Glass Reference Standards for 

the Trace-Element Analysis of 

Geological Materials-Compilation 

of Interlaboratory Data

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PROFESSIONAL PAPER 1013
Glass Reference Standards for 

the Trace-Element Analysis of 

Geological Materials-Compilation 

of Interlaboratory Data

By ALFRED T. MYERS, RAYMOND G. HAVENS, JON J. CONNOR, 

NANCY M. CONKLIN, and HARRY J. ROSE, JR.

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PROFESSIONAL PAPER 1013

UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE, WASHINGTON : 1976
UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR 

THOMAS S. KLEPPE, Secretary

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY

V. E. McKelvey, Director

Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data

Main entry under title:

Glass reference standards for the trace-element analysis of geological materials compilation of interlaboratory data.

(Geological Survey Professional Paper 1013)

Bibliography: p.

Supt.ofDocs.no.: 119.16:1013

1. Trace elements Analysis-Standards. 2. Rocks Analysis-Standards. 3. Geochemistry, Analytic-Standards.

I. Myers, Alfred T. II. Series: United States Geological Survey Professional Paper 1013.

QE75.P9 no. 1013 [QE516.T85] 557.3'08s [552'.06] 76-608174

For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office

Washington, D.C. 20402 

Stock Number 024-001-02919-7
CONTENTS

Page

Abstract....................................................................................... 1

Introduction................................................................................ 1

Analytical methods..................................................................... 1

Rock analyses.............................................................................. 4

Water analyses............................................................................. 4

Trace-element analyses............................................................... 4

Discussion of data....................................................................... 4

Compositional homogeneity...................................................... 10

Acknowledgments....................................................................... 28

References cited........................................................................... 28

TABLES

Page

TABLE 1. Isotope-dilution analyses and corresponding medians of glass standards........................................................................................ 2

2. Isotope-dilution analyses of glass standards for Pb, U, Rb, and Sr................................................................................................. 2

3. Isotope-dilution analyses for Pb and U on randomly chosen glass standard bottles ...................................................................... 2

4-7. Rock analyses of glass standards:

4. GSB.........................................................................................................................._^ 3

5. GSC........................................................................................................................................................................................ 5

6. GSD.............................................................................................................................................................................^ 6

7. GSE ........................................................................................................................................................................................ 7

8. Analysts' affiliations and data pertinent to analyses given in tables 4-7......................................................................................... 8

9. Determination of combined water and moisture in glass standards................................................................................................ 9

10. Comparauve results for moisture (H2O-) under different conditions of exposure for glass standards .......................................... 10

11. Determination of trace elements in glass standards.......................................................................................................................... 11

12. Addresses and affiliations of analysts cited in table 11..................................................................................................................... 24

13. Trace-element compositions of glass standards as medians............................................................................................................. 25

14. Ranges of several trace elements in glass standards ......................................................................................................................... 26

15. Major-element composition of glass standards as medians.............................................................................................................. 26

16. Quantitative spectrographic determinations of trace elements ........................................................................................................ 27

17. Factors (geometric deviations) reflecting sample inhomogeneity in glass standards ...................................................................... 28

GLASS REFERENCE STANDARDS FOR THE 

TRACE-ELEMENT ANALYSIS OF GEOLOGICAL MATERIALSCOMPILATION OF INTERLABORATORY DATA

By ALFRED T. MYERS, RAYMOND G. HAVENS, JON J. CONNOR, 

NANCY M. CONKLIN, and HARRY J. ROSE, JR.

ABSTRACT

A set of four artificial glass reference standards, to which were added 46 

trace elements, was designed at the U.S. Geological Survey for quality 

control of trace-element analysis in rocks. This study is a compilation of 

results from geochemical laboratories of many countries and from three 

laboratories of the Survey. These standards were made in 180- to 200- 

pound lots by Corning Glass Works for the Survey. They were designed 

primarily for monitoring spectrochemical mobile laboratories, as well as 

for standardizing direct reading spectrometers, or for other similar uses, 

and are not for sale or distribution outside the U.S. Geological Survey. 

Medians, instead of the customary arithmetic means, are given for major 

and minor constituents and for 49 trace elements. Results expressed as 

medians, obtained by all methods of analyses for lead, rubidium, strontium, and uranium compare favorably with results given for isotopedilution analyses. Comparisons of quantitative with semiquantitative 

medians are made with the overall medians for 10 elements; the comparison shows the quantitative medians are in better agreement with the 

overall medians. The spread of the quantitative data for the three Survey 

laboratories are compared with each other as well as with the data from 

the outside laboratories; one Survey laboratory showed the least spread, 

whereas all the Survey laboratories showed a medium spread of results as 

compared with the larger spread of the outside laboratories. A quantitative spectrochemical study of compositional homogeneity is included as 

an important part of establishing the final accuracy of results on these 

standards. Some isotope-dilution data, for different bottles, are presented for lead and uranium as additional evidence for compositional 

homogeneity.

INTRODUCTION

An interrelated set of five glass standards (Myers, and 

others, 1970) was prepared to provide quality control of 

trace-element analyses in the analytical and mobile laboratories of the U.S. Geological Survey. These 

standards GSA, GSB, GSC, GSD, and GSE, in 180- to 

200-pound lots each were made by Corning Glass 

Works, at the following approximate concentration levels, 

in parts per million: Blank (GSA), 0.5 (GSB), 5.0 (GSC), 50 

(GSD), and 500 (GSE) for 46 trace elements in a glass matrix. Preliminary studies indicated that the blank, GSA, 

was inhomogeneous, and it was therefore eliminated from 

the set. To avoid an excessive amount of labor and contamination in preparation of these powders, we sieved 

them through a 60-mesh nylon screen. When a finer

particle size powder (100-200 mesh) is required by the 

analyst, each standard may be reground in agate. These 

standards are not for sale or distribution outside the U.S. 

Geological Survey. However, the results of this study are 

presented as a guide for similar studies in the future.

Preparation of these standards was undertaken with two 

general aims in mind: (1) To reduce compositional inhomogeneity or "segregation error" to a minimum, by use 

of a glass matrix, and (2) to obtain a relatively large supply 

of standard for long-term quality control of trace-element 

analysis. More immediate needs were for day-to-day use 

with direct-reading spectrometers and for mobile laboratory or field units.

ANALYTICAL METHODS

Interlaboratory analyses, based on the cooperative work 

of the many excellent analysts listed herein, are conventional ways to "certify" the accuracy of major- and traceelement composition of the four glass reference standards. 

As with all inter laboratory investigations of this nature, 

this cooperative work has also afforded an opportunity to 

compare several different analytical methods. As a general 

rule, agreement among different runs for the same instrumental method are less reassuring than agreement among 

different instrumental methods.

An attempt to obtain "absolute" compositional accuracy for all elements in these glasses, by using a great 

number of analyses from a great many laboratories, would 

consume too much time. Instead, we believe it is possible, 

using the data available, to arrive at a close approximation to the "true" value by choosing the median as the 

measure of central tendency, rather than the arithmetic 

mean of the analyses.

We have used the median, because it is a distributionfree measure of central tendency and because it is little 

affected by unusually high and low values. We view it as 

the "most probable" value. Ties have been handled by 

conventional summing, dividing and rounding. The 

decision to use the median is supported, at least in part, by
GLASS REFERENCE STANDARDS FOR TRACE-ELEMENT ANALYSIS OF GEOLOGICAL MATERIALS

the data shown in table 1 for lead, rubidium, strontium, 

and uranium from which data by the isotope-dilution 

method have been obtained.

TABLE 1. — Isotope-dilution analyses, in parts per million, and

corresponding medians of glass standards

Glass standard —— GSB GSC GSD GSE

Pb ID —————— —— 14 50 460 

Median ——— —— 15 52 500

Rb ID —————— —— 4.5 39 420 

Median ——— —— 6 41 420

Sr ID —————— —— 27 64 516 

Median ——— —— 27 64 500

U ID —————— 1 3.9 39 469

Median ——— —— —— —— 470

In the present state of the art, isotope dilution methods 

seem both in theory and in practice to give the most accurate results for those elements to which these methods are 

applicable. The isotope-dilution data are given in table 2 

for lead, rubidium, strontium, and uranium. In table 3,

TABLE 3. — Isotope-dilution analyses, in parts per million, for Pb and 

U on randomly chosen glass standard bottles 

[Asterisk (*) indicates approximate element content (in parts per million) requested 

of Corning]

Glass standard —————— GSD GSE 

*50 *500

Bottle No. Result Bottle No. Result

Pb ——————————————— 1154 50.9 1376 461

171 49.9 1430 461 

1018 50.3 1276 467

U ——————————————— 765 41.0 305 460

171 39.1 1276 469 

1018 38.6 1430 477

Mean for bottles ——— ——— 39.6 469

some evidence is also given for homogeneity of these 

glasses "between" bottles for lead and uranium. 

Because analytical trace-element procedures for different instrumental methods are so varied and yet so precise in detail, it seemed important for this study to survey

TABLE 2.—Isotope-dilution analyses, in parts per million, of glass standards for Pb, U, Rb, and Sr

[Leaders (...) indicate no data. Asterisk (*) indicates approximate element content (in parts per million) requested of Corning]

Glass standard ——

Pb ———————— _

TJ ___

Rb ————— ————— ——— ——

QT-— — _

GSB GSC 

*0.5 *5

1 3.9

1 3.9

4.78

4.20

4.5

27.4

97 L

GSD 

*50

50.9 

50.4 

49.5 

49.7 

50.3

50.2

41.0

39.3 

38.8 

39.1 

38.6

39.0

39.7 

39.2

39.4

64.3 

63.3

AT 8

GSE 

*500

461

461 

467

463

460 

477

469

469

419 

420

420

516 

517

M A

Bottle No. 

(respectively) .

435, 1154, 1376 

171 

171 

171 

1018 

1430 

1276

———

677, 1825, 765, 305 

1430

1276 

171 

171 

171 

1018

—— -

435, 1154, 1376 

435, 1154, 1576

435, 1154, 1376 

435, 1154, 1376

Analyst (s) and dates of analyses

R. E. Zartman and M. H. Deleavux, 1971. 

R. E. Zartman and M. Gallego, 1975. 

Do. 

Do. 

Do. 

W. P. Leeman and M. H. Delevaux, 1975. 

Do.

J. R. Dooley, Jr., 1969. 

M. H. Delevaux, B. R. Doe, and 

W. P. Leeman, 1975. 

Do. 

R. E. Zartman and M. Gallego, 1975. 

Do. 

Do. 

Do.

C. E. Hedge and W. T. Render son, 1971. 

Do.

C. E. Hedge and W. T. Render son, 1971. 

Do.
TABLE 4.—Rock analyses, in percent, of glass standard GSB

[Leaders (...) indicate no determination made; Tr., trace]

Analyst —— — 

(table 8)

Si02 ————-

A1 20 3 —————

Fe 2 0 3 ————— 

FeO ———————

MgO ———————

Na 2 0 ——————

V f\

H20+ ——————

u f\ —

rrt j f\

P 2o 5 ————

MnO —— —— ——

n —

Subtotal — 0

J_it:fc»fc» U

Total —— —

Fe as Fe 2 0 3 -

1

61.96

U

O / 

.24

5.16

1.69

0 Q Q

5.06

4.06

3. 64

.10

.07

.01

.00

.03

.03

.01

.01

99.95

.00

99.95

7.04

2

to o

U

n 

.2

5.4

1.6

3

Q

5.0

3.9

3.7

.40

.10

.02

.04

100.00

7 2 1 • £*

3 4

to on to ~7 o

13.90 14.08

5.37 ———

1.50 _____

3.95 3.87

5.10 5.06

4

1 1

3.62 3.49

.14 ———

. 07 —— —

<.05 <.01

.02 ———

noo no 1}

100.07 ———

6

00

5 67 8 9 10 11 12 

til 

14.1 ——— ——— ——— ——— ——— ——— ——— 

1.6 ——— ——— ——— ——— ——— ——— ——— 

3

Q C 

s n L Q9 — 

4.6 4 13 4 12 - 

3.6 3.60 3.65 ——— ——— ——— ——— ——— 

O OQ n C7 n on 

——— ——— ——— .07 .13 0.09 0.075 .07 

Tr. ——— ——— ——— ——— j ——— ——— ——— 

— 

— 

——— ——— ——— ——— ——— ——— ——— ——— 

——— ——— ——— ——— ——— ——— ——— ——— 

7.5 6.80 ——— ——— ——— ——— ——— ——— 

^pectrochemical median (as oxide).

2 0xygen equivalent of fluorine and chlorine.
GLASS REFERENCE STANDARDS FOR TRACE-ELEMENT ANALYSIS OF GEOLOGICAL MATERIALS

the procedures by questionnaire. This effort has been only 

partly successful, but, still, the response we did obtain has 

been informative for judging and understanding some of 

the analytical results. For example, one optical spectrochemist, using two strongly reversed spectral lines for two 

elements, found the elements to be 20 to 40 percent lower 

than the accepted median value. In this report, results 

from different methods and from different analysts are 

examined and discussed in more detail.

ROCK ANALYSES

Analyses were made on the glass samples by conventional methods similar to those used for analysis of major 

and minor rock constituents, and the results are shown in 

tables 4, 5, 6, and 7. The median for each constituent is 

given in the last column. The analysis for TiO2 , P2O5 , and 

MnO are near their lower limits of detection by these 

methods. In table 8, the analysts cited are given with 

affiliations and pertinent data by number.

WATER ANALYSES

The results for combined water (H2O)+ and moisture 

(H2O)~ for the glass samples are shown in table 9. The discrepancy in the results for combined water may be attributed to the failure to determine and correct for the moisture 

content at the time the samples were weighed for determination of the combined water. Our results in table 10 

show that from 0.59 to 0.73 percent additional moisture 

can be absorbed by these samples when they are placed 

overnight in a humid atmosphere. Thus, the error due to 

varying moisture content in these glasses can never be 

more than about 1 percent.

TRACE-ELEMENT ANALYSES

The interlaboratory study of trace-element composition in these glasses gives reasonable agreement for many 

elements and very acceptable accuracy. Table 11 gives the 

supporting evidence. Of course, reviewers and users can 

draw their own conclusions about matters of agreement 

among laboratories. Much of the data shown in table 11, 

for each element, represent averages of several determinations, the number of which is indicated in parentheses 

after each result. Superscripts, like a and b , are explained 

in the headnote of table 11. In table 12, the analysts are 

cited and their affiliations are shown.

DISCUSSION OF DATA

The medians of the trace-element analyses of the four 

glasses composed from both quantitative and semiquantitative data have been collected and combined for 

convenience in table 13.

Because of the uncertainty of the data for zirconium in 

the low concentrations, and especially because of its geochemical importance, a spectrographic study was made on

the standard samples GSB and GSC. A direct comparison 

was made with analytical standards on the same plate by 

use of 15-mg charges instead of the usual 10-mg charge. 

This comparison showed that GSC was very close to our 

original determination of 5 ppm, whereas the GSB sample 

was definitely lower than the 5 ppm standard, showing 4 

ppm as an upper limit. Thus, GSB is shown in tables 11 

and 13 as having about 4 ppm zirconium.

In table 11, the authors have rated each median result, 

using the symbols: R for "suggested with reservations,"S 

for "suggested," and A for "accepted." Thus, we believe 

that medians that are indicated as accepted (A) are the most 

accurate. Some medians are based on a few analytical 

results; therefore, rather than use still another category to 

signify meager data, we rate them simply as R, "suggested 

with reservations."

Ranges of the analytical results for several of the trace 

elements are shown in table 14.

The major element composition of the glasses are also 

shown as medians, in percent, in table 15, a combination 

of data from tables 4, 5, 6, and 7.

