civil aviation personnel.) Revue de Médecine
Aéronautique, 4(15) : 50-51, 1965.

There is a need for regular audiometric
checks and for the indoctrination of flying
personnel who must be habituated to avoid
tubal difficulties and encouraged to consult an
otorhinolaryngologist from the very beginning
of these difficulties.

Maximal measures must be applied im-
mediately to recover hearing and to avoid re-
occurrences of difficulties.

If these precautions are taken, it can be as-
sumed that auditory difficulties in civil avia-
tion will not be greater than those of the en-
tire population.

The pathology of sound trauma has clearly
shown that the injuries are rapidly permanent
and that prevention is the best weapon for
coping with this problem. Prevention requires
well-organized planning and implementation
from the very outset of employment as well as
good comprehensive checks during the entire
career of each employee. (Translated Con-
clusion.)

Jansen, G., Rutenfranz, J. and Singer, R. Uber
eine circadiane Rhythmik sensumotorischer
Leistungen. (On circadian rhythm of sensori-
motor performance.) Internationale Zeitschrift
fiir angewandte Physiologie, 22: 65-83, 1966.

A survey of the literature dealing with the
circadian rhythm of sensorimotor functions of
men. is given, and experiments of 24 hours
daily duration are reported. The experiments
were carried out with two trained male subjects
during 12 days, At 2-hour intervals the
subjects had to perform @ twofold task for 10
minutes, consisting of a tracking-task at Graf's
driving apparatus and simultaneous addition
of two-digit numbers. The results of the ex-
periments indicated that the tracking as well
as the adding performance varied according
to the time of day; the peaks and troughs of
the performance of both tasks did not coincide
temporally. If one combines the results of
both tasks, a circadian rhythm could be shown
for the demanded twofold task in spite of
intra- and inter-individual variations. Statis-
tical examination showed a period of reduced
performance in both tasks from 4:00 AM.
until-8:00 A.M.; and a period of increased
performance for the adding task from 10 200

AM. until 2:00 P.M., and for the tracking-task
from 6:00 P.M. until 10:00 P.M. Also the
qualitative changes in the tracking-task con-
cerning the more or less flexible adaptation of
“driving-speed” to the difficulties of the course
of the curve, showed a dependency on the time
of day. The findings are discussed in com-
parison with results of other authors. It is
noted that circadian rhythm should be ac-
counted for in the comparison of results of
sensory-motor experiments as well as in prac-
tical sensory-motor activities. (Translated
Summary.)

Jatho, K. Die Wirkung der Alkoholintoxikation
auf den Vestibularapparat unter besonderer
Beriicksichtigung der Stérungen der vesti-
bulfrokulomotorischen Regelfunktion. I. Mit-
teilung: Kritische Betrachtung und Deutung
nystagmischer Phinomene. (The effect of al-
cohol intoxication upon the vestibular ap-
paratus with special emphasis on disorders of
the vestibulo-oculomotor regulatory function. 1.
Critical consideration and interpretation of
nystagmic phenomena.) Zeitschrift fiir Laryn-
gologie, Rhinologie, Otologie, 44:1-15, 1965.

The effect of alcohol on human performance
constitutes a medical and legal problem. The
blood alcohol concentration is generally re-
garded as a reliable yardstick in determining
the degree of reduction of all functions in rela-
tion to automobile traffic. The vestibular ap-
paratus and those systems which react to it
are particularly sensitive to the effects of al-
cohol, The data reported in the literature re-
lating to the vestibular apparatus are critically
discussed and their origins clarified. The
spontaneous horizontal nystagmus, the facilita-
tion of nystagmus, and its sensitive earlier
stage of terminal deviation nystagmus occur
only sporadically, and with high blood alcohol
levels. The increased duration of rotational
nystagmus, as well as a shortened latent period
and ‘an increased duration of caloric nystag-
mus, are due to the same causes. These are seen
as a failure of the eye-centering mechanism,
that regulating force of the rapid phase of the
nystagmus, which then frees the slow com-
ponent and allows the eyes to drift. Thus the
apparent hyperexcitability of the labyrinth is
shown to be a paretic phenomenon. These
variable nystagmic symptoms which are of





in civil jet aricraft during long-range flight.
Report on results on the Northern Atlantic
Route.) Deutsche Luft-und Rawmfahrt, For-
schungsbericht 65-44 (German Aeronautics and
Astronautics, Research Report 65-44, October
1965).

