Late Paleozoic Ostracode 

Species From the 

Conterminous United States

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PROFESSIONAL PAPER 711-B

Late Paleozoic Ostracode 

Species From the 

Conterminous United States

By I. G. SOHN

A REVISION OF THE P A R A P A RC H I T AC E A

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PROFESSIONAL PAPER 711-B

Description of eight new species and reassignment of two species previously assigned 

to Paraparchites

UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE, WASHINGTON : 1972
UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR 

ROGERS C. B. MORTON, Secretary

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 

V. E. McKelvey, Director

Library of Congress catalog-card No. 76-171217

For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office

Washington, D.C. 20402 - Price 75 cents (paper cover)

Stock Number 2401-2026
ILLUSTRATIONS

[Plates follow index]

PLATE 1. Paraparchites.

2. Proparaparchites and Paraparchites.

3. Shivaella.

4. Dorsoobliquella.

5. Shishaella and Chamishaella.

6. Chamishaella. 

7-12. Shishaella.

CONTENTS

Abstract ................................................................................................................................. B 1

Introduction ........................................................................................................................... 1

Acknowledgments ......................................................................................................... 1

Collection localities ............................................................................................................. 1

Systematic descriptions ........ ........................................................................................ 2

Class Ostracoda ............................................................................................................. 2

Order Podocopida ................................................................................................. 2

Superfamily Paraparchitacea ................................................................... 2

Family Paraparchitidae ..................................................................... 2

Genus Paraparchites ................................................................... 2

Proparaparchites ................................................................. 4

Shivaella ............................................................................... 5

Chamishaella ......................................................................... 6

Shishaella ............................................................................... 7

Dorsoobliquella ..................................................................... 11

References cited ................................................................................................................... 12

Index ....................................................................................................................................... 15

ill

A REVISION OF THE PARAPARGHITAGEA

LATE PALEOZOIC OSTRACODE SPECIES FROM THE CONTERMINOUS UNITED STATES

By I. G. SOHN

ABSTRACT

Growth stages of eight new species of ostracodes of 

Early Mississippian through Permian age from California, 

Indiana, Nevada, New Mexico, and Texas are described and 

illustrated; one species, Shishaella sp., from the Permian of 

Texas is illustrated but not formally named. Paraparchites 

subcircularis Geis, 1932, is considered a synonym of P. carbonaria (Hall, 1858), here referred to Chamishaella, and a 

lectotype for C. carbonaria is designated and illustrated. 

Paraparchites marathonensis Hamilton, 1942, is reillustrated 

and referred to Shishaella. Paraparchites humerosus var. 

kansasensis Harris and Lalicker, 1932, is elevated to specific 

rank and is reillustrated. All three North American species 

of Proparaparchites Cooper, 1941, are reillustrated. The following are new: Dorsoobliquella bachmani, Paraparchites 

gelasinos, P. miseri, Shishaella cooperorum, S. eureka, S. 

geisi, S. mackinneyi, and Shivaella macallisteri.

INTRODUCTION

This part of the revision of Paraparchites and related genera deals with genera and species found 

in the conterminous United States. A few of the 

species from this area were described and illustrated 

in Sohn (1971) in order to document the genera 

described in that paper which deals primarily with 

Alaskan species. Some of the genera referred to the 

Paraparchitacea have not as yet been found in Alaska.

These genera, except Pseudoparaparchites Kellett, 

1933, are here revised, and additional new species, as 

well as species transferred to the new genera established in Sohn (1971), are described and illustrated 

in this paper.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

I am grateful to the following for assistance: A. L. 

Bowsher, formerly U.S. National Museum, provided 

collections from the Helms Formation, Texas; R. L. 

Batten, American Museum Natural History, made 

Hall's types available; J. L. Carter, University of 

Illinois, made Geis' types available; G. A. Cooper, 

U.S. National Museum, provided Permian ostracodes 

from the Glass Mountains, Tex.; Mrs. Lois S. Kent, 

Illinois Geological Survey, made C. L. Cooper's types 

available. The following colleagues on the U.S. 

Geological Survey provided collections and guided 

me in the field for additional collections: G. 0. Bachman, Mackenzie Gordon, Jr., J. F. McAllister, and 

F. G. Poole. Except where noted, the photographs 

are by R. H. McKinney. Elinor Stromberg composed 

the plates, and Evelyn G. Williams prepared the 

typescript.

COLLECTION LOCALITIES

Locality No. Field No. Stratigraphic position, description of locality, collector, and date

USGS upper 

Paleozoic

1208...........

1211A........

6567...........

7522C (green)........................

12848................1 of F-58-37

12849................2 of F-58-37

Spergen Limestone. Weingarten quadrangle, Ste. Genevieve County, Mo. North Gabouri Creek, 

about 2 miles west of the town of Ste. Genevieve, in creek, below oolite. Collected by G. H. 

Girty, Sept. 25, 1913. (See Cumings, 1922, p. 499-505.)

Spergen Limestone, upper 5 ft of oolite, below white limestone of quarry. Weingarten quadrangle, Ste. Genevieve County, Mo. Road to quarries, 2 miles south of Ste. Genevieve. Collected 

by G. H. Girty, Sept. 26, 1913.

Limestone recurring in black shale in lower part of Diamond Peak Formation, approximately 

200 ft above base. Eureka 15-minute quadrangle, White Pine County, Nev. Apparently just 

west of Bold Bluff and just east of fault south of Diamond Peak. Collected by H. G. Ferguson and G. H. Girty, June 1928.

.Salem Limestone. Washington County, Ind. Spergen Hill,railroad cut, Norris Station. Collected 

by F. C. Greene, Nov. 24, 1909. (See Cumings, 1922, p. 499-505.)

Hueco Limestone, gray calcareous shale, 6 in. to 1 ft thick at base of petroliferous limestone 

about 50 ft above base of Hueco Limestone. Escondido quadrangle, Otero County, N. Mex., 

east side of roadcut in E% sec. 25, T. 19 S., R. 11 E. Collected by G. O. Bachman, 1958.

Hueco Limestone, thin-bedded petroliferous limestone about 6 ft thick, just above loc. 12848. 

Same locality and collector as above.

Bl
B2 A REVISION OF THE PAR AP ARCH IT ACE A

Locality No. Field No. Stratigraphic position, description of locality, collector, and date

USGS upper 

Paleozoic

12855................3 of F-58-37 Hueco Limestone, limestone 6 in. to 1 ft thick directly above petroliferous limestone of loc. 12849.

Same locality and collector as above. 

12856................5/21/3/60 Getaway Limestone Member of Cherry Canyon Formation, slabs approximately in the middle of

the Getaway Limestone Member. Culbertson County, Tex. Road to Guadalupe Summit beacon,

from slope below road on flat area just before road climbs to beacon. Collected by I. G. Sohn,

George Bachman, and Don Meyers, May 21, 1960. 

12858...........................................Tin Mountain Limestone, 10-ft interval, thin bedded, above massive crinoidal limestone. Ryan

Quadrangle, Inyo County, Calif. Bat Mountain, Hill 2997. Collected by J. F. McAllister, 1965. 

12863................10/29/11/66 Tin Mountain Limestone with cherty layers, 12.0-12.6 ft above base of unit t4. Same locality as

12858. Collected by I. G. Sohn and J. F. McAllister, Oct. 29, 1966. 

12864................10/29/12/66 Tin Mountain Limestone, unit t4, 15.2-15.9 ft stratigraphically above base of unit. Same locality

as 12858, about 40 ft south of 12863, along strike. Collected by I. G. Sohn and J. F. McAllister,

Oct. 29, 1966. 

12865................10/29/13/66 Tin Mountain Limestone, unit t4, 14.3-14.5 ft stratigraphically above base of unit. Same locality

as above. Collected by I. G. Sohn and J. F. McAllister, Oct. 29, 1966. 

12885................6/16/1/62 Upper Sandia Formation (Lower Pennsylvanian), approximately 50 ft above the base of 1,000-ft

shale, probably more than 1,000 ft above base of the Pennsylvanian. Mora County, N. Mex.

About Vz mile west of Holman Hill, in roadcut along old part (1962) of State Highway 3. Collected by G. 0. Bachman, June 16, 1962. 

12886................5/14/1/54 Salem Limestone, weathered and spalled. Washington County, Ind. Railroad cut south of Spergen Hill. Collected by I. G. Sohn and J. J. Galloway, May 14, 1954. (See Cumings, 1922, p.

499-505).

12879................10/31/5/66 Narrow Canyon Limestone, 4 in. limestone pod, 152 ft above base at type-locality. Mercury quadrangle, Clark County, Nev. In Narrow Canyon, approximate lat 36°42'10" N., long 115°53'27"W.

Collected by I. G. Sohn, Mackenzie Gordon, Jr., and F. G. Poole, Oct. 31, 1966.

USNM

702c..............................................Base of Road Canyon Formation. Hess Canyon 7^-minute quadrangle, Brewster County, Tex.

From knob on south side of road at elbow just west of south branch Hess Canyon, 4% miles 

by road northeast of Hess gate, 1.35 miles S. 66.5° W. of Old Word Ranch, 4.03 miles N. 50° 

E. of Hess Ranchhouse. Collected by G. A. Cooper and various parties over some 30 years.

703a.............................................Upper Cathedral Mountain Formation. Same area and collectors as above. About % mile west

of forks on road to Apple Ranch, near Old Word Ranch.

703c..............................................Road Canyon Formation, sponge bed in basal part of dark platy limestone. Same area and collectors as above. Just above reefy beds on crest of slope on north side road, 1A mile southwest of road fork near Old Word Ranch, 0.22 mile N. 1° E. of the ranch.

706............................................... Willis Ranch Member of Word Formation. Same area and collectors as above. North slope of

hill on south side of Hess Canyon, 4 miles N. 35° E. of Hess Ranch, 14 miles north-northeast 

of Marathon.

706e..............................................Willis Ranch Member of Word Formation. Same area and collectors as above. East side of

small arroyo, 4.1 miles (airline) N. 34° E. of Hess Ranchhouse.

726z..............................................Road Canyon Formation. Same area and collectors as above. 1.03 miles N. 43° E. of Old Word

Ranch, 0.53 mile S. 20° E. of hill 5461.

AMNH 501................................. Road Canyon Formation. Same area and collectors as above. 0.3 mile northwest of the Old

Word Ranchhouse site. Same as Cooper 703 goniatite locality but from a different lens.

3069-2......................................... Limestone in Helms Formation. El Paso quadrangle, El Paso County, west Texas; 1.1 miles

west of Powwow Tanks, approximate lat 31°50'16" N., long 106°02'55" W. Collected by A. L. 

Bowsher, 1948.

3070-2.........................................Limestone in Helms Formation. El Paso quadrangle, El Paso County, west Texas; 2 1/6 miles

west of Powwow Tanks, approximate lat 30°50'17" N., long 106°04'40" W. Stop 13, West 

Texas Geological Society Guidebook, Field Trip 5, 1949, and limestone bed 9, section "C", West 

Texas Geological Society Guidebook Field Trip, May-June 1946 (stop 1 on map accompanying 

that trip). Collected by A. L. Bowsher, 1948.

SYSTEMATIC DESCRIPTIONS

Class OSTRACODA, Latreille, 1802

In my previous discussion of the Ostracoda (Sohn, 

1961b [1962], p. Ill), I noted that Lalicker and 

Moore (in Moore and others,1952, p. 470, 471) had 

raised the Ostracoda from subclass to class, and I 

then listed the group as a subclass because neontologists at that time considered the Crustacea, the 

next higher category, as a class. During the intervening years, the classification of the Arthropoda 

has been revised; the Crustacea have been elevated 

to superclass category and the Ostracoda to class 

category (Sharov, 1966, p. 1, 2; Manton in Moore, 

1969, p. R13). Current research on the detailed anatomy of living ostracodes suggests that some of the 

groups hitherto classified as orders in the Ostracoda 

may differ sufficiently to be elevated to subclass

category. Pending completion of this research, the 

currently accepted ordinal classification in the 

Ostracoda is used in this study.