Both semiquantitative and quantitative data were used 

in table 11 to obtain the median. It is of interest to examine 

the data by subdividing it for two medians, for standard 

GSE:

As Cd Ce Cd Ga Hf Li Ni Pd

Semiquantitative median-- 450 400 600 420 20 500 600 600 150 690

Quantitative median———— 450 460 500 360 28 500 460 500 100 490

Overall median———————— 450 420 550 370 20 500 480 500 100 490

For Cd, Ce, Cs, Ga, Li, Ni, Pd, and Y, one of the 

individual medians can be considerably different from the 

overall median; Cd and Ga are closer to the semiquantitative value, and Cs, Ni, Pd, and Y are closer to the quantitative value. The overall median for Ce actually falls halfway between the quantitative and the semiquantitative 

medians. It is an average of the two. The data for As and Hf 

are really the most interesting because of the apparent 

match among semiquantitative and quantitative and 

overall medians. The quantitative data for Hf, however, 

gave a fairly narrow range.

Considering the state of the art, as well as the number of 

results contributed for each element, the data for most of 

the elements in table 11 are, in general, considered to be remarkably good. The elements for which the medians are 

based on scarce data are Cl, Eu, F, Ru, Se, Te, and Tl.

One interesting aspect of the data in table 11 is that there 

are four contributors (Conklin, Fletcher, Mays, and 

Sutton) of optical spectrochemical data, from three U.S. 

Geological Survey laboratories, who have used the same 

methods, and two of these analysts (Conklin and Sutton) 

are from a single laboratory. In all but a few instances, the 

comparative data from all four analysts are very good
TABLE 5.—Rock analyses, in percent, of glass standard GSC 

[Leaders (...) indicate no determination made; Tr., trace]

Analyst ———

(table 8)

Si02 ——————

A1 2 0 3 —————

Fe 20 —————

FeO ———————

MgO ———————

CaO ———————

Na 2 0 ——————

K2 0 ———————

u n'

H2CT ——————

Ti02 ——————

P 2o 5 ————

MnO ———————

C0 2 ———————

n

Subtotal —

2Less 0 ——

Total ———

Fe as Fe 20 3

1

62.04

14.20

5.29

1.58

3.89

5.00

4.06

3.60

i ft

.06

.01

.00

.03

.04

.01

.01

100.00

.00

100.00

7.04

2

62.6

14.2

5.6

1.5

3.9

4.8

3.8

3.6

/ o

.43

.10

<.01

.02

.04

100.00

7.3

3 4

62.05 62.78

13.85 14.21

5.53 ———

1.41 ———

3.95 4.03

5.05 4.98

4.15 ———

3.62 3.62

i ft

.07 ———

<.05 <.01

. 02 ———

.028 .023

99.96 ———

7.17 ———

5678

60.9 ——— ——— ———

14.6 ——— ——— ———

5.8 ——— ——— ———

1.4 ——— ——— ———

——— 3.80 ——— ———

4.2 4.85 ——— ———

4.6 4.08 4.10 ———

3.5 3.65 3.64 ———

——— ——— ——— 0.31

——— ——— ——— .08

Tr. ——— ——— ———

7.4 6.96 ——— ———

9 10 11 12 

——— ——— ——— ——

——— ——— ——— ——

——— ——— ——— ——

——— ——— ——— ——

——— ——— ——— ——

——— ——— ——— ——

——— ——— ——— ——

——— ——— ——— ——

O

r- f\ f\ o 

.18 0.10 0.075 .0

——— ——— ——— ——

——— ——— ——— ——

——— ——— ——— ——

——— ——— ——— ——

——— ——— ——— ——

- 

——— ——— ——— ——

——— ——— ——— ——

^pectrochemical median (as oxide).

2 0xygen equivalent of fluorine and chlorine.
GLASS REFERENCE STANDARDS FOR TRACE-ELEMENT ANALYSIS OF GEOLOGICAL MATERIALS

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TABLE 7.—Rock analyses, in percent, of glass standard GSE

[Leaders (...) indicate no determination made; Tr., trace]

Analyst ——— - 

(table 8)

O -J /~\

A12 0 3 —————

Fe 2 0 3 ————— 

FeO ———————

MgO —— — —— -

Na 2 0 —————— 

v n K2 0 

u r\'

TJ fl"~

rri • f\

P 2°5 — —— —— 

MnO ———————

O JL

Subtotal — 

2 Less 0 —— 

Total ————

Fe as Fe 2 0 3 -

1

61.14 

14.78 

4.74 

1.57 

3.64

5.28 

4.67 

3.06 

.05 

.03 

.12

.005 

.09 

.02 

.08 

.03

99.30 

.03 

99.27

6.49

2

U^ • 1

13.6 

5.2 

1.4 

3.6

5.0 

4.4 

3.1 

.38 

.06 

.13

.04 

.09

99.00

6.8

3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

61.50 61.83 60.0 ——— ——— ——— ——— ——— ——— ———

lone loon i//~\

5

r»Q c o

3

-7-7 Q £ Q Q C £

5.35 5.24 5.3 5.05 ——— ——— ——— ——— ——— ———

4.60 ——— 5.0 4.38 4.53 ——— ——— ——— ——— ———

3.11 2.94 3.0 3.08 3.05 ——— ——— ——— ——— ———

.07 ——— ——— ——— ——— 0.19 0.66 ——— ——— 0.2

.05 ——— ——— ——— ——— .03 .10 0.07 0.068 .0

.17 .10 .08 ——— ——— ——— ——— ——— ——— ———

.03 ——— ——— ——— ——— ——— ——— ——— ——— ———

.10 .095 ——— ——— ——— ——— ——— ——— ——— ———

98.45 ——— ——— ——— ——— ——— ——— ——— ——— ———

——— 6.56 6.9 6.20 ——— ——— ——— ——— ——— ———

^pectrochemical median (as oxide).

2 0xygen equivalent of fluorine and chlorine.

3 This total does not include the relatively large amount (over 1 percent) of trace elements present 
TABLE 8.—Analysts' affiliations and data pertinent to analyses given in tables 4-7

Column 

(tables 

4-7)

1

2 

3

4 

5

6 

7 

8

9 

10

Analyst (s)

Brandt, E. L. , 

(formerly 

E . L . Munson) .

Shapiro, Leonard

Goni , J . , and 

Moal, J. Y.

Fabbi, B. P.

Weijden, C. H. 

van der

Gardner, Johnnie

Ingamells, C. 0., and 

Schlocker, L. B.

Wasik, J . , and 

Kaye, M.

Horska, S. 

Myers, A. T.

Affiliations

U.S. Geol. Survey, 

Denver, Colo.

U.S. Geol. Survey, 

Reston, Va.

BRGM, Natl. Geol. 

Service, Orleans, 

France.

U.S. Geol. Survey, 

Menlo Park, Calif.

Univ. Utrecht, the 

Netherlands .

U.S. Geol. Survey, 

Denver, Colo.

U.S. Geol. Survey, 

Menlo Park, Calif.

Australian Natl. Univ., 

Canberra, ACT 

Australia.

McGill Univ., Montreal, 

Quebec, Canada, Dept . 

Geol. Sciences.

U.S. Geol. Survey, 

Denver, Colo.

Year of 

analysis

1969

1969 

1972

1970, 

1971

1970

1969

1971, 

1975

1970 

1971

1969, 

1971

Type(s) of analysis

X-ray fluorescence and method 

of Shapiro and Brannock (1962) 

for FeO; flame photometer for 

Na and K.

-----r\n -------------------------

_____Hr> -------------------------

Conventional moisture determination.

Reference 

method 

Peck (196

Shapiro a

("1962) 

Moal and 

Fabbi (19

Weijden 

1970).

Perkin-El

L. B. Sch

commun. 

Riley (1

S . Horska 

1971).

Peck (196

11 Maxwell, J. A.

12 Co Her, Maynard

Geol. Survey, Ottawa, 1973 

Canada.

Indiana Geol. Survey, 1973 

Bloomington, Ind.

Conventional moisture determination (modified).

ConventionalJ. A. Max

commun.

R. K. Lei

commun.
TABLE 9.—Determination of combined water and moisture, in percent, in glass standards

Analysts and affiliations GSB GSC GSD GSE

Year(s) 

analyses

Type(s) of analyses Reference to publish

H20+ (combined)

Goni, J., and Moal, J. Y.; BRGM-Nancy, Orleans, FranceWasik, J., and Kaye, M. ; Australian Natl. Univ. 

Dept. Geology, Canberra, ACT, Australia. 

Horska, S., Geological Sciences, McGill Univ., 

Montreal, Quebec, Canada. 

Coller, Maynard; Indiana State Univ., Bloomington, Ind0.10 

.14 

.42 

.37 

.28

.57 

.29

0.18 

.18 

.35 

.50 

.31

.50 

.35

0.14 

.14 

.40 

.44 

.31

.25 

.35

0.05 

.07 

.43 

.32 

.19

.66 

.24

1969 

1972 

1969

1970 

1971 

1973

Modified Penfield ——

_ Hn— — - - —

——— do ——————————

——— do ——————————

__ „ __ J r»__ ___ ___

Peck (1964). 

Moal and others (19

Shapiro and Brannock 

Riley (1958). 

S. Horska (written c

R. K. Leininger (wr

H_0- (moisture)

Goni, J., and Moal, J. Y. , BRGM-Nancy, Orleans, FranceWasik, J., and Kaye, M. ; Australian Natl. Univ. Dept. 

Geology, Canberra, ACT, Australia. 

Horska, S. , Geological Sciences, McGill Univ., 

Montreal, Quebec, Canada. 

Maxwell, J. A.; Canada Geol. Survey, Ottawa, Canada ———

0.07 

.09

.07 

.11 

.09 

.07

.13

.08 

nv

0.06 

.10

.07 

.09 

.10 

.08

.18

.08 

na

0.07 

.12

.05 

.11 

.10 

.07

.39

.10 

nv

0.03 

.07

.05 

.06 

.06 

.03

.10 

.07

OA

1969 

1969, 

1971 

1972 

1969

1970 

1971 

1973

1 QV1

1 hour at 105°C ———

——— do -———————-

Overnight at 110° C — 

1 hour at 110° C ———

1% hours at 118°C ——

Overnight at 110° C— 

i timiT at- in*; 0 r

Peck (1964). 

Do.

Moal and others (196

Shapiro and Brannock 

Riley (1958). 

S. Horska (written c

J. W. Maxwell (writt

P V To-fn-fnoov fi.rr-
10 GLASS REFERENCE STANDARDS FOR TRACE-ELEMENT ANALYSIS OF GEOLOGICAL MATERIALS

TABLE 10.—Comparative results, in percent, for moisture (H2O~) under different 

conditions of exposure for glass standards

[Analyst: A. T. Myers, Denver, Colo.; method, conventional moisture determination. Leaders (...) indicate

no determination made]

Glass standard——— GSB GSC GSD GSE Remarks

August 1969 ——————

ino-iiot- 1 Q71 ————————

0.09 0.10 0.12 0.07 See table 5.

Overnight (15 hr)— .68 .82 .85 .68

bottle—2-year 

storage.

In desiccator over 

water.

(interlaboratory) and, in all but a very few instances, are 

excellent between the two values (from the two analysts) 

obtained in a single laboratory (intralaboratory). These 

two values represent more of a controlled situation—same 

instrument, same lines (except for V), and same preparation techniques. Whatever differences there are among the 

three Survey laboratories may be due to subtle differences 

in instruments, in standards, or in judgments of the 

analysts. In any event, one would expect the spread of data 

to be better than the data from three different optical spectrochemical laboratories that are unrelated to the U.S. 

Geological Survey laboratories and that use different 

methods, perhaps different lines, and different standard 

powders, and so forth.

If we now compare the quantitative spectrochemical 

data (OS of table 11) from Survey analysts (Conklin, 

Fletcher, Mays, and Sutton) with the data from all spectrochemical analysts of the laboratories outside the Survey, we can show the spread of results in the analytical data 

for 17 elements for standard GSE:

Total range of results shown as parts per million spread

Ag B Ba Cd Co Cr Cu Ge Mn Mo Ni Pb Sn Sr V Zr

All Survey

laboratories... 30 70 100 40 50 50 110 70 160 170 100 60 100 70 130 70 70

One Survey

laboratory..... 10 10 70 20 30 10 10 0 50 10 10 60 0 20 130 0 30

Outside

laboratories.,. 70 200 50 170 190 210 90 170 280 160 80 170 50 50 70 120 90

Considering the above 17 elements, we notice that the 

spread of results for 15 elements was less for the "one Survey laboratory" when compared with the results for "all 

Survey laboratories." In this same comparison, two elements (Pb and V) showed an equal spread. If we compare 

the spread of data for "all Survey laboratories" with that 

shown by "outside laboratories," 10 elements out of 17 for 

"all Survey laboratories" showed a narrower spread; one 

element (Mo) gave an equal spread. The "outside laboratories" did show a narrower spread of results than that of 

"all Survey laboratories" for 6 elements (Ba, Cu, Ni, Sn, Sr, 

and V) out of the 17. Only 2 elements (Ba and V) out of the 

17 gave a decreased spread of results for "outside laboratories," when compared with the spread of "one Survey 

laboratory."

COMPOSITIONAL HOMOGENEITY

As Flanagan (1969) pointed out, two prime requirements for reference samples are homogeneity from bottle 

to bottle and a minimum of contamination during the 

preparation and bottling of the standards. For these glass 

standards every known precaution was taken to minimize 

contamination and to achieve homogeneity. An evaluation of homogeneity was made by quantitative spectrographic analyses for 23 elements in each of four bottles 

chosen at random from each standard (table 16). Two 

analyses were made of each split by optical emission procedures. The total variation observed for each standard in 

this experiment can thus be viewed as the sum of two indipendent variations—variation arising from conditions of
COMPILATION OF INTERLABORATORY DATA 11

measurement (analytical error) and a second reflecting inhomogeneity in the standard. 

The statistical model used is

Log Xi}- = M + Ai + E- (1)

where Xz; represents the concentration of metal X determined in the ;th analysis of the zth split. Because line 

densities in emission spectrography are exponentially 

related to concentrations, the observed variation is more 

properly studied on a logarithmic scale. In this model, M 

is the true (and generally unknown) concentration, 

measured in logs, of the metal X in the standard; Ai is the 

difference between M and the true concentration, in logs, 

in the ith split; and £z; is the difference between the 

measured concentration, in logs, and the true logarithmic 

concentration in the ith split.

The total variance of log X^ is the sum of two variances, that variance due to differences among splits (represented by AJ) and that due to differences among analyses 

(represented by £z; ). Thus,

logX

+ S2 (2)

where S2 log x is the estimate of the total log variance, S2A 

is the estimate of the log variance among splits and S| is 

the estimate of analytical log variance. Of interest here is 

S2A> which is a property of the glass standard, and not S2£ , 

which is dependent on the laboratory method used.

The component of variance reflecting inhomogeneity 

(S2A ) is easily estimated using standard procedures of the 

analysis of variance, but can be computed from:

SJ=((n-l)nm2 )-i((2n-l)S.(S logX ;; ) 2

n m n m

-(n-l)roS 2 (log X )2-(2 Slog X,, )*)

i=l J=l ; 1=1 ;=1

(3)

where S2A is the estimate, n is the number of splits analyzed (four), and m is the number of analyses of each split

(two). A factor useful in predicting the limits of variation

induced by imperfect homogenization is derived from S2A :

F=antilog 84. (4)

This factor is a geometric deviation and table 17 lists 

these factors for several trace metals in each of the four 

standards. The range of chemical variability expected as a 

result solely of sample inhomogeneity may be estimated in 

the following way. About two-thirds of the time (68.3 percent), an analysis of a given standard should range from 

M/F to M'F, where M is the median of the concentrations 

(from table 13). About 19 times in 20 (95.4 percent), an 

analysis should range from M/F2 to M'F2. Over 99 times in 

100 (99.7 percent) an analysis should range from M/F3 to 

M'F3 . These ranges are those expected under conditions of 

a perfect analytical method (no imprecision).

