United States Department of Agriculture

Field Guide for Managing

Red Brome in the Southwest

Forest 

Service

Southwestern

Region TP-R3-16-19 Revised June 2017
Cover Photos

Top: John M. Randall, The Nature Conservancy, Bugwood.org 

Lower left: John M. Randall, The Nature Conservancy, Bugwood.org

Lower right: John M. Randall, The Nature Conservancy, Bugwood.org

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1 

Red Brome (Bromus rubens L., synonym: B. madritensis ssp. rubens) 

Grass family (Poaceae), Bromeae tribe

Red brome is an invasive grass that can pose a wildfire 

hazard in desert communities. This field guide serves as 

the U.S. Forest Service’s recommendations for 

management of red brome in forests, woodlands, and 

rangelands associated with its Southwestern Region. The 

SouthwesternRegion covers Arizona and New Mexico, 

which together have 11 national forests. The Region also 

administers 4 national grasslands located in northeastern 

New Mexico, western Oklahoma, and the Texas panhandle.

Description

Red brome (synonyms: foxtail chess, foxtail brome) is an

early emerging annual grass that was originally native to

the Mediterranean region. Red brome is short lived and 

actively grows for only about 4 to 6 weeks. Mature foliage 

and seed heads have a distinctly reddish color that gives its 

name.

Growth Characteristics

• Cool season, tufted, annual bunchgrass; 8 to 20 

inches tall.

• Each plant has several stems growing from an erect 

or slightly spreading base; stems have narrow, short, 

flat, hairy, prominently-veined blades and a hairy

sheath.

• Roots are very shallow; it grows slowly in the 

winter and more rapidly as soils warm in spring.

• Panicles (2 to 3 inches long) are dense, compact, 

and brush-like with 7 to 11 upright florets.

• Reproduction is solely by seed. Each plant produces 

about 75 seeds of which less than 2 percent remain

viable into the following year thereby creating a 

relatively short-lived seed bank. Mature seed 

remains mostly dormant through the hot, dry 

summer; germination is highest in the fall.

• Seedlings are bright green, hairy, and slender; the

grass is purplish-red with barbed awns at maturity

and tawny to brown when it is dry.

Ecology

Impacts/Threats

Red brome prefers open spaces within shrub and grassland 

communities. As the grass matures, red brome provides a

fine-fuel source that decomposes slowly and greatly 

increases the fire potential, intensity, and burn speed in 

areas where it has invaded. It alters the fire pattern in many 

plant communities and has been especially harmful to

desert plants that are not fire adapted such as blackbrush 

(Coleogyne ramosissima). Its awned presence can injure 

wildlife and livestock, reduce available forage, diminish

recreational opportunities, degrade wildlife diversity and

habitat, and decrease land values.

Site/Distribution

Disturbed and undisturbed areas; along roadsides and

railroads; rangeland, pastures, and cultivated fields, usually 

in warmer areas and at lower elevations than cheatgrass

(Bromus tectorum). Red brome prefers south-facing slopes

and areas with shallow, dry, and sandy loam to clayey soil.

It grows best in locations with mild, moist winters and hot,

dry summers with 4 to 10 inches of precipitation. This 

annual grass is now widely distributed in patches across 

western States.

Spread

Seed have barbed awns that adhere to clothing, fleece, and 

animal fur; they may be carried by wind, water, or by small

rodents. Seed may also be a contaminant in grain, hay,

straw, or mud and be carried for long distances on

undercarriages of vehicles and road maintenance 

equipment. Eighteen percent of seeds produced will reach a 

suitable site to germinate and establish seedlings. Of those 

seedlingsthat emerge, only about 10 percent reach

maturity.

Invasive Features

Red brome seed requires about half as much water as most 

native plants to germinate. Red brome seed can germinate

with only 0.5-inch precipitation and has nearly uniform

germination under cool, moist conditions. Seedlings 
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produced in the fall will overwinter and grow slowly until 

the spring. As soils warm, red brome accesses a greater

portion of soil moisture, which allows rapid growth and

early maturation. The presence of red brome can lead to

repeated wildfires at higher frequencies that favor future 

dominance by red brome.

