated

 Youth 

 Standard

 Error

Crops 67,557 3,937

 Cash grains 17,838 2,051

 Tobacco 25,049 2,424

 Cotton 7,338 1,299

 Veg.,fruits,nuts 3,922 1,019

 Nursery 4,301 1,032

 Other Crops 9,109 1,467

Livestock 111,457 5,050

 Beef cattle 76,540 4,068

 Dairy 11,260 1,909

 Equine 4,933 987

 Poultry, eggs 9,741 1,725

 Other livestock 8,982 1,534

Unknown 1,392 —--
135

Table 3-101. South regional estimates of hired farm workers less than

20 years of age by age group: 1998.

Age Group

 Estimated

 Youth

 Standard

 Error

<10 years 4,229 1,104

10-15 years 46,377 3,713

 10-11 years 4,088 792

 12-13 years 12,828 1,373

 14-15 years 29,462 2,650

16-19 years 154,498 9,236

 16-17 years 77,108 5,500

 18-19 years 77,390 5,610

Table 3-102. South regional estimates of hired farm workers less than

20 years of age by age group and sex: 1998.

Males Females

 

Age Group

Estimated

 Youth

Standard

 Error

Estimated

 Youth

Standard

 Error

<16 years 40,463 3,348 10,143 1,514

 <14 years1 15,735 1,846 5,409 1,075

 14-15 years 24,728 2,284 4,734 925

16-19 years 141,201 8,416 13,297 2,250

 16-17 years 70,671 5,046 6,437 1,490

 18-19 years 70,530 5,211 6,860 1,294

1

One or more age groups below 14 years of age for family or hired workers were

not reportable.
136

Table 3-103. South regional estimates of hired farm workers less than

20 years of age by type of farm: 1998.

Type of Farm

Estimated

 Youth 

 Standard

 Error

Crops 105,096 8,638

 Cash grains 13,401 2,488

 Tobacco 48,763 5,424

 Cotton 7,817 1,667

 Veg.,fruits,nuts 17,919 5,245

 Nursery 8,189 2,203

 Other crops 9,306 2,261

Livestock 99,140 6,749

 Beef cattle 70,602 5,294

 Dairy 7,321 1,591

 Equine 5,335 1,306

 Poultry, eggs 5,460 1,831

 Other livestock 10,423 3,266

Unknown 869 ---
137

Table 3-104. South regional estimates of all farm workers1 less than

20 years of age by age group: 1998.

Age Group

 Estimated

 Youth

 Standard

 Error

<10 years 27,887 2,334

10-15 years 131,013 5,529

 10-11 years 23,318 1,796

 12-13 years 42,179 2,409

 14-15 years 65,518 3,559

16-19 years 226,610 10,012

 16-17 years 115,441 6,095

 18-19 years 111,169 6,091

1

All household workers and hired workers combined.

Table 3-105. South regional estimates of all farm workers1 less than

20 years of age by age group and sex: 1998.

Males Females

 

Age Group

Estimated

 Youth

Standard

 Error

Estimated

 Youth

Standard

 Error

<10 years 18,021 1,810 9,866 1,249

10-15 years 88,489 4,314 42,524 2,656

 10-11 years 13,087 1,354 10,231 1,185

 12-13 years 27,015 1,923 15,164 1,422

 14-15 years 48,388 2,939 17,130 1,593

16-19 years 188,775 8,925 37,835 2,891

 16-17 years 95,217 5,464 20,224 1,991

 18-19 years 93,558 5,530 17,611 1,754

1

All household workers and hired workers combined.
138

Table 3-106. South regional estimates of all farm workers1 less than

20 years of age by type of farm: 1998.

Type of Farm

Estimated

 Youth 

 Standard

 Error

Crops 172,653 10,058

 Cash grains 31,239 3,454

 Tobacco 73,812 6,561

 Cotton 15,155 2,285

 Veg.,fruits,nuts 21,541 5,460

 Nursery 12,490 2,530

 Other crops 18,415 2,817

Livestock 210,597 8,916

 Beef cattle 147,142 7,031

 Dairy 18,581 2,776

 Hogs 7,260 2,387

 Sheep, goats 5,142 1,283

 Equine 10,268 1,837

 Poultry, eggs 15,201 2,699

 Other livestock 7,000 2,805

Unknown 2,261 ---

1

All household workers and hired workers combined.
139

Table 3-107. South regional estimates of all farm youth1 less than 20

years of age by relationship to farm, type of farm and sex: 1998.

Males Females

Relationship

to Farm Farm Type

Estimated

 Youth

Standard

 Error

Estimated

 Youth

Standard

 Error

Household Crops 77,658 3,836 67,083 5,292

Livestock 106,622 4,473 97,251 5,241

Unknown 1,771 --- 2,011 ---

 Working Crops 43,526 2,799 24,031 3,500

Livestock 69,210 3,511 42,247 3,851

Unknown 886 --- 506 ---

 Non-working Crops 34,132 2,524 43,052 3,880

Livestock 37,412 2,580 55,004 3,318

Unknown 885 --- 1,505 ---

All farm

workers2 Crops 132,238 8,243 40,415 3,466

Livestock 131,476 6,228 49,121 3,090

Unknown 1,573 --- 688 ---

 Hired 

 workers Crops

88,712 7,288 16,384 2,704

Livestock 92,266 6,480 6,874 1,058

Unknown 687 --- 182 ---

1 All household youth and hired youth combined.

2 All household workers and hired workers combined.
140

Table 3-108. South regional estimates of farm injury rates per 100

youth less than 20 years of age: 1998.