Order PODOCOPIDA Sars, 1866 

Suborder unknown

Superfamily PARAPARCHITACEA Scott, 1959

See Sohn (1971, p. A5) for a discussion of this 

superfamily.

Family PARAPARCHITIDAE Scott, 1959

See Sohn (1971, p. A5 ) for a discussion of this 

family.

Genus PARAPARCHITES Ulrich and Bassler, 1906 emend Scott, 1959

See Sohn (1971, p. A5) for a discussion of this 

genus. Two new species from New Mexico one 

from the Lower Pennsylvania the other from the 

Lower Permian are described here.
LATE PALEOZOIC OSTRACODE SPECIES FROM THE CONTERMINOUS UNITED STATES B3

Paraparchites gelasinos Sohn, n. sp. 

Plate 1, figures 1-24

Name. Gelasinos (Greek) for dimple. 

Holotype. USNM 167982. 

Paratypes. USNM 167976-167981.

Material. More than 65 steinkerns and partly 

abraded carapaces representing1 various stages of 

growth.

Type-locality. Northwestern Mora County, N. 

Mex., about half a mile west of Holman Hill, in roadcut along old part (1962) of State Highway 3 

(USGS loc. 12885).

Type-level. Upper Sandia Formation (Lower 

Pennsylvanian), approximately 50 feet above the 

base of 1,000-foot shale unit, probably more than 

1,000 feet above the base of the Pennsylvanian.

Diagnosis. Characterized by a dimplelike subcentral shallow horizontal groove.

Description. The carapace is elongate ovate in 

lateral outline; the greatest height being in front of 

midlength, resulting in an arched to gently curved 

dorsal margin. The ventral margin is gently convex; 

the curvature of the posterior margin is truncated 

towards the venter so that its greatest convexity is 

above midheight. The anterior margin starts at the 

point of greatest height, slopes gently downward 

anteriorly, then arches forward and downward to 

join the ventral margin; its greatest convexity is 

approximately at midheight. The dorsal outline is 

lanceolate, narrower towards the front, the greatest 

width being at or slightly behind midlength; the 

dorsum is relatively deeply incised. The overlapping 

valve overreaches the smaller valve along the free 

margins and abuts against a narrow selvage on the 

smaller valve. A shallow subcentral horizontal groove 

below midheight is developed on both valves.

Measurements (in mm). 

Greatest Greatest Greatest 

length height u'idth

Paratype (pi. 1,

figs. 1-5) ................ 0.57 0.36 0.24

Paratype (pi. 1,

figs. 6-10) ............ .82 .58 .36

Paratype (pi. 1,

figs. 11-15) ............ 1.05 .73 .48

Paratype (pi. 1,

figs. 16-18) ............ 1.45+ 1.05+ .69+

Holotype (pi. 1,

figs. 19-22) ............ 1.75 1.16 .81

Paratype (pi. 1,

figs. 23,24) ............ 1.94 1.2+ .80

Discussions. The new species differs from P. 

texana Delo, 1930, by having a slightly more distinct dorsoposterior margin, by a more gently curved 

ventral margin, and by a more incised dorsum. Associated specimens of Kirkbya Jones, 1859, indicate 

that the species lived in a marine environment.

Stratigraphic range. Upper Sandia Formation 

(Lower Pennsylvanian).

Geographic distribution. Known only from the 

type-locality in Mora County, N. Mex.

Paraparchites kansasensis Harris and Lalicker, 1932

Plate 1, figures 25-29

Paraparchites humerosus var. kansasensis Harris and Lalicker, 1932, Am. Midland Naturalist, v. 13, p. 396, pi. 

36, figs, la, b. Wreford Limestone (Lower Permian), 

Cowley County, Kans.

1 Paraparchites humerosus var. spinosus Upson. 1933, Nebraska Geol. Survey Bull. 8, 2d ser., p. 12, pi. 1, figs, 

J2a, b. Funston Limestone (Lower Permian), Cowley 

CountyJKans.i

1 Paraparchites humerosus Ulrich and Bassler, 1906 [part], 

U.S. Natl. Mus. Proc., v. 30, p. 151, Wreford Limestone 

(Lower Permian), Butler County (probably Greenwood County), Kans.

Diagnosis. Dorsoanterior and ventroanterior 

margins of approximately equal curvature, greatest height just behind anterior cardinal angle.

Description. The valves are subovate in lateral 

outline, the anterior margin is almost a third higher 

than the posterior margin, the ventral margin begins its upward curve at or just behind midlength. 

The overlap is approximately of equal width around 

the free margins.

Measurements (in mm). 

Greatest Greatest 

length height

Plate 1, figures 26-29... 1.58 1.16

Greatest 

width

0.68

Discussion. The holotype of P. kansasensis is a 

young instar. This is based on the small size of the 

carapace which has a recorded length of only 0.75 

mm. P. humerosus var. spinosus Upson, 1933, is 

more than twice this size, having a recorded length 

of 1.6 mm. Upson defined this species as having a 

row of minute beads bordering its end margins. Kellett (1935, p. 162) was of the opinion that Upson's 

type-specimen is roughened and weathered and that 

the "beads" are calcite granules resulting from this 

weathering. Upson's type (this report, pi. 1, figs. 

26-29) has a single spinelet at approximately the 

middle of the anterior margin of the left valve. This 

spinelet is adventitious to the specimen and not a 

part of the shell. This carapace is somewhat crushed, 

causing the ends to appear more spindle shaped in 

dorsal outline than P. kansasensis. Slide USNM 

35657 contains a single specimen from the Wreford 

Limestone, 6 miles west of Reece, Kans., included by 

Ulrich and Bassler in P. humerosus. This specimen 

(pi. 1, fig. 25) is not as elongated as the types of 

P. humerosus Ulrich and Bassler, 1906; it appears to 

be conspecific with P. humerosus var. spinosus, and
B4 A REVISION OF THE PARAPARCHITACEA

consequently it is here questionably referred to P. 

kansasensis. The ventral margin is less truncated 

towards the posterior than in P. texanus Delo, 1930 

(Sohn, 1971, pi. 2, figs. 1, 8, 9, 13, 15).

Stratigraphic range. Wreford Limestone, shale 

1 foot above the base of Funston Limestone (Lower 

Permian).

Geographic distribution. Cowley County, and 

?Greenwood County, Kans.

Paraparchites miseri Sohn, n. sp. 

Plate 2, figures 16-41

Name. In memory of the late Dr. Hugh D. Miser 

(1884-1969), U.S. Geological Survey.

Holotype. USNM 167994.

Paratypes. USNM 167987-167993.

Material. More than 100 carapaces representing 

various stages of growth.

Type-locality. East side of an old roadcut in the 

Ei/2 sec. 25, T. 19 S., R. 11 E., Otero County, N. Mex.

Type-level. Hueco Limestone directly above thinbedded petroliferous limestone 6 feet thick (USGS 

loc. 12855).

Diagnosis. Differs from all other species in 

Paraparchites in convex ventral margin, incised 

venter in heteromorphs, narrower posterior margin, 

and in lanceolate dorsal outline.

Description. The adult carapace is subovate in 

lateral outline; the ventral margin is convex, curves 

back and upwards at approximate midlength; the 

dorsal margin is gently arched; the anterior margin 

is broadly curved with the point of maximum convexity at or slightly below midheight, the posterior 

margin narrower than anterior margin with the 

point of greatest convexity well above midheight. 

The cardinal angles are obtuse, almost rounded. The 

hinge margin is incised, terminated by the narrowly 

overlapping left valve that extends around the free 

margin. The venter is broad and flat in heteromorphs, narrow in juveniles and tecnomorphs.

Measurements (in mm). 

Greatest Greatest Greatest 

length height rvidth

Paratype (pi. 2,

figs. 16-19) ............ 0.50 0.38 0.24

Paratype (pi. 2,

figs. 20-23) ............ .58 .44 .31

Paratype (pi. 2,

figs. 26-29) ............ 1.16 .87 .60

Paratype (pi. 2,

figs. 24, 30-33) ...... 1.17 .86 .58

Paratype (pi. 2,

figs. 34-37) ............ 1.32 1.0 .73

Holotype (pi. 2,

figs. 25, 38-41) ...... 1.34 .97 .73

Discussion. Upson (1933, p. 11, pi. 1, figs, la, b) 

mistook the ventral margin for the dorsal margin

in his description of P. gibbosus. His figure la 

should be rotated 180° as it is here on plate 2, figure 

44, and is the lateral view of the right valve, and 

his figure Ib is a ventral view and not a dorsal view. 

The valves overhang the venter as shown here in 

the posterior view (pi. 2, fig. 42). P. miseri has a 

more pronounced indentation along the venter (pi. 2, 

figs. 37, 41) in presumed heteromorphs. This species 

resembles in ventral view Aparchites dentis McGill 

(1963, p. 4, pi. 1, fig. 9) from the Upper Devonian 

of Alberta, Canada. McGill's species differs, however, from species assigned to Paraparchites in having a straight dorsal margin and an incised hinge 

that extends to the cardinal angles. P. miseri is 

abundant at the type-level and also in two collections 

below the type-level in the petroliferous limestone 

(USGS loc. 12849) and the shale at the base of the 

petroliferous limestone (USGS loc. 12848), but is 

best preserved at the type-level, where it is associated with rare specimens of Cavellina. The collection from the underlying shale (USGS loc. 12848) 

also contains representatives of typically marine 

genera (Acratia, Bairdia, Healdial, Cavellinaf, and 

"Knoxina"). I interpret this species to have been 

deposited in a hypersaline lagoon.

Stratigraphic range. Hueco Limestone (Lower 

Permian).

Geographic distribution. New Mexico.

Genus PROPARAPARCHITES Cooper, 1941

Proparaparchites Cooper, 1941, Illinois Geol. Survey Rept. 

Inv. 77, p. 62.

Type-species (original designation). P. ovatus 

Cooper, 1941, page 62, plate 14, figures 8, 9. Kinkaid Limestone, Illinois.

Diagnosis. Differs from Paraparchites in similarly rounded ends in lateral outline and in greatest 

length, usually less than 1 mm.

Description. The carapace is small, usually less 

than 1 mm in greatest length; it is elongate-ovate in 

lateral outline, with obtuse cardinal angles and 

equally rounded ends. The dorsal and ventral margins are subparallel. The shell apparently is relatively thin, and the hingement is undeterminable. 

Dimorphism is at present unknown.

Discussion. Cooper (1941, p. 62) based Proparaparchites on two species from Illinois: P. ovatus 

Cooper, 1941, the type-species from the Kinkaid 

Limestone (pi. 2, figs. 1-5) and P. fabulus Cooper, 

1941, from the Renault Formation. P. parallelus 

Cooper, 1946, from the Pennsylvanian of Illinois is 

the only other North American species assigned to 

this genus. Mrs. Lois S. Kent, curator, Illinois Geological Survey, kindly loaned me the types of all 

three species that are reillustrated in this study.
LATE PALEOZOIC OSTRACODE SPECIES FROM THE CONTERMINOUS UNITED STATES B5

The type of P. fabulus Cooper is apparently a 

steinkern (pi. 2, figs. 6-10). The slide with the holotype of P. parallelus (pi. 2, figs. 11-15) contained 

also a single valve, illustrated as a paratype (pi. 2, 

figs. 11, 12). This valve is 0.55 mm in greatest 

length and 0.35 mm in greatest height.