Management

Red brome and cheatgrass are somewhat similar in

appearance and share a common history in the way they

were introduced and how efforts have been made to

manage them. A shared management goal for red brome 

and cheatgrass is to reduce the fire hazard resulting from 

their presence. However, red brome populations tend to be

more localized and patchier as compared to cheatgrass; the

seed source is less abundant and less viable; and red brome

is more sensitive to frost, shading, and competition from 

herbaceous perennials. Red brome may have an even

greater impact than cheatgrass in that red brome readily

invades undisturbed areas, thereby damaging fire-sensitive

shrub species. In the harsh environments where red brome 

generally grows, there is relatively little opportunity for

rehabilitating burned-over areas. Therefore, control

strategies for established red brome infestations should 

focus on removal of seed production and increasing 

competition by herbaceous perennial plants. 

The following actions should be considered when planning 

an overall management approach to red brome::

• Maintain healthy plant communities and the 

presence of ground litter. This may involve 

improving grazing management practices to prevent 

excessive grazing and the reseeding of disturbed 

areas with adaptable grasses and forbs.

• Check hay, straw, and mulch for presence of weed 

seed before using them in weed-free areas; certified 

weed-free hay or pellets should be fed to horses

used in backcountry areas.

• Encourage use of spray washing stations to reduce 

seed spread when mechanized equipment is utilized

inside or near an infestation.

• Detect and eradicate new populations of red brome 

as early as possible, especially in desert shrub areas. 

• Combine mechanical, cultural, biological, and 

chemical methods for most effective control.

• Implement monitoring and a follow-up treatment 

plan for missed plants or seedlings.

• Map and keep annual records on reported large

infestations.

Table 1 summarizes some management options for red 

brome control under various situations. Further details on 

these management options are explained below. Choice of

control method depends on current land use and site

conditions, accessibility, terrain, microclimate; density and 

extent of infestation; and nontarget flora and fauna present. 

Other considerations include treatment effectiveness, cost, 

and the number of years needed to achieve control. More

than one control method may be needed for each site.

Physical Control

Physical methods to control red brome should focus on 

removing plants and preventing seed production. Most

methods require proper timing and may need to be

repeated to reach an acceptable level of control. Planting

adaptable species should always be considered in 

combination with mechanical control.

Manual Methods

Hand removal – If performed before the majority of seed 

heads are produced in early spring, hand pulling or hoeing

will prevent plants from reaching seed production and

maturity. Several return visits to a site may be required to

eliminate new plants. Remove as much of the root as 

possible.

Mulching or soil solarization –Mulching with 2-3 inches 

of organic material or using plastic sheeting to cover the 

ground can aid in red brome control, especially when 

followed by reseeding or planting desirable perennial 

species. These methods are most practical on accessible 

sites such as those along roadways or in campgrounds.
3

Table 1. Management options*

Site Physical Control Cultural Control Biological Control Chemical Control

Roadsides,

fence lines,

and non-crop

areas

Mow or grade before

flowering. Repeat mowing if

necessary. Mulch with 2 to 3 

inches of organic material or

cover with plastic sheet.

Use seed, mulch, and fill 

materials certified to be 

weed-free.

Avoid excessive

disturbance.

Implement requirements 

for vehicle operations

and for reporting of

infestations along roads.

No classical biocontrol agents 

have been approved for use by

USDA.

Use truck or tractor

spraying equipment. Wash

underneath to prevent

spread.

Rangeland or

pasture areas

Raking surface to clear litter

in the spring will reduce

wildfire risk. Use shallow

mechanical disking in 

suitable areas.

Consider prescribed burns in 

late fall followed by 

reseeding perennial plants.

Use seed and forage hay 

certified to be weed-free; 

use pellets for horses in 

backcountry areas.

When moving livestock 

or vehicles through 

infested areas, inspect

and remove any seeds

from animals, clothing,

and vehicles before

entering un-infested

areas.

Encourage competition 

from desirable perennial 

plants.

Winter and early spring

grazing can reduce density and 

decrease risk of wildfire;

however, heavy grazing may

promote infestation.

No classical biocontrol agents 

have been approved for use by

USDA.

Use ground broadcast

sprayer; or for areas

difficult to access, use

backpack sprayer.

Wilderness,

other natural

areas, and/or

small

infestations

Manual methods, such as

hoeing or hand pulling in 

localized areas, may be

needed to protect other

resources.

