United States Department of Agriculture

Field Guide for Managing

Lehmann and Weeping

Lovegrasses in the Southwest

Forest 

Service

Southwestern

Region TP-R3-16-21 Revised June 2017
Cover Photos

Top right—Lehmann lovegrass: John M. Randall, The Nature Conservancy, Bugwood.org 

Left—Lehmann lovegrass: Joseph M. DiTomaso, University of California, Bugwood.org 

Lower right—weeping lovegrass: Max Licher, SEINet 

Lower left—weeping lovegrass: Forest and Kim Starr, U.S. Geological Survey, Bugwood.org

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Lehmann lovegrass (Eragrostis lehmanniana L.)

Weeping lovegrass (Eragrostis curvula (Shrad.) Nees. var. curvula) 

Grass family (Poaceae), Chloridoideae subfamily, Eragrostideae tribe

Lehmann and weeping lovegrasses are introduced grass 

species that are becoming invasive in southwestern States. 

This field guide serves as the U.S. Forest Service’s 

recommendation for management of Lehmann and 

weeping lovegrasses in forests, woodlands, rangelands, 

desert, and desert scrub associated with its Southwestern 

Region. TheSouthwestern Region covers Arizona and 

New Mexico, which together have 11 national forests. The 

Region also administers 4 national grasslands located in 

northeastern New Mexico, western Oklahoma, and the 

Texas panhandle.

Description

Lehmann lovegrass (synonym: African lovegrass) and

weeping lovegrass (synonyms: Boer lovegrass, curved

lovegrass, Catalina lovegrass) are hardy, drought-tolerant

bunchgrasses that originally came from South Africa. Both 

species grow in dense tufts and have seed heads that grow 

as open panicles with lax or drooping branches.

Weeping lovegrass has been widely planted and is more 

broadly distributed across the United States than Lehmann

lovegrass. In the Southwest, both lovegrasses have been 

planted since the 1930s because oftheir desirable qualities 

in reducing soil erosion and providing forage. They have 

been included in seed mixes used for range, restoration of 

agricultural land and wildfire burns, highway construction, 

and other ground-disturbing activities. They also have been 

widely planted along highway rights-of-way and for range 

restoration/soil conservation efforts in the Chihuahuan and 

Sonoran Deserts. During the 1980s and 1990s, weeping 

lovegrass was the most common grass planted on 

thousands of acres under the Conservation Reserve 

Program in New Mexico, Oklahoma, and Texas. However, 

some of the traits that allow these grasses to thrive in arid 

areas have also caused them to be highly invasive and 

unwanted within native plant communities. 

Growth Characteristics 

• Both species are perennial bunchgrasses; normally 

warm season but low winter temperatures may make 

them act as annuals or short-lived perennials.

• Rapid growth; weeping lovegrass grows mostly in 

summer and is slow to regrow after it is grazed; 

Lehmann lovegrass actively grows in spring into

fall; it has a moderate growth rate following use.

• Weeping lovegrass culms grow erect, 24 to 60 

inches tall; the drooping leaves almost touch the 

ground at the tips; hence, the term “weeping.”

Lehmann lovegrass culms (18 to 24 inches tall) 

grow erect or prostrate across the ground, which can 

lead to rooting at the nodes (weakly stoloniferous).

• Leaf blades flat to slightly rolled under along

margins (weeping lovegrass 5 to 20 inches long; 

0.04 to 0.11 inch wide and Lehmann lovegrass 0.8 

to 5 inches long; width same), Lehmann lovegrass 

blades are glabrous to slightly scabrous; weeping 

lovegrass may have long, soft hairs near the base; 

ligules are ciliate (Lehmann lovegrass ligule is 

shorter than weeping lovegrass ligule).

• Open, greenish, re-branching panicle (weeping 

lovegrass inflorescence is 6 to 14 inches long; 

Lehmann lovegrass inflorescence is 2.75 to 7 inches 

long); spikelets have 3 to 12 florets each (lower

floret reduced); spikelets yellowish at maturity; 

weeping lovegrass blooms in mid-spring; Lehmann 

lovegrass blooms in late spring.

