1

CRAGGY VEGETATION MANAGEMENT 

PROJECT

WILDLIFE BIOLOGICAL EVALUATION

SALMON/SCOTT RIVER RANGER DISTRICT, KLAMATH NATIONAL FOREST

Contact Person: Sam Cuenca, (530) 468-5351

Prepared by: /s/ Sam Cuenca_____ Date: 6/28/17___________

Sam Cuenca

Wildlife Biologist

Salmon/Scott River Ranger District

Klamath National Forest
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I. INTRODUCTION

The purpose of this biological evaluation (BE) is to determine the effects of the Craggy Project 

on wildlife species listed as Sensitive by the Pacific Southwest Region (Region 5), USDA Forest 

Service.

The Forest Service, Region 5, Sensitive Species list was provided by the USDA Pacific 

Southwest Region on July 3, 2013, and updated for the Klamath National Forest (Forest) on 

September 9, 2013. The Sensitive Species Reference Document for the Klamath National Forest 

was developed and updated in June 2009. This BE addresses the following species from the 

updated list:

- Bald eagle (Haliaeetus leucocephalus leucocephalus)

- Northern goshawk (Accipter gentiles)

+ Great gray owl (Strix nebulosa)

- Willow flycatcher (Empidonax trailii)

+ Greater sandhill crane (Grus canadensis tabida)

- North American wolverine (Gulo gulo luscus)

- Fisher (Martes pennanti pacifica)

- Pacific marten (Martes caurina)

- Pallid bat (Antrozous pallidus)

- Townsend’s big-eared bat (Corynorhinus townsendii)

- Fringed myotis (Myotis thysanodes)

+ Western pond turtle (Emys marmorata)

- Foothill yellow-legged frog (Rana boylii)

- Cascade frog (Rana cascade)

+ Southern torrent salamander (Rhyacotriton variegates)

- Siskiyou Mountain salamander (Plethodon stormi)

- Tehama chaparral snail (Trilobopsis tehamana)\

- Western bumble bee (Bombus occidentalis)

+ The Craggy Project is not within the range of southern torrent salamander (streams within 

coastal forests) or great gray owl. Habitat for the western pond turtle (low gradient stream 

profiles) and greater sandhill crane (wetlands, marshes, grasslands, or irrigated fields) does 

not occur in the analysis area. These species will not be addressed further in this document.

II. DESCRIPTION OF PROPOSED ACTION

Proposed Action

The proposed action and alternative descriptions are summarized in the Craggy Project 

DEIS (Chapter 2, section 2.1).

Project Design Features Applicable to All Alternatives

Wildlife Project design features are summarized in the Craggy Project DEIS (Chapter 2, 

section 2.2).
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Species Accounts

Bald Eagle (Haliaeetus leucocephalus)

Environmental Baseline

Nesting territories are usually associated with lakes, reservoirs, rivers, or large streams and are 

usually within close proximity of water bodies that support adequate food supply (Lehman

1979). Bald eagle nests are usually located in uneven-aged, multi-storied stands with old-growth 

components. Most nests in California are located in ponderosa pine/mixed conifer stands and 

nest trees are most often ponderosa pine (Lehman 1979). Bald eagles are common during 

migration and in winter along major river systems such as the Klamath and Scott Rivers, and in 

agricultural areas such as Scott Valley. Nine nest sites and four roost sites are known to occur on 

the Forest. Four nest sites are on the westside of the Forest and the remaining sites are on the 

eastside.

No eagle habitat occurs in the analysis area. No known nest sites occur within or immediately 

adjacent to the project activities. The closest known bald eagle nest sites to the project are at 

mouth of the Scott River and Quartz Valley, both approximately 13 miles from proposed project.

Direct and Indirect Effects

Alternative 1

Under the no action alternative no activities would occur so no direct or indirect effects 

would occur.

Cumulative Effects

Since there are no direct or indirect effects to bald eagles, there are no cumulative effects.

Alternatives 2 and 3

No direct or indirect effects to bald eagles are anticipated from the proposed activities with 

Alternatives 2 and 3 because habitat suitable for bald eagle nesting will not be affected and 

noise activity disturbance to known eagles will not occur. No eagle habitat occurs in the 

analysis area.

Cumulative Effects

Since there are no direct or indirect effects to bald eagles, there are no cumulative effects.

Determination

Because of the distance from known eagle nest sites and the lack of suitable habitat in the 

project, Alternatives 2 and 3 of this project will have “no effect” on bald eagles.

Northern Goshawk (Accipiter gentilis)

Environmental Baseline
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The northern goshawk is an accipiter associated with late successional forest, or with midsuccessional forests with late successional elements, in mixed conifer or true fir habitat types. 

Foraging habitat is variable and includes mid- and late-successional forest, natural and manmade openings, and forest edges. Moderate and high quality habitats contain abundant large 

snags and large logs for prey habitat and plucking posts. Goshawks generally breed in older-age 

coniferous, mixed, and deciduous forest habitats. This habitat provides large trees for nesting, a 

closed canopy for protection and thermal cover, and open spaces allowing maneuverability 

below the canopy. Forest stands containing nests are often small, approximately 25 to 250 acres; 

territories may contain one to five alternative nest areas. In Northern California, maximum 

distance between alternative nest stands was about one mile, and approximately 85 percent of 

alternate nest stands were less than 0.5 mile apart.

On the Forest, habitat consists of mid- and late-successional mixed conifer forest with scattered 

harvested and natural openings. Many of the known goshawk sites on Scott River, Salmon River 

and Oak Knoll Ranger Districts are associated with northern spotted owl sites and goshawks 

were found incidentally while surveying for owls. Therefore, suitable goshawk habitat, for this 

analysis, is considered equivalent to nesting, roosting and foraging habitat defined for spotted 

owls. Foraging habitat is variable and includes mid- and late-successional forest, natural and 

man-made openings, and forest edges. There are approximately 2,793 acres of late-successional 

goshawk habitat within the analysis area. The overall distribution of this habitat is limited but has 

similar to historic patterns, but the overall amount of been reduced through wildfire, timber 

harvest, fire salvage, road building, and ecological type. Stands that have been burned or 

harvested, for the most part, are in early or mid-successional forest stages and are capable of 

becoming late-successional forest habitat in the future.

Direct and Indirect Effects

Alternative 1

Under the no action alternative, no activities would occur so no direct or indirect effects 

would occur.

Cumulative Effects

Since there are no direct or indirect effects to northern goshawk, there are no cumulative 

effects.

