USDA 

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United States Department of Agriculture 

Field Guide for Managing

Dyer’s Woad in the Southwest 

Forest Southwestern 

Service Region TP-R3-16-18 Revised June 2017 
 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Cover Photos 

Top: Steve Dewey, Utah State University, Bugwood.org 

Bottom left: Steve Dewey, Utah State University, Bugwood.org Bottom 

right: Steve Dewey, Utah State University,Bugwood.org 

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Dyer’s woad (Isatis tinctoria L.) 

Mustard family (Brassicaceae) 

Dyer’s woad is listed as a noxious weed in both Arizona 

and New Mexico. This field guide serves as the U.S. Forest 

Service’s recommendations for management of dyer’s 

woad in forests, woodlands, and rangelands associated with 

its Southwestern Region. The Southwestern Region covers 

Arizona and New Mexico, which together have 11 national 

forests. The Region also administers 4 national grasslands 

located in northeastern New Mexico, western Oklahoma, 

and the Texas panhandle. 

Description 

Dyer’s woad (synonyms: Asp-of-Jerusalem, glastum)is a 

member of the mustard family and grows as a winter 

annual, biennial, or short-lived perennial. It is native to 

southeastern Russia and was accidentally introduced into 

the western United States as a contaminant in alfalfa seed 

during the early 1900s. Although dyer’s woad has 

historically been cultivated for use as a blue dye, it is 

currently being studied for its anti-cancer properties and 

potential as a less toxic alternative to wood preservatives 

and inkjet printer fluid. 

Dyer’s woad has generally been ignored in the Southwest 

because it is not yet a widespread problem in the region. 

However, dyer’s woad offers an opportunity to be 

proactive in managing this invasive weed in its early stages 

of colonization. Success in keeping dyer’s woad from 

becoming a more extensive and expensive problem in the 

Southwest will likely come from working collaboratively 

and in coordination with the public and other land 

managers. 

Growth Characteristics 

• Grows as a winter annual, biennial or short-lived 

perennial herbaceous plant depending on local 

environmental conditions; 2 to 4 feet tall. 

• Produces a taproot (30 inches long) and lateral roots 

found mostly in the upper 12 inches of soil. 

• Has fine-haired, basal leaves in the rosette stage that 

are twice as long as they are wide with a pale mid-vein; 

grows an erect upright woody stem (20 to 35 inches) 

during bolting. 

• Stems leaves are 1 to 4 inches long, grayish-green, 

narrow, alternate, basally lobed; clasping stem. 

• Yellow, 4-petalled flowers occur mostly in April to July 

in flat-topped bunches at branch tips. 

• Fruits are a primary distinguishing feature. Thin, flat 

pods are initially green, turning black at maturity; the 

persistent, samara-like fruits hang from slender,short 

pedicels. 

• Reproduces via seed. Although one pod has only a 

single seed, each plant produces an average of 300 to 

500 seeds. Under certain conditions, a single plant may 

produce 10,000 seeds. 

Ecology 

Impacts/Threats 

Dyer’s woad develops dense, monotypic stands that crowd 

out native species. Established infestations reduce forage 

availability for cattle and horses, degrade wildlife habitat, 

lower flora and fauna species diversity, and decrease land 

values. A dominant presence can increase the potential for 

soil erosion. 

Site/Distribution 

This weed is common along roadsides and railway rightsof-way; upon dry, rocky foothills and hillsides; within both 

disturbed and undisturbed pastures and rangelands. It is a 

serious problem especially in intermountain sagebrush 

communities in Utah, Nevada, Wyoming, Montana, and 

California. It has been seen in Santa Fe and Sandoval 

Counties in New Mexico and Coconino County inArizona. 

Spread 

Seed is easily dispersed by animals, human activity, and 

water. Seed is spread long distances as a contaminant in 

alfalfa hay or seed, and by adhering to surfaces and 

undercarriages of vehicles and road maintenance 

equipment. 

