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RIbureau of mines 6 1

report of investi ons6516,

EXPLOSIBILITY OF METAL POWDERS

By Murray Jacobson, Austin R. Cooper, and John Nagy

20010917 067

Reproduced From

£NT or. Best Available Copy

UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR

BUREAU OF MINES \v,.. >. C. f.j

1964
EXPLOSIBILITY OF METAL POWDERS

By Murray Jacobson, Austin R. Cooper, and John Nagy

Sreport of investigations 6516

~t4T 0~

UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR

Stewart L. Udall, Secretary

BUREAU OF MINES

Marling J. Ankeny, Director
This publication has been cataloged as follows:

Jacobson, Murray

Explosibility of metal powders, by Murray Jacobson, Austin

R. Cooper, and John Nagy. [Washington] U. S. Dept. of the

Interior, Bureau of Mines [1964]

25 p. illus., tables. (U. S. Bureau of Mines. Report of investigations 6516)

1. Dust explosion. I. Title. II. Title: Metal powders, Explosibility of (Series)

TN23.U7 no. 6516 622.06173

U. S. Dept. of the Int. Library
CONTENTS

Page

Abstract ................................................................. i..... 1

Introduction ................................................................. 1

Sample description and reporting procedures ................................ 2

Discussion of explosibility data ............................................ 3

Particle diameter ............................................................ 7

Ignition temperature of dust layers ......................................... 9

Pyrophoricity ............................................................... 9

Prevention of ignition and explosion ....................................... 10

Appendix ................................................................... .... 11

ILLUSTRATIONS

Fig.

1. Pressure and rate of pressure rise developed by explosions of

flaked and atomized aluminums ...................................... 6

2. Effect of average particle diameter of atomized aluminum on

explosibility index .............................................. 7

3. Effect of average particle diameter of atomized aluminum on

explosion parameters ................................................ 8

TABLES

1. Ignition and explosibility of metal powders .......................... 4

2. Ignition and explosion parameters of aluminum alloys ............... 7

3. Effect of coarse combustible particles on pressure and rates of

pressure rise developed by atomized aluminum (33) dust explosions 9

4. Ignition and reaction temperatures of metal-powder layers in an

air, carbon dioxide, or nitrogen atmosphere ...................... 10

A-1. Description, explosibility index, and particle size of dusts ....... 11

A-2. Ignition sensitivity, relative flammability, and limiting oxygen

concentration of atmosphere for dusts ............................. 15

A-3. Explosion severity, pressures, and rates of pressure rise of dust

explosions ............... .............................. 4 ......... 20
EXPLOSIBILITY OF METAL POWDERS

by

Murray Jacobson,1 Austin R. Cooper,2 and John Nagy 3

ABSTRACT I

Data obtained in the Bureau's study of dust explosions of 313 elemental

metals, alloys, catalysts, and ores comprising 54 types of material are summarized. Information is given on ignition temppature, spark energy for ignition, minimum explosion concentration, explosion pressure, rate of pressure

rise, and in some instances, the admixed inert dust and oxygen concentration

in an atmosphere required to prevent ignition of dust dispersions. The effects

of particle diameter on explosibility and pyrophoricity are also discusse

INTRODUCTION

Explosion hazards of numerous dusts have been evaluated during the past

25 years by the Bureau of Mines. These data are being grouped according to

type of material and are being made available to industry. Publications on

agricultural4 and plastics5 dusts have been released. The present report

lists laboratory data on 313 metal, alloy, catalyst, and ore samples comprising

54 separate types of material; it supersedes earlier reports in which limited

'Supervisory research physicist, Health and Safety Research and Testing Center,

Bureau of Mines, Pittsburgh, Pa.

2 Physical science technician, Dust Explosions Research Section, Branch of Dust

Explosions, Health and Safety Research and Testing Center, Bureau of Mines,

Pittsburgh, Pa.

SChief, Branch of Dust Explosions, Health and Safety Research and Testing

Center, Bureau of Mines, Pittsburgh, Pa. 4 Jacobson, Murray, John Nagy Austin R. Cooper, and Frank J. Ball. Explosibility of Agricultural Dusts. BuMines Rept. of Inv. 5753, 1960, 23 pp.

sJacobson, Murray, John Nagy, and Austin R. Cooper. Explosibility of Dusts

Used in the Plastics Industry. BuMines Rept. of Inv. 5971, 1962, 30 pp.

Work on manuscript completed March 1964.
2

data on metals were published.s The equipment and procedures used in dust

explosibility evaluation have been described previously. 7

SAMPLE DESCRIPTION AND REPORTING PROCEDURES

A description of the samples tested is contained in the appendix. The

particle size of a dust is shown as the percentage smaller than a given diameter (in microns), 8 and when available the average particle diameter determined by the Fisher subsieve analyzer is included.

An empirical explosibility index is used in rating the hazard of a dust.

This index is not derived from theoretical considerations, but is consistent

with observations in research and from experience. The index of explosibility

is related to ignition sensitivity and explosion severity. Ignition sensitivity is assumed to be a function of ignition temperature, minimum ignition

energy, and minimum explosive concentration. Explosion severity is assumed

to be a function of maximum explosion pressure and rate of pressure rise. The

ignition sensitivity, explosion severity, and explosibility index are defined

as unity for a dust having ignition and explosion characteristics similar to

that of Pittsburgh seam coal and are calculated as follows:

Ignition . (Ign. temp. x min. ign. energy x min. conc.) Pgh. coal dust

sensitivity (Ign. temp. x min. ign. energy x min. conc.) sample dust

Explosion . (Max. explosion press. x max. rate of press. rise) sample dust

severity (Max. explosion press. x max. rate of press. rise) Pgh. coal dust

Index of explosibility = Ignition sensitivity x explosion severity.

6 Hartmann, Irving. The Explosion Hazard of Metal Powders and Preventive

Measures. Metals Handbook. Am. Soc. Metals, 1948, pp. 52-54.

Hartmann, Irving, and Harold P. Greenwald. The Explosibility of Metal Powder

Dust Clouds. Min. and Met., v. 26, July 1945, pp. 331-335.

Hartmann, Irving, John Nagy, and Hylton R. Brown. Inflammability and Explosibility of Metal Powders. BuMines Rept. of Inv. 3722, 1943, 44 pp.

Hartmann, Irving, John Nagy, and Murray Jacobson. Explosive Characteristics

of Titanium, Zirconium, Thorium, Uranium, and Their Hydrides. BuMines

Rept. of Inv. 4835, 1951, 16 pp. 7 Dorsett, Henry G., Jr., Murray Jacobson, John Nagy, and Roger P. Williams.

Laboratory Equipment and Test Procedures for Evaluating Explosibility of

Dusts. BuMines Rept. of Inv. 5624, 1960, 21 pp.

8 Sieve No. Size, microns Sieve No. Size, microns

20 ................. 840 270 ................. 53

100 ................. .149 325 ................. 44

140-................. 105 400 ................. 37

200 .................. 74

9Reference to specific brands is made to facilitate understanding and does

not imply endorsement of such items by the Bureau of Mines.
3

The relative hazard of a dust is also given by adjective ratings of none,

fire, weak, moderate, strong, and severe. These ratings are correlated with

the index of explosibility as follows:

Relative explosion hazard index Index of

explosibility

None........................... 0

Weak ........................... <.1

Moderate ....................... 0.1 - 1.0

Strong ......................... 1.0 - 10.0

Severe ............................ >10

Materials that are not ignited by electric spark or in the furnace are

considered to present no explosion hazard. A notation of <<0.1 designates

materials that ignite in the furnace but not by the spark or flame source.

In calculating explosion severity, the explosion pressure and maximum

rate of pressure rise developed at a dust concentration of 0.50 oz/cu ft are

used except for the aluminum-iron alloy, cadmium, and gold bronze; the dust

concentrations of these materials were 1.0, 1.0, and 2.0 oz/cu ft, respectively. Two techniques were used in obtaining explosion pressure and rate

of pressure rise in the studies on metal dusts. Before 1950, dust was dispersed by an airblast from an 80-cubic-inch reservoir charged to 14-psig

pressure (technique A). Since then, dispersion is accomplished by air flowing from a 3-cubic-inch reservoir charged to 100-psig pressure (technique B).

To eliminate differences in observed explosion severity and index of explosibility from data obtained by each of these two methods, conversion factors

are applied to the data obtained by technique A to make them similar to those

from technique B. The conversion factors for maximum pressures and the rates

of pressure rise obtained by technique A are 1.4 to 2.0, respectively, at dust

concentrations ranging from 0.10 to 2.00 oz/cu ft. These factors were

obtained from regression analysis of data from duplicate tests, using both

techniques on more than 100 samples that included metal powders.

DISCUSSION OF EXPLOSIBILITY DATA

-Table 1 summarizes the ignition and explosion characteristics of the 54

materials studied.4 Complete data for all the samples are given in the appendix. In addition to the data for computing the explosibility indexes, the

appendix contains information on the ignition temperature and minimum igniting

energy of the dust layer, the relative flammability (percent added inert dust

required to prevent ignition by spark and by heated surface), the terminal

oxygen concentration in the atmosphere to prevent ignition by spark and by

the heated surface, and the maximum pressure and rate of pressure rise developed by explosions of dust clouds at concentrations from 0.1 to 2.0 oz/cu ft.