Alternative 2

Suitable northern spotted owl (NSO) nesting, roosting and foraging habitat is used as a

proxy to evaluate potential northern goshawk habitat. Alternative 2 will degrade 

approximately 347 acres of habitat. About 1.5 acres of habitat will be removed by 

construction of one new landing. The proposed commercial thinning activity (thinning 

with product removal) in Alternative 2 will degrade approximately 87 acres of NSO 

foraging habitat. Non-commercial thinning (thinning without product removal) in 

Alternative 2 will degrade about 78 acres of NSO foraging habitat. Based on the 

parameters of the harvest prescriptions and pre-commercial thinning prescriptions, the 

total affected acres of NSO foraging habitat will retain suitable character for goshawks

after treatment.
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Fuels-related treatments associated with the wildland-urban interface (WUI), ridgetop and 

roadside fuel breaks will degrade but not downgrade 17 acres of foraging habitat. Based 

on the parameters of the fuels treatment prescriptions, the total affected acres of habitat 

will retain suitable character for goshawks after treatment.

The proposed underburning will degrade approximately 163 acres of NSO foraging 

habitat. Based on the parameters of the underburning treatment prescriptions, the total 

affected acres of habitat will retain suitable character for goshawks after treatment.

The proposed actions in NSO dispersal and non-habitat are not expected to have any effect 

on northern goshawk since these actions are not going to occur in suitable goshawk 

habitat.

Combining commercial and non-commercial thinning, underburning and related fuel 

breaks, Alternative 2 will result in the degradation of approximately 347 acres of 

goshawk habitat. Degradation will occur on approximately 12% of the proxy goshawk 

habitat that is available in the analysis area. Although about 1.5 acres of habitat will be 

removed by construction of one new landing, this acreage is so small that effects will not 

be discernible.

Alternative 3 

As with Alternative 2, suitable northern spotted owl (NSO) nesting, roosting and foraging

habitat is used as a proxy to evaluate potential northern goshawk habitat for Alternative 3. 

Alternative 3 will degrade approximately 426 acres of habitat. About 1.5 acres of habitat 

will be removed by construction of one new landing. The proposed commercial thinning 

activity in Alternative 3 will occur on approximately 105 acres of NSO foraging habitat. 

Non-commercial thinning in Alternative 3 will degrade about 112 acres of NSO foraging 

habitat. Based on the parameters of the harvest prescriptions and pre-commercial thinning 

prescriptions, the total affected acres of NSO foraging habitat will retain suitable character 

for goshawks after treatment.

Fuels-related treatments associated with WUI, ridgetop and roadside fuel breaks will 

degrade but not downgrade 45 acres of foraging habitat. Based on the parameters of the 

fuels treatment prescriptions, the total affected acres of habitat will retain suitable 

character for goshawks after treatment.

The proposed underburning will degrade approximately 165 acres of NSO foraging 

habitat. Based on the parameters of the underburning treatment prescriptions, the total 

affected acres of habitat will retain suitable character for goshawks after treatment.

The proposed actions in NSO dispersal and non-habitat are not expected to have any effect 

on northern goshawk since these actions are not going to occur in suitable goshawk 

habitat.

Combining commercial and non-commercial thinning, underburning and related fuel 

breaks, Alternative 3 will result in the degradation of approximately 426 acres of 

goshawk habitat. Degradation will occur on approximately 15% of the proxy goshawk 

habitat that is available in the analysis area. Although about 1.5 acres of habitat will be 

removed by construction of one new landing, this acreage is so small that effects will not 

be discernible.
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Cumulative Effects

Adding the effects of past, present and reasonable foreseeable future actions in the 

analysis area to the direct or indirect effects of these alternatives to northern goshawk, no 

significant cumulative effects would occur.

Determination

For this project, Alternative 1 will result in “no effect” to the northern goshawk. Actions 

occurring in suitable habitat in Alternatives 2 and 3 will result in a “may affect 

individuals, but is not likely to lead to a trend towards Federal listing” for the northern 

goshawk.

Willow Flycatcher (Empidonax virescens)

The willow flycatcher is a “rare to locally uncommon” summer resident in wet meadow and 

montane riparian habitats at 2000 feet to 8000 feet in the Sierra Nevada and Cascade Range. In 

California, this species most often occurs in broad, open river valleys or large mountain 

meadows with lush, high-foliage volume willows. Across its range, willow flycatchers typically 

select willow for nesting but may use other species of shrubs, typically close to ground in low 

shrubs and bushes near water.

Habitat for willow flycatchers in the westside of the Klamath National Forest is primarily located 

along the Klamath River and the larger adjacent streams, the Marble Mountain Wilderness, and 

the Siskiyou Crest. For the past 13 years, willow flycatchers have been captured at the Constant 

Effort Mist Netting Station in willow habitat along the Klamath River near Seiad Valley. This 

mist-netting station is located approximately 25 miles from the analysis area. No significant 

areas of suitable habitat are known to occur within the Craggy Project analysis area. Surveys 

have not been conducted for willow flycatchers specifically for the Craggy Project and surveys 

will not be conducted for this species as the project does not occur within or adjacent to suitable 

habitat.

Direct and Indirect Effects

Alternative 1

Under the no action alternative, no activities would occur so no direct or indirect effects 

would occur.

Cumulative Effects

Since there are no direct or indirect effects to willow flycatchers, there are no cumulative 

effects.

Alternatives 2 and 3

With the implementation of riparian reserve related project design features, and the limited 

activities proposed in riparian habitat in the watersheds, Alternatives 2 and 3 will not limit the 

availability of riparian habitat conditions for the willow flycatcher in the analysis area.
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Cumulative Effects

Since there are no direct or indirect effects to willow fly catchers, there are no cumulative 

effects.

Determination

Due to the factors described above, the Craggy Project will have “no effect” on the willow 

flycatcher.

North American Wolverine (Gulo gulo luscus) (Also a candidate for Federal listing)

Environmental Baseline

Sightings of this species are rare in northern California; sightings range from Del Norte 

and Trinity Counties east through Siskiyou and Shasta Counties, and south through Tulare 

County. Habitat distribution in California is poorly known for the North Coast and 

northern Sierra Nevada. In northern California, wolverines range from 500 meters to 1,500 

meters in elevation (1,600 feet to 4,800 feet) in Douglas-fir and mixed conifer and true fir 

habitats. For the purposes of this analysis, NSO nesting, roosting and foraging habitat is 

used as a proxy for wolverine habitat; a similar analysis area is considered due to the 

wolverine’s large annual home range use.

