SEQUESTRATION IN THE NEWS............................................................................................1 

EVENTS & ANNOUNCEMENTS .............................................................................................11 

SCIENCE......................................................................................................................................15 

GEOLOGY ...................................................................................................................................20 

TECHNOLOGY...........................................................................................................................23 

OCEAN .........................................................................................................................................27 

TERRESTRIAL ...........................................................................................................................31 

TRADING.....................................................................................................................................40 

POLICY ........................................................................................................................................44 

PUBLICATIONS .........................................................................................................................53 

LEGISLATION............................................................................................................................63 

INDEX...........................................................................................................................................66 

CONTACT INFORMATION .....................................................................................................72 

 

THE NETL CARBON 

SEQUESTRATION NEWSLETTER: 

ANNUAL INDEX 

AUGUST 2003 – AUGUST 2004 

This is an indexed compilation of the past year’s monthly National Energy Technology 

Laboratory Carbon Sequestration Newsletter. The newsletter is produced by the NETL to 

provide information on activities and publications related to carbon sequestration. It covers 

domestic, international, public sector, and private sector news. This compilation covers 

newsletters issued between September 2003 and August 2004. It highlights the primary news and 

events that have taken place in the carbon sequestration arena over the past year. Information 

that has become outdated (e.g. conference dates, paper submittals, etc.) was removed. 

To subscribe to the newsletter, please send a message to majordomo@list-manager.netl.doe.gov

with “subscribe sequestration” in the body (not subject) of the message. 
NETL Carbon Sequestration Newsletter Annual Index 2003-04 1

Sequestration in the News 

September 2003 

DOE names regional sequestration partners. The U.S. Department of Energy named seven regional 

partnerships that will make up a nationwide network to study the most suitable carbon sequestration methods for 

specific areas of the country. The organizations will also determine possible regulatory and permitting 

requirements, along with infrastructure needs that would be necessary to implement carbon sequestration. The 

DOE will provide approximately $11.1 million (up to $1.6 million per partnership) of support over the next two 

years, and participating organizations will contribute another $7 million – an average of nearly 40 percent of the 

initial funding, NETL Techline, August 18, 2003, 

http://www.netl.doe.gov/publications/press/2003/tl_sequestration_partnershipselections.html.

Casper Star Tribune, Wyoming hopeful FutureGen site. Several eastern Wyoming counties say the area's 

productive coal mines and aging oilfields make it the best site for FutureGen, the White House's $1 billion zeroemissions power generation and CO2 sequestration initiative. “Counties vie for $1 billion clean coal plant,” 

August 25, 2003, 

http://www.casperstartribune.net/articles/2003/08/25/news/wyoming/8308c5068b298bc0fae5b6b19e2647e6.txt. 

The Independent, CO2 not a pollutant. The Bush administration has decreed that CO2 from industrial 

emissions is not a pollutant nor does the administration have the power under the Clean Air Act to declare CO2

emissions from autos as a pollutant. “U.S. says CO2 is not a pollutant,” August 31, 2003, 

http://news.independent.co.uk/world/americas/story.jsp?story=438719; and “EPA says won’t regulate CO2 emissions 

from autos,” Reuters, August 29, 2003, http://www.reuters.com/. See also: “A change of air,” Washington Post, 

August 30, 2003, http://www.washingtonpost.com/ac2/wp-dyn?pagename=article&contentId=A5513-

2003Aug30¬Found=true. 

October 2003 

Philadelphia Inquirer summarizes the pros and cons of geologic CO2 storage in general and highlights the 

borehole seismic study of the Mount Simon aquifer being conducted near AEP’s coal-fired power plant in 

Mountaineer West Virginia. “Digging deep for an answer to global warming,” Philadelphia Inquirer, 

September 4, 2003, http://www.philly.com/mld/philly/living/health/6685575.htm (registration required).

Public Utilities Fortnightly discusses the future involvement of coal utilities in carbon capture and 

sequestration. IGCC is the most promising option for combining sequestration technology with power 

production, but there are no 500-MW models of IGCC plants, and the environmental superiority of IGCC is 

financially unrewarded in today’s market. Technology development, incentives, and clear regulations are 

needed to provide inexpensive coal power while emitting fewer pollutants and sequestering CO2, according to 

this article. “The carbon conundrum; Technology exists to sequester carbon – but will utilities ever buy in?” 

Public Utilities Fortnightly, August 2003, http://www.pur.com/puftocs/aug03.cfm (subscription required). 

Cinergy to cut emissions by 5 percent. The Cincinnati-based power company with core operations that 

account for one percent of worldwide GHG emissions announced “a voluntary plan to reduce its greenhouse gas 

emissions to an average of five percent below their 2000 level during the period 2010 through 2012. Cinergy 

will spend $21 million between 2004 and 2010 on projects to reduce or offset its emissions.” Cinergy's 

Chairman, President and Chief Executive James Rogers said in a statement, “We are also participating in new 
NETL Carbon Sequestration Newsletter Annual Index 2003-04 2

technology development to find ways to burn coal without emissions.” Cinergy news release, September 10, 

2003, http://www.cinergy.com/News/default_corporate_news.asp?news_id=385. 

Marion Daily Republican, FutureGen News. The town of Marion, Illinois is vying to host the project. 

“Bradley wants Marion behind FutureGen,” Marion Daily Republican, September 24, 2003, 

http://www.mariondaily.com/articles/2003/09/24/local_news/news01.txt (subscription required). 

Platts, Regional partnerships news. DOE’s seven regional partnerships also continued to receive press. 

“Carbon sequestration alliances to focus on assessing storage needs, resources,” Platts Coal Outlook, September 

1, 2003. See also, “Energy Secretary Abraham Creates Regional Partnerships to Develop carbon sequestration 

options,” US Newswire, September 2, 2003, http://releases.usnewswire.com/GetRelease.asp?id=121-09022003; 

“Energy Dept. picks regional teams to plan carbon sequestration,” Waste News, September 3, 2003, 

http://www.wastenews.com/headlines2.html?id=1062620887; “New Mexico Tech named regional leader for science 

partnership,” New Mexico Business Weekly, September 10, 2003, 

http://albuquerque.bizjournals.com/albuquerque/stories/2003/09/08/daily8.html; and “Illinois geological survey to lead 

study of carbon sequestration,” Chester Sun Times, IL, August 27, 2003, http://www.suntimesnews.com. 

The Guardian, UK Ministers consider sub-sea geologic storage. A report by UK government scientists 

recommends the study of capturing and storing CO2 in the geologic strata beneath the North Sea to meet longterm GHG targets of 60 percent reduction by 2050. The Commons select committee on science and technology 

has endorsed the technology, saying it considers CO2 sequestration “a necessary part of the transition to a noncarbon fuel economy”. Said UK environment minister Elliott Morley, “I certainly think it should be looked at. I 

don't believe it's the long-term answer but it may have some benefits at the transitional stage in terms of moving 

away from dirty technology to clean technology. There is a gap that renewables are not going to fill in the short 

term.” Enhanced oil and gas recovery in the North Sea are also mentioned as options. “Minister backs plan to 

dump CO2,” The Guardian, September 6, 2003, http://politics.guardian.co.uk/green/story/0,9061,1036594,00.html. 

See also, “Dispute scuppers CO2 targets,” The Engineer, September 12, 2003. 

International Oil Daily, Netherlands look into underground CO2 storage. Dutch Economy Minister 

mandated Gaz de France to undertake a feasibility study into CO2 sequestration in depleted gas fields and 

aquifers in the Netherlands. The study will be called Crust (CO2 re-use through underground storage). An 

earlier scoping study reported that up to 10 billion tons of carbon could be sequestered. “Dutch Order CO2

Study,” International Oil Daily, September 22, 2003. 

European Chemical News, CO2 capture from wine making in Finland. A Finnish CO2 recovery plant will 

expand to capture 8,000 tonnes CO2 per year from the wine and spirit fermentation plant of Altia. Messer 

Suomi invested €4 million in the plant expansion. “Messer Suomi to boost CO2 recovery: In Finland,” 

European Chemical News, September 1, 2003. 

 

November 2003 

Business Week. An article, “Putting carbon dioxide in its place,” describes a test bore hole being drilled into a 

saline formation in West Virginia. The formation underlies a coal-fired power plant owned and operated by 

American Electric Power Co. (AEP). The hole (2,800 meters deep) is finished, and researchers are analyzing 

the samples from each layer. Economists peg CO2 burial cost at a relatively affordable $1 to $8 per ton of CO2, 

but CO2 capture costs are still high. Howard Herzog (MIT), Dale Heydlauff (AEP), and Vello Kuuskraa (ARI) 

are quoted in this article. Business Week, October 20, 2003, http://www.businessweek.com/index.html (subscription 

required). The project is also highlighted in the Milwaukee Journal Sentinel, “Global warming solution may be 

underground,” September 28, 2003. 

UK vote of confidence to CO2 capture and storage. Plans have just been approved to build a £350 million 

Integrated Coal Gasification Combined Cycle (IGCC) power station close to Hatfield Colliery in Yorkshire, UK. 
NETL Carbon Sequestration Newsletter Annual Index 2003-04 3

The 430MW plant will convert coal into hydrogen to generate electricity. Pollutants such as sulfur dioxide and 

nitrogen oxide will be converted to useable by-products while CO2 will be separated before combustion. 

IEAGHG Newsletter, Issue 68, September 2003, http://www.ieagreen.org.uk/sep68.htm#ukcoal. 

Bozeman Daily Chronicle. The Department of Energy has designated Montana State University as the leader of 

a regional partnership aimed at reducing GHG emissions. Funded with a $1.6-million grant from the agency - 

matched by $400,000 in state and regional dollars - the partnership will identify suitable ways of sequestering 

GHGs in the northern Rockies, including Montana, Idaho, and South Dakota. Susan Capalbo, professor of 

agricultural economics at MSU, leads the partnership. “MSU to lead regional partnership on carbon 

sequestration,” MSU News Service, October 2, 2003, 

http://www.bozemandailychronicle.com/articles/2003/10/02/news/greenhousebzbigs.txt. 

India Times. The October 30, 2003 issue contains an overview article on CO2 sequestration in the oceans. The 

article opines, “The U.S. Department of Energy also finds the technique attractive, and is funding research in the 

area.” “Ocean storage of carbon dioxide to help contain greenhouse gases,” October 30, 2003, 

http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/cms.dll/html/uncomp/articleshow?msid=257769&Curpg=1. 

The Beacon Journal. Battelle Memorial Institute will lead a $2.4 million study of the viability of pumping CO2

gas into underground rock formations in the Midwest as a means of curtailing global warming. “It's unique to 

have a research team with such depth and breadth of skills paired with major industrial firms such as these,'' said 

Ron Cudnick, Battelle's program manager. “Think Tank, Utilities have plan for CO2,” Akron Beacon Journal, 

October 2, 2003, http://www.ohio.com/mld/beaconjournal/6919514.htm. A press release from the Ohio Department 

of Natural Resources quotes Thomas Berg, chief of the ODNR Division of Geological Survey, as saying, “In 

Ohio, coal-fired electric utility plants, steel mills, and fertilizer plants generate the largest amounts of carbon 

dioxide. Showing where these sources are in relation to the best geologic storage reservoirs provides decision 

makers the tools they need for planning sequestration options.” 

Star Tribune, IGCC proposed in Minnesota. Excelsior Energy Inc. wants to build a 1,000 MW “coalgasification” plant in the Iron Range region of Minnesota. Xcel Energy Inc., which would be the plant's largest 

customer, is unconvinced the plant will work, and environmentalists worry pollution controls won't be 

sufficient. “The primary environmental claim [for coal-gasification plants] is the hope or expectation of at some 

point capturing 100 percent of the CO2 emissions,” said Michael Noble, director of Minnesotans for an EnergyEfficient Economy. Star Tribune, October 14, 2003, http://www.startribune.com/ (registration required).

December 2003 

CNN highlights Sleipner. An article posted on CNN.com highlights the Sleipner project, in which CO2 is 

captured from an offshore natural gas processing platform in the North Sea and injected into a saline formation 

below the sea floor. Statoil, the project operator, has found a profitable business model for CO2 emissions 

reduction and is exploring the possibility of receiving CO2 from onshore sources such as steel plants or coalfired power plants. “If that solution adds up financially, it would be a dream scenario for Statoil,” said Jan 

Karlsen, Statoil's senior vice president for gas sales. But he said it was too early to predict the practical and 

financial viability. Statoil's giant Snoehvit natural liquefied gas (LNG) project in the Barents Sea is due to come 

on stream in 2006 with the same [CO2 capture] technology. “Oil group buries greenhouse gas under sea,” 

Reuters, November 19, 2003, http://www.cnn.com/2003/TECH/science/11/19/greenhouse.gas.reut/. 

Presentation on FutureGen at the Lignite Energy Council’s Annual Meeting. Scott Klara, the Carbon 

Sequestration Technology Manager at NETL, set forth the potential benefits of DOE’s FutureGen project at the 

plenary session of the Lignite Energy Council’s Annual Meeting in Bismarck, ND. Said Harvey Ness, director 

of research and development for the Lignite Energy Council, “North Dakota, with over 800 years of lignite 
NETL Carbon Sequestration Newsletter Annual Index 2003-04 4

reserves, is in a perfect position for this new technology because lignite is more reactive than either bituminous 

or subbituminous coal during the gasification process.” “DOE official outlines plans for emissions-free, coalbased energy plant,” Partners for Affordable Energy, November 14, 2003, http://www.affordableenergy.org/news/details.asp?ID=99. 

The New York Times provides an overview of the global climate change issue and the enormous challenge of 

GHG emissions reduction. Carbon sequestration is mentioned as an option, “The technology for injecting 

carbon dioxide is straightforward, but scientists need better knowledge on suitable locations and leak 

prevention.” “As Earth warms, the hottest issue is energy,” New York Times, November 4, 2003, 

http://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F00713FF35540C778CDDA80994DB404482. 

January 2004 

USA Today, “Administration eyes burying carbon dioxide.” Highlights AEP’s geologic sequestration field 

test in West Virginia. “The project is being closely watched by the Bush administration, which is funding it, and 

by the power industry. Both see burying the gas, carbon dioxide, as a possible long-term solution to keeping 

gases from power plants out of the atmosphere.” USA Today, December 9, 2003, 

http://www.usatoday.com/news/washington/2003-12-08-carbondioxide-usat_x.htm. 

PR Newswire, Entergy First U.S. Utility to Buy Geologic Carbon Sequestration Credits. Article on 

Entergy’s recent purchase of 100,000 tonnes of GHG emissions credits from Blue Source. Says Jim O’Brien of 

Entergy, “This is exactly the kind of project that Entergy looks to invest in with our Environmental Initiatives 

Fund monies. Credits from this emissions trade will be used to fulfill our voluntary CO2 stabilization 

commitment made in May of 2001.” PR Newswire, December 18, 2003, http://www.prnewswire.com. 

Wall Street Journal, “If an oak eats CO2 in a forest, who gets emissions credit?” In a front page article on 

the AEP terrestrial sequestration project in the Mississippi River Delta, the WSJ describes some of the questions 

coming up in the field: How do you count the CO2? What species are best for local ecosystems and store carbon 

well? What about credit for pre-existing reforestation activities? The article also describes AEP’s CCX goals (1 

percent per year reduction), and the power industry consortium called PowerTree, which aims to plant six forest 

sinks in the area. Wall Street Journal, December, 10, 2003. 

Science's Editors Name Soil Carbon Research an Area to Watch. Soil scientists have started to ask, and 

answer, ecological questions, according to the editors of Science. They say to look for more studies of how 

microbes contribute to GHGs and more accurate knowledge of soils' impact on climate change. “Breakthrough 

of the year: Areas to Watch in 2004,” Science, December 19, 2003. 

Lawrence Journal World, “Experiment in oil recovery begins in Kansas.” A 5-year test of CO2 enhanced oil 

recovery was initiated in Russell, Kansas. A nearby ethanol plant is the source of the CO2. The experiment is 

the first application of CO2 enhanced oil recovery in Kansas. Lawrence Journal World, December 5, 2003, 

http://www.ljworld.com/section/stateregional/story/154140. Also see, “Method may lead to revival: Field near 

Russell first to embark on new oil recovery system,” Topeka Capital Journal, December 5, 2003, 

http://www.cjonline.com/stories/120503/bus_petrol.shtml (registration required).

Wired Magazine, “Where CO2 Goes to Die.” Quick rundown and commentary on four sequestration methods: 

saline aquifers, deep coal seams, offshore seabed aquifers, and forests. December 2003, 

http://www.wired.com/wired/archive/11.12/start.html?pg=7. 
NETL Carbon Sequestration Newsletter Annual Index 2003-04 5

February 2004 

ABC News, “U.S. Begins Work on CO2 Storage Project.” Anadarko Petroleum Corp. began pumping CO2

into an oil reservoir in Wyoming’s Salt Creek field on February 1, 2004. Over a 30 year project life, 25 million 

tons of injected CO2 is expected to remain sequestered underground. The CO2 is “anthropogenic,” that is it is 

captured from ExxonMobil’s natural gas plant at LaBarge and transported to the oil field via pipeline. “This 

week the Wyoming State Geological Survey released a map of about 50 oil fields in the state that would be 

candidates for carbon dioxide injection. The fields, which once held 8 billion barrels of oil, could yield 1.2 

billion barrels with the assistance of CO2, state officials said.” January 22, 2004, 

http://abcnews.go.com/wire/US/ap20040128_199.html. See also, “CO2 to be used to flush out Wyoming oil,” 

Billings Gazette, January 22, 2004, 

http://www.billingsgazette.com/index.php?display=rednews/2004/01/22/build/wyoming/30-carbondioxidemining.inc; and 

“Innovative carbon dioxide storage project under way in Wyoming,” Salt Lake Tribune.

Oil & Gas Journal, “Geological Sequestration Opens Opportunities in the Permian Basin.” Article 

highlights recent CO2 EOR activities of Occidental, Kinder Morgan, University of Texas Center for Energy and 

Economic Development (CEED), Society of Petroleum Engineers (SPE), and Ridgeway. “Incentives for 

sequestering anthropogenic CO2 could create the necessary elements for a dramatic increase in CO2 flooding in 

Permian basin reservoirs,” says L. Stephen Melzer an oil industry consultant from Midland, TX. January 5, 

2004, 

http://ogj.pennnet.com/Search/ShowIssue.cfm?Section=Search&ISSUE_NUM=&VOLUME_NUM=&ISSUE_DATE=05-

Jan-2004. 

The Japan Times, “Is 'Burying' Carbon Dioxide the Cure for Global Warming?” Reports on a geologic 

sequestration field test at the Niigata Prefecture in Japan. The field test involves injecting 20 tons per day of 

liquefied carbon dioxide into saline formations over a period of 18 months. CO2 injection began in July. “The 

project is designed to keep the annual rate of carbon dioxide leaking from the formations below 0.01 percent, so 

that the gas can be kept underground for nearly 10,000 years,” said project leader, Shigeo Murai. January 4, 

2004, http://www.japantimes.co.jp/cgi-bin/getarticle.pl5?nn20040104a5.htm. 

National Geographic, “The Case of the Missing Carbon.” Provides an overview of the carbon cycle and 

human impacts on it. Full article mentions carbon sequestration as a possible option for net emissions reduction. 

February 2004, http://magma.nationalgeographic.com/ngm/0402/feature5/. 

The Financial Times, “The Case for Carbon Capture and Storage.” Feature article outlines the progress of 

CO2 capture and sequestration from a fringe “wacky” idea to an emissions mitigation option now being given 

serious consideration by mainstream entities. Discusses environmental concerns and cites a UK government 

report released last September that concluded “large-scale deployment of carbon dioxide capture and storage 

may be needed by 2020,” if the UK is to meet its ambitious targets for CO2 reductions. Science and Health 

section, January 23, 2004, 

http://search.ft.com/search/article.html?id=040123000359&query=carbon+capture&vsc_appId=totalSearch&state=Form

(subscription required).

The Baltimore Sun, “Burial for carbon dioxide?” Highlights AEP’s mountaineer CO2 injection field 

test and discusses the pros and cons of CO2 capture and storage. January 6, 2004. 
NETL Carbon Sequestration Newsletter Annual Index 2003-04 6

March 2004 

Los Angeles Times, “Oil Project Goes Underground for Cleaner Air.” Reviews the Canadian oil field 

experiment at Weyburn. At the four year mark, oil production is up 50 percent, 5,000 tons of carbon dioxide are 

injected per day, and no leaks have been detected. “The carbon originated from under the ground. We're 

putting it back,” said Gardiner Hill, manager of BP's environmental technology group. February 15, 2004, Los 

Angeles Times Archives (registration required). See also, “Canada places carbon dioxide underground to clean 

air,” The Seattle Times, February 20, 2004, 

http://seattletimes.nwsource.com/html/nationworld/2001861641_carbon19.html; and “Canada goes underground for the 

environment,” Contra Costa Times, February 23, 2004, 

http://www.contracostatimes.com/mld/cctimes/news/8019022.htm (registration required). 

Agence France Presse, “Carbon storage: When a pollutant can make a profit.” Describes a recently 

unveiled Dutch government and Gaz de France (GDF) plan in which CO2 will be captured from a natural gas 

processing facility on the shore of the North Sea, transported 60 miles offshore, and injected into an ageing 

methane gas field (K12 -B). Roughly ten thousand tonnes of CO2 will be injected into the reservoir between 

April and September of 2004. If that goes well, storage will be scaled up in 2005, and could ultimately reach 

480,000 tonnes of CO2 a year. February 15, 2004, http://www.afp.com/ (subscription required). 

Financial Times, “Clean coal strategy is within reach.” In a letter to the editor, Professor Jeffrey Sachs, 

Director of the Earth Institute at Columbia University, writes, “...whether we use these fuels to produce gasoline 

or to produce hydrogen as the energy carrier, we will need to introduce new carbon capture and disposal 

technologies to limit decisively the rise of atmospheric carbon.” February 10, 2004, http://www.ft.com

(subscription required). Mr. Sachs writes in response to James Page's dismissal of coal in place of Middle East 

oil (Letters, December 29, 2003). 

University of Queensland Newsletter, “Smokestack emissions could go underground.” Paul Massarotto, the 

Principal Research Fellow at the University of Queensland’s CO2 program is studying carbon sequestration in 

unmineable coal beds in Australia. February 21, 2004, http://www.uq.edu.au/news/index.phtml?article=5331. 

Waste News, “Capturing carbon contains promise.” Carbon Sequestration is compatible with the existing 

energy infrastructure and needed, given the magnitude of GHG emissions reduction that will be required for 

atmospheric stabilization. “As sequestration technologies continue to take hold and ideas come to fruition, the 

longer-term reductions that we look for from sequestration could be enormous,” said Scott M. Klara, technology 

manager for the Carbon Sequestration Program at the U.S. Department of Energy's National Energy Technology 

Laboratory. February 2, 2004, http://www.wastenews.com (subscription required). 

April 2004 

Paula Dobriansky speaks on U.S. Climate Change Policy. Dobriansky, Undersecretary for Global Affairs at 

the U.S. State Department, highlighted carbon sequestration and the Carbon Sequestration Leadership Forum in 

her remarks before the Federation of Austrian Industry in Vienna. “The United States remains fully committed 

to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change and shares its ultimate objective of stabilizing 

greenhouse gas concentrations in the atmosphere at a level that will prevent dangerous human interference with 

the climate.” Ms. Dobriansky cited three “fundamental pillars,” of U.S. policy: increasing international 

collaboration, improving scientific understanding, and developing breakthrough technologies. Carbon 

sequestration was set forth as a promising breakthrough technology. U.S. Department of State, March 3, 2004, 

http://usinfo.state.gov/gi/Archive/2004/Mar/08-969909.html. 

St. Louis Post-Dispatch, “Utility Tree Plantings Transition from Public Relations to Carbon Credits.” 

Article describes the goals and day-to-day operations of PowerTree and other terrestrial sequestration efforts 
NETL Carbon Sequestration Newsletter Annual Index 2003-04 7

being undertaken by U.S. Utility companies. Focus is turning to finding inexpensive land and verifying carbon 

uptake. St. Louis Post-Dispatch, February 29, 2004, http://www.stltoday.com/. 

Energy Pulse, “Carbon Sequestration - Bridging the Gap between Kyoto and a Viable Global Carbon 

Management Program?” Essay summarizes the global climate change issue and discusses carbon 

sequestration as a GHG emissions mitigation option. Energy Pulse, March 5, 2004, 

http://www.energypulse.net/centers/article/article_print.cfm?a_id=633. 

Making Money Off Carbon Dioxide. Article highlights enhanced gas recovery operations at the K12-B field 

in the North Sea and the Weyburn project in Canada. Iafrica.com, March 1, 2004, 

http://cooltech.iafrica.com/features/303058.htm. 

The Monroe Times, “CO2 Capture Welcome in Monroe, WI.” A four hundred ton per day commercial CO2

capture and marketing operation is being appended to an existing ethanol production facility in Monroe, 

Wisconsin. Local officials are pleased with the jobs it will bring. CO2 capture also promises to lower the odors 

from the fermentation facility. The Monroe Times, March 10, 2004, http://www.themonroetimes.com.

May 2004 

The Virginian-Pilot, “All Fired Up About Coal.” Coal is seeing a resurgence in the U.S. power industry, with 

more than 100 new coal-fired power plants in the planning stages. Explanations offered include prolonged high 

prices and high futures for natural gas, a relaxation of air emissions regulations by EPA, higher prices for 

electricity that coal plants are able to garner in deregulated power markets, the administration’s policy regarding 

carbon dioxide emissions, and that advanced clean coal technologies are viewed as “nearly ripe for broad 

deployment.” April 2, 2004, http://home.hamptonroads.com/stories/story.cfm?story=68365&ran=96538. 

Reuters News Service, “Using CO2 to prolong UK North Sea oil too costly.” A study conducted by the UK 

Department of Trade and Industry has determined that CO2-based enhanced oil recovery is not, at present, 

economically feasible. The UK had hoped to use carbon dioxide to help pump oil from its North Sea reservoirs, 

thus sequestering carbon while offsetting the cost of doing so with revenues from easier oil recovery. But the 

gap between costs and revenues remains too large. April 13, 2004, 

http://www.planetark.com/dailynewsstory.cfm/newsid/24659/story.htm. 

The Washington Post, “Algae may not be the answer.” Findings from the South Ocean have diminished 

hopes that using iron to fertilize algae blooms could significantly increase “carbon sink” in the deep ocean; 

April 18, 2004, http://www.washingtonpost.com. The Oakland Tribune gives a more optimistic interpretation 

“Iron Fertilization May Help Cool Off Simmering Planet,” April 16, 2004, http://www.oaklandtribune.com/. 

Scientists dumped one metric ton of iron and observed the impact over a ten square mile section of ocean. They 

were surprised at the efficiency of carbon transport to the deep ocean but the carbon flux was found to be quite 

low compared to natural variations at those latitudes. The original research articles, found in the April 16, 2004 

issue of Science Magazine, are discussed in more detail in the oceans section, which begins on page 27.

BBC News, “City trees fight global warming.” Trees for Cities, a nonprofit dedicated to planting trees in 

urban areas to absorb carbon dioxide emissions, kicked off a five-year plan to “transform 20 cities around the 

world” on April 14, 2004 with tree plantings in London and Manchester. Also included in the first phase of the 

project will be the cities of Madrid, Bucharest, and Adis Ababa. Says Graham Simmonds, chief executive of 

Trees for Cities, “Our experience in London over the last 10 years has taught us people and companies want to 

do something for the environment and our aim is to harness this enthusiasm and generate a greening renaissance 

in cities around the world.” April 14, 2004, http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/england/london/3623961.stm. 
NETL Carbon Sequestration Newsletter Annual Index 2003-04 8

BBC News, “Plan to build emissions scrubber.” Two Tucson, Arizona companies, Global Research 

Technologies and Kelly, Wright & Associates, have joined forces to produce the first-ever “wind scrubber,” a 

device that would capture large volumes of carbon dioxide from the atmosphere. Though the project is in its 

earliest stages, the developers plan to have a working, ten-square -meter unit by 2005 and claim it is the first 

attempt to build such a device. Other scientists tender that, barring major breakthrough gas/liquid contacting 

technology, an air CO2 scrubber will require prohibitive amounts of energy per unit CO2 captured. April 13, 

2004, http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/sci/tech/3612739.stm. 

Fulton Valley News, “Ethanol plant project still brewing–Perdue Farms and BOC Gases sign on as 

strategic partners.” Northeast Biofuels is securing $140 million to convert a former Miller beer facility into a 

100-million-gallon-per-year ethanol production plant. BOC Gases and Northeast Biofuels have a letter of intent 

outlining a future contract for BOC Gases to purchase the carbon dioxide that is produced during the ethanol 

production. BOC plans to construct a $15 million carbon dioxide liquefaction plant in the business park 

adjacent to the proposed ethanol plant. April 10, 2004, 

http://www.valleynewsonline.com/news/2004/0410/Front_Page/011.html.

June 2004 

“U.S. Energy Secretary Abraham Signs Department's First-Ever Bilateral Agreement with Norway.” 

U.S. Secretary of Energy Spencer Abraham signed a non-binding Memorandum of Understanding (MOU) with 

Norway, a first for the two countries with respect to energy research. Under this agreement, the U.S. and 

Norway will conduct joint research in the areas of carbon sequestration, hydrogen, and clean fuels. “This MOU 

marks a significant advancement in our efforts to improve energy security in the United States and Norway, as 

well as the entire world,” Secretary Abraham said. U.S. Newswire, May 22, 2004, 

http://releases.usnewswire.com/GetRelease.asp?id=101-05222004. 

The New York Times, “Climate Change Gets a Hollywood Makeover.” In what might be the first “carbon 

neutral” movie production, director Roland Emmerich reportedly paid $200,000 for a reforestation project in the 

Himalayas and energy saving projects for poor families in the United States to offset the carbon energy used 

during filming of “The Day After Tomorrow.” May 12, 2004, http://www.nytimes.com/. 

Miami Herald, “Economic and political stability depend on finding alternative fuels.” “The world's largest 

energy-user nations need to agree on actions to develop new technologies for carbon capture and storage, and 

for utilizing alternative energy supplies,” says famed Columbia University Economist Jeffery D. Sachs in this 

op-ed piece. Sachs cautions against making a “mad dash” for renewable energy sources that may not prove 

affordable or widely available, and instead encourages improvements to the use of existing non-oil fuels like 

coal and gas. May 4, 2004, http://www.miami.com/mld/miamiherald/news/opinion/8583434.htm. Sachs' opinions are 

also covered in “Experts urge thinking ahead on climate and not waiting for 'certainty' to act,” Electric Utility 

Week, April 26, 2004, Vol., No.; Pg. 17. 

Oil and Gas Journal, “EOR and climate change.” A report from the UK Department of Trade and Industry 

(DTI) embraces the idea of moderating emissions of carbon dioxide with projects that raise oil production. 

However, producers surveyed by DTI don't think dual-purpose CO2 injection makes economic sense in the 

North Sea under current conditions. They also don't think credits available at expected values under the 

European Union's Emission Trading Scheme would make the technique commercial. “If EOR is to be deployed 

broadly in the UK North Sea,” the study observes, “additional market changes will be needed.” Oil & Gas 

Journal, April 26, 2004, Pg. 17. 

The Times (London), “A global threat buried.” Reports on the Frio Pilot Test CO2 sequestration project east 

of Houston, Texas, in an abandoned oilfield. According to Susan Hovorka, a geologist with the Texas Bureau of 

Economic Geology, which is leading the Frio Pilot Test, “the Frio Formation alone can hold between 200 and 

350 billion tonnes of carbon dioxide, or at least 28 years' worth.” The article also mentions the Sleipner 
NETL Carbon Sequestration Newsletter Annual Index 2003-04 9

experiment and the CO2 Capture Project. May 20, 2004, Features, http://www.timesonline.co.uk/ (subscription 

required). Also see, “A 'Burial' for air pollutants,” Global News Wire, Business Line, April 28, 2004.

July 2004 

The Guardian, “Shell Boss’ “confession” shocks industry.” Ron Oxburgh, chairman of Shell stated that the 

threat of climate change makes him “really very worried for the planet.” He continued, “Sequestration is 

difficult, but if we don't have sequestration then I see very little hope for the world.” June 17, 2004, 

http://www.guardian.co.uk/oil/story/0,11319,1240565,00.html. See also, “Shell boss ‘fears for the planet’,” BBC, 

June 17, 2004, http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/3814607.stm. 