In the discussions, samples are identified with those in the appendix by line

number shown parenthetically.
, -4

TABLE 1. - Ignition and explosibility of metal powders

Ignition Minimum Minimum Maximum

Line temperature,' explosive igniting Maximum rate of Index of

Material No. 0 C concen- energy for pressure, pressure exploCloud Layer tration, dust cloud, psig rise, sibility

_ oz/cu ft millijoules psi/sec

Severe

Aluminum, atomized .............. 1 650 760 0.045 50 73 20,000+ >10

Aluminum-magnesium alloy ........ 249 430 480 .020 80 86 10,000 >10

Magnesium ......................... 159 620 490 .040 40 90 9,000 >10

Thorium hydride ................. 191 260 20 .080 3 60 6,500 >10

Zirconium ......................... 228 20 190 .045 215 55 6,500 >10

Uranium hydride ................. 212 20 20 .060 25 43 6,500 >10

Titanium .......................... 194 330 510 .045 25 70 5,500 >10

Uranium ........................... 211 20 2100 .060 245 53 3,400 >10

Thorium ........................... 190 270 280 .075 5 48 3,300 >10

Strong

Titanium hydride ................ 205 480 540 0.070 60 96 12,000 6.0

Zirconium hydride ............... 232 350 270 .085 60 69 9'.000 3.7

Aluminum-silicon alloy .......... 258 670 - .040 60 74 7,500 3.6

Calcium silicide ................ 267 540 540 .060 150 73 13,000 2.0

Iron, carbonyl .................. 126 320 310 .105 20 41 2,400 1.6

Ferrotitanium ................... 281 370 400 .140 80 53 9,500 1.3

Coal, Pittsburgh seam ........... 610 180 .055 60 83 2,300 1.0

Moderate

Silicon ........................... 184 - 790 0.110 100 82 12,000 0.9

Boron .............................. 98 470 400 <.100 60 90 2,400 .8

Aluminum-nickel alloy ........... 253 950 540 .190 80 79 10,000 .6

Aluminum-lithium alloy .......... 244 470 400 <.100 140 96 3,700 .6

Aluminum-cobalt alloy ........... 236 950 570 .180 100 78 8,500 .4

Ferromanganese .................. 272 450 290 .130 80 47 4,200 .4

Aluminum-copper alloy ........... 237 - 830 .100 100 68 2,600 .3

Chromium .......................... 107 580 400 .230 140 55 4,000 .1

Manganese ......................... 170 460 240 .125 305 48 2,800 .1

Tantalum .......................... 186 630 300 <.200 120 50 2,600 .1

Tin ................................ 193 630 430 .190 80 37 1,300 .1

Zirconium alloy ................. 289 420 340 - 30 43 300 -

Weak

Aluminum-iron alloy ............. 241 870 750 - 720 62 1,800 -

Zinc .............................. 217 680 460 0.500 960 48 1,800 <0.1

Gold bronze ....................... 284 370 190 1.000 - 44 1,300

Ferrosilicon .................... 278 860 - .425 400 50 700 <.i

Vanadium .......................... 213 500 490 .220 60 48 600 <.I

Antimony ........................... 90 420 330 .420 1,920 8 100 <.i

Cadmium ........................... 101 570 250 - 4,000 7 100 -

Iron ore, pyrite ................ 305 420 - - - - -

Ferrovanadium ................... 282 440 400 1.300 400 <.i

Ferrochromium ................... 269 790 670 2.000 -

Lead ............................... 138 710 270 - - - - <<0.

Manganese ore (sulfide) ......... 312 320 300 - - - - << .1

Tellurium ......................... 189 550 340 - - - - << .1

Nickel ore (sulfide) ............ 313 - 340 - - - - << .1

Molybdenum ........................ 171 720 360 - - - - << .1

Cobalt ............................ 109 760 370 - - - - << .1

Copper ore (sulfide) ............ 299 - 390 - - - - << .1

Tungsten .......................... 208 730 470 - - - - << .1

Lead ore (sulfide) .............. 308 - -600 - - 39 200 << .1

Beryllium .......................... 95 910 540 - - - - << .1

Copper ............................ 110 700 - - - - - << .1

None

Aluminum-bronze alloy ........... 234 - 990 - - -

Beryllium-copper alloy .......... .259 - - - -

Manganese-bronze alloy .......... 285 - 910 - -

Nickel ............................ 172 - - - ----

Selenium .......................... 174 -...

Stainless steel .................... 286 - - -

IThese data apply to relatively coarse dust (through a No. 200 sieve) but not to submicron powder. 2 1n this test less than 1 gram of powder was used. Larger quantities ignited spontaneously. 3 lgnition by guncotton flame; electrical spark source used for ignition of other metals.
5

Values of electrical spark energy for ignition of dust clouds and dust

layers are given in the appendix. Little correlation exists between the

energies for ignition of the dispersed and undispersed dusts, primarily

because of differences in experimental techniques used, as was previously

discussed."0

The materials in table 1 are listed in decreasing order of explosibility.

The relative position of each material is determined by the sample within the

group having the highest index of explosibility. The arrangement is approximate because of the wide range of indexes within the group. Variation in

explosibility index for a given material is attributed to differences in composition, particle size, particle shape, and to the variation in reproducibility with the test equipment.

Information on variation of explosibility for similar dusts prepared to a

given specification is obtained from data for nine samples of No. 101 atomized

aluminum (lines 23 through 31). Six of these nine samples (received from two

manufacturers over a 12-year period) have an average index of explosibility of

0.97 with a range from 0.6 to 1.4. Comparison of the variances calculated for

the indexes of explosibility from these 6 samples of aluminum and from 10 samples of a cornstarch" prepared from a single lot shows no significant difference at the 95-percent confidence level. This indicates that the spread of the

indexes for the aluminum samples is not significantly different from that

expected for samples taken from a single lot. Relatively slight variation

exists in a given ignition or explosion parameter of aluminum No. 101. For

example, the average value of minimum explosive concentration for the nine

samples is 0.051 oz/cu ft with a range from 0.045 to 0.060 oz/cu ft; the average explosion pressure at 0.5-oz/cu ft concentration is 73.4 psig with a range

from 69 to 78 psig.

The atomized aluminum, with some exceptions, does not ignite in the furnace but ignites by a high-voltage spark; the natural oxidation coating on the

particles probably prevents initiation of the reaction in the furnace but has

little influence on initiation by spark. The flaked aluminum, having a

stearic acid or other protective coating on the particles is readily ignited

by both sources. Data shown in figure 1 for explosion pressure and rate of

pressure rise are average values for 15 of the finest atomized and flaked

. aluminums studied. Both the pressure and the rate of pressure rise values

are higher for the flaked than for the atomized aluminum, and the explosibility index for the flaked aluminum is about twice that for the atomized aluminum. The higher rates of pressure rise for the flaked aluminum are attributed

to the greater surface area of the particles. The maximum pressures developed

by the two types of aluminum were expected to be nearly the same; the higher

pressures obtained with the flaked aluminum are attributed to more complete

chemical reaction with the available oxygen and to a smaller heat loss during

the shorter reaction time.

l°Work cited in footnote 7.

1 1 Work cited in footnote 7.
6

130 1 1 1 Difficulty was encountered in obtaining ignition

and explosion with pure boron,

although it has a high heat of

. 110 - combustion. Amorphous boron

Ccontaining 15 percent contaminants did ignite; its explosibility index is 0.8. Berylcn lium, which also has a high

heat of combustion, did not

readily ignite; however,

Dberyllium (95), having an

Aaverage particle diameter of

70 1.2 microns, ignited in the

furnace at 9100 C, but not in

the spark apparatus. Six

other coarser beryllium powders did not ignite in the

50 I I I furnace. Ignition was not

20,000 I I obtained by spark with 5 and

10 percent atomized aluminum

a)IF a ked mixed with the fine beryllium.

Low dust concentrations (up to

0.5 oz/cu ft) of beryllium

u 15,000- mixed with aluminum powder

entered in the combustion w /f reaction, but beryllium conC,,d centrations of 4 oz/cu ft

S10,000 behaved as an inert, prevent- CAtmzding ignition of the aluminum.

0

W The ignition and explo-

!7 sion characteristics of metal

5,000 alloys appear to be related to

those of the ingredients,

Xalthough some exceptions were

observed. The data in table 2

for aluminum alloys having

0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 nearly the same particle size

DUST CONCENTRATION, oz/cu ft distribution show that the

explosibility of the alloy

FIGURE 1. - Pressure and Rate of Pressure Rise decreases as the explosibility

Developed by Explosions of Flaked of the alloying element deand Atomized Aluminums. creases. One exception is an

aluminum-nickel alloy (255)

which ignited readily'and developed high pressure and rate of pressure rise.

Results for this alloy indicate the reported data for pure nickel (172, 173)

may be incorrect and this element, if tested in finer particle size, would

show a dust explosion hazard.
7

TABLE 2. - Ignition and explosion parameters of aluminum alloys

Minimum Maximum

Alloying Aluminum Ignition Minimum concen- Maximum rate of

element content, temperature, energy, tration, pressure,1 pressure

percent 0 C millijoules oz/cu ft psig rise,

psi/sec

None (1) ....... 100 650 50 0.045 84 14,000

Magnesium (248) 50 540 20 .050 80 6,000

Iron (241) ..... 50 870 720 - 62 1,800

Cobalt (235)... 60 950+ - - 23 100

Copper (238)... 50 930 i,920 .280 55 800

Nickel (255)... 50 950+ 300 .280 88 6,000

'Dust concentration of 1 oz/cu ft.

PARTICLE DIAMETER

The overall explosibility index of atomized aluminum increases as the

average particle diameter decreases. These data are shown in figure 2; the

numbers adjacent to the data points correspond to line numbers in appendix

tables. A similar effect of particle diameter on index of explosibility was

previously published for agricultural dusts.1 2

As shown in figure 3, the minimum energy for ignition increases and the

rate of pressure rise decreases with increase in particle diameter. However,

maximum pressure, and minimum

20 i concentration generally are

13 4 unaffected when the average 10 1 particle diameter is less than

1 37 microns. 0

4 4- 1 36 - 16 o37 Small amounts of coarse,

2- o33 _ combustible particles do not

-Z affect the explosibility of

35o38 fine dust particles. In one

m series of experiments, tear-

- drop-shaped aluminum pellets

Q-J 4- - having cross-sectional diam- -- eters ranging from 590 to

.2- - 2,000 microns were mixed with

9a fine atomized aluminum pow-

.1 - der; the maximum pressure and - 48 rates of pressure rise devel-

.04 I I I I I I j6 oped were similar with or

10 20 30 40 60 80 100 200 without the aluminum pellets.

AVERAGE PARTICLE DIAMETER, microns When fuller' s earth (30 perFIGURE 2. -Effect of Average Particle Diameter of cent finer than 74 microns)

Atomized Aluminum on Explosibility Index. was mixed with fine powder,

12 Work cited in footnote 4.
8

LINE NUMBERS

14 11 3633 38 48

04 04 400 4 00 400 13 II 15 I 1 I 16 I III 37 35 II 45 I 46 I!1 49 I 40,000 4 ,0

.2 200 200 1 20,000

801 10,000 . lo . ---- 8,00-

,. .06 E 60 CI 60 6,000

o ,, , m

~.04 - 40 40 4,000 ~ LiL

20 D.02 20 2,000

iMinimum igniting energy

SMinimum explosive concentration/'%

3 Maximum pressure 4Maximum rate of pressure rise

.01 10 10 -1,000

.008 8 8- 800

.06 uj 606II I I I 0

60

10 20 30 40 60 80 100 200

AVERAGE PARTICLE DIAMETER, microns

FIGURE 3. -. Effect of Average Particle Diameter of Atomized Aluminum on

Explosion Parameters.

the maximum pressure and the rate of pressure rise were reduced by 15 and 50

percent, respectively (table 3).