Camera stations and track plate surveys have been conducted on the Forest but these 

surveys did not find wolverines. There are ten documented detections of wolverines on the 

Klamath National Forest but no den sites are known. Surveys for wolverines have not been 

conducted within the analysis area due to funding constraints. Due to the large home 

ranges used by wolverines, their ability to travel long distances over rugged terrain, the 

variety of habitats that they use, and the proximity of remote, rugged habitats in 

Wilderness areas, it is expected that wolverines may disperse into or forage in the analysis

area, either as part of individual home ranges or as individuals dispersing through the area. 

Due to habitat fragmentation and limited availability of older forest conditions, wolverines 

are not expected to be abundant in the analysis area but may be present.

Direct and Indirect Effects

Alternative 1

Under the no action alternative, no activities would occur so no direct effects to 

wolverines would occur. The indirect effects expected would be those effects related to the 

continued increase of density-related mortality and disease. Habitat conditions would 

remain as described in the existing condition for an undetermined amount of time trending 

towards less healthy stand conditions. Overall, effects to wildlife and wildlife habitats of 

no action will result in 1) reduced availability and distribution of stands that could develop 

into suitable habitat for late successional habitat related species (including the wolverine); 

and 2) increased fuel loadings and increased risk of stand-replacing fire resulting in the 

potential loss of forested habitats in the project area. This will result in a decreased quality 

of forest habitat conditions (dense small diameter understory with few openings for stand 

diversity).
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Cumulative Effects

Adding the effects of this alternative to the effects of reasonably foreseeable future actions 

will not lead to significant cumulative effects because adding the minor short-term or nondiscernible effects of the future actions to the indirect effects of this alternative would not 

result in significant cumulative effects.

Alternative 2

Suitable northern spotted owl (NSO) nesting, roosting and foraging habitat is used as a

proxy to evaluate potential wolverine habitat. Alternative 2 will degrade approximately 

347 acres of habitat. About 1.5 acres of habitat will be removed by construction of one 

new landing. The proposed commercial thinning activity in Alternative 2 will degrade

approximately 87 acres of NSO foraging habitat. Non-commercial thinning in Alternative 

2 will degrade about 78 acres of NSO foraging habitat. Based on the parameters of the 

harvest prescriptions and non-commercial thinning prescriptions, the total affected acres of 

NSO foraging habitat will retain suitable character for wolverine after treatment.

Fuels-related treatments associated with WUI, ridgetop and roadside fuel breaks will 

degrade but not downgrade 17 acres of foraging habitat. Based on the parameters of the 

fuels treatment prescriptions, the total affected acres of habitat will retain suitable 

character for wolverine after treatment.

The proposed underburning will degrade approximately 163 acres of NSO foraging 

habitat. Based on the parameters of the underburning treatment prescriptions, the total 

affected acres of habitat will retain suitable character for wolverine after treatment.

The proposed actions in NSO dispersal and non-habitat are not expected to have any effect 

on wolverine since these actions are not going to occur in suitable wolverine habitat.

Combining commercial and non-commercial thinning, underburning and related fuel 

breaks, Alternative 2 will result in the degradation of approximately 347 acres of 

wolverine habitat. Degradation will occur on approximately 12% of the proxy wolverine

habitat that is available in the analysis area. Although about 1.5 acres of habitat will be 

removed by construction of one new landing, this acreage is so small that effects will not 

be discernible.

Cumulative Effects

Adding the effects of past, present and reasonable foreseeable future actions in the 

analysis area to the direct or indirect effects of these alternatives to wolverine, no 

significant cumulative effects would occur.

Alternative 3

As with Alternative 2, suitable northern spotted owl (NSO) nesting, roosting and foraging

habitat is used as a proxy to evaluate potential wolverine habitat for Alternative 3. 

Alternative 3 will degrade approximately 426 acres of habitat. About 1.5 acres of habitat 

will be removed by construction of one new landing. The proposed commercial thinning 

activity in Alternative 3 will degrade approximately 105 acres of NSO foraging habitat. 

Non-commercial thinning in Alternative 3 will degrade about 112 acres of NSO foraging 
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habitat. Based on the parameters of the harvest prescriptions and pre-commercial thinning 

prescriptions, the total affected acres of NSO foraging habitat will retain suitable character 

for wolverine after treatment.

Fuels-related treatments associated with WUI, ridgetop and roadside fuel breaks will 

degrade but not downgrade 45 acres of foraging habitat. Based on the parameters of the 

fuels treatment prescriptions, the total affected acres of habitat will retain suitable 

character for wolverine after treatment.

The proposed underburning will degrade approximately 165 acres of NSO foraging 

habitat. Based on the parameters of the underburning treatment prescriptions, the total 

affected acres of habitat will retain suitable character for wolverine after treatment.

The proposed actions in NSO dispersal and non-habitat are not expected to have any effect 

on wolverine since these actions are not going to occur in suitable wolverine habitat.

Combining commercial, pre-commercial thinning, underburning and related fuel breaks, 

Alternative 3 will result in the degradation of approximately 426 acres of wolverine

habitat. Degradation will occur on approximately 15% of the proxy wolverine habitat 

that is available in the analysis area. Although about 1.5 acres of habitat will be removed 

by construction of one new landing, this acreage is so small that effects will not be 

discernible.

Cumulative Effects

Adding the effects of past, present and reasonable foreseeable future actions in the 

analysis area to the direct or indirect effects of these alternatives to wolverine, no 

significant cumulative effects would occur.

Determination

For this project, Alternative 1 will result in “no effect” to the wolverine. Actions occurring 

in suitable habitat in Alternatives 2 and 3 will result in a “may affect individuals, but is 

not likely to lead to a trend towards Federal listing” for the wolverine.

Fisher (Martes pennant pacifica)

Environmental Baseline

Fisher habitat distribution occurs from Del Norte and Trinity counties east through 

Siskiyou and Shasta Counties, and south through the Sierra Nevada to Tulare County. In a 

compilation of published and unpublished fisher literature from South-Central British 

Columbia, Western Washington, Western Oregon, and California, fishers are found to be 

associated with habitats containing moderate to dense forest canopy in low and midelevational areas; home ranges include mosaics of different vegetation types and forest age 

classes with complex forest structure for denning, resting, and foraging. Some home ranges 

throughout the range were positively associated with the presence of early successional 

stages which likely provide source habitat for fisher prey. In evaluation of fisher resting 

site selection in three study areas including the Klamath Mountains, Buskirk et al (2010) 

found, when compared to random sites, fishers selected areas with mesic (balanced) 

moisture and temperature regimes, higher vegetation cover, that were steeper in slope, and 
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contained a relatively high basal area of conifers, hardwoods, and snags, and relatively 

large diameter conifer and hardwoods.

