| Housing, Husbandry, and Welfare of Dairy CattleAnimal Welfare Information Center United States Department of Agriculture National Agricultural Library |
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**ISSN:  1052-5378**
***Quick Bibliography Series*, QB 95-15 January 1985 - March 1995  Updated by:   Information Resources on the Care and Welfare of Dairy Cattle, 1996-2002**

*Compiled By:***D'Anna J.B. Jensen**Animal Welfare Information Center, Information Centers Branch National Agricultural Library, Agricultural Research Service, U. S. Department of Agriculture 10301 Baltimore Ave., Beltsville, Maryland 20705-2351**Go to:** About the *Quick Bibliography Series*Document Delivery InformationNational Agricultural Library Cataloging RecordSearch StrategyAuthor IndexSubject IndexNational Agricultural Library Cataloging Record: Jensen, D'Anna J.B.   Housing, husbandry, and welfare of dairy cattle.   (Quick bibliography series ; 95-15)   1.Dairy cattle--Bibliography. I. Title. aZ5071.N3 no.95-15 Search Strategy Set    Description  S1     DAIR? AND (BOVINE OR BOS OR COW? OR BULL?? OR STEER??        OR HEIFER? OR CALK OR CALVE?? OR CATTLE) S2     S1 AND SH=(L100 OR L300 OR N100) S3     S2 AND (HOUS? OR FACILIT? OR STRUCT? OR PEN?? OR        STALL?? OR CONFIN? OR STANCHION?? OR FREE(W)STALL? OR        PARLOR?) S4     S1 AND STRESS? S5     S4 NOT SH=L500 S6     S1 AND (WELFARE OR WELL(W)BEING OR HUMANE OR HANDL? OR        CARE) S7     (S3+S5+S6) S8     S7 AND PY=1985:1995 S9     RD (unique items)  1                                    NAL Call. No.: SF196.U5A8 1987 heat-stress trials in Saudi Arabia. Armstrong, D.V.; Wise, M.E. Tucson, Ariz. : The Service; 1987 Jun. Arizona dairy newsletter - University of Arizona, Cooperative Extension Service. p. 2; 1987 Jun.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Saudi arabia; Dairy cows; Heat stress; Milk production; Lactation; Cooling   2                                  NAL Call. No.: S544.3.V8V52 4-H dairy project 1. Hartman, D.A. Blacksburg, Va. : Extension Division, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University; 1991. Publication - Virginia Cooperative Extension Service (404-777): 19 p.; 1991.  Language:  English  Descriptors: 4-h clubs; Calves; Selection; Calf feeding; Calf diseases; Calf housing; Dehorning; Teats   3                                     NAL Call. No.: 100 M69MI Advanced techniques practiced at new dairy research unit. Broadway, R. Mississippi State, Miss. : The Station; 1988 Apr. MAFES research highlights - Mississippi Agricultural and Forestry Experiment Station v. 51 (4): p. 8. ill; 1988 Apr.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Mississippi; Experimental stations; Farm dairies; Milking; Cow housing; Programmed feed dispensers   4                                     NAL Call. No.: 58.8 C164 Air quality in six Alberta commercial free-stall dairy barns. Clark, P.C.; McQuitty, J.B. Ottawa : Canadian Society of Agricultural Engineering; 1987 Jan. Canadian agricultural engineering v. 29 (1): p. 77-80; 1987 Jan.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Alberta; Barns; Cow housing; Air quality; Carbon dioxide; Ammonia; Hydrogen sulfide; Dust; Moisture; Ventilation   5                                   NAL Call. No.: S539.5.R473 All year housing of dairy cows. Poole, D.A. Harlow, Essex : Longman; 1987. Research and development in agriculture v. 4 (2): p. 77-81. ill; 1987. Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Dairy cows; Cow housing; Feed intake; Milk production   6                                     NAL Call. No.: aTD930.Y6 Alternatives for dairy manure management. Young, C. Edwin; Alwang, Jeffrey R.; Crowder, Bradley M. United States, Dept. of Agriculture, Natural Resource Economics Division Washington, D.C. : United States Dept. of Agriculture, Economic Research Service, Natural Resourse Economics Division,; 1986. vi, 35 p. ; 28 cm.. (ERS staff report ; no. AGES 860422).  Cover title. Bibliography: p. 28.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Dairy cattle; Manure; Handling; Dairy cattle; Manure; Management; Manures; Management; Agricultural wastes; Environmental aspects; United States   7                                    NAL Call. No.: S540.S7K36 Analysis of a two lactation target animal safety study of somidobove sustained release injection in multiparous dairy cows. Tonkinson, L.V.; Basson, R.P.; McGuffey, R.K.; Deldar, A.; Fisher, L. Manhattan, Kan. : Dept. of Statistics, Kansas State University; 1989. Proceedings of the ... Kansas State University conference on applied statistics in agriculture. p. 34-36; 1989.  Meeting held April 30 - May 2, 1989, Manhattan, Kansas.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: U.S.A.; Dairy cows; Somatotropin; Lactation; Animal welfare; Dosage effects   8                                    NAL Call. No.: FICHE S-72 Analysis of equipotential plane installations. Kammel, D.W.; Jones, B. St. Joseph, Mich. : The Society; 1987. American Society of Agricultural Engineers (Microfiche collection) (fiche no. 87-3037): 12 p. ill; 1987.  Paper presented at the 1987 Summer Meeting of the American Society of Agricultural Engineers. Available for purchase from: The American Society of Agricultural Engineers, Order Dept., 2950 Niles Road, St. Joseph, Michigan 49085. Telephone the Order Dept. at (616) 429-0300 for information and prices.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Dairy cattle; Cattle housing; Planes; Installations; Facilities; Electric current; Costs   9                                     NAL Call. No.: 281.8 C16 An analysis of the structural and welfare effects of bovine somatotropin on the Ontario dairy industry. Oxley, J.; Fox, G.; Moschini, G. Ottawa : Canadian Agricultural Economics and Farm Management Society; 1989 Nov. Canadian journal of agricultural economics; Revue Canadienne d'economie rurale v. 37 (3): p. 393-406; 1989 Nov.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Ontario; Dairy industry; Somatotropin; Structural change; Welfare economics; Technology; Economic impact; Farm surveys; Quotas; Simulation models; Surpluses; Innovation adoption   10                                    NAL Call. No.: 44.8 J822 Analytical tools for material and energy balance, cash flow, and environmental loads in a dairy cattle enterprise. Saama, P.M.; Koenig, B.E.; Koenig, H.E.; Anderson, J.H. Champaign, Ill. : American Dairy Science Association; 1994 Apr. Journal of dairy science v. 77 (4): p. 994-1002; 1994 Apr.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Dairy farming; Computer software; Systems analysis; Network analysis; Material balance; Energy balance; Externalities  Abstract:  Analytical tools for the preconstruction technical design and postconstruction management of a dairy enterprise are presented. The enterprise is represented as a network of production processes with alternative operating technologies and scale of operation as technical parameters of environmental loads and cash flow. The operating technologies of the network are represented by material conversion coefficients and energetic cost functions. Generalized laws of material and energy balance are used to define an on-line management accounting system for recording resource and product flows, physical energy, and human time involved in the production process. Cash flow and value added are computed from the technologies of the network, prices of material and energetic resources, and costs of operating facilities. A microcomputer application was developed to evaluate the environmental loads and the economic consequences of alternative technologies, product prices, and amortization schedules for facility and equipment costs. The concepts and analytical tools presented for the design and management of dairy enterprises provide a framework through which scientists across disciplines and producers across product lines can work together to increase overall farm profitability and to reduce environmental loads.   11                                   NAL Call. No.: SF241.L8N6 Anatomy and physiology of the udder. Nickerson, S.C. Homer, La. : The Station; 1992. Dairy research report - Louisiana Agricultural Experiment Station. p. 159-176; 1992.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Dairy cows; Udders; Teats; Animal anatomy; Mammary glands; Mammary tissue; Mammary development; Milk synthesis; Milk secretion; Milk ejection; Milk yield; Milking   12                                   NAL Call. No.: 41.8 V6456 Animal husbandry review. Ewer, T.K. London : Scientechnica; 1988. The Veterinary annual v. 28: p. 1-22. ill; 1988.  Literature review.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Dairy cows; Sheep; Pigs; Animal husbandry; Animal feeding; Diets; Concentrates; Hay; Silage; Forage; Animal breeding; Pig housing   13                                     NAL Call. No.: SF191.D3 Animal rights. Clark, E. Minnetonka, Minn. : Miller Publishing Company; 1988 Aug. Dairy herd management v. 25 (8): p. 4; 1988 Aug.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Dairy cattle; Animal welfare; Cattle husbandry   14                                     NAL Call. No.: SF191.D3 Animal rights. Minnetonka, Minn. : Miller Publishing Company; 1988 Dec. Dairy herd management v. 25 (12): p. 8-10, 12, 14-15. ill; 1988 Dec.  Language:  English  Descriptors: U.S.A.; Dairy herds; Animal welfare; Animal husbandry; Cattle housing; Dairy legislation; Public opinion; Abuse; Politics   15                                    NAL Call. No.: 44.8 J822 Antibiotic residue prevention methods, farm management, and occurrence of antibiotic residues in milk. McEwen, S.A.; Black, W.D.; Meek, A.H. Champaign, Ill. : American Dairy Science Association; 1991 Jul. Journal of dairy science v. 74 (7): p. 2128-2137; 1991 Jul.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Milk; Antibiotic residues; Dairy farms; Milking parlors; Questionnaires; Dairying; Farm management; Prevention  Abstract:  The objective of this study was to determine associations among the occurrence of antibiotic residues in bulk milk and various farm management practices. Ninety-four dairy farms were visited after antibiotic residues were detected in samples of their bulk milk (case farms) along with an equal number of residue-free farms (controls). Farmers completed questionnaires designed to elicit details of management practices used on farms and methods employed for prevention of antibiotic residues. Factors were initially examined unconditionally for statistical association with occurrence of residues; then multivariate associations were determined using multiple logistic regression. After adjusting for herd size in a logistic model, the risk of residues in milk was observed to increase in association with the frequent use of part-time labor in the milking of cows. The risk of residue occurrence was decreased in association with the use of milk residue test kits, when the farmer believed that increasing the dose of antibiotic required an increase in the withholding time of milk, and when tie stall and pipeline milking systems were used rather than milking parlors or tie stall and dumping station systems.   16                                 NAL Call. No.: SF5.I57 1986 Applications of hormone radioimmunoassays on studies of environment and reproduction interactions in large ruminants. Thatcher, W.W.; Collier, R.J.; Drost, M.; Putney, J.; Beede, D.K.; Wilcox, C.J. Vienna : International Atomic Energy Agency; 1986. Nuclear and related techniques in animal production and health : proceedings of an International Symposium / jointly organized by the International Atomic Energy Agency ... [et al.].. p. 41-55; 1986. (Proceedings series).  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Dairy cows; Heat stress; Estrous cycle; Reproductive performance; Hormones; Radioimmunoassay; Environmental factors   17                                     NAL Call. No.: SF601.T7 Assessment of heat stress in dairy cattle in Papua New Guinea. Lemerle, C.; Goddard, M.E. Edinburgh : Scottish Academic Press; 1986 Nov. Tropical animal health and production v. 18 (4): p. 232-242; 1986 Nov. Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Papua new guinea; Dairy cattle; Heat stress; Assessment; Dairy breeds; Environmental temperature   18                                  NAL Call. No.: SF967.M3N32 Automatic cow sorting system. Carrano, J.A. Arlington, Va. : The Council; 1994. Annual meeting /. p. 115-123; 1994.  Meeting held on January 31-February 2, 1994, Orlando, Florida.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Dairy cows; Sorting; Automation; Planning; Farm dairies; Farm surveys   19                                    NAL Call. No.: 44.8 J822 An automatic system for auantification of eating and ruminating activities of dairy cattle housed in stalls. Beauchemin, K.A.; Zelin, S.; Genner, D.; Buchanan-Smith, J.G. Champaign, Ill. : American Dairy Science Association; 1989 Oct. Journal of dairy science v. 72 (10): p. 2746-2759. ill; 1989 Oct.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Dairy cows; Quantitative techniques; Automation; Measurement; Feeding behavior; Rumination   20                               NAL Call. No.: aSF208.A7 1985 Avoiding drug residues in cull dairy cows., [Rev. Dec. 1985].. United States, Dept. of Agriculture, Washington State University Washington, D.C.? : U.S. Dept. of Agriculture in cooperation with the Washington State University,; 1985; A 1.2-D 84. 7 p. : ill. ; 23 x 10 cm.  Cover title.  Shipping list no.: 86-96-P. Bibliography: p. 7.  Language:  English; English  Descriptors: Veterinary pharmacology; Dairy cattle; Handling; Safety measures; Dairy cattle; Inspection; Dairying; United States; Growth promoting substances   21                                     NAL Call. No.: SF191.D3 Bedding them down. Annexstad, J. Minnetonka, Minn. : Miller Publishing Company; 1990 May. Dairy herd management v. 27 (5): p. 14-15. ill; 1990 May.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Dairy cows; Cow housing   22                                     NAL Call. No.: QL750.A6 Behavior and maze learning ability of dairy calves as influenced by housing, sex and sire. Arave, C.W.; Lamb, R.C.; Arambel, M.J.; Purcell, D.; Walters, J.L. Amsterdam : Elsevier Science Publishers, B.V.; 1992 May. Applied animal behaviour science v. 33 (2/3): p. 149-163; 1992 May.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Calves; Dairy cattle; Animal behavior; Learning ability; Cattle housing; Sex differences; Sires; Environmental factors; Genetic effects   23                                  NAL Call. No.: 290.9 AM32T Behavior of dairy calves reared in hutches as affected by temperature. Brunsvold, R.E.; Cramer, C.O.; Larsen, H.J. St. Joseph, Mich. : The Society; 1985 Jul. Transactions of the ASAE - American Society of Agricultural Engineers v. 28 (4): p. 1265-1268; 1985 Jul.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Dairy cattle; Calves; Animal behavior; Cattle housing; Temperature relations   24                                    NAL Call. No.: 41.8 C163 Behavioral and physiological responses to spatial novelty in dairy cows. Kondo, S.; Hurnik, J.F. Ottawa : Agricultural Institute of Canada; 1988 Jun. Canadian journal of animal science v. 68 (2): p. 339-343; 1988 Jun.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Dairy cows; Agonistic behavior; Heart rate; Temperament; Stalls; Housing area   25                                     NAL Call. No.: QL750.A6 Behaviour of dairy cows kept in extensive (loose housing/pasture) or intensive (tie stall) environments. I. Experimental procedure, facilities, time budgets--diurnal and seasonal conditions. Krohn, C.C.; Munksgaard, L.; Jonasen, B. Amsterdam : Elsevier Science Publishers, B.V.; 1992 Jul. Applied animal behaviour science v. 34 (1/2): p. 37-47; 1992 Jul.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Dairy cows; Extensive livestock farming; Intensive livestock farming; Weather; Seasons; Loose housing; Stalls; Animal behavior; Walking; Feeding preferences   26                                     NAL Call. No.: QL750.A6 Behaviour of dairy cows kept in extensive (loose housing/pasture) or intensive (tie stall) environments. II. Lying and lying-down behaviour. Krohn, C.C.; Munksgaard, L. Amsterdam : Elsevier Science Publishers, B.V.; 1993 Jun. Applied animal behaviour science v. 37 (1): p. 1-16; 1993 Jun.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Dairy cows; Animal behavior; Extensive livestock farming; Intensive livestock farming   27                                NAL Call. No.: DISS F1991016 Behaviour of dairy cows under modern housing and management. Wierenga, H. K. 1991; 1991. 173 p. : ill. ; 24 cm.  Summary in Dutch.  "Stellingen" ([2] p.) inserted. Includes vita.  Includes bibliographical references.  Language:  English   28                                    NAL Call. No.: 41.8 V641 Behaviour of lame and normal dairy cows in cubicles and in a straw yard. Singh, S.S.; Ward, W.R.; Lautenbach, K.; Murray, R.D. London : The British Veterinary Association; 1993 Aug28. The Veterinary record : journal of the British Veterinary Association v. 133 (9): p. 204-208; 1993 Aug28.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Dairy cows; Animal behavior; Lameness; Cattle housing; Cubicles   29                               NAL Call. No.: SF201.R47 1987 Behaviour, production and welfare in relation to animal density for dairy cows in loose housing. Krohn, C.C.; Konggaard, S.P. Copenhagen : Landhusholdningsselkabets Forlag; 1987. Research in cattle production : Danish status and perspectives : contribution in honor of A. Neimann-Sorensen, 1 May 1987 / [B. Bech Andersen ... et al.].. p. 160-168; 1987.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Denmark; Dairy cows; Animal behavior; Animal welfare; Cow housing; Housing density; Loose housing   30                                      NAL Call. No.: 49 AN55 Biochemical and physiological responses to metabolic stimuli in Friesian calves of differing genetic merit for milk production. Sinnett-Smith, P.A.; Slee, J.; Woolliams, J.A. Neston, South Wirral, England : British Society of Animal Production; 1987 Feb. Animal production v. 44 (pt.1): p. 11-19; 1987 Feb.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Calves; Genetic differences; Holstein-friesian; Metabolites; Insulin; Dairy performance; Milk production; Sodium propionate; Fasting; Energy balance; Cold stress   31                                  NAL Call. No.: HD1773.A3N6 A bioeconomic analysis of bovine respiratory disease complex. Nyamusika, N.; Spreen, T.H.; Rae, O.; Moss, C. Manhattan, Kan. : Department of Agricultural Economics, Kansas State University; 1994 Jan. Review of agricultural economics v. 16 (1): p. 39-53; 1994 Jan.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: U.S.A.; Cabt; Beef cattle; Calf production; Bovine respiratory syncytial virus; Disease control; Vaccination; Returns; Economic analysis; Mathematical models; Mortality; Liveweight gain; Agricultural regions; Probability  Abstract:  Bovine Respiratory Disease Complex (BRDC) is an important disease affecting both beef and dairy cattle produced in confinement operations. A bioeconomic model of BRDC is developed for a typical Midwestern feedlot. Using vaccine efficacy rates found in the veterinary science literature, significant returns to vaccination are estimated.   32                               NAL Call. No.: SF206.B57 1991 BMfLuF, Abt. II A 4 und BAL Gumpenstein kleine Rinderlaufstalle--Schwerpunkt Milchvieh : Bericht uber die Tagung "Kleine Rinderlaufstalle--Schwerpunkt Milchvieh", BAL Gumpenstein, 25.-26. September 1990, A-8952 Irdning  [BMfLuF, Abt. II A 4 and BAL Gumpenstein.  small loose boxes for cattle, an emphasis for dairy cattle]..  Bericht uber die Tagung "Kleine Rinderlaufstalle--Schwerpunkt Milchvieh" vom 25. bis 26. September 1990 Kleine Rinderlaufstalle--Schwerpunkt Milchvieh small loose boxes for cattle, an emphasis for dairy cattle Bundesanstalt fur Alpenlandische Landwirtschaft Gumpenstein Gumpenstein, Irdning : Bundesanstalt fur alpenlandische Landwirtschaft,; 1991. vi, 85 p. : ill. ; 30 cm.  Cover title: Bericht uber die Tagung "Kleine Rinderlaufstalle--Schwerpunkt Milchvieh" vom 25. bis 26. September 1990. Includes bibliographical references.  Language:  German  Descriptors: Cattle   33                                     NAL Call. No.: SF221.H3 Bovine somatotropin. Lee, C.N. Honolulu : The Service; 1987 Jan. Hawaii dairy newsletter - Hawaii Cooperative Extension Service, U.S. Dept. of Agriculture v. 2 (1): p. 1-5; 1987 Jan.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Dairy cows; Somatotropin; Lactation; Heat stress   34                                    NAL Call. No.: 44.8 J822 Bovine somatotropin: biotechnology product and social issue in the United States dairy industry. Molnar, J.J.; Cummins, K.A.; Nowak, P.F. Champaign, Ill. : American Dairy Science Association; 1990 Nov. Journal of dairy science v. 73 (11): p. 3084-3093; 1990 Nov.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Somatotropin; Milk production; Biotechnology; Innovation adoption; Economic impact; Dairy industry; Structural change; Farm structure; Technical progress; Location of production; Politics; Food safety; Milk supply; Price support; Subsidies   35                                    NAL Call. No.: 44.8 J822 Bovine somatotropin: review of an emerging animal technolgoy. Bauman, D.E. Champaign, Ill. : American Dairy Science Association; 1992 Dec. Journal of dairy science v. 75 (12): p. 3432-3451; 1992 Dec.  Literature review.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Dairy cows; Somatotropin; Milk yield; Dosage effects; Literature reviews; Milk composition; Production costs; Lactation; Economic impact  Abstract:  One of the first potential biotechnology products for animal production is bST. Research in the technology of bST has involved scientists and support from federal agencies, universities, and private industry. As a consequence of this extensive cooperation, more than 1000 bST studies have been conducted, which involved over 20,000 dairy cows, and results have been confirmed by scientists throughout the world. This quantity of published research is unprecedented for a new technology and greater than most dairy technologies in use. In contrast to steroids, bST is a protein hormone. Milk yield and persistency responses to bST have been observed for all dairy breeds examined. Quality of management is the major factor affecting magnitude of milk response to bST. The mechanism of action of bST involves a series of orchestrated changes in the metabolism of body tissues so that more nutrients can be used for milk synthesis. it is these coordinated changes that allow the arrival to achieve an increased milk yield while remaining normal and healthy. Bioenergetic studies demonstrated that bST-supplemented animals are not stressed. Similarly, there are no adverse health effects from bST even under poor management conditions. Composition of milk (fat, protein, lactose, cholesterol, minerals, and vitamins) is not substantially altered when bST is used and does not differ in manufacturing characteristics. Public perception is of paramount importance bST or any new technology is to be effectively implemented. New technology must be understood and perceived as safe and beneficial both by farmers, who would utilize it, and consumers, who would purchase the dairy products. With bST use, a unit of milk is produced with less feed and protein supplement and with a reduction in animal excreta (manure, urine, and methane). Nationally, the use of bST simply reinforces, but does not fundamentally change, dairy industry trends of increased milk yield per cow, reduced number of cows, and decl   36                                  NAL Call. No.: 290.9 AM32T Calculating required dairy manure storage volume. Moore, J.A.; Baker, E.S. St. Joseph, Mich. : The Society; 1985 Mar. Transactions of the ASAE - American Society of Agricultural Engineers v. 28 (2): p. 547-550. ill; 1985 Mar.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Cattle manure; Dairy cattle; Storage equipment; Manure spreading   37                               NAL Call. No.: SF239.I45 1985 Calf care and raising young stock., [Rev.]. Ames, Iowa : The Service; 1985. Illinois-Iowa dairy handbook / University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign [and] Iowa State University at Ames, Cooperative Extension Service. 49 p. ill; 1985.  Hoard's Dairyman, 1982.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Dairy cattle; Calves; Cattle husbandry; Calf housing; Animal feeding; Animal health   38                                  NAL Call. No.: S544.3.O5O5 Calf hutches for dairy calves. Richardson, C.W. Stillwater, Okla. : The Service; 1991 Feb. OSU extension facts - Cooperative Extension Service, Oklahoma State University v.): 4 p.; 1991 Feb.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Dairy cattle; Calf housing; Disease prevention; Animal health   39                                   NAL Call. No.: FICHE S-72 California dairy corral manger mister installation. Shultz, T.A. St. Joseph, Mich. : The Society; 1988. American Society of Agricultural Engineers (Microfiche collection) (fiche no. 88-4056): 8 p. ill; 1988.  Paper presented at the 1988 Summer Meeting of the American Society of Agricultural Engineers. Available for purchase from: The American Society of Agricultural Engineers, Order Dept., 2950 Niles Road, St. Joseph, Michigan 49085. Telephone the Order Dept. at (616) 429-0300 for information and prices.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: California; Cow housing; Fence lines; Mangers; Mists; Design; Installations; Heat stress; Cooling   40                                   NAL Call. No.: HD1401.A47 Canadian dairy policy and the returns to federal dairy cattle research. Fox, G.; Roberts, B.; Brinkman, G.L. Amsterdam ; New York : Elsevier, c1986-; 1992 Feb. Agricultural economics : the journal of the International Association of Agricultural Economists v. 6 (3): p. 267-285; 1992 Feb.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Canada; Cabt; Dairy cattle; Dairy research; Federal government; Research support; Supply functions; Returns; Price policy; Time series; Price elasticities  Abstract:  The economic surplus approach is used to estimate the returns to federal investments in dairy cattle research in Canada. A national supply function is estimated using time series data. Lagged research expenditures are included as explanatory variables in the model, facilitating the calculation of marginal as well as average benefits from research. Simulation analysis is used to study the effects of product market distortions associated with Canadian dairy policy as well as of the marginal excess burden on the rates of return to research and on the distribution of research benefits. Returns were found to be high at the margin. Distortions in the product market had a small effect on the overall returns to dairy cattle research but had a large impact on the distribution of research benefits. Rate of return estimates were found to be indicative of underinvestment even when the marginal excess burden was taken into account.   41                                   NAL Call. No.: 41.8 R3224 A case of teat tramping in dairy cows. Luescher, U.A.; McKeown D.B. Ottawa : Canadian Veterinary Medical Association; 1989 Apr. The Canadian veterinary journal v. 30 (4): p. 356; 1989 Apr.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Dairy cows; Teats; Injuries; Behavior problems; Cow housing   42                                   NAL Call. No.: QP251.A1T5 Cesarean section in dairy cattle: a study of risk factors. Barkema, H.W.; Schukken, Y.H.; Guard, C.L.; Brand, A.; Weyden, G.C. van der Stoneham, Mass. : Butterworth-Heinemann; 1992 Feb. Theriogenology v. 37 (2): p. 489-506; 1992 Feb.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Dairy cows; Caesarean section; Dystocia; Risk; Incidence; Beef bulls; Sires; Lactation number; Age at first calving; Cattle breeds; Calving interval; Gestation period; Dry period; Heifers  Abstract:  Cesarean sections were studied on 35 Dutch dairy farms using data collected through a routine herd health and production control program. Over a period of 8 years and 9 months there were 198 cesarean sections out of a total of 15,051 calvings. The 198 cesarean sections were compared with a referent group of 841 calvings that was randomly selected from the original 15,051 calvings. A population-based, case- referent study design was used to investigate risk factors for cesarean section. Risk factors for cesarean section consisted of first parity, single male calf, long gestation period, long interval between first service and conception, long dry period, sired by a bull of double-muscled structure or Piedmont bull, under 730 days of age at first calving, and having a previous cesarean section. A short dry period and a short gestation were protective factors.   43                                    NAL Call. No.: 44.8 J822 Changes in fat and protein concentrations in farms with high milk production. Agabriel, C.; Coulon, J.B.; Marty, G.; Bonaiti, B. Champaign, Ill. : American Dairy Science Association; 1993 Mar. Journal of dairy science v. 76 (3): p. 734-741; 1993 Mar.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Dairy cows; Milk composition; Dairy farms; Milk fat; Milk protein; Dairy herds; Milk production; Seasonal fluctuations  Abstract:  Seventy-six dairy farms composed of high producing (6200 to 8800 kg/yr) Montbeliarde cows that were fed hay-based rations were included in a detailed survey involving the herd and the farm structure, quality of forage, winter and summer feeding practices, and genetic characteristics (breeding value and herd effect for milk production, fat concentration, and protein concentration). These data permitted analysis of the variations of milk composition among farms. The mean annual fat and protein concentrations varied greatly among farms in spite of the homogeneity of the farm sample with regard to milk produced, breed, and type of winter roughage. Such variability results essentially from environmental factors. When farms were classified according to their level of herd effect (fat or protein concentrations), 1) protein concentration variations were greater in winter and linked to different feed characteristics (hay quality, type of concentrate), and 2) variations in fat concentration among farm groups were as marked, if not more so, in summer than in winter. These variations are only partly linked to feeding practices that are beneficial or detrimental to fat concentration (presence of sugar beet in the ration, concentrate distribution method). No correlation occurred between fat and protein herd effects. Therefore, these two variables may be controlled independently by manipulating environmental factors (especially feeding factors).   44                                    NAL Call. No.: 44.8 J822 Clinical mastitis in cows treated with sometribove (recombinant bovine somatotropin) and its relationship to milk yield. White, T.C.; Madsen, K.S.; Hintz, R.L.; Sorbet, R.H.; Collier, R.J.; Hard, D.L.; Hartnell, G.F.; Samuels, W.A.; Kerchove, G. de; Adriaens, F. Champaign, Ill. : American Dairy Science Association; 1994 Aug. Journal of dairy science v. 77 (8): p. 2249-2260; 1994 Aug.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: U.S.A.; Cabt; Europe; Cabt; Dairy cows; Bovine mastitis; Somatotropin; Milk yield; Lactation stage; Animal welfare; Genetic effects; Risk; Literature reviews  Abstract:  Effect of sometribove (methionyl bovine somatotropin) on mastitis in 15 full lactation trials (914 cows) in Europe and the US and 70 short-term studies (2697 cows) in eight countries was investigated. In full lactation studies, sometribove (500 mg/2 wk) was given for 252 d, commencing 60 d postpartum. Although though herds varied considerably, incidence of clinical mastitis within a herd was similar for cows receiving control and sometribove treatments. Relative risk analyses indicated no treatment effect, and percentage of mastitis during treatment was similar for control and sometribove groups. A positive linear relationship existed between peak milk yield and mastitis incidence (percentage of cows contracting mastitis or cases per 100 cow days); sometribove treatment did not alter this relationship. Increases in mastitis related to milk yield increase from sometribove or related to genetic selection were similar. When expressed per unit of milk, mastitis incidence declined slightly as milk yield increased; this relationship was not altered by sometribove. No effect on clinical mastitis was observed in 70 commercial herds utilizing sometribove for 84 d. However, effects were significant for stage of lactation and milk yield. Overall, studies represented a wide range of research and commercial situations demonstrating that sometribove had no effect on incidence of clinical mastitis during the lactation of treatment. Furthermore, sometribove did not alter typical relationships between milk yield or herd factors and incidence of clinical mastitis.   45                                    NAL Call. No.: 41.8 V641 A clinical syndrome in imported cows subjected to environmental stress in Sudan. Suliman, H.B.; Bkhiet, H.A.; Fagiri, I. London : The Association; 1989 Aug26. The Veterinary record : journal of the British Veterinary Association v. 125 (9): p. 240; 1989 Aug26.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Sudan; Dairy cattle; Heat stress; Pneumonia; Summer; Mortality; Symptoms; Pathology   46                                       NAL Call. No.: 49 J82 A comparative physiological and behavioral study of freeze and hot-iron branding using dairy cows. Lay, D.C. Jr; Friend, T.H.; Bowers, C.L.; Grissom, K.K.; Jenkins, O.C. Champaign, Ill. : American Society of Animal Science; 1992 Apr. Journal of animal science v. 70 (4): p. 1121-1125; 1992 Apr.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Dairy cows; Branding; Pain; Heart rate; Blood plasma; Hydrocortisone; Behavioral resistance; Animal welfare  Abstract:  A public debate has recently arisen, largely surrounding the issue of pain, over whether freeze or hot-iron branding should be the preferred method of permanently identifying cattle. This study addressed that question by quantifying the following accepted measures of distress and pain over a 25-min sampling period: elevated heart rate, concentrations of cortisol, epinephrine, and norepinephrine, and escape-avoidance reactions and vocalizations. Twenty-four dairy cows (15 Holsteins and 9 Jerseys) were assigned to one of three treatments: freeze-branded (F), hot-iron-branded (H), or sham-branded (S), in which a room-temperature brander was applied. Plasma epinephrine and norepinephrine concentrations showed no discernible trends. Plasma cortisol concentrations were elevated in the F and H cows from 5.5 min to 25.5 min postbranding (P = .04). Heart rate, analyzed as a proportion of the prebranding mean, showed that H cows had a greater, more acute, response than did F cows (P = .04), which exhibited a more prolonged response (P = .07). No cows vocalized during branding; however, H cows had a greater escape-avoidance reaction toward branding than did the F and S cows. Both methods of branding produced elevated heart rates and cortisol concentrations indicative of pain sensations. Because the cows exhibited a greater escape-avoidance reaction and heart rate proportions to hot-iron branding, freeze banding would be preferable to hot-iron branding when feasible.   47                                  NAL Call. No.: SF967.M3N32 A comparison of bedding material for dairy cows--a case study. Visser, R.Q. Arlington, Va. : The Council; 1994. Annual meeting /. p. 313-318; 1994.  Meeting held on January 31-February 2, 1994, Orlando, Florida.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: South  Africa; Cabt; Dairy cows; Litter; Animal welfare; Cubicles; Hygiene; Sand; Calcrete; Maize byproducts; Covers   48                                      NAL Call. No.: 8 P832J Complete rations containing coarsely chopped or ground hay for dairy cows in confinement vs. conventional grazing. Randel, P.F. Rio Piedras, R.R. : University of Puerto Rico, Agricultural Experiment Station; 1991 Jul. The Journal of agriculture of the University of Puerto Rico v. 75 (3): p. 241-252; 1991 Jul.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Puerto Rico; Dairy cows; Cattle breeds; American brown swiss; Holstein-friesian; Complete feeds; Feed intake; Feed supplements; Restricted feeding; Unrestricted feeding; Liveweight; Milk yield   49                                    NAL Call. No.: 44.8 J822 Compressed baled alfalfa hay for primiparous and multiparous dairy cows. Beauchemin, K.A.; Rode, L.M. Champaign, Ill. : American Dairy Science Association; 1994 Apr. Journal of dairy science v. 77 (4): p. 1003-1012; 1994 Apr.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Dairy cows; Alfalfa hay; Compaction; Mastication; Digestibility; Milk yield; Body weight; Nutrient intake; Milk composition; Lactation number; Energy balance; Rumination; Transit time  Abstract:  Compressed baled alfalfa hay was fed to cows, and the effects productivity, chewing activities, and digestion were measured using a replicated 4 X 4 Latin square design. Cows received second-cutting alfalfa hay (20% CP; 40% NDF) from either compressed or standard small rectangular bales at two forage to concentrate ratios (35:65 and 65:35, DM basis). Compressed hay did not affect milk yield, although milk fat content was higher (2.90 vs. 2.68%). Higher concentrate diets increased milk yield (32.2 vs. 28.3 kg/d), lowered milk fat (2.66 vs. 2.91%), and increased milk protein 3.16 vs. 2.99%) and lactose (5.06 vs. 4.99%) with no interaction between concentrate proportion and hay type. Cows fed compressed bales spent less time eating per kilogram of DM and NDF consumed than cows fed standard bales, but rumination time was unaffected by forage processing. For cows fed both types of hay, digestibilities of DM, ADF, and NDF were similar; ruminal liquid out-flow rates also were similar, but rate of particulate passage from the reticulorumen was greater for cows receiving compressed hay. Compressing alfalfa hay did not adversely affect forage quality but increased the ease of shipping and handling and minimized storage space requirements. This process may be beneficial when higher milk fat content is desirable or when cows have limited time to consume forage.   50                                      NAL Call. No.: 8 P832J Confinement feeding of dairy cows based on stargrass as green chopped fodder or hay. Randel, P.F.; Fernandez-van Cleve, J. Mayaguez : University of Puerto Rico, Agricultural Experiment Station; 1988 Apr. The Journal of agriculture of the University of Puerto Rico v. 72 (2): p. 231-246; 1988 Apr.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Puerto Rico; Dairy cows; Holstein-friesian; Brown swiss; Feed intake; Green fodders; Hay; Unrestricted feeding; Milk production; Feed composition tables   51                                    NAL Call. No.: 44.8 J822 Continuous computer acquisition of feed and water intakes, chewing, reticular motility, and ruminal pH of cattle. Dado, R.G.; Allen, M.S. Champaign, Ill. : American Dairy Science Association; 1993 Jun. Journal of dairy science v. 76 (6): p. 1589-1600; 1993 Jun.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Dairy cows; Feed intake; Mastication; Deglutition; Water intake; Measurement; Instruments; Computer hardware; Computer software; Rumen; Ph  Abstract:  The monitoring of feeding, chewing, and ruminal activity was integrated into one data acquisition system for continuous measurement of 12 dairy cows. Feed mangers were hung from single-point load cells for measurement of feed disappearance from individual stalls. Water flow meters, inserted in supply lines for each stall, generated pulse output for electronic summation of water intake. Jaw movements were detected with a water-filled tube connected to a pressure transducer under the cow's jaw to determine chewing activity. Similar tubes were used to detect contractions in the reticulum. Ruminal pH was monitored continuously with an electrode and pH transmitter. All signals were processed and recorded on a microcomputer using commercially available computer hardware and software. One file was written for each cow monitored. Data were interpreted using algorithms developed with SAS software. Two studies were conducted with 10 lactating cows to evaluate the performance of acquisition hardware, protocols, and interpretation algorithms. Use of only one algorithm to interpret behavior of many cows sacrificed accuracy of bout time borders for some individual cows. Nonetheless, high correlations (r greater than or equal to .85) between computer-interpreted and manually determined variables indicated that performance of the acquisition system was acceptable. With continuous measurement of many cow feeding variables, a more complete understanding of dietary effects on digestive function and performance is possible.   52                                NAL Call. No.: 275.29 N811NC Cool cows can conceive. Washburn, S.P. Raleigh, N.C. : North Carolina Agricultural Extension Service; 1989 Apr. North Carolina dairy extension newsletter. p. 4-5; 1989 Apr.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Dairy cows; Heat stress; Summer; Conception rate   53                                     NAL Call. No.: SF191.D3 Cool cows equal persistent production. Sauber, C.M. Minnetonka, Minn. : Miller Publishing Company; 1989 May. Dairy herd management v. 26 (5): p. 20-24, 26; 1989 May.  Language:  English  Descriptors: South Carolina; Florida; New York; Texas; Arizona; Dairy herds; Heat stress; Cooling systems   54                                       NAL Call. No.: 6 AR44 Cool dairy cows more productive. Kingdon, L.B. Phoenix, Ariz. : Elliott L. Cushman; 1985 Jun. Arizona farmer-stockman v. 64 (6): p. 11; 1985 Jun.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Arizona; Dairy cows; Evaporative coolers; Milk production   55                                NAL Call. No.: 275.29 N811NC Cooling cows with sprinklers and fans. Knott, F.N. Raleigh, N.C. : North Carolina Agricultural Extension Service; 1988 May. North Carolina dairy extension newsletter. p. 3; 1988 May.