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(SI 2. 3:193/
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FINS 

SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION

BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOG

BULLETIN 193

ARCHEOLOGICAL INVESTIGAT

THE PARITA AND SANTA M

ZONES OF PANAMA

By JOHN LADD

For sale by the Superintendent Washington, U.S. GOVERNMENT WASHINGTON: D.C., of Documents, 20402 PRINTING - Price U.S. 1964 Government $2.50 OFFICE (Cloth) PrinO
LETTER OF TRANSMI

SMITHSO

I

BUREAU OF A

E

Washingto

DJ

81

SIR: I have the honor to submit the ac

m

entitled "Archeological Investigations in the P

M

Zones of Panama," by John Ladd, and to re

t

ibp

lished as a bulletin of the Bureau of AmericaE

Very respectfully yours,

FRANK H

R

J

D

DR. LEONARD CARMICHAEL,

Secretary, Smithsonian Institution.

n
OAFLKSDAL

CONTENTS

Preface-- - _-------------- ------------ ------------

Introduction--------------- -------- _------ _-__ 

Geography------------------------------------ --

Ethnography-------------------------------- ------

Ceramic typology--------------------------------------

Review of Panamanian archeology---------------------_--

Historical--------------------------------------------

Geographical-----------------------------------------

Chiriqui-----------------------------------------

Veraguas--------------------------------------_--

Darien-----------------------------------------------

Canal Zone------------------------------------_--

Cocl, Parita, Azuero ------------ _---------------

El Hatillo (He-4) site --------------------------------------

Site description---------------------------------------

Chronology of types and varieties ----------------------

__ _ 

Ceramic remains -------------------------------------- 

Polychrome wares ----------------------------------

El Hatillo Polychrome------------------------

Parita Polyohrome---------------------------

Macaracas Polychrome ------------------------

Calabaza Polychrome------------------------------._ 

Miscellaneous polychrome and bichrome wares-----

Black-on-White Lip ---------------------------

Chiriqui Alligator Ware -----------------------

Coc16 Polychromes ---------------------------

Aristide Group Polychromes -----------------

Red Line Ware Type -------------------------

Red and White Ware ------------------------

Monochrome Cream Ware --------------------------------- Gir6n Stone Worked Summary Site Ceramic (Co-2) description Gir6n artifacts bone site remains Red-buff Cocl6 Smoked Red Smokedandy-buff --------------------------------------------Polychrome; Polychrome; ------------------------------------------Daubed and Red ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Ware Buff wares shell Type Ware Ware Buff Ware ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Banded Interior ------------------------------------------------------------Ware ---------------------------------------------------Lip Banded variety variety ------------------
IV BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETH

Gir6n (Co-2) site-Continued

Ceramic remains-Continued

Gir6n Type; Plain variety ---------------

Gir6n Type; Red variety----------------

EscotA Polychrome; Black-on-Red variety 

Escot4 Polychrome; Crosshatched variety 

EscotA Polychrome; Black-on-Buff variety 

Escotd Polychrome; Chevron variety -----

Escot4 Type; Red variety ---------------

Escotd Type; Plain variety ---------------

Cocl6 Polychromes ----------------------

Azuero Polychromes ---------------------

Red Daubed ----------------------------

Stone artifacts------------------------------

Worked bone and shell -----------------------

Summary -----------------------------------

Delgado (He-8) site ------------------------------

Site description ------------------------------

Ceramic remains -----------------------------

Delgado Red ----------------------------

Stone artifacts -------------------------------

Summary -----------------------------------

Sixto Pinilla Place (He-1) site ---------------------

Site description ------------------------------

Ceramic remains -----------------------------

Azuero Ceramic Group -------------------

Cocl6 Polychrome ------------------------

Aristide Group Polychromes --------------

Miscellaneous Types ---------------------

Red Line Type ----------------------

Red or Red/Buff Ware ---------------

Buff Ware-------------------------

Smoked Ware----------------------

Pinilla Black-Line-on-Red ------------

White-and-Black-on-Red Ware -------

Leopoldo Site Stone Worked Find Summary----------------------------------Ceramic description Unclassified Cocl6 Aristide Azuero Miscellaneous interpretations Arosemena artifacts bone remains----------------------------Smoked Red El Coc16cl Group----------------------------

Tigre Group Group Line and -------------------------------

Polychrome Red ------------------------------Single (He-2)Ware----------------------

Plain shell Types WarPolychrome Ware --------------------------

and -----------------------Vessels ----------------------site --------------------------------------------site ------------------------------------------------------------chronology ---------------------------------------
Ladd] CONTENTS 

Leopoldo Arosemena (He-2) site-Continued

Ceramic remains-Continued

Miscellaneous Red Slipped Vessels ------------------

Plain Ware ----------------------------------

Unclassified Vessels -------------------------------

Stone artifacts ---------------------------------------

Find interpretations and site chronology ----------------

Summary --------------------------------------------

Chronological summary of the Cocl6 region -----------------

Santa Maria Phase-----------------------------------

Early Cocl6 Phase------------------------------------

Late Cocl6 Phase-------------------------------------

Herrera Phase----------------------------------------

El Tigre and La Arena Phases -------------------------

Comparisons with regions beyond Panama ------------------

Literature cited-------------------------------------------

Appendix 1. Site distribution of ceramic groups, types, and v

Appendix 2. He-4 finds of more than one vessel-------------

Appendix 3. He-1 finds ------------------------------------

Appendix 4. He-2 finds ------------------------------------

Appendix 5. Shell identifications ----------------------------

Explanation of plates 1-23 ---------------------------------

Index ----------------------------------------------------

ILLUSTRATIONS

PLATES

(All plates follow page 276)

1. He-4: Carved manatee bone and El Hatillo type effigy ve

2. El Hatillo type ceramic remains.

3. El Hatillo and Parita types ceramic remains.

4. Parita type ceramic remains.

5. Parita and Macaracas types ceramic remains.

6. Macaracas type ceramic remains.

7. Macaracas type ceramic remains.

8. Macaracas and Calabaza types ceramic remains.

9. He-4 miscellaneous ceramic remains.

10. Gir6n and Red Line types ceramic remains.

11. Red Line and Pinilla Black-line-on-red ceramic remains.

12. Miscellaneous vessels at He-1.

13. Gir6n banded lip variety ceramic remains.

14. Examples of plastic decoration on ceramic remains.

15. Miscellaneous and unclassified sherds at He-4.

16. Miscellaneous and unclassified sherds at He-1.

17. Miscellaneous and unclassified sherds at He-i.

18. Stone artifacts from He-4.

19. Worked bone and shell at He-4, He-I, and Co-2.

20. Worked stone at He-1.

21. Worked stone at Co-2.

22. Metate from He-1.

23. Metates from He-1.

24. Views of mounds at He-4.

25. Views of excavations at He-1.

10.1 12. 13. 14. 1. 234. 5. 786. 9He-4, Rlationship He-4, El El Hatillo Hatillo Hatillo Hatillo Hatillo Hatillo Hatillo Hatillo Trench 1948--------------------------------------------Mound Trenchtype of 7 I, 8VI, --------------------------------------- trenches vessel dign and design Trench Trench Trench shapes elements elements; elements-------------------------elements-------------------------elements; elements elements 1 in -------------------------------11----------------------------TEXT Mound 10 --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Espald AchoteFIGURES III, He-4 variety----------variety ---------------------
VIII BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHN

15. El H atillo type design elements; Jobo variety ---

16. El Hatillo type design elements; Jobo variety-

17. Parita type shapes_---------------------------

18. Parita type design elements; Nispero variety ---

19. Parita type design elements; Nispero variety ---

20. Parita type design elements; Nispero variety ---

21. Parita type design elements; An6n variety ------

22. Parita type design elements; Caimito variety ---

23. Parita type design elements; Caimito variety ---

24. Parita type design elements; Yampi variety ----

25. Parita type design elements; Yampf variety ----

26. Parita type design elements; Ortiga variety -----

27. Parita type design elements; Ortiga variety -----

28. Parita type design elements; Ortiga variety -----

29. Parita type design elements; Ortiga variety -----

30. Parita type design elements; Ortiga variety -----

31. Parita type design elements; Ortiga variety----

32. Pica-pica to Ortiga design element development -

33. Parita type design elements; Ortiga variety -----

34. Parita type design elements; Ortiga variety----

35. Macaracas and Calabaza type shapes---------

36. Macaracas type design elements; Pica-pica varie

37. Macaracas type design elements; Pica-pica varie

38. Macaracas type design elements; Pica-pica and H

39. Macaracas type design elements; Pica-pica varie

40. Macaracas type design elements; Pica-pica and H

41. Macaracas type design elements; Pica-pica varie

42. Macaracas type, Higo variety, crocodile poses ---

43. Macaracas type design elements; Cuipo variety -

44. Macaracas type design elements; Cuipo variety -

45. Macaracas type design elements; Cuipo variety -

46. Calabaza type design elements; Calabaza variety 

47. Calabaza type design elements; Calabaza variety 

48. Calabaza type design elements; Calabaza variety 

49. Calabaza type design elements; Calabaza variety 

52.3567 664.5.50. 51 54.8.59 6012.Red-buff Red-buff Escot4 Red-buff Red-buff Smoked Co-2, Gir6n Escotd4 Miscellaneous Calabaza and Pit polychrome type and type ware white ware type 1-----------------------------------Escot4 shapes; shapes---------------------------shapes and shapes shapes-------------------------shapes and shapes design ware, types buff type ----------------------------Buff Banded --------------------------cream and elements; -------------------------ware shapes; wre wadesign design Lp ware, shapes shapes shapes-----------Interior elements variety Cerit6 elements-----and -------------------------Red-buff variety ---------Banded --------

---

wv
Ladd] ILLUSTRATIONS 

66. He-1, 1948------------------------------------------

67. He-1, idealized diagram of grave pit, Find 14----------

68. He-2, 1948------------------------------------------

MAP

1. Map of the Parita-Santa Maria Zones of Panama ------

2. Map of Gir6n (Co-2) site-----------------------------

CHARTS

1. Sequences of Panamanian archeological regions --------

2. Cocl6 region-----------------------------------------

3. He-4, Mound I, Trench 1, ceramic remains ------------

4. He-4, Mound VI, Trench 11, ceramic remains---------

5. He-4, Mound VII, Trench 7, ceramic remains ----------

6. He-4, flat test, Trench 8 ceramic remains --------------

7. He-4, north ridge, Trench 10, ceramic remains ---------

8. Co-2, Pit 1; major decorated types and varieties --------

9. Co-2, Pit 1; varieties of Aristide group polychromes ----

10. Co-2, Pit 1; plastic decoration of ceramic remains-----

11. Co-2, Pit 3; major decorated types and varieties-------

12. He-1, Pits 1 and 2, ceramic remains-------------------

13. He-1, Trenches 1 and 2, ceramic remains--------------

14. He-1, unstratified sherd lots ---------------------------

PREFACE

This report is based on an analysis of the ceramic r

f

prehistoric sites located near the Santa Maria and P

R

western Panama. These sites, along with others, w

b

two expeditions in 1948 and 1952: The first, sponsor

jbt

Smithsonian Institution and the National Geograp

w

led by Matthew W. Stirling, then director of the BuA

Ethnology, Smithsonian Institution. Dr. Stirling wb

Gordon R. Willey. Mrs. Stirling and Richard H. 

p

rapher for the National Geographic Society, comtp

Among the sites excavated during this season were H

H

the largest site treated in the report, He-1 (Sixto P

H

(Leopoldo Arosemena). The second expedition, in 

by the Peabody Museum of Harvard University b

Gordon R. Willey, excavated, among others, the C

He-8 (Delgado) sites. Dr. Willey was assisted by Ch

RM

sey and James N. East. Although these and other 

c

ducted by the two expeditions have been discussed ip

tions,1 some, like the Monagrillo site (He-5) in detnt

five has been reported thoroughly in print.2

In acknowledging the contributions of others, my p

t

go to Dr. Willey. This report was prepared uhp

guidance, and his advice and support were always av

utilized. Dr. Samuel K. Lothrop not only offere

fu

h

excellent library, but provided warm hospitality amh

Archaeologist, report Acker, Society Evans, Museum Dr. aid American advices I 2 Seeince Preparation is Stephen of Stirling, and the tis and funds as otherf of report at vol. well cooperation 1949, the Philosophical contributed Panama. members Harvard. 4, Williams, was provided 1950; No. asSmithsonian of written, 1, fruitful Willey, the of 1961. the report the Archaeological The who, 1951; of by helpful I results Society. contacts also Dr. Willey, grants support Institution, in would of wish J. addition subsequent suggestions. and Society 0. with from McGimsey, to In have andBrew, thank of some El members Panama, to Harvard are Hatillo been cooperation Dr. 1952, Dr. gatefuldirector cases, hav 1954; sitemposWilleyH. excavof been and UnEtpADtPDPkrtwttwWbDMpItPX
XII BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETH

supplied through the courtesy of Mr. Rich

National Geographic Society, and others w

University Museum, University of Pennsylv

Dockstader, director of the Museum of the 

Foundation, New York City, kindly made 

extensive Panamanian collection at his dispos

portion of it was examined in detail. Dr. Ru

dent of the Archaeological Society of Panam

in making available photographs and manus

parable material, and Dr. Leo P. Biese, also 

available his manuscript of the Panama Viejo 

Full credit for the excellent drawings of th

Mrs. Svetlana Rockwell and to Miss Symme 

preparation of the tables and maps. Other

siderable skill in the restoration of vessels are 

Fishburne, while sherd washing and restorati

cheerfully by David Piper and Walter Spau

students who contributed ideas and encoura

others, Donald Lathrap, James Deetz, Eli

Gunnerson, James C. Gifford, and Olga Lina

Upon completion of the report, the bulk of 

He-2, and He-4 was returned to the Smithson

1962 PE
ARCHEOLOGICAL INVESTIGATIONS 

PARITA AND SANTA MARIA ZONES O

By JOHN LADD

INTRODUCTION

GEOGRAPHY

The geography of Panama is best visualized in term

cordillera which, running in a generally east-west dir

the wet and dense tropical forests of the Caribbean 

drier and somewhat more seasonal savannas and h

southern watershed. This distinction is somewha

corridor of the Canal Zone, but even in Darien to th

cordillera is lower and more scattered and where dens

extends to the Pacific shore, the southern coast rema

The area between the Santa Maria and Parita R

of the Azuero Peninsula lies in the southern hilly a

which extends westward through southern Veraguas 

tainous area bordering the Tabasara River. It then 

a narrower coastal strip in Chiriqui and southeast

To the east, from the base of the Peninsula, the zone c

Cocl6 Province until pinched off between Cham6 Bay 

terminus of the cordillera at La Campana. Sout

where from sugarcane bean which, deer extends and concentrated Disregarding windy. and coast Myit however, with terminates jaguar in where through contrast increasing in The local the includes and manioc hillier in November; broader variation, smaller to mountainous hilliness the corn and portions trpical mammals river other in the the almost some rainy valleys, support terrain remaining tubers forest quantity. such to season the rising dominate of include livestockas Darieend montpeccfor to Th
0 AGUADULGE

Veraguas COC Ie,

R0

o SANTA MARIA - 

Herrera

5 ng~ MILES 5 MAP M. EMEMC REVISED I.--Map U.S.DEPTOFWAR AND of SIMPLIFIED the MAP,arita-Santa, 1941 Maria zones P~ H-4 of Panama. M1 He- Pm E He2 (From PARITA---- 9 Willey e-8o 
Ladd] PARITA AND SANTA MARIA ARCHEOLOGY, 

dillo, raccoon, and bats. Reptiles, including snake

present, and alligators are especially common along 

Fish and shellfish abound along the coast.

ETHNOGRAPHY

Panama today is inhabited by three main na

Guaymi west of the Chagres River, and the Cuna 

east. All three are linguistically affiliated with S

Middle America. The Guaymi and Cuna speak la

as Macro-Chibchan and the Choc6 speak a languag

Paezan subfamily, formerly held to be a member 

family but now seen as possibly having affinities w

Equatorial phylum (Greenberg, 1956; Tax, 1960)

although divided at the time of the Conquest into 

and compact political groupings, today live either in l

or as extended family households fairly well separated 

Subsistence is based on hunting and fishing and 

slash and burn farming. Their horticulture includ

maize, beans, and sweet manioc (Johnson, 1948). T

on the San Blas Islands east of the Chagres River an

mainland, combine island trading with cultivating b

corn, and sweet manioc. Hunting is definitely a se

and their settlement pattern is one of compact village

The Choc6, living in dwellings scattered along the 

and south, are seminomadic hunters, fishers, and far

tive importance of agriculture as opposed to hunting 

with the environment (Stout, 1948 b).

Linares (MS., 1962) has made a persuasive argum

similar distribution of the aboriginal tribes at the 

quest, i.e., that the Indians encountered by the S

main for is the of chronicles Cham6 the Cuna. thatese as The alsoSitio presented western archeology Coiba the points: sources) inhabitants Guaymi. were Conte) In only and (seesupport Panama Guaymi, (a) by native may Cueva is of Lothrop, that Steward definitely Steward Cocl6 of of be vocabulary are wstern the and languages classified (with now firstnames 1937, in that andrepresentative 1948. Panama portion recognized the those Faron fof with mayfrom possible the a They to of correspond the detailed Cocl6 (1959), described chiefs the this as ofCircum-Cwere east and native Prointhesis, Guaymlisted howedescof signgroin to C
4 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHN

alliances of subchiefs under the control of 

p

chiefs" such as Parita, Nata, Urracai, and Esc

indicated by the presence of chiefs and slaves. 

with stockades and were relatively small comp

u

concentrations in Mexico and Peru. Thus, N

the largest settlements in the area, was estimaEh

a population of only 1,500 persons (Lothrop, 1

h

of Nata were circular with cane walls and r

Subsistence, based on a combination of hu

cultivation of maize, peppers, sweet manioc

calabashes and gourds (Lothrop, 1937, p. 16

like that of today with the exception of po

crops. Although it is not clear whether cotton 

it was utilized for ceremonial robes and armo

for other than religious or warlike activities; b

the decorative function of clothing, and gold, j

was worn by the wealthier classes. In huntin

u

made of nets, snares, traps, and pits, and gam

with dogs and grass fires. Presumably the 

deer were dispatched with spears. Lothrop du

of the bow and arrow specifically except for thkb

were also taken by noose and net. Fish were ca

h

line, and this reliance on nets for both game and h

paucity of stone or bone points, at least in the W

utilized for fighting included wooden clubs, d

pikes although, again, these were not fitted 

b

points but were made of chontal, a hardwood 

b

to a tough edge or point. Cotton armor was r

of Coiba Island off the coast of southern Ve

impression that warfare, carried out for the p

common deserted prestige, activity. the nobles Oviedo's fire however, filled smothered containing was deiccation with together involved territory, areas people narrative in that Funerary Azuero earth, to the and death. the and ofwith Parita in and, faggots, andbandoned. pit the (as slaves, practices the their wth probably, Evidence Cocl6 bdies given siteslatter wives andccording the design by herein of reported ceremony. timbers dead slves, Lothrop, of nobles and style burning to discusseservantsand was theso by over polythe 19tha TStb4rbb
Ladd] PARITA AND SANTA MARIA ARCHEOLOGY, 

CERAMIC TYPOLOGY

The aim of this typological classification is to ac

ceramic units which will have chronological or are

type-variety system (Wheat, Gifford, and Wasley, 

ley, and Gifford, 1960) was used in classifying the pol

since this scheme offers considerable flexibility an

increasing use in nearby areas such as Middle Ame

plest form, the system consists of establishing sm

(varieties) on the basis of shared modes or attribut

gressively linking these into larger and more inclus

which are bound together by fewer shared attrib

turn, are combined if necessary into ceramic group

Again following Gifford, the term "design style" 

express a general similarity of decorative style which 

does, crosscut the typological groupings.

Essentially, the groupings evolved out of an ex

sample. The whole vessels decorated in Azuero d

chrome were described vessel by vessel, primarily 

become familiar with the various elements compri

but also to bring to the fore whatever other attri

treatment or construction might be significant. The

ing the descriptive data was prepared for each vess

this process was completed, certain groupings had 

on the basis of shared design elements, styles of de

ments, and/or modes of shape or construction detail

were then further refined by study of the sherds 

vessels from other collections. Some varieties were 

stance by the discovery of additional vessels which 

in what had previously been very wealdy represente

tional element combinations found on a characteristi

which resultcognizable not theunrecognized vessel nant The design. shapes, decorated The combined definition main as or Nispero 693-817-64-2 of form. occur clea. dcisive none For this unifying in with entities, a regularly example, shapes lack of No variety, of There distinctive in a which some single attribute of characteristic all to whereas consistency, are cases th however, enough varieties is acategory a characteristic style espcially El as infew Hatillo with one a towith criterion as varieties is decorative of variety som be others did basedttribute frequent, characteristic variety classified the varieties combinatiofor might which the on admissiarrangdistingincludone li was but as be stahao
6 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHN

vague affiliations with the types as establis

variety, although placed with the Parita type, 

with the Macaracas type, and the Calabaz

which were grouped as a separate Calabaza pb

sufficiently related to one of the three major 

b

combined with it. Others, for example the 

possibly should be combined since their sha

design elements are so frequently shared. H

are inherent in any system of classification wh

possible variables and subtleties of impression 

Azuero or Cocl6 styles. It is worth noting, as 

used in this report was necessarily established 

b

quate stratigraphic checks. These varieties, 

sions of ceramic units, or clusters of attrib

h

chronological and areal significance. The cb

used with the obvious caveat that since the

b

limited sample of total aboriginal manufacture 

p

place, they are subject to revision in the light ok

In the same way that no one category of a

decisive in distinguishing varieties from eac

explicit rule in grouping varieties into types. 

obtruded themselves from the material at h

larger grouping was apparent first, and vari

tinguished later. The El Hatillo type is based p

of design style and, to some extent, shapes whib

readily distinguishable from other vessels; 

were separated out only after further examin

attributes are obviously shared between types

whether a variety belonged in type A or type B b

of the subjective impression that it was more 

of variety) in sites isic this at complexes decorated it characteristic "classic" The one a presumably discussing higher case on polychrome type ceramic the this placed Chiriqui wares. level of than basewas theof the group includes of to within of the difficult Late and generalization; As those grave the differences area as distinct Azuero other a Period used of only ad type, complex, to another. detmine time hercamics, from Peninsula. pottery is Cocl6 or left a is and device similarities or the simply In with graves that exclude

pottery of bichroand some whiloca It foa tvhbpbpp
Ladd] PARITA AND SANTA MARIA ARCHEOLOGY, 

The term is used here as a general referent rather 

defined concept.

Procedure.-The ceramics from He-1 were ana

they seemed, on preliminary examination, to be rep

major ceramic classifications in the collection and we

able than those from the He-4 site. Not only w

smaller, but the major portion appeared to fit readily 

schemes already established by Lothrop for Sitio 

Willey and McGimsey for the Co-2 (Gir6n) site. D

were made out for each of the whole vessels from gr

The sherds were sorted according to the schemes m

although, at this preliminary stage, all "El Hatillo" 

polychrome sherds were lumped together for subse

tion after study of the He-4 material. On comple

counts, percentages of the different categories in 

level were computed. Detailed comparisons of the 

pottery were postponed until the He-4 study had 

Photographs and descriptive notes were used in th

whole vessels retained by the Museo Nacional de 

one-half of the total from He-1, He-2, and He-4.

In dealing with the material from the He-4 (E

different problem was faced; that of establishing a ty

chromes which had not previously been analyzed 

mentioned above, descriptive cards were prepared 

vessel covering such characteristics as dimension, 

paste coloring, construction details or anomalies and, 

elements. As new elements were discovered they w

element list. Finally, a photograph was taken of e

print attached to the back of the card. After card 

made for all of the whole vessels present at the Peab

istics naturally binations left visional was although the some Next, th occurrence the of Azuero polychrome typology. consolidation in then larger in the Panama grouping the included this on sherds designfurther of groups new Red-buff was, newAdditional wares but style werofr into here rfined into design available smaller different and some pottery sorted as varieties varieties wares. modification according at as element groups cases, He-1.according shapes, therough at Previously was as the varieties a into to combinations, consistent During two-way was made. Hey rim, resulted notes to larger noted hanle, types Mueum were the existing and This procesdifferefrom and sortinand and phogroanor pt
8 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHN

Indian and study of photographs and descrip

the University Museum of the University of 

ing to the sherd count, percentages were comp

analysis of the material by trenches was m

varieties and types well solidified, all grave lo

than one vessel were typed in an effort to 

suggested by the stratigraphic analysis. Stone

content of the graves and caches was noted, b

nonceramic material was not attempted at t

As a last step in the ceramic analysis, the c

at He-1 was reexamined and the Azuero de

were sorted, and the cache and grave ceram

and the sherds sorted. Willey and Stoddard

tions then were consolidated into the sections o

the Gir6n(Co-2) and Delgado (He-8) sites.

Technique.-In describing shapes, eight ba

hered to, e.g., plates, shallow open bowls, de

collarless jars, bird effigy jars, bottles, and m

as pot covers and incensarios. In some cases 

bowls, bowls versus jars) the categories overl

individual vessel might be placed in one as we

the classification was made for descriptive pu

statistical comparison, this overlapping is inco

ments of maximum diameter, maximum heig

minimum orifice were taken in the metric sy

centimeter. Pedestal heights were noted. H

as either loop (circular cross section) or strap 

and their location (shoulder, rim, etc.) and po

or horizontally placed) were noted. Bases 

plain or unmodified: i.e., as having varying 

ring, cm.ollarlike for were should fragmentary sherd, Color Gir6naccording characteristics, the Sherds as range in made that Co., much and be height; base of clear is to of within Baltimore, sand Delgado condition with as those the hues to and from but % were the Maerz a the to follows complete pedestal, low only the sites % tall ltter 1954). were attempted. of annular illustrations and flaring gross weretotal the examined category, a vessels Paul Paste Munsell category described vessel distinctions base pedestals Paste sym and of i.e., which undergenalheightthe Soil whicsurffirin"coby whm(Mm
Ladd] PARITA AND SANTA MARIA ARCHEOLOGY, P

and their classifications have been retained. In 

w

t

designs of the Azuero group, colors are described in t

usage, i.e., red, black, purple, etc., and, I believe

preciseness for the purposes of this typology. Red m

v

f

bright, or almost crimson, to dark or a burnt carm

p

ranges from burnt carmine to lilac, but these va

n

appear to have any consistent correlation with othe

is possible, although unlikely, that finer color distinct

m

b

valuable in later analyses, but their usefulness is n

this stage.
10 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETH

REVIEW OF PANAMANIAN A

HISTORICAL

As is frequently pointed out in the lite

history of archeological interest in Panama, d

of the Chiriqui cemeteries of Bugabita, B

1858-59 (McGimsey, 1959), the area still 

chronological sequence and continues to pre

picture. In the Cocl6 region a sequence wit

West, in the Chiriqui-Costa Rica region, chro

ning to appear, but elsewhere, in Veraguas 

very little to go on.

This situation may be attributed to archeo

country and to the nature of the sites them

the latter, most of the sites so far excavated h

or ceremonial in nature with little or no opp

use of stratigraphic analysis. When midden

they have normally been shallow and lack

cultural change. Probably as a reflection o

the archeological activity in Panama until 

cerned with the excavation of the more spe

or the typological analysis of funerary ware 

and assembled in private collections. The 

cations which have resulted from the analy

(Holmes, 1888; MacCurdy, 1911; Osgood, 1

Haberland, 1959), regardless of their typolog

be arranged in chronological order on the 

excavation. Holmes' and MacCurdy's wor

the excavations, notes, and collections of J. A

small collection of de Zeltner (de Zeltner, 18

logical graves was until of tion a 1927 Notdrdenskiald 1929). ernngaged, In ceremonial earlier and limited, in until b), general, the excavation in Panama In Atlantic but around wrks Costa1930's the this with there published site was arrival case, until by Rica, to the coastal in the there J. was huaqueros' Panama turn Cocl6 the of King excavation exception little the a 1920's. interest areas of major Province Merritt material Swedish the which or of activities no of century, was in and I Panama. professionVerrill's resulted (1860) Panama near 1925 expeditiin centerecontroonly and in PeA. aniss
Ladd] PARITA AND SANTA MARIA ARCHEOLOGY, P

tions by interested amateurs. In that decade, howev

Museum of Harvard University sponsored extensive 

Cocl6 Province under the direction of Henry B. Rob

K. Lothrop. These resulted in Lothrop's two volum

which presented not only a sensitive and extremely th

tion of the rich ceremonial remains uncovered at the 

also the first chronological scheme for any area of P

field excavation and the first systematic survey of th

Cocle and Herrera provinces. In the same decade, 

the results of a small but careful tomb excavation in 

1936) and J. Alden Mason (1942) undertook furthe

Sitio Conte in 1940.

Lothrop's interest continued, resulting in his 195

a description of the archeology of southern Verag

study of museum collections and a few small-scale exc

ever, no additions to the chronology so far establi

until the 1950's. This decade saw more serious arche

gation and publication for the Panama area than a

the period of Holmes and MacCurdy. Lothrop un

tions at Venado Beach, the findings of which are soon 

The Smithsonian Institution expeditions in 1948 and 

direction of Matthew W. Stirling, excavated in the P

at Utiv6 near the Pacora River east of the Canal Z

in Veraguas, and at Barriles in Chiriqui. These we

Harvard expedition to the Parita area in 1952. Mu

material has been published (Willey, 1951; Willey 

1952, 1954; and Willey and Stoddard, 1954) while oth

are in preparation or have been published in a pre

(Stirling, 1949, 1950). In addition, McGimsey (1956

preceramic site of Cerro Mangote in the same area, th

with Wassen of have the above-listed at Cocle collection 1960) Chiriqui area In grave Monagrillo two range Ladd, and recent long sequence has small-scale (1960) collections area in from of given played 1957, years publications Chiriqui. of Panama and at Far andPanama. preliminary Sitio provided Marshall an excavations intermediate or Fan Mahler excavations important Conte. archeology In of Beach Feriz addition, Willey, a has (1961) relative publication in in published phases (1959) role in which the back Stoddard, have Veraguas, the in chronology Canal hs (with he theoamateur both the also took about his archeoZone and some analyand publipublexpafoaMH(
12 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHN

organized, with the encouragement of Dr. L

Archaeological Society of Panama which pub

the "Panama Archaeologist." The Society h

bers to utilize formal archeological technique

with systematic reports. As a result, in the 

of new sites such as Rancho Sancho de la Isla 

1960), Cham6 area sites (Bull, 1959), Las Filip

1959), and Panam Viejo in the Canal Zone 

reported. There have also been a number of 

nature dealing with projectile points, b

whorls, etc.

The next few years, besides seeing increasi

by the members of the Archaeological Society 

witness publication of Lothrop's excavation

Stirling's excavations at Barriles, and the res

Linares' excavations, especially those along th

in the summer of 1961.

GEOGRAPHICAL

Although the archeological regions into w

traditionally divided, Chiriqui, Veraguas, 

losing their cultural distinctness as our knowle

225; and Lothrop, 1959), with the addition of th

theless provide a suitable framework for a br

archeological situation to date (chart 1).

CHIRIQUf

Despite the fact that a beginning is being m

of a sequence in Chiriqui through the dating 

wares, the filling out of the chronological fra

ware cultural Concepci6n excavations. descriptive time, faround fhasor or Groningen The 340+45 the not benf on iwith beginning industrial the fully content the a dated Laboratory). analyses grave phase scarified B.C. area Concepcion At described at awaits and the effect of atis (personal 2045+45 of found ware. Pueblo the present the funerary (Suess the in squence Phase The results in print, publication Examples Nuevo communication shallow B.P. time effect), characteristic complexes. (Haberland, of but we in (Feriz, blow McGimgraves Chiriquthis areof appaof the lim19daa Hl
CHIRIQUI VERAGUAS COCLt CANAL 

1952 La Arena

Conquest (Iron tools) Alliga- El Tigre 

tor ware 

Herrera Herrera 

Late Cocl6 Late Cocl6

[R.C. A

Early CoceL6 

Early C

Santa Maria Santa Maria [R.C. A

A.D.

B.C. S

Scarified, 

(R.C. 340 B.C.) 

GAP

Sarigua 

2000 Monagrillo

B.C. (R.C. 2130 B.C.)

5000 B.C. CHART 1.-Sequences Cerro of 4853 Panamanian Mangote B.C.) (R.C. archeological Futed rgiop
14 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETH

but lacking the stone slab covers so often 

tombs containing the "classic" Chiriquf wa

the same scarified ware, some carved in the 

have also been reported from the Concepci6

Since scarified ware has not been found in a

Chiriqui wares, and one of the latter, alliga

associated with iron tools (Stone, 1958, p. 

scarified ware and the Concepci6n Phase are 

The main "classic" Chiriqui wares cons

modeled adornos (armadillo-terra cotta w

modeled ware with red geometric and da

handled ware), and two polychrome wares 

different techniques, i.e., negative and posi

ware and alligator ware). Vessels of these w

together in many of the deeper oval or re

Chiriqui area. Associated with this com

rattles (identical in shape to Calabaza va

spindle whorls decorated with nodes and in

polychrome figurines, "stools" of clay, mo

vessels which may have been drums, and 

Also found in the cemeteries are metates of b

the ornately carved type, triangular cross se

bells (Holmes, 1888, p. 49) and gold or tumba

all this material has been recovered from "

very little human bone is reported. The fi

ciated with alligator ware fixes the termina

but the duration of its prior existence is unkn

of the complex extend up into Costa Rica bu

to the east, other than in terms of broad t

modeling and tripod supports on plain or re

which found Herrera correspond while gourd Calabaza variety. styles of types,he 3 The Macaracas, the "classic" term Herrera illustrated bottle are in all toPhases "phase" Herrera Probable Lothrop's variety of found Phase which shape, Chiriqui is Parita used of wasin Early in of the hereset and trade quantity are does Holmes Parita, up and to Coclk complex (Yampi on conform Coclk, of Late the vssels exist generally basis region. Coc6 suggestive to in and current and of between and wasVeraguas. of Periods the MacCurdy 8the He-4practice, one Ortiga coevallate at material

Late of very the Sitiobut pa w
Ladd] PARITA AND SANTA MARIA ARCHEOLOGY, P

VERAGUAS

The archeology of Veraguas has been fully treat

1950 volume, and little has been accomplished since 

picture.

No sequence has yet been determined for the area

of what is known from the numerous grave collecti

the basis of its association with either Late Cock6 o

style vessels, to be late. Lothrop (1950, p. 79) and 

however, report the presence of Early Cock6 Phase ve

tombs, at least one of which also contained a typica

ware jar with looped ribbon legs. Sites excavated 

divided by Lothrop into two types: (a) refuse beds c

and (b) deep shaft tomb burials. The former are k

the Montijo Gulf area including the western shore 

Peninsula (Lothrop, 1950, p. 16; Dade, 1959) and con

with pottery vessel covers and associated funerary o

which were Cock4 style ceramics. The graves of thes

pits, 2-3 meters deep with earthen floors. The de

have been found in practically all other areas of sou

Veraguas. These shaft graves have been likened to th

but not other areas of Panama, although conical pits 

to those of Lothrop's type "d" graves, but without the 

or stone slab, were found at He-1.

The ceramics of Veraguas as characterized by L

single dull red to dark brown ware which is often 

partly transparent orange wash. Shapes include co

jars with either strap or loop handles placed vertically 

on the shoulder, jars with angled shoulders, tripod bo

legs and tripod jars, vessels with looped ribbons of 

hollow characteristic half Veraguas, chrome traded coms personal Azuerodditional well personal manufacture included Although jars, as increasingly pottery from design vessels discoveries communication at double cmmunication) it finds leastin appeared the of only style 1946, rings, found Azuero rim province published the of probable, at when bowls, by eastern Veraguas), effigy in least, tha design Veraguas Dade to Lothrop of further whistles, Lothrop) by and most werepotions as Cocl6 Mahler style and suggested others. three-lobed actually if graves reinforce completed or not Mitchell and vessels that of the (1961) southern all Other "drums." (Lothrop, by manyufactuof Azuero had thevessels, Dade his ofthe and pottef a convoluVerPan20dianthW1P
16 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETH

The stone industry encountered in the ce

primarily toward Chiriqui in its triangular cp

with diamond-shape cross section and com

p

and ornately carved three- and four-legged m

Although a sequence based on stratigraphy i

pl

for the Veraguas area, grave associations, as p

bL

(1950, p. 76) would include a span covering at l

t

E

L

Cocle Phases. The date of A.D. 782 for a ste

uw

was found a gold figurine of probable Veragu

wbw

within the Cocl6 time span as revised by VBA

for the Azuero styles, Wassen in 1960 illustrafMt

vessels (Higo and Pica-pica varieties) which w

i

at La Pefna with typical Veraguas half jars a

r

v

and Mahler (1961) also illustrates Macaracas t

vf

at the same site associated with Veraguas p

w

T

limits of the sequence as far as I know are also 

it

M

article, the earliest being Santa Maria Phase 

n

i

p

collections in the area and the terminal da

l

suggested by the discovery in two instances 

i

t

it

deep shaft graves. The finding of El Hatil

tv

variety) (Lothrop, 1942, fig. 229; 1950, fig. 1

t

i

shape between the double-rimmed bird effigy j

N

v

vessels from Parita would also indicate a post L

t

p

DARIEN

Linn6's report on the N6rdenski6ld expedi

tions along both the Atlantic and Pacific coa

P

i

t

primary work on the area. In fact, the only 

in Panama east of the Canal Zone publish

w

I am aware, are the preliminary description o

t

U

t

basis found Peru.upper route a found whichpainted acterized an water excavations 4 Strombus sequence early from These of mollusks. across Pacora two contained Chiloe pottery, the peruvianus distributiofis chronological by types for Island absence undertaken both the River with the to shells and Linn6 of are Isthmus. Ecuador, plain a from region. sites; of distribution (Stirling, another of position W. painted notes and and in locally H. one Solen Dall 1954 Neither from On polychrome both with 1950) with in pottery (Tagelus) for Peru 1909 extinct the in the the rectanguas round to and an cited Pearl of dombey lack western rounand specthein atteCrpodoLiocrtBlwIhLimmuLptptcnfvtTip
Ladd] PARITA AND SANTA MARIA ARCHEOLOGY, 

round dwelling sites with Central America including 

and, on the other hand, the "very great resemblance

ceramics to Azuero and Coclk design styles (Linn , 19

I concur in the latter part of this statement,' but feel 

incising (Linn6, 1929, fig. 26-F, -C) is reminiscent o

nique since found on Venado Beach Incised variety 

The pottery at Utiv6 is primarily modeled and 

with a great variety of forms, but a few sherds of blac

ware with geometric designs were found. These ma

to Venado Beach and the Aristide group (Stirling, 19

As a result of his Darien excavations in 1954, Cru

pottery styles: (a) the Escorromulo style encounter

the eastern shores of Darien (i.e., the west shore of the 

and (b) the La Villa style which is characteristic o

recovered along the Rio Chucunaque and about th

the Gulf of San Miguel. The former style, consisti

vessels with finger impression, incision and puncta

associated with 16th-century European pottery and 

Cruxent notes the similarities between it and the cer

and La Gloria farther down the coast. The La Vil

A.D. 1775 (Cruxent, 1958, p. 183) also consists of 

decorated with notching along the lips, and notched V

ribbons which Cruxent believes has its closest simil

Tigre Phase ceramics of the Parita Delta to the we

of the illustrations for the two groups reveals simi

and decoration, as well as differences, and support

gestion that La Villa is probably somewhat later tha

Also in the vicinity of the Gulf of San Miguel on 

of the San Lorenzo Peninsula near the village of G

Cruxent found additional evidence of western influen

which In and motif and shapes, bases present pl. islanders. (common and Miguel 6 5 La Attributes Linn6,1929, Gir6n Parita He-2. 13). of Villa (occasional are itounded in figure in present El types. which is Figure examples, La Tigre); shared He 23 type figure possible Villa, bases, is in Certainly, in more 25-B similar notes La and by 24, absent and Interior Villa oftenVilla, illustrates the is the in identical identical El the and squaring has that in that general absentTigre El absent thickened general a Tigre); however, rectangular in lip Banded the Phase te feeling, in off shape notching in El of the El Pearl Tigre); and vessel pottery bowl though Tigre; and bottlelike ceramic rounded scroll rims, on variety horizontal with applique and Islands horizontal not a was design fw a the Jarcommon or in sherds. slightly details La (present affinities the ribbons similar obtained banding Ings Villa open are feature of just exception Differences pointed style to inexecution, festooned visible of Achote La below bol the in include of Villa, El rims. by rim the DTvin intbb
18 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETH

to date are more to the northwestern porti

incised and modeled wares than to western 

CANAL ZONE

The Canal Zone may be viewed as a t

Darien with its emphasis on unpainted, mod

and the Cocle-Parita-Azuero area to the w

veloped polychrome tradition. Thus polych

and other vessels with affinities to the Santa 

found at Venado Beach, while at a cemet

River to the west, modeled and incised urns h

1959) which appear to be more in the D

modeled and incised ware has been describ

(Marshall, 1949).

With regard to chronology, this area ma

the earliest material in Panama in view of 

fragments demonstrating fluting which have 

Madden Lake, as well as fragments of othe

which show an exceedingly fine chipping tec

of other regions of Panama (Mitchell, 195

Beyond these faint indications of a possible 

there is a long gap to the early polychrom

Venado Beach and Panamh Viejo (Biese, 19

open bowls with white ovate spaces in bla

duplicated on sherds from Santa Maria Ph

site, were recovered. At Venado Beach, E

were also recovered as well as examples of w

ware type, Venado Beach Incised variety, 

He-i and He-2 and apparently contempo

Carbon-14 dates from "typical urns" conta

reported years of timespan investigation. grave designs. control the Phase Ithese polychrome material is ago sequence characterized over in by dates Th for (ca. this Lothrop the from the A.D. Monagrillo region is at styles archeology correct, Gir6n Sitio the 960) by as COCLEn, of there. Gi6n pottery Conte 1,750 type (Lothrop, Panama site or has site PARITA, whether Then suggested next years Banded with become suggsted that 1960). provideWilley black ago AZUERboth Lip the appa (t
Ladd] PARITA AND SANTA MARIA ARCHEOLOGY, P

CERAMIC

DATE PHASE GROUPS 

Modern La Arena La Are

La Are

Conquest El Tigre El Tigr

Herrera Azuero El Hati

Parita 

Red an

Delgad

Ca

Late Coci6 Azuero-CocI6 Macara

Late C

at Si

Smoked 

Red Li

Delgad

Early Cocl6 Cock6 Early C

at Si

Gir6n P

Smoked 

Red Li

Santa Maria Aristide Escot4 

Escotd 

Escotd 

Gir6n P

Gir6n R

Gir6n P

Plastic 

Red Li

GAP

Sarigua Sarigua 

Sarigua 

Sarigua 

Sarigua 

Sarigua 

ceramic 5000 Panama Cerro with 2000 1956; Recapitulating B.C. B.C. theWilley, Mangote stone Cerro with Cerro Monagrillo 1958). complex a Mangote sitehe carbon-14 Mangote pushed culture with CHART material the Lithic, history date a ramic 2.-Cocl6 date archeological of characterized for of Pre-Ce- roughly region 4853 this area horizon 100 MonagrMonagr2,000 of by B.Pa 
20 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ET

and pebble grinder complex, recovered fro

near the old shoreline. With these were fo

p

basin boulder metates, flakes and cores, and 

b

no pottery to speak of (five sherds only, alb

and very little worked bone. Both flexed a

b

found, with the latter the more frequent. br

indicated a dependence on oysters, crabs, bt

lower layer changing to oysters alone in 

u

mammal ratio remained fairly constant, w

p

followed by small mammals, turtles, birds, 

The next phase, Monagrillo, also is foun

h

old shoreline (at least four sites bearing Mph

been excavated) and suggests very much thk

for Cerro Mangote but with the addition opM

grillo site, a pebble grinder and chopper st

that at Cerro Mangote was recovered wit

bowl fragment. The pottery complex is copp

thick ware bowls and beakers (88-96 pe

p

p

stratum) and secondarily of a buff ware p

r

designs. In addition, there were 200 to 

ware and 70 sherds of incised ware with botb

predominantly curvilinear motifs. Oyster 

prised the bulk of the midden, and the di

b

remains included deer, turtle, fish, and fresh 

The Sarigua Phase, which apparently folh

the Monagrillo Phase (scanty evidence at M

gested it was either contemporaneous with p

the Monagrillo occupation), also is represen

on the flats of an old lagoon. This phase bt

presence of a very thin monochrome potter

p

because report at bowl i.e., possibly Maria designs deposit, Stonework chipped Conte McGimsey There Sitio applique, forms and Phase into in Cnte polls, of that follows agriculture black He-4. includes tohe with characterized of punctation, be a (Ladd, shift Gir6n, on theype a a different presumed a Santa predilection manos Cocalito red, is in characteristic 1957), Escoth, postulated site buff, Maria and from by and and location gap site or inland striation, and for celts any the Phase occasionallin as Red concentrof Darien. the Giron other sites with and the ceramand sequLinathptpppWpLbbbthbbr
Ladd] PARITA AND SANTA MARIA ARCHEOLOGY, P

terror has been found at He-1 and He-2 along with E

p

chromes. At the Giron site, the bulk of this Aristid

and Escott types) underlay Coc16 polychrome sherdTu

black bands and solids in rectangular or triangular m

r

buff everted lips of open bowls is characteristic of t

B

L

variety and, together with the ground color ovate in a b

r

motif which appears sparingly at the Gir6n site, is a 

rence at Venado Beach and has been reported from PV

Vessels of this sort, called Black Line Geometric w

b

L

but more often with white than buff ground were 

iE

Period graves at Sitio Conte. It therefore appears t

Maria Phase represented by both Escott and Gir6n typt

Cock6 styles, but that the Giron type pottery continued t

bp

well into the Early Cock6 Phase.

The following sequences for the area are a bit m

phases are not as easily delineated as the earlier 

A

Conte a Late Period has been established based prim

in design motifs and vessel shapes in the polychrom

P

R

and Smoked ware classifications. This is followed b

presumably a brief period of decline represented by a f

minimal ceramic content. In the Parita Bay loca

t

postulated by Willey and McGimsey begins with an A

followed by a mixture of El Hatillo, La Mula and P

of which would be contemporary with the polychr

p

Sitio Conte. These in turn are followed by El Tigre 

m

L

Arena. As Willey and McGimsey point out, the A

consisting of about 460 sherds in the trough fill at t

M

site and 4 probably associated chipped poll celts, is i

certainty at only one site. The pottery consists 

A

P

collared jars, vertical sided bowls, and Alvina Red 

grillo. Earlybut None wuld outfaring and jarscollared Daubsherds on those 12-15 white, teseMcGimsey with 693-817-64-3 of canm.) be Cock6 in In variety the jars vertically-placed few probable oneut be support collars strap Red occurred are definitely black affiliations of wide-mouthed see handles place Daubed on and of association affinities on small this,n buff, occasionally deep classified of isvariety the jars. strap Alvina and significant. to bowls similarity jars polychrome with the handles The one with encountered at Plain Cock6 the in H-1 with red large a of the Alvina particular of arend tradition Vertical and shape tradition outslanting (4-5 the later charactecream, He-2. at AlvinCompcm. betwHe-red ratstvworWtMtphHttRTfptbibntr
22 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETH

believe, then, that Alvina is probably a loc

kind of complex found a short distance awa

He-1 and He-2, but without the Gir6n type 

excluded it, therefore, from the chronologic

La Mula, like Alvina, was defined by Wi

tentative complex, and they note its affin

Azuero ceramics (Willey and McGimsey, 

appraisal suggests even more strongly that i

Delgado Red. The pottery, characterized j

with occasional vertically placed loop hand

jars with horizontal loop handles, occurs in a 

a polychrome variation. Sherds of the latt

that designs could not be discerned bey

black bands and broad red bands. Chipped 

blades were associated. As a complex, this 

material from He-4 and He-8, the La Mula 

considered together within the range of firin

to brick red) for Delgado Red. Certainly 

both groups, as are the chipped poll celts 

chrome sherds with the exception of those pa

It therefore appears reasonable to absorb La 

thus placing it chronologically with the La

Conte, or later. La Mula was recognized a

Bay area and, considered as Delgado Red

graphical range of the latter to some extent.

The El Tigre Complex, consisting of sev

massive heavy pottery with collared jar an

been described as probably the remains of 

along the coastal flats. 'The pottery was f

at He-5 (the Monagrillo site) and at other si

resembles ferences Willey supported from contemporary chart Macaracas Sitio evidence more (at Asleast noted Conte, of the 2 and for a in to at Calderon geographical the by the elsewhere chronology be type McGimsey He-4, but Cruxent's with modern distinct graves) vesels ParitaLate appar or in pottery andt El difference from this La as and ColeD, have that Hatillo to Appendix of Villa report, it, El be site colonial been of andHatillo and style later thanL and, site the in found has 1 Arenain part fo one ag, highldevefrom (He-typDabecio
Ladd] PARITA AND SANTA MARIA ARCHEOLOGY, P

suggested post-Cocl6 position is supported by the 

Trench 11 of Sitio Conte where Azuero style sherds 

Hatillo) increased in proportion in the upper levels 

chromes declined. Further discussion of these late

Cocl region may be found on pages 221-225.
24 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETH

EL HATILLO (HE-4

SITE DESCRIPTION

The site known as El Hatillo (fig. 1), desi

site surveyed and excavated in 1948 by D

G. R. Willey, lies on land owned by Sr. Juan 

of a mile from the Parita River, Herrera 

miles south of the town of Parita. The sit

of what appear to be flat-topped mounds o

300 yards west of a hill named Cerro de l

Minas). The mounds were covered with p

is record of at least one of them (designa

having undergone partial excavation prior to 

ably before the 1948 season, and certainly 

probed by huaqueros and members of the 

Panama. The Dade collection specimens, 

American Indian, listed from the Finca Cal

from this site as well as many of those 

Philip L. Dade of the Society recently excav

at the site (personal communication from 

Dr. Russell H. Mitchell of the Society has 

collection also from the same site (Mitchell, 

Drs. Stirling and Willey put down trenche

and three additional test pits in the flat

excavations follows.

MOUND I; TRENCH 

The mound is roughly circular, about 20 

was excavated to a maximum depth of 6.7 m

Trench 1, a 3 X 10 meter trench laid out on 

low at A noted were a in meters were nothern base, 1.0 areas of burial, one theabout "flor" meter mortar fundscattered a of at mixed southeast respectively. facing distinct and end 1.5 and, depth of at sones. Find withmeters of waterworn about through in depth corner of fill, the part, pink384, roughly 50 Other in and mound Additional of a made (burned?) the cm. of thecache 1.2 three stones the special trench. 2.0 thick south meers. was up trench of meters. ash of pottery about clay smaller faced extnding features profile, irregularllayers at at Two with the depa Fraand findeanlood
440

M.fI MOUND I

MOUND 

He-4, 1948

Z

MOUND X 

FIGURE 1.-He-4, 1948. (This map was made with a Brunton coM
26 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETH

METERS

HUMUS

LIGHT YELLOW CLAY FILL

-- - ---- L

- - P

C

PINK CLAY AND ASH

LIGHT YELLOW CLAY FILL

2

DARK GRAY FILL LIGHT YELLOW CL

2- (SAND AND ASH)

---- 

LIGG-

3

RED CLAY

LIGHT GRAY CLAY G

3-

4

LIGHT YELLOW-WHITE CL

GRAY ASH C - WES

with layers mound involving of Red-buff not Alhough The cremation represent the suggest lack in exception or there a of "utilitarian" series FiGuRr use an occupational that such wasaccumulation of of of 2.-He-4, the fire-hence a as stages, the relatively mound burned ware floors, refuse Mound each sherds due the mayigh and bones layers connected to I, ash takenhe have actual Trenchnumbelayeor or pebfifbubwbTinbviTtnhtm
Ladd] PARITA AND SANTA MARIA ARCHEOLOGY, P

but rather incidental fill inclusion which may have com

habitation areas. A fuller discussion of the stratigra

in the section dealing with chronology, but it is worth 

even on the assumption that the mound was const

there appears to be present the basis of a gross str

is assumed that the fill of each successive stage was o

surrounding surface areas, the ceramic culture of th

particular stage and that of their predecessors shoul

the stratigraphy. Actually, as described in the chron

a definite rise in the frequency of the El Hatillo and 

apparent in the upper levels, combined with a drop in 

Macaracas type.

The mound as a whole contained significant num

group sherds of all types; Cocl6 and Aristide groups 

represented. The main graves and caches were 

Macaracas type polychrome vessels and all were 

lowest ash layer.

MOUND II; TRENCH 2.

Mound II was a small (14 meters in diameter), alm

mound. Trench 2, a 10X3 meter cut on a north

located near the center of the mound. Apparen

rubbish, the mound consisted of a single stratum of r

red clay suggesting purposefully piled-up fill. Wi

were found one large burial, Find 10, and three 

Finds 14, 16, and 18, and two caches which may hav

as one. All of the burials are of the same type a

contain Jobo variety polychromes. The two caches 

with modeled adornos which are rare for the site. Al

material from the fill included all types except Cal

find units are limited to one or two types and suggest 

was located the long its mound or tonumber There Mound intrusions 1948 plateau southern constructed by were on fill 15 of by III, the mters was MOUND no sherds, contour. a of portion burnedthe edge Columbian, amorphous any to wide most cver III; a of kind large floors, the Oval where TRENCHES and thoroughly these excpt plateau in and proportion in reached fire structure shape, the particular consisted pits, for 3, with plateau excavated a pits A, ash the maximum of a B, with layers, excavated burials. sloping mound which of C, slopes no an AND of or heigevidall mebas"ahwersi4, da 
28 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHN

N

3-A

3-C

4-A 4-B r 

zz

Mound III

FIGURE 3.-Relationship of trenches in 

metate implements were curred nor there complete than wereand intentionally entire mutilate any simple present found; one any vssel. singlylegs, sterile the pottery vessel.vidence likewise bowls that vessels hainmerstones, in broken, or In some areas. occasionally vessels is, On fact, wih that beyond bottles were or quantity. the itStone pedestals ceremonially were the seems rare, other a with in and mound minimal recovered, implements, pairs, but hand, probable No spouts celt missing unworked human was but "killed" fragmemany amounbrokand theusethaas e
Ladd] PARITA AND SANTA MARIA ARCHEOLOGY, 

complete vessels from this mound appear quite "ne

signs of wear. The great majority of the incomp

vessels from Mound III were varieties of the Parita 

baza type. The El Hatillo variety was fairly hea

No complete vessels of the Macaracas type were enco

there were numerous Macaracas type, Higo variety, 

sherds. The mound evidently was ceremonial in n

ently was erected during the space of time represent

type ceramics (i.e., probably a short period late in th

the nature of the ceremony is not apparent. It is pos

burial remained undetected in the mound or under i

The mound was excavated by two main trenche

tended until a considerable portion of the mound 

Trench 3, an 11X3 meters cut, was first laid out 

axis somewhat east of the center of the mound. 

were made to this trench: Trench 3-A, a 3X3 m

north end of Trench 3; Trench 3-B, a 5X3 meter

tion to Trench 3; and Trench 3-C, a westward add

near its northern end. The basal red clay of the 

countered at a depth of 2.8 meters in the south end 

Trench 4, located 3 meters west of Trench 3 and 

to it, was 6.5 meters long by 4.0 meters wide. It la

an additional 3 meters to the north by Trench 4-A a

join Trench 3 by the addition of Trench 4-B.

In view of the completely unstratified nature of th

material was, for the most part, not bagged by level 

this study as material selected at random from the 

MOUND Iv; TRENCH 5

This mound, a relatively small one about 80 cm. h

the plateau blends The cm. rock state of these of (red-buff) Material rubbish. 218 any edge mound thick of that are into sherdsort theslope of selected ware. under the a mound from wereis the transition from and material covered plateau recovered the which No sherds its base the mound, burials, southern layer with looked top and a with snce layr in level of plateau. the present complete the its clay very only end usual of of mound. nrthern and organic 0-50 much on 24 at Comments thin vessels, gray of a Peabody cm., like small them layer end stained midden and a or extrislvarof fMs
30 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETH

Trench 5, a 7X3 meters cut, was laid o

n

and carried down to the sterile clay rock 

tm

bi

except the center section of the trench whe

i

i

the clay rock for a total depth of 1.25 meter

MOUND v; TRENCH 6

This is a small mound relatively close to tp

1.4 meters in maximum height built over a 

it

plateau. Trench 6, an 8X2 meters cut laid tl

of the mound (east-west), revealed the mou

t

bp

u

stratified yellow clay fill with an intrusion of ft

Both fill areas contained a few sherds. Th

fl

stone ax (Find 219) from the center of the m

Material from this mound, present at Pea

M

of 16 sherds from the top level of the mound

MOUND VI; TRENCH 

Mound VI is a small roughly circular mo

mi

diameter and 1.5-2 meters deep. Trench 

m

was laid out on the eastern slope of a north-

F

vation suggests that the horizontally bande

litu

f

may be either occupational or purposeful fil

tr

l

of sherds in the light layer below point more 

tp

fill. The dirty brown and gray layer below ttb

old weathered surface with refuse intrustion

Nf

r

from the mound nor were any features of sign

n

t

a few lumps of red fired clay, one with white p

p

ent in the first and second levels.

