SEQUESTRATION IN THE NEWS............................................................................................1

EVENTS & ANNOUNCEMENTS ...............................................................................................4

TECHNOLOGY.............................................................................................................................5

GEOLOGY .....................................................................................................................................8

TERRESTRIAL ...........................................................................................................................11

OCEAN .........................................................................................................................................20

TRADING.....................................................................................................................................22

POLITICS.....................................................................................................................................25

PUBLICATIONS .........................................................................................................................28

LEGISLATION............................................................................................................................36

INDEX...........................................................................................................................................38

CONTACT INFORMATION .....................................................................................................44

 

THE NETL CARBON 

SEQUESTRATION NEWSLETTER: 

ANNUAL INDEX 

AUGUST 2002 – AUGUST 2003 

This is an indexed compilation of the past year’s monthly National Energy Technology 

Laboratory Carbon Sequestration Newsletter. The newsletter is produced by the NETL to 

provide information on activities and publications related to carbon sequestration. It covers 

domestic, international, public sector, and private sector news. This compilation covers 

newsletters issued between September 2002 and August 2003. It highlights the primary news and 

events that have taken place in the carbon sequestration arena over the past year. Information 

that has become outdated (e.g. conference dates, paper submittals, etc.) was removed. 

To subscribe to the newsletter, please send a message to majordomo@list-manager.netl.doe.gov

with “subscribe sequestration” in the body (not subject) of the message. 
NETL Carbon Sequestration Newsletter Annual Index 2002-03 1

Sequestration in the News 

September 2002 

Utilities Challenged to Meet President's Goal. An analysis conducted by six utilities finds that half of the 

fossil-fired generation fleet would have to cap their CO2 emissions at roughly 2000 levels by 2012 to meet the 

President's carbon intensity goal. Although the analysis is not publicly available, an article in the White House 

Weekly summarizes results. The study finds the President's goal is more rigorous than previously thought. An 

18 percent reduction from the power sector would require all fossil-fired generators to cut greenhouse gas 

(GHG) intensity from the current 1.94 pounds of CO2 per kilowatt-hour to 1.59 lbs. per kWh. The analysis 

recommends U.S. companies be allowed to use credits for projects that reduce, avoid, or sequester GHG 

emissions. "Coal Utilities Find Cold Comfort in Bush Climate Goals," White House Weekly, August 20, 2002, 

http://www.kingpublishing.com/publications/whw. 

October 2002 

Colin Powell Touts U.S. Climate Change Program. In a speech at the World Summit on Sustainable 

Development, U.S. Secretary of State Colin Powell said the U.S. is taking action to address environmental 

challenges such as climate change. He used the nation's commitment to a "multi-billion dollar program to 

develop and deploy advanced technologies to mitigate GHG emissions" as an example of U.S. dedication to the 

environment. "Powell Touts Billion Dollar Program on Climate Change: Africa News Service," CO2E.com, 

September 4, 2002, http://www.co2e.com/News/story.asp?StoryID=768. 

 

December 2002 

The Millennium Project. An international think tank is exploring the idea of wireless energy transmission and 

carbon sequestration as options to meet growing energy demands safely and efficiently. The article mentions 

several sequestration strategies, including creative high-risk approaches, and more traditional approaches such 

as injecting CO2 into the earth or ocean, and planting trees. The Millennium Project has been named one of the 

best foresight organizations by DOE. "Millennium Project Explores Potential for Wireless Energy; Analyzes 

Approaches to Carbon Sequestration," American Council for the United Nations University Millennium Project, 

November 18, 2002, http://www.acunu.org/millennium/press.html#energy. 

 

Stanford becomes scientific hub of climate research. $225 million in private sector donations helped 

Stanford University launch the Global Climate and Energy research Project (G-CEP). CO2 separation, capture, 

and storage methods are listed as one of a broad range of low GHG emission energy technologies to be 

developed. ExxonMobil plans to invest up to $100 million over the next 10 years, and General Electric $50 

million. "Stanford University to Lead Search for Solutions to Global Climate and Energy Needs," November 

20, 2002, http://gcep.stanford.edu. 

Stanford Partners with Industry to Form Global Climate & Energy Project. Stanford University’s $225-

million, ten-year sponsorship deal with ExxonMobil, General Electric, Schlumberger, and E.ON form the 

Global Climate & Energy Project (G-CEP). Carbon sequestration technologies are a focus of G-CEP. All 

patents resulting from Stanford's research will ultimately be vested in Stanford, but the sponsors will be granted 

first-usage rights for five years, free of royalties. “Fuel for thought,” Nature, February 6, 2003. The G-CEP, 

http://gcep.stanford.edu.
NETL Carbon Sequestration Newsletter Annual Index 2002-03 2

Integrating international global environmental research programs. The International Geosphere-Biosphere 

Programme (IGBP), International Human Dimensions Programme (IHDP), and World Climate Research 

Programme (WCRP) have established a "Global Carbon Project" (GCP) to integrate carbon research for the 

various programs. The GCP will contribute research to the IPCC assessment process and to the coupled humancarbon-climate system. November 2002, http://www.globalcarbonproject.org./. 

 

January 2003 

Cleveland Plain Dealer highlights sequestration. An article highlights NETL program goals and activities. 

“Looking to stash greenhouse gases,” The Plain Dealer, December 26, 2002, 

http://www.cleveland.com/plaindealer/.

Shell’s alternative scenarios. Royal Dutch/Shell Group uses a series of scenarios to anticipate and deliver 

energy-environment solutions. One scenario considers a continuation of the evolutionary progression from coal 

to gas, to renewables, or possibly to nuclear by 2050. A second scenario shows a progression to a hydrogen 

economy through advanced hydrocarbon technologies and CO2 sequestration. “Shell sees fossil fuels central to 

global energy supply through 2050,” Octane Week, November 25, 2002. 

March 2003 

U.S. carbon sequestration leadership forum. President Bush and Secretary Abraham announced the creation 

of an international Carbon Sequestration Leadership Forum to advance carbon capture and storage technologies. 

The Forum, organized by DOE and the U.S. State Department, will be joined by representatives from invited 

countries. “U.S. Department of Energy and U.S. Department of State to Announce Carbon Capture and Storage 

Initiatives,” U.S. Department of State, February 26, 2003, http://www.state.gov/r/pa/prs/ps/2003/18007.htm.

FutureGen first zero-emissions coal plant. The U.S. government will sponsor the world’s first coal-based, 

zero-emissions electricity and hydrogen production plant with a $1 billion, 10-year public-private partnership. 

CO2 emissions from the 275 MW gasification plant will be captured and stored. The DOE is seeking assistance 

from more than 20 countries, including the EU, Australia, India, Japan, South Africa, and China. Site selection 

will take place in the first phase of the initiative. “U.S. Seeking Cleaner Model of Coal Plant,” The New York 

Times, February 28, 2003, 

http://www.nytimes.com/2003/02/28/science/28COAL.html?ex=1047438171&ei=1&en=20a234a2e9129e05.

AAAS webpage. Curt White, leader of the NETL Carbon Sequestration Science Focus Area, is featured in an 

audio news clip from the NETL-sponsored American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS) 

carbon sequestration symposia, which took place in Denver. The clip can be accessed on the AAAS website at 

http://www.scienceupdate.com/feb03.html#030217. Click on February 17th: Carbon Cloisters to listen. 

 

Economist article combines hydrogen and sequestration processes. The opportunity for hydrogen 

production from fossil fuels combined with CO2 capture and storage is highlighted in this article. “These fuelish 

things,” The Economist, February 15, 2003. 

April 2003 

FutureGen press. The U.S.’ $1 billion, ten-year clean coal-fired power plant project will produce electricity 

and hydrogen, and sequester CO2 emissions underground. Financed with Federal, private and international 

funds, it will serve as a working prototype for clean-coal technologies. “Coal-fired power plant to bury issue of 

emissions,” Nature, March 6, 2003, http://www.nature.com/.
NETL Carbon Sequestration Newsletter Annual Index 2002-03 3

May 2003 

NETL in the news. National Energy Technology Laboratory Director, Rita Bajura and Scott Klara, product 

manager for Carbon Sequestration, were quoted in an article on GHG emissions and what to do about them. 

“Reducing greenhouse gases,” Pittsburgh Tribune Review, May 1, 2003, http://www.pittsburghlive.com/x/tribunereview/business/s_132081.html.

Nine electric utilities and Wyoming coal companies join FutureGen initiative. Peabody Energy, Kennecott 

Energy (through its parent company Rio Tinto Group), RAG American Coal Holding Inc., PacifiCorp, 

American Electric Power, CONSOL Energy Inc., the North American Coal Corporation, Southern Co., and 

TXU are part of a technical group that will discuss the design of a near zero-emission power plant and hydrogen 

production facility. After the design project is agreed upon, a location and a construction plan will be decided. 

“Coal firms join 'zero-emissions' effort,” Casper Star Tribune, April 29, 2003, 

http://www.casperstartribune.net/articles/2003/04/29/news/wyoming/6dda4492fccb74ef6e3900ad34cc06b8.txt.

Climate Change Central newsletter features GHG technologies. A discussion of clean coal and combined 

heat and power includes technology overviews. "Sparking a Less Carbon-Intensive Future - Greenhouse Gas 

Technologies," C3 Views, April 2003, http://www.climatechangecentral.com/info_centre/C3Views/default.asp.

June 2003 

FutureGen Alliance forming. Four of the nation's largest coal-burning utilities and five of its biggest coal 

producers announced the formation of an alliance that may finance up to 20 percent of the Bush administration's 

$1 billion FutureGen project. “Industry Answers Bush's Call On 'FutureGen' Power Plant,” New Technology 

Week, April 28; “Firms join 'zero-emissions' effort,” Casper Star Tribune, May 1, 2003, 

http://www.casperstartribune.net/articles/2003/05/01/news/wyoming/6dda4492fccb74ef6e3900ad34cc06b8.txt. Also,

Eastern Montana has the natural and human resources needed to attract "FutureGen" initiative, this article says: 

“Energy Project promoted,” Montana Forum, May 1, 2003, 

http://www.montanaforum.com/rednews/2003/04/30/build/energy/gasify-plant.php?nnn=2.

National Research Council: hydrogen and sequestration. Dr. Lynn Orr of Stanford University's Global 

Climate and Energy Project, and Gardiner Hill of BP and the CO2 Capture Project (CCP), told a National 

Research Council committee that if hydrogen is produced in substantial quantities from fossil fuels, CO2

sequestration will be required to reduce carbon emissions into the atmosphere. “CO2 sequestration seen as key 

to hydrogen energy future,” Inside Energy /with Federal Lands, April 28, 2003, http://www.platts.com/.

July 2003 

Carbon Sequestration Leadership Forum. Along with the U.S., delegations from thirteen countries and the 

European Union attended the June 23-25, 2003 inaugural meeting of the Carbon Sequestration Leadership 

Forum (CSLF). Participants included: Australia, Brazil, Canada, China, Colombia, India, Italy, Japan, Mexico, 

Norway, Russian Federation, South Africa, the United Kingdom, and the European Commission. A charter 

document was signed by countries wishing to be participatory members of the CSLF. “International carbon 

sequestration pact signed,” ENS, June 25, 2003, http://www.ens-news.com; see also DOE, 

http://www.energy.gov/engine/content.do?PUBLIC_ID=13600&BT_CODE=PR_PRESSRELEASES&TT_CODE=PRESS

RELEASE.

U.S. CO2 strategy focuses on coal-fired plants. A press briefing held by Mike Smith, Assistant Secretary for 

Fossil Energy, and Scott Klara, NETL Carbon Sequestration Project Manager, generated several articles 

covering: NETL Carbon Sequestration program efforts, the International Leadership Forum, CCP, Weyburn, 
NETL Carbon Sequestration Newsletter Annual Index 2002-03 4

and FutureGen. “Power plants pose challenge for CO2,” Inside Energy Extra, June 16, 2003; also “Permanence 

Issues loom over CO2 storage,” AIR Daily, June 17, 2003; “Bush's Climate Policy Touts Oil Recovery 

Technology,” Oil Daily, June 16, 2003; and “Too much CO2? Just pump it underground,” Christian Science 

Monitor, June 24, 2003, http://www.csmonitor.com.

Montana expresses interest as FutureGen site. In a document submitted to the DOE, Montana has offered 

both its university system and geological resources for FutureGen. Dave Gibson of the Governor's Office of 

Economic Opportunity was named project coordinator for Montana's involvement in FutureGen. “Montana 

makes pitch for hosting big federal project,” The Associated Press State & Local Wire, June 21, 2003. 

August 2003 

The Carbon Sequestration Leadership Forum news. The Carbon Sequestration Leadership Forum (CSLF) 

met for the first time at the end of June. Several more stories have been reported in addition to what was 

covered last month. These are: “World Coal Forms CO2 Sequestration Group,” The Electricity Daily, July 2, 

2003; “U.S.: Carbon sequestration 'critical' to continued fossil energy reliance,” Inside Energy /with Federal 

Lands, June 30, 2003; and “Abraham Pushes Carbon Sequestration Technologies,” New Technology Week, June 

30, 2003, http://www.fe.doe.gov/programs/sequestration/cslf/. 

Plan to capture and store CO2 under South Wales seabed. Greenhouse gases captured from the Valleys 

Energy Ltd. clean coal Integrated Gas Combined Cycle power station may be buried off the South Wales coast. 

The potential for CO2 storage depends on the legal resolution of London and Ospar Convention issues. Project 

planners look to Sleipner for precedence. “Plan to bury tons of CO2 off coast,” Western Mail, June 27, 2003, 

http://icwales.icnetwork.co.uk/0100news/0200wales/page.cfm?objectid=13115106&method=full&siteid=50082.

CO2 sequestration in Waste News. An article covers the Air & Waste Management Association’s 96th annual 

conference on CO2 sequestration technology. NETL's Carbon Sequestration Science Focus Area Leader, Curt 

White, and Antonia Herzog of the Natural Resources Defense Council give their views on the role of carbon 

sequestration technology in the electric-generating industry. “Injecting two points of view: Experts debate 

carbon sequestration,” Waste News, July 7, 2003, 

http://www.netl.doe.gov/coalpower/sequestration/pubs/articles/Waste News Carbon Sequestration Story.pdf.

Events & Announcements 

GHGT-6 in Kyoto. 500 participants from 36 countries attended The Sixth International Conference on 

Greenhouse Gas Control Technologies in Kyoto, Japan, the first week of October. The 334 presentations 

included 90 posters, with the U.S., Canada, and Japan representing the greatest participation. 100 more papers 

were presented than at GHGT-5 (Australia, 2000) with geologic storage emerging as a favored topic. In the 

twelve years since the conference started, research and development has shown significant progress. Acid gas 

injection projects in Canada, progress reports and updates from the Sleipner Field, planned field tests of 

geologic storage in Japan, and a BP project re-injecting captured CO2 into natural gas reservoirs in Algeria set a 

precedent for continuing field research. Topics also included novel capture methods such as molten carbonate 

reactions, "anti-sublimation," pre-combustion capture for Fischer-Tropsch fuel processing, modeling of leakage 

rates, reservoir characteristics, and economics. Terrestrial and ocean sequestration, public outreach, and the role 

of industry were also discussed. The conference was organized by the Research Institute of Innovative 

Technology for the Earth (RITE), the IEA Greenhouse Gas R&D Programme, and the Japan Society of Energy 

and Resources (JSER). Papers will be published by Elsevier Science in March of 2003. GHGT-7 will be held in 

Vancouver, Canada, in September of 2004. Papers for GHGT-6 are now 

available, http://www.ieagreen.org.uk/ghgt6info.htm.
NETL Carbon Sequestration Newsletter Annual Index 2002-03 5

Technology 

Clean Coal Editorial. An article in Mechanical Engineering surveys the state of clean coal technology in the 

U.S. The article discusses gasification and fluidized bed technologies, costs of repowering systems, and 

commercial utilization of available technology. "Old King Coal," Mechanical Engineering, August 2002, 

http://www.memagazine.org/.

Zero emissions coal. Scientists at Los Alamos National Laboratory say they have reconfigured well-known 

chemical reactions and energy technologies in a way that could soon produce the world's first coal-fueled energy 

plant that would be completely free of emissions. The proposed system is centered on a hydrogasification 

process that would combine coal with hydrogen to form a synthetic gas that would then pass through a bed of 

hot lime (CaO) with steam, producing more hydrogen and a pure stream of CO2. "Researchers begin developing 

emission-free coal plant," Civil Engineering, July 2002. 

Hybrid CO2 natural gas separation technologies. Removal of CO2 can be accomplished via absorption using 

amines or hot potassium carbonate, or by adsorption using membranes. Classic separation technologies, such as 

distillation, extraction, catalytic reaction, and membrane filtration can often be combined in a single unit 

operation to create a hybrid separation system. An article in Chemical Engineering concludes that hybrid 

separation schemes consisting of membranes and downstream solvent processes provide higher selectivity and 

flexibility. Much of the research and development of hybrid separation schemes involves membranes. "Hybrid 

Separation Schemes for CO2 Removal: Conditioning Natural Gas," Chemical Engineering, August 2002, 

http://www.che.com.

High-Temperature Membrane. Los Alamos National Laboratory has developed a new high-temperature 

polymer membrane for separating and capturing CO2. The new membrane is operationally stable at 

temperatures up to 370o

C, which is 220oC higher than current commercially available polymer membranes. 

The high-temperature operating membrane could greatly reduce energy consumption associated with CO2

capture in certain applications. "High-Temperature Polymer Helps Clear the Air," JOM, Journal of the 

Minerals, Metals, & Materials Society, September 2002, vol. 54, issue 9, p.7. 

Integrated Capture and Fertilizer. Researchers from NREL and ORNL are working with Eprida Scientific 

Carbon to improve an integrated bioenergy and sequestration system, whereby 20 percent of CO2 emissions can 

be sequestered; NOx and SOx are captured as well. The process creates hydrogen and a slow release nitrogen 

fertilizer. "Is Profitable Sequestration of Power Plant Emissions Right Around the Corner?" Internet Wire, 

October 24, 2002, http://www1.internetwire.com/iwire/iwprf?id=47945. 

 

Climate Technology Awards. The winner of the 2002 CTI Climate Technology Leadership Award 

(individuals) was René Núñez-Suárez, for developing a low temperature combustion process for fossil and nonfossil fuels (which results in a slower rate of material combustion, and therefore less GHGs). The winner of the 

2002 CTI World Climate Technology Award (organizations) was The Centre for Power Efficiency and 

Environment Protection (CenPEEP), for supporting the adoption of more-efficient coal power plants in 

India, http://www.climatetech.net/. 

Enhanced frozen methane recovery. Researchers at Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, University of 

Alaska at Fairbanks, and BP Exploration Alaska Inc. will examine a new concept designed to simplify and 

maximize methane production from frozen gas hydrates by injecting and sequestering CO2. The project is a first 

collaboration between PNNL and the Arctic Energy Technology Laboratory. “DOE-industry partnership targets 

carbon 'swap' technology,” Inside Energy /with Federal Lands, December 2, 2002, 

http://www.uaf.edu/aetdl/witmer.pdf. 

Canadian coal plant retrofit with CO2 capture and sequestration. The Canadian Clean Power Coalition 

(CCPC), a group of coal producers and coal-dependent power producers, announced a plan to retrofit an existing 

300-MW coal-fired plant with new capture technology by 2007 and build a new zero emissions 300-megawatt 
NETL Carbon Sequestration Newsletter Annual Index 2002-03 6

plant by 2010. Syngas is targeted as the most promising technology for use in a new zero emissions greenfield 

plant. “Detested by environmentalists, coal may be fuel of the future: New technology may enable burning 

without any emissions,” Edmonton Journal, November 28, 2002, http://www.canada.com/edmonton/. 

Exergetic and environmental life cycle assessments were performed for three CO2 low-emission power 

cycles: a semi-closed gas turbine combined cycle, an IGCC, and an O2/ CO2 innovative cycle – which burns 

methane in oxygen. The gas turbine combined cycle and IGCC both utilized amine absorption methods for 

CO2 capture while the excess CO2 from the innovative cycle was removed in liquid phase. “Life cycle 

assessment comparison of technical solutions for CO2 emissions reduction in power generation,” Energy 

Conversion & Management Journal, Volume 44 (1), January 2003.

Three methods to capture CO2 from natural gas-fired combined gas/steam turbine power plants are 

evaluated and compared: (1) CO2 separation by amine absorption, (2) Gas turbine combined cycle (CC) using a 

semi-closed gas turbine with near stoichiometric combustion using oxygen , and (3) Decarbonization via an 

autothermal reforming reactor with catalytic partial oxidation of natural gas. Total fuel-to-electricity conversion 

efficiencies, including CO2 compression, were reported at: (1) 49.6%; (2) 47.2%; and (3) 45.3%, as compared 

to 58% efficiency with no CO2 capture. “A novel methodology for comparing CO2 capture options for natural 

gas-fired combined cycle plants,” Advances in Environmental Research. 

Use of CO2 to maintain pressure in natural gas wells. Natural gas storage – the process of keeping natural 

gas underground and under pressure to provide a smooth supply – requires the use of a "cushion gas" to provide 

pressure support. It is common for leftover methane to be used, but preliminary simulations show 30 percent 

more methane can be stored when using CO2. Research at Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory well 

investigate whether carbon sequestration tax credits could make the use of CO2 as a cushion gas economically 

feasible. Critical issues include limiting CO2/natural gas mixing and gas prices. “Carbon dioxide as cushion gas 

for natural gas storage,” Energy Fuels, 17 (1), January 15, 2003, http://pubs.acs.org/journals/enfuem/.