In 1943, one chromium sample (100 percent finer than 74 microns) was

tested; this dust did not ignite by electric spark, and it was assumed that

chromium presented a fire but little or no dust explosion hazard. In 1960,

following an explosion in industry, six additional samples were tested. Dispersions of chromium dust having an average particle diameter of 3 microns

> Z W
9

ignited by the spark source and this material presents a moderate explosion

hazard. These data emphasize that metal powders presenting little or no

hazard in a given diameter may be hazardous if prepared in more finely divided

form.

TABLE 3. - Effect of coarse, combustible particles on pressure

and rates of pressure rise developed by atomized

aluminum (33) dust explosionsl

Maximum Average rate of Maximum rate of

Additive pressure, pressure rise, pressure rise,

psig psi/sec psi/sec

None ............................. 60 900 2,500

Aluminum pellets .............. 62 1,000 2,100

Fuller's earth.................. 50 500 1,100

1 The dust concentration of the atomized aluminum and that of the additive were

each 0.2 oz/cu ft.

IGNITION TEMPERATURE OF DUST LAYERS

Data obtained on the temperature for ignition or reaction of dust layers

in an atmosphere of carbon dioxide and nitrogen are shown in table 4 with corresponding ignition temperatures in air. When ignition occurred, a visible

glow or flame developed; when the dust reacted, it heated, changed color, and

composition, but did not ignite.

PYROPHORICITY

Dusts of most metals, alloys and certain suboxides, carbides, hydrides,

and nitrides that react exothermically with oxygen reportedly exhibit pyrophoric behavior. Pyrophoricity is characterized by rapid oxidation of the

dust when exposed to air at room temperature and is related to surface

activity. Methods of preparing finely divided metal powders and procedures

for alleviating hazards have been published.'3

Generally, pyrophoricity becomes evident when the particle diameter of a

dust is less than 1 micron; however, uranium, uranium hydride, and zirconium

having average particle diameters greater than 1 micron ignited at room temperature when dispersed in air. Quiescent layers of uranium, uranium hydride,

and thorium hydride ignited within minutes on exposure to air. Pyrophoricity

was not observed with the other dusts studied, probably because of coarseness

of the particles or surface contamination.

13 Boljen, Vera, and Bernard Kopelman. Pyrophoricity in Metal Powders and

Alloys. Metallurgical Laboratories, Sylvania Electric Products, Inc.,

Bayside, N.Y., Rept. YE51-0413, Jan. 24, 1951, 24 pp.

Kopelman, Bernard, and Vera B. Compton. Spontaneous Combustion of Metal

Powders. Metal Prog., v. 63, No. 2, February 1953, pp. 77-79.

Smith, Richard B. Pyrophoricity--A Technical Mystery Under Vigorous Attack.

Nucleonics, v. 14, No. 12, December 1956, pp. 23-33.
10

TABLE 4. - Ignition and reaction temperatures of metal-powder layers

in an air, carbon dioxide, or nitrogen atmosphere

Line Sample Ignition temperature 0 C Reaction temnerature, C

No. No. Material Air Carbon Nitrogen Carbon Nitrogen

dioxide dioxide

35 701 Aluminum, atomized 900 - 900 750

21 897 do. 490 540 - - 800

80 702 Aluminum, flake... 590 660 - - 700

102 705 Chromium .......... 670 - - (1) 700

110 706 Copper ............ 270 - - - 700

120 712 Iron, hydrogen- 290 - - (1) 200

reduced.

136 716 Lead .............. 210 - - 870 400

151 725 Magnesium ......... 490 630 530 - -

154 727 do. 510 - 510 - -

156 729 do. 520 - 520 - -

157 730 do. 490 - 500 - -

159 1020 do. 490 600 550 - -

164 734 do. 480 - 490 --

165 733 do. 480 - 500 --

168 736 do. 420 - - 700 900

176 737 Silicon ........... 950 - - 1,000 1,000

190 1652 Thorium ............ 280 450 500 - -

191 1653 Thorium hydride... 20 340 330 -

193 739 Tin ............... 430 - 900 720

195 1555 Titanium .......... 480 900 900 -

198 740 do. 460 680 - - 900

199 1556 Titanium, copper- 430 900 900 -

coated.

201 864 Titanium .......... 470 470 500 - -

204 1649 Titanium hydride.. 500 710 750 - -

211 1625 Uranium ........... 100 350 410 - -

212 1626 Uranium hydride... 20 360 210 - -

217 744 Zinc .............. 460 480 - - 600

225 745 Zirconium .......... 210 560 530 -

228 1632 do. 190 620 790 -

229 1633 do. 300 710 - - -

233 1627 Zirconium hydride. 340 650 - -

247 1021 Aluminum-magnesium 460 660 550 -

248 746 do. 470 700 550 -

249 1 748 do. 480 670 1 630 1 -

1No reaction at 8500 C.

PREVENTION OF IGNITION AND EXPLOSION

The explosion hazard of metal powders can be reduced by good housekeeping,

preventing dust dissemination, eliminating igniting sources, using inert atmospheres, and venting. Details for elimination of igniting sources, inerting, and

control of dust explosions are published by the National Fire Protection

Association.14

1 4National Fire Protection Association. Combustible Solids, Chemicals and Explosives. National Fire Codes, v. II, 1960-61.
APPENDIX ii

TABLE A-I. - Description explosibility index, and particle size of dusts

Explo- Particle size, percent Subsieve

Line Sample sibility Material passing oenin microns sizer,

index 149 104 74 53 44 microns

Metals

1 1712 >10 Aluminum, atomized, collector fines ..........................................- - - - 100 -

2 1035 - ...................................... do .................................... - 100 - -

3 1146 1.4 ...................................... do .................................... 100 93 - -

4 1221 1.4 ...................................... do .................................... 100 99 - -

5 1267 3.6 ...................................... do .................................... 98 98 96 - -

6 1480 6.9 ...................................... do .................................... 100 - 94 - -

7 1663 8.7 ...................................... do .................................... 100 100 97 - -

8 1664 8.4 ...................................... do .................................... 100 100 95 - -

9 1770 . ...................................... do ..................................... 100 100 100 - -

10 1854 - ...................................... do .................................... . . . . - - 1001

11 2126 >10 Aluminum, atomized, commercial-purity fines ................................. . . - - 100 6

12 1416 8.5 Aluminum, atomized, MD105, 92.8 percent Al .................................. 99 97 - - -

13 2372 - Aluminum, atomized, R400 .................................................... . . - - 100 -

14 2373 - Aluminum, atomized, RI-131 ...................................................- - - 100 -

15 2374 - Aluminum atomized, RI-511 .................................................. - - - 99 -

16 2375 - Aluminum, atomized, R200 .................................................... - - - 89 -

17 2376 - Aluminum, atomized, RS-6558-A, spherical .................................... - - - 98 -

18 1597 2.6 Aluminum, atomized .......................................................... . 100 i.. - - -

19 2403 3.8 Aluminum, atomized, AC-SAX-14, 99.6 percent Al ...............................- - - - 93 -

20 910 - Aluminum, atomized, grade B ................................................. I...100 - 71 -

21 897 .9 Aluminum, atomized, extra-fine .............................................. I...100 - - -

22 1067 .7 Aluminum, atomized, 100-mesh, 92.5 percent Al ............................... -. .. 96 - 82 -

23 1102 - Aluminum, atomized, AlOl .................................................... -. . . 91 - 80 -

24 1127. . ...................................... do .................................... . . . . 93 - 80 -

25 2077 - Aluminum, atomized, A101, no lubricant ...................................... . ... 95 - 85 -

26 1068 .6 Aluminum, atomized, MD101 ................................................... 100 - 90 - 80 -

27 1081 1.1 ...................................... do .................................... 100 98 91 85 78 -

28 1082 1.4 ...................................... do .................................... 100 98 91 87 81 -

29 1022 .9 ...................................... do .................................... 100 99 95 92 85 -

30 1094 1.1 Aluminum, atomized, Mi101, 96 percent Al .................................... 100 - 95 91 85 -

31 1095 .7 Aluminum, atomized, MD101, 98 percent Al .................................... 100 - 90 83 75 -

32 1852 - Aluminum, atomized, A104 .................................................... . ... 93 - 85 -

33 2356 1.2 Aluminum, atomized, R120 .................................................... 100 - 96 87 -

34 2217 - Aluminum, atomized, A201 .................................................... 100 - 100 85 -

35 701 .9 Aluminum, atomized, 1D201, 97 percent Al .................................... -. .. 95 92 85 -

36 2130 2.4 Aluminum, atomized, high purity ..............................................- - - - 87 18

37 2129 1.8 Aluminum, atomized, cosmmercial purity ........................................- - - 82 18

38 2128 1.1 ...................................... do .................................... .. - - 78 19

39 1080 .9 Aluminum, atomized .......................................................... 100 98 91 85 77 -

40 1078 .8 Aluminum, atomized, S1000 Navy, 97.3 percent Al ............................. 100 98 92 85 78 -

41 1079 1.3 Aluminum, atomized, S1000 Navy, 92.8 percent Al ............................. 98 93 87 82 77 -

42 1769 - Aluminum, atomized, commercial size ......................................... 84 - 62 - - -

43 1151 - Aluminum, atomized, 40-mesh ................................................. 74 63 52 -.

44 1152 - ...................................... do .................................... 74 63 52 - -

45 1153 . ...................................... do ..................................... 77 65 53 -,

46 2127 - Aluminum, atomized, commercial purity ........................................- - - 35 20

47 1100 - Aluminum, atomized, 40-mesh, Navy ........................................... . ... 58 38 -

48 1274 - Aluminum, atomized, 40-mesh, A120 ........................................... . ... 52 33 -

49 1853 - Aluminum, atomized, 40-mesh, A124 ............................................ . - 53 39 -

50 1101 - Aluminum, atomized, 12-mesh, Navy ............................................ . ... 37 24 -

51 2290 - Aluminum, atomized, coarse .................................................. . ... 37 19 -

52 2289. . ...................................... do .................................... -. . . 17 8 -

53 1266 - Aluminum, atomized, coarse, A120 ............................................ - . 9 2 -

54 2282 - kluminum, atomized, coarse, A125 ............................................ . . .. 2 - 1

55 1005 - Aluminum, atomized, grade A, Navy, 110, no added fines ...................... -. 100 -

56 1004 - Aluminum, atomized, grade A, Navy, 110, 5 percent added fines ................ - - 100 -

57 787 - Aluminum, grained ........................................................... 97 - 89 87 -4

58 1069 .6 ...................................... do .................................... 100 - 88 - 64

59 1070 .3 ...................................... do.................................... 99 - 80 53 -

60 1771 - Aluminum, plating from cooling chamber ...................................... I...100 -.