The Charlotte Observer, “Exxon Head: Energy Independence Is a Myth.” “We do not have the resource 

base to be energy independent,'' ExxonMobil chairman Lee R. Raymond said in a speech in which he outlined 

some of what he called the “hard truths'' about global energy markets. As for global warming, Raymond 

expressed his skepticism about the science and predicted that in the decades ahead “carbon dioxide emissions 

from greater fossil fuel use will climb.” He said, “we simply do not yet have the economic solutions or 

technologies that would permit us to meet future energy demands without carbon emissions growth.'' 

Associated Press, June 8, 2004, http://www.charlotte.com/mld/charlotte/business/8864868.htm?1c (registration required).

The New Zealand Herald, “New Zealand coalminer to bury gas.” State-owned Solid Energy New Zealand is 

investing NZ$175 million to find a way to bury unwanted carbon dioxide produced by the burning of fossil 

fuels. With the announcement of a carbon tax expected in 2007, it is likely coal-based energy production and 

electricity generation will become more expensive. “Capture and storage of carbon dioxide offers the 

opportunity to avoid the carbon tax and directly reduce greenhouse gas emissions to the atmosphere,” Solid 

Energy chief executive Don Elder said. In neighboring Australia, a survey has shown there are enough sites to 

bury its current carbon dioxide emissions, by compressing the gas to a near-liquid form and injecting it deep 

underground, for at least 1600 years. June 22, 2004, 

http://www.nzherald.co.nz/storydisplay.cfm?storyID=3573903&thesection=news&thesubsection=general. 

“Carbon Sequestration: Can It Help Beat Back Global Climate Change?” This article by the American 

Public Power Association provides an overview of current carbon sequestration projects and the science behind 

the technology. The discussion encompasses all areas of carbon sequestration (geologic, oceanic, and 

terrestrial) and mentions numerous commercial projects such as Weyburn and Sleipner, as well as 

projects/research focused on ocean and terrestrial sequestration. The article provides estimates of the costs of 

the various carbon capture technologies and stresses the importance of educating the public about carbon 

sequestration technology to prevent a similar backlash as was experienced with nuclear power technology. 

American Public Power Association, May/June 2004, 

http://www.appanet.org/newsletters/ppmagazinedetailarchive.cfm?ItemNumber=2104 (subscritpion required).

Press for Weyburn. “It's one thing to say that underground is a great place to store carbon dioxide, but it's 

another thing to be able to prove it as we have done,” said Dr. Ben Rostron of the University of Alberta. “We 

have been able to show that you can safely capture carbon dioxide that would otherwise go back into the 

atmosphere, and put it back into the ground. It's very exciting work.” EurekAlert, June 25, 2004, 

http://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2004-06/uoa-ucd062504.php. See also, “Greenhouse gas sequestration in 

abandoned oil reservoirs: The International Energy Agency Weyburn pilot project.” GSA Today, July 2004 (v. 

14, no. 7, p. 4-10), http://www.gsajournals.org/gsaonline/?request=get-current-toc&issn=1052-5173.

“Green Coal to Take on Wind Power in UK.” Mitsui Babcock, one of Britain’s biggest power plant 

engineering companies, says that if its energy-efficient boilers and turbines were applied across all 18 large 

coal-fired stations in the country, it could meet half the 2010 renewables target without the risks of disruption 

that wind and wave power present. “It would produce power equivalent to hundreds of windmills and, of 

course, the plant would keep working even when the wind isn’t blowing,” said Les King, director of technology 
NETL Carbon Sequestration Newsletter Annual Index 2003-04 10

and engineering at Japanese-owned Mitsui Babcock. The latest technology could make coal a viable long-term 

source of clean energy in the government’s bid to cut damaging greenhouse gases. Scotsman.com, May 30, 

2004, http://business.scotsman.com/index.cfm?id=614102004. 

August 2004 

Science, Spencer Abraham on “The Bush Administration’s Approach to Climate Change.” In the July 30, 

2004 issue of Science, energy Secretary Abraham discusses the steps the Administration is taking to address 

climate change, which include: Near-term policies and measures, advancing climate change science, and 

accelerating climate change technology development. Carbon capture and sequestration is cited as a central 

element of the Administration’s strategy. By Spencer Abraham, Science, July 30, 2004, Vol. 305, pp. 616-617. 

The New York Times, “U.S. to Unveil Plan to Harvest Methane with 7 Countries.” The Bush administration 

announced an agreement with seven countries to slow global warming and harvest an otherwise wasted fuel by 

capturing emissions of methane from landfills, coal mines, and oil and gas fields and pipelines. Michael O. 

Leavitt, the administrator of the Environmental Protection Agency, said the administration would propose 

spending $53 million over the next five years. He said the goal of the participating countries would be to 

inspect sites for leaks and, by 2015, capture nine million metric tons of the gas annually, to sell or to burn 

directly as a source of heat. The New York Times, July 28, 2004, 

http://www.nytimes.com/2004/07/28/politics/28methane.html. For more information visit the EPA’s methane web 

site at http://www.epa.gov/methane/international.html.

Democratic National Convention goes CO2 neutral using credits from coal mine. The Boston Carbon 

Corporation (BCC) donated 27,000 Greenhouse Gas Certified Trading Credits (CTCs) to the Democratic 

National Convention (DNC). The credits offset the estimated 27,000 tonnes of CO2 emissions generated by 

delegates, media, staff, and others as they traveled to and from Boston during the week of the convention. The 

credits donated by BCC to the DNC were created through the capture of fugitive methane gas from Jim Walter 

Resources, Inc., a coal mining company in Alabama. “Boston Carbon Corporation to Donate 27,000 Tons of 

Greenhouse Gas Credits to the DNC,” BCC Press Release, July 26, 2004, 

http://biz.yahoo.com/prnews/040726/nem036_1.html. 

Weyburn on the Discovery Channel. An article on the Discovery Channel web site discusses carbon 

sequestration and monitoring at the Weyburn oil field. Using seismic reflection technology the Canadian 

geologists have been able to get an “ultrasound” image of the Weyburn oil field before and after injections of 

carbon dioxide. Said Don White of the Geological Survey of Canada, “We can actually watch as carbon dioxide 

spreads.” “Oil Fields: Cold Storage for Greenhouse Gases?” Discovery News, July 9, 2003, 

http://dsc.discovery.com/news/briefs/20040705/oilfields.html. 

BBC, Sequestration key, says UK scientist. The UK could secure its energy supply for many decades if it 

could use its huge reserves of coal, according to several scientists speaking at the Royal Institution in London. 

Says professor Ian Fells, “There's 10 times as much coal as the oil and gas reserves we have. The Russians told 

me they're going to build more nuclear plants, because they can't rely on oil and gas - and it's their oil and gas 

we're planning to rely on!...If we unlocked our coal it would transform the prospects for using fossil fuel, so 

carbon sequestration is the key to the future.” “Carbon store 'could free UK coal',” BBC News, July 27, 2004, 

http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/sci/tech/3930245.stm. 

Energy Daily, Eight States, New York City Sue Five Utilities Over CO2. In an unprecedented global 

warming action, eight states and the city of New York sued five major electric utilities, asking the court to order 

the companies to reduce their emissions of carbon dioxide by 3 percent per year for 10 years. “There is no 

dispute that global warming is upon us and that these defendants' carbon dioxide pollution is a major 

contributor,” New York Attorney General Eliot Spitzer said at a press conference. “Others are taking action to 

reduce emissions and these companies could also do so by building cleaner energy sources.” Energy Daily, 
NETL Carbon Sequestration Newsletter Annual Index 2003-04 11

July 22, 2004. Other articles on this topic are as follows: “U.S. Power Companies to be Sued Over CO2

Emissions,” Point Carbon, July 21, 2004, http://www.pointcarbon.com/article.php?articleID=4134&categoryID=147; 

“New York City and 8 States Plan to Sue Power Plants,” The New York Times, July 21, 2004, 

http://www.nytimes.com/2004/07/21/national/21pollute.html; “AEP facing environmental lawsuits,” American 

Business Daily, July 21, 2004, http://www.bizjournals.com/columbus/stories/2004/07/19/daily19.html

0/1090471201230650.xml; “New Lawsuits Put Top Global Warming Polluters in the Legal Crosshairs,” NRDC 

Press Release, July 21, 2004, http://www.nrdc.org/media/pressreleases/040721a.asp; “Editorial: A mighty important 

nuisance,” The Cincinnati Post, July 22, 2004, http://www.cincypost.com/2004/07/22/edit07-22-2004.html; and 

“Greenhouse 'polluters' taken to court,” news@nature.com, July 22, 2004, 

http://www.nature.com/news/2004/040719/full/040719-12.html. 

The Sydney Morning Herald, “Carbon emissions must be halved, says [Australian] science chief.” Chief 

Scientist, Robin Batterham, said Australia must halve its greenhouse gas emissions by 2050. Dr. Batterham said 

he supported the Federal Government's decision not to ratify the Kyoto protocol on climate change because the 

reductions it set were not high enough. “I'm talking about enormous reductions - 80 percent by the end of the 

century,” Dr Batterham said. “Fifty percent by 2050, I think, is realistic.” Batterham said consumers needed to 

use energy more efficiently while industry must explore technologies that would allow them to deal with their 

emissions, which includes geosequestration. Sydney Morning Herald, July 19, 2004, 

http://www.smh.com.au/articles/2004/07/18/1090089038120.html?oneclick=true# (registration required). 

Events & Announcements 

September 2003 

NETL Fact Sheets: A fact sheet entitled, “Carbon Sequestration on Surface Mine Lands,” August 18, 2003, 

http://www.netl.doe.gov/publications/proceedings/01/carbon_seq_terr/graves.pdf. A fact sheet entitled, “Restoring Sustainable 

Forests on Appalachian Mined Lands for Wood Products, Renewable Energy, Carbon Sequestration, and Other 

Ecosystem Services,” August 11, 2003, http://www.netl.doe.gov/whatsnew/2003/08-03.html. An 

article entitled, “Degradation Pathways for Monoethanolamine in a CO2 Capture Facility,” July 29, 2003, 

http://www.netl.doe.gov/products/r&d/techpapers/techpapers.htm

Natural disasters and policy. The website for the Second International Conference on Early Warning 

'Integrating early warning of natural disasters into public policy' (EWCII, Bonn, 16-18 October) is available 

online at: http://www.ewc2.org/.

December 2003 

Speech by Energy Secretary Spencer Abraham Highlights Carbon Sequestration. From the Secretary’s 

remarks at the Clean Coal and Power Conference: “Coal is an energy winner with one glaring drawback, it is 

among the most environmentally problematic of all energy resources. We are here this week to continue the 

vital work of making coal into one of the cleanest of energy resources, and a valued contributor to a transformed 

energy future. . . Carbon sequestration has rapidly grown in importance to become one of this Administration’s 

highest clean coal priorities. Our activities and our plans bear out the determination with which we are pursuing 

the promise of carbon sequestration. Current activities include 65 carbon sequestration projects across the 

country, funded with $110 million in public and private funds.” For the full speech, visit the U.S. Department of 

Energy's Fossil Energy website, November 17, 2003, 

http://www.fe.doe.gov/news/speeches/2003/03_sec_cleancoal_111703.html. 
NETL Carbon Sequestration Newsletter Annual Index 2003-04 12

January 2004 

COP 9. The annual ministerial meeting of the 188 Parties to the United Nations Framework Convention on 

Climate Change was attended by more than 5,000 participants. An agreement on the modalities and scope for 

carbon-absorbing forest management projects in the Clean Development Mechanism (see below) completes the 

Marrakesh issues of two years ago and expands the CDM to an additional area of activity. Two funds, the 

Special Climate Change Fund and the Least Developed Countries Fund were further developed. “Milan 

conference concludes as ministers call for urgent and coordinated action on climate change,” December 12 

2003, http://unfccc.int/press/prel2003/pressrel121203_1.pdf. 

Midland Reporter-Telegram, “Emerging focus on CO2 sequestration could benefit Permian Basin.” A 

carbon sequestration workshop was added to this year’s CO2 flood conference held in Midland TX. “There are 

concerns about CO2 outflow,” said Michael Moore, managing partner of Falcon Environmental Services, “We 

are one of the few, if not the only, industries that can make it a commodity.” December 15, 2003, 

http://www.mywesttexas.com/site/news.cfm?newsid=10660653&BRD=2288&PAG=461&dept_id=474107&rfi=6. 

March 2004 

AAAS Meeting on Ocean and Carbon. Sessions on CO2 fertilization, a CO2 enriched ocean, new 

technologies, and methane hydrates were headed by MBARI chemist Peter Brewer and several other MBARI 

scientists. “Cutting- edge oceanography helps scientists understand climate,” AScribe, February 15, 2004, 

http://www.ascribe.org/cgi-bin/spew4th.pl?ascribeid=20040212.104707&time=15%2006%20PST&year=2004&public=1. 

EnergyReview.net, “Fossil Fuels are our Future: APPEA.” At the International Energy Agency's Zero 

Emissions Technologies (ZETS) Conference, held mid February, the Australian Petroleum Production 

Exploration Association executive director Barry Jones said that carbon capture and sequestration, “is not just a 

question for the private sector, as near zero emissions technologies deliver a legacy of public benefits that will 

continue generations into the future.” February 24, 2004, http://www.energyreview.net. 

Data on Atmospheric Concentrations of GHGs Available. The U.S. Department of Energy's Carbon Dioxide 

Information Analysis Center (CDIAC) released an updated database of concentrations of methane, nitrous 

oxide, several halogenated hydrocarbons, carbon monoxide, and hydrogen produced from its global 

ALE/GAGE/AGAGE monitoring network. Updated July 2004, http://cdiac.ornl.gov/ndps/alegage.html. 

WRI Earthtrends Database. Provides a useful search tool to access climate data. Visit 

http://earthtrends.wri.org/. 

April 2004 

DOE Submits FutureGen Program Plan to Congress. 275 MW power plant with hydrogen production and 

CO2 capture to begin operation in 2011. Plan offers a 26 percent non-Federal cost share. Read full plan at: 

http://www.fossil.energy.gov/programs/powersystems/futuregen/futuregen_report_march_04.pdf. 

DOE Announces Eight Awards for Breakthrough Carbon Sequestration Research. The eight awards, 

totaling $4.5MM of effort over three years (no cost share), were selected from a pool of over 100 proposals. 

The rewards result from a successful collaboration between DOE and the National Academies of Science aimed 

at bolstering the DOE Program's portfolio of high-risk / high-reward projects. March 5, 2004, DOE Techline, 

http://www.netl.doe.gov/publications/press/2004/tl_novelapproaches_sel.html.
NETL Carbon Sequestration Newsletter Annual Index 2003-04 13

Australian Government Announces Research Effort into Advanced Coal Power with Sequestration. The 

Australian federal government has launched the COAL21 National Action Plan – a joint government/industry 

initiative on greenhouse gas reduction technologies. At the core of the COAL21 strategy is the aim of reducing 

the average emissions intensity target to 650kg of CO2 per megawatt hour by 2030, from the present 1,017kg. 

Achieving this would require the equivalent of about 20 percent of coal-based generation to produce zero 

emissions by 2030, through CO2 capture and storage. The proposal is contentious within Australian politics as 

other groups would prefer GHG emissions mitigation money be spent on efficiency, renewables, and demand 

management. “Canberra funds ways to cut dioxide emissions from coal,” March 24, 2004, 

http://www.theaustralian.news.com.au/archives/. National Action Plan can be downloaded at: 

http://www.coal21.com.au/. 

May 2004 

IPIECA Brochure on Sequestration. “Carbon Dioxide Capture and Geological Storage: Contributing to 

Climate Change Solutions,” summarizes the proceedings of an October, 2003 IPIECA international workshop. 

The brochure, presentations and transcripts of the workshop can be downloaded. International Petroleum 

Industry Environmental Conservation Association, April 2004, 

http://www.ipieca.org/working_groups/climate_change/cc_home.html. 

“Climate Policy in the United States and Japan: A Workshop Summary.” Resources for the Future and the 

Institute for Global Environmental Strategies (Japan) convened a workshop on domestic and international 

climate policy on February 12– 13, 2004. The report summarizes a dialogue among representatives from the 

two nations. Voluntary actions and capture and sequestration of CO2 from coal-fired power plants were 

emphasized for the United States. Japan’s policy is centered on CO2 emissions taxes, which will likely be 

combined with targeted subsidies. William Pizer and Kentaro Tamura, April 2004, 

http://www.rff.org/rff/Documents/RFF-DP-04-22.pdf. 

BP, Ford renew Support for the Carbon Mitigation Investigation (CMI) at Princeton University. British 

Petroleum and the Ford Motor Company have pledged $20 million of financial aid over the next ten years to the 

CMI, awarding the project a second allocation of funds after internal and external reviews of CMI's progress 

over the past three years. The CMI is focused on finding “alternative ways to collect and store carbon dioxide 

gas.” The Daily Princetonian, April 1, 2004, 

http://www.dailyprincetonian.com/archives/2004/04/01/news/10100.shtml. 

Pittsburgh Post-Gazette, “Science savvy teens test Sequestration.” At the 65th annual Pittsburgh Regional 

Science and Engineering Fair, a high school student neutralized bauxite residue – an alkaline by-product of 

aluminum production and possible cause of groundwater pollution – with carbon dioxide and water to sequester 

the carbon. Her project's subtitle was, “Turning lemons into lemonade.” Said she, “I see there's a future in this 

idea.” April 4, 2003, http://www.post-gazette.com/pg/04095/295928.stm. 

June 2004 

Third National Conference on Carbon Sequestration. In his keynote address, U.S. Energy Secretary 

Abraham set the tone for the conference, “Together, we can and will perfect the technology of carbon 

sequestration. We can and will transform our economies from carbon-based to hydrogen-based. And we can 

and will restrain the emission of greenhouse gases so we bestow a healthy planet on future generations.” The 

conference was a great success with groundbreaking technical sessions and robust dialogue among professionals 

working in the area. For information about the conference or for proceedings visit http://www.carbonsq.com/. 
NETL Carbon Sequestration Newsletter Annual Index 2003-04 14

Presentations from Stanford Hydrogen Workshop Available Online. The Global Climate and Energy 

Project (GCEP) held a series of energy workshops to identify the technical barriers and research opportunities 

for developing technologies that may lead to reduced greenhouse gas emissions. Selected presentations from the 

workshop held April 26-27, 2004 are available on the internet. Topics include Carbon-Free Production of 

Hydrogen from Fossil Fuels and Carbon Capture and Separation. See also “GCEP: Keep up the good work,” 

Stanford Daily, http://daily.stanford.edu/tempo?page=content&id=14264&repository=0001_article. 

Secretary Abraham Invites Poland to Join Carbon Sequestration Leadership Forum. “I believe the 

Carbon Sequestration Leadership Forum is a vital part of the world's energy security because coal will be an 

inescapable part of our energy mix for years to come,” said Secretary Abraham in his remarks as he invited 

Poland to become the 17th member of the CSLF. May 28, 2004, 

http://www.doe.gov/engine/content.do?PUBLIC_ID=15961&BT_CODE=PR_PRESSRELEASES&TT_CODE=PRESSRE

LEASE. 

July 2004 

U.S. Energy Secretary Speaks at Conference on U.S. Climate Policy. In his prepared remarks at the 

Brookings/Pew Conference – “U.S. Climate Policy: Towards a Sensible Center” – held June 24-25, 2004, in 

Washington D.C., Energy Secretary Spencer Abraham emphasized the Administration’s commitment to 

reducing greenhouse gas emissions through scientific and technological advancement. Secretary Abraham 

outlined DOE’s establishment of “six pillars of collaborative climate research” to meet growing future energy 

needs while also aggressively confronting the challenge of climate change. The pillars are: hydrogen, clean 

coal, safe nuclear power, fusion, energy efficiency, and renewable energy. “In the 22nd century, we will likely 

produce and consume energy in ways that we cannot imagine today,” said Secretary Abraham in closing. A 

transcript of his speech is available at 

http://www.doe.gov/engine/content.do?PUBLIC_ID=16063&BT_CODE=PR_SPEECHES&TT_CODE=PRESSSPEECH. 

For additional information about the Brookings/Pew conference, and to view archived video of conference 

speakers visit http://www.brookings.edu/int/research/projects/climateconference20040624a.htm. 

Carbon Sequestration Program Adds Partners. The Department of Energy announced that seven new states 

and 13 organizations have joined the Carbon Sequestration Regional Partnership Program. Three of the seven 

partnerships added new partners. U.S. Newswire, June 10, 2004, 

http://releases.usnewswire.com/GetRelease.asp?id=121-06102004. 

“Senator Nelson of Nebraska hosts D.C. workshop on carbon.” Giving farmers incentives to store carbon in 

the ground would provide both financial advantage and environmental benefits by addressing global warming 

and climate change concerns, said Sen. Ben Nelson (D-NE) at a June 9th workshop in Washington D.C. The 

workshop brought together a wide range of agricultural and environmental groups to look at the benefits of 

storing carbon in the ground, along with what role the federal government could play in developing carbon 

markets in the United States. Grand Island Independent, June 10, 2004, 

http://www.theindependent.com/stories/061004/new_carbon10.shtml. 

Clean Coal Plant to Anchor West Virginia “Eco-Park.” Secretary of Energy Spencer Abraham 

commissioned a new $215 million West Virginia clean coal project based on new technology that over the next 

60 months will deliver environmental improvements, economic benefits, and thousands of new jobs. “The 

Greenbrier plant is a prime example of President Bush's commitment to coal,” Secretary Abraham said. 

“Greenbrier will clean an existing environmental waste site, reduce emissions, deliver needed electric power at 

affordable rates, and produce new economic activity. It marks another step toward achieving a zero-emissions 

power plant and will help us meet a primary goal of the National Energy Policy – to make maximum use of our 

domestic energy resources while elevating environmental and economic security.” June 7, 2004, available at 

http://www.netl.doe.gov/publications/press/press_toc.html. 
NETL Carbon Sequestration Newsletter Annual Index 2003-04 15

“Australia's Howard shies from emissions trading, CO2 tax.” As anticipated, Australia’s Prime Minister 

John Howard unveiled an energy white paper on June 15, 2004. It rejected calls for emissions trading or a 

carbon tax introducing instead incentives and research money for renewable energies. Point Carbon, June 15, 

2004, http://www.pointcarbon.com/article.php?articleID=3903&categoryID=147. 

Summary available of the twentieth sessions of the Subsidiary Bodies (SB-20) to the UN Framework 

Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), which took place at the Maritim Hotel in Bonn, Germany, from 

June 16-25, 2004. Approximately 1,350 participants from 161 governments, one observer State, and 134 

intergovernmental, non-governmental, and other observer organizations and media outlets were in attendance. 

See Earth Negotiations Bulletin, June 28, 2004 for more details. Available at: http://www.iisd.ca/climate/sb20/. 

August 2004 

U.S.– New Zealand Climate Change Partnership Update. Six new projects were announced in Washington 

D.C. under the New Zealand – United States bilateral climate change partnership. The new projects announced 

are: A study of global methane emissions, the rescue and digitization of historic climate data, work on carbon 

dioxide sequestration in coal seams, work to develop new materials for the hydrogen economy, work on nitrous 

oxide emissions from grazed pastures, and the hosting of a joint event with Australia to work with developing 

countries in the Pacific on climate observation. U.S. State Department Press Release, July 15, 2004, 

http://www.state.gov/r/pa/prs/ps/2004/34411.htm. 

Clean Coal Initiative linked to carbon dioxide capture. The Department of Energy (DOE) announced it has 

received proposals for projects in a new generation of clean coal projects, valued at nearly $6 billion. “Industry 

has enthusiastically responded to the Department's latest clean coal solicitation calling for technologies that 

would help make it possible for coal to remain a cornerstone of our domestic energy portfolio, particularly for 

power generation, and to continue that role into the long-term future,” Secretary of Energy Spencer Abraham 

said. The projects are described as “providing the technical foundation for the FutureGen Initiative” and 

“presenting opportunities to demonstrate potential readiness of energy technologies for carbon dioxide 

management.” “President's Clean Coal Initiative Attracts Second Wave of Technologies to Address 

Environmental, Energy Priorities,” U.S. Newswire, July 26, 2004, 

http://releases.usnewswire.com/GetRelease.asp?id=155-07262004. 

Science 

November 2003 

Swapping CO2 for methane in hydrates. A team of Canadians and Koreans, through the National Research 

Council Canada, has shown in laboratory experiments that CO2 can extract gaseous methane from methane 

hydrates, and be stored away long-term. “Injecting carbon dioxide to extract methane from methane hydrate 

deposits?” Chemie.de, Germany, October 27, 2003, http://www.chemie.de/news/e/30425/. 

December 2003 

Carbon Sequestering Phage. Researchers from the Institute for Biological Energy Alternatives (IBEA), led by 

J. Craig Venter, Ph.D., have significantly advanced methods to improve the speed and accuracy of genomic 

synthesis. The research, accepted for publication and in press with the Proceedings of the National Academy of 

Sciences, was announced in Rockville, MD on November 13, 2003 at a press conference with Secretary of the 
NETL Carbon Sequestration Newsletter Annual Index 2003-04 16

Department of Energy, Spencer Abraham and Dr. Venter. IBEA researchers hope that by making synthetic 

organisms they can rapidly and effectively harness all energy in the organism toward either energy production, 

likely in the form of hydrogen, or carbon sequestration. “With this advance,” Abraham said, “it is easier to 

imagine, in the not-too-distant future, a colony of specially designed microbes living within the emission-control 

system of a coal-fired plant, consuming its pollution and its carbon dioxide, or employing microbes to radically 

reduce water pollution or to reduce the toxic effects of radioactive waste.” “Advance In Developing Biological 

Strategies To Produce Hydrogen And Sequester Carbon Dioxide,” Science Daily, November 17, 2003, 

http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2003/11/031117074518.htm. 

 

January 2004 

Soot in Snow May Contribute Significantly to Global Warming. James E. Hansen, a researcher at NASA’s 

Goddard Space Center, has studied the climate-warming effects of soot. “A soot content of only a few parts per 

billion (ppb) is needed to reduce snow albedo by one percent. Climate simulations show that this modest albedo 

effect would cause a global warming that is more than a quarter of the warming observed in the past century.” 

Hansen also suggests that, in addition to being a major cause of global warming, soot may be partially 

responsible for the accelerated melting of ice that is usually attributed solely to global warming. “For any given 

soot amount, its destruction of ice is greatly magnified by positive feedbacks. Increased absorption of sunlight 

causes snow to “age” more rapidly, thus increasing the ice crystal size and causing more absorption of sunlight.” 

“Soot worse for global warming than thought,” New Scientist, December 22, 2003, 

http://www.newscientist.com/news/news.jsp?id=ns99994508. 

Prehistoric Farming May Have Impacted Atmospheric GHGs. Analysis of air trapped in ice cores drilled 

from the Antarctic ice sheet show anomalous increases in carbon dioxide levels beginning 8,000 years ago – just 

as crop lands began to replace previously forested regions across Asia and Europe. About 5,000 years ago, the 

ice cores reflect a similarly anomalous rise in methane levels, this time tied to increased emissions from flooded 

rice fields, as well as burgeoning numbers of livestock. These explanations, set forth by Bill Ruddiman of the 

University of Virginia at the fall meeting of the American Geophysical Union, could explain why the current 

trends of increasing CO2 and methane concentrations in the atmosphere predate the industrial revolution. 

Further details appear in the December issue of the journal Climatic Change. “Man changed climate for 8,000 

years?” CNN, December 11, 2003, http://us.cnn.com/2003/TECH/science/12/10/prehistoric.climate.ap/index.html. See 

also, “Climate change and civilization,” Economist, December 10, 2003, http://www.economist.com/science/. 

Australian Bushfires Linked to Warming. Fires are natural to Australia's dry bush, roaring through parched 

undergrowth and into oil-filled eucalyptus trees, sparking infernos. Dr. Kevin Tolhurst from Australia’s newlyformed Bushfire Research Centre claims the trend is due to droughts and more frequent severe weather events 

caused by global climate change. Another factor is that increased CO2 in the atmosphere enhances bush growth 

providing more fuel for the fire. Says Mr. Tolhurst, “...instead of talking about a one in a hundred year event, 

we'd be talking more likely one in fifty or one in thirty year events becoming much more the par for the course.” 

“Severe bushfires linked to global warming,” ABC Online (Australia), December 9, 2003,

http://www.abc.net.au/pm/content/2003/s1006755.htm. 

February 2004 

Scientists mull out-of-the-box ideas for combating global climate change. Scientists from around the world 

gathered at the Isaac Newton Institute – Cambridge, England – to discuss “macro-engineering” ideas for 

controlling the global climate. The technologies are divided into two categories: (1) CO2 capture and 

sequestration and (2) shading the earth from solar radiation. “Most of these macro-engineering options are not 

yet in the mainstream for climate policy, but the mere fact that they have been suggested, places an obligation 

on scientists from many disciplines to explore their feasibility and evaluate their consequences and wider 
NETL Carbon Sequestration Newsletter Annual Index 2003-04 17

implications,” said Professor John Shepherd, Director of the Tyndall Centre. “In the event of an unanticipated 

climatic catastrophe, we may need a rapid fix,” said Ed Boyle of MIT, a co-organizer of the conference. 

“Scientists use creativity to fight global warming,” The Boston Globe, January 20, 2004. See also, “Thought 

experiment on macro engineering to combat climate change,” Environmental Data Interactive, January 9, 2004, 

http://www.edie.net/news/Archive/7912.cfm. 

Better Understanding of Black Carbon Enhances Carbon Cycle Modeling. There are two types of black 

carbon: (1) graphitic black carbon, which was created as sedimentary rocks underwent metamorphism and (2) 

combustion-derived black carbon such as soot, charcoal. Both are highly persistent in the environment, unlike 

other types of carbon. A recently developed capability to differentiate between the two provides better insight 

into the kinetics of carbon cycling. “One type of carbon so resilient it skews carbon cycle calculations,” 

Innovations Report, January 23, 2004, http://www.innovationsreport.com/html/reports/interdisciplinary_research/report-25061.html. Also appears in EurekAlert, January 22, 2004, 

http://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2004-01/uow-oto012204.php. 

March 2004 

Pentagon Briefing on Sudden Climate Change. “...Recent research suggests, however, that there is a 

possibility that this gradual global warming could lead to a relatively abrupt slowing of the ocean’s thermohaline 

conveyor, which could lead to harsher winter weather conditions, sharply reduced soil moisture, and more 

intense winds in certain regions that currently provide a significant portion of the world’s food production.” The 

report considers average temperature drops in some regions of 5-10 degrees Fahrenheit in a single decade. “An 

Abrupt Climate Change Scenario and Its Impact on National Security”, October 2003, by Peter Schwartz and 

Doug Randall. Full report: http://www.ems.org/climate/pentagon_climate_change.html. Summary articles can be 

found in Fortune, “The Pentagon's Weather Nightmare,” February 27, 2004, 

http://www.fortune.com/fortune/technology/articles/0,15114,582584,00.html; The New York Times, “Global Chilling,” 

January 28, 2004, http://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F40D14F93E5C0C7B8EDDA80894DC404482; and 

the UK Guardian, “Now the Pentagon tells Bush: climate change will destroy us,” February 22, 2004, 

http://observer.guardian.co.uk/international/story/0,6903,1153513,00.html. 

Coral Reefs Study. A report by the Pew Center on Global Climate Change, released at the American 

Association for the Advancement of Science meeting in Seattle, predicts that warming and acidifying ocean 

water will negatively affect coral reefs. “Global warming threatens coral reefs,” February 16, 2004, 

news@nature.com, http://www.nature.com (registration required).

 

April 2004 

Atmospheric CO2 Accelerating. Average readings at the 11,141-foot Mauna Loa Observatory, where CO2

density peaks each northern winter, hovered around 379 parts per million on March 19, 2004, compared with 

about 376 a year ago. That year-to-year increase of about 3 parts per million is considerably higher than the 

average annual increase of 1.8 parts per million over the past decade, and markedly more accelerated than the 1-

part-per-million annual increase recorded a half century ago, when observations were first made here. Yahoo 

News, March 20, 2004. 