Flue Gas CO2 capture by gas-phase ammonia carbonation. CO2 capture by ammonia carbonation - typically 

performed by bubbling flue gas through an aqueous ammonia solution - is prohibitively expensive for the power 

industry, so researchers at Oak Ridge National Laboratory are investigating a gas-phase reaction that captures up 

to 50 percent of the CO2. The reaction produces a solid common fertilizer, ammonium bicarbonate (NH4H 

CO3). Higher removal efficiencies are expected with optimization of reactor geometry and operating conditions. 

“Removal of carbon dioxide from flue gas by ammonia carbonation in the gas phase,” Energy Fuels, 17 (1), 

January 15, 2003, http://pubs.acs.org/journals/enfuem/. 

Solid adsorbent technology development. A technology combining lithium silicate (Li4SiO4) absorbent with a 

rotary heat exchanger absorbs CO2 in the temperature range 450-700o

C and releases it above 700oC. Li4SiO4 is 

able to capture and release roughly 500 times its own volume of CO2, and the use of a rotary heat exchanger 

enables continuous operation. The cost of capturing one ton of CO2 is estimated to be roughly $20. Alstom KK 

in Japan and Toshiba Corporate R&D Center (developer of the CO2 absorbing material) presented a paper at the 

21st annual meeting of the Japanese Society of Energy and Resources, June 2002. “Coal-fired plant technology; 

the CO2 wheel: A revolutionary approach to carbon dioxide capture,” Modern Power System, January 31, 2003. 

Synthetic trees for CO2 capture. An artificial tree designed by Klaus Lackner captures CO2 from the air at a 

capture rate of 90,000 tons of CO2 per year. However, the specific absorbent has yet to be chosen and 

engineering issues, such as absorbent regeneration, have yet to be worked out. “Synthetic trees could purify 

air,” BBC World News, February 21, 2003, http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/2784227.stm. 

Flare gas recovery system. Emissions of CO2 and hydrogen sulphide from Statoil's refinery near Bergen, 

Norway will be reduced by a new flare gas recovery plant. The plant can recover about five tons of gas per 

hour, sufficient to cut flaring by 50 percent, reducing annual CO2 and hydrogen sulphide emissions by 42,000 

tons and 50 tons respectively. The company expects to recover its $5.08 million investment in the recovery 

plant within three years. The system was developed by ABB Gas Technology in co-operation with Statoil. 
NETL Carbon Sequestration Newsletter Annual Index 2002-03 7

“Statoil cuts emissions with new flare gas recovery plant,” Chemical News & Intelligence, January 27, 2003, 

http://www.cnionline.com/.

Power plant CO2 emissions used to produce methanol or gasoline. Reco-Maxam Solar Energy, LLC 

announced it will build a prototype power plant that will include a facility to capture CO2 and use it to produce 

either hydrogen or simple liquid fuels. CO2 is reduced to carbon monoxide and oxygen using a proprietary 

direct solar dissociation process, followed by a watergas shift reaction to produce hydrogen from the water. 

Additionally, the carbon monoxide and hydrogen can be synthesized into liquid fuels. “Maxam Gold 

Corporation Enters Solar Energy Industry in Quest for Clean Environment,” E-Wire, February 5, 2003, 

http://www.ewire-news.com.

SOFC with CO2 capture. A methane and oxygen powered solid oxide fuel cell achieves a thermal efficiency 

of 63.6% with carbon capture, according to this paper. “Performance of High Performance SOFC Combined 

Power Generation System with Carbon Dioxide Recovery,” Energy Conversion & Management, Mar 2003, Vol. 

44 (4), http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/journal/01968904. 

East to West Texas: Connecting CO2 supply and demand. Falcon Environmental Services has been 

working closely with Ontario Power Generation, Oxy Permian, a Texas oil producer and buyer of CO2 for 

13,000 producing wells, and others to work on aggregating CO2 from multiple producers, then storing it and 

redistributing it to end users. “Connecting the CO2 dots,” Houston Business Journal, March 21, 2003, 

http://houston.bizjournals.com/houston/stories/2003/03/24/story1.html. 

CO2 captured from new ethanol facility. Utica Energy, LLC, Wisconsin, is the 73rd ethanol plant to begin 

operating in the U.S. The plant will turn eight million bushels of corn into 20 million gallons of ethanol and 

175,000 tons of distillers wet grains annually. It will also capture 175 tons of CO2 per day for commercial use. 

“Wisconsin Ethanol Plant Begins production,” AgWeb, May 22, 2003, 

http://www.agweb.com/news_show_news_article.asp?file=AgNewsArticle_20035221534_2812&articleID=98055&newsc

at=GN.

MCCF to start testing capture technologies. The National Energy Technology Laboratory’s Pittsburgh site is 

preparing to fire up the Modular CO2 Capture Facility (MCCF), which tests carbon-capture technologies. NETL 

designed and constructed MCCF to operate in two ways: (1) In flue gas form, where it will mimic coal-fired 

combustion processes that generate electricity using coal, natural gas, or a combination of the two. Burning 40 

pounds of coal per hour results in a flue gas flow of 110 scfm. (2) In fuel gas mode, where the facility will 

simulate the gas composition found in advanced conversion systems, such as coal gasification. NETL reached a 

tentative agreement with Toshiba to test the company's carbon sorbent. “NETL sets up facility to gauge how 

carbon capture technologies stack up,” Inside Energy /with Federal Lands, June 9, 2003.

Sequestration outlined as a necessary solution. Capture and geologic sequestration of power plant emissions 

is a reasonable way to curtail world CO2 output, according to Dr. Lackner of Columbia University. The best 

long-term option, he claims, is to chemically neutralize the CO2 to form insoluble carbonates. "A Guide to CO2

Sequestration," Science, June 13 2003: 1677-1678. Also, “Is Sequestration the Only Way to Deal with 

Carbon?” The Electricity Daily, June 13, 2003. 

Equipment for lowering carbon intensity. Equipment manufacturers in the US, which account for about half 

the global market for electricity generation systems, are responding to demands for new equipment and 

upgraded technology to meet carbon emissions standards. They are also exploring renewable energy sources 

such as solar, wind, and fuel cells. “Finding new niches in a saturated market: The US,” Financial Times

(London), April 30, 2003. 

Analysis predicts large carbon reductions necessary by 2050. Researchers from LLNL, University of Illinois 

at Urbana-Champaign, and NYU model a variety of stabilization pathways to show that massive reductions in 

carbon emissions will be required by 2050, even in the case of low climate sensitivity. “Climate Sensitivity 
NETL Carbon Sequestration Newsletter Annual Index 2002-03 8

Uncertainty and the Need for Energy Without CO2 Emission,” Science, March 28, 2003, 

http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2003/03/030328073115.htm. 

Geology 

Measuring CO2 dispersion after injection. Researchers at the British Geologic Survey used a time-lapse 

seismic technique to look at how CO2 disperses when injected one kilometer under the seabed. The technology 

was tested at the Sleipner injection site in the North Sea and showed that CO2 was contained by an impermeable 

cap of shale and clay. "Scientists Find Eco-friendly Use for Old Oil Fields" and "Waste Gas Buried in North 

Sea Reservoirs," The Financial Times, September 11, 2002; and "Carbon Burial Experiment Works," BBC 

News, September 10, 2002, http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/in_depth/sci_tech/2002/leicester_2002/2248707.stm. 

 

A Wall Street Journal feature article. In early January, an article with the sub-heading “Potential solution to 

global warming lies two miles deep, both underground and in the ocean” covered: the Weyburn-Dakota EOR 

project, AEP’s early exploration beneath the Ohio River Valley, the challenges and potential of ocean storage, 

and the current costs of capture technology. “In the Pipeline: A Pollution Solution: Bury It,” The Wall Street 

Journal, January 8, 2003, http://online.wsj.com/public/us (Subscription required). 

Mechanical Engineering. Mineral carbonation and other carbon sequestration options are presented in an 

article featuring Bob Kane of DOE. “Carbon underground,” Mechanical Engineering, February 2003, 

http://www.memagazine.org/contents/current/features/carbonug/carbonug.html.

Coal industry issues carbon emissions management report. Energy Secretary Spencer Abraham addressed 

the National Coal Council at a meeting where the Council approved a draft report on managing the coal 

industry's GHG emissions. The report calls on the DOE to conduct large-scale, long-term field tests of CO2

sequestration options. According to the report, carbon capture and storage could ultimately account for more 

than 40% of global CO2 emission reductions. The report is available at: 

http://www.nationalcoalcouncil.org/Documents/fpb.pdf

Statoil Receives Technology Prize. The World Petroleum Congress awarded an annual technology prize to 

Statoil for its CO2 gas re-injection and monitoring program in the Sleipner West field 3,300 feet below the 

seabed. Roughly one million metric tons of CO2 emissions per year have been avoided since the project began in 

1996. "Statoil Wins WPC 2002 Technology Prize," Oil and Gas International, August 8, 2002, 

http://www.oilandgasinternational.com.

CO2 Sequestration Seen as a Powerful Tool. "CO2 sequestration is one of the most powerful tools we have of 

reducing CO2 emissions to the atmosphere," said Andy Chadwick, principal geologist at the British Geological 

Survey. Chadwick noted the relatively high cost of sequestration, but said that research is being conducted to 

find ways to reduce the cost and suggested that depleted oil and gas fields could prove to be useful storage 

areas. He also stated that sequestration is an intermediate measure over the next 50-60 years to help realize the 

major emissions reductions that are needed. "Inject CO2 Emissions Into Earth's Crust," Reuters, September 10, 

2002. 

, Inside Energy, May 2003. 

Second Phase of Sleipner CO2 Storage Project. Building on the success of a Statoil-led project in the 

Sleipner field in the North Sea, the second phase of the European Union project will study and simulate onshore 

CO2 geologic storage possibilities in Denmark, Germany, South Wales in the UK, and an area on the midNorwegian coast. Partners are: Statoil, BP, ExxonMobil, Norsk Hydro, TotalFinaElf and Sweden's Vattenfall, 

as well as scientific bodies in Denmark, France, the Netherlands, Norway and the UK. "Studying Carbon 

Storage on Land," Statoil, August 16, 2002, 

KWWSZZZVWDWRLOFRPHQ1HZV$QG0HGLD1HZV3DJHV6WXG\LQJ&DUERQ6WRUDJH2Q/DQGDVS[


NETL Carbon Sequestration Newsletter Annual Index 2002-03 9

Progress on EOR project using anthropogenic CO2. Anadarko Petroleum Corp. agreed to buy Howell Corp., 

which has Salt Creek field, one of the largest remaining EOR opportunities in the Lower 48 states. Anadarko 

will also purchase exclusive rights to market and transport CO2 captured from the LaBarge oilfield into 

Wyoming's Powder River Basin. Anadarko also announced plans to build a $27 million, 125-mile CO2 pipeline, 

with nominal capacity of about 250 million cubic feet per day in 2003. "Anadarko's Purchase of Howell is Part 

of a larger Domestic EOR Initiative," Petroleum Finance Week, October 7, 2002, http://www.corporateir.net/ireye/ir_site.zhtml?ticker=apc&script=411&layout=0&item_id=338587. 

NRDC Protests Natural CO2 Drilling. The Natural Resources Defense Council requested that the Bureau of 

Land Management review one of its field office's decisions to allow a Texas company to drill CO2 wells (for use 

in EOR in Texas) in the Canyons of the Ancients Monument in Colorado on grounds that the field office should 

consider the UNFCCC as well as U.S. law. "Crazy About Carbon," Wall Street Journal, October 17 2002, 

http://online.wsj.com/public/us (subscription required). 

Weyburn. An article describes the Weyburn field enhanced oil recovery operation, with an emphasis on carbon 

sequestered. "Injection may be 'wey' to go," The Calgary Sun, November 13, 2002. 

 

“Sparking a Less Carbon-Intensive Future – Greenhouse Gas Technologies.” An EOR technology 

overview and a case study of the Weyburn operation, C3 Views, November 2002, 

http://www.climatechangecentral.com/info_centre/C3Views/C3Views200210_issue4.pdf. 

 

Chicago Tribune stopgap solution to global warming: sequestration. The Illinois Basin’s deep saline 

aquifers, depleted oil wells, and coal seams were mentioned for long-term storage of several billion tons of CO2. 

“Earth a solution to air pollution? Scientists seriously consider injecting gases in ground,” Chicago Tribune, 

Julie Deardorff, January 27, 2003, http://www.chicagotribune.com/news/chi-0301270196jan27,1,515748.story.

U.S. News & World Report. This article discusses the Sleipner, Weyburn, and Ohio valley projects, as well as 

deep sea sequestration, ocean fertilizations, capture cost, trading carbon, and the Chicago Climate Exchange. 

“A Deep-Six Fix,” U.S. News & World Report, February 10, 2003, 

http://www.usnews.com/usnews/issue/archive/030210/20030210039090_brief.php.

Geologic sequestration project in West Virginia. American Electric Power's Mountaineer Plant in West 

Virginia will be the site for a $4.2 million, 18 month geologic carbon sequestration research project funded by 

DOE and a consortium of public and private sector participants. Scott Klara, program manager for carbon 

sequestration at NETL, is quoted in the Charleston Daily Mail, saying the project will specifically answer the 

questions of whether and how much compressed CO2 the Mount Simon sandstone formation can hold. 

Scientists from Battelle will lead the project. The Mount Simon formation ranges from 3,000 to 12,000 feet 

deep beneath the Ohio River Valley and extends as far west as Illinois and Wisconsin. “AEP'S Mountaineer 

Plant to be Site for Research Project on Climate Change Technology,” PR Newswire, November 21, 2002, 

http://www.aep.com/newsroom/newsreleases/default.asp?dbcommand=DisplayRelease&ID=971&Section=Environmental

&colorControl=on; and “Project will determine if gas can go underground Government footing the bill for most of 

the work,” Charleston Daily Mail, December 2, 2002. Also, “Energy Technology: AEP, Battelle To Study 

Storing CO2 Underground,” New Technology Week, December 2, 2002. 

Plans for capturing CO2 as a commodity and resource. Houston-based Falcon Environmental Services plans 

to operate a commercially viable process to capture, gather, aggregate, store, and distribute CO2 for enhanced oil 

recovery, coal bed methane projects, and sequestration in the Dallas/ Ft. Worth region. FES’s facility currently 

has natural gas capacity of 10-12 bcf, upgradeable to 24bcf, and planned daily throughput of up to 350mm bcf; 

carbon storage will be double the natural gas storage capacity. Contact: Mike Moore (713) 623-5942. “Falcon 

Environmental Services a CO2 Aggregation Facility,” The Risk Desk weekly, volume 3 (1), 

http://www.scudderpublishing.com/the_risk_desk/index.php.
NETL Carbon Sequestration Newsletter Annual Index 2002-03 10

Focus on ECBM. The fifth issue of C3 Views focuses on Enhanced Coalbed Methane and Biopower. C3 

Views,” Climate Change Central, Spring 2003, 

http://www.climatechangecentral.com/info_centre/C3Views/C3Views200301_issue5.pdf.

First U.S. geologic sequestration field test underway in depleted oil well. In early 2003 researchers injected 

2,100 tons of CO2 into Strata’s West Pearl Queen reservoir, New Mexico – about 40 tons per day. The plume 

migration will be tracked by 3-D seismic survey equipment for 3 years. NETL, SNL, LANL, and Strata 

Production Co. are partnering in the reservoir injection and monitoring project. Kinder Morgan CO2 Company, 

LP supplied the CO2. Department of Energy Office of Fossil Energy, http://www.fossil.energy.gov; and “DOE 

Tests Oil Fields To Store CO2 Emissions,” AIR Daily, March 21, 2003. 

Mining the possibilities for carbon storage. Carbon can be stored in saline aquifers, depleted oil and gas 

fields, unmineable coal seams, oil shales and mafic (e.g., olivine and serpentine) rocks, plants, soils, ocean 

water, or converted to solid chemicals. Key questions, according to this article, surround reservoir heterogeneity 

- the distribution of porosity, permeability, and large-scale connectivity associated with facies changes, 

diagenesis, stratigraphy, and fracture characteristics. Sealing, interactions among brine, rock and gas, 

geomicrobiological interactions, analogs, monitoring, and verification are also important aspects of CO2 storage 

efforts. “Storing Carbon in Earth,” Geotimes, March 21, 2003, http://www.geotimes.org/mar03/feature_storing.html. 

Carbon storage field experiments. A Geotimes article covers the various activities in the carbon sequestration 

program of the U.S. Department of Energy’s National Energy Technology Laboratory, as well as other projects 

in the world. According to the article, Statoil’s Sleipner natural gas field in the North Sea saves about $110,000 

per day in Norwegian CO2-taxes. Also mentioned in the article are EnCana’s Weyburn oil field in 

Saskatchewan, Canada; the Texas Bureau of Economic Geology plan to inject 3,000 tons of CO2 below an 

abandoned oil field; the SACS partnership; CONSOL Energy’s seven-year $9-million sequestration project to 

inject CO2 into coal seams in West Virginia; Burlington’s San Juan Basin New Mexico ECBM project, BP’s 

injection of more than 300,000 tons CO2 in San Juan wells; the European Union’s RECOPOL: ‘Reduction of 

CO2emissions by means of CO2 storage in coal seams in the Silesian Coal Basin of Poland’; and the Canadian 

Alberta Resources Council’s coal seam experiments. “Demonstrating Carbon Sequestration” Geotimes, March 

21 2003, http://www.geotimes.org/mar03/feature_demonstrating.html. 

Commercial CO2 sequestration in EOR and ECBM operations. Enhanced oil production (EOR) and 

enhanced coalbed methane production (ECBM) in wells or depleted gas reservoirs improve fuel recovery and 

sequester carbon, increasing production by roughly 7-15% of the original oil in place over the 10-30 year life 

span of the project. Current costs for capturing and processing CO2 from anthropogenic sources is $1-3/Mcf. 

Projects using anthropogenic CO2 in the U.S. and Canada are: Encana, of the Weyburn project; Pan West 

Petroleum Ltd.'s Joffre Viking CO2 flood in Alberta; Petro Source Carbon Co. of Midland, Texas supplied by 

gas plants; ChevronTexaco Inc.'s Rangley CO2 flood in Colorado; and Merit Energy Co.'s CO2 floods near 

Bairoil, Wyoming. Also, Anadarko Petroleum Corp. is constructing a pipeline from ExxonMobil Corp's 

LaBarge gas processing plant in Wyoming, to the Salt Creek CO2 flood. Natural gas processing plants and a 

fertilizer plant in Enid, Oklahoma are CO2 sources. “Special Report: CO2 sequestration adds new dimension to 

oil, gas production” Oil & Gas Journal, March 3, 2003. 

Australian zero CO2 emissions from power and sequestration. The Australian Federal government and 

Australian Coal Association set up “Coal 21” to research and develop capture technology and underground 

storage of CO2 emissions from energy generation. “Coal sector seeks carbon cuts,” AAP, Geoscience Australia 

and the University of NSW, March 2003. Also, the Australian Co-operative Research Center (CRC) is planning 

a demonstration of the large-scale disposal of CO2 in a saline reservoir deep underground. “Storing carbon 

dioxide underground,” Yorke Peninsula Country Times, March 11, 2003, 

http://www.abc.net.au/science/news/scitech/SciTechRepublish_803348.htm. 

Geosequestration in Australia. An Australian geological survey conducted by the Australian Petroleum Cooperative Research Centre and Geoscience Australia identified 65 sites where large quantities of CO2 could be 
NETL Carbon Sequestration Newsletter Annual Index 2002-03 11

injected deep underground. The sites studied could safely store half the annual CO2 emissions from stationary 

sources of GHGs, and ultimately could store 1,600 years of Australia's total emissions. The Petroleum Cooperative was recently renewed for seven years with a $22 million government grant to become the Cooperative Research Centre for GHG Technologies, or CO2CRC. “Underground sites may store GHG 

emissions,” Sydney Morning Herald, April 22, 2003, 

http://www.smh.com.au/articles/2003/04/21/1050777215083.html. 

Opposing view: Australian geosequestration infeasible. A report on Australia's GHG polluters has 

dismissed the option of underground storage of CO2 emissions as not feasible on the basis of economics. 

“Report rejects CO2 storage option,” Australian Broadcasting Company, April 7, 2003, 

http://www.abc.net.au/news.

Prep infrastructure development for EOR. Houston-based Anadarko Petroleum Corp. is replacing pipes and 

retooling wells at the Salt Creek oilfield 40 miles north of Casper to prepare for the first phase of its $200 

million CO2 enhanced oil recovery project. 30 million tons of CO2 have been sequestered in the Anadarko 

project, according to the article. “Anadarko begins salt creek project,” Casper Star Tribune, April 10, 2003, 

http://www.casperstartribune.net/articles/2003/04/10/news/wyoming/8e4bb1469a59e690b9a1115fc55892ae.txt.

Knowledge sharing on EOR and hydrogen. INCO2 presented experiences from the U.S. that indicate CO2

EOR could prolong production from Norway’s oil fields in the North Sea. The CENS project (CO2 for 

Enhanced oil recovery in the North Sea), owned by ELSAM, Denmark's largest producer of electrical power, 

and Kinder Morgan, a US energy company with experience in CO2 transport, aims to prepare a CO2 transport 

and injection infrastructure in the North Sea. The value of avoiding CO2 emissions needs to be $20-25/ton, 

before CO2 for EOR is financially sound, according to CENS. “More oil, less CO2,” Bellona, April 1, 2003, 

http://www.bellona.no/en/energy/hydrogen/29199.html.