Relationship

to Farm Injuries Youth

Rate/

100 youth

Standard

Error

 All farm youth1 7,557 557,501 1.36 0.20

 Farm household 7,058 352,397 2.00 0.30

 Working 2,643 180,406 1.47 0.38

 Non-working 4,415 352,397 1.25 0.17

 All farm workers2 3,142 385,510 0.82 0.13

1 All household youth and hired youth combined.

2 All household workers and hired workers combined.

Table 3-109. South regional estimates of farm injury rates for farm

household youth less than 20 years of age by age group: 1998.

Age Group Injuries Youth

Rate/

100 Youth

Standard

Error

<10 years 2,549 114,860 2.22 0.49

10-15 years 3,239 133,142 2.43 0.57

16-19 years 1,270 104,395 1.22 0.39

Table 3-110. South regional estimates of farm injury rates for all

farm workers1 less than 20 years of age by age group: 1998.

Age Group Injuries Youth

Rate/

100 youth

Standard

Error

<10 years 249 27,887 0.89 0.64

10-15 years 1,385 131,013 1.06 0.40

16-19 years 1,508 226,610 0.67 0.21

1

All household workers and hired workers combined.
141

Table 3-111. South regional estimates of farm injury rates per 100

youth less than 20 years of age by type of farm and relationship to

farm: 1998.

Farm Type and

Relationship to Farm Injuries Youth

Rate/

100 youth

Standard

Error

Crops

 Farm household 2,606 144,741 1.80 0.40

 All farm workers1 1,117 172,653 0.65 0.27

Livestock

 Farm household 3,970 203,873 1.95 0.42

 All farm workers1 2,109 210,597 1.00 0.31

1

All household workers and hired workers combined.
142

This page intentionally left blank.
143

Table 3-112. West regional estimates of farm injuries to all youth1

less than 20 years of age by relationship to the farm: 1998.

Relationship 

to Farm

Youth

Injuries

Standard

Error

All youth1 5,097 456

 Working 2,253 292

 Non-working 2,844 340

Visitors 923 184

All farm youth2 4,174 408

 Farm household 3,769 390

 Working 1,636 251

 Non-working 2,133 290

 All farm workers3 2,041 253

 Hired workers 405 122

1 All household youth, hired youth, and youth visiting the farm combined.

2 All household youth and hired youth combined.

3 All household workers and hired workers combined.

Table 3-113. West regional estimates of farm injuries to all youth1

less than 20 years of age by relationship to the farm and sex: 1998.

Males Females

Relationship 

to Farm

Youth 

Injuries

Standard

Error

Youth 

Injuries

Standard

Error

All Youth1 3,842 391 1,255 214

 Working 1,791 262 462 128

 Non-working 2,051 286 843 183

Farm household 2,948 348 821 170

1 All household youth, hired youth, an youth visiting the farm combined.
144

Table 3-114. West regional estimates of farm injuries to all youth1

less than 20 years of age by age group: 1998.

Age Group

Youth

Injuries

Standard

Error

<10 years 1,563 245

10-15 years 2,256 296

16-19 years 1,278 202

1 All household youth, hired youth, and youth visiting the farm combined.

Table 3-115. West regional estimates of farm injuries to all youth1

less than 20 years of age by type of farm: 1998.

Type of Farm

Youth

Injuries

Standard

Error

Crops 2,090 299

 Cash grains 770 183

 Fruits, nuts 550 168

 All other crops 770 168

Livestock 2,824 336

 Beef cattle 1,907 278

 Dairy 403 122

 All other livestock 367 127

Unknown 183 ---

1 All household youth, hired youth, and youth visiting the farm combined.
145

Table 3-116. West regional estimates of farm injuries to all youth1

less than 20 years of age by type of injury: 1998.

Type of Injury

Youth

Injuries

Standard

Error

Scrape,abrasion 513 137

Bruise,contusion 477 151

Sprain,strain,torn ligament 330 110

Broken bone,fracture 1,210 210

Cut,laceration 1,247 213

Puncture,stab,jab 220 90

Multiple injuries 330 122

Other injuries 587 147

Unknown 183 ---

1

All household youth, hired youth, and youth visiting the farm combined.

Table 3-117. West regional estimates of farm injuries to all youth1

less than 20 years of age by body part injured: 1998.

Body Part Injured

Youth

Injuries

Standard

Error

Head,skull 623 160

Face 293 104

Shoulder,chest,back 550 142

Arm 697 160

Hand,wrist,fingers 990 190

Leg 697 168

Foot,ankle,toes 513 147

Multiple body parts 330 122

Unknown 183 ---

1 All household youth, hired youth, and youth visiting the farm combined.
146

Table 3-118. West regional estimates of farm injuries to all youth1

less than 20 years of age by source of injury: 1998.

