Florida's Forests, 1987 

William A. Bechtold, Resource Analyst 

Mark J. Brown, Forester 

Raymond M. Sheffield, Resource Analyst 

Forest Inventory and Analysis 

Asheville, North Carolina 
February 1990 

Southeastern Forest Experiment Station 

P.O. Box 2680 

Asheville, North Carolina 28802 
Contents 

Foreword 

Highlights 

Forest Trends 

Land Use Trends ................ 

Timberland Acreage by Ownership .... 

Timberland Acreage by Broad Manageme 

The Softwood Inventory ........... 

The Hardu. ood Inventory .......... 

Softwood Growth. Removals. and Mortali: 

Hardwood Growth. Removals. and Mortal 

Timber Products Output 

Sources of Timber Removals Data .... 

Timber Utilization and Product Output 

From Roundwood ............... 

Mill Byproducts ................. 

Pulpwood Production ............. 

Saw-Log Production .............. 

Veneer-Log Production ............ 

Other Industrial Timber Products .... 

Domestic Fuelwood Production ...... 

Timber Supply Outlnnk 

Rates of Treatment and Disturbance ... 

Structure of the Pine Resource ...... 

Structure of the Hardwood Resource . . 

Timber Supply Projections ......... 

Management Opportunities 

Adverse Sites .................. 

Stands in Good Condition .......... 

Treatment Opportunities ........... 

Literature Cited ................. 

Appendix 

Procedure ..................... 

Reliability of the Data ............ 

Defin~tions of Terms .............. 

Stocking Standard ............... 

Conversion Factors .............. 

Index of Detailed Tables ........... 

Tables ....................... 

........ 2 

........ 3 

nt Class . . 3 

........ 4 

........ 7 

ty ...... 8 

ity .... 10 
 hi^ Resuul.ce Bulletin describes the principal findings of the 

sixth inventory of Florida's forest resources. Data concerning the extent and condition of forest land, as well as 

associated timber inventory, ,qowth, and rernoval volumes 

are presented and analyzed. In accordance with the Forest 

and Rangeland Reneu,able Resources Planning Act of 1974. 

information on nontimher commodities was alsii collected, but 

evaluations of these data will be conducted separately. 

The inventory of Florida's forests, authorized by the Forest 

and Rangeland Renewable Resources Research Act of 1978, 

is part of a continuing natiun~vide undertaking by the USDA 

Forest Service. In the five Southeastern States (Florida, 

Georgia, North Carolina, Suuth Carolina, and Virginia), these 

surveys are conducted by the Forest Inventory and 

Analysis (FIA) Work Unit of the Southeastern Forest 

Experiment Station, one of seven FIA Work Ul~its in the 

United States. The primary oh,jective of these periodic 

appraisals is to develop and maintain the resource information 

needed to formulate sound forest policies and programs. 

Field work for the sixth survey of Florida began in 

September 1986 and was completed in October 1987. Five 

previous surveys, completed in 19:36, 1949, 1959, 1970, and 

1980, provide statistics for measuring changes and trends 

over the past 51 years. This analysis focuses mainly on 

changes and trends since 1980. Previously reported figures 

have been adjusted in some cases to provide the best 

estimates of change. Normally, such adjustments are 

necessary to compensate for improvements in volume 

equations, hut a recent review of processing procedures 

uncovered a computer programming error involving resource 

statistics reported in 1980. This error inflated the fifth 

survey estimates of three resource items: annual timber 

removals, net annual growth, and annual mortality. Other 

resource items such as timberland acreage and inventory 

volumes were unaffected. The inflated values have since been 

adjusted, and all comparisons in this report involving fifth 

survey growth, removal, or mortality statistics utilize the 

corrected estimates. 

The combined efforts iif many periple have gone into this 

evaluation of Florida's forest resources. Appreciation is 

expressed to all Work Unit and Station personnel who 

participated in the field and office work, and to the Forest 

Service economists at Research Triangle Park, who 

provided the area projections. In addition, the assistance 

provided by the Florida Division of Forestry, Department of 

Aqiculture and Consumer Services, is gmtefully acknowledgecl. Appreciation is also expressed for the excellent 

cooperation of other public agencies, forest industries, and 

private landowners in providing information and allowing 

access to the sample locations. 

To facilitate both inventory and analysis, FIA has 

tratlitioually divided Florida into four Survey Units. 

Summary statistics and highlights of inventory results for 

each Survey Unit have already been published. Copies of 

these reports can he obtained from the Southeastern Forest 

Experiment Station. 

Tabular data iiicluded in standard FIA reports are designed 

to provide a comprehensive array of forest resource 

statistics, but additional data can often he obtained for those 

who require more specialized information. A Forest 

Information Retrieval (FIR) service is available for custom 

compilation of forest resource data for any area within the 

Southeastern States. However, a processing fee is required 

for custom comnpilations, and. costs may range from less than 

$100 for a relatively simple retrieval, to several thousand 

dollars for a complex request that involves special programming. Although such requests are usually serviced 

promptly, attention to special requests is sometimes delayed 

by our regular duties. 

Information concerning any aspect of this survey may be 

obtained kom: 

Forest Inventory and Analysis 

Southeastern Forest Experiment Station 

P.O. Box 2680 

Asheville, NC 28802 

Phone: 704-2574350 

Noel D. Cost 

Project Leader 
Highlights 

. area of tzi?~berlan,d deweased by i per.cen,t to 1.7.0 ?nilliun 

acres. More than 0.6 million acres were added to the 

timberland base, but 1.3 million acres of timherland were 

diverted to noncommercial forest and nonforest uses. 

Development of timberland for urban and related uses was 

the chief reason for the net loss. Reduction of timberland 

would have been greater, hut u7as moderated by higher rates 

of tree planting and natural reversion to forest on land that 

had previously been used for agriculture. Timberland now 

accounts for 43 percent of Florida's land area. 

. area qfi7,onii~dustrial plivulcforest (NlPFl lwld dropped 

hy 12 percent to 7.1 miilio?! acres. NIPF was the only 

ownership category to show a substantial loss of timberland. 

The area managed by forest industry remained almost 

unchanged at 5.4 million acres, and public timberland 

increased by 12 percent to 2.4 million acres. Behind the loss 

within the NIPF' group 1vas a 43-percent reduction in 

forested acreage held by farmers, and a 15-percent decline 

in timberland owned by cooperations (other than forest 

industry). These losses were partially offset by a !%percent 

gain in acreage owned by other individuals. 

- loss of timbe?.laild reilccerl the total acre~,ge in pine, ~akpitre, and hurdn'ood types. A 0.7-million-acre gain in the area 

of pine plantations was countered by a 1.0-million-acre 

reduction in natural pine acreage. The combined area of 

planted and natural pines thus fell from 7.8 to 7.5 million 

acres-down by 3 percent. At 4.0 million acres, the area 

in pine [rlantations has surpassed thc area in natural pine 

stands; Florida is currently the only State in the country to 

have a majority of its pine resource in planted stands. The 

total acreages in oalc-pine and hard~vood stands have 

declined by 15 percent and 3 percent, to 1.2 anrl 6.2 million 

acres, respectively. All of the hardwood loss was centered 

in upland hardwood stands; acreage in 1owl;md ha:.dwoods 

remained about the same. 
. loss of ti.mherland acreage, in,creased rmnovals, mid a 

reduction in riet annual growth have caused suft~uood 

ilrventory volw,?i~e to stabilize afier several decades <?f 

consecuti.ue increases. At 9.3 billion cuhic feet, the current 

volume of softwood growing stock is only 1 percent above 

the volume reported for 1980. This minor gain was actually 

supported by a moderate increase in the volume of cypress; 

the comhined volume of all yellow pine species fell by about 

2 percent. The slight gain in softwood inventory can further 

he attributed to relatively large trees. Except for a small 

increase in the 8-inch class, reductions were measured in all 

diameter classes below 14 inches. Softwood inventory volume 

was down by 7 percent on NIPF land. Loss of softwood 

volume was confined to the NIPF category, though, a? gains 

of 4 and 15 percent were recorded for forest industry and 

public land. 

hardwood gruwing-stock volume increasedfiurn J.l to 5.7 

hill%orl eubicfeet, despite the loss of h,ardwood acreage. A 

wide margin of growth over removals was responsible for the 

continuing buildup in hardwood inventory. Hardwood 

volume on public land nearly doubled to 1.0 billion cubic feet, 

due largely to acquisitions of hardwood acreage by the 

State. Hardwood volume was up by 5 percent to 3.1 billion 

cubic feet on NIPF land, but down by 3 percent on forest 

industry land. 

riet armm~al growth of soft~uoodsfell hy 3 percent to 488 

million cubic feet per year. Annual softwood removals 

simultaneously increased by 48 percent from 320 to 474 

million cubic feet, nearly bringing softwood growth and 

removals into balance. Although softwood growth exceeded 

removals overall, the yellow pine portion of the resource 

experienced an overcut. Yellow pine growth slipped by 5 

percent to 427 million cubic feet, while pine removals climbed 

from 301 to 441 million cuhic feet. By ownership, the 

comhined growth of all softwood species was down by 13 

percent on NIPF land and 7 percent on public land, but 

up by 10 percent on forest industry land. Softwood growth 

still exceeds removals on forest industry and public 

land, but removals now exceed growth by 8 percent on 

NIPF timberland. 

net an,w!~al grouth of hardwoods declined by 15 percent to 

141 million cubic feet. Even though hardwood growth was 

down, a removal rate that averaged just 66 million cubic feet 

per year allowed the 11-percent increase in hardwood 

inventory volume. Demand for hardwoods in Florida has 

historically been soft, and there is little evidence of a change 

in this situation, as hardwood removals are down by 18 

percent from the previous rate of 81 million cuhic feet 

per year. 

- annual matput of all tiv~he? prodlrcts cweraged 552 

lnillion cubic jet per yeor, a grLln of47 percent. About 1.3 

percent of the total output was produced from mill byproducts generated during the primary processing of timber, 

and 87 percent from rnundwood. Of the total productii~n 

from both roundwood and mill byproducts, pulpwood 

accounts for 57 percent, saw logs for 26 percent, veneer logs 

for 5 percent, and fuelwuocl for 5 percent. The remaining 7 

percent is divided among poles, pilings, posts, and other 

miscellaneous industrial products. 

- rates of artificial reggeneration were up shu~ply-fro?r~ 

1211,000 to 196,000 acres per year. The largest gain occurred 

on NIPF land, where planting jumped from an average of 

20.000 to 63,000 acres each year. The area planted on forest 

industry land climbed from 97,000 to 117,000 acres per 

year. Public owners increased their average annual planting 

rate from 13,000 to 16.000 acres. Of the total area planted, 

187,000 acres were successfully regenerated to a pine forest 

type. Most of the remaining acreage with evidence of 

artificial regeneration was planted to pine, but is presently 

classified as a hardwood or oak-pine type due to excessive 

hardwood stocking. Besides the 187,000 acres of artificially 

regenerated pine stands, another 32,000 acres naturally 

regenerated to pine each year, thus boosting the total area 

of successful pine regeneration to an annual average of 

219,000 acres. In addition to the area regenerated to pine, a 

total of 53,000 acres regenerated to oak-pine and hardwood 

stands each year. 

. although the gap has narruued, intensdied regeneration 

eflorts colild not keep up luith rn,tes of han~esting and 

diuersions of timberland to n,onforest. An average of 226,000 

acres of pine stands sere harvested each year and retained 

in forest. Another 42,000 acres of manageable pine stands 

were diverted to nonforest. Considering the 219,000 acres 

of pine regeneration, the equivalent of only 82 percent of all 

pine stands harvested andlor diverted each year were 

replaced by newly regenerated stands of pine. The gap 

between hardwood harvesting and regeneration was much 

wider. About 70,000 acres of oak-pine and hardwood stands 

wcre harvested and retained in forest each year, while an 

additional 25,000 acres of manageable hardwoods were 

diverted to nonforest. The 53,000 acres of hardwood 

regeneration effectively replaced only 56 percent of the 

hardwood stands harvested andlor diverted to nonforest. 

. regeneration continzies to be the predoruina~~t opportunity 

to improve future supplies. This is true for both pine and 

hardwood forest types. About one-third of Florida's 

timberland (4.7 million acres) presently lacks a manageable 

stand and is in need of regeneration. Nearly one-third of 

these poorly stocked acres are pine forest types. Ahout 

59 percent of all regeneration opportunities exist on 

NIPF land. 
Forest Trends 

Florida's boundaries encompass 34.5 milliori acres of land 

area, plus some 3.0 million acres of inland water. Almost 48 

percent of the land (16.5 million acres) is classified as forest. 

Another 18 percent is pasture or natural range, 13 percent 

is urban, 12 percent is cropland or other farmland, and 9 

percent is marsh. Of the forest land, 15.0 million acres are 

categorized as timberland (formerly termed commercial 

forest), an additional 0.4 million acres are classified as 

reserved. and 1.2 million acres are'considered woodland 

(formerly unproductive forest). Reserved forest is composed 

of areas such as wilderness, parks, and historic sites where 

commercial timber harvesting is prohibited by law. Wooclland 

generally consists of areas that do have some existing tree 

cover, but occur on sites too severe for commercial timber 

production. Stands of hatrack cypress on marl flats in South 

Florida are typical examples of woodland. 

From the heart of the slash pine ecosystem to the Everglades, the climate topography. land use patterns. and 

vegetative cover of Florida change dramatically fi.om north 

to south. Commercial timber production is most prevalent 

in the northern half of the State. More than four-fifths of the 

timberland is concentrated in the two northern Survey 

Units (fig. 1). The Northwest Unit is the most heavily 

Fisre 1.-Forest Survey Units in Flonda. 

1 
forested, with 73 percent of the total land area in timberland. 

Northeast Florida, where timberland occupies 69 percent of 

the land, is more intensively managed for pine timber 

production than any other region in the Southeast. Farther 

south, the portion of land classified as timberland dwindles 

to 23 percent in Central Florida, and only 8 percent in 

South Florida, where the landscape is dominated by marsh, 

natural range, cropland, and urban buildup. Suitability of 

the land for other endeavors such as vegetable, citrus, and 

cane production has limited the establishment of timberland 

in the southern half' of the State. 

Land Use Trends 

Successive inventories of Florida's forest resources document 

a continuous decline in the area of timberland-from 19.7 

million acres in 1936 to the present 15.0 million acres. The 

most rapid rate of net timberland loss occurred during the 

1950's, when more than 200,000 acres were diverted to other 

land uses every year. Since then, the rate of decline has 

moderated and remained somewhat stable. Between 1980 

and 1987, the net area of timberland lost to other land 

uses totaled 0.7 million acres, averaging about 88,000 acres 

per year. 

Behind the reduction of timberland during the latest 

remeasurement period are land use changes involving 1.9 

million acres (table I). Statewide, almost 1.3 million acres 

of timberland were diverted to other land uses, while 

only 0.6 million acres were added from acreage that was 

previously nonforest, reserved forest, or woodland. A high 

rate of urban development sustained by the continued influx 

of people tops the list of reasons for loss of forest acreage. 

Once timberland is switched to an urban land use, which 

includes residential and industrial developments, highways, 

and utility rights-of-way, the change is usually permanent. 

Although 704,000 acres of timberland were diverted to urban 

between 1980 and 1987, hardly any land previously classed 

as urban reverted to forest. The highest rate of forest 

urbanization occurred in Central Florida, followed by the two 

northern Units. Urban development claimed relatively little 

timberland in South Florida; most of the urbanization in this 

resun took piace on natural range and other nonforest land. 

Forest classification changes were responsible for the 

remainder of the timberland reduction. Most recategorization took place in South Florida. where reassignment of 

acreage from timberland to woodland was the chief reason 

for loss of timberland. Differences between timberland and 

woodland in South Florida can be subtle, however, and the 

movement of acreage between these two categories in this 

re,gion sometimes involves little noticeable change in 

vegetative cover. 

Reductions of timberland in Florida would have been greater 

if eschanges of land between agriculture and forest had not 

balanced slightly in favor of timberland. Of the 438,000 acres 

added to the timberland base from nonforest sources since 

1980, about 3'73,000 acres were previously in crop, pasture, 

range, or idle farmland. The combined rate of natural 

reversion and tree planting on agricultural land has more 

than doubled, and most of these newly forested acres are 

located in the two northern Units. The primary reason for this 

increase is abandonment of farmland due to unfavorable 

economic conditions for agriculture. In addition to ahg-- 

cultural land that has already reverted to forest, arca of 

idle farmland has risen from 593,000 to 869,000 acres since 

1980. Expansion of idle farmland indicates that shifting of 

acreage from agriculture to timberiand will probably 

continue in the future. Another factor moving acreage from 

farmland to timberland is the Conservation Reserve 

Progam authorized by the 1985 Farm Bill. During the first 

Table 1.-Changes in area of Florida's timberland between 1980-1987. by Suwey Unit 

Chanees 

Area of 

- 

timberland inArlditions from- Diversions tOther Other Urban 

Survey Net Total forest Total forest Agri- and 

Unit 1980 1987 change gain Nonforest land loss land culture other Water 

Thousand acres 

Northeast 6,844.5 6,662.1 182.4 208.7 196.0 12.7 391.1 26.3 159.6 205.2 

Northwest 5,612.0 5,346.5 165.6 165.7 155.4 10.3 331.3 8.4 93.7 229.2 - 

Central 2,173.7 2,315.;3 158.3 135.4 75.9 59.5 293.8 17.4 d1.8 235 4 9.1 

South 834.0 658.7 -175.3 99.6 10.6 89.0 274.8 200.7 39.9 34.2 - 

Stace 15,664.2 14,982.6 -681.6 609.1 4:i'i.g 171.5 1,291.0 252.8 :325.0 704.0 9.1 
:i years of the program, 84,000 of the 389,000 acres that 

originally met the criteria for marginal farmland in Florida 

were planted to pine. 

Timberland Acreage by Ownership 

Recent patterns of timberland ownership in Florida are 

detailed in figure 2. The total lengths of the hars to the right 

of the zero reference line show the current distribution of 

timberland acreage by ownership. The open segment of 

each bar represents change between 1980 and 1987. Open 

portions to the left of the reference line indicate loss of 

timberland acres; open sections to the right indicate gains. 

- 

OWNERSHlP CLASS O CHANGE ACRES 

FOREST INDUSTRY 

PUBLIC 

OTHER PRIVATE 

NOIVIDUAL 

CORPORATE 

FARMER 

-10123456 MILLION ACRES 

Figure 2.-Timberland acreage in 1987, and change in timberland 

acreage between 1980 and 1987, by ownership class. 

The NIPF, or "other private" owner category, which includes 

farmers, other individuals, and corporations (other than 

forest industry) controls 7.1 million acres, or 47 percent of 

the timberland in Florida. Since 1980, the collective area of 

timberland held by these owners has declined by about 12 

percent. Virtually all the net loss of timherland in the State 

was confined to this owner group. Within the NIPF category, 

farmers and corporations Lost 0.8 and 0.4 million acres of 

timherland, respectively, while other individuals gained about 

0.3 million acres. This latest loss of timberland by farmers 

perpetuates a trend spanning at least three decades. A 

substantial transfer of timherland from farmers to other 

individuals is behind the most recent trends involving these 

two NIPF categories. Land transactions were responsible 

for part of the shift, but change in owner occupation also 

played a significant role. Recent losses of timberland held by 

corporate owners come on the heels of major gains between 

1970 and 1980. About half the gain in corporate timberland 

realized during the previous remeasurement period has now 

been offset by transfers to various other owners and 

diversions to nonforest land uses. 

Companies with primary wood-using mills (forest industry) 

own or lease 5.4 million acres, about 36 percent of Florida's 

timherland area. Reports from previous surveys usually 

counted land under long-term lease to forest industry with 

the owners holding title to the land. This analysis and its 

associated tables either combine the 0.7 million acres of 

leased timherland with forest industry fee-simple land, or list 

the leased category separately. The total acreage managed 

by forest industry has remained virtually unchanged since 

1980. Almost 98 percent of all forest industry holdings are 

located in the two northern Survey Units. 

Public agencies control 2.4 million acres. or 16 percent of 

Florida's timberland. Nearly 1.6 million acres are federally 

owned. Most of the balance isheld by a variety of State 

agencies. The largest Federal holdings include 1.0 million 

acres in three National Forests (the Apalachicola, Osceola, 

and Ocala) and another 0.4 million acres on Eglin Air Force 

Ease. Much of the State-owned timberland falls under the 

jurisdiction of several Water Management Districts and 

various State forests, parks, and recreation areas administered by the Florida Department of Agriculture and 

Consumer Services and the Florida Department of Natural 

Resources. Public ownership has increased by about 12 

percent since 1980. Acquisitions of timberland by the 

State, partienlaxly the Water Management Districts, are 

largely responsible. 

