DEPA RTMENTOFAGRICULT URE

Forest

Service

Northeastern

Research Station

United States

Department of Agriculture

Resource Bulletin

NE-164

September 2005

Th e Forests of Maine: 2003
Abstract

In 1999, the Maine Forest Service (MFS) and USDA Forest Service’s Forest Inventory and 

Analysis (FIA) program implemented a new system for inventorying and monitoring Maine’s 

forests. A salient feature of the new inventory process is a nearly threefold improvement in 

timeliness as full inventories are completed every 5 years. The 2003 results represent the first 

full set of annual inventory and growth data since the end of the extreme spruce-budworm 

epidemic (SBE) of the 1970’s and 1980’s. The effects of the SBE continue to affect the 

composition, structure, and distribution of Maine’s forested ecosystems. Insight into current 

forest dynamics will help stakeholders plan for potential future disturbances like SBE. The area 

of forest land in Maine has remained stable since the 1970’s. Although relatively small acreages 

of forest are converted to other land uses these conversions often remove highly valued forests 

such as white pine. The total inventory volume of live trees increased slightly, indicating the 

beginning of a response of Maine’s forest to the tremendous devastation from SBE. The spatial 

distribution of sapling-size spruce and fir across the State reveals a general abundance of 

regeneration, foretelling waves of merchantable wood in coming years.

The Authors

WILLIAM H. MCWILLIAMS, BRETT J. BUTLER, DOUGLAS M. GRIFFITH, MICHAEL L. 

HOPPUS, ANDREW J. LISTER, TONYA W. LISTER, RANDALL S. MORIN, LUCRETIA B. 

STEWART, and JAMES A. WESTFALL are foresters with the Northeastern Research Station’s 

Forest Inventory and Analysis unit in Newtown Square, PA. JAMES STEINMAN is a forester 

with Northeastern Area State and Private Forestry. CHRISTOPHER W. WOODALL is a research 

forester with the North Central Research Station’s Forest Inventory and Analysis unit in St. Paul, 

MN. LAURENCE E. CALDWELL is a private forestry consultant, Turner, ME. KENNETH M. 

LAUSTSEN is biometrician with the Maine Forest Service, Augusta, ME. STEVEN A. SADER 

is a professor of forest resources and JACOB W. METZLER is a geospatial specialist with the 

Forest Society of Maine at Bangor. DAVID W. WILLIAMS is an entomologist with the USDA 

Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Otis ANGB, MA. ANDREW WHITMAN is research 

scientist with Manomet Center for Conservation Sciences, Brunswick, ME.

Acknowledgments

We thank members of the field staff for their hard work and dedication in collecting the sample 

data used in this report:

Manuscript received for publication 6 December 2004

Scott Barnes

Chad Barton

Liza Batchelor

Sacha Begg

Jay Benner

Aaron Bishop

Joe Bither

Greg Bjork

Joshua Brown

Bob Chandler

Everett Cram

Ronna Coleman

Mike Devine

Jamie Dow

Kristen Dubord

Melanie Duffy

Dan Edgecomb

Matthew Gallucci

Jeff Harriman

John Hoyt

Allison Kanoti

Keith Kanoti

Catherine Kropp

Jeff Martin

Brian McAuthur

Jason Morrison

Kathy Murray

Stephen Pawlowski

Alexander Peacock

Dan Peers

Scott Peterson

Brian Reader

Mike Skinner

Grayln Smith

Christina Stacey

Eric Therriault

Jonathan Tyler

Jeff Wazenegger

Charles Willette
The Forests of Maine: 2003 he Forests of Maine: 2003

William H. McWilliams Randall S. Morin illiam H. McWilliams Randall S. Morin

Brett J. Butler Steven A. Sader rett J. Butler Steven A. Sader

Lawrence E. Caldwell Lucretia B. Stewart awrence E. Caldwell Lucretia B. Stewart

Douglas M. Grif ouglas M. Griffith James R. Steinman th James R. Steinman

Michael L. Hoppus James A. Westfall ichael L. Hoppus James A. Westfall

Kenneth M. Laustsen David A. Williams enneth M. Laustsen David A. Williams

Andrew J. Lister Andrew Whitman ndrew J. Lister Andrew Whitman

Tonya W. Lister Christopher W. Woodall onya W. Lister Christopher W. Woodall

Jacob W. Metzler acob W. Metzler
Contents

Brief ..................................................................................................................... 1

 Resource Conditions .................................................................................... 1

 Outlook ........................................................................................................... 6

 Policy Implications ........................................................................................ 7

Introduction ........................................................................................................ 9

 Spruce Budworm ......................................................................................... 10

The Annual Inventory: Results from the First 5 Years ........................... 11

 Forest Land .................................................................................................. 11

 Location and Trends ................................................................................... 11

 Urbanization ............................................................................................... 14

 Forest-Land Ownership .............................................................................. 16

 Forest Type, Habitat Type, Stand-Diameter Class,and Stocking .................. 20

 Stand Structure .......................................................................................... 31

 Low Basal-Area Conditions ........................................................................ 32

 Harvest Disturbance .................................................................................... 35

 Numbers of Trees ........................................................................................ 36

 Standing Dead Trees .................................................................................. 39

 Down Woody Material ................................................................................. 40

 Distribution of Tree Species ....................................................................... 42

 Shrubs and Vines ........................................................................................ 45

 Biomass ........................................................................................................ 47

 Inventory Volume ......................................................................................... 48

 Sawtimber Volume ....................................................................................... 52

 Wood Availability ......................................................................................... 56

 Components of Inventory Volume Change ............................................... 57

 Growing Stock............................................................................................ 57

 Live Tree..................................................................................................... 58

 SawTimber ................................................................................................. 60

 Mortality ..................................................................................................... 64

 Timber Products Output ............................................................................. 66

 Forest Health Parameters ........................................................................... 68

 Tree Damage .............................................................................................. 68

 Crown Condition ........................................................................................ 70

 Ground-Level Ozone Injury ......................................................................... 70

 Lichens ...................................................................................................... 72
 Soil Erosion................................................................................................ 74

 Vegetation Diversity and Structure ............................................................. 75

Literature Cited................................................................................................ 76

Appendix ........................................................................................................... 80

 Annual Inventory Design ............................................................................ 80

 Phase 1 ...................................................................................................... 80

 Phase 2 ...................................................................................................... 80

 Phase 3 ...................................................................................................... 81

 Ensuring Consistency with Previous Inventories .................................... 81

 Statistical Signifi cance ............................................................................... 82

 Benefi ts: More Rapid and Complete Resource Analyses ........................ 82

 Defi nition of Terms ...................................................................................... 84

 2003 Tables................................................................................................... 91

 1995 Tables................................................................................................. 145

 1982 Tables................................................................................................. 167
1

Brief

In 1999, the Maine Forest Service (MFS) and 

the USDA Forest Service’s Forest Inventory and 

Analysis (FIA) program implemented a new 

system for inventorying and monitoring Maine’s 

forest resources. The most obvious benefi t of the 

new system is a nearly threefold improvement in 

timeliness. The extension of the sample includes a 

broader range of measurements that will help analysts 

understand the relationships between resource 

change and underlying ecological variables. The 

following is a summary of resource conditions, a 

prospective future outlook, and policy implications 

related to the principal fi ndings of this report.

Resource Conditions

• With 17.8 million acres of forest land, 

Maine is the most heavily forested state in 

the Nation at 90 percent. The State’s forest 

has been essentially stable for the last several 

decades (Fig. 1).

• There have been multiple shifts in acreage 

among owner groups during the last 45 

years. Public ownership has increased steadily 

yet it constitutes a small portion of Maine’s 

forest land. The ownership of Maine’s large 

private forests is changing. Over the last 

several decades, industrial owners have 

reduced their holdings while a new category 

of investor owners that includes timber 

investment management organizations, real 

estate investment trusts, and limited liability 

corporations have increased their holdings 

(Fig. 2).

• Unlike forests in other timber-producing 

states, most of Maine’s forests are naturally 

regenerated stands that are managed 

extensively (Fig. 3). These stands comprise 46 

Figure 1.--Area of forest land, Maine, 1660 – 2003, (Irland, 1998).

0

4

8

12

16

20

1600 1650 1700 1750 1800 1850 1900 1950 2000

Year

Million Acres

Figure 2.—Timberland acreage by owner group, Maine, 1959, 1971, 

1982, 1995, 2003.

0

2,000

4,000

6,000

8,000

10,000

12,000

Public Forest Industry Non-Industrial

Private Forestland

Thousand Acres

1959

1971

1982

1995

2003

Figure 3.—Percent of timberland by 

stand origin, Maine, 2003 (Laustsen 

2004, personal communication).

Artificial Regeneration

2.1 %

Natural Regeneration

97.9 %
2

commercial tree species. Species with the most 

trees 1 inch or larger in diameter at breast 

height (d.b.h.) are balsam fi r (35 percent), red 

maple (12); red, white, and black spruce (11), 

sugar maple, yellow birch, and American beech 

(11). This indicates these stands are diverse 

and closely resemble “natural” forests. The 

small portion of Maine’s forest that is managed 

intensively includes plantation, precommercial 

thinning (spacing), and conifer release (Fig. 4).

• Maine’s underlying forest habitat is 38 

percent hardwood and 62 percent softwood 

types (Fig. 5), but this acreage currently is 

occupied by 59 percent hardwood and 41 

percent softwood forest types. This is an 

artifact of mixed-wood stands and recovery 

following spruce budworm outbreaks, and 

refl ects the difference between FIA estimates 

of existing vegetative cover and habitat 

classifi cation that represents potential 

natural vegetation of a site.

• The volume of timber on Maine’s forests 

is nearly double that in 1952 (Fig. 6). 

Current estimates of growth and harvest are 

essentially equal (0.35 cord/acre/year).

• Regenerating forest stands in Maine 

generally is not a concern as natural 

regeneration typically results in as many as 

tens of thousands of seedlings/acre within 

several years of a disturbance. Over the 

long term, the vegetative composition of 

Figure 4.—Percent of timberland by management practice, 

Maine, 2003 (Laustsen 2004, personal communication).

Precommercial Thinning

(Spacing)

1.7 %

Plantations

1.4 %

Conifer Release

“ONLY”

2.1 %

Extensively

Managed

94.8 %

1933

1944

1982

1952

1959

1971 1995

2003

0

30

60

90

120

150

180

210

240

270

300

330

1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010

Year

Million Cords

Figure 6.—Volume of pulpwood quality or better trees on timberland, 

Maine, 1933, 1944, 1952, 1959, 1971, 1982, 1995, 1999, 2000, 2001, 

2002, and 2003. Confi dence intervals (95 percent) are shown for the 

1999, 2000, 2001, 2002, and 2003 annual inventory results.

Figure 5.—Distribution of softwood and hardwood habitat groups, 

Maine, 2003.

Hardwood Habitat

38 %

Softwood Habitat

62 %
3

these stands refl ects the underlying habitat 

type.

• The major groupings and the current 

distribution of Maine’s timberland by standdiameter class reveal that one-fourth of 

Maine’s timberland is in sapling-size stands 

(Fig. 7). Poletimber and sawtimber-size stands 

account for 43 and 30 percent, respectively. 

Large sawtimber comprises only 9 percent of 

the timberland.

• The major groupings and the current 

distribution of Maine’s timberlands by 

stocking region are shown in Figure 8. 

Stocking regions are categories related to 

stand development guides. About one-third 

of Maine’s timberland is in the optimal class. 

The suboptimal and overstocked classes 

account for 23 and 21 percent, respectively.

• Currently, timber is harvested on nearly 

562,000 acres/year. Most of this activity 

consists of partial harvesting or shelterwood 

cutting (Fig. 9).

• Eastern white pine and six major hardwood 

species (sugar maple, red maple, yellow and 

white birch, aspen, and northern red oak) 

consistently account for 90 percent of the 

sawtimber volume usually graded for quality, 

and volumes of sawtimber have increased 

steadily over the 45-year inventory period 

(Fig. 10).

Sapling

25 %

Poletimber

43 %

Small Sawtimber

21 %

Large Sawtimber

9 %

Low/No Basal Area

2 %

Figure 7.—Percent of timberland by stand-diameter class, 

Maine, 2003.

Figure 9.—Percent of timberland by harvest type, Maine (MFS 

1996-2003).

Figure 8.-—Percent of timberland by FIBER stocking region, 

Maine, 2003.

Understocked

19 %

Sub-Optimal

23 %

Optimal

35 %

Overstocked

21 %

Low/No Basal Area

2 %

Clearcut

4 %

Partial Harvest

65 %

Land-Use Change

1 %

Shelterwood

30 %
4

• White pine has shown a small but steady 

increase in the average size of sawtimber 

trees over the inventory period, peaking 

at 14.8 inches during the last 8 years (Fig. 

11). The average diameter of the major 

hardwoods declined slightly but then 

recovered during the same period. The 

current average, 14.4 inches, has remained 

stable over the last 8 years.

• Volume of sawtimber per acre of 

timberland acre is a measure used to assess 

trends. Both white pine (73 percent) and 

the major hardwoods (95 percent) have 

shown steady increases over the inventory 

period (Fig. 12).

• The stocking and distribution of large trees 

(at least 16 inches d.b.h.) greatly affect 

wildlife habitat, biodiversity, and stand 

structure. The relative distribution of large 

trees in Maine’s forests is shown in Figure 13.

• The distribution of sawtimber volume by 

tree grade (quality) for the two most recent 

inventories shows improvement for sugar 

and red maple, yellow and white birch, and 

aspen. This improvement is apparent from 

the increase in the percentage of grade 1 

and 2 material. When all sawtimber size 

classes are considered, the quality of white 

pine decreased while northern red oak 

showed little change (Fig. 14). However, 

the distribution is infl uenced heavily 

by tree size. When only trees at least 15 

inches d.b.h. are considered, white pine 

shows little change while northern red oak 

improves slightly.

Figure 10.—Volume of white pine and major hardwood sawtimber, 

Maine, 1959, 1971, 1982, 1995, 2003.

Figure 11.—Quadratic mean diameter of sawtimber trees for white pine 

and major hardwoods, Maine, 1959, 1971, 1982, 1995, 2003.

Figure 12.—Average volume of sawtimber per timberland acre for 

white pine and major hardwoods (red and sugar maple, yellow and 

white birch, aspen, and northern red oak), Maine 1959, 1971, 1982, 

1995, 2003.

0

3,000

6,000

9,000

12,000

15,000

18,000

White Pine Major Hardwoods

Million Board Feet

1959

1971

1982

1995

2003

13.8 13.8 14.1 14.8 14.4 14.8 14.7 14.5 14.2 14.4

0

3

6

9

12

15

18

White Pine Major Hardwoods

Quadratic M ean D iam ter (inches)

1959

1971

1982

1995

2003

291 305

382

962 991

626 523 504

712

509

-

300

600

900

1,200

1959 1971 1982 1995 2003

Board Feet Per Acre

White Pine

Major Hardwoods
5

Figure 13.—Estimated number of trees per acre greater than 16.0 inches in diameter at breast height, Maine, 2003. 

Figure 14.—Percentage of sawtimber volume on timberland by tree grade for white pine 

and major hardwood species, Maine, 1995 and 2003.

51 46

38

50

20

32 32

42 36 43

56 56

28

28 45

40

53

53 53

48

51

51

37 38

21 26

10

27

15 15 10 12 6 7 6

18

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

1995 2003 1995 2003 1995 2003 1995 2003 1995 2003 1995 2003

Percent

Grades 4 & 5

Grade 3

Grades 1 & 2

White Pine Sugar Maple Red Maple Yellow and White

Birch

Aspen Northern Red Oak

Softwoods Hardwoods All Species

0 - 3

4 - 6

7 - 9

10 - 13

14 - 21

Nonforest

Water

0 - 2

3 - 4

5 - 6

7 - 8

9 - 12

Nonforest

Water

0 - 4

5 - 7

8 - 11

12 - 15

16 - 24

Nonforest

Water
6

Lichen Species

0

1

2

3 - 4

5 - 6

Nonforest

Water

LS Lichen Species Richness

• Certain species of lichens occur only on older 

trees. The distribution of those species is shown in 

Figure 15.

• Terminal harvests constitute a large share of total 

harvests for white pine and northern red oak--

25 percent and 39 percent, respectively, of total 

annual removal.

• The continued vigor of beech is at risk due to 

factors such as drought and disease. Areas with 

the greatest impact are shown in dark red in 

Figure 16.

• To date in Maine, assessments of forest health by 

FIA have not revealed ozone-related plant damage.

• FIA data indicate that Maine’s forests have a low 

diversity of shrub/vine species. Only 23 percent 

of the plot samples contain more than four of 

the species tallied, most of which are deciduous 

shrubs. Many deciduous shrub species have 

tremendous value to wildlife.

• Maine’s forests have high fuel loads, posing an 

extreme fi re risk at long intervals associated with 

prolonged drought. These conditions occur when 

organic material in soils dries to the point that it 

becomes fl ammable.

Outlook

• If growth and harvest rates are maintained at 

current levels, timber volumes will remain stable 

and then likely increase as stands recovering 

from spruce budworm outbreaks grow to 

merchantable size.

• The long-term implications of the increased 

frequency of harvesting Maine’s forest resources 

are unclear. Timber harvesting has increased 

from nearly 250,000 to more than 500,000 acres 

annually, and has shifted from clearcutting to 

largely “partial harvesting.”

• It is not known how long the reversion of 

agricultural land throughout the State will 

continue to balance the amount of land 

converted to development (mostly in southern 

Maine).

• That harvests from site conversions account for 

25 and 39 percent of the annual harvest for white 

pine and red oak, respectively, has implications 

for the future supply of these species.

• With respect to the timber supply, the 

importance of small nonindustrial private forestland owners is increasing. Because of the large 

Figure 15.—Number of late-successional 

lichen species, Maine 2003. Figure 16.—Beech damage and mortality, Maine, 2003. 

Damage Mortality

0

1

2

3 - 4

5 - 6

Nonforest

Water

Percent Basal Area 

with Damage 0

0 - 0.5

0.5 - 1.5

1.5 - 3.3

Nonforest

Water

Percent Dead 

Basal Area 
7

number of these owners, the fragmented spatial 

distribution of their forests, and a perceived 

reluctance to harvest, it is diffi cult for resource 

planners to coordinate management strategies. 

• It is not known how changes in land ownership 

in Maine (e.g., number of small ownerships and 

shift from the forest industry owners to investors) 

will affect long-term timber management and 

availability.

• Invasive exotic pests likely will pose a greater 

threat in the future. For example: 

o Balsam woolly adelgid, which in the past has 

been limited to the coastal area of Maine, 

has expanded to inland areas and is causing 

signifi cant mortality of balsam fi r.

o Hemlock woolly adelgid is now established 

in extreme southern Maine and is expanding 

northward.

o Maine’s forests could be threatened by the 

emerald ash borer, which is expanding from 

Michigan, and Phytophthora ramorum, which 

causes sudden oak death. 

The latter is expanding 

from nursery stock in 

California, but it is not 

known whether P. 

ramorum can survive in 

Maine’s climate.

• If current trends continue, 

there will be declining 

inventories of species such 

as beech (largely because of 

beech bark disease) and aspen. At the same time, 

there will be increased inventories of species such 

as sugar maple, white ash, northern red oak, and 

yellow birch. These changes will infl uence wildlife 

habitats and other resource values.

• With respect to changes in stand structure on an 

acreage basis, the impact of the spruce budworm 

epidemic in Maine rivals that of other forest 

disturbances in the Eastern United States over 

the last century. Merchantable-size stands will 

reemerge over the next 25 years as waves of 

young spruce-fi r mature. The result will be a 

large block of acreage in a relatively even-age 

condition, much like the condition of spruce-fi r 

early in the last century.

• Because the most recent FIA data have not been 

modeled, we cannot accurately predict when 

the new sapling-size stands of spruce-fi r in areas 

affected by spruce budworm mortality or salvage 

harvests will grow to merchantable size for 

harvesting.

Policy Implications

• The annual inventories of Maine’s forest 

resource have been extremely valuable and will 

continue to provide information needed for 

informed decisionmaking on forestry issues. 

The diversity of the underlying forest stands 

and associated issues elevate the importance 

and complexity of these inventories. The 

data generated are particularly important in 

addressing both timber and nontimber values, 

for example, assessing wildlife habitat conditions 

and biodiversity and 

predicting the vulnerability 

of Maine’s forests to 

invasive exotic pests. 

• Monitoring growth 

and harvest levels and 

predicting future growth 

rates will require careful 

attention, particularly for 

species like white pine and 

red oak, which account 

for a large portion of the harvest due to site 

conversion.

• Growth and yield modeling and modeling of 

future forest conditions at the stand level are 

needed so that we can:

o Predict when sapling-size spruce-fi r stands will 

grow to merchantable size.

o Monitor species-specifi c inventory gains and 

declines and their effect on the timber supply, 

quality trends, wildlife habitat, and other 

ecosystem values. 
8

o Increase timber yields from Maine’s forests 

through improved utilization and more 

intensive management.

o Improve our understanding of the trends in the 

quality of timber for Maine’s forest-products 

industry.

• Planning for wildfi re suppression in Maine should 

take into account that at long intervals, the threat 

of fi re is extremely high when soil organic matter 

dries to the point that it can burn.

• There is a need to evaluate the implications 

for timber supplies and other forest values of 

increasing the amount of acreage harvested 

annually, as well as the effect of shifting from 

clearcutting to partial 

harvesting.

• The potential threat from 

invasive exotic pests will 

require increased monitoring.

• There is a need to evaluate 

the impact on timber supply 

and other forest values from 

declining inventories of 

species such as beech and 

aspen, increasing inventories 

of species such as sugar maple, 

white ash, northern red oak, 

and yellow birch, and the 

reliance on timber volumes 

from site conversion for white 

pine and red oak.

• There is a need to evaluate 

the effect of changes in 

ownership (e.g., number of small landowners and 

shift from industry owners to investors) on timber 

supply/avaiability and the stability of the land base 

managed actively for forestry.

• The conversion of forest land to other uses 

threatens future sustainability in the southern 

portion of the State. Monitoring and evaluation of 

this trend should continue.

• The structural characteristics of forest land in 

Maine have undergone major changes. Currently, 

there are large blocks of forest in the early stages 

of succession; other areas contain one-, two-, and 

multistory stands. This more complex structure 

benefi ts certain nontimber values and may require 

new harvest and management strategies.

• Management planners must consider whether 

the abundance of balsam fi r in the next forest 

(currently nearly 40 percent of sapling-size trees) 

could make Maine’s forests vulnerable to another 

spruce budworm epidemic as they mature.

• As Maine’s young forest grows, considerable 

spruce-fi r acreage will offer opportunities for 

intensive management, including 

precommercial thinning in 

stands less than 20 years old and 

commercial thinning in older 

stands. These activities can increase 

yields while reducing risk and 

mortality.

• Maine’s spruce-fi r forests tend 

to dominate management and 

policy discussions because of the 

importance of this type (e.g., 

special value in papermaking). 

However, there are many other 

forested ecosystems with important 

values and complex issues. For 

example, recent increases in 

demand for hardwoods for both 

pulp and sawlogs have created 

opportunities for managing and 

developing deciduous forests. Hemlock woolly 

adelgid could destroy hemlock across its range and 

the decline of beech affects the major source of 

hard mast for fauna.

• Public concerns for nontimber resources such as 

noteworthy plant and wildlife habitats, sensitive 

areas, water quality, biodiversity, and providing 

public access and recreation opportunities likely 

will continue to be high-profi le forest policy issues 

for the foreseeable future.

Courtesy of Maine Forest Service
9

Introduction

In this bulletin we analyze forest vitality (health) based on data from the fi rst full annual inventory 

of Maine’s forest resources conducted by FIA and the MFS. Previous annual reports have been 

published since the new annual inventory system was implemented in 1999 (MFS 2000; Griffi th 

and Laustsen 2001; Laustsen and Griffi th 2002; Laustsen and others 2003). Past periodic 

inventories were published in 

1959 (Ferguson and Longwood 

1960), 1971 (Ferguson and 

Kingsley 1972), 1982 (Powell 

and Dickson 1984), and 1995 

(Griffi th 1996). This fi rst full 

report includes data collected 

over the fi rst 5 years following 

the implementation of the new 

FIA annual inventory system. For 

simplicity, the 5-year inventory 

date is referred to as 2003.

Perhaps the most compelling 

objective of this report was to 

work toward merging FIA’s 

national inventory protocols with 

the specifi c issues and needs of 

Maine’s stakeholders. The degree 

to which this report serves the forestry community is a measure of success in meeting this objective. 

The process of customizing the inventory and analysis to the needs of Maine’s clients is an ongoing 

process. Policy discussions aimed at improving the FIA inventory system began in earnest following 

the 1995 inventory of Maine. It was clear that periodic inventories with cycle lengths exceeding 10 

years did not address the needs of the State’s stakeholders. Both federal and state legislation of the 

late 1990’s resulted in a federal mandate to conduct annual inventories across the United States and 

a state mandate for Maine. The results of these early deliberations provided considerable input for 

developing improved analytical constructs for the new system. 

A draft outline for this report was developed using the improved constructs and comments that 

emerged from discussions of previous annual reports. Then in the spring of 2004, two stakeholder 

listening sessions were held to solicit further suggestions. It was agreed that this report should 

focus on the salient fi ndings of the FIA inventory but also incorporate closely related data that 

clarify or extend the utility of the fi ndings. For example, Bureau of Census population data 

provide information on the urbanization of forest land. The intent is to focus on basic fi ndings of 

the inventory and avoid specialized analyses that are better addressed in separate studies. In some 

cases, it is recognized that existing FIA data may not fully quantify the required variables for a 

specifi c analysis. For example, the information on change components (net growth, removals, and 

mortality) will not be based on a full remeasurement of sample plots until the second 5-year cycle 

is completed. FIA indicators are presented geospatially where possible to gain insight into Maine’s 

current forest condition, recent changes, and prospective future trends. The intent is to provide 

timely and relevant analyses for the creation of wise-use policies affecting the forest-land base.
10

Spruce Budworm

The impact of the eastern spruce budworm underlies resource changes in Maine’s forests. Two 

major outbreaks occurred in the past century. The most recent spruce budworm epidemic (SBE) 

began in the late 1960’s and was a major force through the mid-1980’s, devastating stands 

containing spruce and especially balsam fi r (Brann and others 1985, Trial 1989). Salvage harvests 

began during the mid-1970’s and harvesting remained heavy through the 1990’s. As a result, 

removals have exceeded growth. High levels of fi r and spruce mortality associated with harvest 

activity reduced the inventory (Irland and McWilliams 1997). A map for outbreaks covering the 

SBE years clearly shows the signifi cance of Maine’s outbreaks (Fig. 17) as it depicts the frequency 

of occurrence of aerially detectable defoliation from 1954 to 1988. The severity of budworm 

activity varied considerably from stand to stand in a given year. Stands containing signifi cant 

stocking of balsam fi r were impacted most severely. The most extensive and severe damage from 

SBE in Eastern North America occurred over a large area of Aroostook County, Maine, and New 

Brunswick, Canada. The effect of SBE on the ecology and management of Maine’s spruce-fi r 

forests has rivaled similar landscape-level disturbances in the Eastern United States by gypsy moth, 

southern pine beetle, and the large-scale conversion of natural pine stands to plantations across the 

Coastal Plain of the Eastern United States. Throughout this report, such impacts are refl ected in 

changes in the major habitat types, stand-diameter classes, and stocking levels, as well as inventory 

volume, net growth, removals, and mortality.

Figure 17.—Frequency of eastern spruce budworm defoliation in North America (1954-88).
11

The Annual Inventory: Results from the First 5 Years

Forest Land

Location and Trends

Forests cover 17.7 million acres or 90 percent of the land 

area of Maine (Fig. 18; Appendix Table A1). Maine has 

the highest proportion of forest land of any state. The 

other primary land uses are agriculture (3 percent) and 

“other” (7 percent). All but 3 percent of the forested 

acreage is classifi ed as timberland or forest land capable of 

producing commercial crops of wood and not restricted 

from harvest. Forest land includes reserved forest land 

in Baxter Park and other public holdings, unproductive 

forest land, and other lands that meet the FIA defi nition 

of forest but are not available for timber harvest.

At the time of European settlement around 1630, the 

estimated area of forest land in what is now Maine was 

18.2 million acres (Smith and others 2001). As settlement 

increased, the area in forest land decreased (Irland 1999) 

(Fig. 19). This trend continued in Maine until the early 

1900’s. The area of forest in the State peaked around 

1971 and has been stable since then. The current estimate 

of forest land is not signifi cantly different from the 1982 

or 1995 estimates. Figure 18.—Location of forest land, Maine, 2003.

0

5

10

15

20

25

1630 1907 1938 1959 1971 1982 1995 2003

Year

Million Acres

16.0

16.5

17.0

17.5

18.0

1971 1982 1995 2003

Year

Million Acres

Figure 19.—Area of forest land, Maine, 

1630-2003. Confi dence intervals (95-

percent level) are shown for 1971, 1982, 

1995, and 2003.
12

The use of inventory regions facilitates analysis of areas 

that are relatively homogeneous for variables such as 

physiography, climate, ownership, and management 

regimes. It is diffi cult to combine Maine’s counties into 

analysis regions because of their size and latitudinal 

breadth. For example, Penobscot County spans well 

over a degree of latitude and includes both organized 

and unorganized townships. To overcome this diffi culty, 

Maine’s inventory regions were combined into four 

megaregions (Fig. 20). Even these regions do not 

fully delineate the north-south differences in resource 

conditions. 

Current estimates for the four megaregions confi rm 

the stability of Maine’s forest-land base. No region is 

experiencing a great loss of forest land (Fig. 21). These 

changes in acreage are the net result of acreage entering 

and leaving forest land. Of the total FIA sample, only 37 

samples representing about 220,000 acres shifted either 

to or from forest land. The distribution of those plots is:

Figure 20.—FIA inventory regions and megaregions, Maine.

Figure 21.—Area of forest land by megaregion, Maine 1982, 

1995, 2003.

Aroostook

Casco Bay

Region

Hancock

Western

Region Washington

Piscataquis

Penobscot

Somerset

Capital Region

Northern

Southern

Western

Eastern

0

1000

2000

3000

4000

5000

6000

7000

8000

9000

10000

North Eastern Southern Western

Thousand Acres

1982 1995 2003

This does not minimize the importance of forestland conversion that is occurring in populated (e.g., 

southern Maine) and other areas, nor its impact on wood 

availability. 

Land use Additions to forest Diversions from forest

Agriculture 9 0

Urban/other 7 8

Wet/water 8 2

Denied access/hazardous - 3

Note: Denied access/hazardous samples are not measured, so it is not 

known whether the location is forested.
13

Biophysical Regions and Watersheds

A complex mix of biotic and abiotic factors determines forest composition, 

structure, and function. Traditional geopolitical boundaries such as the FIA 

inventory regions are not always correlated with these natural phenomena. 

To place FIA data in an ecological context, they have been summarized by 

biophysical region and watershed.

Maine’s diverse landscape can be mapped into logical reporting units using 

biological and physical characteristics. McMahon (1990) developed 15 

biophysical regions for Maine (Fig. 22). McMahon (1998) refi ned the regions 

and harmonized Maine’s regions with those of other eastern states (Keys and 

others 1995), increasing biophysical regions in Maine to 19. In this report, 

the earlier work of McMahon was used to overcome the statistical limitation 

of a small sample size associated with smaller polygons (Table 1).

Because there has been considerable interest in forest-inventory summaries 

by watershed, FIA samples were further summarized by U.S. Geological 

Survey hydrologic units at a level that maintains an adequate number of 

samples (Watermolen 2002) (Figure 23 and Table 2).

The biophysical regions and watershed summaries are examples of how 

FIA data can be used beyond traditional timber assessments. Other in-depth 

analyses could be conducted for specifi c issues of interest. For example, a 

survey of tree-species diversity by watershed could add to current research 

related to the larger issue of biodiversity.

Figure 22.—Biophysical regions of Maine 

(Maine Dep. of Conserv. 2003).

Figure 23.—Watersheds of Maine (Watermolen 2002).

Androscoggin

Saco

Kennebec

Penobscot

St. John

Maine Coastal
14

Table 2.—Distribution of forest land by major watershed, 

Maine, 2003

Percent

Watershed Land area Forest land forest

---Thousands of acres---

Androscoggin 1,716.0 1,480.2 86

Kennebec 3,574.1 3,173.5 89

Maine Coastal 3,154.1 2,765.9 88

Penobscot 5,242.0 4,959.9 95

Saco 1,504.2 1,165.0 77

St. John 4,561.0 4,173.1 91

Total 19,751.5 17,717.5 90

Note: Data may not add to totals due to rounding.

Urbanization

Urban forests include trees and associated vegetation 

within urban, suburban, and industrial settings. These 

forests often differ from their rural counterparts in 

forest structure and function as they can be exposed to 

unique abiotic and biotic pressures associated with their 

proximity to cities (Zipperer and Pouyat 1995). Urban 

forests offer environmental benefi ts such as habitat for 

wildlife, aesthetic enjoyment, visual barriers, climate 

control, water improvement, and air and noise pollution 

abatement. 

FIA has published estimates of urban forest area in 

previous statistical reports. These estimates are based 

on a visual inspection of the land uses surrounding 

each inventory plot. Forested sample locations that are 

bordered by developed land on three sides are designated 

as urban forest locations. Because of the subjective nature 

of this fi eld call for urban forest and the small number of 

plot locations sampled, the error associated with stateand county-level estimates of urban forest area is high. 

The FIA fi eld classifi cation is useful for local analyses but 

an alternative method for calculating urban forest area 

Table 1.—Distribution of forest land by biophysical region, Maine, 2003

Percent Percent

Biophysical region Land area Forest land forest of total

--Thousands of acres--

Aroostook Hills 1,532.4 1,398.7 91 8

Aroostook Lowlands 874.2 625.2 72 4

Boundary Plateau 1,002.4 990.5 99 5

Central Interior 2,275.5 1,773.8 78 12

Central Mountains 1,607.3 1,546.7 96 8

East Coastal Region 670.0 575.8 86 3

Eastern Interior 2,159.9 2,073.7 96 11

Eastern Lowlands 769.3 742.1 96 4

Midcoast Region 356.2 264.8 74 2

Penobscot Bay Region 566.2 424.2 75 3

Saint John Uplands 2,545.2 2,502.2 98 13

South Coastal Region 390.0 229.5 59 2

Southwest Interior 1,019.2 855.7 84 5

Western Foothills 1,431.3 1,281.9 90 7

Western Mountains 2,552.3 2,432.6 95 13

Total 19,751.5 17,717.5 90 100

Note: Data may not add to totals due to rounding.
15

has been developed that identifi es areas of forest within 

a state that fall in U.S. Census-designated urban areas or 

in areas of high population density. Urban forest 

statistics were calculated using data on forest-land 

distribution from satellite derived land-cover maps 

(Vogelman and others 2001) and urban area and 

population data from the 2000 Census. For areas 

not offi cially classifi ed as urban by the Census, 

population-density classes are displayed based 

on census tracts. Multi-Resolution Land Cover 

(MRLC) data are somewhat dated (1992) but allow 

a useful baseline estimate for comparison with 

a newer classifi cation of 2002 data that is under 

development.

Less than 0.5 percent of Maine’s forests is in urban 

areas designated by the U.S. Bureau of Census 

(Fig. 24). Cumberland County has the highest 

percentage of heavily populated urban forest with 

16 percent. Most of Maine’s counties have little 

forest land within densely populated areas 

(Table 3), particularly counties within unorganized 

townships. This does not minimize the potential 

effect of urbanization on the availability of 

traditional resources from forests in an urban 

setting in some areas of Maine (Wear and others 1999).

Table 3.—Distribution of forest land by population density class, Maine

(source: U.S. Bureau of Census 2000 and MRLC 1992)

Persons per square mile

FIA region 0-25 25-50 51-100 101-250 251-500 501-1000 1000+

-----------------------------------------Percent------------------------------------------

Washington 95 4-1- - -

Aroostook 95 3 2 - - - -

Penobscot 69 15 12 3 1 - -

Hancock 68 21 9 2 - - -

Piscataquis 97 2 - - - - -

Capital Region 10 37 40 12 1 - -

Somerset 87 8 4 - - - -

Casco Bay 3 14 39 35 6 2 1

Western 77 14 6 2 - - -

All regions 76 10 9 4 1 - -

Note: Data may not add to totals due to rounding.

Figure 24.—Location of forest land in Maine by population 

density and urban status (U.S. Bureau of Census 2002).
16

Forest-Land Ownership

FIA conducts the National Woodland Owner Survey 

(NWOS) as a social survey complementing the forest 

inventory. Data presented here are based on survey 

responses from 189 families and individuals who own 

forest land in Maine. As with the base FIA program, the 

NWOS is implemented on an annual basis and estimates 

will improve as responses from additional forest-land 

owners are received.

Private forest land in Maine is distributed evenly among 

families and individuals, forest industry, and other private 

groups (Fig. 25). Forest industry and other private groups 

own the majority of forest land in the northern portion 

of the state, while families and individuals own a majority 

of the forest land in southern Maine (Fig. 26). Six 

percent of forest land is under the stewardship of public 

agencies. The State, primarily under the Bureau of Parks 

and Lands, is the dominant public owner and controls an 

estimated 743,000 acres of forest land (Table 4).

Table 4.—Forest land area in Maine by ownership type, 2003

(numbers in parentheses are standard errors)

Public Private

Federal State Local Total Family Businessa Total All ownerships

-------------------------------------------------Thousands of acres--------------------------------------------------

155 743 179 1,076 5,690 10,951 16,641 17,718

(29) (62) (31) (76) (131) (142) (193) (7)

a

 Includes corporations, nonfamily partnerships, tribal lands, nongovernmental organizations, clubs, or other 

nonfamily groups.

Note: Data may not add to totals due to rounding.

Figure 25.—Forest-land ownership (percent of area), 

Maine, 2003.

Families and

individuals

32%

Forest industry

31%

Other corporate

31%

Local

1%

State

4%

Federal

1%

Figure 26.—Location of forest land by ownership class, 

Maine, 2003.
17

Private ownership of Maine’s forest lands has been 

dynamic over the last 2 decades. Initially, millions of acres 

of forest land were transferred among forest industry 

fi rms as they merged and realigned landholdings. 

Eventually, a number of these companies became less 

inclined to own forest land and more willing to rely 

on wood procured on the open market. This more 

recent shift in corporate philosophy is driven by market 

forces and the desire to reduce debt and realign assets 

to concentrate on core businesses. Despite this shift in 

philosophy, forest-industry landholdings in the State are 

substantial.

As the landholdings of forest industry decreased, the area 

of forest land owned by other private entities 

increased. Between 1995 and 2003, the area of 

forest land in Maine owned by other corporate 

private owners increased by approximately 60 

percent. The majority of this land (78 percent) 

came from forest industry; the remainder 

was acquired from families and individuals. 

These other corporate private entities include 

institutional investors such as pension funds, 

and land acquired on the behalf of individuals; 

most of these lands are managed by private 

companies, including timberland investment 

management organizations.

Figure 27.—Total forest land by size of ownership for families and 

individuals, Maine, 2003.

0

200

400

600

800

1,000

1,200

1,400

1,600

1,800

1-9 10-49 50-99 100-499 500+

Landholding Size (acres)

Acres (thousands)

Table 5.—Area and number of family-owned forests in Maine by size of ownership, 2003

Forest Area Ownerships

holdings (acres) Acres SE Percent Number SE Percent Count

---Thousands--- ---Thousands---

1-9 445 171 7.8 132 41 59.5 15

10-49 1,215 214 21.4 57 9 25.8 41

50-99 1,393 220 24.5 22 3 9.8 47

100-499 1,660 228 29.2 10 1 4.6 56

500-999 296 160 5.2 <1 <1 0.2 10

1000-4999 385 167 6.8 <1 <1 0.1 13

5000+ 296 160 5.2 <1 <1 <0.1 7

Total 5,690 131 100.0 222 41 100.0 189

As for nonindustrial owners, results from the NWOS 

indicate that an estimated 222,000 families and 

individuals own 5.7 million acres of forest land in 

Maine. They are the dominant land-ownership group 

in the southeast and south-central portions of the State. 

While 60 percent of these owners own fewer than 10 

acres of forest land (Table 5), the majority of the family 

and individual forest land is owned by people with 

landholdings of 50 to 500 acres (Fig. 27). Large parcels 

are more common in the unorganized regions of the State 

(Fig. 28).
18

The families and individuals have diverse ownership and 

forest management objectives. The most common reasons 

for owning forest land are related to aesthetics and 

privacy and/or the fact that the land is a part of a family 

legacy. Other common reasons for ownership include 

recreational opportunities, including hunting and fi shing, 

land investment, and timber production (Table 6).

While about one-third of family and individual owners 

have harvested trees from their land in the past 5 years 

(Table 7), less than 5 percent have a written forest 

management plan (Table 8). A higher proportion of 

owners, 14 percent, have sought management advice. As 

the size of an owner’s landholdings increases, so does the 

likelihood that he/she has a written management plan 

and has sought management advice.

Property taxes and the ability to maintain the land 

within the family are the greatest concerns of family and 

indivitual owners. Such concerns may be related to the 

fi nding that 9 percent of the forest land is owned by 

people who plan to sell their land or pass it on to their 

heirs in the next 5 years (Tables 9-10).

Figure 28.—Distribution of land by parcel size, Maine, 

2003

Table 6.—Area and number of family-owned forests in Maine by reason for owning forest land, 2003 

(includes owners who ranked each objective as very important or important on seven-point Likert scale)

Area Ownerships

Reason a Acres SE Percent Number SE Percent Count

---Thousands--- ---Thousands---

Aesthetics 3,823 233 67.2 166 39 74.8 126

Nature protection 3,023 244 53.1 117 35 52.7 99

Land investment 2,223 240 39.1 68 21 30.6 72

Part of farm, home, or cabin b 800 194 14.1 54 31 24.3 27

Privacy 3,793 234 66.7 194 41 87.4 126

Family legacy 2,845 244 50.0 114 36 51.4 94

Nontimber forest products 533 178 9.4 9 4 4.1 16

Firewood production 1,511 224 26.6 30 9 13.5 49

Timber production 1,749 231 30.7 12 2 5.4 56

Hunting or fi shing 1,837 233 32.3 59 31 26.6 60

Other recreation 2,252 240 39.6 86 33 38.7 74

No answer 119 143 2.1 5 3 2.3 4

a

 Categories are not exclusive.

b

 Includes primary and secondary residences.

Note: Data may not add to totals due to rounding.
19

Table 7.—Area and number of family-owned forests in Maine by recent (past 5 years) forestry activity, 2003

Area Ownerships

Activity a Acres SE Percent Number SE Percent Count

---Thousands--- ---Thousands---

Timber harvest 2,658 256 46.7 81 37 36.5 75

Collection of NTFPs b 1,397 231 24.6 17 4 7.7 38

Site preparation 356 165 6.3 24 16 10.8 12

Tree planting 593 182 10.4 33 17 14.9 20

Fire hazard reduction 1,393 220 24.5 41 12 18.5 45

Application of chemicals 178 149 3.1 33 30 14.9 6

Road/trail maintenance 2,223 240 39.1 78 32 35.1 74

Wildlife habitat improvement 593 182 10.4 44 31 19.8 20

Posting land 833 344 14.6 6 7 2.7 6

Private recreation 2,498 465 43.9 115 142 51.8 18

Public recreation 1,110 380 19.5 96 142 43.2 8

Cost share 415 169 7.3 2 1 0.9 14

Conservation easement c 119 59 2.1 1 1 0.5 4

Green certifi cation c 207 152 3.6 1 1 0.5 7

a

 Categories are not exclusive.

b

 NTFPs = nontimber forest products

c

 Not limited to past 5 years.

Note: Data may not add to totals due to rounding.

Table 8.—Area and number of family-owned forests, by management plan, advice sought, and source of advice, 

Maine, 2003

Area Ownerships

Item Acres SE Percent Number SE Percent Count

---Thousands--- ---Thousands---

Written management plan

 Yes 1,778 231 31.2 10 2 4.5 57

 No 3,734 235 65.6 208 41 93.7 126

 No answer 178 149 3.1 4 2 1.8 6

Sought advice

 Yes 2,163 239 38.0 32 8 14.4 71

 No 3,408 241 59.9 188 41 84.7 114

 No answer 119 143 2.1 3 2 1.4 4

Advice source a

 State forestry agency 741 191 13.0 9 4 4.1 23

 Extension 356 165 6.3 2 1 0.9 12

 Other state agency 119 143 2.1 1 1 0.5 4

 Federal agency 237 155 4.2 1 0 0.5 8

 Private consultant 1156 211 20.3 11 3 5.0 39

 Forest industry forester 385 167 6.8 3 1 1.4 13

 Logger 563 180 9.9 5 2 2.3 19

 Other landowner 415 169 7.3 3 1 1.4 14

a

 Categories are not exclusive.

Note: Data may not add to totals due to rounding.
20

Table 9.—Area and number of family-owned forests in Maine by owners’ concerns, 2003 (includes owners 

who ranked each issue as very important or important on seven-point Likert scale

Area Ownerships

Concern a Acres SE Percent Number SE Percent Count

---Thousands--- ---Thousands---

Endangered species 1,363 229 24.0 62 37 27.9 38

Property taxes 3,101 256 54.5 111 39 50.0 89

Family legacy 2,726 257 47.9 115 42 51.8 77

Lawsuits 1,397 231 24.6 58 36 26.1 39

Harvesting regulations 2,453 255 43.1 47 14 21.2 69

Land development 1,840 245 32.3 117 43 52.7 52

Noise pollution 1,533 236 26.9 83 39 37.4 43

Trespassing 1,840 245 32.3 90 39 40.5 52

Timber theft 1,499 234 26.3 48 17 21.6 42

Dumping 2,385 254 41.9 63 19 28.4 68

Air or water pollution 2,317 253 40.7 116 40 52.3 66

Exotic plant species 1,056 216 18.6 80 39 36.0 29

Domestic animals 273 161 4.8 3 1 1.4 8

Wild animals 443 176 7.8 39 21 17.6 13

Fire 2794 257 49.1 83 24 37.4 80

Insects/diseases 2215 252 38.9 71 21 32.0 63

Regeneration 681 194 12.0 34 21 15.3 18

Storms 1,908 246 33.5 97 42 43.7 54

a

 Categories are not exclusive.

Note: Data may not add to totals due to rounding.

Forest Type, Habitat Type, Stand-Diameter Class, and 

Stocking

Maine’s forests have experienced tremendous change 

over the last three decades. Understanding this change 

requires measures of forest composition and structure. 

Composition is often addressed by classifying forest 

land according to the makeup of “existing” or “potential 

natural” tree vegetation. Two such measures are examined 

in this report: the traditional FIA forest type and 

habitat type. Measures of structure typically describe 

the relative size of and degree of site occupancy by trees. 

An alternative diameter-based size class that uses basal 

area per acre as a measure of site occupancy is presented 

herein.

The FIA forest-type and stand-size class variables are 

calculated using a national algorithm that provides 

consistent classifi cation of dominant tree-species 

composition for all states and regions of the country.1

The resulting information can be compared across large 

forested landscapes and provides input to national and 

international resource studies. Changes to the algorithm 

1

Arner, Stanford L.; Woudenberg, S; Waters, S.; Vissage, J.; 

MaClean, C.; Thompson, M. 2000. National algorithm for 

determining stocking class, stand size class, and forest type 

for forest inventory and analysis plots. On fi le with the 

Northeastern Research Station, Forest Inventory and Analysis, 

11 Campus Blvd., Suite 200, Newtown Square, PA 19073.
21

have caused FIA to modify estimates for the 1982 and 

1995 inventories based on the latest classifi cation scheme. 

To overcome this, the previous three inventories were 

reprocessed using the latest approach. The results are 

summarized by ownership class in Table 11. To illustrate 

the utility of the FIA forest-type groups for large-scale 

analysis, Maine’s spruce/fi r forest land is compared to 

other leading spruce/fi r states:

 Thousand acres

Maine 5,829.9

Minnesota 3,777.3

Michigan 2,684.9

Wisconsin 1,300.9

As shown, Maine continues to lead the Nation in 

total spruce/fi r forest land. The reprocessed forest type 

information is presented in detail in the Appendix. (the 

information in the Appendix is for timberland acreage 

only).

The traditional FIA forest-type classifi cation presents 

a challenge to resource analysts attempting to track 

composition shifts in Maine. The large amount of 

disturbance that has occurred over the period since the 

1982 inventory makes it diffi cult to assess when, where, 

and how changes in forest habitat are affecting forest 

conditions in Maine. The FIA forest-type variable assesses 

existing vegetation based on the dominant overstory 

at the time of measurement. A prime example of the 

diffi culty of interpreting FIA types occurs in heavily 

disturbed spruce/fi r acreage. Transitional deciduous 

species often occupy these sites temporarily and have 

a major impact on the forest-type classifi cation and 

resultant shifts over time. Another issue with the FIA 

forest type is that the naming scheme was designed 

to address regional and national needs rather than 

nomenclature typically used in Maine. To overcome these 

issues, an alternative approach was used. The approach 

considers potential natural vegetation, termed “habitat 

Table 10.—Area and number of family-owned forests by owners’ future (5-year) plans for their land, Maine, 2003

Area Ownerships

Future plans a Acres SE Percent Number SE Percent Count

---Thousands--- ---Thousands---

No activity 682 187 12.0 57 20 25.7 23

Minimal activity 1,926 235 33.8 94 35 42.3 65

Harvest fi rewood 2,312 241 40.6 42 11 18.9 76

Harvest sawlogs or pulpwood 1,867 233 32.8 22 5 9.9 62

Collect NTFPs b 579 187 10.2 6 2 2.7 16

Sell all or part of land 741 191 13.0 14 6 6.3 25

Transfer all or part of land to heirs 919 200 16.2 20 6 9.0 31

Subdivide all or part of land 148 146 2.6 0 0 0.0 5

Buy more forest land 771 192 13.6 8 3 3.6 26

Land-use conversion (forest to other) 356 165 6.3 4 1 1.8 12

Land-use conversion (other to forest) 119 143 2.1 0 0 0.0 4

No current plans 296 160 5.2 16 8 7.2 10

No answer 0 131 0.0 0 0 0.0 0

a

 Categories are not exclusive.

b

 NTFPs = nontimber forest products

Note: Data may not add to totals due to rounding.
22

type,” to estimate the most likely long-term composition 

for a given site. Habitat types indicate the probable 

climax or late-successional species composition that is 

determined by biophysical relationships relating to site 

quality. Habitat types are based on the work of Leak 

(1982) and are used in the FIBER model (Solomon and 

others 1995). The same approach for classifying forest 

land has been used to project future timber supplies and 

silvicultural priorities (Gadzik and others 1998; Wagner 

and others 2003).