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Invasive Features 

Dyer’s woad is an aggressive invader of dry lands due to 

its prolific seed production, early emergence, and deep 

taproot. Initial invasion may occur in a disturbed area; 

however, it can rapidly expand into undisturbed rangeland 

and wooded areas. Dyer’s woad produces a water-soluble 

chemical that inhibits germination of other plants and can 

delay its own germination until favorable precipitation 

levels are available. It grows rapidly between the rosette 

and flowering stages (up to 4 inches per week) and can resprout from adventitious buds at its crown. 

Management 

Due to copious seed production and seed bank formation, 

large populations of dyer’s woad are difficult to eradicate 

once established. Detecting and managing dyer’s woad 

soon after discovery are therefore important activities for 

control. Regardless of the management strategy used, 

components of a successful program for dyer’s woad 

control should include (1) public education and 

involvement, (2) periodically repeating treatments, (3) 

monitoring of treated areas, and (4) measures taken to 

control missed plants and emerging seedlings. 

The following actions should be considered when planning 

an overall management approach for dyer’s woad: 

• Maintain healthy plant communities and encourage 

the presence of ground litter to help suppress 

germination of dyer’s woad seedlings. This may 

involve using improved grazing management to 

prevent excessive grazing and reseeding areas with 

desirable grasses and forbs after disturbance. 

• Check hay, straw, and mulch for presence of weed 

seed before using in areas where dyer’s woad is not 

currently present; certified weed-free hay or pellets 

should be fed to horses used in backcountry areas. 

• Eradicate new populations of dyer’s woad as early as 

possible. 

• Combine mechanical, cultural, biological, and 

chemical methods for most effective dyer’s woad 

control. 

• Implement a monitoring and follow-up treatment 

plan for missed plants and seedlings. 

• Detect, report, and map large infestations. Keep 

annual records of reported infestations. 

Table 1 summarizes management options for controlling 

dyer’s woad under various situations. Further details on 

these management options are explained below. Choice of 

individual control method(s) for dyer’s woad depends on 

the extent and density of infestations, current land use, and 

site conditions (accessibility, terrain, microclimate, other 

flora and fauna present, etc.). Other considerations include 

treatment effectiveness, overall cost, and the number of 

years needed to achieve control. More than one control 

method may be needed for a particular site. 

Physical Control 

Although labor intensive, physical methods can be 

effective at controlling dyer’s woad if used consistently 

and repeatedly. By removing plants before seed set, seed 

production is reduced. Effectiveness of physical methods 

can be improved when combined with herbicide control. 

Manual Methods 

Hand removal – Hand pulling, hoeing or grubbing at least 

twice per year; once in May, just as flowers start to bloom 

and again 2 to 3 weeks later to eliminate any remaining 

plants. Montana’s Dyer’s Woad Cooperative Project has 

used hand pulling to attain high levels of control and to 

eradicate dyer’s woad from 9 of 13 infested counties. If 

flowers or seed pods are present, plant debris should be 

bagged and disposed of in a landfill to prevent germination 

and spread. At rosette and bolt stages, plants may bepulled 

and left onsite. 

Hand-cutting coupled with herbicide spot spraying upon 

remaining basal leaves is another effective management 

method; it reduces seed production and addresses root 

fragments. 

Mechanical Methods 

If using machinery to manage dyer’s woad, the equipment 

should be cleaned after use to prevent movement of seeds 

or root fragments into un-infested areas. 

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Mowing – Repeated mowing can reduce dyer’s woad seed 

production in localized, accessible situations, such as 

along roadsides or in agronomic settings. However, it is 

possible that mowing will increase regrowth from the root 

crown if done improperly. Consider repeated mowing 

(every 10 to 14 days) after plants have bolted, but before 

seed has set during the summer. Herbicide may be applied 

2 weeks before mowing. 

Tillage – Tillage can be effective against dyer’swoad but 

likely is feasible only in a limited number of settings. 

Areaswith suitable terrain should be tilled twice per year: 

once in the spring before seed production and again in the 

fall to capture late germinating plants. It is preferable to 

use tillage in combination with a reseeding effort. 