Timberland Acreage by Broad Management 

Class 

Changes in timberland acreage by broad management class 

are highlighted in figure 3. Between 1980 and 1987, a 0.7- 

million-acre increase in the area of pine plantations partially 

offset a l.0-million-acre loss of natural pine stands. The 

combined area of planted and natural pine stands fell by 

243.000 acres, or 3 percent. Pine stands now occupy 7.5 

million acres, about half of Florida's timherland. The 

current 4.0 million acres of pine plantations now exceed 

the area in natural pine stands by over 0.5 million acres. 

This is the first inventory of any State in the South to 

show a preponderance of pine acreage in artificially 

regenerated stands. 

- 

BRO&O MGMi CLASS O CHANGE ACRES 

PINE PLANTATION 

NATURAL PINE 

OX-PINE 

UPLhND HARDWOOD 

LOWLANDHARDWOOD 

-1 0 I 2 3 4 5 

MILLION &CRES 

Figure 3.-Timberland acreage in 1987, ant1 change in timberland 

acreage between 1980 and 1987. by broad management class. 

Slash pine is by far the dominant pine type in the State, 

accounting for more than two-thirds of the pine acreage and 

one-third of the total timberland acreage. Ordered by 
frequency of occurr.cnce, Flririda's pine timbrriands are 

composed mainly of slash pine, longleaf pine, sand pine, 

lohlolly pine, and a scattering of pond pine and shortleaf pine 

forest types. With the exception of moderate gains for 

loblolly and sand pines, all pine forest types lost ground 

during the iatest remeasurcment period. Area of slash pine 

fell slightly from 5.3 to 5.2 million acres. Area of longleaf 

pine has declined by 292,000 acres. or 2:1 percent. At 1.0 

million acres. the longleaf resource now occupies only a 

kagment of its former range. Only 6 percent of the total 

timberland area presently supports a longleaf type--down 

from 45 percent in 1936. Fire control and a preference for 

slash pine for artificial regeneration have greatly contributed 

to the replacement of longleaf with slash pine. 

Although slash pine is most often favored by Florida forest 

managers, there has lately been an inclination toward 

planting. other species. The total acreage of slash pine 

plantations rose along with the general increase of pine 

plantations since 1980, but the proportion of planted stands 

occupied by slash pine dropped from 87 to 82 percent. 

Lobloliy and sand pines made up most of the difference: 

each now contributes 8 percent to the current plantation 

acreage-up from 4 and 6 percent of the 1980 total. While 

there is a growing interest in artificial regeneration of 

longleaf pine, not much progress has been made. Only 2 

percent of all plantations (90,000 acres) are in longleaf pine. 

In conjunction with the 3-percent overall loss of pine timberland, oak-pine acreage dropped by 15 percent. These mixed 

stands, where pines make up 25 to 50 percent of the 

stocking, now cover 1.2 million acres. Another 6.2 million 

acres are occupied by various hardwood types, about onethird of which are categorized as upland hardwood based on 

species composition and physiography. The cumulative 

acreage of hardwoods has declined by 3 percent since 1980, 

but the entire reduction was centered in upland hardwood 

stands: the area of lowland hardwood stands has remained 

almost unchanged. 

The underlying gains and losses of acreage by broad 

management class were actually much more complex than the 

net changes depicted in figure 3. Major factors influencing 

exchanges of acreage among these broad timber types include 

land clearing, harvesting, and regeneration practices. 

Clearing of timberland to nonforest was the primary reason 

for net loss of natural pine, oak-pine, and uplarid hardwood 

stands. Lowland hardwood stands were less affected by land 

use changes because of drainage problems and environmental concerns that complicate and restrict the development 

of forested wetlands. In addition to land clearing, conversion of harvested natural stands to pine plantations 

exaggerated reductions in the area of natural pine stands, 

and to a lesser degree, oak-pine and hardwood stands. Such 

conversions were the main impetus hehind the buildup in 

pine plantations, and were responsible for about threefourths of the new plantation acreage. The resi of the gain 

in pine piantations resulted from artificial regeneration of 

nonforest land. Although annual rates of artificial regeneration have risen dramatically when compared with the 

previous remeasurement period, more than a half million 

acres of natural pine stands harvested between 1980 and 1987 

have not yet been replanted. This too is drau,ing acreage 

away from natural pine stands, as nearly half of these stands 

are now dominated by hardwoods. Much of this acreage has 

only recently heen harveste~i. however, and is presumahiy 

awaiting site preparation and replanting. 

Essentially all of these general trends among broad 

management classes were governed by events in the northern 

half of the State. About 96 percent of all pine plantations, 

79 percent of natural pine stands, 82 percent of oak-pine 

stands. 75 percent of upland hardwood, and 69 percent of all 

lowland hardwood stands are located in the two northern 

Survcy Units. 

The Softwood Inventorj 

The aboveground volume of solid wood in all live trees 1.0 

inch d.b.h. and larger totals 23.9 billion cubic feet (app. 

table 22). Discounting for saplings, stumps, tops, and limbs, 

about 116.8 million cubic feet of this volume occur in the 

merchantahle portions of live trees 5.0 inches d.b.h. and 

larger. Softwood species make up 56 percent of the 

merchantable volumc-about 9.4 billion cubic feet. Almost 99 

percent of the merchantahle softwood volume (9.3 billion 

cuhic feet) qualifies as growing stock. The remaining 1 

percent is associated with trees culled because of poor form, 

excessive rot, or breakage. 

Slash pine is the most prevalent softwood species in the 

State, responsible for 43 percent of the softwood growingstock volume (fig. 4). Cypress aiso forms a major 

component of the softwood inventory, accounting for 29 

percent. Longleaf, loblolly, and sand pines are also 

important, collectively contributing another 25 percent. 

SPECIES 

SLASH PlNE 

CYPRESS 

LONGLEAF PINE 

LOBLOLLY PlNE 

SAND PINE 

OTHER 

O CHANGE W VOLUME 

F ,,,,#>#,,I 

05 00 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 

BlLLlON CUBIC FEET 

Fiwre 4.-Volume of softwood gowing stock in 1987, and change 

in volume of softwood growing stock between 1980 and 1987, 

hy species. 
By broad management class, 37 percent of the softwood 

inveritory is situated in natural pine stands, and 22 percent 

in pine plantations. Compared with other Southeastern 

States, an unusually high proportion of softwood volume 

(mostly cypress) is concentrated in lowland hardwood standsabout 31 percent. The remaining 10 percent consists chiefly 

of occasional pines in upland hardwood and oak-pine stands. 

Breakdowns of softwood volume by ownership follow the 

general pattern of timberland ownership across the State. 

About 45 percent of the softwood inventory occurs on NIPF 

land, 33 percent on forest industry land, and T2 percent on 

public land. 

Inclu~ied as part of the softwood growing-stock inventory 

are 28.4 billion board feet of sawtimber. Like the overall 

softwood flowing-stock inventory, about 70 percent of 

suitwood sawtimher consists of yellow pine species. Because 

of short rotations, only about 7 percent of all softwood 

sawtirnber is found in pine plantations, as opposed to 46 

percent located in natural pine stands. Compared with the 

softwood growing-stock inventory, slightly less softwood 

sawtimher occurs on forest industry land due to a high ratio 

of planted stands, and slightly less sawtimber is attributed 

to slash pine because the mixture of species in natural stands 

on longer rotations includes more lungleaf and ioblolly. 

Since 1980, the inventory of softwood growing stock has 

remained almost stationary, increasing by only 1 percent (fig. 

5). Softwood inventory volume in Florida has apparently 

peaked, inasmuch as each of the three previous surveys 

(1959, 1970, and 1980) revealed consecutive increases of 8. 26. 

and 20 percent. The end of this prolonged buildup in 

softwood volume has been brought about by several factors, 

among which are the continued loss of timberland acreage, 

a reduction of net annual growth, and an increase in softwood 

removals. All of these factors were most pronounced on 

Figure 5.-Volume oigrowinx stock by soflwood and hardwood. 

1970, 1980, and 1987. 

NLPF land, where the aggregate softwood growing-stock 

inventory actually declined by 7 percent, and the yellow pine 

segment dropped by 10 percent. Loss of softwood inventory 

volume was confined to the NIPF ownership soup, however; 

gains of 4 percent and 15 percent were recorded for forest 

industry and publ' IC owners. 

Between 19HO and 1987, the inventory of soRwood growing 

stock was largely stabilized by a 10-percent expansion of 

cypress volume (fig. 4). The combined volume of all yellow 

pine species fell by 2 percent, as slight to moderate 

increases in the volume of slash pine, loblolly pine, and sand 

pine were not enough to offset a 19-percent reduction in 

longleaf pine volume. The gain in cypress volume had an 

even more acute effect on the softwood sawtimber inventory, which increased by about 6 percent. Cypress was 

responsible for about four-fifths of the net gain in 

softwood sawtimber. 

By tl-ee size class, softwood growing-stock volume reductions 

ranging from 4 to 7 percent were measured in the 6-, 10.. 

and 12-inch diameter classes (fig. 6). Volume in the X-inch 

diameter class remained about the same. Growing-stock 

volume in the Ibinch and larger classes increased by an 

average of 14 percent. Trends by diameter class involving 

just the yellow pine portion of softwood growing stock were 

very similar. 

6 8 10 12 4 6 18 20 22+ 

OBH CLASS 

Figure 6.-Volume of softwood growing stock by tree d.b.h. class. 

1970, 1980, and 1987. 

The current loss of volume in the &inch class is the result 

of declines in numbers of 2- and 4-inch softwoods first 

identified at the time of the 1980 survey. Between 1980 and 

1987, fewer trees were available to grow into the 6-inch 

class. Stapation of the 8-inch class and reductions in the 10- 

and 12-inch classes are the results of heavy cutting in these 

size classes. In the absence of either a slowclown in cutting 

or mortality rates, further loss of softxvood inventory volume 

in these and larger size classes is inevitable, since there are 

now fewer &inch trees feeding into Lhe larger diameters. 

Many of the stands from which these 8- to 12-inch softwoods 

are being cut originated during the Soil Bank era of the late 
1950's, when vast areas of ahancloned farmland either 

rever~ed naturally or were planted to pine. Generally lower 

rates of piue regeneration during the following two decades 

have resulted in the present inability to replace these "Soil 

Bank stands" as they are harvested. 

Changes in numbers of live softwoods by ownership and 

diameter class are posted in table 11. Simiiar to the trends 

in growing-stock volume by diameter class, overall 

reductions in numbers of softwoods extend from the 2- 

through the 12-inch classes. Both forest industry and NIPF 

owners sustained losses in almost every diameter class below 

16 inches. Public owners gained trees in a majority of size 

classes due to timberland acquisitions. 

Trends involving numbers of saplings are particularly 

revealing because they foreshadow future changes in 

inventory volume. Continuing declines in numbers of 2- and 

?-inch softwoods indicate that additional loss of softwood 

volume in the 6-inch diameter class is probable. Again, if 

there are no adjustments in cutting or mortality rates, this 

impending further loss of inventory volume in the &inch class 

will eventually work its wag into the larger diameters. 

The magnitude of prospective softwood volume reductions 

will be heavily influenced by the situation on NIPF land. 

Ongoing declines of 2- and &inch softwoods on NIP12 land 

have more serious implications than reductions of similar 

magnitude on forest industry land. In the case of forest 

Table 11.-Number of live softwood and hardwood trees on Florida's timberland, by diameter and ownership 

classes, 1987, and change between 1980-1987 

A11 ownerships Public Forest industry" Other private 

Diameter Inventory Change Inventory Change Inventory Change Inventory Change 

class 1987 1980-1987 1987 1980-1987 1987 1980-1987 1987 1980-1987 

SOFTWOODS 

(million trees) 

2 1,150.4 -78.8 217.2 i47.1 453.0 -73.2 480.2 -52.7 

16 + 37.7 +4.4 9.9 +3.% 8.5 + .4 19.3 + .8 

HARDWOODS 

(million trees) 

16 + 56.1 16.3 11.3 +5.8 13.3 -1.3 i31.4 + 1.8 

" Including inventory on lands under long-term lease. 
industry, much of the sapling loss can he traced to recent 

conversion of natural pine stands to plantations. Like most 

natural stands, the pine stands converted to plantations on 

industry land contained a substantial number of saplings 

that were overtopped or located in pockets beneath small 

openings in the canopy. Such trees have a high rate of 

mortality from competition and suppression, and many never 

would have survived to contribute to future inventory 

volume anyway. In addition, most of the stands that were 

harvested and replanted during the past 2 or 3 years are 

not included in the sapling counts because the trees have not 

yet reached sapling size. Although conversion of natural 

stands to plantations is likewise cuntrihuting to reduced 

numhers of softwood saplings on NIPF land, diversion of 

timherland to nonforest is mainly responsible. Loss of 

saplings caused by land use changes will have a much greater 

impact on future inventories than loss of understory saplings 

in natural pine stands. 

The Hardwood Inventory 

The merchantable volume of live hardwoods in Florida totals 

7.3 billion cuhic feet. Compared with 99 percent for softwoods, only 77 percent of the hardwood volume (5.7 billion 

cubic feet) qualifies as growing stock. About 61 percent of 

the hardwood growing-stock inventory is made up of softtextured species (fig. 7). Blackgum, sweetbay, sweetgum, 

and red maple are the most prevalent soft-textured species. 

Together, these four species represent 48 percent of the 

total hardwood growing-stock inventory. The dominant hardtextured species include laurel oak, water oak, ash, and live 

oak, collectively responsible for another 34 percent. 

SPECIES O CHANGE W VOLUME 

SOFT HARDWOODS: 

BLhCKGUM 

SWEETGUM 

SWEETBAY 

RED MAPLE 

OTHER 

HARD NARDWOODS: 

LAUREL OAK 

WATER OilK 

ASH 

LIVE OAK 

OTHER 

I ~~~ ~ ~ 

BILLION CUBIC FEET 1 

Figvre 7.-Volume of hardwood growing stock in 1987, and change 

in volume of hardwood growing stock between 1980 and 1987, 

by species. 

About 75 percent of the hardwood inventory is located in 

lowland hardwood stands. 14 percent in upland hardwood 

stands, and 7 percent in oak-pine stands. Since NIPF owners 

possess the highest proportions of all three of these broad 

management classes, the bulk of the hardwood growing-stock 

volume (55 percent) occurs on NIPF land. Forest industry 

and public agencies own 28 and 17 percent. The 5.7 billion 

cuhic feet of hardwood growing stock include 16.5 billion 

board feet of sawtimher. 

Hardwood gowing-stock volume increased by 11 percent 

between 1980 and 1987 (fig. 5). This latest gain marks the 

fourth consecutive increase measured since the second 

survey in 1949, and is attributed primarily to a low rate of 

hardwood removals that has permitted a buildup of 

inventory volume in aging hardwood stands. Growing-stock 

volume was up for nearly all major hardwood species (fig. 

7) and across most diameter classes (fig. 8). In line with the 

aging of the hardwood resource, the sawtimher portion 

of hardwood growing stock has increased by more than 

16 percent. 

DBH CLASS 

Figure 8.-Volume of hardwood growing stock by tree dhh. class, 

1970, 1980, and 1987. 

Contrary to trends in growing-stock volume, numbers of all 

live hardwoods are down slightly in most diameter classes 

(table 11). The inconsistency between numhers of trees and 

volume trends originates from two sources. Compared w~th 

the 1980 inventory, a higher proportion of hardwoods were 

classified as gowing-stock trees in 1987: also, the average 

volume per tree in a majority of diameter classes was 

slightly higher. 

Diversion of hardwood stands to nonforest by NIPF owners 

was the leading reason for loss of hardwood tree numhers 

within this ownership class, as well as the comprehensive 

reduction across all ownerships. Purchases of hardwood 

timherland by puhlic agencies magnified the loss on NIPF 

lands and explain the gains in numhers of hardwoods on 

puhlicly owned land. Forest industry retained about the same 

acreage in hardwood forest types, hut still experienced 

small net losses of hardwoods in all diameter classes because 

of increasing hardwood removal and mortality rates. 
Softwood Growth, Removals, and Mortality 

All the val.ious components of growth are summarized in 

table 111. Gross growth is the sum of survivor growth, 

ingrowth, growth on ingrowth, growth on removals, and 

growth on mortality. Survivor growth, the average annual 

volume increment of surviving growing-stock trees at least 

5.0 inches d.b.h. at the time of initial inventory, accounted 

for 82 percent of the total gross growth of all species 

combined. Ingrowth, the volume of growing-stock trees 

that grew to 5.0 inches d.b.h. each year during the 

remeasurement period. plus the average annual volume 

increment on these trees after they attained 5.0 inches 

(growth on ingrowth) accounted for another 16 percent 

of gross growth. Growth on removals and growth on 

mortality, the average annual volume increment on trees 

prior to harvest or death, contributed the remaining 2 

percent. Net growth is gross growth minus mortality. 

Mortality reduced the average annual gross growth of all 

species by 16 percent. 

After climbing for several decades, net annual growth of 

softwoods dropped by 3 percent during the latest remeasurement period-from 501 million cubic feet between 

1970 and 1979 to an average of 488 million cubic feet per 

year between 1980 and 1986 (fig. 9). During the same period, 

softwood growing-stuck removals increased kom 320 to 474 

million cubic feet annually, thereby shrinking the gap 

between softwood qowth and removals close to equilil~rium. 

The slim margin growth over removals is responsible for 

halting the buildup of softwood inventory, and has produced 

overcut situations in parts of the State. In Northeast 

Florida, softwood removals exceed net annual growth 

by 9 percent. 

Table 111.-Average annual components of change in the volume of gruwinp stock on Florida's timberland, by 

Survey Unit and species group, 1980-1986 

Components of growth 

Survey Unit 

and Gross Survivor Growth on Growth on Growth on Net Net 

species group ,growth powth Ingrowth ingruwth removals mortality Mortality growth Removals change 

!%liLli~1~ cubic Jket 

Northeast 

Softwood 292.2 233.0 1:1.9 5.1 9.4 0.8 26.:3 265 -~ ~~. 9 290 -. 3 -24 - -. 4 -

Hardwood 87.5 72.2 13.4 .9 .6 .4 26.6 (50.9 39.7 +21.2 

Total 379.7 305.2 57.3 (i.0 10.0 1.2 52.9 326.8 330.0 -3.2 

Northwest 

Softwood 162.5 128.2 27.6 2.4 3.8 .5 19.6 142.9 141.4 +1.5 

Hardwood 65. l 56.8 7.1 .5 .4 . :3 20.2 44 4 214 +225 

Total 227.fi 185.0 54.7 2.0 4.2 .8 39.8 18'i.Z l(i2.8 +25.0 

Central 

Softwood 7:j.O 63.0 8.1 .7 .9 .3 10.4 62.6 38.2 +24.4 

Hardwood 45.4 40.0 4.7 .4 .I .2 12.3 33.1 5.3 +27.8 

Total 118.4 103.0 12.8 1.1 1.0 . J 22.7 95.7 43.5 +52.2 

South 

Softwood 22.1 18.9 2.7 .2 .2 .1 6.0 16.1 1.3 + 11.8 

Hardwood 2.6 2.4 .- '> - - - .7 1.9 .1 f1.8 

Total 24.7 21.3 2.9 .2 .2 .I 6.7 18.0 4.4 + 13.6 

State 

Softwood 549.8 443.1 8'2.3 8.4 14.3 1.7 62.3 187.5 4'74.2 +YJ.:3 

Hardwood 200.6 171.4 25.4 1.5 1.1 .9 59.5 140.8 66.5 +74.3 

Total 750.4 614.5 107.7 10.2 15.4 2.6 122.1 62X.:3 540.7 +X7.6 
GROWTH I 

Figure 9.-Average net annual growth and ,annual timber removals 

of molving stock by softwood and harriwood, 1959-1969, 1970-1979, 

1980-1986. 

Heavy loss of timberland contributed to a pronounced 

reduction in softwood growth in NIPF land, where net 

annual growth fell by 13 percent to 186 million cubic feet. 

At 202 million cubic feet, the annual rate of softwood 

removals on NIPF land surpassed growth by 8 percent (fig. 