Table 12 shows the distribution of forest land by habitat 

type and ownership class for comparison with the FIA 

forest-type group results. The basic difference between 

philosophies is evident when estimates for spruce/fi r 

using the two approaches are compared. The spruce/fi r 

Table 11.—Area of forest land by FIA forest-type group and ownership class, Maine, 2003

Ownership class

Forest type group Forest Service Other federal State/local/public Forest industry

Nonindustrial 

private Total

--------------------------------------------------Thousands of acres----------------------------------------------

White/red/jack pine 5.9 7.6 46.9 244.2 1044.2 1348.8

Spruce/fi r 5.9 35.5 346.8 2243.8 3197.6 5829.6

Exotic softwood 

 plantations

0.0 0.0 7.5 0.0 11.6 19.1

Oak/pine 0.0 0.0 20.5 28.4 285.5 334.4

Oak/hickory 0.0 0.0 10.1 10.2 299.8 320.0

Oak/gum/cypress 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 11.7 11.7

Elm/ash/red maple 0.0 0.0 32.6 82.1 292.4 407.2

Maple/beech/birch 41.3 22.1 309.1 2243.9 4439.2 7055.6

Aspen/birch 0.0 35.3 147.9 666.2 1492.5 2341.9

Nonstocked 0.0 1.4 0.0 2.8 45.1 49.3

Total 53.1 101.9 921.4 5521.6 11119.6 17717.5

Note: Data may not add to totals due to rounding.

Table 12.—Area of forest land by habitat type and ownership class, Maine, 2003

Ownership class

Habitat type Public Forest industry

Nonindustrial 

private Total

--------------------------------Thousands of acres---------------------------------

Beech/red maple 157.1 758.7 1736.2 2652.1

Cedar/black spruce 165.8 569.5 988.9 1724.3

Hemlock/red spruce 63.7 460.5 1142.8 1666.9

Oak/white pine 61.1 80.4 1351.0 1492.5

Spruce/balsam fi r 481.3 2646.0 4395.9 7523.2

Sugar maple/ash 147.3 1006.4 1504.8 2658.6

Total 1076.4 5521.6 11119.6 17717.6

Note: Data may not add to totals due to rounding.
23

forest-type group was estimated at 5,829,600 acres 

compared to 7,523,200 acres of spruce/fi r habitat type. 

The larger acreage for the latter type refl ects the inclusion 

of forest land that is currently dominated by transitional 

species, typically intolerant hardwoods. The habitattype assignment considered information other than the 

current dominance by hardwoods. The classifi cation 

takes into consideration previous forest composition, soil 

conditions, and whether there are spruce or fi r seedlings 

sampled.

The standard FIA measure of stand size provides a 

general indication of stand development stage and is 

referred to as “stand-size class.” Each sampled condition 

is assigned to one of three stand-size classes based on 

the class that accounts for the most stocking of live trees 

per acre: sapling/seedling, poletimber, and sawtimber 

(see Defi nition of Terms). In this report, the variable 

for stand-size class was modifi ed to provide three 

improvements that were deemed useful in Maine. The 

sawtimber-size class was divided into large and small 

sawtimber to provide more detail. The traditional 

minimum breakpoints for the sawtimber class of 9.0- 

and 11.0-inches in diameter at breast height (d.b.h.) for 

softwood and hardwood, respectively, were changed to a 

single 10-inch breakpoint for all species. Basal area per 

acre was used as the importance value for calculating the 

predominant size of sampled trees. The modifi ed variable 

will be referred to as “stand-diameter class” to avoid 

confusion with the standard FIA stand-size class variable 

(see Appendix tables for information on FIA stand size).

Stocking provides a measure of site occupancy that 

can be used in conjunction with other variables to 

analyze prospective management options and policy 

implications. Relative stocking is a term describing 

existing stocking in relation to stocking guidelines. 

It is calculated for individual species using existing 

equations in the literature. In many cases, research 

has been completed for the major “timber” species; 

however, some species still lack specifi c equations and 

are assigned to the most logical equation possible. To 

overcome this limitation, simplify the understanding of 

the term “stocking,” and provide a measure more specifi c 

to Maine’s habitat types; stocking was assigned using 

stocking charts from the FIBER model (Solomon and 

others 1995) that are referred to as stocking regions (see 

Defi nition of Terms).

The new habitat type, stand-diameter class, and stocking 

approaches were used to reprocess the 1982, 1995, and 

2003 inventory data. This provides a consistent set of 

results for the three inventory dates. The detailed results 

of the reprocessing are shown in Tables 13-15.

Generalized distribution surfaces for the habitat types 

are shown in Figure 29. These surfaces were derived 

from the FIA inventory data. Geostatistical techniques 

were used to provide continuous surfaces that represent 

the most probable distribution for a given type (see 

Appendix). The resulting “surface” represents habitat 

types and should not be confused with distribution maps 

for individual species described later in this report. The 

reason for including both products is to provide a more 

complete analysis of species occurrence in Maine. For 

example, spruce species are split between habitat types, 

but are combined in the species distribution map. The 

surfaces provide a graphic depiction for habitat types that 

often are scattered geographically.

Beech/red maple habitat is scattered across Maine with 

the highest confi dence of occurrence in the southern 

portion of the State. Cedar/black spruce habitat also is 

dispersed; it is most common in wet areas. Hemlock/

red spruce is concentrated in a band across southern 

Maine. Oak/white pine habitat predominates in 

southwestern Maine and along the coast. Spruce/fi r is 

heavily concentrated in the unorganized townships, the 

western mountains, and the eastern coastal region. Sugar 

maple/ash is common in all but southwestern Maine and 

Downeast.

Changes in the distribution of forest land by habitat type 

for the last three inventories are shown in Figure 30. As 

would be expected, changes in the distribution are less 

drastic than changes in FIA forest-type groups. Spruce/fi r 

is the most prevalent habitat, accounting for 42 percent 

of Maine’s forest land. The impact of SBE and harvesting 

reduced spruce/fi r by about 500,000 acres between the 

1982 and 1995 inventories. Restocking of spruce/fi r 
24

Table 13.—Area of forest land by habitat type, stand-diameter class, and FIBER stocking region, Maine, 1982

Stocking region

Habitat type Stand-diameter class Low/no basal area Understocked Suboptimal Optimal Overstocked Total

Low/no basal area 129.5 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 129.5

Sapling 19.9 76.6 129.5 162.7 321.7 710.4

Beech/red maple Poletimber 11.7 230.0 127.6 498.8 578.6 1446.7

Small sawtimber 0.0 106.6 43.2 89.2 62.4 301.4

Large sawtimber 0.0 38.5 12.2 59.2 32.9 142.9

Total 161.1 451.7 312.5 809.9 995.7 2730.8

Low/no basal area 257.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 257.1

Sapling 4.0 63.6 79.3 20.3 110.7 277.7

Cedar/black spruce Poletimber 12.8 258.3 243.5 275.6 288.2 1078.4

Small sawtimber 0.0 36.0 21.1 85.3 18.7 161.1

Large sawtimber 0.0 46.6 0.0 18.9 0.0 65.5

Total 273.9 404.5 344.0 400.0 417.6 1839.9

Low/no basal area 151.6 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 151.6

Sapling 8.7 9.5 25.7 25.7 127.0 196.5

Hemlock/red spruce Poletimber 0.0 115.3 137.0 341.2 326.1 919.5

Small sawtimber 0.0 27.7 21.8 118.6 99.8 267.9

Large sawtimber 0.0 0.0 0.0 28.6 26.1 54.7

Total 160.2 152.5 184.5 514.1 579.0 1590.3

Low/no basal area 8.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 8.3

Sapling 10.9 32.0 39.2 22.2 152.9 257.2

Oak/white pine Poletimber 4.5 81.6 113.4 231.5 156.5 587.5

Small sawtimber 0.0 43.9 66.1 77.8 32.7 220.4

Large sawtimber 0.0 20.4 35.4 79.8 29.0 164.6

Total 23.7 177.8 254.1 411.2 371.1 1238.0

Low/no basal area 433.5 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 433.5

Sapling 8.9 117.0 226.1 71.9 708.0 1131.8

Spruce/fi r Poletimber 31.0 988.6 1167.3 1482.7 1287.1 4956.7

Small sawtimber 0.0 257.6 174.2 341.2 141.8 914.7

Large sawtimber 0.0 76.3 37.4 153.1 8.4 275.1

Total 473.3 1439.4 1605.0 2048.9 2145.3 7711.9

Low/no basal area 163.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 163.0

Sapling 0.0 18.7 42.8 56.9 173.8 292.1

Sugar maple/ash Poletimber 10.4 129.8 153.5 482.9 356.9 1133.5

Small sawtimber 0.0 14.4 95.9 273.3 167.7 551.3

Large sawtimber 0.0 18.9 35.1 191.3 165.4 410.8

Total 173.3 181.7 327.3 1004.4 863.8 2550.6

Low/no basal area 1143.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1143.0

Sapling 52.2 317.3 542.6 359.6 1594.0 2865.7

Total Poletimber 70.3 1803.5 1942.4 3312.7 2993.4 10122.3

Small sawtimber 0.0 486.1 422.3 985.3 523.1 2416.8

Large sawtimber 0.0 200.7 120.1 530.9 261.9 1113.6

Total 1265.6 2807.6 3027.3 5188.4 5372.5 17661.4
25

Table 14.—Area of forest land by habitat type, stand-diameter class, and FIBER stocking region, Maine, 1995

Stocking region

Habitat type Stand-diameter class Low/no basal area Understocked Suboptimal Optimal Overstocked Total

Low/No Basal Area 79.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 79.2

Sapling 35.7 159.1 242.4 95.6 358.7 891.6

Beech/red maple Poletimber 26.5 282.7 255.0 420.8 540.9 1525.9

Small sawtimber 0.0 81.5 64.0 171.0 179.6 496.2

Large sawtimber 0.0 63.7 38.6 72.1 101.4 275.7

Total 141.5 587.0 600.0 759.5 1180.6 3268.6

Low/no basal area 51.6 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 51.6

Sapling 61.3 88.5 100.1 18.1 161.6 429.6

Cedar/black spruce Poletimber 22.8 162.9 252.4 227.2 316.1 981.3

Small sawtimber 0.0 58.1 60.7 134.9 110.2 363.9

Large sawtimber 0.0 17.2 0.0 19.7 25.3 62.1

Total 135.8 326.6 413.2 399.8 613.1 1888.5

Low/no basal area 34.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 34.3

Sapling 25.6 42.6 69.7 0.0 86.1 224.0

Hemlock/red spruce Poletimber 12.6 96.0 173.6 157.8 171.1 611.2

Small sawtimber 0.0 60.3 66.3 132.5 84.1 343.2

Large sawtimber 0.0 6.6 1.4 48.1 40.5 96.6

Total 72.6 205.5 311.0 338.4 381.8 1309.3

Low/no basal area 15.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 15.1

Sapling 0.0 0.0 56.2 48.0 121.2 225.4

Oak/white pine Poletimber 0.0 53.3 56.8 225.6 156.8 492.5

Small sawtimber 0.0 39.7 27.3 143.0 40.6 250.5

Large sawtimber 0.0 43.6 60.8 152.7 95.9 353.0

Total 15.1 136.6 201.0 569.2 414.6 1336.5

Low/no basal area 166.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 166.2

Sapling 147.2 453.7 508.7 110.7 1158.2 2378.4

Spruce/fi r Poletimber 39.6 546.5 687.3 806.1 1153.9 3233.3

Small sawtimber 5.9 213.5 208.9 374.7 261.2 1064.1

Large sawtimber 0.0 120.3 66.6 56.0 95.1 338.1

Total 358.9 1333.9 1471.5 1347.5 2668.3 7180.2

Low/no basal area 26.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 26.2

Sapling 7.6 36.3 36.7 70.1 184.5 335.1

Sugar maple/ash Poletimber 15.6 79.8 123.7 419.2 385.0 1023.2

Small sawtimber 6.6 26.6 53.8 263.5 418.4 768.9

Large sawtimber 0.0 13.2 12.8 181.8 355.2 563.0

Total 56.0 155.9 226.9 934.6 1343.1 2716.5

Low/no basal area 372.7 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 372.7

Sapling 277.5 780.1 1013.8 342.5 2070.3 4484.2

Total Poletimber 117.1 1221.1 1548.8 2256.7 2723.7 7867.4

Small sawtimber 12.5 479.6 481.0 1219.5 1094.2 3286.8

Large sawtimber 0.0 264.6 180.1 530.3 713.4 1688.4

Total 779.8 2745.5 3223.7 4349.0 6601.5 17699.5
26

Table 15.—Area of forest land by habitat type, stand-diameter class, and FIBER stocking region, Maine, 2003

Stocking region

Habitat type Stand-diameter class Low/no basal area Understocked Suboptimal Optimal Overstocked Total

Low/No Basal Area 113.7 1.6 0.2 0.9 0.8 117.1

Sapling 24.4 120.2 146.9 183.7 279.7 754.8

Beech/red maple Poletimber 5.8 293.4 202.2 597.2 124.7 1223.3

Small Sawtimber 0.0 65.0 74.9 164.2 95.3 399.4

Large Sawtimber 0.0 25.9 16.2 81.7 33.7 157.5

Total 143.9 506.1 440.4 1027.6 534.2 2652.1

Low/no basal area 217.5 0.0 0.5 0.0 0.0 218.0

Sapling 12.3 98.6 94.0 19.2 72.4 296.5

Cedar/black spruce Poletimber 11.5 168.7 300.7 238.9 171.8 891.6

Small sawtimber 0.0 39.4 31.7 85.3 86.6 242.9

Large sawtimber 0.0 7.0 6.0 38.8 23.5 75.3

Total 241.3 313.7 432.9 382.2 354.3 1724.3

Low/no basal area 26.8 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 26.8

Sapling 12.4 46.5 36.2 23.4 110.2 228.7

Hemlock/red spruce Poletimber 0.0 207.0 183.6 205.6 74.2 670.3

Small sawtimber 0.0 116.6 132.2 239.8 51.0 539.5

Large sawtimber 0.0 19.5 37.5 114.9 29.9 201.8

Total 39.2 389.6 389.4 583.5 265.3 1667.0

Low/no basal area 12.7 0.0 0.0 0.3 0.0 13.0

Sapling 4.4 30.0 44.1 43.8 37.1 159.5

Oak/white pine Poletimber 0.0 148.9 142.1 258.9 70.2 620.0

Small sawtimber 0.0 83.6 69.3 157.1 44.1 354.0

Large sawtimber 0.0 61.5 82.0 168.9 33.6 346.0

Total 17.1 324.0 337.4 629.0 184.9 1492.4

Low/no basal area 351.1 1.4 0.8 2.4 1.3 356.9

Sapling 24.4 405.0 681.0 261.8 1164.7 2536.9

Spruce/fi r Poletimber 22.3 817.2 953.1 924.0 377.5 3094.0

Small sawtimber 0.0 215.6 335.2 492.5 142.4 1185.6

Large sawtimber 0.0 74.6 53.7 156.0 65.5 349.8

Total 397.7 1513.8 2023.9 1836.6 1751.3 7523.2

Low/no basal area 42.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 42.2

Sapling 21.5 64.4 79.9 69.1 90.1 324.9

Sugar maple/ash Poletimber 12.7 134.6 114.8 544.0 106.5 912.6

Small sawtimber 0.0 54.5 163.2 503.8 157.0 878.4

Large sawtimber 0.0 25.7 44.1 284.0 146.7 500.5

Total 76.4 279.1 401.9 1400.9 500.2 2658.6

Low/no basal area 763.9 2.9 1.5 3.6 2.0 773.9

Sapling 99.3 764.8 1082.1 600.9 1754.1 4301.2

Total Poletimber 52.3 1769.8 1896.4 2768.5 924.8 7411.8

Small sawtimber 0.0 574.6 806.4 1642.5 576.3 3599.8

Large sawtimber 0.0 214.2 239.5 844.2 333.0 1630.9

Total 915.6 3326.3 4025.8 5859.8 3590.1 17717.6
27

Figure 30.—Area of forest land by habitat type and inventory date, 

Maine, 1982, 1995, 2003.

0

1000

2000

3000

4000

5000

6000

7000

8000

9000

Beech/Red

Maple

Cedar/Black

Spruce

Hemlock/Red

Spruce

Oak/White

Pine

Spruce/Fir Sugar

Maple/Ash

Acres

1982

1995

2003

Figure 29.—Distribution of forest land by habitat type, Maine, 2003.

Beech/Red Maple Hemlock/Red Spruce Cedar/Black Spruce

0 - 0.1

0.1 - 0.2

0.2 - 0.3

0.3 - 0.5

0.5 - 1

Nonforest

Water

0 - 0.1

0.1 - 0.2

0.2 - 0.3

0.3 - 0.5

0.5 - 1

Nonforest

Water

0 - 0.1

0.1 - 0.2

0.2 - 0.3

0.3 - 0.5

0.5 - 1

Nonforest

Water

Oak/White Pine Spruce/Fir Sugar Maple/Ash

0 - 0.1

0.1 - 0.2

0.2 - 0.3

0.3 - 0.5

0.5 - 1

Nonforest

Water

0 - 0.1

0.1 - 0.2

0.2 - 0.3

0.3 - 0.5

0.5 - 1

Nonforest

Water

0 - 0.1

0.1 - 0.2

0.2 - 0.3

0.3 - 0.5

0.5 - 1

Nonforest

Water

Northern

Southern

Western

Eastern

Androscoggin

Saco

Kennebec

Penobscot

St. John

Maine Coastal
28

acreage is refl ected in the subsequent increase of 342,900 

acres between 1995 and 2003. Other habitat types 

containing spruce and fi r also experienced decreases. The 

oak/white pine habitat type increased steadily and now 

totals 1, 492,400 acres. The beech/red maple increased 

dramatically between 1982 and 1995 but has decreased 

since then. This change occurred as young red maple 

fl ourished due to the opening up of stands to sunlight, 

but was subsequently classifi ed as spruce/fi r and other 

types as these species outcompeted red maple for space 

and sunlight. The sugar maple/ash habitat type remained 

stable over the period and now totals 2,658,600 acres.

The distribution surfaces for stand-diameter classes 

are shown in Figure 31. Today’s sapling stands are 

concentrated heavily in the unorganized regions and 

Small Sawtimber Large Sawtimber

0 - 0.1

0.1 - 0.2

0.2 - 0.3

0.3 - 0.5

0.5 - 1

Nonforest

Water

0 - 0.1

0.1 - 0.2

0.2 - 0.3

0.3 - 0.5

0.5 - 1

Nonforest

Water

Figure 31.—Distribution of forest land 

by stand-diameter class, Maine, 2003.

Sapling Poletimber

0 - 0.1

0.1 - 0.2

0.2 - 0.3

0.3 - 0.5

0.5 - 1

Nonforest

Water

0 - 0.1

0.1 - 0.2

0.2 - 0.3

0.3 - 0.5

0.5 - 1

Nonforest

Water

0 - 0.1

0.1 - 0.2

0.2 - 0.3

0.3 - 0.5

0.5 - 1

Nonforest

Water

0 - 0.1

0.1 - 0.2

0.2 - 0.3

0.3 - 0.5

0.5 - 1

Nonforest

Water

Northern

Southern

Western

Eastern

Androscoggin

Saco

Kennebec

Penobscot

St. John

Maine Coastal
29

Downeast. Poletimber stands are found 

across Maine, but are most abundant 

in the southern half of the State. Small 

and large sawtimber also are dispersed 

widely, though large sawtimber stands 

are relatively uncommon.

Changes in the distribution of forest 

land by stand-diameter class refl ect 

increases in sapling-size acreage as 

poletimber stands were decreasing 

due primarily to disturbance effects 

(Fig. 32). Sapling stands increased by 

1,435,500 acres between 1982 and 

2003. There was a corresponding 

decrease in poletimber of 2,710,500 

acres. Poletimber stands containing 

signifi cant stocking of balsam fi r 

often were impacted by SBE and 

related salvage harvesting. Not 

all of the poletimber stands were 

converted to younger sapling stands 

as some poletimber stands grew to 

small-sawtimber size. The current 

distribution of forest land by standdiameter class is 24 percent sapling, 

42 percent poletimber, 20 percent 

small sawtimber, and 9 percent large 

sawtimber. 

Isolating the changes in the spruce/fi r 

habitat type clarifi es the major role of 

this habitat in the structural changes 

that have occurred across Maine’s 

forested landscape (Fig. 33). As would be expected, 

the characteristic decline in poletimber and increase 

in sapling acreage is more dramatic for spruce/fi r and 

the megaregions covering the unorganized regions 

(Fig. 34). The Southern region had an increase in 

poletimber and both small- and large-sawtimber classes. 

The most dramatic examples of the dominant trend is 

apparent on forest industry forest land located mostly 

in the unorganized regions (Fig. 35). Nonindustrial 

private acreage has seen an increase in poletimber, small 

sawtimber, and large sawtimber since the 1995 inventory.

Figure 32.—Area of forest land by stand-diameter class and inventory date, 

Maine, 1982, 1995, 2003. 

0

2000

4000

6000

8000

10000

12000

Low/No Basal

Area

Sapling Poletimber Small

Sawtimber

Large

Sawtimber

Acres

1982

1995

2003

Figure 33.—Area of spruce/fi r forest land by stand-diameter class and inventory 

date, Maine, 1982, 1995, 2003.

0

1000

2000

3000

4000

5000

6000

Low/No Basal

Area

Sapling Poletimber Small

Sawtimber

Large

Sawtimber

Acres

1982

1995

2003
30

Figure 34.—Area of spruce/fi r forest land by stand-diameter class, megaregion, and inventory date, 

Maine, 1982, 1995, 2003. 

Figure 35.—Area of spruce/fi r forest 

land by stand-diameter class, owner 

group, and inventory date, Maine, 

1982, 1995, 2003.

Eastern

0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

1400

Low/no basal

area

Sapling Poletimber Small

Sawtimber

Large

Sawtimber

Acres

1982

1995

2003

0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

3000

3500

Low/no basal

area

Sapling Poletimber Small

Sawtimber

Large

Sawtimber

Acres

1982

1995

2003

Northern

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

450

500

Low/no basal

area

Sapling Poletimber Small

Sawtimber

Large

Sawtimber

Acres

1982

1995

2003

Southern

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

Low/no basal

area

Sapling Poletimber Small

Sawtimber

Large

Sawtimber

Acres

1982

1995

2003

Western

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

Low/no basal

area

Sapling Poletimber Small

Sawtimber

Large

Sawtimber

Acres

1982

1995

2003

Public

0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

3000

Low/no basal

area

Sapling Poletimber Small

Sawtimber

Large

Sawtimber

Acres

1982

1995

2003

Industry

0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

Low/no basal

area

Sapling Poletimber Small

Sawtimber

Large

Sawtimber

Acres

1982

1995

2003

NIPF
31

Trends for the oak/white pine habitat type 

differ from those for spruce/fi r (Fig. 36). 

Oak/white pine has had steady decreases 

in sapling acreage and increases in the 

larger stand-diameter classes. This foretells 

an aging resource with little recruitment 

into younger age classes.

The fi ndings for changes in the 

distribution of forest land by stocking 

level indicate encouraging trends and 

general improvements (Fig. 37). Although 

the understocked and suboptimal class 

had increases, improvements were 

more dramatic in the other classes. The 

acreage in the optimal stocking region 

decreased by 839,400 acres between 

1982 and 1995, but then increased by 

1,510,800 acres since 1995—a net gain 

of 671,400 acres. Another positive trend 

was the decrease of 3,011,400 acres in 

overstocked forest land. This decrease 

followed an increase between 1982 

and 1995. As with other changes in 

composition and structure, the spruce/fi r 

habitat type has driven trends at the state 

level (Fig. 38).

Stand Structure

The distribution of forest land by standstructure class helps explain the current 

mix of conditions across Maine (Table 

16). This information is useful for 

crafting management strategies for the 

various habitat types in the State. Each 

forested condition that is encountered is 

assigned to one of the following: single 

story, two story, multistory, or mosaic, 

e.g., a condition that is characterized by 

two distinct canopy layers is assigned to 

the two-story class. A common example 

Figure 36.—Area of oak/white pine forest land by stand-diameter class and 

inventory date, Maine, 1982, 1995, 2003. 

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

Low/No Basal

Area

Sapling Poletimber Small

Sawtimber

Large

Sawtimber

Acres

1982

1995

2003

Figure 37.—Area of forest land by FIBER stocking region and inventory date, 

Maine, 1982, 1995, 2003. 

0

1000

2000

3000

4000

5000

6000

7000

Low/No Basal

Area

Understocked Sub-Optimal Optimal Overstocked

Acres

1982

1995

2003

Figure 38.—Area of spruce/fi r forest land by FIBER stocking region and 

inventory date, Maine, 1982, 1995, 2003. 

0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

3000

Low/No Basal

Area

Understocked Sub-Optimal Optimal Overstocked

Acres

1982

1995

2003
32

would be a mature overstory with an understory of 

sapling-size trees. The management options for this 

condition differ from those for the single-story condition. 

Currently, the bulk of Maine’s forest land is single story 

(45 percent) or two story (42 percent).

Low Basal-Area Conditions

Since the 1995 inventory, there have been two statewide 

referenda and other proposed legislation concerning 

forest-management practices. These initiatives have 

focused on the frequency and size of clearcutting, the 

need to balance periodic growth and harvests, and the 

impact of liquidation harvesting. The continuing interest in 

policy development related to practices that create stands 

with low basal area provides the basis for the analysis that 

follows.

Each sample condition was assigned to one of seven 

classes based on basal area per acre of all tallied live trees 

1 inch or larger in d.b.h. The lowest basal-area class 

represents stocking of 0 to 49 square feet per acre. This 

class comprises more than 3 million acres of timberland 

(17 percent of total), a substantial increase of 450,000 

acres since 1995. Current status of the low basal-area 

class is examined by ownership, megaregion, and standdiameter class.

For the most part, these acres have potential; 47 percent 

of all acres in this basal-area class are in the saplingseedling stand-diameter class (Table 17). Appropriate 

silvicultural practices are needed to enhance the growth of 

this acreage.

Statewide, forest industry owns 36 percent of these 

low basal-area acres; 54 percent are in the sapling class 

(Table 17). Proper management of this acreage and its 

composition through practices such as precommercial 

thinning and the prompt return of this land to 

merchantable size will enhance the productivity of 

Maine’s forests. 

Another concern is combination of low/no basal-area and 

sawtimber stand-diameter classes that are currently classed 

as low/no basal area or understocked. This grouping 

accounts for only 10 percent of the acres in lowest basalarea class. However, 58 percent of the 320,000 acres are 

held by nonindustrial private landowners (Table 17).

The northern region accounts for 56 percent of the acres 

in the low basal-area class (Table 18). The share of low/no 

basal-area acreage in the southern and western regions, at 

82 and 81 percent, respectively, is troubling because most 

of these acres are in poletimber-size stands for which there 

are fewer management opportunities.

Table 16.—Area of forest land by habitat type and stand structure class, Maine, 2003

Stand-structure class

Habitat type Single-story Two-story Multistory Mosaic Total

-------------------------------------Thousands of acres----------------------------------

Beech/red maple 1127.7 1227.3 210.8 80.5 2646.3

Cedar/black spruce 947.4 572.3 126.6 72.2 1718.5

Hemlock/red spruce 646.5 761.1 177.8 81.6 1666.9

Oak/white pine 619.8 685.8 155.3 31.5 1492.5

Spruce/fi r 3435.6 2971.5 795.7 320.5 7523.2

Sugar maple/ash 1111.8 1304.5 237.8 4.4 2658.6

Total 7888.7 7522.5 1704.0 590.8 17717.5

Note: Excludes nonstocked acreage; data may not add to totals due to rounding.
33

Table 17.—Percentage of timberland acres in the 0 to 49 ft2 basal-area class, by ownership, standdiameter, and FIBER stocking classes, Maine, 2003

Ownership class

Forest Nonindustrial

Stand-diameter and stocking classes Public industry private Subtotal

Low/No Basal-Area Stands

 Low/no basal area and understocked 0 4 4 8

 Suboptimal stocking 0 0 0 0

 Optimal stocking and overstocked 0 0 0 0

Subtotal 0 4 4 9

Owner Class Share 4 44 52 100

Sapling Stands

 Low/no basal area and understocked 0 10 16 26

 Suboptimal stocking 1 8 9 17

 Optimal stocking and overstocked 0 1 3 4

Subtotal 1 18 27 47

Owner Class Share 2 40 59 100

Poletimber Stands

 Low/no basal area and understocked 1 10 19 30

 Suboptimal stocking 0 2 2 4

 Optimal stocking and overstocked 0 0 0 0

Subtotal 1 11 22 35

Owner Class Share 2 33 64 100

Small Sawtimber Stands

 Low/no basal area and understocked 0 2 5 7

 Suboptimal stocking 0 0 0 1

 Optimal stocking and overstocked 0 0 0 0

Subtotal 0 2 6 8

Ownership Share 3 24 73 100

Large Sawtimber Stands

 Low/no basal area and understocked 0 1 1 2

 Suboptimal stocking 0 0 0 0

 Optimal stocking and overstocked 0 0 0 0

Subtotal 0 1 1 2

Ownership Share 0 34 66 100

Ownership share of 0 to 49 ft2 basal-area class 2 36 61 100

Proportionate ownership share of 17.2 million 

timberland acres 4 32 64 100

Note: Data may not add to totals due to rounding.
34

Table 18.—Timberland acres in the 0 to 49 ft2

 basal area class, by region, stand-diameter, and FIBER stocking 

classes, Maine, 2003

Region

Stand-diameter and stocking class Eastern Northern Southern Western Subtotal

Low/No Basal-Area Stands

 Low/no basal area and understocked 79,664 131,164 15,491 25,533 251,852

 Suboptimal stocking - 1,504 - - 1,504

 Optimal stocking and overstocked 1,871 2,990 284 439 5,584

Subtotal 81,535 135,658 15,775 25,972 258,940

Sapling Stands

 Low/no basal area and understocked 215,927 475,308 59,239 41,562 792,036

 Suboptimal stocking 89,318 367,318 25,242 19,666 501,544

 Optimal stocking and overstocked 29,261 69,401 7,483 9,732 115,877

Subtotal 334,506 912,027 91,964 70,960 1,409,457

Poletimber Stands

 Low/no basal area and understocked 265,749 417,571 120,774 98,786 902,880

 Suboptimal stocking 28,666 73,417 14,950 12,017 129,050

 Optimal stocking and overstocked 996 8,225 2,312 - 11,533

Subtotal 295,411 499,213 138,036 110,803 1,043,463

Small Sawtimber Stands

 Low/no basal area and understocked 62,138 94,300 31,033 30,616 218,087

 Suboptimal stocking 9,978 8,248 - 4,384 22,610

 Optimal stocking and overstocked - - 732 - 732

Subtotal 72,116 102,548 31,765 35,000 241,429

Large Sawtimber Stands

 Low/no basal area and understocked 21,623 29,639 3,291 5,897 60,450

 Suboptimal stocking - 5,614 - - 5,614

 Optimal stocking and overstocked - - - - -

Subtotal 21,623 35,253 3,291 5,897 66,064

Subtotal low/no basal area and understocked 645,101 1,147,982 229,828 202,394 2,225,305

Subtotal suboptimal 127,962 456,101 40,192 36,067 660,322

Subtotal optimal and overstocked 32,128 80,616 10,811 10,171 133,726

Regional totals of 0 to 49 ft2

 basal-area class 805,191 1,684,698 280,831 248,634 3,019,354

Note: Data may not add to totals due to rounding.
35

Harvest Disturbance

The MFS has conducted censuses of 

harvest activity in Maine since 1982 (the 

period from 1982 to 1986 is a single 

average). Harvest trends of the 1980’s and 

1990’s clearly refl ect increased cutting (in 

acres) over the period (Figs. 39-40). The 

average annual harvest from 1982 to 1989 

totaled 286,600 acres compared to 449,200 

acres from 1990 to 1994. Since then, 

the average acreage harvested increased 

to 531,000 acres. Trends also indicate a 

dramatic shift from clearcutting to partial 

cutting, e.g., partial and shelterwood, 

beginning in the early 1990’s. Partial 

cutting now dominates harvesting in 

Maine. Other MFS data indicate that 

natural extensive management practices 

dominate Maine’s forestry practices. 

Statewide, planting, precommercial 

thinning, and conifer release occur only on 

about 5 percent of the timberland.

FIA data allow one to evaluate the degree 

to which forest land in Maine has been 

impacted by harvesting. The distribution 

of timberland by cutting intensity refl ects 

the current character of timberland. 

Cutting intensity is defi ned as the basal 

area of cut trees divided by total basal area 

prior to harvest expressed as a percentage. 

The results refl ect harvest activity over 

the recent inventory period, from 1995 

to 2003. The acreage of timberland with 

no trees removed was 84 percent. This 

estimate is based on the limited remeasurement 

sample of the fi rst 5 years of annual inventory. 

The estimate compares to a MFS estimate of 75 

percent from 1995 to 2002 (MFS 1986 to 2003). 

As additional remeasurement data emerges, detailed 

analyses of harvesting (by diameter and species) can 

be completed.

Figure 39.—Silvicultural trends, acres harvested by harvest type, Maine, 2003 

(MFS 1986-2003).

0

100000

200000

300000

400000

500000

600000

1982-

1986

1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002

Year

Acres

Land-Use Change

All Other

Clearcut

Partial

Shelterwood

Figure 40.—Percentage distribution of harvest type, Maine, 2003 

(MFS 1986-2003).

0

20

40

60

80

100

1982-

1986

1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002

Year

Percent

Land-Use Change

All Other

Clearcut

Partial

Shelterwood
36

Numbers of Trees

The forest land of Maine is frequently referred to 

as the “Acadian Forest” because of its unique 

location between Boreal Forests to the north and 

Central Hardwood Forests to the south. This 

transition zone provides a rich mixture of 

commercial species. This diversity is refl ected in 

the variety of tree species tallied—14 commercial 

softwood species, 32 commercial hardwood 

species, and 16 noncommercial hardwood 

species. Tree-species diversity is shown in Figure 

41. Each pixel is highlighted according to 

modeled numbers of species tallied.

Balsam fi r represents 35 percent of all live trees 

that are larger than 1.0 inch d.b.h., followed 

by red maple (12 percent), red spruce (9), 

noncommercial hardwoods (8), and paper birch (6). The 

high proportion of pioneer species refl ects the sapling share 

of forest land (24 percent).

Shifting focus to abundance only on the timberland base and 

merchantable-size trees (at least 5.0 inches d.b.h.), balsam fi r 

remains the most abundant species with a 15-percent share, 

followed by red maple (13), red spruce (13), northern whitecedar (10), and paper birch (6).

Maine’s softwood resource has a higher proportion of 

sawlog quality trees than the hardwood resource (Fig. 42). 

Sawtimber-size trees (at least 9 and 11 inches for softwoods 

and hardwoods, respectively) represent 27 percent of all 

softwood stems. The bulk of softwoods is classifi ed as 

growing-stock trees; 67 percent of live trees at least 5.0 inches 

d.b.h. are of acceptable sawlog quality but these trees do 

not meet the minimum size (9 inches d.b.h.). Poor-quality 

softwoods include rough (poor form) trees (4 percent) and 

rotten (excessive defect) trees (2 percent). 

Figure 41.—Average number of tree species tallied 

on FIA sample plots, Maine, 2003.

Courtesy of Maine Forest Service
37

Sawtimber-size hardwood trees represent 14 percent 

of live hardwoods. Most of the live merchantablesize hardwoods are growing-stock trees, 73 percent of 

which are of acceptable sawlog quality but too small for 

sawtimber. Poor-quality hardwood trees include rough 

trees (10 percent) and rotten trees (3 percent). 

Over the last 45 years, the periodic inventory of Maine’s 

forest resources has provided an interesting perspective 

of stand development and dynamics in reaction to 

natural and forest-management interventions (Fig. 43). 

The per-acre average for timberland in 1959 was 813 

sapling-size, 144 poletimber-size, and 15 sawtimber-size 

trees. The 1971 periodic inventory revealed rapid stand 

development across the State during this interval. On 

the average acre, saplings decreased to 617, poletimber 

trees increased moderately to 179, and sawtimber trees 

increased substantially to 43. Over the next decade 

or so, stand dynamics were in apparent 

equilibrium. The 1982 inventory estimated 

continuing minor decreases in saplings (589) 

and poletimber (174), and a continuing 

minor maturation to sawtimber trees (46). 

Concurrent with part of this period is the 

SBE and the beginning of salvage harvesting.

Both of these impacts are apparent in the 

inventory period of 1982 to 1995. The 

1995 inventory showed a major shift in 

the distribution of trees by size. The trees 

present on the average acre increased to 785 saplings; 

poletimber had a major decrease to 135 trees that was 

attributed to both SBE-induced mortality of small 

suppressed/intermediate trees and salvage harvests; 

sawtimber had a minor decrease to 42 trees.

The 2003 estimate continues to refl ect the rapid 

development of young saplings, currently representing 

1,051 trees per acre of timberland, along with 

continued minor decreases in the number of poletimber 

and sawtimber trees at 131 and 41, respectively. 

Since one-quarter of Maine’s timberland is classed as 

sapling stand-diameter class, these submerchantable 

trees warrant closer examination to understand the 

future prospects of Maine’s forest resources. Between 

1995 and 2003, there was a 52-percent increase 

Figure 42.—Distribution of live merchantable size trees (≥ 5.0 inches d.b.h.) by tree 

class, Maine, 2003.

Figure 43.—Distribution of live trees per acre of timberland by treesize class, Maine, 1959, 1971, 1982, 1995, 2003.

589

785

1,051 179 174

135

131

617

813

144

15

43 46

42

41

300

400

500

600

700

800

900

1,000

1,100

1,200

1,300

1959 1971 1982 1995 2003

Number of Trees Per Acre

Sawtimber

Poletimber

Saplings

2 3 4

10

67

73

27

14

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Softwood Hardwood

Percent

Rotten Trees

Rough Trees,

Pulpwood Quality

Potential Sawlog

Quality Trees

Sawlog Quality

Trees
38

in softwood saplings, while hardwood saplings have 

increased only by 17 percent (Fig. 44). Further, the 

increases follow a reverse J-shaped distribution, with the 

bulk of the increase occurring in the 1-inch d.b.h. class 

and dropping rapidly off to the 4-inch d.b.h. class (Fig. 

45). From a statistical standpoint, all of these sapling 

increases within each d.b.h. class represent a signifi cant 

change since the 1995 estimate.

The spatial distribution of the expected increase in 

saplings is important to certain forest product-industries 

and refl ects progressive stand development following 

extensive harvest over the last 25 years (Figs. 46-47). 

Examining the distribution of larger to smaller diameter 

classes provides a general representation of where 

and when waves of spruce and fi r forest will attain 

merchantable size. There are three areas with relatively 

high concentrations of 4-inch saplings: northern 

Figure 44.—Distribution of saplings 

per acre of timberland by species 

group, Maine, 1995 and 2003.

384

583

401

468

0

200

400

600

800

1,000

1,200

1.0" - 4.9" dbh 1.0" - 4.9" dbh

Number of saplings/acre

Hardwood

Softwood

1995 2003

Figure 45.—Change in live saplings 

per acre by diameter class and 

species group, Maine, 1995 and 2003.

Figure 46.—Estimated number of saplings per 

acre, Maine, 2003.

210

357

91 126

49 60 34 39

237

284

90

104

47 50

28 30

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

1995 2003 1995 2003 1995 2003 1995 2003

Live saplings per acre

Hardwood

Softwood

1"

dbh

2"

dbh

3" dbh

class

4" dbh 

class
39

Piscataquis County, a localized area in the southern 

part of the Aroostook Lowlands, and a band along the 

Eastern Coastal region. The concentration of 3-inch 

saplings is highest in a band encompassing portions 

of the biophysical regions of the Western Foothills, 

Central Mountains, Aroostook Hills, and the Aroostook 

Lowlands. Concentrations of 2- and 1-inch trees are 

highest in the Downeast and Aroostook Hills regions.

Standing Dead Trees

Unutilized dead trees represent a loss in the productivity 

of the land for forest products; however, dead trees 

contribute to a forest’s biodiversity by providing den sites 

for cavity-nesting birds and as the future source of down 

Figure 47.—Estimated number of saplings per acre by 1-inch diameter classes, Maine, 2003.

woody material. Both the frequency and size of dead trees 

are important characteristics in determining these and 

other nontimber attributes.

Salvable dead trees are defi ned as at least 5.0 inches 

d.b.h., have died recently, and still retain an intact bark 

structure. The numbers of these trees has remained fairly 

constant since 1982. Current estimates of nonsalvable 

dead trees show a substantial decrease since 1995, 

especially in softwoods and particularly balsam fi r and 

red spruce. This is an indication that nonsalvable dead 

trees tallied in 1995 no longer are standing and probably 

are part of the current estimates of down woody material 

(Tables A17, B11, and C11).

4-inch Class

3-inch Class

2-inch Class

1-inch Class

Northern

Southern

Western

Eastern

Androscoggin

Saco

Kennebec

Penobscot

St. John

Maine Coastal
40

Standing dead trees are further characterized by diameter 

class (5.0 to 10.9 inches d.b.h., 11.0 to 14.9 inches, 

and 15 inches and larger) and by tree-condition class 

(intact top or broken top). Dead trees in the largest 

class are of primary interest because of their expected 

longevity within the existing stand structure. The current 

distribution for this size class is 18.1 million trees, an 

average of 1.1 per acre of timberland. Trees in this class 

in 1995 averaged 0.9 per acre of timberland. 

Down Woody Material

Down woody material (DWM) is defi ned as dead 

material on the ground in various stages of decay. DWM 

is an important component of forest ecosystems because 

it affects the: quality and structure of wildlife habitats, 

structural diversity, fuel loading and fi re behavior, 

carbon sequestration, and the storage and cycling of 

water (USDA For. Serv. 2002b). Components measured 

include coarse woody debris (CWD), fi ne woody debris 

(FWD), duff, litter, herbs/shrubs, and fuelbed depth. 

CWD is dead wood 3 inches or larger in diameter 

(1,000-hour fuels); FWD is dead wood 0.1 to 2.9 inches 

in diameter (1-, 10-, and 100-hour fuels). Litter is 

defi ned as the loose plant material on top of the forest 

fl oor where little decomposition has occurred. Duff is the 

layer just below the litter and consists of decomposing 

leaves and other organic material. CWD and FWD are 

sampled using line-intersect sampling methodologies. 

DWM sample transects begin at each subplot center 

extending 24 feet to the subplot border. CWD and 

FWD are sampled only along transects in accessible 

forest land.

It should be noted that the analysis and interpretation of 

Maine’s DWM data is based on only 2 years of data 

(2001 and 2002). As additional data are available and as 

analysis techniques are refi ned, DWM inventory analyses 

will be more extensive. With regard to estimates of fuel 

loading, Maine’s fuel profi le matches what might be 

expected for a landscape dominated by Acadian forests. 

There is a tremendous amount of duff due to slow decay 

rates, but the amounts of FWD and CWD are relatively 

minimal. The shrub/herb fuel depths are low, indicating 

relatively little development of nontree vegetation that 

might serve as ladder fuels during a wildfi re. Compared 

to western states, Maine’s fi re hazard is low. However, 

given the presence of fuels in all size classes and the large 

amounts of duff and standing timber across Maine, the 

fi re hazard in Maine’s forests could be great during 

extended periods of drought.

CWD creates numerous ecological niches and serves 

as habitat for plants, animals, protists, bacteria, and 

fungi (Harmon and others 1986). Most of Maine’s 

habitat type groups contain an appreciable amount of 

CWD that provides a diversity of habitat (Table 19). 

The spruce/fi r and sugar maple/ash habitat types have 

the largest mean amount of CWD mass at more than 4 

tons/acre. The cedar/black spruce and oak/white pine 

habitat types have the least amount of CWD mass at 

less than 2 tons/acre. In, Maine, one might expect low 

mortality of individual trees and subsequent CWD 

recruitment. The loadings of CWD appear adequate 

for maintaining habitat diversity across Maine. Most 

of the State’s CWD pieces are dominated by small 

diameters (< 7.9 inches in transect diameter) (Fig. 48) 

in advanced stages of decay (decay classes 4 and 5) (Fig. 

49). Generally, the most desirable CWD habitat needed 

to accommodate a diversity of species is represented 

by a diversity of tree sizes and decay classes. Only an 

estimated 11 percent of Maine’s CWD was characterized 

as freshly fallen or within several years of recruitment 

(decay class 1 or 2).

With respect to stand-size class, the mean volume 

of CWD is greater in stands containing large- and 

medium-size trees (Fig. 50). It takes several decades 

of stand development and competition-induced tree 

mortality to recruit CWD. It is logical that stands 

with large trees would have more CWD volume than 

Courtesy of Maine Forest Service
41

Figure 48.—Distribution of diameters of coarse woody 

debris, Maine, 2001-02.

Figure 49.—Distribution of coarse woody debris by decay 

class, Maine, 2001-02.

Table 19.—Mean fuel loadings (tons/acre) and associated standard errors for habitat types, Maine, 2001-2002

Habitat type No. plots 1 hr SE 10 hr SE 100 hr SE 1,000 hr SE Duff SE Litter SE Shrub/herbs a SE

Beech - red maple 19 0.47 0.11 0.94 0.33 1.92 0.45 2.33 0.39 31.02 4.23 1.22 0.22 0.79 0.27

Cedar - black spruce 5 0.18 0.06 0.40 0.07 1.30 0.40 1.49 0.79 75.74 17.05 0.33 0.13 1.30 0.66

Hemlock - red spruce 8 1.42 0.62 0.79 0.10 1.89 0.34 3.07 0.52 44.69 6.71 1.38 0.35 0.21 0.13

Oak - white pine 7 0.22 0.05 0.51 0.07 1.31 0.25 1.85 0.48 42.45 9.47 1.55 0.44 0.23 0.13

Spruce - fi r 53 0.48 0.11 0.57 0.06 1.52 0.13 4.25 0.50 42.73 2.70 1.15 0.13 0.72 0.16

Sugar Maple - ash 13 0.30 0.08 0.41 0.12 1.51 0.58 4.18 1.40 30.41 4.45 1.25 0.30 1.01 0.33

All plots 105 0.50 0.08 0.62 0.07 1.59 0.13 3.51 0.33 40.79 2.16 1.18 0.09 0.72 0.11

a

 Feet.

Figure 50.—Distribution of coarse woody debris volumes by stand 

size class, Maine, 2001-02.

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

Large Medium Small

Stand Size Class

Volume (cubic foot per acre)

1% 10%

89%

3.0 - 7.9

8.0 - 12.9

13.0 - 17.9

Transect Diameter (inches)

1% 10%

33%

37%

19%

1

2

3

4

5

Decay Class
42

those with smaller trees. The amount of small FWD 

was signifi cantly greater in stands with small trees 

(Fig. 51). Because FWD is recruited through the 

development and death of fi ne tree-crown branches 

and saplings, it stands to reason that the ratio of fi ne 

branches to overall crown volume is greater in small 

trees. Therefore, a stand of small trees may have more 

FWD (1, 10, or 100 hour) than those with large and 

medium-size trees. The increase in FWD cannot be 

attributed solely to fi ne branch material.

The spatial distribution of DWM attributes can be 

examined in a cursory manner by spatial interpolation 

of individual plot values (Fig. 52). CWD levels were 

signifi cantly lower in the southern half of Maine. 

The spatial distributions of duff and litter weights 

apparently are distributed randomly.

Distribution of Tree Species

Displaying the spatial distribution of forest attributes 

enhances our ability to address the “where” part of 

the overall challenge of looking at prospective future 

developments in species composition. The purpose of 

these distribution surfaces is to display the current spatial 

distribution of species across Maine’s forested landscape. 

Compositional patterns depend on a complex mix of 

factors. Broad geophysical and biophysical features are 

apparent; however, local site conditions and factors 

affecting trends in their composition are beyond these 

distributions; hence, the use of surfaces rather than 

“maps.” Figure 53 shows species-distribution surfaces 

for select softwood and hardwood species using basal 

area of the species of interest as a percentage of total 

basal area per acre.

Figure 51.—Distribution of fi ne woody debris loadings by 

stand-size class, Maine, 2001-02.

0.0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1.0

1.2

1.4

1.6

Large Medium Small

Stand Size Class

Tons Per Acre

Figure 52.—Distribution of down woody material components, Maine, 2001-02.

Coarse Woody Debris Coarse Woody Debris Duff Duff Litter Litter Coarse Woody Debris Duff Litter
43

Figure 53.—Estimated basal-area proportion for selected species, Maine, 2003.

Red Maple Balsam fir

E. White Pine

Northern White-Cedar Sugar Maple

Red Spruce

Northern

Southern

Western

Eastern

Androscoggin

Saco

Kennebec

Penobscot

St. John

Maine Coastal
44

Figure 53 (continued).—Estimated basal-area proportion for selected species, Maine, 2003.

Hemlock Aspen Paper Birch

Yellow Birch Beech Red Oak

Northern

Southern

Western

Eastern

Androscoggin

Saco

Kennebec

Penobscot

St. John

Maine Coastal
45

The concentration of red spruce 

in the Central and Western 

Mountains is evident, as is the 

abundance of this species in St. 

Johns Uplands, Aroostook Hills, 

and Eastern Lowlands. Red maple 

is scattered across Maine with 

the highest concentration in the 

Southwest interior and South 

Coastal Regions. Balsam fi r is 

common from the Central Interior 

northward. Concentrations of fi r 

are high in pockets to the north 

and west of Mount Katahdin. The 

association of eastern white pine 

with Coastal Maine is evident, as 

is the occurrence of this species in 

the Central, Southern, and Coastal 

regions. Northern white-cedar is common across the 

State and follows a predictable pattern through lowlying wet areas. Sugar maple is most common from 

the Interior regions northward. The distribution of 

eastern hemlock nearly mirrors that of sugar maple, 

with localized high concentrations in Washington 

County and in the southwestern portion of the State. 

Aspen is found mostly in central and northern Maine. 

Paper birch is prevalent in Mountain and other upland 

regions, particularly the higher elevation Central and 

Western Mountains. The distribution of yellow birch 

mimics sugar maple but with more diffuse occurrence. 