Table 1. Management options* 

Site Physical Control Cultural Control Biological Control Chemical Control 

Roadsides, Repeatedly mow during Use seed, mulch, and fill Use woad rust in For ground application, use 

fence lines, summer after bolting but materials certified to be weed- combination with herbicides truck-mounted or tractoror non-crop before seed set. free. (chlorsulfuron or pulled spraying equipment. 

areas 

Hand pull or grub; or cut 

stem, followed by herbicide 

on basal leaves. 

Clean machinery following 

activity in infested areas. 

Train road crews to identify 

and report, infestations; map 

reported populations. 

metsulfuron are 

compatible). Wash under vehicle after 

application to prevent 

spread. 

Rangelands, Use early spring or late fall Use seed and forage hay Use prescribed grazing with For extensive and dense 

pastures, or tillage where feasible; certified to be weed-free; use sheep or goats in infestations, use ground or 

riparian combine with herbicide. pellets for horses in combination with herbicide aerial broadcast spraying. 

corridors Prescribed burning is not 

recommended due to limited 

information on effects. 

backcountry areas. 

Reseed with plants that are 

desirable and will compete. 

control. 

Closely manage grazing to 

prevent overuse. 

For sparse infestations, use 

backpack or hand-held 

sprayer. 

Wilderness, Hand pull or grub beginning Use seed and forage hay Consider introducing a Use backpack or hand-held 

other natural in May and repeating every 2 certified to be weed-free; use biocontrol agent such as sprayers. 

areas, and/or 

small 

infestations 

to 3 weeks. Remove as much 

of the root as possible or dig 

up and sever root at least 2 

inches below crown. Bag and 

dispose of debris 

appropriately. 

pellets for horses in 

backcountry areas. 

Educate the public to 

identify and report 

infestations. 

woad rust (see table 3). Broadcast spraying by aerial 

or ground methods may be 

used on thicker stands, if 

allowed. 

After passing through 

infested areas, inspect and 

remove any seed from 

animals, clothing, and 

vehicles. 

* Choice of a particular management option must be in compliance with existing regulations for the land resource. 

Prescribed Fire 

Burning is not well studied as a management tool for 

controlling dyer’s woad. Based on response to other 

methods that only remove top growth, dyer’s woad is 

likely to rapidly regrow following a burn. Burning is 

acceptable as a means for disposal of plant debris. 

Cultural Control 

Early detection and plant removal are critical for 

preventing dyer’s woad establishment. Land managers, the 

local public, and road crews should be educated as to how 

to identify nonnative noxious species so they can help 

report all suspected infestations. Vehicles, humans, and 

livestock should be discouraged from traveling through 

infested areas; and a program to check and remove seeds 

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Table 2. Biocontrol agent approved for dyer’s woad 

Species Type of Agent Site of Attack/Impact Use/Considerations for 

Release Remarks 

Puccina 

thlaspeos 

Rust fungus Systemic for whole plant. Infects rosettes 

the first year; significantly impactsflower 

and seed production the second year, selfreplicating. 

Apply inoculum in the spring. 

Once established, the rust 

spreads on its own. 

Completes its life 

cycle on one host 

(autoecious). 

from vehicles and livestock should be implemented to 

help stop dispersal. Seed and materials used for mulch, 

forage, or fill should be certified to be weed-free; 

pellets may be used for horses in backcountry areas. If 

possible, remotely monitor and develop GPS-based 

maps of infested areas. Public involvement and 

collaborative programs may be considered to address 

existing and future dyer’s woad populations. 

Biological Control 

Grazing 

Sheep and goats both graze dyer’s woad. Sheep graze 

dyer’s woad until mid-May but prefer other more 

desirable forage species after that. Goats willingly eat 

dyer’s woad regardless of growth stage and timing. In 

order to impact seed production and plant mortality 

significantly, dyer’s woad needs to be clipped to less 

than a 2-inch height toward the end of May. To attain 

this high utilization rate, desirable species may also be 

damaged. Managers need to evaluate if using an 

intensive grazing approach outweighs the benefit. 

Classical Biological Control 

The USDA-approved rust fungus, Puccina thlaspeos, is 

naturally occurring and targets dyer’s woad specifically 

by suppressing or preventing seed formation (table 2). 