Atmospheric CO2 Correlated to Global Temperature Changes over Past 570 Million Years. “Reviewing 

the geologic records of CO2 and glaciations, we found that CO2 was low during periods of long-lived and 

widespread continental glaciations and high during other, warmer periods,” says Dana L. Royer, research 

associate in geosciences at Penn State. “Previous suggestions that cosmic ray flux correlated better with ancient 

temperatures than carbon dioxide do not appear true. While cosmic ray flux may be of some climatic 

significance, it is likely of second-order importance on a multimillion year timescale.” Researchers adjusted 
NETL Carbon Sequestration Newsletter Annual Index 2003-04 18

estimates for atmospheric CO2 based on ocean water pH. “Oceans' acidity influences early carbon dioxide and 

temperature link estimates,” Penn State Live, March 22, 2004, http://live.psu.edu/story/6011. 

Antarctic Glacier Melting Much Faster Than Expected. Scientist on expedition in Antarctica found that 

Brown Glacier is melting at a rate four times that which had been measured between 1950 and 2000. “Glacier 

melt indicates global warming changes,” ABC News Online (Australia), March 6, 2004, 

http://www.abc.net.au/news/newsitems/s1060459.htm. 

NASA's Improved Web-Resource on the World's Changing Climate. The website provides a wealth of 

information and current data related to global climate change. Site is designed to be useful to users ranging 

from climate scientists to elementary school teachers. NASA's Earth Observatory, March 1, 2004, 

http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/Newsroom/NasaNews/2004/2004030116590.html. 

June 2004 

“Global dimming may stop the Earth overheating.” Since the late 1950s, scientists have observed a 2 to 4 

percent reduction in the amount of solar radiation reaching the Earth's surface, thought to be caused by particles 

and clouds in the atmosphere scattering the light. Some scientists see global dimming as part of a possible 

negative feedback loop working against global warming. According to Michael Roderick, from the Australian 

National University in Canberra, “burning fossil fuels not only increases carbon dioxide levels in the 

atmosphere; it also pumps tiny particles into the air. Meanwhile higher temperatures increase the amount of 

cloud cover. The clouds and particles help to block the Sun's rays, and the scattered light they allow through 

actually boosts plants' absorption of carbon dioxide, the principle greenhouse gas. This would help to keep 

carbon dioxide levels stable, protecting the planet from runaway global warming.” news@nature.com, May 19, 

2004, http://www.nature.com/nsu/ (registration required). 

Global warming pioneer says only nuclear power can now halt global warming. James Lovelock, one of 

the first scientists to warn of the threat from the greenhouse effect, says “global warming is now advancing so 

swiftly that only a massive expansion of nuclear power as the world's main energy source can prevent it 

overwhelming civilization.” Citing melting of the Greenland ice sheet and last summer's heat wave in central 

Europe, Lovelock says there is not enough time for renewables to replace the use of carbon dioxide producing 

fossil fuels. “Only nuclear power can now halt global warming: Leading environmentalist urges radical rethink 

on climate change,” The Independent, May 24, 2004, 

http://news.independent.co.uk/uk/environment/story.jsp?story=524313. Research Council report originally published 

in 2002 is now available for download in PDF format at: http://www.nap.edu/catalog/10136.html.

“Importance of ocean temperature to global biogeochemistry.” Analyses conducted by researchers from the 

University of Chicago and the Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research (Germany) show that changes in 

the temperature of the ocean could have drastic long-term effects on atmospheric concentrations of CO2 and O2. 

Earth and Planetary Science Letters, Volume 222, Issue 2, May 30, 2004, 

http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6V61-4C7VXHK-1/1/631db7e24ee774647ce18572fca3372f. 

July 2004 

“Global change: Hydrocarbon-driven warming.” This paper investigates the relationship between the 

release of huge amounts of hydrocarbons (1,500 to 3,000 Gigatons) during the “initial Eocene thermal 

maximum” (IETM), occurring about 55 million years ago, and current emissions from fossil fuels. The authors 

find the events at the IETM to be intriguing, but an imperfect analogue of current fossil-fuel emissions. Given 

the comparable estimates for carbon release at the IETM and anthropogenic release of carbon into the 
NETL Carbon Sequestration Newsletter Annual Index 2003-04 19

atmosphere over the coming centuries (estimated at 3,000–4,000 Gt), environmental change during the IETM 

should become the subject of general investigation. By Gerald R. Dickens, in Nature 429, 513-515 (June 3, 

2004). 

“The world's oceans possess two CLAW cycles.” Dimethylsulfide (DMS) is a climatically-important trace 

gas that is produced by various types of marine phytoplankton and is believed to play a major role in 

maintaining earth's temperature within bounds conducive to the existence of life. This “CLAW” phenomenon, 

named for the four scientists who formulated it –Charlson, Lovelock, Andreae, and Warren (Charlson et al., 

1987) – has now been joined by a companion phenomenon that accomplishes the same task over the world's 

nutrient-poor marine waters. CO2 Science Magazine, June 2004, http://www.co2science.org/edit/v7/v7n24edit.htm. 

Study Supports View That Ice Age Is Still Quite a Way Off. Despite the recent trend toward global 

warming, scientists have long wondered whether the earth was nearing another ice age – an end to the 12,000-

year temperate spell in which modern civilizations arose. Some have said such a transition is overdue, given 

that each of Earth's three previous temperate intervals lasted only about 10,000 years. But now, in a study in the 

journal Nature, a group of climate and ice experts says it has new evidence that Earth is not even halfway 

through the current warm era. The evidence comes from the oldest layers of Antarctic ice ever sampled. The 

New York Times, June 9, 2004. Original article, Palaeoclimate: Frozen time, by Gabrielle Walker, in Nature, 

June 10, 2004, http://www.nature.com/cgi-taf/Dynapage.taf?file=/nature/journal/v429/n6992/full/429596a_fs.html.

“Can geological carbon storage be competitive?” A new working paper from CICERO reviews the literature 

on the costs and benefits of geological carbon storage. In the near term, Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS) is 

likely only to be an economically viable option in enhanced oil recovery. In the medium and longer term, with 

improvements in CCS technology and the likelihood of increased greenhouse gas permit prices, CCS is likely to 

become an economically viable option under a wider range of circumstances. For details and download see 

http://www.cicero.uio.no/publications/detail.asp?publication_id=2735&lang=en. 

August 2004 

Amazon burning makes Brazil a leading CO2 emitter. The Brazilian Government is expected to publish an 

inventory of Brazil's greenhouse gas emissions in the coming months. The inventory is anticipated to show that 

Brazil produces around 300 million metric tons of carbon dioxide-equivalent a year, 200 million of which comes 

from logging and burning of the world's largest tropical forest. This discovery challenges the view that the 

Amazon serves as the “lungs of the world” by converting carbon dioxide into oxygen. Instead, it will show that 

a large majority of Brazil's greenhouse gas emissions come from smoke linked to deforestation of the Amazon, 

and not fossil fuels which are the main culprit in most countries. “Amazon burning makes Brazil a leading 

polluter,” Reuters, July 19, 2004, http://www.enn.com/news/2004-07-20/s_26000.asp. Also, for information 

about a new study that says the Amazon is still a net producer of oxygen despite widespread burning of the 

jungle see, “Data Show Amazon Still 'Lungs of the World',” Reuters, July 30, 2004, 

http://www.planetark.com/dailynewsstory.cfm/newsid/26334/story.htm. 

“Climate change affects deep sea life.” The remote and lightless deep-sea floor has long been thought to be 

protected from events on the surface, such as global warming. But it now seems that climate change impinges 

on the rhythm of life on the seabed after all. According to work done by Henry Ruhl and his colleagues at the 

Scripps Institution of Oceanography in La Jolla, California, “The climate may be affecting deep sea 

communities as rapidly as terrestrial or shallow-water systems.” In an article appearing in Science, researchers 

report that the sea cucumber, Elpidia minutissima, showed up in many photos taken of the ocean floor in the 

years before El Niño, when food was scarce. But it practically disappeared when disturbances wrought by the 

system apparently increased the food supply. By contrast, a white cucumber that is normally rare, Scotoplanes 

globosa, thrived in plentiful times. news@nature.com, July 22, 2004, 

http://www.nature.com/news/2004/040719/full/040719-13.html. For the original article see, Ruhl H. A., and Smith K. 

L., Science, 305: 513-515 (2004). 
NETL Carbon Sequestration Newsletter Annual Index 2003-04 20

CO2 uptake into the Oceans from the Atmosphere. Two articles in Science Magazine present results from 

analysis of data obtained through the World Ocean Circulation Experiment/Joint Global Ocean Flux Study. One 

study finds that increased CO2 uptake into the ocean may have negative impacts on shell-forming species. 

Another study indicates that feedback loops may reduce the rate of CO2 uptake into oceans over the next few 

decades, a change that could increase pressure to mitigate anthropogenic emissions. For the original articles see 

R.A. Feely et al., “Impact of Anthropogenic CO2 on the CaCO3 System in the Oceans,” Science, July 16, 2004, 

Vol. 305, pp. 362-366; and C.L. Sabine et al., “The Oceanic Sink for Anthropogenic CO2,” Science, July 16, 

2004, Vol. 305, pp. 367-371. The original articles are available by subscription only. The following are 

synopses from the popular press: “Carbon Dioxide Emissions May Harm Ocean Life,” Reuters, July 15, 2004, 

http://www.planetark.com/dailynewsstory.cfm/newsid/26065/newsDate/16-Jul-2004/story.htm. “High Carbon 

Dioxide Levels Turning Oceans More Acidic,” ENS Newswire, July 19, 2004, http://www.peopleandplanet.net/

doc.php?id=2291. “Sea survey measures acid increase: Oceanic carbon sinks herald 

bad news for wildlife,” news@nature.com, July 15, 2004, http://www.nature.com/news/2004/040712/full/040712-

14.html; and “Study: Ocean absorbing excess carbon dioxide,” CNN, July 15, 2004, 

http://abcnews.go.com/wire/Politics/ap20040715_1965.html.

Geology 

September 2003 

Asian CO2 EOR project. A team of Asian electric power interests is considering capturing CO2 emitted from 

liquefied natural gas production facilities for enhanced oil recovery in Indonesia. If implemented, the project 

would be the largest CO2 enhanced oil recovery effort in the world. The study will focus on a technique called 

“flue gas decarbonization technology,” developed by KEPCO and Mitsubishi jointly. “Asian interests look at 

new CO2 storage scheme,” The Electricity Daily, August 7, 2003. 

BLM approves CO2 pipeline. The pipeline project will move CO2 125 miles from southwest Wyoming to 

Anadarko’s Salt Creek oil field north of Casper, Wyoming. The CO2 comes from ExxonMobil's Shute Creek 

natural gas processing plant and Anadarko will inject about 7,200 tons of CO2 per day. “CO2 pipeline project 

approved,” The Associated Press State & Local Wire, August 12, 2003. 

R&D to turn underground CO2 back into fuel. The DOE Office of Science has funded a project through its 

small business research grants to turn CO2 in geologic storage sites back into methane. Advanced Resources 

International will develop a methodology to use bacteria to remediate underground CO2, creating new methane 

resources in the process. “Small businesses get $100M to develop array of innovative energy devices,” Inside 

Energy /with Federal Lands, August 4, 2003. 

High oil prices still don’t prompt new EOR. Wellhead prices of $25-$30 per barrel are not prompting new 

EOR projects at the rate the economics would support, according to these two articles. EOR ventures are capital 

intensive, and producers so far have stuck to less expensive methods. The CO2 from an ExxonMobil gas 

processing plant in southwestern Wyoming is available, and some of the CO2 goes to an Exxon EOR project in 

Colorado, but most of it is vented into the atmosphere. “High oil prices not prompting EOR projects,” Oil 

Daily, August 12, 2003. See also, “North Dakota producers still not buying CO2 for oil recovery,” Associated 

Press State & Local Wire, August 21, 2003. 

CO2 flooding and other IOR methods. An article on all aspects of improved oil recovery (IOR), a term that 

encompasses enhanced oil recovery techniques, refers extensively to the Advanced Resources International 

(ARI) work done on EOR analysis. “Progress in IOR technology, economics deemed critical to staving off 

world's oil production peak,” Oil & Gas Journal, August 4, 2003, http://www.adv-res.com/. 
NETL Carbon Sequestration Newsletter Annual Index 2003-04 21

Extract more oil with innovation. This article sets out a timeline and recommendations for technological 

improvements to avert an oil shortage crisis. Deepwater development, enhanced oil recovery using CO2 or 

microbes, and self-renewing enclosed energy systems are some ideas tendered. “Oil change: In the pipeline?” 

The Engineer, August 8, 2003. 

October 2003 

Comprehensive database of domestic brines and brine formations available from NETL. The NETL 

national brine database is a compilation of data from the Texas Bureau of Economic Geology, the U.S. 

Geological Survey, over seven hundred well data sets provided by various State Geologic Surveys, oil and gas 

reports, and other published literature sources. To obtain a copy on CD-ROM, contact 

James.Knoer@netl.doe.gov. 

Coal sequestration model available. Coal-Seq, a model developed by Advanced Resources International, 

screens potential ECBM and carbon sequestration projects in coal. The model consists of a database of reservoir 

simulator runs based on varying values for coal permeability, well spacing, coal depth, coal rank, injection rate, 

injection gas composition, and injection timing. Economic calculations can also be performed. For more 

information visit, http://www.coal-seq.com/models.htm. 

MM&V at a commercial EOR operation. Enhanced oil recovery in depleted fields has been operational at 

Rangely, Colorado since 1986, with over 23 million tonnes of CO2 injected. This paper presents data on the 

measurements of methane and CO2 in soil gas and as fluxes into the atmosphere. “CO2 Sequestration in 

Depleted Oil/Gas Fields: Evaluation of Gas Microseepage and CO2 Fate at Rangely, Colorado U.S.A ,” 

Colorado School of Mines, http://aapg.confex.com/aapg/sl2003/techprogram/paper_78330.htm . Other AAPG 2003 

Geologic Sequestration presentations available at: http://aapg.confex.com/aapg/sl2003/techprogram/session_2165.htm. 

Estimating CO2 solubility in brine. Researchers from Alberta Geological Survey, Canada developed a 

methodology to estimate the ultimate CO2 sequestration capacity in solution (UCSCS) of an aquifer. They 

estimate that the Viking aquifer in the Alberta basin in western Canada can sequester 100 Gt CO2 in solution in 

the formation water. “Sequestration of CO2 in geological media in response to climate change: capacity of deep 

saline aquifers to sequester CO2 in solution,” Energy Conversion and Management, Volume 44, Issue 20, 

December 2003, http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/journal/01968904.

November 2003 

EOR CO2 NM depot. BOC opened a CO2 depot in Hobbs, New Mexico, to distribute to Enhanced Oil 

Recovery customers in the Permian Basin. The liquefied gas is obtained from BOC's CO2 plant in Denver City, 

Texas. “BOC Opens Carbon Dioxide Depot in New Mexico,” Business Wire, October 23, 2003, 

http://www.processingmagazine.com/Web_First/PR.nsf/ArticleID/DVMN-5SXNHE/.

Genesis Energy to enter carbon business. Houston-based Genesis Energy LP may begin a wholesale CO2

marketing business. “Genesis Energy to buy carbon dioxide assets,” Houston Business Journal, 

http://houston.bizjournals.com/houston/stories/2003/10/13/daily42.html?jst=b_ln_hl. 

Zero sum research? Australia and the U.S. share defense of coal-powered electricity through a “climate action 

partnership” which directs research to CO2 capture and geologic sequestration. The Howard Government 

allocated $112 million for strategic fossil fuel energy research, mainly for carbon sequestration. The article 

notes a correlating decrease in renewable energy R&D. “The Coalition of the global polluters,” The Age 
NETL Carbon Sequestration Newsletter Annual Index 2003-04 22

(Melbourne), October 23, 2003. 

January 2004 

Interactive Guide on the North Sea Utsira Formation Statoil carbon sequestration project. Available at: 

http://www.guardian.co.uk/flash/0,5860,1040175,00.html. 

Microseepage Measurements at the CO2-enhanced oil recovery operation at Rangely, Colorado, USA. 

The methodology and results for measuring microseepage are discussed. Shallow and deep soil gas 

concentration and direct transport of CO2 and CH4 into the atmosphere were measured. Applied Geochemistry, 

Volume 18, Issue 12, December 2003, Pages 1825-1838. 

Capacity Estimate for CO2 Storage in Saline Formations. Considering only the region where the injected 

CO2 would be a dense fluid, the capacity of the Viking aquifer in Alberta Canada to sequester CO2 in solution in 

the formation water is calculated to be 100 Gt. Energy Conversion and Management, Volume 44, Issue 20, 

December 2003, Pages 3151-3175. 

“U.S. DOE Field Efforts Sequestering CO2 in Geologic Formations.” Describes the West Virginia, Texas, 

and New Mexico geologic field tests. December 12, 2003, 

http://www.netl.doe.gov/coal/Carbon%20Sequestration/index.html.

February 2004 

Enhanced Oil Recovery in Alberta. Describes EOR potential and challenges in Alberta. Enbridge Pipelines 

Inc. calculates that $160 million will cover initial building of a new 400- kilometer pipeline delivery grid to 

transport 4,000 tones of CO2 per day. Injections of up to 11,500 tones per day of the clean gas would be needed 

to keep production going at three of the biggest and oldest Canadian oilfields: Swan Hills, Pembina, and Taber. 

“Carbon emissions may raise well yields,” Edmonton Journal (Alberta), January 20, 2004. 

April 2004 

Beta Demonstration of the NatCarb Online Database Available NATCARB portal now pulls data in real 

time from Kansas, Illinois, Ohio, (Indiana soon), and USGS (EROS Datacenter). Please visit the NATCARB 

Portal Beta Site (http://drysdale.kgs.ku.edu/natcarb/midflash/natcarb.html) for a demonstration. A progress report in 

can be found at http://www.natcarb.org/Committee/NATCARB_Progress_Report.pdf. 

May 2004 

CO2 from Coal Industry for EOR. Bellona Foundation president Frederic Hauge told an industry seminar on 

clean coal technology in Brussels that the coal industry's best opportunity to be green was to provide CO2 to oil 

companies for enhanced oil recovery (EOR). It would be worth up to $15/tonne for CO2 from the European coal 

industry to enhance their oil recovery in the North Sea, he said. “CO2 from coal worth up to $ 15/ tonne for oil 

recovery,” Platts EU Energy, March 26, 2004; Issue 79; Pg. 3, http://www.platts.com. 
NETL Carbon Sequestration Newsletter Annual Index 2003-04 23

June 2004 

Alberta producers rewarded for use of CO2 in enhanced oil recovery. Four companies using carbon dioxide 

in enhanced oil recovery projects will share a C$14 million bonus from the Alberta Government in Canada. The 

four companies qualify for royalty credits under the province's plan to reduce greenhouse gas emissions by 

encouraging the sequestration of CO2 as part of oil and gas production. The companies plan to inject about 110 

metric tons of CO2 per day for the duration of a project in Swan Hills, central Alberta. Point Carbon, May 25, 

2004, http://www.pointcarbon.com/article.php?articleID=3774&categoryID=147. 

August 2004 

Study of Coal Absorption Isotherm Measurement. Several laboratories conducted CO2 absorption isotherm 

measurements on a series of coal samples to determine reproducibility of results and identify factors causing any 

differences. Improved isotherm measurement techniques can enable CO2 sequestration in coal beds. “An Interlaboratory Comparison of CO2 Isotherms Measured on Argonne Premium Coal Samples” was posted on the 

NETL Office of Science, Technology and Analysis web site: http://www.netl.doe.gov/osta/techpapers/techpapers.htm.

Technology 

October 2003 

Letters to Lackner. Dan Golomb of UMass-Lowell and Meyer Steinberg of Brookhaven National Lab 

responded to Klaus Lackner's Perspective, “A guide to CO2 sequestration” (Science, June 13, 2003). Golomb 

takes issue with the practicality of using chemical sorbents on windmill rotors, which, he says, would take up 

too much space due to the partial pressure limits on substantial mass transfer. He also questions the thermal 

dynamics of using waste heat to convert CaCO3 back into CaO. Lackner responds by rephrasing the capture 

area as a per capita number or 0.04 m2

 per person and points to the use of fuel cells which operate at a high 

enough temperature to perform the CaCO3 to CaO conversion. “Issues of Carbon Sequestration,” Dan Golomb, 

Meyer Steinberg, and Klaus Lackner, Science, September 5, 2003, 

http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/search?volume=&firstpage=&author1=&author2=&titleabstract=sequestration&fulltext=&f

month=Oct&fyear=1995&tmonth=Sep&tyear=2003&hits=10&sendit.x=20&sendit.y=7. 

DOE funds crosscutting energy technological R&D. Two projects funded are related to sequestration. 

University of California, Berkeley to design and synthesize iron catalysts with controlled and predictable 

activity and structural stability during Fischer-Tropsch reactions, and the University of Wisconsin’s Department 

of Chemical Engineering seeks to predict catalyst activity and hydrocarbon selectivities over a range of 

temperatures, pressures, and hydrogen-to-carbon-dioxide ratios. “DOE Provides $12.3 Million for Crosscutting 

Energy Projects,” September 10, 2003, 

http://www.energy.gov/engine/content.do?PUBLIC_ID=14125&BT_CODE=PR_PRESSRELEASES&TT_CODE=PRESS

RELEASE. 

 
NETL Carbon Sequestration Newsletter Annual Index 2003-04 24

November 2003 

Mineral membrane moves forward. A zeolite mineral membrane, made by a team at Yamaguchi University 

in Japan, acts as a molecular sieve to filter CO2 from power station flue gas. CO2 passes through the new 

membrane over 100 times as fast as N2, at temperatures of up to 200 degrees C. “Mineral sieve filters out 

carbon from flue gases,” New Scientist, October 4, 2003. 

Canadian engineering firm to study CO2 capture for United Arab Emirates. Lavalin International Inc. has 

been awarded an engineering and design study by the Abu Dhabi National Oil Company (ADNOC) in United 

Arab Emirates, to determine the most suitable method of recovering CO2 from boilers and steam reformers. The 

CO2 will be used at the Bab Thamama “B” oil reservoir in an EOR process. “SNC-Lavalin Awarded Carbon 

Dioxide Recovery Contract in United Arab Emirates,” Canada NewsWire, October 3, 2003,

http://www.newswire.ca/en/releases/archive/October2003/03/c7859.html. 

December 2003 

Underground Gasification. Oil and Natural Gas Corporation (ONGC) intends to work with Coal India Ltd. 

(CIL) and Gujarat State Petroleum Corporation (GSPC) for its underground coal gasification (UCG) project, 

hoping to gain carbon credits. “India’s ONGC to gasify coal as alternative feedstock,” Business Standard, 

November 11, 2003.

 

January 2004 

Landfill Gas Capture. Renovar Energy, a Texas-based company, plans to separate and recover methane from 

CO2 and other landfill gases. “Devil's Swamp landfill gets new name, role,” Baton Rouge Advocate, LA, 

http://www.2theadvocate.com. 

Synthetic Virus May Lead to Sequestration. Dr. Craig Venter and researchers from the Institute for 

Biological Energy Alternatives have synthesized a virus with the potential to convert CO2 to hydrocarbon fuels. 

They pieced together phi-174 from short, single strands of synthetically produced, commercially available DNA 

known as oligonucleotides. Enzymes were used to glue the oligonucleotides together to form and copy a 5,386-

base genetic strand. “Synthetic virus 10 years away from battling pollution,'” The Engineer, December 5, 2003. 

Bioengineering Insufficient? This article describes the (above) biological carbon sequestration plan to find 

carbon-loving microbes in the sea, find the genes responsible for their carbon-munching ways, and transfer them 

to other microbes that can be cultured easily in bioreactors. The article also talks about terrestrial sequestration 

using forests, and changing agricultural practices by reducing tillage. “Carbon-Crunching Critters: Genetic 

engineering won't stop global warming,” Spectrum, December 31, 2003, 

http://www.spectrum.ieee.org/WEBONLY/publicfeature/jan04/0104bio2.html.

February 2004 

Revolutionary Technology for CO2 Conversion. Robert R. Holcomb, M.D., Ph.D., an assistant professor at 

Vanderbilt University School of Medicine announced a revolutionary new technology, Electron Stream Carbon 

Dioxide Reduction (ESCO2 R), commonly called the Carbon Dioxide Converter. “The unique technology of 

the Carbon Dioxide Converter permanently splits the molecular structure of carbon dioxide into its basic 

elements - carbon and oxygen,” said Dr. Holcomb. The technology performance has been verified by the 

engineering firm Black & Veatch Corporation. “Worldwide Solution to Global Warming,” Scoop.com, January 

30, 2004, http://www.scoop.co.nz/mason/stories/SC0401/S00065.htm . 
NETL Carbon Sequestration Newsletter Annual Index 2003-04 25

March 2004 

Breakthrough Technology Claimed for Producing Hydrogen from Ethanol. A new process, developed by 

Lanny Schmidt, a chemist at the University of Minnesota, uses rhodium and ceria as catalyst to convert ethanol 

to hydrogen. Using a simple fuel injector from an automobile engine Schmidt and his colleagues sprayed an 

ethanol-water mix into a warm chamber to vaporize it. When the vapor passed through a porous ceramic plug 

embedded with the rhodium and ceria catalysts - viola, hydrogen flowed out the other end. Schmidt's process is 

autothermal, meaning it supplies its own heat. Because of that, the equipment is only a hundredth the size of 

conventional steam reforming systems and requires far less energy. “One step closer to hydrogen economy?” 

Christian Science Monitor, February 19, 2003. 

Fluor, Mitsui Babcock, Alstom Power,and Imperial College London to Work Together on Study. Fluor 

Corporation has been selected by the International Energy Agency Greenhouse Gas Research and Development 

Program to study the capture and recovery of CO2 in natural gas combined-cycle and pulverized-coal fueled 

power generation plants. Fluor will be working with Mitsui Babcock, Alstom Power, and Imperial College 

London. The study will investigate cost options, unresolved issues, and visualize likely technology 

developments over the next two decades. Fluor developed proprietary ECONAMINE FG(SM) and 

ECONAMINE FG Plus(SM) technologies, which are used for amine scrubbing of fuel gases. “Fluor Selected 

for Greenhouse Gas R&D Study,” PR Newswire, February 5, 2004, http://www.prnewswire.com. 

Electron Stream Carbon Dioxide Reduction (ESCO2R). An article in Business Week sets forth the opinions 

of some skeptics regarding the ESCO2R process. ”Trouble is, that [the ESCO2R process] would violate 

physical laws,” argues Hans Joachim Ziock, a physicist and energy expert at Los Alamos National Laboratory. 

Breaking the chemical bonds that glue atoms together into molecules takes even more energy than was used to 

create them, he explains. Since the energy released by burning coal stems mainly from oxidizing carbon, 

reversing the process would require all that energy output, and then some. “I'm missing the magic here,” agrees 

Henry J. Cialone, senior vice- president for energy services at Battelle Memorial Institute, a think tank in 

Columbus, Ohio. Yet Holcomb has some hopeful supporters. “I'm confident there's no hoax here,” declares J. 

Alex Silver, head of energy consulting at Black & Veatch Corp., an Overland Park (Kansas) engineering firm. 

Holcomb hired Black & Veatch to test his prototype CO2 converter in January 2004. Says Silver: “We 

definitely were getting dissociation of CO2 [into carbon and oxygen], and that by itself is very neat.” Still, he 

adds, “the big question is how much energy was going into the converter?” “All fired up over clean coal,” 

February 16, 2004, http://www.businessweek.com/magazine/content/04_07/b3870116.htm. See also, “Breakthrough 

purports answer to global warming,” Solar Access, February 2, 2004, 

http://www.solaraccess.com/news/story?storyid=6001. 

April 2004 

Lithium Zirconate Paper in Science describes how the CO2 sorption properties lithium zirconate can be 

modified through doping. “The rate of the CO2 sorption on pure lithium zirconate is controlled by the diffusion 

of CO2 in the solid lithium carbonate shell. For potassium doped lithium zirconate or lithium yttrium-zirconate 

the rate limiting step for CO2 sorption is shifted to diffusion of oxygen ions in the zirconia shell. Separation and 

Purification Technology, Volume 36, Issue 1, April 2004, Pages 41-51, 

http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6THJ-48Y6WMR-3/1/3bc54d8dc31ed52512b97fe54e6a9329. 

EU Steelmakers Push Toward Breakthrough Technology. A consortium of European steelmakers and other 

organizations put forward to the European Commission a research project to develop Ultra Low CO2

Steelmaking (ULCOS) technologies. These reportedly include the capture and sequestration of vented CO2. 

“Corus Involved in Breakthrough CO2 Reduction Technology,” PR Newswire European, March 12, 2004. 
NETL Carbon Sequestration Newsletter Annual Index 2003-04 26

May 2004 

EPA GHG Center Verifies Technology to Reduce Natural Gas Emissions. The Greenhouse Gas 

Technology Center verified the performance of the Quantum Leap Natural Gas Dehydration (QLD) Technology, 

developed by Engineered Concepts LLC of New Mexico. Natural gas systems represent almost two percent of 

the total GHG emissions in the U.S. according to the EPA (20 percent of total U.S. methane emissions). The 

QLD process eliminates hydrocarbon emissions from the glycol still column vent stream. A synopsis and final 

performance evaluation report can be accessed on the U.S. EPA ETV website, 

http://www.epa.gov/etv/verifications/vcenter3-4.html. “Greenhouse Gas Technology Center Completes Verification 

for Engineered Concepts' Quantum Leap Natural Gas Dehydration Technology,” PR Newswire, March 31, 2004.

Energy, H2, and CO2 sequestration. Greg Rau discusses a novel means of converting waste CO2 to a solid or 

dissolved carbonate at ambient temperature and pressure, with carbon-free H2 and electricity produced as 

byproducts. The value of these byproducts significantly offsets the cost of CO2 capture and sequestration or 

may even make it profitable. “Possible use of Fe/CO2 fuel cells for CO2 mitigation plus H2 and electricity 

production,” Energy Conservation and Management, Vol 45, Iss 13- 14, August 2004. A talk on this process 

was also presented at the American Chemical Society meeting in Anaheim on March 31, 2004: 

http://oasys2.confex.com/acs/227nm/techprogram/P732839.HTM. 

Carbon Capture from CHP/Bioenergy Systems = Negative CO2. Researchers from International Institute for 

Applied Systems Analysis, Luleå University of Technology, and the Chinese Academy of Sciences combine 

CO2 capture and storage with biomass-based combined heat and power production (CHP) in Kraft pulp and 

paper mills in this study. “Efficient energy systems with CO2 capture and storage from renewable biomass in 

pulp and paper mills,” Renewable Energy, Volume 29, Issue 9, July 2004, 

http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/journal/09601481. 

June 2004 

Calixarene crystals as new absorption agents for the purification of hydrogen. A pair of scientists from 

Missouri and South Africa have discovered that the supposedly impregnable cavities formed by calixarene 

crystals actually absorb and store molecules from the air. They absorb CO2 particularly well, but they do not 

absorb hydrogen at all. This could mean that calixarene crystals might be used both to capture carbon and to 

isolate hydrogen for fuel cells. Chemie (Germany), http://www.chemie.de/news/e/37747/. 

July 2004 

“Novel concepts for CO2 capture.” This paper describes the possibilities for power generation with CO2

capture using envisaged key technologies: gas turbines, membranes, and solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs). The 

SOFC anode off-gas is a CO2 rich stream, which can be used for sequestration without elaborate treatment. 

Several implementation schemes of the technique are discussed. By J. W. Dijkstra and D. Jansen, Energy, 

Volume 29, Issues 9-10, July-August 2004, Pages 1249-1257. 

“Integration of H2-separating membrane technology in gas turbine processes for CO2 capture.” The paper 

describes the promising possibility to capture CO2 in natural gas fired power cycles through the use of a hightemperature membrane reactor of the methane-steam reforming type with an integrated H2-separating 

membrane. Two types of membranes are integrated: Palladium membranes, which could allow for zeroemission power cycles, and microporous membranes, the use of which in the present work means that 20 

percent of the generated CO2 is emitted to the atmosphere. By K. Jordal et al., Energy, Volume 29, Issues 9-10, 

July-August 2004, Pages 1269-1278. 
NETL Carbon Sequestration Newsletter Annual Index 2003-04 27

“An experimental investigation into the use of molten carbonate fuel cells to capture CO2 from gas 

turbine exhaust gases.” This paper describes the conceptual design of a hybrid molten carbonate fuel cell 

(MCFC) system to generate power and simultaneously capture CO2 from small (<10 MW) gas turbine exhaust 

streams. Initial modeling studies indicated that a 1.6 MW MCFC could reduce the CO2 emissions from a 4.6 

MW gas turbine by 50 percent on a per kWh basis. Initial data from investigations confirm that the fuel cell can 

operate at sub-optimal CO2 levels with limited loss in power and efficiency. By A. Amorellia et al., Energy, 

Volume 29, Issues 9-10, July-August 2004, Pages 1279-1284. 