61 1772 - Aluminum, from cooling chamber ducts ........................................ - 100 -

62 884 >10 Aluminum, flake, A422, extra-fine lining, polished .......................... - - 100 -

63 1927 >10 Aluminum, flake, A422, extra-fine lining, polished,4.28 percent stearic acid. - - 100 -

64 2080 - Aluminum, flake, A422, extra-fine lining, polished, 4.25 percent stearic acid. - - 100 -

65 883 - Aluminum, Flake, A408, standard lining, polished .............................- - 99 -

66 1437 >10 ...................................... do .................................... 100 - 99 99 -

67 1926 >10 Aluminum, flake, A408, standard lining, polished, 3.09 percent stearic acid. - - - 99 -

68 2079 - Aluminum, flake, A408, standard lining, polished, 3.00 percent stearic acid. - - - 99 -

69 1421 >10 Aluminum, flake, A552, lining litho, polished, 1.0 percent oleic acid ....... 100 - 99 98 -

70 2081 - ... . . . . . . ........... do .................................... - - 97 -

71 1929 >10 Aluminum, flake, A552, lining litho, polished, 0.75 percent stearic acid .... - - 99 -

72 1930 >10 Aluminum, flake, A5522 lining litho, special grease free .....................- - 92 -

73 1925 9.5 Aluminum, flake, A322, standard varnish, polished, 2.74 percent stearic acid - - 94 -

74 2078 - Aluminum, flake, A322, standard varnish, polished, 2.75 percent stearic acid - - - 95 -

75 882 - Aluminum, flake, A301, extra brilliant varnish .............................. -. - 95 -

76 1195 4.8 Aluminum, flake, A606, standard unpolished .................................. 100 - 98 86 -

77 1928 >10 Aluminum, flake, A606, standard unpolished, 0.65 percent stearic acid ....... -. 100 86 -

78 881 - Aluminum, flake ............................................................. - ' 100 - -

79 1182 5.7 ...................................... do .................................... 100 - 99 --

80 702 4.4 ...................................... do .................................... -. . . 85 80 - -

81 2057 - Aluminum, flake, MD1100, 7 percent--mica, 83 percent ........................ . ... 41 - ,

82 2071 - Aluminum, flake, MD1100, coarse litho, polished ............................. 2 - -

83 1647 3.1 Aluminum, milled, D021, unpolished .................................................. 97 - -

84 1444 3.9 Aluminum, fluid milled ...................................................... - - - -

85 1443 - ... . . . . . . . ... do............................................... . - - 15

86 1442 . ...................................... do .................................... - - - 26
12 TABLE A-I. - Description, explosibility index, and particle size of dusts--Continued

Explo- Particle size, percent Subsieve

Line Sample sibility Material assin opening (microns) sizer,

index 149 104 74 153 44 microns

Metals--Continued

87 1447 >10 Aluminum, fluid milled, 1.5 percent stearic acid ............................ . - - - - I

88 1446 4.4 ...................................... do ...................................... ............- - - 3

89 1445 .8 ...................................... do ........................................ . ....- - - II

90 703 <.I Antimony, milled, 96 percent Sb ................................................ ..- 91 88 - -

91 2464 - Beryllium, 2.4 percent oxide ..........................................................- - - 5

92 2465 - Beryllium, 1.2 percent oxide ................................................... - - - - - 5

93 2466 - Beryllium, 1.9 percent oxide ................................................... - - - - - 3

94 2467 - Beryllium ....................................................................... - - - - - 2

95 2468 - Beryllium, 8.1 percent oxide ................................................... - - - - - 1

96 2398A - Beryllium ........................................................................... 100 - - -

97 2398B - ...................................... do ........................................ . ....- - - 4

98 1838 .8 Boron, amorphous, commercial, 85 percent B .................................. 100 - 100 - 100 -

99 2003 - Boron ................................................................................. - - . - 100 -

100 2006 - Boron, grade D, 96.66 percent B ............................................. - - - - 100 -

101 704 - Cadmium, atomized, 98 percent Cd .............................................. - .- 100 82 - -

102 705 - Chromium, milld, 97 percent Cr .............................................. - 100 99 - -

103 2351A - Chromium, electrolytic, milled, 97 percent Cr ............................... 94 - 80 75 67 13

104 23518 - ...................................... do ..................................... 98 - 83 78 69 17

105 2329 - ...................................... do ..................................... 98 - 88 - - 6

106 2351C - ...................................... do .................................... 100 - 100 99 92 4

107 2351D .1 . ..................................... do .................................... 100 - 100 99 98 3

108 2351E - ...................................... do .................................... 100 - 100 100 99 3

109 857 - Cobalt, milled, 97.8 percent Co ............................................. - - 100 -

110 706 - Copper, reduced, 94 percent Cu. .............................................. - - - - 98 -

i11 856 - Copper, electrolytic, type C, 99.5 percent Cu ............................... - -. 99 99 - -

112 708 - Iron, milled, 94 percent Fe, 2 percent Si .................................... 45 - 19 - - -

113 709 - ...................................... do .................................... 80 - 39 - - -

114 710 - ...................................... do .................................... 98 - 94 92 - -

115 855 <.I Iron, electrolytic, annealed, 99.5 percent Fe ............................... - - - - 100 -

116 1654 <.I Iron, electrolytic ............................................................. - - 100 - 100 -

117 1974 - Iron, Oxweld grade ........................................................... 100 - 77 - - -

118 1693 <.i Iron, electric furnace ............................................................ - - .100 - - -

119 711 - Iron, hydrogen reduced, 97 percent Fe ....................................... - - - 100 - -

120 712 .3 Iron, hydrogen reduced, 98 percent Fe ....................................... - - 100 - -

121 1291 - Iron, hydrogen reduced, MD132 ................................................. 99 72 48 37 28 -

122 1292 - Iron, hydrogen reduced, MD8593 ............................................... 100 94 85 76 68 -

123 713 - Iron, carbon reduced, 96 percent Fe ......................................... 92 - 61 53 - -

124 714 <.I ...................................... do ..................................... 99 - 94 91 - -

125 715 <.I ...................................... do .................................... 100 - 97 96 - -

126 707 1.6 Iron, carbonyl, 99 percent Fe ............................................... - - 100 99 - -

127 1766 .5 Iron, carbonyl, ammonia treated ................................................ - - 100 - 100 -

128 1767 .7 Iron, carbonyl, untreated ...................................................... - - 100 - 100 -

129 1920 - Iron, carbonyl, type E, processed, contains lacquer ......................... - - 100 - - -

130 879 - Iron, sponge, 99 percent Fe ................................................... 98 - 38 - - -

131 1655 <.I Iron, sponge ..................................................................... - - .100 - - -

132 1288 - Iron, sponge, domestic ....................................................... 100 93 75 60 49 -

133 1295 - ...................................... do .................................... 100 81 54 37 26 -

134 1293 - Iron, sponge, Swedish ........................................................ 100 76 45 31 22 -

135 1294 - .. ................................... do .................................... 98 74 49 35 25 -

136 716 - Lead, atomized ................................................................. - - 100 - - -

137 717 - ...................................... do ...................................... - - 100 99 - -

138 718 - Lead, atomized, 99 percent Pb ................................................. - .- - 100 - -

139 1163 - Lead, atomized ................................................................. - .- 100 - - -

140 1164 - ...................................... do ...................................... - - 100 - - -

141 719 - Lead, stamped, 94 percent Pb, 5 percent Sn ................................... 100 - 94 89 - -

142 1074 - Magnesium, atomized ............................................................ 2 - - - -

143 1075 <.I ...................................... do ..................................... 92 58 21 10 4 -

144 1076 .6 . ..................................... do .................................... - 100 100 95 81 -

145 1666 - Magnesium, atomized, spherical ................................................ 36 - 16 - - -

146 1677 1.3 ...................................... do .................................... 1 00 - 100 - - -

147 720 - Magnesium, milled, coarse ...................................................... 4 - 3 0 - -

148 722 - Magnesium, milled ........................................................... - - - - .

149 723 .6 Magnesium, milled, 99 percent Mg ............................................ 100 - 40 32 - -

150 724 .3 ...................................... do ..................................... 98 - 77 67 - -

151 725 4.0 Magnesium, milled, No. 2, 99 percent Mg ...................................... 100 - 92 86 - -

152 728 <.I Magnesium, milled, FLDG-2C ..................................................... 8 - 1 1 - -

153 726 .7 Magnesium, milled, FLDG-2A .................................................. 57 - 15 13 - -

154 727 7.2 Magnesium, milled, FLDG-2B, 98 percent Mg ................................... 100 - 87 78 - -

155 731 - Magnesium, milled, MCUS-C ................................................... I - 0 - - -

156 729 <.i Magnesium, milled, MCUS-A ................................................... 50 - 14 11 - -

157 730 8.8 Magnesium, milled, MCUS-B, 98 percent Mg .................................... 100 - 93 84 - -

158 860 7.4 Magnesium, milled, grade B .................................................. - - 100 - - -

159 1020 >10 Magnesium, milled ........................................................... - - 100 - - -

160 1285 >10 Magnesium, milled, grade B .................................................. 100 - 100 - - -

161 1228 1.6 ...................................... do .................................... 100 99 84 76 - -

162 1148 .5 ...................................... do .................................... 95 81 52 - - -

163 732 .7 Magnesium, stamped, V-l-A ................................................... 68 - 20 16 - -

164 734 >10 Magnesium, stamped, 81-B .................................................... 99 - 93 87 - -

165 733 >10 Magnesium, stamped, V-I-B, 98 percent Mg .................................... 100 - 97 96 - -

166 735 - Magnesium, Permanente process, partially oxidized ........................... 83 - 54 49 - -

167 849 <.I Manganese, electrolytic ............................................................ - . .100 - - -

168 736 <.I Manganese, milled, 97 percent Mn .................................................. - ..100 92 - -

169 1032 <.I Manganese ................................................................... - - 100 - - -

170 1657 .1 ...................................... do .......................................... - . .100 - 100 -

171 858 - Molybdenum, hydrogen reduced, 99.8 percent Mo ............................... - - 100 - - -
TABLE A-I. - Description, explosibility index, and particle size of dusts--Continued 13

i -Particle size, percen Subsieve

Line Sample sibility Material assin oenin (microns) sizer,

index 149 104 74 53 1 44 microns

Metals--Continued

172 854 - Nickel, milled, 99 percent Ni, 0.7 percent Co ............................... - 100 - - - -

173 1656 - Nickel ...................................................................... - - 100 - 100 -

174 782 - Selenium, milled, precipitated from sulfate ................................. - - 99 70 - -

175 2425 - Silicon, G120 ............................................................... - - 100 - -