Buschmina (1968, p. 33) described and illustrated 

Proparaparchites tersiensis and P. sibiricus from the 

upper Tournaisian of the Kuznetsk Basin. The 

former belongs to this genus, whereas P.\sibiricus 

Buschmina, 1968, was transferred to Shemonaella 

because the illustrated specimen (Buschmina, 1968, 

pi. 4, fig. 7,left and dorsal) does not have an incised 

hingeline.

Scott (in Moore, 1961, p. Q194, text fig. 136, figs. 

2a, b) illustrated a specimen as Proparaparchites 

ovatus Cooper, 1941, from the Upper Mississippian 

of Illinois that differs in lateral outline, dorsal outline, and lack of incised hinge from the holotype of 

that species.

Stratigraphic range. Mississippian-Pennsylvanian.

Genns SHIVAELLA Sohn, 1971

See Sohn (1971, p. A8 ) for a discussion of this 

genus. A new Early Mississippian species from 

California and Nevada is described.

Shivaella macalHsteri Sobn, n. sp.

Plate 3, figures 1-38

Name. In honor of James F. McAllister, U.S. 

Geological Survey, who collected the samples that 

contain this species.

Holotype. USNM 168024.

Paratypes. USNM 168005-168023.

Material. 15 silicified carapaces, 45 left valves 

and fragments, and 50 right valves and fragments.

Type-locality. Between 175 and 190 feet above 

base of hill 2997, Bat Mountain, Inyo County, Calif. 

(USGS loc. 12858, 12864, 12865).

Type-level. Tin Mountain Limestone, 14.3-14.5 

feet above its base, unit t4 of McAllister's measured 

section (unpub. 1971) (USGS loc. 12865).

Diagnosis. Distinguished by greatest height in 

anterior quarter of greatest length, spines at posterior quarter, and pillbox overlap.

Description. The lateral outline is elongated, the 

anterior margin being much higher than the posterior margin. The spines are broad at the base, tapering, and have a slight bend near the tips; they may 

be as much as half the length of the dorsal margin 

in size and are removed from the posterior margin 

more than twice their distance from the dorsal 

margin. The overlap along the free margins is not 

incised; the left valve bends along the free margins 

to form a flat relatively narrow venter that covers

in pillbox fashion the right valve, abutting against 

a distinct selvage on the free margin of the right 

valve.

Measurements (in mm). 

Greatest 

length

Greatest 

height

Greatest 

width

Paratype (unfigured

USNM 168023) .... 0.52 0.34 

Paratype (pi. 3,

figs. 4, 5) ................ .62 .42 0.18

Paratype (pi. 3,

figs. 6, 7) ................ .69 .45 .34

Paratype (pi. 3,

figs. 8-10) .............. .76 .48 .18

Paratype (pi. 3,

figs. 11,12) ............ .86 .50 .34

Paratype (pi. 3,

figs. 13-15) ............ .80 .54 .42

Paratype (pi. 3,

figs. 16-18) ............ .78 .55 .40

Paratype (pi. 3,

figs. 19, 20) .......... 1.04 .67 .25

Paratype (pi. 3,

figs. 21, 22) .......... .74 .48 .20

Paratype (pi. 3,

figs. 23, 24) .......... 1.03 .67 .23

Paratype (pi. 3,

figs. 25, 26) .......... 1.20 .77 .25

Paratype (pi. 3,

figs. 27-29) ............ 1.15 .70 .26

Paratype (pi. 3,

figs. 30, 31) ............ 1.30 .79 .39

Paratype (pi. 3,

figs. 32, 33) ............ 1.23 .83 .33

Holotype (pi. 3,

figs. 34-37) ............ 1.83 1.16 *** .56

Paratype (pi. 3,

fig. 38) .................... 1.83+ 1.23 .54

Discussion. All the carapaces recovered are juveniles. The few larger valves are poorly preserved 

but seem to indicate a dimorphism in width along 

the venter. The juveniles have the shape in end view 

of an inverted triangle that is blunted at the point 

(pi. 3, fig. 3); in older specimens (pi. 3, figs. 11, 15, 

21, 34) the greatest width moves downward towards 

the midheight in end view. The best preserved and 

greatest number of specimens are from a composite 

collection by J. F. McAllister (USGS loc. 12858). 

Subsequent detailed collections in that interval contained this species from 14.3 feet to 15.9 feet above 

the base of that interval.

This species differs from S. armstrongiana (Jones 

and Kirkby, 1886) in that the spine is closer to the 

dorsal margin but not as close as in S. spinigera 

(McCoy, 1844), originally referred to Cythere. The 

greatest height in lateral outline is closer to the 

anterior margin in the new species than in both the 

above species.

Stratigraphic range. Tin Mountain Limestone 

and Narrow Canyon Limestone (lowermost Osagian 

or Kinderhookian) (USGS loc. 12879).

444-058 O - 72 - 2
B6 A REVISION OF THE PARAPARCHITACEA

Geographic distribution. California and Nevada.

Genus CHAMISHAELLA Sohn, 1971

See Sohn (1971, p. All) for a discussion of this 

genus. A lectotype for Chamishaella carbonaria 

(Hall, 1858) is here designated.

Chamishaella carbonaria (Hall, 1858)

Plate 5, figures 3-8, 12-21; plate 6, figures 1-24

Cythere carbonaria Hall, 1858, Albany Inst. Trans., v. 4, p. 33 

(no illustrations). St. Louis Limestone, Spergen Hill, 

Ind.

Leperditia carbonaria (Hall). Whitfield, 1882, Am. Mus. 

Nat. History Bull. 1, p. 94, pi. 9, figs. 24-27. St. Louis 

Group (=Salem Limestone fide Cumings, 1922, p. 499- 

505), Spergen Hill and Bloomington, Ind. 

Hall, 1883, Indiana Dept. Geology and Nat. History, Ann. 

Rept. 12, 1882, p. 375, pi. 32, figs. 24-27. ( Copy of 

Whitfield's plate.) Same formation and localities as 

above, also Lanesville, Ind. 

Lesley, 1889, Pennsylvania Geol. Survey, 2d, Rept. P4,

p. 309, text fig. 11. (Copy of Whitfield's figs. 24-27.) 

Cumings, 1906, Indiana Dept. Geology and Nat. Resources, Ann. Rept, 30, 1905, p. 1373 (list), pi. 26, 

figs. 24-27. (Copy of Whitfield's plate.) Salem Limestone, Harrodsburg, Bloomington, Elletsville, Stineville, 

and Romona, Ind.

?Weller, 1916, Walker Museum Contr., v. 1, no. 10, p. 

263, pi. 19, fig. 23. Ste. Genevieve Limestone, Waterloo, Monroe County, 111.

Paraparchites carbonarius (Hall). Geis, 1932, Jour. Paleontology, v. 6, p. 156, pi. 23, figs. 2a, b. Salem Limestone, 

Indiana.

Paraparchites subcircularis Geis, 1932 [part], Jour. Paleontology, v. 6, p. 156, pi. 23, figs, la-c [not fig. ld= 

Shishaella geisi n. sp.]. Salem Limestone, Indiana.

[not] Paraparchites carbonarius (Hall). Gorak, 1967, Akad. 

Nauk Ukrain. SSR, p. 46, pi. 25, figs. 4a-e=Shwaella 

sp.

Diagnosis. Distinguished by large, robust, thick 

valves.

Description. The carapaces are large, more than 

3 mm in greatest length, the shells are thicker than 

any other in this genus, and the valves are wide relative to the length of the carapace. The lateral outline is subcircular; the anterior margin more broadly 

rounded than posterior margin. The hingeline is 

relatively short, with a distinct overreach of the 

overlapped valve in the adult and postadult stages. 

The greatest width of heteromorphs is near the posterior and ventral margins (compare pi. 6, figs. 16 

and 22, with fig. 19).

Measurements (in mm). 

Greatest

Figured specimen

(pi. 5, fig. 3) ..... 

Topotype

(pi. 6, figs. 1-5) . 

Figured specimen

(pi. 6, figs. 6-10) 

Figured specimen

(pi. 5, fig. 8) .....

1.45

1.57

1.64

1.92

Greatest 

height

1.18

1.26

1.47

1.57

Greatest 

width

0.84

.87

.96

1.18

Greatest 

length

Greatest 

height

Greatest 

width

Figured specimen

(pi. 5, figs. 5-7) .... 2.01 1.65 1.14 

Figured specimen

(pi. 5, fig. 4) ........ 2.06 1.61 1.19

Figured specimen

(pi. 6, figs. 11-14).... 2.20 1.61 1.25 

Lectotype

(pi. 5, figs. 18-21).... 2.40 1.80 1.57 

Topotype?

(pi. 5, figs. 14,15).... 2.48 2.00 1.49 

Figured specimen

(pi. 6, figs. 15-17).... 2.50 2.02 1.52 

Figured specimen

(pi. 5, figs. 12,13).... 2.53+ 1.77+ 1.35+

Topotype?

(pi. 5, figs. 16,17).... 2.56 2.09 1.49 

Figured specimen

(pi. 5, figs. 18-20).... 2.84 2.33 1.70 

Figured specimen

(pi. 6, figs. 21-24).... 3.25 2.45 1.61

Discussion. Geis (1932, p. 155-157) accepted the 

assumption that the tubercle in "Paraparchites" was 

in the dorsoanterior area, had something to do with 

the eyes, and was present only in the younger stages. 

The classification proposed in this study and supported by illustrations of ontogenetic series is based 

on the thesis that the presence or absence of tubercles is of generic significance. Consequently, in this 

paper, Geis' Paraparchites subcircularis is regarded 

as a synonym of the older Cythere carbonaria Hall, 

1858, and the one-spined specimen that Geis illustrated as a paratype of his P. subcircularis (1932, 

pi. 23, fig. Id) is here referred to the new species 

Shishaella geisi.

Dr. J. L. Carter, Department of Geology, University of Illinois, loaned me two slides representing 

the types of the two species that Geis illustrated. 

One microslide has two cells labeled "Paraparchites 

subcircularis Holotype, M300 and Paratypes, M301, 

Salem, R.R. Cut at Spergen Hill, Norris, Indiana. 

Colil.H^L.Geis." The second is labeled "Paraparchites 

carbonarius (Hall), Plesiotypes M302" from the 

same collection as above. In addition to the two 

specimens that Geis illustrated for P. subcircularis, 

the type-series consists of two paratypes without 

tubercles. These have greatest lengths of 1.45 mm 

and 2.0 mm, respectively.

Dr. R. L. Batten, American Museum Natural History, New York, loaned me Hall's types. He sent me 

two cardboard rectangles approximately 7 by 41/2 

cm each, having two rows of specimens attached 

with water-soluble glue on each cardboard, and three 

plastic vials, each with a specimen. It is not possible 

to determine from which cardboard the specimens 

in the vials became detached. One cardboard
LATE PALEOZOIC OSTRACODE SPECIES FROM THE CONTERMINOUS UNITED STATES B7

(7703/1) is from Spergen Hill, Ind., the second 

(7703/2 )7 from Bloomington, Ind. "Cytherina carbonaria" is written in pencil on the backs of both 

cardboards. The fact that, in his original description, Hall (1858, p. 33) listed only Spergen Hill 

under "Locality" indicates that the collection labeled 

7703/1 represents the type-series. This cardboard 

has, in addition to a green diamond, four white 

squares, on three of which are glued specimens.

Whitfield and Hovey (1901, p. 410, 411) described 

both of these cardboards. The one from Spergen Hill 

under catalog No. 5242/1 as follows: "An individual. 