• Both species reproduce from seed; however, 

Lehmann lovegrass may proliferate via rooting at

the nodes. Lehmann lovegrass seeds require a 

ripening period before germination; dry heat 

improves the likelihood for germination. Weeping 

lovegrass does not require fertilization to produce 

seed; it is an obligate, apomictic species. 
2

Ecology

Impacts/Threats

Lehmann lovegrass is more likely than weeping lovegrass 

to move beyond planted areas into native plant

communities; however, both grasses are expanding their 

range. The natural fire regime in desert communities has 

been altered as these species have increased, resulting in

more intense wildfires that occur with greaterfrequency. 

Both species are not highly preferred by livestock and

wildlife for grazing in comparison to native grasses, which

has allowed the lovegrasses to become increasingly 

dominant in many native plant communities.

Site/Distribution

In southeastern Arizona, Lehmann’s lovegrass is

commonly found growing away from planted areas, 

especially on coarse soils at moderate elevations of 3,000 

to 4,500 feet. Weeping lovegrass tends not to move far 

from planted areas and grows in Arizona from 4,900 to 

6,500 feet.

Spread

Lehmann and weeping lovegrass both produce huge 

quantities of small-sized seed that accumulate in the soil

seed bank. Seed is spread by wind, water, animals, and

vehicles. Lehmann lovegrass seed is initially dormant and

requires 6 to 9 months of after-ripening. Shading inhibits

germination since the seed also requires exposure to red

light to propagate. In southeastern Arizona, the spread of 

Lehmann lovegrass is related, in part, to the amount and

distribution of summer rain and soil type (spread is more

likely in loamy sand or sandy loam soils). Newlyemerged

weeping lovegrass must have dependable moisture to

survive as dry soils will quickly desiccate seedlings.

Invasive Features

Lehmann lovegrass establishes quickly, produces high 

quantities of viable seed during its first season of growth,

and can spread at a rate of 175 m/year. While weeping

lovegrass is less likely to escape boundaries of planted

areas, it is very persistent and long lived.

Management

When planning for control and restoration efforts for areas 

affected by either Lehmann or weeping lovegrass, it is 

important to understand why and how these grasses were 

originally planted and how they have since spread into 

areas where they are unwanted. In the Southwest, they 

have been planted over the past 75 years across a wide 

range of ecological sites, often for different reasons. 

Lehmann lovegrass is of greater concern than weeping 

lovegrass with respect to its greater ability to spread into 

desert communities and other non-agricultural areas in the 

Southwest. From a practical standpoint, these species have 

become so well established in certain areas that it may be 

unrealistic to seek their elimination as a management goal. 

A more realistic goal may be to direct efforts toward 

reducing their dominance in a local area. 

The following actions should be considered when planning 

a management approach for these two lovegrasses:

• Maintain healthy plant communities to help prevent 

or limit new infestations. This may involve using 

improved grazing management practices to prevent

excessive grazing and/or reseeding areas with

desirable native grasses and forbs after disturbance.

• Detect, report, and map known Lehmann and 

weeping lovegrass populations. Keep annual records

on reported infestations.

• Develop a specific action plan to meet goals and 

objectives for infested areas, which may include

eradication of new populations of Lehmann

lovegrass in sensitive sites, such as those areas 

known to be habitat for threatened and endangered 

species, travel corridors, seed pathways, etc.

• Combine mechanical, cultural, biological, and 

chemical control methods for most effective control 

of these two lovegrass species.

• Implement a monitoring and follow-up treatment 

plan for missed plants and seedlings. Also,monitor

recovery of desirable native plant species following 

control efforts.
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Table 1. Management options*

Site Physical Control Cultural Control Biological Control Chemical Control

Roadsides,

fence lines,

or non-crop

areas

Disk or plow in agronomic

areas. Repeated mowing is

a suppression option along

roadways.

Use seed, mulch, and fill 

materials certified to be weedfree.

Consider native grass species

when reseeding rights-of-way.

Avoid driving vehicles and

equipment through infested

areas.

Classical biocontrol

agents are unavailable.

Use truck or tractor-mounted

spraying equipment to broadcast

treat. Wash underneath vehicle

after application to prevent seed

spread.