Source of Injury

Youth

Injuries

Standard

Error

Agricultural,garden machinery 183 82

Building materials–solid elements 183 82

Animals,animal products 330 110

Floors,walkways,ground surfaces 1,320 226

Highway vehicle–motorized 403 132

Offroad vehicle–nonindustrial 550 160

Other sources 1,724 251

Unknown 403 ---

1 All household youth, hired youth, and youth visiting the farm combined.

Table 3-119. West regional estimates of farm injuries to all youth1

less than 20 years of age by injury event: 1998.

Injury Event

Youth

Injuries

Standard

Error

Contact with object 367 116

Struck against object 367 116

Struck by object 513 137

Caught in,compressed by

objects or equipment

293 104

Fall to lower level 1,063 204

Fall on same level 293 104

Non-highway accident, except

rail, air, water

1,210 229

Other events 661 167

Unknown 330 ---

1 All household youth, hired youth, and youth visiting the farm combined.
147

Table 3-120. West regional estimates of farm injuries to all youth1

less than 20 years of age by type of injury and body part injured:

1998.

Type of Injury Body Part

Youth

Injuries

Standard

Error

Scrape,abrasion Head,skull 257 97

Broken bone,fracture Arm 513 137

Cut,laceration Hand,wrist,fingers 477 132

Other injuries Other body parts 3,666 615

Unknown Unknown 184 ---

1 All household youth, hired youth, and youth visiting the farm combined.

Table 3-121. West regional estimates of farm injuries to all youth1

less than 20 years of age by source of injury and injury event: 1998.

Source of Injury Injury Event

Youth

Injuries

Standard

Error

Floors,walkways,ground

surfaces

Fall to lower level 917 190

Highway vehicle,

motorized

Non-highway accident,

except rail, air,

water

330 122

Offroad vehicle,

nonindustrial

Non-highway accident,

except rail, air,

water

550 160

Other sources Other events 2,896 324

Unknown Unknown 404 ---

1 All household youth, hired youth, and youth visiting the farm combined.
148

Table 3-122. West regional estimates of farm injuries to all farm

youth1 less than 20 years of age by age group: 1998.

Age Group

Youth

Injuries

Standard

Error

<10 years 1,255 223

10-15 years 1,827 267

16-19 years 1,092 202

1 All household youth and hired youth combined.
149

Table 3-123. West regional estimates of farm injuries to farm

household youth less than 20 years of age by age group: 1998.

Age Group

Youth

Injuries

Standard

Error

<10 years 1,255 223

10-15 years 1,767 265

16-19 years 747 167

Table 3-124. West regional estimates of farm injuries to farm

household youth less than 20 years of age by type of farm: 1998.

Type of Farm

Youth

Injuries

Standard

Error

Crops 1,723 278

 Cash grains 587 161

 Fruits, nuts 513 164

 All other crops 623 156

Livestock 2,017 287

 Beef cattle 1,283 229

 Dairy 367 122

 All other livestock 367 122

Unknown 147 ---
150

Table 3-125. West regional estimates of farm injuries to farm

household youth less than 20 years of age by type of injury: 1998.

Type of Injury

Youth

Injuries

Standard

Error

Scrape,abrasion 403 127

Bruise,contusion 403 132

Sprain,strain,torn ligament 220 90

Broken bone,fracture 880 179

Cut,laceration 953 187

Other injuries 844 187

Unknown 74 ---

Table 3-126. West regional estimates of farm injuries to farm

household youth less than 20 years of age by body part injured: 1998.

Body Part Injured

Youth

Injuries

Standard

Error

Head,skull 440 133

Shoulder,chest,back 477 132

Arm 440 127

Hand,wrist,fingers 660 155

Leg 587 155

Foot,ankle,toes 440 137

Other body parts 659 164

Unknown 74 ---
151

Table 3-127. West regional estimates of farm injuries to farm

household youth less than 20 years of age by injury event: 1998.

Injury Event

Youth

Injuries

Standard

Error

Contact with object,

unspecified

257 97

Struck against object 183 82

Struck by object 477 132

Caught in,compressed by

equipment or object

183 82

Fall to lower level 733 172

Fall to same level 293 104

Non-highway accident, except

rail, air, water

990 197

Other events 404 122

Unknown 257 ---
152

Table 3-128. West regional estimates of farm injuries to all farm

workers1 less than 20 years of age by age group: 1998.

Age Group

Youth

Injuries

Standard

Error

<10 years 258 97

10-15 years 893 190

16-19 years 890 181

1 All household workers and hired workers combined.

Table 3-129. West regional estimates of farm injuries to all farm

workers1 less than 20 years of age by type of farm: 1998.

Type of Farm

Youth

Injuries

Standard

Error

Crops 770 181

 Cash grains 293 111

 All other crops 477 142

Livestock 1,173 207

 Beef cattle 733 164

Unknown 110 ---

1 All household workers and hired workers combined.
153

Table 3-130. West regional estimates of all farm youth1 less than 20

years of age by relationship to the farm: 1998.

Relationship

to Farm

Estimated

 Youth

Standard

 Error

All farm youth1 302,977 6,474

 Farm household 184,394 3,757

 Working 113,430 2,906

 Non-working 70,964 2,249

 All farm workers2 232,013 6,013

 Hired workers 118,583 5,117

1

2 All household youth and hired youth combined.

All household workers and hired workers combined.