While home ranges may contain mosaics of different vegetation types and age classes, this

species is highly associated with large live and dead trees and structural features. Fishers 

are known to use multiple rest trees in their home range and typically are located in large 

live trees with some form of deformity such as mistletoe, avian or mammal platform nests, 

and cavities. Den sites on average to be 1.7 to 2.8 times the diameter of other available 

trees within the vicinity; in Northern California den sites are commonly located in 

hardwoods. Thompson et al. (2011) found fishers often in areas with high numbers of 

small (less than 20-inch diameter at breast height (dbh)) trees, and along lower portions of 

north facing slopes in the Sierra Nevada range. Diet varies across the range but, in 

Northern California, small mammals comprise the majority of the fisher diet.

General surveys have been conducted on the west side of the Forest using baited trip 

cameras and baited 35-millimeter camera stations; positive detections have been made at 

many of the stations on Scott River, Oak Knoll and Ukonom Ranger Districts. An ongoing fisher genetic study on federal and non-federal ownerships, that includes the analysis 

area, has detected numerous fisher. To date, nine fishers have been collected in vicinity of 

the Mill Creek area as part of a relocation project. Fishers have been detected on numerous 

occasions in the Mill Creek drainage approximately 10 miles from the Craggy Project area. 

Incidental sightings of fisher have also occurred on the Forest, for the most part along 

major roads and highways associated with rivers or large creeks, but no den sites have been 

located. Most detections on or adjacent to the Forest have been located in mid- to late-seral 

true fir, mixed conifer and mixed conifer-hardwood habitats.

NSO nesting, roosting, and foraging habitat is considered a proxy for high quality fisher 

denning and resting habitat because of the presence of large trees, denser canopy closure, 

and structural complexity. The analysis area contains approximately 2,793 acres of habitat 

for fisher.

Direct and Indirect Effects

Alternative 1

Under the no action alternative, no activities would occur so no direct effects would occur.

The indirect effects expected would be those effects related to the continued increase of 

density-related mortality and disease. Habitat conditions would remain as described in the 

existing condition for an undetermined amount of time trending towards less healthy stand 

conditions. Overall, effects to wildlife and wildlife habitats of no action will result in 1) 

reduced availability and distribution of stands that could develop into suitable habitat for 

late successional habitat related species (including the fisher); and 2) increased fuel 

loadings and increased risk of stand-replacing fire resulting in the potential loss of forested 

habitats in the project area. This will result in a decreased quality of forest habitat 

conditions (dense small diameter understory with few openings for stand diversity).

Cumulative Effects
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Adding the effects of this alternative to the effects of reasonably foreseeable future actions 

will not lead to significant cumulative effects because adding the minor short-term or nondiscernible effects of the future actions to the indirect effects of this alternative would not 

result in significant cumulative effects.

Alternative 2 

Suitable northern spotted owl (NSO) nesting, roosting and foraging habitat is used as a

proxy to evaluate potential fisher habitat. Alternative 2 will degrade approximately 347 

acres of habitat. About 1.5 acres of habitat will be removed by construction of one new 

landing. The proposed commercial thinning activity in Alternative 2 will degrade

approximately 87 acres of NSO foraging habitat. Non-commercial thinning in Alternative 

2 will degrade about 78 acres of NSO foraging habitat. Based on the parameters of the 

harvest prescriptions and pre-commercial thinning prescriptions, the total affected acres of 

NSO foraging habitat will retain suitable character for fisher after treatment.

Fuels-related treatments associated with WUI, ridgetop and roadside fuel breaks will 

degrade but not downgrade 17 acres of foraging habitat. Based on the parameters of the 

fuels treatment prescriptions, the total affected acres of habitat will retain suitable 

character for fisher after treatment.

The proposed underburning will degrade approximately 163 acres of NSO foraging 

habitat. Based on the parameters of the underburning treatment prescriptions, the total 

affected acres of habitat will retain suitable character for fisher after treatment.

The proposed actions in NSO dispersal and non-habitat are not expected to have any effect 

on fisher since these actions are not going to occur in suitable fisher habitat.

Combining commercial and non-commercial thinning, underburning and related fuel 

breaks, Alternative 2 will result in the degradation of approximately 347 acres of 

fisher habitat. Degradation will occur on approximately 12% of the proxy fisher habitat 

that is available in the analysis area. Although about 1.5 acres of habitat will be removed 

by construction of one new landing, this acreage is so small that effects will not be 

discernible.

Cumulative Effects

Adding the effects of past, present and reasonable foreseeable future actions in the 

analysis area to the direct or indirect effects of these alternatives to fisher, no significant 

cumulative effects would occur.

Alternative 3 

As for Alternative 2, suitable northern spotted owl (NSO) nesting, roosting and foraging

habitat is used as a proxy to evaluate potential fisher habitat. Alternative 3 will degrade 

approximately 426 acres of habitat. About 1.5 acres of habitat will be removed by 

construction of one new landing. The proposed commercial thinning activity in Alternative 

3 will degrade approximately 105 acres of NSO foraging habitat. Non-commercial 

thinning in Alternative 3 will degrade 112 acres of NSO foraging habitat. Based on the 

parameters of the harvest prescriptions and pre-commercial thinning prescriptions, the 
12

total affected acres of NSO foraging habitat will retain suitable character for fisher after 

treatment.

Fuels-related treatments associated with WUI, ridgetop and roadside fuel breaks will 

degrade but not downgrade about 45acres of foraging habitat. Based on the parameters of 

the fuels treatment prescriptions, the total affected acres of habitat will retain suitable 

character for fisher after treatment.

The proposed underburning will degrade approximately 165 acres of NSO foraging 

habitat. Based on the parameters of the underburning treatment prescriptions, the total 

affected acres of habitat will retain suitable character for fisher after treatment.

The proposed actions in NSO dispersal and non-habitat are not expected to have any effect 

on fisher since these actions are not going to occur in suitable fisher habitat.

Combining commercial and non-commercial thinning, underburning and related fuel 

breaks, Alternative 3 will result in the degradation of approximately 426 acres of 

fisher habitat. Degradation will occur on approximately 15% of the proxy fisher habitat 

that is available in the analysis area. Although about 1.5 acres of habitat will be removed 

by construction of one new landing, this acreage is so small that effects will not be 

discernible.