10). On NIPF land in Northeast Florida, softwood removals 

were 45 percent higher than growth. On public land, a 

buildup of older stands was largely responsible for a 7- 

percent decline in softwood growth. However, unlike the 

deficit situation on NIPF land, the growth:removals ratio 

on public land (74:49 million cubic feet) displayed a eonsiderable growth surplus. On forest industry land, a 

favorable growth:removals ratio (228:"24 million cubic feeti 

was sustained by a 10-percent increase in softwood growth. 

The boost in growth on industry land was driven by 

conversion of natural pirte stands to faster growing 

pine plantations. 

a GROWTH 

200 a REMOVALS 

b, 

L 

g 50 0 

u 

z 

0 800 J 

- 

I 

50 

0 ORE R P ?NOUSTRY PRlYilTE INDUSTRY PRIV&TE 

I -SOFTWOOD ------( HARDWOOD 4 I 

In contrast to the near balance growth and removals when 

all softwood species are grouped, the yellow pine portion 

of the softwood resource experienced an overcut that 

resulted in the 2-percent reduction of pine inventory volume. 

Since the previous survey. yellow pine growth has dropped 

by 5 percent to 427 million cubic feet, while pine removals 

climbed from 301 to 441 million cubic feet. Nearly all the 

pine overcut took place on NIPF land. 

Viewed at the population level, growth rates are influenced 

by changes in the amount of timberland acreage that can 

mask meaningful changes in productivity. Conversion of 

growth to a per-acre basis allows cumparison of growth rates 

in the absence of land-base changes. During the latest 

remeasurement period, net powth of softwood growing stock 

averaged 32.5 cubic feet per acre per year. The comparable 

figure from the previous survey, 32.0 cubic feet, indicates 

that per-acre softwood growth rates have remained about 

the same. By region, per-acre growth rates were nearly 

unchanged in the two northern Survey Units, and up slightly 

in Central and South Florida. 

A steadily increasing proportion of plantations accounts for 

a 10-percent gain in per-acre softwood growth on forest 

industry land. Although the ratio of planted stands on NIPF 

land has also increased, per-acre softwood growth has 

remained about the same. Many of the trees in these recently 

planted NIPF stands have not yet reached volume size and 

are therefore not contributing to the ~~owth estimates. 

More than half the plantations on NlPF land arc between 0 

and 10 years old. In contrast, average per-acre growth of 

softwoods on public timberland has dropped by 17 percent 

during the latest remeasurement period. Recent acquisitions 

of hardwood stands are at least partially responsible for this 

decline because a smaller percentage of public land now 

supports softwood species. Also, a higher ratio of the 

softwood volume on public land consists of slower growing 

cypress in ak~ng stands. 

Combining all ownerships, soft~vood growth in pine 

plantations has increased by 5 percent, from an average of 

58.2 to 61.4 cubic feet per acre. This is likely the result 

of genetic improvement and broader application of highly 

intensive management techniques, such as the use of 

fertilizer. On the other hand, softwood growth in natural 

pine stands fell from 47.3 to 38.6 cubic feet per acre, a 

decline of 18 percent. Conversion of the better managed 

and more productive natural stands to pine plantations could 

be depressing the average growth rate of the remaining 

natural stands. 

Figure 10.-Average net annual growth and annual timber rernuvaii, 

of owing stoek by softvrood and hardwood, by ownership class. 

1980-1986. 
At the population level, softwood growing-stock mortality 

has jumped from an annual average of -15 to 62 million cubic 

feet. an increase of 39 percent. The leading identifiable 

causes of death were fire and insects, which accounted for I6 

and 10 million cubic feet of annual mortality, respectively. 

A more meaningful comparison of mortality rates is achieved 

by espressing them as a proportion of the inventory volume 

existing at the beginning of each measurement period. On 

this basis, relative softwood mortality rates are still found 

to he increasing, but not nearly at the rate suggested by the 

above figures. Adjustment fur differences in inventory 

volume shows that annual mortality claimed 0.65 percent of 

starting inventory each year between 1970 and 1979, and 

0.71 percent between 1980 and 1986. 

Hardwood Growth, Removals, and Mortality 

Hardwood species account for 22 percent of total growingstock g-rowth in Florida, and about 12 percent of growingstock removals. Average annual net growth of hardwood 

growing stock totaled 141 million cuhic feet during the latest 

survey period, down by 15 percent. Still, hardwood growth 

was more than twice the rate of hardwood removals, which 

averaged 66 million cuhic feet annually (fig. 9). In contrast 

to the balance between softwood growth and removals, a 

considerable excess of hardwood growth over removals has 

promoted the continuing buildup of hardwood inventory 

volume. Demand for hardwoods in Florida has historically 

been soft. Moreover, there is no evidence of a turnaround, 

as the average rate of hardwood growing-stock removals has 

fallen by 18 percent since 1980. 

timherland in the case of NIPF owners. Procurement of 

hardwood acreage by the State boosted average annual 

hardwood growth on public land by 38 percent. Hardwood 

removals were down on NIPF and public land, and large 

disparities between growth and removals still persist in these 

two owner categories (fig. 10). The average annual hardwood growth:removal ratios on NIPF and public land now 

stand at 8233 and 21:l million cubic feet, respectively. On 

forest industry land, a slight upturn in removals con~bined 

with 29-percent reduction in growth has nearly brought the 

hardwood gruwth:removal ratio into balance at 39:Z million 

cubic feet. 

At the per-acre level, average growth of hardwood growing 

stock has fallen by 11 percent to the current 9.4 cubic feet 

per year. Hardwood growth rates were down in all Survey 

Units except Central Florida. By ownership, per-acre 

hardwood growth slowed by 29 percent on forest industry 

land and 5 percent on NIPF land. Again, because a greater 

proportion of public timberland now supports hardwood 

species, the average growth of hardwoods on public land has 

increased hy 24 percent-from 6.8 to 8.4 cubic feet per acre 

per year. 

Mortality of hardwood growing stock climbed by 53 percent 

to an average of 60 million cuhic feet per year since 1980. 

Weather damage and disease were the leading identifiable 

causes of hardwood mortality. As with softwood mortality, 

expressing hardwood mortality as a percentage of inventory 

volume reveals a moderate increase in relative mortality 

rates. Between 1970 and 1979, mortality claimed 0.98 percent 

of the initial inventory each year. Since then, the average 

annual mortality toll has risen to 1.22 percent. 

Net growth of hardwood growing stock has declined by 29 

percent on forest industry land and 16 percent on NIPF land, 

due in part to higher proportions of pine plantations in both 

ownership categories, and compounded by the general loss of 
Timber Products Output 

In addition to providing wildlife habitat, outdoor recreation, 

and esthetic values. Florida's forests cleanse the soil, 

water, and air. As a renewable resource, they also yield a 

continuing supply of timber products. The aim of this chapter 

is to describe the utilization of timber harvested from 

Florida's timberland. Industries dependent on this resource 

form a major part of the State's economy. In 1985, more 

than 1,700 firms were involved in some form of timber 

products manufacturing (U.S. Department of Commerce 

1987). These companies employed more than 11,000 workers 

and generated an annual payroll in excess of $744 million. 

Sources of Timber Removals Data 

Average annual volumes of timber remov~ls and product 

output hetween 1980 and 1986, listed in appendix tables 36- 

40, were derived from a combination of sources. The total 

volume of trees removed from timberland each year, as well 

as the volume associated with diversions of timberland to 

nonforest, was calculated from the remeasurement of FIA 

permanent ground samples. Over- and under-utilization of 

these removals to FIA merchantability standards was 

determined by applying utilization factors obtained from a 

sample of active logging operations throughout the State. 

Estimates of industrial products from timher cut in Florida. 

mill residues generated during processing, and the suhsequent disposal of these residues were acquired by 

canvassing all primary wood-using mills in the State. Pulpmill 

surveys were conducted every year during the remeasurement period; other wood-using mills were canvassed in 1981. 

1983, 1984, 1985, and 1986. In previous Florida reports, 

annual product output figures were adjusted to represent the 

single year prior to the date of the timber inventory. In 
this report, annual product output figures represent the 

average of all years within the measurement period. To 

establish valid trends in product output, data from the 

previous survey were reprocessed to obtain average annual 

product output data fur the period between 1970-1!17l). 

Results of industrial canvasses for available years during 

the latest two survey periods are displayed in figure 11 to 

highlight annual fluctuations in industrial output. 

Estimates of total domestic fuelwood (firewood) production 

Lire derived from consumption data reported by Skog and 

Waterson (1986). The portion of this total cut kom timberland is based on the FIA plot remeasurement data. 

Timber Utilization and Product Output From 

Roundwood 

At 541 million cubic feet, the combined volume of all species 

cut from Florida's forests each year has increased by 35 

percent since 1980. All of this gain was fueled by a 48- 

percent increase in softwood removals, which now account 

for 88 percent of the total removals from g~owing stock. 

Upturns in softwood removals were evident in all owner 

categories, increasing by 48 percent on forest industry land, 

50 percent on NIPF land, and 41 percent on public land to 

224. 202, and 49 million cubic feet per year. respectively. 

The gain in softwood removals was countered by an 18- 

percent decline in hardwood removals. This reduction was 

Icd by a notable curtailment of hardwood cutting rates on 

public land--down from an average of 14 million cubic feet 

each year between 1970 and 1979, to the present level of 

about 1 million cubic feet. Hardwood removals were also 

down on NIPF' land-from 38 to 33 million cubic feet. 

Contrary to the trends on public and NIPF band, the volun~e 

of hardwoods removed annually from forest industry land 

increased slightly-from 30 to 32 milliori cubic feet. 

Of the 541 million cubic feet of growing stock removed each 

year between 1980 and 1986, 436 million cubic feet (81 

percent) were used for timber products (app. table 38). 

Logging residues, the unused merchantable portions of 

growing-stock trees harvested for products. account for 

another 6 percent. The remaining 13 percent are associated 

with "other removals" (cultural operations and land use 

changes where whole trees were not utilized for any 

product). Some of the trees on land cleared to nonforest 

are still standing, but are now in an urban or 

a~~icultural setting. 

In conjunction with the 35-percent increase in growing-stock 

removals, product output from roundwood harvested in 

Florida rose from 326 to 481 million cuhic feet (app. tahle 37), 

a gain of 48 percent. This was accomplished through better 

utilization of harvested jg-owing-stock trees, as well as 

increased usage of non-growing-stock volume. Since 1980, the 

proportion of growing-stock removals used for roundwood 

products (including domestic fuelwood) has increased from 

76 to 81 percent, and the volume of unutilized "other 

removals" fell from 19 to 13 percent (app. table 38). 

Coincident w-ith this, utilization of non-flowing-stock 

roundwood (cull trees, salvable dead trees, saplings, 

stumps, tops, limbs, and trees from nonforest sources) 

increased from 7 to 9 percent of the total product output from 

roundwood (app. table 37). 

Improved utilization of harvested roundwood was apparent 

only for the hardwoods. Product output from softwood 

SOFTWOOD HARDWOOD 1 270- PRODUCT I - PULPWOOD 

- - Saw LOGS 

VENEER 

30- ......~ OTHER 

+ 

; Y U 3 ZS!~ 20 5- 

u 

I YEAR YEAR I 

Fiwre 11.-Industrial timber product output from ruundwoud 

harvested in Florida, by softwood and hardwood, product, and year 

of mill canvass. 
roundwood was up by 4'7 percent, about the same magnitude 

as the rise in softwood gruwing-stock removals (48 percent). 

Hardwood product output increased by 55 percent (from 38 

to 58 million cubic feet) despite the 18-percent drop in 

hardwood growing-stock removals. Most of this improvement 

in utilization stems ii-om a reduction of "other removals." 

meaning that a much higher proportion of hardwoods 

associated with TSI operations and timberland diversions 

were used for a product. As a result, the portion of 

hardwood growing-stock removals used for roundwood 

products increased from 37 to 54 percent. In addition, the 

ratio of hardwood rounrlwood products from non-growingstock sources has increased from 20 to 39 percent since 1980. 

Industrial timber products account for 95 percent of Florida's 

481 million cubic feet of product output from roundwood. 

Domestic fuelwood constitutes the remaining 6 percent. Since 

1980, output of industrial products from roundwood has 

increased by 41 percent, ti-om 322 to 455 million cubic feet. 

Softwood species, which make up 92 percent of the current 

total, are responsible for nearly all of the gain. The 

combined industrial output from hardwood roundwood 

remained almost unchanged at 35 million cubic feet. Cuts 

in the production of hardwood saw logs and veneer were 

offset by increased use of hardwoods for pulp and other fiber 

products. Although domestic fuelwood constitutes only a 

minute portion of the total output from roundwood, a marked 

increase in domestic fuelwood production is responsible for 

almost all the increase in overall hardwood timber products 

output. It also explains the higher percentage of hardwood 

growing-stock removals utilized for timber products, and 

the increased usage of hardwoods from non-growingstock sources. 

Mill Byproducts 

In conjunction with the manufacture of industrial timber 

products from roundwood, more than 155 million cubic feet 

of residues were generated at mills in Florida each year. 

Included in this figure were 55 million cuhic feet of bark, 58 

million cubic feet of coarse residues (chips, slabs, edgings, 

cures), and 42 million cuhic feet of fine residues (shavings 

and sawdust). Nearly all mill residues were recovered, since 

only about :i million cubic feet of wood and bark-less than 

2 percent of the total generated-went unused (app. table 

40). Almost 82 million cubic feet u,ere burned for industrial 

fuel, another 1 million cubic feet were burned for domestic 

fuel, and 70 million cuhic feet were used for industrial timber 

products (app. table 36). Added to the industrial products 

and domestic fuelwood production from roundwood, the 

output of mill byproducts from residues raised the total 

output of timber products from 481 to 552 million cuhic feet. 

Along with the gain in roundwood production, the volume 

of residues increased markedly from the 97 millioli cubic 

feet produced annually between 1970 and 1979. Huwever. 

little change is evident in the distribution pattern of mill 

residues. The percentage of residues allocated to industrial 

fuel, domestic fuel, and industrial timber products, as well 

as the proportion that went unused, has remained about 

the same. 

Pulpwood Production 

Pulpwood is by far the leading tin~bor product in Florida. 

responsible for 57 percent of the entire product output (app. 

table 36). Of the total volume of pulpwood produced, 77 

percent originated from growing-stock roundwood. 8 percent 

from non-growing-stock roundwood, and 15 percent from 

mill residues. Between 1980 and 1986, annual production from 

all sources averaged 314 million cubic feet (4.2 million 

cords), an increase of 26 percent. Hardwood species account 

for only 8 percent of the total, about the same as in the 

previous period. 

More use of non-growing-stock roundwood and mill residues 

attests to improved utilization by the industry. Prior to 

1980, 7 and 12 percent of the pulpwood production was 

composed of non-growing-stock roundwood and mill residues. 

Since then, the 26-percent gain in total pulpwood production 

was accompanied by just a 20-percent increase in growingstock removals destined for pulp products. The rest came 

fr.r~m non-growing-stock roundwood and mill residues. 

Annual pulpwood production from roundwood (both growingstock and non-,qowing-stock) averaged close to 268 million 

cubic feet between 1980 and 1986, but ranger1 horn a high of 

280 million cubic feet in 1983, to a low of 233 million cuhic 

feet in 1985. As shown in fiprc 11, softwood roundwood 

production vacillated somewhat during the remeasurement 

period, but generally trended upward. Hardwood pulp 

production, more susceptible to dramatic swings because 

these species make up such a small percentage of the total, 

has recently dropped sharply from a plateau reacher1 in 

the early 1980's. However, the 1987 pulpwood data suggest 

that the dip in hardwood pulp production may currently 

be rebounding. 

One of the more striking trends involving pulpwood is Lhe 

radical decline in use of sawtimber for pulp production. In 

1958, 87 percent of the growing-stock roundwoud harvested 

for pulpwood came from sawtimber-size trees. This proportion declined steadily over the following two decades, 

averaging about 45 percent between 1970 and ll179. Since 

1980. only 15 percent of the growing-stock roundwood cut 

fur pulpwood came frum sawtimber-size trees (app. table :37). 
This change is consistent with the conversion of Florida's Saw-Log Production 

older natural pine stands to young pine plantations over the 

past 30 years. It also indicates that more producers are Saw logs are the second leading timber product fron~ 

merchandizing the highest value products from timber Florida':, foresrs, accounting for 26 percenL of the total 

removals. Only 41) percent of the sawtimbcr voii~mc cut fur !:r:~dirct outpur. Annual sawlog output now averages 144 

roundwood products went for saw logs or veneer he~vwen n~iliion aibic feet (751 nlillion board feet), up by 74 percent. 

1970 and 1979. Since then, the percentage of sawtimber (if the saw logs pro(iucei1, 96 percent came from growing- 

~oiume utilized for these more valuable pradocls has climbed stock rom~(lwood, 3 percent from nln-growing-stock roundto '75 percent. wooi!, and 1 percent from mill byproducts such :is veneer 

cures. Prior to l!380, hard~oocls contrihuted about 10 

Of the 268 million cubic feet of roundwood cut for pulp percent to total saw-log production. Since then, the hardwoo(1 

each year in Florida during the latest remcasurement proportion has fallen to less than 5 percent. 

period, 228 million cubic feet >yere retained \+-ir!lin the 

Siate. The other 10 million cubic feet were exported to After. inc:.euning from 108 to 139 million cubic feet hetweeii 

ill her. Sta~es for nrr,cessing. Also airring th? slm; ;jerici, zt ~OVI ..,. _. ,,lcI 1%:. so:t-~i,od saw-log p1.oduction stabilized 

i.veragi, of 86 million cuhic feet of roundwood pulp wri2 throughout the rest uf the cu~"rent survey cycle. wavering 

annually imported from other States. making Florida a net helween 133 and 140 million cuhic feet (fig. 11). Hard,,vood 

importer of pulpwood. Adding residues utilized for pulp production was much rnore erratic, ranging from 5 million 

procluction to the volume of roundwood retained within the cubic feet in 1983 to 10 million cubic ket in 1985. 

State am1 soundwood imported kom other States, pulpmills 

I;] Florida processed an average of 3(ii) million cubic feet of Ahout 3 million of the 14: million cubic feet of saw lugs 

wooii ex?. v!%r between 1'380 and 1986. Although several h, 'tneited . . in Florida each year were exported to iher 

mills clian~ed h:ir!ds. 10 pulpmillr remained operational States. Almost 14 million cubic feet were imported L IF!orlda 

tl~oughour nlost of the 7-year per?od. mills each year from other States. Including the 1 mj:.~on 

iubi: iect of sawn products fyom mill iesiduss; ail avi+i.age 

01' 1.53 million cubic reel wry? p'ocessed in Florida sawmills. 

!n 198tj, there were $17 saxmills opemting in Floridaiio~vn 

fi.,,,;~ i;2 i,? :s79. 
Veneer-Log Production 

Since 1980, the annual production of veneer logs has 

averaged 25.9 million cubic feet (134 million board feet)- 

about 5 percent of the total product output. This represents 

an increase of 69 percent over the 15.3 million cubic feet 

of veneer produced each year during the previous period. 

Essentially all veneer logs originated from growing-stock 

roundwood of sawtimber size. 

As with saw logs, all the net gain in veneer production 

was due to softwood species. Softwood production gained 

steadily each year during the latest survey cycle (fig. 111, 

avera,ging 23.2 million cuhic feet annually during the 7-year 

period. Hardwood veneer-lug production generally trended 

downward between 1980 and 1986, averaging only 2.7 million 

cubic feet each year. In comparison, annual softwood and 

hardwood veneer production between 1970 and 1979 averaged 

8.6 and 6.1; million cuhic feet, respectively. 

The latest trends in veneer production extend a pattern 

that started soon after pine plywood production hegan to 

boom in the mid-1960's. Softwood peeler logs, virtually 

unheard of in the South prior to 1960, hall captured almost 

a third of the total veneer market hy 1969. After surpassing hardwood production in the mid-1970's, softwoods 

have constituted an ever-increasing share of the total, 

and are now responsible for 90 percent of all peeler-log 

production. In contrast. hardwood veneer production has 

heen falling since reaching a high of 12.0 million cubic feet 

in 1971. 

Almost 3 million cubic feet of peeler logs produced in 

Florida were exported to other States, while 4 million cubic 

feet were imported. Total consumption of veneer logs by 

Florida mills approached 27 million cubic feet. 

Other Industrial Timber Products 

The combined output of all additional industrial products 

averaged 40 million cubic feet per year between 1980 and 

1986about 7 percent of the total product output. These 

include poles, pilings, and posts, as well as miscellaneous 

specialty products grouped under the "other" category in 

appendix tables 36-39, Volume listed as "other" in these tables 

includes such products as litter, mulch, composition board, 

and charcoal. 