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Dairy cows; Heat stress; Air conditioning; Fans   56                                  NAL Call. No.: SF967.M3N32 Cooling ponds and milk quality. Bray, D.R.; DeLorenzo, M.A.; Elvinger, F.C.; Beede, D.K.; Shearer, J.K.; Reed, P.A.; Boosinger, J. Arlington, Va. : The Council; 1989. Annual meeting - National Mastitis Council, Inc (28th): p. 188-197; 1989. Meeting held on February 9-11, 1989, Tampa, Florida.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Florida; Dairy cows; Heat stress; Cooling; Ponds; Milk quality; Bovine mastitis; Water quality   57                                    NAL Call. No.: 44.8 J822 Correlation of indices of stress with intensity of electrical shock for cows. Lefcourt, A.M.; Kahl, S.; Akers, R.M. Champaign, Ill. : American Dairy Science Association; 1986 Mar. Journal of dairy science v. 69 (3): p. 833-842; 1986 Mar.  Literature review. Includes 45 references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Dairy cows; Stress; Shock; Electric current; Animal behavior; Milk yield; Correlation analysis   58                                  NAL Call. No.: aHD1401.J68 Cost, supply, and farm structure: a pedagogical note. Teigen, L.D. Washington, D.C : U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Economic Research Service : [Supt. of Docs., U.S. G.P.O., distributor], 1987-; 1993. Journal of agricultural economics research v. 45 (1): p. 27-32; 1993. Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: U.S.A.; Cabt; Dairy farms; Production costs; Production functions; Marginal analysis; Structural change; Economic dualism; Livestock numbers  Abstract:  Starting with an individual firm and its quadratic production function, this paper derives all related functions: marginal and average cost, supply, profit, and input demand. Since derivatives in other functions correspond to parameters of the quadratic, the results generalize. Explicit aggregation from firm to market shows that properly specified aggregate functions depend on firm numbers. To illustrate the results, marginal and average cost functions for several dairy farms are drawn to scale, noting that large farms get more output per cow than small farms. Juxtaposing the cost curves with trends in dairy farms by size shows the link between firm- level profit and structural change.   59                                    NAL Call. No.: 44.8 J822 Cow sensitivity to electricity during milking. Aneshansley, D.J.; Gorewit, R.C.; Price, L.R. Champaign, Ill. : American Dairy Science Association; 1992 Oct. Journal of dairy science v. 75 (10): p. 2733-2741; 1992 Oct.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Dairy cows; Electricity; Animal behavior; Electric current; Milking rate; Milk yield; Milk composition; Lactation number; Residual milk; Blood serum; Hydrocortisone; Animal welfare  Abstract:  Alternating currents were delivered to lactating cattle through the milk during milking. Electrodes were placed at the top of each short milk tube and jointed for one electrical contact. A metal grid on which the cows' rear hooves stood during milking was the second contact. Constant voltages (0 to 16 V) applied to contacts showed first lactation cows to be more sensitive than multiple lactation cows. First lactation cows kicked milking machines at 8 V (currents > 5 mA), and multiple lactation cows kicked at 16 V (currents > 8 mA). At lower voltages, there were no consistent significant differences in milking duration, milk yield, or composition for primary or residual milk. Application of constant currents of 5 mA for first lactation cows and 8 mA for multiple lactation cows produced no undesired behaviors but did result in some differences in production variables. Milking duration decreased during application of constant current to first lactation cows. Blood cortisol monitored in the multiple lactation cows during trial 2 showed a significant increase during milking but was equivalent or less during application of current. This study demonstrates that currents of 5 mA or less, delivered through the milk line, did not produce any direct economic effect. To produce this current, voltages on the milk pipe line would have to be in excess of 125 V (obvious human safety hazard) or in excess of 5 V on the claw of the milking cluster.   60                                    NAL Call. No.: 41.8 R312 Cow-calf behaviour in relation to first suckling. Ventorp, M.; Michanek, P. London : British Veterinary Association; 1991 Jul. Research in veterinary science v. 51 (1): p. 6-10; 1991 Jul.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Dairy cows; Calves; Newborn animals; Suckling; Postpartum period; Feeding behavior; Animal behavior; Teats; Time  Abstract:  For the newborn calf, the length of time between birth and when (and if) it manages to obtain its first suckle plays an important role in the acquisition of passive immunity. In a study of 21 pairs of dairy cows and their calves, loose housed in individual calving boxes, the calves suckled for the first time at a median of four hours, nine minutes after birth. Nineteen suckled within 12 hours, with a range between 50 minutes and 11 hours, 44 minutes. Calves that were active early usually suckled early. However, irrespective of the start of a calf's activities, long pauses while teat seeking played a decisive role in the time of the first suckling. Factors which affected the periodicity and length of these pauses would therefore greatly influence the time of the first suckling.   61                                   NAL Call. No.: HV4701.A35 Crack for cows?. Kimbrell, A. Englewood, Colo. : American Humane Association, Animal Protection Division; 1994. Advocate v. 12 (1): p. 22-23; 1994.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Dairy cows; Somatotropin; Animal welfare   62                                      NAL Call. No.: S67.E22 Daily temperature and reproductive efficiency in the Southeast Louisiana Experiment Station dairy herd: 1983-1988. Ingraham, R.H.; French, D.D.; Morgan, E.B.; Anthony, T.Y.; Kappel, L.C. Baton Rouge?, La. : The Station; 1988. Annual progress report - Southeast Research Station, Louisiana Agricultural Experiment Station. p. 209-215; 1988.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Louisiana; Dairy cows; Conception rate; Heat stress   63                                    NAL Call. No.: 44.8 J822 Dairy animal welfare: current and needed research. Albright, J.L. Champaign, Ill. : American Dairy Science Association; 1987 Dec. Journal of dairy science v. 70 (12): p. 2711-2731; 1987 Dec.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Dairy cattle; Animal welfare; Conferences; Dairy research; Animal behavior   64                             NAL Call. No.: SF196.U6D35 1993 Dairy care practices. Bath, Donald L.; Stull, Carolyn; DePeters, Ed; Beall, Gary, Oakland, Calif.? : Dairy Workgroup : University of California, Cooperative Extension, [1993?]; 1993. i, 48 p. ; 28 cm. (Animal care series).  Cover title.  Includes bibliographical references (p. 41-42) and index.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Dairy cattle; Dairy farming   65                                NAL Call. No.: SF61.M35 1988 Dairy cattle., 3rd ed. Leaver, J.D. London : Bailliere Tindall; 1988. Management and welfare of farm animals. p. 13-45. ill; 1988.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: United  Kingdom; Dairy cattle; Cattle husbandry; Milk production; Animal welfare; Cattle housing; Animal feeding; Reproduction; Disease control   66                               NAL Call. No.: SF201.R47 1987 Dairy cattle production systems and management systems. Thysen, I.; Kristensen, E.S.; Sorensen, J.T.; Ostergaard, V. Copenhagen : Landhusholdningsselkabets Forlag; 1987. Research in cattle production : Danish status and perspectives : contribution in honor of A. Neimann-Sorensen, 1 May 1987 / [B. Bech Andersen ... et al.].. p. 169-182; 1987.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Denmark; Dairy herds; Dairy cows; Cow housing; Farm dairies; Cattle husbandry; Animal feeding; Costs; Grazing; Animal research   67                                   NAL Call. No.: HV4702.H85 The dairy cow debacle: the government mandates face branding. Fox, M.W. Washington, D.C. : The Humane Society of the United States; 1986. The Humane Society of the United States News v. 31 (3): p. 4-9. ill; 1986.  Language:  English  Descriptors: U.S.A.; Dairy cows; Faces; Branding; Usda; Societies; Animal welfare; Legislation   68                                    NAL Call. No.: 44.8 J824 A dairy farm survey of antibiotic treatment practices, residue control methods and associations with inhibitors in milk. McEwen, S.A.; Meek, A.H.; Black, W.D. Ames, Iowa : International Association of Milk, Food, and Environmental Sanitarians; 1991 Jun. Journal of food protection v. 54 (6): p. 454-459; 1991 Jun.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Canada; Milk; Antibiotic residues; Farm surveys; Farm management; Control methods; Inhibitors; Food contamination; Testing; Medicated feeds; Regression analysis  Abstract:  A mail survey was conducted of dairy producers who had received a positive bulk milk antibiotic residue test result in a two-year period (1987-88) of government monitoring (case farms) and farms that were negative for all tests conducted in the same period (control farms). Farmers were asked to complete questionnaires designed to determine dairy management practices, as well as, antibiotic handling and residue prevention methods. Using multiple logistic regression analysis, and adjusting for the size of the milking herd, the following factors were associated with increased risk of antibiotic residues in milk: the use of part-time assistance in milking, use of a milking parlor and increased estimated frequency of intramammary antibiotic treatments. Unconditionally, significantly more control farmers used separate equipment to milk treated cows rather than simply attempting to divert milk from the bulk tank. Controls were also more likely to vary the withholding time of milk for different drugs. Other significant differences between cases and controls with respect to residue prevention methods were observed, however, some of these may have been due to changes instituted on case farms after the antibiotic residue violations occurred. For example, significantly more case than control farmers reported using on-farm residue test kits and marking of treated animals as residue prevention methods and more case farmers believed that failure to keep good records of treatment was an important factor in residue occurrence. No significant differences were observed in the proportions of case and control farms that used medicated feed, in the number of people employed on the farm, or in the general knowledge of antibiotic residue prevention.   69                                  NAL Call. No.: SF967.M3N32 Dairy free stall bedding systems and udder health. Britten, A.M. Arlington, Va. : The Council; 1994. Annual meeting /. p. 292-299; 1994.  Meeting held on January 31-February 2, 1994, Orlando, Florida.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Dairy cows; Cattle husbandry; Hygiene; Udders; Litter; Cubicles   70                                    NAL Call. No.: 44.8 J822 Dairy herd improvement: meeting the information needs of the dairy industry through a totally integrated cooperative. Whittaker, W.G. Champaign, Ill. : American Dairy Science Association; 1994 Jul. Journal of dairy science v. 77 (7): p. 1992-1998; 1994 Jul.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Dairy herds; Milk production; Information needs; Grazing; Production costs; Dairy industry; Dairy cooperatives; Dairy farms; Profitability  Abstract:  The New Zealand dairy industry comprises 2.5 million dairy cows milked in 14,600 herds. Dairy herd improvement has been restructured over the past 8 yr into a single legal entity operating as a farmer cooperative company. The cooperative encompasses the national milk records operations; a single dairy records processing center with an associated national animal database; the development, management, and calculation of sire and cow evaluations; and the deployment of scientific and technical resources for research and development of products and services. Also included is 1) the operation of the country's largest progeny- testing program, an artificial breeding, semen, and inseminating service commanding 80% of the artificial insemination market, and 2) the management of the industry's farm extension service. The extension service and the marginal cost of developing and operating sire and cow evaluations are funded through an industry grant. All other operations, including farm management information, are fully funded by users. The totally integrated operation allows cost-effective utilization of personnel, facilities, and equipment. Industry management information is made available to the industry, universities, and research organizations without charge.   71                               NAL Call. No.: SF239.I45 1985 Dairy housing and equipment handbook., [Rev.]. Ames, Iowa : The Service; 1985. Illinois-Iowa dairy handbook / University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign [and] Iowa State University at Ames, Cooperative Extension Service. 113 p. ill., maps; 1985.  (MWPS-7), 4th ed., 1985.  Language:  English  Descriptors: U.S.A.; Dairy cattle; Cow housing; Calf housing; Dairy equipment; Farm equipment; Handbooks   72                                    NAL Call. No.: 44.8 IN28 Dairy management practices of bovines in key village and non- key village areas around Karnal. Agarwal, S.B.; Sharma, K.N.S. New Delhi : Indian Dairy Association; 1986 Mar. The Indian journal of dairy science v. 29,i.e.39 (1): p. 6-12; 1986 Mar. Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Haryana; Cows; Buffaloes; Dairy farming; Milking; Animal feeding; Animal breeding; Animal housing   73                              NAL Call. No.: SF206.I58  1994 Dairy systems for the 21st century proceedings of the Third International Dairy Housing Conference, 2-5 February, 1994, Orlando, Florida..  Dairy systems for the Twenty-first century Bucklin, Ray American Society of Agricultural Engineers International Dairy Housing Conference 3rd : 1994 : Orlando, Fla. St. Joseph, Mich. : American Society of Agricultural Engineers,; 1994. xv, 858 p. : ill. ; 23 cm.  Includes bibliographical references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Dairy cattle; Milking parlors   74                                   NAL Call. No.: TH4911.F37 Dairy unit for the Falkland Islands. Watson, G.A.L. Aberdeen : Scottish Farm Buildings Investigation Unit; 1985 Jul. Farm building progress (81): p. 27-28. ill; 1985 Jul.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Falkland Islands; Dairy cattle; Cow housing; Building construction   75                                   NAL Call. No.: FICHE S-72 Dairy youngstock environment in Pennsylvania--a survey. Heinrichs, A.J.; Graves, R.E.; Kiernan, N.E. St. Joseph, Mich. : The Society; 1985. American Society of Agricultural Engineers (Microfiche collection) (fiche no. 85-4548): 17 p.; 1985.  Paper presented at the 1985 Winter Meeting of the American Society of Agricultural Engineers. Available for purchase from: The American Society of Agricultural Engineers, Order Dept., 2950 Niles Road, St. Joseph, Michigan 49085. Telephone the Order Dept. at (616) 429-0300 for information and prices.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Pennsylvania; Dairy cattle; Calves; Heifers; Housing; Farming; Practice   76                                   NAL Call. No.: TH4911.F37 Darnaway Farm Visitor Centre, Forres. Sommer, M. Aberdeen : Scottish Farm Buildings Investigation Unit; 1985 Jul. Farm building progress (81): p. 17-21. ill., maps; 1985 Jul.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Scotland; Dairy farming; Visitor centers; Cow housing; Demonstration farms   77                                    NAL Call. No.: 44.8 J822 Data modeling for database design in production and health monitoring systems for dairy herds. Lescourret, F.; Genest, M.; Barnouin, J.; Chassagne, M.; Faye, B. Champaign, Ill. : American Dairy Science Association; 1993 Apr. Journal of dairy science v. 76 (4): p. 1053-1062; 1993 Apr.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Dairy cows; Dairy herds; Databases; Monitoring; Milk production; Models; Life history; Cattle feeding; Farm management  Abstract:  Monitoring systems, increasingly used in dairy herds, require carefully designed databases. Database design involves modeling, which is generally not treated in papers dealing with such monitoring systems. We present general rules of data modeling based on the analysis of the semantic structure of information and their application to the construction of five basic data models. Such models are not database structures; a single model can be translated into different database structures. Modeling choices related to utilization requirements are explained. The models provide a sound basis for database schemes that prevent redundancy and support various applications in production and health monitoring systems for dairy herds and refer to information sets at either the cow or the farm level, including unique life history features, individual morbidity, production and reproduction performance, herd management systems, and feeding practices. The efficiency of the models is illustrated by their contribution to a real database; emphasis is on their integration into a model, on the ease of translation into relational database tables, and on subsequent database performance.   78                                   NAL Call. No.: FICHE S-72 Delays in drinking due to AC voltages. Gorewit, R.C.; Aneshansley, D.J.; Ludington, D.C.; Pellerin, R.A. St. Joseph, Mich. : The Society; 1988. American Society of Agricultural Engineers (Microfiche collection) (fiche no. 88-3524): 16 p. ill; 1988.  Paper presented at the 1988 Winter Meeting of the American Society of Agricultural Engineers. Available for purchase from: The American Society of Agricultural Engineers, Order Dept., 2950 Niles Road, St. Joseph, Michigan 49085. Telephone the Order Dept. at (616) 429-0300 for information and prices.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Dairy cattle; Housing; Stray voltage; Drinking behavior   79                                     NAL Call. No.: 58.8 J82 Design loads for slatted floors in cattle buildings. Dumelow, J.; Sharples, T. London : Academic Press; 1993 Jun. Journal of agricultural engineering research v. 55 (2): p. 171-175; 1993 Jun. Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Cattle housing; Dairy cows; Slatted floors; Loads; Design  Abstract:  The live loads exerted by large dairy cows on a reinforced concrete cattle slat were measured. The horizontal and vertical design live loads obtained from analysis of the data were both slightly higher than current BSI recommendations.   80                                    NAL Call. No.: SF55.P3A5 Design of an ideal stanchion type commercial dairy barn for Bangladesh. Wallah, M.W. Mymensingh, Bangladesh : Bangladesh Animal Husbandry Association; 1986. Bangladesh journal of animal science v. 15 (1/2): p. 62-68. ill; 1986. Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Bangladesh; Dairy cows; Cow housing; Barns; Design; Herd size   81                                   NAL Call. No.: SF221.D342 Design of dairy cow housing systems in the United Kingdom. Sumner, J. Ames, Iowa : International Association of Milk, Food and Environmental Sanitarians, Inc; 1991 Nov. Dairy, food and environmental sanitation v. 11 (11): p. 650-653; 1991 Nov. Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Uk; Dairy cows; Cow housing; Design; Trends; Cubicles   82                                 NAL Call. No.: SF779.5.A1B6 The design of feeding barriers and managers and its effect on incidence of injuries and feed wastage. Cermak, J. Stillwater, Okla. : American Association of Bovine Practitioners; 1988 Nov. The Bovine practitioner (23): p. 74-75; 1988 Nov.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Heifers; Dairy cows; Beef bulls; Managers; Animal feeding; Barriers; Design; Injuries; Incidence; Feeds; Wastage   83                                 NAL Call. No.: SF779.5.A1B6 Design of slip-resistant surfaces for dairy cattle buildings. Cermak, J. Stillwater, Okla. : American Association of Bovine Practitioners; 1988 Nov. The Bovine practitioner (23): p. 76-78; 1988 Nov.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Dairy cattle; Cattle housing; Surfaces; Floors; Slips; Prevention   84                                  NAL Call. No.: SF967.M3N32 Designing dairy facilities to assist in management and to enhance animal environment. Bickert, W.G. Arlington, Va. : The Council; 1994. Annual meeting /. p. 232-240; 1994.  Meeting held on January 31-February 2, 1994, Orlando, Florida.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Milking parlors; Structural design; Planning; Barns; Cattle husbandry; Farm equipment   85                                  NAL Call. No.: 275.29 W27P Designing dairy free stalls. Gamroth, M.J.; Moore, J.A. Pullman, Wash. : The Service; 1987 Sep. Extension bulletin - Washington State University, Cooperative Extension Service (321): 4 p. ill; 1987 Sep.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Washington; Dairy cows; Stalls; Cow housing   86                                   NAL Call. No.: FICHE S-72 Designing secondary electrical systems to minimize neutral-to- earth voltage. Surbrook, T.C.; Reese, N.D.; Althouse, J.R. St. Joseph, Mich. : The Society; 1988. American Society of Agricultural Engineers (Microfiche collection) (fiche no. 88-3526): 8 p.; 1988.  Paper presented at the 1988 Winter Meeting of the American Society of Agricultural Engineers. Available for purchase from: The American Society of Agricultural Engineers, Order Dept., 2950 Niles Road, St. Joseph, Michigan 49085. Telephone the Order Dept. at (616) 429-0300 for information and prices.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Cattle housing; Dairy cows; Stray voltage; Animal behavior   87                                 NAL Call. No.: SF91.I5 1988 Developing improved designs of skid-resistant floors for dairy cattle buildings. Dumelow, J.; Albutt, R. St. Joseph, Mich. : American Society of Agricultural Engineers; 1988. Livestock environment III : proceedings of the Third International Livestock Environment Symposium, April 25-27, 1988, Constellation Hotel, Toronto, Ontario, Canada. p. 163-170. ill; 1988. (ASAE publication ; 1-88).  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: United  Kingdom; Farm dairies; Floors; Concrete; Surface roughness; Lameness; Slip resistant finishes; Instrumentation; Simulation   88                                    NAL Call. No.: 44.8 J822 Developmental changes in embryonic resistance to adverse effects of maternal heat stress in cows. Ealy, A.D.; Drost, M.; Hansen, P.J. Champaign, Ill. : American Dairy Science Association; 1993 Oct. Journal of dairy science v. 76 (10): p. 2899-2905; 1993 Oct.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Dairy cows; Embryos; Embryonic development; Heat stress; Body temperature; Heat tolerance; Embryo mortality  Abstract:  The objective of this study was to determine whether bovine embryos become more resistant to deleterious effects of maternal heat stress as early embryonic development progresses. Superovulated, lactating Holstein cows were bred by AI and assigned to be heat stressed on d 1, 3, 5, or 7 of pregnancy (d 0 = day of estrus) or not heat stressed (control). Embryos were retrieved from the uterus on d 8 and evaluated for viability and stage of development. Compared with embryos of control cows, embryos of cows receiving heat stress on d 1 had decreased viability and development. Maternal heat stress on other days had no detrimental effect on embryonic viability or stage of development. Bovine embryos become more resistant to adverse effects of maternal heat stress as pregnancy progresses; substantial resistance develops by d 3. This information may be useful in design of environmental modification systems that provide cooling at critical periods of gestation to enhance pregnancy rates during summer in hot climates.   89                                    NAL Call. No.: 41.8 C163 Diurnal patterns of estrous behavior of dairy cows housed in a free stall. Amyot, E.; Hurnik, J.F. Ottawa : Agricultural Institute of Canada; 1987 Sep. Canadian journal of animal science v. 67 (3): p. 605-614; 1987 Sep.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Dairy cows; Estrous behavior; Diurnal variation; Illumination; Cow housing; Estrus; Detection   90                                    NAL Call. No.: 44.8 J822 Diurnal temperature patterns of early lactating cows with milking parlor cooling. Araki, C.T.; Nakamura, R.M.; Kam, L.W.G.; Clarke, N.L. Champaign, Ill. : American Dairy Science Association; 1985 Jun. Journal of dairy science v. 68 (6): p. 1496-1501. ill; 1985 Jun.  Includes 10 references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Dairy cows; Body temperature; Cooling; Milking parlors; Milking interval   91                                    NAL Call. No.: 44.8 J822 Dry period heat stress relief effects on prepartum progesterone, calf birth weight, and milk production. Wolfenson, D.; Flamenbaum, I.; Berman, A. Champaign, Ill. : American Dairy Science Association; 1988 Mar. Journal of dairy science v. 71 (3): p. 809-818; 1988 Mar.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Dairy cows; Heat stress; Dry period; Prepartum period; Progesterone; Milk production; Calves; Birth weight   92                                  NAL Call. No.: HV4804.A3A4 Dying for the dairy. Petersfield [Hampshire] : Compassion in World Farming; 1987 Jun. Agscence : news & comments on agriculture and the environment (88): p. 2-3. ill; 1987 Jun.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Dairy cows; Animal health; Pain; Animal welfare; Disease prevention; Animal husbandry; Somatotropin; Stress   93                                  NAL Call. No.: 290.9 AM32T A dynamic weight logging system for dairy cows. Ren, J.; Buck, N.L.; Spahr, S.L. St. Joseph, Mich. : American Society of Agricultural Engineers; 1992 Mar. Transactions of the ASAE v. 35 (2): p. 719-725; 1992 Mar.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Dairy cows; Liveweight; Milking parlors; Cattle weighers; Computer techniques  Abstract:  A scale for automatically weighing dairy cows was developed and tested. The scale consists of a weigh bridge supported by two load bars placed in the return alley of a milking parlor. When a cow walks over the weigh bridge, each load bar generates an analog signal. A summing amplifier combines the signals. An ADC-1 data acquisition device digitizes and transmits the amplifier output to the serial port of a computer. A program written in C records the cow's weight and identification number. At the end of milking, another program processes the recorded raw data and computes the measured weight of each cow detected.   94                                    NAL Call. No.: 44.8 J822 Economic, political, and global demands on the United States dairy industry. Olson, K.E. Champaign, Ill. : American Dairy Science Association; 1993 Oct. Journal of dairy science v. 76 (10): p. 3133-3142; 1993 Oct.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Dairy cows; Milk production; International trade; Animal welfare; Food safety; Consumer attitudes; Dairy technology; Technology transfer; Dairy industry; Trends  Abstract:  Since 1970, average milk production per cow in the US has increased by 2321 kg. During this time, the number of cows has decreased by 2,010,000, and the number of farms with milk cows is less than one-third the previous level. These trends are likely to continue. Although increased productivity has made US producers among the most efficient in the world, many challenges will emerge in the near future. Reduced government involvement that is partially due to budget constraints will contribute to greater price variations than in the past; international trade may offer new opportunities for increased sales if current trade negotiations are successful; and environmental concerns, animal welfare issues, and consumer preferences will continue to challenge the industry. Basic and applied research, technology transfer, and responsible legislation will be needed to assist the industry in meeting these challenges. Most of all, active producer participation in setting research priorities and the legislative agenda is necessary for the industry to progress.   95                                    NAL Call. No.: 44.8 J822 Economic weights for milk yield traits and herd life under various economic conditions and production quotas. Harris, B.L.; Freeman, A.E. Champaign, Ill. : American Dairy Science Association; 1993 Mar. Journal of dairy science v. 76 (3): p. 868-879; 1993 Mar.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Dairy cows; Linear models; Linear programming; Dairy traits; Economic impact; Milk prices; Milk production costs; Quotas; Herd structure  Abstract:  A linear programming model was used to derive economic weights for yield traits and herd life from a farm system under different milk markets, protein to fat price ratios, and feed costs. The model allowed optimization of the system over time, simultaneously optimizing management resource and capital allocation and optimizing future genetics of the animal. The change from fluid to manufacturing use of milk had considerable effect on the economic weights for the yield traits but little effect on the weights for herd life. The effect of changes in feed costs was greatest on the economic weights for herd life. Changes in the protein to fat price ratio had little effect on the economic weights for milk carrier yield and herd life but affected the relative magnitudes for fat and protein yields substantially. Economic weights were computed with milk carrier quota, fat quota, and milk carrier and fat quotas, assuming constant herd size and midwestern prices and costs. Economic weights for the yield traits under quota were negative. Those for herd life increased substantially under production quotas. Economic weights were also computed when enterprise rescaling was taken into account. The optimum for rescaling the enterprise depended on the economic severity of the quota system.   96                                    NAL Call. No.: 41.8 C163 The effect of assistance at calving, injections of recombinant bovine somatotropin and jugular catheterization on serum cortisol and its influence on the GnRH-induced LH response in postpartum dairy cows. Lefebvre, D.M.; Gallo, G.F.; Block, E. Ottawa : Agricultural Institute of Canada; 1990 Jun. Canadian journal of animal science v. 70 (2): p. 723-726; 1990 Jun.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Dairy cows; Postpartum interval; Stress; Reproductive disorders; Somatotropin; Catheters; Cortisol; Lh; Gonadotropin releasing hormone   97                                    NAL Call. No.: 44.8 J822 Effect of drinking water temperature on heat stress of dairy cows. Stermer, R.A.; Brasington, C.F.; Coppock, C.E.; Lanham, J.K.; Milam, K.Z. Champaign, Ill. : American Dairy Science Association; 1986 Feb. Journal of dairy science v. 69 (2): p. 546-551; 1986 Feb.  Includes 15 references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Dairy cows; Heat stress; Chilling; Drinking water; Temperatures; Body temperature; Respiration rate   98                                     NAL Call. No.: QL750.A6 The effect of environment and stage of the oestrous cycle on the behaviour of diary cows. Phillips, C.J.C.; Schofield, S.A. Amsterdam : Elsevier Science Publishers, B.V.; 1990 Aug. Applied animal behaviour science v. 27 (1/2): p. 21-31; 1990 Aug.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Dairy cows; Estrous cycle; Sexual behavior; Behavior patterns; Cow housing; Cubicles; Pastures   99                                   NAL Call. No.: QP251.A1T5 Effect of environmental heat stress on follicular development and steroidogenesis in lactating Holstein cows. Badinga, L.; Thatcher, W.W.; Diaz, T.; Drost, M.; Wolfenson, D. Stoneham, Mass. : Butterworth-Heinemann; 1993 Apr. Theriogenology v. 39 (4): p. 797-810; 1993 Apr.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Dairy cows; Subtropics; Summer; Shade; Graafian follicles  Abstract:  Lactating Holstein cows were utilized over two replicate periods (July and September, 1990) to examine the effect of summer heat stress on follicular growth and steroidogenesis. On day of synchronized ovulations, cows were assigned to shade (n = 11) or no shade (n = 12) management systems. Follicular development was monitored daily by ultrasonography until ovariectomy on Day 8 post estrus. At time of ovariectomy, dominant and second largest follicles were dissected from the ovary. Aromatase activity and steroid concentrations in dominant and subordinate follicles were measured. Acute heat stress had no effects on patterns of growth of first wave dominant and subordinate follicles between Days 1 and 7 of the cycle. Compared with shaded cows, the heat stressed cows did not have suppression of medium size (6 to 9 mm) follicles between Days 5 and 7. A treatment X follicle interaction was detected (P < 0.01) for follicular diameter and fluid volume at Day 8. Dominant follicles in shade were bigger (16.4 > 14.5 mm) and contained more fluid (1.9 > 1.1 ml) than dominant follicles in no shade. Conversely, subordinate follicles in no shade were bigger (10.1 > 7.9 mm) and contained more fluid (0.4 > 0.2 ml) than subordinate follicles in shade. Concentrations of estradiol in plasma and follicular fluid were higher (P < 0.01) in July than in September. Heat stress appears to alter the efficiency of follicular selection and dominance, and to have adverse effects on the quality of ovarian follicles.   100                                      NAL Call. No.: 49 N62 Effect of environmental temperature on major mineral metabolism of cows during feeding and fasting. Kume, S.; Shibata, M.; Kurihara, M.; Aii, T. Tokyo : Nihon Chikusan Gakkai; 1986 Aug. Nihon Chikusan Gakkai ho; Japanese journal of zootechnical science v. 57 (8): p. 679-686; 1986 Aug.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Dairy cows; Feeding; Fasting; Environmental temperature; Mineral metabolism; Heat stress; Calcium; Phosphorus; Magnesium   101                                   NAL Call. No.: SF600.C82 The effect of extra space on the behavior of dairy cows kept in a cubicle house. Wierenga, H.K.; Metz, J.H.M.; Hopster, H. The Hague : Martinus Nijhoff; 1985. Current topics in veterinary medicine and animal science v. 35: p. 160-170. ill; 1985.  Paper presented at the "Seminar on the Social Space for Domestic Animals," January 10-11, 1985, Brussels.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Dairy cows; Cubicles; Animal behavior; Housing density; Spacing   102                                   NAL Call. No.: 340.8 IN8 Effect of farm and simulated laboratory cold environmental conditions on the performance and physiological responses of lactating dairy cows supplemented with bovine somatotropin (BST). Becker, B.A.; Johnson, H.D.; Li, R.; Collier, R.J. Berlin, W. Ger. : Springer International; 1990. International journal of biometeorology v. 34 (3): p. 151-156; 1990.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Dairy cows; Lactating females; Somatotropin; Hormone supplements; Milk production; Milk yield; Milk composition; Feed intake; Blood chemistry; Cold stress; Environmental factors; Winter; Farm tests; Laboratory tests  Abstract:  A study was conducted to evaluate the effect of bovine somatotropin (BST) supplementation in twelve lactating dairy cows maintained in cold environmental conditions. Six cows were injected daily with 25 mg of BST; the other six were injected with a control vehicle. Cows were maintained under standard dairy management during mid-winter for 30 days. Milk production was recorded twice daily, and blood samples were taken weekly. Animals were then transferred to environmentally controlled chambers and exposed to cycling thermoneutral (15 degrees to 20 degrees C) and cycling cold (-5degrees to +5 degrees C) temperatures for 10 days in a split-reversal design. Milk production, feed and water intake, body weights and rectal temperatures were monitored. Blood samples were taken on days 1, 3, 5, 8 and 10 of each period and analyzed for plasma triiodothyronine (T3), thyroxine (T4). cortisol. insulin and prolactin. Under farm conditions, BST-treated cows produced 11% more milk than control-treated cows and in environmentally controlled chambers produced 17.4% more milk. No differences due to BST in feed or water intake, body weights or rectal temperatures were found under laboratory conditions. Plasma T3 and insulin increased due to BST treatment while no effect was found on cortisol, prolactin or T4. The results showed that the benefits of BST supplementation in lactating dairy cows were achieved under cold environmental conditions.   103                                  NAL Call. No.: QP251.A1T5 Effect of heat stress on conception in a dairy herd model under South African conditions. Du Preez, J.H.; Terblanche, S.J.; Giesecke, W.H.; Maree, C.; Welding, M.C. Stoneham, Mass. : Butterworth-Heinemann; 1991 May. Theriogenology v. 35 (5): p. 1039-1049; 1991 May.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: South  Africa; Dairy cows; Friesian; Conception rate; Heat stress; Air temperature; Relative humidity; Regression analysis; Seasonal variation  Abstract:  Three regression models are proposed for predicting reproduction in a model dairy herd under South African conditions. Conception rate (CR%) was related to mean monthly temperature-humidity index (THI) by; CR% = 31.15THI - 0.25THI(2) - 890.2, and first service conception rate (FSCR%) to THI by; FSCR% = 173.45 - 1.79THI. Conception rate was related to numerical month of the year (M) by; CR% = 11.86M - 0.82M(2) + 26.36. The relation between mean monthly THI values and the conception rate of dairy cattle is significant. Further investigations to test the proposed regression models under various dairy herd conditions and to improve reproduction in South African dairy herds are needed.   104                                    NAL Call. No.: 41.8 On1 Effect of heat stress on conception in a dairy-herd model in the Natal highlands of South Africa. Du Preez, J.H.; Willemse, J.J.C.; Ark, H. van Onderstepoort : Onderstepoort Veterinary Institute, Agricultural Research Council; 1994 Mar. The Onderstepoort journal of veterinary research v. 61 (1): p. 1-6; 1994 Mar. Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: South  Africa; Cabt; Dairy cattle; Dairy herds; Heat stress; Conception rate; Environmental temperature; Relative humidity; Seasonal variation; Models; Prediction   105                                 NAL Call. No.: 442.8 J8222 Effect of heat stress on tonic and GnRH-induced gonadotrophin secretion in relation to concentration of oestradiol in plasma of cyclic cows. Gilad, E.; Meidan, R.; Berman, A.; Graber, Y.; Wolfenson, D. Essex, U.K. : Journal of Reproduction and Fertility; 1993 Nov. Journal of reproduction and fertility v. 99 (2): p. 315-321; 1993 Nov. Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Dairy cows; Lactating females; Heat stress; Estradiol; Gnrh; Lh; Fsh; Hormone secretion; Estrous cycle  Abstract:  Effects of acute and seasonal heat stress on tonic and GnRH-induced LH and FSH secretion were examined during the early follicular phase of the oestrous cycle of cows (n = 40). Prostaglandin F2alpha was injected on day 11 +/- 1 of the oestrous cycle and on the next day blood samples were collected at intervals of 15-20 min for 14 h, and i.m. injection of GnRH was given after 7 h. Treatments compared were control versus acute heat stress during blood sampling in winter, and cooled versus chronic heat stress in summer. Before GnRH injection, chronic heat stress in summer did not affect basal concentrations of plasma LH, but did lower LH pulse amplitude. However, in cows with low plasma oestradiol (1.9 +/- 0.2 pg ml-1), the mean and basal concentrations and amplitude of tonic LH pulses were reduced by heat stress (3.1, 2.1 and 4.8 versus 1.9, 1.4 and 2.5 ng ml-1, respectively). In cows with high plasma oestradiol (6.3 + 0.5 pg ml-1), these parameters were not affected. In chronically heat stressed cows in summer, GnRH-induced increases in plasma LH and FSH concentrations were the same as in the cooled controls. However, in cows with low plasma oestradiol, mean concentrations of FSH in plasma (31.8 versus 25.5 ng ml-1, the peak of the GnRH-induced FSH and LH surge (FSH 47.4 versus 35.6 ng ml-1, LH 50.7 versus 37.3 ng ml-1 ) and the shape of the GnRH-induced FSH and LH curves (treatment by time interaction) were significantly lower in non-cooled versus cooled controls. The GnRH-induced increase in LH secretion was unaffected by chronic heat stress in cows with high concentrations of oestradiol in plasma. In winter, acute heat stress depressed the mean concentration of FSH in plasma and decreased the GnRH-induced release of FSH in cases with low but not with high concentrations of oestradiol in plasma. The peak of the GnRH-induced surge of LH in all acutely heat stressed cows was significantly lower in winter than in control cows, irrespective of concentrations of oestradiol in plasma. These results show that heat stress affects the secretion of gonadotrophins more in cows with low concentrations of oestradiol than in those with high concentrations of oestradiol in plasma.   106                                      NAL Call. No.: 49 J82 Effect of heat-stress on bovine embryo development in vitro. Ryan, D.P.; Blakewood, E.G.; Lynn, J.W.; Munyakazi, L.; Godke, R.A. Champaign, Ill. : American Society of Animal Science; 1992 Nov. Journal of animal science v. 70 (11): p. 3490-3497; 1992 Nov.