For example, if we take the median of Ni in standard 

GSB (table 11) as the mode, the 68-percent range expected 

because of sample inhomogeneity is computed as 12-16 

ppm and the 95 percent range is 1 l-18ppm. Of 19 analyses 

for Ni in GSB (table 11), only 11 (58 percent) fall within the 

first range and 14 (74 percent) within the second. The difference between 58 percent and 68 percent or 74 percent 

and 95 percent, reflects analytical error.

For many entries in table 17 the solution to equation 3 is 

negative, and the inhomogeneity factor cannot be calculated. Under these conditions, we assume that the factor 

must be very small, and table 17 lists them simply as "less 

than" 1.01. For example, Ni in standard GSE seems to be 

very uniformly distributed. The limits of the 68 percent 

range expected from sample inhomogeneity should not 

exceed 495-505 and the maximum 95-percent range due to 

inhomogeneity should not exceed 490-510. Of 23 analyses 

for Ni in GSE (table 11), only 5 (22 percent) fall within the 

first range and only 7 (30 percent) fall within the second. 

The effects of analytical error seem to be more pronounced in this example than in the previous one. In 

general, standards GSC and GSE seem to be more homogeneous than standards GSB and GSD. The elements least 

homogenized seem to be Ba, Cu and Sr.

TABLE 11.—Determination of trace elements (in parts per million) in glass standards

Abbreviations of methods of analyses:

AA, atomic absorption

FA-OS, fire assay-optical spectrochemistry

Fl. Phot., flame photometry

ID, isotope dilution

OS, optical spectrochemistry

OSp, optical spectrochemistry (automated

plate reader) 

OSdr, optical spectrochemistry (multichannel

direct reader) 

XRF, X-ray fluorescence 

Chem, chemical

Symbols:

R suggested reservations 

S suggested 

A accepted

about, or approximated number shown

greater than number shown

less than number shown 

Leaders (---), no data available 

Asterisk (*), discussion in text

Number in parentheses (), number of replications for each average result, 

a, b, c, d, various spectrochemical techniques of Morgan and Swaine

(D. 3. Swaine, written commun., 1973)

GSB GSC GSD GSE Method Analyst(s), and year(s) of 

analysis (table 12)

Reference to published method of 

analysis

Ag:

< |-

,1

2 

4

R

(2)

(4) 

f /. ^

33 /. •*

(2)

(4)

(L\

o t. n

^on

(2)

(4) 

/•/. \ nd

Quantitative

Fletcher, 1969--------

Mays, 1969------ —— --

Qin-«-nn 1 QAQ-- ________

Do.

-_---- Hn

(1960).
12 GLASS REFERENCE STANDARDS FOR TRACE-ELEMENT ANALYSIS OF GEOLOGICAL MATERIALS

TABLE 11.—Determination of trace elements (in parts per million) in glass standards—Continued

GSB GSC GSD GSE Method Analyst(s), and year(s) of 

analysis (table 12)

Reference to published method of 

analysis

Ag:

.5

-6 (4) 

.5 (6)

.5 R

As: 

0.3

.3 R

Au: 

1 (2)

.06 

.1 (2)

.1 R

B: 

20 (2) 

18 (4)

<20

18 (10) 

10 (2) 

10 (4) 

21 (6) 

18 c

15 (2) 

18 R

Ba: 

30 (2) 

28 (4)

•70 CAA

Quantitative — Continued

<4 

3.3 

4 

3

<3

2 

5

4 

5 

4 

4 

3

4

5.5

6

1.5 

1.3

1.2 

1.0

1.2

20 

22 

<50

<50 

24

20 

15 

10 

20 

20

20 

20

40

29

A9

(7) 

(8) 

(3)

(10) 

(2)

(4) 

(6)

A

R

(2) 

(2)

c 

S

(2) 

(4)

(3)

(10) 

(2) 

(4) 

(6) 

c

(4) 

S

(2) 

(4) CA^i

28 

28 

44 

34 

33

20 

50

40 

50

40 

40

37

42

<700

<100 

42

14 

14 

<40 

<30 

<20 

12 

11

10 

15 

15

14

49 

70 

60 

<100 

54 

45

75

50 

50 

40 

52 

50

40 

50

85 

62 

i nn

(2) 

(7) 

(8) 

(3) 

(9)

(10) 

(2)

(4)

a 

(4)

A

R

(2)

(2)

(10) 

(2) 

c

S

(2) 

(4) 

(4)

(8) 

(3)

(4)

(10) 

(2) 

(4) 

(6) 

c

(4) 

A

(2) 

(4) CA^i

380 

260

380 

330 

290

500 

400 

330 

600 

300

400 

380

500 

320 

450

700 

520 

380 

340

450

45 

40 

50 

50 

60 

50 

40

50 

70 

50 

50

50

520 

580 

520 

500 

510 

360 

460 

560

500 

500 

500 

>220 

>100 

500 

400

500

470 

490 <;7n

(2) 

(2)

(8) 

(4) 

(9)

(10) 

(2)

(4) 

a

A

(4) 

(4)

(10)

(6) 

S

(2) 

(8) 

(2) 

(4) 

(4)

(2) -

(10) 

(2) 

c 

d

A

(2) 

(4) 

(4) 

(2) 

(8) 

(4)

(4)

(10) 

(2) 

(4)

c 

d 

(4)

A

(2) 

(4) 

f^

XRF 

OS 

OS 

OS 

OS 

OSdr

OS 

OS 

XRF 

OS 

OS 

OSp 

OS 

OS

Median

XRF 

XRF 

Chem

OS 

XRF 

XRF 

OSp

Median

AA 

FA-AA 

OS 

OS 

OS 

FA-OS 

FA -OS

OS 

OS 

OS 

OS

Median

OS 

OS 

OS 

OS 

OS 

OS 

OS 

OS

OS 

OS 

OS 

OSp 

OS 

OS 

OS

Median

OS 

OS 

ric

——— do —————————————————

Conklin, 1972 —— -- ——— —— --

Goni and Moal, 1972 —— ————

Semiquantitative

Mitchell, 1970 —————— —— --

Dorrzapf and Thomas, 1973--- 

Morgan and Swaine, 1973-----

Mitchell, 1974 ———————————

Quantitative

Semiquantitative

Conklin, 1968-- —— —— ------

Wahlberg, 1972 ——————————— 

Dorrzapf and Thomas, 1973---

Ouantitative

Thomas and Riley, 1968- —— -

Kvalheim, 1970--- ———— ——— - 

. —— do ——————————————— --

Semiquantitative

Conklin,' 1968 —— —— - ——— ——

——— do ————————— ———————

Quantitative

Fletcher, 1969 —— -- ————— --

Mays, 1969 ——— ----- —— ------

Conklin, 1972-- —— —— —— —— -

Goni and Moal, 1972 —— ——— --

Campbell and Goodrich, 1973- 

Semiquantitative

Conklin, 1968-- —— —— —— ----

Mosier, 1970 —— —— -- ——— —— 

Dorrzapf and Thomas, 1973--- 

Morgan and Swaine, 1973----- 

_. —— do ————————— ———————

Mitchell, 1974--- —— - —— ---

Quantitative

Fletcher, 1969--- —— ---- —— -

Rose and Cuttitta (1968) . 

W. H. Champ (written commun., 1972). 

Do. 

Bastron and others (1960) . 

Moal and others (1968) . 

Scott and others (1969) .

Myers and others (1961) . 

Do. 

J. S. Wahlberg (written commun., 1972). 

R. L. Mitchell (written commun., 1970). 

Grimes and Marranzino (1968) . 

Dorrzapf (1973) . 

D. J. Swaine (written commun., 1973). 

R. L. Mitchell (written commun., 1974).

Rose and Cuttitta (1968). 

Fabbi and Espos (1972). 

Ward and others (1963).

Myers and others (1961) . 

J. S. Wahlberg (written commun. 

Do. 

Dorrzapf (1973).

, 1972).

Thompson and others (1968) . 

Huffman and others (1967). 

Bastron and others (I960) . 

Do. 

Do. 

A. Kvalheim (written commun., 1970). 

Do.

Myers and others (1961) . 

Do. 

D. J. Swaine (written commun., 1973). 

Do.

Bastron and others (1960) . 

Do. 

Do. 

W. H. Champ (written commun., 1972). 

Bastron and others (1960) . 

Moal and others (1968). 

0. Joensuu (written commun., 1972). 

E. C. Goodrich (written commun., 1973).

Myers and others (1961) . 

Do. 

Grimes and Marranzino (1968) . 

Dorrzapf (1973). 

D. J. Swaine (written commun., 1973). 

Do. 

R. L. Mitchell (written commun., 1974).

Bastron and others (1960) . 

Do.

Dr,
COMPILATION OF INTERLABORATORY DATA 13

TABLE 11.—Determination of trace elements (in parts per million) in glass standards—Continued

GSB GSC GSD GSE Method Analyst(s), and year(s) of 

analysis (table 12)

Reference to published method of 

analysis

Quantitative — Continued

Ba:

31 (2) 

39 (4) 

54 (5)

29 (4) 

32 (8) 

33 (3) 

31 (2)

50 (10) 

30 (2)

40

35 (2) 

29 (6)

31 S

Be: 

<2

<2 

<3 

<3 

<3

<3

Bi:

<0.5 

<3

<5 

<2

Cd: „

- <2

39 

45 

62

31 

38 

40 

37

60 

30

40

37 

34

39

3 

2 

<5

3.7 

3.5 

4

7

3 

5 

6 

2 

3

3.5

<20

4.4 

3

5 

<7 

<30 

2

<30 

4

——

2.4

<6 

<20

(4) 

(4) 

(5)

(4) 

(8) 

(3) 

(2)

(10) 

(2)

(2) 

(6)

S

(2) 

(4)

(4) 

(8) 

(3) 

(9)

(10) 

(2)

(4) 

(6)

R

(7) 

(3).

(10) 

(4)

R

(7)

110

95 

91 

100

90 

95 

90 

86

95 

70

200 

50 

86 

82

90

36 

50 

54 

47 

36 

40 

38 

59

50 

50 

100 

40 

39

44

30 

52 

40

<50 

41 

40

30 

50 

40 

40

40 

50

40 

40

<100 

<50 

<100

30 

<100 

25

30 

^^n

(4)

(4) 

(4) 

(5)

(4) 

(8) 

(3) 

(2)

(10) 

(2)

(4) 

(3) 

(6)

A

(2) 

(4) 

(4) 

(2) 

(2) 

(8) 

(3) 

(9)

(10) 

(2)

(4) 

(6)

S

(2) 

(4) 

(4)

(7) 

(3)

(10) 

(2)

(4)

(6) 

c

"(4) 

S

(7) 

(3)

(10)

520 

500

520 

450 

500

500 

500 

550 

540

500 

500 

430 

800 

500 

320 

460

500

460 

590 

560 

450 

420 

550 

480 

500

500 

500 

1000 

500 

>150

500

490 

420 

560 

480 

460 

460 

440

500 

500 

600 

500 

410 

350 

>100 

500

480

480 

460 

440 

480 

•vSOO 

330 

460 

370

500 

7nn

(4) 

(4)

(4) 

(4) 

(5)

(4) 

(8) 

(4) 

(2)

(10) 

(2)

(4) 

(2) 

(6)

A

(2) 

(4) 

(4) 

(2) 

(2) 

(8) 

(4) 

(9)

(10) 

(2)

(4) 

A

(2) 

(4) 

(4) 

(4) 

(2) 

(7) 

(4)

(10) 

(2)

(4)

(6) 

c

d

A

(2) 

(4) 

(4) 

(2) 

(2) 

(7) 

(8) 

(4)

(10) 

fi\

XRF 

AA

OS 

XRF 

OS

OS 

OS 

OS 

OS

OS 

OS 

XRF 

OS 

OS 

OS 

OSp

Median

OS 

OS 

OS 

OS 

OS 

OS 

OS 

OSdr

OS 

OS 

OS 

OS 

OSp

Median

OS 

OS 

OS 

XRF 

OS 

OS 

OS

OS 

OS 

OS 

OS 

XRF 

OSp 

OS 

OS 

OS

Median

OS 

OS 

OS 

XRF 

OS 

OS 

OS 

OS

OS 

nc

Vromen and Rose, 1969-------

Weijden, 1970 —— ---- ——— ---- 

Nockolds and Alien, 1971----

Walker , Smith and Slezak, 

1971.

Conklin, 1972 —— —— —— —— --

Nockolds and Alien, 1973 ——— 

Semiquantitative

Conklin, 1968 —— - ———— —— -

Wahlberg, 1969 —— ————— —— -

Mitchell, 1970 --------------

Mosier, 1970----- — ---------

Dorrzapf and Thomas, 1973---

Quantitative

Fletcher, 1969 —————— ————

Mays, 1969--- —— —————— ----

Nockolds and Alien, 1971 —— -

Conklin, 1972---- —— -- —— --

Semiquantitative

Conklin, 1968-- —— -- —— -----

Mitchell, 1970--- ——— ——— --

Mosier, 1970--- —— —— —— ---- 

Dorrzapf and Thomas, 1973---

Quantitative

Fletcher, 1969-- —— - ——— ——

Mays, 1969- ——— —— ——— ——

. —— do ——————————— ——— --

Goni and Moal, 1972- —— —— - 

Semiquantitative

Mitchell, 1970- —— ——— -- ——

Wahlberg, 1972 —— —— —— —— 

Dorrzapf and Thomas, 1973---

-- —— do---- —— -- ——— ———— -

Mitchell, 1974------- ———— -

Quantitative 

Fletcher, 1969 —— - —— ———— -

- —— -do------ —— —— —— ---

Conklin, 1972--- —— - ——— --

Goni and Moal, 1972- ———— -- 

Semiquantitative

Rose and Cuttitta (1968). 

C. H. van der Weijden (written commun., 

1970). 

Nockolds and Alien (1953). 

Fabbi and Espos (1972). 

Ahrens and Taylor (1961).

W. H. Champ (written commun., 1972). 

Bastron and others (1960) . 

Moal and others (1968) . 

Nockolds and Alien (1953) .

Myers and others (1961) . 

Do. 

C. H. Wahlberg (written commun., 1972). 

R. L. Mitchell (written commun., 1970). 

Grimes and Marranzino (1968) . 

D. M. Shaw (written commun., 1971). 

Dorrzapf (1973).

Bastron and others (1960). 

Do. 

Do. 

Nockolds and Alien (1953). 

W. H. Champ (written commun. , 

Bastron and others (1960) . 

Moal and others (1968) . 

Scott and others (1969).

Myers and others (1961). 

Do. 

R. L. Mitchell (written commun 

Grimes and Marranzino (1968) . 

Dorrzapf (1973).

Bastron and others (1960). 

Do. 

Do. 

Rose and Cuttitta (1968). 

W. H. Champ (written commun. , 

Do. 

Moal and others (1968).

Myers and others (1961). 

Do. 

R. L. Mitchell (written commun 

Grimes and Marranzino (1968). 

W. H. Wahlberg (written commun 

Dorrzapf (1973). 

D. J. Swaine (written commun., 

Do. 

R. L. Mitchell (written commun

Bastron and others (1960) . 

Do. 

Do. 

Rose and Cuttitta (1968). 

W. H. Champ (written commun., 

Do. 

Bastron and others (1960) . 

Moal and others (1968) .

Myers and others (1961) . 

no

1972). 

. , 1970).

1972).

. , 1970). 

. , 1972). 

1973). 

., 1970).