Investigations were performed on the stress
level which affects aircrews of German airlines
(DLH) during long distance flights on jet air-
craft. The results form the basis for evaluating
the physiological workload on the investigated
flight routes, and yield new knowledge con-
cerning the influence of. strenuous flights
during certain day/night hours upon flight
safety. (Translated Summary.)

Koch, C..and Castaigluolo, P.. Considerazioni
sulla valutazione del danno acustico e vesti-
bolare nei piloti e negli specialisti della Aero-
nautica Militare. (Observations on diagnosis
of acoustical and vestibular damage in Air
Force pilots and ground crews.) Minerva
Medica, 56: 8832-3835, 1965.

This brief report on a topic of considerable
complexity is based on the authors’ experience
and opinions, and is meant to draw attention to
the forensic aspects of acoustico-vestibular
trauma. The authors commend what has
already been done in the aeronautic field, but
also propose several reminders which they feel
are necessary for the protection of such highly
specialized and hence, particularly valuable
personnel.

In the authors’ opinion, the problem can be
approached and solved satisfactorily on the
basis of the following points:

1. increase the existing areas of collaboration
among otologists, neurologists, psychologists,
and forensic specialists at the medico-legal
institutes ;

2. foster and encourage closer collaboration
between these specialists and acoustical engi-
neers and physicists, in order to provide easier
solutions to problems of “noise sources” ;

3. publicize the medical, scientific, and
technical aspects of such problems to all
personnel exposed to the hazards that might
cause hearing impairment;

4, issue all known protective devices to
exposed personnel, in order to provide maxi-
mum protection against noise trauma;

Jf

5. conduct stringent tests at regular and
frequent intervals among all flight personnel
and all ground personnel exposed to high noise
levels, to provide early diagnosis of auditory
or vestibular malfunction;

6. write into law a provision for compensa-
tion for service-connected auditory or vestibu-
lar disability, in addition to the present sever-
ance indemnity. (Translated Summary.)

avernhe, J., Lafontaine, E. and Laplane, R. Les

effets subjectifs des décalages horaires: Une
enquéte auprés du personnel navigant d’Air-
France. (The effects of time zone changes on
individuals: An investigation among flying
Air France personnel.) Revue de Médecine
Aéronautique, 4(No. 15) :30-86, 1965.

(1) The importance of the problem of the
physiopathological disorders resulting from
time zone changes is attested by the fact that
78% of crew members suffer from it to some
extent, whether the problem involved is their
sleep (most frequently), their digestion, or
both. But, the changes of time zones are
probably not the only ones responsible for the
troubles mentioned. The climatic variations,
the changes in night environment, the increase
in the time of rest in America, unaccustomed
diet, nervous tension, and night flying certainly
play an important role.

(2) Whether it be a question of flights to
America or return flights to France, the ma-
jority of the flying personnel adapt themselves
to their new life pattern at the end of 48 hours,
but a significant minority, about 30%, claims
to need 3 nights or more in order not to feel
any lingering effects of the time change.

(3) The youngest individuals suffer less
from time changes and live more at ease during
the stopover. Age and experience playing a
part, a larger number of individuals try to
preserve the life pattern of their country of
origin during the entire trip and appear,
because of that, to bear the changes in time
zones better. They prefer a short stopover on
the American continent (1 night and 1 day)
for, beyond that, it is more and more difficult
to ignore local time. The effects of time changes
are then felt more strongly and, on returning, it
is necessary to get accustomed once more to
the life schedule of the country of origin. On
the other hand, it is better to reduce the dura-



little pathological significance when compared
with normal data make the tests unsuitable as
forensic tests of alcohol intoxication. The only
reliable vestibular symptom is the positional
alcohol nystagmus, which is also of value in
assessing the approximate time of consumption
of the alcohol. The differential diagnostic
value of this form of nystagmus is stressed.
The biphasic appearance of the positional al-
cohol nystagmus resembles the behavior of the
peripheral and probably also cerebral circula-
tion, and there is probably a causative associa-
tion present here.