Use seed and forage hay 

certified to be weed-free; 

use pellets for horses in 

backcountry areas.

Post warning signs to 

visitors to remove seeds.

When feasible, encourage

desert cottontails, mule deer,

desert bighorn sheep, and

other wildlife to feed on red

brome before it matures.

Use backpack sprayer;

broadcast spraying by other

methods may be used on

thicker stands, if allowed.

* Choice of a particular management option must be in compliance with existing regulations for the land resource.

Mechanical Methods

If machinery is used tomanage red brome, the equipment 

should be cleaned after use to prevent movement of seed 

into un-infestedareas.

Tillage – Disking or other mechanical control methods are 

often impractical on areas where red brome is found and 

should always be considered with caution. In many 

instances mechanical disturbance encourages further

dominance. Tillage should always be considered in

combination with reseeding of desirable perennialspecies.

Raking or mowing – Raking dead standing plant material 

with a drag chain or other implement in the spring can

reduce fire hazard. When conditions are suitable, mowing 

in late winter or early spring before seeds are developed

will reduce plant size but may cause the plant to increase

the number of stems produced. Expect the need to repeat

mowing during this time because cutting just once has not 

been found to be effective in preventing seed production.

Mowing after seed production is useful for fire prevention 

by eliminating standing mature litter.
4

Prescribed Fire

Planned burning can produce variable results and may

lead to an increase in red brome populations if done

improperly. In southern California, planned burns done 

very early in the growing season (as early as January) 

have been used with some success to control red brome. 

Consider burning in combination with other control 

methods such as herbicide spraying and later reseeding 

with adaptable perennial species.

Cultural Control

Seed and materials used for mulch, forage, or fill should 

be certified to be weed-free; pellets may be used for 

horses in backcountry areas. Vehicles, humans, and 

domestic animals should be discouraged from traveling 

through areas infested with red brome; and a program to 

check and remove seeds from vehicles, clothing, and 

domestic animals should be implemented to help stop 

dispersal. In cultivated fields, crop rotation and 

manipulation of nutrient levels (e.g., increasing 

phosphorous, potassium, or reducing nitrogen in the 

soil) is used as a means of reducing red brome.

Biological Control

Grazing

Red brome does not compete well with established

perennials, especially native grasses. Proper grazing

management that encourages growth of perennial grass 

competitors will aid in suppression. Red brome grazed 

by livestock while it is yet green can reduce plant

density and size. Grazing alone will not provide

complete red brome control, but it can be used to reduce

fuel levels. Proper timing, a low density approach with 

stocking, and close management of livestock are 

recommended to minimize impact to nontarget plant

species.

Classical Biological Control

At present, no classical biocontrol agents (insects, 

pathogens, etc.) have been approved by USDA for use 

on red brome.

Chemical Control

Herbicides listed in table 2will effectively control red 

brome when properly applied, although some are

nonselective and will also impact nontarget species. 

Therefore, caution should be taken if desirable plants, 

including woody species, need to be protected. Each 

herbicide product will have different requirements and 

restrictions. Thus, it is important to read the label 

carefully and follow all instructions and guidelines 

when mixing and applying chemical herbicides. Consult 

the registrant if you have questions or need further 

detail.

Herbicide Application

Red brome presence varies from season to season; but

the grass has nearly uniform germination and 

establishment when soil moisture becomes available, 

especially in the fall. Herbicide use is favored during 

this period since the seedling stage of red brome is the 

most vulnerable.

Herbicides may be applied with backpack or hand-held 

sprayers, ATV or UTV sprayers, or conventional boom 

sprayers that are pulled or attached to a tractor or truck. 

Any equipment used to spray herbicide should be 

calibrated. For sparse populations, one person or a small 

team can spot spray red brome with an adjustable spray 

nozzle attached to a hand-held or backpack sprayer. The 

foliage should be sprayed wet without allowing 

dripping. In some localized situations, use of a preemergent herbicide is the preferred way to prevent red 

brome establishment.