Pole and piling productior~ has increased from 3.6 to 6.6 

million cubic feet since 1980. Annual output of fenceposts 

has more than tripled. rising from 1.0 to 3.8 million cubic 

feet. All poles and pilings. and 80 percent of the posts, weye 

producer1 from growing-stock roundwood. The rest of the 

posts originated from non-growing-stock roundw-ood. A11 

poles and pilings, and 96 percent of the posts, were made 

from softwood species. 

Output of other miscellaneouspruducts, including litter and 

mulch, averaged 29.9 million cubic feet each year-up *om 

18.2 million cubic feet. About 24 percent of these products 

originated from growing-stock ro~indwood, 1 percent from 

non-growing-stock roundwood, and 75 percent from mill 

byproducts. The amount of roundwood uscd for other industrial products has increased from virtually none to about 

7.5 million cuhic feet per year since 1980. Nearly all of this 

roundwood was chipped to supply a flourishing market ibr 

landscaping mulch. Most of the roundwood chipped for 

mulch was cypress, preferred for its silver coloration and 

resistance to rot. 

In addition to the 7.5 million cubic feet of roundwood, 22.4 

million cubic feet of mill residues were used for miscellaneous 

industrial products. About 68 percent was utilized as litter 

or mulch, 20 percent for composition hoard products, and 12 

percent for charcoal. 

Domestic Fuelwood Production 

Although the use of firewood has certainly increased 

markedly during the latest remeasurement period, it should 

he noted that the actual magnitude of gain is uncertain, as 

past estimates of firewood production may have been low. 

Trends in domestic fnelwood production are particularly 

difficult to track because producers and markets are so 

widely dispersed. 

The current annual output of domestic fuelwood is estimated 

at 27.2 million cubic feet, about 5 percent of the total 

product output. Of the fuelwood production, 45 percent 

originated from growing-stock roundwood. and 52 percent 

from non-gruwing-stock roundwood; the remaining 3 percent 

was produced from mill residues. Hardwood species account 

for 86 percent of the total domestic fuelwood output. As 

previously discussed, the increase in hardwood firewood 

production was the chief reason for the net gain in total 

hardwood output. 
Timber Supply Outlook 

In the first section we examined the latest trends involving 

groruth, removals, and inventory volume. WE now build on 

this and other information about Florida's timber resources 

to develop a :3O-year estimate of prospective timber supplies. 

Since prospective supplies for the next three decades are 

already some\vhat constrainecl by the current structure of the 

resource, these projections are prefaced. with an overvieiv 

of resource structure in terms of acreage distributions by 

forest type, stand age, and management potential. We also 

examine recent harvesting. reyeneration, and other practices 

that have played instrumental roles in shaping the resource. 

To simplify the discussion of resource structure, the five 

broad forest types have been collapsed into just two 

categories (pine and hardwood) throughout much of the text 

that fo1lou.s. The "pine type" designation encompasses both 

natural pine stands and pine plantations unless otherwise 

noted. The "hardwuo,l type" designation includes oak-pine, 

upland hardwood, and lowland hardwood stands. 

Rates of Treatment and Disturbance 

Of all the activities responsible for shaping the resource and 

affecting future supplies, harvesting and regeneration are 

among the most important. Along with changes in the forest 

land base, the balance between harvesting and regeneration 

heavily influences the amount of acreage occupied by manageable stands-the primary source of future supplies. 

Manageable stands are at least 50 percent stocked with 

growing-stock trees similar enough in size to be managed 

together until the stand reaches maturity. 

Between 1980 and 1987, more timberland acres in Florida 

were harvested than regenerated. During this time, an 

average of 296.000 acres underwent a final harvest each year 

and were retained in forest (table IV). Another 6i,000 acres 

of manageable stands were harvested and subsequently 

diverted to urban, agricultural, or other nonforest uses. In 

contrast, only 272,000 acres annually regenerated to 
Table 1V.-Area of Florida's timberland treated or disturbed annually, hy hroad management and ownership 

classes, 1980 to 1987 

Broad management" 

and 

ownership classesb 

Pine plantation 

Puhlic 

Forest industry 

Other private 

Total 

Natural pine 

Puhlic 

Forest industry 

Other private 

Total 

Oak-pine 

Puhlic 

Forest industry 

Other private 

Total 

Upland hardwood 

Public 

Forest industry 

Other private 

Total 

Lowland hardwood 

Public 

Forest industry 

Other private 

Total 

All classes 

Puhlic 

Forest industry 

Other private 

Total 

Major stand treatments 

Final Partial Commercial Other Natural 

harvest harvest' thinning cutting disturbance 

Acres 

" Broad management class before treatment or disturhance. 

Ownership class in 1987. Forest industry includes lands under long-term lease 

' Includes high-grading and some selective cutting. 
Table V.-Area of timberland regenerated annually, by broad management and ownership classes, Florida, 

1980 to 1987 

Type of regeneration 

Artificial Natural Other Other Artificial Natural 

Broad management" regeneration regeneration artificial natural regeneration reversion 

and Total after a after a regeneration regeneration on nonforest on nonforest 

ownership classesh regeneration harvest harvest on forest land on forest land land land 

Acres 

Pine plantation 

Public 15,364 10,347 - 5,017 - - - 

Forest industry 110,663 76,743 322 31,791 - 1,807 - 

Other private 60,956 26,950 - 9,484 - 24,522 - 

Total 186,983 114,040 322 46,292 - 26,329 - 

Natural pine 

Public 6,530 - 2,311 - 2,695 - 1,524 

Forest industry 4,217 - 2.448 - 1.498 - 271 

Other private 21.398 - 4,320 - 9,788 - 7.290 

Total 32,145 - 9.079 13,981 - 9,085 

Oak-pine 

Public 1,013 279 378 356 - - - 

Forest industrv 6.539 2.301 1.144 3.094 - - - 

Other pnvate 9,160 673 1,376 400 4,673 669 1,369 

Total 16,712 3,253 2,898 3,850 4,673 -- 

669 1.369 

Upland hardwood 

Public 756 - 378 - 378 - - 

Forest industry 4,092 372 2,786 592 342 - - 

Other private 9,279 345 6,213 - 1,430 - 1.291 

Total 14,127 717 9,377 592 2,150 - 1,291 

Lowland hardwood 

Public 326 - 326 - Forest industry 7.229 364 5,383 364 1,118 - - 

Other private 14.537 - 9,091 - 3,974 - 1.472 

Total 22.092 364 14,800 364 5,092 - 1,472 

All classes 

Public 23.989 10,626 3,393 5,373 3.073 - 1,524 

Forest industry 132,740 79,780 12,083 35,841 2.958 1,807 271 

Other private 115,330 27,968 21,000 9,884 19.865 25,191 11,422 

Total 272,059 118,374 36,476 51,098 25,896 26,998 13,217 

" Broad management class after regeneration. 

Ownership class in 1987. Forest industry includes lands under long-term lease. 
manageahle stands of timber (table V). This total includes 

successful regeneration (bo~h planted and natural) on 

existing timberland, as well as 40,000 acres that were 

previously nonforest. In effect, only 75 percent of all 

manageable stands that were harvested andlor diverted since 

1980 have been replaced hy newly regenerated stands of 

timber. Due largely to the imbalance among rates of 

harvesting, land clearing, and regeneration, the total number 

of manageahle timber stands in Florida has dropped from 

10.3 to 10.0 million acres. This loss would have been greater, 

hut a higher growing-stock to total volume ratio caused 

more borderline stands to classify as manageable. 

Harvesting outpaced regeneration for both pine and 

hardwood forest types. Considering the 226,000 acres of 

harvested pine stands retained in forest, another 42,000 acres 

of manageahle pine stands diverted to nonforest, and the 

219,000 acres successfully regenerated to pine, only X2 

percent of all manageable pine stands harvested and/or 

diverted each year were replaced. Because of the large 

number of NIPF acres diverted to m~nforest, the greatest 

pine regeneration deficit occurred within this ownership 

category (fig. 12). Only 75 percent of the manageable pine 

stands on NIPF land harvested or diverted to nonforest 

since 1980 have been replaced by new manageable stands of 

pine. The corresponding value for forest industry and public 

owners is 87 and 85 percent, respectively. 

Although the pine regeneration deficit is alarming, it must 

be viewed within the context of several other factors. If 

harvesting, regeneration, and land clearing had been the only 

factors involved, there would have been some reduction of 

manageable pine acreage. However, a loss was averted by 

shifting of manageable acreage among forest types, some of 

which was brought about by cultural treatments designed to 

favor the pine component of existing oak-pine and hardwood 

stands. The total acreage of manageable pine stands thus 

remains nearly unchanged at 6.1 million acres. Also, if 

diversions to nonforest are written off and viewed as outside 

the reach uf forestry-related activities, over 97 percent of 

the pine acreage harvested and retained in forest was 

replaced by newly regenerated pine stands. 

Although not enough to compensate for the added encumhrance of pine stand diversions to nonforest, rates of artificial 

regeneration were up sharply during the latest survey 

interval. Of the 219,000 acres successfully regenerated to 

pinc each year, 187,000 acres, or 85 percent, were planted. 

Another 10,000 acres showed evidence of artificial regeneration but at present are classified as oak-pine or hardwood 

forest types due to excessive hardwood competition. 

Through selective management, many of these stands 

eventually will be dominated by the planted pines. In all, an 

average of 197,000 acres were planted each year. Current 

planting rates are now approaching the amount of acreage 

planted during the peak years of the Soil Bank era. 

However, there is a difference in that much of the present 

planting is correlated with a high rate of harvesting. The 

Soil Bank plantings came in response to excessive quantities 

of abandoned farmland, and thus augmented the forest land 

base. Compared with the period between 1970 and 1980. 

planting rates were higher for all three owner groups. The 

HARVESTED 8 RETAINED IN FOREST REGENERATION ON EXISTING FOREST 

CLEARED TO NONFOREST 0 REGENERATION ON NONFOREST 

OTHER PRIVATE: / I I 

OWNERSHIP CLASS PINE HARDWOOD 

HARVEST 

REGENERATION 

FOREST INDUSTRY: 

HARVEST 

REGENERATION 

PUBLIC. I I I 

FOREST TYPES FOREST TYPES 

HARVEST 

REGENERATION 

140 120 100 80 60 40 20 0 0 20 40 60 

THOUSAND ACRES 

Figure 12.-Average annual rates of harvesting and regeneratian by ownership class, 

pine and hardwood forest type, and land-use status, 198lL1987. 
largest gain occurred on NIPF land, where annual planting 

rates more than tripled--climbing from 20,000 to 63,000 acres 

per year. The area planted on land managed by forest 

industry rose by 21 percent frum 97,000 to 117,000 acres per 

year. Annual planting on public timberland increased from 

1:3,000 to 16,000 acres. 

Hardwood harvesting was much less prevalent than pine 

harvesting. Only 24 percent of the total timherland area 

harvested since 1980, or 70,000 acres per year, supported a 

hardwood timber type prior to harvest. Nearly 42 percent 

occurred in lowland hardwood stands, 31 percent in oak-pine 

stands, and 27 percent in upland hardwood stands. Alternately, just 53,000 acres successfully regenerated to 

manageahle hardwood stands each year, replacing the 

equivalent of 75 percent of the hardwood stands harvested 

and retained in forest. Adding in diversions of manageable 

hardwood stands to nonforest, only 56 percent of all 

hardwood stands harvested or diverted were replaced by 

adequately stocked stands of young hardwoods. By ownership, the effective replacement rate of harvested or diverted 

manageable hardwood stands was 57 percent on NIPF land, 

56 percent on public land, and 53 percent on forest industry 

land (fig. 12). At least part of the low hardwood 

replacement rate is due to a higher incidence of conversion 

to pine plantations. Since 1980, the total number of 

manageable hardwood stands in Florida has dropped by 8 

percent, frum 4.3 to 4.0 million acres. 

In addition to the 296,000 acres that untlerwent final 

harvest, timber was removed from another 103,000 acres 

each year in the form of commercial thinnings, partial 

harvests, and other miscellaneous cutting (table IV). About 

45,000 acres were commercially thinned each year, and 

virtually all the thinning (96 percent) occurred in pine stands. 

Partial harvests took place on an average of 37,000 acres 

annually. In hardwood stands, which account for 63 percent 

of all partial harvests, most of the partial cutting is better 

characterized as either highpading or pine selection, with 

very few true selection cuts designed to improve the quality 

of the residual stand. In pine stands, much of the partial 

harvesting would hetter he described as diameter-limit 

cutting. Tirnher was removed from another 20,000 acres 

each year for timber stand improvement and other 

miscellaneous purposes. 

Structure of the Pine Resource 

The age structure and broad forest type composition of 

1"lurida's pine forests reveal a level of management intensity 

unmatched elsewhere in the Southeast. In all, 3.9 million 

acres, or 64 percent of the State's manageable pine stands, 

are currently in pine plantations. Tbree-fourths of these 

plantations have been established in the past 20 years. 

Already a significant source of softwood timber, these planted 

stands will soon become the primary source of softwood 

supplies. Between 1980 and 1987, 40 percent of all softwood 

growing-stock removals came from pine plantations. 

In general, the age distribution of the pine resource depicts 

a stable situation for future supplies. The amount of pine 

acreage in every 10-year age class is followed by more 

acreage in the next younger age class (fig. 13). This 

relationship is particularly meaningful for the first three age 

classes (0-30 years), because the majority of pine stands are 

on rotations of 30 years or less. Insofar as the acreage in 

each of the two youngest classes is greater than the acreage 

I PINE FOREST TYPES HARDWOOD FOREST TYPES I 

1 MILLION ACRES I 

Figure l;?.Prafile of timberland in Florida by stand-age and bmad manag.ement class, 1987 
in the 21-30 class, nu shortages of harvestable acreage are on 

the horizon, and the acreage available fur harvest may even 

increase over the next two decades. However, hear in mind 

that more acreage available for harvest in the 21-30 class 

will not necessarily translate into more harvestahle volume. 

As older pine stands with substantial volume accumulations 

are harvested and placed on shorter rotations, the average 

volume per acre of timber removals will drop accordingly. 

The diversity of management patterns and objectives among 

the owner poups has resulted in some notable differences in 

the structure of their pine timberlands. NIPF and forestry 

industry stand-age profiles are similar to the combined profile 

for all owners. The broad base of young stands on these 

two ownerships is a reflection of the heavy demand for 

poletimber-size pines generated by the pulp and paper 

industry over the last 40 years. meeting the enormous 

demand for softwood fiber requires a large concentration of 

young stands on short rotations in order to maximize 

growth rates. As this demand continues, even more of the 

total pine acreage will tend to accumulate in stands between 

0 and 30 years old on these two ownerships. Public timberland is less subject to the economic forces that influence 

private land. In contrast to the pyramid-shaped age structure 

on NIPF and forest industry timberland, the distribution 

of pine acreage on public timberland is approximately equal 

in all age classes between 0 and 60 years. This is indicative 

of a multiple-use management strategy designed to maintain 

a balanced diversity of stand conditions. 

Although the general shape of NIPF and forest industry 

age profiles are similar, there are other differences between 

these two owner groups that involve important structural 

attributes. Ahout 27 percent of the 2.8 million acres of 

natural and planted pine stands on NIPF land are not 

considered manageable by FIA standards. Only 11 percent 

of the 3.3 million acres of pine on forest industry land is not 

manageahle, and most of this acreage represents a backlog 

of stands awaiting regeneration after a recent harvest. Of 

the pine acres that are considered manageahle, more than 

half are occupied by natural stands on NIPI" land, as 

compared with only 15 percent on forest industry land. 

Related to their higher percentage of natural stands. NIPF 

owners have more acreage in older stands. Over 566,000 

acres, or 28 percent of all manageable pine stands on NIPI.' 

land, are more than 30 years old. Forest industry has 

358,000 acres, about 12 percent of its manageable pine 

resource, in stands older than 30. Finally, there is a shortage 

of pine stands between 11 and 20 years old on NIPF land, 

brought about by depressed planting rates during the late 

1960's and early 1970's. The acreage now in stands 11-20 

years old on NIPF land is 32 percent less than stands in the 

21-30 year class. Nonetheless, this should not have any 

undue bearing on future supplies, and will be of relatively 

short duration, because there is an abundance of 11 to 

20-year-old stands on forest industry land, and planting rates 

on NIPF land have improved immensely since 1980. 

Taken together, all the differences in pine resource 

structure among the various owners suggest that during the 

coming decade forest industry will rely more heavily on its 

own land for pine poletimber. This reliance will be amplified 

to the extent that NIPF owners continue to divert pine 

timberland to nonforest. NIPF owners will probably fulfill a 

larger share of the demand for pine sawtimber since they 

have the largest concentration of older stands. In all 

likelihood, public owners will maintain pine supplies near 

current levels. 

Structure of the Hardwood Resource 

The most striking feature about Florida's hardwood resource 

is the large number of stands with insufficient stocking. 

Almost 3.5 million acres, 47 percent of the entire hardwood 

resource, lack a manageable stand of timher (fig. 1:i). Far 

too many hardwood stands are in such poor condition, and no 

obvious sign of improvement is in sight. The percentage of 

nonmanageable hardwood stands in existence now is about 

the same as in 1980. These stands cover a wide variety of 

physiogxaphic conditions and productivity classes. About onethird are located on xeric sites (mostly sandhills), one-third 

on mesic sites (rolling uplands and flatwoods), and one-third 

on hydric sites (hays, stream margins, and swamps). The 

average base 50 site index of these stands is 65 feet; 93 

percent fall between 50 and 79 feet. The distribution by 

ownership reveals no particular owner category responsible 

for an inordinate amount of this acreage. Proportions of 

nonmanageahle stands range from 41 percent of the total 

hardwood acreage on forest industry land to 49 percent of 

the hardwood resource on NIPF and public land. As 

emphasized by the poor hardwood harvest:regeneration 

ratios, a good many of these stands are the result of failure 

to provide for adequate regeneration after harvest. One-fifth 

of the stands now in this condition experienced a final 

harvest between 1980 and 1987. 

Other notable characteristics of the hardwood age profile are 

a buildup of stands in the older age classes and a scant 

supply of acreage in young stands. Older stands are accumulating because hardwood removals have historically been 

1ou~-about half the hardwood growth rate for the past 

three or four decades. This accumulation, comb~ned with 

conversion of harvested hardwood stands to pine plantations, 

has contributed to the depletion of hardwood stands 0-30 

years old. 
Past emphasis on pine management in Florida has yielded 

a highly productive pine resource capable of sustaining the 

high levels of growth required to supply the pulpwood 

industry with softwood fiber. In the coming years, as the 

sites most suitable for pine production continue to be 

planted to pine, a higher proportion of the remaining stands 

will be unsuitable for pine production. Eventually, a point 

of diminishing returns will be reached with respect to 

conversion of hardwood stands to pine plantations. It 

therefore stands to reason that the greatest gains in overall 

forest productivity can be accomplished through improved 

management of the hardwood resource. One pathway to a 

more halanced and vigorous hardwood resource is through 

improved markets for small and poor-quality hardwoods. In 

the past, efficient management of the hardwood resource 

has been hampered by specialized markets able to absorb 

only a limited range of species and tree sizes. This situation 

has encouraged high-grading and contributed to the large 

number of nonmanageable hardwood stands. Perhaps recent 

advances in hardwood utilization technology offer some hope 

that an expansion of hardwood markets is on the horizon. 

Timber Supply Projections 

In this section we depart from the generalized assessment 

of Florida's prospective forest resources in favor of more 

specific, model-hased estimates of future supplies. Timher 

inventory, growth, and removal volumes are projected at 

10-year intervals for the next 30 years in an effort to identifL 

developing trends and expose potential problems. 

Obviously, these estimates should not be interpreted as 

absolute forecasts, but as a reasonable appraisal of 

future supplies given our knowledge of the resource as it 

exists today. 

These projections are essentially derived from two models. 

Prospective changes in Florida's timberland base were 

simulated by the Southern Acreage Model (SAM) (Alig 1985). 

SAM estimates future acreage distributions by merging 

timberland area trend data with related demographic and 

economic trend data. Estimates of inventory volume and 

growth were generated by the Timber Resource Inventory 

Model (TRIM) (Tedder and others 1987). TRIM is an area 

based yield table system that tracks acrease through an 

array of strata defined by various combinations of ownership, 

forest type, site quality, stocking level, and management 

intensity. Starting with the current inventory, the model 

moves numbers of acres through time and accounts for 

shifts among the various strata. Inventory volume and 

growth estimates are derived from empirical yield tables 

specific to each stratum. 