176 737 <0.1 Silicon, milled, 96 percent Si ............................................... 100 - 91 86 -

177 1087 <.I Silicon ..................................................................... - - 97 - -

178 1033 <.I Silicon ........................................................................ - - 94 - -

179 1658 <.I ...................................... do ...................................... - - 100 - -

180 1951 - Silicon, plant cyclone fines ................................................ 98 - 97 - -

181 2019 - Silicon, fines from cyclone ................................................. 100 - 94 - -

182 2018 - Silicon, from bag filter before fire ........................................ 100 - 100 - -

183 2020 - Silicon, from filter with dry chemical extract .............................. 100 - 100 - -

184 2021 - Silicon, regular, from bag filter before grinding ........................... 100 - 100 - -

185 2022 - Silicon, regular, from cyclone before grinding .............................. 100 - 100 - -

186 2341A .1 Tantalum ..................................................................... 100 - 100 - 100 -

187 2341B - Tantalum, heat treated ....................................................... 100 - 100 - 100 -

188 2341C <.I Tantalum, hydrided and ground ................................................ 100 - 100 - 100 -

189 783 - Tellurium, electrolytic, 99 percent Te ...................................... - - - - 100 -

190 1652 >10 Thorium, contains 1.2 percent 02 ............................................. - - - - - 7

191 1653 >10 Thorium hydride, contains 0.94 percent H .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . .. ... . .. .. .. .. 3

192 738 - Tin, atomized, 98 percent Sn................................................. 100 - 98 97 - -

193 739 .1 Tin, atomized, 96 percent Sn, 2 percent Pb .................................. 100 - 97 96 - -

194 1648 >10 Titanium, 99 percent Ti ........................................................ - 94 - - - 10

195 1555 >10 Titanium, 96.3 percent Ti ...................................................... - - - - 100 -

196 1605 - Titanium, 96 percent Ti ..................................................... - 100

197 1996 - Titanium .................................................................... - 100

198 740 .4 Titanium, milled, 97 percent Ti ............................................. - - 100 - -

199 1556 >10 Titanium, copper coated, 88.2 percent Ti. 7 percent Cu ...................... - - - - 100

200 1606 - Titanium, copper coated, 85.6 percent Ti, 12.7 percent Cu ................... - - - - 100

201 864 <.l Titanium, 68.7 percent Ti, 8 percent Al, 2.5 percent Si, 3.5 percent Fe, - - 100 - 50

I percent Cu.

202 1962 <.I Titanium, machine turnings, from collector .................................. - - 90 - -

203 2017 - Titanium, plant dust, contains contaminants ................................. 100 - 96 - -

204 1649 4.9 Titanium hydride, 97 percent Ti, 2.8 percent 1 ........................ : .....- - - - 100 5

205 1428 6.0 Titanium hydride, 95 percent Ti, 3.8 percent H2 . .. .. .. . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . .. - - - - 98 -

206 2452 - Tungsten, purified ............................................................... - - - 99 15

207 1404 - Tungsten, hydrogen reduced ..................................................... - - - - 100 -

208 859 - ,...................................... do ...................................... - - 99 91 - -

209 1390 - Tungsten bearing, 51 percent W .............................................. -. - 100 - -

210 1391 - Tungsten bearing, 40 percent W .............................................. - - 100 - -

211 1625 >10 Uranium ........................................................................ - - - - 10

212 1626 >10 Uranium hydride .................................................................. . . - - - 3

213 1008 <.I Vanadium, 86.4 percent V ....................................................... - - 100 - - -

214 741 <.I Zinc, condensed, 97 percent Zn, 2 percent Pb ................................ -. - - - 95 -

215 742 -. ............. do ....................................................- - 99 -

216 743 - Zinc ........................................................................ 100 - 100 - -

217 744 <.I Zinc, 97 percent Zn, 2 percent Pb ........................................... 100 - 100 - -

218 764 - Zinc ............................................................................ - - - 99 -

219 1413 - ............. do ........................................- - - - 100

220 1659 - Zinc, raw feed .............................................................. - - 100 - -

221 2034 - Zinc, from galvanizing unit ................................................. - - 100 - -

222 534 - Zinc, from dust collector at galvanizing pot ................................ - -100 - -

223 535 - Zinc, from roof of lean-to .................................................. - - 100 - -

224 2035 - Zinc, wet for 24 hours ...................................................... - - 100 - -

225 745 4.1 Zirconium, milled, 97 percent Zr ............................................ - - - - 100

226 1028 >10 Zirconium ...................................................................... - - - - 100

227 1029 >10 . ....................................... do ........................................... - - .- - 100

228 1632 >10 Zirconium, extra fine, contains 3 percent 0 .................................. - - - - - 3

229 1633 1.3 Zirconium, prepared from hydride, contains B.3 percent 02 ....................- - - - 100 18

230 1557 >10 Zirconium, 98.7 percent Zr ..................................................... - - - - 100 -

231 1558 >10 Zirconium, copper coated, 90.5 percent Zr, 4.4 percent Cu ................... - - - - 100 -

232 1429 3.7 Zirconium hydride, 93.6 percent Zr, 2.1 percent H. .......................... - - - - 98 -

233 1627 .7 iZirconium hydride .............................................................. - - 5

Alloys and Compounds

234 1844 - Aluminum-bronze alloy, AMPCO-18 ............................................. - - - 100 -

235 1793 - Aluminum-cobalt alloy (60-40) ............................................... 100 - -

236 1895 .4 ...................................... do ...................................... - - - 89 -

237 1430 .3 Aluminum-copper alloy, MD8764 (50-50) ....................................... - - - 100 -

238 2254 <.I Aluminum-copper alloy (50-50) .................................................. - - 106 - -

239 2082 - Aluminum-iron alloy (50-50) ................................................. 100 - -

240 1383 - . ..................................... do .................................... 100 100 100 99 -

241 1269 - . ..................................... do ................................................ - - 80 -

242 1975 - Aluminum-iron alloy (30-70) ................................................. 96 - 70 38 -

243 2196 - Aluminum-lithium alloy, 15 percent Li ....................................... 5 - - - - -

244 2197 .6 Aluminum-lithium alloy, 15 percent Li ....................................... 100 - - - -

245 1077 .2 Aluminum-magnesium alloy, atomized (50-50) .................................. 100 94 82 75 67 -

246 747 2.0 Aluminum-magnesium alloy, milled (50-50) .................................... - - - - 96 -

247 1021 3.0 ...................................... do ...................................... - - - 100 94 -

248 746 7.6 ...................................... do .................................... 100 - - - - 62

249 748 >10 Aluminum-magnesium alloy, milled, Dowmetal .................................. - - - - 100 -

250 2408 4.2 Aluminum-magnesium alloy, 6 percent Mg ...................................... -. - - - 95 -

251 2065 3.0 Aluminum'magnesium alloy, 5 percent Mg, M9455 .............................. I..100 - - -

252 2125 1.7 Aluminum-magnesium alloy, 5 percent Mg ...................................... - - 100 - - 16

253 1894 .6 Aluminum-nickel alloy (58-42) .......................................................- - 85 -

254 2102 <.I Aluminum-nickel alloy, catalyst (58-42) ..................................... I..100 - -

255 1893 - Aluminum-nickel alloy (50-50) .................................................. - - - - 88
14

TABLE A-1. - Description. explosibility index, and particle size of dusts--Continued

Esplo- Particle size, percent Subsieve

Line SIample s'ibility Material 2assinl onin (microns) sizer,

index 14 4 1 _0 9 74 531 44 microns

Alloys and Compounds--Continued

256 2114A - Aluminum-nickel alloy (50-50)........................................ . - 83 -

257 2114B.............................................. do.................................. - 79 -

258 2404 3.6 Aluminum-silicon alloy, 12 percent Si......................................... - - - - 93 -

259 1845 - Beryllium copper, Berylco-25........................................................ - - - 100 -

260 672 - Calcium silicide.............................................................. 100 - 71 - - -

261 671.............................................. do..................................... 100 - 78 - - -

262 675.............................................. do...................................... - - 100 - - -

263 681.............................................. do...................................... - - 100 - - -

264 683.............................................. do...................................... - - 100 - - -

265 684.............................................. do........................................... -10-0 -

266 1982 0.2......................................... do............................................ - - - 100 17

267 1981 2.0........................................ do............................................ - - - - 2

268 871 - Ferrochromium, low carbon, 69.7 percent Cr, 29.4 percent Fe, 0.1 percent C - - 100 - 50 -

269 872 - Ferrochromium, high carbon, 69.4 percent Cr, 24.3 percent Fe, 4.7 percent C. - - 100 - 95 -

270 1822 - Ferromanganese................................................................. - - - - 80 -

271 850 - Ferromanganese, low iron...................................................... - - 69 - - -

272 1482 .4 Ferromanganese, medium carbon................................................. 100 - 100 - - -

273 870 - Ferrosilicon, 50 percent Si, 50 percent Fe.................................... - - 100 - 95 -

274 1840 - Ferrosilicon, 75 percent Si, from ball mill................................... - - 100 - - -

275 1841 - Ferrosilicon, 75 percent Si, from chute leading to ball mill ...................- - 100 - - -

276 2030 - Ferrosilicon, 80 to 85 percent Si............................................. 100 - 100 - - -

277 2031 - Ferrosilicon, 85 to 90 percent Si............................................. 100 - 100 - - -

278 869 <.1 Ferrosilicon, 88 percent Si, 9 percent Fe..................................... - - 100 - 92 -

279 2032 - Ferrosilicon, 90 to 95 percent Si............................................. 100 - 100 - - -

280 865 - Ferrotitanium, high carbon, 17.8 percent Ti, 70 percent Fe, 7.0 percent C .. - - 100 - 80 -

281 868 1.3 Ferrotitanium, low carbon, 19.0 percent Ti, 74.1 percent Fe, 0.06 percent C. - - 100 - 85 -

282 866 - Ferrovanadium, crucible grade, 40.4 percent V, 56 percent Fe ......................... 100 - 92 -

283 867 - Ferrovanadium, open hearth grade, 37.45 percent V, 46.25 percent Fe, - - 100 - 90 -

11 percent Si.