Rangelands,

pastures, or

riparian

corridors

Burning alone is not

recommended since it will

likely result in increased

densities; consider 

combing burning with

herbicide spraying.

Use seed and forage hay 

certified to be weed-free; use 

pellets for horses in 

backcountry areas.

Where feasible, consider 

reseeding areas with native

grasses following control

actions.

Graze in the winter or

spring when livestock

will select nonnative

lovegrasses over native

grasses to reduce

biomass and fuel load.

Classical biocontrol

agents are unavailable.

In areas difficult to access, an 

ATV-mounted sprayer or

backpack unit may be the most

practical application methods.

Wilderness,

other natural

areas, and/or

small

infestations

Hand pulling or digging

may aid in control. Wear

gloves for pulling; pull

when soil is moist and

remove as much root stock

as possible.

Same as above. Same as above. Use backpack or hand-held

sprayers. Broadcastspraying

with ground methods may be 

used on thicker stands if

allowed.

* Choice of a particular management option must be in compliance with existing regulations for the land resource.

Table 1 summarizes some management options for 

common situations involving these two lovegrass species. 

Further details on these management options are explained 

below. Choice of control method(s) for Lehmann and

weeping lovegrasses depends on many local factors

including primary species present, extent of infestation, 

current land use, and site conditions (terrain, accessibility,

microclimate, non-target flora and fauna present, etc.). 

Other management considerations include treatment 

effectiveness, cost, and the number of years needed to 

achieve control and whether the management objective is 

eradication or containment. Slightly different management 

approaches may be needed depending on which species is 

present, and more than one control method may be needed 

for a particular site.

Physical Control

Physical methods used to control lovegrass should focus 

on minimizing plant spread and mitigating adverse impacts

from fire. These methods usually have to be repeated and

must be timed properly to be effective.

Manual Methods

Hand removal – Hand pulling, grubbing, and hoeing can

be effective (but difficult) year-round methods for control.

Hand removal of these lovegrasses can be complicated 

since mature weeping lovegrass develops a dense mat of 

roots that fills the soil space between plants; mature 

Lehmann lovegrass develops dense crowns that root at 

nodes, making it difficult to distinguish one plant from the 

next. Manual methods may be combined with herbicide 

application for smaller or isolated populations of lovegrass 

on otherwise healthy sites.

Hand removal is easiest when soil is moist, temperatures

are cool, and plants are in their early life stage. Simple

digging tools (digging bar, hoe, shovel, Pulaski, etc.) may 

be used to aid root removal. Remove as much of the root as 

possible. To prevent seed dispersal, plants that have been 
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pulled up should be placed in plastic bags and properly

disposed of in sanitary landfills. For areas too remote for 

transport with plastic bags, pulled-up weeping and Lehmann 

lovegrass plants may be left onsite by putting them into a

pile and then placing rocks over them. Monitor previously 

treated sites following significant warm season rains and 

provide follow-up treatment by hand pulling or spot 

spraying emerging seedlings with a 2 percent mix of 

Roundup®. Several consecutive years of hand removal will 

be required in order to eliminate an infestation completely.

Mechanical Methods

If using machinery to manage lovegrasses, the equipment 

should be cleaned after use to prevent movement of seed 

into un-infested areas.

Tillage and mulching – Both weeping and Lehmann

lovegrasses respond to light and are less likely to thrive

under shaded conditions. To remove lovegrass from 

previously seeded cropland or rangeland areas, till with a

deep plow or disc. Cultivation is most effective in hot, dry 

weather that greatly stresses plants. Tillage will exhaust

carbohydrate reserves stored in roots but will not eradicate

seed in the soil. Leaving tilled vegetation on the surface or 

adding a layer of gravel or litter mulch will further

decrease the likelihood for seedlings to germinate and

survive. Reseed tilled areas with a mixture of native seed 

that is adaptable to the local area.

Mowing – Since weeping lovegrass stores carbohydrates

principally in its crown, it is especially susceptible to

repeated close cutting. Where feasible, cut to a height 

below 2 inches and leave clippings in place as a mulch.