The essential action of alcohol on the vesti-
bular-oculomotor mechanism is a subjectively
perceptible disturbance in normal eye position
and not in the various forms of nystagmus
with their many abnormal features. These
oculomotor disturbances are not detectable by
the usual vestibular tests, and their features
are described and analyzed. The feeling of
swinging in alcoholic intoxication is to be at-
tributed to a disturbance of the bodily equilib-
rium and the apparent movement of visual
surroundings. These functional disturbances
lead to a diminution of the perceptive func-
tions and also to a loss of competence amid
road traffic. (Modified English Summary.)

Jatho, K. Die Wirkung der Alkoholintoxikation
auf den Vestibularapparat unter besonderer
Beriicksichtigung der St@rungen der  vesti-
bularokulomotorischen Regelfunktion. II. Mit-
teilung: Ergebnisse experimenteller Unter-
suchungen. (The effect of alcohol intoxication
upon the vestibular apparatus with special
emphasis on disorders of the vestibulo-oculo-
motor regulatory function. 2. Results of ex-
perimental investigations.) Zeitschrift fir
Laryngologie, Rhinologie, Otologie, 44:104—
118, 1965.

Part 1 of this communication stresses that
the chief effect of alcohol on the vestibular-
oculomotor system consists of a subjectively
perceptible displacement of objects in the field
of vision. These disturbances cannot be con-
firmed by spontaneous or test-induced vestibu-
lar signs. To demonstrate these effects, several
experimental subjects 18-85 years old, and of
different weights and bodily stature, were
studied, The subjective disturbances depend
on oculomotor effects resulting from a vestibu-

lar defect, and they were successfully demon-
strated. They consist of a failure of the eyes
to maintain position, identical with the slow
phase of perrotatory nystagmus. The func-
tional disturbance is identical to that of
labyrinthine failure, and may be recorded
photo-optically by moving objects, which vary
in size and speed, horizontally across the sub-
jects’ visual field. An abnormal increase in
amplitude of the ocular curve indicates a
partial or complete failure of ocular movement,
directed against the movement of the head.
The degree of failure increases with the speed
and size of the head movements. Thus pedes-
trians and drivers under the influence of al-
cohol can no longer perceive, with sufficient ac-
curacy to make them competent in traffic situa-
tions, the position and direction of objects in
their visual field while their own head and
body are moving. It is to be noted that these
disturbances begin with quite low alcohol blood
levels of 0.5%, and are already well marked at
concentrations of 1.0%. (Modified English
summary.)

/Klein, K. E., Briiner, H. and Ruff, 8. Unter-

suchungen zur Belastung des Bordpersonals
auf Fernfliigen mit Diisenmaschinen. (Investi-
gations of stress among air crews on long-
distance jet aircraft flights.) Zeitschrift fiir
Flugwissenschaften, 14(No. 2) : 109-121, 1966.

Aircrews’ fatigue has often been discussed
since the introduction of jet aircraft into the
civil air traffic, but only a few attempts have
been made so far to measure it practically.
Now, a cenception of its magnitude can be ob-
tained by comparative measurements of psycho-
physiological paramenters in aircrew members
during regular transatlantic flights and in a
control group during sedentary activity at a
single location. The results seem to allow a
quantitative evaluation of the physiological
aspects of professional stress on various flight
routes. They add, moreover, to the knowledge
p a possible impairment of flight safety by
stressful flights during certain hours of the
day. (Modified English Summary.)

JKlein, K. E., Briiner, H. and Ruff, S. Unter-

suchungen zur Belastung des Bordpersonals
auf Fernfliigen mit Diisenmaschinen: Bericht
uber die Ergebnisse auf der Nordatlantikroute,
(Investigations on stress imposed on aircrew


tion of that center as was previously believed.
If, instead, there is a stimulation of the heat
center, one would expect the threshold of
stimulation to be lower.