Complete seed destruction is rare, and viable seed can 

still be produced by diseased plants. Infected plants 

have a stunted growth appearance with curled, sickly 

leaves. The rust normally spreads slowly, but 

researchers have found that collected material 

containing the rust can be dried, ground up, and mixed 

in a solution for spraying. For further information on 

biocontrol of dyer’s woad, see Jacobs and Pokorny 

(2007) in the “References and Further Information” 

section of this field guide. 

Organisms (insects, pathogens, etc.) used as biocontrol 

agents in southwestern States should be adaptable to 

arid environments and local conditions. Public, tribal, 

and private land managers may obtain biocontrol agents 

for release directly from local offices of the USDA 

Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (APHIS) 

when these agents are available. Other sources for 

biocontrol agents include locally developed insectaries 

or private companies. 

A permit must be obtained from APHIS before 

biocontrol agents can be transported across State lines. 

Regulations and permit applications (PPQ 526 permit 

forms) pertaining to interstate shipment of biocontrol 

agents can be found at https://www.aphis.usda.gov/ 

aphis/ourfocus/planthealth/import-information/permits/ 

regulated-organism-and-soil-permits/sa_apply/ 

ct_plantpest_howtoapply. Although biocontrol agents 

may be collected and released internally in a given State 

without an APHIS permit, the State’s department of 

agriculture or agricultural extension service should be 

consulted for any regulations relating to movement of 

these agents within the State. 

Chemical Control 

Herbicides listed in table 3 can be an effective and 

economical management tool, but one always include 

monitoring and a follow-up treatment plan when 

developing a strategy to control dyer’s woad. Single 

herbicide applications rarely provide complete control 

and, at a minimum, several years are needed to attain 

long-term control. 

For all herbicide applications, it is important to read the 

herbicide label, as different products will have different 

requirements and restrictions. Label instructions and 

guidelines for mixing, application, and grazing 

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Table 3. Herbicide recommendations 

Common 

Chemical 

Name (active 

ingredient) 

Product 

Example1 

Broadcast 

Treatment 

(rate per acre) 

Spot 

Treatment 

(spray 

solution) 2 

Time of 

Application Remarks 

Metsulfuron Escort XP 0.75–1 ounce 1% Rosette to 

bloom stage. 

Selective broadleaf herbicide; noninjurious to most perennial grasses; 

absorbed through foliage; inhibits cell 

division. 

Best as a post-emergent; add 0.25% 

v/v nonionic surfactant. 

Chlorsulfuron Telar XP 1–3 ounces 0.7–2% Seedling to 

rosette. 

Semi-selective; safe for labeled grasses; 

growth inhibitor; absorbed by foliage 

and roots; best applied during warm, 

moist season. 

Pre-emergent or post-emergent; use 

0.25% v/v nonacidic adjuvant for postemergent application. 

Imazapic Plateau 8–12 ounces 1–3% Rosette to 

bolting plants. 

Selective broadleaf herbicide; noninjurious to most perennial grasses; use 

higher rate at later life stages. 

2,4-D 3 several 

manufacturers 

1.5–2 quarts 1–5% Seedling to 

rosette stage. 

Use higher rate on sites with high dyer’s 

woad densities. In combination with a 

surfactant, may adversely impact woad rust. 

Metsulfuron + 

2,4-D amine3 

tank mix 0.5 ounce 

Escort + 3 pints 

2,4-D 

1% In spring; bud to 

early bloom. 

Addition of 2,4-D improves weed control 

under dry, dusty conditions. 

Addition of 2,4-D with a surfactant 

may impact woad rust. 

Chlorsulfuron + 

2,4-D3 

tank mix 1–3 ounces + 3 

pints 2,4-D 

1% Same as above. Same as above. 

1 Trade names for products are provided for example purposes only, and other products with the same active ingredient(s) may be available. Individual 

product labels should be examined for specific information and appropriate use with dyer’s woad. 

2 Spray solution is the herbicide/water ratio in a spray mix that may be used for spot treatment with backpack or hand-held sprayers. The amount of product 

applied during an annual growing season must not exceed the maximum application rate per acre as specified by the product label – refer to the product 

label for the site type and application. 