MOUND VII; TRENCH 7

layer south floors as from cation and generally vation and oe 60-100 that Although well the vessel. 2 Level the of and axis.nd between was as cm. mound light-brown profile, to considerable scattered 2 up carried this Trench (150-200 the Field Lvel into yielded the a is burned seris not cmments the down upper 1 pieces fill 7, cm.) (0-150 amounts a a lower runs of wealth 10X3 large plaster to layersh of contained a roughly portion cm.), human are mound, deposits considerable meters of ofand burials scanty, burned mottled-band clay long of along pottercu, rougalong Levthe anlubpbwm5 mfumtlnbrfrpAmbtlftltjLt
13 12 11 10 9 a8 6 5 4 

MIXED REFUSE AND FILL

(GRAY-BROWN) 

LIGHT 

U N. E X C A V A T E D GRAY-B

S

BEDROCK 

M. 

FIGURE 4.-He-4, Mound VI, Trench 11, west face.
METERS I 2 3 4 5 6 7 9 to 9 a 7 6 

HUMUS-REFUSE 

qz :: MIXED 

I DARK MIXED FILL- (MOTTLED BROWN) 

L GRAY CK .--- --- 

E FILL . 

v BEDE 

ROCK

S 2 LIGHT BROWN FILL_ B

BED 3 BEDROCK ROCK

UNEXCAVATED 

44

N N -1--',EEZ D-AS4 

TAN FILL

60 Cl-R AIFL -, West Face FIGURE 5.-He-4, Trench 7. E
Ladd] PARITA AND SANTA MARIA ARCHEOLOGY, P

3

above. The relative lack of layering, combined wit

t

p

o

many burials, suggests that the mound was erect

p

f

mortuary purposes, possibly in two stages; one rep

b

t

lower light-brown fill, the other by the mixed fill of m

b

MISCELLANEOUS TEST PITS

In addition to the trenches in the five mounds a

d

three tests were made in other areas of the site.

Trench 8, a 5X3 meters test pit in the flat area b

M

III and V and somewhat closer to the former, was e

i

2

cm. levels to a depth of 1.5 meters in the northeast c

T

p

yielded abundant sherds, especially in the second 25

cl

o

yellow-gray fill. Because the refuse is much deepe

te

M.0 I 2 3

20 HUMUS-REFUSE L

40 YELLOW-GRAY FILL-SHERDS 2 E

60 V

80 TRANSITION-LIGHTER 14 S

0 CLAY-ROCK RED CLAY 

120

140,

CMS.

M.0 I 2 3 4 5 6 7

FIGURE 2 BEDROCK 6.-He-4. Fd.370 BD-O Upper, CONCENTRATED LIGHT Trench Fd. HUMUS BROWN 374BROWN AND BEDROCK 8, REFUSE GRAY MIDDEN east FILL REFUSE face; lower, Tre2 LESef
34 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETH

end of the pit near Mound III, the stratigra

b

torted by the presence of Mound III refuse. 

it was in 25 cm. levels, this pit probably offer

graphic evidence from the site.

Trench 9, a 5X2 meters cut on a north-s

the flat or "courtyard" about 20 meters no

upper 30 ems. of the pit consisted of humus w

immediately by sterile gray-white clay ro

Level 1, 0-25 ems., the only level with cultur

yielded 1 milling stone and 11 sherds of Red

tive features were noted.

Trench 10, a 7X2 meters cut on a north-s

the north ridge about 25 meters north of T

vated in 25 cm. levels and yielded many s

burials. The trench was carried down to 1

length, to 1.6 meters in the southern end a

northern end. Excavations were carried dowbr

through an apparent midden accumulation cob

of dry refuse honeycombed with ant passage

a number of pits filled with loose dust penetr

two of these contained burials (Find Units 3

appear to have been made prior to the depos

gray refuse stratum, since the latter was und

Besides the layering and middenlike appe

areas of Trench 10, additional evidence of 

of the fill is suggested by the very high pr

to polychrome wares recovered from the 

trench, the primary refuse strata. In Level 

lump of burned floor or wall plaster with a 

one side was recovered. Of the three finds e

entirely burial midden levels only from placed mor untrustworthy, of that The sherds in the oneavily by was earlier stratigraphic this rather of field only contained appear the laid case CHRONOLOGY observations, in represented 18 because than Macaracas down Macaracas time sherds. to evidence polychrome purposeful have than prior some inand type,he been OF sherds of tohe at ifEl TYPES the the fill, He-4 the Cuipo refuse completely pottery Hatillo are mounds layersers the isrepreAND layeand scMo

(

abb
Ladd] PARITA AND SANTA MARIA ARCHEOLOGY, P

3

excavations, such as Mound IV and Trench 10 in t

n

r

which showed fairly definite indications of occupation

r

y

relatively few polychrome sherds, either as a total f

t

o

in many of its levels. Nevertheless, a sherd count w

t

o

trenches, and a general picture of relative chronolo

f

t

and varieties emerges which has held up thus far in g

(with one or two exceptions) and which coincides wit

t

c

which can be drawn from an evolutionary interpret

o

o

the design elements shared by the types but expr

d

among them.

MOUND I

Only the upper three levels and the lowest level (L7c

sufficient polychrome sherds to be statistically signif

t

Level 1 corresponds roughly to the upper ash lay

d

above it and Level 2 includes all of the fill betweetou

and two lower ash layers. It is apparent from ch

3 t

ot

various Azuero types present, the El Hatillo and P

th

their greatest popularity in the two uppermost letf

especially rises sharply above the upper ash layer. TM

type and associated Coclk-like categories reach thei

mp

portions in the third level, and drop sharply in the ul

Cuipo variety is not represented in the trench. Ch

very minor role in the second and third levels and is nr

at all below Level 4. Coclk Polychrome is barely re

R

Daubed and the Gir6n type are both represented b

p

tions, which, while continuing on into the upper lev

t

highest in the fourth level. Smoked ware reaches tpoi

the fourth level and one in the first level.

Briefly recapitulating the typology of the grave c

e

tered in Trench 1:

Find Find8. 6. 15. Polychrome: A No pedestal are collared ments collarless variety. buff zontally (Achote class large polychrome weathered collared of "b" Delgado flattened variety) jar, plate, probable jar A collared and or Macaracas jars. vessels. and questionable urn, Red vessel. a lip. Ortiga the Smoked Red-buff jar collarless Smoked vessel A and type jar Sherds buff provenience. ware maysherds was (Pica-pica pedestal ware ware jar, may only be or plate, of assocpedesBuff be plaaran RevaEHtffbrcCflRbrdCRpwh
Upper Graph: Polychrome classifications as %s of all polychromes.

Lower Graph: Azuero classifications as %s of Azuero Group polychromes

Statistically insufficient sample= W

5%= M E E ,.

E= -3 W t

E> 00 M

0U) - .0 :

S0 ~ a 

) ' "a -0 z0 

Azuero Group Polychrome o - :- : 

2 2

34 

4

6 

7 C

O

Levels 5 74 a El Hatillo - CHART Parita 3.-He-4, Mound Mocaracas I, Trench 1, Calabaza ceramic Cocle'-lremainm tA597
Ladd] PARITA AND SANTA MARIA ARCHEOLOGY, P

Find 9. No polychrome vessels. A large Red-buff 

j

urn and a Smoked ware plate with horizo

lip.

Comment.-These five finds, on the basis of the mon

all resemble each other in the presence of either a 

collarless jar or Smoked ware plates or both. The pol

ations are questionable either because they are in term

weathered breaks which may have belonged in the 

rather than in the find unit proper, or because the 

does not jibe with the material present for study, e.g.

pedestal plate (Find 8-1) is not mentioned in the field 

the other vessels of the unit are. All were found ab

levels of the trench, that is at 2.4 meters or above, and 

not graves.

Find 346. Polychrome: Two Macaracas type (Pic

vessels. Monochrome: Large Red-buff coll

j

ments only). Red-buff class "a" collared j

ring-based plate. Miniature ring-based gr

Find is a grave unit.

Find 364. Polychrome: Macaracas type (Pica-pica v

chrome: Red-buff ring-based plate and a cla

jar. Find is a cache only.

Find 384. Polychrome: Three Macaracas type (Pic

vessels. Cache only.

The only other complete vessels found in the trench 

collared jar (class "a") and a small Red-buff collarless j

With the exception of Find 1, all the finds of this m

polychrome vessels are characterized by the Macara

association in Find 1 of an El Hatillo type vessel wi

collared jar, is supported by a similar but more reliab

Find represented indicate unsupported Macaracas Parita evidence, up Macaracas proportions theat argued in high level) 30. 693-817-64--4 at varieties that lest a proportion one later Without burials. is of by the by two might associated El Parita dte Finds are Hatillo the Macaracas mainttempting missing. for The (43 reasonably stratigraphy 1, type the stages. percent later 5, and with former. 6, sherds Parita gravesone, 8, Late to The postulate and of extract in at the sherds. This Cocl6 earier in which 9, the He-4 total leves was thesis, too lwest that in stage were andcharacteThis Azuero gravesmuch bearing the howedepoSitio covleveleamf
38 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETH

MOUND II

The mound is chronologically significant i

tion; that of the large globular urns of Findw

the Jobo and El Hatillo varieties of the El Ha

tItm

was constructed primarily to cover these burtp

all other varieties (except Calabaza) in the 

ftm

would suggest that the Jobo variety is at leaw

later than, those varieties.

MOUND III

This mound does not provide stratigraphf

logical relationships but does give some clues t

v

in caches. Find 19 associates a Red-buff co

j

w

a Calabaza variety bottle. Find 22 tentatip

confusion in labeling) allies a Nispero bird b

wtEH

variety bird effigy vessels. Find 24 combineAvv

with an El Hatillo variety bird bottle. Find 3ub

El Hatillo variety polychromes, includes an Avv

both class "a" and class "b" Red-buff collare

j

I

f

of which there were many, included El Hati

Pt

Calabaza variety vessels, but no Macaracas v

M

racas sherds occurred in the mound. On thtm

of the finds are of contemporary or later age t

fiw

t

are found, the El Hatillo and Parita types 

t

v

would be later than the Macaracas type.

MOUND IV

No significant chronological information.

MOUND v

supports thean increase Daubed, popular fill No Thise is Calabaza the significant the only trench, in in line the Red Macaracas the proportion stratigraphic thesis of variety Line lower presented demarcation chronological wares, that level. reached type MOUND in the fature here andthEl There between MOUND (chart thei Arstide innformation. Hatillo upper VI; of levels were TRENCH height significan4). vII anlevel. and group of no uppTo0-of PfmmtppHlApRmuitpitmlmb
Upper graph: Polychrome classifications as %s of all pol

Lower graph: Azuero classifications as %s of Azuero Grou

M=5%

- E

* 2 

0 0H

0 L.

a. C

Lees hrdt

0

EHM0a VV 

P- Az0er 

Azuero Group Polychromes o oz ci' 0: 

* 5 

Levels E '2Hatillo 4-Parita CHART Macaracas 4'Calabaza 4.-He-4, Mound Cocld'-like VI, Trench 11, ceramic Azuero remainsSher
40 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETH

fill, and a lower layer of light-brown fill. T

profile (see p. 32) corresponds roughly to t

the east face profile, the line between differen

in Level 1. Turning to the table of re

(chart 5), this shift in the natural stratigraph

sharp changes in proportions present in suc

Parita, Cocl6-like, and total Azuero style po

noted that Level 2 contained only 51 polych

The chronological implications would be 

gain radically in popularity in the latest peri

in popularity, Macaracas gains some, alth

Cocl6-like drops heavily, and the Cocl6 po

The increase in frequency of the Cocl6 and M

the upper levels at the expense of the Parita 

the general picture provided by most of the 

Turning to the grave or cache associations 

striking feature is the number of Macaraca

variety) vessels which characterize the fin

the find units briefly:

Find 347. Red-buff ring-based plates, smal

j

and a red-buff plate with a low pe

Find 348 and 350 (one unit). One Parita 

vessel fragment of questionable 

collared jars class "a" along with r

Find 351. Cuipo and Pica-pica variety vess

jars class "a," some with loop han

Find 354. Entirely Red-buff ware, class "a

j

pot covers, class "b" collared jarsj

based plates.

Find 357. Red-buff ware only, collarless jar

j

Find 362.689 pedestal based and variety) less incurving pyramid-shaped ''a."p (miniature). and Red-buff Red-buff Marcaracas jars, collared 371 plate. jars plates, pedestal wareare rim, (one (Higo associated jars. only, miniature unit). collared bottles, plates and class collarless Red-buff with Pica-pica Macaracaand class globular "a" potRed-a and lugcovw"amjjjjj
Upper graph: Polychrome classifications as %s of all polychromes.

Lower graph: Azuero classifications as %s of Azuero Group polychrom

M=5%

=Statistically insufficient sample. 

A-eoGopPlchoeoo 

E 

00

E W 0. r- 

0 V

- d0

'V 0 

=3 a.) 

Azuero Group Polychrome 0 0C 20 

1_ __ 

2 L*M&

3 4 

Levels 

5 4WEl Hatillo Parita CHART 5.-He-4, MacaracaB Mound VII, Calabaza Trench 7, ceramic Cacld'-Iike remains
42 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETH

Smoked ware open bowls, includi

example, were associated.

Find 372. Macaracas type (Pica-pica varie

White vessels associated with R

j

pedestal and ring-based plates, m

incurving rims. Smoked ware c

tripod open bowl with a gutter rim

with rim handles and nodes.

Find 373. Macaracas type (Pica-pica varie

polychromes.

Find 375. Macaracas type (Pica-pica varie

with miniature Red-buff collared j

buff collarless jars. A miniature S

was associated with these.

Find 377. Red-buff ware only including: glo

bottle; collarless jars; collared jar

least one example with rope handle

jar; pot covers; and ring and pede

Find 378. Macaracas type (Pica-pica variety) 

ware open bowls with Sangre vari

Find 379. Macaracas type (Pica-pica variety

effigy jar, and a class "a" collared j

Find 381. Two Red-buff collared jars, class 

Find 382. Macaracas (Pica-pica variety) coll

j

gadrooned vessel.

Single whole finds consisted of class "a" R

j

one polychrome collared jar tentatively clas

The complete lack of association betwee

types (some shapes excepted 1) and Macara

gaps, but does not indicate relative chronolog

later chromes, vesselrims wereEl pica mound used or added earlier, (all 7 The Hatillo depth below variety burial ofound globular but to or association. them later type was (no thesherds polychromes. cover in ofring or exceptional postulated bottle, the associated Cerit6 constructed by 1.30 except the bases of light-brown groups the variety cms., sequence signs all Possibly pyramid Macaracas Find Smoked and types of vessels, withusing wear is ofin the bottle, 348-350 Macaracas the (b) are and two fill), Macaracas Macaracas were ware present), El and with presuniably only burials stages; and Hatillo the followed recovered were openexamples gutter bird or one the the have and by jars type found bowlsthe Red-bumixevariwith El are noriHalothip
Ladd] PARITA AND SANTA MARIA ARCHEOLOGY, P

TRENCH 8

This trench, a test cut in the flat near Mound III, p

the most reliable stratigraphic data of any of the 

excavation, since it was less disturbed by constructi

percentage trends represented in chart 6 are more def

from the site. According to this table, the El Hati

only in the uppermost level and then with a low 

Parita type, Calabaza variety, and Azuero design s

clear tendency to increase in popularity from the low

most levels. Macaracas and Cocl6-like ceramics decre

in the upper levels. The Cuipo variety, represented 

proportion of total polychrome sherds, occurs only 

second levels, but is slightly higher in the latter. Co

Red-on-buff or Cream wares, and the Black-on-red te

greater frequencies in the lower levels than in the u

Smoked ware remains constant. The trench cont

or caches.

TRENCH 10; NORTH RIDGE

The stratigraphic picture of this trench (chart 7) i

despite the fact that it appears to have been excavat

occupational refuse and should have provided a pict

that for most of the trenches. Discounting the lo

due to paucity of polychrome sherds (the greatest 

in Level 5), we find that the El Hatillo type reaches it

tion in Level 4, then drops somewhat and remains 

surface. Parita Polychrome decreases from a fairly h

the uppermost level to a low in Level 3 and then increa

statistically valid level, 4. The Calabaza variety is 

in the upper four levels. The Macaracas type, abse

supported most diminishes and most Paria El conclusions, thus Find type Only Hatillo fourth. far are level, 370. 374. level. type twodiscovered present "a," finish, by No The hasuntil had type find with Cocle the Thus, polychrome. and its Cuipo their units itn record many was thegreatest disappears Polychrome a thet according Red-buff greatest exception other were vaiety most first in in the relative black-on-red encountered and sites. Red-buff popularther frequency in collared and to has of third Level this representation that its the trnches collarless in levels greatest jar trench, Pica-pica 4. in for in technique) the with the the Cocl6-likand the nor earlier frequelatest trenchjars, Cocl6 verticby Pariabsein vargcj
Upper graph: Polychrome classifications as %s of all polychromes.

Lower graph: Azuero classifications as %s of Azuero Group polychromes

0 =5%

=Statistically insufficient sample.

0

E Ei

0 0 o

E t. . Mse I-ou

I- 0-0

_a 

0= 2:i 

~ Z7 V) Polychromes Azuero Group Polychrome (D X 

2' 

Levels 34 El Hatillo Parita 32.-H-,fts, CHART Macaracas &L 6.-EHe-4, flat test, Calabaza Trench wi 8, ceramic Cocle-like remains.-
Upper Graph: Polychrome classifications os %s of all polychromes.

Lower Graph: Azuero classifications as %s of Azuero Group polychrome

=Statistically insufficient sample.

0=5%/ E

0

E E

AEeoGop oyhoeo I-o a aPlch

0

> 0 '>~

0.0. a M, cL a a 0 U) '2 M 

27 3 

7 19 C a)L. 

Levels 

Calabaz

El Hatillo Parita Macaracas Coc0elike 

32 

78 8 
46 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETH

associated with miniature Red-b

based plates, collared jars class "

j

and two miniature deep bowls. A

369, the Cuipo and Pica-pica vari

same grave, but there is no ass

variety or El Hatillo and Parita t

type.

On the basis of almost all of the caches a

meager stratigraphy, the sequence suggested 

chart 2; Macaracas type contemporaneous w

at Sitio Conte, and the Parita and El Hatill

ping somewhat but certainly continuing 

type with its Calabaza and Cerit6 variet

indeterminant position due to its close aff

types. Since postulations of this sort depen

association as on definite contact, and f

change the proposed chronological scheme, 

recapitulate the inconsistencies already evid

The chronology in the first instance dep

individuality of the types. If a type or v

group of core vessels which are distinct from 

with only a few crosscutting modes, then the

If the number of shared modes becomes so g

impossible or the grouping of complete vess

suggested separation becomes meaningless. 

central to the chronology proposed here stem 

instances of which are listed below:

1. The mere existence of the Calaba

it does a number of modes central to th

types which are assumed on other base

thean Cuipo tends designs 2. 43. Ortiga square-face bull's-eye Ortiga varety. The contemporary. The to (a) (b) (circle to equate number presence close those The variety The elements and crocodile vagueness occurrence Parita simlrity representation of of dot (Parita the of similarities with certain and Pica-pica fill) and type) of Macaracas of the elments lyre th Yampi Higo the of btween claw viz, variety patterdistinthe split(e.gon elvtP
Ladd] PARITA AND SANTA MARIA ARCHEOLOGY, P

4

(c) The appearance of the Cuipo seed p

though treated quite differently) on a vessel 

assignable to the Ortiga variety (Lothrop, 1

f

4

(d) The combination of typical Cuipo 

designs with Ortiga frog handles (Lothrop, 1

f

4

(e) The combination of typical Ortiga fill

a split-square-face design (Pica-pica) on a t

collared jar (Mus. Amer. Ind. cat. N

Some of these difficulties can be explained by styli

developments as in the case of the split-square-face 

the bull's-eye crocodile, the claw scroll with circle and 

into the split-legged scroll, the progressive stylization 

ization of the seed pod from typical Pica-pica represe

t

on the Ortiga vessel cited above, and the development 

t

r

This stylization process, however, does not apply to t

combinations of typical or core elements on the same 

The other category of contradiction lies in the asso

which are chronologically separate. As far as I know 

t

p

time, there are fewer examples of this, and these are in

associations are infrequent, they may mean no mor

t

overlap in time. The example I have in mind is tha

F

3

which vessel shapes in Red-buff ware, which are ve

t

Hatillo and Cerit6 variety shapes in polychrome (t

pyramid bottles and the bird jar), are associated with P

polychromes. This association is reinforced by the c

b

Find 369 and Finds 372 and 375, each with Pica-p

p

vessels. This may be explained by the assumption th

t

ware shapes were actually earlier (they show som

proportion from the polychrome examples) and were p

the later development in polychrome styles. No ins

found latter, associations come found decorative extensive of exhibit It Two "natural" seems to at at represented major a my the curved the use styles. best of attention. El divisions site: typical designs, of Hatillo to line; preface frets by a the Macaracas curvilinear the site CERAMIC such POLYCHROME arend only the with El apparent rectilinear detailed as Hatillo conspicuous a and faces few style REMAINS WRES Parita general in discussion type, andor elements. the exception reptilian or is an highly remarkEl charaanguof HapEthtttt
48 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETH

ity occurs in the treatment of birds and bir

are generally arranged in a series of panels 

shapes, often with a broad black band be

panels framing the decorative area are f

the curvilinear style. Ground color range

brownish red, and the light-cream slip so c

style appears here infrequently and is largel

bowls. The depictive colors are black or re

The use of purple, a color characteristic 

occurred in only one angular style variety 

associated with a greater frequency of curvili

or small distinctive elements such as triangl

vacant areas in the design pattern, are c

angular variety but, for the most part, are 

dots, either grouped or scattered, are used 

variety. Both styles have color-fast painte

definite luster. In one variety, however, the 

time and colors wash off easily.

The shapes on which the angular style 

varied than those of the curvilinear within e

especially in the case of bottles. Thus, th

bird bottles, and cylindrical bottles with sha

bases. Other shapes include bird effigy ja

plates and shallow bowls, and rare sherds of l

the exception of the one large vessel mention

little variation in gross size in the angular 

to be small or medium and ranging from 

Although major shapes, such as the bot

between the two styles, subshapes or a par

are seldom shared.

motifs designs sided triangle characterized angular closed as curving common, angularity the (Lothrop, The crocodiles, panel triangles, arcs curvilinear are may panels. points, line. into they 1942, is orften be by softened long leaf-shaped rays Although taken almostnd and p. a This enclosed flowing, fine 228). style or scroll color-filled as use sharks, points. always by a (Parita, rectangular diagnostic points Cosiderable panels, of curving, the in a heavy broadenclose technique and circles This in Macaracascurving finely design turtles of techniqblack black-bpatternthis or curviuse graellof linclsoia
Ladd] PARITA AND SANTA MARIA ARCHEOLOGY, P

curved hair thin lines is another highly characteris

style. The angular style exhibits the same trait, bu

sions are short and stubby.

Ground color ranges from a light-cream slip (somet

through an orange to a reddish-brown hue. Although, 

style, designs appear in solid black and in red outli

there is a much more frequent use of purple in the c

especially the alternate use of purple and red in rep

such as claws along a crocodile's plume or in alternate 

are rarely used as a form of massive fill, but individua

such as small triangles, double stemmed T's, circles 

ating equidistant lines of dots, and small barred elemen

Shapes are less varied within the major categories 

with the angular style. In fact, the extreme regula

effigy bowl examples or the incurving bowls on pede

Two vessels may appear almost identical in shape, siz

pairing of vessels which is a characteristic of Cocl6 

1942, p. 10). Among the most frequent shapes are 

shallow pedestal bowls with incurving rims, globular 

jars with flaring collars and rounded or angled should

shaped bottles. Effigy vessels are also present, 

pedestal bowls are extremely common at the El Hat

bowls with straight or flared-out sides are represente

sherds and no complete vessels. Relatively large o

incurving rims and somewhat pointed bases are 

but in most cases are known on the basis of rim sherd

base form is a matter of conjecture. The range of s

tures (5 cm. in diameter for example) to very large (

estimated diameter) vessels is a striking feature of this 

the number of miniatures recovered far exceeds t

very strikingly share and continuous others, the by in point, black Red is Although always some the curvilinear a is large for a mastery never in use apparently sort highly the bordered different delineation vessels. of design the used of the angular style of line grace developed broad by decorative on depending impression with resortsxtension; itself, some of and a black short black. design, fluidity to either sense shapes planning panels bd. on from and i and No the as ofthe of and blunt a that more design designs area Both on lie the curvilinear and a of black oftenbreakdown or curvilinear projection. to tend techniquethe balance as inbe and solid white or to angudecoa tere
50 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ET

either style at He-4, nor have I noticed itlI

both styles the artists favored an orange t

b

color, although lighter and creamier shad

w

it

curvilinear style. Finally, the styles shar

m

the crocodile, although expressed in quite 

f

Differentiation of the curvilinear style aiM

type design elements from the Late Cocl6 

in

always possible in sherd lots. The distinctio

line, combinations of pigment, and types 

p. 118). There is generally a greater use of flitM

type (hence Lothrop's Foreign Style A, Fin

L

5

claws on alligator plates may be both fine linfM

acas vessels, but are seldom if ever fine line vb

plumes are characteristic of Macaracas, but it

Cocl6 style; etc.8 As a general characterizaitC

style appear less cluttered and more deline

t

tit

Azuero. The inclosure of designs in blackp

teristic of all Azuero types, is absent in 

p

However, broad purple or red bands border

b

n

b

l

used in geometric designs, or by themselves bt

area (e.g., Lothrop, 1942, pl. 2, e) are more 

v

Other characteristics not specifically styliwi

other sections of this report are the followin

1. Ground color of the design area is cb

brown in the Azuero styles, although a c

wf

often. In the Cocl6 styles the cream whitwim

more common.

2. The design elements of the two ceram

n

with the conspicuous exception of scroll elem

3. Paste color of the Azuero vessels and tEH

dealing often site hu, sherds part, Azuero However, shorter flanged Cocl6 collars 8 These other invariably 4. never with separate. collared particular with Basic and modes in at syles the pedestals proportion the Higo gray, besides unmistakably the shape differences jars are foot, variety. fell lips About those whereas the ar within of categories a of are concerning to Asvessels mode style more pedestal noted, the more must thean Cocl6 vessel's only confusion whichapt the decorated orange between be latter frequently alligator included designs. bowl to twogenerally is have diameteshade to motif absento shareor the in differebricstrplare is thtwolrrbfiftmbLttjmfAvrtfdmfittomatpg
Ladd] PARITA AND SANTA MARIA ARCHEOLOGY, P

5

everted, a characteristic which apparently occurs 

variety vessels in the Azuero style.

It should be evident from the above that Cocl6 an

A

(particularly those of the Macaracas type) are clos

r

sherds with fragmentary designs cannot always be 

Because of this, a residual category of "Cocl--like" w

for sorting purposes in the study of the El Hatillo ma

polychromes under "Ceramic Typology"). Despite t

frustrating similarities in design style, the two cera

sufficiently different to allow them to be considered as 

t

related entities.

EL HATILLO POLYCHROME

EL HATILLO POLYCHROME; EL HATILLO VARIET

Sample.-22 vessels or large fragments; 57 sherds ' 

d

Paste.-The temper consists of crushed rock with oc

particles of a reddish substance, probably hematite. P

i

generally brick red (Munsell hue 2.5YR 4/6-8), though i

fired to a lighter orange hue (Munsell hue 2.5YR 6/6

H

rates at 3 on Mohs' scale.

Shapes.-One of the more striking attributes of th

v

i

t

great variation in form which occurs within a ge

Shapes include globular bird bowls with short pedes

bases (fig. 7, n, s), dovelike bird vessels with tall, 

(fig. 7, J), angled shoulder bottles with varying p

7, a-e, i), globular and subglobular bottles (figs. 7, g

h

A

many of the bottle shapes listed above occurred only 

t

some are common, especially the globular bird bowls, t

bird bottles and the angled shoulder and globular bott

T

ranges from 5-10 mm. depending on the vessel siz

m

v

Unstratified the average bottles Only quite with elements vessel, its and the The Other majority baserim sherd thee one large avrage 11 Conditions 6-7 was forms are sample was areas collared cm. of small (estimated mm. missing. this found cunt missing. are inn around were variety. Mound fr loop diameter, jar for conspicuous this (fig. the missing. fragment III. handles Small variety 11-13 diameter, wall Shoulder 7,] Of the which , represents open at cm.; k; total either and was One, midheight. pl. of 60 bowls for had sherds a 559 found. typical 1, minimum probably for cm.), the El d). a Hatillo are their short bird for Both since were El unknown This type Maximurarity bowlsanotheHatillo it spouteout-cuexcludeshards spoufounbelottbvbibebvftvrurfMI
52 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ET

n 

itt

IG 7. E Ht y

cii 

'If

nII

S 

tiU~ 1. E 1ail tyeveslshps
LaddI PARITA AND SANTA MARIA ARCHEOLOGY, P

in the material from the El Hatillo site, and I know 

elsewhere. No whole plates were recovered, and 

very rare. Large open bowls with either a pear-shap

a shallower rounder base and sharply incurving rims 

a fairly common shape in the Parita and Macaracas Po

are also unknown as yet for the El Hatillo type and 

Bases.-Ring bases are by far the most common. 

parently limited to the bird bowl shape, are very shor

Rims.-On the globular bird bowls the rim and lip 

modified incurving continuations of the body wall. 

was noted, on the small jar mentioned above, and i

curved outward. The plate sherds exhibit either a r

the rim an unmodified continuation of the body, or el

flanged rim with rounded lip (fig. 7, q). Spout lips o

either rounded or flattened horizontally, but never f

in as is often the case with the Calabaza variety.

Appendages and construction.-No handles (with 

the effigy vessel mentioned above) or adornos were n

appendages assignable to this type are the wings, tai

the globular bird bowls. Very little significant i

apparent concerning details of construction, except t

that the heads of the bird bowls clearly assignable to 

solid. Heads vary in shape; some are relatively larg

others small and rounded (see fig. 10, f-i). Wings a

be short and stubby. The method of vessel construc

coiling or paddle and anvil, was not apparent. Holes 

the bottle necks or shoulders, a common feature 

variety, are absent in the El Hatillo variety.

Surface.-The entire exterior surface is highly p

decorated area, although naturally varying with th

is The ordinarily slip covering restricted the undecorated to the upper area two-thirds or ha

The orange the broad line darker boded primarily alsoly Colors entire the ofccurs. ground 693-817-64-5 black basal ground to lighter used by exterior geometric a dark bnds, slip portion. a One color, in narrow ground of orange, delineation example of barely the will the and black colordesign vessel be although angular separated of used of line. ar including area light-gray the to red (fig. As design a is divide from lighter and is lighter, may 8). generally the slip area each black, the be base. shade, When was usualwill seen, othedesigthfoa 
54 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ET

employed, they are usually angular. Thus

triangles (fig. 9), bodies take a massive 

crocodiles appear in highly conventionalize

ai 

FIGURE j, lines P-9; indicate -8.-El c, P-41; Hatillo red. g, kI Find type, 30-1; El i, Hatillo Find 29; variety, 9 k-1, P-4d
Ladd] PARITA AND SANTA MARIA ARCHEOLOGY, P

fiti

a

b 

dC 

e

FIGURE d-f. 9.-El Mound Hatillo III sherds; type, g, El P-42; Hatillo h, P-10. variety, Horizontal design elemelineb
56 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETH

a 

C

de

FIGURE d, 30-5. Trench 10.-El Horizontal 5 to.tsherds, Hatillo lines 0-50 type, indicate cm.; . El * c, ' red. Hatillo e-g, B aMound variety, .C III 
Ladd] PARITA AND SANTA MARIA ARCHEOLOGY, 

d

bowl FIGURE exceptions pelicans, filler usedcasional figure 22-1; indicate Variations elements as claws, 12, b, 11.-El massive red. instances of Find i.to figure and from were this Hatillo 39-a; fill occasionally general noted other 10, of d-e, on type, c, ngative the Find sites.-I a for El few practice globular this 30-5; Hatillo a sherds cuving variety, technique know f, are bird variety, Mound with of the geometric but bowls noneccur, alligator design III graceful black sherd(fig. at eldodatfg
58 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETH

0

Ka

d e 

m

FIGURE miscellaneous k, P-13; maman 12.-El 1, P-42. sherds; Hatillo Horizontal d-e, type, Find El lines 30-1; Hatillo indicate 0 f, P-9; variety, red.h, Fj
Ladd] PARITA AND SANTA MARIA ARCHEOLOGY, 

Geographical range.-I know of no definite exam

the Parita area. Two possible examples from the 

illustrated by Linne (1929, fig. 25-B, 18-A). Lothro

illustrated an undecorated bottle with a typical E

bird effigy bottle spout. Examples of the variety i

seum (Nos. 22/9334, 22/9452, and 22/9499) are all 

area; two from the Finca Calderon or El Hatillo site

Chronological position.-Believed to be late on the 

stratigraphic evidence at the El Hatillo site.

Relationships of variety.-Related in form and de

other varieties in the type. Related by choice of c

finish to both Parita and Macaracas types, and to th

Bibliography.-Stirling, 1950, p. 239, 2d row from 

EL HATILLO POLYCHROME; ESPALI VARIETY

Sample.-Neither vessels nor large fragments; 30 s

Paste.-Same as the El Hatillo variety.

Shapes.-At the El Hatillo site this variety sha

shapes of the preceding variety with the notable exc

Since the variety is known by sherds only, shapes 

determinable. They include, however, closed vesse

shoulders, sharply angled shoulders, and bird bow

two shapes not noted for the previous variety are th

and a dish with outcurved flaring sides (fig. 7, r). 

sherds indicate large vessels; one sharply angled s

8 mm. thick and has a projected diameter for the whol

60 cms. In general, however, the size appears to be 

the El Hatillo variety.

Surface.-The surface color, polish, and gener

decoration is the same as that of the preceding va

become shapesoulder basis mouths occurrence Although vessels and with Whether variations, the Variations Espalh the toothfdecorated assigned apparent and thecylindrical more these occasional projections variety of are use snouts from double frequent slight a of towith sufficient in is "teeth" jar of the other the rectangular distinguished decorative rectangular or further does fragment El use style evensites.-Lothrop Hatillo occur, projections basis of investigation of triple double which differences, alligator for however, this alligator variety, from black setting variety; has line along the illustrates motifs a ond the motifs lines are El short up as what Cerit6 toothexcaHatione absewela boarfl(va
60 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETH

C1C

Saoa

rop, west FIGURE the is 134-a). known The "barrel" 1942, Veraguas 13.-El Heye Both at fig. He-4. Museum alined Hatillo 229) of near these and type, horizontally the of the vessels Bubi Espald the lines other, American and variety, are indicate on a Lovaina from spouted a sherds red.ing Indithe fMIHbvwbfEdoRnebe
Ladd] PARITA AND SANTA MARIA ARCHEOLOGY, P

bowl from the Finca Calderon site at Parita, which 

t

fill of the El Hatillo variety with the toothed line 

elements of the Espala variety (cat. No. 22/9452). 

tt

wings and tail are represented by painted decorati

n

b

modeling. Another vessel at the same museum (c

N

listed from Parita combines the Espal& alligator motif t

teristic shape and arc with pendent triangle moti

t

A

variety.

Geographical range.-As noted above, two vess

E

design patterns are illustrated by Lothrop (1942, fi

2

134-a) from Espala, Veraguas, and one vessel combi

E

Achote design elements was present in the Heye 

Parita. I know of no other examples in the literatur

Chronological position.-Same as El Hatillo variet

Relationships of variety.-Same as El Hatillo variet

Bibliography.-See Geographical range.

EL HATILLO POLYCHROME; ACHOTE VARIETY

Sample.-Three whole vessels or large fragmen

(pl. 2, d).

Paste.-Same as the El Hatillo variety.

Shapes.-Vessels assigned to this variety are limitit

sharp-angled-shoulder jar with a small bird head pro

t

constricted orifice rim (fig. 7, p). The lips are rounde

t

have ring bases. As may be seen in figure 7 from a 

p

with t, this shape is very similar to one of those assi

t

J

variety and might be treated as a minor variation of t

i

t

differences were not so consistent in the few vessels 

r

The Achote variety jar always appears to be taller a

t

those of the Jobo variety due to the smaller base 

i

p

portion to the diameter of the shoulder. body, but sherd of now bines Hatillo parent. or from are Surface.-The The Variations the semiclosed with in at the Espalh from and Espala semiclosed thise variety, the Decoration are usually Museum Mound case pendent from roof. design variety, arc but theentire are other consists with III elements of here element is triangle element a the at sites.-As surface limited combination fretted the American of with motif is a El is polishing single is to shared expressed ends Hatillo notedAchote polished the and Indian which design and, with shoulder the marks site above, shape in toothed often, alsos the (cat. combine

motif an is are aMacand occuangand Novethtru(itEmuptm
62 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETH

a

bC

FIGURE 14.-El Hatillo type, Achote variety, desi

Horizontal lines indicate r

Geographical range.-One other example 

Parita area is present in the Dade Collectio

American Indian (cat. No. 22/8384). Other

specimens.

Chronological position.-Same as El Hatil

Relationships of variety.-Same as El Hatil

Bibliography.-None.

EL HATILLO POLYCHROME; JOBO 

Sample: 18 vessels or large fragments (ma

bottle jar and there rock Hatillo occurred shoulder with Shapes.-Two Paste.-Fired with 52 (a) (b) (c) solid temper. appears with sherds variety with an in (fig. head. high a the apparently a narrow a 7, to (pl. solid, The andhollow collection angled 1, to be basic m), 3, the aas slip flattened a, higher straight and bird samehoulder b). shapesimilar a is rating in head, considerably incidence color threespout bird aeshape and of solid range variationshead 2 apparent and incurveon of (knowwings Mohas blacattaa sofrinth
Ladd] PARITA AND SANTA MARIA ARCHEOLOGY, P

Jar lips are rounded; spout lips are generally ro

occasionally flattened horizontally. All the bottles 

bird jars are supported by ring bases. The one exa

type vessel had a shallow widely flared pedestal base

were recovered.

Suiface.-The most striking aspect of the surface 

one of the variety's distinctive features is the faded 

ance of the colors, a quality accompanied by a disti

colors to wash off and probably related to the soft

It is clear from the gloss retained on part of one vess

the surface originally had been either polished or tr

organic material to provide a lustrous effect. Wh

exterior surface or only the decorated area was polish

The ground slip in all cases is a light-cream color

are predominantly black and red with purple occurr

sherd, a bottle spout. As usual at the El Hatillo site

are bordered by black lines. The design area on 

wingless jars is limited to a band encircling the vesse

along the lower portion of the shoulder and on th

j

shoulder to lip. The spout, upper shoulder, lower 

of the bottles are covered with a red slip (the po

example excepted). On the other hand, in the case 

bird jars, the cream ground extends over the should

the bottom fourth of the body where a narrow black 

it from the red slip of the lower body and base. De

wingless birds and the bottles is very similar (figs. 1

sisting of angular panels formed by black bordered 

feature which distinguishes this variety from the E

is the use of narrow black lines alone (without the u

the formation of filler elements such as straight-sided 

and wing solidappears, Along sput red-filled variety, Macaracas from (MacCurdy, The It Variations dashes is black. with mentioned Chiriquf with one with in but rectilinear example a this (fig. types.his from "c" the 1911, solid case and15, possible above shape use other fig. black a-d, of a designs illustrated of red-filled "b" 256; (fig. that h, sites.-A subvariety, purple egg-shaped i). shape 16, Lothrop, with the d). scroll suggests by main is dash vesel decorated The I both nested 1942, area have evidence fill cream of affinities all MacCurdthe (fig. fig. grouped in rather plac slip, black De 280-eof 16, to cZl
64 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETH

-R W--

e

ow 9[ - I 

9 hI

FIGURE diagonal 10-1; c, 15.-El lines 10-2; indicate Hatillo d, 10-13; type, purple. e, Jobo 10-14; variety, h-i, 10-5. design Ho
Ladd] PARITA AND SANTA MARIA ARCHEOLOGY, P

Sa

b

C

FIGURE Trench indicate 16.-El 7, purple. Level Hatillo 1; e, Find type, 10-17. Jobo variety, Horizontal design lines eelemenindicatTdrl
66 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETH

of purple with the fret motif, but surface q

are not clearly described. As pointed out b

sion of this vessel (Lothrop, 1942, p. 346), 

around the lower body is almost identica

plate (Lothrop, 1942, fig. 485) which in turn 

Parita Polychrome, Yampi variety, but the 

vessel, a concave-sided cylinder jar with ring 

at the El Hatillo site.

Another variation is demonstrated by a 

Coc6, now in the Dade Collection at the M

Indian (cat. No. 22/8409). The shape may b

barrel lying horizontally on a ring base (sim

specimens), and decorated with the "S" sc

fig. 16, c) and dot fill. Surface treatment, 

and chalky cream slip, is identical with the J

An example of the bottle shape typical of 

case undecorated and treated with a plain red 

Bubi in Veraguas and is illustrated by L

fig. 55).

Geographical range.-I know of no definite 

in the literature. Possible examples inclu

j

Chiriqui (Holmes, 1888, fig. 213; MacCurdy

1942, fig. 280-e), and a spout or base fragme

(Linn6, 1929, fig. 18-b; Lothrop, 1942, fig. 4

main center of production for this variety w

no more than a guess.

Chronological position.-Same as El Hatillo 

Relationships of variety.-Same as El Hati

Bibliography.-Stirling, 1949, p. 376, botto

illustrated different by relatively Hatillo sherds came type illustrates the 1942, Thise Holmes type in from pp. or earliest type site. that labels. was complete 225-230, high sherds and the in includes apparently area, Naming 1888 Chiriqui reports, reported quantity and vessels may and 233-240), vessels ath andrea MacCurdy in more be last in which PARITA the category therefore and, considered all from the plentiful literature five the clearly in POLYCHROME next both in varieties view mounds presentthose 1911, writeParitat impofit from of thwtw
Ladd] PARITA AND SANTA MARIA ARCHEOLOGY, 

selected for the type name. Other published ex

either under the sections dealing with variations or 

listed with each varietal description.

All of the varieties discussed here, except the bir

distinguished from the El Hatillo polychrome. Ho

noted below, the type shares a number of elements w

type and is closely allied to it. Designs represent 

frequently than do those of the angular style an

tends to be more naturalistic. Favorite subjects are 

the vulture), fish, turtles, and frogs. In addition, 

tains the only unmistakable representations of hum

at He-4, in this case appearing as small figurines 

collared jars between rim and shoulder alongside 

vessel. The designs are beautifully executed with fi

and a graceful proportion. Very few crudely or hasti

were found. Design colors are black, red, and pur

and purple invariably bordered by black lines. Co

are terminated in finely graduated points as is th

Macaracas type. The preferred forms of the Par

pedestal bowls with and without bird appendages, 

and large collared jars with high angular or rounde

pear-shaped bodies. Unfortunately, the latter was 

form only, and the total shape must be inferred fro

similarly decorated vessels found at other sites.

PARITA POLYCHROME; NfSPERO VARIETY

Sample.-40 vessels or large fragments, 857 sherd

b

Paste.-The temper is crushed rock, the white p

are easily visible without magnification. Paste is usu

red (Munsell Hue 2.5 YR 4/6-8), though this may v

Occasional on with lip vary in wallell hooked wall). bowl measured to Shapes.-Basically, the Mohs' dark-brown will around prfile. incurving from height wall beak The have scale. 21.5 those smooth profile the about diameter and Added slight rims cs. red body which a to 9 modeled lumps (Munsell and cms. to upward those in on the of are this total each vessels rounded the of fairly shallow The basic crop bwls flange, side, hematite height. Hue only are deep on bowl lips a examples averages 2.5 pedestal tail,he and example (fig. with form Pedestal occur. YR neck and the17, a 6/6-8 based are with about deptha with relativor a). vultuHarflat bson atsp
68 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETH

C)

ab

FIGURE 17.-Parita P-3; d, h, type Ortiga; vessel e, P-33; shapes. f, P-39; a, Nfsperg, Mo
Ladd] PARITA AND SANTA MARIA ARCHEOLOGY, P

6

fairly tall in proportion to the total vessel and have a 

f

outward curve as they descend from place of attachm

tbr

The basic shape described above was varied at the E

H

two occasions; once by the addition of a second head c

t

f

and a second time by the addition of a spout (missing i

t

i

but indicated by the jagged rim condition) or some typ

c

opening converting the vessel into a bottle.

Appendage and construction notes.-The method of ci

not apparent. Wall thickness ranges from 4-8 mm., w

t

about 6 mm. Heads of all vessels clearly assignable t

v

are hollow in contrast to those of the El Hatillo Polyc

t

practice of roughening or gouging the surface of the b

w

or reed (not with shell as occurred at Venado Beach) b

tails and wings was generally followed. Eyes and cr

may be slightly flattened.

Surface.-Design colors are red, black, and purp

t

ground color ranging from cream to an orange or light-r

b

T

recovery of some entirely cream, presumably unfv

suggests that the entire exterior surface was first co

wt

cream slip. Design colors were then applied and the d

was polished after firing, a process which tends to dee

t

color in the polished areas, sometimes giving it a ligh

b

h

Actually, it is not clear whether the high gloss attaine

wp

by polishing or by the application of a varnish, since t

e

o

the glossed area beyond the design in some cases gives t

of having been accomplished by a polishing stone, a

i 

if by brushing. Interiors below the lip are undecorated 

u

The vessel lips are almost always red slipped and b

t

shoulder by one or two black bands encircling the o

V

Figure polychrome are design. Ortiga are chevronlike and somewhat the ofat (ig. On the decorated neck arranged presumably 18, the 693-817-64- either claws, varieties 19, i, Occasional and greatest j).f-h, more elements, bands side often wing along in gives indicating also a of variation individuality highly extremely 6running level theefiller occur generally a head ncessarily shoulder to conventional elements feathers terminate out (fig. and graceful a painted bars from of 18, are between design (fig. meager and characteristic a-h). the in and usually mnner black 19, a ellipses body claw.omplex expression the Wings, d, indication leg e). of lip to with (figs. It rectaextenthe bancurof Taifor is ei

a

1

b

c

twtYtmpwepdbitdotro
70 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ET

a 

C

FiGURE 18.--Parita type, Find121. Nfspero Horizontal variety, lines desigir
Ladd] PARITA AND SANTA MARIA ARCHEOLOGY, P

7

b

a

d

FIGURE red. P-5; e, 19.-Parita Find 112; f, type, Find Nfspero 221; g, variety, Find 90; design h, P-6. elements. HorizoaF2dli
72 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ET

it

0

FIGURE 20.--Parita ous; d, Find type, 162 Nfspero (fits P-6). variety. Horizontaa, P
Ladd] PARITA AND SANTA MARIA ARCHEOLOGY, PA

variation here. Arrangements of designs on the bi

showed considerable variation, and no attempt was 

these. Below the wings a black or black and red ban

bc

generally extends horizontally around the vessel from 

the latter normally represented by a black or blac

shaped motif (fig. 18, d-f).

Despite a core of quite similar vessels within this ty

some extent into the El Hatillo globular bird bowl; 

vessels were found which might be classified as variant

Other variations present at the El Hatillo site inclu

slipped counterpart, and a predominantly red slipp

decoration of the head and claws only.

The pedestal bases of this variety and the followin

are generally decorated by broad black bands horizon

the base (fig. 20, c), although "pointer" bases with 

motifs extending vertically from the horizontal bands 

(fig. 20, b). Though this latter base is very similar to 

base" of the Macaracas type (see fig. 38, b), and sh

part of the design present could be classed with either ty

bases were found attached to vessels of either the Nisp

varieties. An additional base pattern of alternating 

pyramid elements is illustrated in figure 20, d.

Variations from other sites.-MacCurdy (MacCurdy

illustrates a globular bird effigy jar from Divalb, Chiri

tail, and decoration similar to this variety, but with 

a short straight collar.

A vessel with still a different shape, but sharing th

of this variety and the triangle and zigzag element 

variety, is present in the Dade Collection at the M

American Indian (cat. No. 22/8375). The shape is r

plump collar in variety examples site Museum a been evidence variety variant Relationships Geographical Chronological width, (Lothrop, reported or pigeon from is neck of atI the shape). late, know thee Dival, vessel extnsively of perched range.-As 1942, American position.-On possible of site, of the variety.-Related The come is Chiriqui, as jar. fig. listed on well vuture contemporary from 449); Indian i noted a Measuring from asingVeraguas, is the grave a bowllisted above, (cat. Parita. base; Parita red-buff basis to shape associations, 25 No. by however with other the a of area, cms. MacCurdy. straight 22/8374; example the head in El varietieand i plain meagHatil(see lngand colproI ca(obj
74 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ET

Polychrome type; also, in shape, to Ve

vessels (Lothrop, 1950, pp. 41-43).

Bibliography.-See "Geographical range" 

1949, p. 376 upper row (Find 121, left; Fin

1950, p. 239, bottom row, right.

0 

ar 

C 

9 

FIGURE vessels, m-o, Miscellaneous 21.-Parita Mound III; m ktype, vessels,iMound i, Find135; An6n variety, j, Find III.168; design HorizoAk, 
Ladd] PARITA AND SANTA MARIA ARCHEOLOGY, PA

PARITA POLYCHROME; AN6N VARIETY

Sample.-41 vessels or large fragments and 331 s

Paste.-Same as the Nispero variety.

Shape.-Shallow incurving bowl on a pedestal base

shape as the Nispero variety shorn of its wings, tail

17, b). As with the latter variety, variations occur in 

or globularity of the bowls and occasionally the lip of 

slightly flanged upward. Pedestals and overall vessel 

also similar to those of the preceding variety. Shal

rim sherds with typical An6n decorations were recove

and Trench 7, but no complete vessels of this sha

(fig. 21, m).

Appendages and construction.-Method of construct

ent and no appendages noted for this variety. Scori

surface of the bowl for the attachment of the pede

place fairly frequently as with the Nispero variety.

Surface.-Design colors are primarily black with an 

of red fill between the black bands. No purple wa

variety at the El Hatillo site. Ground color rang

through orange to a reddish brown. Again, only the 

is polished and it therefore has a darker hue than the r

surface even though the slip is the same. One vessel 

scratched on the exterior wall in a manner similar t

variety bottles or rattles and may have been used as a 

The primary area of decoration is restricted genera

exterior half of the bowl (sometimes decoration ext

below this point) and to the pedestal base. The lower 

remains unpolished in the solid ground color. In

decorated below the lip, nor are they slipped. Th

always red slipped, and the shoulder below is decorat

horizontal appended dashes, Although these sistency variety elements decorated that shpe This, elements, and variety, with discussed hemispherical and (fig. there a concentric in surface number either a 21, similarity is the fashion while j, considerable below treatment, horizontal 1). total of black being blobs, elements by of similar impression bands its overall clearly bands also variation occasional and to such of shows appearance. those rectangular or allied varying of the as the btween some use of dots, to pointer type width the the of affinit"T's,the is elemvessPedpreNismonto 
76 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ET

Variations from other sites.-Lothrop (19

d

an open bowl from Macaracas with interio

illustrated in figure 21, a, k.

Geographical range.-I know of no examp

than the open bowl with interior An6n design 

mentioned in the section dealing with varia

distinct example of this type, from Parita, 

of the American Indian (cat. No. 22/9382) 

An6n design elements from Rio Grande, Co

of the American Indian (cat. No. 22/840

reports (personal communication) typical b

decoration in Veraguas at Quebrada Hon

del Sol.

Chronological position.-Same as Nispero 

Relationships of variety.-Other varieties 

type.

Bibliography.-Lothrop, 1942, fig. 471, d

second row from bottom, left, Find 334.

PARITA POLYCHROME; CAIMITO 

Sample.-2 whole vessels, 15 sherds (pl. 4cd

Paste.-Same as preceding two varieties.

Shapes.-One example (vessel P-3) is pr

b

missing but indicated by jagged rim) with 

shoulder and a ring base (fig. 17, c; pl. d

example (Find 348-2) in the He-4 material 

appears to have the same shape although 

permit definite comparison. A third ves

remained in Panama, is an angular should

b

(pedestal missing) with an incurved rim sim

p

scales varieties. handles. An6n only. is of The reptile Interspersed the aras; (hammerhead Surface.-The very egg other main varieties; or the and boy The similar turtle design vsel delineating Included band cream in around shark?) to shell t i.e., on studied treatment that (fig. ground one udulations a segments in the colors cream 22, and of specimen the (Find spout, the c) color a sherds is are base are stingray Nispero (fig. the 348-2) are shades black with identical (vessel slip same 23, are elments a varietand consipolishtail a, twoo musP-3as b)liroabppbb
Ladd] PARITA AND SANTA MARIA ARCHEOLOGY, P

C c

d

FIGURE 22.-Parita type, Caimito variety, design elements. 

d

b, Mound III sherd; c, P-3; f, Mound III miscellaneous. 

indicate red; diagonal lines indicate purple.

ments of dotted circles on a black ground (fig. 22, eJ

barbed feathers (see fig. 40, 1), an element frequent

Higo variety, Macaracas Polychrome. A white gr

dot motif (fig. 22, a), common in the Cuipo variety, i

shoulder, and the body of the vessel exhibits a mouth m

d

The photograph of the Panamanian example (Find 

scale or turtle shell elements of figure 23, a, intersperse

tions of a red-filled black-bordered band combined wi

on vessels It tail, TheFinca exhibits sherds undulating possesses circle (cat. to One Variations is be a a pedestal decorated base No. and Calderon, mouth, of illustrated are wing the theree 22/9455) is dot line decorated black from banded. element. handle base andelement with turtle vessels Parita, by other generally the ground fm a Lothrop fragments element. hammerhead with fish Another withhich sites.-The is Veraguas scale circle a a similar the small (1950, may barbed (fig. vessel element hamerhead and be is shark rendition Museum in 22, pp. feather. a dot assigned overall (cat. 41-43) b) "doubleescribed motif, combines element No. of of shape as shark to The the a rimmthe typi22/9stinthialbAtod
78 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETFIGURE 23.-Parita III type, sherd. Caimito Horizontal variety, C lines design ind
Ladd] PARITA AND SANTA MARIA ARCHEOLOGY, P

above complete with banded base, but adds to that d

bar motif on the body. Finally, a third vessel at the 

from the Finca Calderon at Parita (cat. No. 22/945

similar to the Peabody specimens, in this case wit

intact, but differs in its froglike head. Again, the ci

black ground scale element occurs.

Geographical range.-The variety at present know

to Parita (El Hatillo site), one vessel from an unknow

guas (Mus. Amer. Ind. cat. No. 22/9455) and anothe

Nacional de Panam6 from Catine, Las Palmas, Veragu

photograph).

Chronological position.-Same as Nispero variety.

Relationships oJ variety.-Same as Nispero variety.

Bibliography.-None.

PARITA POLYCHROME; YAMPf VARIETY

Sample.-10 vessels or large fragments, 198 sherds 

d

Paste.-Same as the previous varieties of this ty

unslipped areas of the vessel tend to be slightly soft

rating of 2.5) and darkened cores are more frequent i

Shapes.-All examples at the El Hatillo site were 

ranging from 24-26 ems. in diameter. In all cases the 

missing. However, a fragmentary base matched w

relatively short with a wide diameter. Holmes (1888

also Lothrop, 1942, fig. 485) illustrates another exa

with a somewhat taller and more flaring base similar 

many of the Nispero and An6n variety vases. Rim

modified extensions of the plate body with rounded lip

fall in the larger diameter range), or are slightly flan

horizontal surface and rounded lip. The latter tend t

Purple highycovered an one hesion one generally the of the Vessels Surface.-The Appendages the orange lower upper on example Ortiga is polished was the tend with delineated. pole two surface or flanged noted. to variety ofrange-red a and ofr plain be and surface upper the three construction.-Mode of rim fairly The thtdiameter described red Both plates, surface in scoring flat sipunderside, only thick, slp number upper rim. on iswithout appendage range. below. of ranging or a which the and small jabbing and This in plate lower of decoration. all the from spaced feature headless construction noted, instances design is at surfaces 8-10 generalthe equidis but "froin mmalspoTn
80 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ET

%d

9

FIGURE indicate k, Mound 24.-Parita purple. III; e-i, type, Mound Yampf II. variety, Horizontal design lindjPbirl
Ladd] PARITA AND SANTA MARIA ARCHEOLOGY, P

b0

black while fish plates the ovals, FIGURE same (fig. lines the semiclosed give 25.-Parita 24, elements central (often d, the h). impression with area type, arcsappear The Horizontal red of and Yampf ltter th orn boxlike of plateurple vaiety, both motif lines greater indicate is types elements definitely fill) filled Mound delicacy on of red. with the plates. III alloccurs plate of misexea r
82 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ET

rim plates. The nature of the motif on turp

is not as clear, although at least one inst

h

element (fig. 25, a), similar to the preced

may be noted that the oval or ellipse eleme

tt

which appear on the effigy birds of this typ

In those instances where pedestal bases 

k

this variety, the design was of the horizon

b

t

a typical specimen of this variety at the MtA

Indian (cat. No. 22/9514) from Veraguas hapb

Variations from other sites.-Two atypica

t

are present in the Dade Collection at the MtA

Indian. One (cat. No. 22/8349) listed 

while maintaining the typical flat rim w

other decorative motifs characteristic of th

h

its primary motif a full face, rectangular 

it

"dancing crocodile" pose so characteristic 

t

Macaracas Polychromes (see fig. 42, c). Tu

also shares the barbed feathers motif (see fig. 4

t

The style of drawing and general "feel" of t

i

t

the typical Yampi flat rimmed plates tha

bined with the other Yampi elements, su

variety plate by a potter normally working 

t

The other (cat. No. 22/8372), a typical p

from La Pefia, Veraguas, contains a profile h

on a ray body. The execution of the desigit

usual for this variety, but the vessel seems j

t

Yampi variety. Additional variations in etr

motif are discussed in the section dealing w

t

Geographical range.-Examples range 

1888, figs. 211, 212; same vessel illustrated b

L

f

4

more through atypical unspecified Dr. He-4, of Cuipo Sample.-No Paste.-Similar Chronological Relationships Bibliography.-See a Russell similarity often He-1, variety. Veraguas from and area He-8, Mitchell, Santiago; to position.-Same of color whle of variety.-,Same PARITA to the and (Mus. Veraguas, the is above. ray vessels, personal Co-2 more 22/8372 POLYCHROME; Amer. Nispero motifn variable. 1,236 similar the Ind. communicaas atypical of as variety Nispero Santa Nispero the sherds cat. ORTIGA vessePicNfrMaLMrbtttVb
Ladd] PARITA AND SANTA MARIA ARCHEOLOGY, P

Shapes.-The predominant shape (fig. 17, f) repr

variety is a large jar with either angled or round sh

the vessel and collared neck with flaring rim. Oft

flattened obliquely on the upper surface (fig. 17, J)

a

b

CFIGURE 2 6.-Parita miscellaneous type, vessels; Ortiga g, P-33. variety, Horizontal design elements. lines indi
84 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ET

---------------

b

FIGURE 27.-Parita III miscellaneous type, Ortiga vessels. variety, Horizontal design elPbMir
Ladd] PARITA AND SANTA MARIA ARCHEOLOGY, P

8

a

b

with complete that Lothrop, a FIGURE 1942, rounded, they 693--817-64-7 a figs. 28.-Parita high, vessels in were 483-4). whichunmodified slightly similar were type, th Holmes presnt to body flared Ortigabase specimens is indicate also variety, in collar (Holmes, shaped the Cillustrates illustrated Peabody and red. Mound somewhat 1888, a ring III a collectionby figs. vessel sherds. base. like Holm2HlipbfpwLotvHc
86 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ET

similar to this but with a pronounced outw

r

El Hatillo as well, often with vertically f

2

d

17, e). Collars with a reverse flare and typ

were found as well as "face" collars; i.e., co

with an incurving lip and decorated with p

painted and modeled noses (fig. 27). Th

noted are plates (probably pedestal), an

b

high rounded shoulders, incurving, thickenrp

pear-shaped bodies (see fig. 35, c). The ir

only by rim sherds, thus base shape is assJt

ranges from 5-9 mm., and diameters are 3

cm. The vessels mentioned above as il

L

Holmes ranged from 35-40 cm. in diamete

N

rated in the fashion of this variety have b

t

El Hatillo site or elsewhere.