Management Strategies

New infestations of red brome should be prevented. To

treat areas already infested by red brome, a combination 

of control methods and, if feasible, reseeding should be 

used to enhance long-term success. Initial treatment 

should attempt to eliminate as many live plants and 

disrupt as much seed production as possible. Secondary 

treatments should prevent seed formation and increase 

completion from desirable perennial plants.
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Table 2. Herbicide recommendations

Common

Chemical Name

(active 

ingredient)

Product

Example1

Broadcast 

Treatment 

(rate per 

acre)

Spot 

Treatment 

(spray 

solution)2

Time of Application Remarks

Atrazine3 Aatrex 1–2 pints 1–2% In fall on early emergent 

seedlings when desirable

plants are dormant.

Up to 60–100 day half-life in soil. 

High soil mobility and groundwater 

contamination potential.

Labeled for roadsides and reseeding

of Crop Reserve Program (CRP)

lands, but not rangeland.

Imazapic Plateau 2–12 ounces + 1 

quart 

methylated seed

oil (MSO)

0.25–1.5% + 

1% methylated 

seed oil (MSO)

Either as a pre-emergent

in fall (use lower rate) or 

for active growth in the

spring.

Broad spectrum; residual; amino

acid inhibitor; controls annual and

perennial weeds without adverse 

effects to perennial grasses.

Labeled for roadsides and non-crop 

areas. Not for use along streams and

rivers. May leach into groundwater.

Imazapic + 

glyphosate

Journey 1 1/3 to 2 pints 1–13% + 1% 

v/v methylated 

seed oil (MSO)

Pre-emergent: late

summer or fall.

Post-emergent: after

green up.

Broad spectrum; residual.

If used as a post-emergent in spring, 

limit to areas with fewest desirable

non-target plants.

Fluazifop-p-butyl Fusilade 2000 

Fusilade DX

1–1.5 pints 0.5% + 0.5% 

oil or a 1% 

nonionic 

surfactant

After emergence in

spring, but before seed 

head is detectable.

Soil active; attacks meristematic

tissues of annual and perennial

grasses. Does not affect broadleaved plants.

Glyphosate Roundup Pro

Rodeo Accord

0.5–1 pint 0.5–2% Apply either to young 

seedlings in the winter or 

when flowering in the 

spring. May also apply

during both periods.

Nonselective amino acid inhibitor;

will kill desirable vegetation,

including forbs and woody species.

Foliar application only; quickly

inactivated in the soil.

Rimsulfuron Matrix SG 3–4 ounces 3–4 ounces per 

100 gallons of 

water

Apply in late fall or early 

spring on emerged

seedlings for best results.

Labeled for roadsides and bare 

ground sites but not for rangeland.

Pre-emergence or early postemergence timing will control 

several grass and broadleaf species.

Sulfometuron

methyl

Oust XP 

Spyder

Oust: 1 ounce

Spyder:1-1/3 to 

2 ounces

NA Late fall or winter; preemergence and postemergence. Best if 

applied right before

rainfall.

Extremely potent; can damage nontarget vegetation if not applied

correctly. Read product label

carefully before applying.

Sulfometuron

methyl + 

chlorsulfuron

Landmark XP 1–1.5 ounces 1–1.5 ounces 

per 100 gallons 

of water

Warm, moist conditions 

following application

will accelerate herbicide

activity.

Registered for use in non-crop 

situations only. Read product label

carefully before applying. Care

should be exercised when used in 

the vicinity of desired plants. Has a 

12-month grazing restriction.
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Table 2. Herbicide recommendations (cont.)

Common

Chemical

Name (active 

ingredient)

Product

Example1

Broadcast 

Treatment 

(rate per 

acre)

Spot 

Treatment 

(spray 

solution)2

Time of Application Remarks

Sulfometuron

methyl

Oust XP 

Spyder

Oust: 1 ounce

Spyder:1-1/3 

to 2 ounces

NA Late fall or winter; preemergence and postemergence. Best if applied 

right before rainfall.

Extremely potent; can damage nontarget vegetation if not applied

correctly. Read product label carefully

before applying.

Sulfometuron

methyl + 

chlorsulfuron

Landmark

XP

1–1.5 ounces 1–1.5 ounces per 

100 gallons of 

water

Warm, moist conditions 

following application will 

accelerate herbicide

activity.

Registered for use in non-crop 

situations only. Read product label

carefully before applying. Care should

be exercised when used in the vicinity

of desired plants. Has a 12-month 

grazing restriction.

1 Trade names for products are provided for example purposes only, and other products with the same active ingredient(s) may be available. Individual 

product labels should be examined for specific information and appropriate use with red brome.