Seventeen others from this locality are in the original 

type series." This slide presently contains, in addition to the three specimens on white squares, 18 

specimens. The 18 specimens include a fragment of 

the ventral part of a valve with the impression of 

the carapace that had broken off in the glue and a 

piece of a valve. This fact suggests that Whitfield 

(1882) illustrated a carapace that was not part of 

the original 18 that constitute the type-series. Because a lectotype was never designated for this 

species, I am selecting one of the original 18 specimens as the lectotype and am illustrating it on plate 

5, figures 18-21. It is significant that the type-series 

contains only two carapaces (greatest length approximately 1.3 and 1.7 mm) that have posterodorsal 

spines. These belong to Shishaella geisi n. sp. A carapace with the greatest length of approximately 1.5 

mm does not have the spine.

Weller (1916) illustrated the lateral view of a left 

valve having the greatest length of approximately 

3 mm. Because the right valve and dorsal view are 

not known, this specimen, from the Ste. Genevieve 

Limestone, cannot be assigned with any degree of 

certainty to this species.

Stratigraphic range. Salem and Ste. Genevieve (?) Limestones (Meramecian).

Geographic distribution. Indiana and Illinois (?)

Genus SHISHAELLA Sohn, 1971

See Sohn (1971, p. A14) for a description of this 

genus. Three new species from the Mississippian of 

Indiana, Nevada, and Texas and one new species 

from the Permian of Texas are described. One 

species from the Permian of Texas is illustrated but 

not formally described.

Shishaella geisi Sohn, n. sp.

Plate 5, figures 1, 2, 9-11; pi. 7, figures 1-21

Paraparchites subcircularis Geis, 1932 [part], Jour. Paleontology, v. 6, p. 155, pi. 23, fig. Id [not figs. la-c= 

Chamishaella carbonaria (Hall, 1858)]. Salem Limestone, Spergen Hill, Norris Station, Ind., see however, 

Cumings (1922, p. 499).

Paraparchites carbonarius (Hall). Geis 1932 [part], Jour. 

Paleontology, v. 6, p. 156, pi. 23, fig. 2a [not fig. 2b=

Chamishaella carbonaria (Hall, 1858)]. Salem Limestone, Spergen Hill, Norris Station, Ind.

Name. In honor of Dr. H. L. Geis.

Holotype. USNM 168136.

Paratypes. USNM 168137-168146.

Material. More than 40 carapaces showing various stages of growth.

Type-locality. Spergen Hill, railroad cut at 

Norris Station, Ind. (USGS loc. 7522C green; 12866 

PC).

Type-level. Salem Limestone (Meramecian).

Diagnosis. Differs from all other species in this 

genus in subcircular lateral outline.

Measurements (in mm). 

Greatest Greatest Greatest 

length height ii'idth

Paratype

(pi. 7, figs. 1, 2) .. 0.74 0.56 0.39 

Paratype

(pi. 7, figs. 8, 9) .... .98 .76 .52 

Paratype

(pi. 7, figs. 10, 11).... 1.27 .99 .67 

Paratype

(pi. 7, figs. 3-7) .... 1.33 1.04 .73 

Paratype

(pi. 5, figs. 1, 2) .... 1.44 1.12 .80

Holotype

(pi. 7, figs. 12-15).... 1.95 1.52 1.24

Paratype

(pi. 5, figs. 9-11) .. 2.01 1.60 1.22 

Paratype

(pi. 7, figs. 16,17).... 3.30 2.50 1.92 

Paratype

(pi. 7, figs. 18-21).... 3.70 2.75 2.20

Descriptions. The carapaces are large, more than 

3 mm in greatest length, robust, with convex ventral 

margins and almost straight dorsal margins. The 

overlapping valve overreaches along the venter but 

has a relatively narrow overlap. The spined valve 

overreaches along the dorsal margin, develops a 

horizontal, poorly defined swelling near the dorsal 

margin. The end margins are rounded; the greatest 

convexity of anterior margin is slightly below midheight, of the posterior margin above midheight. 

The spine is more robust in younger individuals 

than in adult and gerontic stages; the number of 

specimens on hand is insufficient to determine 

whether this is an allometric rate. The cardinal 

angles are distinct in adult and preadult stages; in 

larger stages they become less distinct because of 

the increased width of the carapace. Females are 

wider near the posterior in dorsal outline and below 

midheight in end outline.

Discussion. Individuals larger than the holotype 

are present in the type-series. I deliberately chose a 

carapace with the greatest length of 2 mm as the 

holotype, because I consider it to be an adult and
B8 A REVISION OF THE PARAPARCHITACEA

the larger specimens as representing gerontic stages. 

As indicated in my discussion of Chamishaella carbonaria (Hall), this new species was included in C. 

carbonaria on the assumption that the spine is lost 

during ontogeny. In addition to having a posterodorsal spine, S. geisi differs from C. carbonaria in 

having more distinct cardinal angles, in greater 

overreach and more distinct overlap of the larger 

valve, in that the greatest height is in front of the 

greatest length, and in having a slightly longer 

hingeline. The fact that all the collections I examined 

contained individuals without spines, here assigned 

to Chamishaella, that are smaller than individuals 

with spines, here assigned to Shishaella, indicates 

that two closely related but distinct genera were 

present in the same area at the same time.

Stratigraphic range. Salem Limestone (Upper 

Mississippian, middle Meramecian).

Geographic distribution. Indiana (USGS collns. 

7522c green, 12886 PC), Missouri (USGS colln. 

1208 blue).

Shishaella marathonensis (Hamilton, 1942)

Plate 8, figures 10-15; plate 9, figures 11-16

Paraparchites marathonensis Hamilton, 1942, Jour. Paleontology, v. 16, p. 712, pi. 110, figs. 12a, b. Middle 

Permian, Glass Mountains, Tex.

Shishaella marathonensis (Hamilton). Sohn, 1971, U. S. Geol. 

Survey Prof. Paper 711-A, text fig. 1.

Diagnosis. Dorsoposterior corners of spined 

valve distinct, spine small, located about a third the 

greatest length in front of posterior, with a rough 

shoulderlike bulge parallel to dorsal margin of spined 

valve. Overlapping valve with convex dorsal margin.

Description. See Hamilton, 1942, page 712, for 

description. The original orientation is here reversed 

180°.

Measurements (in mm). 

Greatest 

length

Greatest 

height

Greatest 

width

Holotype

(pi. 8, figs. 10, 11).... 2.51 1.73 0.76 

Left valve, figured by

Hamilton (USNM

11231a .................... 2.68 1.97 .82

Figured specimen

(pi. 9, figs. 11-13).... 2.44 1.70 .84 

Figured specimen

(pi. 9, figs. 14-16).... 2.62 1.84 .95 

Figured specimen

(pi. 8, figs. 12-15).... 2.45 1.64 .65 

Unfigured female,

USNM 168129 ...... 2.61 1.90 .89

Discussion. Hamilton's type-series consists of a 

right valve, the holotype, and three paratypes, all 

left valves. The holotype is a male (pi. 8, figs. 10,11). 

Although present in several collections, small individuals were not found; the smallest available specimens are 1.7 mm in greatest length. Specimens of 

this species are associated in some of the collections 

with spined valves that do not have the characteristic 

dorsal bulge. Because individuals that are equal in 

greatest length to S. marathonensis do not have the 

dorsal bulge, they are here named as a distinct 

species (S. cooperorum). Both species have similar 

overlapping valves.

Geologic range. Permian, Glass Mountains, Tex. 

Road Canyon Formation (Leonard Series) (USNM 

collns.1 702c,703a, 703c, 726z, AMNH 501); Willis 

Ranch Member of Word Formation (Guadalupe 

Series) (USNM 706?, 706e).

Shishaella cooperorum Sohn, n. sp.

Plate 8, figures 1-4, 6-9; plate 9, figures 1-8

Name. In honor of Dr. and Mrs. G. Arthur 

Cooper, U.S. National Museum.

\Holotype. USNM 168110.

Paratypes. USNM 168111-168117.

Material. In addition to the figured paratypes, 

four poorly preserved carapaces and two right valves 

from the type-collection, three carapaces and 14 

right valves ranging in greatest length from approximately 1.5 to 2.4 mm, and five valves from three 

additional collections.

Type-locality. Three-tenths of a mile northwest 

of the old Ward ranchhouse site, Hess Canyon quadrangle, Glass Mountains, Tex.

Type-level. Road Canyon Formation, (Permian, 

Leonard Series) (AMNH 501).

Diagnosis. Differs from S. marathonensis (Hamilton, 1942) in absence of dorsal bulge on spined valve.

Description. The carapaces are medium sized, 

1.3-2.5 mm in greatest length; they are subovate in 

lateral outline, the ventral margin is slightly more 

convex than in S. marathonensis, and the direction 

of the spine varies from perpendicular to the dorsal 

margin to a backward slant.

Measurements (in mm). 

Greatest Greatest Greatest 

length height width

Paratype

(pi. 9, figs. 1-4) .... 1.36 0.98 0.37 

Paratype

(pi. 9, figs. 5-8) .... 1.56 1.19 .83 

Paratype

(pi. 8, figs. 1-4) .... 2.15 1.32 .67 

Holotype

(pi. 8, figs. 6-9) .... 2.41 1.70 .76

Discussion. The left valve is similar to that of S. 

marathonensis in having a slightly curved dorsal 

margin, so that the right valve with its grooved 

hinge overreaches slightly along the dorsum. It is 

not possible to distinguish the left valves of S. cooperorum from those of S. marathonensis. I rule 

out the possibility that because the specimens are
LATE PALEOZOIC OSTRACODE SPECIES FROM THE CONTERMINOUS UNITED STATES B9

silicified the absence of the dorsal bulge in the right 

valve is due to lack of preservation, or that the 

bulge in S. marathonensis is an artifact. Too many 

specimens fall in either one group or the other, and 

both have dimorphic individuals; the presumed 

females are more convex near the venter. The dorsal 

outline of S. cooperorum is more convex than that 

of S. marathonensis, as shown on plate 8, figures 2, 

6, which illustrate the presumed male and female of 

the new species, whereas plate 8, figure 12, shows 

a presumed male and plate 9, figure 13, shows a presumed female of S. marathonensis.

Geologic range. Road Canyon Formation (Permian, Leonard Series (USNM colln. 703a, 703c, 

AMNH 501); Willis Ranch Member of Word Formation (Guadalupe Series) (USNM 706e).

Shishaella sp.

Plate 8, figure 5; plate 9, figures 9, 10

Paraparchites marathonensis Hamilton. Sohn, 1961a, U.S. 

Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 424-D, p. D244 (list).

Two silicified right valves, one of which is broken, 

and two fragments of left valves were present in 

USGS collection 12856 PC, the Getaway Limestone 

Member of the Cherry Canyon Formation. Prior to 

this study, I had referred these specimens to Paraparchites marathonensis Hamilton, 1942 (Sohn, 

1961a), but the spine on the right valve is more 

robust than in the other species known from the 

Permian. Because of insufficient material, the best 

specimen is illustrated, but the taxon is not formally 

named.

Measurements (in mm). 

Greatest 

length

1.75

Greatest 

height

1.23

Greatest 

width

Figured specimen .... 1.75 1.23 0.80

Geologic range. Getaway Limestone Member of 

the Cherry Canyon Formation (Permian, Guadalupe 

Series).

Geologic distribution. Known only from Culbertson County, Tex.

Shishaella mackinneyi Sohn, n. sp.

Plate 10, figures 1-33

Name. In honor of Robert H. McKinney, photographer, U.S. Geological Survey.