An additional shape known by three or 

it

a relatively large open bowl (about 34 cm

with steep sides and loop or angular handju

ations of the rim (fig. 17, g). The handles 

area of the rim are decorated with spectr

elements (fig. 28). The remainder of the bt

sherd fragments, is red-slipped. Base for

iu

L

rounded. One similar handle is decorated 

in a single black line and with the turtle i

figure 23, a.

A number of sherds from extremely largu

were assigned to this variety because of th

p

t

their scroll patterns. These sherds ranget

mm. at the thickened lip. In one case tu

flared cylindrical column with a minimum 

height column In diameter was a pronged jar presence and (b) missing, small Appendages pedestal another froglike shoulders, not supporting of are "atlas" shape apparent, by of 30 base missing. case, 104 appendages the the cm. and and (fig. cm. human the atlas rectangular and rim although the construction.-Though two 29, high figure decorated The fragments open e). main figure which flared-out wall These both pear-shaped can feet types standing suggest thickness onften of painted the frog a ofcollar the uppevessebe hanapphanon oubotioptimlythbtbrdTtt
Ladd] PARITA AND SANTA MARIA ARCHEOLOGY, PA

26, g). The frog handles occur at this site with three 

motifs: an elliptical shaped element, generally red fill

d

cruciform element with a circle (fig. 29, a); and a scroll 

rectangle or a circle (fig. 29, b, c).

C

F1GURn 2 9.-Parita miscellaneous type, e Ortiga vessels. variety, Horizontal design lines elements. indicate Mr
88 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ET

These scrolls may have "earlike" project

of the swirl as in the Calabaza variety (fig

J

b

legged," i.e., with a forked extension from th

aperture of which is filled with bar elements 

As noted earlier, these frog handles reduc

faint suggestion of legs or none at all appeap

plates in both the Yampi and Ortiga varietie

collared jar shoulders. The only other inst

the previously discussed face collar.

Surface.-The entire surface is polished. 

area varies from cream to salmon to a reddisb

colors are primarily black and red, although 

p

ticularly in the type "a" design noted below

to the shoulders, collar, and rims of the j

shoulder of the open pear-shaped bowls. Tb

is separated from the design area by a blab

covered with a red-brown slip. The only 

r

were decorated on the upper surface onlyp

decorated with Ortiga variety elements, es

zigzag or the undulating ribbon, also were r

Lips and collars of the sharply flaring or c

with simple concentric bands of black or b

similar to that of the globular jars of the Pic

type (see fig. 41, a). Those of the tall, 

decorated in the interior of the collar with bb

or black and red and the triangle in a zigzag 

The flat vertical section of the lips usually is r

scroll or spectacle elements similar to those o

effigy bird bowls.

Three, possibly five, main design pattern

lared rectangles red which black "bull's-eye" Characteristic lection The accompanied called 1942, c" and or same fig. jars, panel a is contain for "lyre"ribbon purple extremely 479; or motif this consists and element leaning by and filler variety. triangular element are scroll" a probably may sherds characteristic often frequent of elements boxes, with a occur in series (fig. One, from used a elements representing an black triangles, at in30, element of for of pattern Trenchthe a set barred banded rectangulac), fill circular El of (fig. againnd color which fillers "a," 1, Hatian triarecHe30, filapwbpbrb
Ladd] PARITA AND SANTA MARIA ARCHEOLOGY, P

a

b

FIGURE Purple. III sherd; 30.-Parita c, P-39. type, Horizontal Ortiga variety, C lines indicate design elements. red; diagoPbMi
90 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ET

ac

ef

In m

22/9340 tacks" Chiriqui element FIGURE purple. III These sherds; 31.-Parita (fig. in asis bull's-eye the on illustrated 31) p, the Museum P-37. are type, Chiriqui and present. Horizontal by Ortiga of lyre Lothrop the vessel panels variety, American An lines mentioned (Lothropexample indicate may design Ibj
Ladd] PARITA AND SANTA MARIA ARCHEOLOGY, P

a

b

FIGURE through cm.; indicate b, 32.-Pica-pica purple. a P-39; to the c, highly Find to Ortiga 372-1. conventionalized design Horizontal element C Origa, lines development, indicate b. a, Trere
92 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ET

a

FIGURE 33.-Parita III type, sherd. Ortiga Horizontal variety, design lines indePbMr
Ladd] PARITA AND SANTA MARIA ARCHEOLOGY, P

a

C

b

ladder-filled square-face 37, in If, variety then highly FIGURE An figure as III e). the additional indicated stylized sherds. 34.-Parita is A 32 Ortiga a schematic along later motif and Horizontal version by possible bull's-eye combined with ceramic type, similar the representation a stratigraphy Ortiga of lines crocodile primary the development to and with variety, indicate Macaracas that lyre amotif motif color-filled of at design red; panels of the H-4, thanis like diagonal these motifs. the elements. Pica-pica could those it the split-leggellipse two is lines Macatrue of be pata, inthvia
94 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ET

b, and 34, c. Only a few sherds with this p

recovered at the El Hatillo site, on shapes 

b

t

the Calabaza variety. The use of the "colo

(fig. 34, d) and a termination of the color-f

i

b

line or ellipse (fig. 34, a, b) is often associa

t

A variation of this, a split-legged scroll wi

p

and red similar to Pica-pica claw eleme

shaped sherds in Trench 8, Level 1. Th

t

tremely large unknown vessel shape mentio

t

sided "color stop" and also are decorated 

t

i.e., a split-legged scroll which ends in a 

completed ellipse, with small circle and 

(fig. 34, a). The same principle of leaving 

filled space within the design line to sep

t

occurs in the Pica-pica variety claw scroll, b

t

the design are continued unbroken (see figs

4c

4b

One large sherd of a rounded shoulder v

r

missing) combined a modified rectangular sc

similar to those on some of the face collar

i

black (fig. 33, a); a combination of curvili

similar to that present in the Nispero var

Variations from other sites.-MacCurdy i

t

j

from Chiriquf with split-legged scroll motif

t

and lip treatment, one of which has two m

h

a ring base, and the other, an animal head a

b

t

1911, pl. 44, b; fig. 255; Lothrop, 1942, fig

4

d 

b

A large jar from Chiriqui with short flar

p

body, unmodified base, and decorated with t

r

"monsters" and typical Ortiga filler eleme

i

b

Holmes and Lothrop (Holnes, 1888, figs. 20

L

illustrated 210; significant Ortiga Cuipordy fig. similar present, at type vessel, Annother the 482, Lothrop, "b" additional variety and to El decoration. an highly a). some designs Hatillo primarily by vessel in element Lothrop 1942, The Holmes designs, of modified with vessel those but site. mouths fig. characteristic for typical and with (MacCurdy, 482, buton the "seed from the by b). with on high a Ortiga Camito Lothrop pod" ring Chiriqui the This collar frog of faces 1911, the base elemeelemevessehandvarand Ca(Hchfhattt4ghhi2irbpbiiML
Ladd] PARITA AND SANTA MARIA ARCHEOLOGY, PA

1942, fig. 480, a) and will be described in greater deta

dealing with the Cuipo variety.

A globular jar, listed from Parita, with a9 short f

rounded base which combines design type "c" and 

filler elements with the split-square-face design and 

shape of the Pica-pica variety, Macaracas type, is 

Dade Collection at the Museum of the American In

22/9340). Besides constituting a good example of 

these two design patterns as discussed earlier, this is th

I know of which combines an Ortiga design with tj

shape. As with the Yampi variety plate with a square

crocodile drawn in Yampi style, this vessel may be a 

pica variety vessel, but created by a potter working in 

Geographical range.-Vessels either definitely of this 

marked similarities to it have been reported from the 

Chiriqui (Holmes, 1888, figs. 183, 207, 208, 209, 210; 

figs. 480, a; 482, a and b; 483, 484; McCurdy, 1911, 

Sonft, Veraguas (Lothrop, 1942, fig. 479); from Maca

1942, fig. 473, e); and from Parita (Lothrop, 1942, pl. 

448, d; Mus. Amer. Ind. cat. No. 22/9340). A few O

curred at He-1 and He-8.

Chronological position.-Same as Nispero variety.

Relationships of variety.-Related to other varieti

Also related through the bull's-eye crocodile design t

variety of the Macaracas type. Related through va

ments to the Calabaza variety.

Bibliography.-See above section on geographica

MACARACAS POLYCHROME

This type, the second main representative of the c

at the numerous In or The elements, vessel an the frquent motif, El subglobular each angled rendering collar Cuipo, favored Hatillo, form of use and base these associated shoulder the with design of consists of collared various (fig. first the a the "seed prferred primary motifs collared 35, two of typical other jars alligator j). three pod" of areanging Characteristic design whch jar, two shapes varieties: decorative clawed or forms. generally varieties highly motif are in are scrolls, size fairly the pedestal in The motifs conventionand with design from negative Pica-picaclear-cclosed Cuipoadds a plaminand atfl
96 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETH

a

b

& .k

FIGURE diameter. Calabaza; collection Mitchell flanged 35.-Macaracas neck, slide.'of photograph c, Find Pca-pica Zelsman 346-1, B-11-33; and from vessel; Pica-pica; Calabaza Rio f, j, de Find Find Jesus, typese, Pica-pic368-1; 373-3 vesse12 ingdMIHfMFh3ikcbWh9 im
Ladd] PARITA AND SANTA MARIA ARCHEOLOGY, P

As in the Parita Polychrome, the style of de

Macaracas varieties is predominantly curvilinear. 

are well proportioned and general decorative tech

developed. All three colors, black, red, and purple, o

especially the alternate use of red and purple in rep

Line or corner terminations are delicately gradua

curved in a fashion similar to that of the Parita ty

MACARACAS POLYCHROME; PICA-PICA VARIET

Sample.-33 vessels or large fragments; 118 sherds 

d

Paste.-The temper is crushed rock with both b

particles which are easily visible to the naked eye. 

of Nfspero variety, Parita Polychrome, is usually f

(Munsell hue 2.5YR 4/6-8), ranging from reddish or

red (Munsell hue 2.5YR 6/6-8 to 2.5YR 3/4-6). T

from 4-8 mm. and averages around 6 mm. even in th

Hardness rates as 3 on Mohs' scale.

Shapes.-The shapes include plates on tall ped

globular jars, and deep pear-shaped bowls with hig

incurving rims (fig. 35J, h, c). Of the latter shape, m

on the basis of rim sherd only, thus some of the orig

have been shallower than the one illustrated. Both 

that which follows are noted for the number of mini

and provide a wide range in size for the type. Miniat

6 cm. in diameter are fairly common, while the l

vessel, a pear-shaped bowl, was 45 cm. in maxi

Between these two extremes are pedestal plates an

j

ranging from 22-26 cm. in diameter.

Other shapes found at the He-4 site in 1957 by Dr. R

John W. Acker, and others include straight collared j

apparent. wedge-shaped same and peestaled. modified. lips arebout featre stricted tantly Appendages At rounded bases slightly the shape two-thirds about is orifices El shared (fig. Jars Onewith Hatillo and flattened Plate the and or 35, (fig. significant have by thickened of three cuniform shoulder, k) construction.-The lips thee site 35, (Russell short horizontally. loop way Higo all e), and characteristic jar which (fig. and handles outcurved up slits, variety. rims H. bases on 35, cylinder Mtchell, are usually a are c). appended few are Lips almost method collars rounded rounded of noted jars on two personal the snub-nothe with verticawith of pedeswas or and conbut pethactr
98 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ET

C

FIGURE with mayThe fill the black Surface.-AII collared colors. design a rangelone red 36.-Macaracas slip. from is jars On used delineated 375-3; exterior are occasion Decorated an on highly almost b, type, a 368-4; red surfaces in (Find polished. ground, Pica-pica black; sections white c, 372-9; except e374 or red, ahave varietyd, decorgray and Und372-blacfor a deFe3tboclwctcpufMImc
Ladd] PARITA AND SANTA MARIA ARCHEOLOGY, P

Q b

d

FIGURE indicate 10; b, 3375-3; 7 .-red; Macaracas diagonal c, 372-6; lines d, type, 372-8; indicate Pica-pica e, 372-1; purple. variety, f, 372-10; design g, 375-2. eleme
100 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ET

istic of the Cuipo variety. A few vess

3

372-18) were decorated with claw scrolls 

i

b

line alone on a white to cream ground. Sinc

t

t

b

varies with the vessel form, the characteris

p

distorted to fit the particular space selected

b

sense of proportion are almost always retai

In the case of pedestal plates, the uppemb

into two, three, or four black banded pane

tb

closed are form (fig. 36, a). Often the bas

bt

are is curved outward giving the panel a loz

triangular panels with opposing concave sid

j

b

will be opposed between two lozenge-shap

3

Nested within a number of narrow black 

tp

occur two characteristic motifs: (a) a red-fi

element (fig. 37 a, b), and (b) a claw scroll, 

normally with claws treated alternately in rep3d

A final type of layout is the cruciform ait

area between panels receives the decorati3d

37, f, g). Fill elements here may be simple brb

by black lines or black zigzags (fig. 37, f), 3g

or, occasionally, very delicately drawn "sp

m

nating red and purple spines (fig. 38, a). Rpr

are often decorated with the "coral snak

m

u

alternate color technique) so common in t

L

Sitio Conte. A black band often encircles tu

area just inside the lip.

The underside of plates of this variety ar

u

i

in the collection. However, a number of tmph

a crisscross pattern of black, uneven lines a

tu

t

vessel and around the upper part of the pe

b

i

t

h

been on discussion combination discovered pedestal of class as Veraguas, may pica The the represented the and be suspended "a" ray surface ray either plates. red-buff Cuipo is of at inor the with the the a (pl. hammerhead vacant by by Veraguas variety depiction There Yampi El collared 9, these a typical tarred b, Hatillo or c). are vessels. two filled variety, site jars, of Pica-pica or two shark site: vessels the blackened in in and examples body with Characteralso associatioFind motif, Find andesign dots appewith 8-1 co37thoatmtppihbtPtPr3PtrtVi
Ladd] PARITA AND SANTA MARIA ARCHEOLOGY, FIGURE purple. 368-2; 693-817--64-----8 38.-Macaracas b, Find 368-1. type, Horizontal Pica-pica lines and indicate Higo red; design dia
102 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHis circular FIGURE Yampi eye 24, not d, resting h), present 39.-Find variety form and on and the in are a 8-1; theorizontal more separate generally YampiMacaracas frequent from variety), elliptical bar indicate type, appearance or any band red. Pica-picthe horizowith reaca 
Ladd] PARITA AND SANTA MARIA ARCHEOLOGY, P

AD

db

e

lim

M4

FIGURE a, m, Purple. Lothrop, Find 4 0.-Macaracas 372-1; 1942, d-e, fig. 149. g-k, type, Mound Horizontal Pica-pica III lines sherds; and indicate Hgo f, Find varietiered; 36dideF3li
104 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHFIGURE b, 346-1; 41.--Macaracas c, 368-2. Horizontal type, Pica-pica lines indicate vriety, red; dedF3p
Ladd] PARITA AND SANTA MARIA ARCHEOLOGY, P

the design area. Characteristic Pica-pica element

the same vessels with these are diamond bases, cora

claws. Yampi elements normally associated with 

such as frog adornos on the rim and large rectangul

elements on the rim (fig. 24, f, i), are conspicuously a

Pedestal bases are generally decorated with the 

on a cream base (fig. 38, b), or are treated with a plain 

hatching and the diamond in a ribbon motif (fig. 40

g

on bases.

The design area of the globular jars, with its c

colored ground slip, usually extends well down over 

vessel stopping just short of the base area especially 

and smaller jars where space is limited. On the j

decorated portions may be limited to the shoulder a

Bases are either red slipped or, more often, unslippe

generally arranged in three or four panels around t

although claw scroll motifs may be laid out either 

interlocking pattern around the shoulder (fig. 41, 

rectangular or closed arc panels. The latter are of

alternating postures so that an undulating band of 

achieved between them (fig. 36, e). Regardless o

distortion of the closed are panels into lozenges, and c

shapes and rectangular panels into trapezoidal form

tangular panels generally enclose "rectangular cla

41, c), usually nested within a series of narrow blac

filled circles may be interspersed between panels. 

motif which occurs fairly frequently is the "split-sq

37, e) or two rectangular panels, enclosing black ba

j

horizontally by a mouth. Sometimes the eyes will 

lines extending from the lower portion forming an 

might eye" are they The and narrow, over encircles remains is the The applied again noteck "lyre" the motif relationship do be collar common black in banded. cream occur is the called for motifs in left theand outer a the bands sparsely slip. unslipped short cream the in of rim of Southeastern Below the surface "tearful the or the distance As area ground Azuero two in Ortiga shown"split-square-face" with this,both are of black eye" although slip, the the on styles also variety in United the (fig. bands figure the color lip, and generally angular at 40, interior has theStates. the the of the 41, separated a) the already deeper main a, inner El similar motif and decoraa fired of Hatilblack Defporthe suincuby bpa
106 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETH

The deep pear-shaped bowl with high sh

is represented at He-4 by only one whole 

sherds. Sherds of this form assigned to the 

were assigned to the Ortiga variety on the 

design) were decorated either in continuous 

nating purple and red claws, or with a serie

in black on a red ground. In all cases the 

limited to the upper portion of the vessel b

The scroll technique often included use, in 

stop," i.e., the practice of leaving a portion 

the ground color shows through (fig. 40, c), a

treating one section of the claw first in black 

(fig. 40, b).

Other decorative elements occurring in 

include the diamond in a ribbon motif (figg

Higo and Cuipo varieties and very similar t

pattern of the Ortiga variety, and the color-

Variations from other sites.-A collared jar 

pica variety claw scroll and what is probab

to the shoulder is present in the Museum 

(cat. No. 22/8378).

Cylinder jars on ring bases and with sho

been recovered at the El Hatillo site (Dr. Rus

communication). A Veraguas example of t

spindle motifs in panels, is present in the 

Museum of the American Indian (cat. No. 2

Lothrop (1942, fig. 188, a-b) illustrates 

subglobular jars on ring bases from Cache 

have plain red bodies, but the collar of one i

base diamond motif of the El Hatillo site, an

motif scroll fig. have eithr pedestal rims ments specimens color, variety. andre Various 192, depicted this and also wasmentioned and this with c). plates same cuneiform recovered occurred Provenience bird purple. the or profile checkerboard the checkerboard designs tails (cat. above. Higo at in Both slits birdNos. are other Grave for associated variety. spread in 22/8350 patterns plates these Another style the motif sites 26 base, vesels out at exhibit in with and and The occurred Sitio similarly as like altrnatwhich could22/95the claweis Dade Conthe a listpt2
Ladd] PARITA AND SANTA MARIA ARCHEOLOGY, 

the under side of a plate sherd the upper surface of whi

with the Higo crocodile motif (fig. 40, k).

Lothrop illustrates a Grave 5, Sitio Conte, glob

j

which bears a profiled bird of a different type; the b

closes a claw scroll utilizing alternate color and colo

1942, figs. 194 and 225, b). A vessel with this bird m

b

scroll collar was also found at La Pefia (Mahler, 1961

d

Sitio Conte vessel is one of a group of four jars from 

which are almost identical in shape, style of decorati

treatment (with one exception), and which include a n

characteristic of the Pica-pica and Higo varieties a

site. The use of barred scrolls in black line on the 

of the vessels, however, is known at He-4 in only on

346-5), although black figured designs (in contrast to b

present on vessels from Macaracas (Lothrop, 1942, fi

a specimen from He-1 at Parita (Find 16-17-d).

As mentioned earlier in this section, four pedestal 

motifs were recovered by Dr. Russell Mitchell at the 

Sol) site near Santiago, Veraguas (personal communic

these require no comment as they are typical Pica-p

plates. The fourth, done in negative technique, will b

the Cuipo variety. The third is notable primarily fo

Cuipo circle and dot fill seed pods on the under surf

to Pica-pica elements such as the closed are with claw b

two Pica-pica style rays on the upper surface.

Jars which, with straight collars and quite constrict

almost be described as short-spouted bottles (fig. 3

b

Pica-pica and Higo variety designs were recovered 

J

Mason at Sitio Conte in Cocl6 (Univ. Pennsylvania 

B-1i, B-11-33, and 40-15-470) and at the He-4 site b

Higo collections. greater Mitchell Geographical Veraguas: Chiriqui: variety Cerro Santiago, detail 480, and 22/8350). 1942, (personal Someare la 14) in b MacCurdy, fig. fig. range.-Many La and Vigia, illustrated the Vraguas (Mahler, 477, 477, communication). of Pefia, d.section the b a'). Caseria and near 1911, vessels 1961, (Mus. in dealing b'; vessels the 1950, Santiago pl. Culantro, fig. Amer. literature listed XLIV, with 2, fig. of c).this below 132; Ind. variations fig. (Wassen, Sonfl,r variety 255; another cat. arehave VrLoprN1ab
108 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETH

Catine, Las Palmas, Museo Nacional 

photograph.

"Cocuyal," Las Palmas, Museo Naci

Willey photograph.

Piedra del Sol (Finca Gonzales) near M

Nos. 9, 11, 14, 17, 18, 20, 21, 24, 

personal communication).

Veraguas: Veraguas in general (Mus. 

22/8390, 23/200, 23/202, 22/9448).

Herrera: Parita: Lothrop, 1942, figs. 4

Amer. Ind. cat. Nos. 22/9340 and 

p. 239, upper row left and center r

from top, right, Find 346-5, and she

Los Santos: Los Santos: a typical ves

Pica-Pica design elements (Lothrop

Macaracas: Lothrop, 1942, figs. 461, a

CoclA: Potrero Requelme, Rio Cocle (L

Sitio Conte, Rio Grande de Cocl, a 

Late Period graves and caches, and s

Grave 5 vessels (Lothrop, 19

b

172; these appear as atypica

also figs. 224 and 225, c); 

Pica-pica elements (Lothrop, 

b, and fig. 178, b).

Grave 24 (Lothrop, 1942, fig. 

b

of rectangular claw scroll, di

split closed arc.

Grave 26 (Lothrop, 1942, pl. i

Cache 5 (Lothrop, 1942, fig. 1

b

Sherds, Trenches 5 and 11 (Lot

Mason material from Burial Co-2: Burial photographs excavations: now straight-collared one 40-15-339, and Sherds. 23: 14: 16:80-b: 11: pedestal 40-15-496. at at at at the one least least and least 40-15-341, University Excavations collared plate one notes threeee two three jarssmall incuding small of small vessels, jar. including small and, G. Museum, flare-collared pedestal of R. pedestal probably, flare-coll

J. Willey. two cat.Alden cat. UnismaNosplapNjjj
Ladd] PARITA AND SANTA MARIA ARCHEOLOGY, P

Chronological position.-Both Pica-pica and Higo vt

Macaracas type are probably coeval with Late Cocl6, 

t

either the El Hatillo or Parita types.

Relationships of variety.-The close relationship to t

H

v

is demonstrated repeatedly by the appearance of Pic

H

elements on the same sherd or vessel. Closely relt

Cuipo variety, again through shared elements on tv

Related also to the Calabaza variety.

Bibliography.-See geographical range above.

MACARACAS POLYCHROME; HIGO VARIETY

Sample.-2 whole vessels; 232 sherds (pl. 7, a, b).

Paste.-Same as Pica-pica variety.

Shape.-Same as the Pica-pica variety with the 

t

pear-shaped high-shouldered bowl. The crocodile m

hb

noted at El Hatillo on pedestal plates (both minia

l

and on collared jars. Plate lips are rounded, pedesta

tall with the cuneiform slit present. Jar bases are r

u

modified.

Surface.-The surface is smoothed and polished 

t

exterior. In this variety, designs appear on both the u

l

surfaces of the plates as well as on the pedestals. As i

t

P

variety, the major portion of the jar body is decorated

c

l

are banded, but no instances of black line figured co

w

n

The crocodile motif, as it appears in this variety, 

in one of three characteristic poses, apparently depend

t

to be filled. Thus the "crouching crocodile" appea

i

t

panels (fig. 42, b), the "galloping crocodile" in rectang

p

42, a), and the "dancing crocodile" (fig. 42, c) when th

i

large and circular, e.g., on the upper surfaces of plates

0 A

of which and tion foundrom which each Panama motifs at occur 10 SitiO Various an The heavy of panel, Conte Trench terms apparently on I two in of an know. shoulder area, and the highly "galloping crocodile irregularly Higo black is elsewhere Cocl6 schematically 8, from style the stylized rare bull's-eyes crocodile" sherds (Lothrop, styles or the only shaped crocoile variation alligator and of alligator 1942, at form instance a "dancing presented pp. large Sitio are panels 81-83, motifs with in on added motifs crocodile" Conte. closed 103-105, the of the are the inthis are El crouching to jined 118-123). vessel figuresplit-square-of are widespread the As Hatillo particular from Chiriquf mentioby crocodLothrop32, (top a croa. P"atimwTlwbmttcetdotm
110 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETH

a

b 

FIGURE 42.-Macaracas type, Higo variety, croco

fig. 193, b; b, He-4, Find 368-2; c, Loth

They also occur on gold work and on the u

guas. Very often the style of representati

El Hatillo type. At other times the styles 

case between the Cocl6 and Azuero styles, w

and, sometimes, smaller design elements a

El Hatillo site as represented by the material 

one particular style showed considerable co

smaller elements. For example, crocodile h

are shown in profile with a barbed nose 

scrolls. smaller represented trasthe crocodile" depicted fromilled site, tendency to (fig. (fig. be feet 40, the theo lacking claws. crocodile f). 1); the body Finally, are with head at pose in by treatment Feet given othrin In the ofan and many hands this the motif the opposed Cocld (hind backsites color-filled variety. figure Higo narrow, Cocl6-style may frequently occurring style legs) of to be talon. variety is the elaborate treated treated parallel this and, claws figure alongside "dragon barbed found The represengenerallwith as (fig. are black the plumbirdn bes4bj
Ladd] PARITA AND SANTA MARIA ARCHEOLOGY, P

Other elements characteristic of the Higo variety, a

im

c

shared with the previous variety, include the co

(fig. 38, a), the diamond-in-a-ribbon (fig. 40, e, g), r

c

scroll motifs in panels (fig. 41, c), and the checkerb

m

40, k). Plate rims or lips are either treated with a p

r

are decorated with the coral snake motif. Of the two 

b

in the Peabody material, one was decorated in a mod

r

panel pattern enclosing rectangular claw scrolls and 

p

and the other was decorated with the diamond bas

p

of these vessels is apparently exactly duplicated by 

v

from the same grave lot, which remained at the MuN

Panamat.

Variationsfrom other sites.-Occasionally, a crocodil

m

in the style of this variety is represented in full face v

rt

profile. An example of this representation, with sol

r

b

barbed feathers but color-filled feet, is present in the D

(cat. No. 22/8347) and is listed as from La Pefia, Vera

An

earlier, the Dade Collection also contains a plate f

Veraguas, depicting a full face square-headed "cro

m

represented in the Yampi style.

Many variations of the basic crocodile motif, H

mw

others, especially the "dancing crocodile," are ill

it

literature. These appear to center around the tr

t

plumes or feathers, the feet, the body cavity, and tp

absence of the secondary crocodile motif or "dragon b

E

nation of 19 examples of the crocodile motif in either A

styles represented in the literature and the collection 

t

M

of the American Indian revealed little in the way 

pattern of relationships between these various ele

F

i

stance, barbed plumes, claw plumes, claw feet, and cla

f

about other the in body, Ls filledrom indications at inThe Geographical Sitio the conjunction solid Santos, body Macaracas. hand, 5 section evenlystraight-collared Conte, were rd were listed fine ad body, from dealing with with Cocl6, range.-As noted; line 1 above east Unfortunately while from both the feet, by with Veraguas, one can jar solid only Dr. Chiriquf. solid in thefrom with or hardly all J. red one bottle, Pica-pica Alden body instances Los body. instance 1 the from be Only Santos, sample Mason, and examples preceding treated Parita, variety. Of except four claw-filled of thewo a is has as exampdragoso of 2 10 oneconfrom varalrfrosmwebtwbwnftctfwfbnti
112 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ET

plethora of museum specimens and illustrate

in the literature; every Province in Panama 

Chiriquf: Holmes, 1888, figs. 214 and 

1911, frontispiece and pl. xLv; Lo

Veraguas: Cerro la Vigia, Caseria C

(Lothrop, 1942, fig. 477 c, c'; also L

La Pefia, Santiago, Veraguas (Wa

9, a, a'; another vessel fig. 11, a

Amer. Ind. cat. No. 22/8347).

Sona, Veraguas (Mus. Amer. Ind. ca

Santiago, Veraguas (Mus. Amer. Ind

Rio de Jesus, Veraguas (Mus. Amer

Piedra del Sol, Montijo, Veraguas 

15, 19, 23; Russell H. Mitchell, pe

La Pefia (Mahler, 1961, fig. 2, b).

Veraguas in general (Wass6n, 1960

Mus. Amer. Ind. cat. No. 22/8390)

Herrera: Parita, Herrera (sherds illus

fig. 444, a, a', b; two vessels Mu

22/8379 and 22/8383); Stirling, 195

bottom, right, Find 368-17.

Los Santos: Los Santos, Los Santos (Lo

variant.

Macaracas, Los Santos (Lothrop, 1

462, b).

Cock6: Sitio Conte, Coclk (Lothrop 1

figs. 193, b, and 225, d; another ves

another vessel fig. 225, a; another 

pl. ii, a). All done in Coclk style.

Mason excavations: Excavations of J. Ald

information material G. Relationships Bibliography.-See Chronological R. Burial Co-2: Burial Willey. large collared now bttle) 11: Sherds 17-a: 18: 16: 14: recorded at flare-collared at position.-Same at ofthe cat. jar, pobably least type.-Same least University No. geographical cat. here one twofur one B-11. Nos small vessels; one jar, is small vessels; basedas 40-15-483 Museum, medium ans straight-colthe range flare-collaone thtwo one Pica-pon pedePica-sizeabosmUnanphsmjjjj
Ladd] PARITA AND SANTA MARIA ARCHEOLOGY, P

MACARACAS TYPE; CUIPO VARIETY

Sample.-13 vessels or large fragments, 11 sherd

d

8, a).

Paste.-Temper is crushed white and black rock 

the naked eye against the brick-red paste color. T

same as that for the Pica-pica variety. Hardness i

scale.

Shapes.-Vessel forms represented at He-4 includ

collared jars with angled shoulders (fig. 35, j) and 

Size on both shapes ranges from miniature (plates 8 c

in diameter; jars 6-7 cm. in diameter) through sm

(plates 19 cm. in diameter; jars 11-13 cm. in diamet

example, Find 373-3, with a diameter of 38 cm. W

vary somewhat with overall size, ranging from 6-8 m

large vessel mentioned above were surprisingly thin, a

5 mm. Plate lips are rounded and otherwise unmodif

like those of the Pica-pica and Higo varieties are gen

tall and slim. Jar collars are short with a tendency to

flattening of the lip. Adjacent to the collar base t

flattened area of shoulder, which may be horizontal 

down toward the shoulder angle. In some cases the 

is high on the body, giving a pear-shaped appearan

In others, the angle is located about the midpoint of 

Appendages and construction.-Although the method 

is not apparent and no appendages are known for thi

El Hatillo site, a short description of the rattle base m

is in order. The pedestal interior is closed over near 

one-fifth of the way up the pedestal, by a layer of pa

is perforated by small holes and by two intersecti

layer uniform surface only Decorative both pedestal similar for were slits point variety, color Surface.-Of a perforate a in upper and comparable of placed few is in most juncture 10 base surface smoothed the appearance of came zones and of in point the the arthe the lower the with from Red-buff pedestal plates apparance decorated. vary of 13 and specimens hollow juncture the to whole one surfaces polished, exhibited with a plate. wall pie base). grave, vessels area is theOn whichith crust midway of a but Find a darkthe vessel of the Forty-five the dull in cut the will thehigh-angled the plate red plate. between 374, cream into colors form. base collection be similar and and quartersmall describremain Two or the betwit Onhe almto shis fbn

5

k

j
114 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ET

the zone of decoration is limited to the upp

and thus extends somewhat below the shoul

larger examples of the shape.

The three other whole vessels of this vari

Find Unit do not share the subdued coloring 

extensive use of a light cream ground color, th

background to the design colors and a bright

subdued coloring of the Find 374 vessels is n

particular grave is suggested by the occur

three different trenches. Colors in both g

red, and purple, the latter two used only as 

One of the striking characteristics of the F

negative design presentation in which the 

ground color. In the He-4 collection, the o

negative technique is a dragon or crocodile e

j

elements occurring on the vessels with the 

diamond-in-a-ribbon motif (fig. 40, e, g) sh

and "seed pod" elements, usually enclosing 

other fine line designs (fig. 44, a, b, g).

In the case of the lighter-hued jars of o

examples combine various design elements 

shoulder with representations of turtle hea

body just below the shoulder (fig. 44, d, J)

(Finds 373-3 and 369-1) the area between th

opposite sides of the vessel is decorated by 

turtle plastron motifs (fig. 43, c). Shoul

vessel (Find 373-3) combines circle and d

g

with the color-filled spindle of the Higo 

351-1) combines dot-filled seed pods with c

(fig. 44, c). The third (Find 369-1) is deco

filled similar sherds On fashion by with Jar least a centric crosshatch number Pedestal Variations the bases all two two triangles Find in three circles to described additional were of horizontal combination a element. bases 374 instances from "pointed of (fig. and either vessels the for ofother 43, ellipses shap, this vesels, the unslipped bands These in eye" only) h) with sites.-Examples which Pica-pica varietynd each a separated concentric motif were the the shallow theypical or enclosing lips (representplastron decorated red-slippevariety. turtle (fig. open and Higo by circl43, hfra cd
Ladd] PARITA AND SANTA MARIA ARCHEOLOGY, P

a

t We 

FIGURE C, 374-4. 373-1; 4 3.-Macaracas Horizontal d-g, Mound lines type, II indicate and Cuipo trench red.variety, 9, level design 59-75 elements. cm. she
116 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETH

C 

00

FIGURE 44.-Macaracas (?); b, 374-1; type,c, Cuipo e, 351-1; variety, d, f, des369F33
Ladd] PARITA AND SANTA MARIA ARCHEOLOGY, P

combined with either the circle and dot seed pod 

technique motifs of the Cuipo variety. Lothrop 

additional shapes: the open bowl with seed pod el

about the upper exterior of the vessel (Lothrop, 1

from the Potrero Riquelme site on the Rio Cocle, a

flat base, slightly convex upper surface, and a flat rim 

the negative dragon motif, from Macaracas (Lothrop, 

A negative style design not found in the He-4 c

case a profile bird, is present along with the diam

motif of the Higo variety on a pedestal plate listed f

the Dade Collection (cat. No. 22/9303). In this 

slip is a light cream, and cuneiform slits are presen

base. Other instances of Higo or Pica-pica variety 

bination with those of the Cuipo variety include a 

Parita with the seed pod motif on one side and a col

claw on the other (Lothrop, 1942, fig. 444, a, a') and 

in the Dade Collection listed from Veraguas combin

dragon with circle and dot seed pods, and a diam

(Mus. Amer. Ind. cat. No. 22/9512). A simple form 

is also present on this plate (fig. 45, c) and is reminisc

variety (fig. 24, i; also Lothrop 1942, fig. 485).

A more specific tie with the Ortiga variety is illu

MacCurdy and Lothrop from the De Zeltner Colle

vessels (MacCurdy, 1911, figs. 257 and 258 and Lo

480, a). In this case, a vessel of typical Cuipo turtle j

for its short straight collar, combines seed pod and 

elements with frog handles on the shoulder. These 

are closely associated with Ortiga variety of the P

further complicate matters, the seed pods are not t

and dot type, but apparently correspond more clo

black In Macaracas fine-lined elements, cat. He-4 side flld motif is Zalso Two patterns addition, No. including 693-817-64--9 specimen or spindle and present. examples solid 22/8391) seed ar by and with Lothrop black present element. pod arranging head, in split The a of shape, listedon with possible the other are in tail, the(1942, It ladder the Cuipo from patterns size, the other. and vessel differs Dade Ortiga fig. circle use Veraguas plastron element turtle (Mus. 462, by Collection. of (fig. lyre andadding turtle jar,, 45, types Amer. motifs, is dot element a') but a).almost eements the illustratof seed In. with One The the and diamon poac(C
118 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETH

9a

FIGURE seum American American American 45.-Macaracas Indian Indian Indian cat. cat. No. No. cat. type, 22/8391, 22/501, No. Cuipo 22/9512, Veraguas Veraguas bvariety, Veraguavesselvede
Ladd] PARITA AND SANTA MARIA ARCHEOLOGY, P

also listed from Veraguas, is similar in shape but so

and combines the "monorail" element (fig. 37, g) 

variety with a slightly different Z-shaped circle an

(fig. 45, b). Both of these vessels have cream to bu

coloring and the colors are bright.

Crosshatching similar to that occurring on the two j

mentioned earlier (Finds 351-1 and 369-1) also occ

effigy jars at the Venado Beach site (Peabody Mus. 

20-20418) but without other specific similarities in de

An example of the black on red technique, in this 

line seed pods arranged around the orange slipped 

medium sized (14.4 cm. diameter) collared jar, w

Dr. Mitchell at the V-5 or Piedra del Sol site betwe

Santiago in Veraguas (Vessel No. 7, Grave No. 1, per

cation from Dr. Mitchell) in association with Pica

variety vessels.

The ray or hammerhead shark motif also appears i

nique; e.g., a pedestal plate recovered by Dr. Mitche

del Sol site near Santiago, Veraguas (Vessel No. 8

personal communication from Dr. Mitchell). In th

rays are represented on the upper surface of a pede

are executed in the fashion typical of the Pica-pica v

circular, unattached eyes and channeled bodies. C

and sharp, the vessel has a coral snake lip, and the 

with a typical Pica-pica diamond pattern.

Still a further motif occurring in negative style is 

sented by a bowl found in a La Pefia grave along w

racas type vessels (Mahler, 1961, fig. 2, d). The same 

a small straight-collared or "bottle jar" from He-A 

Russell H. Mitchell (personal communication). Geographical Veraguas: Los Chiriqui: Herrera: Piedra Rio Veraguas 7, graph. 22/8391, Santos: row, 1960, and de 8, range: del Jesus, pl. Parita, left, 13, MacCurdy, fig. La Sol, in Macaracas, 22) ii, 22/9512, Find 2) Pefia, Museo general Montijo, (Mahler, Herrera d, (Russell 369-1). fig. near 1911, 22/9501). Nacional 461, (Mus. Los Santiago, (sherd, H. Santiago, 1961, figures Mitchell, Santos b; Amer. fig. de Lothrop, Stirling, 257 Panam, Veraguas 2, Veraguas (Lothrop, d). personal and I. 1950, 1942, 258. G. cat

(he(G
120 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETH

Coclk: Potrero Riquelme, Rio Coclk, C

418, b).

Co-2: sherds.

Chronological position.-The Cuipo variet

association (Piedra del Sol, Grave No. 1, E

others) and shared elements, is contemporary 

of the Macaracas type, and thus presumabl

Parita or El Hatillo types.

Relationships of variety.-Related closely 

Macaracas type; also related in some ele

variety.

Bibliography.-See section above on geogr

CALABAZA POLYCHROME

CALABAZA TYPE; CALABAZA V

Sample.-18 vessels or large fragments, 51

Paste.-The paste is fired an orange to b

Polychrome for Munsell rating) and is temp

and black rock, the particles of which ar

magnification. Occasional pebbles of hem

rates at 3 on Mohs' scale.

Shapes.-This variety includes one basic 

gourdlike bottle with a ring base (fig. 35, 

vessels vary from 12-20 cm. (of the 18 vessel

the range of 14-19 cm.), and heights (minu

10-15 cm. Thus, gross size is relatively c

shape is quite uniform, although variations 

globularity or squatness of the vessel body.

Very few spouts were found attached to bo

of detached spouts with surface treatment 

spoutel fore with the In ingspoutsides as tionshe turned Appendages rattles all wasip, lquids, mouth.firing a of of was cases stick coupled in fired which manythe such rater made but the either vessels or (fig. Some of then reed a with and stillpouts by way thean 35, because turns indicates appear knocking (fig. is the examples d). construction.-The that as do extremely 35, extensive inward bottles. not In some as the a). others, a a appear though suggest considerable hole spout liqid Still to small scratching Holmes for in the tothers hol the would thate have mouas prea apseistatj
Ladd] PARITA AND SANTA MARIA ARCHEOLOGY, 

1888, pp. 156-157; MacCurdy, 1911, p. 169) both i

scribe Lost Color ware rattles from Chiriqui which a

shape to the present variety. They differ in constru

Lost Color specimens as described by Holmes norm

which were closed off at their bases allowing them 

whistles, and vessel bodies were perforated with 

shoulder. Both the Lost Color rattles and the C

share the presence of two opposing perforations in 

spout wall, which may have been used for suspensio

ages are known to be associated with this variety.

Surface.-The surface is smoothed and highly po

sign area; i.e., the upper part of the body and the sp

point of greatest diameter the body wall is seldom, 

although it carries the same slip as that of the dec

treatment similar to the Nispero and An6n varietie

ground slip varies from cream through orange or sal

the latter occurring especially in those areas where po

a darker hue to the slip. Design colors are in almos

to black or black and red. On the basis of inspecti

quent designs include the seed pod element (fig. 46, a

and split arcs (figs. 47 and 48). Both of these pa

siderable variation in expression and both may oc

vessel. As is usual within the Azuero style, the majo

ments are arranged around the vessel so as to achiev

anced effect.

The simple closed arc is characteristic of the Pica-

36, a) but seldom occurs with claws in the present 

split arcs with red fill are also found (fig. 47, a, b). 

are pattern also occurs in scroll forms and with a

appendages (fig. 47, c, d). Scrolls of either red or bl

J), latter was terminated color 48, turned entire Conteending "carpet Generally, (fig. The "ladder" a, present 46, stop, also pattern seed (Lothrop, b). upside in tack" c, found a both d), in pods the Various fill in single taks down a "tongues" fillers someseed (fig. single also characteristic in 1942, line the on and embellishments 46, are of pods (figs. pp. line a Ortiga and, the g) facial embellished viewed (fig. 25-28). andndre 31, Early in aspect variety. of 46, J, may predominantly circle so addition, the and e) Period that with occur within (fig. and Ortiga and 47,If the 48, ears, "closed Cocl6-styldot are d) the with arethe variety c-e), of often fillrs split make solida becthe are pa to
122 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETH

C

e

one FIGURE examples the color b, Besides g, Cuipo specimen Find shift, 46.-Calabaza 136; of variety the ladder in the c, sed theP-21; were fill, circle collection pod type, e, and Find found and Calabaza and single 218; (Find closed on dot f,he line variety, P-7 filled 210).arc gourd termin(?). patdesseOHb
Ladd] PARITA AND SANTA MARIA ARCHEOLOGY, 

N.

N N

N N N

N 

N N.

N > ~ N

N'' ~ ~ 

I ~ ~

L.~.t \

\

I L------------

L_ _-----------A a

N

N

N.

N. C>. N N ' 

N

I \ 

--

b - - - 

N N N

N

N

N N N

S. S

S

N

N

N 

N 

- N

A.

FIGURE 4 7 .-Calabaza 6, 172; c, P-7; type, d, Calabaza P-21. Horizontal dCvariety, N N N. -------------------------------------------------------------------------- lines design .J indicatelem
124 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETH

It

fit/

N 

FIGURE 4S.-CalabaZa b, 136; c, 144; detype, d, 59; CalabaZa e, 218. variety, Horizontal C de
Ladd] PARITA AND SANTA MARIA ARCHEOLOGY, P

scroll (a characteristic of Ortiga sherds), this time in 

was noted on the gourd bottle shape (Vessel P-40).

One vessel (Find 45) (pl. 8, c, d) combined a single 

ment with a split are with scroll pattern. The face c

a design on a gold plaque found in Grave No. 26, a La

at Sitio Conte (Lothrop, 1937, fig. 92).

As mentioned earlier, very few spouts were found 

bottles, so that much of what follows is based on the 

the patterns described belong with this particular bo

few spouts found intact were decorated with simple ba

plete vessels with chevron design spouts have also bee

Russell Mitchell, personal communication) (fig. 49, J

terns found on spouts which clearly do not belong t

type bottles and bird bottles and, therefore, probably 

include the following: triangle in zigzag elements (fi

rectangles (fig. 49, It), both of which occur in the Ortig

hatching, pointer elements (fig. 49, d), spectacle or p

similar to the tail patterns of the Nispero and Ortig

49, c), a toothed element alternating red and purple 

various blob or dot on line elements (fig. 49, e) agai

Parita type, An6n variety.

General comment.-It is evident from the above that 

with its characteristic decoration straddles two typ

sense, is a perfect example of one of the primary difficul

in establishing a typology. In any case, the Calabaz

paste, filler, and scroll elements, as well as the distinc

polished design area ground slip and lower body un

slip with the Parita type; while simultaneously sharing 

or patterns such as the closed arc, split are, and see

ferent fill) with the Macaracas type. Since almo

variety in the variety unknown. variety On probably types, Hatillo Geographical RelationshipRs Bibliography.-None. Chronological grave temporal the but type, sherds and (Mus. basis associations, closer more its El affinities of were Amer. range.-I stratigraphic in position.-No of Hatillo closely surface time variety.-Related found there Ind. of to variety. thereatment, outside know the cat. is variety. occurrence no Parita latter. grave No. of information of only Mound 22/4823), including associations typeo Also bth is onethan too related III, availabMacaraother but design meageto and are the itsby 
126 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ET

b

e

FIGURE III indicate sherds; 49.-Calabaza purple. b, Trench 9 type, 8, Level Calabaza 2. Horizontal variety, deslinhaMirl
Laddi PARITA AND SANTA MARIA ARCHEOLOGY, P

CALABAZA TYPE; CERIT6 VARIETY

Sample.-Fragments of 5 vessels (pl. 9, a).

Paste.-Large particles of crushed rock, much of 

stitute the temper. The paste is fired to a red hue s

the Calabaza variety, but the interior half of the v

section in three out of the four vessels at the Peabody 

from a light gray-brown to a dark gray-brown (Mu

to 3/1). Thickness ranges from 6-10 mm., averagin

Hardness rates at 4 on Mohs' scale and thus is fairly 

Form.-A tall spouted bottle with a sharp basal a

base (fig. 35, i). Unfortunately, no complete vessels 

the Peabody collection; thus heights cannot be given

estimated from the fragments ranged from 15.5-18 cm

Appendages and construction.-Underside of body i

for attachment of ring base.

Surface.-Judging from a photograph of Dr. Mitc

the design area is limited to the lower third or half of 

the upper portion or spout is covered with a solid red 

the basal portion below the angle is red-slipped to the 

The design area is set off from the red slipped a

below by a broad black band and two black lines. W

ground color varies from cream buff to a light brown. 

are apparently limited to black and red. On four o

and on the complete vessel, the primary design motif 

and below by four triangular elements combined wit

(fig. 50, c) which act as dividers between repetitions 

FIGURE 50.-Calabaza ? Ca15; type, c, P-15. Cerit6 Horizontal variety, lines design idicate elements, red.b
128 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ET

motif (on two examples this is repeated th

t

mens are too fragmentary or eroded to p

t

i

The complete vessels and two of the fra

acteristic S scroll (fig. 50, b) as the primary m

t

fragment with decoration remaining (Find 3

h

atypical rectangular scroll (fig. 50, a) rem

t

E

type. An additional vessel recovered at He

b

M

Z

t

Canal Zone combines two design motifs, 

r

twice-an Espall variety rectangular drago

design.

Comment.-Like the Calabaza variety, th

t

straddle two types; in this case the El Hat

t

T

vessel form with its sharp basal angle is r

t

v

angled bottles of the El Hatillo variety and 

r

t

mid" bottle shape in red-buff ware of Finds 3

3

Another mode resembling the El Hatillo 

i

t

r

scroll motif mentioned above. The paired t

p

jecting from a border band also occasionall

i

t

E

variety (e.g., Find 30-1, Vessel P-43). Th

m

thing very similar to it with split-legged e

in black line is found on both Ortiga and 

v

Under these circumstances, and in view of t

i

at least three of the vessels, it seemed advi

t

u

status in the Calabaza type even though the t

n

is so small.

Geographical range.-The only examples 

k

f

the He-4 site.

Chronological position.-Grave association

i

F

3

i

t

the Cerit6 variety is contemporary with th

E

thus probably coeval with, or later than, the 

t

p

the radially the white-slipped bandedza, later Bibliography.-None. Thirty-one Relationships rim Soked than andsubvariety, exterior, around MISCELLANEOUS Ortiga the ware shrds lips Macaracas of the varieties. and bowls, variety.-Related on were'recovered bowl ofne which small BLACK-ON-WHITE TPOLYCHROME small type. example in a the open lobes series fahion has bowl tat extendof AND He-4the a LipblrimoEEBWttrhff
Ladd] PARITA AND SANTA MARIA ARCHEOLOGY, P

on the rim exterior. Interiors and exteriors of these v

r

slipped. CHIRIQuf ALLIGATOR WARE

Five sherds of Alligator ware were recovered from T

7

L

from a closed vessel of unknown rim or base character

I

tion, a small number of gray to gray-buff Chiriqui tlw

recovered.

COCL POLYCHROMES

(108 SHERDS)

As mentioned earlier, Late Cock6 Polychrome an

A

are often difficult to distinguish between, especially i

f

where only minute portions of design may be prese

B

share design colors, often share cream to white groun

c

numerous elements such as claws and coral snake lp

In sorting, a definite attempt was made to be conservai

sherds to the Cocl6 group, and it was done only when th

typical Coclk design, distinctive lip shape, or the lp

color (Munsell Hue 10YR 8/1 to 7/1-2), which an

occurs with unmistakable Azuero-style designs, b

frequently with Cockl-style designs. A category labe

was set up for the sorting process. That is, sherds w

t

brick-red paste of the Azuero polychromes, but wi

f

e

clawed elements, which could be either Late Cock6 f

an Higo variety design. This category was later i

it

Azuero style count and percentage determination 

t

b

again, that only those sherds which were clearly b

assigned to that classification. In all cases except t

was too fragmentary to permit a distinction between EL

Cock, in this case a large fragment of an Early Coc6 

Most of the 108 Coc6-style sherds fell into the 

lip Sitio recovered, category, of characteristic Period common 3 1 Trench Coc16 Paneled at 7, out Sitio Level themshape, Conte, of Polychrome Polychrome Conte 7, red 6; 7 3have only although 1 while Cocle but in and ware sherd is Trench (Lothrop, "drooping in rounded also some Levl occurring polychrome vessel the many with sherds. plates present 8, closed beginning 1. similar an 5 1942, of lips. lip" outOut at these Early vey in No shapes that sherds fig. of A were of tohree are of 30; carafe frequently design 300, number a site bowl thetal undoubtedly were had in recovered, out b) (Lothrop, Trench Late or from (mentioned were drooping of indicated of spouted 43 inthe plate PeriodGrave recove10, Coc6the but four Lat194li1 

n

wtEPcLp7ITiT4i8jw4LPfTi
130 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETH

Mound III, 2 were classified as Early on 

color-filled band design (Lothrop, 1942, fig

the basis of coral snake lip combined wit

dancing crocodile, other Late Period designs

ARISTIDE GROUP POLYCHR

No Escot& type sherds or vessels were r

type is represented by 49 sherds, all from Int

with ski-tip rims and circumferential bandi

to those which characterize the He-1 and He

RED LINE WARE TYPE

(207 SHERDS)

This type, already described by Lothrop 

134, and as Purple on Buff, p. 169) and a

Daubed variety by Willey and Stoddard in 

in sherd form only. In the sherd analysis 

categories were established: a Purple Line 

Red Daubed category (182 sherds), and a 

sherds). The three were totaled in the fina

or Cream on the basis that the distinction

significant. As Lothrop pointed out, the 

teardrop or dribble elements, occur on bo

Daubed) and on a cream to white slip (Red 

vary in hue from red to purple (Purple Lin

signs noted by Lothrop, Willey and Stoddard, 

Giron site, He-1, and He-2, appear in either p

shapes, i.e., unmodified lip plates (incensario 

jars with or without strap handles. Both of 

at He-4, but additional rare forms included 

line handle Leve dish toward variety apparent a slip. cream, the 11 number This total If the decoration (Trench for Although 3), 32 the rims. the on category Red sherds until of and Red Line the interior the of 2) the wares two late and rimthe(Trench rim with Red (a reaches Red similar white White in Daubed and fewdecorated an the 239 RED Daubed hndle obliquely 8, sherds shade Buff sherds. ware in analysis Level AND category shape in ismay sherds from WHITE buff distinguish

4), Red flattened (discussed and to and fragm

Moun

a which Smok

WARE Dauund

dis

oftbe
Ladd] PARITA AND SANTA MARIA ARCHEOLOGY, P

Red Line vessels on the basis of decoration (design 

are absent in the Red and White ware) and, in s

shape, and handle type. Temper, like that of the 

is crushed rock, but there appears to be a higher in

particles in the Red and White ware, and the past

fired to a dark red hue (Munsell 2.5YR, 4/6-3/6). 

He-4 were recognized on the basis of rim sherds; one, 

jar or urn with loop handles, and the other, an open bo

incurving rim as illustrated for the Red-buff ware sh

shape (see fig. 51, 1).

The collared jars must have been large, heavy ve

diameter alone of one representative fragment is estim

and the handles, placed horizontally on the shoulder, 

of 4 cm. and a length of 22 cm. Wall thickness 

The rim, upper shoulder, and handles are covered wi

cream to white slip, and the handles are often de

applique lizard which in turn may be embellished wi

tions (see fig. 51, a). The lower shoulder is covere

bright, polished red slip; the remainder of the bod

unknown.

One typical example of the open bowl form rim sh

mated diameter of 38 cm. and a thickness of 6-8 mm

extends from the angle of the shoulder down to the ba

entire interior and the exterior of the lip and shoulder 

Another sherd of the same shape has a loop handle ho

on the rim above the shoulder with a slashed node at 

this case, the handle and adjacent shoulder area are cr

remainder of the fragment is red slipped), a treatment 

gous to that employed in Red-buff angled shoulder 

handle and adjacent area are left unslipped. Since 

sherdsip I know clear. mentLikewise, of corresponds Red-buff) Upper the either cream, have slipped collar) tof of by shoulder recognized or Ithesitated the slipped any leaving the white is areas to was Creamed-slip definitely published to the collared frequently (including areas slip. (the the Red-buff thoseo as Red set unslipped, white to jar related exmples upper it the sherds and category the differentiated up class slipped Red-buff portions White handle on inare "e" or of shape, a area discussed it, formal similar buff-cream-slipped ware collared and, open nor unslipped, of from handle is is in the in varietal bowls so its briefly jars the shape te Red small, chrontreatmcase or maiof witanstabbMj
132 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETH

V0'

a

h

S

FIGURE ware. handle Fin 5dMound Red-buff 372-15, 146, 51.-Red on III Red-buff Red ware; Red-buff Red-buff and and j, whiteare; white, Red ware; ware; and ware, h, cream, d-e, Red 1, white vessel Find Mound ware and and 354-1 a-l Red-buff miniature III; Red-bufRed-buand b, FwMf
Ladd] PARITA AND SANTA MARIA ARCHEOLOGY, P

CREAM WARE

This group (207 sherds), set up as a sorting cat

slipped in cream or white alone, undoubtedly includes 

a number of vessels which belong in the Red and Wh

above. One complete vessel (Find 344) and a few la

pinkish creamed slip shallow bowls with short v

upturned rims (fig. 51, b) were found. The diamete

Fi

18.5 cm. and its height is 6 cm. Slips are unpolished r

rough or gritty. Other fragments of the same shap

i

but with shorter rims occurred with loop handles ex

m

less vertically from the lips similar to the Red-buf

fig. 52, d-f), and one of these also was decorated w

worm along the outer edge of the rim similar to those 

f

b

c

illustrated for Red-buff open bowls. The spacing o

t

h

the rim fragments mentioned above (Trench 7, Le

i

that there were four handles evenly spaced about t

cream-slipped handles recovered were of the loop typ

i

size from medium (10 cm. long) to large (roughly 

shapes in cream slip include plates, collars with a m

angle (similar to the Red ware shape illustrated in f

d

constricted orifice jars with horizontally placed loop h

t

shoulder. These are known from rim sherds only.