1972).
14 GLASS REFERENCE STANDARDS FOR TRACE-ELEMENT ANALYSIS OF GEOLOGICAL MATERIALS

TABLE 11.—Determination of trace elements (in parts per million) in glass standards—Continued

GSB GSC GSD GSE Method Analyst (s), and year(s) of 

analysis (table 12)

Ref erence to published method of 

analysis

Semiquantltatlve — Continued

Cd: 

<10

<15 

-v6

3

Ce:

<50 

<20

Cl:

50 50 

50 R 50

Co: 

<4 5

<5 <5

5 (4) 7

6 

<6 7

<10 

<5 <10 

<5 6 

<5 6 

<4 5 

6 

2 (9) 4.5

3 (10) 7 

<2 5

<1 4 

<5 6 

<2 8 

2 (6) 4

<3 4 

2 R 6

Cr : 

5 (2) 9 

<5 9 

4 (4) 8

13 

<5 5

c 

R

R

(2)

(4)

(4) 

(5)

(3)

(4) 

(2) 

(9)

(10) 

(2)

(4) 

(2) 

(6)

(4) 

S

(2) 

(4) 

(4)

(2) 

(2)

<300 

30 

34 

40

<300 

30

<100 

<100

30 

<500

50 

<70

76 

50

120 

120

32 

35

40

39 

32

27 

33 

26 

33 

30 

43 

41

30 

50

40 

35 

36 

33 

40 

40

35

68 

50 

41

30 

50

(4) 

(6) 

c

S

(10)

(6) 

R

R

(2) 

(4)

(4)

(4) 

(5)

(2) 

(8) 

(3)

(4) 

(2) 

(9)

(10) 

(2)

(4) 

(3) 

(6) 

b 

(4)

A

(2) 

(4) 

(4)

(2) 

(2)

340 

400 

300 

150 

>100 

400 

400

420

780 

580 

500 

450 

500

700 

600 

460 

520 

630

550

800

800 

800

420 

470 

370 

440

460 

520

370 

440 

400 

350 

460 

450 

540

700 

500 

400 

600 

500 

380 

>460 

400

450

460 

490 

510 

480 

410 

520

520

(4) 

(6) 

c 

d 

(4)

S

(2) 

(4) 

(4)

(2)

(10) 

(2)

(6) 

S

R

(2) 

(4) 

(4) 

(4)

(4) 

(5)

(2) 

(8) 

(4)

(4) 

(2) 

(9)

(10) 

(2)

(4) 

(2) 

(6)

b

A

(2) 

(4) 

(4) 

(4) 

(2) 

(2)

(2)

XRF 

OS 

OS 

OSp 

OS 

OS 

OS

Median

OS 

OS 

XRF 

XRF 

OS

OS 

OS 

XRF 

XRF 

OSp

Median

XRF

XRF 

Median

OS 

OS 

XRF 

AA

OS 

OS

OS 

OS 

OS 

OS 

OS 

OS 

OSdr

OS 

OS 

XRF 

OS 

OS 

OS 

OSp 

OS 

OS

Median

OS 

OS 

OS 

XRF 

AA 

AA

XRF

Dorrzapf and Thomas, 1973--- 

Morgan and Swaine, 1973----- 

_. —— do------ —— -- —— - —— ---

Mitchell, 1974- —— --- —— ----

Quantitative

Nockolds and Hendry , 1971---

Semiquantitative

Conklin, 1968- ——— -- —— ----

Dorrzapf and Thomas, 1973---

Quantitative

Newbury and Webber, 1971---- 

Semiquantitative

Wahlberg, 1969------- —— ——

Quantitative

Fletcher, 1969 ——— —— ——— --

Nockolds and Alien, 1971---- 

Walker, Smith and Slezak, 

1971.

Conklin, 1972- —— ----------

Mays, 1973---- —— - —— ----- 

Nockolds and Alien, 1973---- 

Scott and Berrow, 1974------

Semiquantitative

Dorrzapf and Thomas, 1973---

Mitchell, 1974- —— --- —— ---

Quantitative

Fletcher, 1969--- ——— - —— -

Suhr, 1970------ ——— - —— ---

Newbury and Webber, 1971----

J. S. Wahlberg (written commun., 1972). 

R. L. Mitchell (written commun., 1970). 

Grimes and Marranzino (1968). 

Dorrzapf (1973). 

D. J. Swaine (written commun., 1973). 

Do. 

R. L. Mitchell (written commun., 1974).

Bastron and others (1960). 

Do. 

Rose and Cuttitta (1968). 

Leake and others (1969). 

W. H. Champ (written commun., 1972).

Myers and others (1961) . 

Do. 

J. S. Wahlberg (written commun., 1972). 

Do. 

Dorrzapf (1973) .

G. R. Webber (written commun., 1971). 

J. S. Wahlberg (written commun., 1972)

Bastron and others (1960) . 

Do. 

Rose and Cuttitta (1968) . 

C. H. van der Weijden (written commun. , 

1970). 

Nockolds and Alien (1953). 

Ahrens and Taylor (1961).

W. H. Champ (written commun., 1972). 

Bastron and others (1960). 

Moal and others (1968) . 

0. Joensuu (written commun., 1972). 

Bastron and others (1960) . 

Nockolds and Alien (1953). 

Scott and others (1969) .

Myers and others (1961) . 

Do. 

J. S. Wahlberg (written commun., 1972). 

R. L. Mitchell (written commun., 1970). 

Grimes and Marranzino (1968) . 

D. M. Shaw (written commun., 1971). 

Dorrzapf (1973). 

D. J. Swaine (written commun., 1973). 

R. L. Mitchell (written commun., 1974).

Bastron and others (1960) . 

Do. 

Do. 

Rose and Cuttitta (1968). 

N. H. Suhr (written commun., 1970). 

C. H. van der Weijden (written commun., 

1970). 

G. R. Webber (written commun., 1971).
COMPILATION OF INTERLABORATORY DATA 15

TABLE 11.—Determination of trace elements (in parts per million) in glass standards—Continued

GSB GSC GSD GSE Method Analyst(s), and year(s) of 

analysis (table 12)

Reference to published method of 

analysis

Cr

Cs

Cu

Eu

F:

2

5 

<5 

<5 

1

2

3 

3 

3 

<5 

12 

3 

1

3

<2

5 

3 

3

11

4 

11

5 

3 

<3 

6 

2

3 

7 

10

7

5

<T

100 

100

(4)

(8)

(2) 

(9)

(10) 

(2)

(2) 

(6) 

(4)

S

(2) 

(4) 

(4)

(4) 

(4)

(4) 

(8)

(2)

(10) 

(2) 

(4) 

(2)

R

R

7

8 

9 

6 

6 

8

7 

7 

6 

6 

11 

6 

6

7

4 

4.5 

3

4 

4

10 

8 

8 

<20

12

6 

13 

11

8.6 

6.4 

7 

10

5

7 

15 

10 

9 

6

9

<70 

<50 

3

3

100 

100

(4)

(8) 

(3)

(2) 

(9)

(10) 

(2)

(4) 

(2) 

(6) 

(4)

A

(2) 

(2)

(2) 

S

(2) 

(4) 

(4)

(4) 

(4) 

(5)

(4) 

(8) 

(3)

(2)

(10) 

(2) 

(4) 

(2) 

(6)

S

(6) 

R

R

40 

46

42 

53 

44 

40 

45 

55

50 

50 

40 

55 

48 

39 

60

47

34 

34 

35

54 

35

56 

44 

58 

60

45

42 

38 

41

41 

48 

44 

40 

40

50 

70 

45 

35 

47

45

<100

70 

50 

40

50

250 

250

(4) 

(5)

(2) 

(8) 

(3)

(2) 

(9)

(10) 

(2)

(4) 

(3) 

(6) 

(4)

A

(2) 

(2)

(2) 

S

(2) 

(4) 

(4) 

(2)

(4) 

(4) 

(5)

(2) 

(8) 

(3)

(2)

(10) 

(2) 

(4) 

(3) 

(6)

A

(10) 

(2) 

(6)

R

R

460 

480

470 

500 

460 

410 

480 

670

500 

500 

600 

600 

530 

440

490

340 

370 

360

410 

430 

370

480 

590 

520 

450 

480 

590 

500

480 

340 

420

510 

530 

460 

440 

470

500 

500 

500

440 

500

660

700 

550 

380

600

300 

300

(4) 

(5)

(2) 

(8) 

(4)

(2) 

(9)

(10) 

(2)

(4) 

(2) 

(6)

A

(2) 

(2)

S

(2) 

(4) 

(4) 

(2) 

(4) 

(3) 

(4)

(4) 

(5)

(2) 

(8) 

(4)

(2)

(10) 

(2) 

(4)

(6) 

A

(8)

(10) 

(2) 

(6)

R

R

I

OS 

OS

OS 

OS 

OS 

OS 

OS 

OSdr

OS 

OS 

OS 

OS 

OS 

OSp 

OS

Median

Fl.Phot 

AA 

AA

XRF 

OS 

XRF

Median

OS 

OS 

OS 

AA 

XRF 

AA 

AA

OS 

XRF 

OS

OS 

OS 

OS 

OS 

OS

OS 

OS 

OS 

OS 

OSp

Median

OS

OS 

OS 

OSp

Median

Chem 

Median

Quantitative — Continued

Nockolds and Alien, 1971---- 

Walker, Smith and Slezak, 

1971.

Conklin, 1972---- —— ----- ——

Nockolds and Alien, 1973----

Semiquantitative

Mitchell, 1970----- ———— ---

Mosier, 1970---- —— - ——— ---

Dorrzapf and Thomas, 1973---

Mitchell, 1974----- —— ------

Quantitative

- —— -do —— --- —— - ———— ------

Semiquantitative

Wahlberg, 1969--- —— -------

Wahlberg, 1972 —— ————————

Quantitative

Fletcher, 1969 —— ———————

Mays, 1969 ——————————————

Vromen and Rose, 1969-------

Suhr, 1970 ———— —— ——— ---

Nockolds and Alien, 1971---- 

Nockolds and Hendry , 1971--- 

Walker, Smith and Slezak, 

1971.

Conklin, 1972 —— - —— -------

Goni and Moal, 1972- —— ----

Nockolds and Alien, 1973---- 

Semiquantitative

Conklin, 1968 —— —————————

Dorrzapf and Thomas, 1973---

Quantitative

Conklin, 1972--- —— ——— ---- 

Semiquantitative

Conklin, 1968--- ——— —— ——

Dorrzapf and Thomas, 1973---

Quantitative

Nockolds and Alien (1953) . 

Ahrens and Taylor (1961) .

W. H. Champ (written commun., 1972). 

Bastron and others (1960) . 

Moal and others (1968). 

0. Joensuu (written commun., 1972). 

Nockolds and Alien (1953) . 

Scott and others (1969).

Myers and others (1961) . 

Do. 

R. L. Mitchell (written commun., 1970). 

Grimes and Marranzino (1968) . 

D. M. Shaw (written commun., 1971). 

Dorrzapf (1973). 

R. L. Mitchell (written commun., 1974).

D. E. Campbell (written commun., 1972). 

W. Mountjoy (written commun., 1972). 

Do.

J. S. Wahlberg (written commun., 1972). 

D. M. Shaw (written commun. ,1971) . 

J. S. Wahlberg (written commun., 1972).

Bastron and others (1960) . 

Do. 

Do. 

Huffman (1968). 

Rose and Cuttitta (1968). 

N. H. Suhr (written commun., 1970). 

C. H. van der Weijden (written commun., 

1970). 

Nockolds and Alien (1953). 

Leake and others (1969) . 

Ahrens and Taylor (1961) .

W. H. Champ (written commun., 1972). 

Bastron and others (1960). 

Moal and others (1968). 

0. Joensuu (written commun., 1972). 

Nockolds and Alien (1953).

Myers and others (1961) . 

Do. 

Grimes and Marranzino (1968) . 

D. M. Shaw (written commun., 1971). 

Dorrzapf (1973).

Bastron and others (1960) .

Myers and others (1961) . 

Do. 

Dorrzapf (1973).

Peck (1964).
16 GLASS REFERENCE STANDARDS FOR TRACE-ELEMENT ANALYSIS OF GEOLOGICAL MATERIALS

TABLE 11.—Determination of trace elements (in parts per million) in glass standards—Continued

GSB GSC GSD GSE Method Analyst(s), and year(s) of Reference to published method of

analysis (table 12) analysis

Quantitative 

Ga:

5 (2) 6 (2) 5 (2) 30 (2) OS Fletcher, 1969—————— ——— - Bastron and others (1960). 

5 (4) 5 (4) 5 (4) 25 (4) OS Mays, 1969—— ——————— —— - Do. 

<7 30 (4) OS Sutton, 1969-- —— - —— -- —— - Do. 

<2 <2 <2 13 (7) OS Champ and Bender, 1972------ W. H. Champ (written commun., 1972).

2 (3) 3 (3) 3 (3) 28 (4) OS Goni and Moal, 1972--------- Moal and others, 1968).

Semiquantitative

7 (10) 7 (10) 7 (10) 30 (10) OS Conklin, 1968——— —————— -- Myers and others (1961).

3 (2) 5 (2) 5 (2) 20 (2) OS Heropoulos, 1968———— ——— - Do.

3 4 4 20 OS Mitchell, 1970-------------- R. L. Mitchell (written commun., 1970).

--- --- <5 17 (2) OS Alcock and Shaw, 1971------- D. M. Shaw (written commun., 1971).

--- --- <2 18 (6) OSp Dorrzapf and Thomas, 1973--- Dorrzapf (1973).

2b 3b 2b 15bOS Morgan and Swaine, 1973----- D. J. Swaine (written commun., 1973).

3 (4) 4 (4) 3 (4) 20 (4) OS Mitchell, 1974---- —— -- —— - R. L. Mitchell (written commun., 1974).

3R 5R 5R 20 R Median

	Quantitative Ge: —————————

<20 30 (2) 460 (2) OS Fletcher, 1969--——---——-- Bastron and others (1960).

<20 42 (4) 520 (4) OS Sutton, 1969-----------——-- Do.

530 (4) XRF Vromen and Rose, 1969----—— Rose and Cuttitta (1968).

--- --- <50 470 (2) OS Champ and Bender, 1972------ W. H. Champ (written commun., 1972).

<0.7 1.6 (7) 34 (7) 410 (7) OS ———do—— ———————————— —— Do.

<20 41 (8) 520 (8) OS Conklin, 1972------ —— —— --- Bastron and others (1960).

<6 38 (3) 440 (4) OS Goni and Moal, 1972 ———— —— Moal and others (1968).

--- --- 80 (4) 580 (4) OS Campbell and Goodrich, 1973- E. C. Goodrich (written commun., 1973).

<10 31 (4) 450 (4) OS Mays, 1973---- ———— -------- Bastron and others (1960).

--- <10 42 (9) 510 (9) OSdr Scott and Berrow, 1974------ Scott and others (1969).

Semiquantitative

<7

5 c

4 R

50 (2) 

30 

50 (4) ' 

26 (6) 

40 c

40 S

600 (2) 

400 

>100 

390 (6) 

>100 c 

500 d

500 A

OS 

OS 

OS 

OSp 

OS 

OS

Median

Mitchell, 1970 ----- 

Mosier, 1970-------

Dorrzapf and Thomas 

Morgan and Swaine ,

, 1973--- 

1973 —— --

Do. 

R. L. Mitchell (written commun 

Grimes and Marranzino (1968). 

Dorrzapf (1973). 

D. J. Swaine (written commun., 

Do.

. , 1970). 

1973).

Hf: 	Quantitative ———————————

--- --- <100 500 (2) OS Fletcher, 1969-------------- Bastron and others (1960).

<100 540 (4) OS Mays, 1969- ————— ————— —— Do.

<100 500 (4) OS Sutton, 1969-- —— —— ------- DO.

510 (4) XRF Vromen and Rose, 1969——--- Rose and Cuttitta (1968).

	Semiquantitative

<50 45 (10) 500 (10) OS Conklin, 1968 —— —— -------- Myers and others (1961).

<50 50 (2) 600 (2) OS Heropoulos, 1968---———---- Do.

<10 16 (6) 220 (6) OSp Dorrzapf and Thomas, 1973--- Dorrzapf (1973).

45 R 500 S Median _________

	Quantitative

In:

<20 50 (2) 580 (2) OS Fletcher, 1969——- —— ----- Bastron and others (1960).