“CO2 capture and storage – the essential bridge to the hydrogen economy.” This paper explains the key 

issues that may favor the hydrogen economy in the long-term, and addresses CO2 capture options that are 

essential to help develop the required hydrogen infrastructure in the short-term. By D.R. Simbeck, Energy, 

Volume 29 (2004) 1633-1641. 

“Prospects for carbon capture and sequestration technologies assuming their technological learning.” 

This paper analyzes the potentials of carbon capture and sequestration technologies (CCS) in a set of long-term 

energy-economic-environmental scenarios based on alternative assumptions for technological progress of CCS. 

Past experience in controlling sulfur dioxide emissions (SO2) from power plants is used as a guide for estimating 

technical progress. A “learning curve” for CCS, which describes the relationship between the improvement of 

costs due to accumulation of experience in CCS construction, is quantified. Due to the assumed technological 

learning, the costs of emissions reductions for CCS drop rapidly and in parallel with the massive introduction of 

CCS on the global scale. By Keywan Riahi et al., Energy, Volume 29, Issues 9-10, July-August 2004, Pages 

1309-1318. 

“Geological storage of CO2: What do we know, where are the gaps and what more needs to be done?” 

The aim of this paper is to present an overview of the research work that is currently underway, and to provide 

an analysis of the current state of knowledge on geological storage of CO2. The analysis is broken down to 

address the key geological storage options: deep coal seams, depleted hydrocarbon reservoirs, and deep saline 

aquifers. In each case, areas of uncertainty are highlighted, as well as areas where it is considered that further 

work will be needed so that the technology can be accepted by Governments and the general public as a 

mitigation option suitable for wide-scale application throughout the world. By John Gale, Energy, Volume 29, 

Issues 9-10, July-August 2004, Pages 1329-1338. 

August 2004 

How to Estimate Forest Carbon for Large Areas from Inventory Data. Determining the level of carbon 

stocks in forest ecosystems has become a concern of governments, businesses, and many organizations. This 

article provides examples of inventory-based calculations and identifies resources that are available for analysts 

and planners to develop large-scale carbon estimates consistent with totals for U.S. forests. James E. Smith et 

al., Journal of Forestry, Jul/Aug 2004, Vol.102, Iss. 5; pg. 25-31. 

Ocean 

September 2003 

Ocean algae genes decoded. With DOE and National Science Foundation funding, three international teams of 

scientists traced the genetic blueprints for four forms of photosynthetic organisms that can turn sunlight and CO2

into biomass with very few (2000) genes. “Microbe project may aid CO2 capture,” Inside Energy /with Federal 

Lands, August 18, 2003, http://www.platts.com. See also, “NSF Microbes' genomes promise insight into oceans,” 

M2 Presswire, August 14, 2003; and “Genome sequence of the cyanobacterium Prochlorococcus marinus 
NETL Carbon Sequestration Newsletter Annual Index 2003-04 28

SS120, a nearly minimal oxyphototrophic genome,” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, August 

19, 2003, vol. 100, no. 17, http://www.pnas.org/cgi/content/abstract/100/17/10020. 

Salinity decreases CO2 absorption. Recent drought conditions in the North Pacific Ocean near Hawaii have 

decreased the strength of the CO2 sink, according to a study published in the journal Nature. A team funded by 

the National Science Foundation (NSF) and led the University of Hawaii used 15 years of time-series 

measurements to compare the precipitation, salinity, and CO2 concentrations at Station ALOHA. “Ocean 

carbon cycle affected by drought,” M2 Presswire, August 14, 2003. See also, “Decrease in salt in ocean 

decreases amount of carbon dioxide,” The Associated Press State & Local Wire, August 13, 2003, 

http://www.soest.hawaii.edu/.

October 2003 

Ocean acidification. The coming centuries may see more ocean acidification than the past 300 million years as 

a result of increased levels of CO2 in the atmosphere. “Oceanography: Anthropogenic carbon and ocean pH,” 

Nature, September 2003, Ken Caldeira and Michael Wickett, http://www.nature.com.

See also, “GHGs linked to acidic oceans” Ananova, September 24, 

2004, http://www.ananova.com/news/story/sm_822606.html.

 

November 2003 

Phytoplankton in rapid decline. Plant life covering the surface of the world's oceans is disappearing at a 

dangerous rate, scientists have discovered. According to Watson Gregg, a NASA biologist at the Goddard 

Space Flight Center, the greatest loss of phytoplankton has occurred where ocean temperatures have risen most 

significantly between the early 1980s and the late 1990s. “Decline in oceans' phytoplankton alarms scientists, 

Experts pondering whether reduction of marine plant life is linked to warming of the seas,” San Francisco 

Chronicle, October 6, 2003, http://sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/c/a/2003/10/06/MN31432.DTL&type=science.

Ocean health. According to this article, oceans have begun to undergo accelerated transformations: Rising 

temperatures and water levels, damage to coral reefs, disappearing saltmarsh and mangrove swamps, declining 

fish stocks, and rising levels of pollution. A central concern is the rapid accumulation of carbon in the 

atmosphere, and its effect on oceans. The article considers the question of speeding up oceans' natural 

biological pump to move carbon from the surface to the bottom of the oceans. “What future for the oceans,” 

Foreign Affairs, October 2003. 

December 2003 

Effects of CO2 in Ocean Water Described. Increased CO2 in the oceans would result in decreased pH levels 

of seawater, resulting in dramatic physiological effects on many species, says Brad Seibel, assistant professor of 

marine biology at the University of Rhode Island. “Shallow-living organisms like shelled mollusks and corals 

are already being affected by the growing levels of CO2 in the atmosphere. As atmospheric CO2 diffuses into 

the upper layers of the water, it inhibits the ability of shellfish to form shells and causes coral reefs to dissolve. 

“Marine biologist says carbon dioxide injection in deep sea would alter ocean chemistry...” Science Daily, 

November 17, 2003, http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2003/11/031118072844.htm.
NETL Carbon Sequestration Newsletter Annual Index 2003-04 29

January 2004 

Raman Spectrometer on the Ocean Floor. Article summarizes the studies and experiments being performed 

by MBARI in the Monterey Bay. “The emergence of Global Positioning Systems and remotely operated 

vehicles such as MBARI make the use of our instrumentation in extreme environments more and more 

feasible,” says Jill Pasteris of MBARI. “Trapping Carbon Dioxide In An Icy Cage: Researchers explore the 

ocean floor with rare instrument,” Science Daily, December 31, 2003, 

http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2003/12/031231082637.htm. 

Climate Influence of Ocean Salt Cycling. A comparison of salinities on a long transect through the western 

basins of the Atlantic Ocean between the 1950s and the 1990s finds systematic freshening at both poleward ends 

contrasted with large increases of salinity pervading the upper water column at low latitudes. Results extend a 

growing body of evidence indicating that shifts in the oceanic distribution of fresh and saline waters are 

occurring worldwide in ways that suggest links to global warming and possible changes in the hydrologic cycle 

of the Earth. “A change in the freshwater balance of the Atlantic Ocean over the past four decades,” Nature, 

December 18, 2003. 

Ocean Upwelling Affected by Climate Change. Noah Diffenbaugh and others at the University of Santa Cruz 

predict through computer simulations that global warming-induced wind will change the intensity and the 

seasonal timing of coastal ocean upwelling along the California coast. UCSC Press Release, December 17, 

2003, http://www.ucsc.edu/news_events/press_releases/text.asp?pid=433. 

February 2004 

Ocean Fertilization Field Test Embarks. Researchers from the Alfred Wegener Institute for Polar and Marine 

Research in Germany set sail to dissolve an iron sulphate solution in a in a 150-200 square-kilometer patch of 

the Southern Ocean, near Antarctica, where currents may keep the iron within a limited area. The team will 

monitor phytoplankton growth from a helicopter for a period of eight to ten weeks. “Climate test sets sail,” 

Nature, January 26, 2004. See also, “Life: Dispatch: News from Nature, the international journal of science: 

Can dumping iron halt global warming.” The Guardian (London), January 29, 2004.

Diatoms are a Significant CO2 Sink. Recent satellite measurements suggest that phytoplankton process nearly 

half of all the CO2 removed from the atmosphere by photosynthesis. Of the many types of phytoplankton, 

diatoms are the most efficient CO2 processors and the most prolific. A diatom doubles about once a day. 

François Morel, a Princeton University oceanographer and Allen Milligan, an oceanographer at Rutgers' 

Institute of Marine and Coastal Sciences have found that the silica in the diatom's shell chemically speeds the 

conversion of bicarbonate back into usable CO2, and its complex shell maximizes surface area photosynthesis. 

“Gas Guzzlers,” Smithsonian Magazine, February 2004, 

http://www.smithsonianmag.si.edu/smithsonian/issues04/feb04/phenomena.html. 

March 2004 

“Geological Carbon Sequestration: Critical Legal Issues.” Reviews the legal issues concerning geological 

carbon sequestration in the offshore waters surrounding the United Kingdom. Different locations of the sea are 

subject to different prescriptions under international law. A key legal question is whether CO2 is considered to 

be a “waste,” and whether storing it is considered “dumping.” It is likely that CO2 sequestration will be defined 

as both, according to this paper. Tyndall Centre Working Paper 45, Ray Purdy and Richard Macrory, January 

2004, http://www.tyndall.ac.uk/publications/working_papers/wp45.pdf. 
NETL Carbon Sequestration Newsletter Annual Index 2003-04 30

Ice Sequestration. Preliminary research by University of Manitoba researcher Tim Papakyriakou suggests that 

the icebound Arctic Ocean absorbs CO2 faster than the North Atlantic Ocean. His results show the ice drawing 

down carbon at “roughly 50 to 60 percent of what you'd expect over a temperate wetland or marsh during its 

growing season.” Bacteria and phytoplankton living inside the ice layer may be capturing the CO2. “Arctic 

research makes greenhouse gas find,” Edmonton Journal (Alberta, Canada), February 17, 2004.

Ocean Carbon Distribution. Highlights the VERTIGO study project by Woods Hole Oceanographic 

Institution engineer Brian Guest. “Voyage to ocean's 'Twilight Zone,'” Christian Science Monitor,

http://www.csmonitor.com/2004/0212/p14s01-sten.html. 

April 2004 

Ocean Experiments Sought. Scientist Peter Brewer seeks to conduct large-scale tests to determine the 

environmental impacts of elevated atmospheric CO2 on the oceans. “The problem,” Brewer says, “is that about 

50 percent of the 400 billion tons of CO2 we have put in the ocean is in the upper 200 meters. Since the average 

depth of the ocean is 4,000 meters, we are having a large impact on the shallow surface layers where most 

marine life is.” MSNBC, March 18, 2004, http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/4286438/. 

May 2004 

The Ocean Floor’s own CO2 Emissions. For information on CO2 coming from the sea floor, including videos 

of the liquid CO2 bubbling up from the Eifuku vent along the Mariana Arc in the western Pacific, visit 

http://oceanexplorer.noaa.gov/explorations/04fire/logs/april10/april10.html.

Southern Ocean Fertilization Study. Several new articles in the April 16, 2004 issue of Science cover the 

investigative efforts of over 40 researchers from 16 institutions (Moss Landing Marine Laboratories, MBARI, 

Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, NOAA, Scripps, LBL, and ten universities). The first, “Southern Ocean 

Iron Enrichment Experiment: Carbon Cycling in High and Low Si Waters,” by Kenneth H. Coale et al., 

investigates the response of algae and diatoms to iron added to sea water with varying amounts of natural silica. 

The second, “The Effects of Iron Fertilization on Carbon Sequestration in the Southern Ocean” measured the 

flux of carbon to the deep ocean, and found that it was similar in magnitude to that of natural blooms in the 

Southern Ocean and thus small relative to global carbon budgets and proposed geoengineering plans to 

sequester atmospheric carbon dioxide in the deep sea. The third, “Robotic Observations of Enhanced Carbon 

Biomass and Export at 55°S During SOFeX,” suggests that each atom of iron added to the sea could pull 

between 10,000 and 100,000 atoms of carbon out of the atmosphere by encouraging plankton growth. The 

biomass buildup and export were much higher than expected for iron-amended low-silicate waters. The fourth, 

“Ocean Science: Ironing Out Algal Issues in the Southern Ocean,” reviews the three others. Science, Vol 304, 

Issue 5669. A number of publications discussed the findings, links below: “Effects of Ocean Fertilization with 

Iron to Remove Carbon Dioxide from the Atmosphere Reported,” Innovations Report, April 19, 2004, 

http://www.innovations-report.com/html/reports/earth_sciences/report-28146.html; “Fertilization Of Phytoplankton Not 

A Solution For CO2 Removal,” Science a Go Go, April 19, 2004, 

http://www.scienceagogo.com/news/20040318210325data_trunc_sys.shtml; “Research tackles key factors in climate 

change,” San Francisco State University, April 16, 2004, http://www.sfsu.edu/~news/2004/spring/55.htm; and 

“Phytoplankton may stimulate uptake of CO2,” EurekAlert, April 15, 2004, 

http://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2004-04/osu-pms041304.php.
NETL Carbon Sequestration Newsletter Annual Index 2003-04 31

June 2004 

The Role of Coastal Seas in the Ocean Carbon Cycle. Researchers evaluated the contribution of coastal and 

marginal seas to global ocean carbon uptake, especially the North Sea. High biological activity acts to pump 

carbon into the subsurface seas. Once CO2 uptake has occurred it is transported to the deep ocean via currents. 

Although coastal and marginal seas represent only 7 percent of the total ocean surface, they account for about 20 

percent of the carbon inputs, according to the extrapolated calculations in this paper. “Enhanced Open Ocean 

Storage of CO2 from Shelf Sea Pumping,” Science, Helmuth Thomas, et al, p. 1005, May 14, 2004, 

http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/abstract/304/5673/1005?etoc (registration required). 

July 2004 

“Can Iron-Enriched Oceans Thwart Global Warming?” After adding iron to the waters around Antarctica 

to encourage phytoplankton blooms, Ken Buesseler, a marine chemist at the Woods Hole Oceanographic 

Institution in Massachusetts, summarized the results by saying, “we measured an increase in carbon flux in the 

iron-fertilized patch and did not see an equivalent increase in flux outside in the control stations. However, this 

increase was not particularly large.” Despite these results Buesseler has not given up on the idea of using 

carbon sinks to combat climate change. “We need to explore ways to decrease inputs of carbon dioxide to the 

atmosphere and enhance carbon sinks,” Buesseler said. “The ocean is one of the sinks and the link between the 

surface ocean and deep ocean with respect to these sinking particles is one of the most poorly understood areas 

of ocean science.” National Geographic News, June 9, 2004, 

http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2004/06/0609_040609_carbonsink.html. 

August 2004 

“Iron Seeding Just Doesn't Pay.” Another article summarizing the results of the many DOE-sponsored iron 

seeding experiments says the hypothesis that iron seeding would create a photosynthetic bloom is correct, but it 

is far less economical than expected. The breakeven point for sequestration programs is $10 per ton of carbon 

dioxide; according to this article, the models based on the iron-seeding experiments still put the cost at $100 or 

more. The Scientist, July 5, 2004, http://www.the-scientist.com/yr2004/jul/research1_040705.html. 

Terrestrial 

September 2003 

Soil carbon MM&V. Researchers at the South Dakota School of Mines and Technology have earned a patent 

pending on a technique called C-Lock that could help farmers measure, certify and market the carbon stored in 

their soil. The Tech scientists also received a $250,000 DOE grant to test the technique in the field. “Tech 

scientists doing carbon sequestration work,” The Associated Press State & Local Wire, September 1, 2003. Also 

see, “Benefit to farmers from 'carbon trapping' up in the air,” Omaha World Herald, August 23, 2003. 

 

Soil and vegetative carbon capacity. New research by the UK Met Office's Hadley Centre for Climate 

Research found that the capacity of soil and vegetation to absorb CO2 could become saturated over the next few 

decades, according to a paper published by the Institute for Public Policy Research. The Hadley Centre 
NETL Carbon Sequestration Newsletter Annual Index 2003-04 32

examined the complex interaction of CO2 emissions and rising temperatures on vegetation and soils. “Scientists 

issue new warning on gas emissions,” Financial Times (London), August 7, 2003. 

Climate warming effect on vegetation may increase soil moisture. Convention predicts that global warming 

may increase aridity in water-limited ecosystems by accelerating evapotranspiration, but this study by six 

researchers at Stanford University and the Carnegie Institution of Washington shows the reverse effect. In a 2-

year grassland field experiment, simulated warming increased spring soil moisture by 5 to 10 percent under both 

ambient and elevated CO2. Warming also made trees leaf out earlier, which decreased transpirational water 

losses. “Plants reverse warming effect on ecosystem water balance,” Proceedings of the National Academy of 

Sciences, August 19, 2003, vol. 100, no. 17, http://www.pnas.org/cgi/content/abstract/100/17/9892. 

Bogs sink carbon. Britain's attempts to reduce GHGs could get a helping hand from the country's ancient bogs. 

Researchers at Leeds and Durham universities have found that the bogs offer a carbon reservoir almost as 

effective as tropical rainforests and that blocking modern drainage ditches would top up the existing bogland. 

“Bogs could deflate gas emissions,” The Guardian, August 25, 2003, 

http://www.guardian.co.uk/uk_news/story/0,3604,1028763,00.html. 

Insured expiring credits for terrestrial sequestration. This overview of different strategies addressing nonpermanence or reversibility of terrestrial carbon sequestration projects evaluates potential costs compared with 

uninsured and permanent credits. Approaches include forest carbon insurance, land reserves, and issuance of 

expiring credits. “Replacing carbon lost from forests: an assessment of insurance, reserves, and expiring 

credits,” Climate Policy, 3 (2, 2003), 107-122. 

Identifying terrestrial carbon leaks. This analysis divides sources of leakage into primary and secondary 

types. The actors or agents responsible for baseline activities cause primary leakage, and secondary leakage 

occurs when the project's outputs create incentives for third parties to increase emissions elsewhere. The paper 

demonstrates leak identification for the case study of avoided deforestation projects. “A conceptual framework 

and its application for addressing leakage: the case of avoided deforestation,” Climate Policy, 3 (2, 2003), 123-

136. 

Land use mitigation and the surface energy budget. Climate mitigation policies affect the surface albedo, the 

fluxes of sensible and latent heat to the atmosphere, and the distribution of energy within the climate system. 

Changes in these components can affect the local, regional, and global climate, but recognition of these effects 

challenges a system of credits and debits where sequestration of carbon in the biosphere is equated with 

emission of carbon from fossil fuels. “The climate impacts of land surface change and carbon management, the 

implications for climate-change mitigation policy,” Climate Policy ,3 (2, 2003), 149-157. 

The Noel Kempff Mercado Climate Action Project (NKMCAP) local community benefit? The long-term 

impact of the Bolivian carbon sequestration project on the local communities may be positive, however, in the 

short run, certain sections of the local communities are financially poorer, according to this study. “Can forestprotection carbon projects improve rural livelihoods? Analysis of the Noel Kempff Mercado Climate Action 

Project, Bolivia,” Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change, 7 (4, 2002), 323-337. 

Super-trees. The Japanese Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science, and Technology has started a 

project to develop genetically modified trees to absorb more CO2. “JP: Gov’t eyes genetically modified trees to 

fight greenhouse gases,” Kyodo News, August 27, 2003, http://www.co2e.com/News/story.asp?StoryID=1247. Also, 

scientists are planting genetically engineered trees in areas around this country that may help deforestation and 

supply growing paper demands. “Genetically engineered trees sprout,” MSNBC, August 1, 2003, 

http://www.webprowire.com/summaries/552633.html. 

Leasing reduction certificates in CDM forestry. As vegetation is an unstable dynamic system, emission 

credits generated by carbon sink projects under the Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) of the UN 

Framework Convention on Climate Change (FCCC) Kyoto Protocol suffer from an inherent permanence risk. 
NETL Carbon Sequestration Newsletter Annual Index 2003-04 33

This article discusses the pros and cons of two approaches to balance GHG emissions and carbon uptake in 

vegetation: the ton-year approach and temporary credits. “Fractions of permanence: squaring the cycle of sink 

carbon accounting,” Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change, 7 (4, 2002): 381-402. 

Forest clean-up to fuel biopower. Trees cleared from Arizona's forests will provide fuel for an Arizona Public 

Service Co. (APS) power plant instead of being burned in the forest. Annual GHG emissions are expected to be 

reduced by up to 15,000 tons per year by burning the woodchips under controlled conditions. “Arizona biomass 

plant offers many benefits,” Business Wire, August 27, 2003, http://www.solaraccess.com/news/story?storyid=4977. 

World water and climate change. This paper assesses the terrestrial water cycle and the impact of climate 

change by running a macro-scale water balance model and two General Circulation Model (GCM)-based 

climate change scenarios. The results show that in 2021-2030, water demand will increase worldwide due to 

climate change. Water shortage is expected to worsen in western Asia, the Arabian Peninsula, northern and 

southern Africa, northeastern Australia, southwestern North America, and central South America. A significant 

increase in surface runoff is expected in southern Asia and a significant decrease is expected in northern South 

America. “Terrestrial water cycle and the impact of climate change,” Ambio, 32 (4, 2003), 295-301. 

October 2003 

Measuring tree root biomass with radar. USDA Forest Service researchers are using ground-penetrating 

radar (GPR) to study tree roots nondestructively. Results are published in the September 2003 issue of the Soil

Science Society of America Journal. “Using ground-penetrating radar to estimate tree root biomass,” Science 

Daily, September 25, 2003, http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2003/09/030925065001.htm. 

Forested financial investments. Nissho Iwai Corp. will introduce an investment fund that supports its 

afforestation projects in Vietnam and offers CO2 emission rights to investors as dividends. “Japan’s Nissho Iwai 

to launch afforestation fund,” Asia Pulse, September 18, 2003, http://www.co2e.com/News/story.asp?StoryID=1283.

Reducing methane emissions from India rice fields. A paper from the National Botanical Research Institute 

of Lucknow proposes strategies to contain methane emissions from tropical Asian paddy fields. Strategies 

include: water management, use of fermented manures with low carbon to nitrogen ratio, application of sulfatecontaining chemical fertilizers, selection of low methane emitting rice cultivars, and implementation of one or 

two short aeration periods before the heading stage. “Investigating options for attenuating methane emission 

from Indian rice fields,” Environment International, Volume 29, Issue 5, August 2003, 

http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/journal/01604120. 

Biodiversity and economic incentives for carbon sequestration. The economic, ecological, and legal 

implications of the interrelationship between carbon sequestration programs and biodiversity are sometimes 

negative, according to this paper. The relationship between the Kyoto process and the Convention on Biological 

Diversity is also studied. “Conflicts between biodiversity and carbon sequestration programs: economic and 

legal implications,” Ecological economics, 46 (1, 2003). 

International abatement risks. The risks associated with investing in GHG abatement projects in developing 

countries depend on the volatility of the growth rate of regional CO2 emissions, and well-diversified portfolios 

significantly reduce investment risks, according to this paper. Existing models generally neglect investment 

risks and therefore overestimate the cost savings due to international emissions trading. “International 

diversification of investments in climate change mitigation,” Ecological economics, 46 (1, 2003). 

Global estimation of crop productivity. This study integrates the Erosion Productivity Impact Calculator 

(EPIC) model with Geographic Information System (GIS) to simulate crop productivity at the global level. 

Using IPCC’s future climate scenarios, GIS-based EPIC shows that global warming will be harmful for most 

countries. “Global estimation of crop productivity and the impacts of global warming by GIS and EPIC 
NETL Carbon Sequestration Newsletter Annual Index 2003-04 34

integration,” Ecological Modelling, Volume 168, Issue 3, October 15, 2003, 

http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/journal/03043800. 

European forests’ role. Britain's forests contain roughly enough carbon to offset one year's CO2 emissions 

from fossil fuels and certain industrial processes. Measures taken to protect and expand forest areas can 

increase the biomass resource potentially available to future generations, the report, “Forests, carbon and climate 

change: the UK contribution,” states. “The carbon case for wood fuel,” Forestry & British Timber, September 

9, 2003, http://www.forestry.gov.uk/website/PDF.nsf/pdf/fcin048.pdf/$FILE/fcin048.pdf. See also, “Use forestry 

waste, cut emissions,” Wired News, September 21, 2003, from the World Forestry Congress meeting in Quebec 

City, http://www.wired.com/news/technology/0,1282,60531,00.html.

November 2003 

Organic farming and soil carbon storage. Researchers at the Rodale Institute say a long-term study shows 

organic farming practices retain 15 to 28 percent more soil carbon than conventionally farmed soil - roughly 

1,000 pounds of carbon per acre foot of soil. Using data on corn and soybeans gathered since 1981 in eastcentral Pennsylvania, the system keeps crops in the field longer, grows legume cover crops and uses manure 

fertilizer. “Organic-farming benefit shown,” Philadelphia Inquirer, October 12, 2003, 

http://www.philly.com/mld/inquirer/news/local/6995051.htm (registration required). See also, “Farming systems 

trial,” The Rodale Institute, http://www.rodaleinstitute.org/bookstore/products/farm_books/main.shtml. 

Ozone interference with carbon uptake. Field tests performed by researchers at Michigan Technological 

University and the Forest Service's North Central Research Station indicate that plants and soils might be less 

able to clean the air of excess CO2 when ozone levels are high. With ambient concentrations of ozone and CO2

both increased by 50 percent, the formation rates of soil carbon are reduced by 50 percent relative to the 

amounts entering the soil when the forests were exposed to increased CO2 alone. “Reduction of soil carbon 

formation by tropospheric ozone under increased CO2 levels,” Nature, 425, October 16, 2003. See also, 

“Ground-level ozone degrades soil, study says,” Atlanta Journal Constitution, October 16, 2003, 

http://www.ajc.com/news/content/news/1003/16ozone.html (registration required). 

December 2003 

Homegrown Carbon Farming. In Kansas, farmers, Republicans, and an environmental advocacy group are 

supporting the chance to gain carbon credits through agricultural carbon sequestration projects and land 

management techniques. “Plan gives U.S. farmers a role in fighting global warming,” New York Times, 

November 25, 2003.

Study finds that Certain Types of Trees are more Effective at Transferring Carbon to Soil. Root 

replacement rate, not faster growth, is most effective at transferring carbon to soil. Trees with durable roots 

transfer less carbon to the soil, according to research funded primarily by DOE. As reported in Science

magazine (November 21, 2003), scientists from DOE's Argonne National Laboratory, Oak Ridge National 

Laboratory, and two universities measured the longevity of roots – the source of some of the carbon that would 

be transferred by decay into the soil – in forest plots infused with computer-controlled CO2 simulating midcentury air. “Pine forests have slow root replacement which decreases the potential to accumulate carbon in the 

soil in the short-term,” said lead author Argonne Roser Matamala. “Tree root life controls CO2 absorption,” 

EurekAlert, November 20, 2003, http://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2003-11/dnl-trl112003.php. 

Canadian Government plans to Encourage Private Sustainable forests. The Canadian government 

announced an investment of $20 million in the Forest 2020 Plantation Demonstration and Assessment initiative 

to encourage the planting of fast-growing hardwood trees on non-forested rural private lands. The Government 
NETL Carbon Sequestration Newsletter Annual Index 2003-04 35

of Canada has committed more than $3.7 billion to climate change programs and to the development of leadingedge technologies. “Canada to invest $20 million in trees,” Canada NewsWire, November 27, 2003, 

http://www.newswire.ca/en/releases/archive/November2003/27/c7271.html. 

Tropical Rainforests: Disturbance in dry Seasons Leads to Carbon loss in wet Seasons. Researchers based 

in Brazil and the U.S. found that older Amazon rainforests experiencing drought or other natural disturbances 

may release more carbon than they take up. Disturbances that kill trees can lead to higher levels of CO2 released 

when the dead wood breaks down in wet seasons. This contrasts with studies finding that carbon loss generally 

increases in dry seasons. See, “Disrupted forests 'release more carbon,'” SciDev.net, November 28, 2003, 

http://www.scidev.net/news/index.cfm?fuseaction=readnews&itemid=1126&language=1; or the original publication, 

Science 302, 1554 (2003), 

http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/full/302/5650/1554?ijkey=dew6hPmY3O6P6&keytype=ref&siteid=sci

(registration required). 

January 2004 

Soil Carbon Modeling Web Site. Scientists at Purdue and Colorado State Universities developed prototype 

web-based tools to simulate how much carbon is stored in soil under different management regimes. The CSTORE model, a simplified version of the Century model accounts for different cropping, tillage, hydric 

conditions, and soil texture. A Web interface for the Indiana COMET database is available at 

http://pasture.ecn.purdue.edu/~cstore/COMET. The prototype version of the Web GIS based CSTORE is available 

at http://danpatch.ecn.purdue.edu/~cstore/C-STORE/. 

Forestation Incentives from USDA. A part of the Conservation Reserve Program authorized by the 2002 

Farm Bill provides eligible farmers $50 a year or more per acre for as long as 15 years as incentive to reforest 

farmland. Nut and seed producing species, such as oaks, maple, ash and tupelo will be preferred to promote 

wildlife. Farmers may also eventually trade the value of their timber to industries for carbon credits. The 

initiative is targeted toward land within a 100-year flood plain adjacent to a permanent stream that has been 

farmed for four years of a six-year span ending in 2002. The land also must contain at least 51 percent hydric 

soils, which are representative of wetland areas. Farmers interested can contact the state Farm Service Agency 

office, (318) 473-7721. “Farmers urged to create forests; Program pays them to plant hardwoods,” The TimesPicayune (New Orleans, LA), December 13, 2003. 

Climate Change Feedbacks in Northern High Latitudes. Scientists at NASA’s Jet Propulsion Laboratory 

predict that increased carbon uptake from a longer growing season in Alaska and other northern regions may be 

overwhelmed by CO2 released from thawing permafrost. “Frozen soil can store carbon for hundreds to 

thousands of years,” said lead author Dr. Kyle McDonald of JPL, “but when the permafrost thaws and begins to 

dry out, it releases the carbon back into the atmosphere.” “NASA scientists discover spring thaw makes a 

difference,” Innovations Report, http://www.innovations-report.com/html/reports/earth_sciences/report-24217.html. 

Urban Trees Reduce Energy Costs. Results from an hourly building energy simulation model show that 

ratepayers in the greater Toronto Area could realize annual energy savings of over $11M from cool roofs, shade 

trees, wind shielding of trees, and ambient cooling by trees and reflective surfaces. Potential annual electricity 

savings are estimated at about 150 GWh and potential peak power avoidance at 250 MW. “Energy effects of 

heat-island reduction strategies in Toronto, Canada,” Energy, Volume 29, Issue 2, February 2004, 

http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/journal/03605442. 
NETL Carbon Sequestration Newsletter Annual Index 2003-04 36

February 2004 

Entergy’s Terrestrial Sequestration Activities. Entergy’s Grand Gulf Nuclear Station in Mississippi is 

Entergy's first site location to use intensive forest management to support carbon sequestration. The process 

began recently when Box Elder, Sweetgum, Dogwood and Elm trees were cut down in a field located at the 

north end of Grand Gulf's property, and 9,400 Cypress, Ash, and Oak trees were planted in their place. In a few 

years, the 65-acre field will be home to thousands of carbon sequestering trees, which will be monitored in five 

years and then every 10 years thereafter by a carbon monitoring program that will measure how much carbon 

the forest is trapping. “Entergy's Grand Gulf Nuclear Station Supports Carbon Sequestration,” PR Newswire, 

January 16, 2004, http://www.prnewswire.com.

Deforestation Emits More CO2 than New Plantations Can Soak Up, in Some Areas. This model estimates 

changes in land-use and subsequent emissions over the next twenty years. The model shows that the greatest 

carbon emissions, using part of Panama as a case study, is from deforestation. Reducing deforestation would 

therefore be the most effective way to reduce carbon emissions, according to the authors. Under the current 

CDM framework, only credits arising from reforestation are allowed. Virginia H. Dale, et al., “Estimating 

baseline carbon emissions for the eastern Panama Canal watershed,” Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for 

Global Change, 8 (4, 2003), http://ipsapp008.kluweronline.com/content/getfile/5012/27/5/abstract.htm. 