The following miscellaneous appendages or suppor

i

also occurred: a large, heavy loop leg (the worn are

t

apex of the loop is clearly visible) with an oval cross 

III), a small conical lug (Mound III), and a hollow b

short parallel line incisions at the "toe" and two perfo

side of the bulbous upper area.

As noted above, this category appears to be too v

t

varietal vessels. fragments in of either were entirely whichole On As Find any previous to 693--817-64 distinct vessels, to varieties kind. have 182, covered status. It Red of is categories a had similar also from the clar and and with Many a analysis 1possible Whte red and the types shape a such slipbuff-cream MONOCHROME method typical of vessels, were of that the aresdded. the Lothrop's unfinished example fragments Find established used monochrome or slip This probably 344 WARES with without of Smoked and is examples which a the primarily pretty Nispero some wars toddit

polycwar

com

othdeo

b

uttbbitbibipPR
134 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETH

ware (Lothrop, 1942, pp. 158-166) or Willey 

D

Red (Willey and Stoddard, 1954) and, in par

t

l

t

El Hatillo site. Complete vessels, when nw

included in the analysis, but definition of 

rp

on the material in sherd form. As a result, f

m

were distinguished: Red-buff (including Delg

R

Red; Red Daubed Buff; and Smoked ware. A 

t

buff unsmoothed vessels, as well as other m

u

shapes, was also distinguished. Of these, tRib

far the largest (about 12,000 sherds) and the lfim

within it a number of paste and vessel form 

based on fine distinctions which were not 

itp

analysis. Temper was noted for all whole viw

crushed rock), but not in the sherd analysis. Itl

were divided into the four groups mentionetbo

gross distinctions.

Thus, sherds were classified as Cocl6 Red ithl

paste, because paste fired to this gray hue t

7/1-2) is consistently associated with polyu

takable Cocl6 design and is not present in t

t

E

H

Macaracas, Parita, or unassigned varieties 

A

tional diagnostics for Cocl6 Red were the "d

lt

rim," and other distinctive rim shapes discbLih

second volume on Sitio Conte. Sherds with 

b

or tan paste (Munsell 7.5YR, 5/4-4/4), and o

wi

b

were classified as Red Daubed Buff, again on t

bt

acteristics are associated with the Red DvF

chocolate brown or black sherds with poli

heavily carboned by exposure to fire other th

tutf

process of manufacture) were classified as Sm

w

appendages plastic polychrome is anddition are bottles, 12 Within Sample.-12,002 Paste.-The not generally These often icluded and to with shapes surface a bird number loop each in effigy as wares such fired the dfined handles; of temper jars. teatment others Delgado of as toby with these sherds; collared were Willey handles, a Red is brick represented occasional category jars; crushed groups, and (incision, 80 RED-BUFF small Stoddard re, whole lugs, are inopen Red-buff collared shpes rock, although inclusions for bowls; feet, punctativessels He-8 TYPE jars white Ware and icluas classrinapibrpbwnlfbthTpcjwcoobAotiHRHwmfc
Ladd] PARITA AND SANTA MARIA ARCHEOLOGY, P

occur as do lighter shades, especially on jar bases

T

M

range is the same as that for Parita Polychrome.

Surface.-The surface is red slipped and polished

the entire exterior. Exceptions to this statement wil

bnb

in the discussion of the different shapes.

Form.-Shapes include plates or shallow bowls wipr

pedestal bases, deep open bowls with and without inc

r

j

with and without collars, bottles, bird effigy jars, an

m

shapes such as pot covers.

1. Plates.-(a) Unmodified base.-Only two certain exa

opo

rounded based plates were recovered at the site. One of thes

F

3

w

10 cm. in diameter, had two opposed loop handles extending ho

f

the rim, and nodes along the lip. A similar shape, but with loop h

p

vertically from the rim, occurred in Smoked ware (Find 372-2

T

w

a miniature (5.8 cm. diameter) dish with unmodified lip. Npl

or rims were recovered in the sherd lots which gave no indicat

otb

therefore could be classified either with this group or with th

rp

based groups to follow.

(b) Pedestal based plates.-These vessels range in 

fo

miniature (approximately 7 cm. in diameter) through medi

c

id

ameter) to large or about 24 cm. in diameter. The entire e

ig

covered with a polished red slip although in some of the sm

e

t

underside of the plate may be unslipped. Lips are unmodifie

On the basis of the occurrence of whole vessels it is possible t

b

tg

down into two subgroups: (1) medium to large plates with t

b

which flare out markedly at the rim or foot (fig. 51, g), and (2) s

tm

plates with broader shorter pedestals (fig. 51, h).

(c) Ring-based plates.-As represented by a number o

e

f

Find 347, a grave unit, ring-based plates at the site are small t

m

i

(13-15 cm. in diameter) with unmodified lips and a polished r

u

the entire exterior except for the extreme basal portion. Nu

r

b

presumably belonging to plates, were present in the sherd lots

A rather unusual form, a ring-based plate with a loop han

i

cross with unmodified A in the was tened lob bases III. are Photographs rim few Open the present fragments collection. found 2. 3. asection) This rim (actually lugs handles sherd diameter Open Shallow bowlsas in shape on oand lotsf bowls extending Mound and the onerecovered with from small two theopen of from One also example. exterior base 18 handle median with complete Mound bwls.-Plain lugs) whole occurs III Mound cm., fragments from in angled (fig. were missing, just is Trench flanged vessel, III in the vessels, represented III. 51, Smoked below rpresented and or center c), ofrimmed 5 although incurved rims a two larger and both (fig. medium-sized the ware. of (fig. miniatures occasional by 51, lip in the vssels shallow in locations rims.-These Find i). 51, Panama, occurred. plate both Slashed f) of 354-1. bowls and theshallow to bowl (Find the of and thenodes sherdeither atacsame One o witves372In rim by bp5detctliptwpriprwfbwpotliMtrekbnolw
136 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETH

in the collection at Peabody. Vessel size varies f

most part; the diameter of one complete vessel (A-1, 

the height 7 cm. Diameters estimated from the f

Peabody range from 26-36 cm. Thicknesses range 

The form (fig. 51, 1) is generally that of a relati

rounded base, an incurved rim, and two opposed loo

on the shoulders. Rims may curve in rather gently

der, or may be angled in sharply. Lips generally 

unmodified, but may also be thickened and even f

two miniatures (fig. 51, k, diameters 7-7.5 cm.) lack 

of modeled decoration.

Handles are looped or angular (figs. 51, j; 52, a), 

outer or upper surface, and usually project from the 

j

an approximately 450 angle from the horizontal. 

"worms" with or without reed punctation often 

and/or the handles. The entire interior of the ve

terior, including handle, may be red slipped, or the 

tion may be left unslipped.

Comment.-This relatively shallow "casuela" sha

occurs also in the Red and White ware, although ha

cluded. A much deeper open bowl shape, somewhat 

rim, was decorated with Pica-pica polychrome desig

4. Deep bowls.-This form is known primaril

shape and base are a matter of conjecture. All rim s

lips. Two opposed loop handles attached either a

extending outward at a slight angle, or directly to 

are common. The handles may be either slipped or 

punctated (fig. 52, d-f). The only whole vessels 

are two miniatures, Finds 374-30 and 374-31, both w

5. Globular and subglobular jars (except bird 

types of jars within this category; those without an

latter, there appear to be at least three characteristi

to those found in the polychrome pottery.

(a) Collarless jars (fig. 52, h).-Dimension

in diameter); many examples of jars 18-26 cm. 

somewhat portion slipped. on may nodes miniature placed or usual with are ofn aupward a one th effigy area slightly slight be an occasionally handles. vertical shoulders loop of just punctated, almost upward lug (b) The or upward less the thickened handles below small (Finds Flare handles exterior, globular and vertically. Another flanging so flange. collarless the collar are one slashed, 366 that was and looped lip placed but horizontal and replaced jars.-Based they lip variant including usually Bases bes or 377-28), jars more and with oppose on modeled were are horizontally are by the pear-shaped, flat is rounded circular the or rounded. represented a often each reovered lug handles, on vertical in to handle difference

which (Find other. left give except cross placeuns

up one (fig

loop A a in 368flasebrrj
Ladd] PARITA AND SANTA MARIA ARCHEOLOGY, P

C0

b

de

VT

S 

treatment FIGURE types shape Class of is 52.-Red-buff flare "a";slightly and collared unmodified "a"; type subglobular, j, of jars class ware bs, lip present "b," vessel thereand th Find in round shapes. appear slip the 30-6; covers collection. base to k, a-f, be class (fig. the at Mound "c," entire J 52, least i). Find III; four extG
138 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETH

collar exteriors are unslipped) and the lip and col

rare. Diameters range from small (10-14 cm.) to 

two opposed horizontally placed loop handles are p

Find 8-5, Find 346-7, and in a few other cases. On

jars of Find 377 had loop handles modeled to give a 

Class "b"; unmodified lip and ring base (fig. 

j

vessels of this class noted from the collection, fou

polychrome styles. The fifth, Find 30-6, was glob

cm.), had a broad and somewhat flattened lip, and w

exterior surface. In this case, the polychrome 

Polychrome, El Hatillo variety. No appendages a

sixth, Find 1-a, had a high shoulder and was asso

Achote variety vessel. The ring base distinguishes 

Class "c"; obliquely flattened lip and unmodifi

vessels, finely made with graceful collars, are su

pear shaped. The collar interior and entire exter

the base, is covered with a red to red-orange slip. 

sented in the sherd lots, only one complete vessel 

was recovered. No examples with appendages were 

Class "d"; high flaring collar. This class, with 

collar and vertically flattened lip similar to the "

variety (fig. 17, e), is known only by collar sherds

Red-buff collars actually were part of polychrome v

Class "e"; large collared urns. These vessels, all 

seven in number, are large, thick, globular to su

j

either vertical or horizontal loop handles, usually f

distantly around the shoulders (fig. 53, a). Base

range as follows: thickness, 8-20 mm.; maximum 

55-57 cm.; diameter of collar lip, 24-28 cm. The c

curved outward slightly, although in some cases the

collar interiors, and vessel walls below the handles 

wash which comes off easily in water. Collar e

shoulders are unslipped in most cases; in one case a 

to this area. The line of demarcation between red

may be horizontal or may undulate up between hand

All of these vessels were from Finds 10, 15, 16, 14, an

shape the and with vertically and to with slghtly finish. distantly complete miniature An Miscellaneous the face base punctated attached El rounded atypical was Coc16 grooved H1atillo Four collars (c) around vessel was upward slimmer vessel spouted Reverse double to pointed, lips nodes, cllared of Polychrome, (Find lips collared it the the from (rather 6.2 than wereas flare shoulders. jars, loop Ortiga presumably 379-1), cm. at and urn, the that recovered jars: and Sitio their handles than in the Jobo shoulder Find variety, in of median diameter, Conte. execution A the which relatively vessel variety. few rpresenting 10, (fig. (fig. "e" flange were to collar Olla the was 53, 53, was a urns is recovered tall), few collar differenc) e). 4, collar.unslippsherds decora(diamwere shouthe cenAlstris 
Ladd] PARITA AND SANTA MARIA ARCHEOLOGY, P

b

d

e

9

h PN

FIGURE b, 4; HiP); e, d, f, g, P-28 53.-Red-buff i, Find Mound (use369-4; for III; h, shape wre c, P-32; Trench vessel only; j, Find 2, polychrome shapes. Level 369-6; 1 k, (used a, Mound cllar, Find for kA10, shape blckIIIlas"racjFbcr
140 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETH

was associated in the Find Unit with a Pica-pic

v

v

o

t

reverse flare collar sherds from Mound III retaine

e

tb

wt

indicate broad modeled bulges similar to a squash 

5

b

A f

m

flange collar sherds were recovered from Mound I

T

2

L

(fig. 53, d, f).

(d) Straight collar jars.-A number of sh

c

v

were found with short straight collars, almost as t

f

found on the collarless jars had been extended 

f

c

I

t

cases, the body probably was round-shouldered. T

c

v

h

ever, Find 368-18, is a miniature collared jar with 

what pointed base. An atypical Red-buff collar w

r

n

a high straight collar, and a rounded lip was recov

i

M

I

5

6. Bottles.-A number of Red-buff ware spout

w

r

ot

inward flanged type described in the section dealing w

t

v

others relatively straight with flattened or unmod

l

t

ot

E

Hatillo variety bird effigy bottles and the Cerit6 var

b

I

globular bottles (fig. 53, g, h) and pyramidal-shape

b

5

jw

p

of Find 369 where they were associated with Pica

v

p

chromes. They also occurred without polychrom

i

F

3

Two funnel-shaped probable rattle fragments with b

e

b

t

e

spouts or pedestal bases, were recovered from Mou

I

5

kN

p

were present but the broader apertures were close

w

p

c

layer similar to the rattle base described for the Cu

v

7. Bird effigies.-Counterparts in Red-buff wa

tN

v

b

effigy bowls, and the El Hatillo variety globular b

e

b

w

f

without polychrome associations in Mound III. T

v

iR

ware of the Achote variety bird jar, like the pyra

b

were present in Find 369 with Cuipo and Pica-pica 

8. Miscellaneous Red-buff ware.-Pot covers.-

n

o

pc

(8-10 cm. in diameter) were recovered with either 

l

h

l

in the center (fig. 54, a, c). These vessels are seldo

q

rough in surface texture. Loop-handled pot covers o

t

i

F

354, 368, 369, and 377, and were associated with HP

Polychrome varieties. The lug pot cover occurre

iF

3

w

p

chrome associations and in Find 377 again withou

p

b

in conjunction with the loop-handled variety. In 

l

b

were theick. twohe a incensario flat had collection. over slipped at (fig. simple rightpoint area handles a loop 54, the found slight None with b) adjacent ring-based angles large Incensarios.-Although of handles fragments, averaging in juncture fishtail similar a of Level urns thintheo in toeach round of wash shape bowl 2 t the with about no of Mound that Trench center, other. lip. with complete on theype (fig. 30the illustrated dish, The outeurving II, cm. 54, found sometimes 8, lip The many Finds e). vessels but in pomeasured and diameter concave atwo cover One of by 10, convex Sitio lip ofthe of crisscrosLothrop of 14,or this and7 theseConte the surfawere platcm. 16, or Olnklfipctrhobuef2 FwhhdrmhbwfTf3dibrbnlb3 cwcwpitP
Ladd] PARITA AND SANTA MARIA ARCHEOLOGY, PA

N

C

e~ -p

7.,.

ing was 4 5FIGURE 18.5 4cm. c, , Trench f). is cin.) associated Find and a 54.-Red-buff fragment Spindle Plastic with 360; 11 1.6 and cm. e, unknown in treatment.-Gadrooning. olla whorls.-One the Trench of thick a 2, find ware Red-buff Find with collar 8; unit and a-e, 10-21; a probable or with perforation round-based Buff g-i,rim e, Pica-pica ware Red-buff Trench characteristics. spindle The vssel 5 globular 8, variety mm. one ware;horl, Levelshapes. in definite polychromvessel a, diameter 2; unslippeThis Find g-i, f, exa(eveBMb
142 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ET

Incision and punctation. Instances of incision an

limited to handles or applique figures on handles an

jabbing, and dashing (fig. 54, g-i) occurred fairly 

handles, both on collarless jar shoulders and on 

Reed punctation was present also on the lizard h

ware discussed earlier.

In addition, a group of rough, often blackened, 

upturned edges for rims and line incision, reed pun

were recovered from Mound III (fig. 55). Unfortu

cient body wall section attached to indicate vessel 

ranges from 3-8 cm. with two groupings apparen

5-7 cm. One was decorated with a crude ang

reminiscent of the Pica-pica rectangular scroll mo

Supports.-A number of unslipped pedest

lines or zones of jabbing punctation were recoverf

In at least one case, enough of the vessel body w

slipped exterior; otherwise, total vessel shape and 

however, illustrates two vessels with pedestal base

with vertical or slightly incurved sides. One, a b

modeled heads and wings attached to the rim, 

Grande, Cocl6 (Lothrop, 1942, fig. 438). The ot

on the rim, is from Sond, Veraguas (Lothrop, 195

Other supports in Red-buff ware included one ho

a few lugs with flattened bases, and a broad flarin

perforations spaced equidistantly around the poi

j

body.

Appendages.-Appendages include: app

nodes on incurving open bowl rims and occasiona

52, b, c; 56, a, b); "monkeys" on jar shoulders 

various kinds, some of which occurred on collarlej

a "deer head," location unknown (fig. 56, f); "toad m

type on jar shoulders and loop handles (fig. 56, g

Ortiga variety, but in plain red slip. As menti

modeled on large loop handles of the cream or Re

Unclassified Red-buff ware.-Two vessels 

Find 17-2 are treated here as unclassified largely 

paste globularity is of are The I only the (fig. (Munsell know reminiscent the Sample.-171 Paste.-The Shapes.-Forms rather paste vessels 56, polychrome which, general of i, no j) straight is 10YR, were is other 6-8 though fired Red-buff of unknown. cm. tooassociation, temper Veraguas. vessels with sherds. was 8/1 badly fired in noted wares diameter a to considered like flaring the is crushed Both 7/1-2). crushed them, an Their andt usual COCL.6 Achote lip, with the wre averaged for although chronological brick bases as El rock appliqued RED full decorated vessel diagnostHatillo red, arerestoratonly andWARE the ring wasin geath"F
Ladd] PARITA AND SANTA MARIA ARCHEOLOGY, PA

C d

e

gutter lip, ablynd definitely Ind were for Geographic Chronological Relationships meaningful collared one the FIGURE the encountered, or Parita pedestal shape modified-gutter known 55.-Red-buff jars, range.-Probably Region, statistical illustrated position.-Both of base. incurving at type.-Cocl6 but Sitio sample sites and rims, analysis. Conte, in bowl Buff He-4 Lothrop, sizes plates Red Early wae or Coc16, and similar jar werea vessel or He-2. and rims 1942, shallow Venadotoo is shapes related Late to with small fig. Cock6 bwls Beacfrom Redroun267, in in 
144 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ET

m 

C

.4.2

to recovered modified-gutter FIGURE Bibliography.-Lothrop, the 56.-Red-buff Cocl6 at Sitio polychromes lip. ware Conte, vssel 1942, andHe-1, shapes. pp. also and 135-14a-h, to HeMs
Ladd] PARITA AND SANTA MARIA ARCHEOLOGY, PA

SMOKED WARE

Sample.-123 sherds; 9 complete vessels.

Paste.-Fired to a gray or gray-brown; temper is bl

through firing) crushed rock.

Surface.-Polished black or chocolate-brown h

vessels included the following shapes: a plain-based u

r

plate 19 cm. in diameter (Find 129); three miniatur

t

b

4-5 cm. in diameter with bulbous legs and flattened 

r

(Finds 369-19, 372-16, 375-7) (fig. 57, a); a plain-based p

t

opposed loop handles on the rim, each handle flanked b

t

n

(Find 372-28); ring-based open bowls with gutter r

h

interior flanged lips, similar in rim form (but not bases) t

ware, Sangre variety at He-1 (Find 378-3, 378-4, fig. 

b

t

open pedestal bowls with modified gutter lips and diam

r

20 cm. Sherd rims for the most part were of open bo

modified gutter rim (fig. 57, c, d), a rim type shared by t

P

variety, or with an interior flange extending upward 

the Sangre variety and similar to that illustrated by L

fig. 320, b) for Early Smoked ware. In addition, a f

sharp medial bevel and slightly incurved upper walls, 

E

shape at Sitio Conte (Lothrop, 1942, fig. 321) and sim

t

ware median flange (fig. 51, f) were recovered, as well 

f

shaped and rounded lugs (fig. 57, i, j). Rims were o

with reed punctation and short parallel line incision 

g

h

Occasionally, lobes extended horizontally out from th

r

Two additional Smoked ware vessels which remain

i

P

Finds 369-16 and 369-17, have been described as b

p

pedestal bowls or plates. Find 369-16 had a flat lip w

i

bevel and two exterior rim projections, one of which w

r

rim, somewhat site Platanillo at Early and 369-17 (He-4, Bibliography.-Lothrop, Geographic Relationships Chronological He-1 were lip, the and He-1, had andnd other similar variety similar Late a He-2 He-2). other range.-Sitio deep a associations of position.-Most to semicircular to and (with type.-The characteristics lip Early the the channel ring Sangre Sangre Cocl6 1942, at Conte, base, ware He-1. form variety. with pp. of Smoked variety of not the is form. with 158-163. Venado an tripod) often rim with interior punched ware types similar Beach, pdestal hadt flangSitiEarat noto 

F

tiRtEbhbi
146 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ET

ab

C

e 

h

such, buff Daubed FIGURE ware; Trench ware; Find As sherds noted the 10, 57.-Smoked b, g-h, variety 7, Find Sandy comments Level single earier, without 378-3 buff. 4.1-5.4; on kTrench ware thiseSmoked for red e, RED and basis the category 2, Trench paint Level Buff ware; DAUBED Red of 7, which ware pste 1 Daubed c, was Level sherd; Trench BUFF vessel etabland prob3, i-j, SmvaWsh7sA
Ladd] PARITA AND SANTA MARIA ARCHEOLOGY, PA

SMOKED BUFF WARE

Sample.-4 complete vessels (Finds 5-c, 6-a, 8-2, 9-4

Paste.-Fired a brown to red-brown color; crushed 

both white and black.

Form.-All three vessels were plain-based plates 

17.5-20 cm. in diameter and relatively thick, about 0

vessels have a dull polish and are covered with a lig

slip. One example (Find 6-a), more buff than smoked, 

lip. On the other three (Finds 5-c, 8-2, 9-4), one of 

and two of which are brown, the upper surface of the 

and the entire lip thickened (fig. 57, f). It is quite pos

three should be classified as Smoked ware.

SANDY-BUFF WARE

Sample.-7 complete vessels (Finds 10-19, 10-20, 

10-26).

Paste.-Gritty paste with crushed rock temper fired 

brown color.

Fo m.-All the vessels are miniatures, either collaj

round bases, class "a," or globular jars with small orif

straight collars, round bases; almost a bottle shape wit

(fig. 57, k). Vessel walls are unevenly modeled and th

Surface.-The surfaces are rough, gritty, unslipped

buff color.

Geographic range.-Unknown.

Chronological position.-Vessels were associated in 

with El Hatillo Polychrome, Jobo variety, bird jars an

b

Relationships of type.-The nearest parallel for the 

that I know of is the Early Cocl6 polychrome bottle sh

1942, fig. 119) and the Pica-pica straight-collared jars 

b

up others to atPolishers and Basalt ferred Various constricted Bibliography.-None. The theHe-4 the miscellaneous in body for worked-stone altering category where river its orcelts. orifices. class diameter. rubbing pebbles, the to of although Jasper ceramic serpentine, chips polihers stones, inventory The either STONE and classomprise the crafts a or thus of chert orifice point, for "a" ARTIFACTS igneous rubbing are relatively all served collared so the isa larger the elaborate few list. or stones. sites for possible sedimentarjar than easyMaterialthe is and usuato The mearougflakscprp
148 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ET

fragment is of a hard sedimentary rock. M

of indeterminate functions, appear to be riv

Metates.-One fragment of what appears 

was recovered in Trench 11, Level A-2. 

the other slightly convex.

Manos.-Two granite fragments of proba

section and well-polished surfaces were reco

level of Trench 1, and one from a mixed lot 

7. An oval and flattened stone of sedi

cms. with well-smoothed surfaces is include

Celts.-A number of celts were recovered 

in the refuse of various trenches, but a few 

ceramic types. The celts may be divide

beveled edge group; a chipped poll grou

narrowing poll; and an ovoid group with 

polishing.

The first group (pl. 18, a, b) is represent

examples (fragments only) in Mound III; 

Trench 10, Level 5; a complete example, 

depth in Trench 6; and a miniature celt wi

of basalt largely altered to serpentine and 

the exception of a chipped poll from Find 2

and narrow with sides which extend strai

edge and maintain a consistent width until t

at the poll. The cutting edge is slightly cu

flattened on three planes for the length of th

dicular to the cutting edge of the celt with 

side. Most of the examples suggest a relativ

5-6 ems. wide, 3-4 cms. thick, and, in the 

example, 25.5 cms. long. Pottery associat

ture second in slightly sometone. rathr associated was (pl. cms. (length (Lothrop, Most Panama, recovered 18, example extent, Unlike group than Measurements about of curved, c, 1937; the with d). well along a (2.6 or those celts 3 from Polishing 1950). Macaracas thickened and chipped ems.) cms. represented the or rcovered the a celt body long)and body for These third poll occurs fragments the cross pottery one in which of category, both have levelat Find larger the small at section. the narrows in tool, a in ofthe 368 rcovrelatiexamFind Gir6speciTrenVeran blaarex
Ladd] PARITA AND SANTA MARIA ARCHEOLOGY, 

schist from Trench 7, Level 2. The remainder came 

circumstances in Mound III.

Two examples of the ovoid category (pl. 18, e) wer

with pottery associations. The first, associated in Fi

buff collarless jars, was polished overall and measu

ems. The second, associated in Find 384 with Ma

measured 6.5X2.5X1.5 cms. The poll showed signs 

chipping which may have been the result of use af

As noted below, and a common feature of the He-1 

had apparently been prepared originally as celts of

of subsequent battering on both poll and cutting sur

Hammers.-A few stones, presumably originally 

which showed signs of battering or-pecking on bo

casionally, along the edges. Body surfaces were ofte

Mound III example (pl. 18, f) with battered ends e

pecking on the beveled edges and had two very light 

diagonally across both faces and around the edges. 

ently a well-smoothed river pebble roughly 10 cms. lo

and pecked at both ends.

Points.-One red jasper point or drill 5 cms. long b

recovered from Level 7 of Trench 10. Roughly chip

lar cross section (pl. 18, i), it resembles those illustrate

Veraguas (Lothrop, 1950, fig. 25, c-e).

Scrapers and chisels.-A chert chip which may h

as a scraper (p]. 18, h) and a fragment of a stone chis

g

a roughly diamond-shaped cross section were found 

associations.

Rubbing stones.-A number of smoothed elonga

generally oval cross section and often made of a rela

(p1. 18, j-n) were scattered through the refuse. Som

round pottery from perforations signs frombeen withFour 8X6X3 Jewelry.-The straight 4-10 simply 3-3.8 693-817-6i--11 ofther stones in rubbing mm. cms. Find mm. jaderiver werecircular of and in368 beads in or granite only length worn, is recovered diameter, polishing were 2 shafts. stonewith mm.were about and tubular flat thick. jewelry and on 2-3 atrecovered. Four surfaces, 5 one thfrom and cms. of consisted or site. ranged these in 1.5-1.8 in more trapezoidal thickness. diameter, recovered A from surfaceof typicamm. jade 6ij
150 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHN

WORKED BONE AND SH

Although limited in quantity, worked b

H

exhibited extremely fine carving and occurred i

v

including necklace pieces, ceremonial batons te

or labrets. Bone tools recovered at He-4 we

r

t

from Mound III (pl. 19, d) and a simple point 

w

provenience within the site.

The earplugs or labrets (pl. 19, j-1) were all m

f

v

and are generally uncarved although they ma

bp

A

geometric and swastika designs, similar to th

EH

P

chrome pottery, are sometimes carved into tD

range from 1.5-4 cms. Aside from one und

e

f

Find 10, and another from the fourth level 

T

t

were recovered under unstratified conditions i

MI

Also recovered from Mound III were three b

t

J

m); two are undecorated and the third exhibi

c

venting the tube near one end.

The most spectacular examples of exce

bct

manatee bone batons of Find 10 (pl. 1, a, b, ww

El Hatillo type, Jobo variety, pottery. Amt

examples were found broken, one measured 4ewrt

almost its full length. The carvings depict f

are done with amazing precision and delic

F

et

undamaged frog of plate 1, c, is only 2.3 elT

across its back are about 0.5 mm. in width, aum

fication, to be entirely even and parallel. I

itc

of these objects being carved with aborigintbp

there is no evidence of European contact dutHP

Another bone baton, shaped like a ceremi

carved, was recovered with Find 376 (two bu

be tunately with mainly far or The Anadcra had Roughly thick. Mention A The worn discerned. the few former five Finds beads, of largest objects is scraper circular, grandis, incisors V-shaped should so 10, (pl. encountered encrusted 14, of 19, and perforated worked the was be theand g), grooves mad object a group. worn from 347. number with shell in here has at smooth Mound workeFinds calcified The were the ofa ofdiameter the Find root, found elogated 361 on III into mud humaone con10 and at otctnfnwc7tibHippbmftoetue5ci2 c3wf
Ladd] PARITA AND SANTA MARIA ARCHEOLOGY, 

Spondylus shell, are perforated at one end, and rang

2.5-6 cms. (pl. 19, n-v). In Find 381, this kind of sh

is associated with Macaracas type pottery.

SUMMARY

He-4 appears to be a ceremonial or cemetery sit

areas of occupation in the immediate vicinity as e

middenlike deposit excavated by Trench 10 on th

Despite the fact that Mound IV and possibly Moun

be occupational refuse, all the other mounds were ap

intentional fill.

The time span represented by the pottery at the s

of the Late Cocl6 Phase at Sitio Conte and extends 

Phase. Although there is as yet no evidence of E

a carbon-14 date of 415+90 B.P., obtained by Phil

a deep grave at the site, suggests an extremely la

(Isotopes Inc. No. 1-367, personal communication fr

W. Stirling). The chronological interpretation pr

based on: the scarcity of Early CoclS Phase potter

quency of Macaracas type pottery which also occu

Phase graves at Sitio Conte; and the high frequenc

El Hatillo type sherds and vessels which, on the basis 

of admittedly scanty stratigraphy and absence of 

associations with the Macaracas type, are postul

developing in the Late CoclS Phase but more defi

after the Late Coces Phase, at least at this site. With 

Cocl6 Phase ceramics, it will be recalled that only 4

sherds were recovered and they were all of the Gir6

Banded variety) which, while beginning in the San

extends into the subsequent Early CoceS Phase. O

polychrome minant, The Early variance rnetate III), on a ical Although (Earlysee Evidence number agriculture affinities, indications Appendix and at and stones only He-i withthe a Late of small of sherds manos a high of which modified and subsistence 5, Late few are at Mound amount p. He-2) He-1 technical of recovered not arecould 268), CoclS Trench as gutter clearly and I, were of patterns shell be definite the Phase unworked He-2) skill reasonably 9 found. at legs and rims Early ws interpretation. in He-4, withinere is from Mound rarely ceramics, (Platanillo rare, and shell However, also although ceremonial postulated the more found but III was common Smokeand indicthe presSanare varin mL
152 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETH

possibly because of the apparent ceremonial r

t

nature of the site. Both deer and bird bo

w

found, but only one projectile point, again fro

t

T

m

was recovered. A fairly large number of sto

w

e

but their probable functional range is so b

t

p

adds little information to our knowledge of t

u

wl

One probable spindle whorl, suggesting te

m

w

found.

Some of the mounds (Mound I; possibly M

V

seemingly were constructed in a number of s

II, III, and V) appear to have been builui

Evidences of structures within the mounds 

rf

o

burned floors were found in Mounds I and V

l

of waterworn pebbles was encountered in M

I

Tl

w

faced at one end with boulders. No postho

wr

w

found and, in view of the apparent use of fire i

w

of the burials, it is probable that the "burne

f

w

rt

burial ceremonies rather than to habitatio

Burial practices indicated at He-4 include t

uf

stage in the burial ceremony, cremation pro

u

burial. Spanish accounts attest to the pract

the bodies of high ranking individuals. I

ip

t

fragments of burned floor mentioned above, wtf

with some caches and burials (Find 10-olla 2, F

3

the interior fire blackening of some vessels 

5

69

10-olla 2), may be related to this custom.

Examples of cremation definitely were pr

iF

3

and 377, but unfortunately the furniture assonpu

with definite connections to polychrome 

F

f

partially cremated individuals including at l

o

shapes; not is child, the collared perforated in area ranking plate. copper, a 13 the comprised pyramid-shaped Lothrop of same particularly house western personages was class Find and of (1937, jars as the Veraguas accompanied gold thepp. dead. an largely before "a" 361 (class 43-48) elongated shell disks. between helpful, Adrian collared interment consisted notes bottle "a"), of beads de 1622 that Red-buff Find Santo by (Lothrop, consisting and jars, fragments fie shell with of of 51 1637, was Thomas, 377, cremated Find ring-based pottery used bad. 1950, also ubiquitous affinities reports to a although p. as 381, Spanish desiccate 101). of they vesselAlthotheumagold-the In priesplause the to nesdouRlpbpotbiptltRmvTeiEHboa dcbpwitTRftbohiam
Ladd] PARITA AND SANTA MARIA ARCHEOLOGY, 

shapes; thus probably post Late Cocle. The same 

shape, however, was found associated with Cuip

varieties in Find 369. Fragments of a carved bone 

Find 377 are reminiscent of Find 10 with its Jobo 

Secondary urn burials (Finds 10, 14, 16, and 346

with Pica-pica variety polychrome in one case, and 

varieties of the El Hatillo type. Other secondary bu

tions) were represented by Finds 359, 368, 370, 37

three of which contained Macaracus type polychrom

Many of the burials were multiple, sometimes c

and children, a practice found both with urn burial

Find 10 contained the bodies of 15 individuals, at leas

infants, Find 377 had 4 cremated bodies among whi

child were recognizable, and Finds 372 and 370 ea

adult skulls. This custom of partial burial was a

Find 374 which contained the long bones of an adu

Ollas 2 and 3 of Find 10 were crammed with bon

mandibles without calvaria.

Other noteworthy burial associations include th

necklaces of Find 10 (Jobo Polychrome variety), F

and the carved bone batons of Finds 10, 348, and 

In addition, the practice of placing vessels in the 

verted position was present in Finds 10 and 15-1

found inside each other in Finds 5, 6, 8, and 9, an

were found in place in Find 10 and possibly Find 

Thus, the material remains at He-4 represent a cu

in existence during the Late Cocle Phase at Sitio Co

later. The inhabitants practiced agriculture, p

developed skills in ceramics, stone and bone jew

work, practiced cremation, and erected burial moun

placed their dead in urns or in other secondary bur
154 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHN

GIRON (Co-2) SITE

SITE DESCRIPTION

The Gir6n site lies on the north bank of t

M

some 25 air kilometers north of the El Hatillo r

between the latter and Sitio Conte. Excai

April 1952, by Dr. Gordon R. Willey, Dr. 

M

S/Sapi p

second }fBnVV

G.R.WILLEY-C.R. (Contour Intervos McGIMSEY Esli moted ot 4/522.00 Meters) MAP 2.--Girn (Co-2) site
Ladd] PARITA AND SANTA MARIA ARCHEOLOGY, P

and Mr. James N. East, on the slopes and around tb

hill arising out of the broad alluvial plain, thus clo

t

cultural areas. As it is only 7 air miles from the deltati

also had nearby extensive resources of marine shellf

Physically, the site consists of three refuse piles a

tb

the hill, one of which has been cut through by th

r

from Willey and Stoddard (1954, p. 333):

In extent, this particular refuse hummock appears to be the 

t

measuring not much more than 10 by 20 meters; but a full 

m

is shown in the riverbank. As there is a tremendous quanti

b

p

in the mud and under the water at the foot of the bank, it i

t

deposit once extended farther out into what is now the river b

h

away by the action of the stream. Viewed from the surfac

trm

shows only as a slight eminence a few centimeters higher th

t

ground level; but the river-edge profile makes it evident tha

h

been built up surrounding the shell and pottery heap until t

bn

quite, cover it. Twenty meters west (upstream) or east (do

f

t

debris pile there is only a thin zone of shell midden, 30 cent

t

is buried at a depth of 1.80 meters beneath the flood-carried 

A

this represents the original ground level at the time of fir

T

refuse pile must have been begun on this older level.

The other two refuse concentrations at Gir6n are larger in 

tf

One lies off the northwest corner of the hill, 70 meters northw

tf

p

The extent of this dump is at least 50 by 60 meters, and the 

t

we made in it showed 1.30 meters of refuse depth. The last m

i

200 meters northeast of the riverbank midden pile, and it ext

of more than 100 meters on the east slope and at the east 

th

N

tests were made in this section, but the surface mounding o

t

it is at least 1.00 meter deep.

Turning to the excavations, three test pits were 

it

riverbank refuse pile, the first midden described abo

40 meters west of Pit 1 and 5 meters from the rive

3

placed in the refuse pile at the northwest corner of t

h

be reflected gray 50-90 from alluvial of recorded but cltural 100 5sherds. cm. the cms.;eters the humus 90-165 cms.; levels, most final clay. refuse, by a for second northwest In the with a rewarding the layer cms.; wa third Thefact, profile pit and crushed carried layer of andstrata correspond top the these red-brown of chart of of three a Pit three down shell t of brown fourthin 2. consisted compact three layers the extending highest roughly to Pit clay sandy and a upper tests. depth 1, contained contained of shell a final or to soil 3 four to 20 X3 of peak the The and strata a and 2.2 layers: cms. meters depth midpobrowconsneglfreqphymetsheoipturW
156 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHN

0001-

00I0000000 0 0000000oo 

10000000 0010In0 

co0'tWWo0$) t W 'ttto0Wi ) U

W

a

0

0) 

I

X3 

ch-j 

W

W a 0 i 0

WG

x z z r

3:3 0

W 0x 

0*0

Stoddard obviously was groups Cocke and Referring even by Polychrorne represented far there been(1954) 0 N' the to charts infiltrated comprises 6 Itmost note is W at 0 8-11,1 barely popular, the 0 OD that only by site,t 0 represented the river is 0.64 Azuero, particularly 01 evident lower  floods. 0 -t  percent 0 CD Cocke, that - portiobelow o"n w2in ofotrhttttutA
* Classifications are presented as %s of all sherds, decorated and other, p

Numbers in right column refer to decorated sherds considered in the Table

M=2%

=Statistically insufficient sample.

Escota Red Daube

A

Giron Polychrome Polychrome Aristide Group Polychrome Variety; 

2 1u 5

23 

86 2

10 11632 4

113 9

14 16172 Levels CHART 8.-Co-2, Pit 1; major decorated ceramic types Decoratand varist
158 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETH

group (represented almost entirely by Ma

restricted to this strata but represents 3.1

The Aristide group, while maintaining a p

percent in the lower portion of the upper 

represented (22.37 percent) in the second or 

the third layer it ranges from about 16-19 p

significant (in terms of total sherd numbers) 

Within the Aristide group, the frequencies 

and Escott, parallel each other in gross d

bottom of the pit, especially if one ignore

where total sherd counts fall below 100. M

were found than Escota (658).

There is some suggestion (chart 9) that 

was relatively more popular in the upper lev

Banded (both of the Gir6n type). In total 

pit, the Banded Lip variety is represented b

the Interior Banded. Within the Escota t

313 sherds is followed in frequency by B

sherds), Black-on-red (141 sherds), and by 

sherds) of the Black Chevron variety. With 

pattern of these varieties, it is difficult to d

except to point out that the Black-on-buff 

tively high frequencies in all three main stra

hatched and Black-on-red both have their h

second and third strata below the surface.

It may be worth noting that within the 

variety, the Radial Banded subvariety was 

sented (173 sherds for the pit) followed by Bl

Scalloped (112 sherds), Circumbanded (91 sh

(82 sherds). Temporally, the Radial Ban

in 50 were hatched cumbanded the Rough and tation as 10). Sherds Pit The noted the ems. total atin relatively Of 2, middle is Red Scored of another in the above, sherds with clearly higher the the in Daubed five examples plastic and the pit. more uppr are evenly 3-meter kinds in frequencies middle lower the distributed The variety popular decoration levels, of throughout which minority square levels others, decoration and maintained Scalloped there in lower are randomly. of pit theend withand well thethan the carried levels. separatemiddle to the represoccurs pit inpit. in be betwxthwthmt
Classificat ions are presented as %s of all sherds,decorated and other, pe

Numbers in right column refer to decorated sherds considered in the Tab

m= 1% =Statistically insufficient sample.

Escot Polychrom

Girdn Polychrome A

Block Chevron

Black

Interior Banded Banded Lip Crosshatch Black on Red 

1 2 

3134 

56 

7 8 

9 

10 

112 

1312 

15 1 -Levels CHART 9.-Co-2, Pit 1; varieties of Aristide group polychromDec
Classifications are presented as %s of all sherds, decorated and othe

Numbers in right column refer to plastic decorated sherds per level

M= 0.1 

Fine

Reed Parallel Line

Grooved Lip Punctated Incised Shell Edge Stamped 

2 m m4 

m a6

Levels 6 15415 9170 CHART 10.-Co-2, Pit 1; plastic decoration on ceramic Plastic rema
Ladd] PARITA AND SANTA MARIA ARCHEOLOGY, P

yielded nothing of apparent stratigraphic significan

t

cms. consisted of sterile red-brown river clay. Altho

tr

ing 140 cms. contained sherds, these were badly erod

p

deposited by the river, rather than as midden refus

the total number of distinguishable typed painted s

t

p

was only 62, far too few to allow any sort of signif

by level. Five plastic decorated sherds were recove

Pit 3, on the other hand, yielded some support 

t

findings of Pit 1. This excavation, a 1-meter square t

t

heap at the edge of the hill, was dug to a depth of 1

refuse composition has been described as much like t

numerous shells and sherds down to 1.10 meters, fewe

meters and nonexistent from 1.35-1.60 meters (sterile r

The support for the stratigraphic evidence of Pit 1 lie

t

Azuero group or Cocl6 polychrome sherds were not 

b

Daubed and both types of the Aristide group were. 

t

pit corresponds to the middle and lower levels of Pit 

Reviewing the pit by type and variety, 87 sherds o

tE

t

were recorded (as against 69 for the Gir6n) with the b

down by variety: Black Crosshatch, 34 sherds; B

sherds; Black-on-red, 23 sherds; and Black Chevron, 

Gir6n type is represented by 46 sherds of the Banded L

23 of the Interior Banded variety. As may be see

there does not appear to be a meaningful pattern o

tribution. The Red Daubed variety was represent

randomly distributed.

Shells from Pit 1 (see Appendix 5, p. 268) were 

clam. Although a formal count was not made, it wa

t

impression that oysters were found in numerically gr

p

above the depth of 1 meter in Pit 1; i.e., in the upper t

presence ence similar instead analysis First, titleends class ondly, tion, Inon in preparing a of theo on more of pottery the corn fpottery of confuse reexamination including use mano publication Panamanian appropriate as of Willey well recovered which the and/or the all asname temporally and shellfish. in Santa may CERAMIC metate of method the archeological at Stoddard's the "Santa extend 1960's, MariaHe-1 sample fragments would limited REMAINS Maria," and two Polychrome beyond 1953 type sequence be He-2, difficulties Phase indicates to typologiccollectionalready the break it undwitfor Phwawptptt
Classifications are presented as %s of all sherds, decorated and o

Numbers in right column refer to decorated sherds considered in t

T

r =Statistically insufficient sample.

Escotd Polychrome

Giro'n Polychrome

Black 1

Chevron

Black Interior 

Crosshatch Black on Red Black on Buff Banded Banded Lip 

3 

M

Levels 7 9 13 3 tO 12 8 14 * CHART 11.-Co-2, |4 Pit 3; major decorated 17- ceramic types Decorat-- and varJ t
LaddI PARITA AND SANTA MARIA ARCHEOLOGY, 

types within a group, since one of these divisions or 

without appreciable amounts of the other at the tw

In view of these considerations the polychromes an

and plain pottery included under the Santa Mar

(Willey and Stoddard) and in 1957 (Ladd) were rec

two types, Gir6n Polychrome and Escota Polyctro

below. In order to emphasize the essential similari

two types in terms of paste, general size, surface treatm

tive motifs, the concept of the pottery group was em

personal communication) and they were classed w

pottery group.

GiRoN POLYCHROME; BANDED LIP VARIETY

CROSSUATCHED SUBVARIETY

Sample.-85 sherds.

Paste.-Paste is homogeneous with fine-grained temper of 

dark particles. Pores are finer than the smallest particles. 

reveal negative impressions of particles. Structuring is r

though it tends to be lamellar (parallel to the vessel surf

Occasional larger particles of red hematite are found. Color 

commonly orange-yellow (Maerz and Paul, 1930, "cork," 12

dark fired zones occur on the interior, exterior, or both, and 

(Maerz and Paul, "beaver," 15-A-6). These zones rarely 

Hardness ranges from 2.5-3 on Mohs' scale. Thickness ran

with the average at about 8 mm.

Firing is generally uniform. Occasional sherds show thin s

than the rest. In a few sherds the dark fired zones may mak

of the sherd's thickness. Firing clouds appear frequently on 

Shapes.-Open bowls, medium to deep. The largest vesse

in diameter taken at the inside of the orifice. Lips are flat an

and are generally flanged either to the exterior or to both inte

the vessel. The upper surfaces are slightly rounded or flatte

more or less horizontal plane, or slanting slightly outward (f

extending four surface lip zone Consists crosshachure angle occasional of although are The Sample: Surface.-Decoration Paste.-Paste the (pl. unknown to in design. designvessels a of 13, which of vessel. most the down buff a 189 f, black units for is g). are lip, the Lips sherds. or sherds limited is from this buff, except possibly truncated were Thband somewhat and subvariety, the falloften probably design consists laterally interiors or for within lip. white line RADIAL anpex with more crosshachure occasional running of spaced but of by slip istssmearing BANDED black the variable pointed the they range. ground equidistantly vessel alongsolid SUBVARIETY painted are slight and outward. is than colors There black probably the ararranged dribbles extension designs interior usually the occur borders are around crosshroundThe a withof conon reovedfeto
164 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETH

b

e

FIGURE subvariety; alone); (rarely, 59.-Gir6n c, j-j'). m re, a-j, Circumbanded All Radial type, based Banded Banded n on (rarely, Willey Lip subvariety variety, Co-2 k-rm); 0drawingsa-j', vessel (a-g, B
Ladd] PARITA AND SANTA MARIA ARCHEOLOGY, P

have perceptible quantities of limestone or shell temper, and 

grains of hematite, as much as 2-3 mm. in diameter.

The color falls within the Crosshatched subvariety range 

group of sherds which have a lighter or darker salmon color 

"musk melon," 11-A-8; "persimmon," 6-E-12). The darke

frequently associated with unslipped, buff-colored sherds.

Hardness ranges from 3-4 on Mohs' scale with the average a

ness ranges from 5-13 mm. with modes at 6 and 8 mm. F

uniform but dark cores or darkened edges occur.

Shapes.-Medium deep to medium shallow open bowls r

orifice diameter from 12-40 cms. Lips are often flanged on th

have a slight interior flange (fig. 59, h-j), but otherwise fall w

range of the Crosshatched subvariety. Occasionally they 

painted exterior flanging (fig. 59, j, j').

Surface.-All interior surfaces are smooth with a burnished a

rior surfaces are usually smooth, but less careful work has o

areas. Virtually all interiors are covered with a red slip, ofte

be termed a wash (Maerz and Paul: "nasturtium," 4-1-12; 

6-J-10). On a few salmon-colored sherds (Maerz and Paul, 

paint occupies a circumferential zone of variable width below 

Exterior surfaces are more variable; a few are slipped, but mere 

areas are the rule. Smoke clouds appear frequently on the e

the interiors.

Design units are subtriangular zones, probably four to a ve

truncated apex generally points out. In those cases where t

the ground is always buff rather than red. These subtriangular 

by solid black triangles which are connected by a continuous b

interior edge of the lip. The designs within the subtriangula

parallel black lines arranged parallel to the radius of the vess

across the lip. The black decoration occasionally extends o

and the lines are rather unevenly drawn (see pl. 13, a, b, e).

CIRCUMBANDED SUBVARIETY

Sample.-93 sherds.

Paste.-Falls within the range of the two previous subvarie

is somewhat harder, ranging 3.5-4 on Mohs' scale.

with however, sherds black and figure in around Surface.-A Shapes.-Deep Surface.-Surfaces Sample.-117 Paste.-Same Shapes.-Same figure Crosshatched respect triangle 59. 693-81T--64- are the 59, consists treated Three lip k--m. to pattern. single (pl. sherds. as color additional as and subvarieties, of with previous 13, previous two black are 12shallow and c). shell Since generally to line The type subvarieties. rare edge five subvarieties. BLACK both bowls, this along latter rim of parallel stamping the BANDED of group finish. shapes, these primarily the may sme SUBVARIETY black inner will beon elements including The as either be the in edge with linestreated decoration the outside occur buff of rimarranged a two collar the as or formedge in prelip a reit
166 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETH

SCALLOPED SUBVARIETY

Sarnple.-133 sherds

Paste.-Same as previous subvarieties.

Shapes.-Moderately deep bowls almost alwa

slightly thickened rim and a horizontally flattened l

of flange (fig. 59, o-r) occur rarely as do occasional 

example with a horizontal pointed projection (fig. 5

jj

Surface.-The surface treatment is the same as th

that the painted decoration is in the form of a bla

the lip with lobes extending outward giving a scallo

CHEVRON LIP SUBVARIETY

Sample.-3 sherds.

Paste.-Same as the previous subvarieties.

Shapes.-Deep bowls with everted lips.

Surface.-Same as the previous subvarieties exc

consists of shallow, three or four line chevrons with 

in figure 60, d.

Geographical Range.-Sherds of this vari

in the Parita area (He-1, He-2, He-4) and 

1942, figs. 234, 239, a; Ladd, 1957) as well 

large bowls with everted lips (Peabody Mu

29-6 and other vessels). It is probable th

of both varieties of the Gir6n type would 

stable division of the varieties with a resul

temporal and geographical distribution. A

ever, one can make the broad statement th

geometric designs over a red, buff, or buff-w

lip occur from the Panama Canal Zone to 

Peninsula and possibly over a considerable 

no examples in Veraguas or further west and 

Chronological position.-As indicated abov

tion is still vague. Vessels which could be 

including recovered, occurred graves overlapped typesween excavation the in reverse the 1957). Stratigraphic relative lowerattr ishe at ofAt confusing. in Sitio tohose are twohat popularity but units bothCocle ie-i the not Conte varieties holding of upper the conditions Late and the polychrome as the stratigraphic definite Within(Lothrop, Banded He-2, levels from Period present at He-i the at lower sherds and as the Lip (Grave He-2 in variety, Gir6n 1942,at was thetype, Trench variety relationshto He-1. of did Interior consistefig. upper. site, 26) both undehowenot 234an11 dralG
Ladd] PARITA AND SANTA MARIA ARCHEOLOGY, PA

a b 

9/

1000'

FIGURE design Find d, banding; sherds; Gir6n 8 60.-Gir6n inferred from g-j, Banded f, Escotd EscotA He-2; from lip, and c, Black Crosshatched, Gir6n chevron Co-2 Escotdn sherds; Interior red type design; elements, design hourglass b, banded, e, Gir6n Gir6n elements, from scroll Interior design Interior Co-2 design, reconstra, sherds banedbandeGir6n Fin
168 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETH

ever, one Banded Lip bowl (Find 1-a) wa

Red Daubed strap-handled jar (Find 1-b), a 

present in the Early Coclk Period but not

the general ceramic affinities of the site ar

Period at Sitio Conte.

Relationships of variety.-Related to th

Black Line Geometric ware at Sitio Conte.

Bibliography.-Lothrop, 1942; Willey an

and McGimsey, 1954; Ladd, 1957.

GIR6N POLYCHROME; INTERIOR BAN

Sample.-282 sherds.

Paste.-Same as the Banded Lip variety

from 5-17 mm. with the average at about 9 

Shapes.-Shallow bowls or plates generally 

flattened lips (fig. 61, a-c). Lips with exter

d

occur rarely. Since most of the sherds we

is little evidence of the base type, but one r

base were assigned to this variety.

Surface.-Both interior and exterior surfa

polished. Vessel interior ground color is a

tween a red wash or slip and a buff which oc

white and at other times verges on an oran

also varies from red to buff, the red often b

streaks or dribbles. The designs, in black 

interior of the vessel.

As is the case with other polychromes o

designs are geometric in character. The mo

to be a series of parallel lines running acros

lip widens to lip and bordered on each side by a som

groups o bands sherds lip, vessels but Beach possibly nuse these diamond Geographical meet butit (fig. patterns, may on have of (Peabody from at obliquely this others) element, 60, parallel the theave a is other a). inner black lip an range.-This it been although Mus. to Although seems in lines other sites uncommon wall scallop make the present met cat.are probable center. sherds just thea illustrated there in design Nos. in triangular variety below,specific the motif. theave were Some 51-25-20/2vessel that sherd as is and associano in Examthere not seriemotibowl cmcenlotsplacopai
Ladd] PARITA AND SANTA MARIA ARCHEOLOGY, PA

C

a b 

e 

M n

0 

FIGURE 61.-Gir6n polychrome vessel shapes from Co-2. a-e

variety (d-e are rare); f-1, Gir6n plain; m-q, Gir6n 

vessels await publication of the report on that site. It 

the and 5-abeen Cruxent the relative clear peakthe Chronological present Early dominant Gulf Interior stratigraphic and was reported indication of position represented 8) (1958, of popularity Period as San time Banded from variety well pl. position.-As Miguel at has at situation He-1 13) as Veraguas Sitio the after variety at by within southerly illustrate Gir6n the respectively. Conte that sherds. the atlatter also or is theite Banded the and Chiriqui, the examples and apparently Interior Gir6n site and Gir6n No case during easterly by instances Lip Thus, at with typesite but two He-1 Banded from it, had was suggests Linn6 the adistributat complete conclusand begun the both that varieBandpopuvarHe(19Pe
170 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETH

Relationships of variety.-Besides its obv

Escot type and Lothrop's Black Line Geo

technique of simple black geometric desi

interiors is also present in the Black-on-red 

Lothrop (Lothrop, 1942, fig. 277, b) for Sitio 

Bibliography.-See the Banded Lip vari

GIR6N TYPE; PLAIN VARI

Sample.-175 sherds.

Paste.-This variety is a residual catego

grayish unslipped ware.

Shapes.-Globular or subglobular jars 

and little or no rim modification (fig. 61,J-l)

Appendages and construction.-Ring base

shallow bowls. Pedestal bases of varying h

2.2 cm; at least one had a flanged foot or 

the vessel wall included a free-standing hum

head missing, and three small buttonlike 

modeled faces. Lugs were of both the flatten

just below the rim and roughly triangular in 

above) and the node type. The latter ra

cms. Loop handles are the most common 

handles are much rarer, and a few ropelik

recovered. Vessel shapes to which these we

Geographical range.-Like many other p

decorated wares, both the Red and Plain v

are difficult to identify because of the ubiqu

of distinctive features. For instance, the 

lared jars illustrated by Lothrop (Lothrop, 

or might not be classified as Gir6n Plain al

Late found sites. eroded as gories be a with this red definite Chronological Relationships Bibliography.-See part definitely variety the Period there,slip of At that of appearance plain the increase or the it are but grave. identified no present is Delgado ware similar of position.-At impossible always slip variety.-The in of At did the at time the beyond in Cocl6 in Red He-4 all. Banded not shape upper red one tocollarless and emerge practically saylipped thee However, can to collarless levels, Lip Azuero Gir6n whether those Gir6n only varieat ware ja say ansiteiof ropasj
Ladd] PARITA AND SANTA MARIA ARCHEOLOGY, P

GIRON TYPE; RED VARIETY

Sample.-285 sherds.

Paste.-Same as that of the other Gir6n varieties e

harder, rating at 5-6 on Mohs' scale. Thickness r

mm. with the average at about 6 mm. The firing is g

although a few sherds have dark cores.

Shapes.-The predominant shape is a constricted or

j

without small out-curving collars. Rims are illus

61, m-q. Large jars are rare; small and medium 

characteristic. Occasionally loop handles, horizonta

present. Strap handles are rare.

Other, unknown, shapes are suggested by the pr

conical feet or legs and fragments of pedestal bases. 

spout was also classified with this variety.

Surface.-Interiors are smoothed and are often fire 

teriors are smoothed, burnished, and are covered with 

usually reaches the lip, but does not extend over in

There is no decoration.

Geographical range.-The comments made in conn

Gir6n Plain variety pertain here with the addition th

is so similar to the Delgado Red type in shape and ext

that the two cannot be distinguished on the basis 

alone.