Fever is explained by a depression of the
heat center, and the body temperature at which
the regulation becomes steady is altered de-
pending on the degree of the depression.

5. The antipyretics lower body temperature
because they increase the excitability of the
heat center. (Translated Conclusions.)

Schoder, H. J. Nachweis vestibulirer Regula-
tionsstérungen nach Schidelhirntraumen. (Di-
agnosis of disturbances of vestibular function
after head trauma.) HNO; Wegweiser fiir die
Fachiratliche Prawis (Berlin) 13: 25-27, 1965.

The report covers 165 patients with skull and
brain trauma. The subjective dizzy spells
could be objectivized in all cases. The authors
point out the importance of making an ear
examination as soon as possible after the ac-
cident; they also stress the importance of a de-
tailed search for spontaneous nystagmus and
for latent spontaneous nystagmus produced by
the situation and positioning test. It would ap-
pear best to document a central regulatory dis-
turbance by means of the rotatory test involv-
ing the electronic registration of the nystagmus.
(Translated Summary.)

Smirnov, M. S. and Bongard, M. M. Threshold
and colorimetric methods for studying color
vision. (In Russian). Biéofizika, 1:158-162,
1956.

A comparison of limits of applicability of
the colorimetric and threshold methods of
study of color vision, and, also an ‘appraisal
of their advantages and disadvantages are
presented.

Vartbaronov, R. A. and Volokhova, N. A.
Features of human adaptation to prolonged
Coriolis acceleration. (In Russian) /zvestiya,
Akademii Nauk SSSR, Seriya Biologicheskaya,
No. 4: 500-506, 1965.

During experiments on men, some vegetative,
somatic, and sensory reactions arising under
the long action of Coriolis accelerations of low
value were studied. Under rotation in the
MVK-1 at the rate of 18 and 3.5 rotations
per minute, an adaptation occurred which was
evaluated by subjective reports and objective
indices of physiological reactions. The authors
recommend the methods of evaluation of work
capacity, peripheral blood circulation, and
oculomotoric reaction for use as criteria for
adaptation. The authors suggest that this ap-
proach allows one to produce in the laboratory
an habituated syndrome of sea-sickness in long
experiments, which may be used to increase the
effectiveness of vestibular training. (Modified
Summary Abstract.)

Yoshihara, M. Study of objective meausrement
of color vision—Report 2. (In Japanese) Folia
Opthalmologica Japonica (Osaka), 18 1598-610,
1962.

‘The color vision of subjects with green and
red color blindness was measured objectively
by optokinetic pendular nystagmus induced by
the author’s apparatus.

The optokinetic nystagmus was recorded by
the electro-nystagmograph.

In Report 1, a color test tablet with a
checkered pattern (Screening Table, Classifi-
cation Table, Degree Table) was used, but the
present report concerns the use of mixed pat-
tern (width 6 mm, length 7 mm).

‘The results showed that the electro-nystag-
mograms of color blindness were irregular in
type and height of waves and in frequency and
amplitude of oscillation.

Thus, the author was able to screen and
classify the degrees of color blindness within
the range of this examination.

The use of the mixed pattern tablet proved
more stable than the striped pattern in electro-
nystagmograms. (Translated Summary.)



AM 68-7

AVIATION MEDICINE TRANSLATIONS:

Annotated Bibliography of Recently
Translated Material. V.

Mary Ellen Allen
Ruth Ann Mertens, M.S.

Approved by Released by
a4 (USdge€ md
J. Ropert Durie, M.D. P. V. Srcet, M.D.
Cuter, Civin AEROMEDICAL Feprrat Arr Surcron
InsTITUTE

April 1968

Department of Transportation
FEDERAL AVIATION ADMINISTRATION
Office of Aviation Medicine







tion of the rest period during the stopover for
the sake of relaxation in the accustomed en-
vironment, which is always more beneficial.