Table 3-131. West regional estimates of all farm youth1 less than 20

years of age by relationship to the farm and sex: 1998.

Males Females

Relationship

to Farm

Estimated

 Youth

Standard

 Error

Estimated

 Youth

Standard

 Error

All farm youth1 198,590 4,939 104,387 2,686

 Farm household 99,086 2,387 85,308 2,199

 Working 67,079 1,956 46,351 1,615

 Non-working 32,007 1,304 38,957 1,517

 All farm workers2 166,583 4,743 65,430 2,243

 Hired workers 99,504 4,233 19,079 1,519

1 All household youth and hired youth combined.

2 All household workers and hired workers combined.
154

Table 3-132. West regional estimates of farm household youth and less

than 20 years of age by age group: 1998.

Age Group

 Estimated

 Youth

 Standard

 Error

<10 years 60,321 2,021

10-15 years 70,494 1,934

 10-11 years 20,641 884

 12-13 years 23,101 927

 14-15 years 26,752 998

16-19 years 53,578 1,560

 16-17 years 31,335 1,077

 18-19 years 22,244 921

Table 3-133. West regional estimates of farm household youth less

than 20 years of age by age group and sex: 1998.

Males Females

 

Age Group

Estimated

 Youth

Standard

 Error

Estimated

 Youth

Standard

 Error

<10 years 31,733 1,298 28,588 1,221

10-15 years 37,975 1,315 32,519 1,194

 10-11 years 11,363 652 9,278 581

 12-13 years 12,409 675 10,692 639

 14-15 years 14,203 732 12,549 683

16-19 years 29,378 1,098 24,200 990

 16-17 years 17,044 794 14,291 731

 18-19 years 12,334 689 9,910 601
155

Table 3-134. West regional estimates of farm household youth less

than 20 years of age by type of farm: 1998.

Type of Farm

Estimated

 Youth 

 Standard

 Error

Crops 100,077 2,954

 Cash grains 37,073 1,905

 Cotton 1,528 370

 Vegetables 7,862 938

 Fruits, nuts 24,740 1,497

 Nursery 3,577 526

 Other crops 25,299 1,609

Livestock 82,678 2,788

 Beef cattle 57,938 2,345

 Dairy 11,289 1,170

 Hogs 1,565 486

 Sheep, goats 4,732 700

 Equine 4,248 584

 Other livestock 2,907 548

Unknown 1,639 ---
156

Table 3-135. West regional estimates of working farm household youth

less than 20 years of age by age group: 1998.

Age Group

 Estimated

 Youth

 Standard

 Error

<10 years 19,703 1,069

10-15 years 50,621 1,654

 10-11 years 13,123 718

 12-13 years 16,113 796

 14-15 years 21,385 903

16-19 years 43,106 1,421

 16-17 years 25,610 980

 18-19 years 17,497 830

Table 3-136. West regional estimates of working farm household youth

less than 20 years of age by age group and sex: 1998.

Males Females

 

Age Group

Estimated

 Youth

Standard

 Error

Estimated

 Youth

Standard

 Error

<16 years 41,615 1,506 28,709 1,220

 <14 years1 29,089 1,251 19,850 996

 14-15 years 12,526 691 8,859 582

16-19 years 25,463 1,035 17,643 863

 16-17 years 14,956 751 10,654 635

 18-19 years 10,507 636 6,990 517

1 One or more age groups below 14 years of age for family or hired workers were

not reportable.
157

Table 3-137. West regional estimates of working farm household youth

less than 20 years of age by type of farm: 1998.

Type of Farm

Estimated

 Youth 

 Standard

 Error

Crops 54,995 2,099

 Cash grains 21,609 1,343

 Vegetables 4,374 703

 Fruits, nuts 12,151 982

 Other crops 16,862 1,197

Livestock 57,500 2,216

 Beef cattle 40,527 1,865

 Dairy 7,103 870

 Sheep, goats 3,701 591

 Equine 2,991 451

 Other livestock 3,178 589

Unknown 934 ---
158

Table 3-138. West regional estimates of hired farm workers less than

20 years of age by age group: 1998.

Age Group

 Estimated

 Youth

 Standard

 Error

<10 years 1,544 284

10-15 years 28,425 1,974

 10-11 years 3,131 437

 12-13 years 7,597 790

 14-15 years 17,698 1,331

16-19 years 88,614 3,929

 16-17 years 45,455 2,432

 18-19 years 43,159 2,266

Table 3-139. West regional estimates of hired farm workers less than

20 years of age by age group and sex: 1998.

Males Females

 

Age Group

Estimated

 Youth

Standard

 Error

Estimated

 Youth

Standard

 Error

<16 years 22,978 1,588 6,991 810

 <14 years1 8,924 843 3,347 497

 14-15 years 14,054 1,081 3,644 508

16-19 years 76,525 3,411 12,088 1,052

 16-17 years 38,993 2,135 6,462 675

 18-19 years 37,533 2,014 5,626 611

1 One or more age groups below 14 years of age for family or hired workers were

not reportable.
159

Table 3-140. West regional estimates of hired farm workers less than

20 years of age by type of farm: 1998.