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Dairy cattle; Embryo culture; Heat stress; Embryonic development; Carbon dioxide; Morula; Prostaglandins  Abstract:  Chronic elevation of uterine temperature has long been known to increase embryo mortality in dairy cattle. Short-term elevation in temperature of mouse embryos to 43 degrees C (acute) has been shown to induce intracellular production of heat-shock proteins. In this study, in vitro development of bovine embryos was assessed during short-term (60 h) coculture with oviduct epithelial cells at 38.6 degrees C (T1), 40 degrees C (T2), 38.6 degrees C after a prior pulse treatment (20 min) at 43 degrees C with 5% CO2 (T3), or 38.6 degrees C after a prior pulse treatment (20 min) at 43 degrees C with 100% CO2 (T4). During incubation, embryos cocultured at 40 degrees C had a greater (P < .05) mean embryo development score at 36 h than embryos cocultured at 38.6 degrees C. At 60 h of incubation, embryo development scores were greater (P < .05) for embryos cultured at 38.6 degrees C than for those cocultured at 40 degrees C. The number of embryos hatched at 60 h was similar after coculture at 38.6 degrees C (T1) or a prior pulse treatment with 5% CO2 and 43 degrees C (T3), but the embryo development score at 60 h was greater (P < .05) for the pulse-treated embryos. Embryos in T4 had greater (P < .05) embryo development scores than did T1 embryos from 36 through 60 h. Pulse treatment (T4) resulted in a greater (P < .05) number of hatched embryos at 60 h than T1, T2, and T3. These results indicate a detrimental effect of a chronic elevation in temperature that was evident shortly after embryo hatching. However, an acute rise in temperature at the morula stage increased the rate of embryo development. This may be associated with the production of heat-shock proteins that enabled embryos to tolerate the in vitro stress of the culture environment.   107                                    NAL Call. No.: 23 AU792 Effect of heifer size at mating and calving on milk production during first lactation. Thomas, G.W.; Mickan, F.J. Melbourne : Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization; 1987. Australian journal of experimental agriculture v. 27 (4): p. 481-483; 1987. Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Victoria; Heifers; Dairy cows; Liveweight; Size; Calving; Milk production; Lactation; Conception; Mating   108                                    NAL Call. No.: SF601.T7 Effect of high daytime temperatures on the intake and utilisation of water in lactating Friesian cows. Richard, J.I. Edinburgh : Longman; 1985 Nov. Tropical animal health and production v. 17 (4): p. 209-217; 1985 Nov. Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Tropics; Dairy cows; Holstein-friesian; Environmental temperature; Tropical climate; Water intake; Water excretion; Acclimatization; Laboratory tests; Lactation; Heat stress   109                                  NAL Call. No.: SF55.A78A7 Effect of hot environment on Ca and P metabolism in dairy cow. Kume, S.; Takahashi, S.; Kurihara, M.; Ali, T. Suweon, Korea : Asian-Australasian Association of Animal Production Societies; 1989 Sep. Asian-Australasian journal of animal sciences v. 2 (3): p. 259-260; 1989 Sep. Paper presented at the "VII International Symposium on Ruminant Physiology: Physiological Aspects of Digestion and Metabolism in Ruminants", August 28-September 1, 1989, Sendai, Japan.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Dairy cows; Heat stress; Mineral metabolism   110                                   NAL Call. No.: 44.8 J822 Effect of Re-17 mutant Salmonella typhimurium bacterin toxoid on clinical coliform mastitis. McClure, A.M.; Christopher, E.E.; Wolff, W.A.; Fales, W.H.; Krause, G.F.; Miramonti, J. Champaign, Ill. : American Dairy Science Association; 1994 Aug. Journal of dairy science v. 77 (8): p. 2272-2280; 1994 Aug.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Dairy cows; Bovine mastitis; Coliform bacteria; Vaccination; Salmonella typhimurium; Toxoids; Lactation number; Mortality; Lactation stage; Incidence; Rain; Streptococcus  Abstract:  The objective of this study was to test the hypothesis that the incidence and severity of clinical coliform mastitis could be decreased by Re-17 mutant Salmonella typhimurium bacterin toxoid. Holstein-Friesian cows from two Arizona dairies were selected for this study based on July through November projected calving dates; peak lactation occurred during the period of highest rainfall and peak environmental stress. The cows were randomly assigned to either a vaccinate or a control group, and 1292 cows were paired by herd, parity, calving date, and milk yield. The 646 vaccinates were injected twice during the third trimester of pregnancy with an Re-17 mutant S. typhimurium bacterin toxoid, and the 646 controls were not vaccinated. Vaccinated cows had significantly fewer clinical cases of coliform mastitis with positive coliform cultures and had lower culling rate from coliform mastitis than control cows during the first 5 mo of lactation. During the same period, the mortality rate from clinical coliform mastitis was 75% less in the vaccinated clinical coliform mastitic group than in the control group. Incidence of mastitis increased with advancing parity. The Re-17 mutant Salmonella typhimurium bacterin toxoid provided cross-protection against coliform mastitis; incidence and severity of clinical coliform mastitis were significantly lowered during the first 5 months of lactation.   111                                   NAL Call. No.: 44.8 J822 Effect of season and stage of lactation on performance of Holsteins. Perera, K.S.; Gwazdauskas, F.C.; Pearson, R.E.; Brumback, T.B. Jr Champaign, Ill. : American Dairy Science Association; 1986 Jan. Journal of dairy science v. 69 (1): p. 228-236. ill; 1986 Jan.  Includes 31 references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Dairy performance; Dairy cows; Holstein-friesian; Lactation stage; Seasonal fluctuations; Animal housing; Milk production; Housing temperature and humidity; Statistical analysis   112                                      NAL Call. No.: 49 J82 Effect of soybean hull:soy lecithin-soapstock mixture on ruminal digestion and performance of growing beef calves and lactating dairy cattle. Shain, D.H.; Sindt, M.H.; Grant, R.J.; Klopfenstein, T.J.; Stock, R.A. Champaign, Ill. : American Society of Animal Science; 1993 May. Journal of animal science v. 71 (5): p. 1266-1275; 1993 May.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Dairy cows; Calves; Soybean husks; Soybean soapstock; Lectins; Rumen digestion; Crude protein; Protein digestion; Maize; Diet; Nutrient content; Feed intake; Milk yield; Milk composition; Volatile fatty acids; Energy balance; Body condition  Abstract:  Four experiments were conducted to evaluate the effect of a soybean hull, soy lecithin, and soapstock mixture on ruminal fiber and protein digestion, growth efficiency of beef calves, and lactational performance of dairy cattle. An initial mixing experiment determined that a 4:1 ratio (DM basis) of soy lecithin:soapstock could be added to soybean hulls at 15% (wt/wt, DM basis); this mixture had acceptable mixing and handling characteristics. Dietary addition of a mixture of 85% soybean hulls, 12% soy lecithin, and 3% soapstock (DM basis; SLS) to provide 0, 3, 5, or 7% supplemental fat resulted in a linear (P < .01) decrease in in situ rate of ruminal NDF digestion with no effect on rate of CP digestion. Daily gain, DMI, and feed efficiency (kilograms of gain/kilogram of DMI) of growing beef calves were not affected (P > .10) as graded levels of SLS replaced corn grain. However, as graded levels of SLS replaced soybean hulls, daily gain and feed efficiency increased linearly (P < .01). Based on the results of these trials, Holstein dairy cattle were fed four isonitrogenous and isoenergetic diets that contained either high levels of nonfiber carbohydrates (43%) and no added fat, 1% ruminally inert fat, a 6% level of SLS, or a 12% SLS level (all on DM basis). Efficiency of 4% fat-corrected milk production (kilograms of milk/kilogram of DMI) was greatest for cows fed SLS at 6% of dietary DM. The SLS mixture was an excellent source of fiber and vegetable fat, comparable in feeding value to corn grain, for inclusion in the diets of beef calves and dairy cows.   113                                    NAL Call. No.: 23 AU792 Effect of stage of lactation and feeding level on milk yield response by stall-fed dairy cows to change in pasture intake. Grainger, C. East Melbourne : Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization; 1990. Australian journal of experimental agriculture v. 30 (4): p. 495-501; 1990. Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Victoria; Dairy cows; Holstein-friesian; Jersey; Crossbreds; Inbred lines; Feed intake; Lactation; Milk composition; Milk yield; Pastures; Unrestricted feeding   114                                    NAL Call. No.: 41.8 ON1 The effect of stress on udder health of dairy cows. Giesecke, W.H. Pretoria : South Africa, Dept. of Agriculture and Water Supply; 1985 Sep. The Onderstepoort journal of veterinary research v. 52 (3): p. 175-193; 1985 Sep.  Literature review.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Dairy cows; Animal health; Stress; Lactation; Udders; Disease resistance; Environment   115                                     NAL Call. No.: 49 AN55 The effect of summer decline in conception rate on the monthly milk production pattern in Israel. Kahn, H.E. East Lothian, Scotland : Durrant; 1991 Oct. Animal production v. 53 (pt.2): p. 127-131; 1991 Oct.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Dairy cows; Heat stress; Milk production; Conception; Simulation models; Seasonal fluctuations   116                                   NAL Call. No.: 44.8 J822 Effects of a hot climate on the performance of first lactation Holstein cows grouped by coat color. King, V.L.; Denise, S.K.; Armstrong, D.V.; Torabi, M.; Wiersma, F. Champaign, Ill. : American Dairy Science Association; 1988 Apr. Journal of dairy science v. 71 (4): p. 1093-1096; 1988 Apr.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Arizona; Dairy cows; Holstein-friesian; Heat stress; Climate; Coat; Color; Milk production; Reproductive performance   117                                      NAL Call. No.: 49 J82 Effects of acute thermal stress and amount of feed intake on concentrations of somatotropin, insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-I and IGF-II, and thyroid hormones in plasma of lactating Holstein cows. McGuire, M.A.; Beede, D.K.; Collier, R.J.; Buonomo, F.C.; DeLorenzo, M.A.; Wilcox, C.J.; Huntington, G.B.; Reynolds, C.K. Champaign, Ill. : American Society of Animal Science; 1991 May. Journal of animal science v. 69 (5): p. 2050-2056; 1991 May.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Dairy cows; Heat stress; Feed intake; Insulin- like growth factor; Body temperature; Blood plasma; Somatotropin; Thyroid hormones; Restricted feeding; Environmental temperature  Abstract:  Our objective was to evaluate effects of acute thermal stress, independent of reduced feed intake caused by elevated temperatures, and of reduced feed intake in thermal comfort on plasma concentrations of somatotropin, insulin-like growth factors I and II, thyroxine, and triiodothyronine. Six Holstein cows (averaging 475 +/- 18 kg BW, 2.3 +/-.3 parities, and 96 +/- 12 d in lactation) surgically fitted with catheters in the hepatic portal vein, mesenteric vein, and intercostalis posterior artery were exposed to treatments of thermal comfort environments with ad libitum or restricted (75% of ad libitum) DM intake and a thermal stress environment with ad libitum intake in two balanced 3 X 3 Latin squares. Thermal stress increased rectal temperatures and respiration rates. Dry matter intake of the thermal-stressed cows offered feed ad libitum (11.1 +/- .7 kg/d) was similar to the experimentally imposed reduction in DM intake of the thermal comfort restricted group (11.5 +/- .7 kg/d). Dry matter intake of cows in thermal comfort was 15.1 +/- .7 kg/d. Plasma somatotropin concentrations tended (P < .08) to decrease daring thermal stress but were unchanged by amount of feed intake in thermal comfort environments. Concentrations of IGF-I were not affected by treatments. Concentrations of IGF-II tended (P < .14) to increase with thermal stress compared with thermal comfort treatments. Thyroxine concentrations tended (P < .15) to increase in the thermal stress treatment compared with the thermal comfort restricted intake treatment. Triiodothyronine tended (P < .11) to decrease with restriction in feed intake in the thermal comfort environment. Overall, effects of nutrition and thermal stress did not markedly alter concentrations of metabolic hormones in lactating dairy cows.   118                                    NAL Call. No.: 41.8 AM3 Effects of administration of recombinant bovine somatotropin on the response of lactating and nonlactating cows to heat stress. Cole, J.A.; Hansen, P.J. Schaumburg, Ill. : The Association; 1993 Jul01. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association v. 203 (1): p. 113-117; 1993 Jul01.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Dairy cows; Somatotropin; Heat stress; Solar radiation; Lactating females; Dry period; Milk yield   119                                   NAL Call. No.: 44.8 J822 Effects of bovine somatotropin on dry matter intake, milk yield, and body temperature in Holstein and Jersey cows during heat stress. West, J.W.; Mullinix, B.G.; Johnson, J.C. Jr; Ash, K.A.; Taylor, V.N. Champaign, Ill. : American Dairy Science Association; 1990 Oct. Journal of dairy science v. 73 (10): p. 2896-2906; 1990 Oct.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Dairy cows; Heat stress; Somatotropin; Feed intake; Milk yield; Body temperature; Holstein-friesian; Jersey; Body weight; Body condition   120                                   NAL Call. No.: 44.8 J822 Effects of bovine somatotropin on milk yield and composition, dry matter intake, and some physiological functions of Holstein cows during heat stress. Zoa-Mboe, A.; Head, H.H.; Bachman, K.C.; Baccari, F. Jr; Wilcox, C.J. Champaign, Ill. : American Dairy Science Association; 1989 Apr. Journal of dairy science v. 72 (4): p. 907-916; 1989 Apr.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Dairy cows; Holstein-friesian; Heat stress; Somatotropin; Milk yield; Milk composition; Dry matter; Feed intake; Shade; Hormones; Physiological functions   121                                   NAL Call. No.: 44.8 J822 Effects of bovine somatotropin on physiologic responses of lactating Holstein and Jersey cows during hot, humid weather. West, J.W.; Mullinix, B.G.; Sandifer, T.G. Champaign, Ill. : American Dairy Science Association; 1991 Mar. Journal of dairy science v. 74 (3): p. 840-851; 1991 Mar.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Dairy cows; Somatotropin; Weather; Humidity; Heat production; Heat stress; Milk; Temperature; Blood chemistry; Fatty acids  Abstract:  Thirty-one lactating Holstein and Jersey cows were used to determine the effects of daily injections of 0 or 20 mg of recombinant bST on physiologic responses during hot, humid weather. Body temperature was determined by measuring milk temperature at each milking. Jugular blood was sampled for serum analysis of selected hormones, blood metabolites, and fatty acids, and arterial blood was sampled for blood pH and blood gas analysis. Milk was characterized for fatty acid composition. Blood pH was unchanged, but partial pressure of blood CO2, blood bicarbonate, base excess, and total CO2 declined with administration of bST. Serum triglycerides increased 89% in cows receiving bST. Blood urea nitrogen tended to decline in cows receiving bST. Serum cortisol, triiodothyronine, and thyroxine did not change, but insulin- like growth factor-1 increased 128% with bST use. Reduced milk short-chain fatty acids, increased milk long-chain fatty acids, and increased blood serum C18:1 fatty acid content occurred in cows administered bST and probably reflected tissue mobilization. Cows administered bST in hot weather had higher milk temperatures. Alterations in physiologic and metabolic measures in association with higher milk temperature, suggest an interaction of bST use with hot, humid weather and reflect the need to minimize the effects of heat stress.   122                                   NAL Call. No.: 41.8 V641 Effects of coat colour on physiological responses to solar radiation in Holsteins. Hansen, P.J. London : The Association; 1990 Sep29. The Veterinary record : journal of the British Veterinary Association v. 127 (13): p. 333-334; 1990 Sep29.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Dairy cows; Holstein-friesian; Coat; Color; Solar radiation; Heat stress; Heat resistance; Shade; Milk production; Physiological functions   123                                   NAL Call. No.: 44.8 J822 Effects of daily exogenous oxytocin on lactation milk yield and composition. Nostrand, S.D.; Galton, D.M.; Erb, H.N.; Bauman, D.E. Champaign, Ill. : American Dairy Science Association; 1991 Jul. Journal of dairy science v. 74 (7): p. 2119-2127; 1991 Jul.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Dairy cows; Milk yield; Oxytocin; Injection; Milk composition; Mastitis; Milk ejection; Animal health  Abstract:  Eighty-four Holstein cows were used to determine effects of exogenous oxytocin on 305-d milk production and health. Cows were assigned at parturition by parity group to treatments: 1) oxytocin group, animals received an injection of 1 ml (20 IU) of oxytocin at each milking throughout lactation and 2) control group, animals received no injection. Oxytocin injections were given in the thigh region within 3 min following the initiation of udder preparation and immediately prior to machine attachment. Udder preparation consisted of forestripping and manual cleaning (10 to 20 s) and drying (5 to 10 s) of teats. Cows were milked in a parlor, and milk yield was recorded at each milking. Milk samples were collected from each cow biweekly for milk fat, protein, and somatic cell count determination. Individual lactations were modeled using Woods' lactation equation; resulting coefficients were analyzed using ANOVA. The oxytocin group produced 849 kg more milk during the lactation than the control group, with a significant difference occurring after peak milk yield. This suggests that exogenous oxytocin maintained greater persistency during lactation. No significant differences existed for milk fat or protein percentages. The use of exogenous oxytocin at milking increased lactation milk production with no apparent effect on health.   124                                   NAL Call. No.: 41.8 AM3A Effects of dexamethasone on shedding of Listeria monocytogenes in dairy cattle. Wesley, I.V.; Bryner, J.H.; Van Der Maaten, M.J.; Kehrli, M. Schaumburg, Ill. : American Veterinary Medical Association; 1989 Dec. American journal of veterinary research v. 50 (12): p. 2009-2013; 1989 Dec. Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Dairy cows; Listeria monocytogenes; Dexamethasone; Immunosuppression; Stress; Milk  Abstract:  Ten lactating Holstein cows that had been given multiple injections of Listeria monocytogenes (serotype 4B, Scott A strain) via the intramammary route were allotted to 2 groups: group 1 (n = 5) was treated with the synthetic glucocorticoid, dexamethasone (0.04 mg/kg of body weight), for 3 consecutive days, and group 2 (n = 5) served as controls. Two days after the initial dexamethasone injection, the number of L monocytogenes in the milk had increased nearly 15-fold (1.16 log10) over pretreatment values. On day 3, Listeria numbers in the milk had increased by 1.83 log10, compared with pretreatment values. By day 4, Listeria numbers in the milk were approximately 100-fold (2.03 log10) greater than pretreatment numbers. Numbers remained high through day 7 and, by day 11, approached pretreatment numbers. Dexamethasone administration was accompanied by high total WBC and milk somatic cell counts and decreased eosinophil and lymphocyte numbers, and decreased milk production. The increase in shedding of L monocytogenes in the milk may reflect impairment of cell-mediated immune mechanisms and phagocytic cell functions that are critical for sustaining listerial immunity.   125                                    NAL Call. No.: 100 Al1H                                                                     NSUS31.E23 Effects of different cooling and management regimes on milk production. Lin, J.C.; Moss, B.R.; Cummins, K.A.; Coleman, D.A.; Smith, R.C. III Auburn, Ala. : Agricultural Experiment Station of Auburn University, 1954-; 1993. Highlights of agricultural research v. 40 (3): p. 7; 1993.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Dairy cows; Milk production; Heat stress; Feed intake; Milk yield; Milk composition; Cooling systems   126                                   NAL Call. No.: 44.8 J822 Effects of feeding practices on milk fat concentration for dairy cows. Coulon, J.B.; Agabriel, C.; Brunscwig, G.; Muller, C.; Bonaiti, B. Champaign, Ill. : American Dairy Science Association; 1994 Sep. Journal of dairy science v. 77 (9): p. 2614-2620; 1994 Sep.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: France; Cabt; Dairy cows; Milk fat percentage; Concentrates; Cattle feeding; Rumen digestion; Dairy herds; Volatile fatty acids; Seasonal fluctuations; Farm surveys  Abstract:  Thirty-seven dairy farms, using high producing (7500 kg/yr per cow on average) Montbeliarde cows that were fed hay-based rations, were included in a detailed survey involving the structure of the farm and the herd, the quality of forage, the feeding practices in winter and summer, and genetic characteristics of the cows (breeding values and herd effects). These data were used to analyze variation in milk fat concentration among farms, particularly variation linked to environmental factors, as assessed by the herd effect. When farms were ranked according to herd effect of fat concentration, farms with the highest herd effects fed concentrate to cows in rolled form, distributed forage before or with the concentrate, and provided hay in the trough in summer. The effects of such practices on digestive phenomena in the rumen are discussed. This study supported the use of herd effects to identify factors related to variation in dairy cow performance.   127                                    NAL Call. No.: QL750.A6 The effects of handling by humans at calving and during milking on the behaviour and milk cortisol concentrations of primiparous dairy cows. Hemsworth, P.H.; Barnett, J.L.; Tilbrook, A.J.; Hansen, C. Amsterdam : Elsevier Science Publishers, B.V.; 1989 Apr. Applied animal behaviour science v. 22 (3/4): p. 313-326; 1989 Apr.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Dairy cows; Milking interval; Calving interval; Handling; Stress; Cortisol; Animal behavior   128                                   NAL Call. No.: 41.8 V641 Effects of lameness on the behaviour of cows during the summer. Hassall, S.A.; Ward, W.R.; Murray, R.D. London : The Association; 1993 Jun05. The Veterinary record : journal of the British Veterinary Association v. 132 (23): p. 578-580; 1993 Jun05.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Dairy cows; Animal welfare; Lameness   129                                   NAL Call. No.: 44.8 J822 Effects of late gestation heat stress on postpartum milk production and reproduction in dairy cattle. Moore, R.B.; Fuquay, J.W.; Drapala, W.J. Champaign, Ill. : American Dairy Science Association; 1992 Jul. Journal of dairy science v. 75 (7): p. 1877-1882; 1992 Jul.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Mississippi; Dairy cows; Heat stress; Dry period; Milk yield; Milk fat percentage; Lactation stage; Heat sums; Age; Lactation number; Precipitation; Female fertility  Abstract:  Carry-over effects of late gestation heat stress on postpartum productive and reproductive traits were estimated from DHI records using 341 lactations from six sites in Mississippi. Climatological data were gathered from records of weather stations near the sites. Using multiple linear regression analyses, predictor variables for lactations were age at calving, lactation number, maximum degree-days (above 32.2 degrees C) during the periods 30 and 60 d prepartum, and precipitation 30 and 60 d prepartum. Months and sites were indicator variables. Dependent variables included milk and fat production during early, mid, and late lactation; days to peak lactation; days open; services per conception; and body weight. Age at calving affected milk and fat production in mid and late lactation and services per conception. Degree-days for 60 d prepartum had the greatest negative influence on production variables; its statistical significance was shown in predictions of milk and fat production in early and midlactation. Days open were higher for July than for cows calving in August or September. Sites had effects on many milk and fat measurements and some reproductive traits. These results indicate that heat stress in the last 60 d of gestation has negative effects on some production variables.   130                                    NAL Call. No.: QL750.A6 Effects of number and location of water bowls and social rank on drinking behaviour and performance of loose-housed dairy cows. Andersson, M. Amsterdam : Elsevier Science Publishers B.V.; 1987 Apr. Applied animal behaviour science v. 17 (1/2): p. 19-31; 1987 Apr.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Dairy cows; Bowl drinkers; Loose housing; Drinking behavior; Dairy performance; Social structure   131                                   NAL Call. No.: 44.8 J822 Effects of premilking teat preparation on spores of anaerobes, bacteria, and iodine residues in milk. Rasmussen, M.D.; Galton, D.M.; Petersson, L.G. Champaign, Ill. : American Dairy Science Association; 1991 Aug. Journal of dairy science v. 74 (8): p. 2472-2478; 1991 Aug.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Milk; Bacterial count; Bacterial spores; Iodine; Residues; Teat dip; Iodophors; Teats; Milking  Abstract:  Premilking teat preparations using individual paper or cotton towels for either 6 or 20 s to reduce bacteria and iodine residues from teat surfaces were determined through Latin square designs applied to 50 cows. A cotton towel used for 20 s was most effective in cleaning teats, probably because of the physical structure of the towel, physical action on teat surface, and scrubbing of the teat ends. Premilking teat preparation of 6 s was inadequate to clean teats and to avoid iodine residues in milk. Teat end erosions increased iodine residue in milk. Two days after a treatment period, iodine content in milk from iodophordipped groups was similar to that of the undipped control group. Against our expectation, teat dipping with a .25% iodophor teat dip caused higher iodine residue in milk than a .50% iodophor teat dip. Differences in formulations and inert ingredients of iodophor teat dips indicate a need for further studies.   132                                   NAL Call. No.: 44.8 J822 Effects of recombinant bovine somatotropin under conditions of high production and heat stress. Lotan, E.; Sturman, H.; Weller, J.I.; Ezra, E. Champaign, Ill. : American Dairy Science Association; 1993 May. Journal of dairy science v. 76 (5): p. 1394-1402; 1993 May.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Israel; Dairy cows; Somatotropin; Injection; Heat stress; Milk yield; Milk fat percentage; Feed intake; Dry matter; Liveweight gain; Body composition; Female fertility; Lactation stage; Milk protein percentage; Milk fat yield; Milk protein yield  Abstract:  The effect of bST injection on milk production of Israeli Holsteins was tested under conditions of mean production > 9000 kg/yr and climatic stress; mean maximum and minimum summer temperatures are 38 and 25 degrees C, respectively, in the Jordan Valley, located 200 m below sea level. In 1989, 111 cows were injected, and 115 cows were recorded as controls. In 1990, 108 cows were injected, and 93 cows were included as controls. Fifty-nine of the cows injected in 1990 were also injected in 1989. Production records were corrected for parity, calving month, days to first injection, and days in milk. Injection with bST increased total lactation milk production by 12%, fat production by 15%, and protein production by 13%. Injection also resulted in slight increases in fat and protein percentages. Daily milk production during the injection period was increased by 4.4 kg. Injection during the previous lactation slightly decreased production of cows injected during the following lactation. Advancing the commencement of injection from the 4th to the 2nd mo in milk did not affect total lactation production. Weight gains and dry matter intake were higher for injected cows, but body condition score was higher for the control group. Injection had no discernible effect on fertility variables.   133                                   NAL Call. No.: 44.8 J822 Effects of recombinant methionyl bovine somatotropin (sometribove) in high producing cows milked three times daily. Jordan, D.C.; Aguilar, A.A.; Olson, J.D.; Bailey, C.; Hartnell, G.F.; Madsen, K.S. Champaign, Ill. : American Dairy Science Association; 1991 Jan. Journal of dairy science v. 74 (1): p. 220-226; 1991 Jan.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Dairy cows; Somatotropin; Milking interval; Milk production; Milk composition; Body condition; Body weight; Animal health; Mastitis  Abstract:  Effects of daily sometribove administration on milk yield and composition, body condition score, BW, and SCC were evaluated in Holstein cows milked three times daily. Lactating cows (n = 104) were assigned randomly to control or sometribove-treated (25 mg/d) groups. The experimental period was 16 wk, consisting of 2-wk pretreatment, 12-wk treatment, and 2-wk posttreatment periods. All cows were injected once daily starting at 53 to 180 d postpartum, housed in free stalls, and fed one of five total mixed rations according to milk production. Body weights were measured weekly, and body condition was scored biweekly. Milk yield was recorded daily, and weekly milk samples were analyzed for fat, protein, lactose, total solids, and SCC. Milk yield and milk protein were increased 18.8% (38.6 vs. 32.5 kg/d) and 3.3% (3.1 vs. 3.0%), respectively, whereas percentage of milk fat, lactose, SNF, SCC, and BW were unaffected by treatment. Overall average body condition scores were lower for the sometribove-treated group versus control (2.2 vs. 2.4). No apparent differences in the number of cows treated for mastitis, foot rot, displaced abomasum, or lameness were observed between treatment groups. Sometribove treatment significantly enhanced milk yield (6.1 kg/d) with no apparent negative effects on health in high producing cows milked three time per day.   134                                   NAL Call. No.: 44.8 J822 Effects of scrotal insulation on viability characteristics of cryopreserved bovine semen. Vogler, C.J.; Saacke, R.G.; Bame, J.H.; DeJarnette, J.M.; McGilliard, M.L. Champaign, Ill. : American Dairy Science Association; 1991 Nov. Journal of dairy science v. 74 (11): p. 3827-3835; 1991 Nov.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Dairy bulls; Holstein-friesian; Semen characters; Semen preservation; Scrotum; Heat stress; Spermatozoa; Cryopreservation; Insulation  Abstract:  The effect of a 48-h scrotal insulation on spermatozoal viability (motility and acrosomal integrity), before and after semen cryopreservation, was studied in six young Holstein bulls whose semen was collected twice in succession at 3-d intervals. Motility and acrosomal integrity were measured before and after incubation of semen at 37 degrees C for 3 h. For assessment of results, collection days were grouped: period 1 (control) = d -6, -3, and 0, where d 0 = initiation of scrotal insulation after semen collection; period 2 = d 3, 6, and 9 sperm presumed in the epididymis or rete testis during scrotal insulation); period 3 = d 12, 15,. . . 39 (sperm presumed in spermatogenesis during scrotal insulation). Semen was cryopreserved each collection day until morphologically abnormal cells exceeded 50% of the ejaculate (d 12 to 21). Semen viability before and after freezing was lower in period 3 than in period 1 (P < .05). These differences coincided with the appearance in period 3 of abnormal sperm morphology and depressed undiluted semen motility, which began on d 12 (P < .01). Semen collected during period 2 that was extended but unfrozen did not differ from that collected during period 1 in morphology or viability. However, for frozen semen, period 2 was significantly poorer than period 1 for both viability measurements, but only after incubation for 3 h at 37 degrees C postthaw (P < .05). We conclude that epididymal sperm are adversely affected by elevated testicular temperatures, as noted by their decreased ability to maintain motility and acrosomal integrity following cryopreservation.   135                                   NAL Call. No.: 41.8 C163 Effects of social and physical stressors on growth hormone levels in dairy cows. Munksgaard, L.; Lovendahl, P. Ottawa : Agricultural Institute of Canada; 1993 Dec. Canadian journal of animal science v. 73 (4): p. 847-853; 1993 Dec.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Somatotropin; Dairy cows; Hormone secretion; Blood plasma; Corticotropin   136                                   NAL Call. No.: 44.8 J822 Effects of somatotropin on milk yield and physiological responses during summer farm and hot laboratory conditions. Johnson, H.D.; Li, R.; Manalu, W.; Spencer-Johnson, K.J.; Becker, B.A.; Collier, R.J.; Baile, C.A. Champaign, Ill. : American Dairy Science Association; 1991 Apr. Journal of dairy science v. 74 (4): p. 1250-1262; 1991 Apr.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Dairy cows; Somatotropin; Environmental temperature; Feed conversion; Heat stress; Milk yield; Summer; Body temperature; Blood composition; Feed intake; Milk fat percentage; Milk protein percentage; Heat production  Abstract:  The effects of bST on performance and physiological responses of lactating cows was studied under farm summer and laboratory heat conditions. Twelve cows, 90 to 50 d postpartum, were injected with either bST or vehicle solution for 30 d under farm summer and 10 d under either laboratory thermoneutral or heat conditions. Somatotropin increased milk yield by 6.1 (21%), 8.1 (32%), and 7.3 kg (35%) under the farm summer, laboratory thermoneutral, and heat conditions, respectively. Somatotropin also increased milk fat by 15 and 19% and dry matter intake by 16 and 18% under laboratory thermoneutral and heat conditions, respectively. Somatotropin increased the efficiency of feed conversion into milk without any significant changes in body weight and temperatures. Somatotropin reduced plasma concentrations of triiodothyronine and cortisol and had no effect on plasma prolactin and insulin concentrations. Somatotropin did not increase water intake; however, hematocrit was decreased. The results suggest that stimulatory effects of bST on milk production are still observed on heat-stressed cows without any significant indications of additional heat stress.   137                                      NAL Call. No.: 49 J82 Effects of supplemental potassium and sodium chloride salts on ruminal turnover rates, acid-base and mineral status of lactating dairy cows during heat stress. Schneider, P.L.; Beede, D.K.; Wilcox, C.J. Champaign, Ill. : American Society of Animal Science; 1988 Jan. Journal of animal science v. 66 (1): p. 126-135; 1988 Jan.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Dairy cows; Lactating females; Heat stress; Minerals; Feed supplements; Potassium chloride; Sodium chloride; Rumen digestion; Acid base equilibrium; Nutritional state   138                                      NAL Call. No.: 49 J82 Effects of thermal stress and level of feed intake on portal plasma flow and net fluxes of metabolites in lactating Holstein cows. McGuire, M.A.; Beede, D.K.; DeLorenzo, M.A.; Wilcox, C.J.; Huntington, G.B.; Reynolds, C.K.; Collier, R.J. Champaign, Ill. : American Society of Animal Science; 1989 Apr. Journal of animal science v. 67 (4): p. 1050-1060; 1989 Apr.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Dairy cows; Holstein-friesian; Heat stress; Feed intake; Nutrient uptake; Metabolites; Blood flow; Blood plasma; Portal vein   139                                   NAL Call. No.: 44.8 J822 Effects of treatment of dairy cows with recombinant bovine somatotropin over three or four lactations. Oldenbroek, J.K.; Garssen, G.J.; Jonker, L.J.; Wilkinson, J.I.D. Champaign, Ill. : American Dairy Science Association; 1993 Feb. Journal of dairy science v. 76 (2): p. 453-467; 1993 Feb.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Dairy cows; Somatotropin; Lactation number; Duration; Feed intake; Milk yield; Body weight; Blood plasma; L-thyroxine; Insulin; Metabolites; Milk composition; Somatic cell count; Female fertility; Animal health; Blood picture; Blood chemistry; Culling  Abstract:  Jersey, Dutch Red and White, and Friesian cows were subcutaneously injected with 640 mg of recombinant bST at 28-d intervals from 87 to 115 d after calving through four successive lactations. A TMR (6.72 MJ of NE(L) and 168 g of CP/kg of DM) was fed for ad libitum consumption. The bST effects per day were 3.3 kg for milk yield, 189 g for fat yield, 109 g for protein yield, 157 g for lactose yield, 4 MJ of NE(L) for feed intake, and -4 kg for body weight. Responses in blood parameters measured 7 d after injection were -.007 mmol/L for glucose, -1.3 mg of N/100 ml for urea, 221 micromoles/L for 3-hydroxybutyrate, 59 micromoles/L for NEFA, 65 ng/L for insulin, 2.8 micrograms/L for thyroxine, and 26.7 micrograms/L for somatotropin. Somatic cell count in milk was 75,000 cells/ml higher in treated cows. Concentrations of NEFA, Ca, Mg, and phosphorus were unaffected. Repeatability of the maximum response in milk yield after bST treatment was low: .2 within and .5 between lactations. Cows treated in the previous lactation had slightly more retained placentas, and birth weight of their calves was 2 kg less. No differences were between treated and control cows in disease incidence. Six treated cows were culled in third and fourth lactations. No indications for tissue damage, inflammation, or stress after bST injections were detected.   140                             NAL Call. No.: KF27.A366 1987e Effects of United States and foreign trade policies and the Food Security Act of 1985 on the domestic livestock industry hearing before the Subcommittee on Livestock, Dairy, and Poultry of the Committee on Agriculture, House of Representatives, One Hundredth Congress, first session, November 21, 1987, Rapid City, SD. United States. Congress. House. Committee on Agriculture. Subcommittee on Livestock, Dairy, and Poultry Washington, [D.C.] : U.S. G.P.O. : For sale by the Supt. of Docs., Congressional Sales Office, U.S. G.P.O.,; 1988; Y 4.Ag 8/1:100-58. iii, 91 p. : ill. ; 24 cm.  Distributed to some depository libraries in microfiche.  Serial no. 100-58.  Language:  English; English  Descriptors: Livestock; United States; Cattle trade; United States; Meat industry and trade; United States; Competition, Unfair   141                                   NAL Call. No.: 44.8 J822 Effects of voltages on cows over a complete lactation. 1. Milk yield and composition. Gorewit, R.C.; Aneshansley, D.J.; Price, L.R. Champaign, Ill. : American Dairy Science Association; 1992 Oct. Journal of dairy science v. 75 (10): p. 2719-2725; 1992 Oct.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Dairy cows; Electricity; Milk yield; Water intake; Milk composition; Lactation stage  Abstract:  The effect of long-term voltage exposure on milk yield and composition was assessed. Forty cows in second to fifth lactation were used. Four groups of 10 Holstein cows were exposed to either 0, 1, 2, or 4 V throughout an entire lactation. Each group was housed in a free-stall environment with bunk feed and water provided for ad libitum intake. Voltages (AC, 60 Hz) were applied between waterers and a metal grid. Cows could not drink without placing their front hooves on the metal grid. Individual records were maintained for milk weights, milk fat, protein, and somatic cell counts. Average actual (7312, 8527, 6938, and 7725 kg for groups exposed to 0, 1, 2, or 4 V, respectively) and mature equivalent (7802, 9281, 7309, and 8911 kg for groups exposed to 0, 1, 2, or 4 V, respectively) milk weights for 305 d showed no significant differences between groups exposed or unexposed to voltage. Average actual milk yields for 305 d in the previous lactations were 8016, 8163, 7679, and 7876 kg for groups exposed to 0, 1, 2, or 4 V, respectively. Somatic cell counts, milk fat, and protein showed no significant differences between groups exposed or unexposed to voltage. Feed and water intakes were not affected by voltage.   142                                   NAL Call. No.: 44.8 J822 Effects of voltages on cows over a complete lactation. 2. Health and reproduction. Gorewit, R.C.; Aneshansley, D.J.; Price, L.R. Champaign, Ill. : American Dairy Science Association; 1992 Oct. Journal of dairy science v. 75 (10): p. 2726-2732; 1992 Oct.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Dairy cows; Lactation; Electricity; Bovine mastitis; Body weight; Hooves; Cattle diseases; Female fertility; Abortion; Fetal death; Animal welfare  Abstract:  For the effects of voltages on health and reproduction, 40 cows in second to fifth lactation were divided into four groups of 10. These included a control group that was not subjected to voltages and three treatment groups that were given either 1, 2, or 4 V at the water bowl. Cows in the treatment groups were exposed during the entire lactation to voltage whenever they drank. Voltages did not sufficiently affect milk yield. General health parameters studied were mastitis, hoof problems, and changes in body weight. Reproductive and calving parameters examined were days to first breeding, days open, services per conception, response to PGF2 alpha, calving intervals, visible abortion, and calves born dead. Voltages did not significantly influence cow health or reproductive performance.   