Mowing causes the highest mortality in weeping lovegrass 

when conducted from September through November. For 

Lehmann lovegrass, mowing is more effective if combined 

with a pre or post-herbicide application as follow-up.

Prescribed Fire

Lehmann and weeping lovegrasses regrow quickly after a

fire and may return at greater densities than before. Thus, 

fire is not recommended as a single or stand-alone control 

method. Studies in central Arizona have showndecreased

weeping lovegrass in areas protected from fire and grazing, 

which is believed to be due to suffocation of new growth 

in older stands.

Cultural Control

Seed and materials used for mulch, forage, or fill should be 

certified to be weed-free; pellets may be used for horses in

backcountry areas. To help limit the spread of Lehmann or 

weeping lovegrass beyond areas where they are used as 

forage, landscape disturbance should be minimized. Public 

education about the use of nonnative grasses,such as 

Lehmann and weeping lovegrasses, and its impacts on

ecosystems is an essential component for changing

restoration practices. Since weeping lovegrass is 

commonly used in roadside reseeding and erosion control

on mine spoils, culturally sensitive collaboration may be

required to encourage the use of native species for

reseeding areas that have been disturbed by mining, fire,

overgrazing, or road building. Species such asArizona

cottontop (Digitaria californica), plains bristlegrass

(Setaria macrostachya), sideoats grama (Bouteloua

curtipendula), sprucetop grama (Bouteloua 

chondrosioides), and other native species adapted to lower 

elevations may be considered.

Biological Control

Grazing

Lehmann and weeping lovegrasses are moderately

palatable forage grasses, especially in the winter and spring

when native grasses are not yet green. Grazing is often the 

most practical means for reducing lovegrass fuel loads and 

lowering wildfire threats. However, grazing alone will not 

eliminate future lovegrassspread although it can be used as 

part of an integrated management approach.

Grazing pressure in summer should be reduced to avoid 

excessive use of preferred native grasses. Consider using 

intense grazing over a short period of time in the winter, 

spring, and fall when cattle are most likely to select these

grasses. Use a mineral supplement to enhance livestock

consumption and nutrition. Precautionary measures should 

be taken when moving animals from an infested pasture to 

one free of invasive lovegrass; consider a 10-day 

quarantine to prevent seed introduction. According to 

several Oklahoma-based studies, fall grazing greatly 

contributes to winter mortality of weeping lovegrass. 

However, it may be more useful to cease grazing 6 weeks

before frost turns the grass straw-colored. By deferring
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Table 2. Herbicide recommendations

Common

Chemical

Name (active 

ingredient)

Product

Example1

Broadcast 

Treatment 

(rate per 

acre)

Spot 

Treatment

(spray 

solution)2

Time of

Application Remarks

Glyphosate Roundup,

Roundup

Ultra,

Rodeo,

Accord,

[others

available]

0.75–1 pint 2–5% Fall or spring

when lovegrass 

is actively

growing as 

indicated by 

bright green

and glossy 

leaves.

Best results if

lovegrass is

at least 50% 

green.

Glyphosate is formulated as a product with either 2 

lb or 4 lb active ingredient per gallon. Certain brands

require addition of a NIS3. Read label carefully to 

mix the proper rate of application. Do not add

ammonium sulfate when spraying rangelands. Also,

consider tank mixes of both glyphosate and 

imazapyr for increased control. See herbicide label 

for details.

Glyphosate is a nonselective amino acid inhibitor 

and can damage desirable vegetation, including 

forbs and woody species. Preferred time to spray 

is when desirable grasses are dormant but

lovegrass growth is suitable forspraying.

Imazapyr Habitat,

Arsenal,

[others

available]

2–3 pints 1–3% Fall or spring

when lovegrass 

is actively

growing as 

indicated by 

bright green

and glossy 

leaves, but

desirable

grasses are

dormant.

Herbicidal activity may be slow. Allow two full

growing seasons before follow-up treatment.

For perennial grasses, it is best used as a postemergent control, which requires the use of 0.25%

NIS3 or 1% MSO4

; follow label instructions.

Imazapyr is a nonselective amino acid 

inhibitor. In addition to spray drift, non-target 

plants may also be killed or injured by 

imazapyr through runoff, residue movement in 

soil, or root exudates from treated plants.