Beech is found throughout the State with patchy 

occurrence in Mountain regions. Northern red oak is 

most common in the warmer regions in the southwest.

Shrubs and Vines

The FIA tally of shrubs and vines includes deciduous, 

evergreen, and dwarf shrubs, and vines; there are as 

many as 96 unique species or groupings of species. 

Shrubs and vines are tallied on a milacre plot concentric 

to the 1/300-acre microplot that is used to tally seedlings 

and saplings. For each condition class, as many as 99 

individuals can be tallied for each species grouping.

In the 2003 inventory, 75 species groups were tallied 

in Maine; 87 percent of the forested plots had shrubs 

and vines of some nature. Of the 2,759 forested plots, 

deciduous shrubs occurred on 75 percent, dwarf 

shrubs were present on 56 percent, evergreen shrubs 

on 11 percent, and vines on 3 percent.

Figure 54 depicts only forested plots on which 

shrubs and vines were recorded and the frequency 

distribution of plots with unique species counts 

(species richness). Slightly more than 77 percent of the 

plots from the fi ve panels had four or fewer shrub and 

vine species. Only 1.5 percent would be characterized 

as being high in diversity, i.e., 10 or more shrub and 

vine species.

The most frequently occurring shrub or vine species 

are the bunchberry dwarf shrub, found on more than 

half of the plots, Rhubus species (raspberry), tallied on 

40 percent, and blueberry and twinfl ower (20 percent 

each) (Table 20).

Because of the nature of the FIA inventory, there is 

less opportunity for fi nding and recording species that 

occupy areas of diverse biotic edges or species that are 

classifi ed as exotic/invasive. The frequency of species of 

concern, e.g. buckthorn, barberry, and honeysuckle, is 

relatively low in Maine.

Figure 54.—Richness index for shrub and vine species (the number of forested 

plots from panels 1-5) and total count of unique species, Maine, 2003.

598

535

396

151

64

34 18 12 7 112

111

599

230

-

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15

Number of Unique Shrub/Vine Species Tallied per Forested Plot

Number of Forested Plots

1.5% of the forested plots

have 10+ shrub/vine species tallied

21.4% of the forested plots

have 5 - 9 shrub/vine species tallied

77.1% of the forested plots

have 1 - 4 shrub/vine species tallied
46

Table 20.—Distribution of shrub and vine species on FIA sample plots, Maine, 2003

Species Number of forested plots Species Number of forested plots

Bunchberry 1413 Pipsissewa 32

Rhubus species 1097 Chokeberry species 30

Blueberry 546 Rose species 28

Twinfl ower 544 Common Juniper 24

Beaked Hazelnut 506 Silky Dogwood 24

Teaberry 420 Swamp Laurel 22

Creeping Snowberry 388 Sweet Gale 22

Hobblebush Viburnum 377 Chokecherry species 19

Bush Honeysuckle 343 Buckthorn 18

Speckled Alder 321 Vine - Unknown 17

Spirea 252 Canada Yew 15

Withe-rod Viburnum 249 Gray-stemmed Dogwood 13

Sheep Laurel 243 Clamatic species 12

Currant/Gooseberry 216 Rhododendron 10

Partridgeberry 212 Evergreen Shrub - Unknown 10

Shrub Willow species 151 Grape species 9

Winterberry Holly 138 Staghorn Sumac 8

Mountain-holly 133 Dwarf Shrub - Unknown 8

Alder 130 Round-leaved Dogwood 7

Red-osier Dogwood 117 Mountain Laurel 7

American Elderberry 87 Highbush Cranberry 7

American Hazelnut 76 Bog Rosemary 5

Labrador Tea 76 Barberry 5

Witch Hazel 71 Hog Peanut 5

Arrowwood Viburnum 67 Smooth Sumac 4

Nannyberry 65 Vine Honeysuckle 3

Red-berried Elderberry 57 Bayberry 3

Leatherleaf 53 Virginia Creeper 3

Maple-leaved Viburnum 49 Hercules Club 2

Sweetfern 48 Buttonbush 2

Alternate-leaved Dogwood 42 American Bittersweet 2

Poison Ivy 40 Sweet Pepperbush 2

Huckleberry 39 Male-Berry 2

Deciduous Shrub - Unknown 37 American Bladdernut 2

Azalea (deciduous) 35 Striped Pipsissewa 1

Cranberry 33 Large Leaf Holly 1

Vimurnum species 33 Common Prickly-Ash 1
47

Biomass

Biomass provides the most inclusive accounting of treefi ber resources from Maine’s forest. Biomass information 

can be used to address a host of issues, e.g., residue 

availability, which could be captured as part of current 

harvesting practices and be reasonably transported, 

processed, and utilized for new products or as alternative 

fuels and energy sources. FIA partitions the biomass of 

growing-stock trees into four major components: growing 

stock (the traditional bole portion), branches, foliage, and 

stumps and roots (Appendix Tables A41, A44, and A45). 

An inclusive estimate for FIA rough and rotten trees is 

included. The bole portion comprises the bulk of total 

biomass. The total from this table (total timber) is carried 

forward to biomass summary tables that also include 

saplings, dead trees, and shrubs (Appendix Tables A40, 

A42, and A43).

The current total biomass estimate on timberland is 

980 million dry tons, a 13-percent increase since 1995 

(Wharton and Griffi th 1995). Probability surfaces for 

softwood, hardwood, and total aboveground biomass are 

shown in Figure 55. 

The sapling-component estimate refl ects a 22-percent 

increase followed by the timber component (+11 

percent). These increased estimates complement 

increases in volume discussed elsewhere.

Estimates of overall change in biomass refl ect the effects 

of land-use change, harvesting, and regrowth. Figure 

56 shows changes in biomass per acre by town between 

1991 and 2000. The classifi cation of forest land is based 

on the ability of Landsat Thematic Mapper imagery to 

detect change. Little of Maine’s forest land has changed 

in terms of biomass. The yellow areas show where 

biomass is increasing due to increases in forest-land area 

or regrowth. By far, most of the yellow areas represent 

regrowth as they occur in areas with little increase of 

forest land, mainly in the unorganized regions in the 

northern half of Maine. The red areas depict where 

forest land is being lost, harvesting has occurred, or 

some other factor is reducing biomass per acre. Most of 

the red areas are in the southern half of the State.

Figure 55.—Distribution of aboveground tree biomass by species group, Maine, 2003.

Softwood Hardwood All Species
48

Figure 56.—Percent change in forest biomass by town, Maine, 1991 to 2000.

Inventory Volume

During the analysis of the new annual inventory data and results, it became apparent that the 1995 

tree volumes needed to be reviewed due to discrepancies in measured tree bole and sawlog lengths. 

A new model for estimating tree height was developed and implemented for this report (Westfall 

and Laustsen, in press). As shown in Figure 58, the new estimates of 1982 and 1995 growing-stock 

volume correlate well with trends in basal area--an indication that tree heights are now in line.

There are a number of options for discussing inventory volume (see Appendix Tables A17, B11, and 

C11). The following summarizes the distribution of volume (million ft3

) for trees at least 5.0 inches 

d.b.h. on timberland by tree class for the three most recent inventories:

Tree Class 1982 1995 2003

Sawtimber 12,348.6 11,840.8 12,616.8

Poletimber 11,760.5 10,145.4 9,796.7

Total growing stock 24,109.1 21,986.2 22,413.4

Rough 1,941.7 880.4 1,132.9

Rotten 898.3 311.5 223.2

Total cull 2,840.0 1,191.9 1,356.1

Volume of live trees 26,949.1 23,178.1 23,769.4

Salvable dead 535.7 409.5 449.7

Volume of all trees 27,484.8 23,587.6 24,219.2
49

Figure 58.—Growing-stock volume and 

basal area on timberland, Maine, 1959, 

1971, 1982, 1995, 2002 (on the y-axis, 

5 square feet of basal area equals 1 

cord of wood).

0

50,000

100,000

150,000

200,000

250,000

300,000

1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010

Inventory Year

Growing Stock Volume (M Cords)

0

250,000

500,000

750,000

1,000,000

1,250,000

1,500,000

Growing Stock Basal Area (M sq.ft.)

Orig. Volume

1995 Restatement

2003 Restatement

Basal Area

Forest Carbon

Estimates of forest carbon are derived from biomass estimates and refl ect carbon dioxide (CO2) fl uxes in 

greenhouse-gas accounting. In 2003, Maine enacted legislation that requires the Department of Environmental 

Protection, Bureau of Air Quality, to produce a statewide Greenhouse Gas (GHG) emission inventory annually. 

The Environmental Protection Agency, through its 

contractor and with input from the USDA Forest 

Service, developed a spreadsheet program to assist 

individual states in compiling GHG inventories. 

The program includes default inventory data, 

with an option for users to input their own data 

to improve prediction accuracy. Maine’s 1995 FIA 

inventory was used to estimate forested conditions 

for the 2000 ending base year. It was estimated 

that the Land Use Change and Forestry (LUCF) 

account provided 15 percent of the CO2

 emissions 

(Fig. 57). The magnitude and direction (emission 

vs. sequestration) did not agree with recent annual 

inventory reports by MFS that estimated that forest 

land and biomass increased from 1995 to 2002 

(Laustsen and others 2003).

Additional investigation determined that the carbon 

component of soils represented nearly 60 percent 

of predicted emissions in the total forest carbon fl ux. For the initial base estimate, the 1990 Forest Carbon Flux 

uses revised estimates of Maine’s 1982 FIA periodic inventory as reported in the 1987 Resource Planning Act 

Assessment (RPA). The ending base estimates a 2000 Forest Carbon Flux using Maine’s 1995 periodic inventory 

as reported in the 1997 RPA. The inconsistent treatment and updating of the base estimates was further 

compounded with additional changes in classifi cation techniques, sampling design, and the FORCARB models. 

After these improvements and land-use change information were incorporated, it was found that the GHG 

accounting and inventory estimated that the LUCF account became a minor sequestration source from 1990 to 

2000. The challenge is how forest management can improve the ability of Maine’s expansive forest resource to 

become a larger and more effective sink for carbon.

Figure 57.—Estimates of carbon dioxide emissions, 

Maine, 2000.

Transportation

29%

Electric utilities

17%

LUCF

15%

Residential

14%

Industrial

10%

Waste

5%

Industrial process

4% Commercial

5%

Agriculture

1%

5
50

The most traditional measure is growing-stock 

volume on timberland, which represents the 

net merchantable volume of the central stem 

of trees at least 5 inches d.b.h. on acres that 

are productive, accessible, and not reserved 

from harvesting (forest land also includes 

nonproductive areas). Growing-stock volume 

currently totals 22.4 million ft3

, of which 56 

percent is softwood and 44 percent is hardwood. 

Growing-stock volume excludes the volume of 

rough and rotten trees. In Maine, the volume of 

pulpwood quality or better trees on timberland 

often is discussed because it includes trees that are 

useable as pulpwood (growing-stock and rough 

trees, but not rotten trees). The long-term trend in 

pulpwood or better inventory volume is depicted 

in Figure 59. The volume of pulpwood or better 

trees reached a peak that was apparent in the 1982 

inventory. Total volume then decreased by 12 

percent following the SBE. The pulpwood quality 

volume was stable between 1995 and 2003.

The most inclusive estimates of volume include 

growing-stock, and rough and rotten trees, or 

the volume of live trees on forest land. Recent 

trends in the volume of live trees parallel those 

for pulpwood-quality trees (Fig. 60). Again, the 

most striking change in volume occurred between 

the 1982 and 1995 inventories. It is clear that 

although hardwood volume decreased slightly, 

the drop in total live inventory resulted primarily 

from the decrease in softwood volume as a result 

of spruce budworm mortality and related salvageharvest activities. The latter decrease resulted 

from major reductions in volume in the 6- to 

12-inch diameter classes (Fig. 61) for softwoods, 

particularly red spruce and balsam fi r. As expected, 

most of the decrease was in the Northern 

megaregion (Fig. 62). This decrease in volume has 

been at the center of discussions about the future 

of Maine’s next-generation forest. 

The 2003 estimates indicate that the total 

inventory of live trees on forest land has increased 

Figure 59.—Volume of pulpwood quality or better trees on timberland, 

Maine, 1959, 1971, 1982, 1995, 2003.

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

1959 1971 1982 1995 2003

Year

Million Cords

Figure 60.—Volume of live trees on forest land by inventory year, 

Maine, 1982, 1995, 2003.

0

5000

10000

15000

20000

25000

30000

1982 1995 2003

Year

Million Cubic Feet

Softwood Hardwood

Figure 61.—Volume of live trees on forest land by diameter 

class and inventory year, Maine, 1982, 1995, 2003.

0

1000

2000

3000

4000

5000

6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22+

Diameter Class

Million Cubic Feet

1982 1995 2003

0

1000

2000

3000

4000

5000

6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22+

Diameter Class (inches)

Million Cubic Feet

1982 1995 2003

Hardwood

Softwood
51

by 3 percent since 1995. Figure 63 shows trends in 

volume for selected species in Maine. Although many 

species did not change appreciably, there are signs that 

conditions have improved over the last 8 years. Trends for 

Figure 62.—Volume of live trees on forest land by megaregion and 

inventory year, Maine, 1982, 1995, 2003.

0

5000

10000

15000

20000

1982 1995 2003

Year

Million Cubic Feet

Softwood Hardwood

Western

0

5000

10000

15000

20000

1982 1995 2003

Year

M illio n C u b ic F eet

Softwood Hardwood

Southern

0

5000

10000

15000

20000

1982 1995 2003

Year

Million Cubic Feet

Softwood Hardwood

0

5000

10000

15000

20000

1982 1995 2003

Year

Million Cubic Feet

Softwood Hardwood

Eastern Northern

Figure 63.—Volume of live trees on forest land by inventory year for selected species, 

Maine, 1982, 1995, 2003.

red spruce and balsam fi r are prime indicators. Between 

the 1982 and 1995 inventories, the volume of these two 

species decreased by 49 and 35 percent, respectively. 

The bulk of these decreases occurred in the 6- to 12-

1004.4 1073.4 887

1207.9 1179.9 1261

1375.3 1219.8 1211.8

1667.9 1369 1254.8

1485.7 1400.5 1766.3

1745.6 1889.1 1884.7

2192.1 2217.1 2125.9

4478.2 2294.2 2295.1

1918 2301.4 2429.2

2439.1 2775.9 2863.8

5352.6 3452.2 3529.8

0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000

Northern red oak

Beech

Yellow birch

Paper Birch

Aspen

Eastern hemlock

Sugar maple

Northern white-cedar

Balsam fir

White pine

Red maple

Red spruce

Million Cubic Feet

2003 1995 1982
52

inch diameter classes (Fig. 64). The 2003 results show 

little change in balsam fi r volume and a slight increase in 

red spruce volume—a sign that Maine’s forests are stable. 

American beech experienced a recent volume decrease of 

17 percent. This occurred across a wide range of diameters 

following an expansion in the volume of 6- to 10-inch 

trees between 1982 and 1995 (Fig. 65). Other species with 

signifi cant decreases are northern white-cedar (-4 percent) 

and aspen (-8 percent). Species with notable positive gains 

are hemlock (26 percent) and northern red oak (18 percent).

Sawtimber Volume

The volume of sawtimber on timberland represents that 

portion of the resource capable of being used as traditional 

veneer logs, sawlogs, bolts, and other sawn products. 

Sawtimber volume includes the merchantable board-foot 

volume of the central stem for trees 9 and 11 d.b.h. for 

softwoods and hardwoods, respectively, that are of suffi cient 

quality to be considered sawtimber. The upper limits of 

merchantability are 7 and 9 inches top diameter outside 

bark, respectively. The 2003 results show that the overall 

sawtimber volume has changed little over the last 2 decades 

(Fig. 66). Hardwood sawtimber increased slightly between 

1995 and 2003, but at a slower rate than between 1982 and 

1995. Changes in sawtimber volume by megaregion were 

minor (Fig. 67).

The results revealed differences in trends for individual 

species (Fig 68). On the positive side, paper birch has 

increased by 14 percent since 1995 following a slight 

decrease between 1982 and 1995. Red oak sawtimber has 

expanded by 25 percent since 1995, but at a slower rate of 

increase than the 59-percent increase between 1982 and 

1995. White spruce and hemlock sawtimber increased 

steadily over both periods.

On the negative side, sugar maple decreased by 6 percent 

between 1995 and 2003, a signifi cant reversal of a previous 

34-percent increase in sawtimber volume. White pine 

sawtimber decreased by 3 percent following an increase of 

46 percent between 1982 and 1995. Northern white-cedar 

also experienced the reversal of a positive trend that was 

evident 1982 and 1995. Both red spruce and balsam fi r 

had minor decreases in sawtimber inventory, though these 

decreases were minor compared to previous decreases of 26 

and 46 percent, respectively.

Figure 64.—Volume of live red spruce and balsam fi r 

trees on forest land, by diameter class and inventory 

year, Maine, 1982, 1995, 2003.

Figure 65.—Volume of live beech trees on forest land, by 

diameter class and inventory year, Maine, 1982, 1995, 2003.

0

500

1000

1500

2000

6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22+

Diameter Class (inches)

Million Cubic Feet

1982 1995 2003

0

500

1000

1500

2000

6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22+

Diameter Class (inches)

Million Cubic Feet

1982 1995 2003

Balsam Fir

Red Spruce

Beech

0

100

200

300

400

6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22+

Diameter Class (inches)

Million Cubic Feet

1982 1995 2003

Figure 66.—Volume of sawtimber on timberland by 

inventory year, Maine, 1982, 1995, 2003.

0

20000

40000

60000

80000

1982 1995 2003

Year

Million Board Feet

(International 1/4-inch Rule)

Softwood Hardwood
53

Figure 67.—Volume of sawtimber on timberland by megaregion and inventory year, Maine, 1982, 1995, 2003.

Northern Eastern

0

10000

20000

30000

40000

1982 1995 2003

Year

Million Board Feet

(International 1/4-inch Rule)

Softwood Hardwood

0

0

0

0

0

1982 1995 2003

Year

1000

2000

3000

4000

Million Board Feet

(International 1/4-inch Rule)

Softwood Hardwood

Southern Western

0

10000

20000

30000

40000

1982 1995 2003

Year

Million Board Feet

(International 1/4-inch Rule)

Softwood Hardwood

0

10000

20000

30000

40000

1982 1995 2003

Year

Million Board Feet

(International 1/4-inch Rule)

Softwood Hardwood

Figure 68.—Volume of sawtimber on timberland by inventory year and diameter class, Maine, 1982, 1995, 2003.

0 2000 4000 6000 8000 10000 12000 14000

Beech

Paper birch

Northern red oak

White spruce

Yellow birch

Aspen

Balsam fir

Northern w hite-cedar

Red maple

Hemlock

Sugar maple

White pine

Red spruce

Million Board Feet (International 1/4-inch rule)

2003 1995 1982
54

Figure 69 depicts the current distribution of sawtimber 

volume on a per-acre basis for select species and all species 

combined. Sawtimber volume is well distributed across 

Maine but is more common in the Western and Northern 

megaregions. White pine sawtimber is located primarily in 

the Southern megaregion. The sawtimber volume of spruce 

and fi r is concentrated heavily in the Western and Northern 

megaregions, as well as the Downeast area. Red maple is 

common across Maine but is less common above a latitude 

of 45 degrees N. Sugar maple, beech, and birch are most 

abundant in the Western and Northern megaregions. 

Intolerant hardwoods are most prevalent in a band 

extending from Oxford County westward to Hancock 

County, and are scattered in the Northern megaregion.

Figure 69.—Distribution of sawtimber volume for selected species, Maine, 2003.

Northern

Southern

Western

Eastern

Androscoggin

Saco

Kennebec

Penobscot

St. John

Maine Coastal

All Species Spruces and

Balsam Fir

White Pine

Red Maple Intolerant

Hardwoods

Sugar Maple,

Beech and Birch
55

The distribution of sawtimber volume by tree grade 

provides an estimate of the relative quality of species 

in Maine and potential sawtimber products, especially 

hardwoods and white pine. Trees of sawtimber size are 

assigned a tree grade based on the quality characteristics 

of the fi rst 16-foot section of the bole. Factors affecting 

the grade assignment are minimum diameter, length 

of clear cuttings, and other form and cull defects. 

The board-foot volume of each tree is ascribed to the 

tree grade and summed to provide the distribution. 

Minimum diameter is a critical variable in determining 

tree grade. For example, to be considered for grade 1, the 

minimum diameter of the graded section is 16.0 inches. 

Typically, sawmills prefer tree grades one and two for the 

more desirable lumber products (premium and better for 

pine; fi rsts and seconds for hardwoods). Tree grade three 

is less desirable and the other grade material often is used 

for products such as pallets, which do not require long 

sections of clear wood. 

The distribution of sawtimber volume by tree grade 

for all trees for the two most recent inventories shows 

improvement for sugar maple, red maple, yellow and 

white birch, and aspen (Fig. 70). The improvement is 

apparent by the increase in the percentage of grade 1 and 

2 material. White pine quality decreased and northern 

red oak showed little change; however, the distribution is 

heavily infl uenced by tree size. When only trees at least 

15.0 inches d.b.h. are considered, white pine shows little 

change and northern red oak shows some improvement 

(Fig. 71). The reason is that trees with high quality 

potential are classifi ed as lower grades until they reach the 

minimum threshold for tree grade 2.

Figure 70.—Percentage of sawtimber 

volume on timberland by tree grade 

for white pine and major hardwood 

species, Maine, 1995 and 2003.

Figure 71.—Percentage of sawtimber 

volume on timberland by tree grade 

for white pine and major hardwood 

species with a minimum diameter of 

15.0 inches, Maine, 1995 and 2003.

51 46

38

50

20

32 32

42 36 43

56 56

28

28 45

40

53

53 53

48

51

51

37 38

21 26

18

10

27

15 15 10 12 6 7 6

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

1995 2003 1995 2003 1995 2003 1995 2003 1995 2003 1995 2003

Percent

Grades 4 & 5

Grade 3

Grades 1 & 2

White Pine Sugar Maple Red Maple Yellow and White

Birch

Aspen Northern Red Oak

53 53 49

63

33

55 51

64

71 72 77 81

23 21 30

25

33

22 30

22

16 20 15 11 24 26 20

12

34

23 19 15 12 8 8 8

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

1995 2003 1995 2003 1995 2003 1995 2003 1995 2003 1995 2003

Percent

Grades 4 & 5

Grade 3

Grades 1 & 2

White Pine Sugar Maple Red Maple Yellow and White

Birch

Aspen Northern Red Oak
56

Wood Availability

A complete analysis of wood availability in 

Maine is beyond the scope of this report. 

However, a discussion of key concepts that 

underlie actual wood availability should help 

clarify current conditions and aid in future 

studies. Wood availability is dependant 

on complex interactions among physical, 

economic, and social constraints. For 

example, most of the white pine sawtimber is in 

the southwestern part of the State. Other physical 

constraints include factors such as slope, distance 

to a road, and product volume per acre. Figure 72 

shows how the inventory of growing-stock volume 

on timberland is distributed by volume-per-acre 

class. About one-fourth of timberland has less than 

500 ft3

 (less than 6 cords) per acre, though this 

acreage accounts for only 4 percent of the inventory 

volume. About half of the volume is in stands with 

at least 2,000 ft3

 (more than 23 cords) per acre, but 

this volume occurs on less than one-fourth of the 

timberland. As such, the inventory for stands with 

enough volume per acre to make harvest feasible is 

more limited than the total inventory statistics would 

imply. This phenomenon is most prominent for the 

forest-industry owner group (Fig. 73). Conditions 

are similar for the volume of sawtimber (Figs. 74-75).

Ownership objectives play a strong role in wood 

availability. As mentioned earlier, the primary 

reason for holding forest land cited by Maine’s 

family/individual owners are aesthetics, privacy, and 

family legacy. Add to these factors the relationship 

between timber supply and demand and it is 

obvious that wood availability is less than simple 

inventory metrics imply. Efforts are needed to 

develop an integrated approach for predicting 

future wood supplies, as was done by Gadzik and 

others (1998) and Seymour and Lemin (1989). 

There is an opportunity to add economic and 

ecological indicators to the mix of projected 

parameters (Turner and Caldwell 2001).

Figure 72.—Area of timberland and growing-stock volume by volume class, 

Maine, 2003.

0.0 10.0 20.0 30.0 40.0

0-499

500-999

1000-1499

1500-1999

2000-2499

2500+

Cubic Feet Per Acre Class

Percent

Volume

Area

Figure 73.—Area of timberland and growing-stock volume by 

volume class and private owner class, Maine, 2003.

Forest Industry

0.0 10.0 20.0 30.0 40.0

0-499

500-999

1000-1499

1500-1999

2000-2499

2500+

Cubic Feet Per Acre Class

Percent

Volume

Area

NIPF

0.0 10.0 20.0 30.0 40.0

0-499

500-999

1000-1499

1500-1999

2000-2499

2500+

Cubic Feet Per Acre Class

Percent

Volume

Area

Figure 74.—Area of timberland and sawtimber volume by stand 

volume class, Maine, 2003. 

0.0 10.0 20.0 30.0 40.0 50.0 60.0

0-1999

2000-3999

4000-5999

6000-7999

8000-9999

10000+

Board Feet Per Acre Class

Percent

Volume

Area
57

Components of Volume Change

Changes in the volume of Maine’s forests depend on the 

interrelationship of growth, removals, and mortality, 

or the components of change. In this section, change 

components are expressed as growing-stock, live-tree, 

and sawtimber volume to provide a link to changes 

occurring in inventory volume. An analysis based on 

basal area is included as a crosscheck to changes in 

volume. This crosscheck is important in light of recent 

changes in sample design, the limited remeasurement 

sample, and the evolution of estimation procedures (see 

Change in Basal Area). Usually, three terms are used to 

discuss changes in inventory: gross growth, net growth, 

and net change: 

Gross Growth = Ingrowth (trees achieving merchantable 

size) + Accretion (survivor growth);

Net Growth = Gross Growth – Mortality;

Net Change = Net Growth - Removals

In the case of growing-stock and sawtimber inventory, 

the net difference between trees entering the growingstock class (as cull decrement) and departing the 

growing-stock class (as cull increment) is added or 

subtracted to growth as appropriate.

All components are expressed on an average annual 

basis from the year of the previous plot measurement 

to the current year of plot measurement. If all 

sample plots were remeasured, the net change 

based on change components should match the 

change based on inventory volume. Currently, these 

estimates do not match because of the relatively low 

number of remeasured plots. As each new panel is 

added, the sample or remeasured plots and trees 

will increase substantially. For example, more trees 

were remeasured in the sixth year than in all of the 

previous 5 years.

Growing Stock

Change components expressed as growing-stock 

volume on timberland indicate how the manageable 

portion of Maine’s forest inventory is changing over 

time. Figures 76 and 77 illustrate the simple but 

important relationship between specifi c components 

for all species and the major species groups. The 

tight relationship between net growth and removals 

explains why inventory volume has changed little 

since 1995. This situation will continue until the 

large inventory of submerchantable stems grows 

to the 5-inch merchantability limit. At that time, 

increases in the ingrowth component will boost 

overall net growth. The large impact of mortality 

on gross growth also is well illustrated. Softwood 

mortality was about one-third of gross growth and 

one-fourth of hardwood gross growth over the period.

The results for species/species groups show that 

several species currently have removals in excess of 

net growth, including red spruce, balsam fi r, northern 

white-cedar, aspen, paper birch, and beech (Fig. 78). 

Species/species groups with net growth in excess of 

removals include red maple, white pine, sugar maple, 

yellow birch, and northern red oak. As discussed 

previously, information on change components does 

Figure 75.—Area of timberland and sawtimber volume by 

stand volume class and private owner class, Maine, 2003. 

Forest Industry

0.0 10.0 20.0 30.0 40.0 50.0 60.0

0-1999

2000-3999

4000-5999

6000-7999

8000-9999

10000+

Board Feet Per Acre Class

Percent

Volume

Area

0.0 10.0 20.0 30.0 40.0 50.0 60.0

0-1999

2000-3999

4000-5999

6000-7999

8000-9999

10000+

Board Foot Per Acre Class

Percent

Volume

Area

NIPF
58

not always match changes refl ected in 

the inventory. White pine illustrates the 

statistical mismatch between change in 

inventory volume and net change based 

on change components. Although the 

species had considerable excess of growth 

over removals, the inventory volume of 

white pine volume showed little change. 

The situation for northern white-cedar 

and beech further illustrate how the 

various components interact (Fig. 79). 

The negative net change in the volume 

of northern white-cedar was caused by 

a high level of removals, rather than 

mortality. The decrease in inventory 

volume of beech was due to high levels of 

mortality that effectively made net growth 

negative (rather than heavy removals). 

In the case of beech, mortality exceeded 

removals.

Live Tree

Change components for live trees refl ect 

all tree classes and usually parallel the 

results for growing-stock volume. The 

basic difference between them is that 

live-tree components do not include 

changes in cull trees so that less volume 

is subtracted from gross growth in 

calculating net growth. Also, land 

switching between timberland and forest 

land is not a factor. As such, the results 

look slightly better than for growing 

stock (Fig. 80). The ratio of net growth 

to removals is useful for summarizing 

net growth and removals relationships. 

Ratios less than 1 indicate decreases in 

volume while ratios greater than 1 indicate 

increases in volume. As an example of 

differences between growing-stock and 

live-tree estimates, the red spruce ratio was 

0.64 to 1.0 based on growing-stock trees 

and 0.94 to1.0 using live trees (Fig. 81).

Figure 76.—Average annual components of change in growing-stock volume 

on timberland for all species, Maine, 1996-2003.

Figure 77.—Average annual components of change in softwood and hardwood 

growing-stock volume on timberland, Maine, 1996-2003.

-600

-500

-400

-300

-200

-100

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

800

900

Ingrowth Accretion Gross

Growth

Mortality Change in

Cull

Net Growth Removals Net

change

Thousand Cubic Feet

-300

-200

-100

0

100

200

300

400

500

Ingrowth Accretion Gross

Growth

Mortality Change in

Cull

Net

Growth

Removals Net

change

Thousand Cubic Feet

Softwood

-300

-200

-100

0

100

200

300

400

500

Ingrowth Accretion Gross

Growth

Mortality Change in

Cull

Net

Growth

Removals Net

change

Thousand Cubic Feet

Hardwood
59

Figure 78.—Average annual net growth and removals of growing-stock volume on timberland 

for selected species, Maine, 1996-2003 (note: negative net-growth values for beech are not 

shown). 

Figure 79.—Average annual components of change in northern whitecedar and beech growing-stock volume on timberland, Maine, 1996-2003.

0 20 40 60 80 100

Red Oak

Beech

Yellow birch

Paper birch

Aspen

Sugar maple

Northern white-cedar

Balsam fir

White pine

Red maple

Red spruce

Thousand Cubic Feet

Removals

Net Growth

-40

-30

-20

-10

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

Ingrowth Accretion Gross

Growth

Mortality Change in

Cull

Net

Growth

Removals Net

change

Thousand Cubic Feet

-40

-30

-20

-10

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

Ingrowth Accretion Gross

Growth

Mortality Change in

Cull

Net

Growth

Removals Net

change

Thousand Cubic Feet

Northern White-Cedar

Beech
60

Ratios of live-tree growth to removals also are useful for 

analyzing relationships among megaregions. These ratios 

were:

Region Softwood Hardwood All species

Northern 0.9:1.0 0.8:1.0 0.9:1.0

Eastern 1.4:1.0 0.8:1.0 1.1:1.0

Southern 1.4:1.0 1.4:1.0 1.4:1.0

Western 1.1:1.0 1.3:1.0 1.2:1.0

State 1.1:1.0 1.0:1.0 1.1:1.0 

Total removals were 2.3 percent of the 1995 estimate 

of live-tree volume. A noteworthy breakdown of total 

removal volume is by harvest removal and removal due 

conversion of forest land to nonforest land uses. Although 

loss of forest land is not a major issue in Maine, it is 

important to note that 6 percent of the removal volume 

was attributed to forest land being converted to other 

uses. The more important fi nding is for species located 

in regions of the State where conversion is more likely. 

Prime examples are white pine and red oak for which 

24 percent and 38 percent, respectively, of the removal 

volume was due to conversion to nonforest uses (Fig. 82).

Sawtimber

Change components, expressed in board feet, are shown 

in Figures 83 and 84. These data are more unreliable than 

components based on growing stock or live trees because 

the portion of sawtimber in the overall sample is smaller. 

In fact, the results for net change in total sawtimber 

(negative) do not match those for sawtimber inventory 

volume (positive). The change in inventory volume is 

more reliable because it is based on a sample of many 

more trees. These fi gures should be used with caution and 

are presented here for completeness.

Figure 80.—Average annual 

components of change for livetree volume on timberland for all 

species, Maine, 1996-2003.

Figure 81.—Average annual net growth 

and removals of live-tree volume on 

timberland for selected species, Maine, 

1996-2003.(note: negative net-growth values 

for northern white-cedar and beech are not 

shown.)

-600

-500

-400

-300

-200

-100

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

800

900

Ingrowth Accretion Gross

Growth

Mortality Net Growth Removals Net change

Thousand Cubic Feet

0 20 40 60 80 100

Red Oak

Beech

Yellow birch

Paper birch

Aspen

Sugar maple

Northern white-cedar

Balsam fir

White pine

Red maple

Red spruce

Thousand Cubic Feet

Removals

Net Growth
61

Figure 83.—Average annual components of change for sawtimber on timberland, Maine, 1996-2003.

Figure 84—Average annual net growth and 

removals of sawtimber volume on timberland 

for selected species, Maine, 1996-2003 (note: 

negative net growth values for beech are not 

shown).

-1500

-1000

-500

0

500

1000

1500

2000

Ingrowth Accretion Gross

Growth

Mortality Change in

Cull

Net Growth Removals Net change

Thousand Board Feet

(International 1/4-inch Rule)

0 20 40 60 80 100

Red oak

Beech

Yellow birch

Paper Birch

Aspen

Eastern hemlock

Sugar maple

Northern white-cedar

Balsam fir

White pine

Red maple

Red spruce

Percent

Harvest

Conversion

Figure 82.—Percentage of average 

annual live-tree removals on forest land 

by source and species/species group, 

Maine, 1996-2003.

0 20 40 60 80 100

Northern red oak

Beech

Yellow birch

Paper birch

Aspen

Sugar maple

Northern white-cedar

Balsam fir

White pine

Red maple

Red spruce

Thousand Cubic Feet

Removals

Net Growth
62

Change in Basal Area

In the early years of the annual inventory, components of change were evaluated 

using basal area to overcome limitations of a relatively small remeasurement sample 

(Laustsen and others 2003; Laustsen and Griffi th 2002). The continuation of this analysis 

provides a link to previous reports and an assessment of trends but more importantly 

a strong correlation with the volume-based inventory and components of change. The 

analysis was conducted for growing-stock trees on timberland from 1995 to 2003 (Table 

21).

The annualized net change as a percentage of growing-stock basal area has improved 

over the 3-year period. In the third annual report, this rate was estimated at -1.3 percent. 

It improved to -1.1 percent in the fourth report, and again to the current estimate of -0.9 

percent. These three estimates continue to track the status in which removals exceed 

net growth; however, the steady improvement is encouraging.

Estimates of components of change for individual species illustrate past problems and 

future trends:

• Balsam fi r’s estimated annual basal-area ingrowth is 20 percent more than 

accretion, indicating a younger forest beginning to cross the merchantability 

threshold of 5 inches d.b.h..

• The 1-percent net change for eastern hemlock represents a reversal from the 

1995 analysis.

• American beech is a species of concern for two reasons. First, the estimate of 

growing-stock decrement is 200 percent more than the estimate for increment, 

indicating substantial reductions in quality over the last 8 years. Second, the 

annualized change of -5.3 percent further documents the imbalance in growth, 

mortality, and removals.

• The major species that are most out of balance in net change are American 

beech (-5.3 percent), aspen (-2.3), red spruce (-2.3), and balsam fi r (-1.9). In 

the case of red spruce and balsam fi r, a positive relationship should occur when 

small trees begin to reach the 5.0-inch merchantability limit.
63

Table 21.—Average annual net change of growing-stock basal area on timberland, by species group and component, Maine, 1996 to 2003

Annual percentage 

change from total 

current basal-area 

inventory

Gross

growth

Growingstock 

increment

Growing-stock 

decrement

Land-use 

removal

Total 

removals Species group Ingrowth Accretion Mortality Net growth Harvest Net change

Million ft2

Balsam fi r 3.30 2.74 6.04 -4.40 0.24 -0.38 1.50 -3.57 -0.14 -3.71 -2.22 -1.9White spruce 0.34 0.42 0.76 -0.24 0.07 -0.07 0.52 -0.44 0.00 -0.44 0.09 0.3Black spruce 0.30 0.23 0.53 -0.28 0.03 0.00 0.28 -0.45 -0.09 -0.54 -0.26 -1.1Red spruce 0.99 2.23 3.22 -1.79 0.26 -0.74 0.95 -3.83 -0.37 -4.21 -3.26 -2.3Red pine 0.24 0.07 0.31 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.31 0.00 -0.04 -0.04 0.27 4.4Pitch pine 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 -0.09 -0.09 0.00 0.00 0.00 -0.09 -9.5Eastern white pine 0.52 2.77 3.29 -0.57 0.46 -0.52 2.66 -2.17 -0.81 -2.98 -0.31 -0.3Other yellow pines 0.03 0.01 0.04 0.00 0.04 0.00 0.08 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.08 34.1Northern white-cedar 0.52 1.20 1.72 -0.56 1.01 -1.56 0.61 -1.27 -0.26 -1.53 -0.92 -0.8Eastern hemlock 0.56 1.55 2.11 -0.28 0.50 -0.58 1.75 -0.96 0.00 -0.96 0.79 1.0Other comm. softwoods 0.06 0.17 0.22 -0.17 0.03 0.00 0.08 -0.25 0.00 -0.25 -0.17 -2.0Total softwoods 6.85 11.40 18.25 -8.29 2.64 -3.94 8.65 -12.94 -1.71 -14.65 -6.00 -1.0 95% confi dence interval 6.10 - 7.61 10.48 - 12.31 16.98 - 19.51 -9.68 to -6.90 1.94 - 3.34 -5.04 to -2.85 6.43 - 10.87 -15.96 to -9.92 -3.03 to -0.39 -17.93 to -11.37 -10.00 to -2.00

Red maple 1.32 2.61 3.93 -0.73 1.59 -1.71 3.08 -3.79 -0.18 -3.97 -0.89 -0.6

Sugar maple 0.52 1.35 1.87 -0.15 0.59 -0.45 1.87 -1.58 -0.10 -1.68 0.19 0.2Yellow birch 0.41 0.99 1.40 -0.35 1.02 -0.86 1.20 -1.09 0.00 -1.09 0.11 0.2Paper birch 0.64 0.86 1.50 -0.91 0.18 -0.41 0.37 -1.24 -0.11 -1.35 -0.98 -1.7Hickory 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.0American beech 0.47 0.80 1.27 -1.54 0.43 -1.00 -0.84 -1.22 -0.18 -1.39 -2.24 -5.3White ash 0.19 0.49 0.68 -0.08 0.09 -0.02 0.66 -0.23 -0.02 -0.25 0.41 2.3Aspen 0.71 1.13 1.85 -0.74 0.01 -0.50 0.62 -1.75 -0.08 -1.83 -1.21 -2.3Black cherry 0.01 0.02 0.03 -0.02 0.00 -0.02 -0.01 -0.02 0.00 -0.02 -0.03 -1.8White oak 0.00 0.01 0.01 0.00 0.02 -0.01 0.02 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.02 1.7Northern red oak 0.34 0.71 1.05 -0.09 0.05 -0.01 0.99 -0.34 -0.20 -0.54 0.45 1.4Other white oaks 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.0Other red oaks 0.00 0.03 0.03 -0.07 0.00 0.00 -0.04 0.00 0.00 0.00 -0.04 -2.8American basswood 0.01 0.03 0.03 0.00 0.00 -0.02 0.01 -0.02 0.00 -0.02 -0.01 -1.1Elm 0.08 0.01 0.09 -0.05 0.00 0.00 0.04 -0.03 0.00 -0.03 0.01 1.7Other comm. hardwoods 0.08 0.05 0.13 -0.13 0.01 -0.16 -0.16 -0.02 -0.11 -0.14 -0.29 -6.3Total hardwoods 4.79 9.07 13.86 -4.86 4.00 -5.19 7.80 -11.31 -0.98 -12.30 -4.49 -0.995% confi dence interval 4.03 - 5.54 8.31 - 9.84 12.72 - 15.00 -5.74 to -3.98 2.92 - 5.07 -6.33 to -4.05 5.65 - 9.96 -13.74 to -8.89 -1.78 to -0.18 -14.84 to -9.75 -7.81 to -1.17

Total, all species 11.64 20.47 32.11 -13.16 6.63 -9.13 16.46 -24.25 -2.70 -26.95 -10.49 -0.9

95% confi dence interval 10.53 - 12.75 19.31 - 21.63 30.43 - 33.79 30.43 - 33.79 5.35 - 7.92 -10.86 to -7.40 13.26 - 19.65 -28.49 - -20.02 -4.42 to -0.98 -31.48 to -22.41 -16.09 to -4.89
64

Mortality

Estimates of mortality or the volume of trees that died 

since the previous inventory are the most important 

forest-health variable collected by FIA. Mortality refl ects 

a combination of factors that cause tree death. The 

estimates are intended to describe major disturbances 

that affect signifi cant acreage or numbers of trees, e.g., 

effects of ice storms (Irland 1998). Ultimately, tree death 

creates gaps and openings that result in the establishment 

of new trees. It should be noted that mortality may be 

underrepresented because a tree that dies and then is 

cut is classifi ed as removal because of the diffi culty in 

determining whether it died prior to cutting. At the 

landscape level, tree mortality was one-third of the 

gross growth of live trees, which is a proxy for the total 

productivity of the forest from 1995 to 2003. It is diffi cult 

to compare data from different periods, but the estimate 

of mortality likely was about half of gross growth from 

1983 to 1995. Currently, stands at risk of impending 

mortality represent a prime opportunity to capture live 

volume and thus maximize stand productivity.

The overall average rate of mortality for the recent 

inventory period was 1.2 percent of the volume of live 

trees. Comparing this to rates for the major species/species 

groups allows a relative assessment. As expected, softwood 

mortality was above average (Fig. 85). Mortality of balsam 

fi r, beech, paper birch, and aspen was above average 

mortality (Fig. 86). Mortality of red spruce roughly 

equaled the state average. Important species with below 

Figure 85.—Average annual mortality of live-tree volume on forest land as a percentage of inventory, Maine, 2003.

Figure 86.—Average annual mortality of live-tree volume on forest land as a percentage of inventory for select species, 

Maine, 2003.

0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0

Sugar maple

Eastern hemlock

Red oak

Red maple

Northern white-cedar

Yellow birch

White pine

Red spruce

Aspen

Paper Birch

Beech

Balsam fir

Percent

Average Rate for the Period = 1.2 percent

0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 1.4 1.6

Softwoods

Hardwoods

All species

Percent

Average Rate for the Period = 1.2 percent
65

Northern

Southern

Western

Eastern

Androscoggin

Saco

Kennebec

Penobscot

St. John

Maine Coastal

average mortality were white pine, yellow birch, northern 

white-cedar, red maple, and northern red oak.

The spatial distribution of mortality shows a random 

patchy pattern across Maine (Fig. 87). Balsam fi r 

mortality is prevalent across the Central region of the 

State. This appears to be a major shift from mortality 

that was concentrated in northern Maine between 1982 

and 1995 (McWilliams and others 1997). Other species 

display more sporadic patterns.

Figure 87.—Distribution of mortality expressed as a percentage of basal area per acre of forest land, Maine, 2003.

All Species Balsam Fir

Aspen Paper Birch

Spruces Northern White-Cedar

Beech
66

Timber Products Output

The MFS has records and sources of timber 

products output that date to the early 1900’s. 

These records refl ect the harvest of sawlog 

and pulpwood products for softwoods and 

hardwoods. The history of Maine’s product 

output for the past century centers on two 

major production events. The fi rst, a buildup 

of production, lasted through the fi rst decade 

of the 1900’s (Fig. 88). Overall production 

peaked in 1909. This was followed by a 

collapse that reached a low point in the early 

1930’s due to a combination of the negative 

impact of the spruce budworm outbreak in the 1910-20 era and reduced demand associated with 

the Great Depression. Production then increased in three steeply cascading surges, each of which 

was followed by a brief period of level production.

Softwood products, primarily pulpwood, dominate all the major trends in product output (Fig. 

89). Production of softwood pulpwood peaked at 2.3 million cords in 1984. This was followed 

by a precipitous decline that continues today. Beginning in the early 1950’s, hardwood pulpwood 

increased steadily until it exceeded softwood production in 1991. The production mix has been 

roughly two-thirds hardwood and one-third softwood over the last 5 years.

The history of sawlog production reveals more dramatic reversals in periodic production that 

were driven primarily by three declines in softwood production: from 1910 to 1930, 1950 to 

Figure 88.—Annual total harvest (pulpwood and sawlogs), Maine (1870 – 2002), displayed as a trailing 

5-year average. 

0

1,000,000

2,000,000

3,000,000

4,000,000

5,000,000

6,000,000

7,000,000

1870 1880 1890 1900 1910 1920 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010

Cords
67

1960, and 1975 to 1985 (Fig. 90). Trends in sawlog 

output are heavily weighted toward the production of 

softwood sawlogs. Hardwood sawlog production began 

to grow in the 1950’s and has increased steadily since 

then. Hardwood sawlogs have contributed more than 20 

percent of total sawlog production during the past 5 years.

Figure 89.—Reported pulpwood harvest volumes (cords), by major species, for Maine (1899 - 2002), 

displayed as a trailing 5 year average, 2003.

0

500,000

1,000,000

1,500,000

2,000,000

2,500,000

3,000,000

3,500,000

4,000,000

1870 1880 1890 1900 1910 1920 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010

Cords

Total Pulpwood

Softwood Pulpwood

Hardwood Pulpwood

Figure 90.—Reported sawlog harvest volumes (Mbf), by major species group, for Maine (1870 - 2002), 

displayed as a trailing 5 year average, 2003.

0

200,000

400,000

600,000

800,000

1,000,000

1,200,000

1,400,000

1,600,000

1870 1880 1890 1900 1910 1920 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010

Thousand Board Feet

Total Sawlogs

Softwood Sawlogs

Hardwood Sawlogs
68

Forest Health Parameters

The national Forest Health Monitoring (FHM) program 

was fi rst initiated in New England in 1990 (Brooks and 

others 1992) in response to increasing concern for the 

health of the Nation’s forests with respect to pollution, 

insects, diseases, climate change, and other stressors. The 

objective of the FHM program is to monitor, assess, and 

report on the long-term status, changes, and trends in 

forest-health indicators at regional and national scales. 

Measurements of FHM indicators are taken in addition 

to the basic tree measurements collected on Phase 2 

plots that are coincident with Phase 3 plots. Indicators 

are defi ned as any environmental component that 

quantitatively estimates the condition or change in the 

condition of ecological resources, the magnitude of stress, 

or the exposure of a biological component to stress. The 

FHM indicators addressed in this report are tree damage, 

crown condition, down woody material, ground-level 

ozone injury, lichens, and vegetation. The data-collection 

method for each indicator is described briefl y in each 

section. The data presented here represent P3 plots that 

were surveyed at some time in the 1999-2003 period.

Tree Damage

Tree damage and the severity of that damage are assessed for 

trees at least 1 inch in diameter. As many as three damages 

can be recorded per tree in the following order: roots, 

roots and lower bole, lower bole, lower and upper bole, 

upper bole, crown, stem, and branches (USDA For. Serv. 

2002a). The types of damage that are recorded include 

cankers, decay, wounds, resinosis, cracks, broken bole or 

roots, brooms, dead roots, vines, dead terminal, dead or 

broken branches, excessive branching, damaged foliage, and 

discoloration of foliage. Decay is the most common type of 

damage encountered. All trees with a damage recorded were 

considered damaged regardless of location or severity.

A map of the percentage of total basal area at each plot with 

damage is shown for selected species in Figure 91. For a 

given species, plots were included only if at least three trees 

were sampled. The spatial distributions of damage appear 

to be random for most species. Beech had the highest 

proportion of plots (71 percent) showing substantial 

damage. Most of this damage likely is due to the effects 

of beech bark disease and severe drought. In general, the 

frequency of substantial damage was much higher for 

hardwoods than for softwoods.
69

Spruces White Pine

Balsam Fir

Figure 91.—Tree damage recorded on Phase 2 samples for selected species, Maine, 2003.

Sugar Maple Aspen

Beech

Northern

Southern

Western

Eastern

Androscoggin

Saco

Kennebec

Penobscot

St. John

Maine Coastal
70

Crown Condition

Each measurement of crown condition contains 

information that can be used individually or in 

combination with other measurements. Tree-level 

measurements include vigor class, crown ratio, light 

exposure, crown position, crown density, crown dieback, 

and foliage transparency. Factors used to determine 

the condition of tree crowns are crown dieback, crown 

density, and foliage transparency. Crown dieback is 

recent mortality of branches with fi ne twigs and refl ects 

the severity of recent stresses on a tree. Crown density is 

defi ned as the amount of crown branches, foliage, and 

reproductive structures that block light visibility through 

the crown. Crown density can serve as an indicator of 

expected growth in the near future. Foliage transparency 

is the amount of skylight visible through the live, 

normally foliated portion of the crown. Changes in foliage 

transparency also can occur due to defoliation or from 

reduced foliage resulting from stresses in preceding years. 

A crown was labeled as poor if crown dieback exceeded 20 

percent, crown density was less than 35 percent, or foliage 

transparency was greater than 35 percent. These thresholds 

were based on preliminary fi ndings by Steinman (2000) 

that associated crown ratings with tree mortality.

The percentage of basal area with poor crowns is shown 

for selected species in Figure 92. The incidence of poor 

crowns was highest in beech and aspen. Nearly 65 percent 

of the plots had more than 10 percent basal area with poor 

crowns. Poor beech crowns would be expected in light 

of other fi ndings and because the foliage of trees infected 

with beech bark disease often become sparse (Le Guerrier 

2003). Since aspen is relatively short lived (Laidly 1990; 

Perala 1990), crowns may be poor in trees nearing the end 

of their normal lifespan. For white pine and balsam fi r, 

nearly 21 percent of the plots had more than 10 percent 

basal area with poor crowns. Conversely, relatively few 

sugar maple and spruce species had poor crowns.