Chronological position.-This variety, like the Plai

appeared in definitely higher frequencies in the uppe

Pit 1 at the Gir6n site, along with the Cocl6 and Azuer

Relationships oJ variety.-The variety shares col

j

collarless constricted orifice jars with horizontal loop h

Delgado Red type, thus demonstrating affinities w

group.

with firedscale, flanged vriety. contorted collared and Bibliography.-Same Sample.-170 Paste.-Temper Shapes.-Three tall, a occasional and brown jars (fig.straight, appearance. the are 62, thickness ESCOTA color, the sherds. a). larger flaring mainconsists most Dimensions POLYCHROME- althoughematite ranges Hardness as collars common shapes of that fine from withgray are onform. BLACK-ON-RED particles. ranges white lips 6-12 the cores noted the which larger These particles between mm. Gir6n occur, for The are VARIETY examplhave this typeand roupas3 of av
172 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETH

Cd

-ti

k M 

FIGURE 62.-Escotd type vessel shapes from Co

f

Crosshatched; a, h, i, j, Black on buff; k-m, Ch

Co-2 drawings.

reach a shoulder diameter of 40 cm., a colla

an orifice diameter of 11 cm. The body b

appears to be rounded, although no actu

Globular or subglobular bowls with unmo

rims shoulders washile paste. of the These more the space Surface.-The Four The the shoulder bottom classified also in the followed vessel, are first design Decoration, width. occur untreated and bordered arrangement line just is wih sharply arrangements by (fig. done Three bordred vessel below another this at interior 62, limitedn the out-flared to variety. exterior black c-e) the is five topgroup with retains composed generally are juncture as paint. by of is small do noted. of rims these a usually paralel the broad wide-mo(fig. of of black lines to buff colparblathre6
Ladd] PARITA AND SANTA MARIA ARCHEOLOGY, PA

most of which is also bordered with the small triangles. 

this theme include broken or dashed horizontal lines. O

the horizontal groups of lines are carried up onto the 

Groups of horizontal lines, beginning below the colla

by a field of vertical lines, comprise the second arrang

shaped elements often are expressed negatively in t

fields of black appearing between the vertical lines (fig

h

leaf-shaped element within a black rectangular field is 

mon at the Venado Beach site. Occasionally the bot

line will be decorated with triangular appendages.

Another arrangement consists of trianguloid element

broad black bands at the collar base (fig. 60, i).

Still another motif is a chevron panel composed of n

of black lines (fig. 60,J).

Geographical range.-The exterior-decorated bowls 

j

varieties of the Escotft type appear at the present tim

to the Cocl6, Santa Maria River, and Canal Zone are

A few EscotA type sherds were recovered at He-1, non

I know of none from farther west or north. The Black

and/or the Black-on-buff variety is illustrated for Siti

ever (Lothrop, 1942, fig. 236), and some of the designs, 

leaf-shaped element as mentioned above, are very c

Venado Beach site, e.g., on the shoulders of two jars w

(Peabody Mus. cat Nos. 51-25-20/20373 and 51-25-20/

others.

Chronological position.-Although two of the fragme

by Lothrop came from an unstratified cache at Sitio C

(fig. 236, b), which is a clear example of the leaf

mentioned above, came from the Late Period Grav

other hand, the situation at both the Gir6n site and 

Sitio stages. Escotft either fact Continued globular Incurved ties development Gir6n of Bibliograpy.-See Relationships the to that Conte theo type He-1, type In rims, jars, the contemporary on later addition, was suggests He-2 in ofEscoth the occasionally Azuero of Cocl6 popularity. either the decorated variety.-In occupations, type Gir6n at dominant Polychrome, an group barely differences both had earlier with type, varieties as largely present form, the wellhile polychrome angled Banded chronological and He-1 in as that of dropped the or regional to only the shoulders, and missing. is Lip theclosely Ecotr possibly collared in Late vriety. He-2 out preferepositithe relattype of PerThsiandgsuj
174 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ET

ESCOTA POLYCHROME; CROSSHATC

Sample.-266 sherds.

Paste.-Same as the Black-on-red variety

Shapes.-Like the Black-on-red variety, 

is that of the large collared jar with angled s

flaring collar. Another form is the simple 

j

orifice is very wide) with an incurved rim 

sherd with an apparently recurved collar 

was missing) was found (fig. 62, f-h).

Surface.-The surface has a chalky feel a

exterior to a dull rather than a polished 

shows prominent scrapings or striations. 

buff in ground color; collar exteriors and inte

the shoulder, are covered with a thin red wa

may stop about three-quarters of the way 

collar. The most common buff shade corr

"oak-buff," with a range B to H and 8 to 

color chart. The red slip of the collar and 

Maerz and Paul's "Korean red," plate 5, J

plate 5, K-11.

The decoration is limited to the upper h

consists of black crosshachure in hourglass

ally a black line encircles the vessel at the j

forming a border between the red wash of 

the upper body. Another similar black l

body at the shoulder angle, forming a borde

red of the lower body. The hourglass-sh

two, although possibly four) occur between 

connected to them with the vertical axis 

parallel to the vertical axis of the vessel (fig

f

Black-on-red is Black-on-red by the common 7, Gir6n illustrated Relationships Bibliography.-See Geographical Chronological Lothrop an Venado (ibid., undated as forthe Beach fig. in variety variety. Sitio Lothrop, range.-In of cache, position.-It 239, former. variety.-See site Conte a), hold the the The where or 1942, Gir6n An for plastic (Lohrop, general, illustrated Crosshatched is example theis figure theype, probably decorated present variety Black-othe 237. 1942, Bandof vesscoth
Ladd] PARITA AND SANTA MARIA ARCHEOLOGY, PAN

ESCOTX POLYCHROME; BLACK-ON-BUFF VARIETY

Sample.-343 sherds.

Paste.-Same as Black-on-red variety.

Shapes.-Two shapes occur in this variety: (a) largj

with straight flaring high collars and angled shoulders h

though not as sharply angled as those of the Crossh

v

and (b) smaller bowls with incurved rims and genera

u

lips (fig. 62, i, j).

Surface.-The ground color of the shoulder or upper p

t

vessel body is of a buff which sometimes approaches w

The body below the shoulder may be buff, but is more 

with a red wash. A black line often encircles the ves

f

border between the buff and the red. Designs on th

b

are in black line and sometimes red and include:

1. A broad red horizontal band at the top of th

under which is arranged a series of two to four narro

bh

zontal lines with black triangles pendent from the lowe

lT

black lines may be arranged in vertical or diagonal grobt

collar, or in such a way as to form a chevronlike zon

ally, a black line from the apex of the triangle will be e

to join the shoulder border.

2. A row of small black squares may be intersperse

b

t

parallel horizontal black lines.

3. Negatively expressed leaf-shaped elements fraib

occur.

4. Vertical lines occur rarely on the collar exterior

5. Rows of parallel horizontal black lines may oc

bt

rim, generally accompanied by a black line on the lip.

6. Other miscellaneous elements which occur are b

spirals, Geographical a series of range.-See black and comments white diamonds, and spear p

variety. variety. might slly Chronological Relationships Bibliography.-Same Sample.-13 Paste.--Same lShapes.--Bowls well pointed Actually, be classed sherds. position.-Probably lips as of ESCOTI Black-on-red or these variety.-See (fig. as jars as POLYCHROME; one two 62, that with variety. k-rm). are for variety. so incurring the comments close CHEVRON the for Black-on-red in Black-on-red same design rims VARIETY for as and and the the varvBBftut
176 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ET

Surface.-Design area surfaces are well 

hl

polish. The vessel exteriors are red slippe

w

ft

design area which remains a buff. Lips a

w

t

red wash which sometimes extends well dow

i

t

v

i

Red hues vary from a light red (Maerz 

P

plate 4, 1-12) to deeper colors (Maerz 

P

o

"Moroccan," plate 5, J-11, K-11). Below t

r

lb

(4-6 ems.) black band encircles the vessel. W

tb

are long (6-11 cms. in horizontal length) b

t

take up most of the width of the band.

Geographical range.-Lothrop does not ivw

the chevron design of this variety althou

tmh

b

some sherds present at Sitio Conte, and it a

wn

p

at the Venado Beach site. It appears thatvm

at He-1 and He-2 and with minimal occu

t

was neither widespread nor long lasting. I nk

reports of its presence to the west or north

Chronological position.-In the light of th

Pt

Gir6n site, the variety's existence was pror

late in the Escota time span (see chart 9).

Relationships of variety.-Although the cmic

one in most complexes of pottery characterizb

there do not appear to be any significant re

t

Escota type.

Bibliography.-Same as that for the Blac

v

ESCOTL TYPE; RED VARI

Sample.-1,044 sherds.

Paste.-Temper and general characterist

t

t

for the polychrome except that the Red v

r

rimed harder, a-c); d, bowls andlmost show only ally Surface.-Both Shapes.-The Often h); and slipit plate on high openr through is abetween lip the the wash, used limited plates collared and forms bowls interior red on and icollar 4 shapeslip with to as interior streaks. and both or jars was the illustrated or isplates fnged interiors 5 exterior applied (fig. lip, include: applied interior on and Mohs' or 63, with lips a exterior in selectively, i); rather hav unevenly deep band and unmodifiefigure scale.hort, (fig. bowls a exteriextenthan surfbur63, 63, evso wl6j6livmmnuTivttbpcfleobjbtl
Ladd] PARITA AND SANTA MARIA ARCHEOLOGY, PA

b C

d

cl

e g h

k

J~t

1'l

FIGURE 63.-EscotA red type vessel shapes from Co-2. a-c, 

d, h, type 3; j-1, type 4; e-g, type 5; ?n-n, type 6. All base

W

drawings.

Geographical range.-Because of the general lack of 

features (rims only are distinctive, and even they, as in 

unmodified There nor Escoth group, this could Color,Bibliography.-Same Sample.-476 Relationships Paste.-In Chronological do variety be the are I with varieties. know a paste no prototype lip, and the general clear of of may sherds. position.-Presumably exception the is any variety.-None the examples Escota blend ESCOTX from characteristics for as same the forf any into Plain TYPE; one theas illustrated "drooping site many that in decorated are "Late" PLAIN other particular such difficult for other VARIETY the lip" in rim the than as varieties Lothrop same utilitaria

of toform temper, other outside the place the asGir(fiECof

b
178 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ET

Thickness varies with the vessel size from o

c

t

i

t

larger vessels to as thin as 5 mm. in t

o

smoothing is not as noticeable, except for s

o

t

v

as in the polychrome varieties.

e

C 

b

9 h

on FIGURE cms. Shapes.-Characteristic Large these Average 64.-Escoti 2; globular vessels d-e, type kcollar run jars 3; plain k-n, 20-25 with height type type shapes tall vessel cms., is 4. out-flared 10 All shapes include: and ems. based diamfrom nn coCTftWCdOmbl4
Ladd] PARITA AND SANTA MARIA ARCHEOLOGY, PAN

Small globular or subglobular vessels with short, 

(fig. 64, f-j) and orifices which run about 10 ems. in d

times up to 20 cms.;

Shallow bowls or plates, usually with unmodified rims 

d

and

Medium to deep steep-sided bowls with thickened 

(fig. 64, k-n).

Appendages.-Two lugs about 6 ems. long by 2.5 em

one with deep incisions along one side, were assigned 

but their position on the vessel is not known.

Geographical range and chronological position.- See 

the Escoth Red variety.

Relationships of variety.-None outside of the Aristid

Bibliography.-Same as for the decorated varieties of 

Plastic decoration.-In addition to the polychrome, r

p

or buff pottery already discussed, a number of plas

techniques were utilized on Gir6n site wares similar to th

1. Lip grooving. 27 sherds with this type of decoration were r

decoration occurs on the upper surface of the everted lips of b

j

consists of three or four deep (1-2 mm.) and wide (2-3 mm.) p

encircling the orifice. In rare instances the grooves are radially p

lip. They are usually smoothly executed, although on occasion 

p

up along the edges. Often the lips are grooved only, in other ca

additional plastic techniques were combined with the grooving (

gp

r

punctation, that is, incised circles about 1 cm. in diameter and d

deep angular punctations; a combination of "b" and buttonlike 

p

with a central punctation placed between the grooves; the punc

b

pellets alone; and a combination of "a" and "b."

2. Broad line incision. The two sherds found with this type o

apparently from subglobular bowls or jars with incurved rims

2-3 mm. wide and 1-2 mm. deep, are 3-7 mm. apart placed 

vessel below a red rim band. They are apparently part of a pa

do recovered, are cases down lines Red horizontal Smoothed Outside radially ularly with and 3. 4. 5not raher bowls paintFine rough Lip Rough they beyond was spaced continue and on engraving. and unevenly with parallel are occurred lines all bordered the scoring: probably scoring. the and from arranged polished upper incurving with around collar. unevenly line small doneon large by the belonging The surface Three two buff the incision. vertically two usual One sids. jars andcollared few entire of executed ware shapes of case irregularly panels, with the vertical sherds to the The with beginning vessel of 26 jars a sherds tall were largeip zoning scoring (pl. sherds one decorated a outflaring with arrangement in horizontally (pl. spaced, represented 14, in bowl. groups with wasshortly bands, appears 14, d). with found j). in vertical The from collars; of outcurving this this and below seven on (pl. flattened engraved among in 2-13 theype manner which one 14, shallow lines theor intermmshef). the eigof coria lilapbp
180 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ET

exteriors and appears to have been made with so

It is fine to coarse and generally applied in a hori

sional diagonal brushings are found. Scoring or 

noted for the Red Line type, especially the Red D

He-i and He-2, and was often associated on indiv

paint similar in appearance to that of the Red Da

6. Punctation. The few sherds with plain pu

sherd, probably from a collared jar, thus little c

associated with this decoration. The punctations 

are very deep, in some cases extending through t

in shape with diameters of 2-3 mm. They are a

2 cms. apart (pl. 14, c).

7. Reed punctation. In addition to occurring o

j

combination with lip grooving, reed punctation 

collared jar sherds. In these cases the punctations 

below deep groove incision. Rim sherds in this in

the lips (pl. 14, g, in).

8. Fingernail punctation. The one sherd with 

of the rim of a bowl or jar with incurving sides. T

2 ems. below the lip on the vessel exterior are t

placed, of what appear to be fingernail punctation

9. Slash punctation. Two of the sherds deco

collar sherds; other information on form is lacking. 

jabs or slashes, generally arranged in vertical row

10. Linear punctation. One red-slipped rim she

lip had rows of semicontinuous shallow punctatio

the lip. They give the appearance of having b

implement (pl. 14, 1).

11. Shell edge stamping. Fifteen sherds are rec

tion including two recognizable shapes: a pedesta

j

short outcurving collar. Some of the sherds are 

the shell edge stamping is arranged in three vertica

impression is also oriented vertically), the bands s

collar sherd shows horizontal rows of vertically 

others are stamped on the shoulder, again in horizo

also occurred on the exterior of a medium-sized re

with shapes the narrowil red incurved a ridges, and or 6 red mm. 12.4 15. 13notches wet banded one are shapes. the lip Applique Pinching. Fluting. Applique applied generally pellets high transversely band clay showed ridgesms, arelips, and of on This of all in sometimes on the ridge. a traces Vertical clay 6 rows. and of 6 Five light mm. one technique which vesselmm. gashed had on with sherd.s buff of wide One These pedestal wide fluting been quite red were wallnotching. paste.t small by were paint. was appearlied wasell between closely open 2 was or mm. found buff found weathered. recovered Others tallnd found sometimes The to At spaced high, sherd two collar the jagged. with on least ridges were fingersurfacon rim were intrwith (pl. raisshefou ligshOasak
Ladd] PARITA AND SANTA MARIA ARCHEOLOGY, P

of a polished surface, and may have been examples of Smoked 

not fired to the usual brown hue. The flutes are 2-5 mm. d

between them run 5-10 mm. apart (pl. 14, o).

16. Semilunar punctation and scoring. A single sherd, pr

estal base, combined horizontal deep scoring with two horizo

lunar shaped punctations separated by an incised line, so tha

of incision and punctations gives the impression of a stem w

attached evenly on either side. Vestiges of red paint are cle

interior of the sherd. The punctations are boldly executed; 

pressed and fairly large, about 1 cm. long by 2 mm. wide (pl. 

17. Fine-line incision with fine scoring. One vessel of un

washed out of the riverbank and subsequently purchased from 

of the site, merits somewhat more detailed description (fig. 65, 

slender flower vase with a flared or pedestal base (completely 

or base rim) and a gently flaring orifice, the vessel measured 2

an orifice diameter of 10.8 cms., a base foot diameter of 8.8 cm

diameter of 3.5 ems. The upper half of the vessel is smoothed o

and exterior and decorated with vertical shallow-line incision 

The central part of the vessel is encircled by two roughened 

bordered by incised lines and show traces of red paint. Two a

with deep jab punctations are opposed on either side of the ve

point. Below the midpoint a series of fine-line incisions run 

the point where the base flares out. These have been smooth

some areas they are barely visible, and the entire lower half 

resultant semipolished surface. The vessel is somewhat sim

possible function to the "pottery drum" recovered at Sitio Con

fig. 341), and also resembles the Guacamayan ware vessels il

(1959, figs. 20, 4, 21, 10).

COCLE POLYCHROMES

The Cocl6 Polychrome sherds from the Gir6n site 

teristic gray paste noted in sherds of the same type a

site and presumably fairly characteristic of the sam

Conte. Forms were limited to plates or shallow open 

one exception of one sherd from a collared jar. All 

were Early sherds and through type withAn Vessel El with of 693-817-64- tall Period examination recovered Hatillo the a shapes straight few Pica-pica, "drooping polychroines Yampi types, present at 13outfiared of the Higo, sberds, a a lip" Gir6n at representative AZUERO minimal at the and variety, collars; and Sitio RED site Gir6n Cuipo POLYCHROMES a DAUBED reveals representation Conte. heavy generally site jarsvarieties sampleincluded: the concentratiowith absence a short all ofcharof prethlatj
182 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ET

(3' C

d b 

d e

. 4 7 i

sists bowls may feet design FIGURE from from ware, incised, of 5-g Smoked are mainly from have with He-1; pattern. Co-2, Aromo 65.-Miscellaneous noted Find He-2. been slightly ware c, Guacamayan of 21-g variety, Smoked for irregular spouted incensario However, from the incurved Find ware, He-1; plate jar, ware; smars shapes 14-g Sangre Find some f, fragments, or rims; Red b, from and open 5-c and Smoked teardrop ware variety, from and design He-1; dribblebowl chalicplatespeHe-2wareelFine, esPhPvF5fHdwVBFfHgrhRlwpFbnDrwnwn
LaddI PARITA AND SANTA MARIA ARCHEOLOGY, PA

STONE ARTIFACTS

Here, as at the other sites, the stone inventory is a r

one which can be broken down into metate fragment

and two flakes of jasper or chert which may have ser

or drills.

Metates.-These and the manos treated below wer

part, made from a porous volcanic stone tentativel

rhyolite. The edge fragments all reveal a rounde

flattened, slightly concave "upper" surface and a 

lower surface. The fragments are relatively thin, rang

ems. in maximum thickness. One fragment of a cyli

recovered. Many of these fragments were found on 

the remainder are largely limited to the upper levels of t

Manos.-A number of fragments were recovered, all 

levels of Pit 2 and all of the long cylindrical variety 

worn flat, except for a single example in which the two 

are both worn flat, one in a step formation (pl. 21, a).

Celts.-All made of a dark igneous basaltic rock, th

varieties. In neither group are there any fragment

clear or definite cutting edges, and all may have been u

or picks rather than celts. In the first group, the cel

petaloid in outline and are unpolished and roughly 

thick triangular or diamond cross section (pl. 21, b, 

specimen measures S X 6 X 3.5 cms.; a few others are long

The second group (pl. 21, d, e), which may or may 

celts, exhibits some polished areas, but otherwise is 

that it is impossible to ascertain the original proportion

Flakes.-Two fairly large red jasper chips were 

21,, g) which may have been intended as scrapers or 

shows tubes One mfaximum shallow each cemetery, delta, both No The of end. worked agriculture (pl. any provided these Gir6n grooves 19, situated clear diameter The was b, shellite, c) near signs a other, 5 and were goodoccurred certainly near cms. WORKED and theof shellfish. recovered an broad location retouching long fiished 7 end cms. at a SUMMARY and BONE alluvial the village fragment for long, Both end. at unworked site, or a AND or depth plainsof subsistence but had are use. occupied of SHELL two indicated three a of except and longer 140-15

fragme7 rathpatsite air fo
184 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETH

remains by manos and by a relatively (com

heavy concentration of shells. No graves 

excavations, 4 nor were any pottery caches o

vessels found. Probably in part as a resul

cache discovery, scanty worked bone and n

although a number of stone chipped and pol

The ceramic sequence of Pit 1 as suppo

high popularity for Aristide group wares an

variety during most of the period of site oc

Azuero group sherds appearing only in the u

group drops off.

14 McGimsey (1959) reports that subsequent excavations revealed 

ciation in the lowermost refuse; two (adult and child) were extended 
Ladd] PARITA AND SANTA MARIA ARCHEOLOGY, P

DELGADO (HE-8) SITE

SITE DESCRIPTION

He-8, the Delgado site, is located on the land of J

D

the north bank of the Parita River near the Parita hib

few kilometers from the town of Parita. At this poi

tr

course small hills abut the rather narrow river lo

terraces. Sherds were revealed by the highway cu

tt

hills, and graves uncovered by miscellaneous diggin

t

area as a site in 1948. Excavations consisting of tw

tpw

conducted in March and April of 1952 by Dr. Willey, D

M

and Mr. East.

Pit 1, a 3-meter square cut, was put down on the low

f

a small rise about 10 meters west of the Delgado house m

east of the highway. The pit was excavated througl

soil mixed with shell, in 10-cm. levels to a depth of 13cp

duced 3,301 sherds, almost all of which were of the DeRt

The 114 polychrome sherds from this pit were class

i

El Hatillo. The sample remaining for examination rt

be primarily Macaracus in type although there was 

Parita varieties (Yampi and Ortiga). By far the grp

of the sherds was concentrated in the first 50 cms.

Pit 2, another 3-meter square cut, located on the f

t

river terrace about 30 meters west of Pit 1, produced 

t

many sherds (6,784) as Pit 1, thus suggesting that the m

h

area lay along the river terrace rather than on the hill

b

i

A

was the case with Pit 1, the sherds were almost entirel

D

Red or Azuero group polychromes, and most of the

wc

trated in the uppermost 40 cms. in a gray soil mixed w

small clamshells. No Coclk Polychrome sherds we

c

f

either probably were apparently Gir6n the H-12, (Maerz throughout. This Paste.-Color Red-buff found. pit. Red antype, and of should A "cognac," the absent Paul section few theOften same of shrds characteristic be colors, at paste of there notd. type plate thee CERAMIC of ranges "persimmon," red as is He-4 DELGADO Gir6n 4, those For a paste J-11) lighter red typology. from comments REMAINS site. recovered with ware RED and dark coe However, a plate sometimes heavy at on presentorange in the 6, the MouwhE-DtcHwitHtltifrTi
186 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETH

crushed white rock and sand with occasi

h

p

Hardness rates at about 4 on Mohs' scale. r

5-9 mm. with an average of about 7 mm. 

p

able from the Aristide group wares by the p

its temper, and its slightly harder surface, r

r

thinness.

Shapes.-Forms included those found at 

globular or subglobular constricted orifice j

u

and often with loop handles horizontally p

globular or subglobular jars with collars tha

out-curved; small open bowls; and plates or 

b

Bases recovered which may belong to any 

clude ring and pedestal forms. Both tall (15 

pedestal bases were recovered. At the El Ha

j

collared or collarless, had round unmodified b

r

pedestal bases (with the exception of a few pe

b

p

effigy bowls) were limited to the plate and b

Surface.-Surfaces are well smoothed, buhp

appearance despite the noticeable marks of a p

ally the entire exterior surface is red slipped 

h

collar, and often the base. Slip color corresp

M

"tawny," plate 13, D-10.

Appendages.-Appendages include most ph

horizontally placed on the shoulder just be

r

usually unslipped. A very few of these wer

Occasionally plain loop handles (as distinct f

r

decorated with dash punctations. Somewh

h

also occurred on plates as an extension of rh

narrow strap handles (or legs) were also reco

b

as common as the loop shoulder handle.

Bay so angular lugs squarish small wall areaPhase. 1954, Additional Relationships Geographical Chronological similar bowls. with occurring area p. buttonlike shape 113). nodes grooves listed to the appendages at when range placed position.-Herrera of for nodes, He-4, Red-buff type.-As and .-the viewed just deep The He-8, also La below include type ware incision, Mula discussed from placed and thus the of atabove) Complex Phase horizontathe just the rim farcrudely on appaddLa on ad pagbelpltjbrubrMpb
Ladd] PARITA AND SANTA MARIA ARCHEOLOGY, PA

latter should be subsumed within the former. In ad

Red shares collared jar and collarless constricted-orifice j

the Gir6n Red variety.

Bibliography.-Willey and Stoddard, 1954, and WM

Gimsey, 1954.

STONE ARTIFACTS

Worked stone at He-8 is limited to a celt, a lag fra

t

mano fragments. The celt is of the pointed poll variet

oval cross section and measures roughly 9 X 5 X 2.5 

is confined to the blade and some outstanding areas of tb

lag fragment resembles a celt, in the early stages 

before polishing, with the cutting edge broken off. 

very rough, but there are no signs of battered or peck

Of the mano fragments, the larger one appears to bt

end of an oblong tool 8 cm. wide and 4 cm. thick w

oval cross section. It is made of granite and both 

The second, smaller, fragment exhibits a rounded ed

and flattened surface on one side; the remaining surf

r

SUMMARY

The Delgado site, He-8, is a shallow habitation site 

Azuero group pottery and thus a period of occupa

limited to the Late Cocl6 and Herrera phases. Mano 

marine shells in the refuse suggest a subsistence depe

and shellfish. Since no graves or caches were reco

t

adds nothing to our knowledge of ceremonial practice

t

p

concerned.
188 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHN

SIXTO PINILLA PLACE (H

SITE DESCRIPTION

The site, about 1.25 kilometers south of the 

lies on a hill 200 meters northwest of the 

characterized by numerous rolling hills and in

Trees are scattered, but small growth is lu

season. The central portion of the site is a h

in total area, well above the flood level, wit

k

r

2-3 meters above the hilltop proper.

When the 1948 excavations were undertak

Dr. Willey, a small farmhouse stood on the 

k

old well or excavated pit near it. Numerous 

b

50 cm. in diameter were present on the two k

of the hill.

Excavation was undertaken in the saddle b

k

and on the northwest knoll, and various test p

slopes. These excavations revealed that 

are quite shallow. In general, the area was 

(20-30 cm.) of humus, then a layer of mix

r

material extending down to a depth of 1 m

u

sterile yellow-white clayey soil. In view of up

natural stratigraphy and the lack of evidence 

such as floors or ash layers, profiles of the e

The shallowness of cultural remains is refle

of the two test pits and two trenches bearir

material. In all four cases the total sherdsp

sherds, are concentrated in the upper two l

t

humic and red clay zones.

The first of these test pits, Pit 1, a 2X2 

flank of mark. dominant increased percentages decrease not each, chrome, toypehe technique. 175 the faded represented. represented of provide ems., first The the which from in black ceramic southeast although of The lowerevel popularity too the gains the and is El small Within secondtwo (0-25 type Azuero Macaracas. in purple no Hatillo, knoll, levels, popularity from cultural a within cms.) to sample the types, was on the the with Parita, Gir6n red, the(chart excavated material first Almost second and for from only upper rather type,levl. validRed and 12). the 2 to was all anin twthDthssCtbptL
Polychrome classifications are presented as %s of all polychromes except withi

where %s are of the Aristide Group only. 

Red Line refers to varieties within the Red Line Type other than the Red Dau

M=5% =Statistically insufficient sample.

AzueroGroup Cocle' Red Daubed 

AristideGroup Polychrome Polychrome Polychrome Variety. Red Line 

___MAN__IV__AM____ 

4 ~ F-~ 

Levels Giro'n Polychrome Total p

AZ Escoto'

Polychrome Interior Banded 

2__ 

.4-

Pit I Total Aristide Poly

Pitil Giron Polychrome

Escotao A 

Polychrome Interior Banded Banded Lip 1 

____________________ I 

2 8

3 Aristide Polychrome Group. Azuero Polychrome 2 Group CHART Cocle'Group Polychrome 12.-He-1, W Pits Red Variety 1 Daubed. and 2, ceramic Total Red Line* polychrome remains. MiscellPolycs
190 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETH

Radial Banded Lip are by far the most p

b

levels; of the total of 151 Aristide group sher

on the exterior and could tentatively be 

t

The sequence of this pit suggests that whMt

was declining in popularity, the Gir6n type, 

and Cocl6 Polychrome were gaining. In 

Daubed and Red Line wares appear mor

r

t

Macaracas type than to the Aristide group.

Pit 2, another 2X2 meter test pit, loca

Trench 1, was also excavated in 25-cm. levu

two are the only ones with large enough p

t

b

considered (Level 3 had 15 polychrome sh

Polychrome is the dominant painted typ

Radial Banded Lip are the main varieties; 2

t

Aristide group were of the Escoth type, 

The Aristide group and Red Daubed vat

second to the first level, Azuero remains st

Line gain. Within the Azuero complex, M

dominant. El Hatillo is not represented, i

represented by a single Ortiga variety sherd

Trench 1 was a 20X2 meter cut laid out i

the saddle between the two knolls and excav

graves or pits were present, to a depth of 3 

excavated in 50-cm. levels. Its sherd conten

r

to the upper two levels; Level 3, for examplehp

sherds and Level 4 only 6. Gir6n Polychro

L

Red Daubed variety are the dominant dec

r

in the trench (chart 13). Cocl6 and Red Dp

from the second to the first level, while Azu

L

gain. Actually, Azuero types are represent

later wholeich only are clarly to Azuero it from while 58 and Trench comprised a percent of Macaracas one in depth 18 Macaracas vessel crossed the assignable the complex percent sherd.2 Parita section of wasinds 55 thee 1.75 types of percent is aincreases In were tohe side 220type devoted by northern meters thee are Azuero far of encountered polychrome of (Yampf first Macaracas represented, the the the from (chart to extension sherds level, northwest grave most 51 21 and polychrom13). in sherds percent in 23 popular type. associabut OrigLevel Trencof percIn knoTPiiA btLLppLLp
Polychrome classifications are presented as %s of all polychrornes excep

where %s are of the Aristide Group only.

*Red Line refers to varieties within the Red Line Type other than the -Red 

*=5% = Statistically insufficient sample

Aristide Group Azuero Group Red Dau

Polychrome Polychrome Cocle Polychrome Variety 

12 

3 

Levels Total polychrom

Giron Polychrome

Escotd 

Polychromne j Interior Banded Banded Lip 

2 

3 

4 

Trench I Total Aristide Polychro

Trench 2

(Levels 2 Aritide Polychrome Group Azuero Group CHART Polychrome 13.-He-1, Polychrorme Cocdl Trenches Red Variety 1 Daubed and Total 2, Red polychrome ceramic Line Miscellaneremains. Polychromsherd
192 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETH

in Level 1. Parita type is represented by 

varieties, Macaracas by the Pica-pica var

Red Daubed and Red Line all are, at mos

p

u

both levels and thus of negligible proportion

On the basis of the above, one can only t

draw valid conclusions concerning the rela

t

various types considered. The Gir6n type

three of the four stratified excavation units

p

from lower to upper levels in Pit 1 and Tre

and is present in inconclusive numbers in 

in frequency in the more recently deposited 

excavation units is at variance with the res

tions where the Aristide group as a whole w

Cocl6 and Azuero polychromes, and serves 

h

continued popularity of the Gir6n type beyon

It should be noted that even here the E

u

much as 15 percent of the total Aristide gro

p

cent of those in Pit 1, and 7 percent of those 

E

sherds for these pits is 48, see charts 12 and W

type, as represented in these three excavati

pattern with regard to the varieties. Th

variety gains in frequency in the upper leve

the Banded Lip decreases in all instances. T

the vague tendency at the Giron site for thLt

show higher frequencies in the upper levels r

Banded.

Cocl6 polychrome increases in frequenc

u

levels in Pit 1 and Pit 2, decreases in Tren

type, is present in negligible amounts in 

group increases in frequency from lower to u

is dominant Macaracas Red wares It Pit type show (chart stable I should 9 Lineis decreases. conflicting also, at clear, 14) in the type, be polychrome, was Pitalthough type sit, however, noted 2, a Red trends increases selected The andconclusion that Daubed in decreases Red from in but, some the sample. the in Line gross Trench variety, contrary the reinforced cases different in type frequencies upper Pit the 3 were 1. materand to stratiAzuby leveIn thRtthupuphp
Ladd] PARITA AND SANTA MARIA ARCHEOLOGY, P

Trench Tren

Pit 4 Pit 5 Pit 6 Pit 9 3 4 5 

PerAzuero Group Percent Percent cent Percent Percent Perc

P

P

Polychrome ------ 5. 3 1 16 10 7.3 

Cocl6 Group

Polychrome------ 14. 5 1 0 2 1. 8 

Aristide Group

Polychrome------ 1. 4 0. 5 0 0. 2 1. 8 

Red Daubed

Variety --------- 18 2 0 5 5. 5 

Sherd total_ --- 76 433 37 858 219 3

CHART 14.-He-1, unstratified sherd lots (percentages are ba

all sherds, decorated and other, recovered in each excav

CERAMIC REMAINS

The following comments on the pottery types repr

are based primarily on complete or almost complete 

most of these have been described in the literature 

Willey and Stoddard, 1954) or in this report in the 

with He-4 and Co-2, only significant variations o

mentioned.

AZUERO CERAMIC GROUP

As noted earlier in the section devoted to stratigra

Macaracas type was the most heavily represented in t

The Parita type is also present in smaller proportions

the Ortiga and Yampi varieties. No El Hatillo ty

found and no complete Azuero group polychrom

recovered.

However, Delgado Red constricted-orifice jars w

rims number 25-1, assignable vessels appear24-21 and in figure "C' 16-17-d, A shape collared 16-17-b number and 41, is 303, of to anf and but17-a, loop Find correspond to complete a. example should jars not 47-a, the of handles 17-b, Unit Cocl6 design Late of and probably of vessels the 18-a, 24 to Early Peiod were one vessels to same (Finds COCLE Early 18-b, the example (Finds represented Period b at type vessel were POLYCHROME 24-1, Period and classed Sitio 19-b, withere Cocl6 19). illustrated found, 24-19-24-22, Conte vessels as both 25-2, a also Black lobedHowever, Paneled most (Finds present in 30-b, at byshou

on the Sitof anLRaR14
194 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETH

ARISTIDE GROUP POLYCHR

The Aristide group at He-1 was represente

Gir6n type; only 51 Escott type sherds w

these are of questionable identifications. Of 

29 are fairly typical examples of the Black-

equally typical of the Crosshatch variety

vessels were found.

Within the Gir6n type, the Interior Bande

frequency in all three excavation units conta

ber of Aristide Group sherds (charts 12 a

frequency from lower to upper levels as 

declined. One complete Interior Banded v

a small (diameter 11 cm.) open bowl with 

ski-tip lip, was recovered.

Although the pottery at He-1 assigned 

believe, sufficiently similar in paste, shape, 

to the varieties at the Gir6n site to be treated 

certain peculiarities should be noted. First

generally thinner-walled (thickness for the 

from 6-8 mm.) and tend toward the lower 

Although a few Banded Lip variety sherds 

diameter of 42 cms., most of them fall with

Those of the Interior Banded are fragments 

diameters between 12-24 cms. Second, in a

types illustrated for the vessels at the Gir

(figs. 59, s, and 61, b) is a common type, pa

circumferential banding. Third, the shade 

darker pole of the range of variation for the 

The slip is not only thicker, but normally 

washlike except for the extreme basal portion of the many He-1. not parallel much dots motif and Vessels prsent a appended more of of serpent Fourth, to the the appearance of the common Gir6n at vessel this motif to lip the dsign the type (fig. variety, Gir6n exteriors at (fig. lowest and elements both MISCELLANEOUS 60, at RED 60, site. th H-4. RED e), band, He-1 provisionally b). at DAUBED buff although LINE the These occur Circumfereand and unslipped Gir6n VARIETY TYP He-2, constiat incluTYPEpresHedesi
Ladd] PARITA AND SANTA MARIA ARCHEOLOGY, P

Stoddard (1954), were quite common at the site. I

conform to Willey and Stoddard's description (that 

with red daubs, dribbles, teardrop designs and bands 

but the red often verges on purple at the He-1 site. 

collar exteriors and vessel interiors usually showed si

or scoring. The vessels differ from the Red Line type 

trated by Lothrop in that Sitio Conte vessels often h

whereas the handles of the Red Daubed variety at 

were of the strap shape. The following four shapes 

istic of the variety at He-1:

1. Wide-mouthed collared subglobular jars witho

10, c). Bases are rounded. The lip is usually banded 

the only decoration, and the shoulders or upper body 

decorated with paired or triple teardrop elements. S

ranges from small (about 7 cms. in diameter) to med

in diameter) with heights about one-half to two-th

ameter. Complete vessels (Finds 14-c, 14-j, 16-17-a, 

26-4, 45-c, and 48-b). Additional examples (possibl

buff but without decoration are 14-b, 16-b, and 23-a. 

both Early and Late associations at this site.

2. Wide-mouthed collared jars with strap handles (

d

jar body, especially in the large examples, is high sh

somewhat pointed base, although squat in overall dim

dles, usually two opposed, are placed vertically on t

most touching the rim. In the large examples, the 

tively high and straight. Decoration consists of a r

the lip and a series of red dribbles of paint running ver

lip down both the interior and exterior of the colla

shoulder.

Large vessels (diameters of 40-60 ems. and heights 

Finds of fied shape of 354-355, find Early (diameter 24-23, wide-mouthed 3. strap-handled 4. 14-20 4 lip numbers Plates Constricted ems. 1 at to and and ems.; He-1. a); 9 those (Find and was42. cms.) 21-fthat of Finds shape incensarios. round illustrated jars the The orifice is, 14-b). and to with 21-c, medium H-1 at since Red small based collared He-1 The two24-24, incensarios Daubed the from to with are The (diameter luglike incensarios medium two jars. and Early. one Sitio a diameter incensario examples 44-a) feet complete These are Conte sized 20 and range Finds both ems.) may of vessels (Finds fishtaiform plate (Loth16 occuand in 21-be cm
196 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETH

are similar to the former shape in all features 

of collar diameter to body diameter. This sh

Early and Late Period Cocl6 polychromes at 

PITO VARIETY

This variety, represented by four vessels 

24-25, and 24-26) consists of globular vessels 

constricted collars and four vertical loop hand

around the collar on the shoulder (pl. 11, 

Decoration consists of a red (or purple) band 

or purple bands arranged vertically in open ch

pattern on the body and shoulders. The pain

bands, not drips or daubs. Ground color va

to orange red slip. The vessels are small to 

eters 12-17 cms.). This variety also had E

chrome associations at the site.

RED LINE PATTERNED AND MODEL

This category was set up as "catch-all" for r

in simple red or purple patterns on a buff o

these vessels (Finds 12-a and 23-d) are jars w

face collars, red-banded rims, and red applie

on the bodies. Find 24-27 is a collared jar w

encircling the upper body. Finds 12-b and 2j

with plain bases decorated in one case with th

in red, in the other with a red band around the 

scallops in effect, or four graduated points e

toward the base. Find 24-6 is a small jar wi

reverse flared collar. The lip is red banded 

the vessel body at its midpoint with four long 

projections of red paint extending upward tow

jar, purple-red round-based red plate associations He-1. decorated vessel collared the upper base. hub, Find exterior surface just jar in 40, with paint No above the with of and in arranged round-based clear former this a the about round-lipped the a crudely pattern rounded latter amorphous shoulder. case, th in radiating drawn case. lobes and is and base evident. plates in group with and, Find Except horizontal parallel decorated lines. with in 48-a awere Findsomfor shored red Tw
Ladd] PARITA AND SANTA MARIA ARCHEOLOGY, P

RED OR RED/BUFF WARE

In addition to the collared jars and constricted-o

jars mentioned in connection with the Azuero cera

vessels (Finds 14-a, 14-e, 24-7, 24-10, and 24-16) of pr

but of a distinctive chalice shape were found (fig. 65, 

be described as subglobular jars on short pedestal b

straight collars on which are appended, near the rim

p

equidistant vertical nodes, each of which has three o

pressions. Of the vessel exterior surface only the bod

r

and polished; both the pedestal base and the collar ar

roughly finished. However, the collar or neck interi

r

and polished and, in at least one case (Find 24-7), t

b

base is also red slipped and polished. Heights rang

cms.

Two vessels from He-1 which were red-slipped bo

teriors and interiors, were Finds 24-2 and 29. The f

um-sized (diameter 15 cms.; height 10 cms.) inslopin

b

ummodified lip and a plain base. The latter is the rim 

open bowl (diameter estimated at 17.5 ems.) with a

tened lip slanting downward and toward the interi

similar to that of Finds 45-b, 24-13, 21, and 21-c.

In addition, two plates (Finds 3 and 4) with rou

p

bases, and no decoration other than a red slip on the 

were recovered.

BUFF WARE

A plain crudely modeled buff open bowl (Find 44-c

r

base and a lip which curls inward slightly to overh

was recovered in Trench 5. It is of small to medium 

15 cms.; height 7 cms.) and has no direct counterpart 

A

large, was shallow thickened of eter appears handle. and Additional Find which also is a 693-817-64- light rounded 11 2.-A dish 43-a.-A to 21-a.--A found. is lip cms. indicate buff, missing. with buff which smallbse. deep, An small, Its a 14vessels medium-sized, rounded the incomplete curls diameter especially Surface open The roughly place from in lipdiameter bowl a of is is He-1 (diameter similar rough buff finished rough attachment 38 (Find plain-based, cms., jar included: is and circular fashion 14-i) 8.5 or buff 16.5 and eroded. bttle,cms. of jar with cms.; its buff-sl

area a to lug with and heithth

a

M

r

b

p
198 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHN

ems. The exterior, although rough and lump

slip.

SMOKED WARE

PLATANILLO VARIETY

The most common shape among the examp

that of a ring-based open bowl with a modi

slanted slightly inward and downward (fig. 6

siderably in size; Find 45-b is 16 ems. tall wi

while Find 12-c is 5 ems. tall with a diamet

these vessels were found at He-1 (Finds 5-

26-2, 45-b, and 48-d). The shape appare

Smoked ware at Sitio Conte, although simila

vessels were recovered at He-4. This varie

Early Period Cocl6 polychromes in Find Un

popularity may have extended on into Late 

SANGRE VARIETY

Another fairly consistent shape, represente

whole vessels (Finds 14-f and 26-1), is that of 

a low pedestal. The pedestal rim is flanged 

rim or lip has a double flange, one extending o

the interior extending upward (fig. 65, e). 

The sizes of these two examples range from sm

to medium (diameter 27.5 ems.). Smoked 

these in shape and rim treatment, but with r

Early Period graves at Sitio Conte (Lothrop, 

He-4, Find 378. At He-1, the variety is ass

with a Late Period Cocl6 polychrome plate a

shape. Find 26-1 is associated with a Red 

mouthed Thus, bowl obliquely are shape ems.; a in elsewhere Late Three Finds generally shape heights ist Period may not vessels 26 collared flattened in and with illustrated theave are polychrome clear (Finds 45, literature. 3-4 a jar extended rounded on however, on cms. and 14-g, for the the plate Sitio outer a AROMO 26-3, interiors. The from basegive Platanillo (Find Conte, variety and edge Early and it VARIETY a 45-a) 14d). range a nor Diam(fig. to is varirim asLhsh
Ladd] PARITA AND SANTA MARIA ARCHEOLOGY, P

VENADO BEACH INCISED VARIETY

Although represented at this site by only two exam

and 24-29) and at He-2 by only one example, the par

tion of shape and surface treatment appears stable 

quent enough at Venado Beach to warrant varietal st

(fig. 65, e) is a shallow pedestaled bowl with an everted 

flattened lip on which are incised a number of circum

and a series of dashes. The shoulder is fluted and th

dark brown with reddish tinges apparent in some areas

is 22.5 cms. and the bowl height is 7.5 cms. (pedestal 

vessel is practically duplicated (except for size var

vessels from Venado Beach (Peabody Mus. cat. Nos. 

51-25-20/20308, and 51-25-20/20851). Find 24-29 c

ments of a vessel similar but without the fluting on t

Find 5-b at He-2, with a complete short pedestal, 

respects including size. Although the one complete 

at He-2 was unperforated, several of the examples a

had rectangular or square apertures. An exotic 

assignable to the same variety is illustrated from Los 

1942, fig. 459, b, b').

Other miscellaneous shapes in the Smoked ware 

at the site by one vessel each include a small open 

base and a horizontally flattened lip (Find 21-d; diam

miniature ring-based plate with unmodified lip (Fin

collared, unfluted, and spouted jar (Find 44-d; 10 em

Similar Smoked ware spouted jars (Lothrop, 1942

recovered at Sitio Conte in Early Period graves, altho

other wares there was generally more characteris

Period (ibid., p. 162).

complete vessel is subglobular ward plieupper a 16-23 quarter diameter) red Paste Classification assigned slip. flare. in cms., shoulder (Find of isgeometric vessels and total firedto collared height The 49)Dcoration this orcollars of painting diameter) on a (Finds group shoulder brick ths 11-17 patterns which jars PINILLA are type 7, with because consists red, ems.). is 10, all touneven ad characteristically (pl. BLACK-LINE-ON-RED rounded (concentric decoration medium-sized except and neck of Orifices 11, 20-a) and its relatively c, for of bases shape. d) sloppy. the andas range a circles is gray of vessel. (about one based disappestraighnarrow mediuAll fromr coraddfe
200 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETH

ranges from 5-8 mm. The chronological 

unknown and I have been unable to find ex

The closest similarity noted in the literature 

would be two vessels from Sitio Conte Grave 

290, a and b), an undated grave.

WHITE-AND-BLACK-ON-RED W

This type which occurred at Sitio Conte (

288, and 289) is represented at He-1 by o

(pl. 12, a) (Find 24-14), an open bowl with 

what pointed base. The vessel is fairly large 

18 cms.) and has a rounded lip. Decoratio

closed arcs in white paint running around th

vessel and separated by an undulating black 

in white. These black bands terminate in 

fortunately, the design opposing these, pres

is missing. The shape then, is quite simil

Grave 14 vessel of Sitio Conte figure 287 

the modeled portions, and its closest similar

would be with the Macaracas type closed arc 

EL TIGRE PLAIN

All of the 31 sherds of El Tigre Plain, man

vessel, were found in the topmost level of 

from the former and 16 from the latter. Mo

were from thick-walled (1.5 cm.), deep, open 

horizontal lugs just below the rim (pl. 17, a, 

color of these was a cream buff. A few sh

same basic shape were thinner (1 cm.), wi

notched lugs (pl. 17, c, d, and g). and height flattened flange ward. lip a Otherwise height Find purplish Find where ski-tip and is 5.-A Traces 8.-A 15.-A 4 14 base. i thecms. red there lip. ems. flattened large small of surface slip hgh TheInterior white is UNCLASSIFIED open which also open rim collared at islip bowl an is buff. and a bowl easiy occur broadened oblique faint wih most jar with Dameter SINGLE washes on with indication a of angle somewh

both slightlthe at aVESoffthslarinthoe
Ladd] PARITA AND SANTA MARIA ARCHEOLOGY, P

flange just below the horizontally flattened lip. Th

the vessel exterior is covered with an orange-pink 

black horizontal bands and an open crosshatch pa

arranged. The lower half is red slipped. Diamet

height is 16.5 cms. (See pl. 12, b.)

Find 20-b.-A medium-sized open bowl (diameter 

7 cms.) which is similar in shape to Find 21-d, with a 

modified gutter rim. Vessel was buff slipped, then 

black bands placed transversely on the lip as ticking.

Find 21-b.-A flat medium-sized plate (diameter 

2.5 ems.) with a plain base, rounded lip, and som

rim. A red overslip covers the interior, lip, and abo

outer rim; otherwise the vessel is buff slipped.

Find 24-17.-A wide mouthed jar (diameter 18 e

ems.) with a round base and short, straight collar. 

lugs jut out horizontally from opposite shoulders of t

of the vessel is buff slipped, but a broad red band j

below the lugs, and a narrower one runs around the 

is similar in shape to Find 377, He-4.

STONE ARTIFACTS

Metates.-Two complete metates, both of the tab

covered at He-1. The first, a simple table type (pl

with a slightly concave platform and three unadorn

two flush with the sides and one along the center axi

the edge, measured 52 cms. long by 42 ems. wide b

The legs are flattened at the tips and slant inward to

of the platform. Platform edges are flattened and 

specimen was associated in Find 14 with Late Co

chromes. Combining this with the evidence at He-

Cocl6 probable corners Cms.) The birds' low sandstone shape for that (pl. Manos.-None. Celts. polishing 23, relief latter's the heads and phases. legs b). and No simple Pinilla is were softness, support also The underside definite attached rather flattened found The slightly present table Black-line-on-red Two thanhowever, beveled-edge second the to inis type and concave on the grinding. decorated smoothed, platform one beveled platform metate metat, top I believe side. platform level or jar, with which rounded, extended edges. ovoidassociated by of that is neck 13 Trench is considerabcelts measures rectangustone they Three and at wer2. in prolea"rbefl
202 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHN

all those recovered were, or had originally b

type. The one possible example of the bevel

ture 3.5 ems. long found in probable associatio

of those recovered in the refuse showed evide

battering or pounding on both the cutting 

(pl. 20, a, b). A few complete celts with shar

in the trenches and a group of 10 was part o

were generally similar to those of He-4; that 

edges, polishing on the outstanding portions o

to the poll, and termination in roughly chippe

there was a marked transition from broad b

20, c, d) a feature which is duplicated in the 

and in certain of those illustrated by Lothrop f

1937, figs. 53, b, and 54, a, b) from an Ea

With the exception of a small, atypical examp

24 of a multicolor baked sedimentary rock, all 

polished schist or basalt altering to serpentine

to large; 6X4X1 cm. to 13X7X3 cms. T

erally a flattened oval.

Hammers.-All the examples at He-1 of 

hammering appear to have been originally c

manufacture battering was present on both th

polls.

Points and drills.-Three chert or jasper p

the uppermost layers of Trench 1 and Pit 2 (p

probably associated with Find 24. Of those 

exhibit rudimentary shoulders, one has a 

approximately the same size, 5.5X2.5X1 c

Find 24 is made of slate (pl. 20, i) and is som

8.5 X 3 X0.8 cm. The other is a small quartz 

These similar with site, He-4 stones, of spatulate 1937, Pit touching as Scrapers Rubbing scrapers grinding 2. a triangular were fig. number are usually to The except 64, in found. shouldered, stones.-A and those (pl. or point shape, r, of chisels.-As cross fairly polishing possibly t, 20, illustrated chert b', is section with k-n). number etc.). soft, apparently roughly flakes on (pl. the were at the was No by One were of He-4, 20, broader chipped broader Lothrop recovered objects elongated, found probable broken o-s). found but or whicend within resewhiOftfor offhain dgpj
Ladd] PARITA AND SANTA MARIA ARCHEOLOGY, P

from approximately 5-9 ems. in length. Larger 

mentioned under the category of manos, may also 

polishers. One round hard stone was recovered wit

to be blue pigment on the worked surfaces.

Jewelry and miscellaneous.-No stone ornaments w

sandstone net sinker or "plummet stone" (Find 27

recovered. This measures 4X3X2.5 cms. and is un

sites.

PIT 3

0 PIT 5 

KN OLL PIT 6

NEN

FIGREC 6Ie-,198

PIT4 PIT 8

T PIT PI9

PIT I PT

OP'T S.E. KNOLL

CONTOUR INTERVALS APPROX.2 METERS FIGURE 66.-He-1, 1948. 
204 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETH

WORKED BONE AND SH

The only object in either of these categor

i

a bone or antler harpoon point (pl. 19, a) as

Early Cocl6 Phase pottery. This measures 

maximum width by 0.6 cms. maximum 

h

i

perforated.

FIND INTERPRETATIONS AND SIT

Find 1-5 cache contained no polychrome 

b

a large strap-handled Red Daubed bowl w

p

r

p

the large purple slipped open bowl, and a frag

Platanillo variety dish. There were no obje

b

these vessels.

Find 8 cache combined a small, unclassif

b

b

a Girdn, Interior Banded bowl.

Find Unit 12 associates a Platanillo Smo

t

examples of the Patterned and Modeled Red L

t

latter, Find 12-a, is an effigy collared jar w

painted red decoration; the other, Find 12-

j

painted red decoration. The latter two vesse

together, the lobed vessel inverted, but the 

W

recovered somewhat lower. No articles of bo

p

Find 14 Grave Unit. Since this is one o

u

excavated at the site and is typical of a nut

seems appropriate to describe the pit in some 

p

in Trench 1 between the 14 and 16 meter po

deep by 2 meters wide and was composed of 

u

chamber or shaft which widened near the sur

chamber. In this grave, as in other similar 

jard bone, wer conical found chrome style, a two variety Unt grave pesumably addition Red (one Smoked recovered 16-17, proper a was in Daubed legs human bowl. vessel, to with association present the waterborne. Grave and was ware the pottery from a skull, This plate filled rng covered paired in Unit vessels; the association addition and with and base with vessels grave terdrop 18, lumps with three Th theorizontally plate one Grave to mentioned pit. pita other Red Aromo of places two 2-cm.-thick executed motif), was red Unit A Daubed Red grave lrge clay the beddlined vari bel19Sliin ldbhhptpbbp
Ladd] PARITA AND SANTA MARIA ARCHEOLOGY, PA

SURFACE

LIGHTER CLAY FILL

DARK

BROWN CLAY

AND SAND

FIGURE 67.-Idealized diagram of grave pit, Find 1

in the Late Cocl6 Period. No artifacts of bone or sto

in the grave unit.

Find 16-17 Cache Unit, located in Trench 1 at a dept

is similar in shape to Find 14 grave pit, except for th

three small pits in the floor of the lower grave chamb

unit. These latter measured roughly 15 ems. in dia

10-12 cms. deep. Red clay, charcoal, and burned e

in association with some of the vessels of the unit, i

flint chip. An entrance shaft is suggested in the u

corner of the chamber by a tentative upward cont

chamber about 50 cms. in diameter. No bones or oth

mentioned in the field notes, but the following vessels 

the unit: two open bowls with ring bases which I 

Paneled Red ware; three Cocl6 polychrome cups of 

Later Period style; one polychrome collared jar with 

similar to a vessel from the Late Period Grave 26 

(Lothrop, 1942, fig. 192, e) and a collar design which 

a sherd from the Rio Estibana, Macaracas (ibid., fig. 4

wide-mouthed collared jars, one of which is definite

with a triple teardrop motif, and the other of which 

unfinished Red Daubed specimen. Thus this cache, 

The of served thee polychrome probably addition chamber stone were gourds 14, (Find Finds can Cocle shaped pottery 17-a diskor asbe 18 14, toalongf bowls. a left, considered Grave cups or 16-17, the plate domelike the like vessels mirror, Find withvessels, are Late the Unit and (Late A illustrated were 17-b few a earthfills as 19, lining Period, and is fragment a Period), coeval human also center, another encountered white two or lined anof in with hemispherical roof Find ash bone fragments vessels of grave Stirling, with a a the layer for Red 16-17-c fragments in stone burned pit and Late the Daubed ws 1949, of shaped metate, grave, may right). burial Period pieces anotheclay presewere p. repwsa c3j
206 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHN

complete skeletons. Find 24, a notched bon

h

p

mb

from the fill of Grave 18.

Find 19 Grave Unit is also domed or bell s

b

w

nl

with red clay. Fragments of human bone, i

an adult femur, were recovered. The pottertu

a Late Period Cocl6 Polychrome plate, a min

R

wp

plate or pot stand, and two Delgado Red vesn

collared jar and a loop-handled collarless jar 

p

of charcoal. This grouping tends to ally twA

Red ware shapes with Late Polychrome sty

Find 20 Unit. It is difficult to determiftfn

whether the two vessels of Find 20 actually wT

consist of a Pinilla Black-line-on-red collarej

shallow open red-slipped bowl with a ring bbt

on the lip.

Find 21 consists of a cache of pottery vessew

found within a large collared jar (Find 21-

fT3 

depth of about 40 cms. No polychrome veswp

plete specimens consist of three Red Daube

vm

sized strap-handled collared jar, one large st

j

and one incensario), three Smoked ware vesse

Pv

bowl, one small open ring-based bowl with a f

l

V

Beach Incised open bowl) and two additiona

v

bp

shallow bowl, and a flat plate with a red slip b

Find 22-23 Unit was a cache of only po

v

li

Trench 3 at a depth of approximately 1-1

m

A

consist of two Red line Patterned and Mod

v

j

R

Line, Pito variety collared jar, an und

w

collared jar (unfinished Red Daubed?), a 

w

P

variety open bowl, and a Cocl6 Polychrom

p

w

here, which-looks-back" appear the four adultwls, these around cluding the Early of Find vessels site basis the skletons. a with artifacts Period copper contmporary Unit the in a Red Cocl6 of which termsa bones harpoon design 24, Line, at chisel, wer Polychrome Sitio a of Burial in were multiple design, Pito number other found layout seven Conte; point, with pottery variety 1 graves near probably contained the stone and of grave two flaring a skeletons Red Early the and vessels, drooping flint or celts, and chest Daubed Red bowl caches of the points, Periodthe Early and Findand Line of witlipfleaa PvTPMvipoybtMotitiwowbpitnHhLP
Ladd] PARITA AND SANTA MARIA ARCHEOLOGY, P

associations. These include two red slip chalices, a 

Daubed wide-mouthed collared jars, a Red Line 

Modeled specimen, and a Smoked ware Platanillo va

Burials 2 and 4 (the former adult, the latter a female 

with associated long bones, were close together with 

and polished stone ax between the two skulls. Defin

with these were Finds 24-23 through 24-27 which 

Daubed incensario, a Red Daubed strap-handled c

j

Red Line Pito variety vessels, and a Red Line 

Modeled collared jar. Probably associated with t

skeletons were Finds 24-13 through 24-15 and 24-18 

which include a Red Daubed incensario, a definit

Cocl6 shallow dish (illustrated in Stirling, 1949, p. 3

center) with turtle god design (Lothrop, 1942, fig. 9

able Early Cocl6 Polychrome shallow bowls or plates, 

Black-on-red ware shallow dish, and a White-and-bla

pear-shaped bowl with incurving rim and the closed ar

mon on Macaracas type vessels.