<20 70 (4) 560 (4) OS Sutton, 1969-- —— —— -------- DO.

420 (2) XRF Rose, 1970——-- —— -- —— ----- Rose and Cuttitta (1968).

--- --- --- 480 OS Campbell and Sterlace, 1972- D. E. Campbell (written commun., 1972).

--- --- --- %480 (2) OS Champ and Bender, 1972------ W. H. Champ (written commun., 1972).

<0.5 3.4 (7) 39 (7) 490 (7) OS --..-do------ —— --- ——— -—— Do.

.6 (5) 4.3 (5) 42 (5) 520 (5) Chem Hubert and Lakin, 1972——-- Thompson and others (1968).

--- --- --- 600 (4) OS Campbell and Goodrich, 1973- E. C. Goodrich (written commun., 1973),

--- <10 70 (4) 580 (3) OS Mays, 1973------------------ Bastron and others (1960).

	Semiquantitative

<10 30 (10) 500 (10) OS Conklin, 1968----- —— —— ---- Myers and others (1961).

<5 5 (2) 50 (2) 500 (2) OS Heropoulos, 1968-- —— -- —— - Do.

--- --- --- 460 XRF Wahlberg, 1969-------------- J. S. Wahlberg (written commun., 1972),

<3 3 30 600 OS Mitchell, 1970-------------- R. L. Mitchell (written commun., 1970),

50 (4) 500 (4) OS Mosier, 1970-- —— ------ —— -- Grimes and Marranzino (1968).

--- 490 XRF Wahlberg, 1972-------------- J. S. Wahlberg (written commun., 1972).

46 (6) >150 (6) OSp Dorrzapf and Thomas, 1973--- Dorrzapf (1973).

50 a 500 a OS Morgan and Swaine, 1973----- D. J. Swaine (written commun., 1973).

40 b 500 b OS --——do------- ————— - ——— - Do.

c 50 c >100 c OS ....-do--------------------- Do.

500 d OS -- —— do----- ——— ——— ------- DO.

50 S 500 S Median
COMPILATION OF INTERLABORATORY DATA

TABLE 11.—Determination of trace elements (in parts per million) in glass standards—Continued

17

GSB GSC GSD GSE Method Analyst(s), and year(s) of 

analysts (table 12)

Reference to published method of 

analysts

Ir

La

Li

Mn

Mo

0.1 

.1

...

1

<4 

<1

1 

1

1 

1

130 

190

190 

190 

170

220 

210 

190 

140 

140 

170

1,50 

200 

250 

200 

110 

200 

200

190

'<4 

<5 

<5

(2) 

R

(2)

(2) 

(4) 

R

(2) 

(4)

(2) 

(2)

(4) 

(8) 

(3) 

(4) 

(9)

(10) 

(2)

(4) 

(2) 

(4)

S

1.3

<30 

<7

1.3

<50

5 

<50

<30

<50 

<30

<20 

<15

5

<10

5 

4.2 

<10 

4.5 

3

6 

5 

<30 

6

5

140 

200

200 

170 

190

220 

190 

210 

170 

140 

180

150 

200 

250 

200 

140 

240 

200

200

6 

7 

6

(2) 

R

R

(2)

(2) 

(9)

(2) 

(4) 

R

(2) 

(4)

(2) 

(2)

(4) 

(8) 

(3) 

(4) 

(9)

(10) 

(2)

(4) 

(2) 

(4)

S

(2) 

(4) 

C41

<50 

<50

14

30 

20

45

45 

%47 

<50 

46 

60

50 

50

30 

36

47

40 

36 

50 

37 

39 

37 

51

<200 

60 

33

60 

40

180 

210

240 

180 

210 

<200

260 

250 

240 

200 

200 

210

200 

200 

250 

200 

190 

210 

250

210

40 

50 

46

(2)

(10) 

R

(4) 

(2) 

(4)

(10) 

(2)

(4) 

(6)

A

(2) 

(2) 

(2)

(2) 

(2) 

(9)

(2) 

(4) 

S

(2) 

(4)

(2) 

(2)

(2) 

(8) 

(3) 

(4) 

(9)

(10) 

(2)

(4) 

(3) 

(4)

S

(2) 

(4) 

C41

150 

140 

90

150 

61

140

690 

650 

670 

550 

530 

680 

510 

550

700 

500 

500 

550 

560

550

400 

420 

460 

490 

440 

460 

560

600 

1000

560 

480

510 

620 

530 

450 

720 

570 

610 

470

660 

750 

670 

660 

600 

650

500 

600 

600 

800 

700 

470

600

410 

580

S&f)

(2) 

(4) 

(4)

(10) 

(6)

S

(2) 

(4) 

(4)

(2) 

(8)

(4)

(10) 

(2)

(4) 

(6)

S

(2) 

(2) 

(2)

(2) 

(2) 

(9)

(2) 

(6) 

A

(2) 

(4) 

(4) 

(3) 

(2) 

(2)

(5)

(2) 

(8) 

(3) 

(4) 

(9)

(10) 

(2)

(4) 

(2)

S

(2) 

(4) 

(L\

OS 

OS

FA- OS

OS 

OSp

Medtan

OS 

OS 

XRF 

XRF 

OS 

OS 

OS 

OS

OS 

OS 

XRF 

OS 

OSp

Medtan

AA 

AA 

OS 

Fl.Phot 

AA 

AA 

OSdr

OS 

OS 

OS 

OSp 

OS

Medtan

OS 

OS 

XRF 

AA 

XRF 

OS 

XRF 

OS

OS 

OS 

OS 

OS 

OS 

OSdr

OS 

OS 

OS 

OS 

OS 

OS 

OS

Medtan

OS 

OS 

ns

Quantitative

Fletcher, 1969 —— ------- —— -

Semiquan t it at ive

Conklin, 1968-- —— —— -------

Dorrzapf and Thomas, 1973---

Quantitative

Fletcher, 1969 -------------

Nockolds and Hendry, 1971---

Conklin, 1972---- —— —— -- ——

Joensuu, 1972 —— ——— ---- ---

Mays, 1973---- —— -- —— —— -- 

Semiquantitative

Conklin, 1968---- ——— ------

Wahlberg, 1969------ —— —— -

Moster, 1970 ---------------

Dorrzapf and Thomas, 1973---

Quantitative

Nockolds and Alien, 1971----

——— do- ——————— —————— -

Semiquantitative

Mitchell, 1970 ——————— ----

Dorrzapf and Thomas, 1973---

Mitchell, 1974 —— ——— — ---

Quantitative

Fletcher, 1969-------- —— --

Suhr, 1970 —— —— ———— —— - 

Newbury and Webber, 1971---- 

Nockolds and Alien, 1971---- 

Nockolds and Hendry, 1971--- 

Walker, Smith and Slezak, 

1971. 

Campbell and Sterlace, 1972-

Conklin, 1972-- —— —— -------

Mays, 1973 —————————— -- ---

Semiquant it at ive

Mitchell, 1970 ——— ——————— -

————— do _____________________

Moster, 1970 —— --- —— ——— --

Mitchell, 1974-- ——— - —— --

Quantitative

Fletcher, 1969- —— ----------

Mays, 1969-- —— ——— ——— ---

Qiit-t-nii 1 QAQ-________-______

Bastron and others" (1960) . 

Do. 

Dorrzapf and Brown (1970) .

Myers and others (1961) . 

Dorrzapf (1973).

Bastron and others (1960) . 

Do. 

Rose and Cuttitta (1968). 

Leake and others (1969) . 

W. H. Champ (written commun., 1972). 

Bastron and others (1960) . 

0. Joensuu (written commun., 1972). 

Bastron and others (1960) .

Myers and others (1961). 

Do. 

J. S. Wahlberg (written commun., 1972). 

Grimes and Marranztno (1968) . 

Dorrzapf (1973) .

Huffman (1968). 

W. Mountjoy (written commun., 1972). 

Nockolds and Alien (1953) . 

D. E. Campbell (written commun., 1972). 

W. Mountjoy (written commun., 1972). 

Do. 

Scott and others (1969).

Myers and others (1961) . 

R. L. Mttchell ( wrtt ten commun. , 1970). 

D. M. Shaw (written commun., 1971). 

Dorrzapf (1973) . 

R. L. Mitchell (wrttten commun., 1974).

Bastron and others (1960). 

Do. 

Rose and Cuttitta (1968). 

N. H. Suhr (written commun., 1970). 

G. R. Webber (wrttten commun., 1971). 

Nockolds and Alien (1953). 

Leake and others (1969) . 

Ahrens and Taylor (1961) .

D. E. Campbell (wrttten commun., 1972). 

W. H. Champ (written commun., 1972). 

Bastron and others (1960) . 

Moal and others (1968) . 

Bastron and others, 1960). 

Scott and others (1969) .

Myers and others (1961) . 

Do. 

R. L. Mitchell (wrttten commun., 1970). 

Do. 

Grimes and Marranztno (1968). 

D. M. Shaw (written commun., 1971). 

R. L. Mitchell (wrttten commun. , 1974) .

Bastron and others (1960) . 

Do.

Ttrt
18 GLASS REFERENCE STANDARDS FOR TRACE-ELEMENT ANALYSIS OF GEOLOGICAL MATERIALS

TABLE 11.—Determination of trace elements (in parts per million) in glass standards—Continued

GSB

Mo: 

•x.5 

<3

2 

<2 

<3 

<2 

3 

1.5 

<1

2

Nb:

<7 

<2

Ni: 

10 

10

15

16 

11 

12 

18 

14

10 

11

10 

14

15 

20 

15 

15 

16 

13 

15

15 

20 

15 

15 

16 

13 

15

GSC

(10)

(6) 

a

R

(2) 

(4)

(4)

(2) 

(2) 

(2)

(5)

(8) 

(3)

(4) 

(9)

(10) 

(2)

(4) 

(2) 

(6) 

(4)

(10) 

(2)

(4) 

(2) 

(6) 

(4)

7 

5 

7

<7 

<10 

5 

<1

7 

7 

3 

5 

8 

5 

5

6

<20 

<20

<6 

<50 

<10 

<10

7 

<7

<10 

4

5

20 

10

18

20 

15 

15 

19 

18

<10 

11 

14 

<10 

13 

18

20 

25 

20 

20 

22 

17 

15

20 

25 

20 

20 

22 

17 

15

(2) 

(4) 

(8)

(2)

(10) 

(2)

(4) 

(6) 

a 

(4)

A

(10)

(6) 

R

(2) 

(4)

(4)

(2) 

(2) 

(2)

(5)

(8) 

(3)

(4) 

(9)

(10) 

(2)

(4) 

(2) 

(6) 

(4)

(10) 

(2)

(4) 

(2) 

(6) 

(4)

GSD

42 

46 

46 

<50 

44 

52 

47 

45

50 

70 

40 

20 

53 

50 

50

46

40 

41

42 

55 

40 

46

30 

50

30 

26

40

60 

49

54

66 

67 

54 

48 

59 

46

50 

50 

53 

57 

45 

56

70 

70 

60 

35 

53 

40 

60

70 

70 

60 

35 

53 

40 

60

(2) 

(4) 

(8)

(3)

(2) 

(9)

(10) 

(2)

(4) 

(6) 

a 

(4)

A

(4) 

(4)

(2) 

(2) 

(8) 

(4)

(10) 

(2)

(4) 

(6)

A

(2) 

(4)

(4)

(4) 

(2) 

(2) 

(2)

(5)

(2) 

(8) 

(3)

(4) 

(9)

(10) 

(2)

(4) 

(2) 

(6) 

(4)

(10) 

(2)

(4) 

(2) 

(6) 

(4)

GSE

500 

440 

480 

530 

480 

420 

490 

550 

580

500 

700 

1000 

300 

340 

500

500

530 

520 

480 

520 

510 

490 

500

480 

500 

450 

500

500

600 

530 

500 

510 

440

500 

630 

480 

460 

490 

540

500 

540 

480 

500 

500 

460

700 

600 

600 

700 

520 

360

700 

600 

600 

700 

520 

360

(4) 

(2) 

(4) 

(8) 

(2) 

(4)

(2) 

(9)

(10) 

(2)

(4) 

(6) 

a

A

(4) 

(4) 

(4) 

(2) 

(2) 

(8) 

(4)

(10) 

(2)

(4) 

A

(4) 

(4) 

(4) 

(2) 

(6)

(4) 

(2) 

(2) 

(2)

(5)

(2) 

(8) 

(4)

(4) 

(9)

(10) 

(2)

(4) 

(2) 

(6)

(10) 

(2)

(4) 

(2) 

(6)

Method

XRF 

XRF 

OS 

OS 

OS 

OS 

OS 

OS 

OSdr

OS 

OS 

OS 

OS 

OSp 

OS 

OS

Median

OS 

OS 

XRF 

XRF 

OS 

OS 

OS

OS 

OS 

XRF 

OS 

OSp

Median

OS 

OS 

XRF 

AA 

AA

XRF 

XRF 

OS 

OS 

XRF 

OS

OS 

OS 

OS 

OS 

OS 

OSdr

OS 

OS 

OS 

OS 

OS 

OSp 

OS

OS 

OS 

OS 

OS 

OS 

OSp 

OS

Analyst (s), and year(s) of 

analysis (table 12)

Quant i ta t ive — Cont inued

Newbury and Webber, 1971---- 

Nockolds and Alien, 1971 —— -

Conklin, 1972 ——— —— -- ——

Goni and Moal, 1972 —— -----

Nockolds and Alien, 1973----

Semiquantitative

Mitchell, 1970------- —— ——

Dorrzapf and Thomas, 1973---

Quantitative

Fletcher, 1969- —— ——— —— -

Sutton, 1969 —— - —— -- —— -

Newbury and Webber, 1971----

Conklin, 1972 —— —— —— ----

Semiquantitative

Conklin, 1968- —— ----- —— --

Wahlberg, 1969 —— - ——— ----

Mosier, 1970--- ——— —— -- —— 

Dorrzapf and Thomas, 1973---

Quantitative

Fletcher, 1969----- —— —— ---

Suhr, 1970 ———————— —— ——

Newbury and Webber, 1971---- 

Nockolds and Alien, 1971---- 

_- —— do-- —————————— ——— -

Nockolds and Hendry, 1971--- 

Walker, Smith and Slezak, 

1971.

Conklin, 1972 ———— ———— —— -

Mays, 1973 —— —— -- —— - ——

Semiquantitative

Mitchell, 1970- —— -- —— ---

Dorrzapf and Thomas, 1973--- 

Mitchell, 1974--- ——— ------

Mitchell, 1970------------- 

Mosier 1970--------- -----

Dorrzapf and Thomas, 1973--

Mnl-rhc.11 1 q7i------_------

Reference to published method of 

analysis

Rose and Cuttitta (1968). 

G. R. Webber (written commun., 1971). 

Nockolds and Alien (1953). 

Bastron and others (I960) . 

W. H. Champ (written commun., 1972). 

Moal and others (1968) . 

0. Joensuu (written commun., 1972). 

Nockolds and Alien (1953) . 

Scott and others (1969) .

Myers and others (1961). 

Do. 

R. L. Mitchell (written commun., 1970). 

Grimes and Marranzino (1968) . 

Dorrzapf (1973) . 

D. J. Swaine (written commun., 1973). 

R. L. Mitchell (written commun., 1974).

Bastron and others (1960). 

Do. 

Rose and Cuttitta (1968) . 

G. R. Webber (written commun., 1971). 

W. H. Champ (written commun., 1972). 

Bastron and others (1960) . 

Do.

Myers and others (1961) . 

Do. 

J. S. Wahlberg (written commun., 1972). 

Grimes and Marranzino (1968) . 

Dorrzapf (1973) .

Bastron and others (1960) . 

Do. 

Rose and Cuttitta (1968). 

N. H. Suhr (written commun., 1970). 

C. H. van der Weijden (written commun., 

1970). 

Fabbi and Espos (1972). 

G. R. Webber (written commun., 1971). 

Nockolds and Alien (1953) . 