Ground-Level Ozone Injury

Ozone (O3

) is a byproduct of industrial development 

and is found in the lower atmosphere. It forms when 

nitrogen oxides and volatile organic compounds react in 

the presence of sunlight (Brace and others 1999). Groundlevel O3

 has been known to have a detrimental effect on 

forest ecosystems. Certain plant species exhibit visible, 

easily diagnosed foliar symptoms. O3

 stress in a forest 

environment can be detected and monitored by using 

these plants as indicators. In the FHM program, these 

indicator plants monitor changes in air quality across a 

region and are used to evaluate the relationship between 

O3

 air quality and the indicators of forest condition 

(USDA For. Serv. 2002b).

The O3-induced foliar injury on indicator plants is 

used to describe the risk of impact within the forest 

environment using a national system of sites (Smith and 

others 2003). These sites are not co-located with FIA 

samples. O3

 plots are chosen for ease of access and optimal 

size, species, and plant counts. As such, the plots do not 

have set boundaries and vary in size. At each plot, 10 to 

30 individual plants of three or more indicator species 

are evaluated for O3

 injury (Table 22). Each plant is rated 

for the proportion of leaves with O3

 injury and the mean 

severity of symptoms using break points that correspond 

to the human eye’s ability to distinguish differences. An 

index is calculated based on amount and severity ratings. 

The fi ndings for Maine indicate that there is little or no 

risk of foliar injury due to O3

 across the entire State (Table 

23). By contrast, portions of the Mid-Atlantic region are 

at medium or high risk (Coulston and others 2003).

Table 22.—Distribution of plants sampled 

for ozone injury by species, Maine, 2003

Species Percent

Dogbane 28

Milkweed 27

Blackberry 22

White ash 8

Pin cherry 8

Black cherry 6

Aster 1

Table 23.—FIA P3 plots and plant specimens 

examined for ozone injury, Maine, 2003

Year Number 

of plots

Number 

of plants

Number of 

injured plants

1999 24 1070 0

2000 19 799 0

2001 22 940 0

2002 16 1611 0

2003 18 1539 0
71

White Pine Balsam Fir Spruces

Aspen

Sugar Maple

Beech

Figure 92.—Crown conditions recorded on Phase 3 samples for selected species, Maine, 2003.

Northern

Southern

Western

Eastern

Androscoggin

Saco

Kennebec

Penobscot

St. John

Maine Coastal
72

Lichens

Lichens are composite, symbiotic organisms from 

as many as three kingdoms. The dominant partner 

is a fungus. Fungi can produce their own food as 

parasites or decomposers. The lichen fungi (kingdom 

Fungi) cultivate partners that manufacture food 

by photosynthesis. At times, the partners are algae 

(kingdom Protista) or cyanobacteria (kingdom Monera), 

formerly called blue-green algae. Some enterprising 

fungi exploit both at once (Brodo and others 2001).

Monitoring of the lichen community was included 

in the FHM process to address key issues such as the 

impact of air pollution on forest resources, and spatial 

and temporal trends in biodiversity. This long-term 

monitoring program in the United States dates to 

1994 and is currently implemented in 32 states. The 

objectives of the lichen indicator are to determine the 

presence and abundance of lichen species on woody 

plants and collect samples. Lichens are found on many 

substrates, e.g., rocks, though sampling was restricted 

to standing trees or branches/twigs that recently fell to 

the ground. The samples were sent to lichen experts for 

species identifi cation.

There is a close relationship between lichen 

communities and air pollution, particularly sulfur 

dioxide and acidifying or fertilizing nitrogen- and 

sulfur-based pollutants. Lichens are highly sensitive to 

air quality because they rely on atmospheric sources of 

nutrition. By contrast, it is diffi cult to separate treegrowth responses specifi c to air pollution (McCune 

2000).

In all, 149 lichen species in 42 genera were sampled 

on Phase 3 plots (1999-2003) (Table 24). The most 

common lichen genera, Parmelia and Usnea, were on 10 

percent of the plots. The genera with the most species 

sampled were Cladonia (22 species) and Usnea (16).

Species diversity is a combination of the number of 

species (species richness) in an area and the distribution 

of individuals among species (eveness). The distribution 

of species richness for lichens and associated diversity 

are shown in Figure 93. In general, species richness and 

Table 24.—Percentage of specimens and number of 

species for lichen genera sampled, Maine, 2003

Genus All specimens All species

Parmelia 11.4 5

Usnea 9.7 16

Hypogymnia 9.3 3

Cetraria 8.9 8

Melanelia 6.7 7

Cladonia 6.1 22

Evernia 5.3 1

Bryoria 5.0 6

Platismatia 5.0 2

Lobaria 4.6 2

Phaeophyscia 3.9 5

Punctelia 3.9 3

Myelochroa 3.3 2

Flavoparmelia 2.3 2

Physcia 2.1 4

Ramalina 2.1 7

Imshaugia 1.5 1

Leptogium 1.3 8

Pyxine 1.2 1

Parmeliopsis 1.2 3

Cetrelia 0.9 2

Physconia 0.7 2

Collema 0.6 2

Menegazzia 0.5 1

Candelaria 0.4 2

Xanthoria 0.3 2

Pseudocyphellaria 0.3 2

Anaptychia 0.3 1

Heterodermia 0.2 1

Pannaria 0.2 3

Parmeliella 0.1 5

Peltigera 0.1 3

Nephroma 0.1 2

Parmotrema 0.1 2

Alectoria 0.1 1

Cladina 0.1 1

Hypotrachyna 0.1 1

Pseudevernia 0.0 2

Sticta 0.0 2

Everniastrum 0.0 1

Fuscopannaria 0.0 2

Vulpicida 0.0 1

Total 100.0 149

Note: Data may not add to totals due to rounding.
73

diversity are higher in the northern half of Maine. This 

is a function of the spatial distribution of forest-type 

groups in the State. Mean species richness of the spruce/

fi r forest-type group that makes up most of Maine’s 

northern forest is higher than the type groups that make 

up the forests in Southern region (Table 25). Lichen 

species richness is similar among stand-diameter classes 

(Table 26). The mean number of lichen species sampled 

was lowest on large sawtimber plots and highest on small 

sawtimber-size plots.

Some lichen species are more apt to be found in latesuccessional and old-growth (LSOG) forests. Thus, 

they can be used as an indicator of LSOG stands (Selva 

1994). The spatial distribution of LSOG lichen species 

richness is shown in Figure 94. Areas with high numbers 

of LSOG lichen species exhibit some correspondence 

to areas with high numbers of trees at least 16.0 inches 

d.b.h. (Fig. 95). Existing research has shown that forest 

land with signifi cant numbers of trees 16.0 inches are 

likely candidates for classifi cation as LSOG (Whitman 

Figure 93.—Number of lichen species and lichen diversity index, Maine, 2003.

Table 25.—Number of FIA P3 plots and richness 

and diversity of lichen species by forest-type 

group, Maine, 2003

Forest-type group Plots Richness Diversity

Spruce/fi r 96 21.2 2.87

Maple/beech/birch 61 19.2 2.76

Aspen/birch 15 16.5 2.5

White pine/hemlock 19 15.7 2.57

Table 26.—Number of FIA P3 plots and richness and 

diversity of lichen species by stand-diameter class

Stand-diameter class Plots Richness Diversity

Sapling 48 19.56 2.77

Poletimber 87 19.49 2.8

Small sawtimber 36 20.83 2.92

Large sawtimber 23 17.91 2.73

Lichen Species Lichen Diversity Index
74

and Hagan 2004). The twenty-fi ve LSOG lichen species 

sampled in Maine included:

Alectoria sarmentosa Leptogium tenuissimum

Anaptychia palmulata Lobaria pulmonaria

Collema nigrescens Lobaria quercizans

Collema subfl accidum Menegazzia terebrata

Heterodermia speciosa Myelochroa aurulenta

Hypogymnia tabulosa Nephroma helveticum

Leptogium burnetiae Nephroma resuptinatum

Leptogium corticola Pseudocyphellaria aurata

Leptogium cyanescens Pseudocyphellaria crocata

Leptogium laceroides Pyxine sorediata

Leptogium lichenoides Ramalina thrausta

Leptogium miligranum Usnea longissmia

Leptogium saturninum

Soil Erosion

In general, Maine’s forests are associated with low levels 

of erosion. None of the samples in the four megaregions 

showed evidence of soil erosion. Preventive forces, such 

as forest cover, an evenly distributed precipitation regime, 

and large areas with low slopes account for the State’s 

low erosion levels. This does not mean that management 

practices should ignore erosion potential as steeper slopes, 

compacted areas, and lack of vegetation foster erosion.

Figure 94.—Number of late-successional lichen species, 

Maine, 2003.

Figure 95.—Estimated number of trees per acre larger than 16.0 inches in diameter at breast height, Maine, 2003.

Softwoods Hardwoods All Species
75

Vegetation Diversity and Structure

The objectives of the vegetation indicator are to assess 

forest ecosystem health with respect to diversity, 

abundance, and rate of change of native and nonnative 

vascular plant species, and the vertical layering of 

vegetation within a forest (Stapanian and others 1998). 

Chronic stressors like discrete site degradation, climate 

change, and pollution can change the composition 

of species and lead to the decline or local eradication 

Web Resources

USDA Forest Service, Northeastern Research Station FIA: 

 http://www.fs.fed.us/ne/fi a/

USDA Forest Service, Forest Inventory Mapmaker: 

 http://ncrs2.fs.fed.us/4801/fi adb/index.htm

USDA Forest Service, National Woodland Ownership Survey:

 http://www.fs.fed.us/woodlandowners

Maine Department of Conservation, Maine Forest Service: 

 http://www.state.me.us/doc/mfs/mfshome.htm

Department of Maine Inland Fish and Wildlife: 

 http://www.state.me.us/ifw/index.html

University of Maine, College of Natural Sciences, Forestry and Agriculture:

 http://www.nsfa.umaine.edu/

Maine Audubon: 

 http://www.maineaudubon.org/conserve/index.shtml

Manomet Center for Conservation Sciences: 

 http://www.manomet.org/

Multi-Resolution Land Characteristics Consortium: 

 http://www.mrlc.gov/index.asp

U.S. Census Bureau: 

 http://www.census.gov/

U.S. Department of the Interior Geological Survey: 

 http://www.usgs.gov/

USDA National Resource Conservation Service: 

 http://www.nrcs.usda.gov/

of sensitive species, as well as increase the number of 

opportunistic species such as weedy nonnative plants. The 

abundance and layering of vegetation is a good predictor 

of wildlife habitat and the severity of damage that might 

develop when fi re occurs. In addition, individual species 

are important indicators of a site’s potential productivity, 

economic value, and wildlife forage and shelter (USDA 

For. Serv. 2002b). In Maine, data collection for the 

vegetation indicator is scheduled to begin in FY2006. 
76

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80

Appendix

counties). Stratifi ed estimation is applied by assigning 

each plot to one of these collapsed strata and by 

calculating the area of each collapsed stratum in each 

estimation unit. Stratifi ed estimation produces more 

precise estimates than simple random sampling. 

Phase 2

Field measurements are conducted at sample locations 

distributed systematically about every 3 miles across 

the landscape. Sample locations are situated within 

individual cells of a national hexagonal grid laid across 

the State of Maine. Each Phase 2 sample represents about 

6,000 acres depending on the Phase 1 stratifi cation of 

forest land. The new national design also incorporates 

a change to a four-subplot cluster (USDA For. Serv. 

2002a). At each location, a suite of variables is measured 

that characterizes the land and trees associated with the 

sample (Fig. 96). Each year, 20 percent of the sample 

locations are measured, that is, it takes 5 years to 

Annual Inventory Design

The annual inventory system combines features of the 

periodic system with a new systematic grid of sample 

plots and incorporates measurements from the FHM 

program. The inventory consists of three phases.

Phase 1

Phase 1 procedures reduce variance associated with 

estimates of forest-land area. A statistical estimation 

technique is used to classify digital satellite imagery and 

stratify the land base as forest or nonforest to assign a 

representative acreage to each sample plot. Source data 

are from Landsat Thematic Mapper (30-m resolution) 

imagery that ranged from 1999 to 2001. An image 

fi ltering technique is used to classify individual pixels 

using the 5- by 5-pixel region that surrounds each 

pixel that contains the sample plot. The resulting 26 

classes are collapsed for each estimation unit (county 

or supercounty; the latter is a combination of small 

Figure 96.—Phase 2 and 3 sample design, Maine, 1995-2003.
81

complete the inventory. Each year’s sample is referred to 

as an “inventory panel.” The overall design is referred to 

as an “interpenetrating design” because no two cells are 

adjacent to one another within each inventory panel. As 

a result, each panel provides an unbiased representation 

of conditions across the State. Each completed panel 

is combined with existing panels to produce the most 

precise estimates possible. This report is based on the 

fi rst fi ve panels measured in Maine using the new 

annual inventory protocols. After the next panel is 

complete, the set of panels used for estimation “moves” 

to the most recent fi ve panels (2nd through 6th year). 

The moving average approach ensures that the most 

current and complete inventory data are used.

Phase 3

More extensive forest-health measurements are collected 

during a 10-week period in summer on a subset of 

Phase 2 sample locations. The measurements are 

grouped into six general categories of indicators: crown 

condition, understory vegetation, down woody material, 

soil condition, lichen communities, and ozone damage. 

The intensity of the Phase 3 sample is one sample 

location per 96,000 acres of land. The relatively small 

number of Phase 3 samples does not provide detailed 

analyses in some cases. For example, breaking down 

tree damage for a particular species by region reduces 

the number of samples and yields a high sampling error 

(SE).

Ensuring Consistency with Previous 

Inventories

Compiling and reporting results for the fi rst fi ve panels 

of the annual inventory required additional work to 

ensure comparisons were valid in light of changing 

procedures, defi nitions, and estimation methods. Three 

areas of concern were addressed for the 1982 and 1995 

inventories because existing digital inventory data could 

be recompiled to current standards. Comparisons to 

published inventory information prior to 1982 should 

be used with caution to ensure valid comparisons. 

The fi rst concern involved consistency in the estimate of 

total forest land in Maine. In previous annual reports, 

analyses were limited to the timberland portion of the 

forest-land base. This approach has adequately addressed 

wood-supply issues, but more holistic analyses cover the 

entire forest-land base. This has required incorporating 

“other forest land” in a consistent manner for the 

previous two periodic inventories.

Also, as part of the nationalization of the FIA program, 

all statistical estimation and compilation systems are 

being reviewed for consistency among regional FIA 

units. The intent is to have a national system with 

comparable data and information across state and 

regional boundaries. This resulted in modifi cations 

to the procedures and algorithms for compiling data 

on stocking, forest type, and stand-size class that were 

used in development of information for this report. 

The algorithm used to classify these variables has 

undergone signifi cant modifi cations, so estimates in 

older publications are not comparable with current 

ones. To overcome this limitation, the latest national 

approach was used to recompute stocking, forest type, 

and stand-size class for the current and two most recent 

inventories. Comparisons of these variables now can 

be analyzed using a temporally consistent classifi cation 

system (Appendix Tables A2, A3, A28, A31, A32, A35, 

A36, A37, A38, A39, B3, B4, B14, C3, C4, and C14). 

A supplemental approach for developing forest-habitat 

types was implemented because this variable is preferred 

as a measure of composition in Maine (see Gadzik and 

others 1998). A more detailed measure of stand-size 

class--stand-diameter class--was developed to divide the 

sawtimber class into small and large sizes. Also, stocking 

levels were assigned using the FIBER model (see 

Defi nition of Terms).

The third concern involved the estimation of individual 

tree volumes that are used to develop trend data for 

inventory volume. Due to continuing diffi culties in 

estimating tree bole and sawlog lengths over time, a 

procedure that predicts previous merchantable lengths 

by assigning an average length by species group and 

diameter class has been used in the past. An improved 

procedure that uses nonlinear regression were developed 

(Westfall and Laustsen, in press). New tree-section 

lengths have been used to recompute all individual 

tree volumes for the 1982 and 1995 inventories. These 

new estimates improve the ability to estimate change 
82

components (net growth, removals, and mortality), but 

does not solve the problematic lack of remeasurement 

of all sample locations and trees in the sample during 

the fi rst 5-year inventory cycle. When the new sample 

grid was put in place, half of the sample locations were 

new. On the roughly 50 percent of sample locations 

that were remeasured, only trees on the central 24-foot, 

circular-radius fi xed plot centered over the previously 

used 52.7-foot, circular-radius fi xed plot (1/5 acre) 

were remeasured. Thus, only 12-percent of the sample 

trees measured in 1995 were remeasured in the fi rst 

5-year cycle. During the second cycle of inventory 

measurements, all sample locations and trees will be 

remeasured on forested samples. It is interesting to 

note that the fi rst panel to be remeasured will capture 

a remeasured sample of trees that exceeds the entire 

fi rst 5 years. As a result, the second cycle of inventory 

is expected to provide consistency between change in 

inventory volume and the net difference between net 

growth and removals estimates.

To overcome inconsistencies in previous publications, 

all of the 1982 and 1995 data have been recompiled to 

current standards. A set of reconciled tables is included in 

the Appendix.

Statistical Signifi cance

This report contains a wealth of statistical estimates that 

are compared over time and among numerous variables. 

Changes in estimates are discussed in terms of direction 

and magnitude. In most cases, mention of “signifi cant” 

changes are based on comparing 67-percent confi dence 

intervals for the various estimates. If confi dence intervals 

overlap, there has been no real change in a statistical 

sense. When confi dence intervals do not overlap, 

signifi cant change has occurred. This approach was 

used throughout the report, though no attempt was 

made to include all of the statistical tests of signifi cance. 

Sampling errors are provided in the Appendix Tables. To 

approximate 95-percent confi dence intervals, multiply 

the SE’s by 2.

Benefi ts: More Rapid and Complete 

Resource Analyses

Perhaps the most salient benefi t of the new inventory 

system will be the nearly threefold improvement in 

timeliness. A complete new inventory will be available at 

the end of each 5-year cycle with updates on conditions 

available yearly. The installation of a single remeasured 

sample design across the State will greatly improve the 

quality of information on change in resource extent, 

status, and condition. The use of this national sample 

design will facilitate resource assessments that straddle 

traditional regional and state boundaries to include 

Maine’s results within the New England region, as well as 

national and international assessments. The FIA website 

can be used to download data and make specifi c tabular 

queries for any state in the Nation: http://ncrs2.fs.fed.

us/4801/fi adb/index.htm.

The extension of the sample to include a broader range 

of measurements will help analysts better understand the 

relationships between resource change and underlying 

ecological variables. The implementation of a suite 

of forest health variables (Phase 3) will foster a more 

complete understanding of conditions on Phase 2 plots. 

The hiring of permanent fi eld crews is a signifi cant 

advantage over the use of temporary crews. Under the 

new design, crew members are visiting sample locations 

within their region year after year, enhancing their ability 

to locate samples, obtain permission from landowners, 

identify local species, evaluate tree quality, understand 

forest composition and management activities, and 

measure the forces affecting resource change in their 

region.

Although not a direct benefi t of the annual inventory, 

new developments in geospatial analysis allow the use 

of the FIA grid samples to produce spatial surfaces that 

represent indicators of interest in Maine. A suite of 

mapped products is presented. The mapped surfaces were 

developed using modeling techniques or, in some cases, a 

simple display of sample locations. In the case of kriging 

and other modeling, the Phase 1 forest-land base map is 

used to highlight variables of interest on 30-m pixels. The 

techniques selected take the best advantage of the spatial 

variability of the FIA data. Each approach provides a 

“mapped surface” that expresses this variability for the 

variable of interest. The intent of these products is not 

attempt to actually map each 30-m pixel but to display 
83

the area according to confi dence of occurrence classes 

based on the FIA samples. One concern is determining 

how many sample plots are needed to provide a 

reasonable depiction of the spatial variability. In many 

cases, the FIA data are rich enough to utilize kriging. 

Another issue involves the neighbor-search routines used 

by kriging and the caution of displaying averages that 

refl ect a wide range of values. For example, high basalarea plots that are averaged with low basal-area plots 

result in medium values assigned to pixels.
84

Defi nition of Terms

Accretion. The estimated net growth on trees that were 

measured during the previous inventory (divided by the 

number of growing seasons between surveys to produce 

average annual accretion). It does not include the growth 

on trees that were cut during the period, nor those trees 

that died. This component uses the incremental change 

in volume between two inventories.

Basal area. The cross-sectional area of a tree stem at breast 

height, expressed in square feet.

Board foot. A unit of lumber measurement 1 foot 

long, 1 foot wide, and 1 inch thick, or its equivalent. 

International 1⁄4 inch rule is used as the USDA Forest 

Service standard log rule in the Eastern United States. 

Commercial species. Tree species currently or 

prospectively suitable for industrial wood products; 

excludes species of typically small size, poor form, or 

inferior quality, e.g., hawthorn and sumac.

Condition. A delineation of a land area based on land 

use, forest type, stand size, regeneration status, reserved 

status, tree density, and owner class.

Cropland. Land that currently supports agricultural 

crops including silage and feed grains, bare farm fi elds 

resulting from cultivation or harvest, and maintained 

orchards. Includes cropland used for cover crops and soil 

improvement.

Cull decrement. The net volume of rough or rotten 

trees in the previous inventory that are classifi ed as 

growing-stock trees in the current inventory (divided by 

the number of growing seasons between inventories to 

compute average annual cull decrement).

Cull increment. The net volume of growing-stock trees 

in the previous inventory that are classifi ed as rough 

or rotten trees in the current inventory (divided by 

the number of growing seasons between inventories to 

compute average annual cull increment).

Cull tree. A rough tree or a rotten tree.

Diameter at breast height (d.b.h.). The diameter outside 

bark of a standing tree measured at 4-1/2 feet above the 

ground.

Dry ton. A unit of measure of dry weight equivalent to 

2,000 pounds or 907.1848 kilograms.

Dry weight. The weight of wood and bark as it would be 

if it had been oven dried; usually expressed in pounds or 

tons.

Forest land. Land that is at least 10 percent stocked with 

trees of any size, or that formerly had such tree cover 

and is not currently developed for a nonforest use. The 

minimum area for classifi cation of forest land is 1 acre. 

The components that make up forest land are timberland 

and all noncommercial forest land.

Forest type. A classifi cation of forest land based on the 

species that form a plurality of live-tree stocking.

Forest-type group. A combination of forest types that 

share closely associated species or site requirements are 

combined into forest-type groups.

Gross growth. The sum of accretion and ingrowth.

Growing-stock trees. Live trees of commercial species 

classifi ed as sawtimber, or poletimber; that is, all live trees 

of commercial species except rough and rotten trees.

Growing-stock volume. Net volume, in cubic feet, of 

growing-stock trees 5.0 inches and larger d.b.h. in from 

a 1-foot stump to a minimum 4.0-inch top diameter 

outside the bark of the central stem, or to the point 

where the central stem breaks into limbs. Net volume 

equals gross volume less deduction for cull.

Habitat type. A classifi cation of forest land that uses 

existing trees to classify conditions according to “potential 

natural” tree communities. These ecological habitat types 

are intended to describe communities that are stable 

over time as opposed to traditional FIA forest types that 

describe only the existing vegetation. The FIBER model 

is used to classify sample plot conditions using habitats 
85

that are determined by soil-site relationships that change 

slowly (Solomon and others 1995; Leak 1982). Habitat 

types used for Maine are beech/red maple, cedar/black 

spruce, hemlock/red spruce, oak/white pine, spruce/fi r, 

and sugar maple/ash.

Harvest disturbance.

a) Partial harvest. Harvest by which trees are removed 

individually or in small patches (fewer than 5 acres in 

size), sometimes referred to as selection cutting.

b) Shelterwood. Harvest of mature trees from a forest 

site in two or more stages. The fi rst stage removes 

only a portion of the trees to allow establishment of 

regeneration before the remaining trees are removed in 

a subsequent harvest.

c) Clearcut. Harvest on a site more than 5 acres in 

size that results in a residual basal area of acceptable 

growing-stock trees more than 4.5-inches d.b.h. and 

less than 30 square feet per acre, unless after harvesting 

the site has a well-distributed stand of acceptable 

growing-stock trees at least 3.0 and 5.0 feet tall for 

softwoods and hardwoods, respectively.

d) Change of land use. Harvest conducted to convert 

forest land to another land use, such as house lots, farm 

pastures, and other uses.

Hardwoods. Dicotyledonous trees, usually broad-leaved 

and deciduous.

Ingrowth. The estimated net volume of trees that became 

5.0 inches or larger in d.b.h. during the period between 

inventories (divided by the number of growing seasons 

between surveys to produce average annual ingrowth). 

Also, the estimated net volume of trees 5.0 inches 

and larger in d.b.h. that are growing on land that was 

reclassifi ed from noncommercial forest land or nonforest 

land to timberland.

International 1/4-inch rule. A log rule or formula 

for estimating the board-foot volume of logs. The 

mathematical formula is:

Board-foot volume = (0.22D2 - 0.71D)(0.904762)

for 4-foot sections, where D = diameter inside bark at 

the small end of the log section. This rule is used as the 

USDA Forest Service standard log rule in the Eastern 

United States.

Land area. (a) Bureau of Census: The area of dry land 

and land temporarily or partly covered by water, such 

as marshes, swamps, and river fl ood plains; streams, 

sloughs, estuaries, and canals less than 200 feet wide; and 

lakes, reservoirs, and ponds less than 4.5 acres in area; 

(b) Forest Inventory and Analysis: same as (a) except that 

the minimum width of streams, etc. is 120 feet, and the 

minimum size of lakes, etc. is 1 acre.

Land use. A classifi cation of land that indicates the 

primary use at the time of inventory. Major categories are 

forest land and nonforest land. 

Live tree. Growing-stock, rough, and rotten trees of 

any size. Live trees at least 1.0 inch d.b.h. and larger are 

commonly referred to.

Merchantable stem. The main stem of the tree between a 

1-foot stump height and a 4-inch top diameter (outside 

the bark), including the wood and bark.

Mortality. The estimated net volume of trees at the 

previous inventory that died from natural causes before 

the current inventory (divided by the number of growing 

seasons between surveys to produce average annual 

mortality).

Net change. The difference between the current and 

previous inventory estimates of volume (divided by the 

number of growing seasons between surveys to produce 

average annual net change). Components of net change 

are ingrowth plus accretion, minus mortality, minus cull 

increment, plus cull decrement, minus removals.

Net dry weight. The dry weight of woody material less 

the weight of all unsound (rotten) material.

Net growth. The change, resulting from natural causes, 

in volume during the period between surveys (divided 

by the number of growing seasons to produce average 

annual net growth). Components of net growth are 

ingrowth plus accretion, minus mortality, minus cull 

increment, plus cull decrement.
86

Noncensus water. Streams/rivers 120 to 200 feet wide 

and bodies of water 1 to 4.5 acres in size. The Bureau of 

the Census classifi es such water as land.

Noncommercial species. Tree of typically small size, poor 

form, or inferior quality that usually are unsuitable for 

industrial wood products.

Nonforest land. Land that has never supported forests, 

or land formerly forested but now in nonforest use, e.g., 

cropland, pasture, residential areas, marshes, swamps, 

highways, industrial or commercial sites, or noncensus 

water.

Nonsalvable dead tree. A dead tree with most or all of its 

bark missing that is at least 5.0 inches d.b.h. and at least 

4.5 feet tall.

Nonstocked area. A stand-size class of forest land that is 

less than 10 percent stocked with live trees.

Owner class. A classifi cation land into categories of 

ownership:

a) Forest industry. Land owned by companies or 

individuals that operate wood-using plants.

b) Nonindustrial private . Land owned by companies, 

nongovernmental organizations (such as timber 

investment management organizations), or individuals 

that do not operate wood-using plants.

c) Public. Land owned by federal, state, municipal, or 

county government.

Pasture land. Includes pasture land other than cropland 

and woodland pasture. It can include lands that have had 

lime fertilizer or seed applied, or that had been improved 

by irrigation, drainage, or control of weeds and brush.

Poletimber stand. A stand-size class of forest land that is 

at least 10 percent stocked with live trees of which half 

or more of such stocking is in poletimber or sawtimber 

trees, or both, and in which the stocking of poletimber 

exceeds that of sawtimber. This term also applies to the 

stand-diameter class variable that is based on basal area 

per acre.

Poletimber tree. A live tree of commercial species meeting 

regional specifi cations of soundness and form and at least 

5.0 inches in d.b.h. but smaller than a sawtimber tree (9.0 

inches d.b.h. for softwoods and 11.0 inches d.b.h. for 

hardwoods).

Potential sawtimber tree (sawlog quality). A commercial 

tree species that is fi eld coded as a growing stock tree 

but is below the minimum diameter for sawtimber (9.0 

inches d.b.h. for softwoods and 11.0 inches d.b.h. for 

hardwoods).

Pulpwood quality tree. A commercial tree species that is 

fi eld coded as a growing-stock tree or as a rough cull tree.

Relative stand density. A stocking classifi cation procedure 

that refl ects species, stage of development, and 

characteristics of the trees present in a stand.

Removals. The net volume harvested or killed in logging, 

cultural operations (such as timber stand improvement) 

or land clearing, and the net volume neither harvested nor 

killed but now growing on land that was reclassifi ed from 

timberland to noncommercial forest land or nonforest 

land during the period between surveys. This volume is 

divided by the number of growing seasons to produce 

average annual removals.

Reserved productive forest land. Forest land suffi ciently 

productive to qualify as timberland but withdrawn from 

timber utilization through statute or administrative 

designation; land exclusively used for Christmas tree 

production.

Rotten tree. A live tree of commercial species that does not 

contain at least one 12-foot sawlog or two noncontiguous 

sawlogs, each 8 feet or longer, now or prospectively, and 

does not meet regional specifi cations for freedom from 

defect primarily because of rot; that is, more than 50 

percent of the cull volume in the tree is rotten.

Rough tree. The same as a rotten tree except that a rough 

tree does not meet regional specifi cations for freedom 

from defect primarily because of roughness or poor form; 

also a live tree of noncommercial species.
87

Salvable dead tree. A tree at least 5.0 inches d.b.h. that has 

died recently and still has intact bark; may be standing, 

fallen, windthrown, knocked down, or broken off.

Sampling error. A measure of the reliability of an estimate, 

expressed as a percentage of the estimate. The sampling 

errors given in this report correspond to one standard 

error and are calculated as the square root of the variance, 

divided by the estimate, and multiplied by 100. Indicated 

in statistical tables as “SE.”

Sapling. All live trees 1.0 to 4.9 inches d.b.h.

Sapling stand. A stand-diameter class of forest land that 

is at least 10 percent stocked with live trees where half or 

more of the basal area per acre is in saplings or seedlings 

or both.

Sawlog. A log meeting regional standards of diameter, 

length, and freedom from defect, including a minimum 

8-foot length and a minimum top diameter inside bark of 

6 inches for softwoods and 8 inches for hardwoods. (See 

specifi cations under Tree-Grade Classifi cation.)

Sawlog portion. That part of the bole of a sawtimber tree 

between the stump and the sawlog top.

Sawlog top. The point on the bole of a sawtimber tree 

above which a sawlog cannot be produced. The minimum 

sawlog top is 7.0 inches diameter outside bark (d.o.b.) for 

softwoods and 9.0 inches d.o.b. for hardwoods.

Sawtimber stand. A stand-size class of forest land that is 

at least 10 percent stocked with live trees of which half or 

more of such stocking is in poletimber or sawtimber trees 

or both, and in which the stocking of sawtimber is at least 

equal to that of poletimber. This term also applies to the 

stand-diameter class variable that is based on basal area 

per acre.

Sawtimber tree. A live tree of commercial species at least 

9.0 inches d.b.h. for softwoods or 11.0 inches d.b.h. for 

hardwoods, containing at least one 12-foot sawlog or 

two noncontiguous 8-foot sawlogs, and meeting regional 

specifi cations for freedom from defect.

Sawtimber volume. Net volume in board feet, by the 

International 1/4-inch rule, of sawlogs in sawtimber trees. 

Net volume equals gross volume less deductions for rot, 

sweep, and other defects that affect use for lumber.

SE. See Sampling error.

Seedling. A live tree at least 1 foot tall but less than 1.0 

inch d.b.h.

Snag. Standing dead tree with most or all of its bark 

missing that is at least 5.0 inches d.b.h. and at least 4.5 

feet tall (does not include salvable dead).

Softwoods. Coniferous trees, usually evergreen and 

having needles or scalelike leaves.

Sound-Wood Volume. Tree volume of the central stem 

from a 1-foot stump to a minimum top diameter outside 

bark or a point where the stem breaks into limbs. Sound 

cull portions are included. Rotten cull portions are 

excluded. Most often expressed in cubic feet for live trees.

Species Group. Species groups referred to in some tables 

and fi gures are as follows:

a) Balsam fi r.

b) Spruces. white spruce, red spruce, and black spruce.

c) Eastern white pine. eastern white pine

d) Northern white-cedar.

e) Hemlock. eastern hemlock

f) Other miscellaneous softwoods. These species were 

tallied in 1999, 2000, 2001, 2002, or 2003: plantation 

larch, tamarack, Norway spruce, jack pine, red pine, 

pitch pine, and Scotch pine.

g) Red maple.

h) Sugar maple/beech/yellow birch. sugar maple, 

American beech, and yellow birch.

i) Intolerant hardwoods. paper birch, cottonwood 

species, balsam poplar, eastern cottonwood, bigtooth 

aspen, swamp cottonwood, and quaking aspen.

j) Other miscellaneous commercial hardwoods . 

These species were tallied in 1999, 2000, 2001, 2002, 

or 2003: silver maple, black maple, Ohio buckeye, 

birches, shagbark hickory, white ash, black ash, green 
88

ash, butternut, black cherry, white oak, swamp white 

oak, scarlet oak, northern red oak, black oak, black 

willow, basswood species, American basswood, elm 

species, and American elm.

k) Noncommercial hardwoods. These species were 

tallied in 1999, 2000, 2001, 2002, or 2003: maple 

species, boxelder, striped maple, mountain maple, 

Norway maple, serviceberry, gray birch, American 

hornbeam, hawthorns, apple species, eastern 

hophornbeam, pin cherry, chokecherry, bear/scrub oak, 

willow species, and American mountain-ash.

l) All unknown species. Tree species that are unknown 

or not listed.

Stand. A group of forest trees growing on forest land.

Stand origin. An indication of how the measured stand 

originated: 100 percent natural, 100 percent artifi cial, or 

a combination of both.

Stand-diameter class. A classifi cation of forest land based 

on the plurality of basal area per acre of live trees sampled 

on each condition: sapling (1.0 to 4.9 inches d.b.h.), 

poletimber (5.0 to 10.0 inches d.b.h.), small sawtimber 

(10.0 to 14.9 inches d.b.h.), and large sawtimber (15.0 

inches and larger d.b.h.). The classifi cation requires at 

least 5.0 square feet of basal area per acre in trees that are 

in the intermediate, codominant, or dominant crown 

position. Conditions with less than 5.0 square feet are 

classifi ed as low/no basal area. This classifi cation is an 

alternative to the traditional FIA stand-size class and is 

used only for Maine.

Stand-size class. A classifi cation of forest land based on 

the size class (that is, seedlings, saplings, poletimber, or 

sawtimber) of the stocking of all live trees in the area.

State lands. Lands owned by the state or leased to the 

state for 50 years or more.

Stocking. The degree of occupancy of land by trees 

relative to the growth potential utilized by a site. It is 

expressed as a percent of the “normal” value presented 

in yield tables and stocking quides. Two categories of 

stocking are traditionally used in FIA reports: all live 

trees and growing-stock trees. The relationships between 

the classes and the percentage of the stocking standard 

are: nonstocked (0 to 9), poorly stocked (10 to 34), 

moderately stocked (35 to 59), fully stocked (60 to 100), 

and overstocked (100+).

In this report, stocking regions were developed using 

the FIBER model (Solomon and others 1995) to classify 

forest land as understocked, suboptimal, optimal, or 

overstocked. Stocking regions describe the site’s degree 

of stocking in relation to management opportunities, 

e.g., suboptimal stands typically require 10 years before 

stocking would be suffi cient for management activity. 

Stocking regions relate directly to thresholds depicted by 

FIBER stocking charts. Understocked acreage is below 

the “C line.” Suboptimal acreage is between the C line 

and “B line.” Optimal acreage is between the B line and 

the “A line.” Overstocked acreage is above the A line.

Stump. The main stem of a tree from ground level to 1 

foot above ground level, including the wood and bark.

Timberland. Forest land producing or capable of 

producing crops of industrial wood (more than 20 

cubic feet per acre per year) and not withdrawn from 

timber utilization by statute (Acadia National Park and 

Appalachian Trail Corridor) or administrative designation 

(Baxter State Park and Bureau of Parks and Lands 

Ecological Reserve). The statutes and designations apply 

to publicly owned land only. Timberland was formerly 

known as commercial forest land. Timberland may be 

“nonstocked” so long as no natural condition or human 

activity prevents or inhibits the establishment of tree 

seedlings.

Timberland includes the following components:

a) Rural. The historical and traditional acreage 

classifi ed as timberland in previous inventories.

b) Other forest land. Defi nes a subset of forest land 

that is producing or capable of producing crops of 

industrial wood, but is associated with or part of a 

nonforest land use. In the past, these areas would have 

been treated as inclusions in the nonforest land use 

because they were considered part of a development. 

The minimum area for classifi cation as Other Forest 
89

Land is 1 acre. These strips of timber must have a 

crown width of at least 120 feet. Examples of land that 

could be classifi ed as Other Forest Land are forested 

portions of city parks, forested land in highway 

medians and rights-of-way, forested areas between ski 

runs, and forested areas within golf courses. Generally, 

although surrounded by nonforest development, these 

areas have not been developed and exhibit natural, 

undisturbed understories.

c) Urban timberland. A subset of forest land that now 

is grouped into timberland. Includes land that except 

for its location would be classifi ed as rural timberland. 

This land is nearly (surrounded on three sides) or 

completely surrounded by urban development, whether 

commercial, industrial, or residential. This land meets 

all the criteria for timberland, that is, at least 1 acre 

capable of producing at least 20 cubic feet per acre 

per year of industrial wood, is not developed for other 

than timber production, and is not reserved by a public 

agency. It is highly unlikely that such land would be 

used for timber products on a continuing basis. Such 

land may be held for future development, or scheduled 

for development. (The timber that is present may be 

utilized only at the time of development.) The land 

may be undeveloped due to periodic fl ooding, low 

wet sites, steep slopes, or its proximity to industrial 

facilities that are unsuitable for residential development. 

Forested areas within city parks are not urban forest 

land; they may be Other Forest Land if all requirements 

are met. City parks cannot be classifi ed as urban 

timberland as it is currently defi ned.

Timber products. Roundwood (round timber) products 

and manufacturing plant byproducts harvested from 

growing-stock trees on timberland, from other sources, 

e.g., cull trees, salvable dead trees, limbs, tops, and 

saplings, and from trees on noncommercial forest and 

nonforest lands.

Timber removals. The growing-stock or sawtimber 

volume of trees removed from the inventory for 

roundwood products, plus logging residues, volume 

destroyed during land clearing, and volume of standing 

trees on land that was reclassifi ed from timberland to 

noncommercial forest land.

Top. The wood and bark of a tree above the 

merchantable height (or above the point on the stem 4.0 

inches in diameter outside bark); generally includes the 

uppermost stem, branches, and twigs of the tree, but not 

the foliage.

Tree class. A classifi cation of the quality or condition of 

trees for sawlog production. Tree class for sawtimber trees 

is based on current condition. Tree class for poletimber 

trees is a prospective determination--a forecast of 

potential quality when they reach sawtimber size (11.0 

inches d.b.h. for hardwoods, 9.0 inches d.b.h. for 

softwoods).

Tree grade. A classifi cation of sawtimber quality based 

on guidelines for tree grades for hardwoods, white pine, 

and southern pine. (Note: Red pine was graded using the 

guidelines for southern pine.)

Trees. Woody plants that have well-developed stems and 

that usually are more than 12 feet tall at maturity.

Unproductive forest land. Forest land that is incapable 

of producing 20 cubic feet per acre per year of industrial 

wood under natural conditions due to adverse site 

conditions.

Upper-stem portion. That part of the main stem or fork 

of a sawtimber tree above the sawlog top to a diameter of 

4.0 inches outside bark, or the point at which the main 

stem or fork breaks into limbs.

Veneer log or bolt. A roundwood product from which 

veneer is sliced or sawn that usually meets certain 

minimum standards of diameter, length, and defect.

Volume suitable for pulpwood. The net volume (only 

rotten cull excluded) of growing-stock and rough trees.

91

2003

Table A1. Land area by land class, Maine, 2003a

(In thousands of acres) ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 Land class Acres SE 

____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Timberland:

 Rural 17,148.5 .5

 Urban 54.1 25.1 __________________

Total timberland 17,202.5 .5 __________________

Forested land:

 Productive reserved 280.4 13.8

 Unproductive reserved 33.2 39.4

 Other forest landc

 201.4 15.9

__________________

Total forest land 17,717.5 .4 __________________

Nonforest land:

 Cropland 495.3 8.6

 Pasture 81.2 22.6

 Other 1,381.7 4.8

 Noncensus water 75.7 19.7 __________________

Total nonforest land 2,033.8 3.6 __________________

Total land aread 19,751.4b .0 ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

SE .0

____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

a

 In this and other tables, a zero indicates that the data are

 negligible or the condition was not encountered in the sample. 

 A dash indicates that the condition is not possible under current

 Forest Service definitions. 

b

 Rows and columns in all tables may not sum due to rounding. 

c

 "Other forest land" formerly known as unproductive forest land. 

d

 Source: 2000 United States Department of Commerce, Bureau of Census. 
92

Table A2. Area of timberland by forest type, forest-type group, and stand-size

 class, Maine, 2003

 (In thousands of acres)

_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 Stand-size class

 Forest type ____________________________________________________________ All 

 Saw- Pole- Sapling and Non- classes SE 

 timber timber seedling stock

_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Jack pine .0 5.8 .0 .0 5.8 100.0 

Red pine 18.2 10.4 20.6 .0 49.2 32.0 

White pine 351.5 124.1 19.3 .0 494.9 9.9 

White pine/hemlock 118.8 38.1 4.6 .0 161.5 18.0 

Hemlock 490.2 121.8 13.9 .0 625.9 9.1 ___________________________________________________________________________

 White/red pine group 978.7 300.2 58.4 .0 1,337.4 5.9 ___________________________________________________________________________

Balsam fir 320.3 486.6 1,148.1 .0 1,955.0 5.0 

White spruce 41.1 56.0 84.1 .0 181.2 16.4 

Red spruce 512.9 323.4 178.0 .0 1,014.3 7.1 

Red spruce/balsam fir 252.5 181.2 514.9 .0 948.6 7.3 

Black spruce 17.5 213.5 204.2 .0 435.2 11.1 

Tamarack 9.0 34.4 15.3 .0 58.7 27.8 

Northern white-cedar 559.7 340.5 58.6 .0 958.9 7.2 __________________________________________________________________________

 Spruce/fir group 1,713.1 1,635.5 2,203.3 .0 5,551.9 2.5 __________________________________________________________________________

Norway spruce .0 1.5 11.4 .0 12.9 63.6 

Larch .0 6.2 .0 .0 6.2 100.0 __________________________________________________________________________

 Exotic softwoods group .0 7.7 11.4 .0 19.1 53.8 __________________________________________________________________________

Wh. pine/no.red oak/wh. ash 152.8 137.1 32.5 .0 322.4 12.3 

Other oak/pine 1.6 8.9 1.5 .0 12.0 55.9 __________________________________________________________________________

 Oak/pine group 154.4 145.9 34.0 .0 334.4 12.0 __________________________________________________________________________

White oak/red oak/hickory 19.2 67.4 13.1 .0 99.7 22.5 

Northern red oak 72.1 104.9 9.2 .0 186.2 16.4 

Southern scrub oak .0 .0 5.7 .0 5.7 100.0 

Red maple/oak 1.5 10.2 .0 .0 11.7 59.2 

Mixed upland hardwoods .0 1.3 15.5 .0 16.8 54.7 __________________________________________________________________________

 Oak/hickory group 92.9 183.7 43.4 .0 320.0 12.3 __________________________________________________________________________

Sweetbay/swamp tupelo/red mple .0 11.7 .0 .0 11.7 70.7 __________________________________________________________________________

 Oak/gum/cypress group .0 11.7 .0 .0 11.7 70.7 __________________________________________________________________________
93

2003

Table A2. continued 

 (In thousands of acres)

_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 Stand-size class

 Forest type _________________________________________________________ All

 Saw- Pole- Sapling and Non- classes SE 

 timber timber seedling stocked

_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Black ash/Amer. elm/red maple 11.9 64.2 44.5 .0 120.6 20.3 

River birch/sycamore .0 .0 16.8 .0 16.8 52.2 

Cottonwood .0 1.3 6.0 .0 7.3 84.0 

Willow .0 .0 17.1 .0 17.1 53.2 

Sycamore/pecan/American elm .0 4.3 4.8 .0 9.0 70.8 

Sugarbrry/hackbrry/elm/gr.ash .0 13.9 2.0 .0 15.9 52.3 

Silver maple/American elm .0 5.9 11.4 .0 17.3 57.8 

Red maple(lowland) 17.9 96.9 44.1 .0 159.0 17.3 ______________________________________________________________________

 Elm/ash/red maple group 29.8 186.4 146.8 .0 363.0 11.5 ______________________________________________________________________

Sugar maple/beech/yellow birch 2,425.4 2,628.2 1,181.7 .0 6,235.3 2.4 

Black cherry 1.8 .0 1.6 .0 3.4 69.4 

Cherry/ash/yellow poplar 20.9 75.3 58.3 .0 154.5 18.2 

Hard maple/basswood .0 .0 21.4 .0 21.4 50.7 

Elm/ash/locust .0 .0 3.1 .0 3.1 70.8 

Red maple/uplands 98.5 295.3 145.1 .0 538.9 9.6 ______________________________________________________________________

 Northern hardwoods group 2,546.6 2,998.8 1,411.1 .0 6,956.5 2.2 ______________________________________________________________________

Aspen 103.9 375.2 446.6 .0 925.7 7.4 

Paper birch 112.0 529.1 600.4 .0 1,241.5 6.4 

Balsam poplar 9.0 34.9 49.7 .0 93.6 23.1 ______________________________________________________________________

 Aspen/birch group 224.9 939.1 1,096.8 .0 2,260.8 4.6 ______________________________________________________________________

Nonstocked .0 .0 .0 47.8 47.8 28.9 ______________________________________________________________________

All forest types 5,740.4 6,409.1 5,005.2 47.8 17,202.5 .5 

_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

SE 2.5 2.3 2.8 28.9 .5

_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
94

Table A3. Area of timberland by forest-type group and stocking class of  Maine, 2003  (In thousands of acres)________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Stocking class Forest-type __________________________________________________________________________________________________

 group Poorly Moderately Fully Over-  Nonstocked stocked stocked stocked stocke

________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________White/red pine .0 68.2 433.7 732.8 102.7 Spruce/fir .0 311.3 1,569.4 2,695.7 975.4 Exotic Softwoods .0 1.5 6.2 11.4 .0 Oak/pine .0 28.9 113.5 170.8 21.1 Oak/hickory .0 7.4 128.1 168.0 16.6 Oak/gum/cypress .0 .0 .0 11.7 .0 Elm/ash/red maple .0 60.1 144.5 126.6 31.9 Northern hardwoods .0 310.2 2,054.2 3,756.3 835.8 Aspen/birch .0 101.5 526.1 1,069.5 563.6 

__________________________________________________________________________________________________

 All type groups .0 889.1 4,975.7 8,742.9 2,547.0 

__________________________________________________________________________________________________

Nonstocked 47.8 .0 .0 .0 .0 

__________________________________________________________________________________________________

All groups 47.8 889.1 4,975.7 8,742.9 2,547.0 ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________SE 28.9 7.5 2.8 1.8 4.2 ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
95

20

Table A4. Area of timberland by cubic-foot stand-volume class and ownership class,  (In thousands of acres)________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Stand-volume class (cubic feet per acre) Ownership group ________________________________________________________________________________________

 0- 500- 1000- 1500- 2000-  499 999 1499 1999 2499 2500

________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Forest Service .0 .0 11.8 17.7 5.9 11.Other Federal 23.8 .0 11.7 10.4 .0 2.State/Local Governments 89.1 104.5 112.3 97.5 127.6 117.Forest Industry 1,593.4 1,028.4 963.6 830.4 460.6 593.Non-industrial Private 2,702.9 2,133.8 1,882.7 1,709.7 1,098.6 1,461.