143                                NAL Call. No.: SF233.D44M55 Effects of warm climates on milk yield and composition (short- term effects). Beede, D.K.; Collier, R.J.; Wilcox, C.J.; Thatcher, W.W. Edinburgh : University of Edinburgh, Centre for Tropical Veterinary Medicine; 1985. Milk production in developing countries : proceedings of the conference held in Edinburgh from the 2nd to 6th April 1984 / organised by the Centre for Tropical Veterinary Medicine ; edited by A.J. Smi. p. 322-347; 1985.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Florida; Dairy cows; Milk yield; Milk composition; Metabolism; Heat stress; Tropical climate   144                       NAL Call. No.: 18 D4825T Nr.241 1986 Effektive Bewirtschaftung von Stallen und Anlagen der Milch- und Rinderproduktion unter besonderer Beachtung der Nutzung der Mikroelektronik und verbesserter Verfahren der Produktionskontrolle Vortrage einer wissenschaftlichen Tagung, veranstaltet vom Institut fur Rinderproduktion Iden-Rohrbeck aus Anlass des 65. Geburtstages seines Direktors Professor Dr. sc. Hans Kleiber, vom 18. bis 20. September 1985 in Iden  [Effective management of barns and milk and cattle production installations with particular attention to the use of microelectronics and improved production control methods]., 1. Aufl.. Kleiber, Hans, Institut fur Rinderproduktion Iden-Rohrbeck (Akademie der Landwirtschaftswissenschaften der DDR) Berlin : Die Akademie,; 1986. 144 p. : ill. ; 21 cm. (Tagungsbericht / Akademie der Landwirtschaftswissenschaften der Deutschen Demokratischen Republik ; Nr. 241).  Cover title.  Summaries in English, German, and Russian.  Includes bibliographies.  Language:  German  Descriptors: Kleiber, Hans 1920-; Cattle; Congresses; Cattle; Housing; Environmental engineering; Congresses; Dairying; Technological innovations; Congresses; Beef industry; Technological innovations; Congresses   145                                    NAL Call. No.: S671.A66 Electric utilization on Vermont dairy farms. Wells, G.D.; Christiansen, W.C. St. Joseph, Mich. : American Society of Agricultural Engineers; 1991 Nov. Applied engineering in agriculture v. 7 (6): p. 773-776; 1991 Nov.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Vermont; Dairy farms; Electrical energy; Energy consumption  Abstract:  Fifty-two Vermont dairy farms were surveyed to determine electrical consumptive rates and thirteen farms were metered for demand patterns. A wide range of farm size and types were included in the study. Equations were developed to predict electrical energy use on dairy farms through comparison with number of cows or total milk production. The conclusion was that prediction equations are good only to show general trends. Every farm is different because of type of animal housing, equipment choices, and management. Well- defined peak demands indicate that dairy farms, given proper incentives, can be excellent load levellers for utilities.   146                                 NAL Call. No.: S494.5.E547 Electricity used in farmstead operations. McFate, K.L. Amsterdam : Elsevier; 1989. Energy in world agriculture v. 3: p. 121-142; 1989.  In the series analytic: Energy in World Agriculture / edited by K.L. McFate.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Farming; Electricity; Electrical energy; Electric heaters; Milking; Dairy equipment; Ventilation; Fans; Fodder crops; Handling; Heating; Cooling; Dairy farming; Beef cattle; Pig farming; Poultry farming; Brood care; Grain drying; Vegetables; Storage   147                                 NAL Call. No.: 442.8 J8222 Embryonic mortality and the uterine environment in first- service lactating dairy cows. Wiebold, J.L. Colchester : The Journal; 1988 Nov. Journal of reproduction and fertility v. 84 (2): p. 393-399; 1988 Nov. Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Washington; Dairy cows; Holstein-friesian; Lactating females; Embryo mortality; Functional disorders; Genetic defects; Hormones; Steroids; Stress; Uterus   148                                   NAL Call. No.: 44.8 J822 Endocrine and neural control of estrus in dairy cows. Allrich, R.D. \u Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN Champaign, Ill. : American Dairy Science Association; 1994 Sep. Journal of dairy science v. 77 (9): p. 2738-2744; 1994 Sep.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Dairy cows; Estrus; Proestrus; Estradiol; Progesterone; Ovulation; Corpus luteum; Literature reviews  Abstract:  During proestrus, gonadotropins induce final follicular maturation, resulting in increased secretion of estradiol. Estradiol, in the relative absence of progesterone, acts on the hypothalamus to induce estrous behavior. The mean duration of estrus is 12 to 16 h and ranges from 3 to 28 h. The effects of estradiol appear to be "all or none". That is, once a threshold of estradiol is achieved, estrus is induced, and additional amounts of estradiol above threshold do not further enhance the estrous response (duration and intensity of estrus). Also, progesterone can block the estrus-inducing actions of estradiol. In addition, prior exposure to progesterone does not potentiate the estrus-inducing actions of estradiol except in the early postpartum period. In dairy cows, the first postpartum ovulation is often "silent". In other words, ovulation is not preceded by estrous behavior. High levels of estradiol during late gestation apparently induce a refractory state such that the brain cannot respond to the estrus-inducing actions of estradiol at the first postpartum ovulation. Progesterone can "reset" the brain, allowing it to respond to subsequent estradiol exposure. In the case of the postpartum cow, the corpus luteum formed after the first ovulation provides the progesterone that resets the brain. As a consequence, the second postpartum ovulation is preceded by estrous behavior. Finally, stress (or injection of ACTH) has been shown to delay, shorten, or inhibit completely the expression of estrus in the presence of estrus-inducing concentrations of estradiol. In summary, estrus is induced by estradiol in the absence of progesterone, progesterone is inhibitory to estrus, and situations exist in which estrus may be absent prior to ovulation.   149                                    NAL Call. No.: SF961.A5 Engineered management in housing. Graves, R.E. Stillwater, Okla. : The Association; 1987 Apr. Proceedings ... annual convention - American Association of Bovine Practitioners (19th): p. 90-93; 1987 Apr.  Meeting held on November 18-21, 1986, in Louisville, Kentucky.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Dairy cattle; Cattle housing; Cubicles; Stalls; Loose housing; Ventilation; Insulation   150                                   NAL Call. No.: SF601.C66 Environmental aspects od dairy calf housing. Bickert, W.G.; Herdt, T.H. Princeton Junction, N.J. : Veterinary Learning Systems; 1985 May. The Compendium on continuing education for the practicing veterinarian v. 7 (5): p. S309-S314, S316. ill; 1985 May.  Includes 16 references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Calf housing; Dairy cattle; Ventilation; Heating; Air quality; Environmental control   151                                 NAL Call. No.: SF967.M3N32 Environmental effects on mastitis and milk quality. Jarrett, J.A. Arlington, Va. : The Council; 1988. Annual meeting - National Mastitis Council, Inc (27th): p. 12-17. ill; 1988. Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Dairy cows; Cow housing; Stalls; Loose housing; Environment; Bovine mastitis; Milk quality   152                                    NAL Call. No.: SF601.B6 Environmental modifications to reduce heat stress in dairy cattle. III. Shearer, J.K.; Beede, D.K.; Bucklin, R.A.; Bray, D.R. Santa Barbara, Calif. : Veterinary Practice Publishing Company; 1991 Jul. Agri-Practice v. 12 (4): p. 7-10, 13-16, 18; 1991 Jul.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Dairy cattle; Heat stress; Cooling systems   153                                   NAL Call. No.: 340.8 IN8 Environmental profile and critical temperature effects on milk production of Holstein cows in desert climate. Igono, M.O.; Bjotvedt, G.; Sanford-Crane, H.T. Berlin, W. Ger. : Springer International; 1992. International journal of biometeorology v. 36 (2): p. 77-87; 1992.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Arizona; Dairy cows; Lactating females; Milk production; Milk yield; Lactation; Heat stress; Arid climate; Environmental temperature; Relative humidity; Indexes; Weather data; Diurnal variation; Quantitative analysis  Abstract:  The environmental profile of central Arizona is quantitatively described using meteorological data between 1971 and 1986. Utilizing ambient temperature criteria of hours per day less than 21 degrees C, between 21 and 27 degrees C, and more than 27 degrees C, the environmental profile of central Arizona consists of varying levels of thermoneutral and heat stress periods. Milk production data from two commercial dairy farms from March 1990 to February 1991 were used to evaluate the seasonal effects identified in the environmental profile. Overall, milk production is lower during heat stress compared to thermoneutral periods. During heat stress, the cool period of hours per day with temperature less than 21 degrees C provides a margin of safety to reduce the effects of heat stress on decreased milk production. Using minimum, mean and maximum ambient temperatures, the upper critical temperatures for milk production are 21, 27 and 32 degrees C, respectively. Using the temperature-humidity index as the thermal environment indicator, the critical values for minimum, mean and maximum THI are 64, 72 and 76, respectively.   154                                  NAL Call. No.: FICHE S-72 Equivalent temperature index at temperatures above the thermoneutral for lactating dairy cows. Baeta, F.C.; Meador, N.F.; Shanklin, M.D.; Johnson, H.D. St. Joseph, Mich. : The Society; 1987. American Society of Agricultural Engineers (Microfiche collection) (fiche no. 87-4015): 22 p.; 1987.  Paper presented at the 1987 Summer Meeting of the American Society of Agricultural Engineers. Available for purchase from: The American Society of Agricultural Engineers, Order Dept., 2950 Niles Road, St. Joseph, Michigan 49085. Telephone the Order Dept. at (616) 429-0300 for information and prices.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Dairy cows; Lactation; Environment; Stress conditions; Heat stress; Milk production   155                                   NAL Call. No.: 44.8 J822 Estimated culling probabilities, age distribution, and expected herd life in Nili-Ravi buffalo. Ahmad, Z.; Berger, P.J.; Healey, M.H. Champaign, Ill. : American Dairy Science Association; 1992 Jun. Journal of dairy science v. 75 (6): p. 1707-1714; 1992 Jun.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Buffaloes; Survival; Productive life; Culling; Probability analysis; Age differences; Age at first calving; Herd structure; Milk-yielding animals  Abstract:  Data were from 1457 buffalo cows in a herd under development for dairy production since 1935. The probability of cows entering and remaining in the herd increased from .037 at 2 yr to .873 at 5 yr and decreased gradually thereafter. The probability of cows being culled increased with age from .098 at 3 yr to .423 at 14 yr. The maximum age of culling was 15 yr. Average ages of culled cows and of cows in the herd were 7.92 and 6.58 yr, respectively. The proportions of young (<6 yr), mature (6 to 9 yr), and old cows (>9 yr) were 42.6, 41.7, and 15.7%, respectively, for cows in the herd and 25.4, 45.7, and 28.9%, respectively, for culled cows. Expected additional herd life was 4.64, 3.18, 2.24, 1.50, and .30 yr for cows aged 3, 6, 9, 12, and 15 yr, respectively. Age at first calving did not affect the overall trend in age-specific culling probabilities. Cows calving for the first time before 42 mo were culled in about equal proportions as old cows (28.5%) to cows calving first at 42 to 54 mo (28.5%) and after 54 mo (25.9%). The relatively infrequent culling of cows at an early age within this herd may have been detrimental to genetic improvement. Therefore, efforts to improve the genetic merit of buffalo cows should focus on performance of younger cows.   156                                   NAL Call. No.: 340.8 IN8 Estimation of cold stress effect on dairy cows. Broucek, J.; Letkovivova, M.; Kovalcuj, K. Berlin, W. Ger. : Springer International; 1991. International journal of biometeorology v. 35 (1): p. 29-32; 1991.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Dairy cows; Cold stress; Temperature; Milk production; Milk yield; Feed intake; Blood chemistry; Yield forecasting; Correlation analysis  Abstract:  Twelve crossbred heifers (Slovak Spotted X Holstein-Friesian) were housed in an open, uninsulated barn with straw bedding and a concrete-floored yard. Minimum temperatures inside the barn were as low as -19 degrees C. The average milk yield decreased as the temperatures approached these minima. Compared with the temperate conditions, the feed intake and blood levels of glucose and free fatty acids increased. The level of sodium declined significantly during the second cold period. Correlations and regressions between milk yield and biochemical parameters were calculated, and the results indicate that the concentrations of free fatty acids, cholesterol, and triiodothyronine and the haematocrit values may serve to predict milk production during periods of cold stress, or in lactations of 305 days.   157                                   NAL Call. No.: 44.8 J822 Estrous and endocrine responses of lactating Holsteins to forced ventilation during summer. Younas, M.; Fuquay, J.W.; Smith, A.E.; Moore, A.B. Champaign, Ill. : American Dairy Science Association; 1993 Feb. Journal of dairy science v. 76 (2): p. 430-436; 1993 Feb.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Mississippi; Dairy cows; Artificial ventilation; Fans; Summer; Estrous cycle; Body temperature; Progesterone; Hormone secretion; Lh; Blood serum; Prostaglandins  Abstract:  Fourteen lactating and cycling Holsteins in each of two summers were assigned randomly to pens in a free-stall barn either with or without overhead fans to study the effect of fan cooling on certain endocrine and behavioral responses during the estrous cycle. After an adjustment period of 8 d in the first summer and 21 d in the second summer, jugular cannulas were inserted, and 25 mg of PGF2 alpha were injected. After injection, blood samples were collected frequently for 84 h in the first summer and 88 h in the second summer, followed by collection three times weekly for 3 wk thereafter each summer. Rectal temperatures were lower in the group cooled by fans than in the control group each summer. Luteal progesterone secretion tended to be greater in the fan group each summer; area under the luteal phase curve was significantly higher than for controls during the second summer. There was tendency for more preovulatory surges of LH and higher estrous response rates in the fan group during the second summer. Thus, fan cooling of lactating dairy cows for several weeks before anticipated breeding provides potential for more efficient reproductive performance during the summer.   158                                   NAL Call. No.: 44.8 J822 Estrous cyclicity in nonlactating and lactating Holsteins and Jerseys during a Pakistani summer. Imtiaz Hussain, S.M.; Fuquay, J.W.; Younas, M. Champaign, Ill. : American Dairy Science Association; 1992 Nov. Journal of dairy science v. 75 (11): p. 2968-2975; 1992 Nov.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Pakistan; Dairy cows; Estrous cycle; Environmental temperature; Lactation; Body temperature; Summer; Heat stress; Hydrocortisone; Progesterone; Duration  Abstract:  Data from 36 cows were used in a 2 X 2 factorial arrangement to determine the effects of breed and lactation status on estrous cyclicity during a Pakistani summer (June through October). Cows were selected from a herd of Holsteins and Jerseys imported from the United States 5 yr earlier. Ambient temperatures were highest in June and declined in the ensuing months with the onset of the rainy season. Relative humidity increased in July and August and them remained stable until the end of the study. Although early morning rectal temperatures gradually declined from June through October, late afternoon rectal temperatures were highest in August. Average early morning rectal temperatures were higher in Holsteins than in Jerseys (38.5 vs. 38.3 degrees C). Even though all cows were cyclic throughout the study, as indicated by patterns of progesterone secretion, observed expression of estrus was low (36.8%) and unaffected by breed or lactation status. Average serum progesterone concentrations were lower (2.4 vs. 3.1 ng/ml), and cortisol concentrations were higher (4.1 vs. 3.9 ng/ml), in Holsteins than in Jerseys. Breed by lactation status interactions were significant for lengths of the luteal phase and estrous cycle. Lengths for lactating Holsteins were longer than those of other groups.   159                          NAL Call. No.: SF768.2.C3B68 1992 Ethical issues and BST. Thompson, P.B. Boulder : Westview Press; 1992. Bovine somatotropin and emerging issues : an assessment /. p. 33-50; 1992. Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Dairy cows; Somatotropin; Milk; Ethics; Technical progress; Effects; Farmers; Productivity; Environmental impact; Animal welfare; Food safety; Social consciousness   160                                   NAL Call. No.: 44.8 J822 Evaluation of 50:50 and 70:30 pulsation ratios in a large commercial dairy herd. Thomas, C.V.; Bray, D.R.; Delorenzo, M.A. Champaign, Ill. : American Dairy Science Association; 1993 May. Journal of dairy science v. 76 (5): p. 1298-1304; 1993 May.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Dairy cows; Machine milking; Pulsation; Pulsators; Milk production; Milking parlors; Dairy performance; Bovine mastitis; Udders  Abstract:  An experiment was conducted in a large commercial dairy milking 1350 Holstein cows in Florida to investigate the effects of 50:50 or 70:30 pulsation ratios on milking parlor performance, milk production, and udder health. The experiment used a reversal design in which the two pulsation ratios were tested over four 2-mo periods in nearly identical double-11 herringbone milking parlors. Analysis of milking parlor performance measures of cows milked per hour, milk harvested per hour, parlor turns per hour, and parlor cycle time revealed a small increase in milking parlor performance for the 70:30 pulsation ratio. Milking with the 70:30 pulsation ratio increased cows milked by 4.1 cows per h, increased milk harvested by 38.3 kg/h, increased parlor turns by .2 turns per hr, and decreased parlor cycle time by .4 min compared with the 50:50 pulsation ratio. Average milk production per cow per milking did not differ between the two ratios. Udder health indicators of clinical mastitis incidence, cows culled for mastitis, or bulk tank SCC were not different because of pulsation ratio.   161                                   NAL Call. No.: 44.8 J822 Evaluation of a gel teat cleaning and sanitizing compound for premilking hygiene. Ingawa, K.H.; Adkinson, R.W.; Gough, R.H. Champaign, Ill. : American Dairy Science Association; 1992 May. Journal of dairy science v. 75 (5): p. 1224-1232; 1992 May.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Dairy cows; Teats; Teat dip; Milking; Dairy hygiene; Cleaning; Washing; Milk yield; Milk composition; Bacterial count; Time; Bovine mastitis; Iodine  Abstract:  A gel was developed and tested for cleaning and sanitizing cow teats for milking. Thirty lactating Holstein cows were divided into three groups of 10 each and assigned to three premilking hygiene treatments for 10 wk as follows: 1) cleaning teats with gel, allowing 30 s of contact time, and wiping residual gel off with paper towel; 2) washing teats with water and drying them with paper towel; 3) washing teats with water, drying with paper towel, predipping with .5% iodophor solution, allowing 30 s of contact time, and drying with paper towel. Individual cow composite milk and teat end swab samples were collected. The gel and predip treatments resulted in less bacterial contamination of milk and teat ends. The gel treatment had an advantage over wash and predip treatments in lower SCC and reduced mastitis. Parlor throughput was greatest for gel and wash treatments. The wash treatment group had highest SCC, bacteria in milk and on teat ends, and mastitis. Milk iodine content was low and similar for the three treatments. Daily milk production and fat and protein percentages were not affected by treatments. The gel treatment was effective, efficient, and provided good hygiene.   162                                 NAL Call. No.: 290.9 Am32P Evaluation of dairy housing under tropical climate. Naas, I.A.; Amaral, L.R.; Sydenstricker, K. St. Joseph, Mich. : American Society of Agricultural Engineers,; 1991. Paper / (914024): 10 p.; 1991.  Paper presented at the "1991 International Summer Meeting sponsored by the American Society of Agricultural Engineers," June 23-26, 1991, Albuquerque, New Mexico.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Cow housing; Stalls; Computer simulation; Computer software   163                                 NAL Call. No.: 290.9 AM32P Experiences with natural ventilation in Michigan and elsewhere. Bickert, W.G. St. Joseph, Mich. : The Society; 1990. Paper - American Society of Agricultural Engineers (90-4553): 7 p.; 1990. Paper presented at the "1990 International Winter Meeting sponsored by The American Society of Agricultural Engineers," December 18-21, 1990, Chicago, Illinois.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Michigan; Natural ventilation; Barns; Dairy cattle   164                                 NAL Call. No.: 290.9 AM32P Experiences with natural ventilation northeastern U.S. Weeks, S.A.; Martin, R.O. St. Joseph, Mich. : The Society; 1990. Paper - American Society of Agricultural Engineers (90-4555): 3 p.; 1990. Paper presented at the "1990 International Winter Meeting sponsored by The American Society of Agricultural Engineers," December 18-21, 1990, Chicago, Illinois.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Northeastern states of U.S.A.; Natural ventilation; Barns; Ventilation; Dairy cattle   165                                 NAL Call. No.: 290.9 AM32P Experiences with natural ventilation of dairy barns in south Western Ontario. Milne, R.J. St. Joseph, Mich. : The Society; 1990. Paper - American Society of Agricultural Engineers (90-4556): 3 p.; 1990. Paper presented at the "1990 International Winter Meeting sponsored by The American Society of Agricultural Engineers," December 18-21, 1990, Chicago, Illinois.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Ontario; Barns; Ventilation; Dairy cattle   166                                 NAL Call. No.: 290.9 AM32P Experiences with natural ventilation-Wisconsin. Kammel, D.W.; Holmes, B.J.; Cramer, C.O. St. Joseph, Mich. : The Society; 1990. Paper - American Society of Agricultural Engineers (90-4554): 5 p.; 1990. Paper presented at the "1990 International Winter Meeting sponsored by The American Society of Agricultural Engineers," December 18-21, 1990, Chicago, Illinois.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Wisconsin; Natural ventilation; Animal housing; Dairy cattle   167                                   NAL Call. No.: 44.8 J822 Expert system for evaluation of reproductive performance and management. Domecq, J.J.; Nebel, R.L.; McGilliard, M.L.; Pasquino, A.T. Champaign, Ill. : American Dairy Science Association; 1991 Oct. Journal of dairy science v. 74 (10): p. 3446-3453; 1991 Oct.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Dairy cows; Dairy herds; Dairy performance; Reproductive efficiency; Expert systems; Conception rate  Abstract:  A microcomputer expert system for dairy herd reproductive management was developed using an expert system shell and Turbo Pascal. The expert system initially examines the broad areas of days open, days to first breeding, detection of estrus, and conception rate to determine whether a problem exists. Interpretations ranging from "excellent" to "severe" were established for each trait. The system then selects an area for evaluation that has the largest negative influence on days open. Once an area has been selected for further evaluation, the expert system utilizes information from the user and DHI reports developed by the Dairy Records Processing Center in Raleigh, NC. These reports identify problems with conception categorized by production, parity, service number, days in milk, breed, and service sire. In addition, questions are presented by the expert system to isolate problems of accuracy of data, use of natural service, semen handling, AI technique, detection of estrus, signs of estrus, and other management areas. Recommendations and suggestions are given. Ten commercial herds having a conception rate less than 40% were evaluated by the expert system and by an extension reproduction specialist who supplied information for the system. Of 100 areas investigated, the expert system and extension specialist identified 47 as potential problem areas, agreeing on 85% of them. Most discrepancies resulted from the specialist applying a less restrictive standard when values were close to a preselected threshold.   168                                    NAL Call. No.: QL750.A6 Factors affecting cubicle utilisation by dairy cattle using stall frame and bedding manipulation experiments. O'Connell, J.M.; Giller, P.S.; Meaney, W.J. Amsterdam : Elsevier Science Publishers, B.V.; 1992 Oct. Applied animal behaviour science v. 35 (1): p. 11-21; 1992 Oct.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Dairy cows; Cubicles; Utilization   169                                   NAL Call. No.: 41.8 Au72 Factors affecting pregnancy rate in Holstein-Friesian cattle mated during summer in a tropical upland environment. Orr, W.N.; Cowan, R.T.; Davison, T.M. Brunswick, Vic. : Australian Veterinary Association, 1927-; 1993 Jul. Australian veterinary journal v. 70 (7): p. 251-256; 1993 Jul.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Queensland; Cabt; Dairy cattle; Pregnancy rate; Environmental factors; Summer; Tropics; Upland areas; Seasonal variation; Rain; Heat stress; Environmental temperature; Nitrogen fertilizers   170                                   NAL Call. No.: 44.8 J822 Factors associated with seasonality of milk production in New York State. Oltenacu, P.A.; Smith, T.R.; Kaiser, H.M. Champaign, Ill. : American Dairy Science Association; 1989 Apr. Journal of dairy science v. 72 (4): p. 1072-1079. maps; 1989 Apr.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: New York; Dairy cows; Milk production; Seasonality; Milk prices; Incentives; Production costs; Cattle housing; Geographical distribution   171                                  NAL Call. No.: TH4911.F37 Farm buildings in the west of Scotland. Kelly, M. Aberdeen : Scottish Farm Buildings Investigation Unit; 1985 Jul. Farm building progress (81): p. 11-16. ill; 1985 Jul.  Includes 10 references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: West scotland; Beef cattle; Dairy cattle; Farm buildings; Drainage systems; Slurries; Ventilation; Silos; Cubicles; Pig housing; Cattle housing   172                                    NAL Call. No.: 100 L935 Feasibility of specialized for-hire cattle handling crews. Schupp, A.; Riechers, R. Baton Rouge, La. : The Station; 1987 Sep. D.A.E. research report - Department of Agricultural Economics and Agribusiness, Louisiana State University, Louisiana Agricultural Experiment Station (676): 24 p. maps; 1987 Sep.  Includes statistical data.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Louisiana; Dairy cattle; Beef cattle; Veterinary services; Feasibility studies; Hired labor; Fees; Cost benefit analysis; Operating costs   173                                   NAL Call. No.: HV4761.A5 Federal judge condemns hot-iron face branding. Washington, D.C. : The Institute; 1987. The Animal Welfare Institute quarterly v. 35 (1): p. 3. ill; 1987.  Language:  English  Descriptors: U.S.A.; Dairy cows; Branding; Animal welfare; Legislation   174                              NAL Call. No.: SF239.I45 1985 Feeding and handling colostrum., [Rev.]. Kenealy, M.D.; Hutjens, M.F.; Kilmer, L.H. Ames, Iowa : The Service; 1985. Illinois-Iowa dairy handbook / University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign [and] Iowa State University at Ames, Cooperative Extension Service. 3 p.; 1985.  Illinois-Iowa Dairy Guide (203), December, 1980.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Calves; Animal feeding; Cow colostrum; Handling; Immunoglobulins; Immunity   175                                NAL Call. No.: S544.3.A2C47 Feeding and management of dairy heifers: 6 months to calving. Moss, B.R.; Coleman, D.A.; Floyd, J. Auburn, Ala. : The Service; 1992 May. Circular ANR - Alabama Cooperative Extension Service, Auburn University (632): 6 p.; 1992 May.  In subseries: Animal Science.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Alabama; Heifers; Dairy cows; Nutrient requirements; Body weight; Age at first calving; Breeding; Efficiency; Cattle feeding; Cow housing   176                                 NAL Call. No.: 275.29 AL14 Feeding and management of the dairy calf: birth to 6 months. Moss, B.R.; Coleman, D.A. Auburn, Ala. : The Service; 1991 Nov. Circular HE - Alabama Cooperative Extension Service, Auburn University (609): 8 p.; 1991 Nov.  In subseries: Animal Science.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Calves; Dairy cattle; Calf feeding; Cow colostrum; Feed grains; Calf housing; Cattle husbandry   177                                   NAL Call. No.: 44.8 J822 Feeding behavior of dairy cattle. Albright, J.L. Champaign, Ill. : American Dairy Science Association; 1993 Feb. Journal of dairy science v. 76 (2): p. 485-498; 1993 Feb.  Literature review. Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Dairy cattle; Feeding behavior; Grazing; Rumination; Mangers; Literature reviews  Abstract:  Feed accessibility may be more important to cows than the actual amount of nutrients provided. Competition for feed, water, and space can be reduced by fenceline feeding of TMR, which allows all cows to eat at once. Holstein cows that were fenceline fed a TMR of corn silage and concentrates ate 26% longer following feeding than the same size group eating from bunks around which they traveled. Many dairies practice fenceline feeding during which cows' heads are in the natural grazing position. Cows eating with their heads in the downward position produce 17% more saliva, which directly affects rumen function, than cows eating with heads held horizontally. When fed in shallow, elevated bunks, 10% of cows exhibited year- round rooting, sorting, feed tossing behavior, and feed wastage (0 to 5%). Groups fed at ground level or in headlocks showed little or no feed tossing behavior. This apparent livestock engineering problem is remedied easily by feeding cows in the natural head down position. Concrete mangers renovated with epoxy-type finishes, wood, or tile aid feed consumption. Social facilitation strongly influences eating bouts and feed consumption in cows reared in group housing compared with isolated cows. Palatability has a major influence on feed intake in ruminants, and the sense of taste is highly developed in cattle. Pasturing supposedly would reduce stocking density, environmental pollution (waste disposal, odor, nuisance), energy costs, and use of housing. Detailed observations, using intact and ruminally cannulated cows, suggest a behavioral need for the cow to rest and to ruminate on her left side.   178                                 NAL Call. No.: S544.3.A6C6 Feeding/health care of dairy calves under 300 pounds. Harper, J. Tucson, Ariz. : The Service; 1985 May. [Publication] - Cooperative Extension Service, University of Arizona, College of Agriculture (8503): 7 p.; 1985 May.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Dairy cows; Calves; Animal feeding; Animal health; Guidelines   179                                  NAL Call. No.: QP251.A1T5 Fertility and hormonal responses to temporary relief of heat stress in lactating dairy cows. Wise, M.E.; Rodriguez, R.E.; Armstrong, D.V.; Huber, J.T.; Wiersma, F.; Hunter, R. Stoneham, Mass. : Butterworth Publishers; 1988 May. Theriogenology v. 29 (5): p. 1027-1035; 1988 May.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Dairy cows; Lactating females; Heat stress; Female fertility; Reproductive ability; Pregnancy; Estradiol; Progesterone; Cortisol; Cooling   180                                    NAL Call. No.: 21.5 Z15 Fertility characteristics of different dairy genotypes under different management conditions. Ivancsics, J.; Bader, E.; Kovacs, K.G. Ljubljana : Fakulteta; 1985. Zbornik Biotehniske fakultete univerze Edvarda Kardelja v Ljubljani : Kmetijstvo (46): p. 95-100; 1985.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Hungary; Dairy bulls; Dairy cows; Animal fertility; Genotypes; Loose housing; Milk production   181                                    NAL Call. No.: 41.8 M69 The final step in improving milk production of a model dairy: implementation of recommendations. Dahl, J.C.; Holmes, B.J.; Wollenzien, A.C. Lenexa, Kan. : Veterinary Medicine Publishing Co; 1991 Apr. Veterinary medicine v. 86 (4): p. 439-449; 1991 Apr.  Fourth of a series.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Dairy cows; Farm dairies; Models; Milk production; Improvement; Cost benefit analysis; Profitability   182                                  NAL Call. No.: FICHE S-72 Florida dairy cooling methods. Bucklin, R.A.; Beede, D.K.; Bray, D.R.; Strickland, J.T. St. Joseph, Mich. : The Society; 1988. American Society of Agricultural Engineers (Microfiche collection) (fiche no. 88-4051): 8 p. ill; 1988.  Paper presented at the 1988 Summer Meeting of the American Society of Agricultural Engineers. Available for purchase from: The American Society of Agricultural Engineers, Order Dept., 2950 Niles Road, St. Joseph, Michigan 49085. Telephone the Order Dept. at (616) 429-0300 for information and prices.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Florida; Cow housing; Cooling; Techniques; Shading; Ventilation; Heat stress   183                              NAL Call. No.: TD930.I57 1985 Flush cleaning dairy barns--case studies. Hermanson, R.E. St. Joseph, Mich. : American Society of Agricultural Engineers; 1985. Agricultural waste utilization and management : proceedings of the Fifth International Symposium on Agricultural Wastes, December 16-17, 1985, Hyatt Regency Chicago, Illinois Center, Chicago, Illinois. p. 590-597. ill; 1985. (ASAE publication ; 13-85).  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Washington; Lagoons; Cattle manure; Dairy cows; Waste disposal; Tanks; Flushing; Design criteria; Case studies   184                                 NAL Call. No.: 290.9 Am32P Forced evaporative cooling of dairy cows: on-farm demonstration results. Turner, L.W.; Warner, R.C.; Chastain, J.P.; Elder, H.F. St. Joseph, Mich. : American Society of Agricultural Engineers,; 1991. Paper / (91-4023): 11 p.; 1991.  Paper presented at the "1991 International Summer Meeting sponsored by the American Society of Agricultural Engineers," June 23-26, 1991, Albuquerque, New Mexico.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Kentucky; Cabt; Dairy cows; Evaporative cooling; Heat stress   185                                     NAL Call. No.: QL55.H8 Forgotten and new humane innovations for cattle. Tacreiter, H. Washington Grove, MD : Psychologists for the Ethical Treatment of Animals, c1991-; 1993. Humane innovations and alternatives v. 7: p. 447-450; 1993.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Dairy cattle; Animal welfare   186                                 NAL Call. No.: SF967.M3N32 Free stall base and bedding materials: effect on cow comfort. Rodenburg, J.; House, H.K.; Anderson, N.G. Arlington, Va. : The Council; 1994. Annual meeting /. p. 286-291; 1994.  Meeting held on January 31-February 2, 1994, Orlando, Florida.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Dairy herds; Cubicles; Litter; Animal welfare; Hygiene   187                                 NAL Call. No.: SF967.M3N32 Freestall designs with cow comfort in mind. McFarland, D.F.; Gamroth, M.J. Arlington, Va. : The Council; 1994. Annual meeting /. p. 270-285; 1994.  Meeting held on January 31-February 2, 1994, Orlando, Florida.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Dairy cows; Cubicles; Structural design; Space requirements; Dimensions; Animal welfare   188                                    NAL Call. No.: QP501.C6 Glucose entry rate in dairy cattle as determined by stable isotope 13C-labelled glucose at different stages of reproduction. Schulze, E.; Fuhrmann, H.; Neitzel, E.S.; Giese, W.W.; Sallmann, H.P. Oxford : Pergamon Press; 1991. Comparative biochemistry and physiology : B : Comparative biochemistry v. 100 (1): p. 167-171; 1991.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Dairy cows; Glucose; Carbohydrate metabolism; Kinetics; Radioactive tracers; Quantitative analysis; Pregnancy; Lactation stage  Abstract:  Uniformly labelled stable 13C-glucose was used to study glucose in high yielding Holstein cows (n = 8) under normal production conditions. The single injection technique was repeated at three different reproductive phases. A two compartment model was applied to calculate mean entry rates of glucose resulting in: (1) Terminal phase of pregnancy (2 weeks a.p.): 0.41 g/hr/kg0.75; (2) Peak lactation (6 weeks p.p.): 0.97 g/hr/kg0.75; (3) End of lactation (37 weeks p.p.); 0.61 g/hr/kg0.75. Data from studies using radioactively labelled tracers are in good agreement with our results obtained without any restrictions implied by the handling with radioactive substances.   189                                  NAL Call. No.: FICHE S-72 Grounding resistance and ground currents in dairy facilities. Stetson, L.E.; Bodman, G.R. St. Joseph, Mich. : The Society; 1987. American Society of Agricultural Engineers (Microfiche collection) (fiche no. 87-3033): 14 p. ill; 1987.  Paper presented at the 1987 Summer Meeting of the American Society of Agricultural Engineers. Available for purchase from: The American Society of Agricultural Engineers, Order Dept., 2950 Niles Road, St. Joseph, Michigan 49085. Telephone the Order Dept. at (616) 429-0300 for information and prices.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Cow housing; Facilities; Electric current; Flow; Energy; Losses   190                                    NAL Call. No.: SF191.K4 Group handling of dairy cows. Lane, G.T.; Riddell, D.O.; Olson, K.L. Lexington, Ky., The Service; 1985 Dec. ASC - University of Kentucky, Cooperative Extension Service v.): 3 p.; 1985 Dec.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Kentucky; Dairy cows; Milk production; Groups; Handling; Lactation stage; Loose housing   191                                  NAL Call. No.: SF601.V535 Grouping management and physical facilities. Sniffen, C.J. Philadelphia, Pa. : W.B. Saunders Company; 1991 Jul. The Veterinary clinics of North America : food animal practice v. 7 (2): p. 465-471; 1991 Jul.  In the series analytic: Dairy nutrition management / edited by C. J. Sniffen and T. H. Herdt.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Dairy cows; Farm management; Groups; Animal behavior; Cow housing; Replacement; Dry period; Lactating females   192                                NAL Call. No.: SF91.I5 1988 Health and physiology of newborn calves housed in severe cold. Rawson, R.E.; Bates, D.W.; Dziuk, H.E.; Ruth, G.R.; Good, A.L.; Serfass, R.C.; Anderson, J.F. St. Joseph, Mich. : American Society of Agricultural Engineers; 1988. Livestock environment III : proceedings of the Third International Livestock Environment Symposium, April 25-27, 1988, Constellation Hotel, Toronto, Ontario, Canada. p. 365-368; 1988. (ASAE publication ; 1-88).  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Minnesota; Dairy cattle; Calf housing; Winter; Newborn animals; Pens; Environmental control; Hemorrhage; Animal health   193                                    NAL Call. No.: SF601.I4 Health and welfare of animals in modern husbandry systems-- dairy cattle. Webster, J. London : British Veterinary Association; 1986 May. In practice v. 8 (3): p. 85-89. ill; 1986 May.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Dairy cattle; Animal health; Animal welfare; Stress; Infectious diseases; Lameness; Bovine mastitis; Cubicles; Cattle husbandry   194                                   NAL Call. No.: 44.8 J822 Health care of holsteins selected for large or small body size. Mahoney, C.B.; Hansen, L.B.; Young, C.W.; Marx, G.D.; Reneau, J.K. Champaign, Ill. : American Dairy Science Association; 1986 Dec. Journal of dairy science v. 69 (12): p. 3131-3139; 1986 Dec.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Dairy cows; Holstein-friesian; Selection; Selection criteria; Size; Body measurements; Animal health; Health care; Digestive disorders; Costs   195                                    NAL Call. No.: 41.8 Am3 Health management of dairy herds treated with bovine somatotropin. Kronfeld, D.S. Schaumburg, Ill. : The Association; 1994 Jan01. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association v. 204 (1): p. 116-130; 1994 Jan01.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Dairy cattle; Herds; Somatotropin; Safety; Efficacy; Milk production; Animal nutrition; Stress; Animal health; Cattle diseases; Literature reviews   196                                   NAL Call. No.: 41.8 V641 Health, welfare and fertility implications of the use of bovine somatotrophin in dairy cattle. Whitaker, D.A.; Smith, E.J.; Kelly, J.M.; Hodgson-Jones, L.S. London : The Association; 1988 May21. The Veterinary record : journal of the British Veterinary Association v. 122 (21): p. 503-505; 1988 May21.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Dairy cows; Milk production; Somatotropin; Animal health; Female fertility   197                                    NAL Call. No.: SF601.B6 Heat Stress. 2. Effects of high environmental temperature on production, reproduction, and health of dairy cattle. Shearer, J.K.; Beede, D.K. Santa Barbara, Calif. : Veterinary Practice Publishing Company; 1990 Sep. Agri-Practice v. 11 (5): p. 6-8, 10-11, 14-16; 1990 Sep.