Do. 

Leake and others (1969). 

Ahrens and Taylor (1961).

W. H. Champ (written commun., 1972). 

Bastron and others (1960) . 

Moal and others (1968) . 

0. Joensuu (written commun., 1972). 

Bastron and others (1960). 

Scott and others (1969) .

Myers and others (1961) . 

Do. 

R. L. Mitchell (written commun., 1970). 

Grimes and Marranzino (1968). 

D. M. Shaw (written commun., 1971). 

Dorrzapf (1973). 

R. L. Mitchell (written commun., 1974).

Myers and others (1961) . 

Do. 

R. L. Mitchell (written commun., 1970). 

Grimes and Marranzino (1968) . 

D. M. Shaw (written commun., 1971). 

Dorrzapf (1973).

14 18 54 A 500 A Median
COMPILATION OF INTERLABORATORY DATA

TABLE 11.—Determination of trace elements (in parts per million) in glass standards—Continued

19

GSB GSC GSD GSE Method Analyst(s), and year(s) of 

analysis (table 12)

Reference to published method of 

analysis

Pb:

20 (2)

14 (2) 

21 (4)

11 

<6

(7)

10 (10) 

12 (2)

10 (4)

8 (6)

10 c

13 R

	Quantitative

20 (2) 60 (2) 540 (2) OS Fletcher, 1969------ —— ——— Bastron and others (1960).

<20 78 (4) 600 (4) OS Sutton, 1969——------ —— --- Do.

500 (4) XRF Vromen and Rose, 1969——-- Rose and Cuttitta (1968).

18 (2) 52 (2) 450 (2) XRF Newbury and Webber, 1971--- G. R. Webber (written commun., 1971).

21 (4) 52 (4) 480 (4) OS Nockolds and Alien, 1971--- Nockolds and Alien (1953).

14 51 460 I.D. Zartman and Delevaux, 1971- Doe and others (1967).

--- <300 510 (2) OS Champ and Bender, 1972----- W. H. Champ (written commun., 1972).

15 (7) 55 (7) 540 (7) OS ——.-do---------------- —— - Do.

<20 46 (8) 540 (8) OS Conklin, 1972---——----—— Bastron and others (1960).

11 (3) 43 (3) 430 (4) OS Goni and Moal, 1972----——— Moal and others (1968).

<30 58 (9) 600 (9) OSdr Scott and Berrow, 1974-——— Scott and others (1969).

--- 50 (4) --- I.D. Zartman and Gallego, 1975-- Doe and others (1967).

--- --- 460 (2) I.D. Leeman and Delevaux, 1975-- Do.

Semiquantitative

15 (10) 50 (10) 500 (10) OS Conklin, 1968---- —— ------ Myers and others (1961).

15 (2) 70 (2) 600 (2) OS Heropoulos, 1968-----———-- Do.

480 XRF Wahlberg, 1969----- —— ——— J. S. Wahlberg (written commun., 1972)

<13 35 600 OS Mitchell, 1970- ——— -------- R. L. Mitchell (written commun., 1970).

15 (4) 50 (4) 500 (4) OS Mosier, 1970——— ——— —— -- Grimes and Marranzino (1968).

11 (6) 54 (6) 470 (6) OSp Dorrzapf and Thomas, 1973-- Dorrzapf (1973).

10 c 40 c >100 c OS Morgan and Swaine, 1973---- D. J. Swamp (written commun., 1973).

500 d OS - ——— do-- —— - ——— -------- Do.

15 A 52 A 500 S Median

Quantitative

<6 26 (2) 82 (2) OS Fletcher, 1969----------—— Bastron and others (1960).

<3 35 (4) 100 (4) OS Mays, 1969-- ——— ——————— Do.

2.5 (2) 43 (2) 86 (2) FA-OS Dorrzapf, 1970--———--——— Dorrzapf and Brown (1970).

150 (2) FA-OS -----do--- ——— ------------- Do.

3.5 35 110 FA-OS Kvalheim, 1970-------- —— - A. Kvalheim (written commun., 1970).

3.3 (2) 36 (2) 100 (2) FA-OS ———do———————————————— Do.

<5 36 (4) 98 (4) OS Sutton, 1971--------------- Bastron and others (1960).

Semiquantitative

5 (10) 50 (10) 100 (10) OS Conklin, 1968------- —— —— Myers and others (1961).

5 (2) 50 (2) 200 (2) OS Heropoulos, 1968——---- —— - Do.

4 (6) 45 (6) <68 (6) OSp Dorrzapf and Thomas, 1973-- Dorrzapf (1973).

Pd:

0.2 (2)

<.07 

-4 (2)

<5

0.2 R 3.8 S 36 S 100 A Median

Pt:

0.8 (2) 

.6 (2)

0.7 (2)

.56 

.49 (2)

<20

1.4 (2) 

1-4 (2)

<5

<1.

<50

<50

<10

<2

0.7 R 0.6 R 1.4 R

76 (2)

92 (4)

110 (2)

120 (2)

100

120 (2) 

110 (4)

140 (10)

120 (2)

77 (6)

110 A

OS

OS

FA-OS

FA-OS

FA-OS

FA-OS

OS

OS 

OS 

OSp

Median

Quantitative

Fletcher, 1969- 

Mays, 1969——-- 

Dorrzapf, 1970-

——— do-- ——— - 

Kvalheim, 1970-

——— do—————- 

Sutton, 1971---

Semiquantitative

Conklin, 1968—— —————— -- 

Heropoulos, 1968----------

Dorrzapf and Thomas, 1973-

Bastron and others (1960).

Do. 

Dorrzapf and Brown (1970).

Do. 

A. Kvalheim (written commun., 1970).

Do. 

Bastron and others (1960).

Myers and others (1961).

Do. 

Dorrzapf (1973).

Rb:

5 (2)

2 (2)

5 R

4.5 (2) 

5 (2)

9

6.2

8 (2)

8 (2) 

6 S

42 (4) 

35

40 (2) 

46 (2)

45

39

40 (2)

61 (2)

410 (4) 

420

420 (2) 

480 (2) 

480 (2) 

420 

430

420 (2) 

410 (2)

490 

420 

41 A 420 A

XRF

XRF

I.D.

XRF

OS

XRF

Fl.Photo.

AA

XRF

XRF

OS

XRF

Median

Quantitative

Espos and Fabbi, 1971------

Golde and Leininger, 1971-- 

Hedge and Henderson, 1971-- 

Newbury and Webber, 1971--- 

Nockolds and Alien, 1971—— 

Nockolds and Hendry, 1971-- 

Campbell and Sterlace, 1972 

Mountjoy, 1972-------------

Rose, 1974------------—---

Semiquantitative

Wahlberg, 1969--- ——— - 

Alcock and Shaw, 1971- 

Wahlberg, 1972-- ——— -

Fabbi and Espos (1972).

R. K. Leininger (written commun., 1973).

C. E. Henderson (written commun., 1971).

G. R. Webber (written commun., 1971).

Nockolds and Alien (1953).

Leake and others (1969).

D. E. Campbell (written commun., 1972).

W. Mountjoy (written commun., 1972).

Rose and Cuttitta (1968).

J. S. Wahlberg (written commun., 1972).

D. M. Shaw (written commun., 1971).

J. S. Wahlberg (written commun., 1972).
20 GLASS REFERENCE STANDARDS FOR TRACE-ELEMENT ANALYSIS OF GEOLOGICAL MATERIALS

TABLE 11.—Determination of trace elements (in parts per million) in glass standards—Continued

GSB GSC GSD GSE Method Analyst(s), and year(s) of 

analysis (table 12)

Reference to published method of 

analysis

Rh: 

4 (2)

<5 

3 '(6)

3 R

Ru:

Sb:

.._

SC:

Se:

Sn: 

<8

<2

<3 24 

<10 15 

5 (2) 20

5 (10) 15 

4 (6) 18

4 R 18

1.4 (2) 12, 

1.4 R 12

<200 

<500

<70 

<10 25 

<100

<200 

<100

<50 50 

<70 

37

<4 

<2 

<5 

<4 

<5 

<7 

<2 3

<5 

<2 

<3

<5

<6 

3

• l <°, "!,

<20 50 

8 (4) 44 

<20 42

6 (4) 41 

<50 

<20 46 

4 (3) 43 

5 (2) 42

(4) 

(4) 

(2)

(10) 

(6)

S

.5 (2) 

R

(7)

(4) 

R

(3) 

R

>

(2) 

(4) 

(4)

(4)

(8) 

(3) 

(2)

54 

60 

70

64 

47

60

90 

90

460 

520 

470 

390 

350 

430

500 

500 

460 

500 

510 

330

470

32 

21 

34 

33 

25 

34 

27 

21 

32

30 

25 

15 

20 

31 

21 

30

30

3 

3

530 

430 

440 

430 

440 

390 

440 

430 

420

(4) 

(4) 

(2)

(10) 

(6)

S

(2) 

R

(2) 

(4) 

(2) 

(4) 

(7) 

(4)

(10) 

(2)

(4) 

(6) 

S

(2) 

(4) 

(4) 

(4) 

(2) 

(8) 

(4)

(2)

(10) 

(2)

(4) 

(6) 

a 

(4)

S

R

(4) 

(4) 

(4) 

(2) 

(4) 

(2) 

(8) 

(4) 

(2)

OS 

OS 

FA-OS

OS 

OSp

Median

FA-OS 

Median

OS 

OS 

XRF 

XRF 

OS 

OS

OS 

OS 

XRF 

OS 

XRF 

OSp

Median

OS 

OS 

OS 

XRF 

OS 

OS 

OS 

OS 

XRF

OS 

OS 

OS 

OS 

OSp 

OS 

OS

Median

XRF 

Chem

Median

OS 

OS 

OS 

XRF 

OS 

OS 

OS 

OS 

OS

Quantitative

Mays, 1969---- —— —— -- ----

Sutton, 1969 —————— ——— ---

Dorrzapf, 1970- ———— —— --- 

Semiquantitative

Dorrzapf and Thomas, 1973---

Quantitative

Quantitative

Fletcher, 1969-- ———— -- ----

Rose, 1970-- ———————— —— -

Mays, 1973 —— —— -- ———— --- 

Semiquantitative

Conklin, 1968 ——— .- — — ..—

Wahlberg, 1969 ————— ——— --

Wahlberg, 1972 —— ------ _____

Dorrzapf and Thomas, 1973---

Quantitative

Fletcher, 1969-- —— —— ----

Mays, 1969 ———— __-_ — — __-_

Conklin, 1972 —— ———— —— --

Rose, 1974 —— --- —— ----- — —

Semiquantitative

Heropoulos, 1968 —— —— ------

Mitchell, 1970 —— ——— -------

Mosier, 1970------ —— ------ 

Dorrzapf and Thomas, 1973---

Mitchell, 1974 --------------

Quantitative

Quantitative

Fletcher, 1969 --------------

Mays, 1969 —— ——————— -----

Sutton, 1969 —— -- ———— — ——

Rose, 1970 —— ———— ---- —— - 

Nockolds and Alien, 1971 ———

Conklin, 1972 —— ————— ———

Nockolds and Alien, 1973----

Bastron and others (1960) . 

Do. 

Dorrzapf and Brown (1970) .

Myers and others (1961) . 

Dorrzapf (1973) .

Dorrzapf and Brown (1970) .

Bastron and others (1960) . 

Do. 

Rose and Cuttitta (1968) . 

Fabbi and Espos (1972) . 

W. H. Champ (written commun., 

Bastron and others (1960) .

Myers and others (1961) . 

Do. 

J. S. Wahlberg (written commun 

Grimes and Marranzino (1968) . 

J. S. Wahlberg (written commun 

Dorrzapf (1973) .

1972).

., 1972). 

., 1972).

Baotron and others (1960) . 

Do. 

Do. 

Fabbi and Espos (1972) . 

W. H. Champ (written commun., 1972). 

Bastron and others (1960) . 

Moal and others (1968). 

0. Joensuu (written commun., 1972). 

Rose and Cuttitta (1968) .

Myers and others (1961) . 

Do. 

R. L. Mitchell (written commun., 1970). 

Grimes and Marranzino (1968) . 

Dorrzapf (1973). 

D. J. Swaine (written commun., 1973). 

R. L. Mitchell (written commun., 1974).

J. S. Wahlberg (written commun 

Rader and Grimaldi (1961).

. , 1972).

Bastron and others (1960). 

Do. 

Do. 

Rose and Cuttitta (1968) . 

Nockolds and Alien (1953) . 

W. H. Champ (written commun., 1972). 

Bastron and others (1960) . 

Moal and others (1968) . 

Nockolds and Alien (1953) .
COMPILATION OF INTERLABORATORY DATA

TABLE 11.—Determination of trace elements (in parts per million) in glass standards—Continued

21

GSB

Sn: 

<5

<3 

<5 

<3

"V-.6

-v-0.6

Sr: 

33 

40 

26

38

24 

26 

33 

22 

22 

15 

26 

28 

24 

45

20

26 

10

26

Ta:

Te:

Ti: 

6 

<10

<10

10 

6 

6

c 

R

(2) 

(2) 

(4)

(4)

(2) 

(4)

(4) 

(8) 

(3) 

(2) 

(2) 

(2) 

(4)

(2)

(6) 

(2)

S

(4)

(4) 

(6) 

R

5 

<7

<30

5

5 

5

40 

40 

36

42 

27 

27 

24 

36 

25 

31 

22 

27 

26 

25 

49

30

22 

20

27

...

0. 

0.

8 

13

<10 

<20

<10 

20

9 

11

GSC

(10)

(4) 

c

R

(2) 

(2) 

(4)

(4) 

(2) 

(2) 

(4)

(4) 

(8) 

(3) 

(2) 

(2) 

(2) 

(4)

(2)

(6) 

(2)

A

3 

3 R

(4) 

(4)

(4) 

(6) 

R

GSD

50 

50

30 

35 

35 

40

43

100 

70 

67

72 

64 

65 

62 

77 

57 

74 

55 

60 

58 

58 

65

100

<100 

61 

52

64

<100

<500 

<50

12 

<50

12

40 

44

43 

39

50 

50

70 

44

(10) 

(2)

(4) 

(6) 

c

S

(2) 

(2) 

(4)

(4) 

(2) 

(2) 

(4)

(2) 

(8) 

(3) 

(2) 

(2) 

(2) 

(4)

(2)

(6) 

(2)

A

-

R

(4) 

(4)

(2) 

(8)

(2) 

(4)

(6) 

S

GSE

500 

500 

470 

400 

500

>100 

400

440

470 

500 

540 

500 

480 

490 

520 

520 

540 

510 

490 

520 

520 

460 

490 

490 

500

700 

450 

500 

580 

ilO

500

<400 

530 

420

500 

400 

460 

490

480

250 

280

<300 

260

480 

550 

480 

500 

460 

480

500 

500 

420 

550

490

(10) 

(2)

(4)

c 

d

A

(4) 

(2) 

(4) 

(4) 

(2) 

(4) 

(2) 

(2) 

(2)

(2) 

(8) 

(4) 

(2) 

(2) 

(2) 

(4)

(2)

(6) 

(2)

A

(4) 

(4)

(10) 

(2)

S

(7) 

R

(4) 

(4) 

(4) 

(5) 

(2) 

(8)

(2) 

(4)

(6) 

A

Method

OS 

OS 

XRF 

OS 

OS 

OSp 

OS 

OS

Median

OS 

AA 

OS 

XRF 

AA 

XRF 

I.D. 