The third burial, a semiflexed adult skeleton with 

ornament, five chipped stone celts, and some clamsh

with a red slip chalice and an unclassified bowl 

association.

Fragments of two incomplete vessels (Finds 24-28, 

present, both Smoked ware open bowls or dishes, one 

variety and the other of the Venado Beach Incise

casional pieces of bird bones were found with the buri

24.

Find 24, then, provides a number of associations 

Early Period Cocl6 polychromes with other types 

Line, Pito variety, Red Line Patterned and Modeled

chalice, are same polychromes, with maythe found there ware,Red jar associated. (Find Find with ceramic associated type belong the site. is 24-1) Platanillo clearly Unit and loop one consequent vessels. associated to Although associations the dfinite 25 handles. and grouped Find withSmoked is variety, Find Onea 18, Late instance cache possibility in itaround there is No 24 of a ware is a Period and grave werFind classpolychrome true comprised seems Platanillo the of Rd lotsiuated that 24, "c" that polychromes an skeleton. with no Line Burial collared Early someFind reason of vessels the variety close Patterned two 1, Period of Red 18, jar, Thus, to since Azuero the togethin orwith ware dish)oubthe othothveCotha
208 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETH

Find Unit 26, a cache of broken vessels fr

three Smoked ware open bowls, a Sangre vb

variety bowl, an Aromo variety plate, and a 

mouthed collared jar.

Find Unit 30, consisting of two Delgado R

ceramic group, may have been associated 

b

skeleton found in the same excavation pit. 

class "c" collared jar with lobed shoulders, th

j

with loop handles.

Find Unit 43 contained a small, crude, uncl

bj

r

or collar missing, and the only spindle whorl fo

Find Units 44 and 47. Find 44 was made u

in a straight line with some bone fragments 

charcoal and burned earth associated. The 

Line Patterned and Modeled open bowl, 

handled collared jar, one Buff open bowl, and 

spouted jar, a shape which in Smoked ware 

Period graves at Sitio Conte (Lothrop, 194

shape in other wares at that site generall

Period. Find 47, just below and "in the 

(Field Notes) was comprised of a skull and tw

Red vessels, a class "c" collared jar, and a j

handles. Three rubbing stones were found 

we have the two Find 47 Delgado Red vesse

late affinities at the He-4 site, associated wi

which are placed in the Early Period at S

associations at this site.

Find Unit 45 was a cache of three vessels; a 

lip is 38 cms.) Red Daubed wide-mouthed j

ware Aromo variety plate and covered by 

wareid-mouthed and lotsDaubed with based extended Patterned appearre present. Find Momentarily of reinforced a Platanillo strap Smoked on He-1 to Unit constricted-orifice through be associations For and handles, suggest Early 48, jar ware example: in variety disregarding Modeled, a with bo some Period cache Platanillo that andwith open two thecases On the Smoked types Red in the Red collared Early the bowl. the Rd Trench where variety Line, moreor evidence Line basis Daubed varieties. and ware jar, easily Pito no Pattern6, open of Late of of polassand powvadFtbjjrpp
Ladd] PARITA AND SANTA MARIA ARCHEOLOGY, P

Finds 22-23 and Find 24, we conceivably may assume 

nillO variety, with its modified gutter rim shape in S

a diagnostic of the Early Period. If this is so, the

and Find 21 association between Platanillo variety 

Daubed strap handled jars emphasizes the Early 

Red Daubed variety. This is also true for the Red 

and Modeled ware.

The Smoked ware Sangre and Aromo varieties bot

with a Late Period Cocl6 polychrome vessel in Find 

26 and 45 are associated with the Platanillo variety 

have appeared in the Early Period. Pinilla Black-lin

clear associations at the site and remains a chronolog

Finds 44 and 47 combine a unit of Early Period t

Patterned and Modeled, Smoked ware spouted ja

strap-handled vessel) with a unit comprised of two p

Period vessels, the Delgado Red jars of the Azuero 

It may be that the latter shapes spanned both peri

handled collarless jar is a useful simple shape which 

developed early in ceramic history and lasted throug

inclined to believe that the two finds were not part of 

SUMMARY

He-1 is a shallow village or occupational site wit

occupied area. No evidence of dwellings or structu

but the number of plain or red-slipped sherds with

suggests a predominance of utilitarian wares over ce

culture is assumed to be the main subsistence activity

tion is based on the relative absence of shell or ani

midden, the inland location of the site, and the pres

although the latter with the relatively "expensive" d

function. and, probable two for burials 1-56-17, dence One tonsion which Ceremonial burial. and or example of were in of included and more or 32 some 45). cremation, spindle caches found individuals No 18) Bowls pottery of cases, practices Chambers manos a and a whorl at layer (Finds mass were although the showed carve) vessels and of were of burial base included inverted 14, boulders Find werea in 16-17, evidence three-legged found. of charcoal may was43. the lined a placing and placed deep present: have ground 18, with Weaving pieces used of 19, shaft hadimmediately fire mtate single clay and and Find as were in a (almost covers 44). using or is primvessconn49. with fouplsuj
210 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHN

Grave 24 contained four skeletons; three adu

female adult. The remaining graves were p

only a few bone fragments were found. G

pottery, worked bone and stone (Finds 18-24, 

(Find 24), bird bones (Find 24), three-legged 

and a shark's tooth (Find 24).

The graves and caches include types presen

b

Late Periods at Sitio Conte, while the sherd lo

types of the Santa Maria Phase (both Escot4 

b

the latter), of the Azuero group and 31 sherds 

Although the Macaracas type, presumably c

the dominant one, the probably later Parita 

r

few (33) sherds. The period of occupation 

b

temporary with both Early and Late Coclk p

with indication of both an earlier and late

El Tigre sherds present suggest that during 

site may have been used occasionally as a cam

b

parties traveling to and from the coast.
Ladd] PARITA AND SANTA MARIA ARCHEOLOGY, P

LEOPOLDO AROSEMENA (HE-2) SI

SITE DESCRIPTION

The Leopoldo Arosemena site lies on the west ban

River (actually the south bank at this point in the 

about 2 kilometers from the town of Parita and 600-8

He-1 across the river. The 1948 excavations were l

hilltop or spur which rises immediately above the 

point where the river makes an oxbow, and about 15-

the present river level. Like He-1, the river cuts 

'M2

N

CONTOUR INTERVALS SMMETERSAPPROX. 2 METERSFIGURE 68.-He-2, 1948. 
212 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETH

the rolling hills leaving little room for a bro

p

that of the Santa Maria River to the east. 

t

t

be on the hills rather than on the riverbanks

Four trenches and one test pit were exca

t

i

by Drs. Stirling and Willey. Due, howeve

t

the cultural deposit, except for the occurrence 

p

the stratigraphic results are meager to non

tions of the excavations can be brief and profi

b

Trench 1, a north-south cut of 15X2 me

across the top of the spur mentioned above a

p

divided into two sections; a southern section r

tm

or southernmost point to the 11 meters poin

extending from the 11 to the 15 meters po

p

the southern section were fairly uniform, b

organic layer with cultural remains running 

this was an irregular stratum of clean t

2

cms. in thickness which, in turn, was undetb

white clay rock. The southern part of the t

into this clay rock for total depths of 1.3-1t

down into sterile soil. In the northern se

t

number of sherds were recovered, the gray h

from the basal gray-white clay rock by a sr

with streaks of dark brown to black min

portions. This red-brown clay stratum wtt

end of the trench but continued throughout t

This section of the trench was excavated in t

2.1 meters. A grave, a few pottery caches, 3

vated in Trench 1.

Trench 2, a 2X5 meters cut at right 

t

joining it at the 13-15 meters point section, 

t

part the in number the came because remains from was a east depth Trench the north similar gray-white begun of from 1.7-5.0 this northwest of of over 4, 3, the complete 70-90 to its a primarily trench a a nonceramic meters, that upper the amorphous 2X4 rock. 2X10 cms. of corner brow was vessels 50 meters Trench which to meters Test cm.carried of follow nature of character. were the of cut, holes was 1 the the with cu, to hill out recovered was were almost cut, trench were andgray-whin depth the excavbut effecNo foundowcarrFinpuwowf4UmtitmrAttAppErtprbtt
Ladd] PARITA AND SANTA MARIA ARCHEOLOGY, PA

west slope of the hill quite close to the road to Pari

layer of humus extended downward to as much as 50 

25 cms. in depth, and it was from this layer and the 

of the clay just below it that about 300 sherds were rec

the humus layer lay a zone of red-brown clay which 

nounced at the north end of the trench where it exten

below the surface (at the south end it extended dow

Below this was undisturbed yellow-white soil. Find 1

from the trench.

Pit 1, a 2X2 meters test pit, was excavated on the f

to the southeast of the Trench 1 hill. The hill, whi

rectanguloid in shape and had a number of stones 

apparently appeared promising. The pit, however, g

very thin humus layer, yielded only a few sherds and 

depth of 50 cms. in gray, semidisintegrated granite.

CERAMIC REMAINS

As was the case with He-1, practically all of the cer

varieties have been fully described elsewhere in this r

literature so that my comments here will be restricte

additions, absences, or variations which occurred at H

The most striking point is the relative absence o

great polychrome groups near the area, the Cocl6 

Although the total number of sherds analyzed is low, 

it is still surprising that only 1 Cocl6 polychrome sherd 

and only 10 Azuero group sherds were found, none of 

able. No complete polychrome vessels of either group 

although both Smoked and Red ware spouted jars du

at Sitio Conte were present.

mentary Period Lothrop was junction and spouted One Cocl4 sharply an 693-817-64-15 sherd, on open Rd(Lothrop, to point. the jar determine angled, war bowl. a basis (Fnd "drooping The was 1942, of but The 4-c) lip the chronology represented there fig. junction treatment CocL similar lip COCL lip" COCLE 272, shape. ws sherd POLYCHROME RED in a,), from of n atGROUP is shape the H-2 WARE flattening but from similar design, neck without by a to shallow 11 and to the but of sherdthat theshoincone prj
214 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETH

ware spouted jars. Maximum diameter w

height (to rim, not spout tip which extends 

was estimated at 16.5 cms. The open bow

a diameter of 27 ems. and a height of 7.5 cm

a "drooping lip." The upper or interior su

were covered with a soft red slip (hardness ra

scale); the rest of the exterior was unslipped 

buff color of the paste. The paste had a lig

ARISTIDE GROUP

All 29 sherds of this group were classified a

16 were Interior Banded and 13 were Bande

open bowls were recovered (Finds 1-a and 2

jections from the rim and both were mark

parallel black lines on the lip. Find 1-a had a 

Find 2-b an estimated diameter of 36 ems. 

or almost complete Gir6n type Interior Ba

recovered, Finds 5-a and 8. Find 5-a, 28 cm

high, is an open bowl with rounded base and 

consists of a series of black bands running 

interior of the bowl from just below the lip 

lip. Black-banded scroll and V-elements d

these bands (fig. 60, c; pl. 10, a). Find 8 (

9.5 ems.) has the same shape and rim ba

base interior bears a black undulating band 

on either side by panels of crosshachure 

b

b

These scroll and serpent design elements 

Gir6n site, and the other peculiarities in th

site concerning size, ski-tip rim, and slip ch

but type Azuero shapesome recovered. and Tenhis could sevenas of sherds, were typ miscellaneous, it those just occurs complete not Two is classified seven rpresented as evident. easily at examples AZUERO He-2. ofr and MISCELLANEOUS as which be almost Buff,placed by two of SMOKED GROUP were a the nocomplete very classified in more Platanillo classified WARE POLYCHthe few TYPEthaCocshSma
Ladd] PARITA AND SANTA MARIA ARCHEOLOGY, PA

10-2) were present, ranging from 17-30 ems. in diamete

ems. in height, and four spouted and collared jars wer

5-c, 7-1, 11-1, and 14-2). Heights of these jars rang

15-19 ems., and diameters from 15.5-20 ems. One exa

was fluted. Lips had a broad, shallow groove and a low 

around the upper surface (fig. 65, g). A pedestal bow

flutings and a broad, flat, incised lip similar to exam

Venado Beach and at He-1 was also recovered. This v

was 13 ems. tall, 17.5 ems. in maximum diameter and i

not perforated as were some of those at Venado Beac

possible example of the same variety consists of a plain 

(Find 17), which has a surface treatment and shape si

of this variety, but cannot be positively identified.

RED LINE WARES

The Red Line type is represented at the site by 1

number of complete vessels. Find 4-a is a Pito var

j

Red Daubed variety is represented by three vessels: a 

collared and strap-handled jar (Find 10-1); an incensar

missing (Find 16); and a wide-mouthed collared jar w

decoration on the collar exterior and shoulder and 

points of attachment on the shoulders for two oppose

or adornos. The loop handles, which were missing, 

teristic of the variety as represented at He-1, Co-2, or 

are illustrated by Lothrop for Sitio Conte (Lothrop, 19

A further possible Red Daubed vessel, Find 1-b, was l

due to its eroded and fragmentary condition.

Three vessels were classified as of the Patterned an

riety and, again, the vague and tentative nature of this 

be stressed. Find 5-d is a collared jar with rounded b

tively ems. with pointed to attachment vessel. higheight on vessels handles this wth the the variety a straight an compared high faint of shoulder. lip are lug, are unmodified Another 13 and unmodified. straight present red for possibly (Find ems.;collar a to another slip second collared Its 5-g) a diameter on lip aplied collar (collar total representing probable is the and lug one a Places vessel jar which large shoulders height rounded to isof around the clearly (Find 15 opposite plate for height flares a ems.) lip 5 bird's attachment base. emsof 5-e), and the visible (diameter out Find of is is collar head compared decorated with 8 missing, Decoration slightly cms.; 5-e. on and base. extrioesitmaroundthe of The diabetw(cboto w
216 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETH

bands in a broad chevron design on the uppe

a red band around the lip, all on a cream-bu

I know of no other examples similar to this.

MISCELLANEOUS RED SLIPPED 

One example (Find 11-3) of the chalice sh

with an estimated height of 17.5 ems. and a 

recovered. Other shapes included collared j

was a straight-collared jar with a rounded 

handles on the shoulder, and a short collar 

vertically from the shoulder and terminate

The orifice is wide (10.5 cms. compared to an 

of 18 cms.) and the vessel is 16 ems. in estim

interior is smoothed and brushed, the exte

red slipped, and the base is fire blackened. 

squat-collared jars were recovered, two of w

are similar enough except in overall size 

Body interiors and collar exteriors are sm

are unslipped, retaining the buff-orange co

interiors and body exteriors are red slipped 

The collars are relatively short and are ou

lip. The bases are rounded, and the orif

Find 4-d has a diameter of 25 ems., an ori

and an estimated height of 17 ems. Find 15 

estimated at 38 ems., an orifice diameter e

an estimated height of 27 ems. A third 

siderably more globular (estimated diam

height 30 ems.), has a more constricted o

and a tall straight collar with an outward 

is the The flattened same with globular apparently dribbles This 3.5 are Find the Plates smoothed ems.) covered collar lip, interior is for an 12,a of and with outward were this another with and fairly has red intentionally with of that vessel and rare flanged a been th paint diameter flat round a round-based flare pt base thin brushed. at as vessel treated He-2; or outward. for lip of red and is slip. estimated decorated fire-blackened. the Finds and (diameter slip only an with The under collared The unmodified or unmodified 15 one Surface wash. a collar at and with lip soft,urface estimaexamp20-25 jar, and 4-b, mo

tr

infub
Ladd] PARITA AND SANTA MARIA ARCHEOLOGY, PA

PLAIN WARE

One vessel (Find 1.8), possibly an unfinished Red wa

prises this category. It is a small, unslipped, collared j

base and an outcurving collar. Surfaces are rough 

fired to an orange-buff.

UNCLASSIFIED VESSELS

Find 1-b, a badly weathered and eroded jar with 

fragments of a strap handle, and an estimated diamete

was not classified due to its inconclusive nature. Th

and traces of red paint, however, suggest that it may h

Daubed jar.

Find 9 is another badly weathered jar, but with a d

which has no counterpart in the materials covered 

The body is globular with a rounded base and the coll

widely outcurved neck and rim and an unmodified lip

is 15 ems., diameter is 14 cms., orifice diameter is 5.

diameter is 10.5 ems. The surface is smoothed and bu

faint traces of red paint or slip on the body and up

There are also traces of a black paint or stain on the 

Another collared jar (Find 13), with an estimated 

cmis.; also appears unique. The base is round, the co

curving (orifice is 7.5 ems. and lip diameter is 16 ems.)

lip surface is decorated with red paint and a series of sh

sions arranged radially. The paste and surface of the 

an orange-red and the surface is soft (Mobs' scale ra

with a waxy feel to it.

STONE ARTIFACTS

Worked stone, consisting only of a few rubbing or p

is chipped a 16 opposing long of the associations in tionshe fully stone slightly The the cm. short chipped axis of curved Earlyplatform high celt, celt, thepoll.f and (43 concave variety the andd Find of poll Cocl6 and cm.) flush It Find platform are is acategory wll-polished most metate, 7-2, of alongxis. Phase with beveled. at the Unit He-1. also closely the theable but In in was discussed 4-6, addition view probably long sides located The variety, very rsembles this blade (57 of of surface rare the earlier varty well cm.)tohe Early and and the Giron at platform, inside one axis is He-2. has for a Late of smoothed Cocl6 thick, illustratbut type He-4 three metate the Cocl6 virtThandPhanedannc
218 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETH

for Sitio Conte (Lothrop, 1937, fig. 53, b) exc

He-2 has a somewhat thicker cross section.

FIND INTERPRETATIONS AND SIT

He-2 appears to be a site which bridges th

Maria Phase and the Early Period at Sitio 

vessels were recovered either in sherd or com

evidences of Azuero group pottery are the 

mentioned in the section on typology. On t

vessels and sherds were represented as were E

and Red Line and Smoked ware varieties 

associations at He-1 and Sitio Conte. Pinilla 

were absent, but most other varieties which 

probably of Early Period vintage at the Pin

Turning to those finds which either prese

or conditions of excavation, Find 1 associa

Gir6n type, Banded Lip variety bowl with 

variety strap-handled jar, an association 

findings at He-1. Since the field notes mak

fragment, it is possible that the Gir6n fragme

the jar but was accidentally included from 

inclusion, however, does no violence to the r

present time.

Find 4-6 was a more complicated unit. F

and some badly decayed human bone, was lo

center of Trench 1 at a depth of 0.85-1.25 me

find were a Pito variety jar, a Platanillo vari

collared jars, and a Cock6 Red ware spoute

j

occurred more commonly in the Late than in 

Conte (Lothrop, 1942, pp. 138-139), but in v

nillo inclined Find that uniin profile may apparently and placed of mouthed Find the a the wre b Gi6n it associations 4 east for in but lay5, grave one. to jar, the10-15 a Find profile. place at type against group adult,Early pit two The a 4, tightly depth this Interior for and of but Red wasvssels and rather Nothing the sixeample the field of located packLine vessels in unit 1.08-1.20 Banded of absence than the observations comparable the showed Patterned in boulders, with in east the Find the variety the of meters La profile. up associaEarly Late5 same unicleaand sugrouto Pebo
Ladd] PARITA AND SANTA MARIA ARCHEOLOGY, PA

a Smoked ware spouted and fluted jar, and a Venado 

bowl.

Find 6 is a three-legged metate.

Field observations suggested that Find 7 (a Smoke

jar and a spatulate celt) may be part of the 4-6 Unit 

goods in the upper part of the Find 5 Unit shaft. T

j

would fit chronologically with such an interpretation.

Find 10 associates a Red Daubed strap-handled jar w

variety bowl and, again in line with the situation at 

placed in the Early Period.

Find 11 could also be classified as an Early Period ca

of the Smoked ware spouted jar. The other two ve

Early and Late affiliations; a Cocl6 Red ware plate w

(Lothrop, 1942, pl. 14) and a Red ware chalice (Early 

Find 24 at He-1 and Late in Find 14 at the same site)

Find 14 consisted of two vessels; a Red slipped plate 

ware spouted jar. The presence of the latter vessel su

Period timespan for the find unit.

Glancing briefly at special circumstances connected 

it is apparent that many of them were single comp

caches of two or more without evidence of burial. I

Find 10, a jar was found with an inverted bowl cover, 

found at He-1. No human remains were associated 

Finds 4 and 5 were accompanied by decayed human bo

one individual each. Find Unit 5 was placed in a cle

pit under a layer of stones and included evidence of

showed fire clouding over the design and had carbon o

and exterior surfaces of the base). At least one vessel 

placed in the grave in a broken condition (the fragme

were found stacked on top of each other). Units 4 a

associated of represented with the site neither temporaneous, Trenches of Occupied In Find undecorated site during Findssummary, of was 6, by 1, which with and 11 theby exterior people 2, and i and possibly the Early it nonceramic and was part, appears who 15. presence 3 base a prsumably Period may with burial. buried The the burning that have grave the stone ofnly SUMMARY as their H-2 powdered Gir6n represented been other and furniture; utilitarian celt dead ws blackening site. of a evidence a graveyard, in Find human hill their at The the sherds and 7. Sitio threeof partilivinbone of OtvafirFbCs
220 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETH

deposited caches of a ceremonial nature. A 

ture as the major source of subsistence is sug

the site at some distance from the sea, by th

and by the presence of metates. It is also pos

noted on the interiors and collar exteriors of 

Finds 4-d and 15, was produced with corncob
Ladd) PARITA AND SANTA MARIA ARCHEOLOGY, PA

CHRONOLOGICAL SUMMARY OF THE COC

SANTA MARIA PHASE

In summarizing the chronology of the five sites tr

in this report and consolidating it with the previously ex

for the region, it seems most useful to arrange the m

of phases beginning with the earliest recognized amon

Santa Maria Phase (see chart 2, p. 19, for chronolo

Like all of those which follow, this phase is based 

pottery content and, in this case, especially on the 

raphy of the Gir6n site. At this site, the Gir6n and 

along with a gamut of plastic decorative technique

concentrated in the middle and bottom layers of wha

tially three-layered Pit 1. Coeld and Azuero sherds re

phases were restricted to the upper levels; Red Daubed 

maintained a fairly steady but low percentage in a

This pattern was reinforced in Pit 3 at the same sit

b

clear at other sites. The Aristide group was present 

but there its polychromes were only gradually rep

polychromes. At Venado Beach both the Gir6n an

appear along with Early Cocl6 styles. The phase 

at He-1 by both Giron and Escot4 types, but the l

in very small quantity. At He-2 only the Gir6n t

again associated with Early Cocl6 styles. Thus th

Phase, as distinct from the following Early Cocl6 P

located at only two sites: the Gir6n site and Sitio 

Little is known about the phase aside from its 

sites are inland, and agriculture along with some she

sumed as the subsistence base. Although burials we

excavated were without at the Gir6n site by McGimsey (McGims

lute ben Cocl6 Sitio Venado Early shapes in distinguished supported Following general dates excavated Conte) Cocl6 Phase and Beach terms, for Red by polychromes immediately is cultural in (corresponding the and with the represented Line, is both phase repeated by grave the Red associations, EARLY Red a possible are few at Daubed on associations at Line Sitio unknown. to sherds the COCLf He-1 thatexception Lothrop's Conte and and variety Santa where site, at PHASE Santamoked He-4. at were at vessels. Maria of varieties He-2. Early He-1, Venado Maria vaouAssoware PhCHTSw
222 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETH

Patterned and Modeled variety, the Pito v

jars within the Red Daubed variety, all w

had consistent Early Coc16 associations as 

of the Smoked ware type. Likewise, the 

associated with Early Cocl6 vessels in grave

represented in the sherd lots at He-i where 

were also present. However, the stratig

latter site is not clear. Gir6n type vesse

Venado Beach along with Early Cocl6 p

information on the grave associations of 

available. Gir6n pottery, either of this ph

has also been found in the Pearl Islands a

Miguel in southern Darien.

Thus far, the only evidence available 

two carbon-14 dates, A.D. 210 and A.D. 

Beach for apparently identical burials. M

favor the later of these two, placing the ph

the first millennium A.D.

On the basis of the rich grave furniture at 

subdued remains at He-1, it is clear that the 

cultural florescence as compared to the relat

Phase. Ceramics show considerable artist

nical excellence. Elaborate jewelry in gold, 

agate and intricately carved bone are abun

Bark cloth and woven textiles are indicat

monumental stone pillars and carvings of Ve

site may have been erected in this phase

although pottery of both the Early and La

was collected at Rio Caflo, the bulk of it w

p. 212). The nature of the graves at Sitio C

hunt, pointsractice perforated ment is viduals use of Conte high andgricultural although (Lothrop, the the of the dvelopment of however, largest) fire but and following buried presence wealthy reported none 1937, in dog absent stingray base connection of incontains teeth is chiefdoms p. of the phase, for suggested Grave of at by manos 18) were the spines Early the H-1 themay mass 26 was more withsociety. recovered and and Cocl6 and of Spaniards by found have present interments the sophisticated burial metates the the He-2. graves succeeding with frequent begun possible The from practicin of the in The cont(GrsomEausthat cob
Ladd] PARITA AND SANTA MARIA ARCHEOLOGY, PA

LATE COCLP, PHASE

The Late Cocl6 Phase, like its predecessor, was fi

Lothrop as the Late Cocl6 Period at Sitio Conte, an

Cocl6 polychromes have since been recovered at both H

Red Line and Smoked ware types continued into this p

different varieties such as the Aromo and Sangre b

within the Smoked ware type. Aristide group potte

the Azuero group, represented in polychrome by t

type, first appears in this phase, both at He-4 and 

where it was known as Foreign Style A or the Fine 

Grave 5. Miniature vessels are common in the L

Azuero style polychromes. Typical Delgado Red colla

less jars occur in association with both Macaracas a

polychrome vessels at He-1 and He-4. Macaracas sh

found at Co-2 and were the dominant polychrome at 

of the Cocl6 region the phase is represented by Late C

chromes and, especially, Macaracas type vessels. T

fairly frequently in Veraguas graves, have been report

and the islands off the Chiriqui coast, but so far hav

earthed east of Cocek Province. Data for absolute d

for this phase.

The funerary evidence at Sitio Conte and He-1 ind

phase is culturally much like its predecessor, but with g

tion. The crafts continued to be of very high quali

metal, stone, and bone. The earliest burial mounds 

Macaracas type grave vessels probably belong to this 

occupation of Verrill's Rio Cafio site is apparently stil

burials occur at Sitio Conte with the principal occupa

a canopy (Grave 5) surrounded by his wealth. Eviden

burial where Two contained He4 force were cussion Parita that tese chrome The site graves ws also only Late two ceremony Herrera and style. for (reversed associated present possible types at CoclS El (Graves He-4, the Hatillo Phase Stylistic with burials He-4 is at urn at the 9 with more He-1, He-1) follows and either types burials site, later interpretation were HERRERA Macaracas 19) frequent He-8, although and, is thechronological characterized the ats based, in Sitio Macaracas well, and Late part, boh PHASE pottery. a Co-2. in Conte andlso Cocek few part, on at by at suggests sherds position the or with As Phase Sitio least circular on the lack indic

the Latof on

C

Lbthao
224 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ET

of some Parita design elements out of Maca

Red modes, especially the oblique lip of the 

j

characteristic of the phase. With the po

carbon-14 date for a deep grave at He-4 (se

absolute dating of the phase has yet come f

phase is represented on the Parita River, in 

and Parita types) and in Chiriqui (Parita typ

Period of Decline (Lothrop, 1942) may be c

any, vessels have come to light east of th

Parita River, although similarities to both P

have been noted for the Pearl Islands.

Aside from the ceramics, the phase conte

few Herrera Phase burials have been ex

Hatillo and Parita vessels at He-4 were sca

of two or three vessels throughout Moun

which have been excavated, all in Mound II

adults and children with El Hatillo type ves

in association. Grave furniture consisted o

and delicately carved manatee bone whic

developed carving technique, do not indica

of the preceding two phases. On the other h

of killedd" pottery which comprise the bul

existence of the mound itself, certainly ind

EL TIGRE AND LA ARENA 

The final two phases, El Tigre and La A

by Willey and McGimsey in 1954 and occur

time of the Conquest or shortly post-Conq

El Tigre, consisting of large coarse vessels 

salt tions, Herrera above, old if area savanna ferentiation Thus, concentrated Rio theropical not In ones local flats Grande betwen view revision. the may it of forest Phae. inhabitants zone is and Santa Veraguas, of difficult or rests de probably the in the of may zoneThe Maria Cocl.the Laon predominantly the varying to not Cocl6, to circumstances Canal Arena when area wst. establish Phase representing the be The between and visited geographic Zone east potery cntemporary Beyond appears Early Darien new andregion plastic-dec

by which the was the regions Cocl6 the membthat, at are limitis remthe SanmapovahanowP
Ladd] PARITA AND SANTA MARIA ARCHEOLOGY, PA

expansion to the east at Venado Beach, and, on the 

type, Interior Banded variety finds, possibly as far 

San Miguel and the Pearl Islands. To the west it ex

the Parita River, and possibly into Veraguas. The 

phases, on the other hand, have a more westerly dis

Cocl6 Phase vessels occur sporadically as far west as C

islands and, in quantity, in Veraguas graves; and 

ceramics are limited to the Parita River region with 

amples farther west.

In view of the foregoing, it seems apparent that Vera

of its identity in these later phases and that the Parit

possibly the whole northern base of the Azuero Peni

distinctness from the Cocl6 region. Nevertheless, I 

shifts are too transitory to warrant either the creation 

region or the inclusion of Veraguas within the Coclk re

excavation may suggest modification of the existin

especially along the lines of a consolidation of parts of 

Parita as distinct from Coclk. At the present time, how

that Parita is best represented as part of the Coclk regi

its differences in the later phases.
226 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETH

COMPARISONS WITH REGIONS B

P

Among the earlier pottery phases of the C

r

tM

grillo Phase (Willey and McGimsey, 1954) i

t

m

c

having interareal similarities and possible co

w

tive" phases in both South and Middle A

et

former." In a temporal sense, Monagrillo, 

B

certainly belongs in such a general period. H

w

t

"formative" is used in a developmental sen

M

e

f

its ceramics, lacks the typical arts, craft

implied agricultural subsistence base of the fo

e

Middle America or the Andean areas.

The Monagrillo Phase as it is now known r

simple culture despite the sophistication 

i

o

pottery and stone. Basically, the material 

piu

complicated. Pottery shapes (primarily b

b

simple, and decorative techniques are limit

ti

red paint designs on plain ware. It is trute

combined with incision and that the latter i

t

i

dot or punctation, but neither excision no

p

u

major techniques in their own right. No w

bw

r

in definite association with Monagrillo artti

ventory, with one exception, more closely r

tC

Mangote than anything else. The except

tc

assemblage of pebble choppers, grinders, a fbm

and chipped stone scrapers, is a fragment o

b

wf

executed incised designs identical to those 

t

p

I

i

these designs, with their relatively complex s

i

elements, and excised areas, that the only i

development lie. The painted designs are r

t

w

no general noteworthy, general but Paint such punctation, are fication. ment fragment tous Pedro 1 At stone, simply Garcia, a simple affinities rather forms preceramic must combinations impression while mentioned Cabo bone, Pottery to treated have of than reedthe bands, Paleo-Indian level Blanco plastic few or the been due punctation, examples and figurines is similarities without shell rectangles, that above (ichromes El material decoration to limited Heneal jewelry of a of fluting between lack any in suggests are a on both to culture adornos, the and apparent lacking. of the was pendent North as easily or Venezuelan lanceolate-shappebble technical appliquepolychrthat and found, considworkor hanSouth edge coaatthA

tr

rzRmpmtbmbfTttgoMiPaLiPRapfMLiA
Ladd] PARITA AND SANTA MARIA ARCHEOLOGY, PA

represented by Momil or even Valdivia, and appears 

t

represented by the complexes at Barlovento and poss

Indios.

The Valdivia assemblages (Estrada, 1956, 1958; E

M

and Estrada, 1959), located in shell middens on the 

Ecuador, have been dated by carbon-14 methods at b

r

2500-2000 B.C. and thus are contemporaneous, at lea

p

Monagrillo. Agriculture, if practiced at all, was a 

and worked bone and shell are rare. Also like Mo

r

chipping characterizes the stone industry. But the to

including ceramics and viewing the four subperiods (V

A

and D) together, is one of considerable elaboration." F

pottery shapes include collared jars, insloping and ou

b

thickened and modeled rims, and tetrapod supports. 

occasionally treated with a polished red slip and, alt

p

designs are lacking, a variety of plastic decoration fills t

variety includes incision (both with and without rubbe

p

punctation in zones bordered by incision, finger inde

r

stamping, excision, striation or brushing, and the use of 

Designs, often nested rectangles, are unlike the cur

which dominate Monagrillo Incised, and the terminati

a dot was certainly rare if present at all. Although wo

b

shell objects are uncommon, bone labrets or earpl

drilled shell are present. Finally, pottery female figu

mon in the last three of the four subperiods and so c

the complex or phase as a whole that they may be c

nostic. In short, although both Valdivia and Monag

r

coastal peoples at roughly the same cultural stage and t

h

Valdivia includes so many related traits not shared 

M

while excluding some of the more characteristic elemen

t

two regard that Dolmatoff, sites combining griddles pattern siderable varied forms PP. 16This Further 80-87. must lie any include point and to in existed. along reliance marked be Momil is a to specialized hunting also lowland G. repudiated. the dishes, made with and I north Unlike on period in of riverine mammal and the A., manioc ollas, the than detailed much of 1956, Monagrillo, agriculture, Sind composite those cntact region comparison agriculture. bones the River and of same fvorable Monagrillo; in or presented Reichel-Dolmatoffsilhouette sequence the and the shared conclusion evidence Vessel refusethe in to Evans, influencin bowls, frequena for shapeimplColosubsMeggeherexais btpptMpE
228 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETH

griddles, and bowls with divided interiors. 

with a variety of both plastic and paintin

t

t

l

ranging from the use of a simple red slip thr

p

to bichromes (red on white, black on white

b

r

polychromes (black and red on white). Amo

tp

techniques, not only do the incised designs f

t

m

p

d

from those of Monagrillo, but they extend b

t

u

incision and excision to include pigment-filled i

r

stamping and zoned crosshatching. Additi

p

i

t

crafts is evident in the clay human figurines, b

p

pottery rattles, clay disks with designs, and t

n

o

worked bone including awls, disks, antler tb

monkey from Momil I-b levels. Shell was fa

i

c

picks, and buttons, although it is not clear w

t

may be assigned to the Momil I Period. T

i

Monagrillo, includes the category of pebb

t

but

Panama site also included microlithic points

The general impression given above is cert

tmf

developed culture than at Monagrillo, an ii

some ways by the chronological position of Bto

Christ suggested by Reichel-Dolmatoff for MI tbo

comparative materials. However, even if tb

shifted back in time as a result of carbon-14 I nb

there are sufficient significant resemblances bM

Momil I to indicate cultural diffusion betwet

To the east, on the Isla de los Indios, a sm

i

fit

coast on the lower Magdalena River, the R

e

vated 64 badly eroded sherds, 22 of which w

Dolmatoff, G. and A., 1953, pp. 61-62). M

t

w

i

in a fairly broad line technique with rectangu

p

l

or Incised. tural Since and tion, andffinities. coast Dolmatoff, grillo 14, 17 On 1, Examples crosshatching, designs, 3, the to rmains of there the near the Ricbel-Dolmatoff, do Monagrillo but of One onlyther Cartagena both so is G., do were noot unnecessarily sherd fine similarity hand, 1955, include line reason none found pottery G. incision had pp. the and ithe dot ofa to A., a between andnd 249-272). shell combed general termination 1956. which postulate is clutters engraving the heap chronologithis ubiquitous particularway surface. of ("Incisa lines, at up The a admitBarloparalconnmay the OrabcobrMAncpiumtidbtfmrtMhwaroMipaiP
LaddI PARITA AND SANTA MARIA ARCHEOLOGY, P

similar, the worked stone shows some similarities, a

ration limited to incision-punctation and zoned red p

r

sents a general resemblance between the two. Fu

traits of the more elaborate Formative cultures as d

figurines, basal flanges, tripod or tetrapod supports, 

b

or shell ornaments are missing at both sites. Carbo

p

the material from Barlovento in a fairly close but 

recent position than the one date for Monagrillo, i.e

to 1000 B.C. (Evans, Meggers, and Estrada, 1959, p

At a different level of comparison, however, the 

The incised and punctated designs convey an impre

ent from the Monagrillo incision. Not only is t

broad, but it usually encloses or borders punctat

punctation, finger pinching, and pigment-filled incisip

ent in Barlovento pottery; all characteristics foreig

tM

Barlovento paints apparently were applied in patch

rather than in the clearly defined geometrical form

t

M

grillo Red. The stone industries of the two comple

major emphases. Thus, pebble choppers or grind

t

major item in the Monagrillo inventory, but are mi

at all at the Barlovento site (see Reichel-Dolmatof

9, 12, for the closest similarity to Monagrillo pebbl

the characteristic stone artifact of Barlovento, an 

stone with small circular depressions hollowed out ti

missing entirely at the Monagrillo site.

It appears that Monagrillo and Barlovento, when 

the more fully developed Valdivia and Momil, share 

or lack of elaboration along with a certain sophistic

design, but that below this level of generalization th

tu

like in both stone and ceramics as to represent quite 

which phases ments Barrancos teryypes they phenomena. Willey that questionable For Since of 693-817-64-16 the point of did detailed andd were the Peru, noteworthy not of McGimsey out were publication Ulua vague Venezuela, whether influence and comparisons (p. evident Valleyincised ones 132), resemblances (1954, each onef Miraflores in at the styles both sucHonduras, further other. this is pp. Monagrillo dealing in 128-132). level incision widely of southeastern afield, between Guatemala, of some with separated report, technique comparisothe Their of Monathe readthe UnoneirtLpAhMA
230 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNO

can site, La Victoria on the western coast of hb

excavated and should be noted here. At thi

l

r

Coe (1960, 1961) set up a number of phases, t

w

the Oc6s, he believes shows definite similaritietP

of Panama. With regard to Monagrillo, as C

n

p

3

about the only specific similarity is the use 

c

m

stones. Certainly, like most of the Formatie

America discussed above, Oc6s with its figu

t

zoned punctation, and irridescent paint is co

m

e

rate than Monagrillo. Moreover, it lacks th

tl

dot combination so characteristic of the latter

Although Oc6s and Sarigua share a number tI 

not convinced after an examination of the ilft

phases that they are sufficient to "strongly c

between the two as Coe believes (ibid., p. 383). T

c

by him consist of thin-walled pottery and such m

shell stamping and zoned punctation. Howe

i

either stamped or punctated, are common to m

F

as we have seen, and do not necessarily imply 

t

the sharing of a very broad tradition. Mo

t

technique of Sarigua is the use of raised ridgict

fluting, and it is these rather than incised linwftz

borders. Illustrated Oc6s material, on the oth

incised borders for the punctated and shell 

t

dominant form, while ridging appears to be con

t

and fluted rims (Coe, 1961, figs. 21,J, g, and 19, 

Ap

in his comparison, most of the characteristic O

dn

in Sarigua, and, in general, I think the sam

t

Sarigua as to Monagrillo-that it just does no

td

of elaboration of the Oc6s Phase. There may h

b

c

between Baudez, particularly region Coe northwestern other the however, returns Likewise, and A In black few II sees thesimilarities pottery and once similarities the 1961). post-Monagrillo line someimilarities some those convincing. two, styles Costa affinities more of similarities between of but theexist of the Rica to are I painted appear the do Santa the between the phases, only andSanta between not influences Early to sherds Mariaof the believe be Maria most plastic a with PolychromScarified the broad illustratPhase, of that Phasenorthof Zonedecothe naMteftiZABPwA RI tlpRwMIApfMl
Ladd] PARITA AND SANTA MARIA ARCHEOLOGY, P

both Gir6n and Cock6 pottery in a vague fashion, 8 b

t

cies between the Momil assemblage with its mammifor

b

flanges, figurines and other Formative traits and t

M

Early Cocl6 phases which lack these traits are too g

t

any strong influence between the two regions. The 

holds true for contact between the Betanci Complex 

M

and/or Early CocI6 phases, but in this case, the pr

t

argues more definitively against diffusion. 9

Proceeding eastward, the affinities between Early 

Venado Beach and Sitio Conte and those of Reichel-

F

Painted Horizon (La Loma and El Horno Periods) 

t

region are more realistic chronologically. A few 

featured in the polychromes of both Colombian pe

by Panamanian vessels are quite specific," while th

p

and shell beads of the El Horno Period are remin

j

of the Early Coc16 Phase. Other general resemblar

on white painting for both Colombian periods (cot

Red Line varieties of Panama) and the Black IncL

Loma and El Horno (comparable to the Smoked 

Panama). Later in the Rancheria sequence vague 

b

tween the Portacelli Period pottery and Cockl and Az

p

are apparent. But, with the possible exception of t

r

birds and the sharing of a checkerboard design mo

the similarities are close.

Moving farther eastward, most of the similarities n

b

the Late Coclk and Herrera Phase pottery of Panamt

Is Both groups share an emphasis on plastic decoration, but the Panama pottery ltp

ing, and designs which are characteristic of the Momil plastic decoration. The sinip

wares are based on the Momil black on red sherds illustrated in Reichel-DolnatAp

12, 1 and especially 2, to Aristide pottery and the Momil polychrome and black 

w

p

especially 2, which could easily be lost in a Cocl6 sherd lot. It may be noted thatp

has of and Dolmatoff, The ent well and River are cups differently sigmoid on variety, color are 1). "20 "Momil an its The present probably from Two Compare more associated as tumuli, and polychrome In sequence Early greatest the similarities in figure the specific carafes I, Santa specifically use executed, the G. in probably latter polycbrome all contemporary plate and of Early 10, types form popularity with Maria absent black design at and A., c. case Sitio 11, are of of probable CocI6 is earlier The 1957, between also and comb" 9, the between or common the elements in Conte effigy 11, Early checkerboard the on in plate red vessels design Betanci with 13, than the theistoric (Reichel-Dolmatoff, lines Panamanian jar the (Lothrop, of the for 6, Cocl6 (Reichel-Dolmatoff, lower burial the either is Reichel-Dolmatoff, at a3, hachure both general Complex, for in 4, Sitio Venado second contact bright the levels 7, Phase urns Santa pttern La and 1942, Conte design. appearance phases, of Loma phase of red of Beach the light pottery, Maria (Reichel-Dolimatoff, plate figs. Cut Momil is (Lothrop, on black found and G. gray, of Moreover, 311, and No. and 0, or G. G. the and white and of Early II, line 3. Early h, and it andn 2 Modeled are Betanci Portacelli and A., at 110, it occupies 1942, the geometric the ground. illustrated A., A., and Los Coclh. 1951, Cocl6. Betanci and designs Macaracas Bichrome 1951, fig. 1951, Cocos the Bichrome incised G. 107). pl. Period 122). the bichromes pl. In and with paterns also 21, on by which most 8, the The and1, itself EscoA., type, inclu1, Loththe (ibidvess2, El 3, exre1s4R"bitmibRAvalvbmpitp6LpfEpmHPtiptEHf4kitbpp21
232 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHN

IV styles of northwestern Venezuela. Crux

R

have determined a chronology of five periods f

V

b

o

the coordination of a series of carbon-14 da

w

n

o

ceramic styles. Only the last three periods c

u

h

P

III (A.D. 350-1150); Period IV (A.D. 115

P

V

(A.D. 1500 to the present). Spatially, the 

wt

number of Panamanian affinities are limited, w

e

t

the Lake Maracaibo region, a roughly tria

l

bounded on the north by the coast from the G

P

t

Paraguana Peninsula, on the west by the Cordi

t

south and east by the Cordillera de los Andes

Tem

tioned above is located eastward on the coas

t

T

Dealing first with the probably earlier sim

t

LP

style along the western coast of the Gulf of V

general similarities to Early Cocl6 Phase po

i

c

style, and two specific design elements; an 

t

w

ovate in a black rectangle (Cruxent and Rous

f3

1

32, 12). Additional general similarities inclu

b

w

red on white painting as well as plastic decorat

t

U

the Panamanian pottery, La Pitia includes 

b

tripod legs but lacks handles and pedestal ba

LP

n

have a firm chronological position, and Cruxe

R

noting especially its close relationships to t

T

o

Period II, conclude that other stylistic resem

L

P

possible range extending from the second half 

P

I

t

e

of Period IV.

The Debajuro style, centered on the eas

t

o

Venezuela with an apparently solid dating in P

IV

many more specific similarities to Herrera Pha

p

and Rouse compare it with various modes p

Unlike along istics roughly open white T-elements scroll and variety), applique the especially pottery Calabaza bowls (El of the or the chipped urn Hatillo ribbons plain double coast. Herrera late with was in burial rows ground. types), Panamanian painted, polls. incurved variety), or looped Hwever, Phase and and "worms" solid Pottery most Specific boxes stoneundulating rims vertical pottery they triangles sites, of (all (casuela celts (likeshapes it modes share unassigned include handles, with Dabajuro line the with pendenincludshapewith designsharewith Jobo thpormPtbbcjbAirbwLvfuovtcfllhtv
Ladd] PARITA AND SANTA MARIA ARCHEOLOGY, 

but present in Red-buff ware or Red and Cream wa

at He-4)."

It is interesting to note in passing that all the exa

by Cruxent and Rouse, of double loop vertical hand

handles occurred in styles of northwestern Venez

either limited to Period IV or had a span including 

V,23 a distribution which would equate with the H

Panama. Although there are numerous differenc

Dabajuro style and Herrera Phase archeology, the

sufficient specific similarities both in decorative m

characteristics, such as the celts and urn burials, to 

diffusion. However, the lack of any similar archeolo

the area between Venezuela and the Azuero Penin

obvious obstacle to this theory.

Two other northern Venezuela styles should be m

connection; the Palmasola style, located to the east a

the Golfo Triste, and the Tierra de los Indios sty

Barquisimeto region. The use of red bordered b

flanged collars, pedestal bases with cutout sections, 

vertical handles of the Palmasola style are characte

present in either the Late Cocl6 or Herrera phases of 

Tierra de los Indios style, two design elements are shar

the fairly complex "clawed swastika" (Lothrop, 1942

a characteristic of Late Cocl6 polychrome at Sitio Co

duplicated on a Tierra de los Indios vessel (Cruxent 

fig. 132, 2), and the closed arc element of the Macarac

types appears carved on a piece of lignite illustrated 

Rouse (ibid., pl. 63, 9). Similarities with Cocl6 have a

Osgood and Howard (1943). Painted wares in the 

on plain, a black on plain, and a red and black on w

style 11, and 19, IV), Style of shared later the 223 8 and Reviewing Double For plate and Palmasola specific (Pd. First Early periods. figure illustration similarities 22,1, IV) by loop 12; 10; 43, Painted and Panamanian, Cocl6 (Pd. rim solid vertical 2, ceramic 5-a, the of loop this IV), theseriangles Among Dabajuro 10; handles Phase and manifested brief angular modes Horizon modesBetijoque pendent plate occurred (Pds. these see section, scroll in Colombian, 22, Cruxent IV-V.) from Panama, (Pds. in 2; as ofinthe applique in figure a the the wll and II-V). line,t the most following 42, is Rouse, Rancheria figure ribbon 8; asnd apparent Lake and Rim undulating striking 43, more 1958, styles: or loop Venezuelan the 4-b; "worm" Maracaibo as handles double Dabajuro follows: Herrera line general are region that in with looped are the plate T-eleth(Pillclo
234 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHN

zuela. In each of these cases, the design elemen

specific yet uncommon enough in general Sout

to suggest diffusion. How this diffusion took 

without leaving more evidence in the interven

which has yet to be answered. For the presen

within the intervening area the Sind River v

region which has been subjected to intensiv

With the exception of some coastal sites an

Balboa's probable route, most of Darien is ar

It is possible that further work in this region w

tive evidence of an East-West diffusion such as 
Ladd] PARITA AND SANTA MARIA ARCHEOLOGY, P

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1950. Conversion of Guaymi and Dari6n and its Ind

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BiEsE, LEO P.

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CoE, MICHAEL D.

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Con, MICHAEL D., and BAUDEZ, CLAUDE F.

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A

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BM

Cien. Nat., 1956-1957, vols. 2-3, Nos. 1-4, pp. 

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1959. An archaeological chronology of Venezuela. Vol. 

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DADE, PHILIP L.

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1956. Research in Central America. Archaeol., v

1959. A re-appraisal of Chiriquian pottery typ

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1888. Ancient art of the Province of Chiriqui, C

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1958. Sea shells of tropical west America. Stan

LADD, JOHN.

1957. A stratigraphic trench at Sitio Conte, Pana

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The archaeology and ethnohistory of 

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LINNN, SIGVALD.

1929. Dari6n in the past: the archeology of easter

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hilles Handlingar, Femte f6ljden, ser. 

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1937. Cocl6; an archaeological study of Central 

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1949. Archaeology of Far Fan Beach, Panama Canal Zo

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vol. 15, No. 2, pp. 124-132.

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1942. New excavations at the Sitio Conte, Coc16, Panam

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1959. Projectile points from Panama. Panama Archaeol

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1960. Panama projectile points. Panama Archaeol., v

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1954. Munsell soil color charts. Baltimore.

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1961. Mollusks of the tropical eastern Pacific. Paleon

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238 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHN

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Ladd] PARITA AND SANTA MARIA ARCHEOLOGY, P

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APPENDIX 1

SITE DISTRIBUTION OF CERAMIC GROUPS, TYPES, AV

He-4 Co-21 He-1 H

3 H

Group, type, variety site site site 

Aristide:

Escot. polychrome:

Black on buff ---------------- X 

Black on red---------- -------- X X 

Chevron-------------- ------- X ------ 

Crosshatched--------- --------- XPlain------------------------ 4 X -------- 

Red------------------------- X -------- 

Gir6n polychrome:

Banded lip------------------- X x X 

Interior banded------- X X X X 

Plain---------------- ------- X --- 

Red----------------- -------- X -- -

Azuero: 2

Calabaza polychrome:

Calabaza-------------- ------

Cerit6--------------- X -------------- 

Delgado red-------------- X -------- X 

X

El Hatillo polychrome:

Achote_--------------- X - -- 

El hatillo------------- X --

Espald--------------- X --- 

Jobo_---------------- -- -- 

Macaracas polychrome:

Cuipo_---------------7 X -------- 

X

Coc16: See Parita Cock6cI Coc16ock Paneled footnotes Higo----------------- Pica-pica------------- An6n---------------- Nfspero-------------- Ortiga--------------- Yampf--------------- Early---------------- Late Caimito-------------- black-on-red--------- paneled red polychrome: polychrome: red --------------- at ware------------ end ware---------- red of ----------------- table. 3  -------- X X-------- ------------- ------- ----------- -------- -------- -------- ---------------- ---------- X- X xX-XXXX 
242 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHN

SITE DISTRIBUTION OF CERAMIC GROUPS, T

He-4 Co-21 

Group, type, variety site site 

Miscellaneous:

Black-on-white lip_------ --- X--

Buff ware ------ X 

Cream ware ------------- X 

Pinilla black-line-on-red---- ------- - 

Plain ware---------------- ------- ----- -

Red and white ware------- X 

Red-buff ware (incl. Delgado red)--------------- X ---- 

Red line ware:

Patternedand modeled----------------- 

Pito------------------------- -------- 

Red daubed---------- X X 

Red ware:

Chaliceshaped-------- -------- -------- 

Smoked ware:

Aromo.------------------------------- 

Cocl6 spouted--.-------------------------

Cocl6 spouted and

fluted---------------------------------

Platanillo------------ X ? -------- 

Sangre.--------------- X ? -------- 

Venado Beach incised-- -------- --------- 

White and black on red

ware------------------- -------. -------- 

I In referring to Willey and Stoddard (1954) on Co-2, Gir6n site, re

"Escota," "El Hatillo" for " Macaracas" and " Parita."

2 At the He-2 site the few Azuero sherds found were tentative and c

3 One Cocl6 polychrome sherd was found at the He-2 site but its per

engraving, fingernail and 4 Plastic fluting. impression, decoration rough scoring, shell on plain punctation, edge includes: stamping, reed lip applique punctation, grooving, ridging broad linear both line punctawith inc
APPENDIX 2

HE-4 FINDS OF MORE THAN ONE VESS

MOUND I

Find 1. Located in Trench 1, superficial depth; 8.0 m. north; 

mw

1-a. A class "b" Red-buff collared jar with an angled 

1.7 cm.

1-b. Sherds from a polychrome bird effigy jar with Ach

v

but rectangular scroll design.

Find 5. Located in Trench 1, depth 2.4 m.; 3.0 m. north; in w

p

it

fill of a sub-mound pit.

5-d and 5-b. Large Red-buff collarless jar with blackeneib

diameter 38 cm.

5-i. Small Red-buff collared jar; class "a"; height 8 cm.

5-f. Fragments of a Red-buff plate; base missing; diame

2c

5-h. Polychrome collar and rim; collar and lip are bantli

obliquely flattened in a fashion similar to class "c

Rc

jars; Ortiga variety miscellaneous sherds including v

frog handle.

Comment. 5-i was found inside 5-d; 5-h and the Ortigfhm

come from the surrounding fill.

Find 6. Located in Mound I, Trench 1, same location as Fin5

6-a. Buff ware plate with plain base and thick rounded lipc

6-b. Large (diameter 45 cm.) Red-buff jar with base bt

interior; collarless rim fragments of same paste anwlh

(6-c) probably are part of the rim of this jar.

6-d. Smoked ware Sangre variety pedestal shallow bw

15.2 cm.; paste is fired buff-gray and vessel surfacie

for base.

Comment. The pedestal bowl and the plate were found intlj

on the basis of the similarity of this find and Find 5

tp

of their location in the fill of a sub-mound pit, it spt

Find they are contemporary. 8.-1.23 8-4. 8-5.6 Comment. Located lip; 43 pot scription and 26 Red collared Fragmentary Rim Large SmallMedium-sized Medium-sized cm. is plain with ray and flattened fragment The Red-buff Red-buff in jar design; White a it Mound base; field plate is are pedestal probable Buff Red-buff horizontally; similar of sherds notes ware collared collared lip and I, small or Trench unmodified with three describe Smokedfrom to Pica-pica that collared jar,ar, (12 Find evidence 1, red the diameter class class the cm. depth ware Find9-4. surrounding ollas jar; in Pica-pica diameter) variety "a"; plate, of shape; Unit 2.4 class inside. 18.5 with modeling diameter m.; 20 8 plate "a" cm. shouldeplateedstaas 3.5 reverse cm. fill. On but am. wion larin cathancnmwcrmfifcjch7 cucbttrf
244 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETH

Find 9. Located in Mound 1, Trench 1, depth 2.4 m

9-1. Sherd fragments showing a purplish-red 

border; paint peeling and no black visible

9-2. Fragments of a large Red-buff vessel of u

9-3. Large (43 cm. diameter) collarless jar with 

and high shoulder; interior of base is blac

9-4. Well polished gray-buff ware (Smoked) d

tened lip; diameter 17 cm.; similar to Fin

Comment. Inasmuch as the field notes describe 

ing pot, red rimmed vessel, with a black 

that Finds 9-1 and 9-2 above are sherds f

Find 346. Located in Mound I, Trench 1, southeast 

of the clay rock at a depth of 3.5 meters.

346-1. Large (45 cm. diameter) open bowl 

incurving rim; Pica-pica variety.

346-2. Red-buff collared jar, class "a"; 27 cm

346-3. Red-buff collarless jar with horizontal lo

of 28 cm.; fragments only.

346-4. Miniature ring-based Smoked ware pl

unmodified lip; diameter 6 cm.

346-5. Pica-pica variety polychrome collared j

decorated with claw elements in closed 

design on the collar exterior; one of the 

collar decoration in the collection.

346-6. Red-buff collared jar, class "a"; diamet

346-7. Red-buff collared jar, class "a" with 

diameter 8.5-12 cm.

346-8. Large Red-buff ring-based dish or open 

Burials. Find 346-3 contained the remains of 

tained the remains of a child, the Smok

three doglike animals modeled in a re

beads, several stone beads, a pearl, and 

stones.

Find 364. Located in Mound I, Trench 1, southwes

4.5 meters.

364. 364-1. Miniature Miniature polychrome Red-buff collared collared jar; diame

Additional Findind 2. 3. 364-2.8. 34-1.82 Comment. Comment. Stone riety. vessels. of artifacts 6.7 variety. 6.5 single Located Miniature Miniature Small a meters. cm. mortar. pit or In These long surrounded pedestal sherd were in addition, Mound Red-buff by polychrome three found finds 2.5 polychrome a for I, miniature with cm. by small Trench ring-based Mound gray-brown wide them. collared roughly 1, plate; by jar, vessels I:southeast plate; 1.3 class made jar; waxy diamcm. wed"d
Ladd] PARITA AND SANTA MARIA ARCHEOLOGY, P

Find 4. Modeled polychrome "dog" head and a bone awl.

Find 7. Large Ortiga variety sherd with frog handles.

Find 349. Red-buff collared jar, class "a"; diameter 22 cm.