(4) Stays on the American Continent
ranging from 3 to 7 days are certainly the
most difficult as regards the effects of time zone
changes, for the body is subject successively
and totally to problems of adjustment in the
two directions. This must be avoided as much
as possible,

(5) Irregular time changes are particularly
trying. It may happen that a flight to Tokyo
(GMT + 9) is followed after 48 hours of rest
in Paris by a flight to Los Angeles (GMT—8).
Sometimes these complex changes in schedule
may be the origin of neurological disorders
and metabolic and fatigue disorders that may
be countered only by prolonged rest. It is thus
desirable to assign crew members to a specific
sector involving relatively homogeneous time
changes so as to avoid, as much as possible, the
irregular changes of time zones.

(6) The performance of crews in the air,
when expressed in terms of flying hours, does
not take sufficient account of work assignments.
In the course of an eventual revision of the
procedures of flight schedules in which various
factors could have a bearing, the authors feel
that the hours of flight from east to west, or
vice versa, should be weighted with an incre-
mental coefficient that would give them more
credit than would the hours flown in a north-
south direction for computations of profes-
sional activity.

(7) The advent of supersonic passenger
planes should allow the crews to do the round
trip during the same day in 6 hours of flying
time and to eliminate, simultaneously, all
problems of time changes, at least over the
North Atlantic route. (Translated Comments
and Conclusions.) :

Lehwess-Litzmann, I. Ilusionen in Fluge-Eine
Literaturstudie zur Problematik der Flugzeug-
fithrung. (Lllusions in flight—A review of the
literature on the problem of aircraft piloting.)
Verkehrsmedizin und Ihre Grenagebiete,
12:577-590, 1965.

On the basis of previous literature and pilots’
reports, a summary of phenomena of illusions
during flight has been attempted. In addition
to a classification and enumeration of visual

and nonvisual illusions, physiological relation-
sltips and processes are indicated, as well as
preventive measures. This paper is intended
to provide the pilot with better information
about the possible ocurrence of illusions and
to inform the layman of the difficulties which
a pilot may encounter. (Translated Summary.)

Memma, N. Gli aiuti visuali aeroportuali dai
primi voli notturni ai pid moderni orientamenti
per il volo in condizioni di bassa visibilita.
(Visual aids in airports from the first night
flights to the most recent orientation devices
for flights under conditions of low visibility.)
Revista Aeronautica, 42(No. 2) : 179-213, 1966,

This study proposes (a) to define the require-
ments which aviation visual aids must satisfy
and (b) to evaluate the limits of their practical
use, A history of these aids is outlined starting
with the first luminous devices used in airports.
The gradual definition of present-day require-
ments is traced and an analysis of the elements
needed by the pilot to execute landing maneu-
vers under conditions of low visibility is
presented. Technical criteria, on the basis of
which the configurations of visual aids should
be designed and constructed, are offered. The
problem of fog dispersal is also considered.

Nikolaides, R. and Dontas, S. Uber die Erreg-
barkeit des Warmezentrums. (The excitability
of the heat center.) Zentralblatt fiir Phy-
stologie, 25: 192-199, 1911.

These studies can be summarized as follows:

1. The threshold (temperature level) at
which polypnea appears depends upon the ex-
citability of the heat center.

2. The excitability of the heat center and
consequently the threshold of excitability
(temperature), can be altered (raised or
lowered) by various agents.

3. By increasing the excitability of the heat
center (by lowering of the threshold of ex-
citability), polypnea appears at a lower body
temperature: by lowering the excitability of
the center (by increasing the threshold of ex-
citability) polypnea appears at a higher body -
temperature.

4. It is very possible that the elevation of
body temperature, which is produced by the
action of bacterial metabolites, produces a de-
pression of the heat center and not an excita-


topics: (1) renewal of contract; (2) conditions
of employment; (3) apprehension and fatigue;
(4) comfort of airplanes; (5) team spirit; and
(6) style of life and military context. A “Con-
clusions and Prospectives” section provides a
brief overview of the three parts of the study.

Fedotenkov, A. G., Danilov, L. A. and Popov,
L. D. Study of historical changes in cadaver
skin during the process of its preservation in
solution. (in Russian) Problemy gematologii
i perelivaniia Krovi, 7 :44-47, 1962.

A study of morphological changes develop-
ing in skin during the process of its preserva-
tion in some fluid media is presented. Findings
from historical examinations of skin removed
from cadavers are discussed.