Holotype. USN'M. 168147.

Paratypes. USN'M. 168148-168160.

Material. More than 100 silicified valves and a 

few carapaces representing various stages of growth.

Type-locality. El Paso quadrangle, 21/2 miles west 

of Powwow Tanks, El Paso County, west Texas.

Type-level. Limestone, bed 9, section "C" West 

Texas Geological Society Guidebook, Field Trip, 

May-June 1946 (stop 1 on map accompanying that 

trip), USNM loc. 3070-2.

Diagnosis. Distinguished by subovate lateral outline; convex venter; anterior bend below midheight; 

and ventrolateral bulge on unspined valve.

Description. The carapace is subovate in lateral 

outline, the dorsal margin is straight, the anterior 

margin evenly curved, the ventral margin is strongly 

convex in presumed females, more gently convex in 

tecnomorphs; it grades into the curved posterior 

margin that is truncated by an almost straight line 

in the dorsoposterior quarter. The spine on the right 

valve is relatively close to the dorsal margin and two 

to three times that distance from the posterior. The 

right valve overreaches slightly above the hingeline. 

The left valve overlaps evenly along the free margin 

from the anterior cardinal angle to the posterior cardinal angle and abuts against a thin selvage along 

the free margins of the right valve. The calcified 

inner lamella is narrow and of equal width along the 

free margins except for a short distance near the 

cardinal angles. The adductor muscle-scar pattern 

is circular; individual scars and mandibular scars 

are not discernible. Dimorphic, the presumed females 

having more parallel sides in dorsal outline than the 

presumed males and also having greatest width 

closer to the ventral margin than in presumed males. 

The dorsoposterior spine is removed from the posterior edge slightly more than from the dorsal edge 

of the right valve.

Measurements (in mm). 

Greatest 

length

Para type

(pi. 10, figs. 1, 2) .. 0.59 

Para type

(pi. 10, figs. 6-8)...... .67

Para type

(pi. 10, figs. 3-5) .. .77 

Para type

(pi. 10, figs. 13-15).. 1.04 

Para type

(pi. 10, figs. 9-12).... 1.14 

Paratype

(pi. 10, figs. 19, 20).. 1.32 

Paratype

(pi. 10, figs. 16, 17).. 1.39 

Paratype

(pi. 10, figs. 21, 22).. 1.42 

Paratype

(pi. 10, figs. 26-29).. 1.52 

Holotype

(pi.'10, figs. 23-25).. 1.56 

Paratype

(pi. 10, figs. 30-33).. 1.74

Discussions. All the specimens are silicified and 

were obtained by etching with dilute acid. Fragments indicate that individuals larger than any of 

the valves recovered were present in the population. 

This species is represented by a growth series rangGreatest 

height

0.41 

.50 

.56 

.74 

.73 

.94

1.03

1.04

1.07

1.10

1.23

Greatest 

width

0.30 

.36 

.39 

.54 

.58 

.34 

.42 

.43 

.51 

.42 

.49
BIO A REVISION OF THE PARAPARCHITACEA

ing in greatest length from 0.57 to 1.77 mm, dimorphism being shown by specimens larger than 1.3 

mm. This species differs from S. kinkaidensis as 

illustrated by Cooper (1941, pi. 13, figs. 20, 21) by 

the left valve not overlapping at the posterior cardinal angle. The contact along the hingeline joins in 

a straight line the contact along the end margins 

in S. mackinneyi and is sharply offset in the S. 

kinkaidensis. The largest specimen of S. kinkaidensis 

(Croneis and Thurman) is that illustrated by Cooper 

(1941, pi. 13, figs. 20, 21), which measures on the 

illustration slightly more than 1.0 mm in greatest 

length, and the holotype has a recorded length of 

0.82 mm (Croneis and Thurman, 1939, p. 301); both 

specimens probably represent juvenile individuals, 

as they have convex sides in dorsal outline. The contact of the dorsoposterior margin is more abrupt in 

S. mackinneyi than in S. ivilliamsae Sohn, 1971.

The left valves of specimens of S. mackinneyi as 

small as 0.73 mm in greatest length (pi. 10, fig. 5) 

have an elongated swelling near and subparallel to 

the ventral margin at approximate midlength. This 

bulge is similar to the structure seen on S. cyclopea 

(Girty, 1910), from which S. mackinneyi differs in 

lateral outline, in smaller size, and in absence of 

overreach and swelling near the dorsal margin of 

the right valve.

The holotype is a single right valve of a presumed 

female illustrated on plate 10, figures 23-25; the left 

valve of a presumed male paratype is shown on the 

same plate by figures 30-33.

Geologic range. Helms Formation (Upper Mississippian). In addition to the type-locality, this species is common in limestone at approximately the 

same stratigraphic level in a saddle 1.1 miles west 

of Powwow Tanks (USNM loc. 3069-2).

Shishaella eureka Sohn, n. sp.

Plate 11, figures 1-13; plate 12, figures 1-9

Holotype. USNM. 168161.

Paratypes. USNM. 168162-168166.

Material. 35 carapaces and valves, some in 

matrix, representing various stages of growth.

Type-locality. Eureka quadrangle, White Pine 

County, Nev., (USGS loc. PC-6567).

Type-level. Diamond Peak Formation; associated 

megafossils indicate Member D (Gordon, in Brew, 

1971, p. 35, 41), regarded as probably equivalent to 

PI of ammonoid zone of the British standard section.

Diagnosis. Differs from all other species in Shishaella in having a flattened rim along the end 

margins.

Description. The adults are large, more than 3 

mm in greatest length, subovate with a very gently

curved ventral margin. Females are wider than 

males near the posterior in dorsal outline and near 

the venter in end outline. The dorsoposterior spine is 

closer to the dorsal margin than to the posterior 

margin. The anterior margin is smoothly convex, 

with the bend at approximately midheight. The posterior margin is not as long and starts higher from 

the ventral margin than the anterior margin; its 

bend is above the midheight. The end margins of the 

smaller valve have a flattened rimlike band. In 

younger stages, the ventral margin is slightly more 

convex, and the dorsoposterior spine appears to be 

farther removed from the posterior than in adults. 

The subcentral adductor musclescar is subround and 

large and without discernible individual scars.

Measurements (in mm). 

Greatest Greatest Greatest 

length height width

Paratype

(pi. 11, figs. 1-5)...... 1.29 0.85 0.63

Paratype

(pi. 11, figs. 6-9)...... 2.16 1.60 1.06

Paratype

(pi. 11, figs. 10-13)... 3.5 2.05 1.60 

Holotype

(pi! 12, figs. 1-4) .. 3.3 2.32 1.76 

Paratype

(pi.' 12, figs. 5-9) .. 3.4 2.22 1.57

Discussion. The first specimen of this species 

that I saw was an adult tecnomorph, and I predicted 

that heteromorphs would have wider posteriors. I 

found one; hence the specific name eureka. The 

youngest individual of this species (pi. 11, figs. 1-5) 

resembles S. kinkaidensis (Croneis and Thurman, 

1939) from the Chesterian of Illinois, from which it 

differs in that the smaller valve is not flattened 

where it overreaches along the dorsal margin and 

in the flattened rim along the end margins. As can 

be seen in figure 5, the ventral part of the larger 

valve is missing; therefore the lateral outlines in 

figures 1 and 3 are not correct along the venter.

Shishaella eureka was listed as "Paraparchites" 

n. sp. a.f£."P."cyclopeus Girty, 1910, by Gordon (in 

Brew, 1971, p. 41). My preliminary list to Mr. 

Gordon (1968) included the following associated 

ostracodes:

"Paraparchites" cf. "P." nicklesi Ulrich, 1891 Shivhaella Sohn, 1971. 

Graphiodactyllis sp. 

Sansabella? sp. 

"Bairdia" sp.

Geologic range. Known only from the type-level, 

upper Meramecian (upper Visean).
LATE PALEOZOIC OSTRACODE SPECIES FROM THE CONTERMINOUS UNITED STATES Bll

?Superfamily PARAPARCHITACEA Scott, 1959 

Family unknown

Genus DORSOOBLIQUELLA Kiuipfer, 1967

Type-species (original designation). Dorsoobliquella pulchra Kniipfer, 1967, page 76, plate 1, figures 2-4, plate 4, figures 3a, b, Zechstein, well in 

Riigen.

Diagnosis. Differs from all other genera in this 

group in overreach of smaller valve above hingeline; 

in convex dorsal margin; in narrow ventral overlap; 

and in absence of spines.

Discussion. Kniifer assigned this monotypic 

genus to the Aparchitidae Jones, 1901. Unfortunately, the nominate lower Paleozoic genus Aparchites Jones, 1889, is based on the subsequently designated type-species A. whiteavesi Jones, 1889, from 

the Red River Formation (Middle Ordovician), 

Manitoba. Dr. M. J. Copeland, Geological Survey of 

Canada, sent me photographs of the holotype and 

only known specimen of this species, and Prof. 

F. M. Swartz, The Pennsylvania State University, 

sent me manuscript copy of his paper dealing with 

this species (Swartz, 1969). The photog -aphs clearly 

indicate that the specimen is for the most part, 

especially along the venter, a steinkern. The "velar 

ridge" of Hessland (in Moore, 1961, p. Q171), or, 

as originally described (Jones, 1889, p. 385), "The 

ventral and end margins of the united valves are 

thick and beveled inwards and slightly fluted there 

(see woodcuts figs. 5 and 6)" consists of the impressions of the overlap and the infilling of the vestibules 

formed by a narrow calcified inner lamella. Similar 

structures can be seen on steinkerns and specimens 

that are partly exfoliated. (See Sohn, 1971, pi. 5, figs. 

22, 32, 34). Prof. Swartz independently arrived at 

the same conclusions.

The status of the Aparchitidae is beyond the scope 

of this paper. Neither the type-species of Dorsoobliquella nor the new species described here indicate 

dimorphism, possibly because two few representatives 

are known. The circular adductor muscle-scar pattern, which in the type-species consists of a dozen 

individual spots, could not be discerned on the specimens studied, consequently the genus is questionably referred to the Paraparchitacea.

Geologic range. Lower Pennsylvanian-Permian.

Dorsoobliquella bachmani Sohn, n. sp.

Plate 4, figures 1-36

Name. In honor of G. O. Bachman, U.S. Geological Survey.

Holotype. USNM 168044.

Paratypes. USNM 168034-168043.

Material. 18 carapaces in various stages of 

growth.

Type-locality. Northwestern Mora County, N. 

Mex., about half a mile west of Holman Hill, in 

roadcut along old part (1962) of State Highway 3. 

USGS collection 12885.

Type-level. Upper Sandia Formation (Lower 

Pennsylvanian) approximately 50 feet above the base 

of a 1,000-foot shale unit, probably more than 1,000 

feet above the base of the Pennsylvanian.

Diagnosis. Distinguished by horizontal shallow 

swelling at the crest of the overreaching valve and 

similar swelling near ventral margin of overlapping 

valve.

Description. Suboval in lateral outline; the anterior margin of the overreaching valve is evenly 

rounded and extends without any break along the 

anterior part of the overreaching dorsal margin. The 

dorsal margin is gently curved and makes an obtuse 

but definite angle with the forward-trending posterior margin. The posterior margin is curved with 

a perceptible break in the dorsal part at about a 

third of the greatest length. The anterior margin is 

curved and extends farthest to the front below midheight. The ventral margin is curved or gently 

curved, never straight. A shallow horizontal groove 

on the overreaching valve opposite and slightly 

higher than the hingeline makes an indistinct lobe 

on the overreaching part, and a similar swelling is 

present along the central part near the venter of 

the overlapping valve. The overlap along the free 

margins is narrow. The overlapping valve bends 

sharply along the free margins and results in a 

thin ridge along the junction of the lateral surface 

with the venter. The edge of the overlapping valve 

abuts against a thin selvage of the smaller valve. 