Type of Farm

Estimated

 Youth 

 Standard

 Error

Crops 69,412 4,511

 Cash grains 17,124 1,742

 Vegetables 6,747 1,702

 Fruits, nuts 21,377 2,771

 Other crops 24,164 2,685

Livestock 48,621 2,595

 Beef cattle 32,414 2,128

 Dairy 7,480 1,092

 Sheep, goats 2,970 614

 Equine 2,897 573

 Other livestock 2,860 693

Unknown 550 ---
160

Table 3-141. West regional estimates of all farm workers1 less than 20

years of age by age group: 1998.

Age Group

 Estimated

 Youth

 Standard

 Error

<10 years 21,247 1,116

10-15 years 79,046 2,672

 10-11 years 16,254 840

 12-13 years 23,710 1,144

 14-15 years 39,083 1,654

16-19 years 131,720 4,221

 16-17 years 71,065 2,655

 18-19 years 60,656 2,437

1 All household workers and hired workers combined.

Table 3-142. West regional estimates of all farm workers1 less than 20

years of age by age group and sex: 1998.

Males Females

 

Age Group

Estimated

 Youth

Standard

 Error

Estimated

 Youth

Standard

 Error

<10 years 12,600 785 8,647 626

10-15 years 51,993 1,960 27,053 1,250

 10-11 years 10,383 668 5,871 480

 12-13 years 15,030 841 8,679 644

 14-15 years 26,580 1,315 12,503 775

16-19 years 101,988 3,594 29,731 1,371

 16-17 years 53,949 2,287 17,116 945

 18-19 years 48,040 2,128 12,616 799

1 All household workers and hired workers combined.
161

Table 3-143. West regional estimates of all farm workers1 less than 20

years of age by type of farm: 1998.

Type of Farm

Estimated

 Youth 

 Standard

 Error

Crops 124,407 5,195

 Cash grains 38,733 2,403

 Vegetables 11,121 1,936

 Fruits, nuts 33,528 3,036

 Nursery 6,338 2,021

 Other crops 34,687 2,381

Livestock 106,121 3,593

 Beef cattle 72,941 2,985

 Dairy 14,583 1,549

 Hogs 1,711 490

 Sheep, goats 6,671 925

 Equine 5,888 761

 Other livestock 4,327 840

Unknown 1,484 ---

1 All household workers and hired workers combined.
162

Table 3-144. West regional estimates of all farm youth1 less than 20

years of age by relationship to farm, type of farm and sex: 1998.

Males Females

Relationship

to Farm Farm Type

Estimated

 Youth

Standard

 Error

Estimated

 Youth

Standard

 Error

Household Crops 54,010 1,866 46,067 16,710

Livestock 44,179 1,703 38,499 1,597

Unknown 897 --- 742 ---

 Working Crops 33,165 1,428 21,830 1,112

Livestock 33,277 1,442 24,223 1,230

Unknown 635 --- 299 ---

 Non-Working Crops 20,845 1,082 24,237 1,213

Livestock 10,902 756 14,276 949

Unknown 262 --- 443 ---

All Farm

Workers2 Crops 90,697 4,055 33,710 1,810

Livestock 74,861 2,825 31,260 1,429

Unknown 973 --- 461 ---

 Hired 

 workers Crops

57,532 3,655 11,880 1,344

Livestock 41,584 2,287 7,037 701

Unknown 338 --- 162 ---

1 All household youth and hired youth combined.

2 All household workers and hired workers combined.
163

Table 3-145. West regional estimates of farm injury rates per 100

youth less than 20 years of age: 1998.

Relationship

to Farm Injuries Youth

Rate/

100 youth

Standard

Error

 All Farm Youth1 4,174 302,977 1.38 0.14

 Farm Household 3,769 184,394 2.04 0.22

 Working 1,636 113,430 1.44 0.22

 Non-working 2,133 184,394 1.16 0.16

 All Farm Workers2 2,041 232,013 0.88 0.11

1 All household youth and hired youth combined.

2 All household workers and hired workers combined.

Table 3-146. West regional estimates of farm injury rates for farm

household youth less than 20 years of age by age group: 1998.

Age Group Injuries Youth

Rate/

100 Youth

Standard

Error

<10 years 1,255 60,321 2.08 0.38

10-15 years 1,767 70,494 2.51 0.38

16-19 years 747 53,578 1.39 0.31

Table 3-147. West regional estimates of farm injury rates for all

farm workers1 less than 20 years of age by age group: 1998.

Age Group Injuries Youth

Rate/

100 Youth

Standard

Error

<10 years 258 21,247 1.21 0.46

10-15 years 893 79,046 1.13 0.24

16-19 years 890 131,720 0.68 0.14

1 All household workers and hired workers combined.
164

Table 3-148. West regional estimates of farm injury rates per 100

youth less than 20 years of age by type of farm and relationship to

farm: 1998.

Type of Farm and 

Relationship to Farm Injuries Youth

Rate/

100 youth

Standard

Error

Crops

 Farm household 1,723 100,077 1.72 0.28

 All farm workers1 770 124,407 0.62 0.15

Livestock

 Farm household 2,017 82,678 2.44 0.36

 All farm workers1 1,173 106,121 1.11 0.20

1 All household workers and hired workers combined.
165

Appendix A:

Questionnaire
166
167

OMB Number 0535-xxxx

1998 CHILDHOOD AGRICULTURAL 

INJURIES QUESTIONNAIRE 

National Agricultural Statistics Service

INT1. Hello, my name is____________ and I am working with the National Agricultural Statistics Service

for the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. We are interested in learning more about

injuries to children and adolescents. We are asking farm/ranch/orchard families for information

about their Agricultural operation as well as about any accidents and injuries, including those from

recreational activities that occurred on your farm in the past year. This will take about ___

minu tes. 