Three yield tables (pine plantations, natural pine stands. and 

hardwood stands) were developed from the latest inventory 

data to drive the projections. These yields represent the 

average per-acre volumes of yellow pines and hardwoods by 

5-year age classes for stands rariqing &om 0 to 90 years old. 

In a departure from normal convention, cypress was included 

with the volume of hardwoods. To keep the projections 

relatively simple, we decided to forgo additional stratification 

of yields by site and stocking classes. The yield tables 

employed for these TRIM projections thus represent yields 

observed for fully stocked stands averaged across all site 

classes. An "approach-to-normality" function (Tedder and 

others 1987) was invoked for stands not fully stocked. 

Estimates of timber removals used by TRIM are normally 

obtained from a third model, the Timber Assessment Market 

Model (TAMM) (Adams and Haynes 1980). TAMM is a 

market equilibrium model designed to run iteratively with 

TRIM to develop estimates of the demand for timber 

products. However, since demand for timher products is 

most appropriately associated with regional and national 

economies rather than local economies, we opted to bypass 

the TAMM estimates for the State-level projections 

presented here. To provide a meaningful baseline point of 

reference, volumes of timber removals were held constant 

at levels measured between 1980 and 1987. 

Minimum harvest ages were set at 20 years for pine 

plantations, 25 years for natural pine stands, and 40 years for 

hardwood stands. These same restrictions were maintained 

for all three owner categories with the exception of public 

lands, where the minimum harvest age for pine plantations 

was increased to 25 years. In the early phase of the 

projections, harvest volumes were taken from age classes 

consistent with the removal rates experienced hetween 19HO1987. If shortages developed in any age class for a given 

owner category, the model defaulted to harvesting the oldest 

stands first. Reallocation of harvested acreage by forest 

type conformed to the acreage shifts and area projections 

output by the SAM model. 

Results of the projections are summarized in appendix table 

41. Area of timberland is expected to decline from the 

current 15.0 million acres to about 14.6 million acres in 2017. 

Although timberland area falls steadily throughout the 

projection period, the annual rate of decline is somewhat less 

than the 88,000-acre rate measured between 1980 and 1987. 

The abbreviated rate of decline may be conservative in the 

face of continued urhanization, hut much of the urban 

buildup will he located in the southern and coastal r?gions, 

which are not heavily forested. Continued abandonmed of 

agricultural lands in the two northern Units could help keep 

t,he forest land base stable. 
A11 of the anticipated reduction in timberland area is 

confined to the other private ownership class. Forest industry 

and public owners are projected to maintain or increase 

their holdings slightly. The gain in public land is the result 

of additional acquisition of forested wetlands by the various 

Water Management Districts. Across all ownerships, acreage 

in hardwood stands declines by 12 percent by the end of the 

simulation, while the combined area of planted and natural 

pine stands increases by 7 percent. The area of pine 

plantations is expected tu continue gaining at the expense of 

both natural pine and hardwood stands. The percentage of 

all timberland occupied by planted pines increases from 27 

percent in 1987 to 40 percent in 2017. 

The inventory projections bear out the observation that 

pine inventory volume in Florida has temporarily peaked. 

Holding pine removals steady at the current rate, pine 

inventory volume declines from 6.5 to 6.1 billion cubic feet 

by 1997. The yellow pine inventory is pulled downward 

because the current annual rate of removals (441 million cubic 

feet) exceeds pine growth (427 million cuhic feet). The 

benefits of the recent planting boom during the 1980's are not 

fully realized by 1997, so pine growth rates continue to fallfrom 427 to 409 million cubic feet. This extends the existing 

overcut situation until shortly after the year 2000, when the 

majority of recently planted pine stands reach volume size. 

At this time, the pine growth rate overtakes removals and 

the pine inventory begins to turn back up, finishing out the 

30-year projection at 7.1 billion cuhic feet-9 percent above 

the current level. 

These simulation results underscore several important points. 

First, Florida is at least temporarily locked into a situation 

where pine inventories must decline if the current removal 

rate is to be maintained. Second, the increased rate of 

plantation establishment during the 1980's has averted 

potentially serious future shortages. These new plantations 

should allow the declining pine inventory to recover in 

about 10 to 15 years. Third, pine removals cannot be 

increased much above current levels without severely 

depleting the inventory. In fact, the simulation was unable 

to meet even the current demand beyond 1997, and a minor 

shortage ensued for the remainder of the projection period. 

This means there was not enough inventory volume above 

the minimum harvest age to support the present rate of 

removals. In reality, such a shortage would probably not 

occur because some stands are harvested at ages younger 

than those required by the simulation, and thinning would 

also help make up some of the difference. In any case, 

these projections illustrate that Florida is approaching 

the maximum rate of pine removals that can be 

sustained indefinitely. 

The scenario anticipated for the pine resource on forest 

industry and NIPF land is similar to the one just described 

for the pine resource as a whole. Growth is expected to 

exceed removals for at least part of the projection period in 

both owner categories, resulting in temporary inventory 

reductions. The situation is more critical on NIPF land, 

though, because this is where the shortages are centered. 

Forest industry is capable of maintaining the present rate 

of cutting from its own land, but there is little margin for 

increase. Public owners will likely retain a comfortable 

surplus of pine growth over removals, allowing the pine 

inventory to continue increasing over the next 30 years. 

However, the growth surplus and inventory buildup on 

public land wiil not likely provide much of a cushion if 

removal rates on NIPF' and Corest industry land accelerate 

too quickly, since public land has historically supplied only 

a fraction of the State's total pine removals. 

Despite the loss of hardwood acreage, Florida's hardwood 

inventory continues expanding over the 30-year simulation. 

By 2017, the hardwood growing-stock inventory totals nearly 

13.0 million cubic feet, topping the current inventory hy 54 

percent. The increase is caused by the considerable excess of 

hardwood growth over removals, resulting in the continuing 

buildup of volume in aging stands. The accumulation of older 

hardwood stands begins to take its toll on hardwood 

growth shortly after 1997, as the growth rate peaks and 

begins to drop. 

The most noteworthy aspect of the hardwood projections is 

the continuing gap between hardwood growth and 

removals. On the surface, the contrast between projected 

tight pine supplies and apparent underutilization of the 

hardwood resource presents a significant opportunity to shift 

a portion of future demand from pine to hardwood. If 

accompanied by improved management practices, an increase 

in hardwood removals would no doubt benefit the resource 

by balancing the hardwood age distribution, increasing 

diversity, and stimulating growth. However, as underscored 

by the recent decline in hardwood removals, this is an 

unlikely prospect. The bulk of this volume is located in 

lowland hardwood stands where physical and regulatory 

constraints reduce the available volume to only a fraction of 

the total hardwood inventory. 
Management Opportunities 

Demand for southern timber is expected to continue rising 

well into the next century (USDA Forest Service 1988). As 

the TRIM projections in the previous section indicate, 

Florida is already appvoaching the maximum rate of removals 

that can be sustained in the foreseeable future. Increased 

demands on a shrinking forest land base intensify the need 

to improve the quantity and quality of the resource on as 

many acres as possible. Use of genetically improved 

seedlings, site modification, and fertilization will increase 

the productivity of acres already managed for timber 

production, but a much greater return could be gained by 

improving stands that presently receive little or nc management. The purpose of this section is to identify such 

opportunities. Although these actions are recommended from 

the standpoint of timber production, they would also 

enhance many of the nontimber benefits by promoting 

healthier stand conditions on forest acreage that is currently 

nonstocked, overstocked, overmature, or damaged. 

The treatment opportunities discussed here are necessarily 

generic in nature and broad in perspective. They are based 

on conditions encountered by field crews at each sample 

location, and describe the single most important action that 

could be undertaken to improve the general growth and 

quality of the sampled stand. although other actions could 

also be taken. Summaries of the major treatment opportunities are provided in table VI. 

Adverse Sites 

Difficult operating conditions on adverse sites limit timber 

management opportunities on 1.1 million acres. Because 

management hr timber production is usually impractical, and 

since little management activity is obsen.ed on these sites, 

they are excluded from the opportunities discussed below. 

However, less intensive management practices are possible 

and should be considered on some of these acres. 

Less than 1 percent of adverse sites experienced timher 

cutting each year during the latest survey period. The 

cutting rate on sites not classified as adverse is three times 

higher. Net annual growth of all species on adverse sites is 

almost triple the rate of removals. On operable sites, growth 

esceeds removals by only 10 percent. As a result, adverse 

sites contain an average of 2,388 cubic feet of growing-stock 

volume per acre-about three times the average volume on 

operable sites. 
Table V1.-Area of Florida's idle cropland and timberland, by broad management, ownership, and treatment 

opportunity classes, 1987 

Broad treatment opportunity elass 

Stands in 

Braad management Other rrlatiirlv idierse 

and Total Commercial stand Stand good sites or 

ownership classess area Salvage Harvest thinning improilemmt eoniersinnb RegenerationF eondifinn eonditlons" 

Idle cropland 

Public 

Forest industly 

Other private 

Total 

Pine plantations 

Publie 

Forest industry 

Other private 

Total 

Natural pine stands 

Public 

Forest industq 

Other private 

Total 

Oak-pine stands 

Public 

Forest industq 

Other private 

Torai 

Tlwi~ionda ones 

Upland hardwoud stands 

Publje 212.0 - 4.6 - 8.2 2.0 174.1 23.1 - Forest industry 310.1 - - - 8.6 5.0 212.4 81.2 2.9 

nther private 1.3653 - 3.1 - 60.1 26.9 9667 261.5 - 

Torai 1.8904 - 57.7 - 76.9 33.9 1.353.2 365.8 2.9 

Lowland hardwood stands 

Public 588.3 - i0.3 - 14.4 2.5 145.8 1W.6 194.7 

Forest industly 1,4782 - 92.6 2.6 102.7 29.0 454.0 469.i 327.6 

Other plirate 2,2884 8.7 193.2 15.3 96.6 34.2 728.i 7431 4liq.6 

Total 4,3549 8.7 356.1 17.9 213.7 65.7 1.3285 1.373.4 990.9 

111 classes 

Public 2.4431 6.3 123.4 18.0 89.7 lL6 780.7 

Forest industq 5,446.4 12.1 128.4 29i.5 lSl.4 49.5 1,1367 

Other prime 7,961.9 151 293.5 153.0 334.8 76.4 3,6502 

Total 15.851.4 33.5 545.3 468.5 605.9 141.5 5.5676 

Forest industq includes lands under long-term lease. 

Areas occupied with species unsuitable for the site from the standpoint of timber production. 

ineludes 67.5 thousand acres where good-quality hardwood regeneration could be accomplished by felling residual trees to release 

advance understory hardwood reproduction and promote stump sprouting. 

Areas where management opportunities are severely limited because of steep slopes or poor drainage. 
In Florida, virtually all sites with difficult operating 

conditions are classified as such because of year-round water 

problems. About 94 percent of the acres classified as adverse 

support lowland hardwood stands, a category that includes 

cypress. Almost half of all adverse sites are located on NIPF 

land, about one-third on forest industry, and the remaining 

19 percent on public timherland. All owner categories have 

nearly the same proportion of adverse sites-about 7 percent. 

Stands in Good Condition 

More than 7.4 million acres, half of Florida's timberland, 

support manageable stands in good condition on operable 

sites. Current volume of growing stock on these acres 

averages 1,055 cubic feet per acre. These stands harbor a 

substantial portion of the State's present and future timber 

supplies. Adequate protection and prompt regeneration after 

harvest will ensure their continued productivity. 

Almost two-thirds of the timberland controlled by forest 

industry is in relatively good condition. In comparison, 54 

percent of public land and only 45 percent of NIPF timberland are in good shape. As expected, the proportion of pine 

stands in good condition is much higher than the corresponding ratio for hardwoods. About 70 percent of all pine 

stands have been judged acceptably productive on operable 

sites, while only 29 percent of the hardwood resource is so 

classified (fig. 14). The proportions of pine plantations and 

natural pine stands in good shape are 85 and 53 percent, 

respectively. In contrast, 38 percent of oak-pine, 41 percent 

of lowland hardwood, and only 19 percent of upland 

hardwood stands are in relatively good condition. 

Treatment Opportunities 

Timber stands on 6.5 million operable acres would benefit 

substantially from one of the six corrective actions outlined 

below. In the absence of treatment, they will remain far less 

productive than their potential. Realizing that the total 

acreage in each of these categories encompasses a mixture 

of tract sizes, ownerships, accessibilities, management 

objectives, and environmental constraints, it is impractical 

to expect full implementation of the opportunities recognized here. Nevertheless, it is obvious that ample 

opportunities exist. 

1. Salvage u%d regenerate seriously damaged stands o'n 

94,0110 acres. These stands have been damaged excessively 

by fire, insects, disease, weather, or other destructive 

agents and are in imminent danger of catastrophic mortality. 

They average 42 years of age and contain 1,770 cubic feet 

of growing stock per acre. Natural pine stands account for 

nearly half of the acres in this category; lowland hardwood 

stands make up another one-fourth. Although the number of 

stands requiring salvage is small, it should be noted that 

stands which have already experienced enough mortality to 

drop them below 50-percent stocking are included under the 

regeneration opportunity. 

2. Haruest and regenerate mature stonds on 545,000 acres. 

On the average, these stands are 78 years old with 2,876 

cubic feet of growing-stock volume. Stands in this condition 

typically exhibit slow growth and high mortality rates. 

Almost two-thirds are found in the lowland hardwood 

category. Over half the harvest opportunity occurs on NIPF 

land. In addition, 222,000 acres on adverse sites are classed 

as overmature. 

3. Thin young, over.str>ciied stands orb $68,000 acres. These 

stands are so densely stocked that crop trees are receiving 

excessive competition from each other. These acres would 

benefit from commercial thinning to prevent stagnation and 

enhance the growth of the highest quality trees. Stands in 

need of thinning average 24 years old and support 1,982 

cubic feet of growing stock per acre. Pine plantations account 

for 85 percent of all thinning opportunities. Natural pine 

/ PlNE FOREST TYPES' HARDWOOD FOREST TYPES I 

REGENERATE / 20% REGENERATE 

-CONVERSION 

GOOD CONDITION ADVERSE SITE GOOD CONDITION 

70% 14% 29% 

BASED ON 7,526,567 ACRES BASED ON 7,456,040 ACRES 

' LESS THAN I% OF THE PlNE ACREAGE 

OCCURS ON ADVERSE SITES 

Figure 14.-Pine and hardwood timberland acreage by treatment opportunit~. 
stands constitute most of the balance. Ry ownership, about 

two-thirds of stands recommended for thinning occur on 

forest industry land, with the majority of the remainder on 

NIPF land. 

4. Re~rcoue competing uegetatio?~f~orn i?n?natule sian,ds un 

606.000 acres. Potential crop trees in these immature stands 

are receiving serious competition from rough trees and 

other vegetation. Some type of timber stand improvement 

(TSI) operation such as cleaning or release would enhance 

their future quality and growth. Stands that would benefit 

from TSI average 16 years of age with 662 cubic feet of 

volume per acre. Lowland hardwood stands account for 35 

percent of this acreage, natural pine stands for 29 percent, 

oak-pine and upland hardwood stands for 1:3 percent each, and 

pine plantations for 10 percent. 

5. Co?iuert sto?i~ls on lQ1,UOU acres to different 

species. These are offsite or diseased stands where growth 

and quality are obviously well below potential. Replacement 

of the existing stands with species more indigenous to the 

site would improve productivity. Stands on these acres 

average 23 years old and support 665 cubic feet of growing 

stock per acre. About 86 percent of these acres are currently 

dominated by hardwoods. Over half are classed as lowland 

hardwood stands. In most cases, conversion to high-quality 

hardwoods appears to be the most viable opportunity 

fur improvement. 

6. Regenemie 4.7 milliori acres of timberland. These 

acres are so poorly stocked that a manageable stand is nonexistent. Growing-stock volume averages only 343 cubic feet 

per acre. Remnant trees from previous harvests, inferior 

seedlings, and inhibiting vegetation dominate these stands. 

Given enough time, they will eventually restock naturally. 

but without intervention the process could take decades. 

Regeneration is by far the most significant treatment 

opportunity for both pine and hardwood acreage (fig. 14). In 

too many cases, the source of this problem is failure to 

provide for regeneration at the time of harvest. As such, 

efforts to correct the problem should focus on the immediate 

regeneration of stands following harvest. As long as 

harvested stands are not promptly regenerated, poorly 

stocked stands will proliferate. Corrective actions taken years 

later are extren~ely expensive and fail to address the cause 

of the problem. 

Favorably, there is some evidence of improvement in the 

past 7 years, as the portion of all stands in need of 

regeneration has declined from 36 percent of the timberland 

area in 1980 to 34 percent in 1987. The increased planting 

effnrts observed in recent years are undoubtedly paying off. 

Still, far too many acres are in such poor condition, and 

effort,s to improve the situation would best be directed 

toward NIPF landowners. Adding 869.000 acres of idle 

cropland to the 4.7 million acres of existing timberland in 

need of regeneration, NIPF owners control tu,o-thirds of 

the land area presenting a regeneration opportunity. If 

Flurida is to meet the projected demand fnr timber products 

in the next century, more of this acreage must be bruught 

into production. 

Professional advice and economic assistance designecl to 

assist NIPF owners is readily available. The Forestry 

Incentives Program, the Agricultural Conservation Program, 

and the Conservation Reserve Program all provide costshare opportunities. The Florida Forestry Association will 

also reimburse for seedling costs. Many forest products 

companies offer cooperative agreements and lease arrangements with private landourners. Professional advice and 

services are also available from private forestry consultants, 

as well as from the Florida Division of Forestry. 

Literature Cited 

Adams, Darius M.; Haynes, Richard W. 1980. The 1980 

softwood timber assessment model: structure, projections. 

and policy simulations. Forest Science Mono~aph 22. 

64 PP. 

Alig, Ralph J. 1985. Modeling acreage changes in forest 

ownerships and cover types in the Southeast. Res. Pap. 

RM-260. Fort Collins, CO: U.S. Department of Agricultm.e, 

Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Forest and Range 

Experiment Station. 14 pp. 

Skog, Kenneth E.; Waterson. Irene A. 198li. Residential 

fuelwood use in the United States: 1980-1981. Resour. 

Bull. WO-3. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Agriculture. 45 pp. 

Tedder, Phillip L.; LaMont, Richard M.; Kincaid, 

Jonna C. 1987. The timber resource inventory model 

(TRIM): a projection model for timber supply and policy 

analysis. Gen. Tech. Rep. PNW-GTR-202. Portland, OR: 

U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific 

Northwest Forest and Range Experiment Station. 82 pp. 

U.S. Department of dgriculture, Forest Service. 1988. 

The South's fourth forest: alternatives for the future. For. 

Resour. Rep. 24. Washington, DC. 512 pp. 

U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census. 

1987. County business patterns 1985, Florida. CBP-8.511. 

Washington, DC. 173 pp. 
Appendix 

Procedure 

The procedures used in the sixth statewide inver~tory and 

evaluation of Florida's forest resources include these 

basic steps: 

1. In the Northwest, Northeast, a~id Central Units, initial 

estimates of'forest and nonforest areas were based on the 

classification of 90,378 sample clusters systematically spaced 

on the latest aerial photographs availahle. A subsample of 

10.746 of these l(i-point clusters was ground checked, and 

a linear regression was Fitted to the data to develop the 

relationship between the photo and ground classification 

of the s~ibsample. This procerlure provides a means for 

grdjusting the initial estimates of area for change in land use 

since date of photo~~aphy and for photo misciassification. 

In South Ylorirla a different method of land use classification 

was crnployed. 'There, estimates of forest and nunforest areas 

were determined from dircct aerial observations along 27 

east-west flight lines spaced at 5-mill? intervals. The flight 

lines were selected systematieally from a random start and 

flown perpendicular to the direction of primary drainage. 

From an altitude of 500 feet above the %ground, observers 

classified the land use at 28,299 sample points along the 

flight lines. An interval timer was used to locate the sample 

points. This direct aerial method was not used in the Keys 

because of their unique geographical layout. In the Keys, 

gross area estimates were made by planimeter of the U.S. 

Geological Survey boundaries as transferred from maps onto 

aerial photographs. The breakdown of gross acreage into 

detailed land use was based upon the ground classification of 

45 sample locations. 