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Dairy cattle; Heat stress; Reproduction; Milk production; Milk yield   198                                   NAL Call. No.: 44.8 J822 Heat stress and milk production in the South Carolina coastal plains. Linvill, D.E.; Pardue, F.E. Champaign, Ill. : American Dairy Science Association; 1992 Sep. Journal of dairy science v. 75 (9): p. 2598-2604; 1992 Sep.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: South Carolina; Dairy cows; Heat stress; Milk production; Computer software; Computer simulation; Milk yield  Abstract:  A model developed for the South Carolina coastal plains relates hours with temperature-humidity index values above 74 and 80 to summer season daily milk production. When tested on an independent production data set for 1985, the root mean square model error was less than 1.3 kg/d per cow. The model can be used to develop expected summer season dairy production climatologies. Realtime milk production forecasts obtained using daily predicted maximum and minimum temperatures can be used in herd management to reduce effects of heat stress on productivity.   199                               NAL Call. No.: 275.29 N811NC Heat stress can be reduced with shading and water misting. Whitlow, L.W. Raleigh, N.C. : North Carolina Agricultural Extension Service; 1987 Jun. North Carolina dairy extension newsletter. p. 3-6; 1987 Jun.  Language:  English  Descriptors: North Carolina; Dairy cows; Heat stress; Reproductive performance; Mists; Shade; Cattle husbandry   200                                    NAL Call. No.: 41.8 ON1 Heat stress in dairy cattle and other livestock under Southern African conditions. I. Temperature-humidity index mean values during the four main seasons. Du Preez, J.H.; Giesecke, W.H.; Hattingh, P.J. Pretoria : South Africa Department of Agriculture and Water Supply; 1990 Mar. The Onderstepoort journal of veterinary research v. 57 (1): p. 77-87; 1990 Mar.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Southern  Africa; Namibia; Dairy cows; Livestock; Heat stress; Air temperature; Humidity; Seasons; Seasonal variation; Indexes; Milk production   201                                    NAL Call. No.: 41.8 ON1 Heat stress in dairy cattle and other livestock under southern African conditions. III. Monthly temperature-humidity index mean values and their significance in the performance of dairy cattle. Du Preez, J.H.; Hattingh, P.J.; Giesecke, W.H.; Eisenberg, B.E. Pretoria : South Africa Department of Agriculture and Water Supply; 1990 Dec. The Onderstepoort journal of veterinary research v. 57 (4): p. 243-248; 1990 Dec.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: South  Africa; Namibia; Dairy cows; Heat stress; Temperature; Humidity; Indexes; Seasonal variation; Risk   202                                    NAL Call. No.: 41.8 ON1 Heat stress in dairy cattle under southern African conditions. II. Identification of areas of potential heat stress during summer by means of observed true and predicted temperature- humidity index values. Du Preez, J.H.; Giesecke, W.H.; Hattingh, P.J.; Eisenberg, B.E. Pretoria : South Africa Department of Agriculture and Water Supply; 1990 Sep. The Onderstepoort journal of veterinary research v. 57 (3): p. 183-187; 1990 Sep.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: South  Africa; Namibia; Dairy cows; Heat stress; Environmental temperature; Humidity; Indexes; Summer   203                                  NAL Call. No.: SF601.V535 Heat stress in dairy cows: its effect on reproduction. Thatcher, W.W.; Drost, M. Philadelphia, Pa. : W.B. Saunders Company; 1987 Nov. The Veterinary clinic of North America : food animal practice v. 3 (3): p. 609-618; 1987 Nov.  In the series analytic: Bovine reproduction / edited by R.H. BonDurant.  Literature review.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Dairy cows; Heat stress; Estrus; Blood flow; Embryonic development; Fetal growth; Milk yield; Reproduction   204                                   NAL Call. No.: 44.8 J822 Heat stress interaction with shade and cooling. Armstrong, D.V. Champaign, Ill. : American Dairy Science Association; 1994 Jul. Journal of dairy science v. 77 (7): p. 2044-2050; 1994 Jul.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Arizona; Cabt; Dairy cows; Heat stress; Shade; Evaporative cooling; Pens; Fans; Climatic zones; Relative humidity; Environmental temperature; Literature reviews  Abstract:  Hot weather causes heat stress in dairy cattle. Although effects are more severe in hot climates, dairy cattle in areas with relatively moderate climates also are exposed to periods of heat stress. The resultant decrease in milk production and reproductive efficiency can be offset by implementation of a program consisting of cooling through shades, ventilation and spray, and fans. The economic benefit should be determined before installation of equipment to reduce heat stress.   205                                 NAL Call. No.: 290.9 AM32T Heat transfer properties of dry and wet furs of dairy cows. Arkin, H.; Kimmel, E.; Berman, A.; Broday, D. St. Joseph, Mich. : American Society of Agricultural Engineers; 1991 Nov. Transactions of the ASAE v. 34 (6): p. 2550-2558. ill; 1991 Nov.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Cattle housing; Dairy cows; Energy metabolism; Fur; Evaporative cooling; Heat stress; Heat transfer; Mathematical models; Theory  Abstract:  Heat and mass transfer properties of an Israeli- Holstein dairy cow fur were examined. The skin was stretched over a heat flux assembly, inserted into a wind tunnel, and heat and mass transfer were examined at different air velocities with fur either dry or wet. The dry coat was divided into two layers - the fur and the boundary layer. The thermal resistance of the fur itself hardly changed with air velocity. The resistance to heat transfer of the coat boundary layer was found to be proportional to the square root of air velocity, similar to a flat plate. However, at low air velocity, the resistance of the coat boundary layer was found to be somewhat lower than that of a plate, while at high air velocities, it was higher than that of a plate. For the wet fur, the efficiency of forced evaporative cooling was determined by a single parameter of "wettedness", which equaled unity for a saturated fur and decreased as the coat got drier. This parameter is specific for a given coat and is directly related to the water content within the fur. Experiments were performed to measure the relationship between the wettedness and the amount of water sprinkled over the fur. The maximum water content of a coat wet by means of a commercially available sprinkler was some 230 g/m2 which corresponded to wettedness of 0.6. The results of this investigation may be used to design the most cost effective procedure of forced evaporative cooling for the relief of heat stress in cattle.   206                                    NAL Call. No.: SF191.D3 Heat-stress cures. Klingborg, D.J. Minnetonka, Minn. : Miller Publishing Company; 1990 Jun. Dairy herd management v. 27 (6): p. 38; 1990 Jun.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Dairy cows; Heat stress   207                                      NAL Call. No.: 6 AR44 Heat-stressed dairy cows--ways to improve production, reproduction. Zaugg, N.L. Tempe, Ariz. : Arizona Farmer-Stockman; 1987 Jul. Arizona farmer-stockman v. 66 (7): p. 6. ill; 1987 Jul.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Arizona; Dairy cows; Heat stress; Milk production; Feed intake; Water intake; Humidity; Cooling   208                              NAL Call. No.: SF239.I45 1985 Herringbone and side-opening milking parlors., [Rev.]. Bickert, W.G.; Armstrong, D.V. Ames, Iowa : The Service; 1985. Illinois-Iowa dairy handbook / University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign [and] Iowa State University at Ames, Cooperative Extension Service. 6 p. ill; 1985.  Illinois-Iowa Dairy Guide (401), September, 1980.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Michigan; Arizona; Dairy cows; Milking parlors; Mechanization; Design; Milking; Operating costs   209                           NAL Call. No.: SF967.H65N63 1993 Hoof care for dairy cattle. Nocek, James E. Fort Atkinson, WI : Hoard's Dairyman,; 1993. 32 p. : ill. ; 28 cm.  Cover title.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Hoofs; Dairy cattle; Hoofs; Dairy cattle   210                                   NAL Call. No.: 44.8 J822 Hormonal alterations in the lactating dairy cow in response to thermal stress. Wise, M.E.; Armstrong, D.V.; Huber, J.T.; Hunter, R.; Wiersma, F. Champaign, Ill. : American Dairy Science Association; 1988 Sep. Journal of dairy science v. 71 (9): p. 2480-2485; 1988 Sep.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Dairy cows; Lactating females; Heat stress; Progesterone; Estradiol; Cortisol; Lh; Estrous cycle; Hormone secretion   211                                  NAL Call. No.: SF55.A78A7 Housing and management of dairy cattle in small scale farms of East Java, in Indonesia. Djoharjani, S.T.; Ibrahim, M.N.M. Suweon, Korea : Asian-Australasian Association of Animal Production Societies, c1988-; 1993 Sep. Asian-Australasian journal of animal sciences v. 6 (3): p. 389-394; 1993 Sep. Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Indonesia; Cabt; Dairy cows; Cattle husbandry; Cow housing; Tethered housing; Small farms   212                                NAL Call. No.: S544.3.W6W53 Housing dairy replacements. Holmes, B.J. Madison, Wis. : The Service; 1985. Publication - University of Wisconsin, Cooperative Extension Service (A3307): 22 p.; 1985.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Dairy cattle; Cow housing; Construction; Planning; Barns; Litter; Calves; Heifers; Stalls; Slatted floors   213                                   NAL Call. No.: aZ5071.N3 Housing, husbandry, and welfare of dairy cattle: January 1982 - Aug 1993. Berry, D. Beltsville, Md., National Agricultural Library; 1993 Aug. Quick bibliography series - National Agricultural Library (93-58): 63 p.; 1993 Aug.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Dairy cattle; Animal welfare; Cattle housing; Cattle husbandry; Bibliographies   214                                 NAL Call. No.: SF967.M3N32 Housing management in small dairies. Johnson, A.P. Arlington, Va. : The Council; 1988. Annual meeting - National Mastitis Council, Inc (27th): p. 18-22; 1988.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Farm dairies; Cow housing; Small farms; Farm management; Milking parlors   215                                 NAL Call. No.: 290.9 AM32P How does natural ventilation work and why?. Timmons, M.B. St. Joseph, Mich. : The Society; 1990. Paper - American Society of Agricultural Engineers (90-4551): 15 p.; 1990. Paper presented at the "1990 International Winter Meeting sponsored by The American Society of Agricultural Engineers," December 18-21, 1990, Chicago, Illinois.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Ventilation; Models; Nomograms; Dairy cattle   216                                    NAL Call. No.: SF191.D3 How to handle bulls. Wilson, M.; Seykora, T. Minneapolis : Miller Publishing Co; 1986 Aug. Dairy herd management v. 23 (8): p. 26-27. ill; 1986 Aug.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Dairy bulls; Handling   217                              NAL Call. No.: S494.5.B563N33 Impact of animal growth promotants on the dairy industry. Kalter, R.J. \u Cornell University Ithaca, N.Y. : National Agricultural Biotechnology Council; 1989. NABC report / (1): p. 190-193; 1989.  In the series analytic: Biotechnology and sustainable agriculture : Policy alternatives / edited by J.F. McDonald. Paper presented at the first annual National Agricultural Biotechnology Council meeting, May 22-24, 1989.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Dairy cows; Growth promoters; Utilization; Dairy industry; Farm structure; Milk production; Profitability; Agricultural policy   218                                 NAL Call. No.: SF967.M3N32 The impact of free-stall housing on somatic cell counts in bulk-tank milk. Lehenbauer, T.; Jones, T.; Collar, L. Arlington, Va. : The Council; 1994. Annual meeting /. p. 250-261; 1994.  Meeting held on January 31-February 2, 1994, Orlando, Florida.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: California; Cabt; Dairy cows; Cow housing; Bulk milk; Somatic cell count; Seasonal variation; Bovine mastitis   219                                   NAL Call. No.: 44.8 J822 Implications of dairy herd size for farm material transport, plant nutrient management, and water quality. Lanyon, L.E. Champaign, Ill. : American Dairy Science Association; 1992 Jan. Journal of dairy science v. 75 (1): p. 334-344; 1992 Jan.  Paper presented at the symposium "Nutritional Factors Affecting Animal Water and Waste Quality", August 27, 1990.  Literature review.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Dairy cows; Livestock numbers; Dairy farms; Fertilizers; Soil analysis; Farm management; Runoff water; Water quality; Literature reviews  Abstract:  Farm material transport to, from, and within dairy farms can create zones of plant nutrient depiction and accumulation that range in scale from local to international. The introduction, adoption, and use of fertilizers have resulted in substantial movement of plant nutrients to dairy farms. Fertilizers contributed to enhanced crop growth and frequently the correction of sod nutrient deficiencies. They also represented an opportunity to replace plant nutrients exported from a farm in crops so that it was possible for some farms to specialize in the production of crops. These exported crops often became imports for other farms that specialized in livestock. However, the nutrient-holding capacity of sod on any farm is limited, so the potential for additions to the stock of nutrients, especially of P and K, on a farm can be expected to decrease with time. After a period of net nutrient additions on a dairy farm, the quantity of nutrients that can be accommodated is controlled by the productivity of the animals, the management of the animal handling facilities, and the off-farm purchases of feeds and other materials for the animals. Field and biophysical-economic simulation studies have demonstrated that interactions between alternative management strategies and societal perspectives about water quality and the biological and economic performance of dairy farms may sometimes lead to unexpected outcomes.   220                                   NAL Call. No.: 44.8 J822 The importance of udder and teat conformation for teat seeking by the newborn calf. Ventorp, M.; Michanek, P. Champaign, Ill. : American Dairy Science Association; 1992 Jan. Journal of dairy science v. 75 (1): p. 262-268; 1992 Jan.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Dairy cows; Calves; Newborn animals; Teats; Udders; Colostrum; Suckling; Feeding behavior; Height; Body measurements  Abstract:  Because antibody levels in colostrum and the efficiency of the intestinal absorption of these antibodies decrease with time after birth, late suckling newborn calves risk receiving passive immunity. The influence of the conformation and size of the udder and teats of the dam on the teat-seeking behavior of newborn calves with respect to the time they first suckle was studied in 42 cow-calf pairs housed in individual calving pens. A smaller distance from udder to floor (e.g., low slung udders) led to increased variation and a significant increase in the time spent teat seeking; it also had a significant effect on the time of the first suckle. The variation in the distance from udder to floor accounted for 24 and 15% of the variations in rank order of the calves with respect to duration of active teat seeking before first suckling and to the time to first suckle, respectively. The results of this study showed that calves born to cows or heifers with low slung udders cannot be expected to obtain colostrum soon enough by natural suckling. They should either be helped to suckle or be hand fed to ensure that they receive a good and adequate passive immunity.   221                              NAL Call. No.: S600.2.C6 1985 Improving dairy production in hot arid climates. Wiersma, F.; Armstrong, D.V. Boston : The Society; 1985. 17th Conference on Agricultural and Forest Meteorology and seventh Conference on Biometeorology and Aerobiology, May 21-24, 1985, Scottsdale, Ariz. : [preprint volume] / sponsored by the American Meteorological Society. p. 377-379; 1985.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Dairy cattle; Heat stress; Milk production; Arid zones; Cooling   222                        NAL Call. No.: Videocassette no.567 Improving milk quality produced by Department of Agricultural Journalism in cooperation with Agriculture/Agri-Business Program, University of Wisconsin-Extension, Cooperative Extension Service..  Managing your environment Using monitoring systems University of Wisconsin-Extension, Agriculture-Agribusiness Program, University of Wisconsin, Dept. of Agricultural Jounalism Madison, Wis. : The Dept.,; 1987. 2 videocassettes (35 min., 56 sec.) : sd., col. ; 1/2 in.  VHS.  Produced through the facilities of WHA-TV, University of Wisconsin-Extension, Madison, WI.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Dairy cattle; Housing; Milk production; Milking; Mastitis; Prevention   223                                  NAL Call. No.: QP251.A1T5 In vitro evaluation of early embryo viability and development in summer heat-stressed, superovulated dairy cows. Monty, D.E. Jr; Racowsky, C. Los Altos, Calif. : Geron-X; 1987 Oct. Theriogenology v. 28 (4): p. 451-465; 1987 Oct.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Dairy cows; Embryos (animal); Embryonic development; Heat stress; Infertility; Viability; Superovulation   224                                 NAL Call. No.: SF967.M3N32 The incidence of clinical mastitis in cows exposed to cooling ponds for heat stress management. Shearer, J.K.; Bray, D.R.; Elvinger, F.C.; Reed, P.A. Arlington, Va. : The Council; 1987. Annual meeting - National Mastitis Council, Inc (26th): p. 66-70; 1987. Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Florida; Dairy cows; Bovine mastitis; Heat stress; Cooling; Ponds   225                                   NAL Call. No.: 41.8 C162 The incidence of cystic ovaries in dairy cattle housed in a total confinement system. Hackett, A.J.; Batra, T.R. Ottawa : Canadian Veterinary Medical Association; 1985 Jan. Canadian journal of comparative medicine; Revue canadienne de medecine comparee v. 49 (1): p. 55-57; 1985 Jan.  Includes 21 references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Dairy cows; Ovarian cysts; Cow housing   226                                   NAL Call. No.: 44.8 J822 The influence of intensively managed rotational grazing, traditional continuous grazing, and confinement housing on bulk tank milk quality and udder health. Goldberg, J.J.; Wildman, E.E.; Pankey, J.W.; Kunkel, J.R.; Howard, D.B.; Murphy, B.M. Champaign, Ill. : American Dairy Science Association; 1992 Jan. Journal of dairy science v. 75 (1): p. 96-104; 1992 Jan.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Vermont; Dairy cows; Rotational grazing; Zero grazing; Selective grazing; Bovine mastitis; Udders; Teats; Bulk milk; Milk tanks; Dairy farms; Teat dip; Microbial contamination; Milk quality; Plate count  Abstract:  Monthly bulk tank milk samples and veterinary records were analyzed for 1 yr on 15 Vermont dairy farms. Data were evaluated using ANOVA to compare effects of grazing management systems on milk quality and udder health. Systems evaluated were intensively managed rotational grazing, traditional continuous grazing, and confinement housing. Bulk tank samples were evaluated for standard plate count, bacterial type counts on tryptose-blood-esculin agar, and SCC. Veterinary records were evaluated for incidence of clinical mastitis, udder edema, and teat injuries. Within- and between- treatment group analyses were conducted by season, herd size, and udder sanitation systems. Mean standard plate counts were lower in rotationally grazed herds than counts of confined herds during die grazing season. Similarly, rotationally grazed herds with fewer than 60 cows had lower standard plate counts than confined herds of similar size. Mean bulk tank counts of streptococci other than Streptococcus agalactiae during the grazing season differed among treatments. The lowest counts occurred in rotationally grazed herds. Among herd using predip products recognized as efficacious, fewer streptococci other than S. agalactiae were isolated from bulk tank milk of rotationally grazed herds than confined herds. Rotationally grazed herds using postdips recognized as efficacious had lower SCC than those using unrecognized postdips. No udder health differences were observed among grazing treatments.   227                                   NAL Call. No.: 58.8 C164 Influence of manure-handling systems on heat and moisture loads in free-stall dairy housing. Quille, T.J.; McQuitty, J.B.; Clark, P.C. Ottawa : Canadian Society of Agricultural Engineering; 1986 Jul. Canadian agricultural engineering v. 28 (2): p. 175-181; 1986 Jul.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Alberta; Cattle manure; Handling; Cow housing; Slatted floors; Stalls; Heat production; Moisture   228                                   NAL Call. No.: 44.8 J822 The influence of premilking teat preparation and attachment delay on milk yield and milking performance. Rasmussen, M.D.; Frimer, E.S.; Galton, D.M.; Petersson, L.G. Champaign, Ill. : American Dairy Science Association; 1992 Aug. Journal of dairy science v. 75 (8): p. 2131-2141; 1992 Aug.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Dairy cows; Milk yield; Machine milking; Teats; Dairy breeds; Milk flow; Milk composition; Lactation stage; Breed differences; Lactation number  Abstract:  Premilking teat preparation and attachment delay were varied in four experiments conducted with American Holstein, Danish Holstein, and Danish Jersey cows. Premilking teat preparation varied from 10 to 30 s and consisted of wiping teats for 6 to 20 s and stripping one to five squirts of milk from each teat. Attachment delay from beginning of premilking teat preparation until machine attachment varied from .5 to 3.0 min. Longer preparation significantly increased milk yield for Danish Jersey cows, but not for American or Danish Holstein cows. Older Danish Jersey cows were more sensitive to premilking teat preparation than first lactation cows. Attachment delay influenced the milk yield in Danish Jersey cows, amount of residual fat in American Holsteins, and fat percentage in the residual milk of American and Danish Holstein cows. A 1.3-min delay can be generally recommended for the whole herd with only small or no milk loss for cows in early stage of lactation. Milk yield decreased for Danish Jersey cows and tended to decrease for American Holstein cows when machine attachment was delayed to 3.0 min, regardless of stage of lactation. The lack of treatment effects for Danish Holstein cows may be due to a lack of conditioned stimulation for cows milked in their tie stalls compared with the response of cows moved to milking parlors for milking. Added duration of teat wiping, vigorousness of teat stripping, and delay of machine attachment hastened steady milk flow. Conversely, advanced days in lactation delayed steady milk flow. The high fat content of Danish Jerseys did not delay the start of steady milk flow compared with the American and Danish Holsteins. In late stage of lactation, 30 s of teat preparation and 1.3 min of machine attachment delay minimized time until steady milk flow as well as 10 s of teat preparation and 3.0 min of attachment delay.   229                                   NAL Call. No.: 340.8 IN8 Influence of season and microclimate on fertility of dairy cows in a hot-arid environment. Ray, D.E.; Jassim, A.H.; Armstrong, D.V.; Wiersma, F.; Schuh, J.D. Berlin, W. Ger. : Springer International; 1992. International journal of biometeorology v. 36 (3): p. 141-145; 1992.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Arizona; Dairy cows; Calving interval; Heat stress; Microclimate; Shade; Evaporative cooling; Fogging; Arid climate; Climatic factors; Seasonal fluctuations  Abstract:  Records were obtained over a 3 year period from six Holstein dairy farms of 300 to 500 cows each in the Phoenix, Ariz. area. Dairies were selected on the basis of similar management practices, herd size, milk production and facilities (with the exception of cooling systems). Microclimatic modifications (two dairies each) were shade only (approximately 3.7 m2/cow), evaporative -cooled shades and low-pressure water foggers under the shades. Data were categorized by season of calving (spring, Feb.-May; summer, June-Sept.; and fall, Oct. - Jan.). Traits evaluated were calving interval, days open and services/conception. Calving interval was shortest for cows calving in the spring (378 days), intermediate in fall (382 days) and longest in summer (396 days). Similar seasonal trends were observed for days open (103, 103 and 119 days, respectively) and services/conception (1.54, 1.81 and 1.93, respectively). All differences between spring and summer were significant (P < 0.05). Calving interval and days open were less for evaporative-cooled groups (374 and 98 days, respectively), with no difference between shade only and foggers (391 and 392 days, 112 and 116 days, respectively). Services/conception were similar for all groups (1.72 to 1.79). A significant interaction between microclimate and season for services/conception could be interpreted as (i) smaller season differences for evaporative-cooled groups than for shade or foggers, or (ii) a change in the ranking of control and fogger groups during summer versus fall. Evaporative cooling was more effective than fogging for reducing the detrimental effects of seasonal high temperatures on fertility.   230                                    NAL Call. No.: 23 AU792 The influence of shade on milk production of Holstein-Friesian cows in a tropical upland environment. Davison, T.M.; Silver, B.A.; Lisle, A.T.; Orr, W.N. Melbourne : Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization; 1988. Australian journal of experimental agriculture v. 28 (2): p. 149-154; 1988. Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Queensland; Holstein-friesian; Dairy cows; Milk production; Shade; Milk yield; Milk composition; Tropical zones; Upland areas; Heat stress; Yield response functions   231                                    NAL Call. No.: QL750.A6 The influence of social factors on allogrooming in cows. Sato, S.; Tarumizu, K.; Hatae, K. Amsterdam ; New York : Elsevier, 1984-; 1993 Dec. Applied animal behaviour science v. 38 (3/4): p. 235-244; 1993 Dec.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Dairy cows; Beef cows; Grooming; Kinship; Social structure; Spatial distribution; Social interaction; Altruism   232                                  NAL Call. No.: QP251.A1T5 Influence of summer heat stress on pregnancy rates of lactating dairy cattle following embryo transfer or artificial insemination. Putney, D.J.; Drost, M.; Thatcher, W.W. Stoneham, Mass. : Butterworth Publishers; 1989 Apr. Theriogenology v. 31 (4): p. 765-778; 1989 Apr.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Florida; Dairy cows; Lactating females; Pregnancy; Heat stress; Embryos (animal); Transfers; Artificial insemination; Summer; Estrous cycle; Superovulated females; Cattle breeds   233                                   NAL Call. No.: 340.8 IN8 The influence of thermal conditions on rectal temperature, respiration rate and pulse rate of lactating Holstein-Friesian cows in the humid tropics. Kabuga, J.D. Berlin, W. Ger. : Springer International; 1992. International journal of biometeorology v. 36 (3): p. 146-150; 1992.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Dairy cows; Lactating females; Holstein-friesian; Heat stress; Milk yield; Body temperature; Respiration rate; Pulse rate; Air temperature; Relative humidity; Rain; Diurnal variation; Environmental factors; Correlation  Abstract:  The effect of minimum, maximum and mean ambient air temperatures and the temperature-humidity index (THI) of the same and the previous day on morning (a.m.) and afternoon (p.m.) rectal temperatures (RT), respiration rates (RR) and pulse rates (PR) were studied in 17 Holstein-Friesian cows over the first 125 days in the 3rd and 4th lactations. Physiological responses showed a diurnal pattern, being lower in the mornings than the afternoons: 38.6 vs 39.0 degrees C for RT, 52.2 vs 60.7 breaths/min for RR and 58.1 vs 64.1 beats/ min for PR. Correlations between RT and RR (r = - 0.043 to -0.046) and RT and PR (r = - 0.178 to - 0.261) were low (P > 0.05). Correlations between RR and PR (r = 0.353 to 0.365) were moderate (P < 0.05). Weather variables, especially ambient temperature of the previous day, were more important and influenced physiological responses to a greater extent than other thermal factors the same day. Generally, physiological responses were influenced to a greater extent by ambient temperature than THI. Weather variables explained variations in RT (5.1-59.6%), in RR (13.0-17.8%) and in PR (22.1-25.4%). Relationships between weather variables the previous day and physiological responses were contradictory, with minimum and maximum values showing a negative relationship in contrast with a positive relationship for mean values.   234                                      NAL Call. No.: 49 W89 Intensification of cattle milk production in Mediterranean countries: low forage systems. Susmel, P.; Spanghero, M.; Mills, C.R. Rome : International Publishing Enterprises; 1990 Apr. World review of animal production v. 25 (2): p. 59-68; 1990 Apr.  Literature review.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Mediterranean countries; Dairy cattle; Milk production; Intensive livestock farming; Limiting factors   235                                   NAL Call. No.: 44.8 J822 Interactions of heat stress and bovine somatotropin affecting physiology and immunology of lactating cows. Elvinger, F.; Natzke, R.P.; Hansen, P.J. Champaign, Ill. : American Dairy Science Association; 1992 Feb. Journal of dairy science v. 75 (2): p. 449-462; 1992 Feb.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Dairy cows; Somatotropin; Heat stress; Milk yield; Body temperature; Mammary glands; Lymphocytes; Immune response; Environmental temperature; Hydrocortisone; Cell counting  Abstract:  During summer, 34 cows received daily injections of placebo or 25 mg of bST and were placed in a thermoregulated or a heat stress environment. Heat stress increased rectal temperatures, respiration rates, and plasma cortisol concentrations and decreased milk yield. Four of 9 bST-treated cows and none of 8 control cows became atactic on the 1st d of heat stress. When exposed to beat stress, cows treated with bST experienced higher rectal temperatures throughout the trials than cows treated with placebo. Nonetheless, bST increased milk yields in both environments. The major effect of heat stress on immune function was decreased migration of leukocytes to the mammary gland after chemotactic challenge. This effect of heat stress was not altered by bST. In summary, hyperthermia induced by beat stress and associated changes were greater for cows treated with bST. Detected effects of heat stress on the immune system were few and were not alleviated by bST. Use of bST during summer in subtropical climate zones requires careful management to avoid overexposure of bST-treated cows to heat stress.   236                                    NAL Call. No.: 41.8 Am3 An international perspective on bovine somatotropin and clinical mastitis. Willeberg, P. Schaumburg, Ill. : The Association; 1994 Aug15. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association v. 205 (4): p. 538-541; 1994 Aug15.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Dairy cows; Somatotropin; Bovine mastitis; Incidence; Animal welfare   237                                      NAL Call. No.: 49 W89 The introduction of temperate dairy cattle into tropical and sub-tropical areas and the subsequent effects on milk production. Esmail, S.H.M. Rome : International Publishing Enterprises; 1988 Oct. World review of animal production v. 24 (4): p. 23-29; 1988 Oct.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Dairy cattle; Heat stress; Milk production; Tropical zones; Subtropics; Milk yield; Milk production; Milk composition; Heat tolerance; Diet   238                                   NAL Call. No.: 41.8 B872 An investigation into the heat stress suffered by imported Holstein-Friesian cows in the humid tropics. Kabuga, J.D.; Agyemang, K. Nairobi : Inter-African Bureau for Animal Resources; 1992 Dec. Bulletin of animal health and production in Africa; Bulletin de la sante et de la production animales en Afrique v. 40 (4): p. 245-252; 1992 Dec.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Dairy cows; Heat stress   239                         NAL Call. No.: 49.9 Ut72R no.B-267 De invloed van overbezetting op de individuele ruwvoeropname van melkkoeien = The influence of overcrowding on the individual roughage intake of dairy cows..  Influence of overcrowding on the individual roughage intake of dairy cows Hopster, H. Zeist : Instituut voor Veeteeltkundig Onderzoek "Schoonoord",; 1986. 62 p. : ill. ; 30 cm. (Rapport / Instituut voor Veeteeltkundig Onderzoek "Schoonoord" ; B-267).  English summary.  Juni 1986.  Bibliography: p. 45-46.  Language:  Dutch   240                                 NAL Call. No.: 286.81 F322 Japanese dairy industry faces pressures like that of U.S. Simpson, J.R.; Blokland, P.J. van Minnetonka, Minn. : Miller Publishing Co; 1993 Jun14. Feedstuffs v. 65 (24): p. 16-17; 1993 Jun14.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Japan; U.S.A.; Dairy industry; Agricultural structure; Dairy farms; Outturn; Comparisons; Dairy cows   241                                   NAL Call. No.: 41.8 AC87 Ketosis in Norwegian dairy herds--some epidemiological associations. Riemann, H.P.; Larssen, R.B.; Simensen, E. Copenhagen : Danske Dyrlaegeforening; 1985. Acta veterinaria scandinavica v. 26 (4): p. 482-492; 1985.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Norway; Dairy cattle; Ketosis; Animal feeding; Animal housing; Dairy farming; Farm management   242                                 NAL Call. No.: 275.29 W27P Keys to dairy manure management for water quality. Hermanson, R.E. Pullman, Wash. : The Service; 1992 Jun. Extension bulletin - Washington State University, Cooperative Extension Service (1658): 7 p.; 1992 Jun.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Dairy wastes; Cattle manure; Farm management; Feces collection; Waste treatment; Water quality   243                                NAL Call. No.: SF91.I5 1988 Kinetic analysis on walking behavior of cows. Sato, Y.; Tsutsui, Y.; Shishido, H.; Yamagishi, N.; Furukawa, R. St. Joseph, Mich. : American Society of Agricultural Engineers; 1988. Livestock environment III : proceedings of the Third International Livestock Environment Symposium, April 25-27, 1988, Constellation Hotel, Toronto, Ontario, Canada. p. 171-178. ill; 1988. (ASAE publication ; 1-88).  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Japan; Dairy cows; Farm dairies; Floors; Locomotion; Slip resistant finishes; Kinetics; Instrumentation   244                              NAL Call. No.: 104 D41 no.682 Koens naermiljo adfaerd og trykpavirkninger i relation til udformning af foderbord og bindseltype = Constructions of tie- stalls for dairy cows : behaviour and pressure recordings at different tie-systems and constructions of the manger..  Constructions of tie-stalls for dairy cows Munksgaard, Lene Foulum : Statens Husdyrbrugsforsog,; 1990. 31 p. : ill. ; 21 cm. (Beretning fra Statens Husdyrbrugsforsog ; 682.). Abstract and subtitles in English.  Includes bibliographical references (p. 31).  Language:  Danish   245                                   NAL Call. No.: 44.8 J822 Lactation, health, and reproduction of dairy cows receiving daily injection of sustained-release somatotropin. Zhao, X.; Burton, J.H.; McBride, B.W. Champaign, Ill. : American Dairy Science Association; 1992 Nov. Journal of dairy science v. 75 (11): p. 3122-3130; 1992 Nov.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Dairy cows; Somatotropin; Subcutaneous injection; Controlled release; Milk composition; Milk yield; Lactation number; Feed intake; Dry matter; Energy intake; Body weight; Animal health; Animal welfare; Reproductive performance; Drug formulations  Abstract:  Seventy-four Holstein cows (26 primiparous) were utilized to compare the efficacy and safety of sustained- release versus daily injectable formulations of recombinant bST. Twenty-four control cows were injected biweekly with oil microsphere; 25 cows were injected biweekly with 350 mg of bST microsphere; and 25 cows were injected daily with 10.3 mg of bST. Injections were initiated between wk 4 and 5 of lactation and continued for 280 d. Administration of bST caused a moderate increase in milk and FCM production and improved the efficiency of feed and energy conversions. Most health-related and reproduction-related variables did not differ among treatment groups. However, incidence of teat and udder disorders and feet and leg problems tended to be higher during the 40-wk injection period for the bST-treated cows than for the control cows. Incidence of GnRH therapy and number of days to first service were higher for daily bST-treated cows than for controls. No differences existed between sustained-release and daily bST-treated cows for any parameters monitored.   246                                   NAL Call. No.: 44.8 J822 Lactational response of Jersey cows to bovine somatotropin administered daily or in a sustained-release formulation. Jenny, B.F.; Grimes, L.W.; Pardue, F.E.; Rock, D.W.; Patterson, D.L. Champaign, Ill. : American Dairy Science Association; 1992 Dec. Journal of dairy science v. 75 (12): p. 3402-3407; 1992 Dec.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Dairy cows; Somatotropin; Milk yield; Milk composition; Feed intake; Dry matter; Feed conversion; Controlled release; Injection; Body weight; Body condition; Bovine mastitis  Abstract:  Twenty-four Jersey cows were administered either 0 or 15.5 mg of bST/d or 310 mg of bST/14 d to determine the effect on milk yield, milk composition, feed intake, and body weight. Administration of bST was from wk 14 through 42 postpartum. Cows were housed in a tie-stall barn and fed for ad libitum intake a TMR adjusted to one of two energy protein densities according to milk yield. Milk yield of cows administered bST daily or by sustained-release vehicle increased 27.6 and 24.7%, respectively, over that of control cows; FCM increased by 30.3 and 26.7%. Percentages of fat and protein in milk were unaffected by bST treatment. Dry matter intake of cows administered bST was greater than that of control cows, whether expressed as kilograms per day or as a percentage of body weight. Apparent efficiency of yield increased in cows administered bST. No significant change in body weight occurred; however, cows administered bST had lower body condition scores at 42 wk postpartum. This trial demonstrated comparable effects of bST on lactational performance when administered daily or in a 14-d sustained- release vehicle.   247                                   NAL Call. No.: 44.8 J822 Liner collection cone and pH effects on postthaw motility, staining, and acrosomes of bovine spermatozoa. Smith, J.F.; Merilan, C.P. Champaign, Ill. : American Dairy Science Association; 1991 Apr. Journal of dairy science v. 74 (4): p. 1310-1313; 1991 Apr.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Dairy bulls; Semen; Collection; Artificial vagina; Liners; Polyethylene; Rubber; Spermatozoa; Motility; Acrosome; Ph; Semen diluents; Heat stress; Frozen semen  Abstract:  Sixteen ejaculates were collected, four each from four bulls, using artificial vaginas with polyethylene or rubber liner collection cones in a crossover design experiment. The ejaculates were diluted with egg yolk-citrate extender at pH 6.4 or 7.2, cooled, glycerolated, equilibrated, packaged in .5-ml French straws, frozen in nitrogen vapor, and stored in liquid nitrogen. Thirty frozen straws from each ejaculate were thawed rapidly (46.5 degrees C for 12 s), pooled, and then incubated at 46.5 degrees C for periodic evaluation of progressive motility, differential staining, and acrosome morphology under thermal stress conditions. The postthaw motility of spermatozoa and percentage of unstained cells were higher both when collected in polyethylene than in rubber and when extended at pH 7.2 vs. 6.4, but no interaction was found between liner collection cone composition and pH for postthaw motility. Retention of spermatozoan motility during incubation under thermal stress was greater for cells collected in polyethylene, but not different due to pH. Neither pH nor composition of liner correction cone had an effect on postthaw acrosomal scores, but the time required for a 50% increase in severely damaged acrosomes was greater for spermatozoa collected in polyethylene than in rubber liner collection cones.   248                              NAL Call. No.: SF91.I568 1987 Locomotion of cattle in loose housing systems. Kampkens, K.; Boxberger, J. St. Joseph, Mich.? : The Society; 1987. Latest developments in livestock housing : Seminar of the 2nd Technical Section of the C.I.G.R. / Univ of Illinois, Urbana- Champaign, Illinois, USA, June 22-26, 1987 ; hosted by American Society of Agricultural Engineers. p. 179-190. ill; 1987. (Reports / International Commission of Agricultural Engineering).  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: German federal republic; Cattle housing; Pens; Slatted floors; Farm dairies; Dairy cows; Locomotion; Loose housing   249                                    NAL Call. No.: 23 AU792 Maize silage for the pasture-fed dairy cow. 2. A comparison between two systems for feeding silage while grazing perennial pastures in the spring. Moran, J.B.; Jones, D. East Melbourne : Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization; 1992. Australian journal of experimental agriculture v. 32 (3): p. 287-292; 1992. Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Victoria; Dairy cows; Friesian; Feed intake; Grazing; Irrigated pastures; Maize silage; Rumen digestion; Spring; Milk fat; Milk protein; Milk yield   250                                NAL Call. No.: S544.3.A2C47 Management and care of the dry cow. Moss, B.R. Auburn, Ala. : The Service; 1988 Jul. Circular ANR - Alabama Cooperative Extension Service, Auburn University (289): 4 p.; 1988 Jul.  In subseries: Agriculture & Natural Resources. Animal Science.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Alabama; Dairy herds; Dry lot feeding   251                                   NAL Call. No.: 44.8 J822 Management and economic implications of intensive grazing on dairy farms in the northeastern states. Parker, W.J.; Muller, L.D.; Buckmaster, D.R. Champaign, Ill. : American Dairy Science Association; 1992 Sep. Journal of dairy science v. 75 (9): p. 2587-2597; 1992 Sep.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Pennsylvania; Dairy cows; Grazing; Dry feeding; Forage; Alfalfa; Maize; Land use; Agricultural land; Herbage  Abstract:  The effects of intensive grazing by dairy cattle on annual herbage utilization, forage and crop production, and net returns were compared with a drylot feeding system for a typical Pennsylvania dairy farm using linked spreadsheet models. The 80-ha case farm supported a herd of 53 cows and 48 replacements with a herd average of 6800 kg of milk/yr per cow. Annual feed consumption for the grazing farm included 173, 182, and 118 tonnes of pasture, stored forage, and concentrate DM, respectively. Corresponding tonnes of DM for the drylot feeding system were 47, 293, and 114. Net herbage production of 6589 kg of DM/ha was used for grazing (5350 kg of Dm/ha) and for hay (970 kg of Dm/ha), and 269 kg/ha were not utilized on the grazing farm. On the confined farm, herbage was used primarily for hay (4484 kg of Dm/ha) rather than for grazing (1446 kg of Dm/ha), and herbage loss amounted to 659 kg of Dm/ha. The gross margin was $121 per cow higher on the grazing farm. Despite this potential to improve the profitability of dairy farms, the low usage of intensive grazing in the northeastern US is likely to continue until dairy producers become confident 1) that milk production per cow can be maintained at a level similar to that for confined feeding or 2) that the relative price of concentrates, stored forage, and pasture change to favor grazing more.   252                                   NAL Call. No.: 44.8 J822 Managerial determinants of intramammary coliform and environmental streptococci infections in Ohio dairy herds. Bartlett, P.C.; Miller, G.Y.; Lance, S.E.; Heider, L.E. Champaign, Ill. : American Dairy Science Association; 1992 May. Journal of dairy science v. 75 (5): p. 1241-1252; 1992 May.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Ohio; Dairy cows; Dairy herds; Bovine mastitis; Coliform bacteria; Coliform count; Dairy hygiene; Sanitation; Streptococcus; Farm comparisons; Farm management  Abstract:  Forty-eight dairy herds in Ohio were selected as a stratified random sample for participation in a disease monitoring study to relate die prevalence of IMI with coliform and environmental streptococci to herd management and environmental conditions. Management and environmental conditions were assessed by farm inspection and by an interview with the dairy producers. A separate analysis for each independent variable identified many potential disease determinants. A multivariable analysis of a covariance model to predict the prevalence of coliforms had 6 model df (R2 = .47). Increased prevalence of coliform infection was associated with an increased amount of milk remaining in the udder after milking, use of free stalls, regular use of a running water wash, increased person hours per cow spent milking, and poor sanitation. The multivariable model for environmental streptococci used 5 model df (R2 = .51). Increased prevalence of environmental streptococci was associated with poor sanitation, increased number of days dry, use of tie stalls, no use of a shared wash cloth, and no use of an individual dry cloth.   253                                 NAL Call. No.: 275.29 G29B Managing & feeding lactating dairy cows in hot weather. West, J.W. Athens, Ga. : The Service; 1987 Jun. Bulletin - Cooperative Extension Service, University of Georgia, College of Agriculture (956): 15 p.; 1987 Jun.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Dairy cows; Heat stress; Lactation; Shade; Feed rations   254                                  NAL Call. No.: 100 C12CAG Manger misting improves dairy cows' appetite. Shultz, T.A.; Morrison, S.R. Berkeley, Calif. : The Station; 1987 May. California agriculture - California Agricultural Experiment Station v. 41 (5/6): p. 12-13. ill; 1987 May.  Language:  English  Descriptors: California; Dairy cows; Mangers; Mists; Environmental control; Appetite; Heat stress; Feed intake; Milk yield; Mortality; Reproductive performance   255                             NAL Call. No.: SF206.M37  1986 Mari membangun dan menyempurnakan kandang sapi perah kita masing-masing serta memberi makan sebaik-baiknya, agar sapi kita sehat dan produksi susunya selalu meningkat  [Improving the housing and feeding of dairy cattle to increase  the milk production]. Indonesia, Departemen Pertanian, Kantor Wilayah Daerah Khusus Ibukota Jakarta Jakarta : KANWIL Pertanian, DKI Jakarta,; 1986. ii, 18 p. : ill. ; 19 cm. (Seri peternakan ; no. 001/NAK/vi/86).  Includes bibliographical references (p. 18).  Language:  Indonesian  Descriptors: Dairy cattle   256                                   NAL Call. No.: SF601.C66 Mastitis control in the confinement freestall barn. Britten, A.M. Lawrenceville, N.J. : Veterinary Learning Systems Company; 1987 Feb. The Compendium on continuing education for the practicing veterinarian v. 9 (2): p. F45-F46, F48-F49. ill; 1987 Feb.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Dairy cows; Bovine mastitis; Disease control; Stalls; Loose housing; Design; Litter   257                                    NAL Call. No.: QL750.A6 Maternal behaviour of dairy heifers and sucking of their newborn calves in group housing. Illmann, G.; Spinka, M. Amsterdam : Elsevier Science Publishers, B.V.; 1993 Apr. Applied animal behaviour science v. 36 (2/3): p. 91-98; 1993 Apr.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Dairy cows; Maternal behavior; Calves   258                             NAL Call. No.: 49.9 N76 nr.240 Melkingsavdeling, melkerom og birom i sma losdriftsfjos = Milking compartment, dairy and service rooms in small loose housing barns for dairy cows..  Milking compartment, dairy and science rooms in small loose housing barns for dairy cows As : Norges landbrukshogskole, Institutt for bygningsteknikk,; 1987. 33 p. : ill. ; 30 cm. (IBT-rapport ; nr.240).  Summary and captions in English.  Includes bibliographical references (p. 33).  Language:  Norwegian   259                                   NAL Call. No.: SF208.M53 Milchkuhe Haltungssysteme, Herdenfuhrung, Futterung, Futtergewinnung, Gesundheit, Stallgebaude  [Dairy cows.  rearing systems, herd management, feeding, feed production, health, housing]. rearing systems, herd management, feeding, feed production, health, housing Wolke, H.; Hoges, J.; Coenen, J. Gruppe Tierische Veredlungswirtschaft Bonn : Landwirtschaftskammer Rheinland, [1985?]; 1985. 95 p. : ill. ; 30 cm. (Beitrage zur tierischen Veredelungswirtschaft).  Cover title.  Mai 1985.  Language:  German  Descriptors: Dairy cattle   260                                      NAL Call. No.: S1.N32 Milk cows faster: low-cost swing parlors help family dairies compete--without rBGH. Cramer, C. Emmaus, Pa. : Rodale Institute; 1994 Sep. The New farm v. 16 (6): p. 36-39, 41-42; 1994 Sep.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Dairy farming; Milking parlors; Family farms   261                                 NAL Call. No.: 290.9 AM32P Milk production with voltage exposure during entire lactation. Aneshansley, D.J.; Price, L.R.; Gorewit, R.C.; Czarniecki, C.S. St. Joseph, Mich. : The Society; 1990. Paper - American Society of Agricultural Engineers (90-3502): 16 p.; 1990. Paper presented at the "1990 International Winter Meeting sponsored by the American Society of Agricultural Engineers," December 18-21, Chicago, Illinois.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Dairy cows; Holstein-friesian; Lactation; Milk production; Milking parlors; Stray voltage   262                                 NAL Call. No.: SF967.M3N32 Milking procedures and their effect on milk quality. Armstrong, D.V. Washington, D.C. : The Council; 1985. Annual meeting - National Mastitis Council, Inc (24th): p. 49-51; 1985. Includes 3 references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Dairy cows; Milking; Milking parlors; Teat dip; Milk quality   263                                  NAL Call. No.: SF196.U5A8 Milking routine and performance of large herringbone milking parlor. Armstrong, D.V. Tucson, Ariz. : The Service; 1988 Jan. Arizona dairy newsletter - University of Arizona, Cooperative Extension Service. p. 2-5; 1988 Jan.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Dairy cows; Milking parlors; Milking rate; Milk production   264                                    NAL Call. No.: 58.8 J82 A model of evaporative cooling in a wetted hide. Kimmel, E.; Arkin, H.; Broday, D.; Berman, A. London : Academic Press; 1991 Jul. Journal of agricultural engineering research v. 49 (3): p. 227-241; 1991 Jul. Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Hides and skins; Wetting; Evaporative cooling; Models; Equations; Heat transfer  Abstract:  A theoretical model is presented for the simultaneous transfer of heat and mass in a wet fur that occurs when an animal is cooled by blowing air over its wetted coat. This method for reducing severe heat stress in cows is referred to as forced evaporative cooling. Previously published models for latent heat loss from the body surface of mammals assume that the skin surface is the only site where evaporation occurs, while the rest of the coat remains dry. This assumption is only appropriate for a model to describe sweating, but is not suited to cope with the prevailing conditions during forced evaporative cooling. By allowing for evaporation throughout the entire depth of the coat, the present model enables the evaluation of integrated parameters that characterize the cooling capacity of a wet hide, such as "evaporative effectiveness" or "effective wettedness". The application of these parameters is demonstrated with experimental data obtained using an excised fur of a dairy cow. Simulation runs showed that these parameters depend on ambient thermal parameters (temperature, humidity and air velocity) and on intrinsic local properties such as water content and distribution within the hide. The results of this study contribute to the development of a rational design of a forced evaporative cooling strategy.   265                                      NAL Call. No.: HD1.A3 A model to estimate the performance, revenues and costs of dairy cows under different production and price situations. Arendonk, J.A.M. van Essex : Elsevier Applied Science Publishers; 1985. Agricultural systems v. 16 (3): p. 157-189. ill; 1985.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Netherlands; Dairy cows; Costs; Returns; Production structure; Milk production; Carcass yield; Simulation models   266                                   NAL Call. No.: 41.8 AM3A Modulation of function of bovine polymorphonuclear leukocytes and lymphocytes by high temperature in vitro and in vivo. Elvinger, F.; Hansen, P.J.; Natzke, R.P. Schaumburg, Ill. : American Veterinary Medical Association; 1991 Oct. American journal of veterinary research v. 52 (10): p. 1692-1698; 1991 Oct. Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Dairy cows; Leukocytes; Lymphocyte transformation; Hyperthermia; Neutrophils; Lymphocytes; Blood; Milk; Teats; Immune response  Abstract:  Function of polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNL) and proliferation of lymphocytes after stimulation with mitogens were evaluated in vitro at incubation temperatures of 38.5 and 42 C, and after in vivo heat stress of lactating Holstein cows. Cytochrome-c reduction and random migration of PMNL were reduced when cells were preincubated or incubated at 42 C, but high incubation temperature had little or no effect on phagocytosis and killing of Escherichia coli, Proliferation of lymphocytes was reduced when cells were incubated for 60 hours at 42 C after stimulation with phytohemagglutinin, pokeweed mitogen, or concanavalin A. After stimulation with phytohemagglutinin, lymphocytes were most sensitive to high temperature during the first 24 hours of the 60-hour culture period. High incubation temperature had little effect on viability of cells. In vivo heat stress had no significant effect on responses of PMNL in vitro, but the decrease in proliferation of lymphocytes in vitro at high temperature was less when cells were obtained from heat-stressed cows. Total leukocyte counts in blood and somatic cell counts in milk were higher in heat-stressed cows. Results indicate that: exposure to high temperature in vitro can depress responses of PMNL and lymphocytes; apparent adaptive mechanisms induced by in vivo heat stress provide protection from effects of high temperature seen in vitro; and evidence could not be found to support the hypothesis that reduction in immune function is the basis for increases in the incidence of mastitis during the summer.   267                                   NAL Call. No.: 41.8 AM3A N-Acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminidase activities, milk somatic cell counts, and blood leukocyte and erythrocyte counts in cows after heat-induced stress or after intravenous administration of adrenocorticotropic hormone. Berning, L.M.; Paape, M.J.; Miller, R.H.; LeDane, R.A. Schaumburg, Ill. : American Veterinary Medical Association; 1987 Jul. American journal of veterinary research v. 48 (7): p. 1157-1161; 1987 Jul. Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Dairy cows; Heat stress; Adrenal cortex hormones; Enzymes; Milk; Blood plasma; Leukocyte count; Erythrocyte count; Milk production   268                              NAL Call. No.: SF208.C53 1987 Nai niu ssu yang shih yung chi shu  [Practical knowledge of raising and feeding dairy cattle]..  Nai niu si yang shi yong ji shu, Ti 1 pan.. Chang, Ta-li Ha-erh-pin : Hei-lung-chiang jen min ch'u pan she,; 1987. 3, 63 p. ; 19 cm. (Ssu yang chi shu ts'ung shu).  Colophon title also in Pinyin: Nai niu si yang shi yong ji shu.  Language:  Chinese  Descriptors: Dairy cattle; Breeding; Dairy cattle; Housing; Dairy cattle; Feeding and feeds   269                               NAL Call. No.: SF208.W8 1988 Nai niu ti ssu yang  [Raising and feeding dairy cattle]., Ti 1 pan.. Wu, Tao-chung Ch'ang-ch'un-shih? : Chi-lin k'o hsueh chi shu ch'u pan she : Fa hsing Chi-lin sheng hsin hua hsu tien,; 1988. 2, 199 p. : ill. ; 19 cm. (Nung yeh shih yung chi shu ts'ung shu).  Language:  Chinese  Descriptors: Dairy cattle; Dairy cattle; Breeding; Dairy cattle; Feeding and feeds; Dairy cattle; Housing   270                                    NAL Call. No.: SF961.A5 New systems of ventilation and environmental control in dairy barns. Kains, F.A. Stillwater, Okla. : The Association; 1985, reprinted 1986. Proceedings ... annual convention - American Association of Bovine Practitioners 1986). (18th): p. 60-66. ill; 1985, reprinted 1986.  Includes 9 references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Ontario; Dairy herds; Cow housing; Ventilation; Barns; Environmental control   271                                   NAL Call. No.: 44.8 J822 New technologies and decision making in high producing herds. Spahr, S.L. Champaign, Ill. : American Dairy Science Association; 1993 Oct. Journal of dairy science v. 76 (10): p. 3269-3277; 1993 Oct.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Dairy herds; Dairy farming; Decision making; Dairy technology; Farm management; Machine milking; Milking parlors; Data collection; Milk recording; Estrus  Abstract:  New technologies have evolved for improved management of on-farm records and their use in decision making. Computerized on-farm record systems, coupled with automated monitoring of individual animal performance and electronic transfer of data between the on-farm database and mainframe systems, have enhanced the capability for herd management. Electronic aids for decision making may be embedded into on-farm management programs to allow more detailed data to be available with ease and convenience. Technological advances and their application toward improved operational decisions concerning production monitoring, reproductive management, genetic improvement, feeding, and health in a 300-cow dairy herd are presented as examples. Substantial advances have been made in technologies that improve management and decision making. Evolving technologies promise to enhance further the capabilities for improved management and decision making in high producing herds.   272                                 NAL Call. No.: S544.3.N5F7 The nitrate problem in dairy cattle. Wright, F.A.; Oleskie, E.T. New Brunswick, N.J. : The Service; 1985. FS - Cooperative Extension Service, Cook College (118): 2 p.; 1985.  Language:  English  Descriptors: New Jersey; Dairy cattle; Nitrates; Ingestion toxicity; Silos; Ventilation   273                                    NAL Call. No.: QL750.A6 A note on resting behaviour of cows before and after calving in two different housing systems. Dechamps, P.; Nicks, B.; Canart, B.; Gielen, M.; Istasse, L. Amsterdam : Elsevier Science Publishers, B.V.; 1989 May. Applied animal behaviour science v. 23 (1/2): p. 99-105. ill; 1989 May. Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Dairy cows; Rest; Animal behavior; Prepartum period; Postpartum interval; Cow housing; Lactation stage; Pregnancy   274                            NAL Call. No.: S13.V43 no.90/22 Nove poznatky a racionalizacni trendy reseni progresivnich staji pro dojnice studie VTR = Novye dannye i ratsionalizatorskie trendy v razrabotke peredovykh korovnikov : obzor = New data and rationalization trends of the design of progressive animal houses for dairy cows : review..  Novye dannye i ratsionalizatorskie trendy v razrabotke peredovykh korovnikov New data and rationalization trends of the design of progressive animal houses for dairy cows Wierderman, Gustav Praha : Ustav vedeckotechnickych informaci pro zemedelstvi,; 1990. 99 p. : ill. ; 21 cm. (Vedeckotechnicky rozvoj v zemedelstvi ; 90/22.). Summary in English and Russian.  Includes bibliographical references (p. 92-98).  Language:  Czech   275                                      NAL Call. No.: 49 J82 Nycterohemeral patterns of acid-base status, mineral concentrations and digestive function of lactating cows in natural or chamber heat stress environments. Schneider, P.L.; Beede, D.K.; Wilcox, C.J. Champaign, Ill. : American Society of Animal Science; 1988 Jan. Journal of animal science v. 66 (1): p. 112-125; 1988 Jan.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Dairy cows; Acid base equilibrium; Heat stress; Hyperthermia; Rumen digestion; Mineral content; Respiration rate; Body temperature; Gases   276                                 NAL Call. No.: 290.9 AM32P Occurrence of neutral-to-earth (N-E) voltage in the cow contact area and its relationship to milk production on randomly selected Wisconsin dairy farms: field survey. Hendrikson, S.R.; Harvey, T.J.; Bringe, A.N. St. Joseph, Mich. : The Society; 1990. Paper - American Society of Agricultural Engineers (90-3507): 18 p.; 1990. Paper presented at the "1990 International Winter Meeting sponsored by the American Society of Agricultural Engineers," December 18-21, Chicago, Illinois.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Wisconsin; Dairy cows; Milk production; Mastitis; Stray voltage; Cow housing   277                                 NAL Call. No.: HD1773.A3N6 Optimal dairy policy with bovine somatotropin. Tauer, L.W.; Kaiser, H.M. East Lansing, Mich. : Michigan State University; 1991 Jan. Review of agricultural economics v. 13 (1): p. 1-17; 1991 Jan.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: U.S.A.; Dairy cows; Somatotropin; Dairy industry; Agricultural policy; Production controls; Milk production; Milk prices; Price support; Government; Removal; Surpluses; Economic impact; Profitability; Innovation adoption; Social welfare; Optimization; Dynamic models  Abstract:  A control model of the U.S. dairy sector was constructed to determine optimal policy when bovine somatotropin is released. Social welfare, defined as consumer plus producer surplus minus adjustment and net government costs, was maximized. Control variables were the milk support price and government purchases of cows. Compared to previous simulation research where government policy and adoption are modeled exogenously, the results show that decreases in milk prices and farm profits are not as severe.   278                                   NAL Call. No.: 44.8 J822 Oxidative stress, antioxidants, and animal function. Miller, J.K.; Brzezinska-Slebodzinska, E.; Madsen, F.C. Champaign, Ill. : American Dairy Science Association; 1993 Sep. Journal of dairy science v. 76 (9): p. 2812-2823; 1993 Sep.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Dairy cows; Free radicals; Oxygen; Steroid hormones; Steroidogenesis; Antioxidants; Parturition; Blood plasma; Placental retention; Feed supplements; Mammary edema; Selenium; Stress; Biochemical pathways; Literature reviews  Abstract:  Reactive oxygen metabolites generated during normal metabolism and metabolism stimulated by xenobiotics can enter into reactions that, when uncontrolled, can impair performance of dairy cows. Direct effects include peroxidative changes in membranes and other cellular components. Indirectly, competitive consumption of reducing equivalents can interfere with important metabolic functions and divert glucose from other pathways by inducing the monophosphate shunt. Normally, the body is protected by a wide range of antioxidant systems working in concert. Metal catalysts of oxidative reactions are removed in extracellular fluids by metal-binding macromolecules. Superoxide dismutases, glutathione peroxidase, and catalase within cells remove superoxide and peroxides before they react with metal catalysts to form more reactive species. Finally, peroxidative chain reactions initiated by reactive species that escaped enzymatic degradation are terminated by chain-breaking antioxidants, including water- soluble ascorbate, glutathione, and urate and lipid-soluble vitamin E, ubiquinone, and beta-carotene. To optimize performance, oxidative stress in high producing cows must be controlled by supplying all known antioxidant nutrients and by minimizing effects of substances that stimulate reactive oxygen metabolites.   279                                      NAL Call. No.: 6 AR44 Parallel parlors--a return to between-the-legs cow milking. Armstrong, D.V. Spokane, Wash. : The Journal; 1989 Feb. Arizona farmer-stockman v. 68 (2): p. 6-7. ill; 1989 Feb.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Dairying; Milking parlors; Dairy performance; Safety   280                                 NAL Call. No.: 290.9 AM32P PARSIM: a stochastic simulation model for determining cow throughput and labor utilization in dairy parlors. Burks, T.F.; Turner, L.W.; Crist, W.L.; Taraba, J.L.; Gates, R.S. St. Joseph, Mich. : The Society; 1989. Paper - American Society of Agricultural Engineers (89-7036): 21 p.; 1989. Paper presented at the 1989 International Summer Meeting, June 25-28, 1989, Quebec, PQ, Canada.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Milking parlors; Stochastic models; Computer simulation; Dairy cows   281                                   NAL Call. No.: 44.8 J822 Physiological, productive, and economic benefits of shade, spray, and fan system versus shade for Holstein cows during summer heat. Igono, M.O.; Johnson, H.D.; Steevens, B.J.; Krause, G.F.; Shanklin, M.D. Champaign, Ill. : American Dairy Science Association; 1987 May. Journal of dairy science v. 70 (5): p. 1069-1079; 1987 May.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Missouri; Dairy cows; Holstein-friesian; Heat stress; Shade; Spraying; Fans; Milk yield; Body temperature; Milk; Temperatures; Somatotropin; Plasma; Economic analysis   282                                   NAL Call. No.: 44.8 J822 Physiology of mastitis and factors affecting somatic cell counts. Harmon, R.J. Champaign, Ill. : American Dairy Science Association; 1994 Jul. Journal of dairy science v. 77 (7): p. 2103-2112; 1994 Jul.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Dairy cows; Bovine mastitis; Somatic cell count; Pathogens; Inflammation; Milk composition; Plasmin; Enzyme activity; Potassium; Calcium; Age differences; Lactation stage; Literature reviews  Abstract:  Inflammation of the mammary gland that results from the introduction and multiplication of pathogenic microorganisms in the mammary gland is a complex series of events leading to reduced synthetic activity, compositional changes, and elevated SCC. The magnitude and temporal relationships of these responses vary with nutritional status, other animal factors, and the pathogen involved. Because the elevation of SCC is a response to an insult to the mammary gland and is modulated by inflammatory mediators, the major factor influencing SCC is infection status. The effects of stage of lactation, age, season, and various stresses on SCC are minor if the gland is uninfected. Except for normal diurnal variation, few factors other than infection status have a significant impact on milk SCC.   283                                    NAL Call. No.: 100 UT1F Plastic domes too hot for calves. Logan, Utah : The Station; 1990. Utah Science - Utah Agricultural Experiment Station v. 51 (4): p. 178; 1990.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Dairy cows; Housing   284                              NAL Call. No.: SF239.I45 1985 Polygon milking parlors., [Rev.]. Bickert, W.G.; Armstrong, D.V. Ames, Iowa : The Service; 1985. Illinois-Iowa dairy handbook / University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign [and] Iowa State University at Ames, Cooperative Extension Service. 5 p. ill; 1985.  Illinois-Iowa Dairy Guide (402), September, 1980.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Michigan; Mechanization; Dairy cows; Milking parlors; Design; Pens; Milking; Operating costs; Investment   285                                    NAL Call. No.: S671.A66 Prediction of dairy heifer numbers for the design of housing facilities. Segerlind, L.J. St. Joseph, MI : American Society of Agricultural Engineers, 1985-; 1994 May. Applied engineering in agriculture v. 10 (3): p. 413-415; 1994 May.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Calf housing; Design; Heifers; Replacement; Prediction; Stochastic models  Abstract:  A stochastic model was used to predict replacement heifer numbers. The estimates were generated using a random number technique to simulate the birth process. Tables, equations, and approximate percentages that estimate the number of heifers in four age groups are presented. The estimates can be used to determine the number of individual stalls or the pen size needed for different stages of heifer growth in a herd with uniform calving. The design values presented would be exceeded 10% or less of the time in a five- year period.   286                                   NAL Call. No.: 44.8 J822 Prediction of individual cow milking time for milking parlor simulation models. Thomas, C.V.; DeLorenzo, M.A.; Bray, D.R. Champaign, Ill. : American Dairy Science Association; 1993 Aug. Journal of dairy science v. 76 (8): p. 2184-2194; 1993 Aug.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Dairy cows; Milking parlors; Milking; Time; Simulation models; Prediction; Pulsation; Ratios; Milk yield; Vacuum; Equations  Abstract:  A prediction method for individual cow milking time for use in milking parlor simulation models was formulated as a function of pulsation ratio, vacuum, and milk yield per cow per milking. Milking time was divided into two components: lag time, consisting of time from milking unit attachment to initiation of milk flow, and milk flow time, consisting of time from initiation of milk flow to end of measurable milk flow. Least squares ANOVA indicated that linear effects of pulsation ratio, vacuum, and milk yield and quadratic and cubic effects of milk yield affected milk flow time and lag time. Quadratic effects of pulsation ratio and vacuum and the interaction between pulsation ratio and vacuum only affected milk flow time. Small but significant effects on milk yield per milking were due to pulsation ratio (linear), vacuum (linear and quadratic), and pulsation ratio X vacuum interaction. Based on the analysis, a prediction equation for milking time was formulated, tested, and found to be unsuitable for generation of simulated milking times. Fitting shifted gamma probability distributions to the milk flow time data at various pulsation ratios, vacuums, and milk yields per milking was suitable for generation of simulated milking times.   287                                 NAL Call. No.: 290.9 AM32T Preference of dairy cattle for stall options in free stall housing. Gebremedhin, K.G.; Cramer, C.O.; Larsen, H.J. St. Joseph, Mich. : The Society; 1985 Sep. Transactions of the ASAE - American Society of Agricultural Engineers v. 28 (5): p. 1637-1640. ill; 1985 Sep.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Dairy cattle; Stalls; Cattle housing; Animal behavior   288                                  NAL Call. No.: QP251.A1T5 Pregnancy rates in dairy cows following the administration of a GnRH analogue at the time of artificial insemination or at mid-cycle post insemination. Ryan, D.P.; Kopel, E.; Boland, M.P.; Godke, R.A. Stoneham, Mass. : Butterworth-Heinemann; 1991 Sep. Theriogenology v. 36 (3): p. 367-377; 1991 Sep.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Saudi arabia; Dairy cows; Estrous cycle; Gnrh; Pregnancy rate; Analogs; Artificial insemination; Heat stress; Ovulation rate  Abstract:  Lactating Holstein dairy cows (n = 1,533) were allocated to one of three treatment groups, with Group I (n=514) receiving 10 microgram of a GnRH analogue (buserelin) at artificial insemination (AI) and Group II (n=503) receiving 10 microgram of the same analogue at both the time of AI and at 12 days post AI. Herdmates in Group M (n=516) were inseminated on the same day and served as contemporary AI controls. The trial was conducted on five large dairy farms during the spring and summer months in Saudi Arabia. Pregnancy rates were determined by palpation per rectum between 33 and 50 days following AI. The first service pregnancy rate for the control cows (42.4%) was lower (P < 0.05) than that for cows treated with the GnRH analogue at AI (48.8%) or for the combined treatment at Al and at Day 12 post AI (51.5%). No additive effect on the pregnancy rate was noted from the combined analog treatment. The overall increase in pregnancy rate from the analogue treatment at AI resulted from an 11% increase in pregnancy rate in first parity cows over that of contemporary controls (P < 0.05) and a 14.7% increase in pregnancy for cows mated at 40 to 59 days post partum and treated with the analogue at Al over that of the corresponding controls (P < 0.05). The pregnancy rates from repeat AI (interval less than or equal to 30 days) were similar across treatments (45.7% for Group I, 42.9% for Group II and 47.8% for Group III). In this study, the GnRH analogue may have enhanced the ovulation rate and possibly luteal function in cows with reduced hypothalamic GnRH release under environmental stress.   289                                NAL Call. No.: 275.29 SO85C Preparing for hot weather. Owens, M. Brookings, S.D. : The Service; 1988 Jun. South Dakota D.H.I.A. news - South Dakota State University, Cooperative Extension Service. p. 1; 1988 Jun.  Language:  English  Descriptors: South Dakota; Dairy cows; Heat stress; Water intake; Shade   290                                    NAL Call. No.: SF601.B6 Preventing disease in neonatal calves. 3. McGuirk, S.; DeGroff, T.; Gay, C.; Grover, W.; Mechor, G.; Shearer, J.K. Santa Barbara, CA : Veterinary Practice Pub. Co., [c1983-; 1994 Mar. Agri-Practice v. 15 (3): p. 10-13; 1994 Mar.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Calves; Newborn animals; Maternal immunity; Cow colostrum; Igg; Blood serum; Blood plasma; Monoclonal antibodies; Dairy cattle; Heat stress; Calf diarrhea rotavirus   291                                 NAL Call. No.: 290.9 AM32P Principles and guidelines for natural ventilation of warm dairy housing. Choiniere, Y.; Munroe, J.A. St. Joseph, Mich. : The Society; 1990. Paper - American Society of Agricultural Engineers (90-4552): 19 p.; 1990. Paper presented at the "1990 International Winter Meeting sponsored by The American Society of Agricultural Engineers," December 18-21, 1990, Chicago, Illinois.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Animal housing; Natural ventilation; Dairy cattle   292                                NAL Call. No.: SF233.D44M55 Principles of housing dairy cattle. Baxter, S.H. Edinburgh : University of Edinburgh, Centre for Tropical Veterinary Medicine; 1985. Milk production in developing countries : proceedings of the conference held in Edinburgh from the 2nd to 6th April 1984 / organised by the Centre for Tropical Veterinary Medicine ; edited by A.J. Smi. p. 368-385. ill; 1985. Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Dairy cattle; Cattle housing; Barns; Climate control   293                              NAL Call. No.: SF208.L36 1991 Proceedings 1991 Large Dairy Herd Conference, April 3, 4, 5, 1991..  1991 Large Dairy Herd Conference, April 3, 4, 5, 1991 Cornell Cooperative Extension Large Dairy Herd Conference 1991. Ithaca, N.Y. : Cornell Cooperative Extension : Dept. of Animal Science, N.Y. State College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Cornell University,; 1991. 272 p. ; 28 cm. (Animal science mimeograph series ; no. 147).  Cover title. April, 1991.  Includes bibliographical references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Dairy cattle; Milking parlors   294                                  NAL Call. No.: 41.8 V6456 Protocols for herd health and productivity control in dairy herds: young dairy stock. Hill, F.W.G.; Schukken, Y.H. London : Wright; 1990. The Veterinary annual (30): p. 23-33; 1990.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Dairy herds; Health; Growth; Calves; Calf production; Health care   295                                 NAL Call. No.: SF967.M3N32 Psychological interaction between the milker and the dairy cows. Seabrook, M.F. Arlington, Va. : The Council; 1994. Annual meeting /. p. 163-174; 1994.  Meeting held on January 31-February 2, 1994, Orlando, Florida.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Dairy cows; Interactions; Man; Perception; Cattle husbandry; Animal welfare   296                                   NAL Call. No.: 44.8 J822 Public mood and how we respond. Curtis, S.E. Champaign, Ill. : American Dairy Science Association; 1987 Dec. Journal of dairy science v. 70 (12): p. 2708-2710; 1987 Dec.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Dairy cattle; Animal welfare; Conferences; Public opinion; Education   297                                 NAL Call. No.: S544.3.N7A4 Putting calves in hutches can virtually eliminate lice. Lang, S. Middletown, N.Y. : Cornell Cooperative Ext.--Orange County Agriculture Program, Education Center; 1992 Nov. Agfocus : publication of Cornell Cooperative Extension--Orange County. p. 5; 1992 Nov.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Calves; Dairy cattle; Phthiraptera; Cow housing; Integrated pest management   298                                NAL Call. No.: 275.29 K13EX Raising dairy heifers. Morrill, J.L; Dunham, J.R.; Call, E.P. Manhattan, Kan. : The Service; 1991 Jan. C - Kansas State University, Cooperative Extension Service (721): 15 p.; 1991 Jan.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Kansas; Heifers; Dairy cows; Feed requirements; Calves; Calf housing; Calf diseases   299                                 NAL Call. No.: 275.29 G29B Raising dairy herd replacements. Guthrie, L.D.; Ely, L.O. Athens, Ga. : The Service; 1992 Aug. Bulletin - Cooperative Extension Service, University of Georgia, College of Agriculture v.): 47 p. ill; 1992 Aug.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Dairy cattle; Breeding; Feeding; Housing   300                                     NAL Call. No.: S544.N6 Raising dairy replacements. Crowley, J.; Jorgensen, N.; Howard, T.; Hoffman, P.; Shaver, R. East Lansing, Mich. : The Service; 1991 Mar. North Central regional extension publication, Cooperative Extension Service (205): 61 p.; 1991 Mar.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Heifers; Breeding programs; Dairy bulls; Dairy cattle; Cattle husbandry; Calves; Calf feeding; Cow colostrum; Nutrition programs; Growth rate; Replacement; Calf housing; Calf diseases; Calf production   301                                   NAL Call. No.: 44.8 J822 Raising dairy replacements to meet the needs of the 21st century. Heinrichs, A.J. Champaign, Ill. : American Dairy Science Association; 1993 Oct. Journal of dairy science v. 76 (10): p. 3179-3187; 1993 Oct.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Dairy cows; Heifers; Liveweight gain; Milk yield; Cattle feeding; Replacement; Calves; Cow housing; Mortality; Milk production costs; Age at first calving; Literature reviews  Abstract:  Producing high quality replacement heifers at minimum cost will be one of the many challenges facing the dairy farm of the 21st century. Because replacement heifers represent a large portion of the total cost of milk production, dairy farmers will have to meet the replacement needs of their lactating herds at minimum cost to maintain the farm's profitability. To keep the US dairy industry competitive into the 21st century, researchers, extension, industry, and producers must examine the database of research in order to determine how to apply the known information to current production and research efforts. Important research is needed to improve the dairy heifers of the future. This review summarizes research of the past 12 yr related to dairy replacements and incorporates those findings into possible scenarios for future dairy calf and heifer management systems. Additional research is needed to determine how dairy replacement raising systems affect the lifetime productivity and profitability of the dairy cow.   302                                   NAL Call. No.: 49.9 IN23 Raising dariy replacement heifers: from birth to breeding. Knutson, R.J.; Allrich, R.D.; Cunningham, M.D. West Lafayette, Ind. : The Service; 1988 Feb. Animal Sciences AS - Cooperative Extension Service, Purdue University (454): 7 p. ill; 1988 Feb.  In subseries: Dairy.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Heifers; Cattle husbandry; Dairy cows; Replacement; Animal nutrition; Calving; Animal health; Cow housing; Animal breeding   303                                   NAL Call. No.: SF600.C82 Reactions of dairy cattle and pigs to humans. Seabrook, M.F. Dordrecht : Kluwer Academic Publishers; 1990. Current topics in veterinary medicine and animal science v. 53: p. 110-120; 1990.  In the series analytic: Social stress in domestic animals / edited by R. Zayan and R. Dantzer.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Dairy cattle; Pigs; Man; Interactions; Stress   304                                  NAL Call. No.: SF196.U5A8 Recent research suggests new approaches to alleviate summer heat-stress infertility in dairy cows. Monty, D.E. Jr Tucson, Ariz. : The Service; 1989 May. Arizona dairy newsletter - University of Arizona, Cooperative Extension Service. p. 1-4; 1989 May.  Literature review.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Dairy cows; Lactating females; Heat stress; Conception rate; Veterinary education   305                           NAL Call. No.: 7 C16Pu no.1853/E Recommended code of practice for the care and handling of dairy cattle. Canadian Federation of Humane Societies, Canada, Agriculture Canada Ottawa, Ont. : Available from Communications Branch, Agriculture Canada,; 1990. 41 p. ; 23 cm. (Agriculture Canada publication ; 1853/E).  Produced by Research Program Service.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Dairy cattle; Dairy cattle   306                                    NAL Call. No.: S671.A66 Reducing heat stress in dairy cows through sprinkler and fan cooling. Turner, L.W.; Chastain, J.P.; Hemken, R.W.; Gates, R.S.; Crist, W.L. St. Joseph, Mich. : American Society of Agricultural Engineers; 1992 Mar. Applied engineering in agriculture v. 8 (2): p. 251-256; 1992 Mar.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Dairy cows; Heat stress; Cooling systems; Performance testing  Abstract:  Heat stress in dairy cows can reduce both cow comfort and milk production. Sprinkler and fan cooling offers promise as means of reducing heat stress in cows. This article describes a sprinkler and fan cooling system installed at a feed bunk and evaluates system performance in a temperate, humid climate. The results indicate the system increased cow comfort and milk production during the test period.   307                                   NAL Call. No.: 41.8 N812 Reducing morbidity in dairy cattle. Jones, G. Santa Barbara, Calif. : American Veterinary Publications; 1985 Mar. Modern veterinary practice v. 66 (3): p. 206-207; 1985 Mar.  Includes 3 references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Dairy cattle; Cattle housing; Morbidity; Ventilation   308                                   NAL Call. No.: 41.8 R312 Relationship between an increase in plasma cortisol during transport-induced stress and failure of oestradiol to induce a luteinising hormone surge in dairy cows. Nanda, A.S.; Dobson, H.; Ward, W.R. London : British Veterinary Association; 1990 Jul. Research in veterinary science v. 49 (1): p. 25-28; 1990 Jul.