3 2,4-D is a restricted use pesticide in New Mexico only. A certified applicator’s license is required for purchase and use. 

restrictions following treatment should always be 

followed. Consult the registrant if you have questions or 

need further detail. 

Herbicide Application 

Dyer’s woad is most susceptible to metsulfuron (Escort®) 

or chlorsulfuron (Telar®) applied alone or in combination 

with 2,4-D or dicamba (i.e., Cimarron Plus® or Cimarron 

Max®). A nonionic surfactant should be added to these 

spray mixtures as specified on the herbicide label. These 

herbicides are most effective when applied during the 

seedling to rosette stages up to bolting and flowering. 

Spraying during the early flower stage and before seed 

formation prevents viable seed production. Imazapic 

(Plateau®) with methylated seed oil (MSO) will also 

control dyer’s woad when applied to rosettes or bolting 

plants. If 2,4-D is used, early spring timing will reduce 

impacts to non-target plant species. However, dyer’s woad 

should be allowed to germinate and form rosettes when 

spring herbicide applications are used. Dyer’s woad 

tolerance to herbicide increases at later life stages; 

therefore, increased application rates should be anticipated. 

Herbicides may be applied with backpack or hand-held 

sprayers, ATV or UTV sprayers, or conventional boom 

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sprayers that are pulled or attached to a tractor or truck. 

Equipment used to spray herbicide should be calibrated. 

For sparse populations, one person or a small team can 

spot spray dyer’s woad by wetting the foliage and stems 

without dripping with the use of an adjustable spray nozzle 

attached to a backpack or hand-held sprayer. Generally, a 

1 percent solution of metsulfuron or a 5 percent solution of 

2,4-D is an effective rate for spot treatment. 

Management Strategies 

Small or isolated infestations on otherwise healthy sites 

should be given high priority for treatment, followed by 

treatment of corridors with a high likelihood for spread, 

such as roadsides and waterways. A combination of 

control methods—as outlined in this guide—should 

always be considered as a long-term approach for dyer’s 

woad control. For example, methods for physical or 

biological control used in combination with herbicide 

application can be effective options. 

Typically, reseeding is not necessary after spraying dyer’s 

woad. Treatments with metsulfuron and chlorsulfuron will 

selectively control dyer’s woad and allow native grasses to 

return naturally. If reseeding is necessary (especially after 

tillage), local conditions should dictate when the reseeding 

is accomplished. In Arizona and New Mexico, seed of 

desirable grasses and forbs is generally planted in late 

summer or early autumn. 

Because each treatment situation is unique, the strategy 

adopted for dyer’s woad control must involve careful 

planning and a long-term commitment to management 

actions. Dyer’s woad cannot be effectively controlled 

within a single year or by using only one method. 

Complete control will likely require 3 to 10 years of 

repetitive treatment. Since it is ordinarily useless to treat 

an area only one time without retreatment, sufficient 

resources must be allocated for the area where control is 

attempted. After initial treatment, it is important that 

resources are also available to respray or retreat the treated 

area as necessary. Previously treated areas should always 

be continuously monitored and retreated when necessary 

to control recovering dyer’s woad. Failure to perform 

follow-up management may result in a return of the 

infestation to pretreatment levels. 

References and Further 

Information 

Davison, J.C., E. Smith, and L.M. Wilson. 2007. Livestock 

Grazing Guidelines for Controlling Noxious Weeds 

in the Western United States. A Western Region 

Sustainable Agriculture, Research and Education 

Project. EB-06-05. Pp. 20–21. Available athttp:// 

www.cnr.uidaho.edu/rx-grazing/Livestock_Graizng_ 

Guidelines%28Davison_et_al.%202007%29.pdf 

(accessed July 2010) 

Duncan, K., K. McDaniel and M. Renz 2005. Chemical 

Weed and Brush Control for New Mexico 

Rangelands. New Mexico State University College 

ofAgriculture and Cooperative Extension Service. 