2 Spray solution is the herbicide/water ratio in a spray mix that may be used for spot treatment with backpack or hand-held sprayers. The amount of product 

applied during an annual growing season must not exceed the maximum application rate per acre as specified by the product label – refer to the product 

label for the site type and application.

3 Atrazine is a restricted-use pesticide. A certified applicator’s license is required for purchase anduse.

The key to controlling red brome is to encourage growth 

of desirable plants that will directly compete for soil 

moisture, nutrients, light, and space. In many instances, 

suppression or removal of red brome will enable native 

plants to return naturally without undergoing the added 

expense and difficulties associated with reseeding. 

Reseeding red brome-infested areas after herbicide 

treatment can be problematic because precipitation is 

often very low and choice of adaptable species for 

planting can be limited. In areas where reseeding is 

planned, glyphosate can be broadcast sprayed for site 

preparation when red brome is green in the fall, coupled 

with perennial plant seeding in late autumn as a dormant 

seeding (i.e., desired seedlings will not emerge until the 

following spring).

In most cases, several years of treatment will be 

necessary to remove all seed-producing red brome plants, 

followed by 1 to 2 years of monitoring and implementing 

further measures to control new seedlings. Since it is 

ordinarily useless to treat an area only one time without 

retreatment, sufficient resources must be allocated for the 

area where control is attempted. After initial treatment, it 

is important that resources are also available to respray 

or retreat the treated area as necessary. Previously treated 

areas should be monitored continuously to detect and control 

recovering red brome. It is also important to monitor the 

return of desirable native plant species.

Adaptive Management

Red brome is commonly found throughout the western U.S.

and controlling it across broad areas is often impractical. 

Therefore, realistic goals and objectives should be 

established to manage red brome infestations occurring

extensively throughout a given landscape. To improve longterm success in controlling red brome, consider using an 

adaptive management approach with the overall goal of 

restoring desirable plant communities. The stepwise process 

for adaptive management involves:

1. Assessing the overall weed problem,

2. Establishing management goals and objectives,

3. Implementation of control strategies and measures,

4. Monitoring the effectiveness of management 

actions,

5. Evaluating actual outcomes in relation to

expected results, and
7

6. Adjusting practices as necessary.

Steps of this process should be repeated in sequence as part

of a continuous learning cycle that improves management

planning and strategy by learning from the outcomes of 

previous management actions. In general, an adaptive 

management approach is considered to be successful if:

1. Stakeholders are actively involved and 

remain committed to the process,

2. Monitoring and assessment are used to adjust 

and improve management decisions, and

3. Management goals and/or objectives for 

the resource are being achieved.

References and Further

Information

Arizona Invasive Species Advisory Council. 2008.Arizona 

Invasive Species Management Plan. Available at

http://www.azgovernor.gov/ais/Documents/AISMP2

008.pdf (accessed July 2010)

DiTomaso, J.M., S.F. Enloe, and M.J. Pitcairn. 2007.

Exotic Plant Management in California Annual

Grasslands. In Stromberg, M. R., J.D. Corbin, and 

C.M. D’Antonio, Eds. 2007. California Grasslands: 

Ecology and Management. University of California 

Press.Pp. 281–296.

Duncan, K., K. McDaniel, and M. Renz. 2005. Chemical

Weed and Brush Control for New Mexico

Rangelands. Las Cruces: NMSU College of 

Agriculture andHome Economics and Cooperative 

Extension Service. (Refer to recommendations for 

downy brome on p. 6). Available at 

http://aces.nmsu.edu/pubs/_circulars/CR_597.pdf

Jepson, W.L. 1909-1940. A Flora of California. P. 174. 

Available at http://ucjeps.berkeley.edu/cgi-bin/get_ 

cpn.pl?BRRU2 (accessed July 2010)

Launchbaugh, K. 2008. Targeted Grazing. University of 

Idaho. Available at http://www.cnr.uidaho.edu/rxgrazing/index.htm (accessed June 2010)

Menalled, F., J. Mangold, E. Davis. 2008. Cheatgrass: 

Identification, Biology and Integrated Management. 