Because single valves are not available, the hingement is uncertain.

Measurements (in mm). 

Greatest Greatest Greatest 

length heiaht 11'idth

Paratype

(pi. 4, figs. 1-5) .... 0.51 0.39 0.24 

Paratype

(pi. 4, figs. 6-10) .. .78 .56 .34 

Paratype

(pi. 4, figs. 27-29).... .80 .58 .37 

Paratype

(pi. 4, figs. 11-15).... .92 .67 .46 

Paratype

(pi. 4, figs. 16-20).- 1.01 .74 .48 

Paratype

(pi. 4, figs. 21-24).... 1.20 .84 .53 

Paratype

(pi. 4, figs. 25, 26).... 1.20 .95 .58+ 

Holotype

(pi. 4, figs. 30-33).... 1.45 1.00 .66 

Paratype

(pi. 4, figs. 34-36).... 1.48 1.20 .72
B12 A REVISION OF THE PARAPARCHITACEA

Discussion. This species differs from D. pulchra 

Kniipfer, 1967, in that the dorsal margin of the 

overreaching- valve is less convex, in that the upper 

part of the posterior margin bends obtusely forward 

at approximately the upper third of the greatest 

height; the smaller valve has a horizontal shallow 

swelling at the crest of the overreach, and the overlapping valve has a similar swelling near the ventral 

margin. A polished section through a carapace of 

about 1 mm in greatest length revealed a very thin 

shell in contrast with other genera in the Paraparchitacea. It is plausible that the shell was partly 

dissolved. Poorly preserved, obviously corroded 

specimens have sharp ridges along the free margins 

of right valve (pi. 4, figs. 23, 34); this is the selvage 

against which the overlapping valve abuts.

Dr. Kniipfer examined two carapaces (USNM 

168042) and some photographs of this species and 

wrote that it belongs to Dorsoobliquella.

Stratigraphic range. Lower Pennsylvanian. 

Geographic distribution. New Mexico.

REFERENCES CITED

Brew, D. A., 1971, Mississippian stratigraphy of the Diamond 

Peak area, Eureka County, Nevada: U.S. Geol. Survey 

Prof. Paper 661, 84 p., 1 pi., 6 figs.

Buschmina, L. S., 1968, RannekamennougoPnye ostrakody 

Kuzntzkogho Basseina: Akad. Nauk SSSR Sibirskoye 

Otdeleniye, Inst. Geologii i Geofiziki Trudy, 128 p., 25 pis.

Cooper, C. L., 1941, Chester ostracodes of Illinois: Illinois 

Geol. Survey Rept. Inv. 77, 101 p., 14 pis.

 1946, Pennsylvanian ostracodes of Illinois: Illinois 

Geol. Survey Bull. 70, 177 p., 21 pis., 36 figs., range chart.

Croneis, Carey, and Thurman, F. A., 1939, New ostracodes 

from the Kinkaid formation: Denison Univ. Bull. v. 38, 

no. 10, Sci. Lab. Jour., v. 33, art. 6, p. 297-330, pis. 7, 8.

Cumings, E. R., 1906, in Cumings, E. R., Beede, J. W., Branson, E. B., and Smith, E. A., Fauna of the Salem Limestone of Indiana: Indiana Dept. Geology and Nat. Resources, Ann. Rept. 30, 1905, p. 1187-1486, 47 pis.

 1922, Nomenclature and description of the geological 

formations of Indiana, in Handbook of Indiana geology: 

Indiana Dept. Conservation Pub. 21, p. 403-570.

Delo, D. M., 1930, Some Upper Carboniferous Ostracoda from 

the shale basin of western Texas: Jour. Paleontology, 

v. 4, no. 2, p. 152-178, pis. 12, 13.

Geis, H. L., 1932, Some ostracodes from the Salem limestone, 

Mississippian, of Indiana: Jour. Paleontology, v. 6, no. 2, 

p. 149-188, pis. 22-26.

Gorak, S. V., 1967, [Ostracoda of the Visean part of the suite 

Ci(A) of the Donetz Basin], in Dunaeva, N. N., ed., 

[Fauna of the lower Visean deposits of [the] Greater 

Donbass] : Akad. Nauk Ukrainskoi SSR Inst. Geol. Nauk, 

p. 43-96, pis. 25-30. Naukova Dumka Kiev (in Russian.)

Hall, James, 1858, Description of new species of fossils from 

the Carboniferous limestones of Indiana and Illinois: 

Albany Inst. Trans. v. 4, p. 1-36.

 1883, Paleontology: Indiana Dept. Geology and Nat. 

History Ann. Rept. 12, 1882, p. 319-375, pis. 29-32.

Hamilton, I. B., 1942, Ostracodes from the Upper Permian 

of Texas: Jour. Paleontology, v. 16, no. 6, p. 712-718, 

pi. 110.

Harris, R. W., and Lalicker, C. G., 1932, New Upper Carboniferous Ostracoda from Oklahoma and Kansas: Am. 

Midland Naturalist, v. 13, no. 6, p. 396-409, pis. 36, 37.

Jones, T. R., 1889, Notes on the Paleozoic bivalved Entomostraca. No. XXVII. On some North American (Canadian) species: Annals and Mag. Nat. History, ser. 6, 

v. 3, p. 373-387, pis. 16, 17.

Jones, T. R., and Kirkby, J. W., 1886, Notes on the Paleozoic 

bivalved Entomostraca. No. XXII. On some undescribed 

species of British Carboniferous Ostracoda: Annals and 

Mag. Nat. History, ser. 5, v. 18, p. 249-269, pis. 6-9.

Kellett, Betty, 1935, Ostracodes of the Upper Pennsylvanian 

and the Lower Permian strata of Kansas: pt. 3. 

Bairdiidae [concluded], Cytherellidae, Cypridinidae, Entomoconchidae, Cytheridae and Cypridae: Jour. Paleontology, v. 9, no. 2, p. 132-166, pis. 16-18.

Kniipfer, Jiirgen, 1967, Zur Mikrofauna aus dem unteren Teil 

des Zechsteins von Riigen: Freiberger Forschungshefte, 

no. C213, p. 72-99, 5 pis.

Lesley, J. P., 1889, A dictionary of the fossils of Pennsylvania 

and neighboring States named in the reports and catalogues of the Survey: Pennsylvania Geol. Survey, 2d, 

Rept. P4, v. 1, 437 p.

McCoy, Frederick, 1844, A synopsis of the characters of the 

Carboniferous limestone fossils of Ireland: Dublin, p. 

163-168, pi. 23.

McGill, Peter, 1963, Upper and Middle Devonian ostracodes 

from the Beaverhill Lake Formation, Alberta, Canada: 

Bull. Canadian Petroleum Geology, v. 11, no. 1, p. 1-26, 

4 pis.

Moore, R. C., ed., 1961, Treatise on invertebrate paleontology, 

Part Q, Arthropoda 3, Crustacea, Ostracoda: New York 

and Lawrence, Kans., Geol. Soc. America and Univ. 

Kansas Press, 44 p., 334 figs.

 1969, Treatise on invertebrate paleontology, Part R, 

Arthropoda 4, Crustacea (except Ostracoda) MyriopodaHexapoda, v. 1: New York and Lawrence, Kans., Geol. 

Soc. America and Univ. Kansas Press, 398 p., 216 figs.

Moore, R. C., Lalicker, C. G., and Fisher, A. G., 1952, Invertebrate fossils. New York, McGraw-Hill Book Co., 766 p.

Sharov, A. G., 1966, Basic arthropodan stock: New York, 

Pergamon Press, 271 p., 89 figs.

Sohn, I. G., 196la, Ostracodes and conodonts from the Getaway Limestone Member of the Cherry Canyon Formation 

(Permian), Texas: U.S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 424-D, 

p. D244-D245.

 1961b, Aechminella, Amphissites, Kirkbyella, and related genera: U.S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 330-B, 

p. 107-160, pis. 7-12 [1962],

 1971, New Late Mississippian ostracode genera and 

species from northern Alaska: U.S. Geol. Survey Prof. 

Paper 711-A, 24 p., 9 pis.
LATE PALEOZOIC OSTRACODE SPECIES FROM THE CONTERMINOUS UNITED STATES B13

Swartz, F. M., 1969, Ordovician ostracode Aparchites whiteavesi Jones (1889), and problems of relationships: Jour. 

Paleontology, v. 43, no. 5, p. 1237-1244, pi. 145.

Ulrich, E. 0., and Bassler, R. S., 1906, New American Paleozoic Ostracoda; Notes and descriptions of upper Carboniferous genera' and species: U.S. Natl. Mus. Proc., v. 30, 

p. 149-164, pi. 11.

Upson, M. E., 1933, The Ostracoda of the Big Blue series in 

Nebraska: Nebraska Geol. Survey, Bull. 8, 2d ser., 54 p., 

4 pis.

Weller, Stuart, 1916, Description of a Ste. Genevieve Limestone fauna from Monroe County, Illinois: Chicago Univ., 

Walker Museum Contr., v. 1, no. 10, p. 243-265, pis. 16-19.

West Texas Geological Society, 1946, [Guidebook] Field trip;

Stratigraphy of the Hueco and Franklin Mountains, May 

31 and June 1, 1946: 8 p.

1949, Guidebook Field Trip no. 5, Pre-Permian rocks

of Trans-Pecos area [Texas! and southern New Mexico, 

November 6-9, 1949: 67 p.

Whitfield, R. P., 1882, On the fauna of the Lower Carboniferous limestones of Spergen Hill, Ind., with a revision 

of the descriptions of its fossils hitherto published and 

illustrations of the species from the original type series: 

Am. Mus. Nat. History Bull., v. 1, no. 3, p. 39-97, pis. 6-9.

Whitfield, R. P., and Hovey, E. 0., 1901, Catalogue of the 

types and figured specimens in the paleontological collection of the Geological Department, American Museum of 

Natural History: Am. Mus. Nat. History Bull., v. 11, pt. 

4, p. 358-488.

444-058 0-72-3

INDEX

Acratia ............................ ...