Cumulative Effects

Adding the effects of past, present and reasonable foreseeable future actions in the 

analysis area to the direct or indirect effects of these alternatives to fisher, no significant 

cumulative effects would occur.

Determination

For this project, Alternative 1 will result in “no effect” to the fisher. Actions occurring in 

suitable habitat in Alternatives 2 and 3 will result in a “may affect individuals, but is not 

likely to lead to a trend towards Federal listing” for the fisher.

Pacific Marten (Martes caurina)

Environmental Baseline

This species uses mature and old growth forest habitats, typically distributed at a higher 

elevation than the fisher. Generally, mature and over-mature true fir/hemlock/pine habitat 

occurring above 5,000 feet in elevation with a dense canopy (greater than 40 percent) and 

adequate large, coarse woody debris is considered marten habitat. In the Klamath Mountains, 

Pacific martens are limited to conifer-dominated forests and vegetation types nearby. In most 

studies of habitat use, martens were found to prefer late-successional stands of mesic coniferous 

forest, especially those with complex physical structure near the ground (Buskirk and Powell 

1994). Xeric forest types and those with a lack of structure near the ground are used little or not 

at all. The preference and apparent need for structure near the ground, especially in winter, 

appears universal (Ruggiero et al. 1994). The marten is predisposed by several attributes to 

impacts from human activities, including: its habitat specialization for mesic, structurally 

complex forests; its low population densities; and its low reproductive rate for a mammal of its 
13

size (Ruggiero et al. 1994). Extensive logging and forest fires reduce the value of areas to 

martens, sometimes for many years.

The distribution of marten on the westside of the Forest is not well known due to the lack of 

adequate survey data. Incidental sightings of marten have been recorded in the Craggy Project 

area. Positive detections at camera survey stations on the Goosenest Ranger District of the Forest 

have found marten using true fir habitats near 7,000 feet in elevation.

Martens are considered as an uncommon to common permanent resident of California’s North 

Coast regions and Sierra Nevada, Klamath, and Cascades Mountains. Optimal habitats are 

various mixed evergreen forests with more than 40 percent crown closure, large trees and snags. 

Important habitats include red fir, lodgepole pine, subalpine conifer, mixed conifer, Jeffrey pine, 

and eastside pine. On the Forest, marten have been observed in higher elevations, typically 

within true fir, lodgepole pine, and subalpine conifer stands.

Suitable NSO nesting, roosting and foraging habitat is used as a proxy to evaluate potential 

Pacific marten where it occurs above 4,000 feet in elevation. There is an estimate of 1,500 acres 

of marten habitat in the analysis area.

Direct and Indirect Effects

Alternative 1

Under the no action alternative, no activities would occur so no direct effects would occur. 

The indirect effects expected would be those effects related to the continued increase of 

density-related mortality and disease. Habitat conditions would remain as described in the 

existing condition for an undetermined amount of time trending towards less healthy stand 

conditions. Overall, effects to wildlife and wildlife habitats of no action will result in 1) 

reduced availability and distribution of stands that could develop into suitable habitat for 

late successional habitat related species (including the marten); and 2) increased fuel 

loadings and increased risk of stand-replacing fire resulting in the potential loss of forested 

habitats in the project area. This will result in a decreased quality of forest habitat 

conditions (dense small diameter understory with few openings for stand diversity).

Cumulative Effects

Adding the effects of this alternative to the effects of reasonably foreseeable future actions 

will not lead to significant cumulative effects because adding the minor short-term or nondiscernible effects of the future actions to the indirect effects of this alternative would not 

result in significant cumulative effects.

Alternative 2

Suitable northern spotted owl (NSO) nesting, roosting and foraging habitat above 4,000 

feet in elevation is used as a proxy to evaluate potential marten habitat. Alternative 2 will 

degrade approximately 278 acres of habitat greater than 4,000 feet in elevation. The 

proposed commercial thinning activity in Alternative 2 will degrade approximately 38 

acres of high-elevation NSO foraging habitat. Non-commercial thinning in Alternative 2 

will degrade about 78 acres of NSO foraging habitat. Based on the parameters of the 
14

harvest prescriptions and pre-commercial thinning prescriptions, the total affected acres of 

NSO foraging habitat will retain suitable character for marten after treatment.

Fuels-related treatments associated with WUI, ridgetop and roadside fuel breaks will 

degrade but not downgrade 11 acres of foraging habitat above 4,000 feet in elevation. 

Based on the parameters of the fuels treatment prescriptions, the total affected acres of 

habitat will retain suitable character for marten after treatment.

The proposed underburning will degrade approximately 142 acres of NSO foraging habitat

greater than 4,000 feet in elevation. Based on the parameters of the underburn treatment 

prescriptions, the total affected acres of habitat will retain suitable character for marten

after treatment.

The proposed actions in NSO dispersal and non-habitat are not expected to have any effect 

on Pacific marten since these actions are not going to occur in suitable marten habitat.

Combining commercial, pre-commercial thinning, underburning and related fuel breaks, 

Alternative 2 will result in the degradation of approximately 278 acres of marten

habitat.

Cumulative Effects

Adding the effects of past, present and reasonable foreseeable future actions in the 

analysis area to the direct or indirect effects of this alternative to marten, no significant 

cumulative effects would occur.

Alternative 3 

As for Alternative 2, suitable northern spotted owl (NSO) nesting, roosting and foraging

habitat greater than 4,000 feet in elevation is used as a proxy to evaluate potential marten

habitat. Alternative 3 will degrade approximately 319 acres of habitat greater than 4,000

feet in elevation. The proposed commercial thinning activity in Alternative 3 will degrade

approximately 93 acres of NSO high-elevation foraging habitat. Non-commercial thinning 

in Alternative 3 will degrade about 66 acres of NSO foraging habitat above 4,000 feet. 

Based on the parameters of the harvest prescriptions and pre-commercial thinning 

prescriptions, the total affected acres of NSO foraging habitat will retain suitable character 

for marten after treatment.

Fuels-related treatments associated with WUI, ridgetop and roadside fuel breaks will 

degrade but not downgrade 11 acres of foraging habitat greater than 4,000 feet in

elevation. Based on the parameters of the fuels treatment prescriptions, the total affected

acres of habitat will retain suitable character for marten after treatment.

The proposed underburning will occur on approximately 142 acres of high-elevation NSO 

foraging habitat. Based on the parameters of the underburning treatment prescriptions, the 

total affected acres of habitat will retain suitable character for marten after treatment.