Siberian Peatlands Older Than thought, Bigger Carbon Stores. UCLA researchers led a 22-member 

international team to the West Siberian Lowland to radiocarbon date the bogs (2,000 to 3,000 years older than 

previously thought). They may be partly attributable to the rise in atmospheric methane levels 9,000 to 11,500 

years ago. “Study: Siberian Bogs Big Player in Greenhouse Gas,” Science. See also, “Study pinpointing origins 

of Siberian peat bogs raises concerns,” EurekAlert, January 15, 2004. 

March 2004 

Terrestrial Uptake. The Free Air CO2 Enrichment (FACE) experiment is designed to simulate the response of 

trees to elevated amounts of CO2 in the atmosphere. Early results indicate a sustained 24 percent increase in 

plant and fine root production but no sustained growth in wood production. Also, argue scientists, the 

magnitude of the increased uptake is not enough to counterbalance anthropogenic GHG emissions.” “Carbon 

dioxide fertilization is neither boon nor bust,” Newswise, February 16, 2004, 

http://www.newswise.com/articles/view/503175/; and “Duke open–air experiment results could deflate hopes that 

forests can alleviate global warming,” EurekAlert, February 15, 2004, http://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2004-

02/du-doe020904.php. 

Soy Yields May Increase Under CO2 Fertilization, Warming. Scientists at the University of Illinois at 

Urbana-Champaign have tended experimental soybean plots near the university since 2001, exposing the plants 

to increased levels of ozone and CO2. Despite the negative effects of ozone, soy yields could increase 13 

percent by 2050, all else remaining equal. “Climate change could boost cash crops,” Nature, February 17, 2004, 

http://www.nature.com/nsu/040216/040216-8.html.

Self-insurance for Terrestrial Carbon Sequestration Credits. The one-to-one conversion of long-term or 

temporary Carbon Emission Rights (CERs) into allowances could be accomplished either through drawing on 

only some of the credits of a project (and the remainder as a self-insurance); or insuring the credit by other 

means. The inclusion of sinks is an impending issue within the EU linking Directive. Guest commentary by 

Bernhard Schlamadinger, Carbon Market Europe, February 27, 2004, 

http://www.pointcarbon.com/wimages/CME_27_February_2004.pdf.
NETL Carbon Sequestration Newsletter Annual Index 2003-04 37

April 2004 

Exotic Trees Shown to Grow on Coal Mine Spoil Land. On the basis of biomass and primary productivity, 

Eucalyptus hybrid and Acacia auriculiformis were found suitable for plantation on coal mine spoil land. 

Ecological Engineering, Volume 21, Issues 2-3, December 2003, Pages 143-151, 

http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6VFB-4BRP6N7-2/1/edd39eed2eecb363afa466ee0a1c0c99. 

 

Urban Terrestrial Carbon. According to American Forests, the nation's urban areas as defined by the Census 

Bureau have lost 21 percent of their tree cover in the last decade. Stephen Bratkovich, a forester with the U.S. 

Forest Service in St. Paul, Minnesota, has drawn from published studies to calculate that cities produce about 

3.8 billion board feet of usable logs each year due to natural mortality, disease, storm blow-downs, and 

development 

- more wood than harvested from all of the country's 147 million acres of national forestlands. Private citizens 

shoulder much of the burden as urban foresters. In Los Angeles, the city government owns 1.5 million to 2 

million trees, while businesses and homeowners are responsible for perhaps 10 million. “The Nation; No Safe 

Arbor in the City; Trees are disappearing from urban areas,” Los Angeles Times, March 8, 2004. 

Evidence that Atmospheric CO2 is Affecting Rainforests. William Laurance of the Smithsonian Tropical 

Research Institute in Panama and his team, whose research was published in the journal Nature, noticed that the 

growth of large trees in the Amazonian rainforests have accelerated over the past two decades while the growth 

of smaller ones has slowed. The fast-growing large trees are less dense than slow growing ones and they 

therefore hold less carbon overall. Scientists fear this is reducing the rate of forests' carbon absorption per acre. 

“Rainforests absorbing less carbon dioxide: study,” ABC News Online (Australia), March 11, 2004, 

http://abc.net.au/science/news/scitech/SciTechRepublish_1063540.htm. Full article: Laurance, W.F. et al., Nature, 

428, 171-175, (2004). 

Design Incorporating Ecological Services. Architect William McDonough says he aims to design a building 

that “makes oxygen, fixes nitrogen, sequesters carbon, distils water, builds soil, accrues solar energy as fuel, 

makes complex sugars and food, creates microclimates, changes colors with the seasons and self-replicates.” He 

has designed buildings for Nike, Gap, IBM, Ford, the Smithsonian Institution and the U.S. Environmental 

Defense Fund. “Natural designs,” New Scientist, March 20, 2004. 

May 2004 

“Coaxing Soil to Soak Up Carbon.” Experiments at the DOE’s Pacific Northwest National Laboratory show 

that soil’s carbon-sequestering capacity can be boosted by maintaining proper alkalinity and frequent wetting 

and drying cycles – plus, the same treatment reinvigorates nutrient-depleted cropland. Alkaline soil additives 

like “fly ash,” a coal waste product, along with plenty of wetting and drying, can speed up soil’s “humification” 

process, which fixes carbon into stable soil structures. “For The Sake Of Land And Climate, Coaxing Soil To 

Soak Up Carbon,” Science Daily, April 2, 2004, http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2004/04/040402073631.htm. 

See also, “Digging Up a Global Warming Cure,” April 21, 2004, 

http://www.solaraccess.com/news/story?storyid=6563. 

Shell Canada received the first ever Tree Canada Afforestation Leadership Award. The award recognizes 

achievements of the voluntary challenge and registry members. Shell planted 85,000 trees across Alberta in 

2003, with the help of Tree Canada. Trees were planted to help offset some of the CO2 emitted by the 

Athabasca Oil Sands Project. “Shell lauded for tree-planting efforts,” Fort McMurray Today (Alberta, Canada), 

April 2, 2004. 

Soil Carbon’s Integrative Role. Researchers Rattan Lal, Michael Griffin, Jay Apt, Lester Lave, and M. 

Granger Morgan, wrote in Science that no-till agriculture, in combination with mulching and crop rotation to 
NETL Carbon Sequestration Newsletter Annual Index 2003-04 38

enhance the soil organic carbon pool, is a viable strategy for carbon sequestration and sustainable management 

of soils of the tropics and sub-Saharan Africa. They recommend that governments implement programs to 

increase soil organic content or provide financial incentives to farmers. Aid programs should place greater 

emphasis on providing technical and other assistance for soil restoration. “Ecology: Managing Soil Carbon,” 

Science, Vol 304, Issue 5669, April 16, 2004. 

Utility Sector Launches Sequestration Fund. A coalition of 25 power companies has established a multimillion dollar fund to undertake six hardwood reforestation projects in Louisiana, Mississippi, and Arkansas. 

The projects are expected to capture more than 1.6 million tons of carbon dioxide over the century and restore 

about 3,600 acres of wildlife habitat. Joined by the Conservation Fund, The Nature Conservancy, Ducks 

Unlimited, Old South Woodlands LLC, Central Arkansas Resources Conservation and Development Council, 

and The Carbon Fund, PowerTree Carbon Co. will help return these marginal agricultural lands to thriving 

ecosystems. The Conservation Fund News Release, “The Conservation Fund Teams Up with Public, Private 

Partners to Address Climate Change, Restore Critical Habitat,” April 19, 2004, 

http://www.conservationfund.org/?article=2873&back=true. 

“Brazilian sugar bagasse wins 'best CDM project'.” The Brazilian sugarcane bagasse project Vale de 

Rosario was awarded Best CDM Project by a panel of experts at the Carbon Market Insights conference. Point 

Carbon, April 22, 2004, http://www.pointcarbon.com/article.php?articleID=3549&categoryID=147. 

June 2004 

Study Measures Mountain Trees' Carbon Uptake. Scientists seek to find the rate at which forests in the 

mountains pull carbon from the atmosphere through the Airborne Carbon in the Mountains Experiment (ACME) 

project. They will measure changes in carbon dioxide concentration as small as five to 20 parts per million. 

“Study to eye trees at altitude,” The Denver Post, May 13, 2004; Pg. B-03. 

Climate Change Policy Rewards Permanent Reforestation. The owners of permanent forests in New 

Zealand will be able to get Kyoto Protocol carbon credits under a new Government climate change policy. Point 

Carbon, May 19, 2004, http://www.pointcarbon.com/article.php?articleID=3743&categoryID=147. 

July 2004 

Soil Carbon Sequestration Impacts on Global Climate Change and Food Security. The amount of carbon 

that can be restored in the world's degraded agricultural soils will directly influence global food security and 

climate change within our lifetime, said Rattan Lal, director of the carbon management and sequestration center 

at Ohio State University. The carbon sink capacity of the world's agricultural and degraded soils is 50 to 66 

percent of the historic carbon loss of 42 to 78 gigatons of carbon. An increase of carbon (1 ton C per ha) in 

degraded cropland soils may increase crop yield by 20 to 40 kilograms per hectare (kg/ha) for wheat, 10 to 20 

kg/ha for maize, and 0.5 to 1 kg/ha for cowpeas. As well as enhancing food security, carbon sequestration has 

the potential to offset fossil fuel emissions by 0.4 to 1.2 gigatons of carbon per year, or 5 to 15 percent of the 

global fossil-fuel emissions. By R. Lal, available in Science, Vol 304, Issue 5677, 1623-1627, 11 June 2004. 

“U.S. paved surfaces would cover Ohio.” If all the paved surfaces in the 48 contiguous United States were 

pieced together, they would almost cover the state of Ohio. That is the result of a study by the National Oceanic 

and Atmospheric Administration's National Geophysical Data Center of the highways, streets, buildings, 

parking lots and other solid structures in the country. The replacement of heavily vegetated areas by impervious 

surface areas reduces sequestration of carbon, which plants absorb from the atmosphere, the researchers said. 

Washington Times, June 14, 2004, http://washingtontimes.com/upi-breaking/20040614-102351-1406r.htm. 
NETL Carbon Sequestration Newsletter Annual Index 2003-04 39

Public-Private Partnership Addresses Climate Change and Restores Critical Habitat. Cinergy Corp., the 

Kentucky Department of Fish and Wildlife Resources, Environmental Synergy Inc., and The Conservation Fund 

are joining forces to create a market-based conservation solution that will offset the environmental impacts of 

greenhouse gasses, provide new fish and wildlife habitat, and bring recreation-driven economic benefits to 

Kentucky. “Carbon sequestration may well become one of the most important tools that we have for the 

recovery and management of imperiled species. It's a win-win situation for wildlife and people when land is 

restored and reforested. The added benefit of public access to these lands is remarkable,” said Commissioner 

Tom Bennett of the Kentucky Department of Fish and Wildlife Resources. Business Wire, May 28, 2004, 

http://www.conservationfund.org/?article=2887&back=true.

August 2004 

“How costly are carbon offsets? A meta-analysis of carbon forest sinks.” In this study, meta-regression 

analysis is used to examine 981 estimates from 55 studies of the costs of creating carbon offsets using forestry. 

Baseline estimates of costs of sequestering carbon through forest conservation are US$47–$260/t C ($13–$71/t 

CO2). Tree planting and agroforestry activities increase costs by more than 200 percent. When post-harvest 

storage of carbon in wood products, or substitution of biomass for fossil fuels in energy production, are taken 

into account, costs are lowest. Average costs are greater when appropriate account is taken of the opportunity 

costs of land. Environmental Science & Policy, Volume 7, Issue 4, August 2004, Pages 239-251, 

http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6VP6-4CNJDXY-3/1/de60547fa8ae035ebe7d525c8126a28c. 

Tillage-induced carbon dioxide loss. In the 1990s, Don Reicosky happened onto a concept – tillage-induced 

carbon dioxide loss – that has gained him a global audience in the past few years. While working on a project to 

use CO2 emissions to determine how fast corn plants died after a killing frost, Reicosky observed an elevated 

CO2 concentration on a bare field that was downwind of a field being plowed. When he measured the CO2 on 

the freshly plowed area, the infrared gas analyzer maxed out in 15 seconds. According to Reicosky, “One of the 

bottom line, main points is that the amount of CO2 released is directly proportional to the volume of soil 

disturbed in a tillage operation.” For more details see “Minnesota scientist travels world discussing carbon loss 

in farmland,” in Agweek, July 20, 2004, http://www.aglink.com. 

Carbon Farming Potential in Western Australia. This paper describes opportunities for the land 

management sector in Western Australia arising from greenhouse gas abatement and in particular the 

development of carbon sinks as a result of land-use change. There is a large potential carbon sink in Western 

Australia through both the reforestation of farmland (maximum potential sink estimated to be 2,091 Mt CO2-e, 

across 16.7 Mha of cleared farmland) and the destocking of pastoral lands (an estimated 3,072 Mt CO2-e in 

biomass and soils for a 20-year period following 100 percent destocking). Analysis was based on carbon prices 

between $5-15/t CO2e. AETF Review, June/July 2004, 

http://www.aetf.net.au/ContentStore/pdf/ReviewJunJul2004.pdf. 

Carbon Sequestration and Pigs? A graduate student study at the University of Saskatchewan shows the 

addition of swine manure to soil has a variable, but usually beneficial, effect on soil organic matter content. 

Adding organic matter to the soil improves the soil's structure or tilth and increases its nutrient storage capacity 

while, at the same time, increasing carbon sequestration. “U of S Examines Impact of Swine Manure 

Application on Soil Organic Matter,” July 15, 2004, 

http://www.thepigsite.com/LatestNews/Default.asp?AREA=LatestNews&Display=7872. 
NETL Carbon Sequestration Newsletter Annual Index 2003-04 40

Trading 

September 2003 

On CO2 emissions trading in the US. Washington State and Northeastern U.S. governors consider proposals 

to reduce CO2 emissions from power plants. “The States step up,” Tide Pool, August 29, 2003, 

http://www.tidepool.org/original_content.cfm?articleid=85776. 

EPA’s Climate and Waste program seeks input on GHG tool. The Manufacturing and Purchasing 

Greenhouse Gas (MAP-GHG) tool allows users to calculate the GHG benefits of using recycled inputs in the 

materials they manufacture and/or purchase. For more background on EPA’s analysis of climate change and 

waste management, check out the report entitled: “Solid Waste Management and Greenhouse Gases: A LifeCycle Assessment of Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Sinks,” available at, 

http://yosemite.epa.gov/oar/globalwarming.nsf/content/ActionsWasteToolsReports.html.

World Bank and Czech Republic trade CO2. The Czech Environment Minister signed an agreement with the 

World Bank in which the bank will pay the Czech Republic between US$4 and $7 million for more than one 

million tons of emissions that the country saves by the year 2012. “Ambrozeb signs deal with world bank 

regarding emissions,” Prague Business Journal, August 1, 2003. 

October 2003 

Dutch to invest in Vietnam CDM. The Dutch Government will provide Vietnam with non-refundable aid via 

the United Nations Environment Programme. This aid will go towards a Clean Development Mechanism 

project in Vietnam. “Netherlands to help implement CDM in Vietnam,” Vietnam News Agency, September 11, 

2003, http://www.vnagency.com.vn. 

Indonesian CDM interests potential buyers. Thirteen carbon emission reduction projects are available under 

the Clean Development Mechanism, according to the Indonesian delegation at the environmental forum in the 

Philippines. “Indonesia carbon projects attract foreign buyers,” The Jakarta Post, September 16, 2003, 

http://www.thejakartapost.com. See also, “Indonesia to 'sell' carbon emissions,” TheJakarta Post, September 8, 

2003, http://www.thejakartapost.com. 

Japan’s planned trading system grows. More than 100 companies and organizations will join the Japanese 

Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry (METI) in creating a system for trading CO2. “Japan firms to join 

METI plan to create CO2 rights trading system,” AFX News, September 2, 2003, 

http://www.co2e.com/News/story.asp?StoryID=1261. 

NZ carbon credit subsidy. New Zealand's government is offering 4 million carbon credits as a subsidy for 

projects that reduce GHGs. Projects must show additionality and deliver verifiable savings of at least 10,000 

tonnes of carbon dioxide or its equivalent in other greenhouse gases during the first commitment period of the 

Kyoto Protocol, 2008 to 2012 to qualify. “Many a hoop to snaffle carbon credits,” The New Zealand Herald, 

September 13, 2003, 

http://www.nzherald.co.nz/business/businessstorydisplay.cfm?storyID=3523295&thesection=business&thesubsection=gen

eral&thesecondsubsection=&thetickercode=. 

CCX raises $24.5 million. The Chicago Climate Exchange raised roughly $24.5 million via a London-listed 

investment company, according to this article. “Chicago climate exchange raises £15 million,” Environmental 

Finance, September 19, 2003, http://www.environmental-finance.com. 
NETL Carbon Sequestration Newsletter Annual Index 2003-04 41

World Resources Institute joins CCX. “We are joining the Chicago Climate Exchange for two reasons. We 

want to strengthen a pioneering effort to create market-based solutions to the problem of climate change, and 

CCX helps us maintain our own organizational commitment to keep our net carbon dioxide emissions at zero,” 

said Jonathan Lash, president of WRI. “WRI Joins Chicago Climate Exchange,” WRI, September 25, 2003, 

http://www.chicagoclimateexchange.com/news/pdf/CCXPressRelease092503.pdf.

First brokered transaction in EU Emission Allowances in Nordic countries completed. The power 

companies ENERGIE2 A/S from Denmark and Joensuun Energia Oy from Finland did not disclose any 

information on the trade. “Denmark has a very challenging target for the Kyoto period 2008-2012. We believe 

that the best way to prepare oneself and to learn about emissions trading is to carry out concrete deals,” says 

Peter Hjorth Andersen, portfolio manager with ENERGI E2 A/S. “The first Nordic deal in EU emission 

allowances has been closed,” Point Carbon, September 10, 2003, 

http://www.pointcarbon.com/article.php?articleID=2412. 

Russia taking steps to form a domestic market for CO2. Companies like Gazprom, Rusal, and Yukos may 

form an independent business council to help work out the rules for the market and future legislation concerning 

GHGs. “Russia to create domestic emissions trading market,” Russian Information Agency, Novosti, 

September 26, 2003, http://en.rian.ru/rian/index.cfm?prd_id=160&msg_id=3479718&startrow=1&date=2003-09-

26&do_alert=0 (subscription required). 

November 2003 

CCX News: New members. Premium Standard Farms, a livestock/agriculture company, joined CCX as a 

charter member. Natsource, an energy and environmental brokerage firm, REFCO, a diversified financial 

services firm, and Evolution Markets LLC, an emissions and OTC brokerage firm, all joined the CCX as 

liquidity providers. October 23, 2003, http://www.chicagoclimatex.com/news/pdf/Refco_Joins_CCX_10_23_03.pdf. 

Market values. The Chicago Climate Exchange has announced the results of its first auction of CO2 emission 

allowances. A total of 125,000 tonnes of CO2 was sold at a price average less than $1/tonne. “Chicago climate 

exchange announces result of first auction,” Business Wire, September 30, 2003, 

http://quickstart.clari.net/qs_se/webnews/wed/co/Bil-ccx.RU63_DSU.html.

Iowa farms to experiment in carbon trades. The Iowa Farm Bureau Federation will begin a four-year pilot 

program to aggregate and trade carbon credits from Iowa fields. Credits from carbon sequestered in no-tilled 

and minimum-tilled cropland and permanent pasture will be aggregated by Farm Bureau for trading on the 

newly formed Chicago Climate Exchange. “Our hope is to enroll at least 100,000 acres in Iowa in this 

program,” says David Miller, director of commodity services for the Iowa Farm Bureau. “FB launching pilot 

carbon credit trading,” Iowa Farm Bureau, October 21, 2003, 

http://www.casmgs.colostate.edu/insider/vigview.asp?action=2&titleid=363.

 

January 2004 

AETF Review December/January issue (Australasian Emissions Trading Forum). The December/January 

2003 issue reviews the UK emissions trading scheme (ETS) upon completion of its first year of operation. 

Available at: http://www.aetf.net.au/ContentStore/pdf/ReviewDecJan2003.pdf. 

Chicago Climate Exchange New Members. London-based brokerage Traditional Financial Services (TFS) 

and IBM are the latest to join the CCX. IBM committed to reduce its GHG emissions by 4 percent below the 
NETL Carbon Sequestration Newsletter Annual Index 2003-04 42

average of its 1998-2001 baseline by 2006. “TFS joins the Chicago Climate Exchange,” Point Carbon, 

December 9, 2003, http://www.pointcarbon.com/article.php?articleID=2931&categoryID=147; and “IBM joins 

Chicago Climate Exchange,” Point Carbon, December 11, 2003, 

http://www.pointcarbon.com/article.php?articleID=2945&categoryID=147.

February 2004 

The University of Oklahoma and Rolls-Royce North America joined the Chicago Climate Exchange. The 

Chicago Climate Exchange saw over 31,000 tonnes of CO2 traded in December, 2003. On January 13, 2004, 

21,000 tonnes of emissions credits were traded at $0.95/t in a record trading day, CCX News, 

http://www.chicagoclimatex.com/news/pdf/CCXAnnouncement-1_13_04.pdf. 

A Global Greenhouse Gas Register was launched by the World Economic Forum to stimulate the disclosure 

and management by companies of their GHG emissions. Ten companies have joined. “Global greenhouse gas 

register launched,” Point Carbon, January 23, 2004, 

http://www.pointcarbon.com/article.php?articleID=3125&categoryID=147. 

Australia halts emissions trading research.” The Australian Greenhouse Office halted work on emissions 

trading, according to The Age. “Key Kyoto emissions plan cast off,” January 12, 2004, 

http://www.theage.com.au/articles/2004/01/11/1073769452480.html (registration required). See also, “Govt scraps 

greenhouse gas trading scheme,” ABC News Online (Australia), January 12, 2004, 

http://www.abc.net.au/news/newsitems/s1023960.htm. 

March 2004 

Outlook on 2004 CO2 Trades. Point Carbon estimates that the global transactions volume in the carbon market 

will be around 100 million tonnes CO2-equivalents in 2004, and sets the value of the carbon market to almost 

400 million euros this year. “Carbon market worth €400 million in 2004,” January 2004 issue of Carbon Market 

Analyst, February 9, 2004, http://www.pointcarbon.com/article.php?articleID=3194&categoryID=147. 

CCX News: Big Trades in January, Dow New Member, Trust Negotiated. The Chicago Climate Exchange 

saw 82,200 tonnes of CO2 traded in its first full month. The price stayed just below one U.S. dollar per tonne. 

More participants traded, and they exchanged larger lots. Dow Corning is a new member. CCX News, 

“Chicago Climate Exchange Announces January 2004 Trading Results,” February 2, 2004, 

http://www.chicagoclimatex.com/news/pdf/CCXPressRelease020204-Jan04TradingResults.pdf. Premier Minister of 

Manitoba, Canada signed an agreement with CCX to develop a climate trust to work with groups to develop 

GHG emission reduction projects. “Manitoba and CCX to develop climate trust,” Winnipeg Sun, Point Carbon, 

February 4, 2004, http://www.pointcarbon.com/article.php?articleID=3185&categoryID=147. 

Alaska’s Terrestrial Sequestration Potential. Restoration of forests, wetlands, and other habitat that offset 

CO2 emissions by cars and factories could raise up to $450 million of dollars for Alaska, according to Rep. 

Ethan Berkowitz, an Anchorage Democrat. “Could Alaska trade forest restoration for money?,” Juneau Empire, 

http://www.juneauempire.com/stories/020304/sta_forests.shtml. 
NETL Carbon Sequestration Newsletter Annual Index 2003-04 43

April 2004 

The Australian Sustainable Investments Fund (ASIF) Acquires Terrestrial Carbon Rights. ASIF recently 

agreed to buy 20,500 hectares of mainly freehold land in Victoria, South Australia and Western Australia from 

Timbercorp for $46.6 million. Timbercorp will lease the land back but carbon rights vested in 15,800 hectares 

of standing timber will be transferred to the fund. There is still no legal framework for carbon trading in 

Australia. “Investors twig to carbon credits,” Australian Financial Review, March 8, 2004. 

Environmental Fund Plans to Buy up Carbon Credits. The U.S. based Carbonfund.org aims to purchase 

50,000 tonnes of CO2 emissions credits this year - and retire them. It aims to double the volume of credits 

purchases within a year or two. Credits will be purchased from a variety of markets across the world. The 

current price asked by the fund for a tonne of CO2 is $5.50. Point Carbon, March 10, 2004, 

http://www.pointcarbon.com/article.php?articleID=3361&categoryID=147. 

May 2004 

Statoil’s In-house Unit to Trade CO2. The European Union plans to have its system for trading in CO2

operational by January 1, 2005. Several leading European oil and power groups, including Statoil, are starting 

in-house emissions trading units to prepare for it. “Statoil Sets Up CO2 Unit,” International Oil Daily, April 2, 

2004. 

June 2004 

“As Emissions Trading Moves Closer to Reality, Firms Brace for Change.” As European countries prepare 

to move forward in 2005 with the Emissions Trading Scheme – a cap and trade system E.U. nations will use to 

meet greenhouse gas (GHG) reduction targets under the Kyoto Protocol – hundreds of major corporations are 

beginning to factor climate change issues into their business decisions, according to a major industry survey 

released by an investors' group last week. Greenwire, May 26, 2004, http://www.greenwire.com/ [subscription 

required]. 

Australian Emissions Trading Scheme Expensive. A report by Allen Consulting concluded that an Australian 

emissions trading system equivalent to a tax of $5 per ton of CO2 emitted would cut 15,000 jobs, severely affect 

the national economy until 2050 and increase power prices by 5.5 percent. Point Carbon, May 19, 2004, 

http://www.pointcarbon.com/article.php?articleID=3742&categoryID=147. 

First Carbon Sequestration Trade by U.S. Utility. Entergy conducted the first geologic carbon sequestration 

trade, by a utility in the U.S., through the newly formed trade registry of the Emissions Marketing Association 

(EMA). Entergy purchased geologic carbon sequestration credits to meet a voluntary CO2 stabilization 

commitment. The project captures CO2 vent gases for use in enhanced oil recovery. The total amount of carbon 

credits will equal 100,000 metric tons. “Entergy's Carbon Sequestration Trade First Transaction Through 

EMA's Registry,” PR Newswire, May 26, 2004, http://www.caprep.com/b0504040.htm.

July 2004 

Japanese utility to purchase GHG emissions credits. Natsource announced that Chugoku Electric Power Co., 

Inc, a Japanese electric utility, has agreed to purchase 3.6 million tonnes of greenhouse gas emission reductions 

through Natsource's greenhouse gas credit aggregation pool (GGCAP). The GG-CAP will contract for and 

manage delivery of low cost, high quality greenhouse gas emission reductions usable for compliance against 
NETL Carbon Sequestration Newsletter Annual Index 2003-04 44

emissions limitations in the 2005-2012 period. In a statement released in Japan, Chugoku said it plans to pay 

US$17 million for the emissions credits, implying a price of US$4.72 per tonne. “Chugoku to purchase 3.6 

MtCO2e,” Point Carbon, June 1, 2004, http://www.pointcarbon.com/article.php?articleID=3813&categoryID=147. 

“Greenhouse gas trade heats up.” The prospect that Russia may ratify the Kyoto Protocol is triggering some 

large-scale trading in emission credits by companies and countries seeking to limit the financial impact of future 

government restrictions on industrial emissions of carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases. “People are 

beginning to assess that they may have some risks,” said Ken Newcombe, who manages six funds for the World 

Bank that are involved in emissions trading. Wall Street Journal, June 2, 2004, 

http://afr.com/articles/2004/06/01/1086058850473.html. 

Most UK companies will fail to meet CO2 emissions regulation deadline. Fifty-four percent of UK 

companies could face penalties running into millions of euros because they will not be ready in time to comply 

with new EU regulations on CO2 reduction. According to a European study by LogicaCMG, one in five UK 

companies have yet to start the process of moving towards compliance with the EU Emissions Trading Scheme 

(ETS) which has a deadline of January 1, 2005. “European companies not ready for greenhouse gas 

monitoring,” Point Carbon, June 2, 2004, http://www.pointcarbon.com/article.php?articleID=3817&categoryID=147. 

August 2004 

CCX Reached 1 Million Tons of Carbon Dioxide Traded. 130,000 metric tons of CO2 was traded on the 

Chicago Climate Exchange (CCX) during the month of June, taking the total volume traded since the December 

launch past one million tonnes. The majority of trades in June were for 2006 allowances, which traded between 

$0.88 and $0.99 per tonne. CCX News, July 1, 2004, 

http://www.chicagoclimatex.com/news/CCXPressRelease_040701.html. 

Strong Upward Trend in EU Emissions Trading Scheme. Having dropped more than a euro following the 

European Commission’s approval of eight allocation plans, the price for CO2 allowances has now climbed up 

past the pre-approval level nearing €9.00/tonne (US$10.85). Point Carbon, July 19, 2004, 

http://www.pointcarbon.com/article.php?articleID=4126&categoryID=279 (subscription required). 

“Rocky Mountain Institute Joins Chicago Climate Exchange.” Rocky Mountain Institute (RMI) has joined 

the Chicago Climate Exchange, Inc. (CCX). As an Associate Member, RMI will quantify its greenhouse gas 

emissions each year, then purchase through the CCX market an equivalent amount of carbon dioxide credits to 

offset its emissions. RMI will then permanently retire the purchased credits from the CCX market, effectively 

mitigating the Institute's impact on global climate change. “RMI is excited to work toward climate neutrality 

with its carbon emissions, both for the environmental benefits and the business case it will help us promote,” 

said RMI CEO Amory Lovins. Greenbiz.com, July 28, 2004, 

http://www.greenbiz.com/news/news_third.cfm?NewsID=26994. 
NETL Carbon Sequestration Newsletter Annual Index 2003-04 45

Policy 

September 2003 

States urged to act. At the National Association of Regulatory Utility Commissioners meeting, government 

officials encouraged state regulators to pressure utilities to improve emissions associated with coal-fired 

generation. “States urged to move on emissions, but some regulators question urgency,” Electric Utility Week, 

August 4, 2003, http://www.platts.com. 

Massachusetts and New York Governors to hash out CO2 plan. Massachusetts Governor Romney accepted 

New York Governor Pataki's invitation to design a regional CO2 emissions cap for power plants. “Romney 

accepts request to develop regional carbon emissions cap,” Lincoln Journal, July 30, 2003, 

http://www.townonline.com/lincoln/news/local_regional/lin_newljstatecarbon07302003.htm. 

Commentary on U.S. climate policy in the Bush era. “EPA tilt on global warming,” Washington Times, 

August 8, 2003, http://www.washtimes.com/commentary/20030809-110407-6331r.htm. 

Japan and U.S. plan to capture and store CO2. Japan and the United States signed a deal to cooperate on 11 

projects to collect CO2 from emitting facilities like thermal power plants and dissolve it into water deep in the 

sea. “Japan, U.S. sign global warming prevention deal,” Kyodo News, August 8, 2003.

Air travel tax. A report to be issued by the Commission for Integrated Transport calls for a European Unionwide CO2 emission charge to be set at $70 per tonne of carbon. “Plea on airline pollution taxes,” Financial 

Times, September 1, 2003, http://news.ft.com/home/us (subscription required). See also, “Radical aviation tax 

plans proposed,” The Irish Examiner, September 1, 2003, 

http://www.examiner.ie/breaking/2003/09/01/story111734.html. 

State and local greenhouse gas reduction programs. The Pew database currently contains 44 case studies of 

programs from 27 states. Three new case studies have been added from California's Greenhouse Gas Standards 

for Vehicles program, Maryland's Smart Growth program, and Pennsylvania's Green Pricing: Electric Consumer 

Choice program. Pew Center on Global Climate Change, August, 2003, 

http://ealert.pewclimate.org/ctt.asp?u=438171&l=3894. 

October 2003 

Breakthrough technologies needed for large CO2 reductions. At a speech in Berlin, U.S. Energy Secretary 

Abraham described U.S. carbon sequestration research and clean coal technology programs. “U.S. energy 

secretary says new technologies needed to achieve global climate goals,” U.S. Newswire, September 17, 2003.