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Dairy cows; Cortisol; Blood plasma; Stress; Transport of animals; Estradiol; Lh; Postpartum interval; Estrous cycle   309                                   NAL Call. No.: 44.8 J822 Relationship of linear type traits and herd life under different management systems. Burke, B.P.; Funk, D.A. Champaign, Ill. : American Dairy Science Association; 1993 Sep. Journal of dairy science v. 76 (9): p. 2773-2782; 1993 Sep.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Dairy cows; Dairy herds; Type score; Conformation; Productive life; Cow housing; Litter; Hooves; Legs; Dairy traits; Regression analysis  Abstract:  The relationship of conformation traits, particularly locomotive traits, and herd life under different management systems was investigated. Herd life to 84 mo was regressed on measures of linear type and production for 139,998 cows in 6277 herds. Linear traits accounted for 14% of explained variation for herd life after effects for herds and production were considered. Udder traits explained more herd- life variation than other conformation traits. Fore udder attachment and udder depth explained the most variation when production was included in analyses. Udder depth explained the least amount of herd-life variation among six udder traits when production was not included in the analyses. The relationship between locomotive traits and herd life differed by type of housing. Cows with intermediate curvature of the rear legs had longer herd life in all housing types, but the absolute difference between optimum and extreme was greater for cows in confinement than for cows in loose housing. Relationship between cows' genetic merit for curvature of the rear legs and herd life, however, was near zero. Cows with steeper foot angles had longer herd life in all housing types. Regressions of herd life on nonlocomotive type traits for different housing systems were always greater for cows in tie- stall environments compared with cows in loose housing. Personal preference for type traits by dairy producers within housing systems may partly explain herd-life results.   310                                   NAL Call. No.: 44.8 J822 Relationships among udder and teat morphology and milking characteristics. Rogers, G.W.; Spencer, S.B. Champaign, Ill. : American Dairy Science Association; 1991 Dec. Journal of dairy science v. 74 (12): p. 4189-4194; 1991 Dec.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Dairy cows; Udders; Teats; Animal anatomy; Teatcup liner; Milk yield; Milking rate; Milking  Abstract:  Teat cup liner slips, manual milking machine adjustments, milk yields, and milking times were recorded during both morning and evening milkings for 9 d on 97 Holstein cows in The Pennsylvania State University dairy herd. Fore and rear udder heights (distance from floor to udder), udder levelness, distances between teats (before and after milking), teat lengths, teat diameters, and teat end shapes were measured on the same cows. Product-moment correlations among the morphological characteristics, liner slips, manual adjustments, milk yields, and milking times were determined. Residual correlations from a model including lactation number and DIM (linear and quadratic) were also calculated. The variation among cows in machine liner slips and manual adjustments within and across lactation number and DIM can be partially explained by udder and teat morphology. Wider teats were associated with increased liner slips and increased manual adjustments. More tilted udders (rear quarters lower than front quarters) were associated with increased liner slips and tended to be associated with increased manual adjustments. In addition, larger teat diameters and longer teats tended to be associated with increased liner slips.   311                                    NAL Call. No.: 100 AL1H Response of dairy cows to elevated environmental temperatures. Cummins, K.A. Auburn, Ala. : The Station; 1987. Highlights of agricultural research - Alabama Agricultural Experiment Station v. 34 (3): p. 11. ill; 1987.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Dairy cows; Environmental temperature; Heat stress; Summer; Shade; Ventilation; Holstein-friesian; Jersey; Breed differences   312                                      NAL Call. No.: 49 W89 Resting behaviour of Friesian bulls 5 and 12 months old in a tie stall barn. Nicks, B.; Dechamps, P.; Canart, B.; Istasse, L. Rome : International Publishing Enterprises; 1991 Jan. World review of animal production v. 26 (1): p. 51-54; 1991 Jan.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Dairy bulls; Barns; Animal behavior; Age differences   313                                   NAL Call. No.: 41.8 C163 Resumption of ovarian activity and estrus postpartum in dairy cows maintained indoors year-round. Hackett, A.J.; Lin, C.Y.; McAllister, A.J. Ottawa : Agricultural Institute of Canada; 1985 Jun. Canadian journal of animal science v. 65 (2): p. 391-398. ill; 1985 Jun. Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Dairy cows; Cow housing; Ovaries (animal); Estrus; Postpartum interval   314                                   NAL Call. No.: 44.8 J822 Reverse pressure gradients across the teat canal related to machine milking. Rasmussen, M.D.; Frimer, E.S.; Decker, E.L. Champaign, Ill. : American Dairy Science Association; 1994 Apr. Journal of dairy science v. 77 (4): p. 984-993; 1994 Apr.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Dairy cows; Teats; Machine milking; Vacuum; Pressure regulators; Automatic control; Computer techniques; Pressure; Teatcup liner  Abstract:  Miniature pressure transducers were inserted through the udder cistern wall of 10 cows and placed into the teat cistern and, in addition, beneath the teat end. Data were sampled every millisecond and collected during 59 sequences of manual teat handling pre- and postmilking, 575 attachments, 384 sequences of 30-s milking, and 623 sequences of detachment. Attachment and detachment were mainly done during overmilking in short sequences lasting 8 to 20 s. Reverse pressure gradients across the teat canal occurred during manual teat handling (54%), attachment of the milking unit (29%), milking (1%), and detachment (26%). Overall risk included empty teats. Risk factors at pre- and postmilking teat handling were the compression of teats and the following movement back to normal shape. When the diameter of the mouthpiece orifice of the liner was larger than the teat diameter, the frequency of reverse pressure gradients at attachment was halved compared with attachment of more narrow liners. The method of attaching the milking unit on empty teats without the risk of creating reverse pressure gradients was not identified. Reverse pressure gradients in empty teats may be avoided during detachment of liners if the mouthpiece orifice diameter is greater than the teat diameter. Detachment with the liner in open position reduced the risk of reverse pressure gradients compared with that from the closed position.   315                                  NAL Call. No.: QP251.A1T5 A review and an update of cystic ovarian degeneration in ruminants. Lopez-Diaz, M.C.; Bosu, W.T.K. Stoneham, Mass. : Butterworth-Heinemann; 1992 Jun. Theriogenology v. 37 (6): p. 1163-1183; 1992 Jun.  Literature review. Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Dairy cows; Ewes; Ovarian cysts; Pituitary; Hypothalamic regulation; Hormone secretion; Ovaries; Follicles; Gnrh; Lh; Stress; Literature reviews   316                             NAL Call. No.: KF27.A366 1986a Review of status and potential impact of bovine growth hormone hearing before the Subcommittee on Livestock, Dairy, and Poultry of the Committee on Agriculture, House of Representatives, Ninety-ninth Congress, second session, June 11, 1986. United States. Congress. House. Committee on Agriculture. Subcommittee on Livestock, Dairy, and Poultry Washington, [D.C.] : U.S. G.P.O. : For sale by the Supt. of Docs., Congressional Sales Office, U.S. G.P.O.,; 1987. iv, 302 p. : ill. ; 24 cm.  Distributed to some depository libraries in microfiche.  Serial no. 99-51.  Includes bibliographies.  Language:  English; English  Descriptors: Hormones in animal nutrition; Dairy cattle; United States; Milk production; United States   317                              NAL Call. No.: SF239.I45 1985 Rotary milking parlors., [Rev.]. Bickert, W.G.; Armstrong, D.V. Ames, Iowa : The Service; 1985. Illinois-Iowa dairy handbook / University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign [and] Iowa State University at Ames, Cooperative Extension Service. 4 p. ill; 1985.  Illinois-Iowa Dairy Guide (403), September, 1980.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Michigan; Dairy cows; Milking parlors; Design; Types; Mechanization; Milking; Operating costs; Investment   318                                   NAL Call. No.: 19.5 P752 Rozbor microklimatickych faktorov vo velkokapacitnom ustajneni dojnic v podhorskej oblasti v zimnom a letnom obdobi  [Analysis of microclimatic factors in large-capacity housing of milk cows in a submotane area at winter and summer seasons]. Vavak, V.; Kotvas, R. Bratislava, Czechoslovakia : Slovenskej akademia vied; 1985. Pol'nohospodarstvo; Agriculture v. 31 (5): p. 438-447; 1985.  Includes 15 references.  Language:  Slovak  Descriptors: Microclimate; Large scale husbandry; Dairy cows; Winter; Summer; Cattle housing   319                                 NAL Call. No.: SF967.M3N32 Sand bedding in the stall operations. Niles, D.E. Arlington, Va. : The Council; 1994. Annual meeting /. p. 300-302; 1994.  Meeting held on January 31-February 2, 1994, Orlando, Florida.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Dairy herds; Dairy cows; Litter; Sand; Stalls   320                                   NAL Call. No.: 44.8 J822 Season and lactation number effects on milk production and reproduction of dairy cattle in Arizona. Ray, D.E.; Halbach, T.J.; Armstrong, D.V. Champaign, Ill. : American Dairy Science Association; 1992 Nov. Journal of dairy science v. 75 (11): p. 2976-2983; 1992 Nov.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Arizona; Dairy cows; Lactation number; Seasons; Heat stress; Environmental temperature; Relative humidity; Milk production; Calving interval; Pregnancy rate  Abstract:  Records representing 19,266 Holstein cows from Arizona DHIA data over a 5-yr period were analyzed to determine the effects of season and lactation number on milk production and reproduction. Seasons were winter (December, January, and February), spring (March April and May), summer (June, July, and August), and fall (September, October, and November). Traits analyzed by least squares ANOVA were 305-d FCM, complete lactation milk calving interval, and services per conception. All sources of variation were significant except the interaction between lactation number and season of calving for complete lactation milk. Milk production was depressed for cows calving in summer and fall. First lactation cows had lowest milk production, and highest production occurred in either lactation 4 or 5. Cows calving in spring and summer had reduced reproductive performance, as measured by calving interval and services per conception. First lactation cows had lowest values for both reproductive traits. Previous days dry was negatively related to milk production for spring calving but was positively related for all other seasons. Cows with higher milk production had reduced reproductive performance. Partial regression coefficients for calving interval and services per conception were 12 d and .25 services per conception per 1000 kg of 305-d FCM, respectively. Despite the negative effects of stress, milk production add fertility in this study were not depressed as severely as in previous research reported from Arizona. Calving schedules may be adjusted to minimize the adverse effect of heat stress.   321                                  NAL Call. No.: QP251.A1T5 Secretion of PGF2 alpha and oxytocin during hyperthermia in cyclic and pregnant heifers. Wolfensen, D.; Bartol, F.F.; Badinga, L.; Barros, C.M.; Marple, D.N.; Cummins, K.; Wolfe, D.; Lucy, M.C.; Spencer, T.E.; Thatcher, W.W. Stoneham, Mass. : Butterworth-Heinemann; 1993 May. Theriogenology v. 39 (5): p. 1129-1141; 1993 May.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Dairy cows; Hormone secretion; Heat stress  Abstract:  The effects of acute heat stress (HS) and oxytocin (OT) injection on plasma concentrations of PGF2 alpha and OT were examined in cyclic (C; n = 15) and pregnant (P; n = 11) dairy heifers. On Day 17 of synchronized estrous cycles, animals were randomly assigned to either thermoneutral (TN; 20 degrees C, 20% RH) or HS (42 degrees C, 60% RH) chambers. The jugular vein of each heifer was cannulated and blood samples collected hourly for 4 h, then every 15 min for an additional 3 h. Oxytocin (100 IU) was injected (IV) 5 h after the start of blood collection. Plasma samples were assayed subsequently for concentrations of 13,14-dihydro-15-keto PGF2 alpha (PGFM) and OT. During the 7-h experiment, body temperature of HS heifers reached 41.2 degrees C as compared to 38.5 degrees C in control heifers. Plasma concentrations of PGFM increased (P < 0.05) and peaked 30 min after OT injection in C (890 pg/ml) and P (540 pg/ml) heifers. In C heifers, heat stress failed to alter PGFM concentrations either before or after OT injection. In the P group, PGFM concentrations following OT injection tended to be higher in HS heifers than in TN heifers (peak values of 690 vs. 410 pg/ml). Pregnant TN and HS heifers were further classified as responders or non-responders to OT challenge according to a cutoff value for PGFM of 193 pg/ml (overall mean of C heifers minus 1 SD). Five of six HS and one of five TN pregnant heifers were classified as responders (P < 0.06). Oxytocin concentrations in plasma prior to injection of exogenous OT were not affected by HS or pregnancy status. It is concluded that in C heifers, acute HS in vivo does not cause any further rise in PGF2 alpha secretion. However, in P heifers, HS appears to antagonize suppressive effects of the embryo on uterine secretion of PGF2 alpha, as indicated by the larger proportion of P heifers responding to OT challenge.   322                               NAL Call. No.: aS21.A8U5/ARS Shelters and environmental modification. Hahn, G.L. Washington, D.C. : The Service; 1986. Reprints - U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service [470]: 13 p.; 1986.  Indexed from reprint: Limiting the Effects of Stress on Cattle / edited by G.P. Moberg, 1986. (W-135 Western Regional Research Pub. No. 9). p. 47-59.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Livestock; Performance; Environmental factors; Stress; Shelters; Environmental temperature; Dairy cows; Dairy performance   323                                  NAL Call. No.: FICHE S-72 Simulating cow throughput and labor efficiency in dairy parlors. Burks, T.F.; Turner, L.W.; Crist, W.L.; Taraba, J.L. St. Joseph, Mich. : The Society; 1987. American Society of Agricultural Engineers (Microfiche collection) (fiche no. 87-4503): 7 p.; 1987.  Paper presented at the 1987 Winter Meeting of the American Society of Agricultural Engineers. Available for purchase from: The American Society of Agricultural Engineers, Order Dept., 2950 Niles Road, St. Joseph, Michigan 49085. Telephone the Order Dept. at (616) 429-0300 for information and prices.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Simulation models; Educational methods; Milking parlors; Labor; Efficiency; Milking interval; Milk production   324                                   NAL Call. No.: 44.8 J822 Simulating individual cow milk yield for milking parlor simulation models. Thomas, C.V.; DeLorenzo, M.A. Champaign, Ill. : American Dairy Science Association; 1994 May. Journal of dairy science v. 77 (5): p. 1285-1295; 1994 May.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Florida; Cabt; Dairy cows; Milking parlors; Simulation models; Computer simulation; Milk yield; Mathematical models  Abstract:  A method of simulating individual cow milk yield per milking as a function of herd milk yield and month was formulated for milking parlor simulation models. Milk yield per milking was modeled for each month in three herd milk yield categories: 8165, 8845, and 9525 kg/yr of milk per cow. Actual individual cow DHIA test day milk weight data for three Florida dairy herds in each herd milk yield category and month were adjusted to the mean of their respective actual milk shipped per cow on test day then pooled and converted to a basis of three times per day milk yield per milking. After minor truncation, Weibull probability distributions fitted to these data sets adequately modeled milk yield per milking per cow. Analysis of simulation results for milk yield per milking per cow indicated no significant differences between actual and simulated means for any herd milk yield category or month. Simulations of monthly and yearly total herd milk yield for each herd indicated that fitted Weibull distributions also adequately modeled monthly and yearly herd milk yield characteristics and reflected seasonal herd milk yield patterns typical of Florida.   325                          NAL Call. No.: TH4911.A1U6 no.156 Slapp korna loss for battre miljo och hygien = Loose housing for dairy cows : for better environment and hygiene..  Loose housing for dairy cows Ekelund, Karl Lund : Sveriges lantbruksuniversitet, Institutionen for lantbrukets byggnadsteknik, Avdelningen for jordbrukets byggnads- och klimatteknik,; 1988. 1 v. (various pagings) : ill. ; 30 cm. (Specialmeddelande / Sveriges lantbruksuniversitet. Institutionen for lantbrukets byggnadsteknik, 156). Summary in English.  Bibliography: p. 28-29.  Language:  Swedish   326                                  NAL Call. No.: SF55.A78A7 Small scale dairying in three farming systems in East Java. I. Farmer's income and household characteristics. Widodo, M.W.; Jong, R. de; Udo, H.M.J. Suweon, Korea : Asian-Australasian Association of Animal Production Societies, c1988-; 1994 Mar. Asian-Australasian journal of animal sciences v. 7 (1): p. 19-29; 1994 Mar. Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Java; Cabt; Dairy farming; Zero grazing; Farmers' income; Farming systems; Cassava; Sugarcane; Agricultural byproducts; Farm area; Milk yield; Dairy cows; Horticultural crops   327                                    NAL Call. No.: QL750.A6 Social dominance in dairy cattle and the influences of housing and management. Wierenga, H.K. Amsterdam : Elsevier Science Publishers, B.V.; 1990 Sep. Applied animal behaviour science v. 27 (3): p. 201-229; 1990 Sep.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Dairy cows; Social dominance; Cubicles; Cattle husbandry; Aggressive behavior   328                                     NAL Call. No.: 49 AN55 Some effects of housing on the social behavior of dairy cows. Miller, K.; Wood-Gash, D.G.M. East Lothian, Scotland : Durrant; 1991 Dec. Animal production v. 53 (pt.3): p. 271-278; 1991 Dec.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Dairy cows; Cow housing; Social dominance; Agonistic behavior; Grazing behavior; Animal welfare; Time allocation; Rest   329                                     NAL Call. No.: 49 AN55 Some factors related to the voluntary intake of silage by individual dairy cows housed as a group during two winter- feeding periods. Little, W.; Manston, R.; Wilkinson, J.I.D.; Tarrant, M.E. East Lothian, Scotland : Durrant; 1991 Aug. Animal production v. 53 (pt.1): p. 19-25; 1991 Aug.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Dairy cows; Somatotropin; Feed intake; Grass silage; Concentrates; Fiber content; Starch; Protected protein; Milk yield; Energy requirements   330                                      NAL Call. No.: HD1.A3 Speculating on long-term changes in UK dairy farming and the implications for research: a quantitative approach. Doyle, C.J.; Mainland, D.D.; Thomas, C. Essex : Elsevier Applied Science Publishers; 1991. Agricultural systems v. 37 (3): p. 243-258; 1991.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Uk; Dairy farming; Milk production; Mathematical models; Prediction; Technical progress; Resource utilization; Agricultural structure; Farm income; Innovation adoption; Somatotropin; Grass sward   331                                   NAL Call. No.: 44.8 J822 Sperm in poor quality semen from bulls during heat stress have a lower affinity for binding hydrogen-3 heparin. Ax, R.L.; Gilbert, G.R.; Shook, G.E. Champaign, Ill. : American Dairy Science Association; 1987 Jan. Journal of dairy science v. 70 (1): p. 195-200; 1987 Jan.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Dairy bulls; Semen characters; Male fertility; Heat stress; Hydrogen; Heparin   332                                  NAL Call. No.: FICHE S-72 Sprinkling and fan evaporative cooling for dairy cattle in Florida. Strickland, J.T.; Bucklin, R.A.; Nordstedt, R.A. St. Joseph, Mich. : The Society; 1988. American Society of Agricultural Engineers (Microfiche collection) (fiche no. 88-4042): 13 p. ill; 1988.  Paper presented at the 1988 Summer Meeting of the American Society of Agricultural Engineers. Available for purchase from: The American Society of Agricultural Engineers, Order Dept., 2950 Niles Road, St. Joseph, Michigan 49085. Telephone the Order Dept. at (616) 429-0300 for information and prices.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Florida; Cow housing; Evaporative cooling; Fans; Cooling systems; Milk production; Economic analysis; Heat stress   333                              NAL Call. No.: SF206.R67 1991 Stalle per vacche da latte  [Stables for dairy cows]. Rossi, Paolo,; Betti, Sandra, Centro ricerche produzioni animali Verona : Edizioni L'Informatore Agrario,; 1991. ix, 91 p. : ill. ; 29 cm.  "Autori, Paolo Rossi ... Sandra Betti."--P. viii. Includes bibliographical references (p. 91).  Language:  Italian  Descriptors: Dairy cattle; Cattle   334                           NAL Call. No.: S760.G3F67 Nr.182 Stallsysteme fur die Milchviehhaltung im Vergleich Methode und Ergebnisse [Housing systems for the dairy cattle husbandry in comparison]. Auernhammer, Hermann Germany : Arbeitskreis Forschung und Lehre der Max-Eyth- Gesellschaft (MEG),; 1990. xvi, 185, [36] p. : ill. ; 21 cm. (Forschungsbericht Agrartechnik des Arbeitskreises Forschung und Lehre der Max- Eyth-Gesellschaft (MEG), 182). Includes bibliographical references (p. 177-184).  Language:  German   335                                   NAL Call. No.: 44.8 J822 Staphylococcus aureus colonization of teat skin as affected by postmilking teat treatment when exposed to cold and windy conditions. Fox, L.K.; Norell, R.J. Champaign, Ill. : American Dairy Science Association; 1994 Aug. Journal of dairy science v. 77 (8): p. 2281-2288; 1994 Aug.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Dairy cows; Teats; Skin; Winter; Ointments; Lesions; Staphylococcus aureus; Bacterial count; Healing  Abstract:  Study 1 was conducted to determine whether postmilking teat treatment with ointment before exposure to cold and wind resulted in better skin health than standard teat treatment. Teat treatments tested were 1% I(2) and 10% glycerin, ointment with 1% chloroxylenol, ointment with .3% 8- hydroxyquinoline sulfate, and no treatment (control).Teats were treated 7 d prior to chapping. A broth culture of Staphylococcus aureus was applied once to teats after chapping was established. Treatments were applied after milking and before sample collection for 11 d following S. aureus application. Milk samples were collected aseptically, teat skin swabbing solutions were collected, and teat condition was scored. Cows were exposed to ambient winter conditions, and a wind velocity of 152.4 m/min was applied to the mammary gland surface for 15 min immediately postmilking. Ointment and control teats had significantly better skin condition than teats treated with I2 solution. Colonization of S. aureus was greatest on ointment treated teats. Study 2 was conducted to determine whether teat condition of cows receiving postmilking I(2) solution treatments would be improved if teats were blotted dry before exposure to wind and cold ambient conditions. Two mammary quarters of each cow received I(2) solution treatment of study 1, but teats were blotted dry prior to exit from the milking parlor. No treatment was applied to the other teats. Teat condition scores were similar between treatments, but S. aureus colonization was significantly greater on control teats. Results indicate a possible disadvantage to treating teats with ointments after milking, as evidenced by increased S. aureus colonization. The best postmilking teat treatment prior to exposure to cold, windy conditions may be blot-drying teats after disinfectant solution application.   336                                  NAL Call. No.: FICHE S-72 Structural methods for cooling dairy cows in the southeast. Barth, C.L. St. Joseph, Mich. : The Society; 1988. American Society of Agricultural Engineers (Microfiche collection) (fiche no. 88-4054): 7 p.; 1988.  Paper presented at the 1988 Summer Meeting of the American Society of Agricultural Engineers. Available for purchase from: The American Society of Agricultural Engineers, Order Dept., 2950 Niles Road, St. Joseph, Michigan 49085. Telephone the Order Dept. at (616) 429-0300 for information and prices.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: South Carolina; Cow housing; Barns; Building construction; Design; Heat stress; Stalls   337                               NAL Call. No.: 275.29 N811NC Summer infertility--it's that time again. Washburn, S.P. Raleigh, N.C. : North Carolina Agricultural Extension Service; 1987 May. North Carolina dairy extension newsletter. p. 3-4; 1987 May.  Language:  English  Descriptors: North Carolina; Dairy cattle; Heat; Stress; Conception rate; Temperature; Drinking water   338                                   NAL Call. No.: 44.8 J822 Suppressing immature house and stable flies in outdoor calf hutches with sand, gravel, and sawdust bedding. Schmidtmann, E.T. Champaign, Ill. : American Dairy Science Association; 1991 Nov. Journal of dairy science v. 74 (11): p. 3956-3960; 1991 Nov.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Musca domestica; Stomoxys calcitrans; Calves; Litter; Larvae; Sawdust; Gravel; Sand; Straw  Abstract:  Sand, gravel, sawdust, and pine shavings were used as bedding in outdoor calf hutches and compared with straw relative to the density of immature (maggot) house flies, Musca domestica, and stable flies, Stomoxys calcitrans. In 6- wk field trials, average densities of house and stable fly maggots in concrete mix sand ranged from only .3 to 1.6 and 0 to .1 maggots/L, respectively; pea size gravel bedding also strongly suppressed densities from <.1 to .3 and <.1 to .1 maggots/L, respectively. These densities represent reductions of 76 to >99% relative to straw bedding, but both sand and gravel compacted and became soiled with calf feces, which resulted in unacceptable bedding sanitation and foul odors. Densities of house and stable fly maggots in pine shavings did not differ from those in straw bedding. Nevertheless, in sawdust bedding, maggot density was limited to averages of 1.4 to 8.3 house and 9.8 to 11.8 stable fly maggots/ L; this represented reductions of 45 to 91% relative to straw. In a follow-up trial, house and stable fly maggot densities in sawdust averaged 11.3 and 43.9 maggots/L, respectively, reductions of 77 and 46%. These findings suggest that bedding calf hutches with sawdust during warm weather can be useful as an ecologically sound approach to controlling muscoid fly populations on dairy farms.   339                                   NAL Call. No.: 44.8 J822 Survey of calf and heifer housing of Pennsylvania dairy farms. Heinrichs, A.J.; Graves, R.E.; Kiernan, N.E. Champaign, Ill. : American Dairy Science Association; 1987 Sep. Journal of dairy science v. 70 (9): p. 1952-1957; 1987 Sep.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Pennsylvania; Calves; Heifers; Calf housing; Cow housing; Dairy farming; Surveys   340                                   NAL Call. No.: 44.8 J822 Survival of coliform bacteria in static compost piles of dairy waste solids intended for freestall bedding. Mote, C.R.; Emerton, B.L.; Allison, J.S.; Dowlen, H.H.; Oliver, S.P. Champaign, Ill. : American Dairy Science Association; 1988 Jun. Journal of dairy science v. 71 (6): p. 1676-1681; 1988 Jun.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Farm dairies; Cattle manure; Solid waste; Composts; Coliform bacteria; Coliform count; Litter; Loose housing   341                                   NAL Call. No.: 44.8 J822 Symposium: Dairy Animal Welfare. Introduction. Blosser, T.H. Champaign, Ill. : American Dairy Science Association; 1987 Dec. Journal of dairy science v. 70 (12): p. 2705-2707; 1987 Dec.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Dairy cattle; Animal welfare; Conferences   342                                    NAL Call. No.: 41.8 Am3 Tarsal lameness of dairy bulls housed at two artificial insemination centers: 24 cases (1975-1987). Bargai, U.; Cohen, R. Schaumburg, Ill. : The Association; 1992 Oct01. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association v. 201 (7): p. 1068-1069; 1992 Oct01.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Israel; Cabt; Dairy bulls; Tarsus; Lameness; Ai bulls; Disease prevalence; Floors; Semen; Collection; Age   343                                   NAL Call. No.: 44.8 J822 Thermal, productive, and reproductive responses of high yielding cows exposed to short-term cooling in summer. Her, E.; Wolfenson, D.; Flamenbaum, I.; Folman, Y.; Kaim, M.; Berman, A. Champaign, Ill. : American Dairy Science Association; 1988 Apr. Journal of dairy science v. 71 (4): p. 1085-1092; 1988 Apr.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Dairy cows; Summer; Milk production; Reproductive performance; Body temperature; Cooling; Cow housing; Ventilation; Heat stress   344                                    NAL Call. No.: SF601.B6 Thermoregulation and physiological responses of dairy cattle in hot weather. Shearer, J.K.; Beede, D.K. Santa Barbara, Calif. : Veterinary Practice Publishing Company; 1990 Jul. Agri-Practice v. 11 (4): p. 5-8, 13, 16-17; 1990 Jul.  Literature review. Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Dairy cattle; Heat stress; Body temperature regulation; Physiological functions; Body heat loss; Evaporative cooling   345                                   NAL Call. No.: 44.8 J822 Time and motion to measure milking parlor performance. Armstrong, D.V.; Quick, A.J. Champaign, Ill. : American Dairy Science Association; 1986 Apr. Journal of dairy science v. 69 (4): p. 1169-1177; 1986 Apr.  Includes 35 references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Dairy cows; Milking parlors; Dairy performance; Milking machines; Milk production; Time and motion studies   346                                    NAL Call. No.: S671.A66 Transient hazardous conditions in animal buildings due to manure gas released during slurry mixing. Patni, N.K.; Clarke, S.P. St. Joseph, Mich. : American Society of Agricultural Engineers; 1991 Jul. Applied engineering in agriculture v. 7 (4): p. 478-484; 1991 Jul.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Animal housing; Slurries; Mixing; Health hazards; Safety; Hydrogen sulfide; Ammonia; Carbon dioxide; Methane; Measurement; Monitoring  Abstract:  Concentrations of hydrogen sulfide (H2S), ammonia (NH3), carbon dioxide CO2), and methane (CH4) were monitored during mixing of slurry in subfloor manure storage pits in dairy-cattle, swine, and caged-layer barns. Transient short- term high concentrations of H2S indicated the potential for hazardous conditions inside barns during slurry mixing. Because of this, time-weighted average concentrations of H2S are of little value in terms of gas hazard indication. The degree of manure slurry turbulence and its splashing in pit free space may be the dominant factor in the control of rapid release of H2S and its high concentration compared to other factors such as animal diet and species, ventilation conditions, etc. For operator and animal safety, it is highly desirable to use a submerged recirculation pipe for mixing slurry in subfloor pits in animal buildings and to prevent free-falling or splashing of manure, or blowing of air into manure. Remote warning devices to indicate failure of pit exhaust fans would also be very useful for taking rapid remedial action against high H2S concentration inside the barn, such as shutting off manure pump(s).   347                                  NAL Call. No.: FICHE S-72 Transmission of neutral/earth current in dairy barns. Ludington, D.C.; Pellerin, R.A.; Aneshansley, D.J.; Gorewit, R.C. St. Joseph, Mich. : The Society; 1987. American Society of Agricultural Engineers (Microfiche collection) (fiche no. 87-3032): 20 p. ill; 1987.  Paper presented at the 1987 Summer Meeting of the American Society of Agricultural Engineers. Available for purchase from: The American Society of Agricultural Engineers, Order Dept., 2950 Niles Road, St. Joseph, Michigan 49085. Telephone the Order Dept. at (616) 429-0300 for information and prices.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Cow housing; Electric current; Flow; Energy; Losses   348                                  NAL Call. No.: SF196.R6T7 Tratat de crestere a bovinelor  [Treatise on raising dairy cows]. Georgescu, Gheorghe Bucuresti : Editura Ceres,; 1989. 322 p. : ill. ; 25 cm.  Added tables of contents in English, German and Russian.  Includes bibliographical references.  Language:  Romanian  Descriptors: Dairy farming; Romania; Dairy cattle; Romania; Dairy cattle; Housing; Romania   349                                   NAL Call. No.: 44.8 J822 Trends in herd age structure and the relationships with management characteristics in Wisconsin Holstein herds. Sattler, C.G.; Dentine, M.R. Champaign, Ill. : American Dairy Science Association; 1989 Apr. Journal of dairy science v. 72 (4): p. 1027-1034; 1989 Apr.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Wisconsin; Dairy cows; Dairy herds; Age structure; Culling; Cattle husbandry; Trends   350                              NAL Call. No.: SF239.I45 1985 The trigon milking parlor., [Rev.]. Armstrong, D.V. Ames, Iowa : The Service; 1985. Illinois-Iowa dairy handbook / University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign [and] Iowa State University at Ames, Cooperative Extension Service. 5 p. ill; 1985.  Illinois-Iowa Dairy Guide (400), September, 1980.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Arizona; Dairy cows; Milking; Milking parlors; Stalls; Mechanization; Operating costs   351                                  NAL Call. No.: TK4018.R86 Understanding and dealing with stray voltage in livestock facilities. Gustafson, R.J. New York, N.Y. : Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers; 1985. Papers presented at the ... annual conference - Rural Electric Power Conference (29th): p. C2/1-C2/19. ill; 1985.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Livestock housing; Electricity; Losses; Shock; Dairy cows; Disorders; Prevention   352                                   NAL Call. No.: 41.8 V643 Update on dairy cow housing with particular reference to flooring. Barnes, M.M. London : Bailliere Tindall; 1989 Sep. British veterinary journal v. 145 (5): p. 436-445. ill; 1989 Sep.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Dairy cows; Cattle housing; Floors; Concrete; Design; Cattle manure; Animal feeding   353                                   NAL Call. No.: 44.8 J822 Upper critical temperatures and forced ventilation effects for high-yielding dairy cows in a subtropical climate. Berman, A.; Folman, Y.; Kaim, M.; Mamen, M.; Herz, Z.; Wolfenson, D.; Arieli, A.; Graber, Y. Champaign, Ill. : American Dairy Science Association; 1985 Jun. Journal of dairy science v. 68 (6): p. 1488-1495; 1985 Jun.  Includes 33 references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Israel; Subtropics; Dairy cows; Heat stress; Body temperature; Artificial ventilation; Air temperature   354                                     NAL Call. No.: 80 Ac82 Use of herbal medicines in modern dairy farming--a breeding efficiency programme. Wheeler, G.E.; Wait, C. Wageningen : International Society for Horticultural Science; 1993 Nov. Acta horticulturae (333): p. 299-308; 1993 Nov.  Paper presented at the First World Congress on "Medicinal and Aromatic Plants for Human Welfare (WOCMAP): Quality, Phytochemistry, Industrial Aspects, Economical Aspects," July 19-25, 1992, Maastricht, Netherlands.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Medicinal plants; Dairy cows; Milk production; Improvement; Plant products; Treatment; Reproductive physiology; Reproductive disorders   355                         NAL Call. No.: SF768.2.C3U83  1993 Utero-ovarian-conceptus response to heat stress in the dairy cow and its involvement in low summer fertility. Wolfenson, D. United States-Israel Binational Agricultural Research and Development Fund Bet Dagan, Israel : BARD,; 1993. 173 leaves : ill. ; 30 cm.  Final report.  Project no. IS-1475-88.  Includes bibliographical references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Dairy cattle; Heat   356                                   NAL Call. No.: 41.8 C163 Validation of a heart-rate monitor for measuring a stress response in dairy cows. Hopster, H.; Blokhuis, H.J. Ottawa : Agricultural Institute of Canada; 1994 Sep. Canadian journal of animal science v. 74 (3): p. 465-474; 1994 Sep.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Dairy cows; Stress; Heart rate; Monitoring; Validity   357                                   NAL Call. No.: 41.8 R312 Variation in blood flow to and from the bovine mammary gland measured using transit time ultrasound and dye dilution. Metcalf, J.A.; Roberts, S.J.; Sutton, J.D. London : British Veterinary Association; 1992 Jul. Research in veterinary science v. 53 (1): p. 59-63; 1992 Jul.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Dairy cows; Mammary glands; Blood flow; Measurement; Ultrasound; Dilution; Posture  Abstract:  Blood flow across the lactating bovine mammary gland was measured by two techniques. The use of transit time flow probes appeared to give flows which correlated well with dye dilution in only one of five cows, although the relative changes in flow were similar between the techniques in four of the cows. Further studies were made on the effect of posture on mammary blood flow using both techniques. The crossover of venous blood from one side of the mammary gland was also studied using the dye dilution technique, and revealed large differences between animals and also with posture. These observations suggest that particular care should be taken when sampling blood from the milk vein of cows, if a representative sample is required. Changes in blood flow with posture may be indicative of a repartitioning of flow within the body, and the physiology of such a mechanism would be of interest in itself. The control of this mechanism may be useful in modifying blood flow to the mammary gland and thus milk yield, since blood flow is related to the level of milk production.   358                         NAL Call. No.: 18 L2353 Suppl. 124 Verfahrens- und futterungstechnische Untersuchungen zur Konzeption und Entwicklung eines computergestutzten Herdenmanagementsystems fur Milchkuhe im Anbindestall und dessen okonomische Bewertung  [Process and feeding engineering studies on the concept and development of a computer supported herd management system for dairy cows in tether stalls and their economic assessment]. Stumpenhausen, Jorn Braunschweig : Bundesforschungsanstalt fur Landwirtschaft Braunschweig-Volkenrode,; 1991. x, 182, [2] p. : ill. ; 30 cm. (Landbauforschung Volkenrode. Sonderheft, 124).  English summary.  Includes bibliographical references (p. 161-182).  Language:  German   359                                      NAL Call. No.: SF1.P7 Vliv technologie dojeni na stani na denni rezim a chovani dojnic  [Effect of milking techniques "in pen" on the daily regimen and behavior of dairy cows]. Navratil, J.; Veris, J.; Jisa, J.; Jirak, J.; Vostrel, F. Praha : Vysoka Skola Zemedelska; 1985. Sbornik. Rada B: Zivocisna vyroba - Prague, Vysoka skola zemedelska, Fakulta agronomicka (43): p. 157-171. ill; 1985.  Includes references.  Language:  Czech  Descriptors: Dairy cows; Animal behavior; Pipeline milking machines   360                                    NAL Call. No.: 49.9 C33 Vplyv pseusunu starsich krav na farmu s volnym ustajnenim na uzitkovost [Effect of the transfer of older cows to a farm with loose housing system on their efficiency]. Brestensky, V.; Szabova, G.; Mihina, S.; Broucek, J. Praha : Ustav; 1986 Jan. Zivocisna vyroba - Ceskoslovenska akademie zemedelska, Ustav vedeckotechnickych informaci pro zemedelstvi v. 31 (1): p. 15-19; 1986 Jan. Includes references.  Language:  Slovak  Descriptors: Dairy cows; Cattle housing; Loose housing; Transfers; Milk yield; Animal fertility   361                                    NAL Call. No.: SF191.D3 A warm, naturally ventilated barn that works. Christenson, L.E. Minneapolis : Miller Publishing Co; 1985 Jan. Dairy herd management v. 22 (1): p. 58, 61-62. ill; 1985 Jan.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Dairy cows; Cow housing; Ventilation; Winter; Heating   362                                    NAL Call. No.: S671.A66 Water application rates for a sprinkler and fan dairy cooling system in hot, humid climates. Means, S.L.; Bucklin, R.A.; Nordstedt, R.A.; Beede, D.K.; Bray, D.R.; Wilcox, C.J.; Sanchez, W.K. St. Joseph, Mich. : American Society of Agricultural Engineers; 1992 May. Applied engineering in agriculture v. 8 (3): p. 375-379; 1992 May.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Dairy cows; Heat stress; Dairy performance; Cooling systems; Evaporative cooling; Water use  Abstract:  Three water application rates were compared for a sprinkler and fan dairy cooling system in an open-sided feed barn in a hot, humid climate. The effects of cooling were monitored on 36 mid-lactation, Holstein dairy cows for water application rates of 313.4, 492.9, and 704.1 L/h per nozzle at 69 kPa (1.4, 2.2, and 3.1 gpm at 10 psi) per nozzle. No statistically significant differences were detected between water application rates for daily milk yield, daily 3.5% fat- corrected milk yield, dry matter intake, fat yield, protein yield, percent protein, respiration rate, and rectal temperature. The percentage of milk fat was significantly affected by water application rate. These results indicate that sprinkler and fan cooling systems can provide effective heat stress relief at the lowest water application rate tested, thus, reducing the amount of water consumed and the amount of waste water that must be handled.   363                                   NAL Call. No.: 41.8 V641 Welfare implications of modern artificial breeding techniques for dairy cattle and sheep. Murray, R.; Ward, W.R. London : The British Veterinary Association; 1993 Sep18. The Veterinary record : journal of the British Veterinary Association v. 133 (12): p. 283-286; 1993 Sep18.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Dairy cattle; Sheep; Animal welfare; Animal breeding methods   364                                    NAL Call. No.: SF191.D3 What's new for freestalls. Annexstad, J. Minnetonka, Minn. : Miller Publishing Co; 1986 Jul. Dairy herd management v. 23 (7): p. 24-27, 38. ill; 1986 Jul.  Language:  English  Descriptors: U.S.A.; Dairy cows; Cow housing; Stalls; Loose housing   365                                  NAL Call. No.: BJ52.5.J68 What's wrong with animal by-products?. Varner, G.E. Guelph, Ont. : University of Guelph, 1991-; 1994. Journal of agricultural & environmental ethics v. 7 (1): p. 7-17; 1994. Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: U.S.A.; Cabt; Hens; Egg production; Poultry industry; Dairy cows; Milk production; Dairy industry; Productive life; Longevity; Slaughter; Animal welfare; Ethics   366                               NAL Call. No.: 275.29 N811NC Why do some folks have heifers to sell?. Washburn, S.P. Raleigh, N.C. : North Carolina Agricultural Extension Service; 1989 Aug. North Carolina dairy extension newsletter. p. 5-8; 1989 Aug.  Language:  English  Descriptors: North Carolina; Dairy farming; Herd structure; Heifers; Sustained yield management   367                                    NAL Call. No.: SF191.D3 Will your ventilation keep cows healthy?. Bodman, G.R. Minnetonka, Minn. : Miller Publishing Co; 1986 Jul. Dairy herd management v. 23 (7): p. 31-33. ill; 1986 Jul.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Dairy cows; Environmental control; Cow housing; Ventilation; Barns; Building construction   368                                    NAL Call. No.: 41.8 M69 Working up the subfertile dairy herd: assessing estrus detection and semen handling. Gaines, J.D. Lenexa, Kan. : Veterinary Medicine Publishing Company; 1989 Jun. Veterinary medicine v. 84 (6): p. 636-644. ill; 1989 Jun.  Includes references.  Language:  English  Descriptors: Dairy cattle; Reproductive disorders; Estrus; Detection; Artificial insemination; Semen; Techniques; Gonadotropin releasing hormone; Reproductive ability   369                                      NAL Call. No.: 26 L53 Zu einigen technologischen Untersuchungen an Milchproduktionsanlagen in der Republik Kuba  [Technological studies of milk production units in the Republic of Cuba]. Lommatzsch, R. Leipzig, E. Ger. : Karl-Marx-Universitat; 1988. Beitrage zur tropischen Landwirtschaft und Veterinarmedizin v. 26 (3): p. 245-253; 1988.  Includes references.  Language:  German  Descriptors: Cuba; Cow housing; Dairy cows; Design; Milk production; Stalls   370                                    NAL Call. No.: 41.8 EX7 Zur Anwendung einheitlicher Prufprogramme fur die komplexe veterinarmedizinische Kontrolle der Melktechnik. 3. Untersuchungen uber die Vakuumverhaltnisse im Melkbecherinnen- und Melkbecherzwischernraum im Melkkarussel Typ M 691-40  [Use of integrated test programmes for complex veterinary control of milking equipment. 3. Vacuum conditions in the between milking cups in type M 691-40 milking caroussel]. Eichel, H.; Planert, Ch; Wolsky, J. Leipzig, E. Ger. : S. Hirzel; 1985 Mar. Archiv fur experimentelle Veterinarmedizin v. 39 (2): p. 207-213; 1985 Mar. Includes references.  Language:  German  Descriptors: Milking parlors; Dairy cows; Teatcups; Vacuums; Pressure; Pressure gauges; Milking **Go to:**Author Index |  Subject Index | Top of Document