The proposed actions in NSO dispersal and non-habitat are not expected to have any effect 

on Pacific marten since these actions are not going to occur in suitable marten habitat.
15

Combining commercial and non-commercial thinning, underburning and related fuel 

breaks, Alternative 3 will result in the degradation of approximately 319 acres of 

Pacific marten habitat.

Cumulative Effects

Adding the effects of past, present and reasonable foreseeable future actions in the 

analysis area to the direct or indirect effects of this alternative to marten, no significant 

cumulative effects would occur.

Determination

For this project, Alternative 1 will result in “no effect” to the marten. Actions occurring in 

suitable habitat in Alternatives 2 and 3 will result in a “may affect individuals, but is not 

likely to lead to a trend towards Federal listing” for the marten.

Pallid Bat (Antrozous pallidus)

Environmental Baseline

The pallid bat is a California Species of Special Concern as well as being a Forest Service 

sensitive species. Throughout California the pallid bat is usually found in low to middle 

elevation habitats below 6,000 feet in elevation; however, the species has been found up to 

10,000 feet in elevation in the Sierra Nevada. Populations have declined in California within 

desert areas, in areas of urban expansion, and where oak woodlands have been lost. This species, 

like many other bats, is extremely sensitive to disturbance at roosting and nesting sites.

A variety of habitats are used by pallid bats including grasslands, shrublands, woodlands, and 

coniferous forests. Pallid bats are most common in open, dry habitats that contain rocky areas for 

roosting. They are a yearlong resident in most of their range and hibernate in winter near their 

summer roost. Occasional forays may be made in winter for food and water. Pallid bats are 

unusual in that most of their food consists of large insects captured on the ground.

Day roosts may vary but are commonly found in rock crevices and tree hollows; they have been 

documented in large conifer snags, inside basal hollows of redwoods and giant sequoias, and 

bole cavities in oaks. Cavities in broken branches of black oak are very important and there is a 

strong association with black oak for roosting (Pierson 1999). Roosting sites are usually selected 

near the entrance to the roost in twilight rather than total darkness. The site must protect bats 

from high temperatures, as this species is intolerant of roosts in excess of 104 degrees 

Fahrenheit. Pallid bats are also very sensitive to roost site disturbance. Night roosts are usually 

more open sites and may include open buildings, porches, mines, caves, and under bridges 

(Pierson 1999).

Suitable roost sites for pallid bats in the form of large trees and snags do occur in the analysis

area. Other structures, including buildings and bridges, also occur within or adjacent to analysis

area but are much more limited. Surveys have not been conducted within the analysis area but,

because suitable large tree roost sites are fairly common, it is reasonable to conclude that pallid 

bats are present within the analysis area. Surveys will not be conducted for this species.

Direct and Indirect Effects
16

Alternative 1

Under the no action alternative, no activities would occur so no direct or indirect effects 

would occur. 

Cumulative Effects

Since there are no direct or indirect effects to pallid bats, there are no cumulative effects.

Alternatives 2 and 3

With the implementation of snag-related project design features and the limited activities 

proposed in older forested habitat in the watersheds, Alternatives 2 and 3 will not limit the 

availability of large snag distribution for the pallid bat species in the analysis area.

Cumulative Effects

Since there are no direct or indirect effects to pallid bats, there are no cumulative effects.

Determination

Due to the factors described above, the Craggy Project alternatives will have “no effect” on the 

pallid bat.

Townsend’s big-eared bat (Corynorhinus townsendii)

Environmental Baseline

Townsend's big-eared bats occur throughout the western United States. In California, the species 

is generally associated with cave systems but they also found under older bridges, basal tree 

hollows and in the crevices of old buildings and mining structures (Pierson 1999). This species 

has been found Pluto Caves and other caves in the area north of Mount Shasta. Foraging 

associations include edge habitats along streams and areas adjacent to and within a variety of 

wooded habitats (Pierson 1999). The Townsend's bat is a moth specialist with over 90 percent of 

its diet composed of lepidopterans.

Townsend’s big-eared bats are sensitive to disturbance at roost sites and may abandon a roost 

site following a single disturbance.

Surveys have not been conducted and no known locations occur within the analysis area

although caves and open mines are known to occur within the analysis area. In addition, suitable 

roost sites for Townsend’s big-eared bats in the form of large diameter trees are scattered 

throughout the analysis area. Thus, it is reasonable to assume that Townsend’s big-eared bats are 

present in the analysis area. Surveys will not be conducted for this species.

Direct and Indirect Effects

Alternative 1

Under the no action alternative, no direct or indirect effects would occur.
17

Cumulative Effects

Since there are no direct or indirect effects to Townsend’s big-eared bats, there are no 

cumulative effects.

Alternatives 2 and 3

With the implementation of snag-related project design features and the limited activities 

proposed in older forested habitat in the watersheds, Alternatives 2 and 3 will not limit the 

availability of large snag distribution for the Townsend’s big-eared bat species in the analysis 

area.

Cumulative Effects

Since there are no direct or indirect effects to Townsend’s big-eared bats, there are no 

cumulative effects.

Determination

Due to the factors described above, the Craggy Project alternatives will have “no effect” on the 

Townsend’s big-eared bat.

Fringed myotis (Myotis thysanodes)

The fringed myotis is found in western North America from south-central British Columbia to 

central Mexico and to the western Great Plains. In California, it is distributed statewide except in 

the Central Valley and the Colorado and Mojave Deserts. This species occurs on the Klamath 

National Forest.

The fringed myotis uses caves, crevices, mines, and buildings for roosting, hibernacula, and 

maternity colonies. They day and night roost under bark and in tree hollows; in northern 

California they day roost in snags only. Medium to large diameter snags are important day and 

night roost sites.

In California, this species is found from 1,300 to 2,200 meters in elevation in pinyon-juniper, 

valley foothill hardwood and hardwood-conifers.

There is increased likelihood of occurrence of this species as the number of snags greater than 30 

centimeters in diameter increases and the percent canopy cover decreases. Large snags and low 

canopy cover, typical of mature forest habitat types, offer warm roost sites. Decay classes were 

two to four in ponderosa pine, Douglas-fir, and sugar pine.

Open water sources may include artificial sources, such as stock tanks and ponds, in addition to 

natural sources. Home range size varies inversely with the abundance of insects, increasing in 

size as the number of available insects decreases. Travel distances from roosting to foraging 

areas are up to eight kilometers. The fringed myotis consumes primarily beetles, and their food 

source is supplemented by moths and fly larvae captured in the air and on foliage.