West coast states team up to address CO2. The Democratic governors of California, Oregon, and Washington 

announced a partnership to reduce GHGs. The partnership will work together to obtain better fuel-efficiency, 

remove barriers to the development of renewable electricity generation, develop coordinated GHG emission 

inventories and protocols, and collaborate on improved scientific tools to more precisely measure the impact of 

climate change. “West Coast States Unveil Climate Change Strategy,” The Energy Daily, September 23, 2003. 

See also, “The State; Governors Target Global Warming;” Los Angeles Times, September 23, 2003; and “West 

coast states team up against greenhouse emissions,” Knight Ridder Newspapers, September 22, 2003, 

http://www.kentucky.com/mld/kentucky/news/breaking_news/6836249.htm. 
NETL Carbon Sequestration Newsletter Annual Index 2003-04 46

Tighter target set for Japanese company. The Japanese Kao Corp. has set a goal of reducing its emissions of 

CO2 by 13 percent from the fiscal 1990 level by 2005, after clearing an earlier target eight years ahead of 

schedule. “Japan's Kao sets new, stricter CO2 emissions goal,” Asia Pulse (Tokyo), September 4, 2003, 

http://www.co2e.com/News/story.asp?StoryID=1263. 

U.S., Southeast Asia may cooperate on climate. A delegation of senior U.S. climate change policy experts 

visited Vietnam, Thailand, and Malaysia. “Vietnam, U.S. to discuss climate change initiatives,” Vietnam News 

Agency, September 10, 2003. See also, “U.S. climate change team visiting,” Bangkok Post, September 9, 2003.

Asian energy efficiency pact. A mutual understanding between China and four countries from East Asia and 

the Asia-Pacific region in three areas calls for accelerating renewable energy use and energy efficiency cooperation. “Asian countries achieve energy understanding,” China Daily, September 3, 2003, 

http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/en/doc/2003-09/03/content_260644.htm. 

 

November 2003 

States attempt to force EPA to regulate GHG emissions. Law enforcement officials from eleven states, the 

District of Columbia and American Samoa petitioned a federal appeals court on October 23, 2003, to force the 

EPA to regulate emissions of CO2 under the Clean Air Act. “The warming is global but the legislating, in the 

US, is all local,” New York Times, October 29, 2003, 

http://www.nytimes.com/2003/10/29/national/29CLIM.html?ex=1068008400&en=bf070bbd07a049dc&ei=5062&partner=

GOOGLE. 

Washington State proposes electricity CO2 constraints. A Washington state proposal would require new 

fossil-fueled plants of 350 MW or larger to offset 20 percent of their CO2 emitted during its 30 years of 

operation. The regulations set a mitigation cost of 87 cents per ton of CO2. “Washington proposes CO2-

mitigation rules,” Seattle Press, October 7, 2003, http://www.seattlepress.com/article-10314.html. 

Florida Power & Light to join EPA's Climate Leaders Program. FPL, the first electric utility to join the 

CLP, announced that by 2008 it will reduce the average carbon intensity of its power generation by 18 percent 

below the 2001 level of 1.05 lb CO2/ kWh. This will be achieved through efficiency improvements, natural gas 

use, increased nuclear production, expanded use of wind-driven turbines, and energy conservation programs. 

“FPL vows to cut rate of greenhouse gas emissions by 18% at power plants,” Fort Lauderdale Sun Sentinel, FL, 

October 29, 2003.

Deciding when to act. A working paper from CICERO reconsiders the importance of irreversibility in climate 

change and abatement technology investments, both of which are subject to uncertainty that will change 

gradually over time as a result of learning. “Option values and the timing of climate policy,” CICERO Working 

Paper 2003:04, http://www.cicero.uio.no/publications/detail.asp?2388. 

Climate policy instruments and economics. Several articles from the journal, Environmental modeling and 

assessment, address the issues of limiting impacts on domestic energy intensive industries; global welfare cost; 

marginal abatement cost and its relation to the carbon price; possible competition between Russia and China; 

and control of non-CO2 GHGs. “Assessing the impact of carbon tax differentiation in the European Union;” “A 

stochastic dynamic game of carbon emissions trading;” “Coupling climate damages and GHG abatement costs 

in a linear programming framework,” “Modeling non-CO2 greenhouse gas abatement,” and others. 

Environmental modeling and assessment, 8 (3, 2003). 
NETL Carbon Sequestration Newsletter Annual Index 2003-04 47

December 2003 

Rate of Fossil Fuel use Many Times Higher than Rate of Replacement. According to calculations by 

ecologist Jeff Dukes of Carnegie Institution of Washington (Stanford), less than one part in 10,000 of 

decomposing organic matter becomes oil. By applying that ratio he estimates that in 1997 we burned fossil 

fuels equivalent to more than 400 times the amount of plant matter produced on Earth in the same year. Modern 

ways to convert biomass into fuels such as ethanol are relatively efficient, but it would still take nearly a quarter 

of all the plants on Earth to replace the fuel used in 1997. Dukes, J. S. “Burning buried sunshine: Human 

consumption of ancient solar energy,” Climatic Change. A summary of the full article is contained in 

news@nature.com, October 29, 2003, “Calculations illustrate fossil-fuel crisis,” 

http://www.nature.com/nsu/031027/031027-3.html. 

Canadian Government, DuPont Canada Inc. agree on GHG emissions reduction plan. DuPont Canada has 

signed a Memorandum of Understanding with the Canadian government committing to reduce the GHG 

emissions intensity of nylon intermediates production by 15 percent by 2012. This target reflects recognition for 

early action taken by DuPont since 1997 and is consistent with government commitments to not disadvantage 

firms who have taken steps to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. “Canada and Dupont sign climate change 

agreement,” Point Carbon, November 20, 2003, 

http://www.pointcarbon.com/article.php?articleID=2794&categoryID=147. 

World Bank Advised to not Finance new Coal and Oil Projects. An independent review commissioned by 

the World Bank recommends that the bank consider pulling out of financing all coal and oil projects in 

developing countries based on greenhouse gas emissions and other environmental impacts. One bank official 

said the report's recommendations were unlikely to gain support within the bank's governing board, which will 

make the final decision on what proposals to adopt after receiving advice from management. “It doesn't seem to 

make much sense to me to concentrate on limiting small developing countries' oil production in order to try to 

achieve goals on climate change,” the bank official said. “World Bank advised to pull out of oil and coal 

financing,” Financial Times November 20, 2003, 

http://news.ft.com/servlet/ContentServer?pagename=FT.com/StoryFT/FullStory&c=StoryFT&cid=1069132010677

(subscription required).

“U.S. Investors Seek Disclosure of Risks from Climate Change.” Eight U.S. state and city treasurers, 

comptrollers, and two major labor pension fund leaders called on the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission 

(SEC) to increase corporate disclosure of the risks posed by climate change to investors. Point Carbon, 

November 27, 2003, http://www.pointcarbon.com/article.php?articleID=2839&categoryID=147. 

Atmospheric Methane Stabilizing. The U.S. and Dutch researchers who measured the change in methane 

levels said they found evidence that human actions appeared to be the cause, specifically the near shutdown of 

oil and gas extraction after the disintegration of the Soviet Union. Old production methods released vast streams 

of the gas from leaking pipelines, uncapped wells and the like. Newer, less leaky methods are slowly being 

adopted. “Methane in atmosphere stabilizing,” Seattle Times, November 23, 2003, 

http://seattletimes.nwsource.com/html/nationworld/2001798935_methane23.html. 

Netherlands and the EU Carbon Market Interactions. The Energy research Centre of the Netherlands 

(ECN) released a new report entitled, “The Interaction between the EU Emissions Trading Scheme and Energy 

Policy Instruments in the Netherlands - Implications of the EU Directive for Dutch Climate Policies.” The 

report finds that once the EU ETS becomes operational, all other policies to reduce CO2 emissions of the 

participating sectors will be rendered ineffective and actually increase the overall costs of meeting the cap. The 

full report, November 2003: http://www.ecn.nl/library/reports/2003/c03060.html. 
NETL Carbon Sequestration Newsletter Annual Index 2003-04 48

January 2004 

Annex I Countries Allowed to Store One Percent of Annual GHG Emissions in CDM Forestry Projects. 

The rules agreed on at COP 9 stipulate that trees must be at least two meters tall, with canopies covering at least 

10 percent of an area, and that cultural and religious sites are taken into account when deciding where to plant. 

The agreement does not rule out genetically modified plants or single species plantations. “Agreement on use of 

carbon sinks in CDM finalized,” Edie weekly summaries, December 12, 2003, 

http://www.edie.net/news/Archive/7859.cfm. 

Deep Emissions Reductions Called for by German Advisory Council. In a report published November 25, 

2003, the German Advisory Council on Global Change contends that the world can tolerate a rise of up to 2 

degrees Celsius over pre-industrial levels. Beyond this, sudden phenomena such as abrupt disturbances to the 

North Atlantic Ocean's currents would negatively affect society. Global mean temperatures have increased by 

0.6 degrees Celsius since 1900, and may increase by a further 1.4 to 5.8 degrees Celsius by 2100, according to 

the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. The report concludes that global CO2 emissions would need to 

be curbed by 45 to 60 percent by 2050 compared with 1990 levels to avoid severe societal impact. “Climate 

Protection Strategies for the 21st Century: Kyoto and Beyond,” November 25, 2003. For the report, visit 

http://www.wbgu.de/wbgu_sn2003_presse_engl.html. 

Uncertainty and the Power Industry. This article discusses uncertainty and planning in the power industry, 

including the effects of potential legislation for mercury and carbon control. Bill Hall, executive vice president 

of Duke Power said, “The only viable technology seems to be carbon sequestration.” According to the article, 

state policy-makers trying to address climate change concerns on a state level make planning and resource 

acquisition more uncertain, without a national level playing field. “Power Flux; Generators struggle to plan for 

the future as they cope with an unstable present,” Public Utilities Fortnightly, December, 2003. 

Letter to the Editor from Dr. John Marburger. The Director of the Office on Science and Technology 

Policy wrote to the editor of The New York Times in response to an article on the Kyoto Protocol, offering 

evidence of U.S. leadership on climate issues. Investing billions of dollars in collaboration with developed and 

developing countries, mobilizing tens of billions of private-sector dollars, and investment in carbon 

sequestration, hydrogen fuel cycle technology, and energy-related biotechnology are some examples. “Policy 

on Climate Change, Re ‘Kyoto Protocol in Peril,’” The New York Times, December 11, 2003. 

Editorial in the Financial Times by Paula Dobriansky. The U.S. undersecretary of state for global affairs 

wrote that the open-ended path toward breakthrough, transformative technologies is favored by U.S. policy, 

while sharing the goals of the UNFCCC. Stabilization of GHG concentrations at a level that will prevent 

dangerous human interference with the climate through collaborative R&D on carbon sinks, the FutureGen 

project, and the Carbon Sequestration Leadership Forum are preferable to targets-based policy, according to the 

article. “Only new technology can halt climate change,” Financial Times (England), December 1, 2003. 

February 2004 

Public Service Enterprise Group Inc. (PSEG) joins EPA ́s Climate Leaders. Company plans to cut its CO2

emissions rate by 18 percent per kWh from 2000 levels by 2009. EPA Climate Leaders web site, 

http://www.epa.gov/climateleaders/partners/pseg.html. 

U.S. Industry Sees Tougher CO2 Controls Coming. Article assesses the likelihood of government action and 

technological evolution related to the future of obligatory CO2 reductions. “There is growing evidence that we 

should be concerned about global warming,” says Ron Drewnowski, director of environmental strategy for 

PSEG. “We are a company that says the time to act is sooner rather than later.” “Tougher CO2 Controls are 

Coming,” UtiliPoint, January 15, 2004, http://www.utilipoint.com/issuealert/article.asp?id=1976. 
NETL Carbon Sequestration Newsletter Annual Index 2003-04 49

Lobbying for America's Policy on Climate Change: Energy Companies and Environmentalists. The 

program takes viewers to the UN conference in Milan for a behind-the-scenes look at forces at work shaping US 

policy on climate change. “NOW with Bill Moyers,” PBS, January 23, 2004, transcript available at 

http://www.pbs.org/now/transcript/transcript304_full.html. 

Permitting Carbon Sequestration Projects: California Test Case. Carbon sequestration projects in 

California may have to obtain a total of 15 permits (3 federal, 6 state, 6 local). Ed Vine of the California 

Institute for Energy Efficiency writes that the permitting process may impede sequestration technologies. 

“Regulatory Constraints to Carbon Sequestration in Terrestrial Ecosystems and Geologic Formations: A 

California Perspective,” Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change, 2004, Volume 9, Issue 1, 

August 5, 2003.

A New Criterion of Corporate Social Responsibility for Utilities? Assesses the recent development of 

shareholder movements aimed at forcing a more progressive utility corporate response to climate change, and 

what some companies are doing about it. The article covers the relevant activities of Entergy, Environmental 

Defense's Partnership for Climate Action, the World Wildlife Fund-U.S.’s PowerSwitch! group, DTE, American 

Electric Power, Cinergy, the FPL Group, PowerTree, and the Chicago Climate Exchange (CCX). “Climate 

Change: The Heat is On; From reporting to trading, utilities try to meet new expectations,” Public Utilities 

Fortnightly, January 2004, http://www.pur.com/puf.cfm. 

Designing Energy Policy(s) to Address Energy Utilities’ CO2 Emissions. The Polluter Pays Principles deals 

with externalities of electricity generation. Under it, companies can pass compliance costs onto end-users. This 

paper describes some of the economic efficiency, equity, and ethics issues, and creates supply-demand models 

with implicit weighting of welfare gains. “Economics of Polluter Pays Principles for Mitigating Social Costs of 

Electricity: A Search for an Optimal Liability Share,” European Journal of Law and Economics, vol. 17(1), 

January 2004, http://ipsapp007.kluweronline.com/IPS/frames/toc.aspx?J=4668&I=40. 

Kyoto Forest Owners Association (KFOA) in New Zealand claims that the NZ Government’s decision to 

trade carbon credits from their forests is theft. “New Zealand Kyoto credit conflict,” National Business Review, 

December 30, 2003, http://www.pointcarbon.com/article.php?articleID=3032&categoryID=147. 

March 2004 

EIA Voluntary U.S. Greenhouse Gas Reductions in 2002. More than 228 U.S. companies and other entities 

voluntarily cut the equivalent of 265 million metric tons of CO2 emissions in 2002, according to the DOE's 

Energy Information Administration (EIA). “Voluntary Reporting of Greenhouse Gases 2002,” EIA press 

release, January 30, 2004, http://www.eia.doe.gov/neic/press/press228.html. For the summary report visit, 

http://www.eia.doe.gov/oiaf/1605/vrrpt/pdf/summary.pdf. For the full report visit, 

http://www.eia.doe.gov/oiaf/1605/vrrpt/pdf/0608(02).pdf. 

Silicon Valley Carbon Reduction Plans. As many as 20 large Silicon Valley companies are in line to kick off 

a corporate carbon dioxide reduction campaign. “Companies joining forces to curb carbon dioxide,” San Jose 

Business Journal, January 23, 2004, http://sanjose.bizjournals.com/sanjose/stories/2004/01/26/story5.html. 

Industry Support for Mandatory CO2 Caps. Five electric utility companies (Austin Energy, Burlington 

Electric, Sacramento Municipal Power District (SMUD), Waverly Light and Power, and FPL Group, which 

owns Florida Power & Light and FPL Energy) pledged to support a mandatory cap on CO2 and make other 

efficiency and renewable energy commitments. No companies use sequestration, although several view it as a 

potentially viable option in the future. “Five Utilities Call For CO2 Emissions Cap,” The Energy Daily, 
NETL Carbon Sequestration Newsletter Annual Index 2003-04 50

February 12, 2004. See also, “First U.S. power companies pledge a power switch,” Edie weekly summaries, 

February 13, 2004, http://www.edie.net/gf.cfm?L=left_frame.html&R=http://www.edie.net/news/Archive/8067.cfm. 

AEP Anticipates Change in U.S. Policy on CO2. “We don't expect Kyoto timeframes to be enforced in the 

United States but we do expect international consensus on this issue (CO2 emissions) will prevail in the United 

States,” Susan Tomasky, chief financial officer at American Electric Power (AEP) told a conference. AEP is the 

largest burner of coal in the western hemisphere. “U.S. likely to limit carbon emissions – AEP,” Reuters, 

February 16, 2004, http://www.forbes.com/home_europe/newswire/2004/02/16/rtr1262425.html. 

Revised Bush Administration CCSP Improved. According to a National Academies panel, the revised 

strategic plan for climate change research has been improved and should be implemented as soon as possible. 

Commitments to fund many of the newly proposed activities are still lacking, and research should be shielded 

from political pressures. “Implementing Climate and Global Change Research: A Review of the Final U.S. 

Climate Change Science Program Strategic Plan,” National Academies Press, 

http://www.nap.edu/catalog/10635.html. See also, “Bush climate plan somewhat improved,” New York Times , 

February 19, 2004, http://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=FB0710FC38590C7A8DDDAB0894DC404482. 

Japan Reevaluating Reliance on Coal. “Owing mostly to its low and stable prices, coal is ranked as the 

second essential energy after oil, accounting for roughly 20 percent of Japan’s total primary energy source. 

Coal’s preeminent position resulting from its reliability as well as efficiency is, however, becoming increasingly 

precarious because of concerns over a rapid increase in China’s coal demand and an ever-rising need to reduce 

greenhouse gas emissions,” said the Ministry of Energy, Trade and Industry (METI). “Japan to reposition on 

coal,” Point Carbon, February 9, 2004, http://www.pointcarbon.com/article.php?articleID=3210&categoryID=147. 

A European Commission report shows EU CO2 transportation emissions have decreased 11 percent 

between 1995 and 2002. The EU is aiming for a 35 percent drop by 2010. Road transport generates more than 

a fifth of all CO2 emissions in the EU. “EU cars spew out less carbon dioxide-report,” Reuters, February 12, 

2004, http://www.reuters.co.uk/. 

Australia Supports Coal and Sequestration. Australian Federal Government-backed plans sequester carbon 

emissions underground to make brown coal power generation in the Latrobe Valley more viable in the future. 

“Canberra backs plan to lock power for future,” The Age, Feb. 9, 2004, 

http://www.theage.com.au/articles/2004/02/08/1076175032044.html (registration required).

April 2004 

Natural Resources Canada Announces Incentive for Industry to Capture and Store CO2. The $15 million 

program can cover up to 50 percent of capital investment. The federal money will be coupled with $15 million 

in royalty incentives announced last year by the Alberta government. The joint-effort is “a signal of 

cooperation” between the federal and provincial governments. “Carbon dioxide could help pump oil: $30M to 

market technology,” Calgary Herald (Alberta, Canada), March 2, 2004. Incentive program description is found 

at: http://www.nrcan-rncan.gc.ca/media/newsreleases/2004/2004-X2a_e.htm. 

EPA Welcomes New SmartWay Partners. Thirty-seven new freight industry partners joined EPA's 

SmartWay Transport Partnership, bringing the total number of partners in the program to 52. SmartWay 

Transport is a voluntary partnership between freight industry sectors and EPA that establishes incentives for fuel 

efficiency improvements and greenhouse gas emissions reductions. A complete list of partners is available at: 

http://www.epa.gov/smartway/partners.htm. 

Northeast United States is Struggling to Make Progress Towards its GHG Emissions Reduction Goals. 

Article says regional governments are doing what they can to reduce GHG emissions, but growth in emissions 
NETL Carbon Sequestration Newsletter Annual Index 2003-04 51

from automobiles, which are under the purview of the federal government, are overwhelming gains. Boston 

Globe, March 15, 2004, 

http://www.boston.com/news/local/articles/2004/03/15/region_struggles_on_greenhouse_emissions_goals. 

Geography and GHG Emissions Per Capita. Study correlates population density and coldness of climate 

with GHG emissions per capita. The author, Eric Neumayer, says, “It is often argued that high emitters should 

face more stringent emission reductions than low emitters. One needs to ask, however, why emissions are 

higher in one country than in another. High emissions can be partly the result of geographical disadvantage. In 

future negotiations, geographical differences across countries should be taken more into account.” 

“Geographical Factors Impact On Carbon Dioxide Emissions,” March 2, 2004, Science Daily, 

http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2004/03/040302082113.htm. 

May 2004 

“Let the market fight emissions.” This op-ed from a major Canadian paper argues that price signals are 

indispensable in Canada’s effort to reduce GHG emissions toward meeting her Kyoto obligations. “Cool your 

jets: Let the market fight emissions,” The Globe and Mail, March 31, 2004, 

http://www.theglobeandmail.com/servlet/ArticleNews/TPStory/LAC/20040331/COJACCARD31/TPComment/TopStories.

June 2004 

“Australia Still Won't Ratify Kyoto.” Australian Prime Minister John Howard repeated his decision to not 

ratify the Kyoto Protocol. A potential Russian ratification, which would see the Protocol enter into force, would 

not change his mind. Point Carbon, May 26, 2004, 

http://www.pointcarbon.com/article.php?articleID=3785&categoryID=147. 

“Japan is Struggling to Meet Kyoto Target.” Japan's emissions are rising, according to reports from the 

Ministry of Environment of Japan. A progress report showing emissions of greenhouse gases up 8.2 percent in 

2001 from 1990 levels. Emissions from mobile sources and coal-fired power plants are Japan's largest source of 

greenhouse gas emissions. Japan plans to use credits from forest management activities to meet the Kyoto 

targets. Point Carbon, May 17, 2004, http://www.pointcarbon.com/article.php?articleID=3731&categoryID=147. 

“Russia Backs Kyoto to get on path to join WTO.” Russia signaled that it would ratify the Kyoto climate 

change treaty in exchange for European support for its bid to join the World Trade Organization, a breakthrough 

that could revive the long stalled pact designed to curb global warming. “We are for the Kyoto process,” Putin 

said during a news conference after a summit with European leaders. “We support it, although we do have some 

concerns over the obligations that we will have to assume. The European Union has met us halfway in 

negotiations on the WTO, and it could not help but have a positive effect on our attitude toward ratification of 

the Kyoto protocol.” Upon Russia's formal ratification, their 17 percent share of the world's greenhouse gas 

emissions would bring the total endorsement by developed nations to 55 percent, which is the threshold level for 

the Kyoto Protocol to officially enter into force. The Washington Post, May 22, 2004, 

http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/articles/A46416-2004May21.html. See also, “A change in the climate: will 

Russia help the Kyoto Protocol come into force?” Financial Times (London), May 20, 2004, Features; Pg. 17. 

“How Can the Transatlantic Partners Help in Addressing Developing Country Emissions?” This note 

briefly describes the current situation with respect to greenhouse gas emissions in developing countries, 

summarizes the current political context for future actions, and describes specific actions that Europe and the 

US, despite their differences of views, can take to help address developing country emissions. Benito Müller, 

October 2003, Report available at: http://www.wolfson.ox.ac.uk/~mueller/. 
NETL Carbon Sequestration Newsletter Annual Index 2003-04 52

G8 to collaborate on clean energy R&D. A strategy drafted by the White House aims to coordinate G8 

development of an international Earth Observation System and clean energy technologies. The agreement will 

apply to hydrogen fuel cells, carbon sequestration and renewable R&D, as well as energy efficiency and clean 

fossil energy technologies. Inside Energy /with Federal Lands, April 26, 2004; Vol., No.; Pg. 16, 

http://www.platts.com. 

Massachusetts to consider the GHG impact when state regulators evaluate public construction plans. 

Governor Mitt Romney unveiled a comprehensive agenda on climate change, which makes Massachusetts the 

first state to consider the impact of greenhouse gases when state regulators evaluate highway projects and other 

public construction plans. “Massachusetts launches climate change strategy,” May 6, 2004, Point Carbon, 

http://www.pointcarbon.com/article.php?articleID=3654&categoryID=147. 

Securing Our Future: The Economics and Ecology of Coal. “Regulatory uncertainty puts a premium on 

flexibility when electric utilities make decisions on fuels and technologies,” said James Rogers, Chairman and 

CEO of Cinergy, at the RFF Policy Leadership Forum on May 18, 2004. A Video of the presentation is 

available online at: http://www.rff.org/Events/Securing-Our-Future-The-Economics-and-Ecology-of-Coal.cfm. 

July 2004 

Action on Kyoto: Indonesia ratifies Kyoto Protocol. The Indonesian Parliament has approved a bill ratifying 

the Kyoto Protocol. June 24, 2004, Point Carbon, 

http://www.pointcarbon.com/article.php?articleID=3964&categoryID=279 (subscription required). Algeria stops 

short of ratifying. Algeria will not formally ratify the Protocol unless it enters into force. This is potentially a 

very significant event, as it would make Algeria the first OPEC country to ratify the protocol. Point Carbon, 

June 28, 2004, http://www.pointcarbon.com/article.php?articleID=3991&categoryID=279 (subscription required). 

“Indiana Business and Farm Lobbyists Oppose GHG Bill.” Indiana business and farm lobbyists joined 

forces to oppose the federal McCain-Lieberman bill designed to curb global warming by capping greenhouse 

gas emissions at 2000 levels. The Indiana Chamber of Commerce and Indiana Farm Bureau argue the bill could 

cost Indiana families as much as $1,500 and cause as many as 9,000 lost jobs in 2010, according to a recent 

economic study. Environmentalists disagreed with the study as an example of one-dimensional thinking that 

ignores the economic benefits of alternative energy sources and investments in energy efficiency. Point Carbon, 

June 16, 2004, http://www.pointcarbon.com/article.php?articleID=3911&categoryID=147.

“EPA Says Millions Are Inhaling Too-Sooty Air.” Ninety-nine million Americans are breathing unhealthful 

air that can cause respiratory problems and even premature death, according to assessments released by the 

Environmental Protection Agency. The agency identified 243 counties throughout the country that fail to meet 

national air standards for fine-particle pollution – mainly soot. Once the rulemaking process is complete, state 

and local officials will have to devise plans to reduce the pollution. States now have three months to respond 

before the agency issues a final rule in November. EPA Administrator Mike Leavitt said the announcement was 

“about getting our air cleaner and our standards getting tougher.” Washington Post, June 29, 2004, 

http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/articles/A15929-2004Jun29.html. 

“Japanese Firms Must Report CO2 Emissions.” The Japanese Environment Ministry made it compulsory for 

commercial premises over a certain size to submit reports on how much carbon dioxide they produce. 

Proprietors of offices and shops will have to calculate how much carbon dioxide their businesses have produced 

on the basis of how much electricity and fuel they have consumed, and report the total to the central and local 

governments. The central government will add up the carbon dioxide emission totals and publish a national 

tally. The aim of the measure is to pressure major producers of CO2 to reduce their emissions of the gas. Point 

Carbon, June 7, 2004, http://www.pointcarbon.com/article.php?articleID=3845&categoryID=147. 
NETL Carbon Sequestration Newsletter Annual Index 2003-04 53

August 2004 

Russian Economic Advisor Intensifies Anti-Kyoto Campaign. Russian presidential economic advisor Andrei 

Illarionov called the Kyoto Protocol an “undeclared war against Russia” at a Moscow press conference, but he 

did not rule out the possibility that Russia will ratify. “Illarionov intensifies anti-Kyoto campaign,” Point 

Carbon, July 9, 2004, http://www.pointcarbon.com/article.php?articleID=4075&categoryID=147. 

UK Adds Transport to GHG Target. The UK Government decided to include transport in its self-imposed 

target of reducing greenhouse gas emissions by 20 percent by 2020, drawing aviation into the emissions trading 

arena. “Climate change curbs Darling's plans,” The Guardian, July 13, 2004, 

http://politics.guardian.co.uk/green/story/0,9061,1259883,00.html. See also “British Airlines to spend millions on 

emissions allowances,” Point Carbon, July 15, 2004, 

http://www.pointcarbon.com/article.php?articleID=4104&categoryID=147. 

FAIR 2.0 Now Available. FAIR 2.0 supports policy makers in assessing the environmental and cost 

implications of various international climate regimes for differentiation of future mitigation commitments. The 

new version now includes: an extension of the total regions, all greenhouse gases, the IPCC SRES emission 

scenarios, new climate regimes, and a new abatement costs model (multi-gas). A special demo version can be 

downloaded free of charge from the FAIR website at http://www.rivm.nl/fair/. 

“2 Million Euro Fine or Complete Shutdown for Non-Compliance with Kyoto.” The Spanish Government 

is making it clear that though it has negotiated and tried to please everybody in the National Allocation Plan 

(NAP), it intends to force compliance. Companies who do not comply with the required obligations face severe 

sanctions: fines from 50,000 to two million euros, a complete or partial closedown of the installation, or two 

year suspension of the permits given to the infringing company. Point Carbon, July, 14, 2004, 

http://www.pointcarbon.com/article.php?articleID=4098&categoryID=279 (subscription required). 

Publications 

September 2003 

“The Carbon Dioxide Dilemma: Promising Technologies and Policies,” National Academies Press, August 

2003, http://www.nap.edu/catalog/10798.html?onpi_listserv082203. 

“Estimating Climate Sensitivity: Report of a Workshop,” National Academies Press, August 2003, 

http://www.nap.edu/catalog/10787.html?onpi_listserv082203. 

Power sector adaptations to carbon constraints. A study of the European power generation sector under a 

mandatory emissions reduction program found that in the medium term many European generators are likely to 

convert existing coal-fired capacity to burn gas, extend the lives of nuclear capacity and replace old inefficient 

coal-fired plants with more efficient plants. In the long-term the economic potential of carbon sequestration 

could allow coal to be considered a sustainable energy source. “Options, costs and strategies for CO2 reductions 

in the European power sector,” Energy Studies Review 11 (2, 2003): 171-204. 

Economic effects of northern European carbon reductions. This paper provides a survey of top-down 

modeling analyses of carbon abatement mitigation costs, distributional effects and ancillary benefits in the 

Nordic countries, the U.K., and Ireland. According to the analyses, modest emissions reductions can be met 

without substantial costs for the countries studied. The gross domestic product or welfare effects are mostly in 

the range of -0.4 and 1.2 percent when carbon emissions are reduced by 20-30 percent. “Mitigation costs, 
NETL Carbon Sequestration Newsletter Annual Index 2003-04 54

distributional effects, and ancillary benefits of carbon policies in the Nordic countries, the U.K., and Ireland,” 

Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change, 7 (4, 2002), 339-366. 

October 2003 

EIA analysis of McCain Climate Stewardship Act of 2003. S.139, the Climate Stewardship Act of 2003, 

would limit total (covered and non-covered) GHG emissions to 2000 levels by 2025. Under a reference case 

scenario EIA estimates the price of carbon emissions allowances under S.139 would be $79 per ton of carbon in 

2010 increasing to $221 per ton of carbon is 2025. The EIA analysis (S.139 case) expects geological 

sequestration to become economical, resulting in 140 gigawatts of capacity equipped with this technology (38 

GW using coal) by 2025. EIA assesses the electricity supply situation under S.139 as follows, “It is impossible 

to say which of the relatively low carbon technologies discussed – new nuclear, biomass, geothermal, wind, gas 

with sequestration, or coal with sequestration – might prove the most attractive over the next 20 years or so.” 

Analysis of S.139, the Climate Stewardship Act of 2003, EIA, July 3, 2003, 

http://tonto.eia.doe.gov/FTPROOT/service/sroiaf(2003)02.pdf. For the text of the Bill, http://thomas.loc.gov/cgi-bin

/bdquery/z?d108:s.00139:

RFF analysis of McCain Climate Stewardship Act of 2003 (S.139). Resources for the Future fellows 

analyzed S.139 and praise its flexible trading structure and economy-wide approach calling it, “one of the most 

cost-effective proposals to date.” “Summary and Analysis of McCain-Lieberman – ‘Climate Stewardship Act of 

2003’ S.139, introduced 01/09/03,” RFF, January 28, 2003, http://www.rff.org/rff/News/Features/Understanding-theMcCain-Lieberman-Stewardship-Act.cfm. 

The Pew Center has conducted an assessment of the EIA assessment of S.139. They claim that “the model’s 

structure (that is, NEMS), combined with unrealistic input assumptions, results in unrealistically high cost 

projections.” “Pew Center Assessment of New EIA Analysis of the Climate Stewardship Act,” June 2004, 

http://www.pewclimate.org/policy_center/analyses/. 