Sethoxydim Poast,

Vantage,

Ultima

160

1.5–2.5 pints 1–1.5% Warmer days

of spring or 

fall, preferably

when less than

6–10” high.

Sethoxydim is a selective metabolic inhibitorthat

targets most grasses; it is absorbed by foliage and 

translocated to growth points in roots and shoot.

Addition of 1% MSO4 increases activity; see label 

for details.

1 Trade names for products are provided for example purposes only, and other products with the same active ingredient(s) may be available. Individual 

product labels should be examined for specific information and appropriate use with lovegrasses.

2 Spray solution is the herbicide/water ratio in a spray mix that may be used for spot treatment with backpack or hand-held sprayers. The amount of product 

applied during an annual growing season must not exceed the maximum application rate per acre as specified by the product label – refer to the product 

label for the site type and application.

3 NIS is used as an abbreviation for nonionic surfactant.

4 MSO is used as an abbreviation for methylated seed oil.
6

grazing during this time, weeping lovegrass provides its 

own shade for suppressing germination.

Classical Biological Control

No classical biocontrol agents (insects, pathogens, etc.) are 

available for use against Lehmann or weeping lovegrass.

Chemical Control

The primary herbicides used for Lehmann and weeping

lovegrass control in the United States are glyphosate and

imazapyr. All herbicides listed in table 2 will provide 

lovegrass control when properly applied. However, these

are nonselective herbicides and may also impact non-target

species. Therefore, precautionary measures should be 

taken if non-target plants (including woody species) need 

to be protected. Aquatically approved herbicide 

formulations and surfactants must be used in or near water. 

Each herbicide product has different requirements and

restrictions. Thus, it is important to read the label carefully

and follow all instructions and guidelines when mixing and

applying any herbicide.

Herbicide Application

When spraying Lehmann or weeping lovegrass, the foliage 

should be at least 50 percent green; however, better control 

is obtained when plants are actively growing and are more 

than 80 percent green. Lovegrasses tends to green up 2 to 4 

weeks before native grasses in the spring and often stay 

greener later into the fall and winter. This offers a narrow 

opportunity for spraying lovegrasses while minimizing 

damage to other desirable species. However, each site 

scheduled for treatment must be closely evaluated before 

spraying to determine if the potential harm to the

surrounding plant community is acceptable.

To limit impacts to desirable plants from spraying, a

backpack or hand-held sprayer may be used to spotspray

lovegrass directly. Since herbicide uptake and activity

occur mainly through the foliage, enough spray should be

used to wet leaves but avoid dripping off the plant.Adding

a blue or red dye to the solution will aid in identifying

treated plants. A team of applicators walking together sideby-side (about 10 feet apart) is an effective way to spray a

defined area systematically; this method is particularly

effective for treating smaller, less dense infestations. For

large infestations, it may be more practical to use an ATV

or UTV sprayer or a conventional boom sprayer that is

pulled or mounted to a truck or tractor. After careful

evaluation, an aerial application may also be considered as

a method for controlling large, monocultural tracts of 

lovegrass on a landscape basis. Any equipment used to

spray herbicide should be calibrated. Before spraying, 

always consider the need for reseeding with desirable 

native grasses following herbicide application.

Integrated Control Methods

The following combinations of control methods should be 

considered to contain and reduce lovegrass dominance:

• Manual removal–herbicide – For small or isolated 

populations of lovegrass on otherwise healthy sites, 

remove by hand using simple tools such as a shovel, 

hoe, digging bar, or Pulaski. Take care to remove as 

much of the root as possible. While hand removal can 

be done at any time of the year, it is easiest when soil 

is moist, temperatures are cool, and plants are in their 

early growth stage. Monitor previously treated sites 

following significant warm season rains and provide 

follow-up treatment by hand pulling or spot spraying 

seedlings with a 2 percent mix of Roundup®.

• Mechanical–herbicide – Tillage with a deep plow is 

quite suited as a control method in areas previously 

planted with lovegrass, such as old fields or pastures. 