Seismic tests open Mountaineer sequestration study. As part of a $4.2 million carbon sequestration research 

project at AEP’s Mountaineer Plant in the Ohio River Valley area, Appalachian Geophysical Services will 

seismically survey a 5-10 mile radius of the plant and Batelle will drill a 10,000-foot borehole. The 18-month 

study is funded primarily by DOE and led by Battelle. “Seismic Survey To Take Place Near Mountaineer Plant; 

Drilling at Plant Will Begin Soon,” AEP, May 22, 

http://www.aep.com/newsroom/newsreleases/default.asp?dbcommand=DisplayRelease&ID=1031&Section=Environmental

&colorControl=on. 

ECBM domestic capacity assessment. Scott Reeves of Advanced Resources International provides detailed 

reservoir studies of two enhanced coalbed methane recovery (ECBM) field projects in the San Juan basin of 

New Mexico in this article. Potential by basin totals about 90 Gt for CO2 sequestration and 152 tcf for ECBM 

recovery. The study found that between 25 and 30 Gt of CO2 can be sequestered at a profit and between 80 and 

85 Gt can be sequestered at costs less than $5/ton. “Enhanced CBM recovery, coalbed CO2 sequestration 

assessed,” Oil & Gas Journal, July 14, 2003. 

Incentives for Alberta CO2 EOR. Alberta Energy's new royalty program offers a maximum of $15 million 

worth of royalty credits over five years to offset 30 percent of costs for CO2 EOR projects. The oilpatch 

industry has recently come under criticism for using waterfloods over CO2 due to cost concerns. “CO2 future in 

oilpatch; government encouraging industry to move from water to carbon dioxide injections,” The Daily HeraldTribune (Grande Prairie, Alberta), June 30, 2003. 

Terrestrial 

Uncertainty in Sinks and Modeling Projections. An article by Sarmiento and Gruber in Physics Today

provides a summary of the carbon cycle, carbon sequestration, and climate modeling projections. Assumptions 

regarding the response of natural sinks (e.g. oceans and forests) to increasing atmospheric CO2 concentration 
NETL Carbon Sequestration Newsletter Annual Index 2002-03 12

affects modeling results markedly. "Sinks for Anthropogenic Carbon," Physics Today, August 2002, 

http://www.aip.org/pt/vol-55/iss-8/p30.html.

Bioenergy Technology and Carbon Storage. The hydrogen research team from Clark Atlanta University, 

Georgia Institute of Technology, DOE National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Scientific Carbons, Inc. and 

Envirotech, Inc., produced hydrogen from biomass while sequestering 25 percent of the material by weight. The 

resulting carbon is highly adsorbent and can be combined with co-products of the process to form a slow-release 

nitrogen fertilizer. "High Volume Carbon Sequestration and a Nitrogen Fertilizer Offer a Sustainable Future," 

PR Newswire, August 27, 2002, http://www.prnewswire.com/cgi-bin/stories.pl?ACCT=104&STORY=/www/story/08-

27-2002/0001790040&EDATE=. 

No-till soil solution. The total carbon content of the country's soil has been reduced by about 50 percent since 

the advent of plowing. According to CASMGS (Consortium for Agricultural Soils Mitigation of Greenhouse 

Gases), practices by U.S. farmers could restore the original level of carbon within 40 years, potentially reducing 

the expected increase in CO2 emissions by 20 percent per year,. "On Farms, a No-Till Tactic on Global 

Warming," The Washington Post, August 26, 2002, http://www.washingtonpost.com. 

Carbon sequestration through riparian restoration. The Deschutes Resources Conservancy (DRC) and The 

Climate Trust have signed an innovative Carbon Dioxide Offset Purchase Agreement, under which the Climate 

Trust will provide the DRC with $780,000 in CO2 offset funds to help landowners in the Deschutes Basin 

restore riparian areas. "The Climate Trust Awards Contract to the Deschutes Resources Conservancy," Climate 

Trust, August 15, 2002, http://www.climatetrust.org/.

Compilation of global terrestrial sequestration projects. WRI has compiled a list of forest and land-use 

change carbon sequestration projects. There are 21 projects in 14 countries, representing over 130 million tons 

of carbon. Total cost is roughly $40 million. WRI, August 22, 2002, http://www.wri.org/climate/sequester.html. 

Entergy donates land to U.S. government. Entergy Corp. is donating 600 acres of land along Louisiana's Red 

River to the U.S. Department of the Interior as a voluntary GHG emissions offset. The new federal wildlife 

refuge will store an estimated 275,000 tons of CO2 over 70 years. The public-private partnership was facilitated 

by The Conservation Fund, which arranged the $500,000 land purchase from farmers. "U.S. Utility Donates 

Land for Refuge – Entergy Corp. Will Receive Credit if Government Later Regulates CO2 Emissions," The Wall 

Street Journal Europe, August 27, 2002, http://www.conservationfund.org/?article=2597&back=true. 

The State of Food and Agriculture 2002. Released by The United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization 

(FAO), this report has a special chapter entitled "Harvesting Carbon Sequestration Through Land-use Change: 

A Way Out of Rural Poverty?" According to the report, paying farmers to change to carbon-sequestering landuse methods can play a significant role in promoting sustainable development in poor areas, assuming effective 

design of incentives and compensation programs. "UN FAO's Food and Agriculture 2002 Examines the 

Potential Impact of Carbon Sequestration on Hunger and Poverty," AScribe Newswire, September 16, 2002. The 

report is available on the FAO web site at: http://www.fao.org/english/newsroom/news/2002/9040-en.html.

 

Protein in Soil Helps Sequester Carbon. Scientists at USDA's Agricultural Research Service (ARS) 

discovered the protein glomalin helps stabilize soil and keeps carbon from escaping to the atmosphere. The 

protein is shed from fungi living on plant roots and has a 'sticky' consistency. Tests on U.S. soils showed the 

protein stores close to one third of soil carbon, an amount much greater than humic acid, which was thought to 

store the majority of organic carbon. Scientists say that, depending on conditions, glomalin stays in the soil 

between 7 and 42 years. USDA is also studying glomalin levels to measure the amount of carbon stored in 

tropical soils. "Rich Soil Good for Trapping Carbon Dioxide - Study," Reuters, September 9, 2002, 

http://www.planetark.org/dailynewsstory.cfm?newsid=17668&newsdate=09-Sep-2002. 

 

Soil Carbon Sequestration in Sub-Saharan Africa. In an article in Climatic Change, author Lasse Ringius 

looks at soil carbon sequestration in sub-Saharan Africa as a way to mitigate greenhouse gases and increase 
NETL Carbon Sequestration Newsletter Annual Index 2002-03 13

agricultural productivity. Ringius documents improvements in agricultural practices and land-use management 

that could result from increased carbon sequestration initiatives. "Soil Carbon Sequestration and the CDM: 

Opportunities and Challenges for Africa," Climatic Change, September 1, 2002, vol.54, issue 4. 

Land Use and Climate: a Close Link. A NASA study suggests that impacts to climate from changing land 

use are at least as important as the effects of GHGs, when one considers that farm irrigation, urban development, 

and clearing forests redistribute heat within the atmosphere by adding moisture to the ecological system. "Landuse changes may rival greenhouse gases as cause of climate change," NASA, October 1, 

2002, http://www.gsfc.nasa.gov/topstory/20020926landcover.html. For the original paper, which was published in 

Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London see, http://blue.atmos.colostate.edu/publications/pdf/R258.pdf. 

 

Quantifying Terrestrial Storage. Preliminary research conducted by CarboEurope found that clearing soil for 

tree plantations releases as much carbon to the atmosphere as would be absorbed in the first ten years of 

growth. "Environment - State of Research on Carbon Sinks," Europe Energy, October 29 2002. 

 

Forest Offset Project. Kansai Electric Power Co. of Japan will support a tree plantation in Australia estimated 

to absorb 860,000 tons of CO2 over the 20 year term of the project. Japan does not yet have a GHG trading 

market, but is increasingly active in international trading of CO2. "Kepco to Plant Trees in Australia," October 

18, 2002, http://www.co2e.com/News/story.asp?StoryID=845.

Fires and the carbon cycle. After analyzing the 1997 Indonesian fire, researchers from the UK and Germany 

found that widespread fires burned much of the forested peatlands, releasing an estimated 0.81 to 2.57 

gigatonnes of carbon, or 13-40 percent of the mean annual global carbon emissions from fossil fuels. Lowland 

tropical peatlands support a peat swamp forest overlying peat deposits up to 70 feet thick. Persistent 

environmental change such as drainage and forest clearing makes them susceptible to fire. "The amount of 

carbon released from peat and forest fires in Indonesia during 1997," Nature, November 7, 2002. 

 

Terrestrial impact. A recent report from the Royal Society of Britain indicates that carbon sequestration from 

changes in agriculture and forestry practices can potentially achieve 25 percent of the necessary CO2 reductions 

globally in the next half-century to avoid large increases in temperature. "Carbon copy: profitable ways to 

reduce emissions," Energy User News, November 2002, 

http://www.energyusernews.com/CDA/ArticleInformation/features/BNP__Features__Item/0,2584,86369,00.html. 

 

Algae adding complexity. Researchers found that floating ocean algae cause the ocean surface to darken and 

absorb more energy from the sun. According to the article, this counteracts climate benefits from absorbed 

atmospheric CO2. The research was reported in the November Journal of Geophysical Research, and NASA, 

DOE, and the California Space Institute supported the research. "Microscopic algae may heat up oceans," San 

Francisco Chronicle, November 12, 2002, http://www.sfgate.com/cgibin/article.cgi?f=/news/archive/2002/11/12/state1957EST0141.DTL. 

 

Grasslands sequester large amounts of carbon. Reports from the 11-state Agricultural Research Service CO2

monitoring network in the central and western U.S. show that the 126 million acres of grassland in the Great 

Plains could be storing 9 million tons of carbon annually, and U.S. rangeland soils have the potential to store a 

total of 30 to 110 million tons of carbon a year, 5 percent of the annual U.S. carbon emissions. Rangeland, 

about half the Earth's land surface, has an advantage over forests for carbon storage because most of the carbon 

is stored underground, protected from fire. "Is the mystery carbon hidden under grass?" M2 Presswire, October 

30, 2002, http://www.ars.usda.gov/is/AR/archive/oct02/carbon1002.htm. 

 

Soil carbon in the market. A piece on Voice of America summarized issues of soil carbon sequestration. A 

variety of tillage practices, winter cover crops, and other practices can create a gradual carbon sink in the soil. 

The U.S. Department of Agriculture estimates an additional $300 million per year could go to American 

farmers. Research on measurement and verification technologies will allow accurate documentation of 
NETL Carbon Sequestration Newsletter Annual Index 2002-03 14

agricultural carbon sequestration. "Carbon Sequestration in Farming Could Offset Carbon Dioxide Emissions," 

VOA, November 13, 2002, http://www.voanews.com/article.cfm?objectID=133D895B-F050-4544-

B0E4A2BADFB34B6C. 

 

Land-use Change Flux Update. DOE's Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center (CDIAC) has updated 

"Carbon Flux to the Atmosphere from Land-Use Changes" with estimates from 1850 through 2000 for nine 

regions of the world. "CDIAC Updates Carbon Flux Estimates from Land Use Changes," CDIAC, November 

2002, http://globalchange.gov/#carbon-flux. 

 

Sudan soil carbon potential. Researchers find that increasing fallow periods in Sudan results in increased soil 

carbon content, and converting marginal agricultural areas to rangeland will restore the carbon levels to 80% of 

the natural savannah carbon levels in 100 years. Potentially important synergies between the Convention on 

Climate Change, the UN Convention to Combat Desertification and the UN Convention on Biodiversity are 

explored. "Soil carbon sequestration on degraded semiarid agro-ecosystems; perils and potentials," Ambio, 

November, 2002, http://ambio.allenpress.com/ambioonline/?request=get-abstract&issn=0044-

7447&volume=031&issue=06&page=0471. 

Meta-analyses of the biotic effects of global warming. Two articles in the journal Nature investigate the 

effect of climate change on natural ecosystems. In an analysis of more than 1,700 species, researchers show that 

recent biological trends match climate change predictions in a robust correlation. Significant range shifts 

average 6.1 kilometers per decade towards the poles. Spring events, such as egg laying and tree leaf-out, were 

shown to occur a mean of 2.3 days per decade earlier in the year. These analyses generate 'very high 

confidence' that climate change is already affecting living systems according to several definitions of a 

'systematic trend' from the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. “A globally coherent fingerprint of 

climate change impacts across natural systems,” and “Fingerprints of global warming on wild animals and 

plants,” Nature, January 2, 2003. 

Climate change depresses plant growth. An experiment conducted at 128 grassland plots in California found 

that a combination of increased atmospheric CO2 (to 700 ppm), increased temperature (one degree F on 

average), increased nitrogen deposition, and increased rainfall stunted plant growth. The research was presented 

in the December 6, 2002 issue of the Journal Science. “Warming may stunt plants, study finds,” MSNBC, 

December 6, 2002, http://www.msnbc.com/news. 

Rainfall variability reduces productivity but increases the diversity of grasslands, according to the results of a 

four-year field study conducted at NSF's Konza Prairie Long Term Ecological Research (LTER). The 

biologists, from Kansas State University, NSF, and UC Santa Barbara found that more extreme swings in 

rainfall patterns – without changing total amount of rainfall received in a growing season – elicited responses 

similar to those that would occur under drought conditions. NSF, USDA, and DOE funded the study. Results 

were published in the December 13, 2002 issue of the journal Science. “Increase in rainfall variability related to 

global climate change; Impacts on ecosystems are greater than previously anticipated,” National Science 

Foundation via Science Daily, December 13, 2002, 

http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2002/12/021213062719.htm. 

High levels of CO2 reduce forest isoprene emissions. University of Colorado at Boulder researchers found 

that two pollutants – CO2 and hydrocarbons emitted from agricultural forest trees – offset each other somewhat 

in mitigating air quality problems. Growth of a poplar plantation under increased CO2 (800 ppmv and 

1,200 ppmv) reduced ecosystem isoprene (a GHG) production by 21 percent and 41 percent, while aboveground biomass accumulation was enhanced by 60% and 82%, respectively. Results showed that negative airquality effects of proliferating agriforests may be offset by increases in CO2. “Increased CO2 uncouples growth 

from isoprene emission in an agriforest ecosystem,” Nature 421, January 5, 2003, 

http://www.earthinstitute.columbia.edu/news/2003/story01-16-03.html. 
NETL Carbon Sequestration Newsletter Annual Index 2002-03 15

Japan’s forests to contribute to GHG reductions. Japan plans to plant trees and implement other forest 

development steps in 17.5 million hectares of forests, about 70 percent of Japan's overall woodlands, according 

to this article. The government increased its afforestation expenditures by one percent in the fiscal 2003 budget. 

“Japan to develop forests to achieve Kyoto Protocol target,” Jiji Press, December 26, 2002, 

http://www.co2e.com/News/story.asp?StoryID=952. 

Wheat, CO2 and SO2. Wheat grown with 600 ppm CO2 and 0.06 ppm SO2, singly and in combination, showed 

that individual SO2 treatment reduced protein and starch contents and increased respiration rate, total soluble 

sugars, and total phenolics. Combination treatments increased concentrations of total soluble sugars, starch, and 

total phenolics. Individual CO2 treatment stimulated photosynthesis and reduced stomatal conductance and 

transpiration rate. “Physiological and biochemical responses of two cultivars of wheat to elevated levels of CO2

and SO2, singly and in combination,” Environmental Pollution, February 2003. 

Bio-indications of fossil carbon sequestration in plants. By measuring the ratio of carbon-13 and carbon-12 

contained in plants scientists are able to determine how much of the CO2 absorbed by the plant came from the 

natural carbon cycle and how much came from CO2 emissions. Plants growing in fossil-fuel- CO2-contaminated 

areas, such as major cities, assimilate a mixture of global atmospheric CO2 and of fossil fuel CO2 with different 

ratios of 13C. Calculations based on contaminated and non-contaminated grass show urban grasses assimilate 

up to 29.1 percent of fossil-fuel- CO2-derived carbon in their tissues. “13C Values of Grasses as a Novel 

Indicator of Pollution by Fossil-Fuel-Derived Greenhouse Gas CO2 in Urban Areas,” Environmental Science 

and Technology, 37 (1), January 2003. 

Forest management with a carbon sequestration goal. This paper reveals the difficulty of obtaining good 

harvest schedules compatible with high levels of carbon captured, from an economic and forestry viewpoint. 

Theoretical aspects are applied to a Spanish forest. “Forest management optimisation models when carbon 

captured is considered: a goal programming approach,” Forest Ecology and Management, Vol 174 (1-3), 

February 17, 2003. 

Saskatchewan’s forest carbon. The first forest carbon sequestration project formally approved under the 

Canadian Greenhouse Gas Emission Trading (GERT) Pilot is a 50-year (2000-2050) project in which 

Saskatchewan Environment sells an expected net 1.6 Mt carbon sequestered in white spruce plantations and 

forest protection to the electrical utility Saskatchewan Power Corporation. "Saskatchewan forest carbon 

sequestration project," Forestry chronicle 78 (6), December 2002. 

Canadian environmental projects. Fifty-three environmental projects in communities across Canada will be 

funded through Environment Canada’s EcoAction Community Funding Program. Among the projects are 

climate mitigation projects, such as an urban forest preservation project in Montreal. "Environment Minister 

David Anderson announces $1.9 million for community environmental projects, "Environment Canada, January 

7, 2003, http://www.ec.gc.ca/Press/2003/030107_n_e.htm. 

Rainforest tree grows faster in high CO2 environment. A botanist in Brazil has discovered that at 720 ppm 

CO2 – the predicted CO2 level for 2075 and double today’s concentrations of 360 ppm – photosynthesis doubles 

for the Jojoba tree, or hymenaea. The genetic mechanism which causes increased CO2 absorption could be 

isolated. “Rainforest tree eats up pollution,” BBC Science, February 24, 2003, 

http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/2785403.stm.

Swedish policy strategies to reduce CO2 emissions. Given adequate incentive, the forest industry could 

contribute significant renewable energy to the energy system. “Strategic choices: Swedish climate intervention 

policies and the forest industry's role in reducing CO2 emissions,” Energy Policy, Volume 31 (10) 2003.

Forest response to increased CO2 lessens over time. Results from North Carolina loblolly pines show that for 

the first four years tree growth increased by up to 25 percent when ambient levels of CO2 were increased 50 
NETL Carbon Sequestration Newsletter Annual Index 2002-03 16

percent, but then trees settle back to growing 6 percent faster than controls. “A fading green hope for climate,” 

US News & World Report, February 10, 2003, http://www.co2e.com/News/story.asp?StoryID=1001.

Soil carbon sequestration in Saskatchewan. Two Saskatchewan farm lobby groups, the Saskatchewan Soil 

Conservation Association (SSCA) and the Agricultural Producers Association of Saskatchewan (APAS) 

advocate ”the potential for farmers to gain monetary value for farmland conservation practices that reduce 

GHGs. “Group wants farmers paid for carbon sinks,” The Star Phoenix (Saskatoon), February 20, 2003, 

http://www.canada.com/saskatoon/starphoenix/index.html.

2002 Farm Bill to pay farmers who use carbon-friendly methods. The 2002 Farm Bill has provisions to pay 

farmers to use these carbon-friendly farming techniques, either as a flat fee per acre or according to the amount 

of carbon captured. “Get Paid for Storing Carbon,” Soybean Digest, February, 2003,

http://www.cornandsoybeandigest.com.

Soil carbon flux in response to warming. In a decade-long soil warming experiment in a mid-latitude 

hardwood forest, a group of researchers from Massachusetts documented changes in soil carbon and nitrogen 

cycling in order to investigate the consequences of these changes for the climate system. Soil warming 

accelerates soil organic matter decay and CO2 fluxes to the atmosphere, but this response is small and shortlived for a mid-latitude forest, because of the limited size of the labile soil carbon pool. Warming is also shown 

to increase the availability of mineral nitrogen to plants. “Soil Warming and Carbon-Cycle Feedbacks to the 

Climate System,” Science, December 13, 2002, http://www.sciencemag.org/content/vol298/issue5601/index.shtml.

Diffuse light increases carbon sequestration. Researchers at ORNL, UCB, Harvard, and SUNY Albany 

correlated a sharp decrease in atmospheric CO2 levels with the 1991 Philippines’ Mt. Pinatubo eruption. They 

suggest that plants’ photosynthesis rates increased up to 23% in the two years of increased diffuse radiation, 

where light bounced back and forth on volcanic aerosols. The article, published in Science, is entitled 

“Response of a Deciduous Forest to the Mount Pinatubo Eruption: Enhanced Photosynthesis.” “In Aftermath 

of Volcanic Eruption, Photosynthesis Waxes, Carbon Dioxide Wanes,” Scientific American, March 28, 2003, 

http://www.sciam.com/article.cfm?chanID=sa003&articleID=000BA112-8AB6-1E83-85F7809EC588EEDF. 

Net carbon storage in Boreal forest trees dependent on age. Scientists from UC Irvine and Harvard used 

solar-powered anemometers and infrared gas analyzers to monitor carbon emissions of five black spruce stands 

in Manitoba, Canada. They found that most of the net carbon absorption takes place 20-50 years after a fire. 