284 1521 - Cold bronze, MD Creengold 650, 71 percent Cu, 29 percent Zn ...................100 - 100 100 - -

285 1843 - Manganese bronze.................................................................... - - - 100 -

286 1842 - Steel, stainless, AISI347..................................................... - - - - 100 -

287 2353 - Zircaloy-2, mechanically attrited............................................. - - 65 - - 27

288 2354A - Zircaloy-2, hydride--dehydrided............................................... - - 100 - - 20

289 2354B.............................................. do........................................... - 50 - - 29

290 2354C,............................................. do...................................... 100 - 74

________Ores and Catalysts

291 1155 - Catalyst, 0.68 percent C (aluminum-silicate)..................................- - 100 - - -

292 1154 - Catalyst, 1.10 percent C, spent (aluminum-silicate) ................................. 100 - - -

293 1156 - Catalyst, 8.32 percent C (aluminum-silicate)....................................... 69 - - -

294 1952 - Catalyst, 60 to 70 percent Cu, 30 to 40 percent Cu5 0 .......................... 100 - 100 - - -

295 1953 - Catalyst, 10 percent Cu-Cu 0, 90 percent Si......... .........................- - 57 - - -

296 1950 - Catalyst, contains Cu, Cu b and Si, bed sample................................- - 55 - - -

297 1949 - Catalyst, contains Cu, Cu2

O0 and Si, removed by cyclone ........................ 100 - 99 - - -

298 1948 - Catalyst, contains CU, CU 0 and Si, through cyclone ............................- - 100 - - -

299 1832 - Copper ore, sulfide, Mexic.................................................- - 100 - - -

300 1873 - Iron ore, magnetite................................................................ - 100 - - -

301 2075 - Iron ore, pyrite.............................................................. - - 100 - - -

302 2076.............................................. do...................................... - - 100 - - -

303 749 - Iron ore, sulfide, Tennessee, after explosion. .....................................- 100 - - -

304 750.............................................. do......................................... - 100 - - -

305 751.............................................. do...................................... - - 100 - - -

306 752.............................................. .do...................................... - - 100 - - -

307 1660 - Iron pyrite, msicronized............................................................ - 100 - - -

308 2427 - Lead ore, sulfide, galena..................................................... - - 100 - - -

309 780 - Manganese ore................................................................. 100 - 92 - - -

310 781.............................................. do...................................... - - 92 - - -

311 1820 - Manganese ore, sulfide ........................................................ 90 - - - - -

312 1821 - ................. d................do .................................... - - - 90 -

313 2073 - Nickel ore, concentrate ........................................................- - 100 - - -

314 - 1.0 Pittsburgh coal. high-volatile A, bituminous ..................................- - 100 - - -
TABLE A-2. - Ignition sensitivity, relative flammability, and limiting oxygen 15

concentration of atmosphere for dusts

Ignition Minimum igniting Minimum Relative Limiting oxygen

Ignition temperature, energy for explosive flammability, concentration,'

Line Sample sensitivity o C dust, millijoules concentration, percent inert percent

Cloud Layer Cloud Layer oz/cu ft In In spark Spark Furnace,

furnace apparatus 850' C

1 1712 1.4 650 760 50 16 0.045 30 90 C 2-

2 1035 - - - 20 8 - - - - -

3 1146 .5 640 - 120 7 .055 55 85 - -

4 1221 .6 800 780 80 32 .055 - 85 - -

5 1267 .7 550 840 100 240 .050 65 90 - -

6 1480 :8 700 740 60 2 .060 25 90 - -

7 1663 1.3 640 770 50 16 .050 25 90 - -

8 1664 1.2 640 750 60 16 .045 30 90 - -

9 1770 .9 660 - 80 - .045 - - - -

10 1854 -- 15 - .045 - - - -

11 2126 1.0 820 720 50 32 .050 90+ -

12 1416 1.0 790 860 40 24 .065 - 90 --

13 2372 - - - 30 16 .045 - - --

14 2373 - - - 30 16 - --

15 2374 - - - 40 56 -

16 2375 - - - 60 240 --

17 2376 - - - 60 720 .040 - - --

18 1597 .7 650 - 80 24 .060 10 90 N -

19 2403 1.3 660 - 60 240 .040 - - -

20 910 - (2) 80 100 .080 - 33 -

21 897 .3 670 490 160 4 .075 68 83 --

22 1067 .6 670 - 120 160 .045 5 70 N -

23 1102 - 0) - 80 160 .050 - 55 --

24 1127 (2) - 200 7 .055 60 -

25 2077 - - - - - - - - C7

N9

26 1068 .5 750 120 160 .050 - 68 N 7-

27 1081 8 830 (2) 60 240 .050 - 55 - -

28 1082 .7 840 (2) 80 240 .045 - 65 - -

29 1022 .7 830 900 80 50 .045 - 73 - -

30 1094 .8 890 - 60 160 .050 - 65 - -

31 1095 .6 880 - 60 160 .060 55 - -

32 1852 - - - 60 - .065 - - -

33 2356 .7 700 830 80 320 .050 - CS -

34 2217 - (2) - 120 800 .070 - 70 - -

35 701 .5 700 900 160 20 .040 10 78 C <3 -

N9

36 2130 .7 930 60 160 .050 - 80 - -

37 2129 .7 950 (2) 60 160 .050 - 75 - -

38 2128 .5 950 (2) 80 320 .055 - 75 - -

39 1080 .8 740 () 80 240 .045 - 55 - -

40 1078 .7 700 (2) 80 240 .050 3 60 - -

41 1079 1.0 700 (2) 60 160 .050 3 65 - -

42 1769 .1 950 - 200 - .140 - - - -

43 1151 - (2) - 240 160 .070 - 40 - -

44 1152 - (2) - 160 160 .090 - 35 - -

45 1153 - (2) - 240 160 .090 - 35 -

46 2127 - () (2) 200 320 .140 - 50 --

47 1100 - (2) - 160 240 .125 - 30 --

48 1274 - (2) - 160 800 .165 - 40 --

49 1853 - (2) - 140 - .120 - - -

50 1101 - (2) - 320 320 .145 - 15 --

51 2290 - - - - - .600 - - -

52 2289 - - - - - (2) - - -

53 1266 - (2) (2) (2) - (2) - (2) --

54 2282 - (2) (2) - (2) (2) - 5 -

55 1005 - (2) (2) 50 400 .050 - 63 -

56 1004 - (2) (2) 50 400 .050 - 60 -

57 787 - 770 - - - .045 - 63 -

58 1069 .6 690 (2) 100 240 .050 5 55 N 7

59 1070 .2 880 (2) 160 240 .060 - 55 N 7

60 1771 .2 860 - 140 - .070 - -

61 1772 .5 660 - 80 - .085 - - -

62 884 3.4 650 400 20 2 .045 78 90 C 6 C<3

63 1927 7.3 610 320 10 2 .045 85 90+ -

64 2080 - - - - - - - - C6

N9

65 883 2.8 650 400 25 3 .045 70 85 -

66 1437 4.2 710 470 15 4 .045 - 90

67 1926 4.1 650 510 15 3 .050 80 90 -

68 2079 - - - - - - - - C6

N9

69 1421 2.1 700 560 30 24 .045 90 -

See footnotes at end of table.
16 TABLE A-2. - Ignition sensitivity, relative flammability, and limiting oxygen

concentration of atmosphere for dusts--Continued

Ignition Minimum igniting Minimum Relative Limiting oxygen

Ignition temperature, energy for explosive flammability, concentration,'

Line Sample sensitivity C dust millijoules concentration, percent inert percent

Cloud Layer Cloud Layer oz/cu ft In In spark Spark Furnace,

furnace apparatus 850' C

70 2081 - - - - - - - - C4

N 9 71 1929 4.1 650 520 15 4 0.050 75 90 -

72 1930 1.3 630 530 50 24 .050 75 85

73 1925 1.1 640 550 50 16 .060 65 85 -

74 2078 - - - - - - - - C6

N 9

75 882 .7 790 - 80 40 .045 - 75 - -

76 1195 1.0 650 - 80 2 .040 55 85 - -

77 1928 1.0 660 540 60 32 .050 60 85 - -

78 881 - (I) (2) - 800 ( ) - 0 - -

79 1182 .6 670 550 100 2 .050 70 85 - -

80 702 .9 650 590 100 40 .035 60 80 - -

81 2057 - (2) 980 (2) (2) - (2) - -

82 2071 - (I) 870 (2) (2) - (2) - -

83 1647 .5 690 540 120 16 .045 65 90 - -

84 1444 .8 550 630 100 24 .045 55 80 - -

85 1443 - (2) (2) 180 24 .085 - 65 - -

86 1442 - (2) e2) 390 240 .140 - 45 - -

87 1447 1.3 550 390 50 6 .055 85 90 - -

88 1446 1.4 550 460 60 6 .045 40 85 - -

89 1445 .4 770 580 100 40 .060 - 80 - -

90 703 <.I 420 330 1,920 2,560 .420 65 18 C 16 -

91 2464 - (2) 680 - - - - - - -

92 2465 - (2) 650 - - - - - - -

93 2466 - 700 - - - - - - -

94 2467 - 600 - - - - - - -

95 2468 - 910 540 - - - - - - -

96 2398A - (2) - - - (2) - - - -

97 2398B - (2) 640 - - (2) - - - -

98 1838 .7 470 400 60 - <.100 90 70 - -

99 2003 - 880 510 (2) - (2) - (2) - -

100 2006 - 730 390 - - (2) - -

101 704 - 570 250 4,000 - 35 0 - -

102 705 - 900 670 (2) 1,280 - - -

103 2351A - (2) - - - (2) - -

104 2351B - 900 - - - - - - -

105 2329 <.I 660 490 5,120 - .770 15 25 C 14

106 2351C - - - - - - - - -

107 2351D .1 580 400 140 240 .230

108 2351E - 900 - - - - - -

109 857 - 760 370 - - - 0 -

110 706 - 700 - (2) (2) -3 0 -

111 856 - 900 - - - - - 0 -

112 708 - 900 590 (2) (2) - - 0 -

113 709 - 880 550 (2) (2) - - 0 -

114 710 - 780 460 (2) (2) - - 0 --

115 855 .3 430 390 80 32 .170 88 40 C 13-

116 1654 .1 320 170 240 7 .200 90 60 -

117 1974 - 560 380 - - - 450 -

118 1693 <.i 500 280 640 (2) <.500 45 10 --

119 711 - 430 370 - - .120 83 55 C13-

120 712 .7 320 290 80 160 .120 83 50 C 11-

121 1291 - 530 - - - - - - -

122 1292 600 - - - - - -

123 713 - 450 500 1,920 1,120 - 90+ 15 C 17 -

124 714 .1 450 530 320 800 .270 90+ 43 C 17 -

125 715 .1 430 390 320 800 .250 90+ 15 C 14 -

126 707 3.0 320 310 20 80 .105 85 60 C 10 -

127 1766 .3 460 260 120 160 .120 60 40 - -

128 1767 .5 420 230 100 160 .105 65 50

129 1920 <.I 580 230 560 - <1.000 65 25 -

130 879 <.I 580 500 400 480 .610 90 25 C 17

131 1655 .1 440 270 305 72 <.200 85 55 -

132 1288 - 540 - - - - - - - -

133 1295 - 530 - - - - - - - -

134 1293 - 570 - - - - - - - -

135 1294 - 580 - - - - - - - -

136 716 - 790 290 (2) (2) - - 0 - -

137 717 - 780 380 (2) (2) - - 0 - -

138 718 - 710 270 (2) (2) - - 0 - -

139 1163 - 800 460 - - - - 0 - -

140 1164 - 750 300 - - - - 0 - -

See footnotes at end of table.
TABLE A-2. - Ignition sensitivity, relative flammability, and limiting oxygen 17

concentration of atmosphere for dusts--Continued

Ignition Minimum igniting Minimum Relative Limiting oxygen

Ignition temperature, energy for explosive flammability, concentration,'