Mowing during hot, dry weather and then spraying 

the regrowth at a later time is suited for roadsides and 

rights-of-way. Monitor previously treated sites 

following significant warm season rains and use 

truck-or ATV-mounted sprayers to apply herbicide 

during active growth in the fall (as indicated by the 

appearance of bright green, shiny leaves).

• Grazing–herbicide – In pasture and rangeland 

settings, graze Lehmann or weeping lovegrass 

intensively to eliminate top growth and to stimulate 

new plant growth. Follow with a chemical treatment 

during the active growth stage, preferably before seed 

set. Monitor treated sites after significant warm 

season rains and provide follow-up treatment by 

pulling or spot spraying emerging seedlings.
7

• Prescribed burn–herbicide – In areas with a near 

monoculture of Lehmann or weeping lovegrass, 

consider a prescribed burn to eliminate top growth 

and litter. After rain and with 4 to 6 inches of new 

green growth, use a broadcast herbicide treatment. 

Monitor and use follow-up treatments on the burned 

area. Where feasible, consider reseeding with 

adaptable native species.

Management Strategies

Considerable information is available regarding how best 

to plant and manage lovegrasses for various beneficial 

purposes including grazing, soil erosion prevention, 

roadside stabilization, and mine site reclamation. 

However, there is much less experience and information 

available about controlling these grasses in areas where 

native grass restoration is a primary management 

objective. In many situations, it may be impractical to 

replace lovegrasses where they have become widespread 

and well-established in native plant communities. Rather, 

accepting lovegrass as a minor component in the 

vegetation mix may be a more practical management 

strategy. In any case, control and restoration efforts will 

require long-term planning, integrated management, and 

follow-up monitoring.

Any approach designed to control these grasses and restore

native plants in specific communities must be adapted to

local conditions. While information in the literature is 

limited, there is agreement that two or more steps taken

over a relatively long time horizon will be needed to

control and replace Lehman lovegrass with desirable 

native plants in areas where it now occurs. A study in

Arizona suggests that lovegrasses should be treated first 

(such as burning) to cause germination of seed in the soil 

seed bank, which can then be followed up with additional 

treatment (such as herbicide treatment) to kill seedlings 

and adult regrowth. If needed, areas may be reseeded at a 

later time with adaptable desired native species.

In most cases, at least two or more consecutive years of 

field treatments will be necessary to eliminate or

substantially reduce lovegrass infestations and seedbanks.

Since it is ordinarily useless to treat an area only one time

without retreatment, sufficient resources must be allocated 

for the area where control is attempted. After initial 

treatment, it is especially important that resources are also

available to respray or retreat the treated area as necessary. 

Previously treated areas should be monitored continuously 

to control recovering patches of lovegrass. 

Adaptive Management

Available information and research currently underway 

suggest that there probably will not be one overarching

process or method for effective control of Lehmann or

weeping lovegrass. Therefore, an adaptive management 

approach should be used in most cases to control these

grasses with the overall goal of restoring desirable native

vegetation to the greatest extent possible. The stepwise

process for adaptive management involves:

1. Assessment of the overall weed problem,

2. Establishing management goals and objectives,

3. Implementation of control strategies and 

measures,

4. Monitoring the effectiveness of management 

actions,

5. Evaluating actual outcomes in relation to expected

results, and

6. Adjusting practices as necessary. 

Steps of this process should be repeated in sequence as

part of a continuous learning cycle that improves

management planning and strategy by learning from the 

outcomes of previous management actions. In general, an 

adaptive management approach is considered to be 

successful if:

1. Stakeholders are actively involved and remain 

committed to the process,

2. Monitoring and assessment are used to adjust and 

improve management decisions, and

3. Management goals and/or objectives for the 

resource are being achieved.
8

References and Further

Information

Biedenbender, S.H., B.A. Roundy, and L. Abbot.1993.

Replacing Lehmann Lovegrass with Native

Grasses. In Roundy, B.A.; McArthur, E.D.; Haley, 

J.S.; Mann, D.K., comps. 1995. Proceedings: 

wildland shrub and arid land restoration 

symposium; 1993 October 19-21; Las Vegas, NV. 

Gen. Tech. Rep. INT-GTR-315. Ogden, UT: U.S. 