The study appeared in the Journal of Geophysical Research – Atmospheres. NASA data from the Boreal 

Ecosystem-Atmosphere Study (BOREAS) was also used. “Fire frequency determines forest carbon storage,” 

NASA/Goddard Space Flight Center, March 21, 2003, http://www.gsfc.nasa.gov/topstory/2003/0311firecarbon.html.

Sequestration project in Bolivia receives award. Harvard presented an award to the Noel Kempff Mercado 

Climate Action Project for sequestering carbon and protecting 4 million acres of tropical forest. The project 

partners are AEP, BP, PacifiCorp, the Nature Conservancy, Friends of Nature Foundation, and the Government 

of Bolivia. “Kennedy School Bestows Inaugural Roy Family Award to Bolivia-U.S. Public-Private 

Partnership,” JFK School of Government, March 24, 2003, http://www.ksg.harvard.edu/press/, 

http://www.noelkempff.com/.

Continuous global measurements of Earth's carbon metabolism: net primary production. Scientists are 

combining space-based measurements of plant properties collected by the NASA Moderate Resolution Imaging 

Spectroradiometer (MODIS) with data surface-based measurements, updating maps every 8 days. The new 

maps show that the highest mid-summer productivity rates are found at temperate latitudes, not at tropical 

latitudes. However tropical forests are more productive over a full year because of a longer growing season. 

Launched in December 1999 and May 2002, the Terra and Aqua satellites are the flagships of the Earth 

Observing System series of satellites. "NASA satellite measures Earth's carbon metabolism," Space Flight 

Now, April 28, 2003, http://www.spaceflightnow.com/news/n0304/28carbon/. 
NETL Carbon Sequestration Newsletter Annual Index 2002-03 17

International science of forests and carbon sequestration. A project at Biosphere Two joined a global 

network of testing sites measuring how much carbon forests can sequester. Some test sites show promising 

results: forests grown on arid land in Israel take up around 1.8 tons per hectare, close to the world average of 

2.3 tons per hectare. CO2 appears to help plants make more efficient use of their limited water supplies, and the 

average rate of plant fixing of carbon is going up by 0.5% a year, according to this article. “Carbon in the 

balance: fitting forests into climate change agreements,” Edie weekly summaries, April 4, 2003,

http://www.edie.net/news/Archive/6845.cfm. 

Partnership to restore forest. Texas Parks and Wildlife Department (TPWD), Reliant Energy, The 

Conservation Fund and Environmental Synergy Inc. (ESI), unveiled a carbon sequestration project in which 

planted trees on 580 acres in east Texas will capture an estimated 215,000 tons of CO2 from the atmosphere over 

the next 70 years. Carbon credits ”will be retained by Reliant as part of the U.S. Department of Energy’s 

Climate Challenge Program. “Public-Private partners join forces in carbon sequestration project,” E-Wire April 

4, 2003, http://www.ewire-news.com; and “162,000 trees to help remove carbon dioxide,” Houston Chronicle

April 7, 2003, http://www.chron.com/cs/CDA/ssistory.mpl/metropolitan/1856705.

Arid lands and CO2 fertilization. An experimental planting conducted by scientists at the edge of an Israeli 

desert 35 years ago is expanding at an unexpected rate. The findings, published in Global Change Biology, 

suggest that forests in other parts of the globe could also be expanding into arid lands. The Negev Desert 

research station is the most arid site in a worldwide network (FluxNet) established to investigate terrestrial CO2

absorption. “Greenhouse gas might green up the desert; Weizmann Institute study suggests that rising carbon 

dioxide levels might cause forests to spread into dry environments,” Science Daily, May 8, 

http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2003/05/030509084556.htm.

USDA to reduce and sequester 12 million tons by 2012. The U.S. Department of Agriculture will consider 

GHG management practices when evaluating applications for conservation grants and subsidies. The 

department will offer financial incentives, technical assistance, demonstrations, pilot programs, education and 

capacity building. USDA also announced it will target 500,000 acres in the CRP toward hardwood tree planting 

beginning this summer. “Farmers who cut down gas to be rewarded,” Associated Press, June 7, 2003. 

“Veneman announces new incentives for GHG reduction and carbon storage,” USDA, June 6, 2003, 

http://www.usda.gov/news/releases/2003/06/0194.htm. 

Turfgrass captures CO2, stores it in soil. Soil scientists from the Agricultural Research Service and Colorado 

State University found that turfgrass in the Denver area stores CO2 in the soil at a rate of roughly one ton carbon 

per acre per year. 16 soil records from golf courses, some of which go back 45 years, show that carbon is 

sequestered for up to 31 years in fairways and 45 years in greens. “Golf greens hide benefit, CSU researchers 

find,” June 8, 2003, http://www.greeleytrib.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/20030608/BUSINESS/306070023. Details 

can be found in the June issue of Agricultural Research magazine, 

http://www.ars.usda.gov/is/AR/archive/jun03/golf0603.htm.

Review of the gaps in understanding ecosystem response to high CO2. Two articles in Environment 

International address the need for research to understand terrestrial response to elevated CO2 concentration and 

the possibility that escalating levels of CO2 may serve as a selection pressure altering the genetic diversity of 

plant populations. “Impacts of elevated atmospheric CO2 on forest trees and forest ecosystems: knowledge 

gaps,” and “The long-term effects of CO2 on natural systems: issues and research needs,” Environment 

International; Volume 29, Issues 2-3 , June 2003, http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/journal/01604120. 

Europe’s large carbon sink. A team of scientists studying carbon storage in European biosystems report that 

ecosystem carbon stock transfers not detected by atmospheric models account for the gap between the small 

carbon-stock changes and the larger CO2 uptake estimated by atmospheric models. They estimate a net carbon 

sink between 135 and 205 teragrams per year in Europe's terrestrial biosphere, the equivalent of 7 to 12% of the 

1995 anthropogenic carbon emissions. “Europe's Terrestrial Biosphere Absorbs 7 to 12% of European 

Anthropogenic CO2 Emissions,” Science, Vol. 300, Issue 5625, 1538-1542, June 6, 2003. 
NETL Carbon Sequestration Newsletter Annual Index 2002-03 18

Climate warming raises net primary productivity. Using nearly two decades worth of data on climate and 

vegetation (1982 to 1999), a team of scientists found that globally, shifts in rainfall patterns, cloud cover, and 

warming temperatures allowed a six percent increase in the amount of carbon stored in trees, grass, shrubs, and 

flowers. Amazon rain forests accounted for nearly half the increase seen globally over the 18-year period, 

owing mainly to decreased cloud cover. “Climate-Driven Increases in Global Terrestrial Net Primary 

Production from 1982 to 1999,” Science, Volume 300, Number 5625, Issue of 6 Jun 2003, pp. 1560-1563. Also, 

“World's vegetation is cleaning more carbon from skies,” The Christian Science Monitor, June 6, 2003, 

http://search.csmonitor.com/2003/0606/p02s02-usgn.html?related. 

Soil erosion reduces soil organic carbon. According to soil scientist R. Lal of Ohio State University, soil 

erosion has impacted the global carbon cycle through a combination of mineralization and carbon export of the 

soil organic carbon (SOC) pool. The amount of total carbon displaced by erosion on the earth may be 4.0–6.0 

Pg/year. With 20 percent emission due to the mineralization of the displaced carbon, erosion-induced emission 

may be 0.8–1.2 Pg C/year on the earth. “Soil erosion and the global carbon budget,” Environment International, 

Volume 29, Issue 4, July 2003, pages 437-450, http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/journal/01604120. 

Free Air Carbon Dioxide Enrichment (FACE). FACE technology modifies vegetation microclimates to 

simulate climate change conditions. CO2-enriched air is released from a circle of vertical pipes into plots up to 

30m in diameter, as tall as 20 m. Hundreds of investigators use FACE facilities at about eight sites worldwide. 

Four stories in the news have referred to FACE; they are summarized below. Brookhaven National Laboratory, 

http://www.face.bnl.gov/.

Mojave desert ecology CO2 study. Some, but not all of the four desert shrub species exposed to an 

atmospheric CO2 concentration of 550 ppm for three years were found to have reduced green leaf 

nitrogen content with respect to carbon. “Effects of elevated carbon dioxide on green leaf tissue and 

leaf litter quality in an intact Mojave Desert ecosystem,” Global Change Biology, 9: 729-735, 2003. 

Australian ozFACE. The ozFACE facility was established in North Queensland to examine potential 

impacts of climate change on tropical grassland systems, more than a quarter of Australian land. 

“Researchers now watching grass grow,” Northern Miner (Australia), July 4, 2003. 

Illinois soyFACE. University of Illinois soyFACE researchers found that higher concentrations of CO2

raised soybean yields 17 percent, while ozone lowered crop yield as much as 20 percent. Plants under 

increased CO2 were found to return less water to the atmosphere. “Researchers test climate change’s 

impact on crops,” Associated Press, July 15, 2003, http://www.enn.com/news/2003-07-15/s_6552.asp. 

University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign researchers collaborating with Soy-FACE found that 

photosynthesis of maize increased 10 percent on average under projected 2050 CO2 conditions. The 

jump in photosynthesis likely resulted from the plant maintaining higher water content in the leaves 

during the dry period. Also, at the end of a dry spell, carbon fixation increased as much as 41 percent. 

July 25, 2003, http://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2003-07/uoia-icd072503.php. 

Open field crop fertilization with CO2. AG Gas uses CO2 emissions for open-field crop yield 

enhancement, using microtubes to distribute gas to the crops. AG Gas claims tomato production has 

increased up to 120%. “CO2 Emissions: Turning a liability into an asset,” PR Newswire, July 8, 2003, 

http://www.aggas.com/.

Deciduous trees store sufficient carbon for future growth. Researchers at the University of Basel 

Switzerland found that trees in a 100-year-old forest use an average of 33-45% of their carbon stores during the 

year. The team looked at leaves, branches, and trunks in ten species, including deciduous oak, beech, and maple 

plus evergreens spruce, fir, and pine, and found that deciduous species store sufficient carbon to replace all of 

their leaves at least four times over. Evergreens stockpile enough for half a new set of needles. “Non-structural 

carbon compounds in temperate forest trees,” Plant, Cell and Environment,26, 1067-1081, (2003); “Old trees 

poor carbon sponge? Carbon stockpiles question idea that forests will counteract global warming,” July 23, 
NETL Carbon Sequestration Newsletter Annual Index 2002-03 19

2003, http://www.nature.com/nsu/030721/030721-6.html; and “New research suggests trees are bad carbon sinks,” 

Edie weekly summaries, July 25, 2003, 

http://www.edie.net/gf.cfm?L=left_frame.html&R=http://www.edie.net/news/Archive/7310.cfm.

ORNL Poplar research. Scientists at Oak Ridge National Laboratory are studying genes and hormones in the 

poplar tree that could be modified to improve carbon transport to roots. The research is part of DOE’s Genomes 

to Life program. The poplar tree grows up to 4 meters annually and matures in about six years. “Poplar Trees: 

Getting to the Roots of Carbon Storage,” Genome News Network, July 25, 2003, 

http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/articles/07_03/poplar.shtml.

Urban trees not stunted by ozone pollution. Researchers from Cornell University grew the same cottonwood 

clone in urban and rural sites and found that urban plant biomass was double that of rural sites. Apparently, 

higher rural ozone (O3) exposures reduced growth at rural sites. “Urbanization effects on tree growth in the 

vicinity of New York City,” Nature, 424, July 10, 2003. 

Rivers transport CO2 to the ocean for storage. A study demonstrates a decade-long increase in the export of 

carbonate-dissolved alkalinity from soils to the Mississippi River. The research also suggests that agricultural 

lands may sequester more atmospheric CO2 in rivers through soil weathering than forests. “Increase in the 

Export of Alkalinity from North America's Largest River,” Science, July 4, 2003. Also, “Yale University Study 

- Agricultural lands may store more CO2 in rivers than forests,” M2 Presswire, July 8, 2003; and “New research 

on the accumulation and storage of carbon,” National Public Radio, All Things Considered, July 4, 2003. 

Farmers sequestering carbon. An article reviews last month’s news about the USDA working to pay for landuse carbon sequestration, and gives an update on Entergy Corps’ contract with nearly 80 farmers representing 

6,470 production acres in northern Idaho, eastern Oregon and Washington State through the Pacific Northwest 

Direct Seed Association. The energy company paid $75,000 to claim 30,000 tons over 10 years of estimated 

carbon reduction, about $2.50 per ton. The estimated rate of storage is 0.55 tons of CO2 per acre per year, which 

will be monitored and verified as direct seeded by local NRCS Conservation Districts. “Bush plan looks to 

natural ways to reduce gaseous emissions,” Gannett News Service, June 27, 2003.

Coastal ocean may not be a carbon sink. Recent evidence shows the continental shelf of the Gulf of Papua is 

a source of CO2 to the atmosphere, which is contrary to most current climate change models depicting the 

coastal ocean as an important site of removal of CO2 from the atmosphere. The Australian Institute of Marine 

Science (AIMS) called TROPICS – Tropical River-Ocean Processes in Coastal Settings –found that the 

decomposition rate of organic matter is equal to or greater than the measured supply rate of organic matter from 

rivers and plant growth. The research has evolved into a new research program called Margins. “Wet tropics 

carbon sink? Are the wet tropics really a sink for carbon?” AIMS, June 16, 2003, 

http://www.aims.gov.au/pages/about/communications/backgrounders/20030616-wet-tropics-carbon-sink.html.

Non-CO2 GHGs 

Methane and rice cultivation. A NASA-funded study observed a decline in the net methane emissions over 

the last 20 years. Changes to rice farming practices in China may have contributed to the decrease. “Shifts in 

Rice Farming Practices in China Reduce Greenhouse gas Methane,” NASA/Goddard Space Flight Center, 

December 20, 2002, http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2002/12/021220074643.htm. 

Climate Change Feedback Loops Involving Sequestered GHGs 

Half of U.S. climate warming results from land use changes. Evidence found by meteorologists Dr. Eugenia 

Kalnay and Dr. Ming Cai suggests that land use changes have a larger role in the general increase of minimum 
NETL Carbon Sequestration Newsletter Annual Index 2002-03 20

temperature and the slight decrease of maximum temperature than previously expected. These conclusions were 

reached by comparing urban and rural weather station data and are expected to correspond to the effects of 

urbanization and the “urban heat island” effect as well as increased agricultural development and irrigation. The 

study is published in Nature. “Half U.S. Climate Warming Due to Land Use Changes,” Environmental News 

Service, May 28, 2003, http://ens-news.com/. 

NASA finds soot has impact on global climate. A team of researchers, led by NASA and Columbia 

University scientists, found that airborne, microscopic, black-carbon (soot) particles are even more plentiful and 

absorb two-to-four times more sunlight than previously assumed by the Intergovernmental Panel of Climate 

Change (IPCC). “NASA finds soot has impact on global climate,” NASA, May 14, 

http://www.spaceflightnow.com/news/n0305/14soot/.

Global warming news. Articles in CNN, The New York Times and others have appeared in the past month 

focusing on evidence suggesting a possible global warming trend. A panel of scientists at a meeting of the 

American Geophysical Union discussed reducing sea ice across the Arctic Ocean, melting the ice sheet in 

Greenland, and spreading shrubs into the Alaskan tundra. “Compelling evidence of global warming,” CNN, 

December 7, 2002, http://www.cnn.com; “Temperatures Are Likely to Go From Warm to Warmer,” New York 

Times, December 31, 2002, http://www.nytimes.com/2002/12/31/science/earth/31WARM.html. Also, a study of 

snowfall on Canada's highest peak, Mount Logan, that provides longer-term evidence that atmospheric 

temperatures are on the rise, ENN, December 12, 2002, http://www.enn.com/news/ennstories/2002/12/12122002/s_49117.asp. 

UC Irvine research. Using a $1.5 million particle accelerator to compare the amount of carbon-14 actually in 

the atmosphere to a projected amount if fossil combustion were not taking place, scientists have confirmed that 

the rise in GHG is due to fossil fuel combustion. "Scientists track building-block carbon to show global 

warming," October 26, 2002, Orange County Register, http://www.ocregister.com/. 

 

Tropical rainforests release more CO2 during warm years. In findings published in the Proceedings of the 

National Academy of Sciences, scientists matched tree growth with local temperature readings and found growth 

was often stunted during the hottest years. During warm years, atmospheric gas samples revealed tropical 

regions as a whole also released more CO2 than they absorbed. “Rainforests might speed up global warming,” 

UPI, April 24, 2003, http://www.upi.com/. 

Methane hydrates released at end of Ice Age. Scientists at the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution 

(WHOI) published a study in the April 4, 2003 issue of Science suggesting warmer waters trigger the release of 

deep-sea methane. California fossils from methane-consuming bacteria found in sediments deposited 70,000 to 

12,000 years ago suggest that large amounts of methane were repeatedly released from the seafloor during 

warmer weather. An estimated 2 trillion to 8 trillion tons of methane are thought to be in under-sea clathrates. 

“Global warming could trigger more global warming – Via the sea,” Edie weekly summaries, April 4, 2003, 

http://www.edie.net/news/Archive/6846.cfm. At a joint meeting of the American Geological Union, the European 

Geological Society and the European Union of Geosciences, scientists explained an increase in methane release 

at the end of the last ice age to be a combination of ocean methane hydrate release, due to ocean warming, and 

release from tropical wetlands and forests, formed as glaciers retreated. “Methane and climate change,” The 

Economist, April 17, 2003, http://www.economist.com/.

Ocean 

Ocean robots in the Indian Ocean. Cycling between the surface and a depth of two kilometers every 10 days, 

an array of ocean robots help scientists understand Australia's and the world's changing climate. Nearly 600 of 

the ocean profilers have been deployed globally with 3,000 profilers due in place by 2006, ultimately forming 

part of a larger monitoring program. "Ocean robots watching our climate," CSIRO, 
NETL Carbon Sequestration Newsletter Annual Index 2002-03 21

http://www.globaltechnoscan.com/28thNov-3rdDec02/ocean_robots.htm; 

http://www.marine.csiro.au/LeafletsFolder/49float/49float.html; http://www-argo.ucsd.edu/. 

 

Ocean sequestration concerns and questions. An interview with Patricio Bernal, Executive Secretary of 

UNESCO’s International Oceanographic Commission covers the current state of ocean sequestration, as well as 

concerns, including pH change, deepwater injection, and iron fertilization. The Intergovernmental 

Oceanographic Commission of UNESCO (IOC) with the Scientific Committee on Oceanic Research (SCOR) 

have set up an Advisory Panel on ocean CO2. A symposium: “The Ocean in a High CO2 World” is scheduled 

for March 2004. UNESCO, March 12, 2003, www.unesco.org/science. 

Norway rejects ocean direct-injection research. The Norwegian government denied permission for an 

international research experiment to inject 5.4 tons of liquid CO2 into the deep ocean. "Norway Scraps 

Experiment to Dump CO2 at Sea," Reuters, August 23, 2002, http://www.reuters.com. 

Depth of direct ocean sequestration critical. Results from a modeling simulation study at Lawrence 

Livermore National Laboratory suggest that the depth of the CO2 injection into the ocean, rather than 

radiocarbon dating, is a good predictor of how effective that location is at long-term carbon sequestration. 

"Ocean Depths Critical to Sequestering CO2," Space Daily, August 25, 2002, 

http://www.spacedaily.com/news/greenhouse-02h.html. 

Private Interest in Indirect Ocean Sequestration. Three areas in the world's oceans – the North Pacific off 

the coast of Canada, the equatorial Pacific around the Galapagos Islands, and the area around Antarctica - 

contain relatively little phytoplankton, possibly due to low iron content. A recent international study 1,000 km 

northwest of Victoria spread small amounts of iron over an eight-km-square area of open ocean, observed the 

bloom of phytoplankton, and measured the concentration of gases. Private companies are now starting to think 

of ways to make money off such blooms. For example, the California-based Planktos Foundation is selling 

"green tags" for $4 each that are supposed to represent the removal of one metric ton of CO2 from the 

atmosphere. "Entrepreneurs see profit in pollution-fighting plankton plan to seed oceans with blooms of CO2-

absorbing phytoplankton," The Ottawa Citizen, August 5, 2002, http://www.canada.com/ottawa/ottawacitizen/. 

Dust Causes Ocean Blooms. In the spring of 2001, two Carbon Explorer floats recorded the rapid growth of 

phytoplankton in the upper layers of the North Pacific Ocean after a passing storm deposited iron-rich dust from 

the Gobi Desert. This observation supports one of the key assumptions of the iron hypothesis: wind-blown dust 

stimulates plankton growth in otherwise unproductive waters. The U.S. Department of Energy's Office of 

Science, Ocean Carbon Sequestration Program supported this research. "Robotic observations of carbon 

biomass enhancement after the April 2001 Asian dust event in the subarctic North Pacific," October 25, 2002, 

Science, http://www.lbl.gov/Science-Articles/Archive/ESD-Gobi-plankton-Bishop.html. 

 

Fertilizing Phytoplankton. An article in Scientific American on ocean carbon sequestration highlights the 

science of iron fertilization. "The Little Plankton That Could...Maybe," Scientific American, October 7, 2002, 

http://www.sciam.com/article.cfm?chanID=sa004&articleID=000A5750-8AC2-1D9C-815A809EC5880000. 