2. Estimates of timber volume and forest classifications 

were determined from measurements recorded at 5.487 

ground sample locations systematically distributed within 

timberiand. The plot design at each location was based on 

a cluster of 10 points. In most cases, variable plots, 

delineated with basal-area factor of 37.5 square feet per acre, 

were systematically spaced within a single forest condition 

at 5 of the 10 cluster points. Trees less than 5.0 inches d.b.h. 

were tallied on fixed-radius plots around the point centers. 

3. Seedlings, shrubs, vines, grasses, forhs, and other lesser 

vegetation occurring within a 35-foot radius of selected point 

centers were identified and recorded at each forest sample 

location. Each distinctive zone of lesser vegetation was 

classified based on its height, density, and species 

composition. When merged with the tree tally, this 

information provided a vegetative profile of each forest 

condition sampled. Additional uontimber attributes measured 

or classified included land use, terrain features, soils. 

erosion, litter, water, snags, tree cavities. livestock grazing, 

2nd recreational use. 

4. Equations developed from detailed measurements of 

standing trees in Florida and throughout the Southeast were 

used to compute volumes of individual tally trees. A mirror 

caliper and sectional aluminum poles were used to obtain the 

additional measurements on standing trees required to 

construct the volume equations. Forest biomass estimates 

were made with equations developed by theUtilization of 

Southern Timber Research Work Unit of the Southeastern 

Forest Experiment Station in Athens, GA. In addition, 

felled trees were measured at 100 active cutting operations 

to provide utilization factors for the different timber 

products and species groups and to supplement the standingtree volume study. 

5. Growth. removals, and mortality were estimated from 

the remeasurement of 4.803 permanent sample plots established at the time of the 1980 inventory. Periodic surveys 

of timber products output, conducted in cooperation with 

the Florida Division of Forestry, along with the annual 

pulpwood production study for the South, provided additional 

information for breakdowns of removals by product. 
6. Ownership information was collected from public records 

and through correspondence and direct contacts in the field, 

In those counties where the samples missed a particular 

ownership class, temporary samples were added and 

measured to descrihe forest conditions within the 

ownership class. 

7. All field data were sent to Asheville for editing and were 

entered into disk and magnetic-tape storage for processing. 

Final estimates were based on statistical summaries of the 

detailed data. 

Reliability of the Data 

Statistical analysis of the data indicates a sampling error of 

?042 percent for the estimate of timberland. 1.69 percent 

fir the total growing-stock volume, 1.66 percent frir total 

,growing-stock volume growth, and 3.86 percent for total 

growing-stock removals. As the totals are bruken down by 

forest type, species, tree diameter, and other subdivisions. 

the sampling error increases. If homogeneity of variances is 

assumed, the order of this increase is suggested in the 

following tabulation showing the sampling errors in terms of 

one standard error. or two chances out of three. 

Sampling errors fur selected areas and volumes" 

Volume of growing stock 

Sampling errorb Timberland 

(percent) Inventory Net growth Removals 

$1 ac~es .Million cirhic fret 

25 4.2 68.4 2.8 12.9 

Sampling error of volume or area totals in question may be computed with the following 

formula: 

E = (SE) d Specified volume or area 

J(Volume or area total in question) 

where: E = Sampling error of the volume or area total in question, 

SE = Specified sampling error in table. 

QBy random-sampling formula. 
Definitions of Terms 

Allowable cut. The volume of timber that could be cut on 

timherland during a given period under specified management plans aimed at sustained production of timber proclucts. 

Basal area. The area in square feet of the cross section at 

hreast height of a single tree or of all the trees in a stand, 

usually expressed as square feet of basal area per acre. 

Biomass. The aboveground green weight of solid wood and 

bark in live trees 1.0 inch d.b.h. and larger from the irround 

to the tip of the tree. All foliage is excluded. The weight of 

wood and bark in lateral limbs, secondary limbs, and twigs 

under 0.5 inch in diameter at the point of occurrence on 

sapling-size trees is included but is excluded on poletimher 

and sawtimber-size trees. 

Bole. That portion of a tree betmeen a 1-foot stump and a 

&inch top diameter outside hark (d.0.b.) in trees 5.0 inches 

d.b.h. and larger. 

Broad management class. A classification of timberland 

based on forest type and stand origin. 

Pirre plar~tation. Stands that have been artificially 

regenerated by planting or direct seeding and with a 

southern yellow pine, white pine-hemlock, or other 

softwood forest type. 

Naturrri pine. Stands that have not been artificially 

regenerated and with a southern yellow pine, white pinehemlock, or other softwood forest type. 

Oiilc-pi,ne. Stands with a forest type of oak-pine. 

L'pllmd I~ardu~ood. Stands with a forest type of oakhickory, chestnut oak, southern scrnh oak, or mapleheech-birch. 

Lu~oland ti,ardwood. Stands with a forest type of 

oak-gum-cypress, elm-ash-cottonwood, palm, or 

other tropical. 

Bureau of Land Management lands. Federal lands 

administered by the Bureau of Land Management. 

Census water. Streams, sloughs, estuaries, canals, and 

other movin.~ bodies of water one-eighth of a statute mile 

in width and greater, and lakes, reservoirs, ponds, and 

other permanent bodies of water 40 acres in area 

and greater. 

(:ommercial species. Tree species conventionally regarded 

as being able to develop into trees suitable for the 

manufacture of industrial timber products. Species that 

typically exhibit sniall size, poor form. or inferior quality 

are excluded. 

Cropland. Land under cultivation within the past 2? 

months. including orchards and land in soil-improving crops 

but excluding land cultivated in developing improved 

pasture. Also includes idle farmland. 

D.b.h. Tree diameter (outside bark) at breast height (4.5 feet 

above the ground). 

Diameter class. A classification of trees based on tree 

d.h.h. Two-inch diameter classes are commonly used by 

Forest Inventory and Analysis, with the even inch as the 

approximate midpoint for a class. For example, the ti-inch 

class includes trees 3.0 through 6.9 inches d.b.h. 

Farm. Land on which agricultural operations are being 

conducted and sale of agrieuitural products totaled $1.000 or 

more during the year. 

Farm operator. -4 person who operates a farm, either 

doing the work or directly supervising the work. 

Farmer-owned land. (see: Other private land) 

Forest industry land. Land owned by companies or 

individuals operating wood-using plants. 

Forest industry-leased land. Land leased or under 

management contracts to forest industry ti-om other owners 

for periods of one forest rotation or longer. Land under 

cutting contracts is not included. 

Forest land. Land at least 16.'i percent stocked by forest 

trees of any size, or formerly having had such tree cover, 

and not currently developed for nonforest use. 

Forest type. A classification of forest land based on the 

species forming a plurality of live-tree stocking. 

White pi,ze-h,en*lock Forests in which eastern white pine, 

red pine, or jack pine, singly or in combination, 

constitute a plurality of the stocking. (Common associates 

include hemlock, birch, and maple.) 

Spruce-fir. Forests in which spruce or true firs, singly 

or in combination, constitute a plurality of the stocking. 

(Common associates include maple, birch, and hemlock.) 

Commercial forest land. (see: Timberland) 
Lon,glenf-slust~ pine. Furestsin which longleaf or slash 

pine, singly or in combination, constitute a plurality of 

the stocking. (Common associates include oak, hickory, 

and gum. j 

1,ohiully-sl~urtleufpii~e. Forests in which loblolly pine, 

shurtleaf pine, or other suuthern yellou~ pines, except 

longleaf or slash pine, singly or in combination, coristitute 

a plurality of the stocking. (Common associates include 

oak, hickory, and gum.) 

Onk-pine. Forests in which hardwoods (usually upland oaks) constitute a plurality of the stocking but in 

which pines account for 25 to 50 percent of the 

stocking. (Common associates include gum, hickory, and 

yellow-poplar.) 

Oak-hickor?/. Forests in which upland oaks or hickory, 

singly or in combination, constitute a plurality of the 

stocking, except where pines account for 25 to 50 percent, 

in which case the stand would be classified oak-pine. 

(Common associates include yellow-poplar, elm, maple, and 

black walnut. j 

Oak-yw,?r&wpress. Bottom-land forests in which tupelo, 

blackgum. sweetgum, oaks, or southern cypress, singly or 

in combination, constitute a plurality of the stocking, 

except where pines account for 25 to 50 percent, in which 

case the stand would be classified oak-pine. (Common 

associates include cottonwood, willow, ash, elm, hackberry, and maple.) 

Elmna.sbcot2nnwood. Forests in which elm, ash, or 

cottonwood, singly or in Combination, constitute a plurality 

of the stocking. (Common associates include willow, 

sycamore, beech, and maple.) 

Maple-beecLbz?.ch. Forests in which maple, beech, or 

yellow birch, singly or in combination. constitute a 

plurality of the stocking. (Common associates include 

hemlock, elm, basswood, and white pine. j 

Palm, other tropical. Forests in which palms and other 

tropicals constitute a plurality of the stocking. 

Gross growth. Annual increase in merchantable volume of 

trecs in the absence of cutting and mortality. (Gross growth 

includes survivor growth, ingrowth, g-routh on ingrowth, 

mowth on removals prior to removal, and growth on 

mortality prior to death.) 

Growinx-stock trees. Live sawtimbcr-size trees of 

commercial species containing at least a 1Gfoot log, or two 

noncontiguous saw logs each 8 feet or longer, meeting 

minimum grade requirements (hardwoods must qualify as a 

log grade of either :i or 4; softwoods must qoalify as a log 

grade 3) with at least one-third of the gross board-foot 

volume (Interrationd l!4-inch rule1 between a l-foot stump 

and the minimum saw-log top being sountl. or a live tree 

below sawtimber size that will prospectively qualify under 

the above standards. 

Desi7ahle tree. A tree that qualifies as growing stock 

and has no serious defects in quality limiting present or 

prospective use; is of relatively high vigor (30 percent or 

more live crown ratio); is compatible with the site and 

physiographic class: has a total board-foot loss not to 

exceed 15 percent in softwoods or 25 percent in hardwoods as a result of severe sweep, crook, or lean; and has 

a relatively clear bole. 

Ai:ceptablu tree. A tree that qualifies as ~ruwing stock 

but does not meet the minimum requirements to qualify 

as a desirable tree. Iricluded are sawtimber-size trees 

that do not contain a 12-foot saw log because of excessive. 

natural taper in the butt log but have the potential to 

produce a l"-foot saw log as diameter increases. 

Growing-stock volume. Volume (cubic feet) of solirl wood 

in ,growing-stock trees 5.0 inches d.b.h. and larger, from a 

l-foot stump to a minimum 4.0-inch top diameter, outside 

bark, on the central stem. Volume of solid wood in primary 

forks from the point of occurrence to a minimum ?.I)-inch top 

diameter outside bark is included. 

Hardwoods. An~iosperms; dicotyledonous trees (including 

all palm species which are monocotyledonous), usually 

broadleaf and deciduous. 

Soft hairlwood.~. Soft-textured hardwoods such as boxelder, red and silver maplcs, hackberry, loblolly-bay, 

sweetgum, yellow-poplar, magnolia, sweetbay, ivater 

tupelo, hlackgum, sycamore, cottonwood, black cherry, 

willow, basswood, and elm. 

Hnrd l~ardwoods. Hard-textured hardwoods such as 

sugar maple, birch, hickory, dogwood, persimmon (ibrest 

grown), black locust, beech, ash, honeylocust, holly, 

black walnut, mulberry, and all commercial oaks. 

Idle farmland. Land including former cropiand, orchard. 

improvedpastnre. and farm sites not tended within the 

past 2 years, and currently less than 1G.7 percent stocked 

with live trees. 
lmproved pasture. Land currently improved for grazing 

by cultivation, seeding, irrigation. or clearing of trees 

or brush. 

Indian land. All lands held in trust by the United States for 

individual Indians or tribes. or all lands, titles to which are 

held by individual Indians or tribes, subject to Federal 

rrstiictions against alienation. 

Industrial wood. All roundwood products except fuelwood. 

Ingrowth. The number or net volume of trees that grow 

large enough during a specified year to qualify as saplings, 

poletimber, or sawtimber. 

Inhibiting vegetation. Cover sufficiently dense to prevent 

the establishment of tree seedlings. 

Land area. The area of dry land and land temporarily or 

partly covered by water such as marshes, swamps, and river 

floodplains (omitting tidal fiats below mean high tide), 

streams. sloughs, estuaries, and canals less than one-eighth 

of a statute mile in width, and lakes, reservoirs, and ponds 

less than 40 acres in area. 

Live trees. .411 trees 1.0 inch d.b.h. and larger which are not 

dcad at the time of inventory. 

Live-tree volume. Volume (cubic feet) of wood above the 

k~ound line in live trees 1.0 inch d.h.h. and larger. The 

volume in twigs and lateral limbs smaller than 0.5 inch in 

diameter at the point of occurrence on sapling-size trees is 

included but is excluded on poletimber and sawtimbersize trees. 

Log grade. A classification of logs based on external 

characteristics as indicators of quality or value. 

Logging residues. The unused merchantable portion 

of growing-stock trees cut or destroyed during 

logang operations. 

Lugging slash. The unmerchantable portion of gro~vingstock trees (including saplings) plus all cull trees 1.0 inch 

d.h.h. and larger cut or destroyed during logging operations 

and not used. 

Manageable stand. Timberland at least 60 percent 

stocked with growing-stock trees that can be featured 

together under a management scheme. 

Merchantable portion. That portion of live trees 5.0 inches 

d.b.h. and larger between a l-foot stump and a minimum 

4.0-inch top diameter outside bark on the central stem. That 

portion of primary forks from the point of occurrence to a 

minimum 4.0-inch top of diameter outside bark is included. 

Merchantable volume. Solid-wood volume in merchantable 

portion of live trees. 

iVliscellaneous Federal land. Federal land other than 

national forests, land administered by the Bureau of Land 

Management, and land administered by the Bureau of 

lndian Affairs. 

Miscellaneous private land. (see: Other private land). 

Mortality. The merchantable volume in trees that have died 

from natural causes during a specified period. 

Wational forest land. Federal land that has been legally 

designated as national forests or purchase units, and other 

land under the administration of the Forest Service, 

including experimental areas and Rankhead,Jones Title 

111 land. 

Net annual growth. The net change in merchantable 

volume for a specific year in the absence of cutting (gross 

growth minus mortality for that specified year). 

Net volume. Cross volume of wood less deductions for rot, 

sweep, or other defect affecting use for timber products. 

Noncommercial species. Tree species of typically small 

slze, poor form, or inferior quality which normally do not 

develop into trees suitable for industrial wood products. 

Nonfnrest land. Land that has never supported forests and 

land formerly forested where timber production is precluded 

by development for other uses. 

Nonindustrial private forest (NIPF) land. (see: Other 

private land). 

Nonstocked forest land. Timberland less than 167 

percent stocked with growing-stock trees. 

Other private land. Privately owned land excluding forest 

industry land or forest industry-leased land. Also referred 

to as nonindustrial private forest (NIPFI land. 

Fumer-own.ed Land. Owned by farm operators, excluding 

incorporated farm ownerships. 

Other indl'vidual icc~~d. Owned by individuals other than 

farm operators. 

Other corporate Land. Owned by corporations, including 

incorporated farm ownerships. 
Other removals. The growing-stock volume of trees 

removed from the inventory by cultural operations such as 

timber stand improvement, land clearing, and other changes 

in land use that result in the removal of the trees from 

the timberland. 

Plant residues. Wood material generated in the production 

of timber proclucts at primary manufacturing plants. 

Coarse 1-esidues. Material, such as slabs, edgings, trim, 

veneer cores and ends, which is suitahle for chipping. 

Fine 'residues. Material, such as sawdust, shavings, and 

veneer chippings, which is not suitable for chipping. 

Plar~t byprodt4,cts. Residues (coarse or fine) utilized in the 

further manufacture of industrial products or for 

consumer use, or utilized as fuel. 

U?ii?sed plant resid~~ue.~. Residues (coarse or fine) that 

are not used for any product, including fuel. 

Poletimber-size trees. Live trees at least 5.0 inches 

d.b.h. but smaller than sawtimber size. 

Prnductive-reserved forest land. (see: 

Reserved timberland). 

Quality class. A classification of sawtimber volume by log 

or tree grades. 

Rangeland. Land on which the natural vegetation is 

predominantly native grasses, grasslike plants, forbs, or 

shrubs valuable for forage, not qualifying as timberland and 

not developed for another land use. Rangeland includes 

nat~~ral grassland and savannah. 

Reserved timberland. Forest land sufficiently productive 

to qualify as t~mberland, hut withdrawn from timber 

utilization through statute or administrative designation. 

Rotten trees. Live trees of commercial species that do not 

contain at least one 12-foot saw log, or two noncontiguous 

saw logs, each 8 feet or. longer, now or prospectively, 

primarily because of rot or missing sections, and with less 

than one-third of the gross hoard-foot tree volume in 

sound material. 

Rough trees. Live trees of comrnt:rcial species that do not 

contain at least one l%-foot saw log, or two noncontiguous 

saw logs, each 8 feet or longer, now or prospectively, 

primarily because of roughness, poor form, splits, and 

cracks, and with less than one-third of the gross board-foot 

tree volume in sound material: and live trees of noncommercial species. 

Roundwood (roundwood logs). Logs, bolts, or other 

round sections cut from trees for industrial or consumer uses. 

Roundwood chipped. Any timber cut primarily for pulpwood, delivered to nonpulpmills, chipped, and then sold to 

pulpmills as residues, including chipped tops, jump sections, 

whole trees, and pulpwood sticks. 

Koundwood products. Any prlmary product such as 

lumber, polea, p~lmgs, pulp. or fuelwood whlch 1s produced 

from roundwood. 

Salvable dead trees. Standing or down dead trees 

cons~dered utilizable by Forest Inventory and 

Analysis standards. 

Saplings. Llve trees 1.0 to 5.0 inches d.b.h 

Saw log. 4 log meeting minimum standards of diameter, 

length, and defect, including logs at least 8 feet long, sound 

and straight, and with a minimum diameter inside bark for 

softwoods of 6 inches (8 inches for hardwoods). 

Saw-log portion. That part of the bole of sawtimber trees 

between a l-foot stump and the saw-log top. including the 

portion of forks large enough to contain a saw log. 

Saw-log top. The point on the bole of sawtimher trees 

above which a conventional saw log cannot be produced. The 

minimum saw-log top is 7.0 inches in diameter outside bark 

(d.o.h.) for softwoods and 9.0 inches (d.0.b.) for hardwoods. 

Sawtimber-size trees. Softwoods 9.0 inches d.b.h. and 

larger and hardwoods 11.0 inches d.b.h. and larger. 

Sawtimber vnlume. Growing-stock volume in the saw-log 

portion of sawtimber-size trees in board feet (International 

114-inch rule). 

Seedlings. Live trees of commercial species less than 1.0 

inch d.b.h. that are expected to survive and develop. 

Site class. A classification of forest land in terms of 

inherent capacity to grow crops of industrial wood based on 

fully stocked natural stands, by annual production capacity. 

Class I. I65 or more cubic feet per acre. 

Class 2. 120 to 164 cubic feet per acre. 

Class S. 85 to 119 cublc feet per acre 

Class 4. 50 to X4 cubic feet per acre 

Class 3. 20 to 19 cubic feet per acre. 
Softwoods. Gymnosperms; in the order Coniferales, usually 

evergeen (inciudes the genus Tucodi.m which is deciduous). 

having needles or scalelike leaves. 

Pines. Yellou~ pine species which include loblolly, longleaf, slash, pond. shortleaf, pitch, Virginia, sand, spruce, 

and Table Mountain pines. 

Other s~ftwoods. Cypress, eastern red-cedar, white 

cedar, eastern white pine, eastern hemlock, spruce, 

and fir. 

Stand-size class. A classification of forest land based on 

the diameter class distribution of growing-stock trees in 

the stand. 

Sawtimher stands. Stands at least 16.'i percent stocked 

with growing-stock trees, with half or more of total 

stocking in sawtimber and poletimber trees, and with 

sawtimher stocking at least equal to poletimber stocking. 

Poleti?)lher stands. Stands at least 16.7 percent stocked 

with gowing-stock trees of u.hich half or more of total 

stocking is in poletimber and saatimber trees, and with 

poletimber stocking exceeding that of sawtimber. 

Suplfr~g-seedling stm~ds. Stands at least 16.7 percent 

stocked with growing-stock trees of which more than half 

of total stocking is saplings and seedlings. 

State, county, and municipal land. Land owned by 

States, counties, and local public agencies or municipalities, 

01. land leased to these governmental units for 50 years 

or more. 