Line Sample sensitivity ° C dust, millijoules concentration, percent inert percent

Cloud Layer Cloud Layer oz/cu ft In In spark Spark Furnace,

furnace apparatus 8500 C 141 719 - 580 300 (2) (2) - 20 0 -

142 1074 - 800 520 - 1,920 2.000 - - -

143 1075 0.1 720 520 500 800 .070 - 15 C -

144 1076 .5 600 520 240 50 .030 80 70 C -

145 1666 - 660 - - - - 15 10 - -

146 1677 .6 600 490 120 40 .045 75 80 - -

147 720 - 790 560 e) (2) - - 0 - -

148 722 - 620 520 160 480 - 70 50 - -

149 723 .5 640 530 160 320 .040 90 85 - -

150 724 .3 620 520 320 120 .040 90 85 - -

151 725 1.8 570 490 80 40 .025 90 88 - -

152 728 <.I 630 540 1,920 160 .125 90+ 58 3 C -

N 3 153 726 .4 540 520 160 120 .060 90+ 83 3C -

N 3 154 727 2.3 540 510 80 30 .020 90+ 90 3

C -

N 2 155 731 - 740 540 320 .500 - 50 - -

156 729 .1 620 520 320 120 .125 55 55 3 C -

N 3 157 730 3.3 610 490 40 8 .025 85 88 3 C -

N3 158 860 1.3 550 480 80 .8 .035 90+ 88 - -

159 1020 3.3 620 490 40 40 .025 90+ 88 - -

160 1285 3.0 560 430 40 16 .030 90+ 90 - -

161 1228 1.0 570 530 120 72 .030 90+ 85 - -

162 1148 .2 600 490 320 - .045 90+ 65 - -

163 732 .7 560 530 80 40 .065 90+ 88 3C -

S3N 164 734 7.7 520 480 20 .24 .025 90+ 90 3C -

N 2 165 733 4.7 540 480 40 20 .020 90+ 90+ 3 C -

S3N 166 735 - 670 520 (2) 2,880 .160 60 45 - -

167 849 .2 450 470 120 12 .245 43 25 C 17 -

168 736 .1 450 420 320 80 .210 40 25 C 15 -

169 1032 .2 520 340 80 16 .245 40 38 - -

170 1657 .1 460 240 305 3 .125 80 60 - -

171 858 - 720 360 - - - - 0 - -

172 854 - (2) (2) - - - - 0 - -

173 1656 - (2) () (2) (2) (2) (2) - -

174 782 - (2) - - - - (2) - -

175 2425 - (2) 320 - .160 - - - -

176 737 <.i 780 950 960 (2) .160 - 33 C 15 -

177 1087 <.i 850 900 400 3,200 .245 - 38 - -

178 1033 <.i 850 900 400 3,200 .245 - 38 - -

179 1658 <.I (2) - 480 (2) .150 - 50 - -

180 1951 - (2) (2) 80 5,440 .125 - 60 - -

181 2019 - (2) - - - - - 60 - -

182 2018 - (2) 760 80 800 <.100 - 70 C12 -

N 11 183 2020 - 830 780 - - - - 60 - -

184 2021 - (2) 790 100 800 .110 - 70 C12 -

N 11 185 2022 - (2) - - - - - 75 - -

186 2341A .1 630 300 120 3.2 <.200 - -

187 2341B - 630 - - - - -

188 2341C <.i 660 - 320 72 <.500

189 783 - 550 340 - - - 90+ (2) -

190 1652 >10 270 280 5 .004 .075 - - C

N2

A2

H 5

191 1653 >10 260 20 3 4.0064 .080 - C 6

N5

A4

H5 192 738 - 660 520 - - .220 10 28 C 1

193 739 .2 630 430 80 1,280 .190 10 30 C 16

194 1648 5.4 330 510 25 .024 .045 - - 3C

N6

A4

H7

See ootnotes at end of table.
18 TABLE A-2. - Ignition sensitivity, relative flammability, and limiting oxygen

concentration of atmosphere for dusts--Continued

Ignition Minimum igniting Minimum Relative Limiting oxygen

Ignition temperature, energy for explosive flammability, concentration,1

Line Sample sensitivity 0 C dust. millijoules concentration, percent inert percent

Cloud Layer Cloud Layer oz/cu ft In In spark Spark Furnace,

furnace apparatus 8500 C

195 1555 6.4 470 480 15 0.008 0.045 90 85 3

CC

N4 196 1605 3.4 480 460 25 .04 .050 - - -

197 1996 - - - 140 8 .055 - - -

198 740 .6 480 460 160 4 .045 55 78 3C -

N 7 199 1556 8.8 460 430 10 .2 .050 90 85 3

Cc

N6 NO 200 1606 1.8 590 380 30 .08 .065 - - - -

201 864 .1 530 470 120 3 .305 25 38 C 1

202 1962 .1 380 660 160 - .300 55 45 N 10

203 2017 - (2) 320 - - (2) - (2) -

204 1649 1.0 440 500 60 1.6 .080 - C 13

N 10

A 8

H8 205 1428 1.0 480 540 60 24 .070 80 70 013 C 3

206 2452 - (2) 420 - - (2) - (2) - -

207 1404 - (2) 430 - - - - (2) - -

208 859 - 730 470 - - - - (2) - -

209 1390 - (2) 500 - - - - (2) - -

210 1391 - (2) 550 - - - - (2) - -

211 1625 >10 20 100 45 .004 .060 - - aC -

Ni1

A 2

HN2 212 1626 >10 20 20 5 4.032 .060 - - 3

C

N 2

A 2 H4 213 1008 .3 500 490 60 8 .220 25 35 C 13 C 10

214 741 <.I 690 540 960 1,280 .480 15 25 N 9 -

215 742 <.i 600 480 960 1,280 .480 23 40 C 9

216 743 - - - - - 35 45 -

217 744 <.I 680 460 960 800 .500 30 35 C 10

N 10 218 764 700 440 - - .490 - 23 C -

219 1413 600 - - - - - - - -

220 1659 (2) 310 - - (2) - (2) - -

221 2034 <.I 760 420 640 - .550 - 25 - -

222 534 700 - - - - 25 10 - -

223 535 700 - - - - - (2) - -

224 2035 <.I 880 490 720 - 1.250 - 15 - -

225 745 5.7 20 210 <40 <.004 .160 90+ 90+ 3 C -

N 2 226 1028 >10 20 260 15 .0004 .040 90+ 90+ - -

227 1029 >10 20 290 25 .0008 .070 90+ 90+ - -

228 1632 >10 20 190 15 .0064 .045 - - 3C -

N 3

A 3

229 1633 1.1 350 300 120 .24 .045 - 3C

N 4

A 3

230 1557 >10 20 220 5 .001 .045 90+ 90+ 3C 3C

231 1558 4.7 480 320 15 .03 .060 90 90 3

C

N24 NO

232 1429 1.1 350 270 60 .32 .085 85 80 C 8 C 3

233 1627 .4 430 340 100 .064 .120 - - C50 -

N 8

A 6

H 8

234 1844 - (2) 990 (2) (2) --- - -

235 1793 - (2) (2) (2) 160 - - (2) - -

236 1895 .1 950 570 100 40 .180 - 55 - -

237 1430 - (2) 830 100 - .100 - 50 - -

238 2254 <.I 930 - 1,920 1,600 .280 - - - -

239 2082 - (2) 740 (2) (2) - - (2) - -

240 1383 - (2) 770 - - - - - - -

241 1269 - 870 900 720 160 - - 30 - -

242 1975 - 550 450 - - - 30 (2) - -

243 2196 - 500 450 (2) 16 (2) - - - -

244 2197 .3 470 400 140 16 <.100 - - - -

245 1077 .2 580 420 160 70 .090 70 63 0<3 -

See footnotes at end of table.
TABLE A-2. - Ignition sensitivity, relative flammability, and limiting oxygen 19

concentration of atmosphere for dusts--Continued

Ignition Minimum igniting Minimum Relative Limiting oxygen

Ignition temperature, energy for explosive flammability, concentration,'

Line Sample sensitivity C dust, milliioules concentration percent inert Percent

Cloud Layer Cloud Layer oz/cu ft In In spark Spark Furnace,

furnace apparatus 8500 C

246 747 0.4 580 460 160 80 0.050 80 78 3 C

N5

247 1021 .8 600 460 80 50 .050 83 75 -

248 746 3.7 540 470 20 160 .050 80 75 3 C

N5

249 748 2.9 430 480 80 20 .020 90 90 3 C

250 2408 1.3 660 - 60 240 .040 - - - -

251 2065 .9 830 700 50 240 .055 - 80 - -

252 2125 .8 900 650 60 320 .050 - 80 - -

253 1894 .1 950 540 80 40 .190 - 55 - -

254 2102 <.I 940 550 2,240 1,280 .285 - 10 - -

255 1893 - (2) 650 300 56 .280 - 45 - -

256 2114A - - - - - - - - C 14 -

257 2114B - - - - - - - - C 14 -

258 2404 1.3 670 - 60 320 .040 - - - -

259 1845 - (2) IF (2) (2) - - - - -

260 672 - 700 - - - 10 30 N 13 -

261 671 - 870 .285 - 25 N 14 N 15

262 675 - 660 - - - - -

263 681 - - 780 33 53 N 8 -

264 683 - 670 - 18 45 N<I0 -

265 684 - 700 - - - 50 N<10 -

266 1982 .2 690 800 220 - .090 5 70 -

267 1981 .4 540 540 150 - .060 75 85

268 871 - () 640 - - - - (2) -

269 872 - 790 670 - 2,560 2.000 - 15 C 19

270 1822 - 560 420 (2) 720 (2) 35 e) - -

271 850 - 700 480 - - - - (2)