________________________________________________________________________________________

All owners 4,409.2 3,266.8 2,982.1 2,665.8 1,692.7 2,185.________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________SE 3.0 3.7 3.9 4.2 5.4 4.________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Table A5. Area of timberland by board-foot stand-volume class and ownership class,  (In thousands of acres)________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Stand-volume class (board feet per acre) Ownership group ___________________________________________________________________________________ 

 0- 2000- 4000- 6000- 8000- c 1999 3999 5999 7999 9999 10000+

________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Forest Service .0 11.8 23.6 .0 .0 11.8 Other Federal 45.9 .0 .0 .0 .0 2.0 State/Local Governments 235.2 121.8 106.0 96.3 40.0 49.3 Forest Industry 2,897.2 1,128.6 719.6 389.5 147.9 186.9 5Non-industrial Private 5,624.2 2,301.3 1,304.4 781.8 425.5 552.0 10

__________________________________________________________________________________________

All owners 8,802.5 3,563.5 2,153.6 1,267.6 613.4 802.0 17________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________SE 1.8 3.5 4.7 6.3 9.2 7.8 ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
96

Table A6. Number of live trees (1.0+ inches d.b.h.) on forest land by species and diameter class, Maine, 2 (In thousands of trees)_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Diameter class (inches at breast height) Species group _______________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 1.0- 3.0- 5.0- 7.0- 9.0-  2.9 4.9 6.9 8.9 10.9 _________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Balsam fir 6,130,952 977,901 290,143 109,801 39,154 White spruce 118,239 60,600 27,024 17,178 9,136 Black spruce 274,556 103,260 56,007 23,179 7,789 Red spruce 1,230,911 276,622 151,249 105,808 65,006 Red pine 3,891 11,081 5,042 2,717 2,078 Pitch pine 0 0 263 275 593 Eastern white pine 192,197 84,014 45,852 34,514 23,836 Other yellow pines 442 867 791 233 35 Northern white-cedar 336,655 127,106 104,857 87,127 57,557 Eastern hemlock 277,115 107,047 54,447 41,775 30,651 Other softwoods 31,126 18,159 10,788 5,810 3,004 

_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 Total softwoods 8,596,084 1,766,657 746,465 428,416 238,839 

_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Red maple 1,703,501 405,031 179,647 109,237 59,983 Sugar maple 400,426 117,483 51,817 38,881 27,317 Yellow birch 593,632 135,877 52,497 31,980 20,972 Paper birch 959,183 204,248 95,437 51,629 26,445 Hickory 457 0 37 37 0 American beech 582,013 141,967 67,535 39,066 20,081 White ash 145,567 33,809 21,512 11,807 7,470 Aspen 569,017 108,465 43,376 29,777 20,394 Black cherry 64,477 10,979 3,714 2,513 1,035 White oak 1,829 1,780 1,532 593 487 Northern red oak 76,291 33,754 21,535 14,753 11,449 Other white oaks 0 0 0 0 0 Other red oaks 1,294 3,148 1,106 672 521 American basswood 2,204 1,778 1,201 618 596 Elm 16,277 7,921 2,264 532 358 Other commercial hardwoods 129,849 29,821 11,828 4,471 1,898 Noncommercial hardwoods 1,542,827 172,593 34,715 9,002 2,059 

_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 Total hardwoods 6,788,844 1,408,654 589,754 345,569 201,067 

_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Total, all species 15,384,928 3,175,311 1,336,219 773,986 439,906 

_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

SE 2.0 1.9 1.4 1.4 1.6 

_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
97

20

Table A6. continued  (In thousands of trees) _________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Diameter class (inches at breast height) Species group __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 15.0- 17.0- 19.0- 21.0- Total  16.9 18.9 20.9 28.9 29.0+ 5.0+ _________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Balsam fir 744 107 0 0 0 456,175 White spruce 1,619 810 175 102 0 64,523 Black spruce 264 34 0 0 0 90,263 Red spruce 5,586 2,271 922 281 34 381,119 Red pine 648 136 135 104 0 13,054 Pitch pine 134 35 0 0 0 1,861 Eastern white pine 8,701 6,687 3,725 5,076 610 156,937 Other yellow pines 72 37 0 0 0 1,203 Northern white-cedar 6,701 3,809 1,125 877 72 312,829 Eastern hemlock 6,482 3,638 1,914 1,416 75 171,895 Other softwoods 571 211 34 80 0 23,056 

__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 Total softwoods 31,523 17,777 8,030 7,937 791 1,672,914 

__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Red maple 5,999 3,017 1,005 1,267 70 403,026 Sugar maple 6,303 3,278 1,888 3,178 286 160,191 Yellow birch 5,529 3,005 1,370 1,855 71 142,160 Paper birch 1,411 382 103 175 0 189,952 Hickory 0 0 0 0 0 75 American beech 2,222 739 315 120 0 145,194 White ash 842 279 242 103 0 47,819 Aspen 3,227 1,781 640 570 0 118,883 Black cherry 39 0 0 0 0 7,886 White oak 37 0 0 0 0 3,115 Northern red oak 2,303 951 655 524 69 63,571 Other white oaks 0 0 0 0 0 34 Other red oaks 70 33 0 0 0 3,088 American basswood 129 0 0 0 0 2,958 Elm 0 0 0 35 0 3,263 Other commercial hardwoods 204 117 0 69 0 19,366 Noncommercial hardwoods 71 78 35 0 0 46,648 

__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 Total hardwoods 28,385 13,660 6,255 7,896 496 1,357,229 

__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Total, all species 59,908 31,437 14,286 15,833 1,287 3,030,143 _________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________SE 3.0 4.4 5.6 5.7 17.0 1.1 _________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
98

Table A7. Number of live trees (1.0+ inches d.b.h.) on timberland by species and diameter class, Maine, 20 (In thousands of trees)_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Diameter class (inches at breast height) Species group _______________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 1.0- 3.0- 5.0- 7.0- 9.0-  2.9 4.9 6.9 8.9 10.9 _________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Balsam fir 6,020,613 957,574 284,735 108,080 38,352 White spruce 108,825 59,266 26,542 17,066 9,103 Black spruce 196,021 86,129 54,125 22,746 7,581 Red spruce 1,174,024 262,199 142,215 100,085 61,506 Red pine 3,891 11,081 5,008 2,682 2,078 Pitch pine 0 0 263 275 593 Eastern white pine 189,991 82,611 45,374 33,953 23,408 Other yellow pines 442 867 791 233 35 Northern white-cedar 322,498 120,609 101,652 84,951 56,239 Eastern hemlock 277,115 107,047 54,132 41,663 30,581 Other softwoods 26,946 17,274 10,640 5,705 3,004 

_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 Total softwoods 8,320,366 1,704,657 725,479 417,440 232,480 

_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Red maple 1,682,724 397,928 176,222 107,011 58,741 Sugar maple 400,426 117,062 51,068 38,396 26,757 Yellow birch 586,448 132,902 50,952 30,839 20,525 Paper birch 909,735 193,839 89,393 48,852 25,717 Hickory 457 0 37 37 0 American beech 575,451 139,878 66,210 38,520 19,795 White ash 145,567 33,809 21,394 11,734 7,437 Aspen 569,017 108,465 43,131 29,439 20,081 Black cherry 64,477 10,979 3,714 2,479 1,035 White oak 1,829 1,780 1,532 593 487 Northern red oak 76,291 33,754 21,501 14,711 11,406 Other white oaks 0 0 0 0 0 Other red oaks 1,294 3,148 1,106 672 521 American basswood 2,204 1,778 1,201 618 596 Elm 16,277 7,921 2,230 532 358 Other commercial hardwoods 128,513 29,821 11,188 4,150 1,790 Noncommercial hardwoods 1,514,647 169,633 34,337 8,969 2,059 

_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 Total hardwoods 6,675,358 1,382,699 575,220 337,551 197,307 

_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Total, all species 14,995,724 3,087,355 1,300,699 754,991 429,787 _________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________SE 2.0 1.9 1.4 1.4 1.6 _________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
99

20

Table A7. continued (In thousands of trees)_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 Diameter class (inches at breast height) Species group __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 15.0- 17.0- 19.0- 21.0- Total  16.9 18.9 20.9 28.9 29.0+ 5.0+ 

_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Balsam fir 744 107 0 0 0 448,131 White spruce 1,585 776 175 102 0 63,663 Black spruce 264 34 0 0 0 87,705 Red spruce 5,297 2,079 888 281 34 359,406 Red pine 615 102 101 104 0 12,849 Pitch pine 134 35 0 0 0 1,861 Eastern white pine 8,282 6,409 3,621 4,904 610 153,775 Other yellow pines 72 37 0 0 0 1,203 Northern white-cedar 6,519 3,708 1,023 811 72 304,422 Eastern hemlock 6,415 3,638 1,914 1,416 75 171,295 Other softwoods 571 211 34 80 0 22,803 

__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 Total softwoods 30,499 17,137 7,757 7,699 791 1,627,113 

__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Red maple 5,864 2,980 1,005 1,267 70 395,083 Sugar maple 6,130 3,178 1,849 3,035 286 157,482 Yellow birch 5,391 2,935 1,298 1,819 71 138,227 Paper birch 1,377 348 103 175 0 179,848 Hickory 0 0 0 0 0 75 American beech 2,222 739 315 120 0 142,757 White ash 842 279 242 103 0 47,595 Aspen 3,191 1,745 640 570 0 117,533 Black cherry 39 0 0 0 0 7,818 White oak 37 0 0 0 0 3,115 Northern red oak 2,261 909 655 524 69 63,325 Other white oaks 0 0 0 0 0 34 Other red oaks 70 33 0 0 0 3,088 American basswood 129 0 0 0 0 2,958 Elm 0 0 0 35 0 3,230 Other commercial hardwoods 170 117 0 69 0 18,263 Noncommercial hardwoods 71 78 35 0 0 46,236 

____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 Total hardwoods 27,793 13,341 6,144 7,716 496 1,326,667 

____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Total, all species 58,292 30,479 13,901 15,415 1,287 2,953,780 

_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

SE 3.0 4.5 5.7 5.8 17.0 1.1 

_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
100

Table A8. Number of trees (5.0+ inches d.b.h.) on timberland by species and tree class, Maine, 2003 (In thousands of trees) _________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Tree class Species group ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 Growing Rough Rotten All Salvable  stock cull cull live dead 

_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Balsam fir 436,853 8,447 2,831 448,131 18,990 White spruce 61,451 2,073 139 63,663 2,214 Black spruce 86,064 1,471 169 87,705 4,042 Red spruce 350,653 8,029 725 359,406 10,138 Red pine 12,566 283 0 12,849 0 Pitch pine 1,600 261 0 1,861 154 Eastern white pine 142,159 11,303 314 153,775 3,157 Other yellow pines 972 231 0 1,203 35 Northern white-cedar 258,039 18,726 27,656 304,422 11,085 Eastern hemlock 158,406 11,283 1,606 171,295 2,256 Other softwoods 21,584 1,078 141 22,803 1,808 

________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 Total softwoods 1,530,347 63,186 33,580 1,627,113 53,879 

________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Red maple 351,892 27,693 15,498 395,083 5,157 Sugar maple 147,196 7,486 2,799 157,482 778 Yellow birch 119,443 14,341 4,444 138,227 1,891 Paper birch 169,594 7,512 2,742 179,848 5,204 Hickory 75 0 0 75 0 American beech 114,630 18,848 9,279 142,757 6,659 White ash 45,111 1,676 807 47,595 599 Aspen 112,110 3,030 2,392 117,533 4,122 Black cherry 5,419 2,045 354 7,818 247 White oak 2,867 178 70 3,115 0 Northern red oak 61,395 1,857 73 63,325 189 Other white oaks 34 0 0 34 0 Other red oaks 2,787 301 0 3,088 70 American basswood 2,368 556 34 2,958 67 Elm 3,051 179 0 3,230 271 Other commercial hardwoods 14,733 2,528 1,002 18,263 563 Noncommercial hardwoods 0 41,208 5,028 46,236 2,877 

________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 Total hardwoods 1,152,704 129,438 44,524 1,326,667 28,693 

________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Total, all species 2,683,052 192,624 78,104 2,953,780 82,572 _________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
101

20

Table A9. Number of growing-stock trees (5.0+ inches d.b.h.) on timberland by species and diameter class, M (In thousands of trees) _________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Diameter class (inches at breast height) Species group __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 5.0- 7.0- 9.0- 11.0- 13.0-  6.9 8.9 10.9 12.9 14.9 _________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Balsam fir 277,870 105,426 37,347 12,741 2,723 White spruce 25,913 16,788 8,595 4,843 3,031 Black spruce 53,207 22,677 7,201 2,224 525 Red spruce 139,484 98,948 59,040 30,763 14,651 Red pine 4,935 2,646 1,975 1,424 699 Pitch pine 217 275 520 311 140 Eastern white pine 42,247 32,197 19,973 15,491 9,807 Other yellow pines 654 138 35 35 0 Northern white-cedar 88,040 73,264 45,478 28,441 12,970 Eastern hemlock 51,713 40,497 25,983 18,493 9,906 Other softwoods 10,167 5,519 2,819 1,297 954 

__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 Total softwoods 694,449 398,375 208,967 116,064 55,405 

__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Red maple 155,496 97,103 54,128 24,740 11,111 Sugar maple 47,474 36,199 25,576 15,161 9,367 Yellow birch 45,412 26,792 18,146 12,743 7,166 Paper birch 84,627 46,103 24,646 8,422 4,004 Hickory 37 37 0 0 0 American beech 53,632 31,187 16,226 7,552 3,812 White ash 20,324 11,199 7,196 3,485 1,513 Aspen 40,863 28,187 19,316 12,152 6,012 Black cherry 2,599 1,586 821 413 0 White oak 1,390 593 487 176 185 Northern red oak 20,894 14,453 11,261 7,150 3,473 Other white oaks 0 0 0 34 0 Other red oaks 972 606 489 385 231 American basswood 886 549 459 309 71 Elm 2,127 532 358 34 0 Other hardwoods 8,768 3,384 1,641 485 213 

__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 Total hardwoods 485,501 298,512 180,750 93,242 47,158 

__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Total, all species 1,179,950 696,887 389,717 209,306 102,563 _________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________SE 1.5 1.5 1.6 2.0 2.5 _________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
102

 Table A9. continued (In thousands of trees)

_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 Diameter class (inches at breast height) Species group _______________________________________________________________________________________ 19.0- 21.0-  20.9 28.9 29.0+ cl

_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 Balsam fir 0 0 0 43 White spruce 106 102 0 6 Black spruce 0 0 0 8 Red spruce 774 246 34 35 Red pine 67 104 0 1 Pitch pine 0 0 0  Eastern white pine 3,488 4,620 506 14 Other yellow pines 0 0 0  Northern white-cedar 702 531 36 25 Eastern hemlock 1,772 1,072 40 15 Other softwoods 34 80 0 2

_______________________________________________________________________________________

 Total softwoods 6,942 6,755 616 1,53

_______________________________________________________________________________________

 Red maple 508 915 36 35 Sugar maple 1,745 2,753 177 14 Yellow birch 956 1,289 35 11 Paper birch 69 105 0 16 Hickory 0 0 0  American beech 143 42 0 11 White ash 205 103 0 4 Aspen 568 497 0 11 Black cherry 0 0 0  White oak 0 0 0  Northern red oak 619 524 34 6 Other white oaks 0 0 0  Other red oaks 0 0 0  American basswood 0 0 0  Elm 0 0 0  Other hardwoods 0 69 0 1

_______________________________________________________________________________________

 Total hardwoods 4,813 6,296 282 1,15

_______________________________________________________________________________________

 Total, all species 11,756 13,051 898 2,68

_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 SE 6.3 6.4 20.6 

_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
103

20

Table A10. Number of standing dead trees (5.0+ inches d.b.h.) on forest land by species, condition class,  Maine, 2003 (In thousands of trees)_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 Intact top Broken top Species group ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 5.0- 11.0- 5.0- 11.0-  10.9 14.9 15+ Total 10.9 14.9 15

_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Balsam fir 20,725 1,234 72 22,032 118,176 6,760 49White spruce 2,412 249 104 2,764 1,959 429 32Black spruce 3,439 106 35 3,580 6,463 329 Red spruce 10,881 571 249 11,702 19,618 2,813 65Red pine 35 0 35 70 70 66 Pitch pine 222 0 0 222 438 72 3Eastern white pine 8,414 866 748 10,028 9,191 1,865 1,71Other yellow pines 35 35 0 70 35 0 Northern white-cedar 21,638 6,404 2,149 30,191 14,987 2,572 1,05Eastern hemlock 2,007 351 139 2,497 3,621 735 56Other softwoods 2,302 551 259 3,111 3,704 1,086 17

_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 Total softwoods 72,111 10,367 3,790 86,268 178,263 16,726 5,00

_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Red maple 6,144 559 212 6,915 22,496 3,430 1,81Sugar maple 676 279 0 955 3,428 1,355 1,33Yellow birch 1,890 425 107 2,423 8,014 2,917 2,43Paper birch 4,985 294 0 5,279 26,974 3,116 41American beech 6,464 775 360 7,599 13,064 3,624 1,45White ash 533 34 0 567 1,213 142 3Aspen 3,458 462 215 4,135 18,557 2,436 67Black cherry 509 0 0 509 1,747 103 White oak 37 0 0 37 387 144 Northern red oak 603 34 0 637 1,457 137 14Other red oaks 315 0 0 315 272 0 American basswood 32 0 0 32 346 0 Elm 494 67 65 626 624 141 20Other commercial hardwoods 773 108 103 985 3,151 482 Noncommercial hardwoods 4,476 0 0 4,476 11,573 146 11

__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 Total hardwoods 31,389 3,038 1,063 35,489 113,304 18,173 8,63

__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Total, all species 103,500 13,405 4,853 121,758 291,566 34,899 13,64

_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
104

Table A11. Number of standing dead trees (5.0+ inches d.b.h.) on timberland by species, condition class, an Maine, 2003 (In thousands of trees)_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Intact top Broken top Species group _______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 5.0- 11.0- 5.0- 11.0-  10.9 14.9 15+ Total 10.9 14.9 15+ _________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Balsam fir 19,839.6 1,234.5 72.2 21,146.3 114,460.8 6,499.4 490.6 121White spruce 2,411.6 248.6 103.7 2,763.9 1,959.3 429.1 322.8 2Black spruce 3,334.4 105.8 35.3 3,475.5 6,156.5 328.9 .0 6Red spruce 10,440.0 571.5 249.5 11,260.9 18,135.4 2,666.1 620.5 21Red pine 35.3 .0 34.8 70.1 70.3 65.9 .0 Pitch pine 222.4 .0 .0 222.4 438.0 72.0 32.9 Eastern white pine 8,274.5 865.7 748.1 9,888.2 8,986.9 1,795.3 1,712.0 12Other yellow pines 34.8 34.8 .0 69.6 34.8 .0 .0 Northern white-cedar 20,502.6 6,203.7 2,148.7 28,854.9 14,603.5 2,535.7 1,055.5 18Eastern hemlock 2,007.3 351.6 138.7 2,497.5 3,621.6 734.7 568.0 4Other softwoods 2,302.0 550.8 258.7 3,111.5 3,667.3 1,086.1 171.3 4

_______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 Total softwoods 69,404.6 10,166.8 3,789.6 83,361.0 172,134.5 16,213.1 4,973.5 193

_______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Red maple 5,969.0 523.0 211.7 6,703.8 21,861.3 3,289.0 1,779.7 26Sugar maple 676.0 279.4 .0 955.4 3,357.7 1,315.5 1,339.6 6Yellow birch 1,747.9 425.0 107.3 2,280.3 7,801.6 2,880.5 2,326.0 13Paper birch 4,391.8 294.2 .0 4,686.0 25,714.2 3,011.4 419.2 29American beech 6,329.0 775.0 360.2 7,464.2 12,962.7 3,590.0 1,425.3 17White ash 533.2 33.9 .0 567.2 1,097.3 142.0 36.0 1Aspen 3,457.9 462.2 179.1 4,099.2 17,974.9 2,402.2 570.8 20Black cherry 508.5 .0 .0 508.5 1,746.8 103.5 .0 1White oak 37.4 .0 .0 37.4 387.5 144.2 .0 Northern red oak 603.5 33.8 .0 637.3 1,456.7 137.5 140.8 1Other red oaks 315.2 .0 .0 315.2 271.8 .0 .0 American basswood 31.6 .0 .0 31.6 346.3 .0 .0 Elm 493.7 66.8 65.1 625.6 624.4 140.8 207.5 Other commercial hardwoods 773.0 108.1 103.5 984.5 2,833.8 446.9 .0 3Noncommercial hardwoods 4,374.3 .0 .0 4,374.3 11,319.2 145.7 110.8 11

_______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 Total hardwoods 30,242.2 3,001.5 1,026.9 34,270.6 109,756.3 17,749.1 8,355.7 135

_______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Total, all species 99,646.8 13,168.3 4,816.5 117,631.6 281,890.7 33,962.2 13,329.2 329

_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________SE 3.3 6.3 9.8 3.1 2.1 3.8 6.0 _________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
105

2003

Table A12. Number of saplings on timberland by species and stand-size class, Maine, 2003

 (In millions of stems)

______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 Stand-size class

 Species ________________________________________________________ All

 Saw- Pole- Sapling and Non- classes SE 

 timber timber seedling stocked

______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

balsam fir 1,407 1,801 3,769 1 6,978 3.1 

larch (introduced) 0 1 0 0 1 100.0 

tamarack (native) 2 13 19 0 34 21.0 

Norway spruce 1 0 7 0 8 61.7 

white spruce 42 42 83 0 168 10.2 

black spruce 22 86 174 0 282 13.2 

red spruce 319 323 793 1 1,436 4.9 

jack pine 0 1 0 0 1 100.0 

Table Mountain pine 0 0 0 0 0 100.0 

red pine 0 3 12 0 15 35.0 

eastern white pine 45 109 118 0 273 8.4 

baldcypress 0 0 0 0 0 100.0 

northern white-cedar 131 176 137 0 443 7.8 

eastern hemlock 163 156 65 0 384 7.3 

boxelder 0 0 1 0 1 100.0 

striped maple 284 207 142 0 633 5.8 

red maple 441 653 986 0 2,081 3.8 

sugar maple 196 211 110 0 517 6.4 

mountain maple 161 84 50 0 294 9.2 

Norway maple 1 0 0 0 1 70.9 

ailanthus 0 0 0 0 0 100.0 

serviceberry 6 7 5 0 17 22.2 

yellow birch 268 212 239 0 719 5.5 

sweet birch 3 4 0 0 6 56.1 

paper birch 184 210 709 0 1,103 5.5 

gray birch 16 70 208 0 294 11.2 

American hornbeam 7 4 0 0 11 37.1 

shagbark hickory 0 0 0 0 0 100.0 

hawthorn 0 0 2 0 2 100.0 

American beech 276 328 111 0 715 5.6 

ash 0 0 0 0 0 100.0 

white ash 50 75 55 0 179 8.5 

black ash 40 50 45 0 135 13.0 

green ash 3 10 1 0 14 30.3 

apple 3 1 7 0 10 29.9 

eastern hophornbeam 34 67 23 0 125 11.0 

balsam poplar 7 10 45 0 62 24.5 

eastern cottonwood 0 1 5 0 6 81.9 

bigtooth aspen 7 38 128 0 173 17.3 

quaking aspen 35 84 317 0 436 9.7 

pin cherry 29 36 133 0 199 10.3 

black cherry 14 23 39 0 75 15.8 

chokecherry 3 10 10 0 23 29.4 

white oak 0 3 0 0 4 39.6 

bear oak, scrub oak 0 0 0 0 0 100.0 

northern red oak 26 53 31 0 110 10.2 

black oak 2 3 0 0 4 56.5 

willow 2 2 22 0 26 29.2 

black willow 0 0 2 0 3 47.1 

American mountain-ash 11 9 24 0 44 17.4 

American basswood 0 3 0 0 4 43.1 

elm 0 1 0 0 1 100.0 

American elm 6 10 8 0 23 24.2 

unknown tree 1 2 0 0 3 73.0 __________________________________________________________________

Total saplings 4,250 5,196 8,635 2 18,083 1.8 

_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

SE 3.7 3.2 4.0 60.1 1.8 

_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
106

Table A13. Number of saplings on forest land by species and stand-size class, Maine, 2003

 (In millions of stems)

___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 Stand-size class

 Species _______________________________________________________ All

 Saw- Pole- Sapling and Non- classes SE 

 timber timber seedling stocked

___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

balsam fir 1,439 1,831 3,837 1 7,109 3.1 

larch (introduced) 0 1 0 0 1 100.0 

tamarack (native) 2 13 24 0 39 19.1 

Norway spruce 1 0 7 0 8 61.7 

white spruce 43 42 94 0 179 10.9 

black spruce 22 87 269 0 378 12.4 

red spruce 327 351 829 1 1,507 4.8 

jack pine 0 1 0 0 1 100.0 

Table Mountain pine 0 0 0 0 0 100.0 

red pine 0 3 12 0 15 35.0 

eastern white pine 45 110 120 0 276 8.3 

baldcypress 0 0 0 0 0 100.0 

northern white-cedar 133 181 149 0 464 7.6 

eastern hemlock 163 156 65 0 384 7.3 

boxelder 0 0 1 0 1 100.0 

striped maple 289 212 142 0 643 5.7 

red maple 445 658 1,005 0 2,109 3.8 

sugar maple 196 212 110 0 518 6.4 

mountain maple 163 84 50 0 297 9.2 

Norway maple 1 0 0 0 1 70.9 

ailanthus 0 0 0 0 0 100.0 

serviceberry 6 7 5 0 18 21.4 

yellow birch 273 214 242 0 729 5.4 

sweet birch 3 4 0 0 6 56.1 

paper birch 188 223 752 0 1,163 5.5 

gray birch 17 70 222 0 309 11.5 

American hornbeam 7 4 0 0 11 37.1 

shagbark hickory 0 0 0 0 0 100.0 

hawthorn 0 0 2 0 2 100.0 

American beech 283 330 111 0 724 5.6 

ash 0 0 0 0 0 100.0 

white ash 50 75 55 0 179 8.5 

black ash 41 50 46 0 136 12.8 

green ash 3 10 1 0 14 30.3 

apple 3 1 7 0 10 29.9 

eastern hophornbeam 34 68 23 0 125 10.9 

balsam poplar 7 10 45 0 62 24.5 

eastern cottonwood 0 1 5 0 6 81.9 

bigtooth aspen 7 38 128 0 173 17.3 

quaking aspen 35 84 317 0 436 9.7 

pin cherry 29 36 134 0 200 10.2 

black cherry 14 23 39 0 75 15.8 

chokecherry 3 10 10 0 23 29.4 

white oak 0 3 0 0 4 39.6 

bear oak, scrub oak 0 0 0 0 0 100.0 

northern red oak 26 53 31 0 110 10.2 

black oak 2 3 0 0 4 56.5 

willow 2 2 22 0 26 29.2 

black willow 0 0 2 0 3 47.1 

American mountain-ash 12 9 24 0 45 17.0 

American basswood 0 3 0 0 4 43.1 

elm 0 1 0 0 1 100.0 

American elm 6 10 8 0 23 24.2 

unknown tree 1 2 0 0 3 73.0 ____________________________________________________________________

Total saplings 4,323 5,289 8,945 2 18,560 1.8 

__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

SE 3.7 3.2 3.9 60.1 1.8 

__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
107

2003

Table A14. Number of shrubs on timberland by species and stand-size class, Maine, 2003

 (In millions of stems)

___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 Stand-size class

 Species _______________________________________________________________ All

 Saw- Pole- Sapling and Non- classes SE

 timber timber seedling stocked

___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

leatherleaf 394 517 1,529 55 2,495 29.2

common juniper 79 98 8 0 184 29.0

Canada yew 35 118 11 0 163 38.1

alder 384 509 993 9 1,895 18.7

speckled alder 1,246 1,916 2,404 68 5,635 8.6

Hercules club 5 0 19 0 23 82.7

bog rosemary 0 6 41 0 47 87.8

chokeberry 44 38 153 0 235 33.1

azalea 37 61 89 0 187 32.5

barberry 17 9 30 0 56 49.6

buttonbush 0 0 3 0 3 100.0

sweet pepperbush 0 4 0 0 4 100.0

sweetfern 70 152 645 0 868 29.2

alternate-leaved dogwood 66 67 64 0 198 19.4

silky dogwood 58 112 37 0 208 30.7

round-leaved dogwood 7 35 7 0 49 45.9

gray-stemmed dogwood 52 36 46 0 134 38.0

red-osier dogwood 321 358 1,283 4 1,967 18.2

American hazelnut 293 411 156 0 860 14.8

beaked hazelnut 2,155 2,807 2,270 0 7,232 7.2

huckleberry 262 677 235 0 1,175 26.0

witch-hazel 192 218 64 0 475 14.5

winterberry holly 325 1,089 604 0 2,017 13.3

sheep laurel 941 2,002 3,827 0 6,769 12.1

mountain laurel 3 31 16 0 50 55.1

swamp laurel 10 102 123 0 235 35.8

Labrador tea 139 291 955 0 1,385 22.4

bush honeysuckle 796 1,025 1,576 0 3,397 10.6

male-berry, staggerbush 0 4 4 0 8 70.7

sweet gale 144 182 338 0 665 42.9

bayberry 0 0 10 0 10 86.8

mountain-holly 212 511 708 0 1,431 15.2

buckthorn 67 59 32 0 158 35.2

rhododendron (evergreen) 16 35 351 0 403 77.6

azalea (deciduous) 28 55 1,752 0 1,835 39.2

smooth sumac 0 0 129 0 129 100.0

staghorn sumac 3 3 54 0 60 78.2

currant, gooseberry 586 274 387 34 1,281 10.0

rose 45 98 111 0 255 28.2

brier, bramble, dewberry 9,406 9,721 17,703 240 37,069 5.0

American elderberry 62 259 294 0 615 21.9

red-berried elderberry 73 62 91 0 226 18.7

Other shrub willows 112 125 803 12 1,052 12.0

spirea 411 1,311 2,097 156 3,975 12.6

American bladdernut 31 0 0 0 31 96.4

blueberry 1,282 3,163 4,645 0 9,090 9.2

viburnum 84 90 227 0 401 40.7

maple-leaved viburnum 79 90 71 0 241 19.9

hobblebush viburnum 3,831 2,029 959 0 6,820 7.7

wild raisin, withe-rod 323 1,076 1,174 15 2,588 10.5

arrowwood 137 162 205 1 506 17.9

nannyberry 78 177 474 16 745 25.7

highbush cranberry 5 30 20 0 55 46.9

common prickly-ash 0 0 9 0 9 100.0

unknown deciduous shrub 37 73 177 0 287 42.8

unknown evergreen shrub 10 17 63 0 90 70.7 ______________________________________________________________________________

Total shrubs 24,997 32,297 50,079 611 107,984 3.4

___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

SE 6.2 5.5 6.3 38.3 3.4

___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
108

 Table A15. Number of shrubs on forest land by species and stand-size class, Maine, 2003

 (In millions of stems)

___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 Stand-size class

 Species ______________________________________________________________ All

 Saw- Pole- Sapling and Non- classes SE

 timber timber seedling stocked

___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 leatherleaf 394 517 4,049 55 5,016 22.6

 common juniper 79 98 8 0 184 29.0

 Canada yew 35 118 11 0 163 38.1

 alder 384 524 1,041 9 1,958 18.1

 speckled alder 1,341 1,924 3,013 68 6,346 8.4

 Hercules club 5 0 19 0 23 82.7

 bog rosemary 0 6 150 0 156 56.3

 chokeberry 44 38 204 0 286 28.8

 azalea 37 61 104 0 202 31.0

 barberry 17 9 30 0 56 49.6

 buttonbush 0 11 3 0 14 82.7

 sweet pepperbush 0 4 1 0 6 78.4

 sweetfern 74 152 648 0 874 29.0

 alternate-leaved dogwood 66 67 64 0 198 19.4

 silky dogwood 58 112 37 0 208 30.7

 round-leaved dogwood 7 35 7 0 49 45.9

 gray-stemmed dogwood 52 36 46 0 134 38.0

 red-osier dogwood 321 363 1,388 10 2,083 17.9

 American hazelnut 293 411 156 0 860 14.8

 beaked hazelnut 2,173 2,878 2,270 0 7,322 7.2

 huckleberry 262 677 670 0 1,610 22.8

 witch-hazel 192 231 64 0 488 14.3

 large-leaf holly 0 18 0 0 18 100.0

 winterberry holly 325 1,182 670 0 2,176 13.3

 sheep laurel 941 2,048 5,643 0 8,632 12.4

 mountain laurel 3 31 61 0 95 55.7

 swamp laurel 10 102 1,030 0 1,142 43.2

 Labrador tea 139 312 3,003 0 3,454 20.1

 bush honeysuckle 826 1,038 1,576 0 3,441 10.5

 male-berry, staggerbush 0 4 4 0 8 70.7

 sweet gale 144 182 595 0 921 33.3

 bayberry 0 0 15 0 15 67.3

 mountain-holly 220 579 977 0 1,776 13.9

 buckthorn 70 59 164 0 294 48.9

 rhododendron (evergreen) 16 35 546 0 597 57.2

 azalea (deciduous) 28 55 2,263 0 2,346 32.2

 smooth sumac 0 0 448 0 448 70.0

 staghorn sumac 3 3 54 0 60 78.2

 currant, gooseberry 638 278 401 34 1,352 9.9

 rose 45 98 116 0 259 27.7

 brier, bramble, dewberry 9,429 9,741 17,911 240 37,321 5.0

 American elderberry 62 259 294 0 615 21.9

 red-berried elderberry 73 62 93 0 228 18.6

 Other shrub willows 112 140 809 12 1,072 11.8

 spirea 414 1,311 2,241 161 4,126 12.2

 American bladdernut 31 0 0 0 31 96.4

 blueberry 1,300 3,265 5,343 0 9,909 8.8

 viburnum 84 90 227 0 401 40.7

 maple-leaved viburnum 79 90 71 0 241 19.9

 hobblebush viburnum 3,894 2,072 959 0 6,925 7.6

 wild raisin, withe-rod 323 1,100 1,232 15 2,669 10.3

 arrowwood 137 166 205 4 513 17.6

 nannyberry 78 177 474 16 745 25.7

 highbush cranberry 5 30 20 0 55 46.9

 common prickly-ash 0 0 9 0 9 100.0

 unknown deciduous shrub 37 73 195 0 305 40.7

 unknown evergreen shrub 10 17 63 0 90 70.7 ______________________________________________________________________________

 Total shrubs 25,313 32,891 61,698 625 120,528 3.6

___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 SE 6.2 5.4 6.4 37.5 3.6

___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
109

20

Table A16. Biomass of all trees on forest land by species and component, Maine, 2003 (In thousands of dry tons)_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Component Species group _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 Growing Stump Cull Total Sal stock Branches Foliage and roots trees timber Saplings dead 

_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Balsam fir 34,120 6,628 5,057 12,034 1,486 59,325 62,539 2White spruce 8,711 1,727 1,221 3,122 894 15,675 2,744 Black spruce 7,395 1,427 1,090 2,591 339 12,843 5,299 Red spruce 50,271 9,707 6,951 17,560 2,749 87,240 16,202 1Red pine 2,382 458 311 825 126 4,103 478 Pitch pine 357 80 54 144 111 746 0 Eastern white pine 35,302 7,127 4,534 12,764 4,309 64,037 4,079 Other yellow pines 63 15 11 27 26 142 33 Northern white-cedar 20,969 4,857 3,455 8,781 5,180 43,242 6,381 1Eastern hemlock 27,647 5,772 3,917 10,399 5,048 52,783 5,385 Other softwoods 2,362 476 339 861 262 4,301 871 

_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 Total softwoods 189,582 38,275 26,942 69,108 20,531 344,437 104,010 6

_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Red maple 65,482 9,281 2,737 23,126 11,295 111,921 23,278 Sugar maple 59,680 7,650 2,117 19,337 5,752 94,536 6,081 Yellow birch 34,728 4,992 1,385 12,610 9,092 62,806 7,816 Paper birch 27,508 3,688 1,121 9,124 2,629 44,069 11,863 Hickory 9 1 0 3 0 13 4 American beech 27,395 4,411 1,321 10,951 8,688 52,767 8,087 1White ash 10,496 1,357 402 3,377 786 16,417 2,057 Aspen 28,343 3,616 1,028 9,084 1,720 43,792 6,345 Black cherry 913 167 51 413 586 2,131 701 White oak 562 76 22 190 84 935 72 Northern red oak 21,704 2,649 733 6,693 1,518 33,297 1,601 Other white oaks 20 2 1 6 0 28 0 Other red oaks 724 94 27 235 89 1,168 124 American basswood 535 80 23 201 143 982 77 Elm 343 52 16 130 115 656 371 Other commercial hardwoods 2,472 375 113 931 678 4,568 1,708 Noncommercial hardwoods 0 669 209 1,643 7,300 9,821 12,764 

_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 Total hardwoods 280,913 39,161 11,308 98,052 50,476 479,910 82,948 5

_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Total, all species 470,495 77,437 38,250 167,160 71,007 824,348 186,958 11_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________SE 1.3 1.2 1.3 1.2 2.6 1.2 1.6 _________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
110

Table A17. Net volume of all trees on timberland by class of timber and species 

 group, Maine, 2003

 (In millions of cubic feet) _______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 Species group

 Class of timber _____________________________________________________________ All 

 Other Soft Hard species SE 

 Pines softwoods hardwoods hardwoods

__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Growing-stock trees:

 Sawtimber size:

 Sawlog portion 1,851.0 5,305.0 1,665.1 1,930.1 10,751.2 1.9 

 Upper stem 200.4 760.8 439.5 464.9 1,865.6 1.8 _______________________________________________________________________________

 Total sawtimber size 2,051.4 6,065.8 2,104.6 2,395.0 12,616.8 1.9 

 Poletimber size 354.3 4,157.0 3,322.0 1,963.4 9,796.7 1.4 _______________________________________________________________________________

 Total growing-stock trees 2,405.6 10,222.8 5,426.7 4,358.4 22,413.4 1.4 

Rough trees:

 Sawtimber size 92.0 328.7 124.1 158.9 703.8 4.3 

 Poletimber size 14.3 64.2 178.6 172.0 429.1 3.2 ________________________________________________________________________________

 Total rough trees 106.3 393.0 302.7 330.9 1,132.9 3.0 ________________________________________________________________________________

Rotten trees:

 Sawtimber size 2.0 56.1 43.5 46.0 147.6 6.9 

 Poletimber size .1 19.9 33.0 22.6 75.6 5.4 ________________________________________________________________________________

 Total rotten trees 2.1 76.0 76.5 68.6 223.2 5.0 ________________________________________________________________________________

Salvable dead trees:

 Sawtimber size 11.7 161.4 24.8 17.6 215.5 7.2 

 Poletimber size 8.2 134.0 60.6 31.4 234.1 4.3 ________________________________________________________________________________

 Total salvable dead trees 19.9 295.4 85.4 49.0 449.7 4.4 ________________________________________________________________________________

All classes 2,533.9 10,987.1 5,891.2 4,806.9 24,219.2 1.3 

__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

SE 5.3 2.1 2.3 3.1 1.3

__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
111

20

Table A18. Net volume of all trees (5.0+ inches d.b.h.) on timberland by class of timber and diameter class (In millions of cubic feet)__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 Diameter class (inches at breast height) Class of timber _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 5.0- 7.0- 9.0- 11.0- 13.0- 15.0- 17.0- 19.0- 21.0 6.9 8.9 10.9 12.9 14.9 16.9 18.9 20.9 28.9 

__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Growing-stock trees: Sawtimber size: Sawlog portion .0 .0 1,980.3 2,848.3 2,060.3 1,424.1 969.5 528.3 827 Upper stem .0 .0 374.1 666.5 347.0 198.1 116.2 58.6 94

_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 Total sawtimber size .0 .0 2,354.5 3,514.8 2,407.2 1,622.2 1,085.6 587.0 921 Poletimber size 3,356.8 4,443.3 1,996.5 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 

_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 Total growing-stock trees 3,356.8 4,443.3 4,351.0 3,514.8 2,407.2 1,622.2 1,085.6 587.0 921Rough trees: Sawtimber size .0 .0 125.5 204.1 126.3 87.2 54.9 35.7 56 Poletimber size 183.1 161.2 84.9 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 

_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 Total rough trees 183.1 161.2 210.4 204.1 126.3 87.2 54.9 35.7 56

_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Rotten trees: Sawtimber size .0 .0 16.5 35.8 25.2 18.2 15.6 13.5 18 Poletimber size 22.5 34.4 18.7 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 

_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 Total rotten trees 22.5 34.4 35.1 35.8 25.2 18.2 15.6 13.5 18

_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Salvable dead trees: Sawtimber size .0 .0 60.9 61.9 38.3 31.8 8.8 5.8 8 Poletimber size 98.7 109.1 26.3 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 

_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 Total salvable dead trees 98.7 109.1 87.2 61.9 38.3 31.8 8.8 5.8 8

_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

All classes 3,661.2 4,748.0 4,683.7 3,816.6 2,597.1 1,759.4 1,164.9 642.0 1,004

__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

SE 1.5 1.5 1.6 2.0 2.5 3.2 4.7 6.1 6

__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
112

Table A19. Net volume of live trees on forest land by species and diameter class, Maine, 2003 (In millions of cubic feet)_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 Diameter class (inches at breast height) Species group _______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 5.0- 7.0- 9.0- 11.0- 13.0- 15.0- 17.0- 19.0- 21.0 6.9 8.9 10.9 12.9 14.9 16.9 18.9 20.9 28.9 

_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Balsam fir 793.2 701.8 460.4 236.6 73.8 24.7 4.5 .0 .0 White spruce 74.9 111.3 109.2 100.8 91.2 61.7 38.3 11.3 7.8 Black spruce 188.5 165.0 94.1 42.2 15.0 9.6 .8 .0 .0 Red spruce 484.7 753.0 814.3 642.8 437.0 203.0 108.8 52.9 22.3 Red pine 11.5 14.9 25.2 26.1 19.5 23.4 5.9 7.3 7.7 Pitch pine .9 1.4 5.7 5.0 3.6 3.5 1.2 .0 .0 Eastern white pine 128.3 213.8 262.6 290.7 265.3 293.1 291.1 204.3 405.1 Other yellow pines 2.0 1.1 .4 .4 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 Northern white-cedar 241.6 408.4 454.6 418.5 268.8 145.7 113.7 34.6 36.2 Eastern hemlock 143.1 237.7 307.8 317.9 240.9 194.4 139.6 91.7 87.2 Other softwoods 30.1 34.9 33.5 24.6 22.0 17.3 8.7 1.7 5.4 

_______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 Total softwoods 2,098.6 2,643.3 2,568.0 2,105.5 1,437.1 976.4 712.6 403.8 571.7 

_______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Red maple 457.7 656.1 620.9 465.8 281.4 170.6 106.4 32.9 67.0 Sugar maple 148.0 256.8 309.2 284.5 244.3 194.9 132.2 88.8 198.6 Yellow birch 127.5 177.0 197.3 218.0 171.5 137.4 87.2 50.3 86.3 Paper birch 275.8 324.3 286.4 157.5 101.2 42.2 14.1 3.6 6.7 Hickory .1 .2 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 American beech 156.5 217.4 198.2 143.7 93.8 46.1 21.8 7.3 2.2 White ash 67.0 82.2 91.8 71.9 40.5 29.9 11.0 11.9 8.8 Aspen 141.9 220.2 253.9 235.2 165.2 102.4 69.3 29.0 37.6 Black cherry 8.7 11.3 10.0 8.8 .0 1.2 .0 .0 .0 White oak 3.9 3.0 4.3 2.4 4.7 1.0 .0 .0 .0 Northern red oak 61.7 91.6 120.0 117.4 79.8 67.9 35.6 27.7 34.3 Other white oaks .0 .0 .0 .6 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 Other red oaks 2.5 3.8 4.5 6.7 5.2 1.8 .8 .0 .0 American basswood 3.0 3.3 6.0 6.4 2.4 3.0 .0 .0 .0 Elm 4.8 2.6 3.2 .7 .0 .0 .0 .0 1.4 Other commercial hardwoods 29.7 24.3 19.1 7.5 5.6 4.5 3.1 .0 6.0 Noncommercial hardwoods 71.9 37.2 13.7 5.7 2.4 1.7 2.2 .4 .0 

______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 Total hardwoods 1,560.8 2,111.2 2,138.6 1,732.8 1,198.1 804.6 483.7 252.1 448.9 

______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Total, all species 3,659.5 4,754.5 4,706.6 3,838.3 2,635.2 1,781.0 1,196.3 655.9 1,020.5 

_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

SE 1.5 1.5 1.6 2.0 2.4 3.2 4.7 6.1 6.4 

_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
113

20

Table A20. Net volume of growing-stock trees on timberland by species and diameter class, Maine, 2003 (In millions of cubic feet)_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 Diameter class (inches at breast height) Species group _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 5.0- 7.0- 9.0- 11.0- 13.0- 15.0- 17.0- 19.0- 21.0-  6.9 8.9 10.9 12.9 14.9 16.9 18.9 20.9 28.9 

_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Balsam fir 764.9 679.7 443.3 230.5 70.1 22.5 4.5 .0 .0 White spruce 72.4 109.9 104.4 94.7 84.8 55.8 31.1 7.6 7.8 Black spruce 180.9 162.3 88.4 41.0 13.2 8.6 .0 .0 .0 Red spruce 447.8 706.6 749.0 588.4 400.0 173.9 96.4 47.3 19.7 Red pine 11.2 14.6 24.6 26.1 18.0 22.3 4.4 3.4 7.7 Pitch pine .7 1.4 5.3 4.4 3.2 2.9 1.2 .0 .0 Eastern white pine 120.9 202.9 233.4 271.7 244.1 270.8 264.8 193.2 378.2 Other yellow pines 1.7 .7 .4 .4 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 Northern white-cedar 221.8 376.3 399.7 378.2 234.6 131.7 103.2 28.0 30.6 Eastern hemlock 138.5 233.5 273.8 293.3 225.3 173.2 129.4 86.4 70.0 Other softwoods 28.7 33.6 32.1 22.2 21.0 16.0 8.7 1.7 5.4 

_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 Total softwoods 1,989.7 2,521.6 2,354.5 1,950.8 1,314.4 877.7 643.6 367.8 519.4 

_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Red maple 421.6 610.1 584.1 414.0 253.5 155.9 97.7 21.9 53.5 Sugar maple 140.4 245.3 293.8 262.7 225.7 181.6 124.8 83.5 187.3 Yellow birch 114.9 155.3 177.9 187.3 147.5 123.4 74.9 40.7 70.7 Paper birch 251.8 299.3 273.2 142.1 90.9 40.6 13.1 2.8 4.8 Hickory .1 .2 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 American beech 133.2 187.7 171.8 122.5 82.4 43.3 17.6 5.4 1.7 White ash 64.6 80.2 90.3 66.7 39.0 29.9 10.4 10.2 8.8 Aspen 136.3 212.7 244.5 227.2 160.4 96.8 66.7 28.5 35.2 Black cherry 7.0 8.2 8.5 6.6 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 White oak 3.7 3.0 4.3 2.0 4.0 1.0 .0 .0 .0 Northern red oak 60.4 90.5 118.6 112.0 77.7 64.6 34.1 26.1 34.3 Other white oaks .0 .0 .0 .6 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 Other red oaks 2.2 3.5 4.3 5.9 5.2 1.8 .8 .0 .0 American basswood 2.5 3.1 5.2 6.4 1.8 2.7 .0 .0 .0 Elm 4.6 2.6 3.2 .4 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 Other hardwoods 23.9 20.0 16.9 7.5 4.7 2.8 1.8 .0 6.0 

_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 Total hardwoods 1,367.2 1,921.7 1,996.5 1,564.0 1,092.8 744.5 442.0 219.2 402.4 

_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Total, all species 3,356.8 4,443.3 4,351.0 3,514.8 2,407.2 1,622.2 1,085.6 587.0 921.7 

_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________SE 1.6 1.6 1.7 2.1 2.6 3.3 5.0 6.5 6.9 _________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
114

Table A21. Net volume of growing-stock trees on timberland by forest type and

 stand-size class, Maine, 2003

 (In millions of cubic feet)

_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 Stand-size class

 Forest type ____________________________________________________________ All

 Saw- Pole- Sapling and Non- classes SE 

 timber timber seedling stocked

_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Jack pine .0 3.7 .0 .0 3.7 100.0 

Red pine 57.6 14.2 4.2 .0 76.0 44.5 

White pine 1,013.9 209.7 6.1 .0 1,229.7 10.9 

White pine/hemlock 337.4 73.3 1.2 .0 411.8 19.9 

Hemlock 1,098.2 188.2 3.1 .0 1,289.5 10.1 __________________________________________________________________________

 White/red pine group 2,507.0 489.0 14.6 .0 3,010.7 6.6 __________________________________________________________________________

Balsam fir 595.8 651.8 352.4 .0 1,600.0 7.3 

White spruce 91.4 77.3 17.7 .0 186.4 23.2 

Red spruce 1,271.8 577.6 73.5 .0 1,922.9 8.1 

Red spruce/balsam fir 508.4 248.6 226.2 .0 983.2 10.0 

Black spruce 27.0 327.1 62.9 .0 417.0 14.7 

Tamarack 8.8 47.0 5.7 .0 61.5 33.2 

Northern white-cedar 1,167.7 499.2 32.8 .0 1,699.7 8.1 __________________________________________________________________________

 Spruce/fir group 3,670.9 2,428.5 771.2 .0 6,870.6 3.6 __________________________________________________________________________

Norway spruce .0 .0 1.7 .0 1.7 74.4 

Larch .0 3.4 .0 .0 3.4 100.0 __________________________________________________________________________

 Exotic softwoods group .0 3.4 1.7 .0 5.1 71.5 __________________________________________________________________________

Wh. pine/no.red oak/wh. ash 362.7 185.5 6.6 .0 554.9 14.4 

Other oak/pine 1.1 22.6 .0 .0 23.7 70.3 __________________________________________________________________________

 Oak/pine group 363.9 208.1 6.6 .0 578.6 14.1 __________________________________________________________________________

White oak/red oak/hickory 25.4 82.6 1.5 .0 109.5 27.2 

Northern red oak 179.8 148.9 2.7 .0 331.4 18.2 

Southern scrub oak .0 .0 .2 .0 .2 100.0 

Red maple/oak 7.1 19.7 .0 .0 26.8 50.4 

Mixed upland hardwoods .0 .5 2.2 .0 2.7 81.4 __________________________________________________________________________

 Oak/hickory group 212.3 251.7 6.6 .0 470.6 14.4 __________________________________________________________________________

Sweetbay/swamp tupelo/red mple .0 16.0 .0 .0 16.0 71.4 __________________________________________________________________________

 Oak/gum/cypress group .0 16.0 .0 .0 16.0 71.4 __________________________________________________________________________
115

2003

Table A21. continued

 (In millions of cubic feet)

______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 Stand-size class

 Forest type ____________________________________________________________ All 

 Saw- Pole- Sapling and Non- classes SE 

 timber timber seedling stocked 

______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Black ash/Amer. elm/red maple 27.4 60.1 17.6 .0 105.0 27.6 

River birch/sycamore .0 .0 2.7 .0 2.7 77.1 

Cottonwood .0 1.3 .9 .0 2.2 72.1 

Willow .0 .0 .3 .0 .3 100.0 

Sycamore/pecan/American elm .0 7.6 .3 .0 7.9 96.6 

Sugarbrry/hackbrry/elm/gr.ash .0 7.6 .2 .0 7.8 59.2 

Silver maple/American elm .0 .9 1.0 .0 1.8 70.8 

Red maple(lowland) 22.1 93.7 12.3 .0 128.1 21.0 _______________________________________________________________________

 Elm/ash/red maple group 49.5 171.1 35.2 .0 255.8 15.8 _______________________________________________________________________

Sugar maple/beech/yellow birch 4,402.5 3,474.0 363.9 .0 8,240.3 3.0 

Cherry/ash/yellow poplar 48.4 101.0 13.4 .0 162.8 25.0 

Hard maple/basswood .0 .0 3.3 .0 3.3 98.0 

Red maple/uplands 167.1 406.3 53.0 .0 626.4 11.6 _______________________________________________________________________