The info rma tion you prov ide will be held s trictly confiden tial and your c oopera tion is volunta ry. 

This information will be combined with others’ to help identify common patterns of injury and the

means of preventing such injuries to children and adolescents. Would you help us by answering

these questions?

1.  YES [Continue on to INT 2]

2.  NO

I assure you that eve rything you tell us w ill be kept co nfidential. 

Your answers are very important to us because your answers will be 

used to represent other farm/ranch/orchard families who were not selected to be

interviewed. Results of this project will be used to identify common patterns on injury and

the m eans of p reve nting agric ultura l injurie s to childre n and adole scents th at could be nefit

all farm/ranch/orchard families. Would you consider helping us?

1.  YES [Continue on to INT 2]

2.  NO — I’m sorry to have bothered you. Thank you for your time.

INT2. Hello, may I please speak with the adult female of the household?

1.  YES

2.  NOT AVAILABLE - - W hen would be a good time to call back? __________

3.  NO FEMALE HE AD-OF-HOUSEH OLD - - Ask for adult male 
168

HOUSEHOLD SUMMARY

1. First, I would like to kno w how m any peop le live in your hou sehold, (Including

yourself, and Excluding temporary visitors) .................... .......

Now, I would like to know a little about each of the (repeat number)

people. Let’s start with you. Could I have your name? .........

2. IWER: Record relationship as respondent.

01  Self 03  Child/Step-Child 05  Sibling 07  Boarder

02  Spouse 04  Parent 06  Relative 08  Other (Specify: _______________)

3. IWER: Respondent’s sex? ........................ ........... 9 Male 9 Fem ale

4. W hat was you r age on you r last b irthda y? ........................ .........

5. Are you: (Please check T ONLY O NE).

01  Married 03  Divorced 05  Married, but apart

02  Widowed 04  Separated 06  Single, never married

6. How many years of schooling have you completed? ........................ .

7. Do you h ave a: (Please check T ONLY O NE).

01  High School Diploma 02  GED Certificate 03  Neither

8. Did you perform work on the farm at any time during 1998? ............... 9 Yes 9 No

IWER: Repeat 1a through 1g for each additional person in the household and record the

information in the appropriate space.

IF NO MOR E IN THE HOUSEH OLD [SKIP TO Item 1 on page 3]

1a. What is the name of the next person living in the household? . .

1b. How is this person related to you? (Please check T ONLY ONE).

01  Self 03  Child/Step-Child 05  Sibling 07  Boarder

02  Spouse 04  Parent 06  Relative 08  Other (Specify: _______________)

1c. IWER: Record sex of household member, if NOT CLEAR, ask whether

person is Male or Female. (Please check T ONLY ONE). .......... 9 Male 9 Fem ale

1d. What was (his/her) age on (his/her) last birthda y? ........................ ..............

1e. Is (he/she): (Please check T ONLY O NE).

01  Married 03  Divorced 05  Married, but apart

02  Widowed 04  Separated 06  Single, never married

1f. How many years of schooling has (he/she) completed? ........................

1g. Does (he/she) have a: (Please check T ONLY ONE).

01  High School Diploma 02  GED Certificate 03  Neither

[If the respons e to 1d is age 1 9 or less ask qu estion 1h.]

1h. Did (he/she) work on the farm at any time during 1998? ................. 9 Yes 9 No

First, I have a few questions about your farm or ranch operation.
169

1. Of the farm or ranch income reported, which of these categories represents the 

largest portion of the gross income from the operation

Grains and Oilseeds ........................ ........................ ........ 01 9

(corn, sorghum, small grains, rice, soybeans, dry beans, dry peas, sunflowers, 

 flaxseed, popcorn, grain silage and forage, grains and oilseeds for seed)

Tobacco ........................ ........................ ................. 02 9

Cotton ........................ ........................ .................. 03 9

Vegetables and Melons ........................ ........................ .... 04 9

(potatoes, sweet potatoes, beets, cabbage, cantaloupes, pumpkins

 sweet corn, tomatoes, watermelons, vegetable seed and others)

Fruit, Tree Nuts and Berries ........................ ........................ 05 9

(apples, blueberries, cherries, cranberries, grapes, oranges, kiwi fruit

 peaches, pears, strawberries, almonds, hazelnuts, pecans, walnuts and others)

Nursery, G reenho use and Floriculture ........................ ............... 06 9

(cut flowers, potted plants, bedding plants, foliage plants, sod, mushrooms

 Christmas trees, bulbs, nursery stock, shrubbery, flower seed and others)

Other Crops ........................ ........................ ............. 07 9

(hay, peanuts, sugarbeets, sugarcane, mint, hops, grass seed, maple syrup)

Beef C attle ........................ ........................ ............... 08 9

(beef cattle for breeding stock, fed cattle, stockers and feeders, veal calfs)