Modeling climate feedbacks and ocean sequestration. Researchers at the University of Illinois at UrbanaChampaign developed an atmosphere-ocean, climate-carbon cycle model to study the impact of climate change 

on the oceans' ability to store injected CO2 at different locations and depths. With feedback mechanisms, 

retention time in the Atlantic Ocean is superior to the Pacific Ocean. The findings, funded by DOE were 

presented at the American Geophysical Union meeting. “Climate change will affect carbon sequestration in 

oceans, scientists say,” Science Daily, December 4, 2002, 

http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2002/12/021204080934.htm. Also see, “A short-term sink for atmospheric CO2

in subtropical mode water of the North Atlantic Ocean,” Nature, December 2002, 

http://www.nature.com/nlink/v420/n6915/abs/nature01253_fs.html. 
NETL Carbon Sequestration Newsletter Annual Index 2002-03 22

Ocean algal blooms less efficient than lab studies and emit non- CO2 GHGs. Iron fertilization involves 

adding iron sulphate to the ocean surface to encourage the growth of phytoplankton. The Southern Ocean Iron 

Fertilization Experiment (SOFeX) showed that although the bulk of the carbon absorbed by the phytoplankton 

stayed near the surface, one metric ton of iron spread at the ocean surface could force 1,000 metric tons of 

carbon below 100 meters, 100 times less than indicated in previous laboratory experiments. In addition, the 

blooms produced other GHGs, such as methyl bromide and isoprene. Preliminary findings were revealed at a 

meeting of the American Geophysical Union. “Ocean tests raise doubts over use of algae as carbon sink,” 

Nature, December 26, 2002. 

Technology solidifies CO2 in seawater. Kaken Co., an R&D firm, uses electrolytic reactions to create 

insoluble calcium carbonate (CaCO3) from seawater. The CaCO3 particles precipitate to the seabed, and 

seawater then absorbs atmospheric CO2. At a cost of $2-3 billion to build an electrolytic cell equipped with 

power facilities and installed in the sea, the electrolytic reaction also recovers hydrogen gas in the process. 

“Method developed to solidify carbon dioxide for seabed burial,” The Nikkei Weekly, January 6, 2003, 

http://www.nni.nikkei.co.jp/FR/TNW/. 

Australian and U.S. researchers monitored ocean tracers, in this case chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs), to find 

that less anthropogenic CO2 is absorbed by the world's oceans than previously estimated by models. Their 

findings were published in the January 10, 2003, issue of Science. “Oceans’ uptake of carbon dioxide is 

increasing, but slower than forecast,” NewsRx.com, January 30, 2003, 

http://www.co2e.com/News/story.asp?StoryID=990. 

Ocean productivity. An ocean fertilization section in the January 9th journal Nature explored work in 

understanding the correlation between ocean productivity (thus a carbon sink) and iron-containing dust from the 

continents. “New era of ocean stewardship unveiled by Planktos Foundation,” Planktos, January 12, 2003, 

http://www.planktos.com/pressroom.htm#nature. 

Trading 

Public-private partnerships in voluntary carbon trading. An article on the Chicago Climate Exchange 

describes goals of the companies and entities involved in the project, scheduled to open trading in 2003. "A 

New Approach to Global Warming," The Economist, October 17 2002, 

http://www.ieta.org/Library_Links/IETAEnvNews/Oct18_Chicago.htm.

PG&E Joins California Climate Action Registry. PG&E Corporation has become a Charter Member of the 

California Climate Action Registry, a private, nonprofit voluntary registry for GHG emissions. The Registry's 

other 23 Charter Members include Natural Resources Defense Council and the State of California 

Environmental Protection Agency. "PG&E Corporation Joins California Climate Action Registry," PR 

Newswire, October 24, 2002, http://www.prnewswire.com/cgi-bin/stories.pl?ACCT=104&STORY=/www/story/10-24-

2002/0001827370&EDATE.

 

Tools for estimating GHG emissions from paper production. The International Council of Forest and Paper 

Associations developed methodology for estimating GHG emissions from paper operations. "International 

calculation tools issued to assess greenhouse gas emissions from pulp and paper mills," ICFPA, November 28, 

2002, http://www.paperloop.com/. 

 

Carbon Ring Consortium. Rothschild Australia and Australia-based environmental group E3 International 

have launched a fund which will allow highly polluting companies to offset their emissions by buying carbon 

credits from cleaner firms. With individual investments of no less than $100,000, the Consortium hopes to raise 

$2 million. It is expected that by June 2003 the carbon credits purchased will be ready for distribution among 

investors. "Rothschild, E3 Launch Carbon Credit Investment Fund," Reuters, September 3, 2002, 

http://www.planetark.org/dailynewsstory.cfm/newsid/17562/story.htm. 
NETL Carbon Sequestration Newsletter Annual Index 2002-03 23

Public Carbon Trading Website. 500 PPM has developed a website that allows the general public to offset 

CO2 emissions they create through personal air travel. Website users can calculate their emissions and then 

offset them by purchasing verified emission offsets that come from emission reduction projects in South Africa, 

Brazil, India, and Jamaica. The money collected goes back to the local community or business that sold the 

offsets and can be used for additional emission reduction projects. The new website address is: 

http://travel.500ppm.com. 

 

New Jersey trading plan scrapped. New Jersey plans to scrap an air-pollution-control program entitled The 

Open Market Emissions Trading Program, which allows companies to buy credits from other companies that 

have successfully reduced their emissions if they pollute above permitted levels; some 39 companies have made 

use of it to meet emissions standards. State Department of Environmental Protection Commissioner Bradley 

Campbell is pulling the plug, saying the program has hurt state efforts to reduce air pollution. "Jersey Spiking 

Whitman Plan," New Jersey Star-Ledger, September 17, 2002.

Carbon trades more than triple in 2002. Worldwide trading of credits in CO2 emissions linked to global 

warming is poised to more than triple this year to an estimated 67 million tons as companies prepare for the 

Kyoto Protocol. "Global Carbon Credit Market Seen Tripling This Year," October 21, 2002, Reuters, 

http://www.planetark.org/dailynewsstory.cfm/newsid/18244/story.htm; 

http://www.natsource.com/uploads/features/State_and_Trends_of_the_Carbon_Market_Presentation_FINAL.ppt#1.

 

Database of Country and Regional Trading Strategies. A new report from Point Carbon focuses on the 

increasing number of regional, national, and international systems for trading of greenhouse gas emission 

allowances and emission reduction credits. The analysis builds on a database developed by Point Carbon for the 

International Emissions Trading Association (IETA), that covers all known trading schemes and programs, 

which is also available for viewing. "Emerging Systems for Carbon Trading," Point Carbon, October 30 2002, 

http://www.pointcarbon.com/. 

The Biocarbon Fund. A public/private partnership launched by the World Bank will provide funds for offset 

projects that reduce GHGs, promote biodiversity, and encourage sustainable development, including projects not 

covered in the Kyoto Protocol such as conserving or restoring existing forest. Fourteen businesses, from power 

utilities to insurance companies, indicate interest in participating. "Launch of US$100 Million Biocarbon 

Fund," The World Bank, November 5, 2002, 

http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/NEWS/0,,contentMDK:20073597~menuPK:34463~pagePK:34370~piPK

:34424~theSitePK:4607,00.html. 

 

German trading simulation. Twelve companies from Baden-Württemberg in Germany participated in an 

emissions trading simulation. A summary of the project with conclusions is available. "Simulating emissions 

trading," Fraunhofer Institute, http://www.isi.fhg.de/u/e-projekte/e-bawueplan.htm. 

 

Experimental Trading regime in Japan. The Japanese Environment Ministry will test-run a regional GHG 

market starting January 2003, involving roughly 30 firms. A full-fledged national market will be established in 

2005 or later. The firms will set their own maximum emission levels for a year. "Japan to test-run greenhousegas emission market in January," Kyodo News, November 17, 2002.

 

Rainforest emissions offset project. Conservation International and an Ecuadorian conservation organization 

will reforest 680 acres of degraded pastureland in northwest Ecuador. The Oregon Climate Trust provided 

$186,000 for the project. "Oregon Power Companies Offset Carbon Through Investment in Ecuador's 

Rainforest," CSRwire, November 20, 2002, http://www.socialfunds.com/news/release.cgi?sfArticleId=1410. 

 

Australian and U.S. GHG trades. BP and Australian waste-to-energy operator Global Renewables traded 1.05 

million tons of GHG abatement over a three to five-year period with an option for a further 50,000 tons. "BP 

buys Eastern Creek credits," Sydney Morning Herald, November 6 2002, 

http://www.smh.com.au/articles/2002/11/05/1036308313404.html. In the U.S., chemical company DuPont made a 
NETL Carbon Sequestration Newsletter Annual Index 2002-03 24

demonstration trade to utility Entergy Corp. "Greenhouse trade needs US mandate to grow - Entergy," Reuters, 

November 4, 2002, http://www.planetark.org/dailynewsstory.cfm/newsid/18428/story.htm.

Slovakia and Japan trade carbon in first emissions trading deal under the Kyoto Protocol. The 

government of Slovakia sold $1-million worth, of GHG emission credits, or 200,000 AAUs, to a Japanese 

trading house by way of the international emissions trading mechanism outlined by Kyoto. Evolution Markets 

acted as broker. “First Kyoto Greenhouse Deal Snapped Up by Slovakia,” Reuters, December 6, 2002, 

http://www.reuters.com.

European Union environment ministers to create international GHG emissions trading system. Subject to 

final approval by the European parliament, the scheme will cap the amount of CO2 that industries can emit from 

2005, while allowing them to trade emissions rights with other firms in the 15-bloc nation. The UK and 

Denmark already have voluntary emissions trading schemes, and Norwegians tax offshore production CO2

emissions at $32/ton. “EU agrees pollution market: On the EU emissions trading decision,” BBC, December 9, 

2002, http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/business/2560175.stm. The European Commission has retained CDC IXIS, with 

the help of PricewaterhouseCoopers and the law firm Baker & McKenzie, to advise on the drafting of the 

technical, legal, and IT aspects of the future GHG registry systems of the Member States. CDC IXIS, December 

16, 2002, http://www.cdcixis.com.

Chicago Climate Exchange prepares for start-up. Fourteen organizations entered a legally binding 

agreement under the Chicago Climate Exchange to cut GHG emissions by 4 percent within 4 years based on 

1998-2001 levels. Trading will begin this spring. The 14 entities are: American Electric Power; Baxter 

International Inc.; the City of Chicago; DuPont; Equity Office Properties Trust; Ford Motor Company; 

International Paper; Manitoba Hydro; MeadWestvaco Corp; Motorola, Inc.; STMicroelectronics; Stora Enso 

North America; Temple-Inland Inc.; and Waste Management, Inc. “14 Organizations to Cut Greenhouse Gases 

4 Percent by 2006,” CCX, January 16, 2003, http://www.chicagoclimateexchange.com/. 

DuPont initiates GHG trading in the U.S. DuPont's involvement in carbon management has its roots in 

chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs). DuPont developed a CFC alternative, HFCs, then threw its support behind the 

Montreal Protocol. In 1990, DuPont announced that by 2000 it would slash GHG emissions 40% from the 1990 

level (86 million tons CO2 equivalent) and hold global energy use flat. About 20% of GHG emissions were CO2

emissions, 20% HFCs, and roughly 60% nitrous oxide. To cut nitrous-oxide emissions, DuPont spent $10 to 

$20 million at each adipic-acid factory. In late 2002 DuPont and Entergy traded 125,000 tons of CO2

equivalent, at $1-$5 per ton. “Changing Climate: New Market Shows Industry Moving On Global Warming – 

Even as Bush Opposes Kyoto, Firms Are Trading Rights To Emit Greenhouse Gases – DuPont Tries to Get Out 

Front,” The Wall Street Journal, January 16, 2003, http://online.wsj.com/public/us.

Reporting on greenhouse gas trading. A background article on emissions trading enumerates trading 

strategies. “Selling smoke,” Time, March 5, 2003, http://www.time.com/time/insidebiz/article/0,9171,1101030310-

428067,00.html. 

UK Government announces fall in greenhouse gas emissions. UK GHG emissions dropped between 14 and 

15 percent below 1990 levels. “Government announces fall in greenhouse gas emissions,” Ananova, March 27, 

2003, http://www.ananova.com/news/story/sm_765011.html. 

New Zealand facilitates GHG trading. The Government of New Zealand has made it easier for large emitters 

of GHGs to negotiate deals exempting them from the planned carbon tax. “Government opens up on carbon 

deals,” New Zealand Herald, April 17, 2003, 

http://www.nzherald.co.nz/storydisplay.cfm?storyID=3401580&thesection=business&thesubsection=general. 

NZ negotiates carbon tax exemptions. The New Zealand Government completed its first Negotiated 

Greenhouse Agreement with the New Zealand Refining Company. Companies qualify for negotiated 

agreements if they would be forced to move offshore or go out of business to pay a carbon tax. In return for the 
NETL Carbon Sequestration Newsletter Annual Index 2002-03 25

tax exemption they minimize GHG emissions through international best practices. Australian companies are 

taking a close interest. “Carbon credit trades attract interest,” RNZ, May 6. 

A year in UK CO2 trades. The first year of the voluntary UK emissions trading scheme saw around 900 

companies exchange rights to emit over seven million tonnes worth of CO2, according to British government 

figures. The government offered cash incentives to 32 organizations, including Shell, BP, DuPont and British 

Airways, of which 31 met their targets. Another 5,000 firms slashed emissions of CO2 by 13.5 million tonnes in 

2002, more than three times the target of a 3.5 million tonne cut. “UK emissions scheme sees 7mln t CO2

change hands,” Planet Ark, May 14, 2003, http://www.planetark.org/dailynewsstory.cfm/newsid/20785/story.htm;

and, “UK 'will make bigger greenhouse cuts',” BBC, May 8, 2003, 

http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/3011169.stm. The transaction log from the first year of UK emissions 

trading shows that it is possible to make money in the carbon market, even for companies that are short in the 

outset. “Carbon market Europe,” Point Carbon, May 16, 2003, http://www.pointcarbon.com/.

Trading carbon through projects. This article covers GHG trading in general, and introduces the story of 

Mark Trexler, who developed the world's first agroforestry carbon sequestration project, the AES/CARE 

Guatemala Agroforestry and Carbon Sequestration Project. “Adventures in smog trading,” Salon, June 4, 2003, 

http://www.salon.com/tech/feature/2003/06/04/carbon_emissions/index_np.html. 

EU CO2 to have a market value in 2005. The European Council of Ministers adopted an emissions trading 

law for the European Union that gives CO2 a market value across the European Community beginning January 

2005. “Europe adopts climate emissions trading law,” ENS, July 22, 2003, http://ens-news.com/.

Politics 

Launch of CO2CRC for greenhouse gas technologies. A new Cooperative Research Centre (CO2CRC) will 

research Australian CO2 capture and geological storage, taking over from the Australian Petroleum Co-operative 

Research Centre. Other article topics include Australia's efforts to shape the post-Kyoto agenda, climate change 

policy in Japan and the global reporting initiative. “AETF Review,” Australasian Emissions Trading Forum, 

June 2003, http://www.aetf.net.au/ContentStore/pdf/ReviewJunJul2003.pdf. 

CO2 in the Japanese iron and steel industry. The steel industry currently accounts for close to 15 percent of 

Japanese GHG emissions. An article in Energy Policy summarizes a new model, the Steel Environmental 

Strategy Assessment Program, which has been developed to analyze the CO2 emission reduction potential in the 

Japanese iron and steel industry. The model can be used to study the impact of carbon taxes on technology 

selection, iron and steel trade, and product demand for the next three decades. "CO2 in the Iron and Steel 

Industry: An Analysis of Japanese Emission Reduction Potentials," Energy Policy, vol. 30, issue 10, 2002. 

 

Australian government looks to coal gasification and sequestration over other GHG mitigation options. 

According to this article, the Australian Federal Government is directing its focus on the coal industry because 

coal gasification and CO2 sequestration technologies offer the most affordable options for large scale GHG 

mitigation. “Red light for green power,” Sydney Morning Herald, December 18, 2002, 

http://www.smh.com.au/articles/2002/12/17/1039656390811.html. 

Major aluminum smelting company cuts emissions. Alcoa reduced GHG emissions 22.5 percent from 1990 

levels, according to the company's sustainability report. “Alcoa cuts emissions,” CSRwire, April 22, 2003,

http://www.socialfunds.com/news/release.cgi/1776.html. 

United Technologies Corp. to join Climate Leaders. Since 1997, UTC has lowered its GHG emissions by 15 

percent, and is now joining the voluntary industry-government partnership. The EPA Climate Leaders program, 

now representing 22 companies, identifies environmental leaders and encourages adopting aggressive goals and 

strategies for curtailing GHG emissions at manufacturing and other facilities. “United technologies steps up 
NETL Carbon Sequestration Newsletter Annual Index 2002-03 26

global conservation efforts,” PR Newswire, April 22, 2003, http://www.prnewswire.com/cgibin/stories.pl?ACCT=104&STORY=/www/story/04-22-2003/0001930678&EDATE. 

US and Korea Cooperate on Climate. A joint statement released by the United States and the Republic of 

Korea expressed agreement to enhance bilateral cooperation on global climate change policy issues, science and 

technology, and institution building. The Republic of Korea reiterated its commitment to the Kyoto Protocol 

and suggested areas where bilateral collaboration may be strengthened, such as: R&D in clean, efficient and 

renewable sources of energy, carbon sequestration, and landfill methane utilization. "U.S.-Republic of Korea 

joint statement on enhanced bilateral climate change cooperation," U.S. Department of State, August 27, 2002, 

http://www.state.gov/r/pa/prs/ps/2002/13088.htm. 

Industry joining coalitions supporting proactive CO2 action. Two U.S. groups of energy companies have 

formed which support multi-pollutant legislation for carbon, SO2, NOx, and mercury. One is the Clean Energy 

Group, which includes Conectiv Inc., Consolidated Edison, Exelon, Keyspan, Northeast Utilities, PG&E, PSEG, 

and Sempra Energy. The other is the Clean Power Group, which includes Calpine, El Paso Energy, NiSource, 

and Trigen Energy. Entergy was the first American utility to join a separate international group called the 

Partnership for Climate Action, followed by DuPont. "US utilities tackle greenhouse gases," October, 2002, 

Platts Energy Business & Technology, http://www.nisource.com/enviro/cleanpower.asp, http://www.platts.com. 

 

UK Climate Change Levy. This paper examines cost effectiveness of UK's climate change levy (CCL), 

implications on competitiveness of firms, and environmental impact. The paper elucidates pros and cons of the 

CCL energy tax with respect to an emission trading scheme. "UK's climate change levy: cost effectiveness, 

competitiveness and environmental impacts," Energy Policy, January 2003. 

Electricity generators and the additional costs of separation and sequestration. The energy regulation 

institutions of North America, the European Union, and Japan are beginning to address the issue of separation 

and disposal of CO2 from power plants. The article mentions the Siemens Westinghouse solid oxide fuel cell 

(SOFC) development program, chemical looping and oxyfuels systems, the ZECA process, underground coal 

gasification technology, natural gas gasification, and simple amine scrubbing systems. “MPS review carbon 

reduction - Does competition rule out CO2 capture?” Modern Power System, November 30, 2002. 

Canada ratifies Kyoto Accord. Canada's House of Commons voted to ratify the Kyoto climate change accord. 

Washington Post, December10, 2002, http://www.washingtonpost.com. Environment Canada, December 16, 2002, 

http://www.ec.gc.ca/media_e.htm. Agriculture Canada is encouraging farmers to take a look at ways of reducing 

GHG emissions. “Farmers urged to cut greenhouse gases,” The Globe & Mail, December 1, 2002, 

http://www.globeandmail.com/servlet/ArticleNews/front/RTGAM/20021217/wfarm1217/Front/homeBN/breakingnews. 

Capital cycles and the timing of climate change policy. A policy series report examines patterns of capital 

investment and retirement, and discusses implications for climate change policy. The report combines analysis 

of investment patterns with interviews of decision-makers in leading U.S. firms. Pew Center on Climate 

Change, November 18, 2002, http://www.pewclimate.org/global-warming-indepth/all_reports/climate_change_policy/index.cfm. 

Three US-based environmental groups sue EPA over climate change. The International Center for 

Technology Assessment (ICTA), Sierra Club, and Greenpeace are suing the U.S. Environmental Protection 

Agency inaction under requirements of the Clean Air Act to limit air pollution from vehicles that endanger 

public health or welfare. “Groups sue US EPA for climate change,” Edie Weekly Summaries, December 13, 

2002, http://www.edie.net/news/Archive/6403.cfm. 

Voluntary partnership with members of the transport sector. The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency 

launched “SmartWay” to reduce air pollution and GHG emissions from ground freight carriers. Charter 

partners, Canon USA, Coca-Cola, CSX, Federal Express, H-E-B Grocery, IKEA, Interface, Nike, Norm 

Thompson Outfitters, Roadway Corporation, Schneider National, UPS, and Yellow Transportation, will develop 
NETL Carbon Sequestration Newsletter Annual Index 2002-03 27

performance measures to improve air quality, and reduce GHG emissions. As much as 18 million metric tons of 

carbon equivalent will be reduced annually by 2012. “EPA announces new initiative to reduce greenhouse gas 

emissions and improve air quality,” EPA, January 10, 2003, http://www.epa.gov/otaq/smartway/index.htm. See 

also, “Air pollution a priority, Whitman says Administration effort to press curbs may lead to clash with Senate 

GOP leaders,” January 10, 2003, The Washington Post, http://www.washingtonpost.com/. 