 Northern hardwoods group 4,617.9 3,981.3 433.6 .0 9,032.8 2.8 _______________________________________________________________________

Aspen 255.1 602.5 117.7 .0 975.3 10.3 

Paper birch 228.8 751.9 131.0 .0 1,111.7 9.0 

Balsam poplar 25.6 42.4 17.2 .0 85.3 37.2 _______________________________________________________________________

 Aspen/birch group 509.5 1,396.9 265.9 .0 2,172.4 6.6 _______________________________________________________________________

Nonstocked .0 .0 .0 .9 .9 56.9 _______________________________________________________________________

All forest types 11,931.0 8,946.2 1,535.4 .9 22,413.4 1.4 

______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

SE 2.8 2.7 4.4 56.9 1.4 

______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
116

Table A22. Net volume of sawtimber trees on timberland by species and diameter class, Maine, 2003 (In millions of board feet)_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Diameter class (inches at breast height) Species group ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 9.0- 11.0- 13.0- 15.0- 17.0- 19.0- 21.0-  10.9 12.9 14.9 16.9 18.9 20.9 28.9 29

_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Balsam fir 1,576.0 973.7 321.4 111.2 23.3 .0 .0 White spruce 369.3 402.6 386.8 267.8 141.4 42.5 36.6 Black spruce 307.3 170.5 58.4 38.2 .0 .0 .0 Red spruce 2,771.4 2,486.1 1,789.1 809.3 457.4 220.7 95.3 5Red pine 89.2 107.3 78.7 103.7 21.1 18.2 39.7 Pitch pine 17.3 16.4 13.0 12.0 4.7 .0 .0 Eastern white pine 812.3 1,091.3 1,066.0 1,248.4 1,264.4 946.8 1,857.3 37Other yellow pines 1.2 1.6 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 Northern white-cedar 1,062.7 1,179.3 799.4 464.4 356.0 107.7 115.7 1Eastern hemlock 867.6 1,033.7 837.9 660.8 488.0 364.8 292.9 1Other softwoods 105.3 79.2 77.4 63.9 34.5 7.9 20.2 

____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 Total softwoods 7,979.5 7,541.8 5,428.0 3,779.9 2,790.8 1,708.6 2,457.7 45

____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Red maple .0 1,634.0 1,073.5 672.0 446.8 93.6 262.7 1Sugar maple .0 1,041.7 923.6 802.5 562.2 391.3 903.7 9Yellow birch .0 762.5 611.3 523.8 318.9 165.2 306.8 4Paper birch .0 613.9 387.6 179.5 60.6 12.9 20.3 American beech .0 528.5 371.4 210.1 74.9 27.2 10.6 White ash .0 270.3 162.0 131.4 45.6 44.8 38.2 Aspen .0 962.5 721.3 437.1 304.7 138.4 172.5 Black cherry .0 24.8 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 White oak .0 8.5 17.0 4.7 .0 .0 .0 Northern red oak .0 435.7 333.0 271.5 156.5 126.7 165.4 1Other white oaks .0 2.5 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 Other red oaks .0 21.1 21.6 7.4 4.5 .0 .0 American basswood .0 25.3 9.1 11.4 .0 .0 .0 Elm .0 1.5 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 Other hardwoods .0 33.6 18.1 12.7 8.1 .0 32.4 

____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 Total hardwoods .0 6,366.4 4,649.5 3,264.1 1,982.8 1,000.0 1,912.6 172

____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Total, all species 7,979.5 13,908.1 10,077.5 7,043.9 4,773.6 2,708.6 4,370.2 63_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________SE 2.6 2.2 2.7 3.4 4.9 6.7 7.1 2_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
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Table A23. Net volume of sawtimber trees on timberland by species, size class, and tree grade, Maine, 2003 (In millions of board feet)_______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ >15" Diameter at breast height All size classes Species group ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ All  Grade 1 Grade 2 Grade 3 Grade 4 Grade 5 grades Grade 1 Grade 2 Grade 3 Grade 4 _______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Balsam fir 129.6 .0 .0 .0 5.0 134.5 2,852.6 .0 .0 .0 White spruce 458.6 .0 .0 .0 29.7 488.3 1,573.9 .0 .0 .0 Black spruce 34.3 .0 .0 .0 3.9 38.2 557.2 .0 .0 .0 Red spruce 1,548.2 .0 .0 .0 86.1 1,634.3 8,332.7 .0 .0 .0 Red pine 89.4 52.7 40.6 .0 .0 182.6 147.7 69.9 234.8 .0 Pitch pine 4.6 .0 7.4 .0 4.7 16.7 4.6 3.2 50.8 .0 Eastern white pine 1,144.0 1,849.3 1,221.7 678.1 799.9 5,693.0 1,314.9 2,680.7 2,433.6 1,142.3 Other yellow pines .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 2.8 .0 Northern white-cedar 864.6 .0 .0 .0 193.0 1,057.5 3,542.9 .0 .0 .0 Eastern hemlock 1,534.0 .0 .0 .0 289.1 1,823.2 3,939.8 .0 .0 .0 Other softwoods 126.5 .0 .0 .0 .0 126.5 367.8 .0 .0 .0 

_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 Total softwoods 5,933.7 1,902.0 1,269.7 678.1 1,411.5 11,195.0 22,634.3 2,753.7 2,722.0 1,142.3 

_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Red maple 250.0 565.7 334.7 56.8 282.9 1,490.1 250.0 1,105.4 2,222.0 147.2 Sugar maple 1,110.8 626.0 689.5 110.9 219.2 2,756.5 1,110.8 1,270.7 1,869.5 174.6 Yellow birch 487.2 336.8 315.5 56.5 159.6 1,355.5 487.2 709.5 1,211.7 101.5 Paper birch 73.7 137.8 41.0 .0 20.8 273.3 73.7 427.5 708.7 19.0 American beech 32.8 61.9 140.6 30.6 56.8 322.8 32.8 189.6 720.1 157.0 White ash 119.3 66.1 29.2 .0 45.4 260.0 119.3 194.6 308.8 .0 Aspen 431.7 330.8 211.0 14.2 65.1 1,052.7 431.7 748.5 1,391.5 62.6 Black cherry .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 19.4 .0 White oak .0 .0 .0 4.7 .0 4.7 .0 11.2 14.3 4.7 Northern red oak 323.9 277.3 79.2 .0 58.9 739.4 323.9 525.0 574.7 2.0 Other white oaks .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 2.5 .0 Other red oaks .0 11.9 .0 .0 .0 11.9 .0 30.5 22.8 .0 American basswood 5.3 .0 .0 .0 6.2 11.4 5.3 9.1 21.3 2.6 Elm .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 1.5 .0 Other hardwoods 12.5 27.7 9.0 .0 4.0 53.2 12.5 36.0 48.0 .0 

_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 Total hardwoods 2,847.1 2,442.0 1,849.8 273.7 918.9 8,331.5 2,847.1 5,257.7 9,136.8 671.1 

_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Total, all species 8,780.8 4,344.0 3,119.5 951.8 2,330.4 19,526.5 25,481.3 8,011.4 11,858.8 1,813.4 

_______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

SE 4.5 6.4 6.6 11.6 7.3 3.3 2.7 4.3 3.1 7.9 

_______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
118

Table A24. Average annual net change of all live volume on forest land by species and component of change,  (In thousands of cubic feet) __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Component of change Species group _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 Gross Cull Cull Net Har Ingrowth Accretion growth Mortality decrement increment growth rem

__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Balsam fir 43,696 82,158 125,854 -83,752 0 0 42,102 -69White spruce 4,153 15,629 19,782 -5,648 0 0 14,134 -8Black spruce 4,563 10,183 14,745 -5,315 0 0 9,430 -9Red spruce 14,967 108,875 123,842 -41,585 0 0 82,257 -84Red pine 2,686 1,826 4,513 0 0 0 4,513 Pitch pine 0 -1,144 -1,144 0 0 0 -1,144 Eastern white pine 6,680 97,966 104,646 -16,169 0 0 88,477 -47Other yellow pines 622 582 1,204 0 0 0 1,204 Northern white-cedar 5,112 24,176 29,288 -12,393 0 0 16,895 -22Eastern hemlock 6,795 52,102 58,897 -7,141 0 0 51,756 -18Other softwoods 807 7,053 7,860 -3,323 0 0 4,537 -4

_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 Total softwoods 90,081 399,406 489,487 -175,326 0 0 314,161 -263

_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Red maple 16,477 87,335 103,812 -14,659 0 0 89,153 -76Sugar maple 4,775 56,009 60,784 -2,943 0 0 57,841 -36Yellow birch 5,161 27,961 33,122 -7,094 0 0 26,028 -21Paper birch 9,021 29,121 38,142 -17,436 0 0 20,707 -25American beech 5,394 19,846 25,240 -29,441 0 0 -4,201 -24White ash 2,789 19,525 22,314 -1,437 0 0 20,877 -6Aspen 12,173 29,594 41,767 -16,549 0 0 25,218 -39Black cherry 546 481 1,027 -477 0 0 550 White oak 0 276 276 -437 0 0 -161 Northern red oak 4,203 19,908 24,112 -3,069 0 0 21,042 -6Other red oaks 0 697 697 -1,115 0 0 -418 American basswood 80 1,454 1,534 0 0 0 1,534 Elm 1,042 329 1,371 -2,506 0 0 -1,135 Other commercial hardwoods 991 391 1,382 -2,008 0 0 -626 Noncommercial hardwoods 1,967 3,144 5,111 -6,052 0 0 -941 -1

_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 Total hardwoods 64,621 296,072 360,693 -105,225 0 0 255,469 -240

_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Total, all species 154,703 695,478 850,180 -280,550 0 0 569,630 -504__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
119

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Table A25. Average annual net change of growing-stock volume on timberland by species and component of chan (In thousands of cubic feet) _________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Component of change Species group __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 Gross Cull Cull Net Harve Ingrowth Accretion growth Mortality decrement increment growth remov

_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Balsam fir 43,089 78,275 121,364 -80,827 3,897 -6,306 38,128 -68,White spruce 4,123 14,231 18,354 -5,648 928 -1,014 12,620 -8,Black spruce 5,258 9,371 14,629 -5,228 237 0 9,637 -9,Red spruce 13,886 94,491 108,377 -38,799 4,890 -14,761 59,707 -84,Red pine 2,686 1,826 4,513 0 0 0 4,513 Pitch pine 0 -456 -456 0 0 -1,729 -2,186 Eastern white pine 6,344 92,464 98,808 -12,228 9,001 -8,599 86,982 -44,Other yellow pines 372 138 510 0 474 0 984 Northern white-cedar 6,623 24,887 31,510 -8,161 13,674 -21,321 15,702 -20,Eastern hemlock 7,500 48,463 55,963 -5,318 8,048 -10,807 47,885 -17,Other softwoods 722 6,090 6,812 -3,323 529 0 4,018 -4,

__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 Total softwoods 90,603 369,780 460,383 -159,531 41,677 -64,538 277,991 -256,

__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Red maple 16,497 75,102 91,599 -12,249 25,818 -27,838 77,330 -66,Sugar maple 7,683 52,231 59,915 -2,564 10,885 -8,051 60,185 -31,Yellow birch 4,935 28,023 32,958 -6,524 15,633 -16,783 25,284 -19,Paper birch 9,033 30,243 39,276 -15,667 2,452 -7,165 18,895 -25,American beech 4,950 18,950 23,901 -27,547 6,609 -14,538 -11,575 -22,White ash 2,752 18,007 20,758 -1,386 1,814 -473 20,713 -4,Aspen 12,023 37,752 49,775 -14,897 206 -12,623 22,461 -39,Black cherry 58 380 439 -271 0 -348 -180 -White oak 0 99 99 0 503 -200 403 Northern red oak 4,203 19,123 23,326 -1,435 896 -154 22,633 -6,Other red oaks 0 697 697 -1,115 0 0 -418 American basswood 80 1,666 1,746 0 0 -388 1,358 -Elm 1,042 329 1,371 -722 0 0 648 -Other hardwoods 1,158 11 1,169 -1,872 81 -2,581 -3,203 -

__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 Total hardwoods 64,416 282,614 347,031 -86,250 64,897 -91,143 234,534 -216,

__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Total, all species 155,020 652,394 807,414 -245,781 106,575 -155,681 512,526 -473,_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
120

Table A26. Average annual net change of sawtimber volume on timberland by species and component of change,  (In thousands of board feet)_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Component of change Species group __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 Gross Cull Cull Net Harve

 Ingrowth Accretion growth Mortality decrement increment growth remova

_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Balsam fir 113,094 70,387 183,480 -124,864 8,325 -4,236 62,706 -166,White spruce 15,871 35,399 51,270 -23,229 2,580 -4,242 26,379 -28,Black spruce 8,766 10,733 19,499 -4,481 0 0 15,018 -13,Red spruce 113,370 143,491 256,861 -97,123 11,034 -60,939 109,833 -250,Red pine 3,645 8,504 12,149 0 0 0 12,149 Pitch pine 0 -1,705 -1,705 0 0 -7,485 -9,190 Eastern white pine 62,925 320,065 382,991 -38,500 28,924 -13,421 359,993 -197,Northern white-cedar 36,116 12,296 48,412 -15,962 32,526 -50,798 14,177 -70,Eastern hemlock 50,690 33,765 84,455 -15,046 22,000 -35,147 56,261 -57,Other softwoods 6,139 -616 5,523 -5,509 0 0 14 -14,

__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 Total softwoods 410,617 632,318 1,042,935 -324,715 105,390 -176,268 647,341 -797,

__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Red maple 109,343 58,679 168,022 -5,117 61,667 -59,415 165,158 -125,Sugar maple 56,336 106,794 163,129 -2,911 34,114 -19,910 174,422 -106,Yellow birch 56,555 37,939 94,494 -15,573 40,432 -49,204 70,149 -57,Paper birch 26,343 26,574 52,917 -5,027 0 -2,498 45,392 -45,American beech 34,147 9,714 43,861 -64,820 14,063 -11,298 -18,194 -48,White ash 32,747 14,043 46,790 0 3,269 0 50,060 -9,Aspen 62,534 17,084 79,618 -12,961 0 -49,688 16,969 -94,White oak 0 852 852 0 0 0 852 Northern red oak 17,842 18,995 36,837 0 2,986 0 39,823 -14,Other red oaks 0 -250 -250 0 0 0 -250 American basswood 0 2,385 2,385 0 0 0 2,385 Other hardwoods 2,948 1,633 4,581 -3,404 0 0 1,177 

__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 Total hardwoods 398,795 294,443 693,238 -109,814 156,531 -192,012 547,943 -503,

__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Total, all species 809,412 926,761 1,736,173 -434,529 261,921 -368,281 1,195,284 -1,301,_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
121

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Table A27. Land area by county and land class, Maine, 2003 (In thousands of acres) _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Land class Counties ___________________________________________________________________________________

 Productive Unproductive Other Total  Timberland reserved reserved forest forest lan

_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Androscoggin 193.7 .0 .0 1.5 195.2 Aroostook 3,779.5 16.8 6.0 42.1 3,844.3 Cumberland 368.8 .0 .0 .0 368.8 Franklin 969.4 27.0 9.0 10.5 1,015.9 Hancock 855.5 25.7 2.3 33.2 916.8 Kennebec 385.6 .0 .0 4.1 389.7 Knox 161.9 12.9 .0 .0 174.8 Lincoln 214.4 .0 .0 .0 214.4 Oxford 1,230.4 1.5 4.4 .0 1,236.3 Penobscot 1,958.7 4.4 .0 38.1 2,001.2 Piscataquis 2,233.2 171.9 11.4 23.0 2,439.5 Sagadahoc 122.3 .0 .0 .0 122.3 Somerset 2,356.5 9.0 .0 11.9 2,377.4 Waldo 392.1 .0 .0 .0 392.1 Washington 1,481.3 11.2 .0 37.0 1,529.5 York 499.4 .0 .0 .0 499.4 

___________________________________________________________________________________

Total, all counties 17,202.5 280.4 33.2 201.4 17,717.5 _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
122

Table A28. Area of timberland by county and forest-type group, Maine, 2003 (In thousands of acres)_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Forest-type group Counties ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________ White/ Spruce/ Loblolly/ Pinyon- Exotic  red pine fir shortleaf /Juniper Softwoods _________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Androscoggin 73.9 .0 .0 .0 .0 Aroostook 58.0 1,714.1 .0 .0 12.9 Cumberland 85.2 .0 .0 .0 .0 Franklin 31.9 187.5 .0 .0 .0 Hancock 79.4 361.9 .0 .0 .0 Kennebec 58.2 27.3 .0 .0 .0 Knox 5.0 52.0 .0 .0 .0 Lincoln 71.7 6.7 .0 .0 .0 Oxford 141.1 119.5 .0 .0 .0 Penobscot 239.0 642.4 .0 .0 6.2 Piscataquis 55.1 921.1 .0 .0 .0 Sagadahoc 18.2 18.2 .0 .0 .0 Somerset 80.6 785.3 .0 .0 .0 Waldo 45.8 79.5 .0 .0 .0 Washington 169.4 628.8 .0 .0 .0 York 129.6 2.9 .0 .0 .0 

______________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Total, all counties 1,342.0 5,547.2 .0 .0 19.1 _________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________SE 5.9 2.5 .0 .0 53.8 _________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
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Table A28. continued (In thousands of acres) __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Forest-type group Counties ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Oak/gum/ Elm/ash/ Northern Aspen/ Exotic cypress red maple hardwoods birch Hardwoods Nonstocked __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Androscoggin .0 7.7 81.9 10.3 .0 1.5 Aroostook .0 53.8 1,369.4 559.0 .0 12.3 Cumberland .0 14.5 129.9 8.8 .0 .0 Franklin 6.0 17.7 510.8 213.9 .0 .0 Hancock .0 11.4 260.7 108.3 .0 .0 Kennebec .0 14.4 184.2 45.4 .0 2.8 Knox .0 .0 58.1 18.2 .0 .0 Lincoln .0 15.6 59.3 23.2 .0 .0 Oxford .0 11.4 778.3 106.5 .0 .0 Penobscot .0 77.1 708.7 254.6 .0 .0 Piscataquis .0 20.5 984.6 219.6 .0 8.7 Sagadahoc 5.7 4.2 37.9 .0 .0 2.3 Somerset .0 44.9 1,055.9 361.5 .0 4.9 Waldo .0 7.7 187.6 56.5 .0 .0 Washington .0 23.9 372.3 256.4 .0 13.6 York .0 38.3 176.9 18.5 .0 1.6 

_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Total, all counties 11.7 363.0 6,956.5 2,260.8 .0 47.8 __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________SE 70.7 11.5 2.2 4.6 .0 28.9 __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
124

Table A29. Area of forest land by county and ownership class, Maine, 2003 (In thousands of acres)__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Ownership group Counties ___________________________________________________________________________

 Forest Other State/Local Forest Nonindustr Service Federal Govt Industry Private

__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Androscoggin .0 .0 .0 .0 195.2 Aroostook .0 3.5 214.7 1,946.0 1,680.1 Cumberland .0 2.0 23.2 5.8 337.9 Franklin .0 12.0 36.1 462.3 505.6 Hancock .0 28.0 36.0 328.9 523.9 Kennebec .0 6.1 6.1 6.1 371.5 Knox .0 .0 12.9 .0 161.9 Lincoln .0 .0 6.7 .0 207.8 Oxford 53.1 .0 61.6 330.5 791.2 Penobscot .0 .0 81.3 716.8 1,203.0 Piscataquis .0 5.8 340.1 763.5 1,330.0 Sagadahoc .0 .0 .0 .0 122.3 Somerset .0 8.5 41.6 573.9 1,753.5 Waldo .0 .0 5.3 .0 386.8 Washington .0 36.0 36.5 387.9 1,069.1 York .0 .0 19.4 .0 480.0 

___________________________________________________________________________

Total, all counties 53.1 101.9 921.4 5,521.6 11,119.6 __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________SE 32.6 23.4 7.5 2.6 1.4 __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
125

20

Table A30. Area of timberland by county and ownership class, Maine, 200 (In thousands of acres)_______________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Ownership group Counties __________________________________________________________________________

 Forest Other State/Local Forest Nonindustr Service Federal Govt Industry Private

_______________________________________________________________________________________________________________Androscoggin .0 .0 .0 .0 193.7 Aroostook .0 3.5 182.2 1,934.6 1,659.2 Cumberland .0 2.0 23.2 5.8 337.9 Franklin .0 .0 12.0 456.2 501.1 Hancock .0 .0 36.0 323.1 496.4 Kennebec .0 6.1 6.1 6.1 367.4 Knox .0 .0 .0 .0 161.9 Lincoln .0 .0 6.7 .0 207.8 Oxford 47.2 .0 61.6 330.5 791.2 Penobscot .0 .0 69.6 708.9 1,180.2 Piscataquis .0 .0 160.5 756.8 1,315.8 Sagadahoc .0 .0 .0 .0 122.3 Somerset .0 5.9 35.1 573.9 1,741.6 Waldo .0 .0 5.3 .0 386.8 Washington .0 30.4 30.9 373.8 1,046.1 York .0 .0 19.4 .0 480.0 

__________________________________________________________________________

Total, all counties 47.2 47.9 648.5 5,469.7 10,989.3 _______________________________________________________________________________________________________________SE 34.7 33.8 9.1 2.6 1.4 _______________________________________________________________________________________________________________
126

Table A31. Area of forest land by county and stand-size class, Maine, 2003

 (In thousands of acres) 

___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 Stand-size class

 Counties _______________________________________________________________________ All 

 Saw- Pole- Sapling and Non- classes SE 

 timber timber seedling stocked

___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Androscoggin 66.5 90.8 34.9 3.0 195.2 7.7

Aroostook 1,298.9 1,173.1 1,359.9 12.3 3,844.3 .8

Cumberland 190.0 153.6 25.1 .0 368.8 4.8

Franklin 280.5 512.8 222.6 .0 1,015.9 1.7

Hancock 264.1 392.9 259.8 .0 916.8 2.0

Kennebec 142.5 175.2 69.1 2.8 389.7 4.1

Knox 40.7 94.4 39.7 .0 174.8 5.9

Lincoln 96.7 91.2 26.5 .0 214.4 6.7

Oxford 521.9 571.0 143.4 .0 1,236.3 1.5

Penobscot 515.1 817.6 668.5 .0 2,001.2 1.2

Piscataquis 914.2 730.9 785.6 8.7 2,439.5 .8

Sagadahoc 53.0 52.7 14.2 2.3 122.3 6.3

Somerset 789.2 773.4 809.9 4.9 2,377.4 1.0

Waldo 117.4 165.7 109.0 .0 392.1 3.1

Washington 341.7 535.9 638.3 13.6 1,529.5 1.3

York 231.6 213.3 53.0 1.6 499.4 3.7 ________________________________________________________________________________________

Total, all counties 5,864.2 6,544.6 5,259.5 49.3 17,717.5 .4

___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

SE 2.5 2.3 2.7 28.1 .4

___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
127

2003

Table A32. Area of timberland by county and stand-size class, Maine, 2003

 (In thousands of acres) 

____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 Stand-size class 

 Counties _____________________________________________________________________ All 

 Saw- Pole- Sapling and Non- classes SE 

 timber timber seedling stocked

____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Androscoggin 66.5 90.8 34.9 1.5 193.7 7.8

Aroostook 1,276.1 1,173.1 1,317.9 12.3 3,779.5 .9

Cumberland 190.0 153.6 25.1 .0 368.8 4.8

Franklin 262.5 503.8 203.1 .0 969.4 2.4

Hancock 251.3 385.6 218.6 .0 855.5 2.9

Kennebec 142.5 171.1 69.1 2.8 385.6 4.3

Knox 40.7 81.5 39.7 .0 161.9 8.0

Lincoln 96.7 91.2 26.5 .0 214.4 6.7

Oxford 520.5 566.6 143.4 .0 1,230.4 1.6

Penobscot 510.7 815.7 632.3 .0 1,958.7 1.4

Piscataquis 862.1 649.1 713.3 8.7 2,233.2 1.6

Sagadahoc 53.0 52.7 14.2 2.3 122.3 6.3

Somerset 782.7 765.0 803.9 4.9 2,356.5 1.1

Waldo 117.4 165.7 109.0 .0 392.1 3.1

Washington 336.1 530.3 601.2 13.6 1,481.3 1.7

York 231.6 213.3 53.0 1.6 499.4 3.7 _______________________________________________________________________________________

Total, all counties 5,740.4 6,409.1 5,005.2 47.8 17,202.5 .5

____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

SE 2.5 2.3 2.8 28.9 .5

____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
128

Table A33. Area of timberland by county and stocking class of all live trees, Maine, 2003

 (In thousands of acres) 

____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 Stocking class

 Counties _____________________________________________________________________________ All 

 Poorly Moderately Fully Over- classes SE 

 Nonstocked stocked stocked stocked stocked

____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Androscoggin 1.5 16.1 55.5 108.2 12.3 193.7 7.8 

Aroostook 12.3 205.6 1,119.0 1,770.6 672.0 3,779.5 .9 

Cumberland .0 7.3 104.8 221.8 34.8 368.8 4.8 

Franklin .0 60.5 273.7 485.6 149.7 969.4 2.4 

Hancock .0 78.1 222.2 451.4 103.8 855.5 2.9 

Kennebec 2.8 22.8 121.5 203.7 39.3 385.6 4.3 

Knox .0 11.6 75.0 59.2 16.1 161.9 8.0 

Lincoln .0 13.5 64.8 134.2 2.0 214.4 6.7 

Oxford .0 61.5 297.4 765.4 106.1 1,230.4 1.6 

Penobscot .0 118.0 640.5 907.3 292.9 1,958.7 1.4 

Piscataquis 8.7 79.7 583.3 1,165.0 396.3 2,233.2 1.6 

Sagadahoc 2.3 1.5 40.6 61.8 16.0 122.3 6.3 

Somerset 4.9 78.8 567.4 1,278.1 427.3 2,356.5 1.1 

Waldo .0 28.1 108.9 219.0 36.1 392.1 3.1 

Washington 13.6 87.2 489.0 692.7 198.7 1,481.3 1.7 

York 1.6 18.8 212.0 223.4 43.8 499.4 3.7 ___________________________________________________________________________________________

Total, all counties 47.8 889.1 4,975.7 8,747.5 2,547.0 17,202.5 .5 

____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

SE 28.9 7.5 2.8 1.8 4.2 .5

____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
129

2003

Table A34. Area of timberland by county and stocking class of growing-stock trees,

 Maine, 2003 

 (In thousands of acres)

_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 Stocking class

 Counties ____________________________________________________________________________ All 

 Poorly Moderately Fully Over- classes SE 

 Nonstocked stocked stocked stocked stocked

_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Androscoggin 1.5 28.5 62.5 91.8 9.3 193.7 7.8 

Aroostook 32.2 400.0 1,372.2 1,544.6 430.4 3,779.5 .9 

Cumberland 4.9 23.8 148.5 162.4 29.1 368.8 4.8 

Franklin 6.0 111.4 342.0 428.4 81.6 969.4 2.4 

Hancock 8.7 112.6 263.0 409.9 61.3 855.5 2.9 

Kennebec 2.8 36.4 158.2 167.0 21.1 385.6 4.3 

Knox 1.8 23.7 69.2 64.1 3.2 161.9 8.0 

Lincoln .0 20.2 68.3 123.9 2.0 214.4 6.7 

Oxford .0 112.0 361.8 691.0 65.6 1,230.4 1.6 

Penobscot 14.0 213.7 753.6 821.3 156.1 1,958.7 1.4 

Piscataquis 12.3 176.2 744.6 1,040.3 259.7 2,233.2 1.6 

Sagadahoc 2.3 7.6 64.0 43.0 5.3 122.3 6.3 

Somerset 16.1 150.6 761.8 1,150.3 277.6 2,356.5 1.1 

Waldo 9.8 42.2 147.0 181.0 12.2 392.1 3.1 

Washington 41.2 145.8 577.2 596.9 120.1 1,481.3 1.7 

York 7.2 59.8 214.2 195.5 22.7 499.4 3.7 ___________________________________________________________________________________________

Total, all counties 160.8 1,664.6 6,108.2 7,711.6 1,557.3 17,202.5 .5 

_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

SE 16.5 5.4 2.5 2.0 5.6 .5

_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
130

Table A35. Net volume of growing-stock trees on timberland by county and forest-type group, Maine,  (In millions of cubic feet)______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Forest-type group Counties ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________ White/ Spruce/ Loblolly/ Pinyon- Exotic  red pine fir shortleaf /Juniper Softwoods ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Androscoggin 159.7 .0 .0 .0 .0 Aroostook 128.2 2,090.3 .0 .0 1.7 Cumberland 246.6 .0 .0 .0 .0 Franklin 78.9 239.4 .0 .0 .0 Hancock 147.4 450.5 .0 .0 .0 Kennebec 151.0 31.9 .0 .0 .0 Knox 14.7 79.4 .0 .0 .0 Lincoln 148.4 19.7 .0 .0 .0 Oxford 399.7 158.7 .0 .0 .0 Penobscot 479.9 862.9 .0 .0 3.4 Piscataquis 142.0 1,220.0 .0 .0 .0 Sagadahoc 38.3 47.0 .0 .0 .0 Somerset 178.2 892.1 .0 .0 .0 Waldo 106.5 108.2 .0 .0 .0 Washington 294.8 669.5 .0 .0 .0 York 296.4 1.1 .0 .0 .0 

___________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Total, all counties 3,010.7 6,870.6 .0 .0 5.1 ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
131

20

Table A35. continued (In millions of cubic feet)_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Forest-type group Counties __________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Oak/gum/ Elm/ash/ Northern Aspen/ Exotic cypress red maple hardwoods birch Hardwoods _________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Androscoggin .0 4.2 118.0 11.7 .0 Aroostook .0 21.8 1,613.7 500.3 .0 Cumberland .0 15.0 244.0 16.5 .0 Franklin 9.1 4.7 744.2 284.7 .0 Hancock .0 4.4 372.1 132.2 .0 Kennebec .0 11.7 259.9 49.8 .0 Knox .0 .0 88.0 8.8 .0 Lincoln .0 20.9 119.4 34.1 .0 Oxford .0 3.9 1,197.0 151.6 .0 Penobscot .0 57.5 701.0 237.7 .0 Piscataquis .0 18.8 1,215.3 206.6 .0 Sagadahoc 6.9 6.6 54.4 .0 .0 Somerset .0 37.7 1,447.6 375.6 .0 Waldo .0 5.7 240.6 37.2 .0 Washington .0 10.4 317.3 120.3 .0 York .0 32.7 300.2 5.3 .0 

__________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Total, all counties 16.0 255.8 9,032.8 2,172.4 .0 _________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
132

Table A36. Net volume of live trees on forest land by county and stand-size class,

 Maine, 2003

 (In millions of cubic feet)

____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 Stand-size class

 Counties ________________________________________________________________________ All

 Saw- Pole- Sapling and Non- classes SE 

 timber timber seedling stocked

____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Androscoggin 184.5 156.2 10.4 .1 351.2 11.8 

Aroostook 2,559.8 1,642.8 428.5 .8 4,631.9 2.9 

Cumberland 532.4 255.4 12.5 .0 800.2 6.2 

Franklin 615.3 777.7 83.8 .0 1,476.8 5.1 

Hancock 618.0 623.0 92.9 .0 1,333.9 5.9 

Kennebec 350.2 261.1 26.6 .0 637.9 7.6 

Knox 115.9 139.0 13.4 .0 268.3 13.3 

Lincoln 255.3 142.5 11.8 .0 409.6 11.0 

Oxford 1,225.7 899.5 50.9 .0 2,176.1 4.0 

Penobscot 1,197.8 1,196.9 192.3 .0 2,586.9 4.2 

Piscataquis 1,917.5 1,132.9 246.5 .4 3,297.3 3.7 

Sagadahoc 145.8 76.3 4.6 .0 226.6 14.7 

Somerset 1,745.4 1,148.7 237.7 .0 3,131.8 3.5 

Waldo 285.1 266.8 45.9 .0 597.8 7.9 

Washington 613.3 722.3 224.3 .9 1,560.7 5.1 

York 577.1 309.4 16.0 .1 902.7 6.1 _______________________________________________________________________________________

Total, all counties 12,939.1 9,750.6 1,698.0 2.2 24,389.9 1.3 

____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

SE 2.8 2.6 4.2 53.2 1.3

____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
133

20

Table A37. Net volume of growing-stock trees on timberland by county and stand-size class, Maine, 2003 (In millions of cubic feet)__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Stand-size class Counties _________________________________________________________________________ 

 Saw- Pole- Sapling and Non-  timber timber seedling stocked 

__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Androscoggin 174.0 146.5 9.8 .0 Aroostook 2,402.4 1,551.3 402.4 .4 Cumberland 509.8 240.2 12.0 .0 Franklin 550.4 734.1 76.4 .0 Hancock 526.6 559.8 79.0 .0 Kennebec 327.6 238.7 24.8 .0 Knox 110.0 100.5 12.7 .0 Lincoln 243.4 131.6 11.5 .0 Oxford 1,150.3 849.4 43.5 .0 Penobscot 1,098.7 1,124.6 168.8 .0 Piscataquis 1,687.8 931.9 207.8 .4 Sagadahoc 131.8 70.0 4.4 .0 Somerset 1,657.0 1,077.2 225.1 .0 Waldo 250.8 246.3 40.0 .0 Washington 559.8 661.9 201.7 .0 York 550.7 282.0 15.5 .1 

______________________________________________________________________________

Total, all counties 11,931.0 8,946.2 1,535.4 .9 2__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________SE 2.8 2.7 4.4 56.9 __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
134

Table A38. Net volume of sawtimber trees on timberland by county and forest-type group, Maine, 2003 (In millions of board feet)________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Forest-type group Counties ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________ White/ Spruce/ Loblolly/ Pinyon- Exotic  red pine fir shortleaf /Juniper Softwoods ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Androscoggin 467.0 .0 .0 .0 .0 Aroostook 424.8 4,679.8 .0 .0 .0 Cumberland 750.1 .0 .0 .0 .0 Franklin 285.4 521.6 .0 .0 .0 Hancock 396.1 928.7 .0 .0 .0 Kennebec 455.8 76.2 .0 .0 .0 Knox 35.8 182.7 .0 .0 .0 Lincoln 458.3 58.5 .0 .0 .0 Oxford 1,298.6 339.4 .0 .0 .0 Penobscot 1,263.2 1,816.1 .0 .0 .0 Piscataquis 450.3 2,905.4 .0 .0 .0 Sagadahoc 97.6 151.0 .0 .0 .0 Somerset 554.1 2,000.5 .0 .0 .0 Waldo 314.7 214.2 .0 .0 .0 Washington 742.5 1,214.5 .0 .0 .0 York 1,004.5 .0 .0 .0 .0 

_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Total, all counties 8,999.0 15,088.6 .0 .0 .0 ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________SE 7.5 4.4 .0 .0 .0 ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
135

20

Table A38. continued (In millions of board feet)_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Forest-type group Counties __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Oak/gum/ Elm/ash/ Northern Aspen/ Exotic cypress red maple hardwoods birch Hardwoods Nonstocked _________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Androscoggin .0 8.1 257.9 41.0 .0 .0 Aroostook .0 22.7 3,929.3 873.5 .0 .0 Cumberland .0 29.9 564.8 51.2 .0 .0 Franklin 12.6 8.6 1,506.4 500.7 .0 .0 Hancock .0 4.8 755.2 227.4 .0 .0 Kennebec .0 27.8 543.8 101.3 .0 .0 Knox .0 .0 137.6 22.3 .0 .0 Lincoln .0 25.4 304.6 28.2 .0 .0 Oxford .0 3.0 2,731.1 308.1 .0 .0 Penobscot .0 87.4 1,368.2 411.8 .0 .0 Piscataquis .0 44.5 3,180.0 364.8 .0 .0 Sagadahoc 6.8 10.7 85.0 .0 .0 .0 Somerset .0 85.1 3,563.3 663.8 .0 .0 Waldo .0 9.9 420.8 35.4 .0 .0 Washington .0 13.5 535.3 101.1 .0 .0 York .0 54.7 687.5 2.7 .0 .0 

__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Total, all counties 19.3 435.9 20,570.7 3,733.1 .0 .0 _________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________SE 73.8 21.0 3.5 8.6 .0 .0 _________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
136

Table A39. Net volume of sawtimber trees on timberland by county and stand-size class,

 Maine, 2003

 (In millions of board feet)

______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 Stand-size class

 Counties _________________________________________________________________________ All 

 Saw- Pole- Sapling and Non- classes SE 

 timber timber seedling stocked

______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Androscoggin 606.4 246.7 13.4 .0 866.5 19.0

Aroostook 7,070.8 2,255.1 604.2 .0 9,930.1 4.3

Cumberland 1,630.9 381.5 48.0 .0 2,060.4 9.0

Franklin 1,628.8 1,108.8 97.5 .0 2,835.2 9.0

Hancock 1,519.1 800.2 82.9 .0 2,402.2 9.5

Kennebec 1,017.2 333.4 54.1 .0 1,405.2 11.9

Knox 314.6 124.0 9.2 .0 447.7 20.5

Lincoln 820.7 160.1 5.0 .0 985.8 18.8

Oxford 3,602.8 1,370.7 72.9 .0 5,046.4 6.4

Penobscot 3,268.6 1,577.8 226.9 .0 5,073.3 6.6

Piscataquis 5,106.8 1,504.4 391.5 .0 7,002.7 5.5

Sagadahoc 393.1 91.8 3.8 .0 488.7 24.2

Somerset 4,931.2 1,566.7 429.1 .0 6,927.0 5.1

Waldo 710.9 369.5 40.3 .0 1,120.7 13.2

Washington 1,444.0 922.2 257.5 .0 2,623.8 7.9

York 1,787.3 469.9 18.8 .0 2,276.0 8.9 ________________________________________________________________________________________

Total, all counties 35,853.9 13,282.6 2,354.9 .0 51,491.7 2.0

______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

SE 3.1 3.3 6.7 .0 2.0

______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
137

20

Table A40. Biomass of all trees and shrubs on timberland, by county and class of material, Maine, 2003 (In thousands of dry tons)_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Non-timber Counties ______________________________________________________________________________________________________ T

 Salvable  Timber dead trees Saplings Shrubs

_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Androscoggin 11,780 104 1,740 66 Aroostook 144,862 2,288 42,361 2,672 Cumberland 26,974 332 2,524 110 Franklin 49,605 517 10,545 547 Hancock 40,363 1,370 8,896 396 Kennebec 22,804 180 3,938 143 Knox 7,519 186 1,610 44 Lincoln 13,278 214 2,153 58 Oxford 77,402 769 10,924 464 Penobscot 77,927 1,383 20,875 920 Piscataquis 95,601 1,498 24,329 1,025 Sagadahoc 7,888 67 970 32 Somerset 103,835 1,023 23,563 1,601 Waldo 19,962 383 3,969 127 Washington 46,742 936 19,360 1,272 York 30,804 252 4,280 159 

____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Total, all counties 777,346 11,505 182,038 9,637 _________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________SE 1.3 4.1 1.6 4.1 _________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
138

Table A41. Biomass of all timber on timberland, by county, class of timber, and component, Maine, 2003 (In thousands of dry tons)_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Growing stock trees Counties ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 

 Growing Stump stock Branches Foliage and roots Cull trees

_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Androscoggin 7,066 1,034 496 2,229 955 Aroostook 85,277 12,867 6,705 27,384 12,629 Cumberland 16,326 2,394 1,149 5,157 1,947 Franklin 30,608 4,319 1,967 9,637 3,073 Hancock 22,499 3,436 1,816 7,229 5,383 Kennebec 13,465 1,911 872 4,212 2,343 Knox 4,536 673 349 1,434 527 Lincoln 7,898 1,209 613 2,522 1,035 Oxford 46,217 6,508 2,933 14,447 7,297 Penobscot 45,411 6,977 3,690 14,700 7,149 Piscataquis 56,530 8,478 4,362 18,044 8,187 Sagadahoc 4,379 659 334 1,397 1,118 Somerset 63,068 9,011 4,263 19,874 7,619 Waldo 11,258 1,629 768 3,568 2,739 Washington 26,385 4,308 2,562 8,693 4,794 York 18,417 2,693 1,260 5,808 2,625 

_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Total, all counties 459,340 68,109 34,139 146,335 69,424 _________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________SE 1.4 1.3 1.4 1.3 2.6 _________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
139

20

Table A42. Biomass of softwood trees and evergreen shrubs on timberland, by county and class of material, M (In thousands of dry tons)_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Non-timber Counties __________________________________________________________________________________________________ Tota

 Salvable and  Timber dead trees Saplings Shrubs

_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Androscoggin 4,848 92 491 0 Aroostook 64,785 1,247 25,969 37 Cumberland 11,003 215 949 12 Franklin 14,995 202 5,070 11 Hancock 19,641 765 5,765 9 Kennebec 7,856 67 1,541 1 Knox 3,441 150 850 5 Lincoln 6,686 168 1,076 3 Oxford 24,455 284 4,308 3 Penobscot 36,941 807 12,045 9 Piscataquis 43,034 836 13,334 8 Sagadahoc 3,697 47 406 3 Somerset 36,134 596 13,607 5 Waldo 7,466 234 2,051 0 Washington 28,587 685 11,745 31 York 12,196 131 1,362 17 

______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Total, all counties 325,766 6,527 100,569 155 4_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________SE 1.9 5.4 2.3 14.7 _________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
140

Table A43. Biomass of hardwood trees and deciduous shrubs on timberland by county and class of material, Ma (In thousands of dry tons) _______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 Non-timber Counties ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ T

 Salvable  Timber dead trees Saplings Shrubs

_______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Androscoggin 6,932 12 1,249 66 Aroostook 80,077 1,041 16,392 2,635 Cumberland 15,971 117 1,575 97 Franklin 34,610 316 5,474 536 Hancock 20,721 605 3,131 387 Kennebec 14,948 113 2,397 142 Knox 4,077 36 760 39 Lincoln 6,592 46 1,077 56 Oxford 52,946 485 6,616 461 Penobscot 40,986 576 8,829 911 Piscataquis 52,567 663 10,995 1,017 Sagadahoc 4,191 21 564 29 Somerset 67,701 427 9,956 1,596 Waldo 12,497 149 1,918 127 Washington 18,155 251 7,615 1,241 York 18,607 121 2,918 142 

___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Total, all counties 451,580 4,978 81,469 9,483 _______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________SE 1.9 6.3 2.3 4.2 _______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
141

20

Table A44. Biomass of softwood timber on timberland by county and component, Maine, 2003 (In thousands of dry tons)_______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Growing stock trees Counties ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 

 Growing Stump stock Branches Foliage and roots Cull trees

_______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Androscoggin 2,717 508 342 915 365 Aroostook 37,077 7,013 5,035 12,684 2,976 Cumberland 6,333 1,188 800 2,139 542 Franklin 8,807 1,657 1,186 2,995 350 Hancock 10,330 1,936 1,371 3,495 2,509 Kennebec 4,333 813 553 1,463 694 Knox 1,925 360 259 651 246 Lincoln 3,755 705 465 1,265 495 Oxford 14,050 2,621 1,805 4,725 1,255 Penobscot 20,854 3,929 2,794 7,100 2,264 Piscataquis 24,574 4,618 3,268 8,340 2,233 Sagadahoc 1,892 353 243 638 570 Somerset 20,849 3,912 2,808 7,074 1,491 Waldo 3,825 720 503 1,299 1,120 Washington 15,803 2,971 2,159 5,377 2,277 York 6,944 1,302 851 2,337 762 

___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Total, all counties 184,069 34,606 24,443 62,497 20,152 _______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________SE 2.0 2.0 1.9 1.9 4.4 _______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
142

Table A45. Biomass of hardwood timber on timberland by county cand component, Maine, 2003 (In thousands of dry tons)_______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Growing stock trees Counties ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 

 Growing Stump stock Branches Foliage and roots Cull trees

_______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Androscoggin 4,348 526 154 1,314 590 Aroostook 48,200 5,854 1,669 14,700 9,653 Cumberland 9,993 1,206 349 3,017 1,405 Franklin 21,802 2,662 781 6,642 2,723 Hancock 12,168 1,500 445 3,734 2,874 Kennebec 9,132 1,099 319 2,749 1,649 Knox 2,611 313 90 782 281 Lincoln 4,143 504 148 1,257 541 Oxford 32,167 3,887 1,128 9,722 6,041 Penobscot 24,557 3,048 897 7,600 4,884 Piscataquis 31,956 3,860 1,093 9,704 5,953 Sagadahoc 2,487 306 91 759 548 Somerset 42,219 5,099 1,455 12,800 6,128 Waldo 7,433 909 266 2,270 1,619 Washington 10,582 1,337 403 3,316 2,517 York 11,473 1,392 408 3,471 1,863 

_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Total, all counties 275,271 33,503 9,697 83,837 49,272 _______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________SE 2.0 1.9 1.9 2.0 3.2 _______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
143

2003

Table A46. Biomass of growing stock on timberland by county and component, Maine, 2003

 (In thousands of dry tons)

_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 Growing stock

 Counties ______________________________________________________________________________ Total SE 

 Poletimber Sawlog Upper stem growing stock

_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Androscoggin 2,969 3,490 607 7,066 11.6

Aroostook 38,019 39,640 7,617 85,277 3.0

Cumberland 6,289 8,476 1,561 16,326 6.5

Franklin 15,875 12,154 2,579 30,608 5.7

Hancock 11,692 9,128 1,678 22,499 6.5

Kennebec 6,081 6,223 1,161 13,465 7.8

Knox 2,186 1,982 368 4,536 15.3

Lincoln 3,354 3,935 609 7,898 10.4

Oxford 20,743 21,244 4,231 46,217 4.0

Penobscot 22,579 19,254 3,578 45,411 4.1

Piscataquis 23,628 27,712 5,190 56,530 4.1

Sagadahoc 1,964 2,047 367 4,379 14.1

Somerset 28,342 28,895 5,831 63,068 3.9

Waldo 5,548 4,785 925 11,258 8.8

Washington 14,802 9,866 1,717 26,385 5.2

York 7,697 9,133 1,587 18,417 6.2 _______________________________________________________________________________________________________

Total, all counties 211,769 207,965 39,605 459,340 1.4

_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

SE 1.3 1.9 2.0 1.4

_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
144

Table B1. Land area by land class, Maine, 1995a

 (In thousands of acres)

________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 Land class Acres SE 

________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Timberland:

 Rural 17,014.6 .5

 Urban 39.5 40.0 __________________

Total timberland 17,054.1 .5 __________________

 Forested land:

 Productive reserved 253.9 15.8

 Unproductive reserved 13.1 70.8

 Other forest landc

 370.2 12.1

__________________

Total forest land 17,691.3 .4 __________________

Nonforest land:

 Cropland 532.7 8.5

 Pasture 169.2 18.4

 Other 1,332.7 5.1

 Noncensus water 25.6 46.0 __________________

Total nonforest land 2,060.1 3.1 __________________

Total land aread 19,751.4b .0 ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

SE .0

________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

a

 In this and other tables, a zero indicates that the data are 

negligible or the condition was not encountered in the sample. 