Montana State University Cooperative Extension

500-1008SA. Available athttp://www.msuextension. 

org/publications/AgandNaturalResources/MT20081

1AG.pdf (accessed Feb. 2010)

Newman, D. 1992. Element Stewardship Abstract for 

Bromus rubens. The Nature Conservancy. Available

at http://www.invasive.org/gist/esadocs/documents/

bromrub.pdf (accessed July 2010)

Northam, E. and W. Meyer et al. 2009. Non-Native 

Invasive Plants of Arizona. Conservation Districts 

and RC&D Areas of Arizona and the University of 

Arizona Cooperative Extension. Publication

AZ1482. Available at http://cals.arizona.edu/pubs/ 

natresources/az1482.pdf (accessed July 2010)

Plagen, M.J. (Ed.). Online: Nature Study in theSonoran

Desert: A Guide to the Flora and Fauna of Arizona,

U.S.A. and Sonora, Mexico. Available at http://www.

arizonensis.org (accessed July 2010)

Reid, C.R., S. Goodrich, and J.E. Bowns. 2008. Cheatgrass 

and Red Brome: History and Biology of Two

Invaders. In Kitchen et al. 2008. Shrublands under 

fire: disturbance and recovery in a changing world. 

Proc.: June 6–8; RMRS-P-52. USDA, FS RMRS. pp.

27–32. Available at http://www.treesearch.fs.fed.us/

pubs/31300 (accessed July 2010)

Salo, L.F. 2004. Population Dynamics of Red Brome:

Times for Concern, Opportunities for Management.

Journal of Arid Lands 57(3):291–296.

Simonin, K.A. 2001. Bromus rubens, Bromus madritensis.

In USDA Forest Service, RMRS, FireSciences

Laboratory (Producer). Available at http://www.fs. 

fed.us/database/feis/ (accessed July 2010)

Smith, S.D. and T.E. Huxman. 2001. Elevated

Atmospheric CO2 and Deserts: Will Increasing CO2 

AlterDeserts and the Desertification Process? 

AridlandsNewsletter No. 49 (May/June 2001. 

Available athttp://www.southwestclimatechange.

org/impacts/land/invasive-species (accessed July

2010)
8

Stapleton, J.J. and S. Jett. 2006. ALarge-scale

Demonstration of Solar Inactivation of Invasive

Weed Propagules for Revegetation with California

Native Wildflower Communities. Available at

http://solar.uckac.edu/PDF/Large-scale%20demo.pdf

(accessed July 2010

USDA NRCS National Plant Database. 2010. Available at 

http://www.plants.usda.gov (accessed July 2010)

Williams, B.K., R.C. Szaro, and C.D. Shapiro. 2009. 

Adaptive Management: The U.S. Department of the 

Interior Technical Guide. Adaptive Management 

Working Group, U.S. Dept. of the Interior, 

Washington, DC. Available at http://www.doi.gov/ 

initiatives/AdaptiveManagement/TechGuide.pdf 

(accessed October 2011)

Suggested Web Sites

For information on invasive species:

National Invasive Species Information 

Center

http://www.invasivespeciesinfo.gov/

Invasive.Org

https://www.invasive.org/weedus/index.ht

ml

For information about calibrating spray

equipment: NMSU Cooperative 

Extension Service Guide A-613 Sprayer 

Calibration. Available at 

http://aces.nmsu.edu/pubs/_a/A-613.pdf 

Herbicide labels online: http://www.cdms.net/
For more information or

other field guides, contact:

USDA Forest Service 

Southwestern Region

Forest Health

333 Broadway Blvd., SE 

Albuquerque, NM 87102

Or visit the Southwestern Region’s 

website for invasive species:

http://www.fs.usda.gov/goto/r3/invasivespecies

The use of trade or firm names in this publication is for reader 

information only and does not imply endorsement of any 

product or service by the U.S. Department of Agriculture. 

Recommendations made here for 

pesticide use are not obligatory, 

nor do they imply that discussed 

uses have been registered. All 

uses of pesticides must be 

registered by appropriate State 

and/or Federal agencies before 

they can be applied. 

CAUTION: Pesticides can be 

injurious to humans, domestic 

animals, desirable plants, and fish or other wildlife—if they 

are not handled or applied properly. Use all pesticides 

carefully and lawfully. Follow recommended practices for the 

disposal of surplus pesticides and pesticide containers.