NOT FOR PUBLICATION

UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

FOR THE NINTH CIRCUIT

RAFAEL ARROYO, Jr., 

Plaintiff-Appellant, 

 v. 

KAZMO, LLC, a California limited liability 

company; et al., 

Defendants-Appellees.

No. 20-55392 

D.C. No. 

2:19-cv-02720-PA-MRW 

MEMORANDUM*

Appeal from the United States District Court

for the Central District of California

Percy Anderson, District Judge, Presiding

Submitted February 10, 2021**

Pasadena, California

Before: TALLMAN, CALLAHAN, and LEE, Circuit Judges.

Plaintiff-Appellant Rafael Arroyo, Jr. (“Arroyo”) appeals the district court’s 

entry of judgment in favor of Defendants-Appellees Kazmo, LLC, and Staffing and 

Management Company, Inc. (“Kazmo”). We have jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. § 

* This disposition is not appropriate for publication and is not precedent 

except as provided by Ninth Circuit Rule 36-3.

** The panel unanimously concludes this case is suitable for decision 

without oral argument. See Fed. R. App. P. 34(a)(2).

FILED

FEB 12 2021

MOLLY C. DWYER, CLERK

U.S. COURT OF APPEALS
2 

1291, and we reverse.

Arroyo timely accepted an Offer of Judgment made by Kazmo on March 4, 

2020, under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 68 (the “Offer”). Arroyo argues that

the district court erred in refusing to allow the clerk to enter the accepted Offer or 

to modify its March 5, 2020, entry of judgment dismissing the claim without 

prejudice for the parties’ failure to prosecute. Fed. R. Civ. P. 41(b). Reviewing 

the district court’s decision for abuse of discretion, see Weeks v. Bayer, 246 F.3d 

1231, 1234 (9th Cir. 2001), and its legal interpretation of Rule 68 de novo, Simon 

v. Intercont’l Transp. (ICT) B.V., 882 F.2d 1435, 1438–39 (9th Cir. 1989), we 

agree with Arroyo.

Rule 68 permits a party defending against a claim to submit an offer to the 

opposing party to allow entry of “judgment on specified terms, with the costs then

accrued.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 68(a). Once accepted, either party may file the offer, 

notice of acceptance, and proof of service. Id. Then, the clerk must enter 

judgment. Id. On its face, Rule 68 is non-discretionary as to what must happen if 

the opposing party elects to accept an offer of judgment from a party defending 

against a claim. See Liberty Mut. Ins. Co. v. EEOC, 691 F.2d 438, 442 (9th Cir. 

1982). With respect to costs, we have held that Rule 68 is mandatory and removes 

the district court’s normal discretion under Rule 54(d). Id. A strict reading of Rule 

68 comports with its purposes: “to encourage settlement and avoid litigation.” 
3 

Marek v. Chesny, 473 U.S. 1, 5 (1985) (internal citation omitted). We have said

that “where the rule operates, it leaves no room for district court discretion.” 

Liberty Mutual, 691 F.2d at 442 (citing Delta Air Lines, Inc. v. August, 450 U.S. 

346, 355–56 (1981) (construing the plain language of Rule 68)).1

Here, the district court was not stripped of its jurisdiction to vacate its Rule 

41 dismissal without prejudice to permit the clerk to enter judgment based on the 

Offer made by Kazmo and accepted by Arroyo. The district court’s March 5 

Judgment did not preclude the operation of Rule 68. Rather, Arroyo had a 14-day 

statutory window to accept the Offer, notwithstanding the district court’s 

unawareness of the then-pending Offer. Fed. R. Civ. P. 68(a). Additionally, 

Kazmo was still “defending against a claim” at the time it transmitted the Offer on 

March 4. Id. The plain language of the rule—including its use of the mandatory 

modal verb “must”—required the clerk of court to enter judgment as agreed to by 

Arroyo and Kazmo. Id.; see Sali v. Corona Reg’l Med. Ctr., 884 F.3d 1218, 1221 

1 Other circuits have similarly addressed the issue in this case. See, e.g., Ramming 

v. Nat. Gas Pipeline Co. of Am., 390 F.3d 366, 371 (5th Cir. 2004); Perkins v. U.S. 

W. Commc’ns, 138 F.3d 336, 339–40 (8th Cir. 1998); Webb v. James, 147 F.3d 

617, 621 (7th Cir. 1998); Mallory v. Eyrich, 922 F.2d 1273, 1279 (6th Cir. 1991). 

While we have not precisely decided the narrow issue presented when the court is 

not made aware of the settlement until shortly after it has dismissed the case, we 

think the result here is dictated by the plain meaning of Rule 68, our related 

published opinions like Liberty Mutual (which have found other components of the 

rule non-discretionary), and the purposes of Rule 68 as delineated by the Supreme 

Court.
4 

(9th Cir. 2018) (“When interpreting the scope of a Federal Rule of Civil Procedure, 

we begin with the text.”) (internal citation omitted). As a matter of statutory 

construction, the plain meaning of Rule 68, read as a whole, allowed Arroyo to 

stipulate to a judgment with Kazmo (settling the claims and avoiding further 

litigation) at least 14 days before the date set for trial. The parties did just that. All 

that remained was execution of the clerk’s mandatory duty to enter the judgment

agreeable to the parties. The district court abused its discretion in concluding 

otherwise.2

On the facts presented here, Rule 68 required the entry of a judgment

effectuating the settlement. How Arroyo characterized his post-judgment motion 

is irrelevant; as we have said, “nomenclature is not controlling” and we look to 

“the substance of the requested relief” to determine whether relief is appropriate 

under Rule 59(e). Munden v. Ultra-Alaska Assocs., 849 F.2d 383, 386 (9th Cir. 

1988) (internal citation and quotation omitted). 

Here, the refusal to allow Arroyo to file his Rule 68 request was error

because of the rule’s mandatory operation. Likewise, the refusal to grant Arroyo’s 

subsequent Motion for Entry of Amended Judgment was error because it should

2 Recognizing that district courts have authority to promulgate their own rules 

under Rule 68(d), relying on the local rule here to preclude the vacatur of the 

March 5 Judgment was error—insofar as application of the rule was inconsistent 

with the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure. See Fed. R. Civ. P. 83(a)(2).
5 

have been construed as a Rule 59 motion, the granting of which was necessary to 

correct a manifest error of law, and because the “amendment reflect[ed] the purely 

clerical task” of entering the judgment reflecting the accepted offer. Allstate Ins. 

Co. v. Herron, 634 F.3d 1101, 1111 (9th Cir. 2011) (internal citation omitted). 

Arroyo’s presentation of the settlement also constituted new facts sufficient to 

justify relief under Rule 59(e). See United Nat. Ins. Co. v. Spectrum Worldwide, 

Inc., 555 F.3d 772, 780 (9th Cir. 2009) (stating a district court may alter or amend 

a judgment under Rule 59(e) if presented with newly discovered evidence). The 

district court abused its discretion in treating its March 5 Judgment dismissing the 

action without prejudice under Rule 41(b) as if it had been dismissed with 

prejudice. On remand, the court shall enter an order vacating its prior judgment of 

dismissal and directing the clerk of the district court to enter judgment reflecting 

the settlement under Rule 68.

REVERSED and REMANDED with instructions.