Dairy ........................ ........................ ................... 09 9

(milk and other dairy products, sales of dairy animals)

Hogs ........................ ........................ ................... 10 9

Sheep, Goats, Wool an d M ohair ........................ ..................... 11 9

Equine ........................ ........................ .................. 12 9

(horses, ponies, mules, donkeys, burros)

Poultry and Eggs ........................ ........................ ......... 13 9

(chickens, broilers, eggs, turkeys, ducks, geese, pheasants, poultry products

 hatcheries)

Aquacu lture ........................ ........................ ............. 14 9

(catfish, trout and other finfish, and shellfish)

Othe r Anima ls ........................ ........................ ............ 15 9

(fur-bearing animals, bees, honey, rabbits, and other animal specialties)

2. How many acres are included in this operation?

01 9 < 100 05 9 701-999

02 9 101-300 06 9 > 1000

03 9 301-500 07 9 Don’t know

04 9 501-700 09 9 Refused

3. Approximately how many people under the age of 20 visited the farm during

1998? ........................ ........................ ..........
170

4. Approximately how many people under the age of 20 (excluding those

previously mentioned) worked on the farm during 1998? ...................

4a. Please indicate the names, ages and gender of all workers under the age of 20.

Names of Person(s) Under 20 Years of Age Age

Gender

Male Fem ale

a.  

b.  

c.  

d.  

e.  

f.  

g.  

5. Do you require farm workers to have any type of training?

01 9 Yes (Specify: ______________________________) 07 9 Don’t Know

03 9 No 09 9 Refused

6. Do you provide any training for workers on your farm?

01 9 Yes (Specify: ______________________________) 07 9 Don’t Know

03 9 No 09 9 Refused

Next, I’m going to ask you some questions about any injuries to children or adolescents under the

age of 20 that occurred on the farm during 1998.

7. During 1998, did anyone on the farm under the age of 20 experience any injuries which required

at least 4 hours of restricted activity or required professional medical attention? These injuries

would include those resulting from farm work, chores or recreation on the farm or in the home.

01 9 Yes 07 9 Don’t Know

03 9 No [These are all the qu estions I h ave for y ou today . 09 9 Refused

 Thank you for your time]

8. How m any child/adolescent injuries of this type occurred on the farm

during 1998? ........................ ........................ .....

Now we w ould like to get some information on each of these injuries.

9. Starting with the most recent child/adolescent injury, what is the first name

of the injured person?. ........................ .................

10. W hat was the age of this pers on at the tim e of th e injury? .............

11. What is the injured person’s race?

01 9 White 05 9 Other (Specify: __________________)

02 9 Black 77 9 Don’t Know

03 9 Native American/American Indian 99 9 Refused

04 9 Asian/Pacific Islander
171

12. What is the injured person’s ethnic background, is it Hispanic or something else?

01 9 Hispanic

02 9 Non-hispa nic

13. In what month did this injury occur?

01 9 January 08 9 August

02 9 Februa ry 09 9 September

03 9 March 10 9 October

04 9 April 11 9 November

05 9 May 12 9 December

06 9 June 77 9 Don’t Know

07 9 July 99 9 Refused

IWER: If over 16 and the person resides in this household, ask to speak to that person.

If injured person is not part of this household, is not available, or is under 16 continue

interviewing respondent.

14. Did (you/the injured person) live on the farm?

01 9 Yes 77 9 Don’t Know

03 9 No 99 9 Refused

15. Did this injury occur while working, visiting, doing chores or during recreational activities on the

farm?

01 9 Working 05 9 Other (Specify ____________________)

02 9 Visiting [Skip to 19] 77 9 Don’t Know

03 9 Chores [Skip to 19] 99 9 Refused

04 9 Recreational Activities [Skip to 19]

16. During 1998, how many week did (you/the injured person)

work on the farm ? ........................ .......................

17. At the time of the injury, how many hours per week did (you/the injured person)

typically work on the farm ?

01 9 0-10 05 9 More than 40

02 9 11-20 77 9 Don’t Know

03 9 21-30 99 9 Refused

04 9 31-40

18. Was (your/the injured person’s) supe rviso r in the imm ediate are a at th e tim e of th e injury?

01 9 Yes 77 9 Don’t Know

03 9 No 99 9 Refused

19. How much experience did (you/the injured person) have in performing the task you were doing at

the tim e of th e injury?

01 9 None 06 9 More than 1 month to 12 months

02 9 < 4 hours 07 9 More than 1 year

03 9 More th an 4 hours to 8 ho urs 77 9 Don’t Know

04 9 More than 1 day to 7 days 99 9 Refused

05 9 More than 1 week to 4 weeks

20. What is (your/the injured person’s) relatio nship to the farm fa mily?

01 9 Self 07 9 Boarder

02 9 Spouse 08 9 Other (Specify _______________________)

03 9 Child/Step-C hild 09 9 Worker

04 9 Parent 10 9 Visitor

05 9 Sibling 77 9 Don’t Know

06 9 Other Relative 99 9 Refused
172

21. W here on the farm did the injury occur?

01 9 Crop Fie ld, Orcha rd, Nursery 09 9 In the House

02 9 Pasture 10 9 Garage

03 9 In the Farm Yard 11 9 House Yard

04 9 Grain S torage /Silo 12 9 Drivew ay/Sidewalk

05 9 Farm Outbuilding 13 9 Outdoors, General

06 9 Barn 14 9 Other (Specify: __________________)

07 9 Farm Roadway 77 9 Don’t Know

08 9 Public Roadway 99 9 Refused

22. Now I would like for you to describe in as much detail as possible how the injury occurred. Include

where the injury occurred, what tasks were being completed, what equipment was being used or

mate rials being h andled, a nd any oth er factor s you think might b e impo rtant. [IWER: PROBE

FOR DETAIL]

Interviewer

Checklist

 Location

 Barn, field, house

 Specific activity

 Equipment

 & Tools

 Powered-- On/Off

 Using/Cleaning

 Materials 

 handled

 Ag Chemicals, 

 Fertilizer, etc.