Stocking. The degree of occupancy of land by trees, 

measured by basal area or the number of trees in a stand and 

spacing in the stand, compared with a minimum standard, 

depending on tree size, required to fully utilize the growth 

~otential of the land. 

Fi~lly stocked. 100 percent or more stockmy. 

Medium stocked. 60 to 99 percent stocking. 

Poorly stocked. Less than 60 percent stocking. 

Timberland. Land at least 16.7 percent stocked by forest 

trees of any size, or formerly having had such tree cover, 

not currently developed for nonforest use, capable of 

producing 20 cubic feet of industrial wood per acre pcr 

year and not withdrawn from timber utilization by 

legislative action. 

Timber products. Roundwood products and byproducts 

Timber removals. The merchantable volume of trees 

removed from the inventory by harvesting, cultural 

operations such as stand improvement, land clearing, 01 

changes in land use. 

Top. The portion of the main stem and forks from a 

4.0-inch diameter outside bark to the tips of the main stem 

and forks, plus all other limbs above the 4.0-inch top at 

least 0.5 inch in diameter at their point of occurrence. 

Treatment opportunity. A classification of the management or treatment that would most improve fur timber 

production the existing condition of the stand being sampled. 

Tree grade. A classification of sawtimber trees based on the 

log grade of the butt log in the tree. 

Unproductive forest land. (see: Woodland), 

Upper-stem portion. That part of the main stem or fork 

of sawtimher trees above the saw-log top to minimum top 

diameter 4.0 inches outside bark or to the point where the 

main stem or fork breaks into limbs. 

Urban and other areas. Areas developed for residential, 

industrial, or recreational purposes, school yards, cemeteries, roads, railroads, airports, beaches, powerlines and 

other rights-of-way, or other nonforest land not included in 

any other specified land use class. 

Woodland. Forest land incapable of producing 20 cubic feet 

per acre per year of industrial wood under natural 

conditions, because of adverse site conditions. 

Survivor growth. The merchantable volume increment on 

trees 5.0 inches d.b.h. and larger in the inventory at the 

beginning of the year and surviving to its end. 
Stocking Standard 

Minimum number of Minimum basal area 

D.b.h. trees per acre per acre 

class for full stocking for full stocking 

Seedlings 600 - 

2 560 - 

4 460 - 

6 :340 67 

8 240 84 

10 155 85 

12 115 90 

14 90 96 

16 72 101 

18 60 106 

20 51 111 

Conversion Factors 

Cubic feet of wood per average cord 

(excluding bark) 

D.b.h. All Other 

class species Pine softu~ood Hardwood 

6 61.6 61.0 68.2 60.0 

8 69.5 68.1 76.0 68.4 

10 74.7 73.1 81.4 73.4 

12 77.9 76.7 85.2 76.4 

14 80.4 7% l 88.2 78.4 

16 82.0 81.6 90.4 79.8 

18 83.2 83. :3 92. 2 80.8 

20 84.0 84.8 93.8 81.5 

22 84.3 86.0 95.1 82.1 

24 + 85.7 87.7 98.2 83.2 

Average 74.8 72.2 82.5 74.6 

Rough cords per M cubic feet (without bark) = 

Where Pin,e Oth,er sojtwoods Hardwoods 

Metric equivalents of units used in this report 

1 acre = 4,046.86 square meters or 0.404686 hectare 

1 cubic foot = 0.028317 cubic meter 

1 inch = 2.54 centimeters or 0.0254 meter 

Breast height = 1.4 meters above ground level 

1 square foot = 929.03 square centimeters or 0.0929 square meter 

1 square foot per acre basal area = 0.229568 square meter per hectare 

1 pound = 0.454 kilogram 

1 ton = 0.907 metric ton 
Index of Detailed Tables 

Area 

1. Area, by land cllss 

2. Area of timherland, by ownership class 

3. Area of timberland, by stand-size and ownership classes 

4. Area of timberland, by stand-volume and 

ownership classes 

5. Area of timberland, by stocking class of growing-stock 

trees and ownership class 

6. Area of timherland, by site and ownership classes 

7. Area of timberland, by forest type and site index class 

8. Area of timberland, by forest type and ownership class 

9. Area of timberland, by forest type and stand-size class 

10. Area of timberland, by stand-age and broad management 

classes, all ownerships 

11. Area of timherland, by stand-age and broad management 

classes, public ownerships 

12. Area of timberland, by stand-age and bruad management 

classes, forest industry 

13. Area of timberland, by stand-age and broad management 

classes, other private ownerships 

14. Basal area per acre of live trees 5.0 inches d.b.h. and 

larger, by broad management class, species group, and 

ownership class 

15. Area of reserved timberland and woodland, by foresttype group 

Inventory of Trees, Volumes, and Biomass 

16. Number of live trees on timberland, by species and 

diameter class 

17. Number of growing-stock trees on timberland, by species 

and diameter class 

18. Merchantable volume of live trees on timherland, by 

species and diameter class 

19. Volume of growing stock on timberland, by species and 

diameter class 

20. Volume of sawtlmber on timberland. by species and 

diameter class 

21. Volume uE sawtimher on timberland, by species, size 

class, arid log grade 

22. Volume of live timher and associated green weight of 

forest biomass on timberiand, by ciass of material, 

softwood, and hardwood 

23. Total volume of live trees on timberland, by species and 

diameter class 

24. Green weight of forest biomass on timberland, by species 

and diameter class 

25. Volume of growing stock on timberland, by species and 

forest-type group 

213. Volume of growing stock on timberland, by ownership 

class, species group, and diameter class 

27. Volume of sawtimber on timherlanrl, by ownership 

class, species group, and diameter class 

2X Volume of growing stock on timberland, by broad 

management class, species group. and stand-age class 

Growth, Removals, and Mortality 

29. Net annual growth and removals of live timber and 

growing stock on timberland, by species 

30. Net annual growth and removals of gruwing stock on 

timberland, by ownership class, softwood, and hardwood 

31. Net annual growth and removals of' sawtimber on timberland, by species 

32. Net annual growth and removals of sawtimher on timberland, by ownership class, softwood, and hardwood 

:33. Mortality of live timher, growing stock, and sawtimber 

on timberland, by species 

34. Mortality of gruwing stock and sawtimber un timberland, 

by ownership class, softwood, ant1 hardwood 

35. Mortality of growing stock and sawtimber on timberland, 

by cause of death, softwoo~i, and hardwood 
Utilization County Tables 

36. Annual output of t~mber products, by product, species 

group, and type of mater~al 

37. Annual output of roundwood products, by product, 

species group, and source of material 

38. Annual timher removals f1-om growing stock on timberland, by item, softwood, and hardwood 

39. Annual timber removals i%om live sawtimher on 

timberland, by item, softwood, and hardu.ood 

40. Annual volume of unused residues at primary manufacturing plants, by species group, type of residue, 

and industry 

Projections 

11. Current area of timberland and associated inventory, net 

annual ~~owth, and annual removals of growing stock, by 

species group, and ownership, with 30-year projections 

Trend '!hdhles 

12. Land area, by class, major forest type, and survey 

complet~on date 

43. Volume of sawtimber, growing stock, and live timberland, by species group, survey completion date. and 

diameter class 

45. Land area and total forest, by county 

46. Area of timberland. hy county and ownership class 

47. Area of timberland, by county and broad 

management class 

48. Merchantable volume of live timber 5.0 inches d.b.h. 

and larger on timberland, by county and species group 

49. Volume of growing stock on timberland, by county anil 

species group 

50. Volume of sawtunher on t~mherland, by county and 

species group 

51. Net annual change of growing stock on tinlberland. by 

county and species group 

52. Net annual change of sawtimber on timberland, by 

county and species h~oup 

53. Green weight of forest bio~nass on timberland, by county 

and species group 

44. Merchantable volume of live timber, by species group, 

Survey Unit, and survey completion date 
Table 1.--Area, by land class, 

Florida, 1987 

Land class Area 

Acres 

Forest land 

Timberland 14,982,607 

Reserved timberland 403,569 

Woodland 1,162,836 

Total 

Nonforest land 

Cropland 3,937,202 

Pasture and range 6,324,067 

othera 7.842.560 

Total 18,103,829 

All landb 34,652,841 

a Includes swampland, industrial, and 

urban areas, other nonforest land, and 

121,108 acres classed as water by 

Forest Survey standards but defined by 

Bureau of Census as land. 

b~rom the U.S. Bureau of Census, 1980. 

Table 2.--Area of timberland, by 

ownership class, Florida, 1987 

Ownership class Area - ~~ 

Acres 

National forest 990,155 

Other Federal 

Bureau of Land Management -- Indian 9,014 

Miscellaneous Federal 570,896 

Total 

State 

County and municipal 

Forest industry 

Forest industry-leased 

Other private 

Farmer 

Other individual 

Other corporate 

Total 

All ownerships 
Table 3.--Area of timberland, by stand-size and ownership classes, Florida, 1987 

All National Other Forest Forest 

Stand-size class Other industry- ownerships forest public industry private leased 

- Acres 

Sawtimber 4,926,575 426,667 778,991 1,036,873 89,241 2,594,803 

Poletimber 3,882,798 202,574 248,970 1,495,608 284,440 1,651,206 

Sapling and seedling 4,401,599 266,849 273,841 1,801,378 260,269 1,799,262 

Nonstocked 1.771.635 94.065 151.142 435.765 42.845 1.047.818 

All classes 14,982,607 990,155 1,452,944 4,769,624 676,795 7,093,089 

Table 4.--Area of timberland, by stand-volume and ownership classes, Florida, 1987 

Stand volume class A1 1 National Other Forest Forest Other 

(board feet/acrea) ownerships forest public industry industrylelsea private 

- Acres 

Less than 2,000 9,090,917 513,668 605,854 3,398,441 494,388 4,078,566 

2,000-3,999 1,904,090 148,414 228,006 418,161 82,234 1,027,275 

4,000-5,999 1,299,261 109,990 158,752 310,993 41,717 677,809 

6,000-7,999 939,290 90,737 138,430 236,939 33,158 440,026 

8,000-9,999 561,450 48,654 105,607 129,547 3,984 273,658 

10,000 or more 1,187,599 78,692 216,295 275,543 21,314 595,755 

A11 classes 14,982,607 990,155 1,452,944 4,769,624 676,795 7,093,089 

a International 114-inch rule. 
Table 5.--Area of timberland, by stocking class of growing-stock trees and ownership class, 

Florida, 1987 

A1 1 National Other Forest Forest 

Stocking class Other 

ownerships forest public industry industry- private leased 

- Acres 

Overstocked 786,603 31,098 105,223 275,116 36,332 338,834 

Fully stocked 3,652,983 200,020 260,960 1,469,078 265,354 1,457,571 

Moderately stocked 5,037,643 367,325 476,252 1,654,816 260,516 2,278,734 

Poorly stocked 3,733,743 297,647 459,367 934,849 71,748 1,970,132 

Nonstocked 1,771,635 94,065 151,142 435,765 42,845 1,047,818 

All classes 14,982,607 990,155 1,452,944 4,769,624 676,795 7,093,089 

Table 6.--Area of timberland, by site and ownership classes, Florida, 1987 

Site class A1 1 National Other Forest Forest industry- Other 

( ft3/acrelyear) ownerships forest public industry ~~.~~rl private 

- Acres 

>I64 25,559 6,169 5,210 -- -- 14,180 

120-164 181,261 20,224 29,249 41,361 3,537 86,890 

85-119 1,825,187 131,750 125,225 634,564 118,529 815,119 

50-84 8,725,993 539,733 801,521 3,018,789 495,136 3,870,814 

20-49 4,224,607 292,279 491,739 1,074,910 59,593 2,306,086 

All classes 14,982,607 990,155 1,452,944 4,769,624 676,795 7,093,089 
um I mum I rn~ I ifm- I mP- mmm -.. -"- om mmrf 

u 4 .2f 4 

3 N CI 

mo 1 mob I mo 103.3 1 m~ amm -- --- .om maa 00 mum CI u -f 

mo I mmm I m* 133.3 1 ~m mmrr, -- --.. ID0 u0Yl Nm NP- CI Yl r. 
Table 8.--Area of timberland, by forest type and ownership class, Florida, 1987 

Ownership class 

Forest type A1 1 Forest ownerships National Other Fares t Other industry- forest public industry private leased 

Softwood types 

White pine-hemlock 

Spruce-fir 

Longleaf pine 

Slash pine 

Loblolly pine 

Shortleaf pine 

Virginia pine 

Sand pine 

Eastern redcedar 

Pond pine 

Spruce pine 

Pitch pine 

Table Mountain pine 

- Acres 

Total 7,526,567 725,146 718,220 2,847,719 475,642 2,759,840 

Hardwood types 

Oak-pine 1,210,769 71,762 127,719 311,009 23,707 676,572 

Oak-hickory 1,053,868 8,225 68,123 202,232 15,772 759,516 

Chestnut oak -- -- -- -- -- -- 

Southern scrub oak 836,507 36,334 99,323 83,049 9,070 608,731 

Oak-gum-cypress 4,271,134 148,688 430,761 1,306,927 152,604 2,232,154 

Elm-ash-cottonwood 83,762 -- 8,798 18,688 -- 56,276 

Maple-beech-birch -- -- -- -- -- -- 

Total 7,456,040 265,009 734,724 1,921,905 201,153 4,333,249 

All types 14,982,607 990,155 1,452,944 4,769,624 676,795 7,093,089 
Table 9.--Area of timberland, by forest type and stand-size class, 

Florida, 1987 

Forest type 

Stand-size class 

A1 l Nons tocked 

stands Sapling- areas Sawtinber Poletimber seedling 

- Acres 

Softwood types 

White pine-hemlock -- -- -- -- -- 

Spruce-f ir -- -- -- -- -- 

Longleaf pine 950,946 552,924 99,298 203,847 94,877 

Slash pine 5,198,978 927,836 1,837,511 2,121,158 312,473 

Loblolly pine 578,472 149,967 125,602 295,706 7,197 

Shortleaf pine 30,061 21,370 8,691 -- -- Virginia pine -- -- -- -- -- Sand pine 610,277 119,848 191,863 275,432 23,134 

Eastern redcedar -- -- -- -- -- 

Pond pine 157,833 61,138 66,900 13,187 16,608 

Spruce pine -- -- -- -- -- 

Pitch pine -- -- -- -- -- 

Table Mountain pine -- -- -- -- -- 

Total 

Hardwood types 

Oak-pine 1,210,769 491,341 211,570 412,570 95,288 

Oak-hickory 1,053,868 430,776 193,926 285,151 144,015 

Chestnut oak -- -- -- -- -- 

Southern scrub oak 836,507 42,678 29,445 131,523 632,761 

Oak-gum-cypress 4,271,134 2,065,437 1,105,722 654,593 445,282 

Elm-ash-cottonwood 83,762 63,260 12,270 8,232 -- Maple-beech-birch -- -- - - -- -- 

Total 7,456,040 3,093,492 1,552,933 1,492,269 1,317,346 

All types 14,982,507 4,926,575 3,882,798 4,401,599 1,771,535 
Table 10.--Area of timberland, by stand-age and broad management classes, all 

ownerships, Florida, 1987 

Broad management class 

Stand-age class A1 1 

(years) classes Pine Natural Upland Lowland Oak-pine plantation pine hardwood hardwood 

0-10 

11-20 

21-30 

3 1-40 

41-50 

51-60 

61-70 

71-80 

81+ 

No manageable 

2,373,358 

1,647,856 

1,487,976 

1,102,383 

1,C04,559 

931,097 

581,173 

406,826 

503,086 

stand 4,944,293 

- Acres 

244,741 

197,563 

349,998 

551,483 

395,879 

279,044 

93,847 

57,937 

18,188 

1,312,075 

A11 classes 14,982,607 4,025,812 3,500,755 1,210,769 1,890,375 4,354,896 

Table 11.--Area of timberland, by stand-age and broad management classes, public 

ownerships, Florida, 1987 

Broad management class 

S tand-age class A1 1 

(years) classes Pine Natural Oak-pine Upland Lowland 

plantation pine hardwood hardwood 

- Acres 

0-10 221,798 145,496 48,491 8,051 17,155 2,605 

11-20 167,846 115,961 35,644 4,768 1,227 10,246 

21-30 179,501 93,506 62,993 7,043 -- 15,959 

31-40 193,980 19,759 136,669 18,655 3,526 15,371 

41-50 206,323 4,661 162,654 -- 4,086 34,922 

51-60 272,405 4,112 175,777 14,866 2,056 75,594 

61-70 157,796 -- 54,399 5,547 3,188 94,662 

7 1-80 112,297 -- 39,197 -- 6,669 66,431 

81+ 114,429 -- 15,644 5,457 -- 93,328 

No manageable stand 816,724 17,673 310,730 135,094 174,098 179,129 

All classes 2,443,099 401,168 1,042,198 199,481 212,005 588,247 
Table 12.--Area of timberland, by stand-age and broad management classes, forest 

ind~stry,~ Florida, 1987 

Broad management class 

Stand-age class A1 1 

(years) classes Pine Natural Upland Lowland 

plantation pine hardwood hardwood 

- Acres 

0-10 1,213,770 1,012,763 40,530 56,388 37,272 66,817 

11-20 1,017,870 871,707 33,079 40,338 11,360 61,386 

21-30 712,445 567,473 71,259 14,754 -- 58,959 

3 1-40 331,712 56,757 148,955 12,045 10,543 103,412 

41-50 293,049 3,132 74,934 48,130 11,283 155,570 

51-60 284,598 -- 47,349 20,133 16,417 200,699 

61-70 123,615 2,617 16,624 9,700 7,932 86,742 

71-80 92,615 -- 8,077 5,394 -- 79,144 

81+ 145,694 -- -- 11,001 -- 134,693 

No manageable stand 1,231,051 79,209 288,896 116,833 215,316 530,797 

All classes 5,446,419 2,593,658 729,703 334,716 310,123 1,478,219 

a Includes 676,795 acres of other private land under long-term lease. 

Table 13.--Area of timberland, by stand-age and broad management classes, other 

private ownerships,a Florida, 1987 

Broad management class 

Stand-age class A1 1 

(years) classes Pine Natural Upland Lowland 

plantation pine Oak-pine hardwood hardwood 

- Acres 

0-10 937,790 519,022 155,720 65,308 89,544 108,196 

11-20 462,140 182,707 128,840 30,725 58,150 61,718 

21-30 596,030 239,159 215,746 23,539 27,853 89,733 

31-40 576,691 47,664 265,859 50,217 47,815 165,136 

41-50 505,187 2,703 158,291 79,967 59,286 204,940 

51-60 374,094 -- 55,918 36,723 38,292 243,161 

61-70 299,762 -- 22,824 21,088 24,355 231,495 

71-80 201,914 -- 10,663 23,307 18,652 149,292 

81+ 242,963 -- 2,544 -- 37,631 202,788 

No manageable stand 2,896,518 39,731 712,449 345,698 966,669 831,971 

All classes 7,093,089 1,030,986 1,728,854 676,572 1,368,247 2,288,430 

a Excludes 676,795 acres of other private land under long-term lease to forest 

industry. 
Table 14.--Basal area per acre of live trees 5.0 inches d.b.h. and larger, by broad 

management class, species group, and ownership class, Florida, 1987 

Broad management class A1 1 National Other Forest Forest Other 

and species group ownerships forest public industry industry- private leased - - 

Square feet 

Pine plantation 

Softwood 30.4 13.4 30.7 31.6 40.2 29.0 

Hardwood 1.0 1.0 1.6 .8 1.1 1.3 

Total 

Natural pine 

Softwood 

Hardwood 

Total 

Oak-pine 

Sof twood 

Hardwood 

Total 50.7 27.7 51.6 50.5 33.7 53.8 

Upland hardwood 

Sof twood 3.1 3.8 3.3 1.9 10.5 3.2 

Hardwood 32.4 10.1 28.7 20.0 43.5 36.2 

Total 35.5 13.9 32.0 21.9 54.0 39.4 

Lowland hardwood 

Softwood 31.2 44.7 33.0 26.9 29.4 32.6 

Hardwood 61.5 74.8 89.8 57.6 42.9 58.3 

Total 92.7 119.5 122.8 84.5 72.3 90.9 

All classes 

So£ twood 

Hardwood 

Total 54.9 49.4 69.2 49.3 50.9 56.6 
Table 15.--Area of reserved timberland and woodland, by 

forest-type group, Florida, 1987 

A1 1 Reserved Forest-type group Woodland areas timberland 

Longleaf-slash pine 65,889 

Loblolly-shortleaf pine 100,389 

Oak-pine 16,472 

Oak-hickory 93,710 

Oak-gum-cypress 635,019 

Elm-ash-co ttonwood 52,529 

Palm, other tropical 602,397 

All tv~es 1.566.405 

- Acres 

65,889 

82,361 

16,472 

57,653 

148,250 

16,472 

16.472 
Table 16.--Number of live trees on timberland, by species and diameter class, Florida, 1987 

- Diameter clars (inclres at breast height) 

species A1 l 

classes 1.0- 3.0- 5.0- 7.0- 9.0- 11.0- 13.0- 15.0- 17.0- 19.0- 21.0- 29.0 and 

2.9 4.9 6.9 8.9 10.9 12.9 14.9 16.9 18.9 20.9 28.9 larger - 

Thouband trees 

Sof tuood 

Longleaf pine 171,291 56,832 28,985 18,452 17,403 19,211 16,585 9,229 3,316 908 257 110 3 

Slash pine 1,624,998 497,005 507,133 342,978 165,846 61,040 27,537 13,271 6,082 2,653 948 494 I1 

Shortleaf pine 8,408 2,243 2,003 1,084 1,123 693 495 428 207 80 18 30 4 

Loblally pine 176,227 71,917 45,169 26,595 13,209 6,956 4,285 3,000 2,064 1,458 803 745 26 

Pond pine 32,172 6,501 8,070 5,646 5,412 2,716 1,954 1,049 507 I48 106 63 -. 