EIA report on Clear Skies 3P and Carper 4P bills. This report analyzes the impacts of S. 843, the Clean Air 

Planning Act of 2003 and S. 485, the Clear Skies Act of 2003. The economic impact of limits on NOx, SOx, 

Hg, and CO2 (for S. 843) emissions from electricity generators are compared. CO2 allowance prices are also 

projected to vary significantly across the Carper 4P cases. In 2010, CO2 allowance prices are projected to range 

from $4 to $66 per metric ton carbon equivalent, while in 2025 the range widens to between $26 and $135 per 

metric ton carbon equivalent. “Analysis of S. 485, the Clear Skies Act of 2003, and S. 843, the Clean Air 

Planning Act of 2003,” EIA, September 23, 2003, http://www.eia.doe.gov/oiaf/servicerpt/ccs/pdf/sroiaf(2003)03.pdf.

Carbon capture and sequestration techno-economics. Researchers from Carnegie Mellon University 

examine the extent to which carbon capture and sequestration technologies might lower the cost of CO2 control 

in competitive electric markets. This paper employs an electric system dispatch model to examine how natural 

gas prices, sunken capital, and the availability of coal plant retrofits affect CCS economics. Despite 

conservative assumptions about cost, CCS units are seen to provide significant reductions in baseload CO2

emissions at a carbon price below $100/tC. “Fossil electricity and CO2 sequestration: How natural gas prices, 

initial conditions and retrofits determine the cost of controlling CO2 emissions,” Energy Policy, Volume 32, 

Issue 3, February 2004, http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/journal/03014215. 

Treaties to address the threat of global climate change: Critical review. Resources for the Future authors 

use six criteria to evaluate the Kyoto Protocol and thirteen alternative policy proposals: environmental outcome, 

dynamic efficiency, cost effectiveness, equity, flexibility in the presence of new information, and incentives for 

participation and compliance. The Kyoto Protocol does not fare well on a number of criteria, but none of the 

alternative proposals fare well along all six dimensions. Kyoto is “too little, too fast”; developing countries 

should play a more substantial role and receive incentives to participate; implementation should focus on 

market-based approaches, especially those with price mechanisms; and participation and compliance incentives 
NETL Carbon Sequestration Newsletter Annual Index 2003-04 55

are inadequately addressed by most proposals. “13 + 1: A Comparison of Global Climate Change Policy 

Architectures,” RFF, August 2003, http://www.rff.org/rff/Documents/RFF-DP-03-26.pdf. 

Responsibility for GHG over-emissions. This paper proposes a new way to assign responsibility for CO2

emissions instead of territorial responsibility. It suggests that responsibility lies with the driving forces behind 

the activities that emit pollutants rather than direct emitters. “Allocating the responsibility of CO2 overemissions from the perspectives of benefit principle and ecological deficit,” Ecological economics, 46 (1, 2003). 

November 2003 

Issues with GHG intensity as a metric. GHG intensities are an appealing tool to foster abatement without 

imposing constraints on economic growth. This paper shows, however, that the computation of intensities is 

subject to some significant statistical and conceptual problems which relate to the inflation proofing of GDP 

growth. The choice of price index, the updating of quantity weights and the choice of base year prices can have 

a significant impact upon the commitment of intensity targets. “Price-related Sensitivities of GHG Intensity 

Targets,” Benito Müller and Georg Müller-Fürstenberger, Climate Policy, September 2003, 

http://www.wolfson.ox.ac.uk/~mueller/. 

Full issue of Energy Policy magazine devoted to Climate Policy. Articles include: “The challenging 

economic and social issues of climate change,” “Climate coalitions and international trade: assessment of 

cooperation incentives by issue linkage,” “The safety valve and climate policy,” and “On the quality of 

compliance mechanisms in the Kyoto Protocol,” Volume 32, Issue 4, (March 2004) 

http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/journal/03014215. 

The October/November issue of the AETF Review. Articles included are: “Kyoto - Threat or opportunity?” 

“The need for a carbon signal,” and “Canada's domestic trading program.” Australian Trading Emissions Forum 

Review, October 2003, http://www.aetf.net.au. 

Market prices and activity in 2002. A report on North American carbon offset market activity, pricing, and 

price forecasts. The results show a significant divergence between the European and North American markets, 

and between those in Canada and the US. “2003 Canada-U.S. GHG Offset price survey,” International Offsets 

Unlimited, Inc., October 2003, http://www.carboncorp.ca/projects.htm. 

NREL transport report. The National Renewable Energy Laboratory published “Consumer Views on 

Transportation and Energy,” a report on how the American public views various transportation, energy, and 

environmental issues. Topics covered by the surveys include energy policy; global warming; alternative fuels, 

and vehicles. NREL, August 2003, http://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy03osti/34468.pdf. 

A methane/CO2 economy. Vision Instruments and the University of Michigan's Department of Mechanical 

Engineering propose to use methane and CO2 to support an energy economy, instead of hydrogen. Instead of a 

single pipeline or tank of hydrogen, there are two pipelines or tanks, forming a circuit. CO2 is sent back to the 

energy source to react with hydrogen (produced from electrolysis), producing methane. Fuel cells are not 

required, and there are no huge infrastructure changeovers. The researchers determined that it will be more 

efficient and less expensive than a pure hydrogen economy. “VISION Instruments and University of Michigan 

propose innovative approach to hydrogen economy,” Emediawire, October 17, 2003, 

http://www.emediawire.com/releases/2003/10/prweb84970.htm. 

Rapidly changing tone. If CO2 generated by making hydrogen from fossil fuels were sequestered 

underground, cars and power plants of the future would not release GHGs. The Economist recommends a 

gradually rising gasoline tax, along with increased investment in alternative energy R&D. “The end of the Oil 

Age,” The Economist, October 25, 2003. 
NETL Carbon Sequestration Newsletter Annual Index 2003-04 56

Climate Policy Journal. Issue 3(3) papers include: “Climate Negotiations Beyond Kyoto: Developing 

Countries Concerns and Interests,” and “The Impact of Private Investor's Transaction Costs on the Cost 

Effectiveness of Project-Based Kyoto Mechanisms.” September 2003, 

http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/journal/14693062. 

Emissions trading in Western Europe. Datamonitor's report, “Emissions Trading in Western Europe,” 

examines the implications to Europe's utilities of EU policy on emissions reductions, and the future of emissions 

trading in key European markets. August 16, 2002, http://click.cminteractive.com/?LZRXaldo=1096640. 

Energy and Transportation: Challenges for the Chemical Sciences in the 21st Century. Book contains a 4-

page chapter, “Could Carbon Sequestration Solve the Problem of Global Warming?” Offers pros and cons of 

various sequestration approaches. National Academies Press, 

http://www.nap.edu/catalog/10814.html?onpi_listserv100303. 

Forestry and CDM. “The role of forestry sinks in the CDM: Analyzing the effects of policy decisions on the 

carbon market,” Hamburg Institute of International Economics: Discussion Paper 241, August, 2003, 

http://www.hwwa.de/Publikationen/Discussion_Paper/2003/241.pdf. 

December 2003 

EIA: U.S. GHGs emissions grew 0.5 Percent in 2002. DOE's Energy Information Administration (EIA) 

announced that U.S. GHG emissions increased 0.5 percent in 2002. Carbon dioxide emissions, which increased 

by 0.8 percent, where offset by decreases in methane, mostly from captured landfill gas, and nitrous oxide 

emissions, due to reduced emissions from agriculture. The U.S. economy grew by 2.4 percent in 2002, which 

means that the greenhouse gas intensity decreased by 2.1 percent. “Emissions of Greenhouse Gases 

in the United States 2002,” EIA, October 2003, ftp://ftp.eia.doe.gov/pub/oiaf/1605/cdrom/pdf/ggrpt/057302.pdf. 

“Understanding Climate Change Feedbacks.” “According to estimates generated by current climate models, 

more than half of the warming expected in response to human activities will arise from feedback mechanisms 

internal to the climate system.” This paper develops a strategy to understand, model, and monitor feedback 

processes. National Academies Press, http://www.nap.edu/catalog/10850.html. 

Environmental Science & Policy Journal. The December 2003 issue contains the article, “The role of 

scientific uncertainty in compliance with the Kyoto Protocol to the Climate Change Convention.” Volume 6, 

Issue 6, Pages 475-486 (December 2003), http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/journal/14629011. 

Next Steps for the Global Climate Regime - Deeper Inclusion of Developing Countries' Interests. This 

paper argues that we need to return to the basic principles outlined in the Framework Convention on Climate 

Change in searching for a north-south bargain on climate change, and its original stated goals of sustainable 

development. “Climate negotiations beyond Kyoto: developing countries concerns and interests,” Climate 

Policy 3 (3, 2003). 

Comparative State-level Policy on Forestry Sequestration. This report compares the approaches of the 

governments of Japan, Canada, and the European Union member countries toward using terrestrial carbon sinks 

to meet their respective Kyoto Protocol carbon reduction targets under Articles 3.3 and 3.4. Japan appears likely 

to rely most heavily on forest and biological sinks to meet its Kyoto targets, while Canada will not. For the EU, 

the role of sinks is likely to be even smaller, with sinks playing no role for some EU countries. The final 

decisions have not yet been made for any of these countries. “Forest Carbon Sinks: European Union, Japanese, 

and Canadian Approaches,” Resources for the Future, October 2003, http://www.rff.org/Documents/RFF-DP-03-

41.pdf. 
NETL Carbon Sequestration Newsletter Annual Index 2003-04 57

Oxford Review of Economic Policy. The current issue focuses on climate change. Articles included are: “The 

Assessment: Climate-Change Policy;” “The Social Cost of Carbon and its Policy Implications;” “Fiscal 

Interactions and the Case for Carbon Taxes Over Grandfathered Carbon Permits;” “The Tradable-Permits 

Approach to Protecting the Commons: Lessons for Climate Change;” “Carbon Trading in the Policy Mix;” 

“Credible Carbon Policy;” and “The Kyoto Protocol: A Review and Perspectives.” Oxford Review of Economic 

Policy, Oxford University Press, Volume 19, Issue 3, Autumn 2003, 

http://www.oxrep.oupjournals.org/current.shtml. 

The Potential Role of Transportation in GHG Reductions. The Transportation Research Board of the U.S. 

National Research Council released, “Travel Matters: Mitigating Climate Change with Sustainable Surface 

Transportation,” a report that examines potential GHG emissions reductions from transportation. The report’s 

companion website allows individuals to calculate transportation-related emissions. November 7, 2003, 

http://gulliver.trb.org/news/blurb_detail.asp?id=2071. 

 

January 2004 

Overview of the Carbon Market 2003. The World Bank PCFplus Research Program released its 2003 “State 

and Trends of the Carbon Market.” Key findings include: Volume exchanged on the carbon market has doubled 

in 2003 compared with 2002, up to more than 70 million tonnes of CO2e. The bulk of the volume is exchanged 

mostly for the purpose of compliance with the Kyoto Protocol. Most emission reduction projects are located in 

transition economies and developing countries, and the private sector represents more than 40 percent of the 

volume purchased. The report is based on material provided by Evolution Markets LLC, Natsource LLC, Point 

Carbon, and from direct interviews with market participants. Report available at: 

http://prototypecarbonfund.org/router.cfm?Page=Research. 

Trading analysis of 2003. The International Emissions Trading Association (IETA) has published 

“Greenhouse gas Market 2003: Emerging but fragmented,” with contributions from Point Carbon, Natsource, 

BP, PWC, CO2e and many others. Report available at: 

http://66.175.17.98/ieta/www/pages/download.php?docID=169. 

“U.S. Technology and Innovation Policies: Lessons for Climate Change.” This Pew Center Report 

examines U.S. experience with technology and innovation policies and draws lessons for addressing the climate 

change issue. November 2003, http://ealert.pewclimate.org/ctt.asp?u=438171&l=12457. 

“Global Warning.” The lead article in the December 2003 issue of Audubon Magazine addresses climate 

change. “...across the political spectrum, Republicans, Democrats, governors, senators, and industry leaders 

agree that climate change is for real and must be dealt with—now.” Visit http://magazine.audubon.org/. 

New Analytical Tool and Interactive Database. The World Resources Institute launched the Climate 

Analysis Indicators Tool (CAIT) at COP-9. CAIT provides a comparable database of GHG emissions data 

(including all major sources and sinks). Available at: http://cait.wri.org . For more information, contact Kevin 

Baumert, World Resources Institute, kbaumert@wri.org, http://www.wri.org.

February 2004 

Canadian Clean Coal Timing Challenges. A University of Alberta Centre for Applied Business Research in 

Energy and the Environment report reviews different types of clean coal technologies and their deployment 

potential. Cost and technology concerns may not be overcome within 15 years, according to the report. The 

Canadian federal government's promise to cap credits at $15 per tonne of CO2 may be cheaper than investing in 
NETL Carbon Sequestration Newsletter Annual Index 2003-04 58

clean coal technology, the report says. “Clean Coal Technologies: Can They Help Meet Alberta's Climate 

Change Commitments?” CABREE, January 12, 2004, http://www.bus.ualberta.ca/cabree/pr_Carlson.htm. 

“Capturing Carbon and Conserving Biodiversity: The Market Approach.” A set of essays edited by Ian 

Swingland of Kent University advocates commercial terrestrial sequestration with an appraisal of the potential 

problems. Several authors point out that, because tropical countries can secure the highest rates of biomass 

growth, they can secure the highest rates of carbon sequestration. Therefore, sequestration becomes an 

economic good. Other chapters deal with measuring biomass assets in the developing world, the legal aspects of 

the Kyoto flexibility mechanisms, and various scientific aspects of forest and soil dynamics. ISBN 1 85383 950 

7 and 9515. 

Carbon Sequestration, Timber, and Wildlife Objectives Model. Presents a new approach to assessing 

carbon sequestration in commercial forests at spatial scales relevant to forest managers. The approach combines 

carbon sequestration objectives with timber and non-timber management objectives. “Combining carbon 

sequestration objectives with timber management planning,” Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global 

Change, 8 (4, 2003), http://ipsapp008.kluweronline.com/IPS/content/ext/x/J/5012/I/27/A/7/abstract.htm. 

Energy Policy Journal. In this issue, 23 analysts from Asia and the Pacific, Europe and the U.S. tackle the 

economic and social aspects of climate change and offer their views on economic and environmental 

implications of the U.S. withdrawal from the Kyoto Protocol. Energy Policy, 32 (4, 2004). 

March 2004 

A supplement to the Climate Policy Journal. Contains articles on absolute versus intensity-based emission 

caps, carbon trading systems, and others. Climate Policy 3 (Sup. 2, 2003), 

http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/journal/14693062.

UK Report Forecasts Energy Demand, CO2 and SO2 Emissions to 2015. Cambridge Econometrics, the 

economic and industrial forecasting group, published its latest edition of UK Energy and the Environment which 

says the UK is set to make good progress towards a low carbon future, but the achievement of the 20 percent cut 

in carbon emissions by 2010 hinges crucially on the impact of the EU Emissions Trading Scheme (ETS) in 

reducing coal burnt in electricity generation. UK Energy and the Environment is published twice a year, in 

January and July. The report is available by subscription at: http://www.camecon.co.uk/. 

UK Parliamentary Briefings on Climate Change and Environmental Policy. The UK Parliamentary Office 

of Science and Technology (POST) published two briefings on the environment, one entitled “Climate Change 

and Business” and another, “Environmental Policy and Innovation.” The publication on climate change points 

out that the Government’s Climate Change Programme (CCP) is aimed at reducing UK emissions of carbon 

dioxide by a fifth, against 1990 levels, by 2010. UK policy depends on international developments, most 

directly the EU Emissions Trading Scheme. Long-term success depends on convincing businesses, their 

financial stakeholders, and their customers, that there are gains to be made by moving towards low carbon 

options. Environment-Centre, February 13, 2004, http://www.environment-centre.net.

The Public Perceptions of Carbon Capture and Storage. Based on responses from two citizen panels held in 

late 2002 /early 2003 in the UK, the paper describes the changes in the perceptions of the risks associated with 

CCS when first presented with the idea and when more background information is given. Tyndall Centre 

Working Paper 44, Simon Shackley, Carly McLachlan and Clair Gough, January 2004, 

http://www.tyndall.ac.uk/publications/working_papers/wp44.pdf. 
NETL Carbon Sequestration Newsletter Annual Index 2003-04 59

“Geologic Sequestration of Carbon Dioxide: Sequestration of Emissions From Fossil-Fired Power 

Plants.” Coauthored with Melissa Chan, Scott M. Smouse, and Scott Klara, this article was published in the 

November-December 2003 special issue of the journal Asia Pacific Tech Monitor,

http://www.techmonitor.net/techmon/03nov_dec/tm/pdf/03nov_dec_geologic.pdf. 

April 2004 

“Statehouse and Greenhouse,” a book by University of Michigan professor Barry Rabe examines the growing 

role played by state governments in reducing greenhouse gas emissions. Brookings Institution Press (2004), 

https://www.brookings.edu/press/books/statehouseandgreenhouse.htm. 

“Tools of the Trade: A Guide to Designing and Operating a Cap and Trade Program for Pollution 

Control.” A guide available from EPA draws upon the experience of the highly successful sulfur dioxide 

trading program used to address acid rain. It includes appendices on the economics of emissions trading and an 

example assessment of the potential for cap and trade. “Tools of the Trade” may be downloaded at: 

http://www.epa.gov/airmarkets/international/tools.pdf. 

“Effects of CO2 Emission Reduction Strategies on Air Pollution.” Taking into account the relevant energy, 

environmental, and political framework, the study assesses the influence of CO2 emission reduction strategies 

for the German state of Baden-Wurttemberg on emissions of SO2 and NOx. International Journal of Global 

Environmental Issues 3 (3, 2003): 245-265. 

“Appropriate measures for Conservation of Terrestrial Carbon Stocks - Analysis of trends of forest 

management in Southeast Asia,” Dr. N. Kim Phat, Journal of Forest Ecology and Management, April 5, 2004, 

http://authors.elsevier.com/sd/article/S0378112704000428. 

“Oil Crises & Climate Challenges - 30 Years of Energy Use In IEA Countries.” This publication examines 

how energy efficiency and other factors such as economic structure, income, lifestyle, prices, and fuel mix have 

shaped developments of energy use and CO2 emissions in IEA countries over 30 years. IEA Publications (2004), 

http://www.iea.org/dbtw-wpd/bookshop/add.aspx?id=174. 

May 2004 

“Benchmarking Air Emissions.” A study of data collected by the federal government from the utility industry 

from 1991 to 2002 finds that utilities generate roughly the same amount of carbon dioxide for each kilowatt of 

power produced that they did in 1991, while emissions of SOx and NOx, which are subject to mandatory 

regulations, have decreased significantly. Summary article, The New York Times, April 14, 2004, 

http://www.nytimes.com/2004/04/14/business/14smog.html?ex=1082520000&en=be42980d29708740&ei=5062. Full 

report can be downloaded at: http://www.nrdc.org/air/pollution/benchmarking/default.asp. 

RFF Assesses the European Union Emissions Trading Program. Ten times the size of the Acid Rain trading 

program in the United States, the design of the EU program takes advantage of past lessons, but lack of data and 

weaker institutions in some EU Member States could make allowance allocations, compliance, and enforcement 

tricky. “The EU Emissions Trading Directive: Opportunities and Potential Pitfalls,” Joseph Kruger and William 

A. Pizer, April 2004, http://www.rff.org/Documents/RFF-DP-04-24.pdf.

Agricultural and Forest Meteorology. “Seasonal variation in carbon dioxide exchange over a Mediterranean 

annual grassland in California,” by Liukang Xu and Dennis Baldocchi, Volume 123, Issues 1-2, May 20, 2004, 

http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6V8W-4B6CPJ3-6/1/f8878c5caae25dbdd780ac2ea0a0fb73. 
NETL Carbon Sequestration Newsletter Annual Index 2003-04 60

Soil and Tillage Research. Two articles of interest: “Transport of labile carbon in runoff as affected by land use 

and rainfall characteristics,” P.A. Jacinthe, R. Lal, L.B. Owens, and D.L. Hothem; and “Long-term tillage and 

crop rotation effects on microbial biomass and C and N mineralization in a Brazilian Oxisol,” Elcio Balota, 

Arnaldo Filho, Diva Andrade, and Richard Dick. Volume 77, Issue 2, June 2004, 

http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/journal/01671987. 

June 2004 

“Economics of Sequestering Carbon in the U.S. Agricultural Sector.” The Economic Research Service 

(ERS) of the U.S. Department of Agriculture published a report that analyzed the performance of alternative 

incentive designs and payment levels if farmers were paid to adopt land uses and management practices that 

raise soil carbon levels. At payment levels below $10 per metric ton for permanently sequestered carbon, the 

model predicts landowners would find it cost-effective to adopt changes in rotations and tillage practices. At 

higher payment levels, afforestation dominates sequestration activities, mostly through conversion of 

pastureland. A 50-percent cost-share for cropland conversion to forestry or grasslands would increase 

sequestration at low carbon payment levels. Technical Bulletin 1909 (TB1909), 68 pp, March 2004, by Jan 

Lewandrowski, Mark Peters, Carol Jones, Robert House, Mark Sperow, Marlen Eve, and Keith Paustian. The 

full report can be downloaded from the ERS website at http://www.ers.usda.gov/publications/tb1909/. 

“Inventory of U.S. Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Sinks: 1990-2002” was submitted to the United Nations 

Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) by the U.S. Department of State. The full Inventory 

document can be downloaded, as well as individual chapters and annexes, from EPA's web site at 

http://www.epa.gov/globalwarming/publications/emissions. 

“Transportation systems for CO2 – application to carbon capture and storage.” Commercialization of 

carbon capture and storage from fossil fueled power plants requires an infrastructure for transportation of the 

captured CO2 from the sources of emission to the storage sites. This paper identifies and analyses different 

transportation scenarios with respect to costs, capacity, distance, means of transportation, and type of storage. 

The scenario analysis shows that feasible transportation alternatives are pipelines (on and off shore), water 

carriers (offshore), and combinations of these. Energy Policy, Volume 32 Issue 17, September 2004, 

http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6V2P-4BJ1XCD-2/1/ead6509577cca1df8732fec59030dbbc. 

California, Permitting and Terrestrial Sequestration. This paper advocates carbon sequestration programs in 

California and addresses their possible regulatory and economic dimensions. It makes the case that California 

provides a rich landscape for terrestrial and geologic sequestration activities, and promises that the state would 

garner substantial co-benefits from these programs. “Regulatory constraints to carbon sequestration in terrestrial 

ecosystems and geologic formations: a California perspective,” Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global 

Change, Edward Vine, 9 (1, 2004): 77-95. 

Greenhouse Gas Calculator. The Global Environment and Technology Foundation (GETF) added a new 

greenhouse gas equivalencies calculator to the U.S. Climate Technology Cooperation Gateway Web site. The 

calculator enables organizations and individuals to quickly translate greenhouse gas reductions into terms that 

are easier to conceptualize, such as gallons of gasoline, barrels of oil, the number of cars not driven for one year, 

or the number of acres of forest preserved from deforestation. The online tool also allows users to calculate 

greenhouse gas emissions from a known quantity of kilowatt-hours or gallons of gasoline, or a given number of 

cars and trucks not driven for one year. The U.S. Climate Technology Cooperation Gateway was developed by 

GETF in partnership with the U.S. Agency for International Development and EPA. Available at: 

http://www.usctcgateway.net/tool/. 

“Step changes for decarbonising the energy system: research needs for renewables, energy efficiency and 

nuclear power.” Research is needed in a number of areas if large, long-term reductions in carbon emissions 

from energy use are to be achieved. Decomposition analysis is used to illustrate the various parts of the energy 
NETL Carbon Sequestration Newsletter Annual Index 2003-04 61

system, the differential carbon emissions associated with each part, and the different kinds of policy measures 

which will be required to reduce them. Common themes where research is needed include: human behavior, 

social acceptability, economic costs, network and infrastructure issues, how to stimulate innovation, security and 

reliability, and markets and governance. Progress will need to be made in developing a better understanding of 

most if not all of these issues if radical reductions of carbon emissions are to be achieved. Energy Policy, 

Volume 32, Issue 17 , November 2004, Pages 1891-1904, http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6V2W4CBVSHB-1/1/f10a526a46986bae397d0d1b288d5784.

July 2004 

Energy, Special Issue. A special issue of Energy dedicated to the 6th International Conference on Greenhouse 

Gas Control Technologies (GHGT-6), held in Kyoto, Japan in October 2002, is available (Volume 29, Issues 9-

10, July-August 2004). Over 300 papers were submitted to the conference and more than 500 delegates 

attended. 

 

Scaled-Down Climate Change Bill Has Lower Costs, Smaller Emissions Cuts. Changes made by Senators 

John McCain (R-AZ) and Joseph Lieberman (D-CT) to scale down their climate change legislation have 

reduced the costs of the measure, but have also reduced its impact on U.S. greenhouse gas emissions, the Energy 

Information Administration said in a report released June 8, 2004, entitled, “Analysis of Senate Amendment 

2028, the Climate Stewardship Act of 2003.” The report is available on the EIA website at: 

http://www.eia.doe.gov/oiaf/analysispaper/sacsa/pdf/s139amend_analysis.pdf. 

Pew Center reports available for download. “Unfortunately, we’re already past the point where climate 

change can be prevented entirely,” said Eileen Claussen, President of the Pew Center on Global Climate 

Change. “Now we need a two pronged approach that combines reductions in greenhouse gas emissions with 

policies that will help us adapt to the climate change that is going to occur.” “Coping with Global Climate 

Change: The Role of Adaptation in the United States,” discusses the importance of adapting to climate change, 

the options available for adaptation, and the challenges of implementing them in the United States. June 15, 

2004, http://www.pewclimate.org/press_room/sub_press_room/adaptation.cfm. Other Pew Center reports that address 

market and non-market impacts from climate change are: “A Synthesis of Potential Climate Change Impacts on 

the United States” and “U.S. Market Consequences of Global Climate Change,” 

http://www.pewclimate.org/press_room/sub_press_room/28apr04.cfm. 

“CO2 sequestration in Ontario, Canada.” This paper evaluates the potential for reservoirs in Canada to store 

CO2. Two different major reservoirs with approximate storage capacities of 289 million and 442 million tonnes 

are identified in southwestern Ontario for CO2 sequestration, one located in the southern part of Lake Huron and 

the other located inside Lake Erie. These reservoirs could contain approximately 14–21 years of CO2 emissions 

from a nearby coal-fired power generation unit having a total generation capacity of about 4000 MW. By A. 

Shafeen et al., in Energy Conversion and Management, Volume 45, Issue 17, October 2004, Pages 2645-2659. 

http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6V2P-4C4BH5J-1/1/97a1b3101906f775f047261c8564e03e. 

“Beyond Kyoto.” “Business, in particular, is accustomed to making decisions in conditions of considerable 

uncertainty, applying its experience and skills to areas of activity where much is unknown. That is why it will 

have a vital role in meeting the challenge of climate change – and why the contribution it is already making is so 

encouraging,” said Lord John Browne, CEO of BP, in an article in Foreign Affairs (July/August 2004, Volume 

83, No. 4, pgs. 20-32). In this article Browne offers his business perspective on the question of CO2 emissions. 
NETL Carbon Sequestration Newsletter Annual Index 2003-04 62

August 2004 

U.S. Greenhouse Emissions Increased Moderately in 2003. U.S. carbon dioxide emissions from burning 

fossil fuels increased by 0.9 percent in 2003, according to preliminary estimates released by DOE's Energy 

Information Administration (EIA). Since emissions actually declined in 2001 and grew at moderate rates in 

both 2002 and 2003, the emissions still remain below 2000 levels. EIA attributes the growth in 2003 to a 

number of factors, including increased heating demand during a cold winter, an increase in the number of U.S. 

homes, increased energy use in the commercial sector, and a shift in electric generation from natural gas to coal 

and oil, which emit more carbon. The preliminary estimates are on EIA’s web site at: 

http://www.eia.doe.gov/oiaf/1605/flash/flash.html. EIA press release: http://www.eia.doe.gov/neic/press/press238.html. 

CICERO report. The report is based on a comprehensive and structured literature review of key issues 

associated with long-term goals for climate policy, and to the framework for implementing climate policy. The 

study provides a basis for working with global climate policy after 2012, whether the Kyoto Protocol enters into 

force or not. “Climate policy beyond 2012: A survey of long-term targets and future frameworks.” Report 

2004:02; CICERO, Oslo; 51pp. For details and download visit 

http://www.cicero.uio.no/publications/detail.asp?publication_id=2776. 

Harvested Wood Products. A paper entitled, “Approaches for inclusion of harvested wood products in future 

GHG inventories under the UNFCCC, and their consistency with the overall UNFCCC inventory reporting 

framework,” (July 13, 2004) is available at http://www.joanneum.atf. 

Online Book. “Lessons Learned from Workshop on Novel Approaches to Carbon Management: Letter Report” 

is available for viewing at http://www.nap.edu/catalog/11047.html. The report presents an assessment of the 

workshop, the solicitation process, and the NRC role. In addition, recommendations are provided for improving 

the process for subsequent DOE carbon management initiatives. National Academies Press. 

Western Europe cuts greenhouse gases. Emissions of greenhouse gases have fallen in Europe's most 

industrialized countries, according to new figures. A report by the European Environment Agency (EEA) shows 

that production of six key climate-warming gases dipped in 2002 after two dispiriting years of increase. The 

release of the gases, which include carbon dioxide, methane, and nitrogen dioxide, fell by 0.5 percent in the 

European Union (EU) from 2001 to 2002, the report says. news@nature.com, July 16, 2004, 

http://www.nature.com/news/2004/040712/full/040712-19.html. To download the report, “Annual European 

Community greenhouse gas inventory 1990-2002 and inventory report 2004 Technical report No 2/2004,” visit 

http://reports.eea.eu.int/technical_report_2004_2/en. 

New Guide on Addressing Financial Risks and Opportunities from Global Warming. According to the 

Guide, emerging limits on global warming pollutants, both in U.S. states and worldwide, are creating new 

pressures to reduce emissions and are opening new markets for cleaner technologies – creating both risks and 

opportunities for companies and their investors. “Analyzing climate risk is a new and important challenge for 

investors, fund managers and corporations. This guide is intended to show how they can coordinate their efforts 

to achieve better disclosure, better outcomes and more certainty in addressing what until recently was 

considered an 'off-balance sheet' risk,” said Doug Cogan, author of the guide. “The Investor Guide to Climate 

Risk” is available at www.ceres.org and on the INCR web site at www.incr.com.
NETL Carbon Sequestration Newsletter Annual Index 2003-04 63

Legislation 

September 2003 

The Energy Plan. A deadlock in the U.S. Senate over energy legislation ended, when Republican leaders 

abruptly agreed to shelve their proposal in favor of a measure passed last year under Democratic leadership. 

“Senate breaks deadlock, passes 2002 Energy Bill,” Washington Post, August 1, 2003, 

http://www.washingtonpost.com. See also, “Energy Bill Gives Way To Old One In the Senate,” August 1, 2003, 

The New York Times, http://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F40617F73E5A0C728CDDA10894DB404482; 

and “U.S. energy policy,” Financial Times, August 5, 2003, http://www.ft.com (subscription required). For a 

copy of the Bill, see H.R.6, Energy Policy Act of 2003, July 31, 2003, http://thomas.l

bin/bdquery/z?d108:h.r.00006:.

oc.gov/cgiOctober 2003 

Barebones overview of key content in the U.S. energy bill. “Key provisions in the energy bill,” Scripps 

Howard News Service, September 17, 2003, http://www.knoxstudio.com/shns/story.cfm?pk=ENERGYSIDE-09-17-

03&cat=WW.

 

November 2003 

Cap and trade proposal for GHG emissions defeated. On October 30, 2003, the U.S. Senate rejected a 

proposal for mandatory caps on “greenhouse gas” emissions from utilities and other industries. The vote on the 

Climate Stewardship Act of 2003, which was co-sponsored by Sen. John McCain (R-AZ) and Sen. Joseph I. 

Lieberman (D-CT), was 55-43. Washington Post, October 30, 2003, http://www.washingtonpost.com.

December 2003 

“Senate Energy Bill Dead for This Year.” After much effort and negotiation, consideration of the energy bill 

by the U.S. Senate has been postponed to 2004. Washington Post, November 25, 2003, 

http://www.washingtonpost.com.

House Hearing on GHG control technologies. David Conover, director of the Climate Change Technology 

Program (CCTP), and DOE Deputy Assistant Secretary George Rudins testified at a November 6, 2003 House 

Science Subcommittee hearing. They brought the committee up to date on carbon sequestration and FutureGen. 