Climate risk to businesses. A poll of the chairmen of the world's 500 largest companies found that 35-40 

percent said they were taking action to protect their businesses from climate risk. Some companies in the heavy 

industries could see their value lose as much as 40 percent from climate effects. “Carbon Finance and the 

Global Equity Markets,” contact paul@cdproject.net. “Companies fail to act on climate risk,” Financial Times, 

February 17, 2003, http://news.ft.com/home/us/.

U.S. and Mexico pledge climate cooperation. The United States and Mexico have issued a joint press 

statement on bilateral cooperation to combat climate change. “Enhanced climate change cooperation,” US 

Department of State, March 18, 2003, http://usinfo.state.gov/.

U.S. Policy on sustainable development, energy and climate change. Paula Dobriansky, Undersecretary of 

State for Global Affairs, cited Climate VISION and the Carbon Sequestration Leadership Forum as a foundation 

for a revolution in energy affairs in a speech at Rice University. “U.S. Policy on Sustainable Development, 

Energy & Climate Change,” U.S. State Department, March 18, 2003, 

http://www.state.gov/g/rls/rm/2003/18768.htm. 

Voluntary GHG confinement. This article summarizes actions taken by corporations to reduce CO2 emissions, 

including the DOE Energy Information Administration GHG registry, the Chicago Climate Exchange, and 

DOE’s Climate VISION. “More U.S. companies launch climate change initiatives,” GreenBiz.com, April 2, 

2003, http://www.greenbiz.com/news/.

Maine legislates voluntary CO2 reductions. Maine Gov. Baldacci signed a bill requiring an inventory of CO2

and other GHG emissions from state-owned facilities. The bill also requires the state to enter into carbon 

emission treaties with at least 50 nonprofit organizations and businesses. It is tendered as an initial step to curb 

greenhouse emissions to pre-1990 levels by 2010. “Law aimed at curbing global warming,” WMTW, May 22, 

2003, http://www.wmtw.com/Global/story.asp?S=1290646&nav=7k6rFz5R. “Climate change law to be first in 

nation,” Portland Press Herald, June 25, 2003, http://pressherald.mainetoday.com/. 

NY GHG reduction action recommendations. The Center for Clean Air Policy has released a report from the 

New York GHG Task Force to New York Governor Pataki with 27 major recommendations for GHG reduction 

actions. The report recommends the investigation of carbon sequestration for long-term emission reduction and 

the consideration of sequestration via bio-fuels. “NY State GHG task force recommendations,” The Center for 

Clean Air Policy, http://www.ccap.org/NYGHG.htm. 

Three states sue the U.S. Federal government over CO2. Connecticut, Maine, and Massachusetts sued the 

Federal government to force it to regulate CO2 emissions. The lawsuit alleges that CO2 emissions contribute to 

global warming and should be governed as a "criteria pollutant" under the Clean Air Act, which would oblige 

the U.S. EPA to set allowable atmospheric levels as it currently does for ozone, lead, sulfur dioxide, and other 

forms of pollution. New York Times, June 5, 2003, http://www.nytimes.com/. 

U.S. and Italy agree to cooperate on climate change science and technology. Joint scientific activities 

include advanced energy technologies including carbon capture and sequestration. “Joint Statement of the 

United States and Italy on Climate Change Science and Technology,” U.S. Department of State, June 17, 2003, 

http://www.state.gov/r/pa/prs/ps/2003/21655.htm. 

The U.S. Climate Change Science Program (CCSP) Strategic Plan. The Bush Administration has released 

its Strategic Plan for developing knowledge of variability and change in climate and related environmental and 
NETL Carbon Sequestration Newsletter Annual Index 2002-03 28

human systems. Total government spending on climate-change related programs will be $4.5 billion. “Bush 

Administration launches historic Federal climate change initiatives,” U.S. Climate Change Science Program, 

July 24, 2003, http://www.climatescience.gov/Library/pressreleases/pressrelease24jul2003.htm. Here are some 

reactions: “Bush plan on warming shifts focus from fuels,” Associated Press, July 25, 2003, 

http://www.iht.com/articles/104099.html; “Getting hotter,” Washington Post, July 28, 2003, 

http://www.washingtonpost.com/.

New Haven report to reduce GHGs. A Connecticut environmental group's analysis suggests how the state 

could cut GHG emissions 75 percent by 2050. “Report outlines 10 ways State can reduce greenhouse gases,” 

New Haven Register, June 27, 2003, 

http://www.zwire.com/site/news.cfm?newsid=8741791&BRD=1281&PAG=461&dept_id=31007&rfi=6. 

Washington state legislates emissions mitigation. In Washington state, a CO2 mitigation standard will apply 

uniformly to all plants, replacing the case-by-case approach currently used by the state Energy Facility Site 

Evaluation Council. “State poses emissions rules,” The Olympian, July 14, 2003, 

http://www.theolympian.com/home/news/20030714/southsound/51690.shtml. 

Switzerland becomes the 111th country to ratify the Kyoto Protocol. Swisspolitics, July 9, 2003, 

“Switzerland has ratified the Kyoto Protocol,” 

http://www.swisspolitics.org/en/news/index.php?page=news_inhalt&news_id=4021456&ion=ch.

Publications 

A market report on emissions trading opportunities in Europe. “The Corporate Carbon Strategies Outlook 

to 2012,” Reuters Business Insight, May 2003, http://www.reutersbusinessinsight.com/rbi/content/rben0156p.pdf. 

An international consensus for GHG trades. A paper in Energy Policy examines five possible approaches for 

valuing energy savings, which could serve as the basis for an international GHG trading agreement. 

"International Greenhouse Gas Trading Programs: A Discussion of Measurement and Accounting Issues," 

Energy Policy, February 2003. 

An overview of CO2 capture technologies. A primary goal of the NETL Carbon Sequestration Program is to 

dramatically lower the cost of eliminating CO2 from flue gas and other streams by either pre- or postcombustion processes. Scott Klara, Product Manager, addresses the status of research efforts related to 

promising pathways and potential technological breakthroughs of CO2 capture for utilization and/or 

sequestration. Membranes, improved CO2 sorbents, advanced scrubbing, oxyfuel combustors, formation of CO2

hydrates, and economic assessments are part of the research portfolio. “U.S. DOE Integrated Collaborative 

Technology Development Program for CO2 Separation and Capture,” Environmental Progress, Vol. 21, No. 4, 

The American Institute of Chemical Engineers, December 2002, 

http://www.aiche.org/publications/tocs/issuelist.asp?magID=3. 

Ancillary benefits of a carbon tax. Actions to slow atmospheric accumulation of GHGs would reduce 

conventional air pollutants yielding "ancillary" benefits that tend to accrue locally and in the near-term. Using a 

detailed electricity model linked to an integrated assessment framework to value changes in human health, 

Resources for the Future authors Dallas Burtraw, Alan Krupnick, Karen Palmer, Anthony Paul, Michael Toman 

and Cary Bloyd find a tax of $25 per metric ton of carbon emissions would yield NOx-related health benefits of 

about $8 per metric ton of carbon reduced in the year 2010 (1997 dollars). Total ancillary benefits of a $25 

carbon tax are $12-$14. "Ancillary benefits of reduced air pollution in the US from moderate GHG mitigation 

policies in the electricity sector," Journal of Environmental Economics and Management, 45 Issue 3, June 2003, 

pages 650-673, http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/journal/00950696. 
NETL Carbon Sequestration Newsletter Annual Index 2002-03 29

Assessment of CO2 sequestration and ECBM potential of U.S. coalbeds. The CO2 sequestration capacity of 

U.S. coalbeds is estimated to be 90 Gt. Of this, 38 Gt is in Alaska, 14 Gt is in the Powder River Basin, 10 Gt is 

in the San Juan basin, and 8 Gt is in the Greater Green River basin. Total CO2 emissions from power generation 

plants is currently about 2.2 Gt/year. "Assessment of CO2 Sequestration and ECBM Potential of U.S. 

Coalbeds,” http://www.coal-seq.com/Proceedings2003/40924R07.pdf.

Canada's climate change plan. The Government of Canada released its Climate Change Plan. Emissions 

trading for large industrial emitters, increased investment in innovative technologies, and taxes are included in 

the plan. "Release of Canada's Climate Change Plan," Ottawa, November 20, 2002, www.climatechange.gc.ca.

Carbon and the WTO. Various climate change mitigation measures are up and running at the national, subnational and international levels. An issue relevant to carbon sequestration is whether firms’ projects and/or 

governments’ policies for particular agricultural subsidies for carbon sequestration could be restricted by the 

WTO agriculture agreement. The answer is yes, they could be, unless they fulfill certain criteria. “The Kyoto 

Protocol and the WTO: Institutional evolution and adaptation,” Policy Brief No. 28, Centre for European Policy 

Studies, http://www.ceps.be/Default.php. 

Carbon-free energy options. Researchers from NYU, Lawrence Livermore National Lab, UC Irvine, 

University of Houston, McGill, MIT, University of Illinois, ExxonMobil, Columbia University, University of 

Arizona, the Naval Research Lab, NASA, and the National Center for Atmospheric Research collaborated on a 

paper published in Science that surveys possible future energy sources, evaluated for capability to supply 

massive amounts of carbon-emissions-free energy and potential for large-scale commercialization. The paper 

approaches energy supply from the perspective of meeting an atmospheric GHG concentration stabilization, and 

concludes that a broad range of intensive research and development is urgently needed. "Advanced Technology 

Paths to Global Climate Stability: Energy for a Greenhouse Planet," Science, November 1, 2002. 

Carbon policies economics. “Effects of Carbon Policies and Technological Change on Consumer Surplus in 

Electricity Generation,” Molly Macauley and Jhih-Shyang Shih, RFF, June 2003, 

http://www.rff.org/Documents/RFF-DP-03-14.pdf.

Carbon Policy Proposals. A report published by the New Economics Foundation evaluates eight leading 

proposals for structuring the Second Commitment Period of the Kyoto Protocol and beyond. Issues covered 

include carbon intensity and price cap approaches. "Fresh Air: Options for the Future Architecture of 

International Climate Change Policy," NEF, October 28, 2002, http://www.neweconomics.org/gen/. 

Carbon Storage in Woody Ecosystems Decreases. Researchers at Duke, University of Texas Austin, 

Colorado State, and the University of New Mexico found that the invasion of woody vegetation into deserts, 

grasslands, and savannas does not always increase overall ecosystem carbon storage. Previous to this study, 

shrub and forest expansion was suggested to be a substantial component of the terrestrial carbon sink. The study 

found that a loss in soil carbon in woody communities more than offset the gain in aboveground carbon, at least 

in relatively wet sites. "Ecosystem carbon loss with woody plant invasion of grasslands," Nature, August 8, 

2002, http://ens-news.com/. 

CERES rates companies on GHG emissions. A profile of 20 companies using a climate change governance 

checklist found that BP, Royal Dutch/Shell, Alcoa and DuPont have high scores, while ChevronTexaco, 

ConocoPhillips (COP), ExxonMobil, DaimlerChrysler, General Electric, Southern Company and TXU have low 

scores. Other profiled companies: American Electric Power, Cinergy, Ford Motor Company, General Motors, 

Honda , IBM, International Paper, Toyota, and Xcel Energy. The report was commissioned by CERES and 

written by the Investor Responsibility Research Center (IRRC). “Corporate Governance and Climate Change: 

Making the Connection,” CERES, July 9, 2003, http://ceres.org/newsroom/press/ceresirrcrel.htm. Also see 

CO2 emission trading and CHP. According to this position paper, emission trading will hurt the growth of 

combined heat and power installation. Co-published by COGEN Europe, Climate Action Network Europe, 
NETL Carbon Sequestration Newsletter Annual Index 2002-03 30

Confederation of European Paper Industries, World Alliance for Decentralized Energy and the WWF. 

“Emission trading and CHP: Modifications of the EU directive are necessary,” 

http://www.cogen.org/Downloadables/Publications/Leaflet_CHP_and_ET_June2003.pdf. 

Costs and GHG emissions of energy technologies. A study comparing the electricity generation costs of 

various current commercial technologies with technologies expected to become commercially available within 

the coming decade evaluates the GHG emissions resulting per kWh of electricity. A range of fossil fuel 

alternatives (with and without physical carbon sequestration), were also compared with the baseline case of a 

pulverized coal, steam cycle power plant. "Carbon emission and mitigation cost comparisons between fossil 

fuel, nuclear and renewable energy resources for electricity generation," Energy Policy, 31 (13, 2003): 1315-

1326, http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/journal/03014215. 

CSIRO Forest Sequestration Kit. The Greenhouse Resource Kit for Private Forest Growers, developed by 

CSIRO on behalf of the Australia Department of Agriculture, Fisheries, and Forestry, provides information on 

all aspects of forest carbon sequestration, including methods of carbon accounting in forests, possible emissions 

trading systems, the economics of forest-based carbon sequestration projects, and methods for independent 

verification and accountability. The kit is available from the AFFA web site, 

http://www.affa.gov.au/content/output.cfm?ObjectID=09E0569D-5B6B-4F42-85CF47D50277139A, August 26, 2002. 

DOE report on gasification technologies. NETL prepared a report on gasification performance for the Energy 

Information Administration's National Energy Modeling System (NEMS). The report includes an overview of 

refinery gasification and supporting technologies, such as acid gas removal, including a comparison of CO2

separation designs. "Refinery Technology Profiles: Gasification And Supporting Technologies," NETL, July 

28, 2003, http://www.gasification.org/. 

Economics and state of the science of sequestration technologies. “Prospects for Carbon Capture and 

Storage Technologies,” Resources for the Future, January 2003, http://www.rff.org/Documents/RFF-DP-02-68.pdf. 

EIA analysis of McCain/Lieberman Bill scrutinized. The Energy Information Administration’s economic 

analysis of S.139: the Climate Stewardship Act, was found to have unrealistic input assumptions by The Pew 

Center, http://www.pewclimate.org/policy_center/analyses/eia_analysis.cfm. The results of an incomplete, internal 

EPA analysis “diverge significantly” from the findings of the EIA analysis, finding that the senate plan could 

achieve its goal at very little cost. “New Estimates on Senate Carbon Dioxide Emissions Plan,” New York 

Times, July 29, 2003, http://www.nytimes.com/2003/07/30/science/30CLIM.html?ex=1060142400&en=08dd8. 

Energy policy paper in Foreign Affairs journal. This paper recommends a U.S. energy policy to address 

three challenges: security, environment, and energy access to the poor. It calls for "initial, modest restrictions 

of carbon emissions" combined with a 10- to 15-year transition period to develop a program of incentives for 

low- or zero-carbon energy technologies to fight global warming. “The Future of Energy Policy,” Timothy 

Wirth, Boyden Gray, and John Podesta, Foreign Affairs, July/August 2003, 

http://www.foreignaffairs.org/20030701faessay15410/timothy-e-wirth-c-boyden-gray-john-d-podesta/the-future-of-energypolicy.html. 

Energy sector options. This study details the options available in the energy sector to reduce climate change. 

“Beyond Kyoto: Energy dynamics and climate stabilization,” International Energy Agency, 

http://www.euractiv.com/cgi-bin/cgint.exe?204&OIDN=251022&-home=analys. 

Finances and Climate Change. A CEO Briefing by the UNEP Finance Initiatives on the climate outlines 

potential risk to the global economy due to climate change. Potential annual losses over the next ten years from 

natural disasters could be close to $150 billion. The report outlines potential opportunities for the sector to 

reduce risks or make profit by engaging in emission trading schemes or backing clean energy. Climate Change 

and the Financial Services Industry, UNEP, October 8, 2002, http://www.unepfi.net. 
NETL Carbon Sequestration Newsletter Annual Index 2002-03 31

Future US energy scenarios. A Pew report discusses three divergent paths for US energy supply and use from 

2000 through 2035, and the effect of climate policy on the three scenarios. It also includes assessments of key 

energy technologies for the future. "US Energy Scenarios for the 21st Century." Pew Center on Global Climate 

Change, July 10, 2003, http://www.pewclimate.org/document.cfm?documentID=244. 

Game methodology to analyze long-term climate policy prospects. Players sequentially choose the best 

policy, among a series of options, while reacting to past moves of the other players. The non-cooperative 

equilibrium arising from a five-stage sequential game with two large players (Annex B and non-Annex B 

regions, in Kyoto and beyond Kyoto scenarios) is studied. "Prospective analysis of beyond Kyoto climate 

policy: a sequential game framework," Energy Policy, December 2002. 

GAO air pollution report (GAO-03-49). Reports on future power plant generation and impacts on emissions 

of four pollutant substances, carbon, mercury, NOx, and SOx. It was prepared for the Senate Environment and 

Public Works Committee using EIA data. "Air Pollution: Meeting Future Electricity Demand Will Increase 

Emissions of Some Harmful Substances," GAO, October 30, 2002, http://www.gao.gov/. 

 

GHG Market Development. An analysis of the future of the emerging GHG market found that industry 

representatives expect GHG credits to range from slightly more than $5 per metric ton of CO2 equivalent in 

2005 (pre-Kyoto Protocol) to $11 per ton of CO2 equivalent in 2010 (mid-Kyoto Protocol). The report is the 

result of interviews with representatives of 35 companies with operations in the European Union, the U.S., 

Canada, Japan and Russia. “Assessment of Private Sector Anticipatory Response to Greenhouse Gas Market 

Development,” by Natsource LLC at the request of Environment Canada; July 17, 2002, 

http://www.natsource.com/news/index.asp?n=295. 

GHG market risks. A new report quantifies the risks to participants in emerging GHG emission markets and 

prospective users of the Kyoto mechanisms. "Quantifying risks and risk correlation of investment in climate 

change mitigation," University of St. Gallen, November 2002, 

http://www.unisg.ch/org/iwo/web.nsf/SysWebRessources/db101/$FILE/db101.pdf.

GHG permitting. “Managing Permit Markets to Stabilize Prices,” Richard Newell, William Pizer, and 

Jianfeng Zhang, RFF, June 2003, http://www.rff.org/Documents/RFF-DP-03-34.pdf.

GHG trading guide. A step-by-step approach to emissions trading allows readers to build understanding of 

environmental and economic aspects of trading. The Guide covers the various types of emissions trading 

system designs. “An Emerging Market for the Environment: A Guide to Emissions Trading,” the UNEP 

Collaborating Centre on Energy and Environment (UCCEE) and the UNCTAD/Earth Council Carbon Market 

Programme, March 2003, http://uneprisoe.org/ETguide/GuideEmissionsTrading.pdf.

Great Lakes Region impacts from climate change. The Ecological Society of America (ESA) and the Union 

of Concerned Scientists (UCS) released a report combining climate system models with 100 years of historical 

climate data for the Great Lakes region. The authors emphasize a three-pronged approach to minimizing 

impact: reduce GHG emissions, minimize human pressures on the environment, and adapt to a changing 

climate. "Confronting Climate Change in the Great Lakes Region: Impacts on Our Communities and 

Ecosystems," UCS and ESA, April 2003, http://www.ucsusa.org/greatlakes/. 

High terrestrial carbon storage potential. The Energy research Centre of the Netherlands released a report 

developing a methodology for estimating cost-curves of carbon sequestration with afforestation activities and its 

combination with existing cost-curves of carbon abatement in the energy sector. The report concludes that when 

the supply-curves of afforestation and energy are combined, the total emission reductions in 2010 are at least 15 

percent larger than in the case of the energy sector alone. “The Economics of Including Carbon Sinks in 

Climate Change Policy - Evaluating the carbon supply-curve through afforestation in Latin America,” ECN, 

February 2003, http://www.ecn.nl/library/reports/2003/i03003.html.
NETL Carbon Sequestration Newsletter Annual Index 2002-03 32

http://www.nytimes.com/2003/07/10/business/10WARM.html?ex=1058414400&en=7f1c44ea1c2b42d6&ei=5062&partner

=GOOGLE. 

IGCC regulatory and environmental information. A reference resource for gasification-based power 

generation technologies examines environmental performance and regulatory topics affecting the siting and 

operation of commercial plants. Comparison of CO2 generation, capture, emissions, parasitic power loss, capital 

cost and effect on electricity price is also examined. “Major environmental aspects of gasification-based power 

generation technologies, Final Report,” NETL, December 2002, 

http://www.netl.doe.gov/coalpower/gasification/pubs/pdf/final%20env.pdf. 

Industrialized countries’ emissions to grow. The emissions of CO2 and other GHGs from Europe, Japan, the 

U.S. and other industrialized countries could grow by 17 percent from 2000 to 2010, despite measures in place 

to curb them, according to a new United Nations report. The developed world as a whole (highly industrialized 

plus transition countries) will see its emissions increase by 10 percent from 2000 to 2010. The report is an 

official UN document entitled Compilation and Synthesis of Third National Communications. “Rich countries’ 

GHG emissions ballooning,” ENS, June 9, 2003, http://ens-news.com. “Rich countries see higher GHG 

emissions. Upward trend set to continue,” UNFCCC, June 3, 2003, 

http://unfccc.int/press/prel2003/pressrel030603.pdf.

Long-term future economic benefits of mitigation efforts. Resources for the Future authors Richard Newell 

and William Pizer have found that incorporating discount rate uncertainty into climate change calculations 

almost doubles the expected present value of mitigation benefits. This is demonstrated by showing that when 

the future path of the discount rate is uncertain and highly correlated, the distant future should be discounted at 

significantly lower rates than suggested by the current rate. “Discounting the distant future: how much do 

uncertain rates increase valuations?”, Journal of Environmental Economics and Management, Volume 46, Issue 

1, July 2003, pages 52-71, http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/journal/00950696. 