Department of Agriculture,Forest Service, 

Intermountain Research Station.

Cox, J.R., M.H. Martin, F.A. Ibarra, J.H. Fourie, J.F.G.

Rethman, and D.G. Wilcox. 1988. Influence of 

Climate and Soils on the Distribution of Four

African Grasses. J. Range Management 41(2):127–

139

Cox, J.R., G.B. Ruyle, and B.A. Roundy. 1990. Lehmann 

Lovegrass in Southeastern Arizona:Biomass, 

Production and Disappearance. J. Range 

Management 43(4):367–372.

Cumming, K.J. 1989. Lehmann Lovegrass and Simple

Time Control Grazing. Rangelands 11(4):150–153

D’Antonio, C.M. and P.M. Vitousek. 1992. Biological 

Invasions by Exotic Grasses: the Grass/Fire Cycle 

and Global Change. Annual Review of Ecology and

Systematics 23:63–87.

Devoe, N., B. Nowak, and S. Florence. 2009. Effective

Management of Invasive Plants. Rangelands 

31(3):21–24. Available at http://www.srmjournals. 

org/doi/full/10.2111/1551-501X-31.3.21 (accessed

Feb. 2010)

Freeman, D. 1979. Lehmann Lovegrass. Rangelands 

1(4):162–163.

Gucker, C. L. 2009. Eragrostis curvula. In Fire Effects 

Information System (Online). U.S. Department of 

Agriculture, Forest Service, RockyMountain

Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory

(Producer). Available at http://www.fs.fed.us/ 

database/feis/ (accessed November 2011).

Halvorson, W.L. and P. Guertin. 2003. Eragrostis curvula 

Factsheet. In USGS Weeds in the West Project:

Status of Introduced Plants in Southern Arizona

Parks. Available at:http://sdrsnet.srnr.arizona. 

edu/data/sdrs/ww/docs/eragcurv.pdf (accessed 

December 2011)

Halvorson, W.L. and P. Guertin. 2003. Eragrostis 

lehmanniana Factsheet. In USGS Weeds in the West

Project: Status of Introduced Plants in Southern 

Arizona Parks. Available at http://sdrsnet.srnr. 

arizona.edu/data/sdrs/ww/docs/eraglehm.pdf

(accessed December 2011)

Humphrey, N. 1994. History, Status and Managementof 

Lehmann Lovegrass. Rangelands 16(5):205–206.

James, D. 1995. The Threat of Exotic Grasses to the 

Biodiversity of Semiarid Ecosystems. Aridlands

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Egen, and M. Hershdorfer. 2009. Non-Native 

Invasive Plants of Arizona. Produced by 

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and the University of Arizona Cooperative 

Extension. pp. 8–9. Peer reviewed publication 

AZ1482. Available at http://cals.arizona.edu/pubs/ 

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Suggested Web Sites 

For information about calibrating spray equipment: NMSU 

Cooperative Extension Service Guide A-613, 

Sprayer Calibration. Available at 

http://aces.nmsu.edu/pubs/_a/A613.pdf

Herbicide labels online: http://www.cdms.net

Invasive Plant Atlas of the United States: 

http://www.invasive.org/weedus/index.html
For more information or

other field guides, contact:

USDA Forest Service 

Southwestern Region

Forest Health

333 Broadway Blvd., SE 

Albuquerque, NM 87102

Or visit the Southwestern Region’s 

website for invasive species:

http://www.fs.usda.gov/goto/r3/invasivespecies

The use of trade or firm names in this publication is for reader 

information only and does not imply endorsement of any 

product or service by the U.S. Department of Agriculture. 

Recommendations made here for 

pesticide use are not obligatory, 

nor do they imply that discussed 

uses have been registered. All 

uses of pesticides must be 

registered by appropriate State 

and/or Federal agencies before 

they can be applied. 

CAUTION: Pesticides can be 

injurious to humans, domestic 

animals, desirable plants, and fish or other wildlife—if they 

are not handled or applied properly. Use all pesticides 

carefully and lawfully. Follow recommended practices for the 

disposal of surplus pesticides and pesticide containers.