XRF 

OS 

XRF 

OS 

OS 

OS 

AA 

AA 

AA 

OS

OS 

XRF 

OS 

OSp 

XRF

Median

OS 

XRF 

OS

OS 

OS 

XRF 

XRF

Median

Chem 

OS

OSp 

Median

OS 

OS 

XRF 

OS 

OS 

OS

OS 

OS 

XRF 

OSp

Median

Analyst (s), and year(s) of 

analysis (table 12)

Semiquantitative

Mitchell, 1970- —— ———— - ——

Mosier, 1970-- —— -- ——— ---

Dorrzapf and Thomas, 1973---

——— do ———————————— ———

Quantitative

Suhr, 1970 —— —— ———— —— -

Hedge and Henderson, 1971--- 

Newbury and Webber, 1971---- 

Nockolds and Alien, 1971---- 

Nockolds and Hendry , 1971---

Conklin, 1972 ————————————

—— --do--- ———— ---- ——————

————— do ————— ———— ------------

Mays, 1973-- ——— ——— —— -- 

Semiquantitative

Wahlberg, 1969-- ———— —— -- 

Mosier, 1970- ——— -- ——— - —— -

Dorrzapf and Thomas, 1973--- 

Golde and Leininger, 1973---

Quantitative

Fletcher, 1969-- —— -- —— — -

Mays, 1973-- ---------------

Semiquantitative

Conklin, 1968 —————— -------

Wahlberg i969_-_-_______-_-

Ouantitative

Semiquantitative

Dorrzapf and Thomas, 1973---

Quantitative

Mays, 1969 —————— ————— ——

Walker, Smith & Slezak, 1971

Conklin, 1972 ——— ——— —— -

Semiquantitative

Wahlberg, 1970 —— ——— -- —— - 

Dorrzapf and Thomas, 1973 — -

Reference to published method of 

analysis

Myers and others (1961) . 

Do. 

J. S. Wahlberg (written conunun 

R. L. Mitchell (written commun 

Grimes and Marranzino (1968) . 

Dorrzapf (1973). 

D. J. Swaine (written commun., 

Do.

., 1972). 

., 1970).

1973

Bastron and others (1960) . 

Huffman (1968) . 

Bastron and others (1960). 

Rose and Cuttitta (1968). 

N. H. Suhr (written commun., 1970). 

Fabbi and Espos (1972). 

C. E. Hedge (written commun., 1972). 

G. R. Webber (written commun., 1971). 

Nockolds and Alien (1953) . 

Leake and others (1969). 

W. H. Champ (written commun., 1972). 

Bastron and others (1960). 

Moal and others (1968). 

W. Mountjoy (written commun., 1972). 

Do. 

Do. 

Bastron and others (1960).

Myers and others (1961) . 

J. S. Wahlberg (written commun., 1972). 

Grimes and Marranzino (1968) . 

Dorrzapf (1973) . 

R. K. Leininger (written commun., 1973).

Bastron and others (1960) . 

Rose and Cuttitta (1968). 

Bastron and others (1960) .

Myers and others (1961) . 

Do. 

J. S. Wahlberg (1972). 

Do.

Thompson and others (1968) . 

W. H. Champ (written commun. ,

Dorrzapf (1973).

Bastron and others (1960) . 

Do. 

Rose and Cuttitta (1968) . 

Ahrens and Taylor (1961) . 

W. H. Champ (written commun., 

Bastron and others (1960) .

Myers and others (1961). 

Grimes and Marranzino (1968). 

J. S. Wahlberg (written commun 

Dorrzapf (1973).

1972).

1972) . 

. , 1972).
22 GLASS REFERENCE STANDARDS FOR TRACE-ELEMENT ANALYSIS OF GEOLOGICAL MATERIALS

TABLE 11.—Determination of trace elements (in parts per million) in glass standards—Continued

GSB GSC GSD GSE Method Analyst(s), and year(s) of 

analysis (table 12)

Reference to published method of 

analysis

Tl:

<1 2.0 (7) 15 (7) 

.5 (5) 1.5 (5) 7.2 (5)

<30 <30 <30 

0.4 R 1.8 R 11 R

U:

1.0 3.9 41 

39 (4)

<500 

<500

<220 

<500 

<500 

<220

1 R 4 R 40 R

V: 

<10 40 (2) 

<5 48 (4) 

<10 44 (4)

<10 35 (4) 

12 (2) 44 (4) 

<10 45 (5)

<20 47 (2) 

<10 <20 47 (8) 

<10 42 (3) 

<3 4.5 45 

42 (2)

<7 7 (10) 50 (10) 

<3 50 (2)

2 6 50 

<5 7 (4) 55 (4) 

61 (3) 

<1.5 3 (6) 34 (6) 

2 (4) 5 (4) 40 (4)

2 R 6 R 45 A

W: 

<100

<100

<50 50 (10) 

<30

<50 50 (4)

<10 64 (6) 

40 c

50 R

Y: 

<20 71 (2) 

<10 45 (4) 

-__ ^in /.& (i±\

36 (4) 

22 (7) 

13 (5)

<50 

<20 

<30

22 R

480 

460

470 

470

500 (10) 

700 (2) 

410 (6) 

500 (10) 

700 (2) 

410 (6)

470 S

450 (2) 

500 (4) 

580 (4) 

500 (4) 

390 (4) 

470 (4) 

540 (5) 

510 (2) 

450 (8) 

500 (4) 

500 

500 (2)

680 (10) 

500 (2) 

380 

800 

600 (4) 

470 (2) 

360 (6)

500 A

420 (4) 

430 (4) 

420 (2)

300 (10) 

400 (2) 

440 

300 (4) 

420 

440 (6) 

>100 c 

500 d

420 S

500 (4) 

430 (4) 

Aon f/,\

XRF 

OS

Chem

OS 

XRF 

OS

Median

XRF 

I.D. 

I.D. 

I.D. 

Chem.

OS 

OS 

OSp 

OS 

OS 

OSp

Median

OS 

OS 

OS 

XRF 

XRF 

OS 

OS 

OS 

OS 

OS 

OS 

OS

OS 

OS 

XRF 

OS 

OS 

OS 

OSp 

OS

Median

OS 

XRF 

OS

OS 

OS 

XRF 

OS 

XRF 

OSp 

OS 

OS

Median

OS 

OS 

nQ

Ouantitative

Hubert and Lakin, 1972------ 

Semiquantitative

Mitchell, 1970--------------

Quantitative

Zartman and Gallego, 1975--- 

Delevaux, Doe, &Leeman, 1975

Semiquantitative

Dorrzapf and Thomas, 1973---

Dorrzapf and Thomas, 1973---

Quantitative

Fletcher, 1969------ ———— --

Mays, 1969------ —— ---------

Nockolds and Alien, 1971---- 

Walker, Smith, & Slezak, 1971

Conklin, 1972------ —— ----- 

Goni and Moal, 1972---------

Nockolds and Alien, 1973---- 

Semiquantitative

Conklin, 1968- ——— —— ------

Mitchell, 1970 ——— ----------

Mosier, 1970----- ———— —— --

Dorrzapf and Thomas, 1973---

Quantitative

Vromen and Rose, 1969-------

Semiquantitative

Conklin, 1968------ —— -----

Wahlberg, 1969 —— - ———— —— -

Mosier, 1970------ —————— -

Dorrzapf and Thomas, 1973--- 

Morgan and Swaine, 1973----- 

——— do ————————————————

Quantitative

Fletcher, 1969 —— —————— --

Mays, 1969---- —— -- —— —— -

Qnt-t-<-in 1 QAQ______ _______---

Rose and Cuttitta (1968) . 

W. H. Champ (written commun., 1972). 

Thompson and others (1968).

Myers and others (1961) . 

J. S. Wahlberg (written commun., 1972). 

R. L. Mitchell (written commun., 1970).

Rose and Cuttitta (1968). 

J. R. Dooley (written commun., 1969). 

Doe and others (1967). 

B. R. Doe (written commun., 1975). 

Orimaldi and others (1954) .

Myers and others (1961) . 

Do. 

Dorrzapf (1973) .

Myers and others (1961) . 

Do. 

Dorrzapf (1973).

Bastron and others (1960) . 

Do. 

Do. 

Rose and Cuttitta (1968). 

Fabi and Espos (1972). 

Nockolds and Alien (1953). 

Ahrens and Taylor (1961) . 

W. H. Champ (written commun., 1972). 

Bastron and others (1960). 

Moal and others (1968) . 

0. Joensuu (written commun., 1972). 

Nockolds and Alien (1953).

Myers and others (1961) . 

Do. 

J. S. Wahlberg (written commun., 1972). 

R. L. Mitchell (written commun., 1970). 

Grimes and Marranzino (1968) . 

D. M. Shaw (written commun., 1971). 

Dorrzapf (1973). 

R. L. Mitchell (written commun., 1974).

Bastron and others (1960). 

Rose and Cuttitta (1968). 

W. H. Champ (written commun., 1972).

Myers and others (1961) . 

Do. 

J. S. Wahlberg (written commun., 1972). 

Grimes and Marranzino (1968) . 

J. S. Wahlberg (written commun., 1972). 

Dorrzapf (1973) . 

D. J. Swaine (written commun., 1973). 

Do.

Bastron and others (1960). 

Do.

Tin
COMPILATION OF INTERLABORATORY DATA 23

TABLE 11.—Determination of trace elements (in parts per million) in glass standards—Continued

GSB GSC GSD GSE Method Analyst(s), and year(s) of 

analysis (table 12)

Reference to published method of 

analysis

Y:

4 10 51 

<20 39 (2) 

<10 <20 47 (8) 

<10 16 (3) 49 (3) 

<3 4.5 45 

42 (2)

<7 7 (10) 70 (10) 

<10 50 (2) 

<10 30 (4) 

<3 —— 44 (6)

4 R 8 R 46 A

Yb:

<2

<4 

<2

<0.2 —— .24 (6) 

0.2 R

Zn: 

50 (2) 

<100 

<500

<10 33 (4) 

8 (2) 9 (2) 48 (2) 

5 6 43 

<10 37 (7) 

<20 39 (3) 

11 (2) 15 (2) 

<30 38 (9)

<300 

<100 

<200 

43 (6) 

50 c

8 R 12 R 43 S

Zr:

—— <20 49 (2) 

<20 40 (4)

<10 45 (4) 

-x-5 48 (2) 

7 (2) 7 (2) 46 (4) 

4 6 43 

<30 52 (2) 

<20 48 (8) 

<10 45

<10 36 (4) 

7 (2) 7 (2) 47 (2)

<5 5 (10) 48 (10) 

<5 7 (2) 50 (2) 

<10 50 (2)

5 (6) 10 (6) 53 (6) 

<4 5 (4) 60 (4) 

<5 5 (2)

*^4 R 6 R 48 A

490 (4) XRF 

520 XRF 

470 (2) OS 

490 (8) OS 

390 (4) OS 

510 OS 

490 (2) OS

680 (10) OS 

700 (2) OS 

>200 OS 

>460 OSp

490 A Median

24 (2) OS 

22 (4) OS 

26 (4) OS 

29 (2) OS 

28 (4) OS

50 (10) OS 

35 (2) OS 

19 (6) OSp

30 S Median

460 (2) AA 

600 (4) OS 

600 (4) OS 

490 (4) XRF 

440 (2) AA 

500 (4) XRF 

520 (2) XRF 

480 XRF 

380 (7) OS 

310 (4) OS 

AA 

450 (9) OSdr

500 (10) OS 

500 (2) OS 

500 (4) OS 

360 (6) OSp 

>100 c OS 

500 d OS

500 A Median

520 (2) OS 

490 (4) OS 

500 (4) XRF 

400 (4) XRF 

520 (2) XRF 

450 (4) OS 

430 XRF 

540 (2) OS 

460 (8) OS 

500 OS 

450 (4) OS 

460 (2) OS

500 (10) OS 

450 (2) OS 

500 (4) OS 

480 XRF 

360 (6) OSp 

OS 

OS

480 A Median

Nockolds and Hendry, 1971---

Conklin, 1972-- ———— -------

Nockolds and Alien, 1973 ——— 

Semiquantitative

Dorrzapf and Thomas, 1973---

Ouantitative

Fletcher, 1969 —— ——— -- ———

Mays, 1969 ————— ————— ———

Semiquantitative

Conklin, 1968-- —— —— —— ——

Dorrzapf and Thomas, 1973---

Quantitative

Mays, 1969--- ——— —— -- ——— -

Suhr, 1970 ——————————————

Newbury and Webber, 1971---- 

Nockolds and Hendry, 1971---

Huffman, 1974--- ———— ------

Semiquantitative

Mosier, 1970 ——— —— ------- 

Dorrzapf and Thomas, 1973---

——— do —————————————————

Quantitative

Fletcher, 1969 ———————————

Fabbi, 1971------- ————— -- 

Newbury and Webber, 1971---- 

Nockolds and Alien, 1971 ——— 

Nockolds and Hendry, 1971---

Conklin, 1972-- —————— ———

Motro 1 07*^

Nockolds and Alien, 1973---- 

Semiquantitative

Conklin, 1968 —— ——————— ---

Wahlberg, 1972--- ——————— --

Dorrzapf and Thomas, 1973---

Mitchell, 1974 —— —— ———— --

Conklin, 1975 ————————————

Rose and Cuttitta (1968) . 

Leake and others (1969) . 

W. H. Champ (written commun. , 

Bastron and others (1960) . 

Moal and others (1968). 

0. Joensuu (written commun., 

Nockolds and Alien (1953) .

Myers and others (1961) . 

Do. 

Grimes and Maranzino (1968) . 

Dorrzapf (1973).

Bastron and others (1960) . 

Do. 

Do. 

W. H. Champ (written commun., 

Moal and others (1968).

Myers and others (1961). 

Do. 

Dorrzapf (1973).

Huffman (1968) . 

Bastron and others (1960) . 

Do. 

Rose and Cuttitta (1968) . 

N. H. Suhr (written commun., 

Fabbi and Espos (1972) . 

G. R. Webber (written commun 

Leake and others (1969). 

W. H. Champ (written commun. 

Moal and others (1968) . 

Huffman (1968) . 

Scott and others (1969) .

Myers and others (1961) . 

Do. 

Grimes and Marranzino (1968) 

Dorrzapf (1973). 

D. J. Swaine (written commun 

Do.

1972). 

1972).

1972).

1970). 

. , 1971). 

, 1972) .

. , 1973).

Bastron and others (1960) . 

Do. 

Rose and Cuttitta (1968) . 

Fabbi (1972). 

C. R. Webber (written commun., 1971). 

Nockolds and Alien (1953). 

Leake and others (1969). 

W. H. Champ (written commun., 1972). 

Bastron and others (1960) . 

0. Joensuu (written commun., 1972). 

Bastron and others (1960) . 

Nockolds and Alien (1953) .

Myers and others (1961) . 

Do. 

Grimes and Marranzino, 1968). 

J. S. Wahlberg (written commun., 1972). 

Dorrzapf (1973) . 

R. L. Mitchell (written commun., 1974). 

Myers and others (1961) .

See discussion in text.
24 GLASS REFERENCE STANDARDS FOR TRACE-ELEMENT ANALYSIS OF GEOLOGICAL MATERIALS

TABLE 12.—Addresses and affiliations of analysts cited in table 11

Analyst Address and affiliation

Alcock, F. G——————— McMaster Univ., Ontario Canada.

Alien, R. S———————— University of Cambridge, Cambridge, England.

Bender, G. P——————— Geol. Survey Canada, Ottawa, Canada.

Berrow, M. L——————— Macauley Inst. for Soil Research, Aberdeen,

	Scotland.

Burrow, G. T——————— U.S. Geological Survey, Denver, Colo.

Campbell, D. E—————— Corning Glass Works, Corning, N.Y.

Champ, W. H———————— Geol. Survey Canada, Ottawa, Canada.

Conklin, N. M—————— U.S. Geol. Survey, Denver, Colo.

Delevaux, M. H—————— Do.

Doe, B. R—————————— Do.

Dooley, J. R., Jr——— Do.

Dorrzapf, A. F., Jr—— U.S. Geol. Survey, Reston, Va.

Espos, L. F———————— U.S. Geol. Survey, Menlo Park, Calif.

Fabbi, B. P———————— Do.

Fennelly, E. J—————— U.S. Geol. Survey, Denver, Colo.