Modeling of CO2 ECBM results available. "The Allison Unit CO2 - ECBM Pilot: A Reservoir Modeling 

Study" provides an overview of a modeling study for enhanced coal bed methane (ECBM) based on a field test 

in New Mexico. The injection of CO2 at the Allison Unit has resulted in incremental methane recovery of 

approximately one scf of methane for every three scf of CO2 injected. "The Allison Unit CO2 - ECBM Pilot: A 

Reservoir Modeling Study," http://www.coal-seq.com/Proceedings2003/40924R01.pdf.

Motivate local communities to tackle global climate change. A recent article studies four places to examine 

whether local places are capable of reducing the GHG emission that they produce, and how. "Making the global 

local: responding to climate change concerns from the ground up," Environment 45 issue 3, April 2003. 

National cap or technological growth curve. An alternative approach to relying on fixed national CO2 caps 

proposes to rely instead on a growth curve to establish, for each year, the minimum fraction of each country's 

emissions that can arise from non-fossil fuels. "Technology growth curves: a new approach to reducing global 

CO2 emissions," Energy Policy, Volume 31, Issue 12, 2003, http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/journal/03014215.

Non- CO2 policy report. In order to cost-effectively limit climate change, climate policies must address 

emissions of CO2 and the other greenhouse gases. "Multi-Gas Contributors to Global Climate Change: Climate 

Impacts and Mitigation Costs of Non- CO2 Gases," Pew Center on Climate Change, March 2003, 

http://www.pewclimate.org/global-warming-in-depth/all_reports/multi_gas_contributors/index.cfm.

Non-permanent sinks and sequestration insurance. This paper discusses the practicality and potential 

difficulties of the insurance approach for addressing non-permanence of sequestered carbon stocks and the 

validity of CERs generated. Two main options on how to address non-permanence have been proposed: 

temporary credits and insurance of emission reduction credits. "Can Permanence be insured? Consideration of 

some Technical and Practical Issues of Insuring Carbon Credits from Afforestation and Reforestation," The 

Hamburg Institute of International Economics, http://www.hwwa.de/Publikationen/Discussion_Paper/2003/235.pdf. 
NETL Carbon Sequestration Newsletter Annual Index 2002-03 33

Norway as a Reference Case. With relatively high costs for cutting GHG emissions, Norway can be seen as a 

"test case" for the feasibility of more ambitious climate agreements in the future. This argument is made in a 

working paper by a group of climate policy experts at CICERO and FNI. "The feasibility of ambitious climate 

agreements: Norway as an early test case," CICERO, October 2002, 

http://www.cicero.uio.no/publications/detail.asp?1959. 

NZ report on non-CO2 GHGs. “Abatement of agricultural non-carbon dioxide greenhouse gas emissions,” 

New Zealand Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry, http://www.maf.govt.nz/.

Policy issues associated with stabilization of GHGs. Appropriate global targets; implications of stabilizing 

atmospheric concentrations of GHG emissions at different levels; alternatives to defining long-term goals; 

action timetables; economic and environmental implications of early versus delayed action; equity issues; and 

possible frameworks for a future global agreement are discussed in this report. “Kyoto and Beyond: Issues and 

Options in the Global Response to Climate Change,” the Swedish Environmental Protection Agency, January 

2003, http://www.internat.naturvardsverket.se/documents/issues/climate/report/Kyoto.pdf. 

Possible negative welfare effects of GHG trading. Energy system models show that trading GHGs 

internationally could reduce compliance costs, but international emission trading could be welfare decreasing, 

according to this study. The negative terms of trade and tax-interaction effects wipe out the primary income 

gains from emission trading. “Is International Emissions Trading Always Beneficial?” Report no 93, MIT Joint 

Program on the Science and Policy of Global Change, Cambridge, MA, 

http://web.mit.edu/globalchange/www/MITJPSPGC_Rpt93.pdf.

PowerSwitch! Initiative recommends U.S. electric utilities support binding limits on CO2 emissions. A 

new report entitled "The Path Towards Carbon Dioxide-Free Power: Switching to Clean Energy," from WWF 

finds that the U.S. power sector can cut CO2 emissions nearly 60 percent by 2020 and reduce its dependency on 

fossil fuels by using available energy technologies and supporting innovative polices. “Power sector could cut 

CO2 emissions 60 percent,” ENS AmeriScan, April 2, 2003, http://ens-news.com/. 

RIIA Analysis of European GHG Control in the Electricity Sector. This publication examines possible 

economic mechanisms for controlling GHG emissions in the electricity industry, including trading, taxes, and 

voluntary agreements. Climate Change and Power, Royal Institute of International Affairs, August 2002, 

http://www.riia.org/. 

Setting the stage for carbon trading in Europe. "Greenhouse Gas Emissions Trading in Europe: Conditions 

for Environmental Credibility and Economic Efficiency," The Centre for European Policy Studies, October 

2002, http://www.ceps.be. 

Social impact of GHG allowances. Grandfathered emissions permits redistribute income to wealthy 

households by creating firm rents that ultimately accrue to shareholders. “Are Emissions Permits Regressive?” 

Ian Parry, RFF, June 2003, http://www.rff.org/Documents/RFF-DP-03-21.pdf.

Survey of the science and energy policy choices of climate change. A report by the OECD and IEA assesses 

the science, technology, current commitments, technical change, burden-sharing, and possible forms of future 

commitments for climate change mitigation. A chapter on carbon capture and storage potential is included. 

"Beyond Kyoto: Energy Dynamics and Climate Stabilization," OECD, November 2002, 

http://iris.sourceoecd.org/vl=1749286/cl=28/nw=1/rpsv/cw/vhosts/oecdthemes/99980053/v2002n19/contp1-1.htm. 

Survey of U.S. public opinion on climate change. The University of Oregon’s national survey shows that 88 

percent of Americans who know of global warming want action taken to reduce GHGs and support the Kyoto 

Protocol. “American Opinions on Global Warming,” Sustainable Development International, June 9, 2003, 

http://www.sustdev.org/industry.news/2003/09.06.03-3.shtml. 
NETL Carbon Sequestration Newsletter Annual Index 2002-03 34

Technological change articles. The latest issue of Resource and Energy Economics includes the articles 

"Endogenous Technical Change and the Costs of Kyoto" and "Gross World Product and Consumption in a 

Global Warming Model with Endogenous Technological Change." Resource and Energy Economics, March 

2003. 

The Kyoto-Marrakech system. An analytical paper by RIIA covers carbon markets established under the 

Kyoto mechanisms, business approaches to climate policy, the US position on climate change, regime 

development, prospects for the Kyoto system, and negotiations over further commitments. “A Strategic 

Assessment of the Kyoto-Marrakech System: Synthesis Report” Briefing Paper No. 6, Royal Institute of 

International Affairs, The Sustainable Development Programme, June 2003, 

http://www.riia.org/index.php?id=69&PHPSESSID=a51a995c040234fa0bb45bcf90e84385. 

The Nature Conservancy climate change mitigation technical documents. With support from USAID, three 

TNC papers present cutting-edge research and analysis on permanence, leakage, and scale, in the land use, landuse change, and forestry (LULUCF) sector. The documents are entitled “Carbon Accounting, Trading and the 

Temporary Nature of Carbon Storage;” “Scale of Land Use, Land-Use Change and Forestry in Developing 

Countries for Climate Mitigation;” and “Understanding and Managing Leakage in Forest-Based Greenhouse 

Gas Mitigation Projects,” TNC, April 2003, http://nature.org/initiatives/climatechange/docs/.

The Pew Center on Climate Change examines three carbon constraining options. A domestic GHG 

reduction program could take the shape of a cap and trade program, a GHG tax, or sectoral hybrid programs, 

according to this report. “Designing a mandatory GHG reduction program for the US,” Pew Center, May 2003, 

http://www.pewclimate.org/. 

The Pew Center on Climate Change reviews six diverse US emissions trading programs. Voluntary 

features have a role that merits inclusion in GHG trading programs, but cost savings benefits should be weighed 

against increasing emissions potential, say the authors. “Emissions trading in the US: Experiences, lessons and 

considerations for GHGs,” Pew Center, May 2003, http://www.pewclimate.org/.

Three recent working papers from CICERO: “Market power in the market for greenhouse gas emission 

permits - the interplay with the fossil fuel markets,” http://www.cicero.uio.no/publications/detail.asp?2049; 

“Enforcing the climate regime: Game theory and the Marrakesh Accords,” 

http://www.cicero.uio.no/publications/detail.asp?2048; “Estimating and managing uncertainties in order to detect 

terrestrial greenhouse gas removals,” http://www.cicero.uio.no/publications/detail.asp?2050. CICERO, December 

2002. 

Ton-year accounting and effective terrestrial measures. An article by UK and Finnish researchers illustrates 

that a ton-year approach to sequestration can be ineffective in long-term climate stabilization. They also show 

that the use of bioenergy from reforested areas to replace fossil fuels can control CO2 concentrations more 

effectively than permanent sequestration in forests. "The role of carbon sequestration and the tonne-year 

approach in fulfilling the objective of climate convention," Environmental Science and Policy, December 2002. 

Tyndall Centre researchers examine carbon sequestration processes. The first stage of the study, a pilot 

assessment of carbon sequestration (Tyndall research project IT1.22), is complete. A final overview and the 

final report examine sequestration against several criteria, including economic, environmental, political, social, 

legal, and technical factors. A larger, multi-disciplinary team has been assembled to implement a more 

ambitious integrated assessment of the potential for geologic sequestration in the UK (Tyndall research project 

T2.21). Tyndall Centre, February 2003, http://www.tyndall.ac.uk/forum/messages/archive/sequestration.html. 

UK report on low carbon energy technologies. Substantial cuts in emissions of CO2 can be achieved without 

major nuclear energy increase and without stunting economic growth, according to a report on energy 

commissioned for the prime minister's strategy unit. Decarbonisation of fossil fuels with sequestration of CO2

and renewable energy technology cost trends are also considered. The UK Secretary of State for Environment, 
NETL Carbon Sequestration Newsletter Annual Index 2002-03 35

Food and Rural Affairs, launched the report from Washington, DC. Imperial College Centre for Energy Policy 

and Technology (ICCEPT), http://www.iccept.ic.ac.uk/pdfs/Tech%20initiative%20ICCEPT%20FINAL.pdf. “UK 

Government: We can move toward a near-zero carbon future,” Hoover's, February 4, 2003. 

UNEP Guidelines for calculating greenhouse gas emissions for businesses. “The GHG Indicator: UNEP 

Guidelines for Calculating Greenhouse Gas Emissions for Businesses and Non-Commercial Organizations” 

helps organizations estimate and report GHG emissions. UNEPFI, March 2003, http://www.uneptie.org. 

U.S. Forest resources and climate change impact report. This Pew report presents the current state of 

knowledge about the ecological and economic effects of climate change on U.S. forestry. Forest location, 

composition, and productivity will be altered by changes in temperature, precipitation, and CO2 fertilization. 

“Forests and Global Climate Change: Potential Impacts on U.S. Forest Resources,” Pew Center on Climate 

Change, March 2003, http://www.pewclimate.org.

U.S. greenhouse gas emissions fell by 1.2 percent last year, the largest decrease in a decade, due in part to slow 

economic growth and a milder winter. “Emissions of Greenhouse Gases in the United States 2001,” DOE EIA, 

December 2002, ftp://ftp.eia.doe.gov/pub/oiaf/1605/cdrom/pdf/ggrpt/057301.pdf; and “Greenhouse Gases Decrease

Experts Cite U.S. Economic Decline, Warm Winter,” The Washington Post, December 21, 2002, 

http://www.washingtonpost.com. 

U.S. regional actions on climate mitigation. A publication released by the Pew Center presents case studies of 

nine states - Georgia, Massachusetts, Minnesota, Nebraska, New Jersey, North Carolina, Oregon, Texas, and 

Wisconsin - that have taken action to mitigate climate change. "Greenhouse & Statehouse: The Evolving State 

Government Role in Climate Change," Pew Center on Climate Change, November 2002, 

http://www.pewclimate.org.

Western oil and gas resources. A new national inventory of U.S. oil and gas resources beneath federal lands 

evaluates five major geologic basins in the interior West: the Paradox/San Juan Basins; the Uinta/Piceance 

Basins; the Greater Green River Basin; the Powder River Basin; and the Montana Thrust Belt. An estimated 57 

percent of oil and 63 percent of gas are available under standard stipulations. “Scientific Inventory of Onshore 

Federal Lands Oil and Gas Resources and Reserves and the Extent and Nature of Restrictions or Impediments to 

Their Development,” US Departments of Interior, Agriculture and Energy, January 2003, 

http://www.doi.gov/epca/. 

World energy policies. An analysis of developments in energy policies and markets in the Member countries 

of the International Energy Agency. CO2 emissions by sector in selected countries are provided. “Energy 

Policies of IEA Countries - 2002 Compendium,” IEA, December 2002, http://library.iea.org/dbtwwpd/Textbase/nppdf/cr/02/compendium2002.pdf. 

World energy wrt CO2 emissions. This working paper analyses the BP Statistical Review of World Energy 

with respect to CO2 emissions from fossil fuel consumption. “Analysis of BP statistical review of world energy 

with respect to CO2 emissions,” Germanwatch, http://www.germanwatch.org/rio/apbpst03.htm. 

World GHG Markets. Reports prepared on behalf of the NSS program of the World Bank give an overview of 

opportunities and current status of the Latin American GHG market. An updated version of 'World GHG 

Market' is also available. “The Latin American GHG Market,” Grütter Consulting, December 2002. 
NETL Carbon Sequestration Newsletter Annual Index 2002-03 36

Legislation 

October 2002 

 

More Stringent Energy Legislation in California. On September 13, 2000 California Governor Gray Davis 

signed legislation that will require the state to double its supply of renewable energy to 20 percent of all retail 

power sales by 2017, the highest level in the US. "New California Law Doubles Renewable Energy Target," 

Reuters, September 13, 2002, http://www.planetark.org/dailynewsstory.cfm/newsid/17745/story.htm.

November 2002 

 

A new Clean Air Act Reauthorization Multi-pollutant Bill. S.3135, or the Clean Air Planning Act of 2002, 

introduced by Senators Carper (D-Del.), Breaux (D-La.), Chafee, and Baucus sets moderate emissions levels for 

NOx, SOx, Mercury, and CO2. In it, CO2 would be capped and stabilized at 2005 levels in 2008, at roughly 2.6 

billion tons. In 2012, S. 3135 would require CO2 to be capped at 2001 levels. Flexibility measures would be 

incorporated. On NSR, S. 3135 would allow for a modification exemption at existing units so long as the capital 

project does not exceed 50 percent of the cost of a new facility or result in an emissions increase on a poundper-megawatt-hour basis. Text is available on the Thomas website, at http://thomas.loc.gov. October 21, 2002, 

http://carper.senate.gov/press/02/10/101802.html.

December 2002 

 

New South Wales energy providers face mandatory GHG limits. Australia's New South Wales Government 

tightened legislation, requiring energy providers to reduce GHG emissions or invest in offset projects within 

New South Wales only. The legislation comes into force on January 1, 2003 and calls for power companies to 

reduce emissions 5 percent below 1990 levels by 2007, and maintain those levels for a further five years. "No 

Green Credit Across The Border," Sydney Morning Herald, November 21, 2002, http://www.smh.com.au/. 

 

Kyoto ratification. New Zealand recently passed a Climate Change Response Bill, and intends to follow 

through with Kyoto Protocol ratification. South Korea has already handed in the Kyoto Protocol instrument of 

ratification to the UNFCCC (South Korea is not among the 38 developed countries that agreed to limit their 

GHG emissions, but will likely be obligated to make reductions between 2013 and 2017). Both Canada and 

Russia are still uncertain, though Chretien announced at August's Earth Summit in Johannesburg that his 

government will ratify Kyoto before the end of the year, and Russia has announced it will take another year to 

consider ratification. "New Zealand to ratify Kyoto Protocol in weeks," New Zealand Herald, November 14, 

2002. "Korea Sends ratification of the Kyoto pact to UN," JoongAng Ilbo, November 12, 2002. "Chretien vows 

to stop talking and ratify Kyoto," Inter Press Service, November 28, 2002, 

http://www.co2e.com/News/story.asp?StoryID=921. 

February 2003 

The Climate Stewardship Act of 2003. Introduced by Senators McCain and Lieberman, S.139 is a cap-and 

trade bill that contains the following language on sequestration: for the years 2010 through 2015, 15 percent of 

total allowance submission requirements may be satisfied by international trading, and sequestration, and after 

2015, only 10%. Definitions: The term ‘‘sequestration’’ means the capture, long-term separation, isolation, or 

removal of GHGs from the atmosphere. The term includes agricultural and conservation practices; 
NETL Carbon Sequestration Newsletter Annual Index 2002-03 37

reforestation; forest preservation; and any other appropriate method of capture, long-term separation, isolation, 

or removal of GHGs from the atmosphere, as determined by the Administrator. It does not include any 

conversion of, or negative impact on, a native ecosystem; any introduction of non-native species or genetically 

modified organisms; or forest monocultures. The draft of McCain and Lieberman's Climate Stewardship Act of 

2003, http://www.ieta.org/Library_Links/IETAEnvNews/McCainLiebermanBill.pdf. See also “New players on global 

warming,” New York Times, January 15, 2003, 

http://www.nytimes.com/2003/01/15/opinion/15WED1.html?ex=1043298000&en=989b7d5eff3e4269&ei=5062&partner=GOOGLE. 

The Global Climate Security Act of 2003. Daschle introduced S.17 on January 7th, which establishes a 

National Greenhouse Gas Emissions Information System and requires a National Assessment of Climate 

Change Impacts; establishes a 1990 GHG emissions level goal by 2013 for Federal government; requires a 

report on the most cost-effective policy options to reduce net Federal Government GHG emissions to zero by 

2025; establishes grants to states or local governments for operating GHG data collection, inventory, or trading 

systems; implementing GHG emission reduction or sequestration projects; and conducting research intended to 

reduce net GHG emissions in the U.S. through sustainable economic development, http://thomas.loc.gov. 

June 2003 

The Energy Policy Act of 2003 calls for the enhancement of domestic energy security and includes provisions 

for carbon sequestration R&D through the hydrogen fuel initiative and related to coal technologies. Status: On 

legislative calendar. Domenici, S 1005, May 6, 2003, http://thomas.loc.gov. 

Healthy Forests Restoration Act of 2003. One of the purposes of this bill is to protect, restore, and enhance 

degraded forest ecosystem types in order to promote the recovery of threatened and endangered species as well 

as enhance carbon sequestration. HR 1904, May 21, 2003, http://thomas.loc.gov.

Clean Smokestacks Act of 2003. By 2009, this bill caps CO2 emissions from powerplants at 1990 levels. HR 

2042 May 8, 2003, http://thomas.loc.gov. 

Energy Tax Incentives Act of 2003. Amends the Internal Revenue Code of 1986 to provide energy tax 

incentives. S.1149, May 23, 2003, http://thomas.loc.gov.