 Other 

 Factors

NIOSH USE ONLY:

_____ SOURCE _____ EVENT

_____ 2nd Source ______ E-CODE
173

23. What part of the body was injured? (Please T ALL that apply)

01 9 Head/Skull 08 9 Hand/W rist/Fingers

02 9 Face 09 9 Leg

03 9 Neck 10 9 Foot/Ankle/Toes

04 9 Shoulder/Chest/Back 11 9 Internal Injuries

05 9 Abdomen 12 9 Other (Specify: _________________________)

06 9 Pelvic Region 77 9 Don’t Know

07 9 Arm 99 9 Refused

24. What type of injury occurred to the __________ (Specify body pa rt)?(Please T ALL that apply)

01 9 Scrape/Abrasion 09 9 Crushed/Mangled

02 9 Bruise/Contusion 10 9 Loss of Body Part/Amputation

03 9 Sprain/Strain/Torn Ligament 11 9 Nerve Inju ry

04 9 Broken Bone/F racture 12 9 Burn/Blister/Scald

05 9 Dislocation 13 9 Other (Specify: ___________________)

06 9 Cut/Laceration 77 9 Don’t Know

07 9 Puncture/Stab/Jab 99 9 Refused

08 9 Traum atic Rup ture

25. How long were/was (your/the injured person’s) norm al activities r estric ted as a re sult of this in jury?

01 9 No restriction 06 9 1 month to less than 3 months

02 9 Less than 1 day 07 9 3 mon ths or m ore

03 9 1 day to less than 7 d ays 77 9 Don’t Know

04 9 7 days to less than 14 days 99 9 Refused

05 9 14 days to less than 1 month

26. At this time , are a ctivities still re stricted as a res ult of th is injury?

01 9 Yes 77 9 Don’t Know

03 9 No [Skip to 28] 99 9 Refused

27. Did th e injury result in a p erm anent disability?

01 9 Yes 77 9 Don’t Know

03 9 No 99 9 Refused

28. On a scale of 1 to 5, how would you rate the overall seriousness of this injury, with 1 being minor

and 5 being life-threatening?

01 9 Minor 05 9 Life-threatening

02 9 Mode rate 77 9 Don’t Know

03 9 Serious 99 9 Refused

04 9 Severe

29. Did this injury require medical attention?

01 9 Yes 77 9 Don’t Know

03 9 No [Skip to end] 99 9 Refused

30. W here did the injure d per son rece ive tre atm ent fo r this in jury?

01 9 Docto r’s Office or Clinic 06 9 Chiropractor

02 9 Hospital Emergency Department 07 9 At the Scene

03 9 Non-emergency clinic at Hospital 08 9 Other (Specify:__________________)

04 9 Public Clinic 77 9 Don’t Know

05 9 Dentist 99 9 Refused

31. Did th is injury requ ire ad mis sion to a ho spita l?

01 9 Yes 77 9 Don’t Know

03 9 No [Skip to end] 99 9 Refused
174

32. How long was the hospitalization? ........................ .............

IWER : If more than o ne injury was reporte d in qu estion 8 return to 9 un til

information has been gathered on all injuries.

Now, I’d like som e inform ation on the next injury....

CLOSING: 

THAT ’S ALL T HE Q UEST IONS I HAVE F OR Y OU T ODAY . 

THAN K YO U VER Y M UCH FOR YOU R TIM E. 

WE HOPE THIS INFORMATION W ILL HELP US LEARN MORE 

ABOUT HOW TO PREVENT OTHER YOUNG PEOPLE FROM 

HAVIN G INJ URIES. 

HAVE A GOOD (DAY/EVENING)
175

Appendix B:

Sample-based Estimators
176
177

1. Sampling Estimators and Variance Estimators for Injury and Youth Estimates:

where:
178

2. Sampling Estimators and Variance Estimators for Injury Rates:

where: 

Alternatively, the variance for R can be determined by: 

where:
179

Because the relative covariance between the estimated number of injuries, y, and the estimated number of

youth exposed, x, is generally negligible, the estimate of the variance of the rate may be approximated

by:

where rse(y) and rse(x) are as defined previously.
Delivering on the Nation’s Promise:

Safety and health at work

For all people

Through research and prevention

DHHS (NIOSH) PUBLICATION No. 2001-154

To receive other information about occupational safety and health topics, call

1-800-35-NIOSH (1-800-356-4674), or

visit the NIOSH Website at:

www.cdc.gov/niosh



SAFER HEALTHIER PEOPLE