“Lawmakers question Bush climate change policies, priorities,” Platts Coal Outlook, November 10, 2003, Vol. 

27, No. 45. 

 

January 2004 

Ocean and Coastal Observation Systems Act. S.1400 is a bill to develop a system that provides for ocean and 

coastal observations, data and information required by all components of an integrated ocean observing system 

and related research. Sponsored by Senator Snowe, Olympia J. [ME], with 8 cosponsors. Referred to House 
NETL Carbon Sequestration Newsletter Annual Index 2003-04 64

Committee after being received from Senate, November 13, 2003, http://thomas.loc.gov/cgibin/bdquery/z?d108:s.01400:.

March 2004 

Summary Impacts of Modeled Provisions of the 2003 Conference Energy Bill, Energy Information 

Administration, February 2004, http://www.eia.doe.gov/oiaf/servicerpt/pceb/pdf/sroiaf(2004)02.pdf.

Analysis of Five Selected Tax Provisions of the Conference Energy Bill of 2003, Energy Information 

Administration, February 2004, http://www.eia.doe.gov/oiaf/servicerpt/ceb/pdf/sroiaf(2004)01.pdf.

April 2004 

Washington State Legislature Passes Bill to Limit GHG Emissions. With bipartisan support, the 2004 state 

Legislature passed a bill requiring new power plants to offset 20 percent of the CO2 they send into the air 

through mitigation projects. Eligible projects include energy conservation projects, forestland preservation or 

converting diesel-powered buses to natural gas. Power producers can either finance the projects on their own or 

pay an independent third party approved by state authorities to do it for them at the rate of $1.60 per ton of CO2

produced. “Bill fights global warming,” The Olympian, March 16, 2004, 

http://www.theolympian.com/home/news/20040316/_environment/4976.shtml.

House Bill to Cap and Trade CO2 from electricity generation, transportation, industrial, and commercial 

economic sectors. Representative Gilchrest (R-MD) and John Olver (DMA) introduced The Climate 

Stewardship Act on March 30, 2004, a House companion bill to McCain and Lieberman's Climate Stewardship 

Act. “Bipartisan House Bill Takes Aim at Global Warming,” Environment News Service, March 31, 2004, 

http://www.climateark.org/articles/reader.asp?linkid=30615.

June 2004 

Congressional Hearing: Impacts of Climate Change and States' Actions. “Climate change is real and 

presents a clear danger on public health,” said Senator John McCain (R-AZ) in the opening Remarks to a May 6, 

2004, hearing before the Senate Committee on Commerce, Science and Transportation. Witnesses included Dr. 

William Curry, Department of Geology and Geophysics, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Dr. Paul 

Epstein, Harvard Medical School, Dr. William Fraser, President, Polar Oceans Research Group, Dr. Philip 

Mote, Research Scientist, University of Washington and Mr. Ken Colburn, Executive Director, Northeast States 

for Coordinated Air Use Management. “Impacts of Climate Change and States’ Actions,” 

http://commerce.senate.gov/hearings/witnesslist.cfm?id=1176.

July 2004 

Connecticut Climate Change Act Enters into Force. Connecticut's anti-global warming act came into effect 

on June 16, 2004. The Act calls for lowering greenhouse gases to 1990 levels by 2010 and to reduce emissions 

85 percent by 2050. “Greenhouse gas bill goes into effect today,” New Britain Herald, June 14, 2004, 

http://www.newbritainherald.com/site/news.cfm?newsid=11943811&brd=1641&pAG=461&dept_id=10110&rfi=6&nr=1

&nostat=1.

“Main ushers in climate emissions reporting.” On June 17, 2004, the Board of Environmental Protection in 

Maine approved the first of many rules expected in an ongoing effort to reduce greenhouse gas emissions across 
NETL Carbon Sequestration Newsletter Annual Index 2003-04 65

the state. The new rule requires paper mills, power plants, and factories to report their greenhouse gas emissions 

to the state Department of Environmental Protection beginning on July 1, 2005. The information could be used 

to implement measures to curb emissions, such as an emissions trading scheme. Though the federal government 

does require reporting of air pollutants, only a handful of states require that businesses track greenhouse gases. 

Point Carbon, June 21, 2004, http://www.pointcarbon.com/article.php?articleID=3940&categoryID=147.

August 2004 

“The 'Target List'.” In this op-ed piece, columnist Anne Applebaum writes about The Climate Stewardship 

Act and lobbying in Washington. The Washington Post; July 14, 2004; Page A19; 

http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/articles/A48220-2004Jul13.html. 

House panel reviews energy, mining advances. The House Subcommittee on Energy and Mineral Resources 

held an oversight hearing June 15, 2004 on “Advances in Technology: Innovations in the Domestic Energy and 

Mineral Sector.” “We can produce energy and protect the environment at the same time,” Subcommittee 

Chairman Barbara Cubin (R-WY) said. “We don't have to choose between one or the other. New technologies 

allow us to place unprecedented emphasis on things like clean coal and renewable fuels and make energy 

security and protection of the environment no longer mutually exclusive.” Witnesses testified about the 

potential for enhanced oil and natural gas production from sequestration of carbon dioxide in hydrocarbon 

reservoirs. Bend.com, July 15, 2004, http://www.bend.com/news/ar_view%5E3Far_id%5E3D16772.htm#no-hash.
NETL Carbon Sequestration Newsletter Annual Index 2003-04 66

Index 

A

ABC News, 5 

ABC News Online (Australia), 16, 18, 37, 42 

Abraham, Spencer, 2, 8, 10, 11, 13, 14, 15, 16, 45 

Abrupt Climate Change, 17, 48 

Abu Dhabi National Oil Company (ADNOC), 24 

Advanced Resources International (ARI), 2, 20, 21 

AETF Review, 39, 41, 55 

Africa, 33, 38 

AFX News, 40 

Age, 21, 42, 50 

Agence France Presse, 6 

Agricultural and Forest Meteorology, 59 

Agweek, 39 

Airborne Carbon in the Mountains Experiment (ACME), 38 

Akron Beacon Journal, 3 

Alabama, 10 

Alaska, 35, 42 

Alberta Geological Survey, 21 

Algae, 7, 27, 30 

Algeria, 52 

Allen Consulting, 43 

Alstom Power, 25 

Altia, 2 

Amazon, 19, 35, 37 

Ambio, 33 

American Association for the Advancement of Science, 17 

American Business Daily, 11 

American Chemical Society, 26 

American Electric Power (AEP), 1, 2, 4, 5, 11, 49, 50 

American Forests, 37 

American Geophysical Union, 16 

American Public Power Association, 9 

Amines, 25 

Anadarko Petroleum Corp., 5, 20 

Ananova, 28 

Antarctica, 16, 18, 19, 31 

Applied Geochemistry, 22 

Arabian Peninsula, 33 

Argonne National Laboratory, 34 

Arizona, 33 

Arizona Public Service Co. (APS), 33 

Arkansas, 38 

AScribe, 12 

Asia, 16, 20, 33, 46, 58, 59 

Asia Pacific Tech Monitor, 59 

Asia Pulse, 33, 46 

Associated Press, 9, 20, 28, 31 

Athabasca Oil Sands Project, 37 

Atlanta Journal Constitution, 34 

Audubon, 57 

Austin Energy, 49 

Australia, 9, 11, 13, 15, 16, 21, 33, 39, 42, 43, 50, 51 

Australian Financial Review, 43 

Australian National University, 18 

Australian Petroleum Production Exploration Association, 12 

Australian Sustainable Investments Fund (ASIF), 43 

Awards, 12, 24, 37, 38 

B

Bacteria, 20, 30 

Baltimore Sun, 5 

Bangkok Post, 46 

Baton Rouge Advocate, 24 

Battelle, 3, 25 

BBC, 7, 8, 9, 10 

Bellona Foundation, 22 

Bend.com, 65 

Bilateral Agreements, 8, 15 

Billings Gazette, 5 

Bioengineering, 24 

Biomass, 26, 27, 30, 33, 34, 37, 39, 47, 54, 58, 60 

Black & Veatch Corp., 24, 25 

Black carbon (soot), 17 

Blue Source, 4 

BOC Gases, 8, 21 

Bolivia, 32 

Boston Carbon Corporation (BCC), 10 

Boston Globe, 17, 51 

Bozeman Daily Chronicle, 3 

BP, 6, 13, 57, 61 

Brazil, 19, 35, 38, 60 

British Airlines, 53 

Brookhaven National Laboratory, 23 

Brookings Institution, 14, 59 

Brussels, 22 

Burlington Electric, 49 

Bush Administration, 1, 4, 7, 10, 11, 14, 15, 17, 45, 50, 52, 63 

Bushfire Research Centre, 16 

Business Standard, 24 

Business Week, 2, 25 

Business Wire, 21, 33, 39, 41 

C

CABREE, 58 

Calgary Herald, 50 

California, 26, 37, 45, 49, 59, 60 

California Institute for Energy Efficiency, 49 

Calixarene crystals, 26 

Cambridge Econometrics, 58 

Canada, 6, 7, 10, 15, 21, 22, 23, 30, 35, 37, 42, 47, 50, 51, 55, 

56, 61 

Canada NewsWire, 24, 35 

Carbon Credits, 4, 6, 10, 24, 32, 34, 35, 36, 38, 40, 41, 43, 49 

Carbon cycle, 5, 17, 31 

Carbon Dioxide 

Atmospheric concentration, 12, 17, 18, 38 

Burial cost, 2, 39 

Capture cost, 2, 31 

Storage estimates, 5, 8, 9, 21, 22, 39, 61 

Carbon Fund, 38 

Carbon intensity, 46, 55, 56 

Carbon Market Europe, 36 

Carbon Sequestration Leadership Forum (CSLF), 6, 14, 48 

Carbonfund.org, 43 

Carnegie Mellon University, 54 

Carper Bill, 54 
NETL Carbon Sequestration Newsletter Annual Index 2003-04 67

Casper Star Tribune, 1 

Central Arkansas Resources Conservation and Development 

Council, 38 

CERES, 62 

Charlotte Observer, 9 

Chemie.de, 15, 26 

Chester Sun Times, 2 

Chicago Climate Exchange (CCX), 4, 40, 41, 42, 44, 49 

China, 46, 50 

China Daily, 46 

Chinese Academy of Sciences, 26 

Christian Science Monitor, 25, 30 

Chugoku Electric Power Co., 43 

CICERO, 19, 46, 62 

Cincinnati Post, 11 

Cinergy Corp., 1, 39, 49, 52 

Clean Air Act, 1, 46 

Clean Air Planning Act of 2003, 54 

Clean Coal Power Initiative, 15 

Clean Development Mechanism (CDM), 12, 32, 36, 38, 40, 48, 

56 

Clear Skies Initiative, 54 

Climate Change Technology Program (CCTP), 63 

Climate Leaders, 46, 48 

Climate Policy, 32, 55, 56, 58 

Climate Stewardship Act of 2003, 52, 54, 61, 63, 64, 65 

Climatic Change, 16, 47 

CNN, 3, 16, 20 

CO2 Capture Project (CCP), 9 

CO2 Science Magazine, 19 

CO2E, 57 

Coal India Ltd. (CIL), 24 

COAL21, 13 

Colorado, 20, 21, 22 

Colorado School of Mines, 21 

Colorado State University, 35 

Columbia University, 6, 8 

Combined heat and power (CHP), 26 

Conference Energy Bill of 2003, 64 

Conferences, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 17, 38, 49, 61 

Connecticut, 64 

Connecticut Climate Change Act, 64 

Conservation Fund, 38, 39 

Contra Costa Times, 6 

Convention on Biological Diversity, 33 

Coral reefs, 17 

Crust Study, 2 

Czech Republic, 40 

D

Daily Princetonian, 13 

Datamonitor, 56 

Deep Coal Seams, 4 

Democratic National Convention (DNC), 10 

Denmark, 41 

Denver Post, 38 

Depleted oil and gas fields, 2, 21, 27 

Discovery Channel, 10 

Dow Corning, 42 

DTE Energy, 49 

Ducks Unlimited, 38 

Duke Power, 48 

Duke University, 36 

DuPont, 47 

Durham University, 32 

E

Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 18 

Earth Negotiations Bulletin, 15 

Ecological economics, 33, 55 

Ecological Engineering, 37 

Ecological Modelling, 34 

Economics, 7, 8, 19, 20, 26, 33, 46, 49, 52, 53, 54, 55, 59, 60 

Economist, 8, 16, 55 

Edie weekly summaries, 48, 50 

Edmonton Journal, 22, 30 

Electric Utility Week, 8, 45 

Electricity Daily, 20 

Electron Stream Carbon Dioxide Reduction (ESCO2 R), 24, 25 

Emediawire, 55 

Emissions Marketing Association (EMA), 43 

Emissions Trading Scheme (ETS), 43, 44 

Enbridge Pipelines Inc., 22 

ENERGIE2 A/S, 41 

Energy, 26, 27, 35, 61 

Energy Conservation and Management, 26 

Energy Conversion and Management, 21, 22, 61 

Energy Daily, 10, 45, 49 

Energy Information Administration (EIA), 49, 54, 56, 61, 62, 

64 

Energy Policy, 54, 55, 58, 60, 61 

Energy Policy Act of 2003, 14, 63 

Energy Pulse, 7 

Energy Studies Review, 53 

EnergyReview.net, 12 

Engineer, 2, 21, 24 

Engineered Concepts LLC, 26 

England, 7, 16, 40 

Enhanced Coalbed Methane (ECBM), 21 

Enhanced Gas Recovery, 7 

Enhanced Oil Recovery (EOR), 2, 4, 5, 7, 8, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 

24, 43 

ENS Newswire, 20 

Entergy, 4, 36, 43, 49 

Environment International, 33 

Environment News Service, 64 

Environmental Data Interactive, 17 

Environmental Defense, 37, 49 

Environmental Finance, 40 

Environmental modeling and assessment, 46 

Environmental Science & Policy, 39, 56 

Environmental Synergy Inc., 39 

Environment-Centre, 58 

Ethanol, 4, 7, 8, 25, 47 

Ethiopia, 7 

EurekAlert, 9, 17, 30, 34, 36 

Europe, 18, 62 

European Chemical News, 2 

European Commission, 25, 44, 50 

European Environment Agency (EEA), 62 

European Journal of Law and Economics, 49 

European Union (EU), 8, 22, 25, 36, 41, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 50, 

51, 56, 59, 62 

Evolution Markets LLC, 41, 57 

Excelsior Energy Inc., 3 

ExxonMobil, 5, 9, 20 
NETL Carbon Sequestration Newsletter Annual Index 2003-04 68

F

FACE, 36 

FAIR, 53 

Falcon Environmental Services, 12 

Farm Bill, 35 

Federation of Austrian Industry, 6 

Feedback mechanisms, 16, 18, 35, 56 

Financial Times, 5, 6, 32, 45, 47, 48, 51, 63 

Finland, 2, 41 

Fires, 16, 19 

Florida Power & Light, 46 

Flue gas decarbonization, 20 

Fluor Corporation, 25 

Food security, 38 

Ford Motor Company, 13, 37 

Foreign Affairs, 28, 61 

Forest 2020, 34 

Forestry & British Timber, 34 

Fort Lauderdale Sun Sentinel, 46 

Fort McMurray Today, 37 

Fortune, 17 

FPL Group, 49 

Frio Pilot Test, 8 

Fuel Cells, 23, 26, 27, 52 

Fulton Valley News, 8 

FutureGen, 1, 2, 3, 12, 15, 48, 63 

G

G8, 52 

Gap, 37 

Gasification, 1, 2, 3, 4, 24 

Gaz de France, 6 

Gazprom, 41 

Genesis Energy, 21 

Geologic field tests, 5, 22 

Geological Survey of Canada, 10 

Germany, 11, 15, 18, 26, 29, 45, 48, 59 

GG-CAP, 43 

GHG Inventories, 19, 45, 60, 62 

GHGT-6, 61 

Global Climate and Energy Project (GCEP), 14 

Global Environment and Technology Foundation (GETF), 60 

Global News Wire, 9 

Global Warming, 16, 18, 57 

Globe and Mail, 51 

Grand Island Independent, 14 

Grasslands, 32 

Great Britain, 32, 34 

Green Building, 37 

Greenbiz.com, 44 

Greenbrier Plant, 14 

Greenhouse Gas R&D Programme, 25 

Greenland, 18 

Greenwire, 43 

GSA Today, 9 

Guardian, 2, 9, 17, 29, 32, 53 

Gujarat State Petroleum Corporation (GSPC), 24 

H

Hamburg Institute of International Economics, 56 

Harvard University, 64 

Hawaii, 28 

Himalayas, 8 

Hollywood, 8 

Houston Business Journal, 21 

Hydrogen, 3, 6, 8, 12, 13, 14, 16, 25, 26, 48, 52, 55 

Hydrogen Economy, 15, 25, 27, 55 

I

Iafrica.com, 7 

IBM, 37, 41 

Ice Age, 19 

Idaho, 3 

IEAGHG Newsletter, 3 

Illinois, 2, 22 

Imperial College London, 25 

Improved Oil Recovery (IOR), 20 

Independent, 1, 18 

India, 24, 33 

India Times, 3 

Indiana, 22, 35, 52 

Indiana Farm Bureau, 52 

Indonesia, 20, 40, 52 

Innovations Report, 17, 30, 35 

Inside Energy /with Federal Lands, 20, 27, 52 

Institute for Biological Energy Alternatives (IBEA), 15, 24 

Institute for Global Environmental Strategies, 13 

Institute for Public Policy Research, 31 

Insurance, 32, 36 

International Emissions Trading Association (IETA), 57 

International Energy Agency (IEA), 9, 12, 25, 59 

International Journal of Global Environmental Issues, 59 

International Offsets Unlimited, Inc., 55 

International Oil Daily, 2, 43 

International Petroleum Industry Environmental Conservation 

Association (IPIECA), 13 

Investor Network on Climate Risk (INCR), 62 

Iowa Farm Bureau, 41 

IPCC, 33, 48, 53 

Ireland, 53 

Irish Examiner, 45 

Iron fertilization, 7, 12, 29, 30, 31 

J

Jakarta Post, 40 

Japan, 5, 13, 24, 32, 33, 40, 43, 45, 46, 50, 51, 52, 56, 61 

Japan Times, 5 

Jim Walter Resources, Inc., 10 

Joensuun Energia Oy, 41 

Journal of Forest Ecology and Management, 59 

Journal of Forestry, 27 

Juneau Empire, 42 

K

Kansas, 4, 22, 25, 34 

Kao Corp., 46 

Kelly, Wright & Associates, 8 

Kent University, 58 

Kentucky Department of Fish and Wildlife Resources, 39 

KEPCO, 20 

Kinder Morgan, 5 

Klara, Scott, 3, 6, 59 

Knight Ridder Newspapers, 45 
NETL Carbon Sequestration Newsletter Annual Index 2003-04 69

Korea, 15 

Kyodo News, 32, 45 

Kyoto Forest Owners Association (KFOA), 49 

Kyoto Protocol, 7, 11, 32, 33, 38, 40, 41, 43, 44, 48, 50, 51, 52, 

53, 54, 55, 56, 57, 58, 61, 62 

L

Lake Erie, 61 

Lake Huron, 61 

Land use, 32, 36, 39 

Lavalin International Inc., 24 

Lawrence Journal World, 4 

Least Developed Countries Fund, 12 

Legal issues, 10, 29, 33, 58 

Life cycle assessment, 40 

Lignite Energy Council, 3 

Lincoln Journal, 45 

Lithium Zirconate, 25 

LogicaCMG, 44 

Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL), 25 

Los Angeles Times, 6, 37, 45 

Louisiana, 38 

Lulea University of Technology, 26 

M

M2 Presswire, 27, 28 

Macro-engineering, 16 

Maine, 64 

Malaysia, 46 

Marion Daily Republican, 2 

Marrakesh, 12 

Maryland, 15, 45 

Massachusetts, 10, 31, 45, 52 

Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), 2, 17 

Membranes, 8, 24, 26 

Messer Suomi, 2 

Methane, 10, 15, 16, 26, 33, 36, 47, 55, 56, 62 

Methane Hydrates, 12, 15 

Miami Herald, 8 

Michigan Technological University, 34 

Midland Reporter-Telegram, 12 

Miller Brewing Company, 8 

Milwaukee Journal Sentinel, 2 

Minnesota, 3, 37, 39 

Minnesotans for an Energy Efficient Economy, 3 

Mississippi, 36, 38 

Mississippi River, 4 

Missouri, 26 

Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change, 32, 

33, 36, 49, 54, 58, 60 

Mitsubishi, 20 

Mitsui Babcock, 9, 25 

Models and Modeling, 21, 27, 33, 35, 36, 46, 53, 54, 56, 58, 60 

Monitoring, Mitigation, and Verification (MM&V), 4, 5, 21, 

22, 31, 32, 36 

Monroe Times, 7 

Montana State University, 3 

Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute (MBARI), 12, 29, 

30 

Mount Simon, 1 

Mountaineer Plant, 5 

MSNBC, 30, 32 

MSU News Service, 3 

N

NASA, 16, 18, 28, 35 

NATCARB, 22 

National Academies of Science, 12, 50 

National Academies Press, 50, 53, 56, 62 

National Allocation Plan (NAP), 44, 53 

National Association of Regulatory Utility Commissioners, 45 

National Botanical Research Institute, 33 

National Business Review, 49 

National Energy Technology Laboratory (NETL), 1, 3, 6, 11, 

14, 21, 23 

National Geographic, 5, 31 

National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), 

30, 38 

National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL), 55 

National Research Council (NRC), 15, 57, 62 

National Resources Defense Council (NRDC), 11 

National Science Foundation (NSF), 27, 28 

Natsource, 41, 43, 57 

Natural Resources Canada, 50 

Nature, 19, 28, 29, 34, 36, 37 

Nature Conservancy, 38 

Netherlands, 2, 6, 40, 47 

New Britain Herald, 64 

New Mexico, 2, 21, 22, 26 

New Mexico Business Weekly, 2 

New Mexico Tech, 2 

New Scientist, 16, 24, 37 

New York, 10, 45 

New York Times, 4, 8, 10, 11, 17, 19, 34, 46, 48, 50, 59, 63 

New Zealand, 9, 15, 38, 40, 49 

New Zealand Herald, 9, 40 

news@nature.com, 11, 17, 18, 19, 20, 47, 62 

Newswise, 36 

Niigata Prefecture, 5 

Nike, 37 

Nissho Iwai Corp., 33 

Noel Kempff Mercado Climate Action Project (NKMCAP), 32 

North Dakota, 3, 20 

North Sea, 2, 3, 6, 7, 8, 22, 31 

Northeast Biofuels, 8 

Northeast States for Coordinated Air Use Management 

(NESCAUM), 64 

Norway, 8 

O

Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL), 34 

Oakland Tribune, 7 

Occidental Chemical Corporation, 5 

Ocean 

Arctic, 30 

Atlantic, 29 

North Atlantic, 30, 48 

North Pacific, 28 

Western Pacific, 30 

Ocean acidification, 28 

Ocean and Coastal Observation Systems Act, 63 

Ocean cycling, 29, 31 

Office on Science and Technology Policy, 48 

Ohio, 1, 3, 22, 25, 38 

Ohio Department of Natural Resources (ODNR), 3 

Ohio State University, 38 

Oil & Gas Journal, 5, 8, 20 
NETL Carbon Sequestration Newsletter Annual Index 2003-04 70

Oil and Natural Gas Corporation (ONGC), 24 

Oil Daily, 2, 20 

Old South Woodlands LLC, 38 

Olympian, 64 

Omaha World Herald, 31 

OPEC, 52 

Oregon, 45 

Organic farming, 34 

Oxford Review of Economic Policy, 57 

Ozone, 34, 36 

P

Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL), 37 

Panama, 36, 37 

Partners for Affordable Energy, 4 

Peatlands, 32, 36 

Penn State Live, 18 

Pennsylvania, 34, 45 

Pennsylvania State University, 17 

Pentagon, 17 

Perdue Farms, 8 

Permian Basin, 5, 12, 21 

Pew Center on Global Climate Change, 14, 17, 45, 54, 57, 61 

Philadelphia Inquirer, 1, 34 

Philippines, 40 

Phytoplankton, 19, 28, 29, 30, 31 

Pittsburgh Post-Gazette, 13 

Platts, 2, 22 

Platts Coal Outlook, 63 

Point Carbon, 11, 15, 23, 38, 41, 42, 43, 44, 47, 50, 51, 52, 53, 

57, 65 

Poland, 14 

Polar Oceans Research Group, 64 

Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research, 18 

PowerSwitch!, 49 

PowerTree Carbon Co., 4, 6, 38, 49 

PR Newswire, 4, 25, 26, 36, 43 

Prague Business Journal, 40 

Premium Standard Farms, 41 

Price of carbon, 39, 44, 54, 55, 57, 60 

PricewaterhouseCoopers, 57 

Princeton University, 13, 29 

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 15, 28, 32 

PSEG, 48 

Public Broadcasting Service (PBS), 49 

Public Utilities Fortnightly, 1, 48, 49 

Purdue University, 35 

R

REFCO, 41 

Regional Carbon Sequestration Partnerships, 1, 2, 3, 14 

Regulatory issues, 1, 49, 52, 60 

Renewable Energy, 11, 26 

Renovar Energy, 24 

Resources for the Future (RFF), 13, 52, 54, 56, 59 

Reuters, 1, 3, 7, 19, 20, 50 

Ridgeway, 5 

Risk, 33, 44, 47, 58, 62 

Rocky Mountain Institute (RMI), 44 

Rodale Institute, 34 

Rolls-Royce North America, 42 

Romania, 7 

Rural areas, 32, 34 

RUSAL, 41 

Russia, 10, 41, 44, 46, 47, 51, 53 

Russian Information Agency, 41 

Rutgers University, 29 

S

Sacramento Municipal Power District (SMUD), 49 

Saline aquifers, 2, 3, 4, 5, 21, 22, 27 

Salt Creek field, 5, 20 

Salt Lake Tribune, 5 

San Francisco Chronicle, 28 

San Francisco State University, 30 

San Jose Business Journal, 49 

SciDev.net, 35 

Science, 4, 7, 10, 19, 20, 23, 25, 30, 31, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38 

Science a Go Go, 30 

Science Daily, 16, 28, 29, 33, 37, 51 

Scientist, 31 

Scoop.com, 24 

Scotsman.com, 10 

Scripps Howard News Service, 63 

Scripps Institution of Oceanography, 19, 30 

Seabed injection, 4, 6 

Seattle Press, 46 

Seattle Times, 6, 47 

Separation and Purification Technology, 25 

Shell, 9, 37 

Shellfish, 20, 25, 28, 29 

Shute Creek processing plant, 20 

Siberia, 36 

Silicon Valley, 49 

Sleipner, 3, 8, 9 

SmartWay, 50 

Smithsonian Institution, 37 

Smithsonian Magazine, 29 

Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, 37 

Society of Petroleum Engineers (SPE), 5 

Soil and Tillage Research, 60 

Soil Science Society of America Journal, 33 

Solar Access, 25 

Solid Energy, 9 

South Africa, 26 

South America, 33 

South Dakota, 3 

South Dakota School of Mines and Technology, 31 

Spain, 7, 53 

Special Climate Change Fund, 12 

Spectrum, 24 

St. Louis Post-Dispatch, 6 

Stanford Daily, 14 

Stanford University, 14, 32, 47 

Star Tribune, 3 

Statoil, 3, 22, 43 

Sydney Morning Herald, 11 

T

Taxes, 9, 13, 15, 43, 45, 46, 55, 57, 64 

Technological learning, 27, 46 

Texas, 5, 8, 12, 21, 22, 24 

Texas Bureau of Economic Geology, 8, 21 

Thailand, 46 

The Day After Tomorrow, 8 

Tide Pool, 40 
NETL Carbon Sequestration Newsletter Annual Index 2003-04 71

Tillage-induced carbon dioxide loss, 39 

Timbercorp, 43 

Times (London), 8 

Times-Picayune, 35 

Tools and online calculators, 12, 35, 40, 57, 60 

Topeka Capital Journal, 4 

Traditional Financial Services (TFS), 41 

Transportation, 1, 45, 50, 51, 53, 55, 56, 57, 60 

Tree Canada, 37 

Trees for Cities, 7 

Tyndall Centre, 17, 29, 58 

U

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), 1 

UCSC Press Release, 29 

UNEP, 40 

UNFCCC, 6, 12, 15, 32, 48, 56, 60, 62 

United Arab Emirates, 24 

United Kingdom, 2, 5, 7, 8, 9, 10, 29, 31, 34, 41, 44, 53, 58 

United Nations (UN), 49 

University of Alberta, 9, 57 

University of California Berkeley, 23 

University of California Los Angeles (UCLA), 36 

University of Chicago, 18 

University of Hawaii, 28 

University of Illinois, 36 

University of Leeds, 32 

University of Manitoba, 30 

University of Massachusetts, 23 

University of Michigan, 55, 59 

University of Minnesota, 25 

University of Oklahoma, 42 

University of Queensland, 6 

University of Queensland Newsletter, 6 

University of Rhode Island, 28 

University of Santa Cruz, 29 

University of Saskatchewan, 39 

University of Texas, 5 

University of Virginia, 16 

University of Washington, 64 

University of Wisconsin, 23 

Unmineable coal seams, 6, 27 

Urban areas, 35, 37 

US Agency for International Development (USAID), 60 

US Department of Agriculture (USDA), 33, 35, 60 

US Department of Energy (DOE), 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 11, 12, 14, 15, 

16, 20, 22, 23, 27, 31, 34, 37, 49, 56, 62, 63 

US Department of State, 6, 15, 48, 60 

US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), 7, 10, 26, 40, 45, 

46, 48, 50, 52, 59, 60 

US Forest Service, 33, 34, 37 

US Geological Survey (USGS), 21, 22 

US House of Representatives, 63, 64, 65 

Representative Gilchrest, 64 

Representative Olver, 64 

US Newswire, 2, 8, 14, 15, 45 

US Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC), 47 

US Senate, 63 

Senator Lieberman, 52, 54, 61, 63, 64 

Senator McCain, 52, 54, 61, 63, 64 

Senator Nelson, 14 

Senator Snowe, 63 

USA Today, 4 

UtiliPoint, 48 

V

Vanderbilt University, 24 

Vienna, 6 

Vietnam, 33, 40, 46 

Vietnam News Agency, 40, 46 

Virginian-Pilot, 7 

Vision Instruments, 55 

Voluntary Programs, 1, 4, 13, 43, 49, 50 

W

Wall Street Journal, 4, 44 

Washington DC, 14, 15, 46 

Washington Post, 1, 7, 51, 52, 63, 65 

Washington State, 40, 45, 46, 64 

Washington Times, 38, 45 

Waste News, 2, 6 

Waverly Light and Power, 49 

West Virginia, 1, 2, 4, 14, 22 

Weyburn, 6, 7, 9, 10 

Wind Scrubber, 8 

Winnipeg Sun, 42 

Wired Magazine, 4 

Wired News, 34 

Wisconsin, 7 

Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, 30, 31, 64 

Workshops, 12, 13, 14, 53, 62 

World Bank, 40, 44, 47, 57 

World Economic Forum, 42 

World Forestry Congress, 34 

World Resources Institute (WRI), 12, 41, 57 

World Trade Organization (WTO), 51 

World Wildlife Fund (WWF), 49 

Wyoming, 1, 5, 20 

Wyoming State Geological Survey, 5 

X

Xcel Energy Inc., 3 

Y

Yahoo News, 17 

Yamaguchi University, 24 

Yukos, 41 
NETL Carbon Sequestration Newsletter Annual Index 2003-04 72

National Energy Technology Laboratory

626 Cochrans Mill Road 

P.O. Box 10940 

Pittsburgh, PA 15236-0940 

3610 Collins Ferry Road 

P.O. Box 880 

Morgantown, WV 26507-0880 

Contacts: 

Scott Klara 

National Energy Technology Laboratory 

Office of Fossil Energy 

412/386-4864 or 

scott.klara@netl.doe.gov 

Sarah Forbes 

National Energy Technology Laboratory 

Office of Fossil Energy 

304/285-4670 or 

sarah.forbes@netl.doe.gov 

For more information on the Carbon Sequestration Program 

please visit our web site: 

NETL Carbon Sequestration Page @ 

http://www.netl.doe.gov/coal/Carbon%20Sequestration/index.html

September 2004 

CONTACT INFORMATION