August 2003 

EPA analysis of Carper Bill. An Environmental Protection Agency analysis reveals that the CO2-reduction 

plan in Senator Carper’s alternative multipollutant bill can be carried out at negligible cost to industry. Retail 

prices for electricity would be only two-tenths of a cent per kilowatt higher than under Clear Skies. “EPA 

Withholds Air Pollution Analysis, Senate Plan Found More Effective, Slightly More Costly Than Bush 

Proposal,” Washington Post, July 1, 2003, http://www.washingtonpost.com/ac2/wpdyn?pagename=article&node=&contentId=A54598-2003Jun30¬Found=true.
NETL Carbon Sequestration Newsletter Annual Index 2002-03 38

Index 

A

ABB Gas Technology, 6 

Abraham, Spencer, 2, 4, 8 

Acid gas injection, 4 

Advanced Resources International, 11 

Advances in Environmental Research, 6 

AETF Review, 25 

Afforestation, 15, 31, 32 

Africa, 12, 14 

Africa News Service, 1 

AG Gas, 18 

Agricultural Producers Association of Saskatchewan (APAS), 

16 

AgWeb, 7 

Air & Waste Management Association, 4 

AIR Daily, 4, 10 

Alaska, 20, 29 

Alberta Energy, 11 

Alberta Resources Council, 10 

Alcoa, 25, 29 

Algae, 13, 22 

Algeria, 4 

Alstom, 6 

Ambio, 14 

American Association for the Advancement of Science 

(AAAS), 2 

American Electric Power, 3, 9, 24, 29 

American Geological Union, 20 

American Geophysical Union, 20, 21, 22 

Amine, 5, 6, 26 

Ammonia carbonation, 6 

Ammonium bicarbonate, 6 

Anadarko Petroleum Corp., 9, 10, 11 

Ananova, 24 

Antarctica, 21 

Appalachian Geophysical Services, 11 

Aqueous Ammonia, 6 

Arid lands, 17 

AScribe Newswire, 12 

Asia, 21 

Associated Press, 17, 18, 28 

Associated Press State & Local Wire, 4 

Australia, 2, 3, 4, 10, 11, 13, 18, 20, 22, 25, 30, 36 

Australian Broadcasting Company, 11 

Australian Coal Association, 10 

Australian Co-operative Research Center, 10 

Australian Institute of Marine Science (AIMS), 19 

B

Bajura, Rita, 3 

Baker & McKenzie, 24 

Battelle, 9, 11 

Baxter International Inc., 24 

BBC, 6, 8, 15, 24, 25 

Bellona, 11 

Bioenergy, 5, 10, 12, 34 

Biofuels, 27 

Biomass, 12, 14, 19, 21 

Black-carbon (soot), 20 

Bolivia, 16 

BP, 3, 4, 5, 8, 10, 16, 23, 25, 29, 35 

Brazil, 3, 15, 23 

British Airways, 25 

British Geologic Survey, 8 

Brookhaven National Laboratory, 18 

Bush Administration, 1, 2, 3, 4, 19, 24, 27, 37 

C

Calcium carbonate, 22 

Calgary Sun, 9 

California, 14, 20, 21, 36 

California Climate Action Registry, 22 

California Space Institute, 13 

Calpine, 26 

Canada, 3, 4, 10, 11, 15, 16, 20, 21, 26, 29, 31, 36 

Canadian Clean Power Coalition (CCPC), 5 

Canon USA, 26 

Capture Cost, 6, 8, 9, 10, 22, 26, 28, 30, 31, 32, 34 

CarboEurope, 13 

Carbon Credits, 1, 17, 22, 23, 24, 31, 32 

Carbon cycle, 11, 13, 15, 18, 21 

Carbon dioxide 

"Cushion gas", 6 

Atmospheric concentration, 11, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 

20, 21, 22, 27, 28, 29, 33 

Dispersion, 8 

Pipeline, 9, 10 

Storage Estimates, 11, 12, 13, 17, 19, 22, 29 

Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center, 14 

Carbon intensity, 1, 7, 29 

Carbon Isotopes, 15, 20 

Carbon Sequestration Leadership Forum (CSLF), 2, 3, 4 

Carbonates, 4, 7, 8 

Carper Bill, 37 

Casper Star Tribune, 3, 11 

CENS project, 11 

Center for Clean Air Policy, 27 

Centre for European Policy Studies, 33 

Centre for Power Efficiency and Environment Protection 

(CenPEEP), 5 

CERES, 29 

Charleston Daily Mail, 9 

Chemical Engineering, 5 

Chemical looping, 26 

Chemical News & Intelligence, 7 

ChevronTexaco, 10, 29 

Chicago Climate Exchange, 9, 22, 24, 27 

Chicago Tribune, 9 

China, 2, 3, 19 

Christian Science Monitor, 4, 18 

CICERO, 33, 34 

Cinergy, 29 

Civil Engineering, 5 

Clark Atlanta University, 12 

Clean Air Act, 26, 27 

Clean Air Plannin Act of 2002, 36 

Clean Coal Technology, 2, 3, 5 

Clean Energy Group, 26 
NETL Carbon Sequestration Newsletter Annual Index 2002-03 39

Clean Power Group, 26 

Clean Smokestacks Act of 2003, 37 

Clear Skies, 37 

Cleveland Plain Dealer, 2 

Climate Action Network Europe, 29 

Climate Change Central (C3 Views), 3, 9, 10 

Climate Change Risks, 27, 30, 31 

Climate Stewardship Act of 2003, 36 

Climate Trust, 12 

Climate VISION, 27 

Climatic Change, 12, 13 

CNN, 20 

CO2 Capture Project (CCP), 3 

CO2CRC, 11, 25 

CO2E.com, 1 

Coal 21, 10 

Coca-Cola, 26 

COGEN Europe, 29 

Colombia, 3 

Colorado, 2, 9, 10, 17 

Colorado State University, 17, 29 

Columbia University, 7, 20, 29 

Combined heat and power, 3, 29 

Conectiv Inc., 26 

Confederation of European Paper Industries, 30 

Connecticut, 27, 28 

ConocoPhillips, 29 

Conservation Fund, 12, 17 

Conservation International, 23 

CONSOL Energy, 3, 10 

Consolidated Edison Electric, 26 

Consortium for Agricultural Soils Mitigation of Greenhouse 

Gases, 12 

Cornell University, 19 

CRSwire, 25 

CSIRO, 20, 30 

CTI, 5 

D

Daily Herald-Tribune, 11 

DaimlerChrysler, 29 

Dakota EOR Project, 8 

Decarbonization, 6 

Denmark, 8, 11, 24 

Depleted oil and gas fields, 8, 9, 10 

Deschutes Resources Conservancy (DRC), 12 

Duke University, 29 

DuPont, 23, 24, 25, 26, 29 

E

E.ON, 1 

Ecological Society of America (ESA), 31 

Economics, 4, 6, 11, 15, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35 

Economist, 2, 20, 22 

Ecosystem response, 17 

Ecuador, 23 

Edie weekly summaries, 17, 19, 20, 26 

Edmonton Journal, 6 

El Paso Energy, 26 

Electricity Daily, 4, 7 

Encana, 10 

Energy Conversion & Management, 6, 7 

Energy Fuels, 6 

Energy Information Administration (EIA), 27, 30, 31, 35 

Energy Policy, 15, 25, 26, 28, 30, 31, 32 

Energy Policy Act of 2003, 37 

Energy Tax Incentives Act of 2003, 37 

Energy User News, 13 

Enhanced Coalbed Methane (ECBM), 9, 10, 11, 29, 32 

Enhanced frozen methane recovery, 5 

Enhanced Oil Recovery (EOR), 8, 9, 10, 11, 35 

ENN, 20 

ENS, 3, 25, 32, 33 

Entergy, 12, 19, 24, 26 

Environment, 32 

Environment International, 17, 18 

Environmental News Service, 20 

Environmental Pollution, 15 

Environmental Progress, 28 

Environmental Science and Policy, 34 

Environmental Science and Technology, 15 

Environmental Synergy Inc., 17 

Envirotech, Inc., 12 

EPA Climate Leaders, 25 

EPA SmartWay, 27 

Eprida Scientific Carbon, 5 

Equity Office Properties Trust, 24 

Ethanol, 7 

Europe Energy, 13 

European Commission, 3 

European Geological Society, 20 

European Union, 2, 3, 8, 10, 24, 25, 26, 31 

European Union of Geosciences, 20 

Evolution Markets, 24 

E-Wire, 7, 17 

Exelon, 26 

Exploration Alaska Inc., 5 

ExxonMobil, 1, 8, 10, 29 

F

FACE, 18 

Falcon Environmental Services, 7, 9 

Farm Bill, 16 

Federal Express, 26 

Feedback Mechanisms, 19, 21 

Finance, 27, 30 

Financial Times, 7, 8, 27 

Finland, 34 

Fires, 13 

Flare gas recovery, 6, 7 

FluxNet, 17 

Ford Motor Company, 24, 29 

Foreign Affairs, 30 

Forest Ecology and Management, 15 

Forestry chronicle, 15 

France, 8 

Fraunhofer Institute, 23 

Friends of Nature Foundation, 16 

FutureGen, 2, 3, 4 

G

Galapagos Islands, 21 

Gannett News Service, 19 

Gas turbine combined cycle, 6 

Gasification, 2, 5, 7, 25, 26, 30, 32 

General Electric, 1, 29 
NETL Carbon Sequestration Newsletter Annual Index 2002-03 40

General Motors, 29 

Genome News Network, 19 

Geologic Field tests, 4, 8, 9, 10, 32 

Georgia, 12, 35 

Georgia Institute of Technology, 12 

Geotimes, 10 

Germany, 8, 13, 23 

GHG registry, 24, 27 

GHGT-6, 4 

Global Carbon Project (GCP), 2 

Global Change Biology, 17 

Global Climate and Energy Research Project (G-CEP), 1, 3 

Global Climate Security Act of 2003, 37 

Global warming, 8, 9, 14, 18, 20, 27, 30, 33, 37 

Globe & Mail, 26 

Glomalin, 12 

Government Accountability Office (GAO), 31 

Grasslands, 13, 14, 18, 29 

Great Lakes region, 31 

Great Plains, 13 

Greater Green River basin, 29, 35 

GreenBiz.com, 27 

Greenhouse Gas R&D Programme, 4 

Greenhouse Resource Kit for Private Forest Growers, 30 

Greenland, 20 

Greenpeace, 26 

H

Harvard University, 16 

Healthy Forests Restoration Act of 2003, 37 

Honda, 29 

Hoover’s, 35 

Hot lime (CaO), 5 

Houston Business Journal, 7 

Houston Chronicle, 17 

Howell Corp., 9 

Hydrates, 28 

Hydrogasification, 5 

Hydrogen, 2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 12, 22, 37 

Hydrogen sulphide, 6 

Hymenaea, 15 

I

IBM, 29 

Ice Age, 20 

Idaho, 19 

IGCC, 4, 6, 32 

IKEA, 26 

Illinois, 9 

India, 2, 3, 5, 23 

Indonesia, 13 

Inside Energy, 8 

Inside Energy /with Federal Lands, 3, 4, 5, 7 

Inside Energy Extra, 4 

Insurance, 32 

Inter Press Service, 36 

Interface, 26 

International Center for Technology Assessment (ICTA), 26 

International Council of Forest and Paper Associations, 22 

International Energy Agency (IEA), 4, 30, 33, 35 

International Paper, 24, 29 

International Partnership for Climate Action, 26 

Internet Wire, 5 

Investor Responsibility Research Center (IRRC), 29 

IPCC, 2, 14, 20 

Iron fertilization, 21, 22 

Isoprene emissions, 14, 22 

Israel, 17 

Italy, 3, 27 

J

Jamaica, 23 

Japan, 2, 3, 4, 6, 13, 15, 23, 24, 25, 26, 31, 32 

Steel, 25 

Japanese Society of Energy and Resources (JSER), 4, 6 

Jiji Press, 15 

Joffre Viking, 10 

Jojoba Tree, 15 

JoongAng Ilbo, 36 

Jounal of Environmental Economics and Management, 28 

Journal of Environmental Management, 32 

Journal of Geophysical Research, 13, 16 

Journal of the Minerals, Metals, & Materials Society, 5 

K

Kaken Co., 22 

Kane, Bob, 8 

Kansai Electric Power Co., 13 

Kansas State University, 14 

Kennecott Energy, 3 

Keyspan, 26 

Kinder Morgan, 10, 11 

Klara, Scott, 3, 9, 28 

Korea, 26, 36 

Kyodo, 23 

Kyoto Protocol, 15, 23, 24, 25, 26, 28, 29, 30, 31, 33, 34, 36 

L

LaBarge, 9, 10 

Land use, 12, 13, 14, 19, 34 

Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, 6, 7, 21, 29 

Life cycle assessment, 6 

Lithium silicate, 6 

Loblolly pine, 15 

Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL), 5, 10 

Louisiana, 12 

M

M2 Presswire, 13, 19 

Mafic rocks, 10 

Maine, 27 

Manitoba Hydro, 24 

Marrakech System, 34 

Massachusetts, 16, 27, 35 

Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), 29, 33 

Maxam Gold Corportation, 7 

McCain-Lieberman Bill, 30 

McGill University, 29 

MeadWestvaco Corp., 24 

Mechanical Engineering, 5, 8 

Membranes, 5, 28 

Merit Energy, 10 

Methane, 6, 7, 19, 20, 26 
NETL Carbon Sequestration Newsletter Annual Index 2002-03 41

Methane Hydrates, 5, 20 

Methanol, 7 

Mexico, 3, 27 

Millennium Project, 1 

Minnesota, 35 

Mississippi River, 19 

Models and Modeling, 4, 7, 11, 12, 15, 17, 19, 21, 25, 28, 31, 

32, 33, 34 

Modern Power System, 6, 26 

Modular CO2 Capture Facility (MCCF), 7 

Mohave Desert, 18 

Monitoring, Mitigation, and Verification (MM&V), 8, 10, 13, 

19, 20, 34 

Montana, 3, 4 

Montana Forum, 3 

Montana Thrust Belt, 35 

Motorola, Inc., 24 

Mount Simon sandstone formation, 9 

Mountaineer Plant, 9, 11 

MSNBC, 14 

Mt. Pinatubo, 16 

N

NASA, 13, 16, 19, 20, 29 

National Center for Atmospheric Research, 29 

National Coal Council, 8 

National Energy Modeling System (NEMS), 30 

National Energy Technology Laboratory (NETL), 2, 3, 4, 7, 9, 

10, 28, 30, 32 

National Public Radio (NPR), 19 

National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL), 5, 12 

National Research Council, 3 

National Science Foundation (NSF), 14 

Natsource LLC, 31 

Natural Gas Storage, 6 

Natural Resources Defense Council (NRDC), 4, 9, 22 

Nature, 1, 2, 13, 14, 20, 21, 22, 29 

Nature Conservancy, 16, 34 

Naval Research Lab, 29 

Nebraska, 35 

Netherlands, 8, 31 

New Economics Foundation, 29 

New Haven Register, 28 

New Jersey, 23, 35 

New Jersey Star-Ledger, 23 

New Mexico, 10, 11, 32 

New Technology Week, 3, 4, 9 

New York, 19, 27 

New York Times, 2, 20, 27, 30, 37 

New York University (NYU), 7, 29 

New Zealand, 24, 33, 36 

New Zealand Herald, 24, 36 

New Zealand Refining Company, 24 

NewsRx.com, 22 

Nike, 26 

Nikkei Weekly, 22 

NiSource, 26 

Nitrogen, 5, 12, 14, 16, 18 

Norm Thompson Outfitters, 26 

Norsk Hydro, 8 

North American Coal Corporation, 3 

North Carolina, 15, 35 

Northern Miner, 18 

Norway, 3, 6, 8, 10, 11, 21, 24, 33 

Novel Capture, 4, 6 

O

Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL), 5, 6, 16, 19 

Ocean 

Arctic, 20 

Atlantic, 21 

Indian, 20 

North Atlantic, 21 

North Pacific, 21 

Pacific, 21 

Octane Week, 2 

OECD, 33 

Ohio River Valley, 8, 9, 11 

Ohio State University, 18 

Oil & Gas Journal, 10, 11 

Oil and Gas International, 8 

Oil Daily, 4 

Oil shale, 10 

Oklahoma, 10 

Olympian, 28 

Ontario Power Generation, 7 

Opinion poll, 33 

Orange County Register, 20 

Oregon, 19, 35 

Oregon Climate Trust, 23 

Ottawa Citizen, 21 

Oxy Permian, 7 

Oxyfuel combustor, 28 

P

Pacific Northwest Direct Seed Association, 19 

Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL), 5 

PacifiCorp, 3, 16 

Pan West Petroleum, 10 

Peabody Energy, 3 

Petro Source Carbon, 10 

Petroleum Finance Week, 9 

Pew Center on Global Climate Change, 26, 30, 31, 32, 34, 35 

PG&E, 22, 26 

Philippines, 16 

Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, 13 

Physics Today, 11 

Phytoplankton, 21, 22 

Pittsburgh Tribune Review, 3 

Planet Ark, 25 

Planktos Foundation, 21, 22 

Plant, Cell and Environment, 18 

Platts Energy, 26 

Point Carbon, 23, 25 

Poland, 10 

Portland Press Herald, 27 

Potassium carbonate, 5 

Powder River Basin, 9, 29, 35 

PR Newswire, 9, 12, 18, 22, 26 

PricewaterhouseCoopers, 24 

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 20 

PSEG, 26 

R

RAG American Coal Holding Inc., 3 
NETL Carbon Sequestration Newsletter Annual Index 2002-03 42

Reco-Maxam Solar Energy, LLC, 7 

RECOPOL, 10 

Red River, 12 

Reliant Energy, 17 

Research Institute of Innovative Technology for the Earth 

(RITE), 4 

Resource and Energy Economics, 34 

Resources for the Future (RFF), 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33 

Reuters, 8, 12, 21, 22, 23, 24, 28, 36 

Rice University, 27 

Rio Tinto Group, 3 

Riparian Restoration, 12 

Risk Desk weekly, 9 

Roadway Corporation, 26 

Royal Institute of International Affairs, 33, 34 

Royal Society of Britian, 13 

Rural areas, 12, 19, 20 

Russia, 3, 31, 36 

S

SACS partnership, 10 

Saline aquifer, 9, 10 

Salon, 25 

Salt Creek field, 9, 10, 11 

San Francisco Chronicle, 13 

San Juan Basin, 10, 11, 29, 35 

Sandia National Laboratory, 10 

Sarmiento, 11 

Saskatchewan Power Corporation, 15 

Saskatchewan Soil Conservation Association (SSCA), 16 

Schlumberger, 1 

Science, 4, 7, 8, 14, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 29 

Science Daily, 14, 17, 21 

Scientific American, 21 

Scientific Carbons, Inc., 12 

Seabed injection, 8 

Sempra Energy, 26 

Shell, 2, 25, 29 

Siemens Westinghouse, 26 

Sierra Club, 26 

Silesian Coal Basin, 10 

Single Oxide Fuel Cell (SOFC), 7, 26 

Sleipner, 4, 8, 9, 10 

Slovakia, 24 

Smith, Mike, 3 

Solid CO2 adsorbent, 6 

South Africa, 2, 3, 23 

Southern Co., 3, 29 

Soybean Digest, 16 

Space Daily, 21 

Space Flight Now, 16 

Stanford University, 1, 3 

Star Phoenix, 16 

Statoil, 6, 8, 10 

STMicroelectronics, 24 

Stora Enso North America, 24 

Strata Production Co, 10 

SUNY Albany, 16 

Sweden, 8, 15, 33 

Switzerland, 28 

Sydney Morning Herald, 11, 23, 25, 36 

Syngas, 5, 6 

T

Tax, 6, 24, 25, 26, 28, 29, 33, 34, 37 

Temple-Inland Inc., 24 

Texas, 7, 9, 10, 11, 17, 35 

Time, 24 

Toshiba, 6, 7 

TotalFinaElf, 8 

Toyota, 29 

Trigen Energy, 26 

Tundra, 20 

Turfgrass, 17 

TXU, 3, 29 

Tyndall Center, 34 

U

U.S. Bureau of Land Management, 9 

U.S. Department of Energy (DOE), 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 8, 9, 10, 11, 

13, 14, 17, 21 

U.S. Department of State, 2, 26, 27 

U.S. Department of the Interior, 12, 35 

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), 25, 26, 27, 30, 

37 

U.S. News & World Report, 9 

U.S. Senate, 27, 31 

Senator Baucus, 36 

Senator Breaux, 36 

Senator Carper, 36, 37 

Senator Chafee, 36 

Senator Daschle, 37 

Senator Domenici, 37 

Senator Lieberman, 30, 36, 37 

Senator McCain, 30, 36, 37 

UN, 14, 32, 36 

UNEP, 30, 31, 35 

UNESCO, 21 

UNFAO, 12 

UNFCCC, 9, 32, 36 

Union of Concerned Scientists (UCS), 31 

United Kingdom, 3, 4, 8, 13, 24, 25, 26, 34 

United Technologies Corp., 25 

University of Alaska at Fairbanks, 5 

University of Arizona, 29 

University of Basel Switzerland, 18 

University of California Berkeley, 16 

University of California Irvine, 16, 20, 29 

University of California Santa Barbara, 14 

University of Colorado, 14 

University of Houston, 29 

University of Illinois, 7, 18, 21, 29 

University of New Mexico, 29 

University of NSW, 10 

University of Oregon, 33 

University of St. Gallen, 31 

University of Texas at Austin, 29 

Unmineable coal seams, 10 

UPS, 26 

Urban areas, 15, 19, 20 

US News & World Report, 16 

USAID, 34 

USDA, 12, 13, 14, 17, 19 

Utica Energy, LLC, 7 
NETL Carbon Sequestration Newsletter Annual Index 2002-03 43

V

Valleys Energy Ltd., 4 

Vattenfall, 8 

VOA, 14 

Voluntary Programs, 12, 22, 24, 25, 26, 27, 33, 34 

W

Wall Street Journal, 8, 9, 12, 24 

Washington Post, 12, 26, 27, 28, 35, 37 

Washington State, 19, 28 

Waste Management, Inc., 24 

Waste News, 4 

West Pearl Queen reservoir, 10 

West Virginia, 9, 10 

Western Mail, 4 

Weyburn, 3, 8, 9, 10 

White House Weekly, 1 

White, Curt, 2, 4 

Wisconsin, 7, 9, 35 

Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, 20 

World Alliance for Decentralized Energy, 30 

World Bank, 23, 35 

World Petroleum Congress, 8 

World Resources Institute (WRI), 12 

World Summit on Sustainable Development, 1 

World Trade Organization (WTO), 29 

WWF, 30, 33 

Wyoming, 3, 9, 10 

X

Xcel Energy, 29 

Y

Yale University, 19 

Yellow Transportation, 26 

Yorke Peninsula Country Times, 10 
NETL Carbon Sequestration Newsletter Annual Index 2002-03 44

National Energy Technology Laboratory

626 Cochrans Mill Road

P.O. Box 10940

Pittsburgh, PA 15236-0940

3610 Collins Ferry Road

P.O. Box 880 

Morgantown, WV 26507-0880

Contacts: 

Scott Klara 

National Energy Technology Laboratory

Office of Fossil Energy 

412/386-4864 or 

scott.klara@netl.doe.gov

Sarah Forbes 

National Energy Technology Laboratory

Office of Fossil Energy 

304/285-4670 or 

sarah.forbes@netl.doe.gov

For more information on the Carbon Sequestration Program 

please visit our web site: 

NETL Carbon Sequestration Page @ 

http://www.netl.doe.gov/coalpower/sequestration 

CONTACT INFORMATION