Aparchites ..........................

deiitis ....... ..................

whiteavesi ..................

armstrongiana, Shivaella

Page 

B4 

11

4

11

5

bachmani, Dorsoobliquella ........................ 11, pi. 4

Bairdia .......................................................... . 4

sp ................................... ................... ...... 10

carbonaria, Chamishaella .......... 6,1, S; pis., 5, 6

Cythere ............................................. ...... 6

Leperditia ................... .... .............. ...... 6

carbonarius, Paraparchites ...................... 6, 7

Cavellina ................................................. ...... 4

Chamishaella .................................................. 6, 8

carbonaria .............................. 6, 1, 8; pis.5, 6

cooperorum, Shishaella .................... 8, pis. 8, 9

cyclopea, Shishaella .................................... 10

cyclopeus, Paraparchites .......................... 10

Cythere ............................................................ 5

carbonaria .............................................. 6

dentis, Aparchites ........................................ 4

Dorsoobliquella ............................................ 11, 12

bachmani .......................................... 11; pi. 4

pulchra ............. ...................................... 11, 12

eureka, Shishaella ..........................10; pis. 11, 12

fabulus, Proparaparchites ..... .............4, 5; pi. 2

flrgisi, Shishaella .............................. 6, 7; pis. 5, 7

gelasinos, Paraparchites ........................ ,?; pi. 1

gibbosus, Paraparchites ............................ 4

Graphiodactyllis sp ...................................... 10

Healdia ..................................

humerosus, Paraparchites

[Italic page numbers indicate descriptions]

Page 

B3 

3

kansasensis, Paraparchites 

spinosus, Paraparchites ...

kansasensis, Paraparchites .................... 3, pi. 1

Paraparchites humerosus .................. 3

kinkaidensis, Shishaella ............................ 10

Kirkbya ........................................................... 3

Knoxina .......................................................... 4

Leperditia carbonaria ................................ 6

macallisteri, Shivaella ............................ 5; pi. 3

mackinneyi, Shishaella ............... ......... 9; pi. 10

marathonensis, Paraparchites ................ 8, 9

Shishaella .................................. 8, 9; pis. 8, 9

miseri, Paraparchites .............................. 4; pi. 2

nicklesi, Paraparchites 10

Ostracoda ........................................................ 2

ovatus, Proparaparchites ................. 4, 5; pi. 2

parallelus, Proparaparchites .. ...........A, 5; pi. 2

Paraparchitacea ........................................ 1, 2, 11

Paraparchites .................................... 1, 2, 4, C, 10

carbonarius ............................................ 6, 7

cyclopeus ................................................ 10

gelasinos ....................... ...................... 3; pi. 1

gibbosus .............................................. 4; pi. 2

humerosus .............................................. 3

kansasensis .................................... 3

spinosus .......................................... 3

kansasensis .......................................... 3; pi. 1

marathonensis ...................................... 8, 9

miseri .................................................... 4; pi. 2

nicklesi .................................................... 10

subcircularis ......... ................................ 6, 7

texana ...................................................... 3

texanus .................................................... 4

Page 

Paraparchitidae ............................................ B2

Podocopida ...................................................... 2

Proparaparchites .......................................... 4

fabulus .............................................. 4, 5; pi. 2

ovatus ................................................ 4, 5; pi. 2

parallelus ........................................ 4, 5; pi. 2

sibiricus .................................................. 5

tersiensis .................................................. 5

Pseudoparaparchites .................................... 1

pulchra, Dorsoobliquella ............................ 11, 12

Sansabella sp ................................................ 10

Shemonaella .................................................... 5

Shishaella .................................................... 7, 8, 10

cooi>eror«m .................................... S; pis. 8, 9

cyclopea .................................................. 10

eureka ...................................... 10; pis. 11, 12

flfgi'si ............................................ 6, 7; pis. 5, 7

kinkaidensis ............................................ 10

mackinneyi ........................................ 9; pi. 10

marathonensis .......................... 8, 9; pis. 8, 9

williamsae .............................................. 10

sp .................................................... 9; pis. 8, 9

>Shivaela - .-....-.-........----..----- 5, 10

armstrongiana ...................................... 5

macallisteri ........................................ 5; pi. 3

spinigera ................................................ 5

sp .............................................................. 6

sibiricus, Proparaparchites ........................ 5

spinigera, Shivaella ..........^......................... 5

spinosus, Paraparchites humerosus ........ 3

subcircularis, Paraparchites .................... 6, 7

tersiensis, Proparaparchites 

texana, Paraparchites ..... ....

texanus, Paraparchites ........

whiteavesi, Aparchites 

williamsae, Shishaella

B15

U. S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE : 1972 O - 444-058

PLATES 1-12

Contact photographs of the plates in this report are available, at cost, from U.S. 

Geological Survey Library, Federal Center, Denver, Colorado 80225.
PLATE 1

[Magnification approximately X 30; photographs by R. H. McKinney]

FIGURES 1-24. Paraparchites gelasinos Sohn, n. sp. (p. B3).

I-5. Left, dorsal, right, ventral, and posterior views of a carapace. Young instar, paratype USNM 167976.

Upper Sandia Formation (Lower Pennsylvanian), Mora County, N. Mex. 

6-10. Posterior, left, dorsal, right, and ventral views of a carapace. Older instar than above, paratype USNM

167977. Same collection and locality as figures 1-5.

II-15. Posterior, right, dorsal, left, and ventral views of carapace. Still older instar, paratype USNM

167978. Same collection and locality as figures 1-5. 

16-18. Left, dorsal, and posterior views of an abraded carapace. Still older instar, paratype USNM 167979.

Same collection and locality as figures 1-5. 

19-22. Posterior, left, dorsal, and right views of a carapace. Holotype, USNM 167982. Same collection and

locality as figures 1-5. 

23, 24. Ventral and right views of a broken carapace. Note structure of internal mold along venter of fig.

23 that shows also the cross section of the ventral part of the right valve. Paratype, USNM 167980.

Same collection and locality as figures 1-5. 

25-29. Paraparchites kansasensis Harris and Lalicker, 1932 (p. B3).

25. Left valve of the specimen included by Ulrich and Bassler (1906) in P. humerosus. Figured specimen

USNM 35657. Wreford Limestone (Lower Permian), probably Greenwood County, Kans. 

26-29. Left, ventral, dorsal, and right views of the holotype of P. humerosus var. spinosus Upson, 1933.

University Nebraska State Museum 880l.Funston Limestone (Lower Permian), Cowley County, Kans.
GEOLOGICAL SURVEY

PROFESSIONAL PAPER 711-B PLATE 1

PARAPARCHITES
PLATE 2

[Magnification approximately X 30; photographs by R. H. McKinney]

FIGURES 1- 5. Proparaparchites ovatus Cooper, 1941 (p. B4).

Left, dorsal, right, posterior, and ventral views of carapace. Holotype, Illinois State Geol. Survey 45P291.

Kinkaid Limestone (Upper Mississippian), Johnson County, 111. 

6-10. Proparaparchites fabulus Cooper, 1941 (p. B5).

Left, posterior, dorsal, ventral, and right views of carapace. Holotype, Illinois State Geol. Survey 45P289.

Renault Formation (Upper Mississippian), Union County, 111. 

11-15. Proparaparchites parallelus Cooper, 1946 (p. B5).

11-12. Outside and inside of left valve. Paratype, Illinois State Geol. Survey 44P432. Shale below lower 

bench of Lonsdale Limestone of Marmoton Group (Middle Pennsylvanian). Marshall County, 111.

13-15. Right, left, and dorsal views of carapace. Holotype, Illinois State Geol. Survey 44P431. Same collection and locality as figures 11 and 12. 

16-41. Paraparchites miseri Sohn, n. sp. (p. B4).

16-19. Dorsal, left, right, and ventral views of carapace of a very young instar. Paratype USNM 167987. 

Hueco Limestone (Lower Permian), Otero County, N. Mex.

20-23. Left, dorsal, right, and ventral views of carapace of a slightly larger growth stage. Paratype USNM 

167988. Same collection and locality as figures 16-19.

26-29. Left, dorsal, right and ventral views of a tecnomorph carapace. Paratype USNM 167989. Same collection and locality as above.

24,30-33. Posterior, left, dorsal, right, and ventral views of a tecnomorph carapace. Paratype USNM 

167990. Same collection and locality as figures 16-19.

34-37. Left, dorsal, right, and ventral views of a heteromorph carapace. Paratype USNM 167991. Same 

collection and locality as figures 16-19.

25,38-41. Posterior, left, dorsal, right, and ventral views of a heteromorph carapace. Holotype USNM

167994. Same collection and locality as figures 16-19. 

42-45. Paraparchites gibbosus Upson, 1933 (p. B4).

Posterior, dorsal, right, and ventral views of heteromorph. Holotype University Nebraska State Museum 

8800. Middle Funston Limestone, Marshall County, Kans.
GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PROFESSIONAL PAPER 711-B PLATE 2

PROPARAPARCHITES AND PARAPARCHITES

444-051) O - 72 - 4
PLATE 3

[Magnification approximately X 30; photographs by R. H. McKinney]

FIGURES 1-38. Shivaella macallisteri Sohn, n. sp. (p. B5).

1-3. Left, dorsal, and posterior views of a left valve. Very young individual. Paratype, specimen lost. Tin 

Mountain Limestone, California. USGS loc. 12858.

4, 5. Dorsal and left views of a left valve. Slightly larger individual. Paratype USNM 168005. Same collection and locality as figures 1-3.

6, 7. Dorsal and right views of a carapace, note hole resulting by missing spine on left valve in fig. 6. 

Young growth stage. Paratype USNM 168006. Same collection and locality as figures 1-3.

8-10. Dorsal, lateral, and posterior views of left valve. Slightly larger individual. Paratype USNM 168007. 

Same collection and locality as figures 1-3.

11,12. Dorsal and left views of carapace, part of right spine is missing. Slightly larger individual. Paratype USNM 168008. Same collection and locality as figures 1-3.

13-15. Ventral, dorsal, and posterior views of carapace. Paratype USNM 16809. Same collection and locality as figures 1-3.

16-18. Left, ventral, and dorsal views of carapace with dorsoposterior part of right valve missing. Paratype USNM 168010. Same collection and locality as figures 1-3.

19, 20. Dorsal and lateral views of left valve. Larger growth stage. Paratype USNM 168011. Narrow 

Canyon Limestone, Nevada. USGS loc. 12879.

21, 22. Posterior and lateral views of right valve, compare trend of spine with that in fig. 10. Relatively 

young individual. Paratype USNM 168012. Tin Mountain Limestone, California. USGS loc. 12863.

23,24. Dorsal and lateral views of left valve. Paratype USNM 168013. Tin Mountain Limestone, California. USGS loc. 12858.

25,26. Dorsal and lateral views of right valve. Paratype USNM 168014. Tin Mountain Limestone, California. 

USGS loc. 12864.

27-29. Lateral, dorsal, and inside views of left valve. Paratype USNM 168015. Narrow Canyon Limestone, 

Nevada. USGS loc. 12879.

30, 31. Dorsal and lateral views of right valve. Paratype, USNM 168016. Same collection and locality as 

figures 27-29.

32, 33. Lateral and dorsal views of a left valve. Paratype USNM 168017. Tin Mountain Limestone, California. USGS loc. 12858.

34-37. Posterior, dorsal, lateral, and inside views of a right valve. Holotype USNM 168024. Tin Mountain 

Limestone, California. USGS loc. 12865.

38. Lateral view of a broken right valve, one of the largest specimens recovered. Paratype USNM 168018. 

Tin Mountain Limestone, California. USGS loc. 12858.
GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PROFESSIONAL PAPER 711-B PLATE 3

SHIVAELLA
PLATE 4

[Magnification approximately X 30; photographs by R. H. McKinney]

FIGURES 1-36. Dorsoobliquella bachmani Sohn, n. sp. (p. Bll).

I-5. Left, dorsal, right ventral, and posterior views of a carapace of a young instar. Paratype USNM

168034. Upper Sandia Formation, Mora County, N. Mex. 

6-10. Left, dorsal, right, ventral, and posterior views of a carapace of a much larger instar. Paratype

USNM 168035. Same collection and locality as figures 1-5.

II-15. Left, dorsal, right, ventral, and posterior views of a carapace of a still larger instar than illustrated 

above. Paratype USNM 168036. Same collection and locality as figures 1-5.

16-20. Left, dorsal, right, ventral, and posterior views of a carapace. Paratype USNM 168037. Same collection and locality as figures 1-5.

21-24. Left, dorsal, right, and ventral views of a carapace. Paratype USNM 168038. Same collection 

and locality as figures 1-5.

25, 26. Left and ventral views of an abraded carapace. Paratype USNM 168039. Same collection and locality as figures 1-5.

27-29. Right, dorsal, and left views of a carapace of a young instar. Paratype USNM 168040. Same collection and locality as figures 1-5.

30-33. Left, dorsal, right, and posterior views of a carapace. Holotype USNM 168044. Same collection 

and locality as figures 1-5.