A dash indicates that the condition is not possible under current 

Forest Service definitions. 

b

 Rows and columns in all tables may not sum due to rounding. 

c

 "Other forest land" formerly known as unproductive forest land. 

d

 Source: 2000 United States Department of Commerce, Bureau of Census
145

1995

Table B2. Land area by county and land class, Maine, 1995 (In thousands of acres)_______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Land class Counties _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 Productive Unproductive Other Total  Timberland reserved reserved forest forest land 

_______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Androscoggin 203.3 .0 .0 6.7 210.0 Aroostook 3,750.4 25.1 .0 96.5 3,872.0 Cumberland 379.3 .0 .0 .0 379.3 Franklin 983.7 30.0 .0 19.1 1,032.9 Hancock 854.3 26.1 6.2 26.3 912.9 Kennebec 411.1 .0 .0 .0 411.1 Knox 169.9 .0 .0 .0 169.9 Lincoln 223.1 .0 .0 .0 223.1 Oxford 1,208.0 6.5 .0 .0 1,214.5 Penobscot 1,849.5 12.8 .0 66.3 1,928.5 Piscataquis 2,282.3 126.7 6.9 40.7 2,456.6 Sagadahoc 123.4 .0 .0 .0 123.4 Somerset 2,353.2 6.7 .0 29.0 2,388.9 Waldo 373.7 6.6 .0 .0 380.3 Washington 1,387.7 13.5 .0 85.6 1,486.7 York 501.4 .0 .0 .0 501.4 

_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Total, all counties 17,054.1 253.9 13.1 370.2 17,691.3 _______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
146

Table B3. Area of timberland by forest type, forest-type group, and stand-size

 class, Maine, 1995

 (In thousands of acres)

______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 Stand-size class

 Forest type _____________________________________________________________________________ All

 Saw- Pole- Sapling and Non- classes SE 

 timber timber seedling stocked

______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Jack pine .0 6.4 .0 .0 6.4 100.0 

Red pine 6.6 21.4 6.4 .0 34.4 42.0

White pine 245.0 149.9 36.5 .0 431.5 11.9 

White pine/hemlock 40.1 55.0 2.9 .0 97.9 25.2 

Hemlock 152.8 223.7 26.7 .0 403.2 12.4 ______________________________________________________________________________________________

White/red pine group 444.6 456.5 72.4 .0 973.4 7.7 ______________________________________________________________________________________________

Balsam fir 356.7 1,499.1 1,162.4 .0 3,018.1 4.1 

White spruce 29.6 48.3 56.6 .0 134.5 21.4 

Red spruce 155.2 543.6 150.6 .0 849.4 8.4 

Red spruce/balsam fir 192.4 769.2 512.0 .0 1,473.5 6.3 

Black spruce 6.7 182.8 15.2 .0 204.7 17.6 

Tamarack .0 74.0 13.4 .0 87.4 27.1 

Northern white-cedar 305.4 580.8 91.2 .0 977.4 7.4 ____________________________________________________________________________________________

Spruce/fir group 1,045.9 3,697.7 2,001.4 .0 6,745.0 2.2 ____________________________________________________________________________________________

Pitch pine .0 6.7 .0 .0 6.7 100.0 ____________________________________________________________________________________________

Loblolly/shortleaf group .0 6.7 .0 .0 6.7 100.0 ____________________________________________________________________________________________

Wh. pine/no.red oak/wh. ash 57.7 124.0 39.9 .0 221.6 17.1 

Other oak/pine .0 6.7 .0 .0 6.7 100.0 ____________________________________________________________________________________________

Oak/pine group 57.7 130.7 39.9 .0 228.3 16.9 ____________________________________________________________________________________________

White oak/red oak/hickory .0 48.7 6.2 .0 55.0 35.5 

Northern red oak 2.9 59.1 17.6 .0 79.5 29.4 

 Red maple/oak .0 21.0 .0 .0 21.0 56.2

Mixed upland hardwoods 3.4 13.2 16.2 .0 32.8 42.2 ____________________________________________________________________________________________

Oak/hickory group 6.3 142.1 40.0 .0 188.3 18.5 ____________________________________________________________________________________________

Sweetbay/swamp tupelo/red mple 7.1 32.1 23.9 .0 63.1 31.8 ____________________________________________________________________________________________

Oak/gum/cypress group 7.1 32.1 23.9 .0 63.1 31.8 ____________________________________________________________________________________________
147

1995

Table B3. continued

 (In thousands of acres)

__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 Stand-size class

 Forest type ____________________________________________________________________________ All 

 Saw- Pole- Sapling and Non- classes SE 

 timber timber seedling stocked

__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Black ash/Amer. elm/red maple 13.2 120.3 62.5 .0 195.9 18.4 

River birch/sycamore .0 .0 58.8 .0 58.8 32.9 

Willow .0 6.6 28.9 .0 35.6 41.4 

Sycamore/pecan/American elm .0 33.6 6.7 .0 40.3 51.2 

Sugarbrry/hackbrry/elm/gr.ash .0 6.5 .0 .0 6.5 100.0 

Silver maple/American elm .0 6.6 .0 .0 6.6 100.0 

Red maple(lowland) 19.9 99.6 46.7 .0 166.3 19.7 ____________________________________________________________________________________________

 Elm/ash/red maple group 33.1 273.3 203.6 .0 510.0 11.4 ____________________________________________________________________________________________

Sugar maple/beech/yellow birch 646.3 2,960.6 1,870.9 .0 5,477.8 2.7 

Black cherry .0 5.3 13.2 .0 18.5 58.0 

Cherry/ash/yellow poplar 23.0 153.1 93.6 .0 269.7 15.3 

Hard maple/basswood .0 6.6 22.9 .0 29.5 45.2 

Red maple/uplands 37.3 208.8 120.8 .0 366.8 13.8 ____________________________________________________________________________________________

 Northern hardwoods group 706.6 3,334.4 2,121.3 .0 6,162.4 2.4 ____________________________________________________________________________________________

Aspen 67.1 442.6 402.7 .0 912.4 8.1 

Paper birch 15.4 427.8 569.7 .0 1,012.8 7.7 

Gray birch .0 7.5 .0 .0 7.5 100.0 

Balsam poplar .0 38.6 25.2 .0 63.8 31.5 ____________________________________________________________________________________________

 Aspen/birch group 82.5 916.5 997.5 .0 1,996.5 5.3 ____________________________________________________________________________________________

Nonstocked 52.1 74.0 .0 54.3 180.4 17.7 ____________________________________________________________________________________________

All forest types 2,435.9 9,063.9 5,499.9 54.3 17,054.1 .5 

__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

SE 4.8 1.8 2.6 29.1 .5

__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
148

Table B4. Area of timberland by forest-type group and stocking class of all live trees,

 Maine, 1995

 (In thousands of acres)

______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 Stocking class

 Forest-type ________________________________________________________________________________________________ All

 group Poorly Moderately Fully Over- classes SE 

 Nonstocked stocked stocked stocked stocked

______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

White/red pine .0 25.0 173.0 541.4 234.1 973.4 7.7

Spruce/fir .0 209.9 1,596.4 3,635.6 1,303.1 6,745.0 2.2

Loblolly/shortleaf .0 .0 .0 6.7 .0 6.7 100.0

Oak/pine .0 .0 33.7 174.3 20.3 228.3 16.9

Oak/hickory .0 11.8 25.3 103.9 47.3 188.3 18.5

Oak/gum/cypress .0 6.6 6.8 26.0 23.8 63.1 31.8

Elm/ash/red maple .0 37.9 107.9 279.5 84.7 510.0 11.4

Northern hardwoods .0 166.9 974.9 3,412.8 1,607.7 6,162.4 2.4

Aspen/birch .0 104.7 279.4 783.9 828.5 1,996.5 5.3 ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 All type groups .0 562.7 3,197.4 8,964.0 4,149.5 16,873.6 .5 ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Nonstocked 54.3 99.9 18.5 7.7 .0 180.4 17.7 ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

All groups 54.3 662.6 3,215.9 8,971.7 4,149.5 17,054.1 .5

______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

SE 29.1 9.4 4.0 1.9 3.4 .5

______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
149

1995

Table B5. Number of live trees (1.0+ inches d.b.h.) on forest land by species and diameter class, Maine, 1 (In thousands of trees)_______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Diameter class (inches at breast height) Species group _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 1.0- 3.0- 5.0- 7.0- 9.0- 11.0 2.9 4.9 6.9 8.9 10.9 12.9 _______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Balsam fir 3,710,157 761,202 273,411 119,196 43,519 12,98Atlantic white-cedar 0 0 33 0 0 White spruce 141,176 64,073 24,860 16,383 8,105 5,04Black spruce 185,767 68,746 33,924 14,668 6,129 2,02Red spruce 658,944 239,825 154,983 113,097 67,866 35,73Red pine 6,979 5,060 2,911 1,942 1,135 56Pitch pine 398 1,167 167 451 412 39Eastern white pine 164,311 72,868 43,340 30,560 22,808 17,724 Other yellow pines 2,644 1,493 1,840 194 35 Northern white-cedar 243,751 151,705 120,945 94,019 63,712 35,83Eastern hemlock 202,585 85,174 48,981 38,845 27,965 16,84Other softwoods 26,308 17,455 12,296 6,610 3,209 2,174 

_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 Total softwoods 5,343,021 1,468,769 717,690 435,964 244,896 129,31

_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Red maple 1,216,419 332,279 185,767 111,415 60,449 29,2Sugar maple 381,466 107,849 53,903 38,529 27,514 17,9Yellow birch 535,704 104,572 46,025 31,526 21,572 15,6Paper birch 708,475 203,850 94,789 59,069 28,961 10,3Hickory 0 0 31 0 37 American beech 547,541 148,865 76,184 44,231 26,206 13,0White ash 169,807 44,510 19,855 12,705 6,522 3,7Aspen 567,883 90,588 50,112 42,662 25,870 13,8Black cherry 56,021 7,561 4,435 2,383 1,155 4White oak 897 1,281 1,523 1,001 329 Northern red oak 86,484 34,519 21,299 15,244 9,263 5,4Other white oaks 0 0 0 0 0 Other red oaks 2,522 785 787 699 508 2American basswood 9,331 4,094 1,088 1,211 746 3Elm 11,023 4,872 2,750 1,398 499 1Other commercial hardwoods 83,335 35,068 13,552 4,927 1,950 1,2Noncommercial hardwoods 1,326,292 198,448 47,572 10,502 2,085 5

_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 Total hardwoods 5,703,200 1,319,141 619,673 377,502 213,665 112,4

_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Total, all species 11,046,220 2,787,910 1,337,363 813,466 458,562 241,8_______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________SE 2.1 2.0 1.4 1.4 1.5 1_______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
150

Table B5. continued (In thousands of trees)_______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Diameter class (inches at breast height) Species group _________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 17.0- 19.0- 21.0- Total  18.9 20.9 28.9 29.0+ 5.0+ _______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Balsam fir 67 33 0 0 453,451 4Atlantic white-cedar 0 0 0 0 33 White spruce 511 131 255 0 58,532 Black spruce 33 0 0 0 57,571 Red spruce 2,149 687 356 0 396,388 1Red pine 216 33 0 0 7,634 Pitch pine 67 0 0 0 1,976 Eastern white pine 6,812 3,914 5,768 415 153,695 Other yellow pines 0 0 0 0 2,068 Northern white-cedar 3,774 1,116 880 0 347,599 Eastern hemlock 2,338 1,111 1,134 0 152,843 Other softwoods 133 130 65 0 25,768 

___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 Total softwoods 16,103 7,156 8,459 415 1,657,558 8

___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Red maple 2,858 1,767 1,642 99 413,554 1Sugar maple 3,650 2,608 3,857 167 166,532 Yellow birch 2,933 1,648 1,560 33 134,602 Paper birch 305 100 98 0 198,436 1Hickory 0 0 0 0 67 American beech 1,237 583 157 0 171,916 White ash 269 118 273 0 46,187 Aspen 802 420 237 31 144,637 Black cherry 31 0 34 0 8,697 White oak 0 36 39 0 3,172 Northern red oak 775 656 714 0 58,677 Other white oaks 0 0 0 0 33 Other red oaks 78 0 0 0 2,538 American basswood 61 63 0 0 3,941 Elm 0 0 0 0 4,878 Other commercial hardwoods 164 32 67 0 22,793 Noncommercial hardwoods 39 0 0 0 61,055 1

___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 Total hardwoods 13,203 8,032 8,679 330 1,441,716 8

___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Total, all species 29,306 15,188 17,137 745 3,099,274 16

_______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________SE 4.3 5.7 5.5 24.2 1.1 _______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
151

1995

Table B6. Number of live trees (5.0+ inches d.b.h.) on timberland by species and diameter class,  (In thousands of trees)___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Diameter class (inches at breast height Species group _________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 1.0- 3.0- 5.0- 7.0- 9.0- 11. 2.9 4.9 6.9 8.9 10.9 12.___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Balsam fir 3,672,680 750,546 269,533 117,760 43,009 12,7Atlantic white-cedar 0 0 33 0 0 White spruce 136,822 61,743 24,036 15,862 7,795 4,7Black spruce 97,353 52,555 32,923 14,601 6,096 2,0Red spruce 634,376 231,454 150,266 109,816 66,065 34,3Red pine 6,979 5,060 2,878 1,908 1,102 5Pitch pine 398 1,167 167 451 412 Eastern white pine 164,311 70,913 42,973 29,960 22,511 17,Other yellow pines 403 0 1,529 163 35 Northern white-cedar 237,813 148,568 118,919 92,331 63,039 35,Eastern hemlock 200,092 82,657 48,713 38,741 27,895 16,Other softwoods 20,423 17,057 12,197 6,547 3,209 2,

_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 Total softwoods 5,171,650 1,421,720 704,168 428,141 241,168 126,

_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Red maple 1,199,816 324,244 182,680 109,739 59,679 28,Sugar maple 380,706 105,421 53,134 38,209 27,231 17,Yellow birch 526,950 101,799 45,385 30,993 21,071 15,Paper birch 688,492 198,604 92,265 57,570 28,268 10,Hickory 0 0 31 0 37 American beech 534,970 146,111 74,580 43,871 25,848 12,White ash 169,807 44,510 19,746 12,678 6,522 3,Aspen 562,721 89,359 48,286 41,784 25,336 13,Black cherry 53,534 7,561 4,435 2,383 1,155 White oak 897 1,281 1,523 1,001 329 Northern red oak 85,647 34,112 20,892 15,108 9,128 5,Other white oaks 0 0 0 0 0 Other red oaks 2,522 785 787 699 508 American basswood 9,331 4,094 1,088 1,211 746 Elm 11,023 4,872 2,717 1,398 465 Other commercial hardwoods 80,581 30,414 12,428 4,539 1,783 1,Noncommercial hardwoods 1,291,155 193,475 47,005 10,410 2,085 

_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 Total hardwoods 5,598,152 1,286,643 606,985 371,592 210,191 110,

_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Total, all species 10,769,802 2,708,362 1,311,152 799,733 451,359 237,___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________SE 2.2 2.1 1.5 1.5 1.6 1___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
152

Table B6. continued (In thousands of trees)_______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Diameter class (inches at breast height) Species group _______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 17.0- 19.0- 21.0- Total  18.9 20.9 28.9 29.0+ 5.0+ _______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Balsam fir 67 0 0 0 447,272 4Atlantic white-cedar 0 0 0 0 33 White spruce 511 131 221 0 56,518 Black spruce 33 0 0 0 56,471 Red spruce 2,051 654 356 0 383,624 1Red pine 216 33 0 0 7,436 Pitch pine 67 0 0 0 1,976 Eastern white pine 6,678 3,816 5,607 415 151,704 Other yellow pines 0 0 0 0 1,726 Northern white-cedar 3,707 1,083 748 0 341,752 Eastern hemlock 2,338 1,081 1,134 0 152,239 Other softwoods 133 130 65 0 25,605 

_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 Total softwoods 15,803 6,928 8,131 415 1,626,357 8

_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Red maple 2,727 1,733 1,608 99 406,830 1Sugar maple 3,650 2,546 3,828 167 164,473 Yellow birch 2,901 1,648 1,525 33 132,418 Paper birch 305 100 98 0 193,334 1Hickory 0 0 0 0 67 American beech 1,207 583 157 0 169,159 White ash 269 118 273 0 45,957 Aspen 701 420 237 31 140,837 Black cherry 31 0 34 0 8,697 White oak 0 36 39 0 3,172 Northern red oak 742 656 714 0 57,845 Other white oaks 0 0 0 0 33 Other red oaks 78 0 0 0 2,538 American basswood 61 63 0 0 3,941 Elm 0 0 0 0 4,811 Other commercial hardwoods 164 32 33 0 20,880 Noncommercial hardwoods 39 0 0 0 60,395 1

_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 Total hardwoods 12,876 7,936 8,547 330 1,415,390 8

_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Total, all species 28,679 14,864 16,678 745 3,041,747 16_______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________SE 4.4 5.7 5.6 24.2 1.1 _______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
153

1995

Table B7. Number of growing-stock trees (5.0+ inches d.b.h.) on forest land by species and diameter class,  (In thousands of trees)_______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 Diameter class (inches at breast height) Species group _______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 5.0- 7.0- 9.0- 11.0- 13.0-  6.9 8.9 10.9 12.9 14.9 _______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Balsam fir 269,559 117,596 41,129 12,338 3,363 Atlantic white-cedar 33 0 0 0 0 White spruce 24,411 16,283 7,284 4,943 2,164 Black spruce 33,762 14,595 5,865 1,900 590 Red spruce 153,193 112,211 64,872 35,019 14,490 Red pine 2,616 1,909 1,103 565 560 Pitch pine 133 451 412 391 321 Eastern white pine 41,658 29,727 20,525 16,361 13,222 Other yellow pines 1,309 129 35 0 0 Northern white-cedar 109,599 84,496 47,655 28,047 14,283 Eastern hemlock 47,548 38,214 23,626 15,364 9,891 Other softwoods 11,799 6,313 3,046 2,076 687 

_______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 Total softwoods 695,621 421,925 215,552 117,005 59,571 

_______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Red maple 169,581 103,493 55,974 23,640 10,784 Sugar maple 50,438 37,028 26,082 15,766 10,309 Yellow birch 42,016 28,771 20,075 11,562 6,304 Paper birch 91,386 56,778 27,877 9,399 3,355 Hickory 31 0 37 0 0 American beech 67,261 39,655 23,372 9,646 5,339 White ash 19,323 12,501 6,321 3,402 1,666 Aspen 49,454 41,786 25,055 13,448 7,116 Black cherry 3,539 1,866 884 322 66 White oak 1,486 1,001 293 80 80 Northern red oak 20,985 15,000 9,114 5,132 2,582 Other white oaks 0 0 0 0 0 Other red oaks 787 661 508 255 174 American basswood 1,019 1,146 609 371 166 Elm 2,556 1,398 499 102 63 Other hardwoods 29,209 8,192 2,171 881 466 

_______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 Total hardwoods 549,070 349,276 198,873 94,007 48,471 

_______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Total, all species 1,244,691 771,202 414,425 211,011 108,042 

_______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

SE 1.5 1.5 1.6 1.9 2.5 

_______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
154

Table B7. continued (In thousands of trees)______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Diameter class (inches at breast height) Species group __________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 19.0- 21.0-  20.9 28.9 29.0+ cl______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Balsam fir 33 0 0 44Atlantic white-cedar 0 0 0 White spruce 131 255 0 5Black spruce 0 0 0 5Red spruce 687 324 0 38Red pine 33 0 0 Pitch pine 0 0 0 Eastern white pine 3,776 5,183 370 14Other yellow pines 0 0 0 Northern white-cedar 951 585 0 29Eastern hemlock 1,016 1,026 0 14Other softwoods 66 65 0 2

____________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 Total softwoods 6,695 7,439 370 1,56

____________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Red maple 1,085 1,137 33 37Sugar maple 2,054 3,003 66 15Yellow birch 1,159 931 33 11Paper birch 66 33 0 18Hickory 0 0 0 American beech 321 33 0 14White ash 118 202 0 4Aspen 328 204 31 14Black cherry 0 34 0 White oak 36 0 0 Northern red oak 624 579 0 5Other white oaks 0 0 0 Other red oaks 0 0 0 American basswood 63 0 0 Elm 0 0 0 Other hardwoods 32 0 0 4

____________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 Total hardwoods 5,887 6,156 163 1,28

____________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Total, all species 12,581 13,595 533 2,85______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________SE 6.2 6.0 26.3 ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
155

1995

Table B8. Number of growing-stock trees (5.0+ inches d.b.h.) on timberland by species and diameter class, M (In thousands of trees)_______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Diameter class (inches at breast height) Species group _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 5.0- 7.0- 9.0- 11.0- 13.0-  6.9 8.9 10.9 12.9 14.9 _______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Balsam fir 265,778 116,161 40,618 12,147 3,300 Atlantic white-cedar 33 0 0 0 0 White spruce 23,621 15,762 7,001 4,651 2,130 Black spruce 32,794 14,529 5,832 1,900 590 Red spruce 148,477 108,931 63,167 33,643 13,457 Red pine 2,583 1,875 1,069 565 461 Pitch pine 133 451 412 391 321 Eastern white pine 41,292 29,127 20,261 16,262 13,055 Other yellow pines 998 98 35 0 0 Northern white-cedar 108,027 83,099 47,076 27,620 14,123 Eastern hemlock 47,312 38,109 23,556 15,364 9,856 Other softwoods 11,699 6,250 3,046 2,076 687 

_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 Total softwoods 682,747 414,393 212,075 114,619 57,981 

_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Red maple 166,723 102,075 55,236 23,247 10,558 Sugar maple 49,769 36,709 25,888 15,566 10,152 Yellow birch 41,377 28,238 19,575 11,440 6,239 Paper birch 88,862 55,279 27,217 9,142 3,227 Hickory 31 0 37 0 0 American beech 65,788 39,393 23,143 9,545 5,169 White ash 19,215 12,474 6,321 3,369 1,639 Aspen 47,628 40,941 24,555 13,247 7,016 Black cherry 3,539 1,866 884 322 66 White oak 1,486 1,001 293 80 80 Northern red oak 20,579 14,864 8,980 5,065 2,555 Other white oaks 0 0 0 0 0 Other red oaks 787 661 508 255 174 American basswood 1,019 1,146 609 371 166 Elm 2,522 1,398 465 102 63 Other hardwoods 28,314 7,837 2,071 815 432 

_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 Total hardwoods 537,637 343,882 195,783 92,567 47,536 

_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Total, all species 1,220,385 758,275 407,858 207,187 105,517 _______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________SE 1.5 1.5 1.6 2.0 2.5 _______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
156

Table B8. continued (In thousands of trees)____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Diameter class (inches at breast height) Species group ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 19.0- 21.0- Al 20.9 28.9 29.0+ clas____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Balsam fir 0 0 0 438,Atlantic white-cedar 0 0 0 White spruce 131 221 0 55,Black spruce 0 0 0 55,Red spruce 654 324 0 376,Red pine 33 0 0 7,Pitch pine 0 0 0 1,Eastern white pine 3,677 5,022 370 143,Other yellow pines 0 0 0 1,Northern white-cedar 918 487 0 290,Eastern hemlock 1,016 1,026 0 143,Other softwoods 66 65 0 24,

________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 Total softwoods 6,497 7,145 370 1,539,

________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Red maple 1,085 1,103 33 367,Sugar maple 1,992 3,003 66 151,Yellow birch 1,159 896 33 114,Paper birch 66 33 0 184,Hickory 0 0 0 American beech 321 33 0 146,White ash 118 202 0 44,Aspen 328 204 31 137,Black cherry 0 34 0 6,White oak 36 0 0 3,Northern red oak 624 579 0 56,Other white oaks 0 0 0 Other red oaks 0 0 0 2,American basswood 63 0 0 3,Elm 0 0 0 4,Other hardwoods 32 0 0 39,

________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 Total hardwoods 5,824 6,087 163 1,263,

________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Total, all species 12,321 13,233 533 2,802,____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________SE 6.3 6.1 26.3 ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
157

1995

Table B9. Number of live saplings on forest land by species and 1" diameter class, Maine, 1995 (In thousands of trees) _______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Diameter class (inches at breast height) Species group _________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 

 1.0- 2.0- 3.0- 4.0-  1.9 2.9 3.9 4.9

_______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Balsam fir 2,662,640 1,047,516 480,844 280,358 4White spruce 91,409 49,767 33,608 30,465 Black spruce 105,015 80,752 38,411 30,335 Red spruce 447,535 211,409 134,772 105,054 Red pine 3,910 3,069 3,904 1,156 Pitch pine 398 0 382 784 Eastern white pine 98,242 66,069 45,001 27,867 Other yellow pines 1,867 777 373 1,120 Northern white-cedar 143,657 100,094 75,512 76,193 Eastern hemlock 140,194 62,391 46,430 38,744 Other softwoods 18,084 8,225 10,427 7,028 

___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 Total softwoods 3,712,952 1,630,069 869,666 599,103 6

___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Red maple 865,561 350,858 187,027 145,252 1Sugar maple 259,666 121,800 69,399 38,450 Yellow birch 388,286 147,418 67,595 36,977 Paper birch 511,136 197,339 126,032 77,819 American beech 384,410 163,131 99,930 48,935 White ash 125,350 44,457 26,123 18,387 Aspen 419,195 148,688 58,601 31,987 Black cherry 46,090 9,930 4,741 2,820 White oak 433 464 433 848 Northern red oak 55,832 30,652 19,094 15,426 Other red oaks 2,522 0 392 392 American basswood 4,252 5,079 2,910 1,184 Elm 6,231 4,793 3,294 1,578 Other commercial hardwoods 54,979 28,356 21,163 13,905 Noncommercial hardwoods 1,010,919 315,373 137,912 60,536 1

___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 Total hardwoods 4,134,862 1,568,337 824,645 494,496 7

___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Total, all species 7,847,814 3,198,406 1,694,311 1,093,599 13_______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________SE 2.3 2.3 2.3 2.5 _______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
158

Table B10. Number of live saplings on timberland by species and 1" diameter class, Maine, 1995 (In thousands of trees)_______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Diameter class (inches at breast height) Species group _______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 

 1.0- 2.0- 3.0- 4.0-  1.9 2.9 3.9 4.9

_______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Balsam fir 2,638,491 1,034,188 474,084 276,463 White spruce 88,194 48,628 31,665 30,078 Black spruce 55,054 42,299 26,034 26,521 Red spruce 431,839 202,537 130,331 101,123 Red pine 3,910 3,069 3,904 1,156 Pitch pine 398 0 382 784 Eastern white pine 98,242 66,069 43,447 27,465 Other yellow pines 0 403 0 0 Northern white-cedar 139,313 98,499 73,557 75,011 Eastern hemlock 138,121 61,971 46,010 36,647 Other softwoods 14,960 5,463 10,029 7,028 

_______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 Total softwoods 3,608,522 1,563,128 839,444 582,276 

_______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Red maple 854,869 344,947 182,175 142,069 Sugar maple 259,263 121,443 67,811 37,610 Yellow birch 383,564 143,386 66,018 35,781 Paper birch 496,668 191,823 122,796 75,808 American beech 375,107 159,863 97,176 48,935 White ash 125,350 44,457 26,123 18,387 Aspen 415,603 147,117 57,779 31,579 Black cherry 43,603 9,930 4,741 2,820 White oak 433 464 433 848 Northern red oak 54,996 30,652 19,094 15,018 Other red oaks 2,522 0 392 392 American basswood 4,252 5,079 2,910 1,184 Elm 6,231 4,793 3,294 1,578 Other commercial hardwoods 52,997 27,584 18,062 12,352 Noncommercial hardwoods 986,003 305,152 134,044 59,431 

_______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 Total hardwoods 4,061,460 1,536,691 802,848 483,794 

_______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Total, all species 7,669,982 3,099,820 1,642,292 1,066,070 1

_______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________SE 2.4 2.3 2.4 2.5 _______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
159

1995

Table B11. Net volume of all trees on timberland by class of timber and species

 group, Maine, 1995

 (In millions of cubic feet)

__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 Species group

 Class of timber __________________________________________________________________________________ All

 Other Soft Hard species SE 

 Pines softwoods hardwoods hardwoods ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Growing-stock trees:

 Sawtimber size 1,964.5 5,524.0 1,091.8 3,260.4 11,840.8 1.9 

 Poletimber size 332.1 4,255.6 1,792.7 3,765.0 10,145.4 1.3 ________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 Total growing-stock trees 2,296.6 9,779.7 2,884.5 7,025.4 21,986.2 1.2 

Rough trees:

 Sawtimber size 56.5 251.4 127.8 227.6 663.3 4.6 

 Poletimber size 5.5 25.6 53.8 132.2 217.1 4.4 ________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 Total rough trees 62.1 277.0 181.6 359.7 880.4 3.7 ________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Rotten trees:

 Sawtimber size 9.4 77.1 51.9 121.7 260.1 5.5 

 Poletimber size .4 10.6 17.0 23.4 51.4 5.5 ________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 Total rotten trees 9.8 87.7 68.9 145.1 311.5 4.8 ________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Salvable deada trees:

 Sawtimber size 7.7 133.8 17.0 49.8 208.2 7.1 

 Poletimber size 5.5 105.3 16.1 74.4 201.3 4.3 ________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 Total salvable dead trees 13.1 239.1 33.1 124.2 409.5 4.6 ________________________________________________________________________________________________________

All classes 2,381.7 10,383.5 3,168.0 7,654.4 23,587.6 1.2 

__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

SE 6.3 2.1 2.8 2.1 1.2

__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
160

Table B12. Net volume of all live trees on forest land by species and diameter class, Maine, 1995 (In millions of cubic feet)_______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Diameter class (inches at breast height) Species group _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 5.0- 7.0- 9.0- 11.0- 13.0- 15.0- 17.0- 19.0- 21.0-  6.9 8.9 10.9 12.9 14.9 16.9 18.9 20.9 28.9 

_______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Balsam fir 794.6 730.4 456.9 206.0 79.3 22.7 2.5 1.8 .0 Atlantic white-cedar .1 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 White spruce 78.7 106.9 90.3 88.1 52.9 35.6 20.4 7.6 16.1 Black spruce 117.8 97.9 68.4 32.7 12.7 5.5 1.3 .0 .0 Red spruce 528.8 772.7 782.4 627.7 371.6 218.9 88.1 37.4 24.6 Red pine 8.6 12.5 13.1 8.7 13.8 8.9 8.6 2.1 .0 Pitch pine .5 3.1 4.4 6.0 7.4 5.2 3.1 .0 .0 Eastern white pine 127.5 187.5 235.3 282.9 310.9 270.3 262.6 193.7 376.5 Other yellow pines 3.8 .8 .4 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 Northern white-cedar 291.3 431.2 479.2 392.8 272.5 177.3 97.9 38.0 36.7 Eastern hemlock 134.1 216.9 264.4 241.4 213.8 135.8 80.5 46.0 67.8 Other softwoods 33.7 37.5 33.2 34.4 15.5 11.1 5.0 3.5 3.9 

_______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 Total softwoods 2,119.4 2,597.4 2,428.0 1,920.7 1,350.4 891.2 570.1 330.1 525.7 

_______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Red maple 462.1 614.6 575.5 420.4 273.4 170.9 93.8 69.1 92.4 Sugar maple 149.2 229.9 284.1 281.4 254.0 187.4 135.4 118.5 234.1 Yellow birch 105.6 160.9 192.6 200.7 152.2 129.8 91.6 56.9 79.9 Paper birch 272.0 359.1 302.2 160.4 81.5 28.5 9.7 3.8 2.5 Hickory .1 .0 .4 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 American beech 168.9 231.5 239.6 176.4 132.7 69.4 33.3 18.1 3.5 White ash 59.6 80.7 70.9 60.2 41.2 26.1 10.3 6.7 18.1 Aspen 172.5 293.3 301.2 243.0 178.8 107.9 34.6 18.9 14.6 Black cherry 11.1 12.7 11.4 6.3 2.3 .9 1.2 .0 2.2 White oak 3.7 5.0 2.8 1.0 1.7 1.0 .0 1.2 .7 Northern red oak 58.3 87.9 90.3 83.0 59.5 66.1 29.6 30.4 40.1 Other white oaks .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 .8 .0 .0 .0 Other red oaks 2.3 4.0 4.8 4.0 3.8 .0 2.7 .0 .0 American basswood 3.1 6.9 6.6 5.8 3.3 7.1 1.0 3.0 .0 Elm 5.8 6.5 4.2 1.3 1.2 1.3 .0 .0 .0 Other commercial hardwoods 35.8 27.4 16.8 14.3 11.6 6.1 4.7 1.7 .9 Noncommercial hardwoods 93.8 41.5 13.9 3.8 .9 1.5 1.0 .0 .0 

_______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 Total hardwoods 1,604.0 2,161.7 2,117.3 1,662.1 1,198.2 805.0 448.9 328.2 488.9 

_______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Total, all species 3,723.3 4,759.1 4,545.3 3,582.8 2,548.6 1,696.2 1,019.0 658.4 1,014.6 _______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________SE 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.9 2.5 3.1 4.5 5.9 6.0 _______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
161

1995

Table B13. Net volume of all live trees on timberland by species and diameter class, Maine, 1995 (In millions of cubic feet)_______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Diameter class (inches at breast height) Species group _______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 5.0- 7.0- 9.0- 11.0- 13.0- 15.0- 17.0- 19.0- 21.0-  6.9 8.9 10.9 12.9 14.9 16.9 18.9 20.9 28.9 

_______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Balsam fir 783.6 721.6 452.0 202.7 77.9 21.8 2.5 .0 .0 Atlantic white-cedar .1 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 White spruce 76.4 103.3 86.9 83.0 52.2 35.6 20.4 7.6 13.7 Black spruce 114.6 97.4 68.0 32.7 12.7 5.5 1.3 .0 .0 Red spruce 512.3 750.1 761.3 603.9 344.4 204.2 84.0 35.5 24.6 Red pine 8.5 12.3 12.6 8.7 11.7 8.9 8.6 2.1 .0 Pitch pine .5 3.1 4.4 6.0 7.4 5.2 3.1 .0 .0 Eastern white pine 126.5 183.9 232.3 281.0 306.2 268.0 256.6 188.3 364.7 Other yellow pines 2.7 .6 .4 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 Northern white-cedar 287.3 424.8 473.9 387.0 269.9 170.8 96.0 36.7 31.0 Eastern hemlock 133.4 216.3 263.8 241.0 212.7 135.3 80.5 45.5 67.8 Other softwoods 33.4 37.3 33.2 34.4 15.5 11.1 5.0 3.5 3.9 

_______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 Total softwoods 2,079.2 2,550.7 2,388.8 1,880.4 1,310.6 866.2 558.0 319.1 505.7 

_______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Red maple 454.3 606.0 568.5 413.1 268.0 167.4 90.0 68.2 90.1 Sugar maple 147.3 227.9 281.6 276.6 251.2 186.2 135.4 115.4 233.6 Yellow birch 104.2 158.3 188.1 198.2 150.5 125.6 90.8 56.9 77.5 Paper birch 265.0 349.4 294.5 155.9 78.8 28.5 9.7 3.8 2.5 Hickory .1 .0 .4 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 American beech 165.3 229.8 237.2 174.7 127.5 69.4 32.3 18.1 3.5 White ash 59.2 80.5 70.9 59.7 40.4 26.1 10.3 6.7 18.1 Aspen 166.1 287.8 295.5 239.4 176.5 105.1 30.1 18.9 14.6 Black cherry 11.1 12.7 11.4 6.3 2.3 .9 1.2 .0 2.2 White oak 3.7 5.0 2.8 1.0 1.7 1.0 .0 1.2 .7 Northern red oak 57.0 87.1 89.1 82.2 58.9 65.4 28.1 30.4 40.1 Other white oaks .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 .8 .0 .0 .0 Other red oaks 2.3 4.0 4.8 4.0 3.8 .0 2.7 .0 .0 American basswood 3.1 6.9 6.6 5.8 3.3 7.1 1.0 3.0 .0 Elm 5.8 6.5 3.9 1.3 1.2 1.3 .0 .0 .0 Other commercial hardwoods 33.4 25.6 15.2 13.0 10.8 5.5 4.7 1.7 .8 Noncommercial hardwoods 92.7 41.2 13.9 3.8 .9 1.5 1.0 .0 .0 

_______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 Total hardwoods 1,570.7 2,128.7 2,084.7 1,635.0 1,175.8 792.0 437.3 324.4 483.7 

_______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Total, all species 3,649.9 4,679.4 4,473.5 3,515.4 2,486.4 1,658.2 995.3 643.5 989.4 _______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________SE 1.6 1.5 1.6 1.9 2.5 3.2 4.6 6.0 6.1 _______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
162

Table B14. Net volume of growing-stock trees on timberland by species and stand-size

 class, Maine, 1995

 (In millions of cubic feet)

____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 Stand-size class

 Species group ___________________________________________________________________________________________ All

 Saw- Pole- Sapling and Non- classes SE 

 timber timber seedling stocked

____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Balsam fir 339.0 1,545.5 352.1 .2 2,236.8 3.4

Atlantic white-cedar .0 .1 .0 .0 .1 100.0

White spruce 132.3 267.7 67.5 2.4 469.9 7.8

Black spruce 44.2 250.9 32.4 .5 328.0 12.7

Red spruce 738.2 2,115.7 423.5 .4 3,277.8 3.9

Red pine 17.1 51.0 4.5 .0 72.6 27.6

Pitch pine 6.2 22.7 .8 .0 29.7 64.9

Eastern white pine 982.8 973.8 231.6 2.8 2,191.0 6.4

Other yellow pines .0 3.3 .0 .0 3.3 63.1

Northern white-cedar 663.6 1,011.9 284.9 1.3 1,961.8 5.2

Eastern hemlock 433.9 744.1 155.5 .0 1,333.5 6.1

Other softwoods 14.7 143.3 13.9 .0 171.8 14.6 ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 Total softwoods 3,371.9 7,129.9 1,566.9 7.6 12,076.3 2.1 ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Red maple 375.1 1,792.9 346.7 1.1 2,515.8 3.1

Sugar maple 451.0 976.8 324.1 .0 1,751.9 5.0

Yellow birch 213.8 605.0 205.1 .0 1,023.8 4.4

Paper birch 101.1 936.1 120.1 .0 1,157.4 4.6

Hickory .4 .1 .0 .0 .5 85.5

American beech 160.0 637.6 161.5 .6 959.7 5.8

White ash 50.9 262.3 45.0 .7 358.9 8.4

Aspen 85.7 1,107.7 125.6 .1 1,319.1 6.4

Black cherry 7.7 27.3 5.6 .0 40.6 18.8

White oak 1.4 14.3 .0 .0 15.8 30.3

Northern red oak 93.8 376.3 53.5 1.1 524.7 8.3

Other white oaks .8 .0 .0 .0 .8 100.0

Other red oaks 3.9 17.4 .0 .0 21.3 36.5

American basswood 2.3 29.2 4.7 .0 36.2 19.8

Elm 3.8 12.3 2.5 .0 18.6 18.1

Other hardwoods 27.3 115.1 22.2 .2 164.8 8.4 ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 Total hardwoods 1,578.9 6,910.5 1,416.6 4.0 9,909.9 1.8 ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Total, all species 4,950.8 14,040.4 2,983.4 11.6 21,986.2 1.2

____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

SE 5.3 2.1 4.6 31.9 1.2

____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
163

1995

Table B15. Net volume of growing-stock trees on forest land by species and diameter class, Maine, 1995 (In millions of cubic feet)_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Diameter class (inches at breast height) Species group _________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 5.0- 7.0- 9.0- 11.0- 13.0- 15.0- 17.0- 19.0- 21.0-  6.9 8.9 10.9 12.9 14.9 16.9 18.9 20.9 28.9 _________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Balsam fir 791.5 726.9 444.0 200.9 78.3 22.7 2.5 1.8 .0 Atlantic white-cedar .1 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 White spruce 78.0 106.5 84.4 86.8 52.9 35.6 19.1 7.6 16.1 Black spruce 117.6 97.7 66.4 31.1 12.3 5.5 1.3 .0 .0 Red spruce 525.8 769.8 760.9 620.6 367.6 216.9 85.5 37.4 24.6 Red pine 8.2 12.4 12.8 8.7 13.8 8.9 8.6 2.1 .0 Pitch pine .4 3.1 4.4 6.0 7.4 5.2 3.1 .0 .0 Eastern white pine 124.8 185.2 219.4 269.6 308.1 261.5 258.5 189.2 362.3 Other yellow pines 3.5 .7 .4 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 Northern white-cedar 284.1 419.3 400.0 347.0 242.5 153.6 88.7 34.9 27.8 Eastern hemlock 132.6 215.9 234.3 227.5 205.8 133.0 78.3 43.9 65.3 Other softwoods 33.2 36.7 32.4 33.3 14.5 10.5 5.0 2.7 3.9 

_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 Total softwoods 2,099.8 2,574.2 2,259.4 1,831.5 1,303.2 853.4 550.7 319.6 500.0 

_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Red maple 448.5 596.6 556.6 369.5 237.8 147.9 74.9 51.1 71.7 Sugar maple 145.6 226.5 277.2 259.7 234.7 167.7 128.5 105.2 213.2 Yellow birch 101.6 154.0 185.9 165.8 127.2 108.5 79.4 49.6 61.4 Paper birch 267.6 353.8 297.4 151.7 77.5 26.7 9.1 2.9 1.8 Hickory .1 .0 .4 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 American beech 161.3 221.0 229.7 148.3 115.1 54.0 28.8 13.0 1.6 White ash 59.0 80.3 70.2 56.5 39.8 25.2 8.1 6.7 14.7 Aspen 171.4 290.9 297.8 239.7 176.0 103.7 33.6 17.6 13.9 Black cherry 9.9 10.9 8.9 5.0 1.6 .9 1.2 .0 2.2 White oak 3.6 5.0 2.6 1.0 1.4 1.0 .0 1.2 .0 Northern red oak 57.9 87.1 89.5 79.1 56.3 63.9 29.6 29.8 37.6 Other white oaks .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 .8 .0 .0 .0 Other red oaks 2.3 3.9 4.8 4.0 3.5 .0 2.7 .0 .0 American basswood 2.9 6.7 6.4 5.8 3.3 7.1 1.0 3.0 .0 Elm 5.8 6.5 4.2 1.3 1.2 .0 .0 .0 .0 Other hardwoods 74.7 44.2 21.1 13.2 10.0 5.4 1.8 1.7 .0 

_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 Total hardwoods 1,512.2 2,087.4 2,052.7 1,500.6 1,085.3 712.6 398.7 281.8 418.1 

_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Total, all species 3,612.1 4,661.6 4,312.1 3,332.1 2,388.5 1,566.1 949.4 601.4 918.1 _________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________SE 1.6 1.5 1.6 1.9 2.5 3.3 4.8 6.3 6.4 _________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
164

Table B16. Net volume of growing-stock trees on timberland by species and diameter class, Maine, 1995 (In millions of cubic feet)____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Diameter class (inches at breast height) Species group ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 5.0- 7.0- 9.0- 11.0- 13.0- 15.0- 17.0- 19.0- 21.0-  6.9 8.9 10.9 12.9 14.9 16.9 18.9 20.9 28.9 

____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Balsam fir 780.5 718.1 439.1 197.9 76.9 21.8 2.5 .0 .0 Atlantic white-cedar .1 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 White spruce 75.8 102.9 81.2 81.7 52.2 35.6 19.1 7.6 13.7 Black spruce 114.5 97.3 65.9 31.1 12.3 5.5 1.3 .0 .0 Red spruce 509.4 747.2 740.4 596.7 340.4 202.2 81.4 35.5 24.6 Red pine 8.2 12.2 12.4 8.7 11.7 8.9 8.6 2.1 .0 Pitch pine .4 3.1 4.4 6.0 7.4 5.2 3.1 .0 .0 Eastern white pine 123.7 181.6 216.7 267.7 303.4 259.1 252.5 183.8 350.5 Other yellow pines 2.4 .5 .4 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 Northern white-cedar 280.2 413.1 395.4 342.5 240.1 147.2 87.5 33.6 22.4 Eastern hemlock 131.9 215.3 233.8 227.5 205.0 132.5 78.3 43.9 65.3 Other softwoods 32.9 36.5 32.4 33.3 14.5 10.5 5.0 2.7 3.9 

____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 Total softwoods 2,059.9 2,527.8 2,222.0 1,793.3 1,263.7 828.6 539.4 309.2 480.3 

____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Red maple 440.8 588.4 549.7 363.4 232.8 144.9 71.4 51.1 69.4 Sugar maple 143.9 224.6 274.9 256.2 231.9 166.6 128.5 102.1 213.2 Yellow birch 100.3 151.4 181.4 163.9 125.7 104.3 78.5 49.6 59.0 Paper birch 260.6 344.2 290.0 147.2 74.8 26.7 9.1 2.9 1.8 Hickory .1 .0 .4 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 American beech 157.8 219.6 227.9 146.9 111.1 54.0 27.7 13.0 1.6 White ash 58.6 80.2 70.2 56.0 39.3 25.2 8.1 6.7 14.7 Aspen 165.0 285.4 292.2 236.3 173.7 101.5 29.1 17.6 13.9 Black cherry 9.9 10.9 8.9 5.0 1.6 .9 1.2 .0 2.2 White oak 3.6 5.0 2.6 1.0 1.4 1.0 .0 1.2 .0 Northern red oak 56.7 86.3 88.4 78.3 55.7 63.9 28.1 29.8 37.6 Other white oaks .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 .8 .0 .0 .0 Other red oaks 2.3 3.9 4.8 4.0 3.5 .0 2.7 .0 .0 American basswood 2.9 6.7 6.4 5.8 3.3 7.1 1.0 3.0 .0 Elm 5.7 6.5 3.9 1.3 1.2 .0 .0 .0 .0 Other hardwoods 72.2 42.3 20.0 12.3 9.1 5.4 1.8 1.7 .0 

____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 Total hardwoods 1,480.5 2,055.3 2,021.9 1,477.7 1,065.2 702.3 387.3 278.7 413.4 

____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Total, all species 3,540.4 4,583.2 4,243.9 3,270.9 2,328.9 1,530.9 926.7 587.9 893.7 ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________SE 1.6 1.5 1.6 2.0 2.6 3.3 4.8 6.4 6.5 ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
165

1995

Table B17. Net volume of sawtimber trees on forest land by species and diameter class, Maine, 1995 (In millions of board feet)_______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Diameter class (inches at breast height)  Species group _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 9.0- 11.0- 13.0- 15.0- 17.0- 19.0- 21.0-  10.9 12.9 14.9 16.9 18.9 20.9 28.9 29

_______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Balsam fir 1,737.6 879.0 365.0 107.2 12.3 9.4 .0 White spruce 334.1 385.9 255.6 179.5 100.0 39.7 84.9 Black spruce 250.3 132.4 55.2 26.5 6.7 .0 .0 Red spruce 3,067.3 2,809.1 1,787.2 1,087.8 446.5 198.3 134.9 Red pine 47.9 37.3 62.2 43.2 40.7 11.2 .0 Pitch pine 15.8 24.4 31.2 22.6 14.8 .0 .0 Eastern white pine 825.3 1,147.9 1,415.1 1,262.3 1,291.0 952.6 1,924.9 29Other yellow pines 1.4 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 Northern white-cedar 1,180.1 1,178.1 884.2 589.2 352.0 144.0 118.0 Eastern hemlock 829.9 905.4 879.7 598.6 357.7 208.7 323.6 Other softwoods 119.1 131.6 61.0 46.2 20.7 12.2 18.0 

_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 Total softwoods 8,408.8 7,631.0 5,796.5 3,963.1 2,642.4 1,576.2 2,604.3 29

_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Red maple .0 1,495.8 998.8 645.1 337.4 231.2 357.9 1Sugar maple .0 1,071.4 1,011.4 749.1 589.7 499.2 1,064.0 4Yellow birch .0 670.6 520.6 448.4 337.0 221.1 286.0 5Paper birch .0 641.7 332.9 111.1 40.7 14.6 7.9 American beech .0 637.7 516.8 252.3 139.1 64.5 6.2 White ash .0 235.7 169.7 107.5 35.7 29.2 63.8 Aspen .0 1,065.6 798.4 476.9 154.5 88.4 68.8 2Black cherry .0 21.0 7.5 1.9 5.5 .0 11.6 White oak .0 3.7 5.0 3.6 .0 5.8 .0 Northern red oak .0 298.2 220.6 266.9 126.5 132.5 171.2 Other white oaks .0 .0 .0 3.4 .0 .0 .0 Other red oaks .0 15.5 14.3 .0 9.7 .0 .0 American basswood .0 23.3 13.1 30.6 3.6 13.3 .0 Elm .0 5.2 4.1 .0 .0 .0 .0 Other hardwoods .0 53.3 40.7 23.9 6.8 7.2 .0 

_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 Total hardwoods .0 6,238.6 4,654.0 3,120.9 1,786.2 1,306.8 2,037.4 14

_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Total, all species 8,408.8 13,869.7 10,450.5 7,084.0 4,428.6 2,883.0 4,641.7 43_______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________SE 2.6 2.0 2.6 3.3 4.9 6.4 6.4 2_______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
166

Table B18. Net volume of sawtimber trees on timberland by species and diameter class, Maine, 1995 (In millions of board feet)_______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Diameter class (inches at breast height) Species group _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 9.0- 11.0- 13.0- 15.0- 17.0- 19.0- 21.0-  10.9 12.9 14.9 16.9 18.9 20.9 28.9 29

_______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Balsam fir 1,719.2 867.5 358.3 102.3 12.3 .0 .0 White spruce 321.5 363.9 252.4 179.5 100.0 39.7 72.1 Black spruce 248.5 132.4 55.2 26.5 6.7 .0 .0 Red spruce 2,984.6 2,702.0 1,654.6 1,013.0 424.2 188.2 134.9 Red pine 46.2 37.3 53.4 43.2 40.7 11.2 .0 Pitch pine 15.8 24.4 31.2 22.6 14.8 .0 .0 Eastern white pine 815.4 1,139.7 1,393.3 1,250.1 1,259.4 924.0 1,861.4 292Other yellow pines 1.4 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 Northern white-cedar 1,166.6 1,163.0 876.0 566.0 346.9 138.3 96.2 Eastern hemlock 828.3 905.4 875.4 596.0 357.7 208.7 323.6 Other softwoods 119.1 131.6 61.0 46.2 20.7 12.2 18.0 

_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 Total softwoods 8,266.5 7,467.1 5,610.9 3,845.5 2,583.5 1,522.4 2,506.2 292

_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Red maple .0 1,470.3 977.4 630.3 321.2 231.2 348.1 1Sugar maple .0 1,056.3 1,000.8 745.4 589.7 484.2 1,064.0 4Yellow birch .0 662.7 514.5 430.4 333.3 221.1 273.3 5Paper birch .0 622.1 321.1 111.1 40.7 14.6 7.9 American beech .0 632.8 499.5 252.3 134.5 64.5 6.2 White ash .0 233.9 167.6 107.5 35.7 29.2 63.8 Aspen .0 1,051.5 788.8 468.0 134.7 88.4 68.8 23Black cherry .0 21.0 7.5 1.9 5.5 .0 11.6 White oak .0 3.7 5.0 3.6 .0 5.8 .0 Northern red oak .0 294.7 218.2 266.9 119.6 132.5 171.2 Other white oaks .0 .0 .0 3.4 .0 .0 .0 Other red oaks .0 15.5 14.3 .0 9.7 .0 .0 American basswood .0 23.3 13.1 30.6 3.6 13.3 .0 Elm .0 5.2 4.1 .0 .0 .0 .0 Other hardwoods .0 49.9 37.1 23.9 6.8 7.2 .0 

_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 Total hardwoods .0 6,142.9 4,568.8 3,075.4 1,735.0 1,291.9 2,014.9 142

_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Total, all species 8,266.5 13,610.0 10,179.7 6,920.9 4,318.5 2,814.3 4,521.1 43_______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________SE 2.6 2.0 2.6 3.4 4.9 6.5 6.5 2_______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
167

1982

Table C1. Land area by land class, Maine, 1982a

 (In thousands of acres)

_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 Land class Acres SE

_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Timberland:

 Rural 17,121.0 .5 

 Urban 2.0 .0 __________________

Total timberland 17,123.1 .5 __________________

Forested land:

 Productive reserved 290.3 17.7 

 Other forest landc

 248.0 16.0 

__________________

Total forest land 17,661.3 .3 __________________

Nonforest land:

 Cropland 827.4 7.2 

 Pasture 249.0 16.4 

 Other 887.1 7.6 

 Noncensus water 126.5 23.6 __________________

Total nonforest land 2,090.0 2.9 __________________

Total land aread 19,751.4b .0 _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

SE .0

_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

a

 In this and other tables, a zero indicates that the data are 

negligible or the condition was not encountered in the sample. 