272 1482 .4 450 290 80 8 .130 65 65

273 870 - (2) (2) - - - -)

274 1840 - (2) (2) 400 - .400 - 50

275 1841 - (2) (2) 280 - .400 - 50

276 2030 - (2) 800 1,600 - .335 - 25 C 17 -

N 17

277 2031 - (2) 920 1,280 - .260 - 30 C 17 -

N 17

278 869 <.I 860 - 400 (2) .425 - 53 C 19 -

279 2032 (2) 980 1,280 - .240 - 40 C 16

N 15

280 865 - 580 330 - - - 40 (2) - -

281 868 .5 370 400 80 4 .140 38 35 C 13 -

282 866 <.I 440 400 400 36 1.300 90 35 C 17 -

283 867 - 530 380 - - (2) 55 (2) - -

284 1521 - 370 190 - - 1.000 65 --

285 1843 - (2) 910 (2) (2) - -

286 1842 - (2) (2) (2) (2) - - - - -

287 2353 - 480 300 60 16 - - A 3 -

288 2354A - 420 290 40 3.2 - - - A 3 -

289 2354B - 420 340 30 16 - - - A 3 -

290 2354C - 630 500 800 400 - - - - -

291 1155 - 790 - - - - - - -

292 1154 - 770 - - - - - - - -

293 1156 - 600 470 - - - 55 (2) - -

294 1952 - (2) 340 - - - - (2) - -

295 1953 - (2) 910 - - - - (2) - -

296 1950 - (2) 920 - - - - () - -

297 1949 - (2) 400 - - - - (2) -

298 1948 - (2) 360 - - - - (2) - -

299 1832 - (2) 390 (2) ) - (2) -

300 1873 - 930 - - - - (2) - -

301 2075 - 470 350 (2) (2) (2) 85 (2) - -

302 2076 - 460 330 ) (2) (2) 85 (2) - -

303 749 - 430 - - - 90 (2) - -

304 750 - 460 - - - 90 (2) - -

305 751 - 420 - - - 90 (2) - -

306 752 - 420 - - - 90 (2) - -

307 1660 <.I 380 280 8,200 1,000 1.000 90+ 25 - -

308 2427 - - <500 (2) - (2) - (2) - -

309 780 - () (2) - - - - (2) - -

310 781 - (2) (2) -) -

311 1820 - 330 350 (2) (2) ) 65 -

312 1821 - 320 300 (2) () () 75 (2) -

313 2073 - (2) 340 - - ) -

314 - 1.0 610 - 60 .055 - - I -

'Prefix letter denotes diluent gas: C = carbon dioxide; N = nitrogen; A = argon; H = helium.

2No ignition. 3 1gnition in pure diluent gas. 4 Less than I gram of dust used in this test; higher weights ignited spontaneously.
rz 0 0 0 00 0 0 0 0C

OIn In 0It 00

J 10 --1 0)

0 0C u0 0 0 000 0 0 0000 0

o a

w 0 1 0 0 I 0 I 0 0 0 I I 0 0 0 I I 0 I z 00 I I I I I0 I I0 I II , I I 0 I t IDI 1 0000 I

00 0 00 0 0 000

0o I C0 000o00 o I I 000 o0o0 00 I I 100 I I I I I I I A10 10oc)00 I I I I I I o10)00

10 -. 1 o 000000 c c 010 c(D(0 000000000o00 0 0000

01 0

100 w w o 1 - o o0 J0 0 1 1 0 oJN NNII o o o I 0-It 0 1 1 1 1 1 In I INoItI I I I I I I I o o o 0 01 w P m 0 0 00 o 00 0INc010Ic)o0 N0 oc 0 r-0-1o o 0c o 0OI

01P

41

m ) 0 10 n00T00 I 0 I 0 100 0 O 0 00 t 0 I10000000 I 0 00 0 0 III 0 II oM 0 P' 0 000D ,00 0 00 00 I 00 l 000 0000 00 o ao 00 00 00 000 00

p1 10 0 44 m-- 000o0fIL~-i~I NNN IIIIN' NII1IIICI C~J0I(,. o 101I -~-,- -I,

10 10 o- c o c o oo0o0C o o o cc o o o

:j 100 w- N I o c) o o o o I I IN10NINIoo,-II IIN11.-11 I 01 I001-II I occt.1041001oo I o oooIN-IIN, a1 ca(Do10o ooo D oc cI c INNI1ID- o000010 o0IIWONON0rr.- o ooo001'-o 000110-IO- ooo -.I

101 00 10 p Ll r ,,l l L c l c l o 1 1,c c '

0 01) - -1 0 00 I 00 -0-0 - O D . - 1 ) 1 0 1 0 1 -1 0 - - 1 CnO M-0I),0- ) 1 1 0 M 1 0 .Io

10 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0D 00 0 0 0 0 or o 0) 0 )cD0 C 41~0 ~~~ 00nI0- N> -IN o~l )O '0) 101 m0-.01l0 cN) ~ IN -I0 -- 0 1 01 01 1 C p 44 0 dN00N1 no-II.-.-.- - 1-

S100 No I o IcD o c) -0 I I .-1IN010IN--11 o I I I 1010 I I I I I I I I o coINto,- I I I I oN1o-It I oN I IN -- E a OI o 0 N 1oIo1o0 c) o0 c)crc 0001I~ oo o 1000 o o o -IN-I IN

oI a)-I

I 14 0

00 a)2 u1 0r 1 000000C4 t I 100 000 10 I I0 0 I0 I10000000.. 0 0 0 CN tT I I ID t C4 IM 04 a) ID-It I -10.- 00.1010 N10 .1 r-10 0 00000II ,- InIN11010IN)

01 10 IN IooIo I o oc o I I IIN0IN- o0NIINn1 I c0IN00N.-11 lo IN ocooooI000I II I I I I I 01 '0InI1000I Oo-H ~cn In- onnnnII cnIt.tI -dIctIt-tI .-I -0- N-I-I

10,- 11-. I O OON0I r c c I I 10n0I ( L , -tI c O I rIINIt 1 INION a, n I aNI1INN-I I: INN-I 00 ) tDT .11 C 4 C

o 04 L14I 1 IN -I N1111 11I NI C N.1I IINNNNnI01000000NNN NI NIN00Q)10I N01 N00 nI ~0I NI OON-.H-.I ONI nI nI CNI

;jH HHH H H- H HH H H H

u 3mWo -II oooo0 tn1I100 INNtn0N00-IItIn10IN100o0I0.-)l co o l I o oI o It~1I100-1NNI~1IC

0) P C 00 InL)C)m I
0 0 0 000 0 0 0 *0 0 c 000 c In 99 00

0 Mn WDON 0 Mn M

190 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 190 1 1 1CD000 1 1 190 9 9 0 9 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 90 0 0 0 000 0 0 I

I~ I I %D I I %D I I C In 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 O

Mn N Mn~ -.

00911 11 1 1111 1~ 9909000099009009100000000999999900909990i 00 0 00 0 000 00o 00 00000000 00 0 0 In 0 0 0 000 00i OW 0 0 0co~ n

0 a,90 CC 0 0 '010 m 't 0 M o N~ IM N1 - N "N. - -9- =

0 0911991199 119 19 99091 001 0900099I10 0900c 99 1000000009991111100 109990 00 0 c0 0 000 00 00 0000000u) ofi 0 0 00-c 2 00 .4 000 C C .40 CNN r-0 r,-C: 90 - In

'0 009 L~rWn It InN m N9In.M

If I I I I9 I9 I I I I I I MO I n IOMNLnOM I I n n I n D I 1 0O.It N IO 0 00 9Y 1 9~ 1 1I, 1 H- I 1 00

InNC4 N 1 '00 o OD oOO N OrC1 - OMMOWONON0N 09- .

+ + + ± 0 00 00 0 0 00 0 000 00o 00 00000000 0In

N r-I r-r- 00, 00c , 0 00 0 0 0I 0'00 0 9,-M 

0n~ NN0 0 00 1100 1 0 0 00 1100 1.- cc900'I N

In 00 00 00 00 0 000 00 00 00000000 00

r-D aO 90 -00 . 000 00 InN -t Ir.NIr mM l It

OI I9 I IW I 09 IWr I 9Ir- I I + 1 9.4ICIn+ 0 Or- 90 0 0 NW.4WW 91 99991Or-1919199

0 00 0 000 0 0 00 0000000 0

0 0c l0 0 00 L OW 00 Ofl)nWO4OD r-4

I II cDI0 0 0 N0 0 0 0 00 In0 W' 0 0 0 0

0) 00 0 000 00 00 0000000 0

0W 'D0W0 . r-W 09 In' InN C1 NN " 4Ne

i i i i i 9 a9 i i 9 '09 i r- o i io999ci 0 9 L tW 0 o09-9914 c,),- a% 0 r o W i i 9o 9 i 9 i i IN c, i i 9

r- r- CC 10 Dr- Cr- r-r I 00 -n r- r99999000099009o 1000910910CD009 0 D009 0099I10009100099999999 11 109999999 1 00 Inwt9 00~ 000 0 000 000 00 000 000 0

ONO a% 00 000 0 000 WO ON) 0r- rNO 

*00 00 00 000 0 000o 000 00 000 000 0 0 a, NN C4 In 0.41 - r-- ,c - 4'0 WO r-O' 0 r- -

Nfl cl It In m In In4 ) MN~ NNi 9N N

NN0n 9 ID 

ca ) tn I InN 

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449

0

I M C- I -9,- In 9 I 1 -9,- 9 90 1 9 N 1 9090 9.4 9 1 WON ~ NW - 9 I9- 9 I I 9 I I 9 1 9 9

.- 9 N0 ~ ~ In ~ r- 0 ~ 0 ~ N. ~ r-0Ir'09 C M0' 0 In W N In W -9N N r- -9r.%n -' D In mn I n'0 r-w W '0W1 w In '0. n -9 a,0 0 09 W '0 W 0 0 W '0 r- r- r' NW W Mn N r- W N In N r- W M9 N W W 0 In . .44 t...t 0' % 00 00 I n 0MMc 0 0 0 In In N" -1NN N N 0 0 -0 0 r- r- W 090 : Wr 00.0 09 0909 0 W M90 W -9 r 0 0 '0 t444 .t. TttC)M0 In W 0 0 r- r- In Inn

40

In) inIn In In In In In In In0'00 '0 '0' '0 ' ' r- r- r- r- r- r- r- r- r- r- W W W W W W W WM 90 9 0 M 09 M9 a, 0 0 0 0 0 0 Q)
ED 000 0 00C 0 0

22 : w o 0o I I I I I I c 0 0 o c . . . I o g c I I I I a a a a I I I

0 )oZn M o c 

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