Author Index Adkinson, R.W. 161 Adriaens, F. 44 Agabriel, C. 43, 126 Agarwal, S.B. 72 Aguilar, A.A. 133 Agyemang, K. 238 Ahmad, Z. 155 Aii, T. 100 Akers, R.M. 57 Albright, J.L. 63, 177 Albutt, R. 87 Ali, T. 109 Allen, M.S. 51 Allison, J.S. 340 Allrich, R.D. 302 Allrich, R.D. \u Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 148 Althouse, J.R. 86 Alwang, Jeffrey R. 6 Amaral, L.R. 162 American Society of Agricultural Engineers 73 Amyot, E. 89 Anderson, J.F. 192 Anderson, J.H. 10 Anderson, N.G. 186 Andersson, M. 130 Aneshansley, D.J. 59, 78, 141, 142, 261, 347 Annexstad, J. 21, 364 Anthony, T.Y. 62 Araki, C.T. 90 Arambel, M.J. 22 Arave, C.W. 22 Arendonk, J.A.M. van 265 Arieli, A. 353 Ark, H. van 104 Arkin, H. 205, 264 Armstrong, D.V. 1, 116, 179, 204, 208, 210, 221, 229, 262, 263, 279, 284, 317, 320, 345, 350 Ash, K.A. 119 Auernhammer, Hermann 334 Ax, R.L. 331 Baccari, F. Jr 120 Bachman, K.C. 120 Bader, E. 180 Badinga, L. 99, 321 Baeta, F.C. 154 Baile, C.A. 136 Bailey, C. 133 Baker, E.S. 36 Bame, J.H. 134 Bargai, U. 342 Barkema, H.W. 42 Barnes, M.M. 352 Barnett, J.L. 127 Barnouin, J. 77 Barros, C.M. 321 Barth, C.L. 336 Bartlett, P.C. 252 Bartol, F.F. 321 Basson, R.P. 7 Bates, D.W. 192 Bath, Donald L. 64 Batra, T.R. 225 Bauman, D.E. 35, 123 Baxter, S.H. 292 Beall, Gary, 64 Beauchemin, K.A. 19, 49 Becker, B.A. 102, 136 Beede, D.K. 16, 56, 117, 137, 138, 143, 152, 182, 197, 275, 344, 362 Berger, P.J. 155 Berman, A. 91, 105, 205, 264, 343, 353 Berning, L.M. 267 Berry, D. 213 Betti, Sandra, 333 Bickert, W.G. 84, 150, 163, 208, 284, 317 Bjotvedt, G. 153 Bkhiet, H.A. 45 Black, W.D. 15, 68 Blakewood, E.G. 106 Block, E. 96 Blokhuis, H.J. 356 Blokland, P.J. van 240 Blosser, T.H. 341 Bodman, G.R. 189, 367 Boland, M.P. 288 Bonaiti, B. 43, 126 Boosinger, J. 56 Bosu, W.T.K. 315 Bowers, C.L. 46 Boxberger, J. 248 Brand, A. 42 Brasington, C.F. 97 Bray, D.R. 56, 152, 160, 182, 224, 286, 362 Brestensky, V. 360 Bringe, A.N. 276 Brinkman, G.L. 40 Britten, A.M. 69, 256 Broadway, R. 3 Broday, D. 205, 264 Broucek, J. 156, 360 Brumback, T.B. Jr 111 Brunscwig, G. 126 Brunsvold, R.E. 23 Bryner, J.H. 124 Brzezinska-Slebodzinska, E. 278 Buchanan-Smith, J.G. 19 Buck, N.L. 93 Bucklin, R.A. 152, 182, 332, 362 Bucklin, Ray 73 Buckmaster, D.R. 251 Bundesanstalt fur Alpenlandische Landwirtschaft Gumpenstein 32 Buonomo, F.C. 117 Burke, B.P. 309 Burks, T.F. 280, 323 Burton, J.H. 245 Call, E.P. 298 Canadian Federation of Humane Societies, Canada, Agriculture Canada 305 Canart, B. 273, 312 Carrano, J.A. 18 Centro ricerche produzioni animali 333 Cermak, J. 82, 83 Chang, Ta-li 268 Chassagne, M. 77 Chastain, J.P. 184, 306 Choiniere, Y. 291 Christenson, L.E. 361 Christiansen, W.C. 145 Christopher, E.E. 110 Clark, E. 13 Clark, P.C. 4, 227 Clarke, N.L. 90 Clarke, S.P. 346 Coenen, J. 259 Cohen, R. 342 Cole, J.A. 118 Coleman, D.A. 125, 175, 176 Collar, L. 218 Collier, R.J. 16, 44, 102, 117, 136, 138, 143 Coppock, C.E. 97 Cornell Cooperative Extension 293 Coulon, J.B. 43, 126 Cowan, R.T. 169 Cramer, C. 260 Cramer, C.O. 23, 166, 287 Crist, W.L. 280, 306, 323 Crowder, Bradley M. 6 Crowley, J. 300 Cummins, K. 321 Cummins, K.A. 34, 125, 311 Cunningham, M.D. 302 Curtis, S.E. 296 Czarniecki, C.S. 261 Dado, R.G. 51 Dahl, J.C. 181 Davison, T.M. 169, 230 Dechamps, P. 273, 312 Decker, E.L. 314 DeGroff, T. 290 DeJarnette, J.M. 134 Deldar, A. 7 DeLorenzo, M.A. 56, 117, 138 Delorenzo, M.A. 160 DeLorenzo, M.A. 286, 324 Denise, S.K. 116 Dentine, M.R. 349 DePeters, Ed 64 Diaz, T. 99 Djoharjani, S.T. 211 Dobson, H. 308 Domecq, J.J. 167 Dowlen, H.H. 340 Doyle, C.J. 330 Drapala, W.J. 129 Drost, M. 16, 88, 99, 203, 232 Du Preez, J.H. 103, 104, 200, 201, 202 Dumelow, J. 79, 87 Dunham, J.R. 298 Dziuk, H.E. 192 Ealy, A.D. 88 Eichel, H. 370 Eisenberg, B.E. 201, 202 Ekelund, Karl 325 Elder, H.F. 184 Elvinger, F. 235, 266 Elvinger, F.C. 56, 224 Ely, L.O. 299 Emerton, B.L. 340 Erb, H.N. 123 Esmail, S.H.M. 237 Ewer, T.K. 12 Ezra, E. 132 Fagiri, I. 45 Fales, W.H. 110 Faye, B. 77 Fernandez-van Cleve, J. 50 Fisher, L. 7 Flamenbaum, I. 91, 343 Floyd, J. 175 Folman, Y. 343, 353 Fox, G. 9, 40 Fox, L.K. 335 Fox, M.W. 67 Freeman, A.E. 95 French, D.D. 62 Friend, T.H. 46 Frimer, E.S. 228, 314 Fuhrmann, H. 188 Funk, D.A. 309 Fuquay, J.W. 129, 157, 158 Furukawa, R. 243 Gaines, J.D. 368 Gallo, G.F. 96 Galton, D.M. 123, 131, 228 Gamroth, M.J. 85, 187 Garssen, G.J. 139 Gates, R.S. 280, 306 Gay, C. 290 Gebremedhin, K.G. 287 Genest, M. 77 Genner, D. 19 Georgescu, Gheorghe 348 Gielen, M. 273 Giese, W.W. 188 Giesecke, W.H. 103, 114, 200, 201, 202 Gilad, E. 105 Gilbert, G.R. 331 Giller, P.S. 168 Goddard, M.E. 17 Godke, R.A. 106, 288 Goldberg, J.J. 226 Good, A.L. 192 Gorewit, R.C. 59, 78, 141, 142, 261, 347 Gough, R.H. 161 Graber, Y. 105, 353 Grainger, C. 113 Grant, R.J. 112 Graves, R.E. 75, 149, 339 Grimes, L.W. 246 Grissom, K.K. 46 Grover, W. 290 Gruppe Tierische Veredlungswirtschaft 259 Guard, C.L. 42 Gustafson, R.J. 351 Guthrie, L.D. 299 Gwazdauskas, F.C. 111 Hackett, A.J. 225, 313 Hahn, G.L. 322 Halbach, T.J. 320 Hansen, C. 127 Hansen, L.B. 194 Hansen, P.J. 88, 118, 122, 235, 266 Hard, D.L. 44 Harmon, R.J. 282 Harper, J. 178 Harris, B.L. 95 Hartman, D.A. 2 Hartnell, G.F. 44, 133 Harvey, T.J. 276 Hassall, S.A. 128 Hatae, K. 231 Hattingh, P.J. 200, 201, 202 Head, H.H. 120 Healey, M.H. 155 Heider, L.E. 252 Heinrichs, A.J. 75, 301, 339 Hemken, R.W. 306 Hemsworth, P.H. 127 Hendrikson, S.R. 276 Her, E. 343 Herdt, T.H. 150 Hermanson, R.E. 183, 242 Herz, Z. 353 Hill, F.W.G. 294 Hintz, R.L. 44 Hodgson-Jones, L.S. 196 Hoffman, P. 300 Hoges, J. 259 Holmes, B.J. 166, 181, 212 Hopster, H. 101, 239, 356 House, H.K. 186 Howard, D.B. 226 Howard, T. 300 Huber, J.T. 179, 210 Hunter, R. 179, 210 Huntington, G.B. 117, 138 Hurnik, J.F. 24, 89 Hutjens, M.F. 174 Ibrahim, M.N.M. 211 Igono, M.O. 153, 281 Illmann, G. 257 Imtiaz Hussain, S.M. 158 Indonesia, Departemen Pertanian, Kantor Wilayah Daerah Khusus Ibukota Jakarta 255 Ingawa, K.H. 161 Ingraham, R.H. 62 Institut fur Rinderproduktion Iden-Rohrbeck (Akademie der Landwirtschaftswissenschaften der DDR) 144 Istasse, L. 273, 312 Ivancsics, J. 180 Jarrett, J.A. 151 Jassim, A.H. 229 Jenkins, O.C. 46 Jenny, B.F. 246 Jirak, J. 359 Jisa, J. 359 Johnson, A.P. 214 Johnson, H.D. 102, 136, 154, 281 Johnson, J.C. Jr 119 Jonasen, B. 25 Jones, B. 8 Jones, D. 249 Jones, G. 307 Jones, T. 218 Jong, R. de 326 Jonker, L.J. 139 Jordan, D.C. 133 Jorgensen, N. 300 Kabuga, J.D. 233, 238 Kahl, S. 57 Kahn, H.E. 115 Kaim, M. 343, 353 Kains, F.A. 270 Kaiser, H.M. 170, 277 Kalter, R.J. \u Cornell University 217 Kam, L.W.G. 90 Kammel, D.W. 8, 166 Kampkens, K. 248 Kappel, L.C. 62 Kehrli, M. 124 Kelly, J.M. 196 Kelly, M. 171 Kenealy, M.D. 174 Kerchove, G. de 44 Kiernan, N.E. 75, 339 Kilmer, L.H. 174 Kimbrell, A. 61 Kimmel, E. 205, 264 King, V.L. 116 Kingdon, L.B. 54 Kleiber, Hans, 144 Klingborg, D.J. 206 Klopfenstein, T.J. 112 Knott, F.N. 55 Knutson, R.J. 302 Koenig, B.E. 10 Koenig, H.E. 10 Kondo, S. 24 Konggaard, S.P. 29 Kopel, E. 288 Kotvas, R. 318 Kovacs, K.G. 180 Kovalcuj, K. 156 Krause, G.F. 110, 281 Kristensen, E.S. 66 Krohn, C.C. 25, 26, 29 Kronfeld, D.S. 195 Kume, S. 100, 109 Kunkel, J.R. 226 Kurihara, M. 100, 109 Lamb, R.C. 22 Lance, S.E. 252 Lane, G.T. 190 Lang, S. 297 Lanham, J.K. 97 Lanyon, L.E. 219 Larsen, H.J. 23, 287 Larssen, R.B. 241 Lautenbach, K. 28 Lay, D.C. Jr 46 Leaver, J.D. 65 LeDane, R.A. 267 Lee, C.N. 33 Lefcourt, A.M. 57 Lefebvre, D.M. 96 Lehenbauer, T. 218 Lemerle, C. 17 Lescourret, F. 77 Letkovivova, M. 156 Li, R. 102, 136 Lin, C.Y. 313 Lin, J.C. 125 Linvill, D.E. 198 Lisle, A.T. 230 Little, W. 329 Lommatzsch, R. 369 Lopez-Diaz, M.C. 315 Lotan, E. 132 Lovendahl, P. 135 Lucy, M.C. 321 Ludington, D.C. 78, 347 Luescher, U.A. 41 Lynn, J.W. 106 Madsen, F.C. 278 Madsen, K.S. 44, 133 Mahoney, C.B. 194 Mainland, D.D. 330 Mamen, M. 353 Manalu, W. 136 Manston, R. 329 Maree, C. 103 Marple, D.N. 321 Martin, R.O. 164 Marty, G. 43 Marx, G.D. 194 McAllister, A.J. 313 McBride, B.W. 245 McClure, A.M. 110 McEwen, S.A. 15, 68 McFarland, D.F. 187 McFate, K.L. 146 McGilliard, M.L. 134, 167 McGuffey, R.K. 7 McGuire, M.A. 117, 138 McGuirk, S. 290 McKeown D.B. 41 McQuitty, J.B. 4, 227 Meador, N.F. 154 Meaney, W.J. 168 Means, S.L. 362 Mechor, G. 290 Meek, A.H. 15, 68 Meidan, R. 105 Merilan, C.P. 247 Metcalf, J.A. 357 Metz, J.H.M. 101 Michanek, P. 60, 220 Mickan, F.J. 107 Mihina, S. 360 Milam, K.Z. 97 Miller, G.Y. 252 Miller, J.K. 278 Miller, K. 328 Miller, R.H. 267 Mills, C.R. 234 Milne, R.J. 165 Miramonti, J. 110 Molnar, J.J. 34 Monty, D.E. Jr 223, 304 Moore, A.B. 157 Moore, J.A. 36, 85 Moore, R.B. 129 Moran, J.B. 249 Morgan, E.B. 62 Morrill, J.L 298 Morrison, S.R. 254 Moschini, G. 9 Moss, B.R. 125, 175, 176, 250 Moss, C. 31 Mote, C.R. 340 Muller, C. 126 Muller, L.D. 251 Mullinix, B.G. 119, 121 Munksgaard, L. 25, 26, 135 Munksgaard, Lene 244 Munroe, J.A. 291 Munyakazi, L. 106 Murphy, B.M. 226 Murray, R. 363 Murray, R.D. 28, 128 Naas, I.A. 162 Nakamura, R.M. 90 Nanda, A.S. 308 Natzke, R.P. 235, 266 Navratil, J. 359 Nebel, R.L. 167 Neitzel, E.S. 188 Nickerson, S.C. 11 Nicks, B. 273, 312 Niles, D.E. 319 Nocek, James E. 209 Nordstedt, R.A. 332, 362 Norell, R.J. 335 Nostrand, S.D. 123 Nowak, P.F. 34 Nyamusika, N. 31 O'Connell, J.M. 168 Oldenbroek, J.K. 139 Oleskie, E.T. 272 Oliver, S.P. 340 Olson, J.D. 133 Olson, K.E. 94 Olson, K.L. 190 Oltenacu, P.A. 170 Orr, W.N. 169, 230 Ostergaard, V. 66 Owens, M. 289 Oxley, J. 9 Paape, M.J. 267 Pankey, J.W. 226 Pardue, F.E. 198, 246 Parker, W.J. 251 Pasquino, A.T. 167 Patni, N.K. 346 Patterson, D.L. 246 Pearson, R.E. 111 Pellerin, R.A. 78, 347 Perera, K.S. 111 Petersson, L.G. 131, 228 Phillips, C.J.C. 98 Planert, Ch 370 Poole, D.A. 5 Price, L.R. 59, 141, 142, 261 Purcell, D. 22 Putney, D.J. 232 Putney, J. 16 Quick, A.J. 345 Quille, T.J. 227 Racowsky, C. 223 Rae, O. 31 Randel, P.F. 48, 50 Rasmussen, M.D. 131, 228, 314 Rawson, R.E. 192 Ray, D.E. 229, 320 Reed, P.A. 56, 224 Reese, N.D. 86 Ren, J. 93 Reneau, J.K. 194 Reynolds, C.K. 117, 138 Richard, J.I. 108 Richardson, C.W. 38 Riddell, D.O. 190 Riechers, R. 172 Riemann, H.P. 241 Roberts, B. 40 Roberts, S.J. 357 Rock, D.W. 246 Rode, L.M. 49 Rodenburg, J. 186 Rodriguez, R.E. 179 Rogers, G.W. 310 Rossi, Paolo, 333 Ruth, G.R. 192 Ryan, D.P. 106, 288 Saacke, R.G. 134 Saama, P.M. 10 Sallmann, H.P. 188 Samuels, W.A. 44 Sanchez, W.K. 362 Sandifer, T.G. 121 Sanford-Crane, H.T. 153 Sato, S. 231 Sato, Y. 243 Sattler, C.G. 349 Sauber, C.M. 53 Schmidtmann, E.T. 338 Schneider, P.L. 137, 275 Schofield, S.A. 98 Schuh, J.D. 229 Schukken, Y.H. 42, 294 Schulze, E. 188 Schupp, A. 172 Seabrook, M.F. 295, 303 Segerlind, L.J. 285 Serfass, R.C. 192 Seykora, T. 216 Shain, D.H. 112 Shanklin, M.D. 154, 281 Sharma, K.N.S. 72 Sharples, T. 79 Shaver, R. 300 Shearer, J.K. 56, 152, 197, 224, 290, 344 Shibata, M. 100 Shishido, H. 243 Shook, G.E. 331 Shultz, T.A. 39, 254 Silver, B.A. 230 Simensen, E. 241 Simpson, J.R. 240 Sindt, M.H. 112 Singh, S.S. 28 Sinnett-Smith, P.A. 30 Slee, J. 30 Smith, A.E. 157 Smith, E.J. 196 Smith, J.F. 247 Smith, R.C. III 125 Smith, T.R. 170 Sniffen, C.J. 191 Sommer, M. 76 Sorbet, R.H. 44 Sorensen, J.T. 66 Spahr, S.L. 93, 271 Spanghero, M. 234 Spencer, S.B. 310 Spencer, T.E. 321 Spencer-Johnson, K.J. 136 Spinka, M. 257 Spreen, T.H. 31 Steevens, B.J. 281 Stermer, R.A. 97 Stetson, L.E. 189 Stock, R.A. 112 Strickland, J.T. 182, 332 Stull, Carolyn 64 Stumpenhausen, Jorn 358 Sturman, H. 132 Suliman, H.B. 45 Sumner, J. 81 Surbrook, T.C. 86 Susmel, P. 234 Sutton, J.D. 357 Sydenstricker, K. 162 Szabova, G. 360 Tacreiter, H. 185 Takahashi, S. 109 Taraba, J.L. 280, 323 Tarrant, M.E. 329 Tarumizu, K. 231 Tauer, L.W. 277 Taylor, V.N. 119 Teigen, L.D. 58 Terblanche, S.J. 103 Thatcher, W.W. 16, 99, 143, 203, 232, 321 Thomas, C. 330 Thomas, C.V. 160, 286, 324 Thomas, G.W. 107 Thompson, P.B. 159 Thysen, I. 66 Tilbrook, A.J. 127 Timmons, M.B. 215 Tonkinson, L.V. 7 Torabi, M. 116 Tsutsui, Y. 243 Turner, L.W. 184, 280, 306, 323 Udo, H.M.J. 326 United States, Dept. of Agriculture, Natural Resource Economics Division 6 United States, Dept. of Agriculture, Washington State University 20  United States-Israel Binational Agricultural Research and Development Fund 355 United States. Congress. House. Committee on Agriculture. Subcommittee on Livestock, Dairy, and Poultry 140, 316 University of Wisconsin-Extension, Agriculture-Agribusiness Program, University of Wisconsin, Dept. of Agricultural Jounalism 222 Van Der Maaten, M.J. 124 Varner, G.E. 365 Vavak, V. 318 Ventorp, M. 60, 220 Veris, J. 359 Visser, R.Q. 47 Vogler, C.J. 134 Vostrel, F. 359 Wait, C. 354 Wallah, M.W. 80 Walters, J.L. 22 Ward, W.R. 28, 128, 308, 363 Warner, R.C. 184 Washburn, S.P. 52, 337, 366 Watson, G.A.L. 74 Webster, J. 193 Weeks, S.A. 164 Welding, M.C. 103 Weller, J.I. 132 Wells, G.D. 145 Wesley, I.V. 124 West, J.W. 119, 121, 253 Weyden, G.C. van der 42 Wheeler, G.E. 354 Whitaker, D.A. 196 White, T.C. 44 Whitlow, L.W. 199 Whittaker, W.G. 70 Widodo, M.W. 326 Wiebold, J.L. 147 Wierderman, Gustav 274 Wierenga, H. K. 27 Wierenga, H.K. 101, 327 Wiersma, F. 116, 179, 210, 221, 229 Wilcox, C.J. 16, 117, 120, 137, 138, 143, 275, 362 Wildman, E.E. 226 Wilkinson, J.I.D. 139, 329 Willeberg, P. 236 Willemse, J.J.C. 104 Wilson, M. 216 Wise, M.E. 1, 179, 210 Wolfe, D. 321 Wolfensen, D. 321 Wolfenson, D. 91, 99, 105, 343, 353, 355 Wolff, W.A. 110 Wolke, H. 259 Wollenzien, A.C. 181 Wolsky, J. 370 Wood-Gash, D.G.M. 328 Woolliams, J.A. 30 Wright, F.A. 272 Wu, Tao-chung 269 Yamagishi, N. 243 Younas, M. 157, 158 Young, C. Edwin 6 Young, C.W. 194 Zaugg, N.L. 207 Zelin, S. 19 Zhao, X. 245 Zoa-Mboe, A. 120 
**Go to:**Author Index |  Subject Index |  Top of Document

Subject Index 4-h clubs 2 Abortion 142 Abuse 14 Acclimatization 108 Acid base equilibrium 137, 275 Acrosome 247 Adrenal cortex hormones 267 Age 129, 342 Age at first calving 42, 155, 175, 301 Age differences 155, 282, 312 Age structure 349 Aggressive behavior 327 Agonistic behavior 24, 328 Agricultural byproducts 326 Agricultural land 251 Agricultural policy 217, 277 Agricultural regions 31 Agricultural structure 240, 330 Agricultural wastes 6 Ai bulls 342 Air conditioning 55 Air quality 4, 150 Air temperature 103, 200, 233, 353 Alabama 175, 250 Alberta 4, 227 Alfalfa 251 Alfalfa hay 49 Altruism 231 American brown swiss 48 Ammonia 4, 346 Analogs 288 Animal anatomy 11, 310 Animal behavior 22, 23, 25, 26, 28, 29, 57, 59, 60, 63, 86, 101, 127, 191, 273, 287, 312, 359 Animal breeding 12, 72, 302 Animal breeding methods 363 Animal feeding 12, 37, 65, 66, 72, 82, 174, 178, 241, 352 Animal fertility 180, 360 Animal health 37, 38, 92, 114, 123, 133, 139, 178, 192, 193, 194, 195, 196, 245, 302 Animal housing 72, 111, 166, 241, 291, 346 Animal husbandry 12, 14, 92 Animal nutrition 195, 302 Animal research 66 Animal welfare 7, 13, 14, 29, 44, 46, 47, 59, 61, 63, 65, 67, 92, 94, 128, 142, 159, 173, 185, 186, 187, 193, 213, 236, 245, 295, 296, 328, 341, 363, 365 Antibiotic residues 15, 68 Antioxidants 278 Appetite 254 Arid climate 153, 229 Arid zones 221 Arizona 53, 54, 116, 153, 204, 207, 208, 229, 320, 350 Artificial insemination 232, 288, 368 Artificial vagina 247 Artificial ventilation 157, 353 Assessment 17 Automatic control 314 Automation 18, 19 Bacterial count 131, 161, 335 Bacterial spores 131 Bangladesh 80 Barns 4, 80, 84, 163, 164, 165, 212, 270, 292, 312, 336, 367 Barriers 82 Beef bulls 42, 82 Beef cattle 31, 146, 171, 172 Beef cows 231 Beef industry 144 Behavior patterns 98 Behavior problems 41 Behavioral resistance 46 Bibliographies 213 Biochemical pathways 278 Biotechnology 34 Birth weight 91 Blood 266 Blood chemistry 102, 121, 139, 156 Blood composition 136 Blood flow 138, 203, 357 Blood picture 139 Blood plasma 46, 117, 135, 138, 139, 267, 278, 290, 308 Blood serum 59, 157, 290 Body composition 132 Body condition 112, 119, 133, 246 Body heat loss 344 Body measurements 194, 220 Body temperature 88, 90, 97, 117, 119, 136, 157, 158, 233, 235, 275, 281, 343, 353 Body temperature regulation 344 Body weight 49, 119, 133, 139, 142, 175, 245, 246 Bovine mastitis 44, 56, 110, 142, 151, 160, 161, 193, 218, 224, 226, 236, 246, 252, 256, 282 Bovine respiratory syncytial virus 31 Bowl drinkers 130 Branding 46, 67, 173 Breed differences 228, 311 Breeding 175, 268, 269, 299 Breeding programs 300 Brood care 146 Brown swiss 50 Buffaloes 72, 155 Building construction 74, 336, 367 Bulk milk 218, 226 Cabt 31, 40, 44, 44, 47, 58, 104, 126, 169, 184, 204, 211, 218, 324, 326, 342, 365 Caesarean section 42 Calcium 100, 282 Calcrete 47 Calf diarrhea rotavirus 290 Calf diseases 2, 298, 300 Calf feeding 2, 176, 300 Calf housing 2, 37, 38, 71, 150, 176, 192, 285, 298, 300, 339 Calf production 31, 294, 300 California 39, 218, 254 Calves 2, 22, 23, 30, 37, 60, 75, 91, 112, 174, 176, 178, 212, 220, 257, 290, 294, 297, 298, 300, 301, 338, 339 Calving 107, 302 Calving interval 42, 127, 229, 320 Canada 40, 68 Carbohydrate metabolism 188 Carbon dioxide 4, 106, 346 Carcass yield 265 Case studies 183 Cassava 326 Catheters 96 Cattle 32, 144, 144, 333 Cattle breeds 42, 48, 232 Cattle diseases 142, 195 Cattle feeding 77, 126, 175, 301 Cattle housing 8, 14, 22, 23, 28, 65, 79, 83, 86, 149, 170, 171, 205, 213, 248, 287, 292, 307, 318, 352, 360 Cattle husbandry 13, 37, 65, 66, 69, 84, 176, 193, 199, 211, 213, 295, 300, 302, 327, 349 Cattle manure 36, 183, 227, 242, 340, 352 Cattle trade 140 Cattle weighers 93 Cell counting 235 Chilling 97 Cleaning 161 Climate 116 Climate control 292 Climatic factors 229 Climatic zones 204 Coat 116, 122 Cold stress 30, 102, 156 Coliform bacteria 110, 252, 340 Coliform count 252, 340 Collection 247, 342 Color 116, 122 Colostrum 220 Compaction 49 Comparisons 240 Competition, Unfair 140 Complete feeds 48 Composts 340 Computer hardware 51 Computer simulation 162, 198, 280, 324 Computer software 10, 51, 162, 198 Computer techniques 93, 314 Concentrates 12, 126, 329 Conception 107, 115 Conception rate 52, 62, 103, 104, 167, 304, 337 Concrete 87, 352 Conferences 63, 296, 341 Conformation 309 Congresses 144, 144, 144, 144 Construction 212 Consumer attitudes 94 Control methods 68 Controlled release 245, 246 Cooling 1, 39, 56, 90, 146, 179, 182, 207, 221, 224, 343 Cooling systems 53, 125, 152, 306, 332, 362 Corpus luteum 148 Correlation 233 Correlation analysis 57, 156 Corticotropin 135 Cortisol 96, 127, 179, 210, 308 Cost benefit analysis 172, 181 Costs 8, 66, 194, 265 Covers 47 Cow colostrum 174, 176, 290, 300 Cow housing 3, 4, 5, 21, 29, 39, 41, 66, 71, 74, 76, 80, 81, 85, 89, 98, 151, 162, 175, 182, 189, 191, 211, 212, 214, 218, 225, 227, 270, 273, 276, 297, 301, 302, 309, 313, 328, 332, 336, 339, 343, 347, 361, 364, 367, 369 Cows 72 Crossbreds 113 Crude protein 112 Cryopreservation 134 Cuba 369 Cubicles 28, 47, 69, 81, 98, 101, 149, 168, 171, 186, 187, 193, 327  Culling 139, 155, 349 Dairy breeds 17, 228 Dairy bulls 134, 180, 216, 247, 300, 312, 331, 342 Dairy cattle 6, 6, 8, 13, 17, 20, 20, 22, 23, 36, 37, 38, 40, 45, 63, 64, 65, 71, 73, 74, 75, 78, 83, 104, 106, 149, 150, 152, 163, 164, 165, 166, 169, 171, 172, 176, 177, 185, 192, 193, 195, 197, 209, 209, 212, 213, 215, 221, 222, 234, 237, 241, 255, 259, 268, 268, 268, 269, 269, 269, 269, 272, 287, 290, 291, 292, 293, 296, 297, 299, 300, 303, 305, 305, 307, 316, 333, 337, 341, 344, 348, 348, 355, 363, 368 Dairy cooperatives 70 Dairy cows 1, 5, 7, 11, 12, 16, 18, 19, 21, 24, 25, 26, 28, 29, 33, 35, 41, 42, 43, 44, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 51, 52, 54, 55, 56, 57, 59, 60, 61, 62, 66, 67, 69, 77, 79, 80, 81, 82, 85, 86, 88, 89, 90, 91, 92, 93, 94, 95, 96, 97, 98, 99, 100, 101, 102, 103, 105, 107, 108, 109, 110, 111, 112, 113, 114, 115, 116, 117, 118, 119, 120, 121, 122, 123, 124, 125, 126, 127, 128, 129, 130, 132, 133, 135, 136, 137, 138, 139, 141, 142, 143, 147, 148, 151, 153, 154, 156, 157, 158, 159, 160, 161, 167, 168, 170, 173, 175, 178, 179, 180, 181, 183, 184, 187, 188, 190, 191, 194, 196, 198, 199, 200, 201, 202, 203, 204, 205, 206, 207, 208, 210, 211, 217, 218, 219, 220, 223, 224, 225, 226, 228, 229, 230, 231, 232, 233, 235, 236, 238, 240, 243, 245, 246, 248, 249, 251, 252, 253, 254, 256, 257, 261, 262, 263, 265, 266, 267, 273, 275, 276, 277, 278, 280, 281, 282, 283, 284, 286, 288, 289, 295, 298, 301, 302, 304, 306, 308, 309, 310, 311, 313, 314, 315, 317, 318, 319, 320, 321, 322, 324, 326, 327, 328, 329, 335, 343, 345, 349, 350, 351, 352, 353, 354, 356, 357, 359, 360, 361, 362, 364, 365, 367, 369, 370 Dairy equipment 71, 146 Dairy farming 10, 64, 72, 76, 146, 241, 260, 271, 326, 330, 339, 348, 366 Dairy farms 15, 43, 58, 70, 145, 219, 226, 240 Dairy herds 14, 43, 53, 66, 70, 77, 104, 126, 167, 186, 250, 252, 270, 271, 294, 309, 319, 349 Dairy hygiene 161, 252 Dairy industry 9, 34, 70, 94, 217, 240, 277, 365 Dairy legislation 14 Dairy performance 30, 111, 130, 160, 167, 279, 322, 345, 362 Dairy research 40, 63 Dairy technology 94, 271 Dairy traits 95, 309 Dairy wastes 242 Dairying 15, 20, 144, 279 Data collection 271 Databases 77 Decision making 271 Deglutition 51 Dehorning 2 Demonstration farms 76 Denmark 29, 66 Design 39, 79, 80, 81, 82, 208, 256, 284, 285, 317, 336, 352, 369 Design criteria 183 Detection 89, 368 Dexamethasone 124 Diet 112, 237 Diets 12 Digestibility 49 Digestive disorders 194 Dilution 357 Dimensions 187 Disease control 31, 65, 256 Disease prevalence 342 Disease prevention 38, 92 Disease resistance 114 Disorders 351 Diurnal variation 89, 153, 233 Dosage effects 7, 35 Drainage systems 171 Drinking behavior 78, 130 Drinking water 97, 337 Drug formulations 245 Dry feeding 251 Dry lot feeding 250 Dry matter 120, 132, 245, 246 Dry period 42, 91, 118, 129, 191 Duration 139, 158 Dust 4 Dynamic models 277 Dystocia 42 Economic analysis 31, 281, 332 Economic dualism 58 Economic impact 9, 34, 35, 95, 277 Education 296 Educational methods 323 Effects 159 Efficacy 195 Efficiency 175, 323 Egg production 365 Electric current 8, 57, 59, 189, 347 Electric heaters 146 Electrical energy 145, 146 Electricity 59, 141, 142, 146, 351 Embryo culture 106 Embryo mortality 88, 147 Embryonic development 88, 106, 203, 223 Embryos 88 Embryos (animal) 223, 232 Energy 189, 347 Energy balance 10, 30, 49, 112 Energy consumption 145 Energy intake 245 Energy metabolism 205 Energy requirements 329 Environment 114, 151, 154 Environmental aspects 6 Environmental control 150, 192, 254, 270, 367 Environmental engineering 144 Environmental factors 16, 22, 102, 169, 233, 322 Environmental impact 159 Environmental temperature 17, 100, 104, 108, 117, 136, 153, 158, 169, 202, 204, 235, 311, 320, 322 Enzyme activity 282 Enzymes 267 Equations 264, 286 Erythrocyte count 267 Estradiol 105, 148, 179, 210, 308 Estrous behavior 89 Estrous cycle 16, 98, 105, 157, 158, 210, 232, 288, 308 Estrus 89, 148, 203, 271, 313, 368 Ethics 159, 365 Europe 44 Evaporative coolers 54 Evaporative cooling 184, 204, 205, 229, 264, 332, 344, 362 Ewes 315 Experimental stations 3 Expert systems 167 Extensive livestock farming 25, 26 Externalities 10 Faces 67 Facilities 8, 189 Falkland Islands 74 Family farms 260 Fans 55, 146, 157, 204, 281, 332 Farm area 326 Farm buildings 171 Farm comparisons 252 Farm dairies 3, 18, 66, 87, 181, 214, 243, 248, 340 Farm equipment 71, 84 Farm income 330 Farm management 15, 68, 77, 191, 214, 219, 241, 242, 252, 271 Farm structure 34, 217 Farm surveys 9, 18, 68, 126 Farm tests 102 Farmers 159 Farmers' income 326 Farming 75, 146 Farming systems 326 Fasting 30, 100 Fatty acids 121 Feasibility studies 172 Feces collection 242 Federal government 40 Feed composition tables 50 Feed conversion 136, 246 Feed grains 176 Feed intake 5, 48, 50, 51, 102, 112, 113, 117, 119, 120, 125, 132, 136, 138, 139, 156, 207, 245, 246, 249, 254, 329 Feed rations 253 Feed requirements 298 Feed supplements 48, 137, 278 Feeding 100, 299 Feeding and feeds 268, 269 Feeding behavior 19, 60, 177, 220 Feeding preferences 25 Feeds 82 Fees 172 Female fertility 129, 132, 139, 142, 179, 196 Fence lines 39 Fertilizers 219 Fetal death 142 Fetal growth 203 Fiber content 329 Floors 83, 87, 243, 342, 352 Florida 53, 56, 143, 182, 224, 232, 324, 332 Flow 189, 347 Flushing 183 Fodder crops 146 Fogging 229 Follicles 315 Food contamination 68 Food safety 34, 94, 159 Forage 12, 251 France 126 Free radicals 278 Friesian 103, 249 Frozen semen 247 Fsh 105 Functional disorders 147 Fur 205 Gases 275 Genetic defects 147 Genetic differences 30 Genetic effects 22, 44 Genotypes 180 Geographical distribution 170 German federal republic 248 Gestation period 42 Glucose 188 Gnrh 105, 288, 315 Gonadotropin releasing hormone 96, 368 Government 277 Graafian follicles 99 Grain drying 146 Grass silage 329 Grass sward 330 Gravel 338 Grazing 66, 70, 177, 249, 251 Grazing behavior 328 Green fodders 50 Grooming 231 Groups 190, 191 Growth 294 Growth promoters 217 Growth promoting substances 20 Growth rate 300 Guidelines 178 Handbooks 71 Handling 6, 20, 127, 146, 174, 190, 216, 227 Haryana 72 Hay 12, 50 Healing 335 Health 294 Health care 194, 294 Health hazards 346 Heart rate 24, 46, 356 Heat 337, 355 Heat production 121, 136, 227 Heat resistance 122 Heat stress 1, 16, 17, 33, 39, 45, 52, 53, 55, 56, 62, 88, 91, 97, 100, 103, 104, 105, 106, 108, 109, 115, 116, 117, 118, 119, 120, 121, 122, 125, 129, 132, 134, 136, 137, 138, 143, 152, 153, 154, 158, 169, 179, 182, 184, 197, 198, 199, 200, 201, 202, 203, 204, 205, 206, 207, 210, 221, 223, 224, 229, 230, 232, 233, 235, 237, 238, 247, 253, 254, 267, 275, 281, 288, 289, 290, 304, 306, 311, 320, 321, 331, 332, 336, 343, 344, 353, 362 Heat sums 129 Heat tolerance 88, 237 Heat transfer 205, 264 Heating 146, 150, 361 Heifers 42, 75, 82, 107, 175, 212, 285, 298, 300, 301, 302, 339, 366 Height 220 Hemorrhage 192 Hens 365 Heparin 331 Herbage 251 Herd size 80 Herd structure 95, 155, 366 Herds 195 Hides and skins 264 Hired labor 172 Holstein-friesian 30, 48, 50, 108, 111, 113, 116, 119, 120, 122, 134, 138, 147, 194, 230, 233, 261, 281, 311 Hoofs 209, 209 Hooves 142, 309 Hormone secretion 105, 135, 157, 210, 315, 321 Hormone supplements 102 Hormones 16, 120, 147 Hormones in animal nutrition 316 Horticultural crops 326 Housing 75, 78, 144, 222, 268, 269, 283, 299, 348 Housing area 24 Housing density 29, 101 Housing temperature and humidity 111 Humidity 121, 200, 201, 202, 207 Hungary 180 Hydrocortisone 46, 59, 158, 235 Hydrogen 331 Hydrogen sulfide 4, 346 Hygiene 47, 69, 186 Hyperthermia 266, 275 Hypothalamic regulation 315 Igg 290 Illumination 89 Immune response 235, 266 Immunity 174 Immunoglobulins 174 Immunosuppression 124 Improvement 181, 354 Inbred lines 113 Incentives 170 Incidence 42, 82, 110, 236 Indexes 153, 200, 201, 202 Indonesia 211 Infectious diseases 193 Infertility 223 Inflammation 282 Information needs 70 Ingestion toxicity 272 Inhibitors 68 Injection 123, 132, 246 Injuries 41, 82 Innovation adoption 9, 34, 277, 330 Inspection 20 Installations 8, 39 Instrumentation 87, 243 Instruments 51 Insulation 134, 149 Insulin 30, 139 Insulin-like growth factor 117 Integrated pest management 297 Intensive livestock farming 25, 26, 234 Interactions 295, 303 International trade 94 Investment 284, 317 Iodine 131, 161 Iodophors 131 Irrigated pastures 249 Israel 132, 342, 353 Japan 240, 243 Java 326 Jersey 113, 119, 311 Kansas 298 Kentucky 184, 190 Ketosis 241 Kinetics 188, 243 Kinship 231 Kleiber, Hans 1920- 144 L-thyroxine 139 Labor 323 Laboratory tests 102, 108 Lactating females 102, 105, 118, 137, 147, 153, 179, 191, 210, 232, 233, 304 Lactation 1, 7, 33, 35, 107, 108, 113, 114, 142, 153, 154, 158, 253, 261 Lactation number 42, 49, 59, 110, 129, 139, 228, 245, 320 Lactation stage 44, 110, 111, 129, 132, 141, 188, 190, 228, 273, 282 Lagoons 183 Lameness 28, 87, 128, 193, 342 Land use 251 Large scale husbandry 318 Larvae 338 Learning ability 22 Lectins 112 Legislation 67, 173 Legs 309 Lesions 335 Leukocyte count 267 Leukocytes 266 Lh 96, 105, 157, 210, 308, 315 Life history 77 Limiting factors 234 Linear models 95 Linear programming 95 Liners 247 Listeria monocytogenes 124 Literature reviews 35, 44, 148, 177, 195, 204, 219, 278, 282, 301, 315 Litter 47, 69, 186, 212, 256, 309, 319, 338, 340 Livestock 140, 200, 322 Livestock housing 351 Livestock numbers 58, 219 Liveweight 48, 93, 107 Liveweight gain 31, 132, 301 Loads 79 Location of production 34 Locomotion 243, 248 Longevity 365 Loose housing 25, 29, 130, 149, 151, 180, 190, 248, 256, 340, 360, 364 Losses 189, 347, 351 Louisiana 62, 172 Lymphocyte transformation 266 Lymphocytes 235, 266 Machine milking 160, 228, 271, 314 Magnesium 100 Maize 112, 251 Maize byproducts 47 Maize silage 249 Male fertility 331 Mammary development 11 Mammary edema 278 Mammary glands 11, 235, 357 Mammary tissue 11 Man 295, 303 Management 6, 6 Managers 82 Mangers 39, 177, 254 Manure 6, 6 Manure spreading 36 Manures 6 Marginal analysis 58 Mastication 49, 51 Mastitis 123, 133, 222, 276 Material balance 10 Maternal behavior 257 Maternal immunity 290 Mathematical models 31, 205, 324, 330 Mating 107 Measurement 19, 51, 346, 357 Meat industry and trade 140 Mechanization 208, 284, 317, 350 Medicated feeds 68 Medicinal plants 354 Mediterranean countries 234 Metabolism 143 Metabolites 30, 138, 139 Methane 346 Michigan 163, 208, 284, 317 Microbial contamination 226 Microclimate 229, 318 Milk 15, 68, 121, 124, 131, 159, 266, 267, 281 Milk composition 35, 43, 49, 59, 102, 112, 113, 120, 123, 125, 133, 139, 141, 143, 161, 228, 230, 237, 245, 246, 282 Milk ejection 11, 123 Milk fat 43, 249 Milk fat percentage 126, 129, 132, 136 Milk fat yield 132 Milk flow 228 Milk prices 95, 170, 277 Milk production 1, 5, 30, 34, 43, 50, 54, 65, 70, 77, 91, 94, 102, 107, 111, 115, 116, 122, 125, 133, 153, 154, 156, 160, 170, 180, 181, 190, 195, 196, 197, 198, 200, 207, 217, 221, 222, 230, 234, 237, 237, 261, 263, 265, 267, 276, 277, 316, 320, 323, 330, 332, 343, 345, 354, 365, 369 Milk production costs 95, 301 Milk protein 43, 249 Milk protein percentage 132, 136 Milk protein yield 132 Milk quality 56, 151, 226, 262 Milk recording 271 Milk secretion 11 Milk supply 34 Milk synthesis 11 Milk tanks 226 Milk yield 11, 35, 44, 48, 49, 57, 59, 102, 112, 113, 118, 119, 120, 123, 125, 129, 132, 136, 139, 141, 143, 153, 156, 161, 197, 198, 203, 228, 230, 233, 235, 237, 245, 246, 249, 254, 281, 286, 301, 310, 324, 326, 329, 360 Milk-yielding animals 155 Milking 3, 11, 72, 131, 146, 161, 208, 222, 262, 284, 286, 310, 317, 350, 370 Milking interval 90, 127, 133, 323 Milking machines 345 Milking parlors 15, 73, 84, 90, 93, 160, 208, 214, 260, 261, 262, 263, 271, 279, 280, 284, 286, 293, 317, 323, 324, 345, 350, 370 Milking rate 59, 263, 310 Mineral content 275 Mineral metabolism 100, 109 Minerals 137 Minnesota 192 Mississippi 3, 129, 157 Missouri 281 Mists 39, 199, 254 Mixing 346 Models 77, 104, 181, 215, 264 Moisture 4, 227 Monitoring 77, 346, 356 Monoclonal antibodies 290 Morbidity 307 Mortality 31, 45, 110, 254, 301 Morula 106 Motility 247 Musca domestica 338 Namibia 200, 201, 202 Natural ventilation 163, 164, 166, 291 Netherlands 265 Network analysis 10 Neutrophils 266 New Jersey 272 New York 53, 170 Newborn animals 60, 192, 220, 290 Nitrates 272 Nitrogen fertilizers 169 Nomograms 215 North Carolina 199, 337, 366 Northeastern states of U.S.A. 164 Norway 241 Nutrient content 112 Nutrient intake 49 Nutrient requirements 175 Nutrient uptake 138 Nutrition programs 300 Nutritional state 137 Ohio 252 Ointments 335 Ontario 9, 165, 270 Operating costs 172, 208, 284, 317, 350 Optimization 277 Outturn 240 Ovarian cysts 225, 315 Ovaries 315 Ovaries (animal) 313 Ovulation 148 Ovulation rate 288 Oxygen 278 Oxytocin 123 Pain 46, 92 Pakistan 158 Papua new guinea 17 Parturition 278 Pastures 98, 113 Pathogens 282 Pathology 45 Pennsylvania 75, 251, 339 Pens 192, 204, 248, 284 Perception 295 Performance 322 Performance testing 306 Ph 51, 247 Phosphorus 100 Phthiraptera 297 Physiological functions 120, 122, 344 Pig farming 146 Pig housing 12, 171 Pigs 12, 303 Pipeline milking machines 359 Pituitary 315 Placental retention 278 Planes 8 Planning 18, 84, 212 Plant products 354 Plasma 281 Plasmin 282 Plate count 226 Pneumonia 45 Politics 14, 34 Polyethylene 247 Ponds 56, 224 Portal vein 138 Postpartum interval 96, 273, 308, 313 Postpartum period 60 Posture 357 Potassium 282 Potassium chloride 137 Poultry farming 146 Poultry industry 365 Practice 75 Precipitation 129 Prediction 104, 285, 286, 330 Pregnancy 179, 188, 232, 273 Pregnancy rate 169, 288, 320 Prepartum period 91, 273 Pressure 314, 370 Pressure gauges 370 Pressure regulators 314 Prevention 15, 83, 222, 351 Price elasticities 40 Price policy 40 Price support 34, 277 Probability 31 Probability analysis 155 Production controls 277 Production costs 35, 58, 70, 170 Production functions 58 Production structure 265 Productive life 155, 309, 365 Productivity 159 Proestrus 148 Profitability 70, 181, 217, 277 Progesterone 91, 148, 157, 158, 179, 210 Programmed feed dispensers 3 Prostaglandins 106, 157 Protected protein 329 Protein digestion 112 Public opinion 14, 296 Puerto Rico 48, 50 Pulsation 160, 286 Pulsators 160 Pulse rate 233 Quantitative analysis 153, 188 Quantitative techniques 19 Queensland 169, 230 Questionnaires 15 Quotas 9, 95 Radioactive tracers 188 Radioimmunoassay 16 Rain 110, 169, 233 Ratios 286 Regression analysis 68, 103, 309 Relative humidity 103, 104, 153, 204, 233, 320 Removal 277 Replacement 191, 285, 300, 301, 302 Reproduction 65, 197, 203 Reproductive ability 179, 368 Reproductive disorders 96, 354, 368 Reproductive efficiency 167 Reproductive performance 16, 116, 199, 245, 254, 343 Reproductive physiology 354 Research support 40 Residual milk 59 Residues 131 Resource utilization 330 Respiration rate 97, 233, 275 Rest 273, 328 Restricted feeding 48, 117 Returns 31, 40, 265 Risk 42, 44, 201 Romania 348, 348, 348 Rotational grazing 226 Rubber 247 Rumen 51 Rumen digestion 112, 126, 137, 249, 275 Rumination 19, 49, 177 Runoff water 219 Safety 195, 279, 346 Safety measures 20 Salmonella typhimurium 110 Sand 47, 319, 338 Sanitation 252 Saudi arabia 1, 288 Sawdust 338 Scotland 76 Scrotum 134 Seasonal fluctuations 43, 111, 115, 126, 229 Seasonal variation 103, 104, 169, 200, 201, 218 Seasonality 170 Seasons 25, 200, 320 Selection 2, 194 Selection criteria 194 Selective grazing 226 Selenium 278 Semen 247, 342, 368 Semen characters 134, 331 Semen diluents 247 Semen preservation 134 Sex differences 22 Sexual behavior 98 Shade 99, 120, 122, 199, 204, 229, 230, 253, 281, 289, 311 Shading 182 Sheep 12, 363 Shelters 322 Shock 57, 351 Silage 12 Silos 171, 272 Simulation 87 Simulation models 9, 115, 265, 286, 323, 324 Sires 22, 42 Size 107, 194 Skin 335 Slatted floors 79, 212, 227, 248 Slaughter 365 Slip resistant finishes 87, 243 Slips 83 Slurries 171, 346 Small farms 211, 214 Social consciousness 159 Social dominance 327, 328 Social interaction 231 Social structure 130, 231 Social welfare 277 Societies 67 Sodium chloride 137 Sodium propionate 30 Soil analysis 219 Solar radiation 118, 122 Solid waste 340 Somatic cell count 139, 218, 282 Somatotropin 7, 9, 33, 34, 35, 44, 61, 92, 96, 102, 117, 118, 119, 120, 121, 132, 133, 135, 136, 139, 159, 195, 196, 235, 236, 245, 246, 277, 281, 329, 330 Sorting 18 South Africa 47, 103, 104, 201, 202 South Carolina 53, 198, 336 South Dakota 289 Southern Africa 200 Soybean husks 112 Soybean soapstock 112 Space requirements 187 Spacing 101 Spatial distribution 231 Spermatozoa 134, 247 Spraying 281 Spring 249 Stalls 24, 25, 85, 149, 151, 162, 212, 227, 256, 287, 319, 336, 350, 364, 369 Staphylococcus aureus 335 Starch 329 Statistical analysis 111 Steroid hormones 278 Steroidogenesis 278 Steroids 147 Stochastic models 280, 285 Stomoxys calcitrans 338 Storage 146 Storage equipment 36 Straw 338 Stray voltage 78, 86, 261, 276 Streptococcus 110, 252 Stress 57, 92, 96, 114, 124, 127, 147, 193, 195, 278, 303, 308, 315, 322, 337, 356 Stress conditions 154 Structural change 9, 34, 58 Structural design 84, 187 Subcutaneous injection 245 Subsidies 34 Subtropics 99, 237, 353 Suckling 60, 220 Sudan 45 Sugarcane 326 Summer 45, 52, 99, 136, 157, 158, 169, 202, 232, 311, 318, 343 Superovulated females 232 Superovulation 223 Supply functions 40 Surface roughness 87 Surfaces 83 Surpluses 9, 277 Surveys 339 Survival 155 Sustained yield management 366 Symptoms 45 Systems analysis 10 Tanks 183 Tarsus 342 Teat dip 131, 161, 226, 262 Teatcup liner 310, 314 Teatcups 370 Teats 2, 11, 41, 60, 131, 161, 220, 226, 228, 266, 310, 314, 335 Technical progress 34, 159, 330 Techniques 182, 368 Technological innovations 144, 144 Technology 9 Technology transfer 94 Temperament 24 Temperature 121, 156, 201, 337 Temperature relations 23 Temperatures 97, 281 Testing 68 Tethered housing 211 Texas 53 Theory 205 Thyroid hormones 117 Time 60, 161, 286 Time allocation 328 Time and motion studies 345 Time series 40 Toxoids 110 Transfers 232, 360 Transit time 49 Transport of animals 308 Treatment 354 Trends 81, 94, 349 Tropical climate 108, 143 Tropical zones 230, 237 Tropics 108, 169 Type score 309 Types 317 U.S.A. 7, 14, 31, 44, 58, 67, 71, 173, 240, 277, 364, 365 Udders 11, 69, 114, 160, 220, 226, 310 Uk 81, 330 Ultrasound 357 United Kingdom 65, 87 United States 6, 20, 140, 140, 140, 316, 316 Unrestricted feeding 48, 50, 113 Upland areas 169, 230 Usda 67 Uterus 147 Utilization 168, 217 Vaccination 31, 110 Vacuum 286, 314 Vacuums 370 Validity 356 Vegetables 146 Ventilation 4, 146, 149, 150, 164, 165, 171, 182, 215, 270, 272, 307, 311, 343, 361, 367 Vermont 145, 226 Veterinary education 304 Veterinary pharmacology 20 Veterinary services 172 Viability 223 Victoria 107, 113, 249 Visitor centers 76 Volatile fatty acids 112, 126 Walking 25 Washing 161 Washington 85, 147, 183 Wastage 82 Waste disposal 183 Waste treatment 242 Water excretion 108 Water intake 51, 108, 141, 207, 289 Water quality 56, 219, 242 Water use 362 Weather 25, 121 Weather data 153 Welfare economics 9 West scotland 171 Wetting 264 Winter 102, 192, 318, 335, 361 Wisconsin 166, 276, 349 Yield forecasting 156 Yield response functions 230 Zero grazing 226, 326 
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*The Animal Welfare Information Center, awic@nal.usda.gov http://www.nal.usda.gov/awic/pubs/oldbib/qb9515.htm, April 17, 1998*