A dash indicates that the condition is not possible under current 

Forest Service definitions. 

b

 Rows and columns in all tables may not sum due to rounding. 

c

 "Other forest land" formerly known as unproductive forest land. 

d

 Source: 2000 United States Department of Commerce, Bureau of Census. 
168

Table C2. Land area by county and land class, Maine, 1982 (In thousands of acres)_______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Land class Counties _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 Productive Unproductive Other Total  Timberland reserved reserved forest forest lan

_______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Androscoggin 210.9 .0 .0 3.3 214.2 Aroostook 3,741.4 32.0 .0 29.9 3,803.2 Cumberland 386.7 .0 .0 .0 386.7 Franklin 1,021.0 .0 .0 16.5 1,037.5 Hancock 843.7 20.3 .0 30.3 894.3 Kennebec 405.8 .0 .0 11.9 417.7 Knox 167.6 4.4 .0 .0 172.0 Lincoln 240.7 .0 .0 .0 240.7 Oxford 1,224.2 .0 .0 5.5 1,229.7 Penobscot 1,848.5 9.4 .0 66.7 1,924.6 Piscataquis 2,207.6 224.3 .0 15.7 2,447.5 Sagadahoc 113.4 .0 .0 3.2 116.6 Somerset 2,337.6 .0 .0 11.0 2,348.6 Waldo 368.4 .0 .0 9.2 377.7 Washington 1,499.7 .0 .0 44.8 1,544.5 York 505.9 .0 .0 .0 505.9 

___________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Total, all counties 17,123.1 290.3 .0 248.0 17,661.3 _______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
169

1982

Table C3. Area of timberland by forest type, forest-type group, and stand-size

 class, Maine, 1982

 (In thousands of acres)

____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 Stand-size class

 Forest type _____________________________________________________________________________ All

 Saw- Pole- Sapling and Non- classes SE 

 timber timber seedling stocked

____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Red pine 10.4 9.5 .0 .0 19.8 70.8 

White pine 339.8 170.9 23.4 .0 534.2 10.7 

White pine/hemlock 71.8 43.1 .0 .0 114.9 20.8 

Hemlock 382.2 249.9 .0 .0 632.1 11.2 _______________________________________________________________________________________________

 White/red pine group 804.2 473.4 23.4 .0 1,301.0 7.0 _______________________________________________________________________________________________

Balsam fir 583.8 1,264.2 280.7 .0 2,128.7 6.2 

White spruce 39.3 90.5 34.4 .0 164.1 23.8 

Red spruce 453.5 955.3 20.6 .0 1,429.3 7.7 

Red spruce/balsam fir 486.9 1,033.1 104.1 .0 1,624.0 7.3 

Black spruce .0 187.2 86.8 .0 274.0 18.5 

Tamarack 8.8 26.5 30.2 .0 65.5 37.0 

Northern white-cedar 511.5 499.3 20.0 .0 1,030.8 9.1 _______________________________________________________________________________________________

 Spruce/fir group 2,083.7 4,056.1 576.8 .0 6,716.6 2.8 _______________________________________________________________________________________________

Pitch pine 4.1 .0 .0 .0 4.1 100.0 _______________________________________________________________________________________________

 Loblolly/shortleaf group 4.1 .0 .0 .0 4.1 100.0 _______________________________________________________________________________________________

Wh. pine/no.red oak/wh. ash 53.5 142.9 25.8 .0 222.3 15.6 

Other oak/pine .0 3.8 .0 .0 3.8 100.0 _______________________________________________________________________________________________

 Oak/pine group 53.5 146.8 25.8 .0 226.1 15.4 _______________________________________________________________________________________________

White oak/red oak/hickory 8.2 86.6 15.1 .0 109.8 25.2 

Northern red oak 29.0 99.2 18.0 .0 146.2 19.2 

Southern scrub oak .0 .0 8.2 .0 8.2 70.7 

Red maple/oak .0 8.2 3.7 .0 11.8 57.8 

Mixed upland hardwoods .0 10.4 13.8 .0 24.2 61.2 _______________________________________________________________________________________________

 Oak/hickory group 37.2 204.3 58.8 .0 300.3 14.1 _______________________________________________________________________________________________

Sweetbay/swamp tupelo/red mple 4.4 47.3 4.0 .0 55.7 32.4 _______________________________________________________________________________________________

 Oak/gum/cypress group 4.4 47.3 4.0 .0 55.7 32.4 _______________________________________________________________________________________________
170

Table C3. continued

 (In thousands of acres)

____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 Stand-size class

 Forest type ____________________________________________________________________________ All 

 Saw- Pole- Sapling and Non- classes SE 

 timber timber seedling stocked

____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Black ash/Amer. elm/red maple 13.4 173.4 .0 .0 186.8 22.4 

River birch/sycamore .0 10.8 63.2 .0 74.0 34.4 

Willow .0 .0 26.1 .0 26.1 53.7 

Sycamore/pecan/American elm .0 9.6 4.1 .0 13.7 76.2 

Sugarbrry/hackbrry/elm/gr.ash .0 .0 4.0 .0 4.0 100.0 

Red maple(lowland) 30.7 169.8 22.8 .0 223.3 18.2 ____________________________________________________________________________________________

 Elm/ash/red maple group 44.1 363.5 120.2 .0 527.8 12.3 ____________________________________________________________________________________________

Sugar maple/beech/yellow birch 2,034.2 2,566.8 465.4 .0 5,066.4 3.5 

Black cherry .0 9.4 33.7 .0 43.1 46.4 

Cherry/ash/yellow poplar 14.4 32.5 30.1 .0 77.1 30.1 

Hard maple/basswood 19.8 17.5 12.9 .0 50.2 40.4 

Elm/ash/locust .0 4.0 3.5 .0 7.5 70.9 

Red maple/uplands 12.3 247.1 50.9 .0 310.3 15.8 ____________________________________________________________________________________________

 Northern hardwoods group 2,080.8 2,877.3 596.5 .0 5,554.6 3.3 ____________________________________________________________________________________________

Aspen 131.0 799.7 302.4 .0 1,233.1 8.2 

Paper birch 50.6 747.9 260.4 .0 1,058.9 9.1 

Gray birch .0 4.1 4.1 .0 8.2 70.7 

Balsam poplar .0 76.2 8.8 .0 84.9 31.3 ____________________________________________________________________________________________

 Aspen/birch group 181.6 1,627.9 575.7 .0 2,385.2 5.7 ____________________________________________________________________________________________

Nonstocked .0 .0 .0 51.7 51.7 40.4 ____________________________________________________________________________________________

All forest types 5,293.6 9,796.5 1,981.2 51.7 17,123.1 .5 

____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

SE 3.3 1.9 5.7 40.4 .5

____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
171

1982

Table C4. Area of timberland by forest-type group and stocking class  Maine, 1982 (In thousands of acres)____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 Stocking class Forest-type ________________________________________________________________________________________________

 group Poorly Moderately Fully Over-  Nonstocked stocked stocked stocked stocke

____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

White/red pine .0 121.1 410.0 633.6 136.3 Spruce/fir .0 708.8 2,327.6 3,398.2 282.0 Loblolly/shortleaf .0 .0 4.1 .0 .0 Oak/pine .0 40.2 107.8 74.5 3.7 Oak/hickory .0 31.9 108.9 143.0 16.4 Oak/gum/cypress .0 .0 8.0 43.6 4.1 Elm/ash/red maple .0 106.1 202.0 203.2 16.5 Northern hardwoods .0 307.1 1,668.9 3,111.2 467.5 Aspen/birch .0 197.7 688.5 1,374.5 124.3 

________________________________________________________________________________________________

 All type groups .0 1,513.0 5,525.8 8,981.7 1,050.8 

________________________________________________________________________________________________

Nonstocked 51.7 .0 .0 .0 .0 

________________________________________________________________________________________________

All groups 51.7 1,513.0 5,525.8 8,981.7 1,050.8 

____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

SE 40.4 7.2 3.3 2.1 8.9 

____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
172

Table C5. Number of live trees (1.0+ inches d.b.h.) on forest land by species and diameter class, Maine, 198 (In thousands of trees)_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Diameter class (inches at breast height) Species group _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 1.0- 3.0- 5.0- 7.0- 9.0- 11.0-  2.9 4.9 6.9 8.9 10.9 12.9 _________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Balsam fir 2,288,021 827,825 473,492 236,920 89,141 25,442 White spruce 63,056 81,590 43,678 24,197 12,169 4,914 Black spruce 141,653 89,987 57,690 21,457 8,372 1,892 Red spruce 576,037 335,504 280,118 184,636 98,432 47,574 Red pine 1,919 1,662 1,133 1,321 1,489 1,321 Pitch pine 0 829 210 455 336 151 Eastern white pine 138,772 72,615 46,955 31,013 22,487 16,236 Other yellow pines 4,049 0 0 120 64 0 Northern white-cedar 254,272 193,123 130,780 96,929 55,715 33,542 Eastern hemlock 147,911 97,851 68,093 45,008 28,413 18,574 Other softwoods 22,271 21,715 9,308 3,888 3,006 1,599 

_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 Total softwoods 3,637,962 1,722,702 1,111,456 645,945 319,627 151,246 

_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Red maple 916,447 303,269 183,562 102,026 51,005 24,364 Sugar maple 333,996 96,839 54,806 38,602 22,036 14,350 Yellow birch 275,878 58,456 41,849 31,942 22,436 13,997 Paper birch 343,390 178,799 111,182 64,693 28,534 10,309 Hickory 831 0 29 0 0 0 American beech 512,029 128,477 67,951 38,678 23,781 13,896 White ash 74,730 28,005 13,460 10,396 6,108 2,629 Blackgum 0 0 29 0 0 0 Aspen 203,896 100,483 74,829 55,725 33,899 15,345 Black cherry 31,767 10,787 4,023 1,823 369 229 White oak 9,001 7,464 2,875 1,025 250 55 Northern red oak 69,422 35,003 20,279 13,496 6,765 4,249 Other red oaks 4,066 820 1,720 951 282 145 American basswood 7,278 0 772 492 245 277 Elm 10,554 6,298 2,542 1,593 432 245 Other commercial hardwoods 89,387 31,731 16,927 8,581 3,794 1,992 Noncommercial hardwoods 862,645 231,005 66,672 11,667 1,887 539 

_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 Total hardwoods 3,745,319 1,217,437 663,507 381,691 201,822 102,623 

_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Total, all species 7,383,281 2,940,139 1,774,963 1,027,636 521,449 253,868 _________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________SE 2.8 3.1 1.6 1.5 1.6 1.8 _________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
173

1982

Table C5. continued (In thousands of trees)_______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Diameter class (inches at breast height) Species group _________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 17.0- 19.0- 21.0- Total  18.9 20.9 28.9 29.0+ 5.0+ 

_______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Balsam fir 199 29 16 0 832,520 3White spruce 234 93 40 0 87,837 Black spruce 24 28 0 0 90,499 Red spruce 3,386 1,183 835 0 646,095 Red pine 68 19 14 0 6,291 Pitch pine 10 0 0 0 1,382 Eastern white pine 4,425 2,635 3,496 398 145,393 Other yellow pines 0 0 0 0 184 Northern white-cedar 2,310 1,252 929 37 344,439 Eastern hemlock 1,721 1,061 1,138 8 178,607 Other softwoods 266 58 26 1 19,206 

_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 Total softwoods 12,643 6,359 6,494 443 2,352,453 

_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Red maple 2,617 1,197 793 68 380,923 Sugar maple 3,682 2,792 2,852 129 153,603 Yellow birch 2,813 1,331 2,163 75 129,022 Paper birch 507 225 83 0 220,410 Hickory 0 0 0 0 29 American beech 1,584 455 392 0 158,722 White ash 203 162 118 1 34,633 Blackgum 0 0 0 0 44 Aspen 843 435 229 0 190,304 Black cherry 14 0 0 0 6,509 White oak 50 43 25 16 4,499 Northern red oak 534 324 302 11 49,316 Other red oaks 0 0 16 0 3,210 American basswood 88 38 3 0 2,082 Elm 141 18 85 33 5,570 Other commercial hardwoods 138 108 70 0 32,977 Noncommercial hardwoods 63 15 20 2 81,377 

_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 Total hardwoods 13,277 7,142 7,152 337 1,453,230 

_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Total, all species 25,921 13,501 13,646 780 3,805,683 14_______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________SE 4.2 5.5 5.4 18.2 1.1 _______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
174

Table C6. Number of live trees (5.0+ inches d.b.h.) on timberland by species and diameter class, Maine, 1982 (In thousands of trees)__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Diameter class (inches at breast height) Species group ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 1.0- 3.0- 5.0- 7.0- 9.0- 11.0-  2.9 4.9 6.9 8.9 10.9 12.9 __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Balsam fir 2,229,212 805,019 463,451 230,683 86,839 24,875 White spruce 58,820 77,868 42,863 23,907 11,793 4,839 Black spruce 104,076 82,347 56,256 21,190 7,777 1,799 Red spruce 537,182 312,305 271,912 179,283 94,750 45,841 Red pine 1,919 1,662 1,133 1,321 1,489 1,321 Pitch pine 0 829 210 455 336 151 Eastern white pine 136,869 71,028 46,669 30,830 22,459 16,236 Northern white-cedar 247,678 191,192 128,741 95,635 55,053 33,457 Eastern hemlock 143,745 97,851 67,555 44,863 28,413 18,485 Other softwoods 20,340 21,715 8,999 3,818 3,006 1,599 

____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 Total softwoods 3,479,841 1,661,817 1,087,791 631,986 311,917 148,604 

____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Red maple 889,851 299,049 182,194 101,130 50,138 23,865 Sugar maple 327,642 96,839 54,261 38,394 21,819 14,049 Yellow birch 264,371 58,456 40,533 31,555 22,220 13,701 Paper birch 320,736 169,079 108,392 63,070 27,881 10,126 Hickory 831 0 29 0 0 0 American beech 509,946 128,477 67,292 38,375 23,490 13,663 White ash 74,730 28,005 13,460 10,396 6,108 2,629 Blackgum 0 0 29 0 0 0 Aspen 203,896 100,483 74,144 55,025 33,751 15,230 Black cherry 31,767 10,787 4,023 1,823 369 229 White oak 9,001 7,464 2,875 1,025 250 55 Northern red oak 69,422 35,003 20,279 13,496 6,765 4,214 Other red oaks 4,066 820 1,720 951 282 145 American basswood 7,278 0 772 492 245 277 Elm 10,554 6,298 2,542 1,593 432 245 Other commercial hardwoods 87,485 30,929 16,927 8,581 3,588 1,992 Noncommercial hardwoods 856,323 229,897 66,605 11,601 1,887 539 

____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 Total hardwoods 3,667,901 1,201,586 656,077 377,507 199,223 100,960 

____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Total, all species 7,147,743 2,863,403 1,743,868 1,009,493 511,140 249,564 __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________SE 2.8 3.2 1.6 1.5 1.6 1.9 __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
175

1982

Table C6. continued (In thousands of trees)_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Diameter class (inches at breast height) Species group _______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 17.0- 19.0- 21.0- Total  18.9 20.9 28.9 29.0+ 5.0+ _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Balsam fir 133 29 16 0 813,088 3White spruce 234 64 40 0 86,252 Black spruce 24 28 0 0 88,075 Red spruce 3,082 1,164 735 0 625,455 1Red pine 68 19 14 0 6,291 Pitch pine 10 0 0 0 1,382 Eastern white pine 4,389 2,446 3,471 391 144,567 Northern white-cedar 2,310 1,252 916 37 340,039 Eastern hemlock 1,721 1,044 1,138 8 177,690 Other softwoods 266 58 26 1 18,827 

_______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 Total softwoods 12,238 6,104 6,357 436 2,301,667 7

_______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Red maple 2,541 1,197 771 68 376,957 1Sugar maple 3,609 2,685 2,823 129 151,939 Yellow birch 2,813 1,315 2,155 75 126,683 Paper birch 471 209 83 0 215,109 Hickory 0 0 0 0 29 American beech 1,584 438 392 0 157,011 White ash 203 162 118 1 34,633 Blackgum 0 0 0 0 44 Aspen 843 435 193 0 188,503 Black cherry 14 0 0 0 6,509 White oak 50 43 25 16 4,499 Northern red oak 534 324 302 11 49,247 Other red oaks 0 0 16 0 3,210 American basswood 88 38 3 0 2,082 Elm 141 18 85 33 5,570 Other commercial hardwoods 138 108 70 0 32,771 Noncommercial hardwoods 63 15 20 2 81,244 1

_______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 Total hardwoods 13,093 6,985 7,057 337 1,436,039 6

_______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Total, all species 25,331 13,090 13,414 773 3,737,706 13_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________SE 4.3 5.5 5.4 18.3 1.2 _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
176

Table C7. Number of growing-stock trees (5.0+ inches d.b.h.) on forest land by species and diameter class, M (In thousands of trees)__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Diameter class (inches at breast height) Species group ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 5.0- 7.0- 9.0- 11.0- 13.0-  6.9 8.9 10.9 12.9 14.9 __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Balsam fir 388,812 213,156 84,335 24,187 5,388 White spruce 40,549 23,180 11,504 4,774 1,771 Black spruce 54,939 20,065 8,095 1,843 922 Red spruce 252,994 175,666 94,841 45,346 21,269 Red pine 1,035 1,008 1,282 1,195 539 Pitch pine 153 312 184 151 157 Eastern white pine 36,206 27,026 19,785 14,525 9,855 Other yellow pines 0 0 64 0 0 Northern white-cedar 95,290 72,958 42,424 25,136 12,046 Eastern hemlock 52,160 38,511 25,430 16,987 8,400 Other softwoods 7,092 2,971 2,472 1,553 618 

____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 Total softwoods 929,230 574,852 290,418 135,697 60,966 

____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Red maple 134,911 78,473 39,964 18,603 7,811 Sugar maple 42,818 30,991 18,424 12,186 7,711 Yellow birch 31,735 25,462 17,807 10,596 5,721 Paper birch 98,273 57,902 25,587 9,417 2,839 Hickory 29 0 0 0 0 American beech 40,909 22,663 10,670 7,692 3,949 White ash 11,562 9,086 5,399 2,388 894 Blackgum 29 0 0 0 0 Aspen 62,378 48,501 29,796 13,957 5,925 Black cherry 1,927 996 310 155 33 White oak 1,662 937 250 55 73 Northern red oak 18,023 12,575 6,503 3,942 2,122 Other red oaks 1,448 894 253 145 83 American basswood 633 492 245 277 84 Elm 1,315 855 288 147 317 Other hardwoods 23,154 8,581 3,336 1,597 722 

____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 Total hardwoods 470,805 298,409 158,833 81,156 38,284 

____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Total, all species 1,400,035 873,261 449,251 216,853 99,250 __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________SE 1.9 1.7 1.7 2.0 2.6 __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
177

1982

Table C7. continued (In thousands of trees)_______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Diameter class (inches at breast height) Species group _______________________________________________________________________________________________________ 19.0- 21.0-  20.9 28.9 29.0+ cl_______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Balsam fir 29 0 0 71White spruce 93 40 0 8Black spruce 28 0 0 8Red spruce 1,129 707 0 60Red pine 19 0 0 Pitch pine 0 0 0 Eastern white pine 2,274 2,748 291 12Other yellow pines 0 0 0 Northern white-cedar 976 467 0 25Eastern hemlock 898 831 8 14Other softwoods 58 26 1 1

_______________________________________________________________________________________________________

 Total softwoods 5,504 4,819 300 2,03

_______________________________________________________________________________________________________

Red maple 749 395 49 28Sugar maple 1,875 1,899 79 12Yellow birch 796 1,152 21 9Paper birch 68 59 0 19Hickory 0 0 0 American beech 109 147 0 8White ash 98 106 0 3Blackgum 0 0 0 Aspen 343 171 0 16Black cherry 0 0 0 White oak 22 6 0 Northern red oak 268 248 6 4Other red oaks 0 16 0 American basswood 38 0 0 Elm 18 85 33 Other hardwoods 91 34 0 3

_______________________________________________________________________________________________________

 Total hardwoods 4,476 4,317 189 1,08

_______________________________________________________________________________________________________

Total, all species 9,980 9,137 488 3,12_______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________SE 6.2 6.3 23.3 _______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
178

Table C8. Number of growing-stock trees (5.0+ inches d.b.h.) on timberland by species and diameter class, M (In thousands of trees)________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Diameter class (inches at breast height) Species group ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 5.0- 7.0- 9.0- 11.0- 13.0-  6.9 8.9 10.9 12.9 14.9 

________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Balsam fir 380,702 207,576 82,034 23,654 5,205 White spruce 39,945 22,891 11,127 4,699 1,771 Black spruce 53,581 19,861 7,533 1,750 886 Red spruce 245,834 170,735 91,223 43,614 20,420 Red pine 1,035 1,008 1,282 1,195 539 Pitch pine 153 312 184 151 157 Eastern white pine 35,958 26,843 19,756 14,525 9,820 Northern white-cedar 93,627 72,409 42,067 25,051 11,986 Eastern hemlock 51,622 38,437 25,430 16,898 8,328 Other softwoods 6,960 2,971 2,472 1,553 618 

____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 Total softwoods 909,418 563,043 283,109 133,089 59,730 

____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Red maple 134,299 77,830 39,406 18,293 7,723 Sugar maple 42,417 30,783 18,279 11,885 7,565 Yellow birch 30,767 25,144 17,590 10,301 5,648 Paper birch 95,584 56,352 24,934 9,269 2,839 Hickory 29 0 0 0 0 American beech 40,764 22,663 10,670 7,495 3,913 White ash 11,562 9,086 5,399 2,388 894 Blackgum 29 0 0 0 0 Aspen 61,906 48,205 29,648 13,874 5,893 Black cherry 1,927 996 310 155 33 White oak 1,662 937 250 55 73 Northern red oak 18,023 12,575 6,503 3,907 2,087 Other red oaks 1,448 894 253 145 83 American basswood 633 492 245 277 84 Elm 1,315 855 288 147 317 Other hardwoods 23,088 8,515 3,130 1,597 722 

____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 Total hardwoods 465,454 295,330 156,907 79,789 37,873 

____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Total, all species 1,374,871 858,373 440,017 212,878 97,604 ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________SE 1.9 1.7 1.8 2.0 2.6 ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
179

1982

Table C9. Number of live saplings on forest land by species and 1" diameter class, Maine, 1982 (In thousands of trees)________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Diameter class (inches at breast height) Species group _______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 

 1.0- 2.0- 3.0- 4.0-  1.9 2.9 3.9 4.9

________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Balsam fir 1,472,900 815,121 518,341 309,484 White spruce 31,676 31,381 56,934 24,656 Black spruce 74,889 66,765 60,581 29,407 Red spruce 329,734 246,303 173,637 161,867 Red pine 1,919 0 831 831 Pitch pine 0 0 829 0 Eastern white pine 85,027 53,745 35,392 37,223 Other yellow pines 0 4,049 0 0 Northern white-cedar 111,247 143,025 105,081 88,042 Eastern hemlock 81,813 66,098 60,830 37,021 Other softwoods 15,303 6,968 11,347 10,368 

________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 Total softwoods 2,204,508 1,433,454 1,023,804 698,898 

________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Red maple 636,870 279,577 186,750 116,519 Sugar maple 226,635 107,361 64,314 32,525 Yellow birch 200,054 75,824 27,899 30,556 Paper birch 205,171 138,218 103,329 75,470 Hickory 831 0 0 0 American beech 350,297 161,733 80,845 47,632 White ash 47,479 27,251 19,679 8,326 Aspen 143,093 60,802 48,628 51,855 Black cherry 23,505 8,262 5,823 4,964 White oak 3,236 5,765 4,153 3,311 Northern red oak 44,901 24,521 21,757 13,246 Other red oaks 2,493 1,573 0 820 American basswood 6,467 811 0 0 Elm 4,037 6,517 4,198 2,100 Other commercial hardwoods 49,987 39,401 16,604 15,127 Noncommercial hardwoods 580,219 282,426 154,383 76,622 

________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 Total hardwoods 2,525,277 1,220,043 738,363 479,074 

________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Total, all species 4,729,784 2,653,497 1,762,167 1,177,972 1________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________SE 3.4 3.3 3.8 4.3 ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
180

Table C10. Number of live saplings on timberland by species and 1" diameter class, Maine, 1982 (In thousands of trees)______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Diameter class (inches at breast height) Species group ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 

 1.0- 2.0- 3.0- 4.0-  1.9 2.9 3.9 4.9

______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Balsam fir 1,440,358 788,853 499,773 305,246 3White spruce 31,676 27,144 55,246 22,622 Black spruce 56,613 47,463 52,940 29,407 Red spruce 303,583 233,599 156,695 155,610 Red pine 1,919 0 831 831 Pitch pine 0 0 829 0 Eastern white pine 83,125 53,745 33,805 37,223 Northern white-cedar 108,514 139,163 103,150 88,042 Eastern hemlock 79,730 64,015 60,830 37,021 Other softwoods 13,372 6,968 11,347 10,368 

____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 Total softwoods 2,118,891 1,360,950 975,448 686,369 5

____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Red maple 614,740 275,111 182,530 116,519 1Sugar maple 220,281 107,361 64,314 32,525 Yellow birch 190,134 74,237 27,899 30,556 Paper birch 188,719 132,017 96,870 72,208 Hickory 831 0 0 0 American beech 348,213 161,733 80,845 47,632 White ash 47,479 27,251 19,679 8,326 Aspen 143,093 60,802 48,628 51,855 Black cherry 23,505 8,262 5,823 4,964 White oak 3,236 5,765 4,153 3,311 Northern red oak 44,901 24,521 21,757 13,246 Other red oaks 2,493 1,573 0 820 American basswood 6,467 811 0 0 Elm 4,037 6,517 4,198 2,100 Other commercial hardwoods 48,084 39,401 15,801 15,127 Noncommercial hardwoods 578,134 278,190 153,275 76,622 1

____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 Total hardwoods 2,464,349 1,203,553 725,773 475,813 4

____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Total, all species 4,583,240 2,564,503 1,701,221 1,162,182 10______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________SE 3.5 3.3 3.9 4.4 ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
181

1982

Table C11. Net volume of all trees on timberland by class of timber and species

 group, Maine, 1982

 (In millions of cubic feet)

__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 Species group

 Class of timber __________________________________________________________________________________ All

 Other Soft Hard species SE 

 Pines softwoods hardwoods hardwoods

__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Growing-stock trees:

 Sawtimber size 1,509.4 6,937.6 1,781.8 2,119.8 12,348.6 1.8 

 Poletimber size 313.4 6,413.8 3,428.9 1,604.5 11,760.5 1.5 ________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 Total growing-stock trees 1,822.9 13,351.3 5,210.7 3,724.2 24,109.1 1.2 

Rough trees:

 Sawtimber size 108.7 246.7 134.8 229.2 719.4 4.3 

 Poletimber size 37.9 490.4 386.3 307.7 1,222.4 2.9 ________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 Total rough trees 146.6 737.1 521.1 536.9 1,941.7 2.6 ________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Rotten trees:

 Sawtimber size 13.5 145.0 104.9 230.3 493.7 4.6 

 Poletimber size 6.2 158.1 135.5 104.9 404.6 4.3 ________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 Total rotten trees 19.7 303.1 240.4 335.1 898.3 3.4 ________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Salvable deada trees:

 Sawtimber size 3.7 175.8 26.7 31.4 237.5 6.3 

 Poletimber size 3.1 220.6 47.9 26.6 298.2 5.1 ________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 Total salvable dead trees 6.7 396.4 74.6 58.0 535.7 4.6 ________________________________________________________________________________________________________

All classes 1,995.9 14,787.9 6,046.8 4,654.2 27,484.8 1.2 

__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

SE 5.7 2.1 2.7 3.6 1.2

__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
182

Table C12. Net volume of all live trees on forest land by species and diameter class, Maine, 1982 (In millions of cubic feet)__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Diameter class (inches at breast height) Species group ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 5.0- 7.0- 9.0- 11.0- 13.0- 15.0- 17.0- 19.0- 21.0-  6.9 8.9 10.9 12.9 14.9 16.9 18.9 20.9 28.9 

__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Balsam fir 1,453.1 1,499.6 943.1 400.1 129.0 43.9 7.1 1.6 .6 White spruce 140.8 166.5 141.1 84.6 43.9 19.4 8.0 4.9 2.7 Black spruce 205.1 145.9 94.0 32.5 22.1 3.8 .9 1.5 .0 Red spruce 998.1 1,301.4 1,160.6 832.8 542.1 266.5 140.7 58.1 52.3 Red pine 4.5 8.4 16.8 22.3 12.6 10.3 2.5 .9 .3 Pitch pine .6 2.7 3.1 2.3 3.3 1.1 .3 .0 .0 Eastern white pine 142.7 201.0 251.6 266.9 244.9 221.5 172.2 126.1 234.6 Other yellow pines .0 .5 .7 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 Northern white-cedar 337.1 473.0 444.3 387.2 261.7 153.6 58.0 41.8 34.0 Eastern hemlock 197.7 261.7 279.4 269.1 187.6 137.3 53.8 43.2 55.1 Other softwoods 26.0 21.7 29.6 23.7 14.6 8.2 9.6 3.0 1.2 

________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 Total softwoods 3,505.7 4,082.4 3,364.3 2,321.4 1,461.8 865.7 453.0 281.0 380.9 

________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Red maple 457.1 563.1 500.1 373.7 229.7 123.6 90.5 52.2 41.4 Sugar maple 159.1 235.5 242.3 244.9 218.9 156.8 148.8 135.2 186.0 Yellow birch 101.4 167.4 207.5 199.6 150.6 132.1 83.3 50.9 111.3 Paper birch 327.9 407.5 310.2 175.1 77.9 44.6 18.7 7.2 6.1 Hickory .1 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 American beech 146.6 186.6 191.0 181.0 139.5 92.9 40.1 10.2 16.5 White ash 42.6 67.3 68.7 47.5 25.7 16.1 10.4 7.7 10.7 Aspen 252.8 393.1 410.0 284.2 177.4 76.6 34.8 24.4 14.7 Black cherry 11.5 9.7 4.3 4.0 .8 .0 .5 .0 .0 White oak 5.7 4.9 2.1 .8 1.4 2.1 1.0 1.1 .4 Northern red oak 54.6 81.0 69.3 68.8 51.4 34.4 20.6 15.9 20.3 Other red oaks 4.7 5.4 2.8 2.5 1.8 .5 .0 .0 1.2 American basswood 2.4 3.6 3.2 5.4 2.3 2.9 3.5 1.9 .1 Elm 5.7 6.4 4.4 2.6 7.2 1.9 4.8 .9 7.1 Other commercial hardwoods 47.1 50.1 39.1 29.7 19.9 11.8 4.4 6.2 3.4 Noncommercial hardwoods 122.8 47.8 12.1 6.0 6.3 2.7 .8 .4 .3 

________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 Total hardwoods 1,742.2 2,229.4 2,067.1 1,625.8 1,111.0 698.8 462.3 314.1 419.5 

________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Total, all species 5,247.9 6,311.8 5,431.3 3,947.2 2,572.8 1,564.5 915.3 595.1 800.4 __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________SE 1.7 1.6 1.6 1.9 2.5 3.3 4.5 5.8 6.0 __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
183

1982

Table C13. Net volume of all live trees on timberland by species and diameter class, Maine, 1982 (In millions of cubic feet)__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Diameter class (inches at breast height) Species group __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 5.0- 7.0- 9.0- 11.0- 13.0- 15.0- 17.0- 19.0- 21.0-  6.9 8.9 10.9 12.9 14.9 16.9 18.9 20.9 28.9 

__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Balsam fir 1,421.2 1,460.1 918.3 390.3 124.7 42.4 4.6 1.6 .6 White spruce 138.5 164.7 136.5 83.3 43.9 19.4 8.0 3.4 2.7 Black spruce 199.9 144.6 87.3 31.0 21.4 3.8 .9 1.5 .0 Red spruce 967.4 1,262.2 1,116.1 802.0 520.3 253.4 127.1 57.4 46.0 Red pine 4.5 8.4 16.8 22.3 12.6 10.3 2.5 .9 .3 Pitch pine .6 2.7 3.1 2.3 3.3 1.1 .3 .0 .0 Eastern white pine 141.8 199.6 251.2 266.9 243.8 220.2 170.4 114.8 233.0 Northern white-cedar 331.6 468.4 440.0 386.1 259.8 149.9 58.0 41.8 33.3 Eastern hemlock 196.2 260.9 279.4 267.6 185.9 135.9 53.8 42.5 55.1 Other softwoods 25.1 21.4 29.6 23.7 14.6 8.2 9.6 3.0 1.2 

__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 Total softwoods 3,426.9 3,992.9 3,278.3 2,275.5 1,430.2 844.6 435.1 266.9 372.2 

__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Red maple 454.5 558.2 491.6 366.2 226.1 121.1 87.7 52.2 39.7 Sugar maple 157.9 234.1 240.3 239.8 215.0 155.8 145.7 130.6 184.8 Yellow birch 97.8 164.8 205.2 195.3 149.0 131.3 83.3 50.0 111.0 Paper birch 319.1 396.1 302.4 171.6 77.9 44.6 17.0 6.0 6.1 Hickory .1 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 American beech 145.8 185.6 190.0 177.3 137.7 90.5 40.1 9.8 16.5 White ash 42.6 67.3 68.7 47.5 25.7 16.1 10.4 7.7 10.7 Aspen 250.7 388.8 408.1 282.3 176.4 73.5 34.8 24.4 13.2 Black cherry 11.5 9.7 4.3 4.0 .8 .0 .5 .0 .0 White oak 5.7 4.9 2.1 .8 1.4 2.1 1.0 1.1 .4 Northern red oak 54.6 81.0 69.3 68.3 50.7 34.4 20.6 15.9 20.3 Other red oaks 4.7 5.4 2.8 2.5 1.8 .5 .0 .0 1.2 American basswood 2.4 3.6 3.2 5.4 2.3 2.9 3.5 1.9 .1 Elm 5.7 6.4 4.4 2.6 7.2 1.9 4.8 .9 7.1 Other commercial hardwoods 47.1 50.1 36.7 29.7 19.9 11.8 4.4 6.2 3.4 Noncommercial hardwoods 122.7 47.5 12.1 6.0 6.3 2.7 .8 .4 .3 

__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 Total hardwoods 1,723.0 2,203.6 2,041.2 1,599.2 1,098.3 689.0 454.7 307.1 414.9 

__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Total, all species 5,149.9 6,196.4 5,319.6 3,874.8 2,528.5 1,533.7 889.8 574.0 787.1 __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________SE 1.8 1.6 1.7 2.0 2.5 3.3 4.5 5.8 6.0 __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
184

Table C14. Net volume of growing-stock trees on timberland by species and stand-size class,

 Maine, 1982

 (In millions of cubic feet)

__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 Stand-size class

 Species group ___________________________________________________________________________________________ All

 Saw- Pole- Sapling and Non- classes SE 

 timber timber seedling stocked

__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Balsam fir 1,493.8 2,436.8 79.9 .0 4,010.5 3.2 

White spruce 198.8 355.4 23.2 .0 577.4 7.6 

Black spruce 87.0 357.7 28.9 .0 473.6 12.4 

Red spruce 2,033.5 2,882.5 61.0 .0 4,977.0 3.8 

Red pine 23.9 45.3 2.4 .0 71.7 27.4 

Pitch pine 6.4 3.7 .8 .0 10.9 34.7 

Eastern white pine 844.8 857.9 37.6 .0 1,740.3 6.0 

Northern white-cedar 918.3 876.3 41.2 .0 1,835.8 5.9 

Eastern hemlock 726.9 611.6 15.5 .0 1,354.0 5.9 

Other softwoods 28.1 76.7 18.1 .0 122.9 14.8 ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 Total softwoods 6,361.7 8,503.9 308.6 .0 15,174.2 2.0 ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Red maple 590.2 1,377.3 43.8 .0 2,011.3 3.7 

Sugar maple 967.4 520.0 9.4 .0 1,496.8 6.1 

Yellow birch 551.7 429.9 14.4 .0 996.0 5.1 

Paper birch 255.0 952.2 27.4 .0 1,234.6 4.9 

Hickory .1 .0 .0 .0 .1 100.0 

American beech 364.7 296.1 5.5 .0 666.4 7.8 

White ash 75.3 195.8 3.8 .0 275.0 11.2 

Aspen 210.4 1,280.0 39.0 .0 1,529.4 6.3 

Black cherry 3.1 16.7 .5 .0 20.3 22.3 

White oak 5.4 9.9 .2 .0 15.6 22.4 

Northern red oak 134.4 254.3 9.7 .0 398.4 8.1 

Other red oaks 4.8 12.7 .6 .0 18.0 22.2 

American basswood 11.1 12.9 .0 .0 24.0 32.9 

Elm 22.9 15.2 .5 .0 38.6 38.4 

Other hardwoods 63.3 141.6 5.5 .0 210.4 10.2 ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 Total hardwoods 3,259.8 5,514.8 160.3 .0 8,935.0 2.2 ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Total, all species 9,621.5 14,018.7 468.9 .0 24,109.1 1.2 

__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

SE 3.7 2.5 8.6 .0 1.2

__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
185

1982

Table C15. Net volume of growing-stock trees on forest land by species and diameter class, Maine, 1982 (In millions of cubic feet)__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Diameter class (inches at breast height) Species group ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 5.0- 7.0- 9.0- 11.0- 13.0- 15.0- 17.0- 19.0- 21.0-  6.9 8.9 10.9 12.9 14.9 16.9 18.9 20.9 28.9 

__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Balsam fir 1,244.5 1,389.6 916.7 392.5 123.6 41.5 6.9 1.6 .0 White spruce 134.9 161.7 136.1 83.3 42.0 18.3 4.4 4.9 2.7 Black spruce 197.2 139.1 91.8 32.2 22.1 3.8 .9 1.5 .0 Red spruce 925.6 1,259.5 1,136.2 812.7 534.8 263.5 134.9 56.5 46.9 Red pine 4.2 7.1 14.9 20.8 12.4 9.0 2.5 .9 .0 Pitch pine .5 2.0 1.8 2.3 3.1 1.0 .3 .0 .0 Eastern white pine 119.1 182.8 229.6 250.4 233.8 213.5 162.2 116.5 205.5 Other yellow pines .0 .0 .7 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 Northern white-cedar 272.5 400.5 379.9 334.5 225.2 131.2 47.4 37.1 24.9 Eastern hemlock 162.7 235.7 260.6 255.1 175.8 131.3 50.1 40.0 48.8 Other softwoods 21.1 17.9 25.9 23.2 13.0 8.1 9.6 3.0 1.2 

____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 Total softwoods 3,082.3 3,795.9 3,194.2 2,206.9 1,385.7 821.2 419.3 261.9 330.1 

____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Red maple 374.4 476.4 426.4 319.1 189.7 100.8 74.2 40.9 28.6 Sugar maple 135.0 204.3 215.9 221.3 195.4 132.6 136.4 108.5 157.9 Yellow birch 85.5 144.7 177.5 169.8 128.9 114.2 63.7 39.6 85.0 Paper birch 300.7 376.4 288.8 166.0 69.8 40.6 16.6 4.2 4.6 Hickory .1 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 American beech 105.2 132.3 114.6 129.9 92.8 61.7 21.4 5.1 9.9 White ash 37.9 62.4 64.9 45.1 23.9 14.5 10.4 5.9 9.8 Aspen 225.0 362.3 377.1 270.4 164.7 76.4 30.4 22.2 14.0 Black cherry 6.0 6.4 3.9 2.9 .6 .0 .5 .0 .0 White oak 3.8 4.6 2.1 .8 1.3 1.9 .0 .8 .3 Northern red oak 50.9 77.8 68.0 65.6 50.5 33.6 19.7 14.3 17.9 Other red oaks 4.2 5.2 2.6 2.5 1.8 .5 .0 .0 1.2 American basswood 2.2 3.6 3.2 5.4 2.3 2.9 2.5 1.9 .0 Elm 3.6 4.3 3.1 2.1 6.4 1.9 4.8 .9 7.1 Other hardwoods 61.3 51.7 37.1 27.1 17.6 8.5 2.1 5.6 2.2 

____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 Total hardwoods 1,395.8 1,912.5 1,785.3 1,427.8 945.8 590.0 382.8 249.8 338.6 

____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Total, all species 4,478.1 5,708.4 4,979.5 3,634.7 2,331.5 1,411.2 802.1 511.7 668.7 __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________SE 1.9 1.7 1.7 2.0 2.6 3.5 4.9 6.4 6.7 __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
186

Table C16. Net volume of growing-stock trees on timberland by species and diameter class, Maine, 1982 (In millions of cubic feet)__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Diameter class (inches at breast height) Species group ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 5.0- 7.0- 9.0- 11.0- 13.0- 15.0- 17.0- 19.0- 21.0-  6.9 8.9 10.9 12.9 14.9 16.9 18.9 20.9 28.9 

__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Balsam fir 1,217.4 1,352.9 891.9 383.1 119.3 40.0 4.4 1.6 .0 White spruce 133.2 159.9 131.4 82.0 42.0 18.3 4.4 3.4 2.7 Black spruce 192.3 137.9 85.2 30.7 21.4 3.8 .9 1.5 .0 Red spruce 897.9 1,222.0 1,092.2 781.9 512.9 250.3 121.3 55.8 42.7 Red pine 4.2 7.1 14.9 20.8 12.4 9.0 2.5 .9 .0 Pitch pine .5 2.0 1.8 2.3 3.1 1.0 .3 .0 .0 Eastern white pine 118.3 181.4 229.3 250.4 232.7 212.2 160.5 105.2 203.9 Northern white-cedar 267.5 397.4 376.7 333.4 223.9 128.2 47.4 37.1 24.2 Eastern hemlock 161.3 235.2 260.6 253.6 174.1 129.8 50.1 39.3 48.8 Other softwoods 20.8 17.9 25.9 23.2 13.0 8.1 9.6 3.0 1.2 

______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 Total softwoods 3,013.4 3,713.7 3,110.0 2,161.3 1,354.7 800.8 401.3 247.7 323.5 

______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Red maple 373.1 472.1 419.6 313.7 187.5 98.4 71.6 40.9 27.7 Sugar maple 134.0 202.9 214.2 216.2 191.4 131.6 133.4 104.7 157.0 Yellow birch 82.3 142.6 175.2 165.4 127.3 113.4 63.7 38.8 85.0 Paper birch 292.0 365.7 281.0 163.1 69.8 40.6 14.9 3.0 4.6 Hickory .1 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 American beech 104.9 132.3 114.6 126.6 92.0 59.6 21.4 5.1 9.9 White ash 37.9 62.4 64.9 45.1 23.9 14.5 10.4 5.9 9.8 Aspen 223.2 360.0 375.3 268.7 163.8 73.2 30.4 22.2 12.5 Black cherry 6.0 6.4 3.9 2.9 .6 .0 .5 .0 .0 White oak 3.8 4.6 2.1 .8 1.3 1.9 .0 .8 .3 Northern red oak 50.9 77.8 68.0 65.1 49.7 33.6 19.7 14.3 17.9 Other red oaks 4.2 5.2 2.6 2.5 1.8 .5 .0 .0 1.2 American basswood 2.2 3.6 3.2 5.4 2.3 2.9 2.5 1.9 .0 Elm 3.6 4.3 3.1 2.1 6.4 1.9 4.8 .9 7.1 Other hardwoods 61.1 51.5 34.7 27.1 17.6 8.5 2.1 5.6 2.2 

______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 Total hardwoods 1,379.5 1,891.5 1,762.4 1,404.7 935.4 580.5 375.5 243.9 335.3 

______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Total, all species 4,393.0 5,605.2 4,872.3 3,566.0 2,290.1 1,381.3 776.9 491.6 658.8 __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________SE 2.0 1.7 1.8 2.1 2.6 3.5 4.9 6.4 6.7 __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
187

1982

Table C17. Net volume of sawtimber trees on forest land by species and diameter class, Maine, 1982 (In millions of board feet)____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Diameter class (inches at breast height) Species group ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 9.0- 11.0- 13.0- 15.0- 17.0- 19.0- 21.0-  10.9 12.9 14.9 16.9 18.9 20.9 28.9 29

____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Balsam fir 3,410.9 1,652.4 551.6 192.0 31.9 7.2 .0 White spruce 492.3 352.2 181.4 89.6 17.4 21.3 13.8 Black spruce 334.0 138.3 100.9 18.3 4.2 7.5 .0 Red spruce 4,369.4 3,550.2 2,507.8 1,271.7 675.9 283.1 231.8 Red pine 51.5 81.9 51.3 37.5 11.2 4.5 .0 Pitch pine 5.5 7.7 11.2 3.7 1.0 .0 .0 Eastern white pine 782.3 984.7 992.3 953.4 731.9 546.9 1,006.6 230Other yellow pines 2.5 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 Northern white-cedar 1,076.6 1,092.3 790.5 476.1 176.4 135.2 95.5 Eastern hemlock 843.4 938.6 691.3 541.4 217.5 167.8 215.4 5Other softwoods 85.3 84.5 49.2 31.6 39.4 12.4 4.8 

______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 Total softwoods 11,453.7 8,883.0 5,927.6 3,615.4 1,906.8 1,185.9 1,568.0 235

______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Red maple .0 1,171.9 716.0 395.8 297.2 165.1 120.1 31Sugar maple .0 823.7 750.5 520.2 535.7 443.8 649.3 51Yellow birch .0 622.8 472.5 412.3 234.9 144.5 326.9 8Paper birch .0 644.5 275.0 160.4 60.5 16.5 18.9 American beech .0 502.9 371.6 248.8 86.3 20.6 36.0 White ash .0 181.1 97.5 60.7 45.5 25.3 45.1 Aspen .0 1,111.2 689.4 321.0 130.8 101.9 63.8 Black cherry .0 11.0 2.4 .0 1.9 .0 .0 White oak .0 2.7 4.3 7.5 .0 2.8 1.0 Northern red oak .0 230.7 184.0 129.9 75.5 56.2 75.9 7Other red oaks .0 8.5 6.8 2.1 .0 .0 5.0 American basswood .0 20.4 9.3 11.2 10.4 7.2 .0 Elm .0 5.2 24.0 6.8 18.5 4.2 36.3 23Other hardwoods .0 103.3 66.2 33.1 8.4 21.1 7.8 

______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 Total hardwoods .0 5,439.7 3,669.7 2,309.7 1,505.8 1,009.1 1,386.0 122

______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Total, all species 11,453.7 14,322.7 9,597.3 5,925.1 3,412.6 2,195.0 2,954.0 358____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________SE 2.5 2.1 2.7 3.6 5.1 6.6 6.9 24____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
188

Table C18. Net volume of sawtimber trees on timberland by species and diameter class, Maine, 1982 (In millions of board feet)_______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Diameter class (inches at breast height) Species group _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 9.0- 11.0- 13.0- 15.0- 17.0- 19.0- 21.0-  10.9 12.9 14.9 16.9 18.9 20.9 28.9 29

_______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Balsam fir 3,319.9 1,611.8 530.9 184.4 20.0 7.2 .0 White spruce 475.0 346.3 181.4 89.6 17.4 14.4 13.8 Black spruce 308.4 132.0 97.7 18.3 4.2 7.5 .0 Red spruce 4,200.0 3,416.9 2,405.1 1,206.6 607.6 280.1 209.8 Red pine 51.5 81.9 51.3 37.5 11.2 4.5 .0 Pitch pine 5.5 7.7 11.2 3.7 1.0 .0 .0 Eastern white pine 780.8 984.7 986.8 947.2 723.0 488.8 998.9 224Northern white-cedar 1,067.9 1,088.9 786.0 464.7 176.4 135.2 92.6 Eastern hemlock 843.4 933.3 684.8 535.7 217.5 164.8 215.4 5Other softwoods 85.3 84.5 49.2 31.6 39.4 12.4 4.8 

_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 Total softwoods 11,137.8 8,688.0 5,784.5 3,519.2 1,817.6 1,114.9 1,535.4 230

_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Red maple .0 1,152.2 707.2 385.6 287.0 165.1 116.1 31Sugar maple .0 806.3 736.0 516.5 525.4 430.6 645.8 51Yellow birch .0 607.3 466.4 409.6 234.9 141.5 326.9 8Paper birch .0 632.7 275.0 160.4 55.1 11.1 18.9 American beech .0 490.4 368.7 239.3 86.3 20.6 36.0 White ash .0 181.1 97.5 60.7 45.5 25.3 45.1 Aspen .0 1,104.6 685.2 307.2 130.8 101.9 55.6 Black cherry .0 11.0 2.4 .0 1.9 .0 .0 White oak .0 2.7 4.3 7.5 .0 2.8 1.0 Northern red oak .0 229.0 181.4 129.9 75.5 56.2 75.9 7Other red oaks .0 8.5 6.8 2.1 .0 .0 5.0 American basswood .0 20.4 9.3 11.2 10.4 7.2 .0 Elm .0 5.2 24.0 6.8 18.5 4.2 36.3 23Other hardwoods .0 103.3 66.2 33.1 8.4 21.1 7.8 

_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 Total hardwoods .0 5,354.7 3,630.3 2,269.8 1,479.8 987.6 1,370.4 122

_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Total, all species 11,137.8 14,042.7 9,414.8 5,789.0 3,297.4 2,102.5 2,905.8 352_______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________SE 2.5 2.1 2.7 3.6 5.1 6.4 6.9 25_______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Printed on Recycled Paper

McWilliams, William H.; Butler, Brett J.; Caldwell, Laurence E.; Griffith, Douglas M.; 

Hoppus, Michael L.; Laustsen, Kenneth M.; Lister, Andrew J.; Lister, Tonya W.; 

Metzler, Jacob W.; Morin, Randall S.; Sader, Steven A.; Stewart, Lucretia B.; 

Steinman, James R.; Westfall, James, A.; Williams, David A.; Whitman, Andrew, 

Woodall, Christopher W. 2005. The forests of Maine: 2003. Resour. Bull. NE-164. 

Newtown Square, PA: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Northeastern 

Research Station. 188 p.

In 1999, the Maine Forest Service and USDA Forest Service’s Forest Inventory 

and Analysis program implemented a new system for inventorying and monitoring 

Maine’s forests. The effects of the spruce budworm epidemic continue to affect the 

composition, structure, and distribution of Maine’s forested ecosystems. The area 

of forest land in Maine has remained stable since the 1970’s. Although relatively 

small acreages of forest are converted to other land uses, these conversions often 

remove highly valued forests such as white pine. The total inventory volume of live 

trees increased slightly, indicating the beginning of a response of Maine’s forest to the 

tremendous devastation from spruce budworm.

Keywords: forest composition; forest vitality; sustainability; timber volume; ingrowth.

Published by: For additional copies:

USDA FOREST SERVICE USDA Forest Service 

11 CAMPUS BLVD SUITE 200 Publications Distribution

NEWTOWN SQUARE PA 19073-3294 359 Main Road

 Delaware, OH 43015-8640

September 2005 Fax: (740)368-0152

Visit our homepage at: http://www.fs.fed.us/ne
Headquarters of the Northeastern Research Station is in Newtown Square, 

Pennsylvania. Field laboratories are maintained at:

Amherst, Massachusetts, in cooperation with the University of Massachusetts

Burlington, Vermont, in cooperation with the University of Vermont

Delaware, Ohio

Durham, New Hampshire, in cooperation with the University of New Hampshire

Hamden, Connecticut, in cooperation with Yale University

Morgantown, West Virginia, in cooperation with West Virginia University

Parsons, West Virginia

Princeton, West Virginia

Syracuse, New York, in cooperation with the State University of New York, 

College of Environmental Sciences and Forestry at Syracuse University

Warren, Pennsylvania

“Caring for the Land and Serving People Through Research”

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