Suitable roost sites for fringed myotis bats in the form of large trees and snags occur in the 

analysis area. Other structures, including buildings and bridges, also occur within or adjacent to 
18

analysis area but are much more limited. Surveys have not been conducted within the analysis 

area but, because suitable large tree roost sites are fairly common, it is reasonable to conclude 

that fringed myotis bats are present within the analysis area. Surveys will not be conducted for 

this species.

Direct and Indirect Effects

Alternative 1

Under the no action alternative, no direct or indirect effects would occur.

Cumulative Effects

Since there are no direct or indirect effects to fringed myotis bats, there are no cumulative 

effects.

Alternatives 2 and 3

With the implementation of snag-related project design features and the limited activities 

proposed in older forested habitat in the watersheds, Alternatives 2 and 3 will not limit the 

availability of large snag distribution for the fringed myotis bat species in the analysis area.

Cumulative Effects

Since there are no direct or indirect effects to fringed myotis bats, there are no cumulative 

effects.

Determination

Due to the factors described above, the Craggy Project alternatives will have “no effect” on the 

fringed myotis bat.

Siskiyou Mountain Salamander (Plethodon stormi)

Environmental Baseline

Siskiyou Mountain salamanders are typically found on forested slopes where rocky soils and 

talus outcrops occur. Occupied habitat for the species ranges from small, isolated rock outcrops 

to entire hillsides (Clayton et al. 1999). In a review by Ollivier et al (2001), the species is 

commonly associated with closed canopy forests on north-facing slopes but can also be 

associated with diverse habitat variables including more open canopy, different slope aspects, 

slope position, and varying climatic conditions (Clayton et al. 1999). The available data suggest 

overall that these species are mainly associated with talus and fissured rock outcrops and are 

generally associated with moist, cool surface microclimates. While they may occur in variable 

conditions, they are likely more common in mature and old-growth forest than in other forest 

classes. Overall, available moisture and rocky talus appear to be the two most important habitat 

conditions for this species. Siskiyou Mountain salamanders are lungless salamanders that require 

moisture in order to respire through their skin and avoid desiccation (Nussbaum et al. 1983). 

These traits limit the time the species can be active at the surface where they forage (Nussbaum 

et al. 1983, Clayton et al. 1999).
19

Although these salamanders may occasionally be detected under scattered surface rocks or 

woody debris, most detections are within layered rock (talus) with interstitial spaces that 

provide underground refugia from unfavorable environmental conditions.

The range of the Siskiyou Mountain salamander is limited to portions of three counties in 

southwestern Oregon and northern California (Clayton et al 1999). On the Forest, known 

locations occur on the Oak Knoll and Scott River Ranger Districts and numerous areas in 

the vicinity of Scott Bar Mill Creek (approximately 10 miles from the Craggy Project 

area).

Talus habitat occurs in isolated patches of the analysis area. There are no known sites of 

Siskiyou Mountain salamanders in the analysis area.

Direct and Indirect Effects

Alternative 1

There will be no direct effects to Siskiyou Mountain salamanders from this alternative since no 

habitat occurs in the proposed treatment areas.

Cumulative Effects

Since there are no direct or indirect effects to Siskiyou Mountain salamanders, there are no 

cumulative effects.

Alternatives 2 and 3

There will be no direct effects to talus habitats and Siskiyou Mountain salamanders from these 

alternatives since they occur outside of talus habitat or known sites.

Cumulative Effects

Since there are no direct or indirect effects to Siskiyou Mountain salamanders, there are no 

cumulative effects.

Determination

With the factors above, the Craggy Project alternative will have “no effect” on Siskiyou 

Mountain salamanders.

Foothill Yellow-legged Frog (Rana boylii)

Environmental Baseline

Known distributions of the Foothill yellow-legged frog range through most Pacific drainages 

west of the Sierra/Cascade Crest from the Santiam River, Oregon to the San Gabriel Drainage in 

southern California. They are typically found at elevations below 1,800 feet (Corkran and 

Thoms, 1996). Current distribution and abundance of this species has been reduced in the 

southern portion of its range but still occurs in significant numbers in some coastal drainages. 

Listed as a California Species of Special Concern, as well as a Forest Service sensitive species, 
20

the Foothill yellow-legged frog is at risk due to various anthropogenic and environmental threats 

throughout their range. Among some of the larger rivers in California, predation from introduced 

bullfrogs has been implicated as a cause of their decline. Increased sediment loads in breeding 

streams have a potential to reduce survival of eggs.

Breeding occurs in the spring where adults congregate in habitats consisting of shallow, slow 

flowing water with pebble and cobble substrate, preferably with shaded riffles and pools. This 

species is also known to use moderately vegetated backwaters, isolated pools, and slow moving 

rivers with mud substrates in a variety of habitats, including valley-foothill hardwood, valleyfoothill hardwood-conifer, valley-foothill riparian, ponderosa pine, mixed conifer, coastal scrub, 

mixed chaparral, and wet meadow types (Stebbins 2003).

There is potential Foothill yellow-legged frog habitat in the analysis area but there are no known 

sites. Surveys for the Foothill yellow-legged frog have not been conducted in the analysis area. 

Most in-stream environments within the treatment areas are not suitable for the Foothill yellowlegged frog as they are characterized by steep gradients and/or fast currents; however, there is

potential habitat in the lower gradient portions of the analysis area.

Direct and Indirect Effects

Alternative 1

There will be no direct or indirect effects to this species as a result of this alternative.

Cumulative Effects

Since there are no direct or indirect effects to Foothill yellow-legged frogs, there are no 

cumulative effects.

Alternatives 2 and 3

There will be no direct or indirect effects to this species from this alternative since no habitat will 

be affected in the proposed treatment areas.

Cumulative Effects

Since there are no direct or indirect effects to Foothill yellow-legged frogs, there are no 

cumulative effects.

Determination

With factors described above, the Craggy Project alternatives will have “no effect” on the 

Foothill yellow-legged frog.

Cascades Frog (Rana cascade)

Environmental Baseline

The Cascades frog is a medium-sized frog and is olive to olive-brown with sharply defined dark 

splotches on the back. It is a montane species found in the Olympic Peninsula, Washington, and 
21

in the Cascade Range of Oregon, Washington, and Northern California (Stebbins 2003). It 

appears that populations are declining throughout the range. Reasons for this decline are not well 

understood but locally populations have been impacted by predation from introduced trout in 

mountain lakes.