Find 352. Two collars, one for a polychrome vessel, probab

Find 380. Small collarless jar with horizontal loop handles; d

12 cm.; Red-buff ware.

MOUND II

Find 10. Located in Mound II, Trench 2, at depth of 40-70 

2.3-1.5 m.; west 1.2-1.3 m.

10-1-10-8 and five additional specimens in Panama (F

were 13 globular bottles, Jobo variety; diameters 1

10-9-10-16 and nine additional specimens in Panama (F

16 wingless bird jars, Jobo variety; diameters 12-14 

10-17. Bird jar with wings, Jobo variety; diameter 14 c

10-18. Collared jar, Red-buff, class "a"; diameter 21 cm

10-19, 10-20, 10-22-10-26. Seven miniature (diameters cj

flared or straight collars; chalky buff ware with ro

10-21. Red-buff collarless jar with loop handles; diame

range.

Olla 1. Red-buff class "e" collared jar with four vert

diameter ca. 60 cm.

Olla 2. Red-buff class "e" collared jar with at least tw

handles; interior of base is carbonized; diameter 

open bowl with flared rim and short flaring base; 

interior blackened and vessel found inverted ov

no other vessel like this is known from the site.

Olla 3. Large jar with an estimated diameter of 80 cm.; 

situ that it was not saved; probably a Red-buff claj

Olla 4. Large unslipped collared jar (height 56 cm.; 

with four vertical double loop handles placed equid

shoulder.

Olla 5. Red-buff class "e" collared jar with four horiz

diameter estimated in 50-60 cm. range. Cover: op

cm. in diameter; 10 cm. deep; unmodified lip and 

from near center of base exterior two loop handles 

Comment. 693-817-64- Bone. anglesd the about individuals. group level, pile forated The necklace adults necklace among Carved Olla brick-red of exterior latter carved Find aboutt 50 to ashes the 2 and human a of of was pottery each manatee level 17contained bones perforated 10 one manatee half 737 and surfaces color All crammed is teeth. other; of way perforated some young were the one vessels, 40 of bones cm. thearbirdone of between human base three burned full person the pastel; or bones rughly (p]. ornaments, jars batons slightly interior jaws human of larger teeth 1, bones. the bones, and of and, found a-c), but smoothed apparently were group and above find bottles not teeth in no and apparently burned inverted a also blackened units addition, skulls. conical of the and the were small recovebut 60 three boneof remwas ovbocmfoutt
246 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETH

Olla 3 contained two adult skulls and 

b

Olla 4 contained the bones of one ad

b

no skull; no artifacts were in the urn.

Olla 5 contained the bones of three indi

but no artifacts.

Olla 6 contained the bones of two ad

b

artifacts.

This find unit represents a burial ass

ception of other similar but smaller finds 

r

site. Class "e" urns were not recovere

the only Jobo variety pottery outside o

sherds from the uppermost level of Trenc

Find 14. Located in Mound II, Trench 2, at depth 

profile.

14-1, 14-2, and 14-8. Three miniature ring-ba

p

b

with red-slipped interiors but buff color

r

teriors; diameters in 10-11 cm. range.

14-3-14-7. Five miniature Red-buff class "a

j

7-12 cm. range.

14-9. A large Red-buff class "e" collared j

placed vertically on the shoulder.

14-10. Olla cover; open bowl about 30 cm. i

with two loop handles crisscrossed on the 

entire exterior including handles is red-s

remainder of interior is polished buff-brow

Comment. The large urn or jar contents inclubp

teeth which were presumably part of a nep

and a burial. Thus the unit is very sim

the close resemblance between Find 14-

between Find 14-10 and the cover of Olla 

Find 15. Located in Mound II, Trench 2, at depth o

15-1. Collared jar, class "e" with probably 

p

handles; diameter 38 cm.

15-2. Ring-based collared jar with shoulder bi

too fragmentary to reconstruct the diam

b

r

Find 16-2-16-3. Additional Comment. 16.-1.4-16-5. 16-6. Located plainresent is the Find to cache. wit rough both base Wingless Large not field surrounding are is 15-2 a lip, clear Two under Two sherds. Both 16 in highly collared as observations, roughly appears blackened cm. bird Mound well whether small small surface; urns polished effigy A as fill. cass finished Red-buff were to few II, (diameter sherds these be interior, entire jar, "e" Trench th fragments inverted almost red-slipped and Jobo from jar sherds two collared surface 11 2, have withand a finds variety. a adjoining and duplicatcm.) belong of large unslipfour of a jars uppeaawere lumothderinRvbjbpprbp
Ladd] PARITA AND SANTA MARIA ARCHEOLOGY, 

on the shoulder; height 55 cm.; diameter 55 cm.; 

straight.

16-7. Rim fragments of an open bowl or dish, presuma

buff ware; red-slipped outer surface; diameter c

smoothed and polished light chocolate brown.

Comment. The urn contained the bones of one individu

No mention was made in the field notes of the pot 

Find 17. Located at a depth of 40 cm. in the southwest c

apparently as part of Find 15.

17-1. Wingless bird effigy vessel, Achote variety.

17-2. Collared jar with ring base and modeled bosses, a

of Find 15-2.

Comment. The olla was inverted. No mention was 

notes of the Achote vessel, which was badly bro

field observations, the unit is probably part of Fin

Find 18. Located in Mound II, Trench 2; the top of the ur

the surface, just outside the main trench, at point 

18-1, 18-5. Two small collared jars (diameters 10-14 c

class "a" with unslipped collar exteriors.

18-2, 18-6. Two miniature ring-based plates (diameter

slipped interiors and unslipped exteriors; Red-buff 

18-7, 18-8. Two small ring-based plates (diameters 10

unslipped gray ware.

18-4. Red-buff dish (diameter 29 cm.; estimated 6 

unslipped but smoothed; exterior has polished red 

fragments probably represent the pot cover with 

mentioned in the field notes.

18-3. Straight-sided bottle with spout missing; surf

obliterated, apparently by heat; El Hatillo polyc

variety.

18-9. Pedestal dish (diameter 28 cm.); Smoked ware; u

18-10. Burial olla, class "e" with four vertical loop han

Comment. The burial urn contained two adult remains; 

were found around its base.

Additional single vessel finds for Mound II:

Find Find 19. 19-a. 21. Comment. 22.-1. FindLocated Red-buff Located El Located west 1.0 a were description 12. 13. 11. Calabaza El black Hatillo m.Hatillo Bone A Bird 2.0 not Field small, in in pedestal in m. collared present effigy variety poin. Mound Mound variety of Mound variety nots unslipped them bottle, jar, based globular in III, III, bottle; describe III, globular be the class Trench located. Trench diameter MOUND bowl, buff Trench collection diameter bird "a"; the bird ware a 3; 4; find jar. diameter red 4, III at 11 bowl; 1.3 jar at depth unit nor cm.; 15 bottle." m. similar depth cm. diameter could north; as atypical 20.5 of "A 15 of to cm. The photcm.birdin Fin1.0 17Jej
248 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHN

22-2. Nispero variety bird bowl; diameter 20.5 

22-3. El Hatillo variety large bird jar; diamet

Comment. Field notes list Find 22 as a "bird e

p

labeling, the association of these vessels co

b

Find 24. Located in Mound III, Trench 4, at dep

3.6 cm.

24-1. An6n variety bowl with pedestal missing

24-2. El Hatillo variety "dovelike" bird bottle

Comment. Field notes describe the find unit a

Find 27. Located in Mound III, Trench 4, at depth 

I m.

27. El Hatillo variety "dovelike" bottle; widt

27-a. Red-buff ware collared jar, class "a"; di

Comment. Field notes describe the unit as "F

p

the other two vessels was lacking, althou

b

the Find 27 "pots."

Find 30. Located in Mound III, Trench 4, at dep

west 1 in.

30-1. El Hatillo variety straight-sided bottle w

16 cm.

30-2. El Hatillo variety "dovelike" bottle; wi

30-3. An6n variety bowl; pedestal missing; dia

30-4. El Hatillo variety straight-sided vessel 

30-5. El Hatillo variety globular bird bowl; di

30-6. Red-buff collared jar; class "b"; diamete

30-7. Red-buff globular bird effigy bowl; diam

30-8. Number omitted.

30-9. El Hatillo variety pyramid-shaped bottl

30-10. El Hatillo variety globular bird bowl; 

19 cm. (see below).

30-11. Red-buff collared jar, class "a"; diam

Comment. Vessel 30-10 may not belong in th

notes, on which the description is based, 

Find 39. Located in Mound III, Trench 3, at dep

west 2.0 m.

Additional Find 39-a. 219. 39-b. Comment. So attempt were two No Mound A Nispero No many stoe finds fcategories. record. Nfspero, Field III will were variety single celt. notes finds.: be An6n, made made finds made birddescribe in or in were effigy here Mound El MOUND Mound MOUND Hatillo the made to bowl; find list IV. VI.IVVIVin variety them unit diamethe as abpp
Ladd] PARITA AND SANTA MARIA ARCHEOLOGY, P

MOUND VII

Find 347. Located in Mound VII, Trench 7, at depth of 1

8.4 in.; west 1.3 in.

347-1-347-6, 347-49-347-74. Eight small Red-buff 

diameter range 10-14.7 cm.

347-7-347-14, 347-16-347-48. Forty-two small Red-b

j

class "a" often with slightly flattened bases; dia

cm.

347-15. Small Red-buff plate with low pedestal base; d

Comment. Four partially cremated burials were found 

the small collared jars listed above. The jars di

individually placed in any special position, although 

upright. Of the four skulls, one was definitely an 

a child. Find 347-15 probably belongs with th

347-49-347-74 group of ring-based plates.

Find 348

and 350. Located in Mound VII, Trench 7, at depth of 1

west 5 cm.

348-1, 348-3-348-11. Ten small Red-buff collared jars, 

range 7-12 cm.

348-12. Small Red-buff ring-based plate; diameter 10-

348-2. Caimito variety effigy vessel fragment; estimate

350-1-350-5. Five small Red-buff ring-based plates; 

cm. range.

Comment. Find 348-2, the only decorated vessel in the 

large fragment only, the numbering on it is not cl

mention of it in the field notes. Under the circums

in this unit must be made with reservations. Two 

batons were recovered with Find 348, and field obs

Find 350 "may be related" to Find 348.

Find 351. Located in Mound VII, Trench 7, at depth of 1.

west 55 cm.

351-1. Small Cuipo variety collared jar; diameter 11.5 c

351-2, 351-6, 351-7. Three small Red-buff collared jar

eters 7-13 cm.

351-3. Small polychrome collared jar; Pica-pica variety

Find 351-4, 354.-1. 3542,-3. 3544,354-6. 354-9-354-13. Comment. west 8.5-12 range diameter 18.5 a diameters Located 351-5. straight 354-7,5. Small Red-buff Miniature cm. 31 No 5.7-7.2 cm. cm. 354-8. in Two Red-buff range otherFive Two9-10 collar; ring-based Mound pt cm. small smal miniature 8-12 artifacts Three cm. cover; diameter collarless VII, Red-buff Red-buff cm. small plte; Red-buff; or Trench collarless vessels range Red-buff with jar, collared collared 7, 5-7.5 loop two were handle at jars; depth collared jars, jarshandle; loop cm. reported from two class withof handlejars, 1.7-2loop diamcent"a" rinfor 
250 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHN

354-14. Miniature ring-based plate; Red-buff 

range 3.5-8 cm.

Comment. Associated with the unit was a co

b

decayed organic matter.

Find 357. Located in Mound VII, Trench 7, at dep

west 2.8 m.

357-1, 357-2. Two small Red-buff collarless j

handles; diameter range 8.5-12 cm.

357-3-357-7. Five small Red-buff collared jar

r

7-12 cm.

Comment. Burned earth was associated with tw

j

Find 359. Located in Mound VII, Trench 7, at d

west 2.8 m.

359. Small Red-buff collarless jar with two ho

eter range 8.5-12 cm.

Comment. Field notes describe the unit as cons

a small handled olla (presumably Find 3

burial, and crushed bone material.

Find 361. Located in Mound VII, Trench 7, at de

west wall.

No ceramic contents. Consists of several p

bead, and cremated human bone.

Find 362. Located in Mound VII, Trench 7, at de

west 1.09 m.

362. Red-buff plate 12 cm. in diameter; base 

b

r

362-a. Red-buff collared jar with ring base, c

362-b. Red-buff collared jar, class "a"; diamet

r

Find 366. Located in Mound VII, Trench 7, at de

west 2.8 m.

366. Small Red-buff collarless jar with loop 

node which has a punctated "eye"; diame

366-a. Medium collarless Red-buff jar with lo

r

15.5-16.5 cm.

366-b. Miniature Red-buff pot cover with cent

Comment. The field notes describe the unit a

broken vessel; all three vessels described a

Find 368-6. 368. 368-1.2 368-3.4, 368-8-368-11, 368-13. 368-16. 368-17. eter diameter galloping 5.9 chrome diameter Located 368-5, Polychrome Number Polychrome Polychrome in.; Red-buff Polychrome Polychrome 27 cm. west pdestal collared 368-7, in 265 crocodile 368-14, omitted. Mound cm. 2.0-2.9 miniature collared pedestal 368-12, pedestal jars; pedestal pedestal plates; 368-15, motifs; VII, m.Pica-pica jar; 368-30-368-32. angled plat; Pica-pica Trench plate; plate; diameter Pica-pica 368-21-368-27. Higo shoulder variety; 7, Higo Higo Hvariety

at 26.5 varie

vari

dep

Sevavadvccprrjb
Ladd] PARITA AND SANTA MARIA ARCHEOLOGY, P

368-18. Red-buff pot cover with loop handle in center; 

368-19. Red-buff miniature collarless jar with two oppos

shoulder, one vertical and one horizontal; diameter 

368-20. Small Red-buff jar with loop handles and sho

range 8.5-12 cm.

368-28, 368-29. Two Red-buff miniature collared jars, c

5-7.5 cm.

368-33, 368-34. Two Red-buff miniature pedestal plate

6.5-8 cm.

Comment. In addition to the ceramic material listed a

contained fragments of human bone, a crushed 

("probably associated") and four jade beads. T

prisingly meager human accompaniment to a grave c

elaborate polychrome vessels. The find also inc

stone celt with beveled edges.

Find 369. Located in Mound VII, Trench 7, at depth of 2.5-

1.7 m.; west 1.4 m. to east wall.

369-1. Polychrome collared jar with angled shoulde

diameter 13 cm.

369-2. Miniature polychrome collared jar; Pica-pica varie

369-3. Small polychrome collared jar; Pica-pica variety

369-7, 369-21-369-25, 369-34. Seven Red-buff collarless j

loop handles; diameter range 5.7-16.5 cm.

369-8, 369-9, 369-12, 369-14, 369-26-369-33. Twelve Red

j

ranging in diameter from 5-14 cm.; 10 of them fall w

369-20. Red-buff jar with vertical loop handles; rim und

12.5 cm.

369-11, 369-35-369-40. Seven small Red-buff pedestal 

10-14.5 cm.

369-18. Miniature Red-buff open bowl, shallow; diamete

369-10, 369-16. Two small Red-buff bird jars, similar in 

polychrome, Achote variety, examples except for si

9.5 cm.

369-4, 369-5. Two small Red-buff globular bottles sim

polychrome bottles in shape; diameters 9-10 cm.

369-6. Small Red-buff pyramid-shaped bottle similar 

369-13, 369-16, 369-19. Comment. Pica-pica shapes were vessels polychrome 9.5 open variety consist gested variance vessel eter 369-41. and 369-17. Miniature 4.4 bowls developed The shapes, contemporaneity of with 4.6 vessel; may cm. with and a only with cm. Two fragment Fragments examples theave the Cuipo Smoked the diameters other earlier flattened small El pyramid stratigraphic been Hatillo polychrome contents of in in ware of Red-buff of a shape; estimated the and/or spoon heirlooms. two Macaracas bottle, tripod and Red-buff of polished diameter grooved or the vessels evidence. Cerit6 loop-handled globular pipe ca. open unit and wares, Aside 20 of black with polychrome rims; bowl 11 cm. mentioned El bottle, bone. cm. PossiblHatillo or from Red-bone with Smopot the aTij
252 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETH

specific similarities to Find 372 include 

almost identical to 372-15 and 372-19. 

for Find 369-19 and 372-16.

Find 372. Located in Mound VII, Trench 7, at de

west 1.4 m.

372-1-372-3, 372-20. Four small polychrom

j

variety; diameters 7.3-12.5 cm.

372-6-372-11, 372-23-372-25. Nine miniature p

p

p

Pica-pica variety; diameter range 6.5-10 

372-4, 372-18. Two bowls, black line on wh

eters 6.3 and 10 cm.

372-5. Miniature deep open bowl with proj

shoulder; black line on white; Pica-pica 

372-14, 372-17, 372-21, 372-22. Four miniatj

with horizontal loop handles (one has bo

loop handle); diameters 5.7-7.5 cm.

372-12, 372-13. Two miniature Red-buff pede

p

8.5 cm.

372-26. Red-buff pedestal plate, miniature; dir

372-27. Red-buff plain-based plate with rim 

10.5 cm.

372-15, 372-19. Two Red-buff miniature shallob

rims; diameter range 7-7.5 cm.

372-16. Miniature tripod Smoked ware open b

r

eter 6 cm.

372-28. Smoked ware round-based plate w

r

diameter 8.3 cm.

Comment. Two adult skulls and three chippep

the unit, but no other items of significa

the black line on white vessels, the unit p

chromes and ubiquitous Red-buff shape

there are specific resemblances to Find 

Find 373. Located in Mound VII, Trench 7, at d

west 2.7 m.

373-1. Polychrome pedestal plate; Pica-pica r

373-2. Polychrome pedestal plate; Pica-pica v

Find 375. 373-3. Comment. 2.0 side the what sists The butorder, could position number ated of Located No Polychrome the m. the Yampi coral subject with of is other be west. Find Canal more angular and three of for in either osnake similar significant variety 373-1 Mound the Macaracas, matter consistent Zone hammerhead collared styl a Macaracas heavy lip merits vessels Macaracas (personal plates. VII, andtreatment of items jar; filler with depiction, a further full have Trench turtle prototype type sharks elements Definite communicatiother are face type ben rported specimenmotif, descriptiand 7, evidensolid treatmcopy or founat Macfor the all raCdpbrbpbpD
Ladd] PARITA AND SANTA MARIA ARCHEOLOGY, 

375-1-375-4. Four miniature polychrome pedestal plate

diameters 9.5-11.5 cm.

375-5. Miniature polychrome collared jar; Pica-pica var

375-6, 375-9. Two miniature Red-buff collarless jars 

rim fragments only) with horizontal loop handles; 

cm. range.

375-7. Miniature Smoked ware tripod bowl with gutt

cm.

375-8. Miniature Red-buff collared jar, class "a"; dia

range.

375-10. Miniature Red-buff dish or pot cover; no handl

Comment. These vessels were found in a small refuse-

bedrock with no other associated artifacts or rema

similar to Finds 369-19 and 372-16.

Find 377. Located in Mound VII, Trench 7, at depth of 2.9 i

377-1, 377-4. Two Red-buff globular bottles; diameters 

377-2. Red-buff pyramid bottle similar to Cerit6 and E

shapes; diameter 8.2 cm.

377-3. Red-buff collarless jar with two short flat lugs

377-5, 377-7, 377-19-377-26. Ten Red-buff collared ja

with rope handles; diameters in 7-23 cm. range 

7-12 cm. range; one is 12-15 cm.; one is 17-23 cm

377-6. One Red-buff collared jar, class "b"; diameter 

377-9-377-18, 377-29. Ten Red-buff collarless jars w

handles; diameters 5.7-16 cm. (eight were in the 

377-27. Small Red-buff jar with reverse flare effigy coll

377-28. Red-buff collarless jar with one horizontal loop 

one effigy lug; diameter 10.5 cm.

377-30. Medium Red-buff ring-based plate; diameter 1

377-31-377-36. Six Red-buff pedestal plates; diameters 

377-37-377-39. Three Red-buff pot covers with lug 

6-10 cm.

377-40. Red-buff pot cover with loop handle; diameter 

Comment. Included in the unit with the vessels listed a

bone baton and cremated burial remains. The u

Find Find 378.-1. 3782-3, 379.-1. 3792Comment. the west 6 bowls, diameter for east and cm. Located Located cm. Small 378-4. Miniature this Small entire Miniature profile. nodes 2.2 No gutter cache. m. Red-buff ca. in polychrome other trench. in for Two Mound 8 Red-buff Mound eyes rims c. polychrome vessels, apparently collared on with VII,VII, pedestal rim; collared artifacts, high Trench Trench jar, diameter collared identical class interior plate; jar, 7, or 7, probably "a"; at 6.2 jar; at items Pica-pica Smoked flange depthdepth cm. diameter Pica-pica of reversof of sign(a varwa32S
254 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHN

379-3. Miniature polychrome collared jar; Pi

5

cm.

Comment. No other objects were noted for this u

Find 381. Located in Mound VII, Trench 7, at dept

4i

n2i

east profile.

381-1, 381-2. Two small collared jars, Red-buf

r

7-12 cm.

Comment. The unit also contained a few frag

in the pit fill, gold disks with perforatio

beads, numerous shells, and some calcin

h

b

T

f

notes mention "several vessels." Infor

t

available, but it is probable that more v

i

iv

of the ornaments included.

Find 382. Located in Mound VII, Trench 7, at de4in2i

west wall.

382-1. Miniature polychrome collared jar; Pic

cm.

382-2. Fragment of a Red-buff gadrooned gl

mated at 18.5 cm.

382-3. Fragment of large Red-buff globular v

35 cm.

Comment. Field notes describe the unit as a smp

l

plain plate with considerable gray ash in 

Additional single finds in Mound VII:

Find 344. Listed in field notes as an olla and standTm

as Find 344: (1) Find 344, gritty cream

sides, diameter 18.5 cm.; (2) Find 344-a, 

R

j

class "a," diameter 7-12 cm.

Find 345. Red-buff pedestal plate; diameter 20.8 cm

Find 355. Small Red-buff collared jar, class "a"; di

7

r

Find 356. Large Red-buff collared jar, class "e"; di

Find 358. Small Red-buff collared jar, class "a"; r7

Included with this were fragments of go

elongated shell beads (depth 2.35 in.; wes

in

Find 360. Small Red-buff pot cover with loop hand

7

Find 365.776 30-1, Pica-pica No center handles; 8.5-19 Small Collared Two Located 370-2, finds copper fragment 6.6 cm. 370-7. were handles on variety; jar, in.fragments. North made NORTH Red-buff Three of on diameter gilded Ridge, in one Red-buff Trench RIDGE, TRENCH body, specimen copper. Trench 22.5 8. 9collarless polychromTRENCH cm. 89are 10, jab at pinjthlpr
LaddI PARITA AND SANTA MARIA ARCHEOLOGY, 

370-3, 370-5, 370-6, 370-8-370-10. Six Red-buff colla

j

diameters in 7-23 cm. range.

370-4. Red-buff jar with two vertical loop handles.

Comment. This unit was in a small grave pit carved ou

rock and contained fragments of two adult skel

objects are noted for the unit, except for an ovoid 

Find 374. Located in North Ridge, Trench 10, at depth of 2.

1.0 m. west.

374-1. Medium pedestal-based rattle plate, black on 

negative type design; diameter 18.5 cm.

374-2-374-7, 374-22-374-26. Eleven miniature pedesta

Pica-pica varieties, black on red, dull polychrome

claws in closed arcs, seed pods; diameters in 7.7-10 

374-8-374-11, 374-37-374-45. Thirteen miniature 

plates; diameter range 6.5-8 cm.

374-12-374-16, 374-27-374-29. Eight miniature collare

j

Pica-pica varieties, black on red; Find 374-12 is h

jar with pear-shaped base; diameters in 5-7.5 cm. 

374-17-374-19. Three Red-buff miniature straight-coll

j

6-8 cm.

374-20. Miniature collarless jar with horizontal loop 

5-7.5 cm.

374-21. Medium Red-buff collared jar, class "a"; diam

374-30, 374-31. Two miniature deep bowls, Red-buff ; d

374-32-374-36. Five miniature collared jars, class "a"; 

cm. range.

Comment. The main portion of the find unit was located 

about 60 cm. high hollowed out of bedrock near the we

The long bones of an adult were found with th

artifacts or significant features were noted. All 

designs in this unit were executed in the dull fini

Cuipo variety, or the black on red technique, and th

seed pods and negative dragons with Pica-pica sp

closed arc elements. All the vessels were so similar 

appearance, including style of drawing, as to imply 

Single Fnd 353. finds were Fragment of Trench executed 10: of worked by a single bone.potter.
APPENDIX 3

HE-1 FINDS

Finds 1-5

1. A large (estimated 60 cm. in diameter, 33 e

collared jar with vertical strap handles 

shoulder along the jar collar, which itsel

rounded; vessel is similar to Find 21-f.

2. A small buff globular vessel with a somewh

or spout missing; diameter 11 cms.; place 

lug on shoulder is evident.

3 and 4. Two identical plates; both are sh

diameters 20.5-21 cms.) with rounded bas

lips; upper surface and lip is red slipped, 

smoothed; the slip washes off easily.

5. A large purplish-red slipped open bowl with 

lip; diameter ca. 40 ems.; height 14 ems.

5-a. Not listed in field notes; sherds of Plata

smoked ware and a large bowl or jar form

Comment.-Cache located in Trench 1, depth 4

from south end of the trench.

The large red open bowl (Find 5) was in

collared jar (Find 1) and Finds 3 and 4, 

placed next to the jar. Beside them w

evidence of bone, nor was there carbon on 

Find 6. A large three-legged stone mortar, inverted 

the trench; roughly circular in shape with 

a thickness of about 15 cms.; concavity is 

5 and 10 ems. deep; Trench 1.

Find 7. A squat collared jar (Pinilla black-line-on-r

somewhat outsloping collar and a rounde

at 23 ems.; decoration consists of uneven 

Find 8. 8-a. 9. 10. 256A Red Squat mm. bone 9.5 ened black cms.; tened lvel. rounded tric similar on 1, A small, 0-50 small, Red. slipped cms.; lineswide) at powder Trench geometric lip; collared Css plaintheo cm. base; traces open around irregularly diameter Find subglobular lip level. was "c" buff 1, to diameter bowl jar of0-50 diamond 7; form ja; found shoulder open white with Trench estimated with cm. painted Delgado a olla, in 16 bowl slight sliptraight level. shaped ski-tip the from cms.; 1, rounded apparent; around with interior earth red. 50-100 at collar decoratiolip decoratiooutslopi20-22 slightlin and thebaseflancmbasimbaeb
Ladd] PARITA AND SANTA MARIA ARCHEOLOGY, 

Find 11. Located at surface near southeast knoll; a Cocel Po

with coral snake lip and ring base; diameter 17 cm

Find 12. Unit located in Trench 1, level 1.00-1.50 m.; 12.1

end.

12-a. A small collared jar with three equidistant lob

collar is straight with a horizontally flattened lip

unmodified; diameter 12 cms.; height 10 ems.; d

pairs of red parallel bands with triangles extendin

bands; red orange slip; red banded lip; Red Line w

and Modeled variety.

12-b. Small collared jar with an unmodified base; glob

height of 12 cms.; orange slip; lip is banded with 

another red band encircles the shoulder with pe

angles at wide intervals; Red Line ware type; Pat

variety.

12-c. Smoked ware open shallow bowl with ring base 

rim; diameter 18 ems.; height 5 ems.; Platanillo v

Find 13. Located in Trench 1, 1.50 m. depth, at a point 15.

end. A collared jar with high straight collar and 

vertical loop handles placed equidistantly on shou

against the collar; diameter 17 cms.; height 17 ems.; 

orange red slip and decorated in red-purple bands, 

one around the collar base with pairs of parallel 

tending down to the round base; Red Line ware ty

Find 14. Grave Unit located in Trench 1; 14.50-16.02 in. fro

2.00-2.60 m.

14-a. Red ware chalice; pedestal base 5.4 ems. high.

14-b. Red Daubed plate or shallow bowl; diameter 16 

unmodified rim and base; paired teardrop daub de

14-c. Red Daubed wide mouthed collared jar withou

20 cms.; height 14 ems.; decorated with paired 

shoulder.

14-d. Ring-based CocI6 polychrome plate; diameter 

cms.; opposed full face alligator heads, same style 

Coc16.

14-e. Red ware chalice; diameter 10.5 cms.; total heigh

14-g. 14-h.i. 14-j. 14-f. thickened smoked; to 9.5 height interior arranged ems.; diameter cms.; Red Smoked Large Red Smoked Sall Find ems.; Daubed Sangreheight Daubed unclassified 4 open flange; 45-b; collared cms. diameter ware jabs ware base 12.5 and 4 variety. vessel. bowl Buff collared on cms.; eis pedestal plate decoration definitely round. jar, upper 38 ware. as with with Aromo height cms., to blackened jar plate surface slightly an type flattened consists with height 9.5 variety. unmodified or or cms.; wide open of incurved buff of variety; 22 lip; at four mouth; shallow interior cms.; an ware, diameter base equidistaoblique lip probabsomewand diambowldiamvery and a2
258 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHN

Comment.-A flat stone metate with three round

with this grave. For further discussion 

pp. 204-205.

Find 15. Located in Trench 2, depth 25 ems., at a p

A bichrome jar with a double flared neck, 

on a ring base; decoration in black bands

hachure on upper body; diameter 13.2 cms.

fied as to type or variety (pl. 12, b).

Find 16-17. Grave Unit located in Trench 1, 1.70

16.45-18.05 m. from south end of trench.

16-a. Open bowl on a ring base; diameter 19 cm

red ware.

16-b. Wide mouthed collared jar, red and buff 

height 12 cms.; unfinished Red Daubed ve

16-17-a. Wide mouthed collared jar; diameter 

Red Daubed variety with paired teardrop 

16-17-b. Open bowl on ring base; diameter 1

Paneled red ware.

16-17-c. Small polychrome circular cup on pe

height 7 ems.; Late Cocl6 Polychrome.

16-17-d. Polychrome collared jar with round 

height 19 ems.; Late Cocl6 Polychrome; 

17-a. Small polychrome circular cup on pedesta

7.8 ems.; Late Cocl6 Polychrome.

17-b. Small, square polychrome cup on pedesta

5.5 ems.; Late Cocl6 Paneled red ware.

Find 18. Grave Unit located in Trench 1; depth 2.36-

the south end and Trench 3.

18-a. Polychrome plate fragment, base unkno

and drooping lip types; diameter 32 cms

Decoration of coral snake rim, alligators 

scroll; Late Cocl6 Polychrome.

18-b. Polychrome ring-based plate; diameter 32 

almost identical with 14-d, except for center 

Polychrome.

18-c. Collared jar with plain base medium to 

decoration; diameter 16.5 cms.; height 15.5 

Find Comment. 19. 19-a. 19-b. 19-c. A Grave purple of 2.65 decoration what class an Delgado 6 loop Medium-sized Small Red-slipped cms. ring-based a everted ston m. hadles "c" pointed Also Unit corered-slipped red. at disk, included includes rim located along He-4; polychrome on collared base red-slipped of forming the body a diameter pedestal in coral in and stone shoulder; the Trench jar length; snake a a Unit plate; with metate, flange; collared plate obliquely 24 1, lip, were collar plain ems.; Cocl6 point diameter or and serpent diameter jar fragmepot base so heighPolycflatte11.4of witstashpa
Ladd] PARITA AND SANTA MARIA ARCHEOLOGY, 

Find 20. Unit located in Trench 3; 55 cms. deep.

20-a. Collared jar, red slipped, with black line decorat

Find 10 and Find 7; plain base; diameter estimate

15.5 ems.; Pinilla Black-line-on-red.

20-b. Ring based, slightly incurved sided bowl, 15 ems

ems. high; fugitive red slip over buff; general shap

Find 8, except for base; lip is somewhat flattened 

Find 21. Cache unit located in Trench 3; 40-90 ems. in dept

21-a. Buff dish or shallow bowl, unmodified base and r

cms.; height 4 cms.

21-b. Red/Buff flat plate with a slightly upeurved rim

r

unmodified base; interior, lip, and upper 2 ems. 

r

slipped; rest of exterior is buff; diameter 19 em

unclassified as to type or variety.

21-c. Wide-mouthed collared jar with two vertically p

on shoulder; diameter 19 ems., height 12 cms.; 

irregular lines or drips running vertically (Red Line 

variety).

21-d. Smoked ware bowl with roughly vertical sides arb

horizontally flattened rim; diameter 14 ems.; heig

ware.

21-e. Red Daubed incensario with fishtail handle; diab

tion is 25 ems.; height of bowl is 6 ems.; height of 

21-f. Large collared jar with high, almost straight cr

shoulder, a somewhat pointed base and two vert

p

handles on shoulder; diameter estimated at 42 em

25-30 ems.; Red Line ware type, Red Daubed va

drip type.

21-g. Pedestal bowl with fluted shoulder, broad, flatten

Smoked ware Venado Beach Incised; diameter 2

bowl only is 7.5 ems.; base missing.

21-h. Large ring-based open bowl with modified gutter

cms.; height estimated at 10-12 ems.; Smoked ware

Finds 22-23. Unit (cache) located in Trench 3, depth 1.05-1.2

22. Collared jar with four vertical loop handles on shou

pb

diameter 14 ems.; height 13 ems.; Red Line type; 

23-a. 14.5 Wide-mouthed collared jar, buff colored, possibl

Find 23-d. 23-e. 23-b. 23-c. Comment. 24. Grave they diameter groups line height looks-back" chevrons; 10 Collared Polychrome Small Open ems.; decoration cms.; were Field Unit of 10.5 bowl effigy height 22.5 vertical jar probably situated height located ems; notes pattern with with plate jar, ems.; around 8 Red red ring suggest 10 reverse unmodified ems.; in in Early with height wth ems.; lines close LinTrench base neck, diameter ring that flare Peiod on central type, unfinished proximity 7.5 and rim, body; 3, base base; Finds ems.; collar, modified depth Patterned Cocl6. and dividing of and Red smoked Cocl6 22 in orifice face Red human 2.00-2.40. medium-sizLine, the and gutter contourDaubedpanel and Polychsame interio23 ware, Ptteor Mrim bemfop
260 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHN

24-1. Ring-based polychrome plate or open bo

eter 28 cms.; height 8 ems.; Early Period 

24-2. Red-slipped bowl with incurving sides an

b

r

diameter 15 ems.; height 10 ems.; unclassi

24-3. Shallow bowl or dish with ring base and 

r

eter 14,5 cms.; height 5 cms.; Smoked war

24-4. Wide-mouthed collared jar with unmodi

b

purple-red band around lip; diameter 15 

Daubed.

24-5. Wide-mouthed collared jar with unmod

b

r

remainder buff; diameter 16 ems.; height 1

24-6. Subglobular jar with reverse flare collar 

b

surface; large red claw pattern; diameter 

Red Line type; Patterned and Modeled va

24-7. Red-slipped chalice; diameter 8 ems.; hei

24-8. Wide-mouthed collared jar with unmodi

b

height 7 cms.; Red Daubed.

24-9. Wide-mouthed collared jar with unmo

b

cms.; height 6.5 cms.; Red Daubed with p

24-10. Red-slipped chalice; diameter 7.5 cms.

pedestal base is missing).

24-11. Miniature incensario; diameter of dish is 

handle is 4.5 cms.; Red Daubed.

24-12. Red-slipped miniature ring-based plate

h

2.5 ems.

24-13. Vessel not located; field note descriptio

p

b

may be Find 24-14.

24-14. Large painted bowl with incurving rim a

p

b

red slip ground color; decoration in white 

b

of closed arcs around shoulder; "turtle" 

diameter 33.5 ems.; height 18 ems.; White

24-15. Incensario; diameter of dish is 21 cms.; R

tail handle.

24-16. Listed in field notes as a small chalice of b

24-17. Jar with unmodified base, short straig

orifice; two opposed flattened lugs on sho

r

24-21.2 24-23.4 24-20. 2418-9. handle fied vrtical height Priod lip; and diameter Cocl6 (Lothrop, Large Wid-mouthed Polychrome Polychrome Ring-based Polychrome Listed base;diameter of Polychrome. missing. at a 4 lines fragment in diameter red 18 1942, Sitio ems.; field ems.; and 28 band plate; ring-based ring-based ring-based Conte fig. cms.; notes red collared Early of height 17 91.) around an diameter lip. ems.; height as (Lothrop, incensario; a Period 11.5 jar plate height plate; brown plate; shoulder 6 with ems.; 18.5 ems.; with 1942, 10.5 globular drooping Cocl6 diameter vertical ems.; diameteunclass

just Early cms.

unmp. P"

b

1

r

b

brup
Ladd] PARITA AND SANTA MARIA ARCHEOLOGY, PA

24-25. Collared jar with four vertical loop handles; const

high collar; unmodified base; diameter 14 ems.; hei

Line type, Pito variety; (similar to Finds 22, 13, 24

24-26. Similar to above but smaller; diameter 12 ems.

Red Line type, Pito variety.

24-27. Collared jar with unmodified base; diameter 17 

cms.; scroll elements in purplish-red around shoulde

r

in feeling to Find 24-6; Red Line type, Patterned and 

24-28. Fragments of a Smoked ware, Platanillo variety op

b

estimated at 40 cms.

24-29. Fragments of a Venado Beach Incised bowl; u

estimated diameter of 20 ems.

Find 25. Cache located in Trench 5, depth 30-40 ems.; 67 cms

25-1. Red-slipped collared jar with unmodified base and o

lip; class "c" shape; diameter 21 ems.; height 17.5 cr

ware.

25-2. Collarless jar with horizontally placed loop handles; 

b

diameter 17 ems.; height 11 cms. (to top of jar on

r

ware.

Find 26. Cache located in Trench 5, 25 ems. depth; 4.24 m. n

26-1. Small pedestal open bowl with flanged lip; dia

height 6.5 ems.; rim has parallel line incision arranger

groups of seven lines each; Smoked ware, Sangr

26-2. Large open bowl with modified gutter rim; base is 

estimated at 36 cms.; Smoked ware, Platanillo vari

26-3. Open bowl with unmodified base and an obliqu

diameter estimated at 20 ems.; height unknown, in fr

ware, Aromo variety.

26-4. Wide-mouthed collared jar in fragments; base i

has band of red-purple paint; no other decoration b

diameter of lip estimated at 30 ems.; Red Daubed.

Find 27. Two worked stone balls; Trench 5, depth 10 ems.

Find 28. Missing; listed in field notes as a "grooved pottery 

Find 29. Located in Trench 5; depth 35 ems. Open bowl 

base and a rim which is flat and tilted inward; re

diameter 17.5 ems.; height 6 ems.; unclassified as to 

although rim is similar to Smoked ware, Platanillo 

Finds 40. 30. 30-a. 30-b.1-39. 41. 693-817-64- Grave Located Located round, and Delgado base lip; carmine Patterned base, height Collarless Fragments Omitted. Delgado lobed and Unit high17.5 somewhat in in red. band somewhat Trench shoulder; 18and jar located Trenchshoulder ems.; red. of with encircles a Modeled red-slipped 5; flattened, red in horizontal 5; constricted diameter depth and Pitslip; depth vessel variety. 6; obliquely 1.10 class depth base;collared 70 estimated looped just m. orifice; ems. "c"; of diameter above flattened Collared handles 65 jar red Delgado Gobular ems. at with shoulder, slip 22 10 jar on lip; cms.; obliqbelored. emsshowitcodjpr
262 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETH

Find 42. Located in Trench 5; depth 1.10 in. In

diameter of dish is 22 cms.; height of han

Find 43. Located in Pit 7; depth 70 ems.

43-a. Small jar with missing collar or neck; re

diameter 8.5 cms.; height to broken colla

type or variety.

43-b. Buff-colored clay "Spindle whorl"; m

thickness 2 cms.

Finds 44 and 47. Grave Unit located in Trench 5; 

44-a. Wide-mouthed collared jar with two 

handles and unmodified base; diameter 

Daubed, decorated with vertical red dr

44-b. Open bowl with unmodified rim and 

height 6 cms.; decorated with red band

buff slip; Red Line type, Patterned and 

44-c. Open bowl with unmodified base and 

edge of which is slightly beveled; diame

slip buff and orange; no decoration.

44-d. Spouted jar with horizontally flared rim 

a ring base; diameter 10 ems.; height 7

Smoked ware.

47-a. Collared red ware jar with high shoulde

unmodified base; diameter 22 ems.; heigh

Delgado red.

47-b. Collarless jar with round base and tw

handles on shoulder; diameter 12 ems.; h

Comment. Three rubbing stones and a human 

vessels.

Find 45. Cache Unit located in Trench 4 or 6?; dep

45-a. Thick shallow plate with slightly flatt

base; diameter 18.5 ems.; height 3 cms.; S

45-b. Large open bowl with ring base and lip 

on the interior; fired black; diameter 35 c

ware, Platanillo variety.

45-c. Large wide-mouthed jar with plain ba

38 ems.; Red Daubed.

Comment. The large Red Daubed jar containe

Findind 48-b. 49. 4848-c. 48-d. 49-Cache. 48-a. A Cache 20.5 blobs Line 19.5 8.5 Red 7.5 18covered Wid-mouthed Plate Shallow Small straight ems.; cms.; eLine; ems.type; of Unit Located with collared by same height red open height collared Patterned height Patterned decorated the located round band color in bowl inverted 7 collared jar 6.5 Trench 17 ems.; bae wide-mouthed in on equidistantly with ems.; and and with Trench lip thin and black jar 5; Modeled ring and Modeled round Smoked surface with red-purple depth unmodified wash 6 three bowl.ase or placed base round jar of 404?; varietyvarietybadly ware and bands red cmswith depanbmliapt
Ladd] PARITA AND SANTA MARIA ARCHEOLOGY, PA

slip; shape of collar and body very similar to Finds 

fied as Pinilla Black-line-on-red on basis of shape.

Comment. This jar was accompanied by quartz crystals, 

Find 49-Grave Unit. Located in Trench 5; depth 3.85 m.

49-b. A three-legged metate with carved decoration. T

with a small sherd of polished buff ware, was found 

underneath a layer of boulders.
APPENDIX 4

HE-2 FINDS

Find 1. Trench 1.

1-a. Fragment of small open bowl, red slipp

black parallel lines arranged radially b

about 11 cms.; height about 8 ems.; b

Banded Lip variety.

1-b. Body and base fragments of a mediu

15-20 cms.) brown-buff slipped jar; ro

traces of red paint visible; probably R

handled collared jar.

Find 2. Trench 1.

2-a. Fragments of a closed-shape vessel with 

ened exterior; interior buff-slipped show

estimated diameter 25-30 cms.

2-b. Fragments of an open bowl with steeply 

and probably a rounded base; remnants o

estimated at 36 ems.; Gir6n type; Bande

Find 3. Trench 1.

Red-slipped straight-collared jar with s

base; diameter estimated at 18 cms.; hei

found in inverted position; Red-slipped M

Finds 4-6. Unit located in Trench 1.

4-a. Collared jar with rounded base and fo

buff with red line design; orifice diamet

Pito variety.

4-b. Large subglobular collared jar with roun

flaring collar; lip flanged outward horizon

body diameter estimated at 34 ems.; col

terior covered with bright orange-red 

body interior is brushed; Red-slipped Mi

4-c. Collared and spouted jar with ring base a

slip; lip is horizontally flanged with a s

5-a. 4-d. 4e5-b. 264 jar. interior only pendent Interior horizontally running bridge; Subglobular brushed; Red Open dark Smoked Open Shallow slipped, consisting brown bowl ring-based diameter aroundnd banded ware scroll open diameter with slip flanged body squat wide-mouthed bowl type, elements; of rounded upper interior variety. dish concentric 18 exterior of on jar. Platanillo and cms.; bodysurface or a relatively and base diameter incised bowl height 25 are black exterior; collared and of ems., variety. with red the lip; unmodi28 16.5 bands short slippeof lip; modidiamemsorifdiajar emspj
Ladd] PARITA AND SANTA MARIA ARCHEOLOGY, P

cms.; height of pedestal 6.5 cms.; all surfaces dark bro

except for reddish areas on lip; Smoked ware, Vena

5-c. Subglobular spouted jar with ring base and horiz

with a broad shallow groove and low ridge running 

surface; spout is joined to lip by a short oval bridg

brown hue; body fluted; diameter 17.5 cms.; height 

of collar 5.5 ems.; Smoked ware spouted and fluted j

5-d. Subglobular collared jar with round base and a relat

collar and rounded lip; lug appended to shoulder, pl

present for another on opposite side; collar exterio

slipped, remainder fired a buff-orange; diameter 10 e

height of collar 2.5 cms.; Red Line ware, Patter

variety.

5-e. A high collared jar with rounded base and wide mo

fied; places of attachment for two missing loop ha

body diameter 15 ems.; orifice diameter 8 ems.; to

collar height 5 cms.; interior blackened by fire, ex

slipped except for red band around lip and around 

Line type; Patterned and Modeled variety.

5-f. Wide-mouthed collared jar with rounded base and un

of attachment for two opposed loop handles; diame

diameter 11 ems.; height estimated at 12 cms.; deco

on lip with red dribbles down collar exterior and over 

buff-orange ground badly blackened by fire; Red Line 

variety.

5-g. Fragments of open bowl with unmodified lip a

diameter estimated at 46 ems.; height at 17 cms.; e

to dark brown and part of interior also, rest of int

slip; over this red bands have been applied in broa

and a red band encircles the lip. Red Line typ

Modeled variety.

6. A three-legged stone metate; no carving; ovate-rect

top 57 X 43 ems.; thickness 4 cms.; height 16 cms.

Comment. Human bone, badly decayed, was found 

vessels, and powdered bone material as well as dec

Find Find 7-1. Comment. 7.-2. 8 9. Trench TTrench with lated occurred flat spouted Unit is just panels A cms.; Collared Chipped Globular in red-slipped bridge; a below one 5 to Field height 1. 2. 2.series grave of this jar. with placed ston and collared black diameter lip; notes of unit 9.5 aspouted open th black celt; grave a on ems.; crosshachure (see jar suggest black Findtop bowl length bands 15.5 with discussion goods Gir6n ja of 5 undulating with cms.; round theat group. with 12 running placed Polychrome; cms.; other. ski-tip covers height Find rgof bottom Find grave in concentrically spatulate band base, 7 lip the Finds 16 the may and5-g ems.; associationand Interior upper or base spout was 7 a have shapesnake round widean buff intpafoaaB
266 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHN

constricted orifice; surface is smoothed 

b

f

traces of a thin red paint or wash on the b

u

the lip; diameter 14.5 cms.; orifice is 5

h

i

unclassified.

Find 10. Trench 2.

10-1. A collared jar with a round base and t

shoulder; ground color buff; lip is red b

r

r

vertically down collar, over shoulder a

b

tb

estimated at 20 ems.; height estimated at 

cms.; Red Line type, Red Daubed variety

10-2. An open bowl with a modified gutter r

r

b

i

brown except for black fire clouding on 

height 5 cms.; Smoked ware, Platanillo va

Comment. The jar was found in an upright po

t

b

a cover.

Find 11. Trench 2.

11-1. A spouted collared subglobular jar with r

b

i

t

lip by an oval bridge, and the lip is horiz

b

shallow groove and low ridge running aro

iu

eter 20 ems.; orifice diameter 7 cms.; he

h

ems.; surface is smoothly polished and r

bt

black; Smoked ware spouted jar.

11-2. An open bowl with a ring base and "droo

i

lip exterior are red slipped, remainder of 

i

r

slip is soft and worn in many places; diam

2

h

7

Cocl6 Red ware.

11-3. Red ware chalice; interior of collar and b

ri

the body exterior; exterior of collar and pu

eter estimated at 12 ems.; height 17.5 emi

height of base is 4.5 ems.); Red ware chal

Comment. Powdered human bone was found i

Find 12. Trench 2.

Globular collared jar with a round base 

h

collar; interior is buff and brushed; collar iib

spaced red dribbles running down it; ex

br

Find 13. 14.-1.2 Trenchrench paited; ski-tip with slpped orifice is radially; scale), surface upper Smoked A 19 A Collared almost collared ems.; relatively a lip fugitive 8 2. are lip; and with 2.ware ems.; diameter horizontal; height inner surface; and jar orange-red diameter about a spouted thin with fla, Red spouted red and 18 5 spout estimated slip ems.; Slip slithick, cms. a lip outer esimated round jar. in isor jar miscellaneous. or joined of exterior incised color, wash; red surfaces with the wash; base at plate lower to 26 at the and Red with andis lip ems.; diamet20 are usual coversurfawith mayslippby shelcmsoutsoobrirMbir7uubh3untmmrrbb
Ladd] PARITA AND SANTA MARIA ARCHEOLOGY, PA

Find 15. Trench 2.

A large collared jar with a round base and an unmodi

smoothed and brushed; collar interior and body ex

with a thin red slip or wash; collar exterior is a 

diameter estimated at 38 ems.; orifice at 24 ems.; R

laneous; squat-jar.

Comment. Powdered human bone appeared just below th

Find 16. Trench 2.

Incensario with missing handle and two nubbin legs; 

height of dish 4 ems.; under surface shows brushin

reddish buff; upper surface shows traces of red daubin

Red Daubed variety.

Find 17. Trench 2.

A short pedestal 6 cms. high and 12 cms. in ma

surface is dark brown with reddish areas; may be the 

Beach Incised vessel, Smoked ware.

Find 18. Trench 4.

A miniature collared jar with a round base and outc

eter 5.5 ems.; height 6 cms.; all surfaces are rough a

interior is fired to a buff color, the exterior ranges f

to buff; Plain ware.
APPENDIX 5

SHELL IDENTIFICATIO

HE-4

Trench 1

Level 3: Pitar (Lamelliconcha) tortuosus Broder

Natica unifasciata Lamarck

Tivela argentina Sowerby

3 and 4: Solen rubis C. B. Adams

4: Unidentifiable coral fragment

7: Anadara (Larkinia) grandis Broderip a

Natica unifasciata

Pitar (Lamelliconcha) tortuosus

Tivela argentina

Dosina dunkeri Philippi

Tellina (Eurytellina) hertleini Olsson

Mound III

Pinctada mazatlanica Hanley

Spondylus (species?)

Solen rubis

Cypraea (Macrocypraea) cervinetta Kien

Oliva (Oliva) splendidula Sowerby [wor

Anadara (Anadara) tuberculosa Sowerb

Cerithidea valida C. B. Adams

Trench 7

Level 2: Ostrea columbiensis Hanley

3: Strombus peruvianus Swainson

Trench 10

Level 1: Semele pacifica Dall

Ostrea columbiensis

Anadara (Larkinia) grandis

2: Anadara (Larkinia) grandis Surface Surface and reference University, 24 Gratitude Olsson 268 was (1961). in published. 3: is the Pitar Dosinia Anadara Conusypraea herewith Anadara identification Shell (Lamelliconcha) Identifleations patricius dunkeri expressed (Pseudozonaria) (Larkinia) (Larkina) of the Hinds for shells by the Willey grandis grandis tortuosus from generous HE-1 arabicula and He-4 Stoddard help andHe-i. of Lam

for thrb
Ladd] PARITA AND SANTA MARIA ARCHEOLOGY, P

CO-2

Pit 1

20-30 cm.

level: Ostrea chilensis Philippi [now Ostrea corteziensis H

Ostrea mexicana Sowerby [listed by Olsson as Os

palmula Carpenter]

Pitar (Lamelliconcha) tortuosus

Scapharca tuberculosa Sowerby [probably An

tuberculosa]

Natica unifasciata

Thais haemostoma

60-70 cm.

level: Anadara (Larkinia )grandis

Ostrea chilensis [see above]

Scapharca tuberculosa [see above]

Cardium ringens Swainson [not listed in either Ke

Fasciolaria saino Wood

130-140 cm.

level: Anadara (Larkinia) grandis

Ostrea chilensis [see above]

Scapharca tuberculosa [see above]

Pit 3

10-20 cm.

level: Andara (Larkinia) grandis

Ostrea chilensis [see above]

Ostrea mexicana [see above]

Scapharca tuberculosa [see above]

Natica unifasciata

HE-8

Pit 2

0-10 cm.

level: Anadara (Larkina) grandis

Pitar (Lamelliconcha) tortuosus

Ostrea chilensis [see above]

Tivela gracilior Sowerby

Dosinia Polymedosa dunkeri 20-30 level: cm.Natica Ostrea Dosinia Protothaca Pitarolymesoda Tivela (Lamelliconcha) chilensis gracilor unifasciata dunkeri grata [genera [genera [see Sayabove] only] tortuosus
EXPLANATION OF PLAT

PLATE 1

He-4: Carved manatee bone of Find 10 and El Hat

t

e

v

Find 10; a, length of longest fragment is 49 ems.; bli

7 cms.; c, length of baton head is 5 ems.; d, El Hat

t

E

H

v

vessel P-13, height 17 ems.

PLATE 2

El Hatillo type ceramic remains.

a, El Hatillo type, El Hatillo variety, vessel P-9c

b, El Hatillo type, El Hatillo variety, Find 30-2lc

c, El Hatillo type, El Hatillo variety, Find 22-1

c

d, El Hatillo type, Achote variety, Find 35-a, hc

PLATE 3

El Hatillo and Parita types ceramic remains.

a, El Hatillo type, Jobo variety, Find 10-2, diam

c

b, El Hatillo type, Jobo variety, Find 10-14, d

c

c, Parita type, An6n variety, Find 124, diamete

c

d, Parita type, Yampi variety, vessel P-24, dia

2c

PLATE 4

Parita type ceramic remains.

a, Parita type, Nispero variety, vessel P-6, heig

2c

b, Parita type, Nispero variety, vessel P-6.

c, Parita type, Caimito variety, vessel P-3, dia

c

d, Parita type, Caimito variety, vessel P-3.

PLATE 5

Parita and Macaracas types ceramic remains.

a, Parita type, Ortiga variety, vessel P-33, diam

4c

b, Parita type, Ortiga variety, vessel P-33.

Macaracas Macaracas c, d, a, b c, d, a, b, c, d, 270 Parita Macaracas Macaracas Macaracas Macaracas Macaracas Macaracas Macaracas Macaracas Macaracas type type type, cramic ceramic type, type, type,Ortiga Pica-pica remains. Higo Pica-pica Pica-pica Pica-pica Pica-pica Cuipo Cuipo remains. variety, variety, variety, variety, variety, variety, variety, variety, variety, variety, PLATE vessel PLATE Find Find Find Find Find P-39, Find 67Find 368-1. 368-1, 373-3, 375-133368-esti375368d3cccc23c
LaddI PARITA AND SANTA MARIA ARCHEOLOGY, PA

PLATE 8

Macaracas and Calabaza types ceramic remains.

a, Macaracas type, Cuipo variety, Find 369-1, diameter 

b, Calabaza type, Calabaza variety, Vessel P-21, diameter 

C, Calabaza type, Calabaza variety, Find 45, diameter 17 

d, Calabaza type, Calabaza variety, Find 45.

PLATE 9

He-4 Cerit6 variety and "cord marks" on Macaracas vessels.

a, Calabaza type, Cerit6 variety, vessel P-15, diameter 15

b, Cord marking on underside of Pica-pica miniature ped

375-3, diameter 9.5 cm.

c, The same on Find 375-4, diameter 10 cm.

PLATE 10

Gir6n and Red Line types ceramic remains.

a, Gir6n type, Interior Banded variety, He-2, Find 5-a, dia

b, Gir6n type, Interior Banded variety, He-2, Find 8, diam

c, Red Line type, Red Daubed variety, He-1, Find 14-c, d

d, Red Line type, Red Daubed variety, He-1, Find 21-f, e

42 cm.

PLATE 11

Red Line and Pinilla Black-line-on-red ceramic remains.

a, Red Line type, Red Daubed variety, He-i, Find 18-c, 

b, Red Line type, Pito variety, He-1, Find 22, diameter 14 

c, Pinilla Black-line-on-red variety, He-1, Find 10, diamete

d, Pinilla Black-line-on-red variety, He-1, Find 20-a, es

22 cm.

PLATE 12

Miscellaneous vessels.

a, He-1, Find 24-14, White-and-black-on-red ware, diamete

b, He-1, Find 15, unclassified, diameter 13.5 cm.

Gir6n Examples f, a, c, d, b, Ca, d, e Banded g, b, Scalloped Applique Punctation. Fingernail Circumbanded Slash Lip e, Crosshatched of engraving. Radial plastic punctation. Lip ridge subvariety. punctation. variety Banded decoration notching. subvariety. subvariety. ceramic subvariety. on Co-2 remains. PLATE ceramic 1314 remains.
272 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETH

f, Fine line incising.

g, Reed punctation and lip grooving.

h, Shell edge stamping.

i, Semilunar punctation and scoring.

j, Broad line incision.

k, Applique ridging.

1, Linear punctation.

m, Reed punctation.

n, Pinching.

o, Fluting.

p, Lip grooving.