Haas, E., Kraenbring, Chr. and Pfander, H.

Drehreizschwellenbestimmung und tiberschwel-
lige Labyrintherregbarkeitspriifung bei Nor-
malpersonen. (Rotatory threshold determina-
tion and superthreshold tests of labyrinthine
excitability in normal persons.) Zeitschrift fiir
Laryngologie, Rhinologie, Otologie, 44(3) :
180-189, 1965.

Forty-seven normal subjects were examined
by the rotatory threshold, caloric, and pro-
longed rotation tests, to determine their diag-
nostic value and any significant connection be-
tween the various vestibular reactions. A
statistically significant relation was found be-
tween threshold values and the variable values
of “total amplitude” of the caloric or rotatory
nystagmus. The “duration” of the nystagmus
is the most reliable criterion in the evaluation
of experimental nystagmus but no striking rela-
tionship could be demonstrated between the
duration values and the threshold figures.

These experimental results and the authors’
long experience throw much doubt on the value
of the rotatory threshold test in the clinical
investigation of vestibular disturbances. This
is supported by hitherto unpublished studies
of directional preponderance of nystagmus.
Caloric testing with hot and cold stimuli as
well as prolonged rotation yielded much more
conclusive evidence in the evaluation of post-
rotatory nystagmus II than that obtained by
threshold tests. (Modified English Summary.)

Hasselman, M., Schaff, G. and Metz, B. Influences
respectives du travail, de la température

ambiante et de la privation de sommeil sur
Vexcrétion urinaire de catécholamines chez
Vhomme normal. (Respective influences of
work, of surrounding temperature and of sleep
deprivation on urinary excretion of catechola-
mines of normal man.) Comptes rendus Société
Biologie, 16: 197-201, 1960.

A report is made of the excretion of adrena-
line and noradrenaline during a pre-fatigue
period, a fatigue period, and a post-fatigue
period, Fatigue was induced by (a) muscular
work, (b) thermal environment, and (c) sleep
deprivation.

Hoygaard, A., Holm, H. and Rodahl, K. Latent
hemeralopi hos sjéfolk. (Latent night blind-
ness in seamen). Wordish Hygienisk Tidskrift,
123-146, 1940.

Reduced night vision caused by vitamin A
deficiency occurs among North European sea-
men. This can probably be corrected by simple
changes in the dietary directive of 15 October
1937, which is now in force. It is suggested
that the consumption of milk products, eggs,
codfish roe, and brisling be increased. It is also
suggésted that tropical margarine and perhaps
other food products be vitamin enriched.

The question of improving the night vision
of seamen is of particular interest to Norway,
not only because of its relatively large fleet,
but also because its coast is difficult to navigate.
Large sums have been invested in the light-
house system, but attention should also be di-
rected toward factors affecting the visual per-
ception of the lights.

There is also reason for believing that
hemeralopia occurs among Norwegian fisher-
men. The fishing vessels often navigate waters
where there are no lighthouses, and such navi-
gation makes great demands on night vision.

The authors call to the attention of military
surgeons the result of these investigations,
which perhaps may be of special interest to
the Navy. It is also believed that keen eyesight
would be of interest to those concerned with ac-
curacy in use of weaponry.

It is suggested that studies be initiated on a
broader basis than in the present work. (Trans-
lated Conclusions.)

Hustin, A. Troubles de l’audition chez le person-
nel navigant civil. (Hearing difficulties in


AVIATION MEDICINE TRANSLATIONS:
Annotated Bibliography of Recently Translated Material. V.

Ammon, R. Die fermentative Spaltung des Ace-
tyleholins. (The fermentative fission of ace-
tylcholine.) Pfltig. Arch. Ges. Physiol. 233:
486-491, 1933-1934.

A new method is described for the demon-
stration of cholinesterase, the enzyme which
hydrolizes acetylcholine into choline and acetic
acid. The process followed the Warburg
method.