Pp. 7. Available at http://aces.nmsu.edu/pubs/ 

_circulars/CR_597.pdf (accessed July 2010) 

Encycloweedia Datasheets by California Department of 

Food and Agriculture. Available at http://www.cdfa. 

ca.gov/phpps/ipc/weedinfo/isatis.htm (accessed July 

2010) 

Invasive Plant Atlas of the United States. Available at 

http://www.invasive.org/weedus/index.html 

(accessed July 2010) 

Jacobs, J. and M. Pokorny. 2007. Ecology and 

Management of Dyer’s Woad (Isatis tinctoria). 

USDA/NRCS Invasive Species Technical Note No. 

MT-10. Available at http://www.msuextension.org/ 

ruralliving/ Dream/PDF/Weed/dyers_woad.pdf 

(accessed July 2010) 

Kedzie-Webb, S., R. Sheley and S. Dewey. 2000. Dyers 

Woad: A Threat to Rangeland in Montana. Montana 

State Univ. Extension Publication No. MT199614. 

Available at http://www.co.yellowstone.mt.gov/ 

extension/ag/pubs/mt9614.pdf (accessed July 2010) 

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McAdoo, J.K. and J. Carpenter. 2002. Woad Warriors 

Community Weed Awareness. University of 

Nevada-Reno Cooperative Extension Publication 

02-62. Available at http://www.unce.unr.edu/ 

publications/files/nr/2002/FS0262.pdf (accessed July 

2010) 

New Mexico State University. Weed Information. 

Available at: http://weeds.nmsu.edu/ (accessed July 

2010) 

Pokorny, M.L. and J.M. Kruger-Mangold. 2007. 

Evaluating Montana’s Dyer’s Woad (Isatis tinctoria) 

Cooperative Eradication Project. Weed Technology 

21:262–269. Available at http://www.weedcenter. 

org/inv_plant_info/docs/MT-Dyers_woad.pdf 

(accessed July 2010) 

USDA Forest Service. 2006. Weed of the Week: Dyer’s 

woad (Isatis tinctoria L.) Available at http://www. 

invasive.org/weedcd/pdfs/wow/dyers_woad.pdf 

(accessed July 2010) 

USDA Plants Database. 2010. Available at http://plants. 

usda.gov/java/profile?symbol=ISTI (accessed July 

2010) 

Washington State Noxious Weed Control Board. 1999. 

Dyer’s Woad: Written Findings. Available at http:// 

www.nwcb.wa.gov/weed_info/Written_findings/ 

Isatis_tinctoria.html (accessed July 2010) 

West, N.E. and K.O. Farah. 1989. Effects of Clipping and 

Sheep Grazing on Dyer’s Woad. Journal of Range 

Management 42(1):5–10. 

Zouhar, Kris. 2009. Isatis tinctoria. In: Fire Effects 

Information System (Online). U.S. Department of 

Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain 

Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory 

(Producer). Available athttp://www.fs.fed.us/ 

database/feis/ (accessed July 2010) 

Suggested Web Sites 

For information on invasive species: 

National Invasive Species Information Center: 

http://www.invasivespeciesinfo.gov/ 

Center for Invasive Species and Ecosystem Health 

https://www.invasive.org/species.cfm 

For information about calibrating spray equipment: 

NMSU Cooperative Extension Service Guide A-613, 

Sprayer Calibration. Available at 

http://aces.nmsu.edu/pubs/_a/A613 

Herbicide labels online: Available at 

http://www.cdms.net/ 

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For more information or 

other field guides, contact: 

USDA Forest Service 

Southwestern Region 

Forest Health 

333 Broadway Blvd., SE 

Albuquerque, NM 87102 

Or visit the Southwestern Region’s 

website for invasive species: 

http://www.fs.usda.gov/goto/r3/invasivespecies 

The use of trade or firm names in this publication is for reader 

information only and does not imply endorsement of any 

product or service by the U.S. Department of Agriculture. 

Recommendations made here for 

pesticide use are not obligatory, 

nor do they imply that discussed 

uses have been registered. All 

uses of pesticides must be 

registered by appropriate State 

and/or Federal agencies before 

they can be applied. 

CAUTION: Pesticides can be 

injurious to humans, domestic 

animals, desirable plants, and fish or other wildlife—if they 

are not handled or applied properly. Use all pesticides 

carefully and lawfully. Follow recommended practices for the 

disposal of surplus pesticides and pesticide containers.