34-36. Ventral, dorsal, and left views of adult corroded carapace. Paratype USNM 168041. Same collection 

and locality as figures 1-5.
GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PROFESSIONAL PAPER 711-B PLATE 4

DORSOOBLIQ UELLA
PLATE 5

[Magnification approximately X 20; photographs by R. H. McKinney]

FIGURES 1, 2, 9-11. Shishaella geisi Sohn, n. sp. (p. B7).

1, 2. Right and left views of Geis' paratype of Paraparchites subcircularis. Illinois Univ. M-301. Illustrated by Geis, 1932, pi. 23, fig. Id.

9-11. Right, dorsal, and posterior views of a carapace, Geis' plesiotype of Paraparchites carbonarius

(Hall). Illinois Univ. M-302. Illustrated by Geis, 1932, pi. 23, fig. 2a. 

3-8, 12-21. Chamishaella carbonaria (Hall, 1858). (p. B6).

3,4. Right views of two carapaces, Geis' paratypes of Paraparchites subcircularis. Illinois Univ. M301.

5-7. Right, dorsal, and left views of carapace; holotype of Paraparchites subcircularis Geis, 1932. Illinois Univ. M-300.

8. Right view of carapace, Geis' plesiotype of Paraparchites carbonarius (Hall). Illinois Univ. M-302. 

Illustrated by Geis, 1932, pi. 23, fig. b in dorsal outline. The source of light was intentionally reversed in order to compare with Geis' fig. 2 a photographed in the same manner.

12,13. Left and right views of a steinkern showing the muscle-scar pattern. Specimen from Hall's 

original collection that was detached from either of two cardboards with many specimens (see text). 

Am. Mus. Nat. History (AMNH) 29100.

14, 15. Lateral and posterior views of carapace. Topotype ? from white square cardboard with specimens from Spergen Hill, Ind. 7703/1, AMNH 29101.

16,17. Right and dorsal views of partly exfoliated carapace, note muscle-scar pattern. Topotype?, 

from second white square of above cardboard. AMNH 29102.

18-21. Dorsal, right, ventral, and posterior views of a carapace. Lectotype, from green part of above 

cardboard. AMNH 29103.
GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PROFESSIONAL PAPER 711-B PLATE 5

SHISHAELLA AND CHAMISHAELLA
PLATE 6

[Magnification approximately X 20; photographs by R. H. McKinney]

FIGURES 1-24. Chamishaella carbonaria (Hall, 1858) (p. B6).

I-5. Right, dorsal, left, ventral, and posterior views of a carapace, young growth stage. Figured specimen

USNM 168130. Topotype, Spergen Hill, Ind., USGS colln. 7522C green. 

6-10. Right, dorsal, left, ventral, and posterior views of a carapace, young individual. Figured specimen

USNM 168131. Spergen Limestone, Ste. Genevieve County, Mo., USGS colln. 1208 PC.

II-14. Right, dorsal, left, and posterior views of a subadult carapace. Figured specimen USNM 168132. 

Same collection and locality as figures 6-10.

15-17. Right, dorsal, and posterior views of a female carapace. Figured specimen USNM 168133. (?) Spergen Limestone, Ste. Genevieve County, Mo., USGS colln. 1211A PC.

18-20. Right, dorsal, and posterior views of a male carapace, gerontic individual. Figured specimen USNM 

168134. Same collection and locality as figures 15-17.

21-24. Right, dorsal, ventral, and posterior views of female carapace, gerontic individual. Figured specimen USNM 168135. Spergen Limestone, Ste. Genevieve County, Mo., USGS colln. 1208 PC.
GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PROFESSIONAL PAPER 711-B PLATE 6

CHAMISHAELLA
PLATE 7

[Magnification approximately X 20; photographs by R. H. McKinney]

FIGURES 1-21. Shishaella geisi Sohn, n. sp. (p. B7).

1, 2. Dorsal and right views of carapace, very young individual. Paratype USNM 168137. Salem Limestone,

Spergen Hill, Ind., USGS colln. 12886 PC. 

3-7. Dorsal, right, ventral, posterior and right views of a larger preadult carapace. Paratype USNM

168138. Same locality as figures 1 and 2, USGS colln. 7522C green. 

8, 9. Right and dorsal views of a smaller carapace. Paratype USNM 168139. Same collection and locality

as figures 1 and 2. 

10,11. Dorsal and right views of-carapace, slightly larger growth stage than above. Paratype USNM

168140. Same collection and locality as figures 1 and 2. 

12-15. Dorsal, right, left, and posterior views of adult female. Holotype USGS 168136. Same locality as

figures 1 and 2, USGS colln. 7522C green. 

16,17. Dorsal and right views of gerontic female, note reduced size of spine. Paratype USNM 168141.

Salem Limestone, Ste. Genevieve County, Mo., USGS colln. 1208 blue. 

18-21. Right, dorsal, posterior, and left views of a very large individual. Paratype USNM 168142. Same

collection and locality as figures 16 and 17.
GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PROFESSIONAL PAPER 711-B PLATE 7

SHISHAELLA
PLATE 8

[Magnification approximately X 30; photographs by R. H. McKinney]

FIGURES 1-4, 6-9. Shishaella cooperorum Sohn, n. sp. (p. B8).

1-4. Outside, dorsal, inside, and posterior views of a right valve, probably adult male. Paratype USNM

168111. Road Canyon Formation (Permian)f Glass Mountains, Tex. USNM colln. 703c. 

6-9. Dorsal, right, inside, and posterior views of a right valve, adult female. Holotype USNM 168110.

Same collection and locality as figures 1-4. 

5. Shishaella sp. (p. B9).

Posterior view of a right valve, same specimen as on pi. 9, figs. 9, 10. Getaway Limestone Member of

Cherry Canyon Formation (Permian). Culbertson County, Tex. USGS colln. 12856. 

10-15. Shishaella marathonensis (Hamilton, 1942) (p. B8).

10,11. Outside and posterior views of a right valve, probably adult male. Holotype USNM 110231. Road

Canyon Formation (Permian), Glass Mountains, Tex. AMNH colln. 501.

12-15. Dorsal, outside, inside, and posterior views of a right valve. Figured specimen USNM 168120. 

Same formation and locality as figures 10 and 11.
PROFESSIONAL PAPER 711-B PLATE

SHISHAELLA
PLATE 9

[Magnification approximately X 30; except where noted, photographs by K. H. McKinney]

FIGURES 1-8. Shishaella cooperorum Sohn, n. sp. (p. B8).

I-4. Dorsal, outside, inside, and posterior views of a right valve, young growth stage. Paratype USNM 

168112. Road Canyon Formation, (Permian), Glass Mountains, Tex., USNM colln. 703c. Photographs by 

H. N. Shupe. 

5-8. Posterior, dorsal, right, and left views of a carapace, larger growth stage. Paratype USNM 168113.

Same collection, locality, and photographer as figures 1-4. 

9,10. Shishaella sp. (p. B9).

Dorsal and outside views of a right valve. Figured specimen USNM 168128. Getaway Limestone Member of

Cherry Canyon Formation (Permian), Culbertson County, Tex., USGS loc. 12856. 

11-16. Shishaella marathonensis (Hamilton, 1942) (p. B8).

II-13. Dorsal, outside, and posterior views of a right valve, adult female. Figured specimen USNM 168118.

Road Canyon Formation (Permian), Glass Mountains, Tex. AMNH colln. 501. 

14-16. Outside, posterior, and inside views of a right valve, adult female, note the muscle-scar pattern in fig.

16. Figured specimen USNM 168119. Same formation and locality as figures 11 and 13. USNM colln.

702c.
GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PROFESSIONAL PAPER 711-B PLATE 9

SHISHAELLA
PLATE 10

[Magnification approximately X 30; except where noted, photographs by N. W. Shupe. All specimens from the Helms Formation (Upper Mississippian) ,

Texas. USNM loc. 3070-2]

FIGURES 1-33. Shiskaella mackinneyi Sohn, n. sp. (p. B9).

1, 2. Dorsal and right views of carapace, young instar. Paratype USNM 168148.

3-5. Dorsal, right, and left views of a carapace, slightly larger instar. Paratype USNM 168149.

6-8. Right, dorsal, and left views of a carapace, approximately the same growth stage as above. Note absence 

of slight bulge near ventral margin of fig. 8, shown in figs. 5, 11, and 14. Paratype, USNM 168150. Photograph of fig. 8 by R. H. McKinney.

9-12. Right, posterior, left, and dorsal views of carapace, larger individual. Paratype USNM 168151.

13-15. Right, left, and dorsal views of carapace, slightly younger instar than above. Paratype USNM 168152.

16,17. Outside and inside views of right valve, probably adult female. Note hinge on fig. 17. Paratype USNM 

168153. Photographs by R. H. McKinney.

18. Lateral view of right valve, note muscle-scar area. Paratype USNM 168154.

19. 20. Dorsal and lateral views of right valve, subadult stage. Paratype USNM 168155. Photographs by R. H. 

McKinney.

21, 22. Dorsal and lateral views of right valve, probably female. Paratype USNM 168156. Photographs by 

R. H. McKinney.

23-25. Lateral, posterior, and dorsal views of right valve, female. Holotype USNM 168147. Photographs by 

R. H. McKinney.

26-29. Outside, dorsal, inside, and posterior views of left valve, adult female. Paratype USNM 168157. Photograph of fig. 29 by R. H. McKinney.

30-33. Outside, dorsal, inside, and posterior views of a left valve, adult male. Paratype USNM 168158. Photograph of fig. 33 by R. H. McKinney.
GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PROFESSIONAL PAPER 711-B PLATE 10

SHISHAELLA
PLATE 11

[Magnification approximately X 30; photographs by R. H. McKinney]

FIGURES 1-13. Shishaella eureka Sohn, n. sp. (p. BIO).

1-5. Right, dorsal, left, posterior and ventral views of a young instar. Paratype USNM 168163. Diamond 

Peak Quartzite (Upper Meramecian), Eureka quadrangle, White Pine County, Nev. USGS loc. PC-6567.

6-9. Right, left, posterior and dorsal views of a carapace of a larger instar than illustrated above. Paratype 

USNM 168164. Same collection and locality as figures 1-5.

10-13. Anterior, posterior, right and dorsal views of adult tecnomorph. Paratype USNM 168165. Same collection and locality as figures 1-5. The anterior part of fig. 13 was cut off in order to fit the plate.
GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PROFESSIONAL PAPER 711-B PLATE 11

SHISHAELLA
PLATE 12

[Magnification approximately X 20; photographs by R. H. McKinney]

FIGURES 1-9. Shishaella eureka Sohn, n. sp. (p. BIO).

1-4. Posterior, ventral, dorsal, and right views of heteromorph carapace. Holotype USNM 168161. Diamond

Peak Formation (upper Meramecian), Eureka quadrangle, White Pine County, Nev., USGS colln. PC-6567.

The spine in fig. 4 was retouched. 

5-9. Posterior, left, ventral, dorsal, and right views of tecnomorph carapace. Paratype USNM 168162. Same

collection and locality as figures 1-4.
GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PROFESSIONAL PAPER 711-B PLATE 12

SHISHAELLA

A Revision of the 

Paraparchitacea

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PROFESSIONAL PAPER 711

This volume was published 

as separate chapters A and B
UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR 

ROGERS C. B. MORTON, Secretary

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 

V. E. McKelvey, Director
CONTENTS

[Letters designate the chapters]

(A) New Late Mississippian Ostracode Genera and Species from Northern Alaska, by I. G. Sohn.

(B) Late Paleozoic Ostracode Species from the Conterminous United States, by I. G. Sohn.