Habitat for this species includes open montane meadows, marshes, ponds, small bodies of water, 

ephemeral pools, potholes without vegetation, and along small creeks (Stebbins 2003). They are 

typically found at elevations above 2,500 feet (Corkran and Thoms 1996) and are closely 

restricted to water (Stebbins 2003). Aquatic habitat suitable for Cascades frogs in the analysis 

area is found throughout the analysis area. Almost all streams are characterized by steep 

gradients or, in low-gradient reaches, typically consist of dense canopy. Surveys have not been 

conducted for Cascades frog and there are no known locations in the analysis area.

Direct and Indirect Effects

Alternative 1

There will be no direct effects to this species as a result of this alternative.

Cumulative Effects

Since there are no direct or indirect effects to Cascade frogs, there are no cumulative 

effects.

Alternatives 2 and 3

There will be no direct effects to this species from these alternatives since no habitat will be 

affected in the proposed treatment areas.

Cumulative Effects

Since there are no direct or indirect effects to Cascade frogs, there are no cumulative 

effects.

Determination

With factors described above, the Craggy Project alternatives will have “no effect” on the 

Cascade frog.

Tehama Chaparral Snail (Trilobopsis tehamana)

Environmental Baseline

Habitat for the Tehama chaparral snail includes shaded talus and rock piles (Burke et al 

2000). When environmental conditions are favorable, individuals may range from their 

refugia and can be found under leaf litter and other debris in adjacent forested habitat.

Tehama chaparral snails occur in numerous locations on the Forest and are known to occur 

along the Shasta River on the Scott River Ranger District. There is one known site in the 

project area. Habitat is present in talus areas of the analysis area.
22

Direct and Indirect Effects

Alternative 1

There will be no direct or indirect effects to this species as a result of this alternative.

Cumulative Effects

Since there are no direct or indirect effects to Tehama Chaparral snail, there are no 

cumulative effects.

Alternatives 2 and 3

The talus habitat occurring in forested habitats within commercial treated units will be surveyed 

prior to implementation. Known sites will be protected with a one site-tree buffer.

Cumulative Effects

Since there are no direct or indirect effects to Tehama Chaparral snail, there are no 

cumulative effects.

Determination

The Craggy Project alternatives will have “no effect” on the Tehama chaparral snail.

Western Bumble bee (Bombus occidentalis)

Environmental Baseline

Bombus occidentalis currently occurs in all states adjacent to California. Historically, the species 

was broadly distributed across western North America along the Pacific Coast and westward 

from Alaska to the Colorado Rocky Mountains. Historically, B. occidentalis was one of the most 

broadly distributed bumble bee species in North America. Currently, the western bumble bee is 

experiencing severe declines in distribution and abundance due to a variety of factors including 

diseases and loss of genetic diversity. In the absence of fire, native conifers encroach upon 

meadows, which also decreases foraging and nesting habitat available for bumble bees.

The analysis area has no small meadows that could provide potential habitat for the western 

bumble bee.

Direct and Indirect Effects

Alternative 1

There will be no direct or indirect effects to this species as a result of this alternative.

Cumulative Effects

Since there are no direct or indirect effects to western bumble bees, there are no 

cumulative effects.
23

Alternatives 2 and 3

There will be no negative direct or indirect effects to this species with both alternatives. No 

habitat will be affected.

Cumulative Effects

Since there are no direct or indirect effects to western bumble bees, there are no 

cumulative effects.

Determination

The Craggy Project alternatives will have “no effect” on the western bumblebee.
24

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Mollusk Species. Entiat Ranger District, Wenatchee National Forest.

Buskirk, S.W., and R.A. Powell. 1994. Habitat ecology of fishers and American martens. In: 

Buskirk, S.W., Harestad, A.S.; Raphael, M.G., comps, eds. Martens, sables, and fishers: 

biology and conservation. Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press: 283-296.

Buskirk, S.W., C.M. Raley, K. B. Aubry, W.J. Zielinski, M. K. Schwartz, R T. Golightly, K. L. 

Purcell, R. D. Weir, and J.S. Yaeger. 2010. Final Report. Meta-analysis of resting site 

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Clayton, D. R., L. M. Ollivier, and H. H. Welsh. 1999. Survey protocol for the Siskiyou

Mountains salamander (Plethodon stormi) version 3.0.

Corkran, C. and C. Thoms. 1996. Amphibians of Oregon, Washington and British Columbia. 

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Duncan, N., T. Burke, S. Dowlan, and P. Hohenlohe. 2003. Survey protocol for survey and 

manage terrestrial mollusk species from the Northwest Forest Plan. USDA Forest Service 

and USDI Bureau of Land Management.

Lehman, R.N. 1979. A survey of selected habitat features of 95 Bald Eagle nests in California. 

Calif. Dept. Fish and Game. Wildlife Management. Branch Admin. Rep. 79-1, 

Sacramento, CA 23pp.

Mead, L. S., D. R. Clayton, R. S. Nauman, D. H. Olson, and M. E. Pfrender. 2005. Newly 

discovered populations of salamanders from Siskiyou County, California represent a 

species distinct from Plethodon stormi. Herpetologica, 61:158-177.

Nussbaum, R. A., E. D. Brodie Jr., and R. M. Storm. 1983. Amphibians and Reptiles of the 

Pacific Northwest. University of Idaho Press. Moscow, Idaho. (p. 102-104.)

Ollivier, L. M., H. H. Welsh, and D. R. Clayton. 2001. Habitat correlates of the Siskiyou 

mountains salamander, Plethodon stormi (Caudata: Plethodontidae); with comments on 

the species range. USDA Forest Service, Redwood Sciences Lab, Arcata, CA. 

Unpublished report.

Pierson, E.D. 1999. Presentation to the Natural History and Management of Bats in California and 

Nevada Workshop. Nov. 13-15. Sacramento, CA.

Ruggiero, L.F., K.B. Aubry, S.W. Buskirk, L.J. Lyon, and W.J. Zielinski, technical editors. 

1994. The Scientific Basis for Conserving Forest Carnivores: American marten, fisher, 

lynx, and wolverine in the United States. USDA-FS, General Technical Report RM-254. 

183 pp.

Stebbins, R.C. 2003. A field guide to western reptiles and amphibians. Houghton Mifflin 

Company. Boston. 279 pp.

Thompson, C., K. Purcell, J. Garner, and R. Green. 2011. Kings River Fisher Project Progress 

Report. USDA Forest Service Pacific Southwest Research Station. Sierra Nevada 

Research Center. 37 pp.