Experiments with added substances show
that physostigmine, prostigmine and gynerges,
which retard totally the fermentative hydrol-
ysis of acetylcholine which has been demon-
strated by other biological methods, are extra-
ordinarily strong retarding substances for
cholinesterase. Of the investigated vegetatively
effective substances, muscarine also has a strong
retarding influence on the enzyme. A series
of other substances retards the acetylcholine
fission only in higher concentration (milligram
doses).

Some experiments with esterase preparations
of various origins indicate strongly that
cholinesterase should be considered a special
enzyme. (Translated Summary.)

Cenacchi, V., Fenu, G. and Gabrielli, L. L’azione
dell’ amfetamina sulla risposta nistagmica da
stimoli rotacceleratori. Studio sperimentale
condotto sul coniglio. (Effect of amphetamine
on the nystagmic response to angular accelera-
tory stimuli. Experimental study carried out
in rabbits.) Bodlettino della Societa’ Italiana
di Biologia Sperimentale (Napoli), 41(No.
10) : 527-530, 1964.

At doses of 0.5 and 1 mg/kg of body weight,
the authors. observed a rather significant de-
crease in the nystagmic response; higher doses
(3 mg/kg) always led to a significant decrease
in the nystagmic response; at the dose of 19
mg/kg (sic), an almost complete disappearance
of all response was noted. (Translated Re-
sults.)

de Brisson, A. and Brémond, J. Pilotage militaire
et psychologie expérimentale. (Military pilot-
ing and experimental psychology, Part I.)
Forces Aériennes Frangaises, 20(No. 222) :185-
218, 1966.

This represents a synthesis of the work done
by the Center of Psychological Studies and
Instruction of the Air Force. Major topics
covered in detail include recruiting and selec-
tion of flying personnel, pilot aptitude and
testing methods, limitations of predictors,
aptitude and motivation in accordance with
recruitment categories, and pilot-navigator re-
cruiting at the level of the major schools.

de Brisson, A. and Brémond, J. Pilotage militaire
et psychologie expérimentale. (Military pilot-
ing and experimental psychology, Part II.)
Forces Aériennes Frangaises, 20 (No. 223) : 299-
318, 1966.

The topics covered in this part include: (1)
training and adaptation in the school for
pilots; (2) smooth transition of advancement
(curricula and the beginnings of pilot study;
contributions of programmed instruction) ; (3)
standardization of grading; (4) experimental
possibilities in the area of pedagogical princi-
ples; (5) attitudes of student pilots and evolu-
tion of motivation (first studies; evaluation of
attitude changes); and (6) attempt at an in-
terpretation of the changes in attitude (use of
psycho-sociological model for predictive pur-
poses, motivation of candidates, motivation of
students and development of attitudes, social
pressures in the elementary school and motiva-
tion).

de Brisson, A. and Brémond, J. Pilotage militaire
et. psychologie expérimentale. (Military pilot-
ing and experimental psychology, Part II and
Conclusion.) Forces Aériennes Frangaises, 20
(No. 224) : 421-437, 1966.
Under the general heading of “Aspects of
Professional Life” are included the following



FOREWORD

This annotated bibliography of recently translated, selected research
papers is presented as a scientific service of the Civil Aeromedical Institute
and the FAA Medical Librarian. The aims of the publication are:
(a) to provide interested researchers with information concerning translations
of foreign-language articles as soon as the translations are available; and (b)
to prevent duplication of translation costs and efforts.

In achieving these aims, bibliographic listings such as the present one are
necessarily limited in number. They are also limited by the range of activities
represented in the Administration preparing the material. Thus, selective
factors exist. Further, no attempt is made to evaluate the scientific worth of
a given article. By providing a central repository from which such translated
material can be obtained, however, it is hoped that interested scientists will
derive otherwise unavailable benefits.

‘Copies of the translated material cited in this report may be obtained by
writing to: Department of Transportation, Federal Aviation Administration,
Medical Librarian, HQ-640, Washington, D.C. 20590.

Please provide the librarian with the complete reference information.

Qualified requestors may obtain Aviation Medical Reports from Defense Documentation
Center. ‘The general public may purchase from Clearinghouse for Federal Scientific and
Technical Information, U.S. Dept of Commerce, Springfield, Va. 22151