Fletcher, J. D—————— U.S. Geol. Survey, Reston, Va.

Gallego, M————————— U.S. Geol. Survey, Denver, Colo.

Gardner, J————————— Do.

Golde, M—————————— Indiana Geol. Survey, Bloomington, Ind.

Goni, J——————————— BRGM-Naijcy, Orleans, France.

Goodrich, E. C—————— Corning Glass Works, Corning, N.Y.

Hedge, C. E———————— U.S. Geol. Survey, Denver, Colo.

Henderson, W. T————— Do.

Hendry, G.L———————— University of Cambridge, Cambridge, England.

Heropoulos, C——————— U.S. Geol. Survey, Menlo Park, Calif.

Hubert, A. E——————— U.S. Geol. Survey, Denver, Colo.

Huffman, Claude, Jr—— Do.

Joensuu, 0————————— Miami Univ., Miami, Fla.

Kvalheim, A———————— Geol. Survey, Norway, Trondheim, Norway.

Lakin, H. W———————— U.S. Geol. Survey, Denver, Colo.

Leeman, W. P——————— Do.

Leininger, R. K————— Indiana Geol. Survey, Bloomington, Ind.

McHugh, J. B———————— U.S. Geol. Survey, Denver, Colo.

Mays, R. E————————— U.S. Geol. Survey, Menlo Park, Calif.

Mitchell, R. L—————— Macauley Inst. for Soil Research, Aberdeen,

	Scotland.

Moal, J. Y————————— BRGM-Nancy, Orleans, France.

Morgan, N. C——————— CSIRO Division of Mineralogy, North Ryde,

	NSW 2113, Australia.

Mosier, E. L——————— U.S. Geol. Survey, Denver, Colo.

Mount joy, Wayne————— Do.

Newbury, L————————— Geol. Sciences, McGill Univ., Montreal, Canada.

Nockolds, S. R—————— University of Cambridge, Cambridge, England.

Riley, L. B———————— U.S. Geol. Survey, Denver, Colo.

Rose, H. J., Jr————— U.S. Geol. Survey, Reston, Va.

Scott, R. 0———————— Macauley Institute for Soil Research, Aberdeen,

	Scotland.

Shaw, D. M————————— McMaster Univ., Ontario, Canada.

Slezak, T. I——————— Bureau of Mineral Resources, Canberra City,

	ACT Australia.

Smith, S. E———————— Do.

Sterlace, J. S—————— Corning Glass Works, Corning, N. Y.

Suhr, N. H————————— Pennsylvania State Univ., Mineral Sciences,

	University Park, Pa.

Sutton, A. L., Jr——— U.S. Geol. Survey, Denver, Colo.

Swaine, D. J——————— CSIRO Division of Mineralogy, North Ryde,

	NSW 2113, Australia. 

Thomas, C—————————— U.S. Geol. Survey, Reston, Va.
COMPILATION OF INTERLABORATORY DATA

TABLE 12.—Addresses and affiliations of analysts cited in table 11—Continued

Analyst Address and affiliation

Thomas, J. ATurner, R. LVromen, A——-

Wahlberg, J. SK. R—-

— U.S. Geol. Survey, Denver, Colo.

—— Do.

— U.S. Geol. Survey, Reston, Va.

— U.S. Geol. Survey, Denver, Colo.

Weijden, C. H. van der

Wise, W. M-—— 

Zartman, R. EBureau of Mineral Resources, Canberra City,

ACT Australia.

Geol. Sciences, McGill Univ., Montreal, Canada. 

Vening Meinesz Laboratory, Voor Geofysicaen

Geochemie, Univ. Utrecht, the Netherlands. 

Corning Glass Works, Corning, N.Y. 

U.S. Geol. Survey, Denver, Colo.

25

TABLE 13.—Trace-element compositions, in parts per million, of glass standards as medians

[Asterisk (*) indicates approximate element content (in parts per million) requested of Corning. Leaders (...) indicate no determination made]

Ag -

f\Cf

All

Ba ————

n-.

r>A

p0 ______

a_ ____ 

/i

Cr ———— _

Po _____ ._

Cu ————

17.. ______

F _______

pa ___ _

Ge —— ——

jjf ______

In —— ——

Ir ————

Li ————

Mn ——— -

Mo ————

GSB 

*0.5

0.5

.3

.1

i ft

31

50

2

3

5

100

3

.5

.1

1

190

2

GSC 

*5

4

6

1.2

20

39

3.5 

4

3

50

6

7

4

9

3

100

5

4

1.3

5

5 

200

6

GSD 

*50

37

/ o 42

14

50 

90

44

40

30

50 

120

35 

47

35

45

50

250

5

40

45 

50

20

47

40

210

46

GSE 

*500

OCA

450

50

500 

500

500 

480

/ O f\ 420

550 

800

450 

490

370

500

600

300

20

500

500 

500

140

550

480

600

500

Nb ——— -

Pt ————

Rb —— — 

Rh ————

Dloe

C1 *-.

DX. — ~~

ia — — — —

J. C ___ _

Ti ————

Tl ______

U — —— —

W ——— —

y —————

vu

Zn ————

7— _

GSB 

*0.5

14

13 

.2

.7

5

3

.6

O£

6

.5

1

2

4

<\,4

GSC 

*5

5

•I Q

15

3

0

.6

7

4

1.4

5

27

.3

11

1

0

4

6

12

6

GSD 

*50

40

55

52

1A

1.4

41

i ft

12

37

3

/ '"I 43

64

12

44

11

40

45 

50

46

.2

43

48

GSE 

*500

500

500

500

100

110

/ 1/"\ 420

60

90

470

30

3

440

500

480

OfcA

490

22

480

500 

420

490

30

500

480
26 GLASS REFERENCE STANDARDS FOR TRACE-ELEMENT ANALYSIS OF GEOLOGICAL MATERIALS

TABLE 14.—Ranges, in parts per million, of several trace elements in glass standards 

[Leaders (...) indicate no determination made]

Glass standard —

Ag _____________ 

A.. _ _

Ba — —— —— —— ——

Be —— —— —— —— — 

Bi ————_——__—

p 0 ___ __

Co —— —— — —— ——

Cr ————————

C S —— —— ——— — —

Cu ———— —— ——— —

Ge ———— —— ————

In —— ———— ————

La ———— —— ————

Li ——————_____

Mn — ———— ———— —

Mo — — ———— —— —

Nb — — —— ———— —

Ni —— ————— ———

pu ___ _ __

Pd ——__——————_

Pt ———————————

DK

Rh ———— ———— ——

Sn ——— — ———— ——

Sr „ __ _————— „ 

Ti ———— — ————

V —— ———— ———— —

Y ———— —— ————

<0.

10

OQ

<1

1

2

130

2

10 

<6

2

3

10 

6

<1. 

<3

5

4

GSB

.5 - 0.6

.06- 1.0 

- 21

- 54

- 5 

- 12

- 11

.5 - .6

-250 

- 5

- 20 

- 21

,6 - 1.3

- 4

- 45

- 10

- 4 

- 11

- 7

2

1

10

29

2

2

4

5

3

5

<1

3

4

140

3

4

10 

11

2

4

<3

4

20

<3

4

6

5

GSC

- 5

.0 - 1.5

ff\

- 6

- 5

- 13

- 4.5

- 15

- 1.6

- 5

.2 - 6.0

-250

Q

- 7

- 25

- 21

.5 - 5.0

.39- .7

.5 - 9.0

- 5

- 49

- 20

- 12

.5 - 16

- 15

- 10

20

10

40

50

Q £

30

30

i£

30

35

O £

30

30

33

i on

20

O£

35

35

O £

<1.

35

15

30

52

39

34

30 

33

Q r

GSD

- 50

- 15

- 75

-200

-100

- 52

- 76

- 50

f O

- 54

- 70

Q n

- 70

- 60

- 60

o£ n

- 70

- 50

- 70

- 70

- 50

- 61

- 50

-100 

- 70

- 61

- 71

- 50

- 53

GSE

260- 600

40- 70

Q £n £Q n

430- 800

420-1000

350- 600

450- 780

350- 700

410- 600

340- 430

340- 590

OQP) RQn

420- 600

500- 700

400-1000

450- 800

300-1000

450- 530

360- 700

430- 600

Q o onn

76- 140

410- 490

47- 70

390- 530

410- 700

420- 550

Q £ n £Q t\

390- 700

310- 600

360- 540

TABLE 15.—Major-element composition, in percent, of glass standards 

as medians

[Leaders (...) indicate no determination made]

Element 

(as oxide)

A120 3 ———— 

Fe20 3 —— —

FeO —— ———

MgO —————

Pafi— ___

Na20 —— ——

H n+

H20~ —— ——

Ti0 2 ______ 

P 20 5 ———— 

MnO ——— ——

pi_ _

Total — 

Fe 20 3

(Total iron)

GSB

62.20

14.10 

5.38

1.60

3

Q -7

5.03

3 £O

9Q

.07

.02 

.03

.03

.01

.01

100.37

7.04

GSC

62.05

14.20 

5.56 

1.46

3.90

4.09

3

f O

.33

no

.02 

.03

.04

.01

.01

100.32

7.17

GSD

61.80

14.40 

5.29 

1.54

3.90

5.01

3.72

OQ

no

.02 

.04

.03

.01

.02

100.22

7.10

GSE

61.50

13.60 

5.14 

1.40

3

£ "3

5

O £

4.56

3

r\(-

.22

.06

.12 

.03 

.09

.02

no

.03

98.80

6.56
TABLE 16.—Quantitative spectrographic determinations, in parts per million, of trace elements on four glass standards using four bottles 

random for each standard and two determinations per bottle

[N, not detected at concentration shown; L, less than concentration shown. Analyst: N. M. Conklin]

Glass 

standard

GSB

GSC

GSD

GSE

Bottle 

No.

272 — -

470 ——

421 ——

827 — -

187 ——

58 ——

1139 ——

294 ——

1356 ——

171 ——

777 ——

1018 ——

411 ——

1430 ——

1276 ——

1668 ——

Ag

Nl

Nl

Nl

Nl

Nl

Nl

Nl

Nl

4

3

4

4

3

4

4

4

43

42

44

41

47

44

46

42

360

380

380

380

370

410

380

380

B

N50

N50

N50

N50

N50

N50

N50

N50

N50

N50

N50

N50

N50

N50

N50

N50

48

59

52

56

50

56

58

54

510

540

560

540

460

480

500

520

Ba

30

29

38

34

31

34

29

28

38

43

40

32

38

42

36

38

96

100

94

100

98

102

82

86

470

470

470

530

460

530

530

520

Be

N3

N3

N3

N3

N3

N3

N3

N3

4

3

3

3

4

3

4

3

42

36

35

45

38

38

39

43

530

520

540

600

580

500

600

520

Cd

N100

N100

N100

N100

N100

N100

N100

N100

N100

N100

N100

N100

N100

N100

N100

N100

N100

N100

N100

N100

N100

N100

N100

N100

480

440

440

460

440

490

450

500

Co

N5

N5

N5

N5

N5

N5

N5

N5

N10

N10

N10

N10

N10

N10

N10

N10

33

34

35

32

28

32

36

34

450

410

450

460

420

460

430

420

Cr

5

5

5

6

5

5

5

2

7

14

9

7

6

9

8

9

55

49

50

56

56

53

48

55

520

530

480

490

460

530

490

510

Cu

4

3

3

3

3

2

3

2

6

8

6

6

6

6

7

6

46

46

42

46

50

50

49

51

550

520

550

510

520

540

500

520

Eu

N100

N100

N100

N100

N100

N100

N100

N100

N100

N100

N100

N100

N100

N100

N100

N100

N100

N100

N100

N100

N100

N100

N100

N100

690

640

690

680

660

630

640

660

Ge

N20

N20

N20

N20

N20

N20

N20

N20

N20

N20

N20

N20

N20

N20

N20

N20

42

42

36

42

42

42

40

44

530

500

540

500

480

540

560

510

La

N50

N50

N50

N50

N50

N50

N50

N50

N70

N70

N70

N70

N70

N70

N70

N70

N70

N70

N70

N70

N70

N70

N70

N70

630

680

660

700

710

690

660

700

Mo

N3

N3

N3

N3

N3

N3

N3

N3

6

5

7

4

7

10

7

9

51

43

46

42

47

51

43

46

530

520

560

510

520

540

500

540

Mn

180

190

190

180

190

180

190

200

200

210

210

220

210

190

210

200

230

240

260

230

240

270

230

260

620

690

660

660

690

680

710

650

Nb

N10

N10

N10

N10

N10

N10

N10

N10

N10

N10

N10

N10

N10

N10

N10

N10

34

39

38

44

43

42

40

42

460

480

490

510

520

480

520

480

Ni

11

9

12

12

8

9

12

10

10

8

9

11

12

11

11

14

46

52

49

52

54

45

54

49

510

550

560

520

570

500

540

530

Pb

N20

N20

N20

N20

N20

N20

N20

N20

N20

N20

N20

N20

N20

N20

N20

N20

44

46

44

54

47

43

47

46

560

500

530

500

560

570

560

520

Sc

N7

N7

N7

N7

N7

N7

N7

N7

N15

N15

N15

N15

N15

N15

N15

N15

N15

N15

N15

N15

N15

N15

N15

N15

21

31

35

35

39

36

37

34

Sn

N20

N20

N20

N20

N20

N20

N20

N20

N20

N20

N20

N20

N20

N20

N20

N20

45

50

39

44

49

46

44

49

420

450

450

410

470

430

400

460

Sr

18

16

20

22

25

25

32

20

28

39

30

33

28

34

33

22

70

64

72

64

84

74

84

84

500

540

490

530

560

500

540

540
28 GLASS REFERENCE STANDARDS FOR TRACE-ELEMENT ANALYSIS OF GEOLOGICAL MATERIALS

TABLE 17.—Factors (geometric deviations) reflecting sample 

inhomogeneity in glass standards 

[Leaders (...) indicate no data; <, less than]

Glass standard—— GSB GSC GSD GSE

Ag ——————— -

Ba ——————— -

Be ——————— -

Cd ——————— -

Co ——————— -

Cr ——————— -

Cu ——————— -

Ge ——————— -

Mn ——————— -

Mo ——————— -

Nb ——————— -

Ni ——————— -

Pb ——————— -

Qr»

Sn ——————— -

Q-r

Ti ——————— -

V ———————— -

Y ———————— -

Zr —— — — ——

. ———— ——— <1.01 <1.01 <1.01

<1.01 1.06 

. ———— 1.10 <1.01 1.08 <1.01

. ———— ——— <1.01 <1.01 <1.01

. ———— ——— ——— ——— <1.01

. ———— ——— ——— 1.05 <1.01

. ———— 1.09 <1.01 <1.01 <1.01

. ———— 1.06 <1.01 1.06 <1.01 

. ———— ——— ——— <1.01 <1.01

<1.01

. ———— <1.01 <1.01 <1.01 <1.01

- ———— ——— 1.17 <1.01 <1.01

. ———— ——— ——— 1.04 <1.01

. ———— 1.14 1.11 <1.Q1 <1.01

. ———— ——— ——— <1.01 1.01

. ———— ——— ——— ——— 1.15

. ———— ——— ——— 1.04 <1.01

. ——— _ 1.15 <1.Q1 1.11 <1.01

. ———— ——— ——— <1.01 <1.01

. ———— ——— ——— 1.03 1.04

1.01 <1.01

. ———— ——— ——— <1.01 <1.01

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

The authors express their gratitude to Leonard B. Riley 

for his constructive review of this manuscript and thank 

Zell Peterman of Isotope Geology and the personnel listed 

in table 2 for their analyses by isotope-dilution methods. 

The authors also thank Albert P. Marranzino for his support and interest in these standards for use by mobile laboratories. The authors are also greatly indebted to all 

analysts listed in this paper who have so generously contributed their time and effort.

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•h U.S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE 1976-777-034/22