PLATE 15

Miscellaneous and unclassified sherds at He-4.

a, Trench 5, 0-50 cm.; black and red on creammt

b, Trench 8, 25-50 cm.; black on red; 5-6 mm. t

c, Trench 8, 75-100 cm.; black and red on crea

7m

t

d, Trench 8, 50-75 cm.; black and white on bufmt

e, Mound III, eroded; black and red on cream7 mt

f, Same vessel as (b).

g, Trench 8, 25-50 cm.; red and purple on crea

mt

h, Trench 7, 300-490 cm.; modeled relief, er

b

cream, traces of orange slip; 4-7 mm. thic

i, Trench 8, 25-50 cm.; red crosshachure on cr

m

t

t

five sherds from the top two levels at Is

M

it

B

Muertos near David in Chiriqui (Linares, p

j, Mound III; black and red on cream; 8-9 mm

t

k, Trench 1, 0-100 cm.; black on cream; 6 mm

t

1, Mound III; smudged black on red; 6-7 mm. t

m, Trench 7, 200-300 cm.; modeled relief, black 

r

b

8 mm. thick.

n, Trench 8, 75-100 cm.; red and purple on cre

m

t

o, Mound III; black and red and purple on cre

m

t

p, Same vessel as (g).

q, Trench 5, 0-50 cm.; black and red on cream

mt

r, Trench 7, 300-490 cm.; black and red on cre

mt

s, Trench 2, 0-40 cm.; incision through red wa

t

b

p

5 Miscellaneous u, a, d, b, cfg, v, e t,Pitrobably Probably Pit Trench Pit Trench Same Trench to similar mm. 9; 2, 1, 2, the 75-150 0-25 vessel black 0-25 and thick. 2, 8, 5"Lost same 0-50 to 75-100 0-50 cm.; unclassified and as cm.; the cm.; vessel Color cm.; (1). cm.; red black "Lost cm.;black on black black ware" as and black sherds cram; Color on (a). (a). on and reon white of PLATE white and ware" cream; at on white Criqui 5 mm. He-1. or red cream; or 16cream, of on on 5-6 thick. cream, in Chiri

buff; crea6 mmdenmmtmt5 mttn7mtit
Ladd] PARITA AND SANTA MARIA ARCHEOLOGY, PA

h, Pit 2, 0-25 cm.; black and red on cream; 7 mm. thick.

i, Probably same vessel as (h).

j, Trench 1, 0-50 cm.; black and red on cream; 7-8 mm. th

k, Trench 1, 0-50 cm.; black and white on red; 7-10 mm. t

1, Pit 2, 0-25 cm.; black and white on red; 6 mm. thick.

m, Trench 1, 50-100 cm.; black on cream; 4-6 mm. thick.

n, Pit 2, 50-75 cm.; black on cream or white; 5 mm. thick.

o, Pit 2, 25-50 cm.; black and white on red; 7 mm. thick.

p, Trench 1, 50-100 cm.; black on red; 8 mm. thick.

q, Trench 1, 0-50 cm.; black and white on red; 4 mm. thick

r, Pit 1, 25-50 cm.; black and white on red; 8-9 mm. thick

s, Pit 4, 0-50 cm.; black and red on white or cream; 8 mmt

t, Pit 1, 0-25 cm.; black and red on orange; 8-10 mm. thic

u, Pit 1, 25-50 cm.; black on white; 5-7 mm. thick.

v, Probably same vessel as (u).

w, Pit 9; purple on buff; 7 mm. thick.

x, Trench 1, 50-100 cm.; smudged black on red; 5-7 mm. t

y, Trench 1, 150-240 cm.; red slip on red paste; 3-5 mm. th

z, Pit 1, 0-25 cm.; black and red on cream; 5-6 mm. thick

a', Pit 2, 25-50 cm.; black on white; 9 mm. thick.

PLATE 17

Miscellaneous and unclassified sherds at He-1.

a, Pit 2, 0-25 cm.; El Tigre, cream-buff; 13-15 mm. thick.

b, Pit 2, 0-25 cm.; El Tigre, cream-buff (rim below); 13-15 m

t

c, Trench 1, 0-50 cm.; El Tigre, buff-red; 10 mm. thick.

d, Pit 2, 0-25 cm.; El Tigre, buff-red; 8-11 mm. thick.

e, Pit 2, 0-25 cm.; El Tigre, cream-buff; 15 mm. thick.

f, Pit 2, 0-25 cm.; buff, eroded; 4 mm. thick.

g, Trench 1, 0-50 cm.; El Tigre, buff-red; 10-11 mm. thick

h, Pit 2, 25-50 cm.; orange-red; 3-4 mm. thick.

i, Trench 1, 0-50 cm.; eroded buff with incision; 4 mm. th

j, Pit 1, 75-150 cm.; eroded buff with incision; 5 mm. thic

k, Pit 2, 0-25 cm.; buff, polished; 4-6 mm. thick.

1, Trench 2, 50-100 cm.; smoked; 6 mm. thick. a', m, b' c', w, n p, u,o z, y, q, r, s, V, zt, Pit Trench Pit Trench Pit Trench Pit Trench 2, 21,, 0-25 25-0 0-25 0-25 25-50 507525-50 2, 3, 10-5010 50-10 10-150 cm.; cm.; cm.;cm.; buff; red buff; cm.; red; smoked; rod; eroded cm.; cm.; smoked; interior buff; smoked; orange-buff; (underside smoked; 6 5-9 8 7-8 smoked; orange-buff; mm. smoked; mm. buff; mm. 6-7 mm. 5-6 and thick. thick. 5 6-8 mm. 5 mm. 5-6 thick. mm. thick. scored); 5 mm. 6 rim6-7 mm. mm. thick. 4 thick. thick. band thick. mm. thick. thick. 5 mm. thick. on cream; thick. 5-

mt
274 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETH

d', Pit 2, 50-75 cm.; cream; 8 mm. thick.

e', Pit 1, 25-50 cm.; buff, pottery stamp fragm

f', Pit 1, 25-50 cm.; buff, pottery stamp fragm

g', Pit 2, 0-25 cm.; red; 6 mm. thick.

h', Pit 2, 25-50 cm.; red; slip; 7-10 mm. thick.

PLATE 18

Stone artifacts from He-4.

a, Find 219; 25.5 cm. long.

b, Trench 10, 100-125 cm.; Level 5; 12.7 cm. lo

c, Find 372; 6.0 cm. long.

d, Mound III; 9.2 cm. long.

e, Find 370; 13.0 cm. long.

f, Mound III; 7.5 cm. long.

g, Trench 6, 0-50 cm.; Level 1; 6.8 cm. long.

h, Trench 7, 150-200 cm.; Level 2; 4.5 cm. lon

i, Trench 10, 150-175 cm.; Level 7; 5.2 cm. lo

j, Trench 10, 50-75 cm.; Level 3; 10.2 cm. lon

k, Trench 7, 200-300 cm.; Level 3; 9.0 cm. lon

1, Trench 1, 300 cm.; Level 4; 4.5 cm. long.

m, Trench 10, 100-125 cm.; Level 5; 7.5 cm. lo

n, Trench 10, 75-100 cm.; Level 4; 8.5 cm. lon

PLATE 19

Worked bone and shell at He-4, He-1, and Co-2.

a, He-1, Find 24; 8.5 cm. long.

b, Co-2, Pit 1, 140-150 cm.; bone tube; 7.2 cm

c, Co-2, Pit 1, 140-150 cm.; bone tube; 5 cm. l

d, He-4, Mound III; 10.4 cm. long.

e, He-4, Mound III; bone tube; 7.6 cm. long.

f, He-4, Mound III; bone tube; 9.7 cm. long.

g, He-4, Mound III; shell (Anadara grandis); 

h, He-4, Mound III; 5.5 cm. long.

i, He-4, Mound III; 9.3 cm. long.

Worked n-v, nj, k, a, bde, f, gh, 1, c i, He-4, He-4, Pit Fnd Miscellaneous Find Trench Pit Fnd stone 3.3-4.5 9; 2, 24; 2Find Mound Mound 25-50 10.2 at 1, 4.3 9.5 810.3 He-i. cm. 50-100 0-50 cm. 381; 10; cm..; cm III; III,cm. collection; bone long. cm.; perforated long. long. 5.5 cm.; long. fish fish fish tube; 5.5 cm. vertebrae; vertebrae; vertebrae; 5.5 cm. 10 long. 13.5 cm. shell PLATE cm. long. long. cm. (probably long. maximum maximum maximum long. 20 s
Ladd] PARITA AND SANTA MARIA ARCHEOLOGY, PA

j, Pit 1, 0-25 cm.; 5.5 cm. long.

k, Trench 1, 0-50 cm.; 2.5 cm. long.

1, Trench 2, 0-50 cm.; 3.3 cm. long.

m, Trench 1, 0-50 cm.; 4.3 cm. long.

n, Trench 1, 0-50 cm.; 3.5 cm. long.

a, Surface collection; 6.8 cm. long.

p, Trench 2, 0-50 cm.; 8.5 cm. long.

q, Trench 1, 0-50 cm.; 5.7 cm. long.

r, Trench 3, 0-100 cm.; 6.2 cm. long.

8, Trench 1, 0-50 cm.; 5.3 cm. long.

t, Find 27; 4 cm. long.

PLATE 21

Worked stone at Co-2.

a, Pit 2, 125-125 cm.; 21 cm. long.

b, Miscellaneous collection from riverbank; 11.8 cm. long.

C, Pit 2, 210-220 cm.; 9 cm. long.

d, Miscellaneous collection; approximate dimensions 5 X 5 c

e, Miscellaneous collection from riverbank; 9.6 cm. long.

f, Pit 1, 30-40 cm.; 7.3 cm. long.

g, Pit 1, 130-140 cm.; 4.7 cm. long.

PLATE 22

Metate from He-1.

a, b, Find 14; 52 cm. long.

PLATE 23

Metates from He-i.

a, Find 14; 52 cm. long.

b, Find 49; 46.5 cm. long.

BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY BU

a

b

le-4: Carved C manatee bone (For Oxian of Find action, 10 see and p. El 270.)Hatillo dtype 
BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY El Hatillo (For explanation, type ceramic se 1. remain270.)
BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY BU

3

b

El latillo (For and explanation, Parita type ceramic 1)e p. 270.) remains.
BUREAU OF AMERICAN EHTNOLOGY 

tg

C

Parita (Forexplanation, type ceramic see remainsp. 270.)
BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY BU

al

b

C

Parita and Macaracas (For explzi ition, types see of p. ceramic 270.) remains.
BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY 

6

C

Macaracas (For ex q)lation. type ceramic spe I. remain270.)
BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY B

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Macaracas (For explanation, type ceramic see 1). remains. 271.)
BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY 

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Macaracas and (For Calabaza explanation, types se p. ceramic 271.) r
BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY B

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A,

He-4 Cerit6 variety (For and explanation, "cord ICmarks" see p. 271.) on Macaracas v
BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY 

41

C, 2,

c

Gir6l and Red1 Line (For tyVpCs explanation, ceramic see remains p. 271.) at 
BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY BULRed Line and lPinilla (For B1Lack-line-on-red explhimaltion, see p. ceramic 271.) remains H e
FIgOH JL SIDIS;\SIOtL'IDS

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. 1 111 1l

zLL
BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY BUL

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Gir6n Banded (For explanation, Lip variety see ceramic p. 272.) remains.
BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY 

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Examples of plastic (For decoIation expInnhiIlion, on s( 0 41 Co-2 272.)cer
BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY BUL

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Miscellaneous and unclassified sherds at He-4.

(.(or explanation, see pp. 272-273.)
BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY 

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Miscellaneous (For and explanation, unclassified see p. sherds 273.) l
BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY BUL

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iscella neous (For explanation, and unclassified see pp. 273-274.) sherds at iHe-1.
BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY 

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kmotone JFor expl:hiwtion, ar tifacts Inr)m see I p. I 274.) c-4.
BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY BU

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n 0 Worked p bone q (For and explanat shell r at ion, s He-4, see p. Hec-1, 275.) t and U Co-2

V
BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY 

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f h

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(For Worked explanation, stonc at s1 Ie-1. 1). 275.)
BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY BU

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f 9

(For Worked expla at stone ion, soo at pp. Co-2. 275-276.)
BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY B

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(For explanation, see 1. 276.)
BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY BUL

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BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY 

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Views of mounds at Hle-4. (Photographs Geographic by Society.) Richard 
BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY BUL

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Geographic Society.)

INDEX

Achote variety, see Pottery. Bivalves, small, 20

Acker, John W., 97 Blades, stone, 4

Acker, Mitchell, xi Bollaert, William, 10

Adornos, modeled, 14, 53, 170, 215, 226 Bone, animal, 28, 209

Agate, 222 artifacts of, 8, 20

Agriculture, 1, 3, 20, 151, 153, 155, 184, bird, 28, 152, 210

209, 220, 221, 222, 227 human, 14, 28, 

Aguadulce, 2 (map) 205, 206, 207, 

Alligators, 3 224

American Philosophical Society, xi manatee, 150, 22

Anadara (Anadara) tuberculosa, 268, 269 remains, 20

A. (Larkinia) grandis, 150, 268, 269 worked, 204, 210

Andean areas, 226 Boquete cemetery, 10

Andean-Equatorial phylum, 3 Bottles, 8, 75, 134, 14

Applique, see Design elements. angled, 128

Archeological Society of Panama, xi, bird, 38, 48, 59, 

12, 24 Calabaza, 38

Aristide Gir6n site, see Gir6n site. carafe, 96 (fig.), 

Armadillo, 1 cylindrical, 48

Armor, cotton, 4 effigy, 51

Arrowheads, triangular cross section, El Hatillo type, 

14, 16 globular, 40, 42, 

Artifacts, bone, 8, 20, 150-151, 183, 205 gourd-shaped, 49

copper, 210 handled, 97

metal, 8 pyramid-shaped, 

shell, 8, 150-151, 183 140, 152

stone, 8, 147-149, 183, 187, 201- ring-based, 120

204, 205, 217-218, 229 shoulder, 51, 76

Ashes, 224 spouted, 28, 51, 

Ash layers, 26(fig.), 27, 30, 35, 204, 205 129, 140

Awl, bone, 150, 206, 227, 228, 245 subglobular, 51, 

Ax, bone, 150 Bow and arrows, 4

stone, 30, 207 Bowls, 226

Azuero Peninsula, 1, 6, 15, 166, 225, 233 bird effigy, 28, 38

59, 67, 73, 88, 

Balboa, Vasco Nufiez de, 16, 234 black polished, 1

Baldwin, Bananas, Barklovento, Barquisimeto Barriles, Basalt, Beakers, Bicopper, Batons, Beads,n Bells,i ese, shell, effigies hunting See ceremonial, cloth, bronze, 693-817-64- Leo 201, jade 1, 147, bone, also in pottery, Elizabeth, 3 150, 215 P., Chiriqui, indications of, or 231 148, Colombia, of, Bone, region, 14 xii 150, jadite, 152, 48, 4 150 183, 20, 12 153 53, bird. 231 xii insloping, 233 11, 226 1918 202 149 67, of, 227, 197, 12 22782, 222 228-229 133, 140, incised, incurving interior casuela-shaped, collared, composite deep,ivided, double flaring, globular, gutter modified-gutter drooping 209 76, 176 143, 178, 86, 8, rim, rim, 1795, 206 219 banded, 228 5397, 17lip, 53, rims, silhou200, 42, 15, 106, 21, 14357, 72r
278 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETH

Bowls-Continued Calabashes

open, 17, 18, 20, 21, 22, 40, 42, 49, Calderon, 

51, 53, 75, 86, 117, 128, 130, 131, Calderon s

134, 135-136, 140, 142, 145, 163, Canal Zon

176, 181, 186, 194, 197, 198, 199, 16, 

200, 201, 204, 205, 208, 213, 214, Carbon, 21

232 Carbon-14 

outflatring collars, 21, 86 228, 

outsloping, 227 Cardium r

pear-shaped, 86, 88, 97, 106, 109, Caribbean 

209 Cartagena, 

pedestal, 28, 35, 49, 50, 51, 67, 75, Carvings, 

76, 77, 145, 186, 215 Caseria Cu

plain thick, 20 Catine, La

ring-based, 140, 145, 198, 205, 206, Celts, 147, 

214 233

rounded bases, 17 bevele

shallow, 49, 143, 170, 179, 198, 199, chippe

p

206, 207, 213 202, 

shallow open, 8, 48, 75, 133, 134, diamo

135, 198, 206, 232 fragm

ski-tip rims, 130, 214 miniat

Smoked ware, 128, 198 ovoid, 

steep-sided, 179 polishe

stone, 20, 226 spatul

strap-haandled, 204 stone, 

subglobular, 67, 172, 179 Cemeteries

tripod, 15, 42, 145 Central Am

unclassified, 207 Ceramic r

vertical-sided, 21 (gra

wide-mouthed, 172, 215 45 

Brew, J. 0., xi 161

Bubi, in Veraguas, 66 groups

Bub[ River, 60 site d

Bugaba cemetery, 10 241-

Bugabita cemetery, 10 typolo

Bull, Thelma H., 12, 18 See als

Bureau of American Ethnology, xi Cerithidea 

Burials, 4, 15, 27, 30, 33, 34, 38, 46, 108, Cerro de la 

112, 152, 153, 206, 207 24

cremation, 4, 26, 152, 153 Cerro la V

flexed, 20 Cerro Man

Herrera Phase, 224 19 (

infant, 18, 153 Chagres Ri

Macaracas, 37 Chalices, 1

mound, multiple, 26, 153 216, 

Burstein, Buttons, Caboches, retainer, semniflexed, smoking, tomb, ur ofpartial, pit,ractices, secondary, Blanco, 2331,18 23309, 18nobles, 7, 4, shell, Miss5, 8, 15 15 212, 151, 153 18, 27, 222 152 226 153, 4 12, Symme, 228 20, 207 152, 220, 15237, 5,15)23 152, 209, 152, 38, 224 153,7 222 xii 223 153 .Chiriquf-Costa 40, 223, 18443, 224, :2,22 204, 46232, 208, 106Chisels, Chontal, Cham6rcoal, Chert,ibehan Chiefsloe Chiriqui, Chitr6, Chocpper, stone, pebble, 63, 224, IslanIndi147, 32 areBayRivcopha(mcr1f61r
INDEX 

Circum-Caribbean culture, 3 Design elements, alli

Clamshells, 161, 207 88, 95, 109, 150

Climate, 1 angular, 47-49, 9

Clubs, wooden, 4 animal head, 94

Co-2, see Gir6n site. applique ridge, 1

Coati, 1 barbed feathers, 

Cocalito site, 20 barred scrolls, 10

Cocle-Parita-Azuero area, 18-23 bats, 3, 119

Cocl6 Province, 1, 2 (map), 3, 10, 11, 12, bird, 69, 73, 106, 

15, 107, 108, 111, 112, 120, 143, black scallop, 168

223 broad line incisio

Coc1l Period, Early, 13 (chart), 14, 19 bull's-eye crocodi

(chart), 217, 218, 219, 221, 222 93, 95, 105, 10

Coc1l region, 10, 11, 13 (chart), 14, 19 "carpet tack" fill

(chart), 173, 221-226, 230 checkerboard pat

"Cocuyal," Las Palmas, 108 chevron panel, 1

Coo, Michael D., 230 216

Coo, Michael D., and Baudez, Claude circle and dot fill

E., 230 107, 114, 117, 

Coiba Island, 4 claw and eye, 100

Coiba language, 3 clawed scrolls, 9

Colombia, 15, 18, 227, 228, 233 107, 108, 110

Concepci6n area, 12 clawed swastika, 

Concepci6n graves, 14 claw elements, 4

Concepci6n Phase, 12, 14 105, 106, 107, 

Conquest Period, 3, 13 (chart), 16, 19 closed arcs, 95, 

(chart), 224 122, 125, 200, 

Conus patricius, 268 color-filled chevro

Cop6n, 16 color shift, 106, 

Copper, 152, 210 "color stop," 94, 

gold-plated, 152 combed, 228

Cordillera de los Andes, 232 "coral snake," 1

Cordillera Oriente, 232 119, 129, 130

Cores, 20 crocodile, 48, 49, 

Corn, 1, 3, 161 107, 109, 110 (

Corncobs, use of, 220 130

Costa Rica, 1, 10, 14, 230 crosshatching, 1

Cotton, 4 163, 174, 214, 

Covers, pottery vessel, 15 cruciform arrang

stone slab, 14, 15 curvilinear, 47, 4

Crabs, 20 97, 105, 227, 2

Cremation, 152, 153, 209 deer's head, 106, 

Crops, post-Conquest, 4 dentate roulette 

Cruxent, Jos6 M., 16, 17, 22, 169 diamond bases, 

Cruxent, Jos6 M., and Rouse, Irving, 117

232, 233 diamond in a ribb

Cuevana Dadell, Cups, Cypraea Dade,rien, Darts,eer, Dtz,elgado, Delgado bones, W. Indians, Collection, shell, 1, ican 95, 22, language, Philip 4 82, 241 James, 1, 4, (Macrocypraea) H., (le-8) Juan, 106, 222, 10, 20 95, (chart), 152 Indian, 228 16 L., 12, xii 3 224, 111, 134, 185 site, 3 xi, Museum 13 242 117 234 24, 185-187, 12, (chart), xi, (chart), 62, cervinetta, 14, 2 of (map), 66, 15the 16-18, 215, 268, 24, 73, Amer- 8, 268 223, 269 15182, 20doublevelike, dragon, dragon El excision, faces,ine Fine finger-impressed, finger "fillers," 95, 144 56 605181, 114, Hatillo line (fig.) Line (fig.), (fig.), 47100, pinching, (fig.) 242 spirals, 117, belt, had, 14, 227, incision 51, 48, 105, style, site, 57 119, 50, 61110, 7449, 82228171(2
280 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETH

Design elements-Continued Design elem

fingernail impression, 242 shell e

fingernail punctation, 180 

fluting, 180-181, 230, 242 slash p

foreign style A, 50, 223 solid r

froglike, 67, 79, 82, 86, 105, 106, "spind

117, 128, 142, 150, 200 split-cl

gadrooning, 141, 230 split-le

geometric, 14, 17, 18, 20, 49, 53, split-sq

57, 63, 150, 168, 176, 199 109, 

hourglass-shaped, 174 striatio

incising, 17, 18, 20, 142, 160 (chart), swastik

227-230 tail pa

Jobo variety, 66, 232 teardro

ladder pattern, 196 toad m

leaf-shaped, 173, 175 toothed

linear punctation, 180, 242 trapezo

line-dot combination, 230 triangu

lip engraving, 179, 242 173, 

lip grooving, 179, 242 turtle 

lizard, 131, 132 (fig.), 142, 201 turtles

lozenge-shaped, 100, 105 129, 

lyre, 46, 88, 90, 93, 105, 117 undula

monkey, 142, 144 (fig.), 170, 228 vulture

"monster," 94 white 

mouth motif, 77 (fig.) tang

"natural," 47 worm 

negative dragon, 47 zoned 

negative technique, 119 Diet, sugge

nested rectangles, 227 184, 

parallel lines, 228 Disks, bone

Parita, 67, 68 (fig.), 69, 70 (fig.), clay, 2

71 (fig.), 72 (fig.), 74 (fig.), 77 gold, 1

(fig.), 78 (fig.), 79 (fig.), 80 (fig.), stone, 

81 (fig.), 83 (fig.), 84 (fig.), 85 Divald, Ch

(fig.), 87 (fig.), 89 (fig.), 90 (fig.), Dockstader

92 (fig.), 93 (fig.), 95 "Dog" head

pigment-filled incisions, 228, 229 Dogs, 4, 22

pinching and fluting, 242 teeth, 

plastic, 228, 231, 232, 242 Dosina dun

pointer elements, 125 Dress, mini

pinching, 180 Drills, ston

punctation, 180, 226, 227, 229, 230, "Drums," 

242 hourgla

ray, 46, 47, 48, 82, 100, 105, 107, 119 Dwellings, 

rectang

resist scrolls, seedmilunar serpent, rectangular rededptilian, ribbondging, rockerugh scoring, sharks, 232 181 (chart), 119, dribble, pod,unctation, dye scoring, scroll, stamping, 50, 121, 48, 242 230 167, 47, 47, painting, punctation 180, 121, 76, scroll, 122, 215214 76 88, 94, 179-180, 77, 226, 122, 125 142, 105, 226, 95, 128, 100, 228 229, 15107, 145, 106, 227 and 228 119 242 214, 242 114, 108, 158, scoring, 232 111,7 160 Earplugs, Earth,s, Ecuador, El Hatillo Find scatterJame215 216, 169206, 151,92 2086 (chaburn7, 165, 1(4
INDEX 

El Hatillo (He-4) site-Continued El Hatillo (He-4) sit

Find 6, 35, 37, 152, 153, 219, 243 Find 367, 254

Find 7, 199, 215, 217, 219, 245 Find 368, 40, 96 

Find 8, 35, 37, 100, 153, 167 (fig.), (fig.), 101 (fig

169, 194, 200, 204, 214, 243 (fig.), 110 (fig

Find 9, 37, 152, 153, 193, 217, 244 149, 153, 250-2

Find 10, 127, 38, 64 (fig.), 65 (fig.), Find 369, 40, 

138, 139 (fig.), 140, 141 (fig.), (fig.), 116 (fig

146 (fig.), 150, 152, 153, 199, (fig.), 139 (fig

215, 219, 245-246 145, 153, 251

Find 11, 193, 214, 215, 216, 219, Find 370, 43, 149

247 Find 372, 42, 47, 

Find 12, 196, 198, 204, 216, 247 99 (fig.), 100

Find 13, 196, 217, 247 (fig.), 135, 14

Find 14, 27, 38, 140, 150, 153, 153, 252

182 (fig.), 193, 195, 197, 198, 201, Find 373, 42, 9

204-205 (fig.), 209, 210, 215, 114, 115 (fig.), 

216, 219, 246 Find 374, 43, 9

Find 15, 142, 153, 200-201, 216, (fig.), 116 (fig.)

219, 220, 246 Find 375, 42, 4

Find 16, 27, 38, 107, 140, 153, 252-253

193, 195, 205, 209, 246-247 Find 376, 150, 25

Find 17, 142, 193, 195, 205, 209, Find 377, 42, 1

215,247 153, 201, 253

Find 18, 27, 38, 140, 193, 195, Find 378, 42, 14

205, 207, 209, 210, 213, 217, 247 253

Find 19, 38, 193, 205, 206, 209, Find 379, 42, 138

247 Find 380, 245

Find 21, 182 (fig.), 195, 197, 198, Find 381, 42, 150

199, 201, 206, 209, 247 Find 382, 42, 141

Find 22, 38, 56 (fig.), 57 (fig.), 58 Find 384, 37, 149

(fig.), 71 (fig.), 196, 206, 209, Mound I, 24, 25 

247-248 27, 36 (graph), 

Find 24, 38, 193, 195, 196, 197, 198, Mound II, 27, 34

199, 200, 201, 202, 204, 206, 207, 131, 142, 152, 

209, 210, 219, 249 Mound III, 24, 

Find 27, 203, 248 51, 55-57, 61, 

Find 30, 38, 56 (fig.), 57 (fig.), 58 80, 81, 83, 84

(fig.), 127 (fig.), 193, 208, 248 92, 93, 95, 9

Find 35, 62, 74 (fig.) 126, 130, 132, 

Find 39, 57 (fig.), 248 140, 141, 142, 

Find 219, 148, 248 150, 151, 185, 

Find 344, 133, 254 Mound IV, 29-30

Find 345, 254 Mound V, 30, 33

Find 346, 37, 96 (fig.), 104 (fig.), Mound VI, 30, 

Find F249-250 107, 249 349, 350,235 356,789 360,1364, 366, 3625351, 354, 108, 40, 254 40, 245 40, 255 254 153, 141 150, 37, 254 40, 40, 153, 250 244 42, 245 152,36 (fig.), 114, 132 2501, 244 29 250 140, (fig.), 250 116 254 250 (fig.), 135119, 140, El Escoria, Espaldl4 Espinosa, Estrada, Evans, Familyr Faming, Faron, Heneal, Horno Tigre Fan Mound 2260, (graph), Estrada, -, variety, Clifford, households, Clifford; District, Indian Beach, Emilio, Phase, -, slash Period, 61, 3226VII, 466and 151, see chief, Emilixi Cana227 13 38-4231 MesouPexb1(
282 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHN

Fasciolaria salmo, 269 Grave unit

Feriz, Hans, 11, 12, 181 Greenberg, 

Figurines, 226, 229, 230, 231 Griddles, p

female, 227 Grinder, pe

gold, 16 Grinding, 2

human, 14, 67, 86, 170, 228 Gr6ningen 

polychrome, 14 Guajira Pe

Finca Calderon, 24, 61, 77, 78 Guatemala, 

Finca Gonzales, near Montijo, Veraguas, Guaymi In

108 Gulf of Sa

Fire, evidence of, 219, 222, 223 13, 

Fish, 3, 4, 20, 67 Gulf of Ura

vertebrae, 150 Gulf of Ven

Fishburne, Jane, xii Gunnerson, 

Fishing, 3, 4

Flakes, 20, 183 Haberland, 

Flint, 205 Hammers, 

Floors, burned, 152 Hammersto

Fluting, see Design elements. Handles, 8

Funeral complexes, 12 142, 

offerings, 15 double

practices, 4 fishtail

sites, 10 frog, 4

ware, 10 locatio

See also Burials; Graves. loop, 8

131, 

Game drives, 4 186, 

Gifford, James C., xii, 5, 163 208, 

Gir6n, Senor, owner of site, 181 rim, 42

Gir6n (Co-2) site, xi, 2 (map), 7, 8, 13, rim loo

18, 21, 82, 112, 120,148,154-184, rope, 4

185, 192, 193, 194, 215, 219, 221, should

223, 241 (chart), 242 (chart) strap, 

ceramic remains, 161, 162 (chart), 195, 

163, 172, 242 Harpoon po

Pit 1, 155, 156 (fig.), 157 (chart), Hartman,

159 (chart), 160 (chart), 161, 169, Harvard U

178 (fig.), 221, 268 He-I, see S

Pit 3, 161, 162 (chart) He- 2, see 

site description, 154 (map), 155- He-4, see E

161, 183-184 He-5, see M

Gold jewelry, 4, 222 He-8, see D

Goldwork, 110 Hematite, 6

Golfo de Parita, 2 (map) Herrera P

Golfo Triste, 232, 233 (cha

Gonzalo Gouge,rds, Granite, Grassves, chamber, covers Early entrance furniture Late multiple, pitsolychrome, shaft, "classic" fires, 46, 222 206 bone, 7, 4, Vasquez, for, 187, Period, Period, Period, 108, 15, 205 8, for, hunting 204, 213 shaft 150 14, Chiriqui, of, 206, 20916 151, 14 210,0 Cocl6, 15, 205 Sitio 17 21 222 to, aids, 18421, 219, (fig.), 205 6 Conte, 6, 27, 4 185, 222, 108, 212, 37, 190, 125, 223, 17040, 218 212, 173, 224 43, Hookuse Huaqueros, Hunting, Igneous ImplementsIncensarios, Incising, Iron Heye Heye Holmes, tools, and FounMuse215 xii, 79, 121 of 119, 73, 107,25rocseWth37l8
INDEX 

Isla de los Indios, 227, 228 Jewelry-Continued

Isotopes Inc., 151 serpentine, 222

shell, 4, 226

Jade, 149 stone, 4, 149, 15

2

Jadeite, 149 tumbaga, 222

Jaguar, 1 Johnson, Frederick, 3

Jars, angled shoulders, 15, 83, 95, 97, Johnson, Trois, xii

113, 171

bird effigy, 8, 16, 40, 42, 47, 48, 61, Keen, A. Myra, 268

62, 63, 73, 134, 135, 136

bottlelike, 17, 107, 119, 147, 153, La Arena Phase, 13 

197 Labrets, 150

collared, 8, 21, 22, 35, 37, 38, 40, bone, 227

42, 43, 46, 47, 50, 51, 53, 59, 67, fish vertebrae, 1

83, 88, 94, 95, 97, 98, 107, 108, La Campana, 1

109, 113, 119, 130, 131, 134, Ladd, John, 11, 20, 

135, 136, 138, 139 (fig.), 143, 147, Lag fragment, stone, 

152, 170, 171, 173, 174, 175, 176, La Gloria, 17

180, 181, 186, 187, 193, 195, 196, Lake Maracaibo reg

V

2

197, 198, 199, 204, 205, 206, 207, 233

208, 215, 216, 217, 218, 223, 224, La Loma Period, 23

227, 232, La Pefia, Veraguas, 

collarless, 8, 35, 37, 40, 42, 43, 134, 112, 119

135, 136, 142, 149, 170, 171, 174, La Pita, in Veraguas

186, 187, 197, 206, 207, 208, 209, Las Filipinas in Vera

223 Las Palmas, Veragua

7

concave-sided cylinder, 66 Lathrap, Donald, xi

constricted orifice, 171, 186, 187, La Victoria, Guatem

2

193, 195, 196, 197, 199, 216 La Villa, 13

cylindrical, 59, 66, 97, 106 Leopoldo Arosemena 

x

double-rimmed, 16 2 (map), 7, 8

effigy, 42, 73, 196, 204 130, 143, 144, 

flat-collared, 108, 112, 113, 117, 169, 170, 173, 

136-138 199, 201, 202, 

fluted, 219 223, 241 (ch

globular, 15, 22, 49, 73, 88, 95, 97, 264-267

105, 107, 136, 147, 170, 173, 178, ceramic remains

2

186, 196, 216, 217 Find 1, 264

half, 15, 16 Find 2, 197, 214

2

large, 113, 131, 195 Find 3, 197, 216

miniature, 105, 113, 196 Find 4, 264-265

pear-shaped, 94, 113 Find 6, 265

plain ware, 15 Find 7, 265

reverse flare collared, 42, 138, 196 Find 8, 265

ring-based, 62 Find 9, 265

Jasper, Jewelry, round-based, round-lipped, spouted, straight-collared, strap-handled, subglobular, trilobed tripod, turtle, wide-mouthed, wingless bone, gld, 218,09 17325,199 174, 147, agate, 4, 153, 21965, 17, 206201, 186, 15 183, 222 collared, bird, 208, 222, 222 216, 19 207, 21519202 49, 97, 196 63 209, 130, 226 195, 208 219, 197, 216, 95, 109, 108,96 213,06 106,98 222 217 199113, 111, 214, 207, 201, 136, 196, 112, 204, 208170, 197, 215, 139Lignite, Linares Linn6,vestock, Loizasthrop, Barrancos, Santos, Cocos, Find Cave, 199 14, 49igvald, 233 Olga, 17,8 Samuel 10, 11,2 13, 14, 15,6 50, 15, 231 2 Puerto 267 2666-26267 (map), 59, xii, 10,6 Vene60, 3, K111R2x4747
284 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHN

Lothrop, Samuel K.-Continued Mohs' scale, 

76, 77, 79, 82, 85, 86, 88, 90, 176, 

94, 95, 103, 106, 107, 108, 109, Mollusks, co

110, 112, 117, 121, 125, 129, 130, Momil I, 227

133, 134, 140, 142, 143, 144, 145, Momil II, 23

147, 148, 149, 152, 166, 168, 170, Momil assem

173, 174, 176, 177, 181, 193, 195, Monagrillo 

199, 200, 202, 205, 207, 208, 213, 230

215, 217, 218, 219, 221, 222, 223, Monagrillo 

224, 231, 233 (char

Lovaina River, 60 22, 22

Montijo, Ve

Macaracas, 66, 95, 107, 108, 111, 112, Montijo Gu

117 Mortar, ston

MacCurdy, George G., 10, 11, 14, 63, Munsell hue

66, 73, 94, 95, 107, 112. 117, 135,1

119, 120 121 Museo Naci

McGimsey, Charles R., xi, 10, 11, 12, 111, 1

19 154, 184, 185, 221

McNeil, J. A., 10 NaritA, Indi

Macro-Chibclian language, 3 Nat4, Indian 

Madden Lake, 18, 226 Natica unifa

Maerz, A., and Paul, M. R., 163, 165, National Ge

174, 176, 185, 186 Necklaces, 1

color system, 8, 174 human 

Magdalena River, 228 shell be

Mahler, Joy, 11, 15, 16, 107, 112, 119 "Needle cas

Maize, 3, 4 Nets, 4

Mamey, Veraguas, 76, 82 Net sinkers, 

Mammals, 2, 20 Noose, 4

bones of, 227 N6rdenskidld

small, 20 Ndrdenski6l

Manioc, sweet, 1, 3, 4, 227 Nose ornam

Manos, 20, 28, 148, 151, 161, 183, 184, 187, 201, 203, 209, 222 Oliva (Oliva) 

pebble, 20 Ollas, 17, 138

Marshall, Donald S., 11, 18 Ollson, Axel 

Mason, J. Alden, 11, 107, 108, 111, 112 Ornaments, 

Mason Collection, 96 (fig.), 108, 112 gold or 

Merritt, J. King, 10 shell, 20

Mesoamerica, 230 Osgood, Cor

Metal artifacts, 8 Osgood, Cor

Metallurgy, development of, 222 D., 2

Metalwork, 153 Ostrea (Alex

p

Metates, 147, 151, 183, 209, 217, 220, 0. chilensis, 

Mexico, Middens, Middlelling Minatures, Miraflores, Mitchell, legsstone, tablehre- shell, bouder, carved, fragments simple, 209, 82, 222 125, America, stones, 4 28, Russell type, 10, 20, 96, 205 and Guatemala, 210, 127 Millng 49 1414, 201 20, 16, 97, 155, four-legged, of, coble,230231, cobble, 201, 16, 217, 226 20, 106, 5, H., 161 227,092617 34, 219 xii, 107, sone, 230 232 229155, 1108, 16209 18, 201, 11224, 204, 119, 76, 0. Oviedo, Oysters, Oyster Pacoraezan Paint,leo-Indian Panama, Panamaam4 Paraguana columbiencorteziensmexicana, reliance archeoloarcheoloirride112, shellsRivesubf-, 20ArcViejCan3, P2
INDEX 

Parita, Indian chief, 4 Polychrome wares, s

n

Parita, 2 (map) varieties unde

Parita Bay area, 11, 21, 22, 59, 61, 62, Polymedosa, 269

66, 186 Post-Conquest Perio

Parita Delta, 17 Postholes, 152

Parita Highway Bridge, 185 Post-Monagrillo Pha2

Parita River, xi, 1, 2 (map), 22, 24, 185, Potrero Requelme, R

C

188, 211, 224, 225 120

Parita sites, 4, 11, 14, 16, 61, 73, 77, 78, Pottery, 20, 210, 21

79, 80, 81, 82, 95, 107, 108, 111, Achote variety, 

3

112, 117, 119, 143, 145, 166, 186 142, 232, 241

Parita Town, 24, 185, 188, 211, 213 Alligator wares, 

Paste, 8, 51 50

Peabody Museum, Harvard University, Alvina, 21, 22

xi, 7, 11, 29, 30, 76, 85, 110, 111, An6n variety, 3

6

7

119, 127, 136, 140, 166, 168, 173, 79, 121, 125, 

199 appendages, 53, 67

Pearl Islands, 13, 16, 59, 169, 222, 224, 97, 113, 127, 

225 applique ribbon f

Pebbles, waterworn, 152 Aristide, 17, 19 23

Peccary, 1 130, 151, 156

Pedro Garcia, 226 159 (chart), 

Pelicans, 56 (fig.), 57, 231 177, 184, 186

Pellets, clay, 113, 140 192, 210, 223, 2

Pendants, clay, 228 Aristide polych

slate, 231 189 (chart), 

Penonom6, Cocl6 Province, 10 (chart), 194-2

Peppers, 4 armadillo-terra-cw

Peru, 4, 16 Aromo variety, 2

Pes6, 2 (map) 209, 223, 242

Picks, shell, 228 Azuero, 4, 5, 6, 789

stone, 183 19 (chart), 22

2

3

4

Pictada mazatlanica, 268 44 (graph), 4

5

Piedre del Sol (V-5) site, 76, 100, 107, 111, 121, 129, 

108, 112, 119, 120 184, 188, 206, 22

Pigeon, 73 218, 221, 231, 

Pigment, blue, 203 Azuero-Cocl6, 1

Pikes, 4 Azuero polychro

3

Pillars, stone, 222 40, 41, 45 (g

Pinart, Alphonse L., editor, 3 170, 171, 181

Pinching, see Design elements. 190, 191 (cha

Piper, David, xii 208, 214, 223, 

Pitar (Lamelliconcha) tortuosus, 268, 269 Banded Lip vari

Pits, 4, 27, 176, 183, 184 (chart), 161, 

burial, 4, 15 (fig.), 166, 168

Plantain, Plaque, Plaster, Plates, Polishers, Polishing, Political Pollock, pedestal, clay-lined, conical, test, See stone, 181, 59, 106,19 Pottery (fig.), 8, gold, burned, also H. groupings, also 185 3 shell, 66, 201 35, 147, 182 107, 135E. 15 site 125 67, 133, 35, Pottery; 48, D., lips; 223 150 149, (fig.), 34 108, names. 152, 7937, xi 53, 134, compact, 217 Pottery 82, 109, 26 40, 195, 7686, Pottery 135, 42, 112, 206, 81, 95, rims. 46, 3 143, 113, 129, 215, 97, 49, bases; 100, 117, 179216 13250, Betanci, bichrome, black, Black-line-on-whBlack-on-buff black 189 214, 231 166, 98, 207, 15872 and incised and o on 106, (chart), banded, Line (fg.), 75, 219, 15 228, 168, 231 plain, red, red, 6, 121, red 119, (char241 170, Geo173226waon 196v11128w2452424
286 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHN

Pottery--Continued Pottery--Con

Black-on-red variety, 158, 159 Colomb

(chart), 161, 162 (chart), 167 colors, 9

(fig.), 171, 172 (fig.), 173, 174, 69, 73

194, 241 88, 89

black on white, 20, 21, 100, 214, 99, 10

228, 231, 232 122, 1

Black-on-white lip, 128-129, 242 139, 1

brown to red-brown, 147, 171, 199 covers, 

buff slipped, 201, 206 cream s

Buff ware, 35, 134, 146 (fig.), 170, 105, 1

197-198, 208, 242 cream t

r

burned, 30 brown

cache, 7, 27 121, 1

Caimito variety, 46, 68 (fig.), 76, Cream w

77 (fig.), 78 (fig.) -79, 94, 241 crosshat

Calabaza variety, 6, 14, 19, 27, 29, Crossha

35, 38, 43, 46, 48, 53, 75, 94, 95, (chart

96 (fig.), 109, 117, 120, 122 (fig.), Cuipo v

123 (fig.), 124 (fig.), 126 (fig.), 47, 51

127, 128, 140, 181, 188, 232, 233, 100, 1

241 (fig.), 

Cerit6 variety, 6, 42, 46, 47, 59, 153, 1

127 (fig.), 140, 152, 241 Debajur

Chavin type of Peru, 229 decoratio

chevron lip, 166-168 56 (fig

Chevron variety, 158, 161, 162 Delgado r

(chart), 172 (fig.), 175-176 170, 1

Chiriqui ware, 14, 129 209, 2

chocolate brown, 134, 145 El Hatil

circumbanded, 158, 164 (fig.), 165 153, 1

Coclk, 4, 6, 15, 17, 18, 19 (chart), El Hatil

p

21, 22, 27, 29, 35, 43, 49, 51, 66, 38, 40

76, 134, 156, 170, 184, 213-214, 150, 1

231, 233 El Hatil

Cocke, Early Period, 14, 15, 16, 18, 37, 38

19 (chart), 21, 143, 145, 151, 193, (fig.), 

66, 11

195, 196, 198, 199, 200, 204, 206, 188, 1

207, 208, 209, 210, 221-222, 224, El Tigre 

232, 233 22, 15

Coclk, Late Period, 14, 15, 16, 19 Escorrom

(chart), 21, 22, 37, 46, 50, 100, Escotd, 

109, 129, 130, 143, 145, 151, 153, (chart

173, 186, 193, 195, 196, 198, 199, 162 (

Coc6ocle-like, Cocleck6 ColecI6 ColeCocle 201, 217, 241 40, 241, 213, 242 129-130, 166, (chart), 19329, black-on-red, paneled spouted red polychrome, 43, polychrome, spouted (chart), 24214, 208130, 171, ware, 51, 51, 190, 205,19 143, 219, 147, 201 181, red, variety, 129 100, 205, and 206, 144, 21 222, 134191 221, 24,(chart), 241 2411, 185, early, 109, fluted 206, 207,23 156142-144, 222, (chart), 242 23, 110, 188213, 209, 231157, 21, 231, variety, 35, 210 233, 221, 111, 161, 192, 121,45 241189 38, Escotd4 Espalduropeafeet,ish-tripGir6n, 241,35, 214, 231, 171-18(fig.)-159 164 170,9 (fig.), lugP(c1222(Rv1
INDEX 

Pottery-Continued Pottery-Continued

Gir6n Red variety, 19 (chart), 169 Ortiga variety, 

(fig.), 170, 171, 185, 187, 241 73, 75, 79, 82

grave, 7, 35 85 (fig.), 87 

gray-brown, 37, 50, 145, 147 (fig.), 91 (f

grayish, 170 (fig.)-95, 106

gray to gray-buff, 128, 129, 145 138, 142, 185

grooved lip, 160 (chart) painted, 16, 17, 

Guacamayan ware, 181, 182 (figs.) Palmasola, 233

Herrera Phase, 14, 151, 186, 223- Paneled red wa

224, 225, 231, 232, 233 Parita, 6, 14, 17

Higo variety, 6, 16, 29, 34, 40, 27, 29, 34, 35

46, 50, 77, 82, 93, 95, 96 (fig.), 46, 47, 48, 53

97, 101 (fig.), 103 (fig.), 106, 117, 120, 125

107, 109, 110 (fig.), 113, 114, 117, 185, 188, 190

119, 129, 140, 181, 241 224, 241

Interior banded variety, 17, 151, Patterned and 

158, 159 (chart), 161, 162 (chart), 206, 207, 208

166, 167 (fig.), 168, 169 (fig.), 170, 242

188, 189 (chart), 190, 191 (chart), pear-shaped, 85

192, 194, 204, 214, 218, 225, 241 Pica-pica variet

Jobo variety, 27, 38, 61, 62-66, 150, 42, 43, 46, 47

153, 232, 241 95, 96 (fig.), 

"killed," 224 101 (fig.), 10

La Arena, 19 (chart), 21, 22 104 (fig.), 105

La Arena Phase, 224-225 111, 112, 113

La Loma polychrome, 231 136, 140, 141

La Mula, 21, 22, 186 192, 241

La Pitia, 232 Pinilla black-l

La Villa, 17, 22 199-200, 201, 

Lost-color ware, 14, 121 Pito variety, 

lugs, 170, 186, 200, 201, 215 215, 218, 222

Macaracas, 6, 14, 16, 17, 22, 27, Plain ware, 6, 1

29, 34, 35, 37, 38, 42, 43, 46, 47, plastic decorate

48, 50, 51, 63, 66, 73, 75, 88, 95, 160 (chart), 

96 (fig.), 98 (fig.), 99 (fig.), 101 plastic treatmen

(fig.), 102 (fig.), 103 (fig.), 104 Platanillo varie

(fig.), 107, 109, 115, (fig.), 116 (figs.), 198, 

(fig.), 118 (fig.), 125, 134, 148, 209, 214, 218

149, 151, 158, 181, 185, 188, 190, Portacelli Perio

192, 193, 200, 205, 207, 210, 223, pot covers, 40, 

224, 231, 232 punctate, 17, 20

Macaracas polychrome, 19 (chart), purple, 48, 50, 

27, 40, 53, 61, 77, 82, 93, 95-120, purple line, 130

nodes,tched, orange Orange orange Miscellaneous, modeled Momilnagrillo, monochrome, Nispero Oc6srange 75, brown, 49, 128, 134 (fig.), 133, Phase, 50, 76, buttonlike, 140, slipped, 153, polychrome wash, to 70 variety, ware, 17 67 509, brick dark 241, 181, (fig.), 19 230 15, 94, 20, 242 1, (chart), 119 241 248 79 red, brownish-red, 5, 71 95, 29, 170, 1, wares, 16, (fig.), 97, 34, dark 18 186, 20, 38, 121, 231 37, 72 21, red, 197 67, (fig.), 133- 229 125, 48, 68 or red, purple red,d Red-buff, Radial dark38, 233, 131, 142, 113,34-137, 145, 165,190 and dull 14, and bordered and bright d 40, 242 242 on 133,52 banded, carmen, 128, 50, white to creamd, cam 7, 42, ak 139 dark 153, 182or 88, 20, 13b41w
288 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHN

Pottery-Continued Pottery-Con

Red daubed, 35, 38, 130, 134, 146 Yampi 

(fig.), 157 (chart), 158, 161, 162 80, 8

(chart), 180, 181-182, 184, 188, 105, 1

189 (chart), 190, 191 (chart), 192, 193, 2

193 (chart), 194-197, 198, 204, yellow w

205, 206, 207, 208, 209, 215, 217, See also 

218, 219, 221, 222 remai

Reddish-orange to brown-red, 97 ments

Red line ware, 19 (chart), 20, 21, Jars; 

38, 130, 131, 134, 184, 188, 189 Pottery base

(chart), 190, 191 (chart), 192, annular, 

194-197, 204, 206, 207, 208, 215- flat, 117

216, 218, 221, 222, 223, 231, 242 pedestal

red-on-buff, 43, 130, 195 109, 1

red on plain, 233 142, 

red on white, 228, 231, 232 181, 1

red painted, 204, 226, 229 plain, 42

red to buff, 168 rattle, 1

red slipped, 12, 14, 22, 66, 69, 73, ring, 8, 

75, 79, 86, 88, 98, 105, 111, 127, 106, 1

129, 131, 136, 138, 142, 163, 170, 1

166, 171, 172, 174, 176, 186, 197, rounded

198, 199, 201, 204, 206, 209, 214, Pottery legs, 

216, 217, 218, 227, 228 Pottery lips, 

red unslipped, 170, 197, 216 176, 1

rings, hollow, 15 drooping

rough scored, 158, 160 (chart) flanged, 

Sandy-buff ware, 147 flattened

Sangre variety, 35, 42, 145, 151, grooved

182 (figs.), 198, 204, 208, 209, gutter, 

223, 242 horizont

Santa Maria Phase, 16, 18, 151, incised, 

161, 192, 210, 221, 222, 224, 230, unmodif

231 Pottery rims

Santa Maria polychrome, 161, 163 130, 1

Sarigua, 19 (chart) 172, 2

Scalloped, 158, 164 (figs.), 166 drooping 

scarified, 12, 13 (chart), 14, 230 flanged, 

shapes, 49, 50, 51, 52 (fig.), 53, 59, gutter, 

61, 62, 67, 68 (fig.), 69, 75, 76, modeled

79, 83, 97, 109, 113, 120 pedestal

Smoked buff ware, 147 ski-tip, 

Smoked ware, 18, 19 (chart), 21, squared-

35, 37, 42, 43, 128, 130, 133, 134, Pottery spou

temper, temper, unaied, striated, supports, temper, temper, Tocuyano, Venadoezuelan, Veraguas White white 214-215, 120, 171, 207, 135,98-199, 18, 182, slip, and 127,76 242 144, sherd, crushed sand, shellBeach 20, 142 plain, 199, 232 185 1200-201 black 204, 218, 177131, 227 232-233 145, 8, 165 8 incised 206, 16207, rock, 1856, 219, 134, on 146 207, red 208, 186 223, 145, 8, variety, (fig.), 67, ware, 242 209, 147, 231, 97,113, 200, 213, 1516242 17, Rancho Preceramic Projectile Protothaca Pueblonctation, Quartz, Quebrada Rancheria Provincebone, finelint, futed, lanceolamicrolithshoulderstone, Nuev127, chipSan20poHo4, reg4s1
INDEX 

Rattles, 75, 121, 139 (fig.), 140 Sherds, 5, 7, 8, 20, 33

gourd-shaped, 14, 120 94, 112, 120

lost color, 121 212, 213, 228

pottery, 228 Sind River, Colombi

Refuse beds, 15, 151 Site distribution o

piles, 155, 227 types and var

Reichel-Dolmatoff, Gerardo, 227, 228, 241-242

229 Sitio Conte, 3, 6, 7, 

Reichel-Dolmatoff, Gerardo, and Reichel- 21, 22, 23, 37

Dolmatoff, Alicia, 227, 228, 231 108, 109, 112, 

Reptiles, 3 138, 140, 143, 

Retainers, smothered to death, 4 153, 154, 166, 

Rhiolite, 183 176, 177, 181, 

Rio Caflazas, 2 (map) 202, 205, 206 

Rio Cafio, 222, 223 218, 219, 221, 

Rio Chucunaque, 17 232, 233

Rio Coc16, 108, 117, 120 Crave 2, 166

Rio de Jesus, 96, 112, 119 Grave 5, 50, 107

Rio de la Villa, 2 (map) Grave 9, 223

Rio Escot4, 2 (map) Grave 14, 200

Rio Estibana, 205 Grave 26, 106, 

Rio Grande, 66, 76 205, 222

Rio Grande de Cocl6, 108, 142, 224 Grave 32, 222

Rio Membrillar, 2 (map) Grave 37, 200

Rio Parita,-2 (map) Grave 43, 129

Rio Santa Maria, 2 (map) Sixto Pinilla Place (

Roberts, Henry B., 11 (map), 7, 8, 1

Rockwell, Mrs. Svetlana, xii 95, 107, 108, 

Roofs, thatched conical, 4 151, 161, 166, 

Rubbing stones, 147, 149, 202-203, 208, 180, 182, 1

217 (chart), 191 (

194, 195, 196, 

Salt-boiling parties, 210, 224 202, 203 (fig.)

San Blas Islands, 3 211, 214, 21

Sander, Don, 14, 18 219, 221, 222

Sandstone, 201, 203 242 (chart), 2

San Lorenzo Peninsula, 17 ceramic remains

San Miguel, 17 Find 6, 256

Santa Maria, 2 (map), 13 (chart), 19 Find 7, 256

(chart), 20-21, 154 (map), 161, Find 8, 256

218, 221, 242 Find 9, 256

Santa Maria River, xi, 1, 82, 154, 173, Find 10, 256

212, 224 Find 11, 257

Santiago, Veraguas, 82, 106, 107, 111, Find 13, 257

112, 119 Find 14, 257

Santo Thomas, Adrian de, Spanish Find 15, 258 Sarigua Scapharca Schist, Scrapers, Sedimentary Semele Serpentine, Shellfish, Shell Shell Shells,tone, wrked, spoons, fishing, middens, identifications, priest, 20,69 pacifica, 16, 202 Phase, 3, shell, 230 tuberculosa, 20, 147, 147, 155, 228 rock 204, 221 152 161, 20, 150 268 149,8 161, 13 227 pebbles, 155, 184, (chart), 202, 184 183, Appendix 269 227, 209, 222 202, 147, 232 19 220 226 148, (chart), 5, 267- 202 Find 44, 41,2 20123,4,56 27,93040,3 16,789 195, 2589-26

261 193,876 195,199, 5192020622019
290 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNO

Sixto Pinilla Place (He-1 site)-Con. Tellina (Eur

Find 45, 124 (fig.), 125, 195, 197, Textiles, wov

198, 208, 209, 262 Thais haemo

Find 47, 193, 196, 209, 210, 262 Tierra de los 

Find 48, 193, 196, 198, 208, 262 Tivela shells, 

Find 49, 199, 201, 209, 210, 262-263 T. argentina, 

Find 347, 40, 135, 150, 152, 153, 249 T. gracilior, 

Find 348, 40, 42, 76, 77 (fig.), 249 Tools, 150

Grave 18, 204, 206 antler, 2

Grave 19, 204 bone, 28

Grave 24, 108, 210 iron, 13, 

Skeletons, human, 206, 207, 208, 209, pebble, 

210 Trade sherds

Skulls, human, 153, 204, 206, 207, 208 Traa, 17 Slate, 202 Tubes, cerem

Slaves, 3, 4 Tumbaga, 22

Smith, Robert E.; Willey, Gordon R.; Tumbez, Peru

and Gifford, James C., 5

Smithsonian Institution, 1, 11 Ulua Valley, 

Smithsonian-National Geographic Ex- University 

pedition, xi Penns

Snakes, 3 112

Snares, 4 Urns, 18, 27, 

Social classes, 4 See also 

Solen rubis, 268 Urrae6 India

S. (Tagelus) dombey, 16 Utiv6, near P

Sond, Veraguas, 95, 107, 112, 142

Spaniards, 3, 4, 152, 222 Valdivia, 16, 

Spaulding, Walter, xii Venado Beach

Spears, 4 19 

Spindle whorls, 12, 14, 140, 141 (fig.), 119, 1

152, 208, 209 176, 1

Spondylus shells, 151, 268 Veraguas, 1, 

Spoons, shell, 228 (chart)

Stamping, see Design elements.76 77

Stands,pottery, 227 108, 1

Steward, Julian H., 3 148, 1

Stewart, ihr . xi, xii 225 Stinr Richard H., x, xVerrill, A. Hy

Stingray spines, 222 Villages, com

Stingray tail, 76, 77 Vogel J. C. 

Stippling, see Design elements. VC

Stirling, Matthew, xi, 11, 12, 16, 17

24, 59, 66, 74, 76, 108, 119 Wall remains

151, 188, 205, 207, 212 Walls, cane, 4

Stools, Stout, Strombus Subsistence, Sugarcane, Sweetpotatoes, Tabasard Tattooing, Tax,eeth, Stirling, Stone, shark's, cobble industry, work,ed, See Sol, David Doris,artifacts human, clay, also Mrs. peruvianus, 3 River, 20 body, milling, 1 see 206, 14 210, C B., 14 Matthew 16, 4 150, Diet. of, 1, 34 210 227,9 2lts. 152 8, 230 224 268 147-149 229 W., xi Williams, Warfare, Wassen, Weapons,14 Weaving, Wheat,istles, Willey, Willey, Willey, Waos effigy, Theodoand 22, 134,9 108,85 CharleGodoJe GordS. impGordusugSte168W1519H1185
INDEX 

Yucca, 4 Zelsman vessel, 96 

Zeltner, A. de, 10

Zelsman, -, 128 Zeltner, de, Collecti

0



U

O

3 

4

6
.

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