Virginia pine .. -. -. .. .- -- .. -. .- .- -. .- -. 

Pitch pine -- -. .. .- .- .. .. .. .. .. .- .. -. 

Table Mountain pine .. -- -. .. .. .. .. .. -. .. .- .. .. 

Spruce pine 6,198 2,582 1,308 1,165 208 273 221 141 111 89 4 6 54 -. 

Sand pine 257,939 140,856 54,662 33,217 17,113 6,569 3,671 1,090 525 171 65 .- -. 

Eastern white pine -. -- -. .. -- .. .. .. .. .. .. -- -- Eastern hemlock .- .- .. .. -- .. -- .. .. .. -- .. .. 

Snruce and fir --- .- .. .. .. -- -- -- .. -. -- .. -- -. 

Baldcypress 75,131 20,821 14,386 11,680 8,782 6,948 4,108 2,843 1,963 1,321 928 1,080 271 

Pondcypress 732,893 331,640 163,261 96,371 61,563 38,376 20,764 11,569 4,751 2,377 958 1,126 137 

Cedars 35,396 20,010 5,506 3,094 2,595 1,799 1,012 681 428 133 80 58 -- 

Total softwoods 3,120,653 1,150,407 830,483 540,282 293,254 144,581 80,632 43,301 19,954 9,338 4,209 3,760 452 

Rardvood 

Select white oaksa 

select red oaksb 

Chestnut oak 

Ocher vhire oaks 

Other red oaks 

Hickory 

Yellov birch 

Hard maple 

Soft maple 

Beech 

Sweetgum 

Tupelo and blacksum 

Ash 

Cottonuood 

Bar swood 

Yellow-poplar 

Bay and magnolia 

Black cherry 

Black walnut 

sycamore 

Black locvst 

Elm 

other eastern 

hardwoods 1,129,134 843,052 191,150 58,511 21,005 9,548 2,841 1,548 563 378 218 263 5 7 

Total hardwoods 4,391,193 2,793,826 843,727 332,541 167,817 99,909 61,597 35,722 22,261 13,181 7,758 10,687 2,167 

All species 7,511,846 3,944,233 1,614,210 872,823 461,071 244,490 142,229 79,023 42,215 22,519 11,967 14,447 2,619 

alncludes white, swamp chestnut, and cliinkapin oak*. 

b~ncludes cherrybark, northern red, and Shumard oaks. 
Table 17.--Number of growing-stock trees on timberland, by species and dia~oeter class, Florida, 1987 

species All 

classes 

S0ff~00d 

Longleaf pine 

Slash pine 

Shortleaf pine 

Loblolly pine 

Pond pine 

Virginia pine 

Pitch pine 

Diarnecer class (inches at breast height) 

I .O- 3.0- 5.0- 7.0- 9.0- 11.0- 13.0- 15.0- 17.0- 19.0- 21.0- 

2.9 4.9 6.9 8.9 10.9 12.9 14.9 16.9 18.9 20.9 28.9 

- 

Thousand trees 

29.0 and 

Larger 

Table Mountain pine -. .. -- .. .. -- .. .. -. -. .. .- .. 

Spruce pine 5,191 1,613 1,308 1,165 208 271 221 118 96 89 46 54 .. 

Sand pine 249,304 134,466 53,721 32,814 16,622 6,309 3,570 1,070 496 171 65 -- -. 

Eastern white pine 

Eastern hemlock 

Spruce and fir 

Baldcypress 

Pondcypress 

Cedars 

Total softwoods 

Hardwood 

Select white oaksa 

Select red oakrb 

Chestnut oak -- .. -. .. .- -- .. .. .- -. .. .. .. 

Other white oaks 52,868 24,583 11,388 4,149 3,768 1,964 1,114 1,249 1,141 825 657 1,472 558 

Other red oaks 489,056 304,155 82,582 40,449 22,188 14,969 10,147 5,517 3,765 1,989 1,319 1,661 315 

~ickory 20,377 8,344 4,001 2,887 1,374 1,025 848 785 491 247 174 197 4 

Yellow birch -. .. .- .- -- -. -- .. .. -. .- -- -- Hard maple 1,588 338 352 223 298 133 3 1 77 49 33 2 1 33 -. 

Soft maple 136,378 72,619 28,766 11,648 8,471 5,673 3,905 2,295 1,437 891 342 309 22 

Beech 958 161 334 111 133 .. 74 60 13 12 38 18 4 

Sweetgum 155,401 75,134 34,192 17,545 9,685 8,244 4,920 2,688 1,500 796 399 286 12 

Tupelo and blackgum 439,990 172,073 124,485 59,048 34,017 19,100 12,240 8,021 4,549 2,639 1,630 1,981 207 

Ash 106,068 50,151 22,606 14,256 6,540 4,874 3,373 1,555 1,220 725 412 319 33 

Cot~on~ood 6 .. .- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 6 .. 

Basswood 2,232 1,299 160 224 109 107 56 143 66 24 36 8 -- Yellow-poplar 11,618 4,436 2,228 2,233 760 521 644 282 251 7 7 71 111 4 

Bay and magnolia 360,576 190,792 83,821 39,469 20,096 11,814 7,078 3,312 1,986 1,097 508 561 42 

Black cherry 13,355 7,926 3,355 1,102 498 201 133 102 I5 23 .. .. .. 

Black walnut -. .. .. .. .. -. -. .. .. -. .. -- -- sycamore 394 .. 156 .. 5 1 -. 8 1 19 14 47 8 14 4 

Black locust .. .. .- .- .- -. .. .. .. -. .. .. -- Elm 23,585 10,278 5,917 2,543 1,887 1,030 676 587 365 136 89 73 4 

Other eastern 

hardwoods 28,758 18,686 5,043 2,144 1,222 725 334 313 121 119 35 16 .. 

Total hardwoods 1,851,765 944,405 411,537 199,133 111,696 70,837 45,896 27,273 17,101 9,773 5,803 7,098 1,213 

All species 4,814,862 1,989,573 1,212,320 728,847 398,876 212,410 125,332 69,914 36,650 18,815 9,918 10,636 1,571 

a~ncludes hite, swamp chestnut, and chinkapin oaks. 

b~ncluder cherrybark, northern red, and Shumard oaks. 
Table 18.--Merchantable volume of live trees on timberland, by species and diameter class, Florida, I987 

Diameter class (inches at breast lieighr;) 

Species All 

classes 5.0- 7.0- 9.0- 11.0- 13.0- 15.0- 17.0- 19.0 21.0- 29.0 and 

6.9 8.9 10.9 12.9 14.9 16.9 18.9 20.9 28.9 larger 

Softwood 

Longleaf pine 

Slash pine 

Shortleaf pine 

Loblally pine 

Pond pine 

Vireinia - oine 

pitch pine 

Table Mountain pine 

Spruce pine 

Sand pine 

Eastern white pine 

Eastern hemlock 

Spruce and fir 

Baldcypress 

Pondcypress 

Cedars 

Total softwoods 

Har'dvood 

Select white oaksa 

Select red oaksb 

Chestnut oak 

orher white oaks 

Other red oak5 

Hickory 

Yellow. birch 

Hard maple 

Soft maple 

Beech 

Sweetgum 

Tupelo and blackgum 

Ash 

Cotton~ood 

Basewood 

Yellow-poplar 

Bay and magnolia 

Black cherry 

Black walnut 

sycamore 

Black locust 

Elm 

Thousand cubic feet 

Total hardwoods 7,343,195 816,217 920,112 1,008,662 1,009,224 842,415 708,999 536,622 403,257 774,469 323,214 

All species 16,781,860 2,265,349 2,787,590 2,707,813 2,501,106 1,991,144 1,422,042 969,147 655,309 1,086,128 396,232 

a~ncludes white, swamp chestnut, and chinkapin oaks. 

b~nclude~ cherrybark, nortltern red, and Shumard oaks. 
'Cable 19.--Volume of growing stock on timberland, by species and diameter class, Florida, 1987 

- 

Diameter class (inches at breast height) 

species All 

classes 5.0- 7.0- 9.0- 11.0- 13.0- 15.0- 17.0- 19.0- 21.0- 29.0 and 

6.9 8.9 10.9 12.9 14.9 16.9 18.9 20.9 28.9 larger 

Softwood 

Longleaf pine 

Slash pine 

Shoztleaf pine 

Lablolly pine 

Pond ~ine 

Virginia pine 

Pitch pine 

Table Mountain pine 

spruce pine 

Sand pine 

Eastern vhite pine 

Eastern hemlock 

Spruce and fir 

Baldcypress 

Pondcyprese 

Cedars 

Total ~oftwooda 

Hardwood 

Select white oaksa 

Select red oakrb 

Chestnut oak 

Other white oaks 

Other red oaks 

Hickory 

v-, ,.. h<~"h .-& --. Hard maple 

sbfr maple Rrsrh 

Thousand cubic feet 

-~. -,.~~ ~~ ~ ,~ ~~ -,- ~ 

Sweetgum 527,787 41,939 60,492 97,343 97;491 76;545 58,745 41,169 25,756 26,170 2,137 

Tupelo and blackgum 1,519,532 161,995 204,158 206,760 211,479 203,047 151,731 113,017 85,168 146,941 35,236 

.~-.. AS^ 178.894 ~ .~ 36.678 ~, 43.942 . 56.133 . 64.361 42.409 43.433 35.008 24.494 27.898 4.538 

Cottonwood 294 -- .. .- .. -- .. -- -. 294 .- 

Basswood 

Yellow-poplar 

Bay and magnolia 

Black cherry 

Black walnut 

sycamore 

Black locust 

Elm 

other eastern 

I>arduoods 46,400 5,618 6,551 7,162 6,384 7,996 3,915 5,618 2,234 922 .- 

Total hardwoods 5,664,706 540,672 677,818 784,949 816,420 697,151 589,992 439,339 328,373 578,832 211,160 

All species 14,969,561 1,965,755 2,516,469 2,460,516 2,295,235 1,837,711 1,295,633 865,768 578,352 882,262 271,860 

a~ncludes white, swamp chestnut, and chinkapin oaks. 

b~ncludes cherrybark, northern red, and Shumard oako. 
Table 20.--Volume of sawtimber oil ti~nberland, by species and diameter class, Florida, 1987 

Diameter class (inc1,es at breast height) 

Species A1 l classes 9.0- 11.0- 13.0- 15.0- 17.0- 19.0- 21.0- 29.0 and 

10.9 12.9 14.9 16.9 18.9 20.9 28.9 larrer 

softwood 

Longleaf pine 

Slash pine 

Shoreleaf pine 

Loblolly pine 

Pond pine 

Virginia pine 

pitch pine 

Table Mountain pine 

Spruce pine 

Sand pine 

Eastern white pine 

Eastern hemlock 

spruce and fir 

Baldcypress 

Pondcypress 

Cedars 

Total saftvaodo 

Bardwood 

Select white oaks= 

Select red oaksb 

Chestnut oak 

Other white oaks 

Other red oaks 

Hickory 

Yellow birch 

Bard maple 

Soft maple 

Beech 

sweetgum 

Tapelo and blackgum 

Ash 

Thousand board feet 

.. ...~~ . .. A,",' 

Basswood 43,916 -- 3,913 12,228 9,213 4,467 10,857 3,238 .. 

Yellow-poplar 232,549 -- 43,336 31,741 48,577 21,752 27,341 55,731 4,071 

Bay and magnolia 1,653,103 -- 414,630 321,894 291,217 223,252 142,042 226,713 33,355 

Black cherry 23,927 -- 8,139 9,852 2,156 3,780 .- .. .- 

Slack walnut .. .- .. -- .- .. -- -- -- 

sycamore 

Black locust 

Elm 

Other eastern 

hardwoods 

Total hardwoods 16,497,975 -- 2,830,718 2,824,508 2,642,798 2,112,651 1,670,552 3,162,230 1,254,518 

All species 44,867,182 5,991,841 9,399,261 8,549,044 6,484,858 4,565,128 3,166,524 5,059,591 1,650,935 

a~ncludes white, swamp chestnut, and chinkapin oaks. 

b~ncludes cherrybark, northern red, and Shurnard oaks. 
Table 21.--Volume of sawtimber on timberland, by species, size class, and tree grade, Florida, 1987 

All sire classes Trees 15.0 inches d.b.h. and larger 

Soecies Tree grade a,, Tree grade A1 1 fiL L 

grades 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 grades 

Thousand board feet 

Sof tvood 

Yellow pinesa 19,824,410 5,594,330 4,247,287 9,982,793 -- 6,382,963 2,734,715 1,510,540 2,137,708 -- 

-- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- Eastern white pineb 

Spruce and firb -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- CypressC 8,150,920 1,989,756 2,139,992 3,950,811 70,361 3,528,212 1,989,756 1,149,796 369,330 19,330 

Other eastern softwoodsb 393,877 113,877 118,060 148,373 13,567 173,112 77,285 58,525 37,302 -- 

Total 

Select white and 

red oaks 129,931 35,744 40,966 49,066 4,155 87,164 35,744 27,431 21,361 2,628 

Other white and 

red oaks 5,727,638 1,108,903 1,603,279 2,448,811 566,645 4,282,528 1,108,903 1,413,381 1,443,165 317,079 

~i ...- ckorv 437.112 107.049 155.647 149.369 25,047 302,945 107,049 118,719 62,431 14,746 -, Yellow birch -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- Hard maple 43,354 -- 10,826 18,200 14,328 33,358 -- 8,427 15,906 9,025 

Sweetgum 1,489,581 290,572 534,486 616,827 47,696 809,415 290,572 333,998 165,134 19,711 

Ash, walnut, and 

black cherry 1,050,748 227,050 318,303 471,104 34,291 657,773 227,050 227,623 187,486 15,614 

Yellow-poplar 232,549 56,010 67,634 102,796 6,109 157,472 56,010 56,140 45,322 -- other eastern hardwoods 7.387.062 1.591.065 2.370.738 3.138,738 286,521 4,512,094 1,591,065 1,725,559 1,062,022 133,448 . . . . . . . . 

Total 16,497,975416,393 5,101,879 6,994,911 984,792 10,842,749 3,416,393 3,911,278 3,002,827 512,251 

All species 44,867,182 11,114,356 11,607,218 21,076,888 1,068,720 20,927,036 8,218,149 6,630,139 5,547,167 531,581 

%or yellow pines, tree grade is based on "Southern Pine Tree Grades for Yard and Structural Lumber," Research Paper SE-40, published by 

the Southeastern Forest Experiment Station, Asheville, NC, 1968. Tree grade 4 does not apply to yellow pine. 

b~or other softwoods (excluding cypress), tree grade is based an "Tree Grades for Eastern White Pine," Research Paper NE-214, published 

by the Northeastern Forest Experiment Station, Browall, PA, 1971. 

hardwoods and cypress, tree grades 1, 2, and 3 are based on "Hardwood Tree Grades for Factory Lumber," Research Paper NE-333, 

published by the Northeastern Forest Experiment Station, Broomall, PA, 1976. Grade 4 trees are sawtimber trees not qualifying as tree 

Grades 1, 2, or 3. The butt log of these trees qualify as construction (tie and timber) logs based on "A Guide to Hardwood Log Grading 

(revised)," General Technical Report NE-1, published by the Northeastern Forest Experiment Station, Broomall, PA, 1971. 
Table 22.--Volume of live timber and associated green weight of forest biomass on timberland, by 

class of material, softwood, and hardwood, ~lorida, 1987 

volumea Associated green weight b 

Class of material 

All species Softwood Hardwood All species Softwood Hardwood 

Thousand cubic feet Hundred thousand pounds 

Sawtimber trees 

Saw-log portion 8,517,216 5,410,687 3,106,529 6,415,518 4,056,641 2,358,877 

Upper stem 1,185,172 630,434 554,738 868,568 459,802 408,766 

TotalC 9,702,388 6,041,121 3,661,267 7,284,086 4,516,443 2,767,643 

Poletimber treesC 5,267,173 3,263,734 2,003,439 3,595,148 2,239,641 1,355,507 

All growing stockC 14,969,561 9,304,855 5,664,706 10,879,234 6,756,084 4,123,150 

Rotten treesC 211,049 34,180 176,869 170,669 27,178 143,491 

Saplings d 2,957,925 1,278,603 1,679,322 2,226,021 993,921 1,232,100 

Stumps, tops, and 

limbse 4,170,772 2,244,480 1,926,292 2,974,843 1,545,211 1,429,632 - 

Total, all classes 23.910,557 12,961,748 10,948,809 17,547,953 9,387.246 8,160.707 

a Excludes bark. 

b~ncludes Lark. 

 ole portion only. 

d~ncludes entire tree above ground. e Of live trees 5.0 inches d.b.h. and larger. 
 able 23.--Total volume uf live Crees on rirnberland, by species and diameter class, Florida, 1987 

Diameter class (inch=* at breast lreight) 

Species All 

classes 1.0- 3.0- 5.0- 7.0- 9.0- 11.0- 13.0- 15.0- 17.0- 19.0- 21.0- 29.0 and 

2.9 4.9 6.9 8.9 10.9 12.9 14.9 16.9 18.9 20.9 28.9 laxer 

Softwood 

Longleaf pine 

Slash pine 

Shortleaf pine 

Lohlally pine 

Pond pine 

Virginia pine 

Pitch pine 

Table Movntain pine 

Spruce pine 

sand pine 

Eastern white pine 

Easrern hemlock 

spruce and fir 

Baldcypress 

Pondcypress 

Cedars 

Total softwoods 

Hardwood 

Select white oekea 

Select red oaksb 

Chestnut oak 

Other white oak* 

Other red oaks 

Hickory 

"07 1 ^.. !.: --L 

Thousand cubic feet 

A=..-" -LA-.. 

Hard maple 22,753 780 792 1,807 2,624 2,064 3,601 2,485 2,165 1,680 1,308 3,441 .. 

Soft maple 799,816 41,925 71,355 78,388 92,819 102,829 109,602 89,298 78,207 57,681 29,501 43,307 4,904 

Beech 16,798 108 659 313 1,446 -- 2,076 1,871 1,004 1,141 3,522 3,650 1,008 

Sweetgum 740,755 25,832 52,060 68,623 79,950 119,922 117,644 90,764 69,989 48,134 30,258 33,621 3,958 

Tupelo and blackgum 2,589,028 124,474 249,885 290,268 309,031 292,051 297,778 274,693 205,916 154,901 116,787 213,289 59,955 

Ash 709,395 45,732 80,230 90,668 76,398 90,057 86,757 58,502 59,366 44,395 31,484 37,140 8,666 

Cottonwo~d 889 -- .- .. .- -- -- .. -- .- -- 889 -- Bas svood 17,538 680 413 806 1,655 1,494 1,558 3,929 2,501 1,268 2,514 720 -- Yellow-poplar 87,110 1,738 3,901 10,907 6,275 7,308 14,378 8,320 12,053 4,529 6,209 10,823 669 

Bay and magnolia 1,388,584 84,889 173,205 207,099 188,634 183,603 176,253 115,987 87,405 65,887 40,223 58,310 7,089 

Black cherry 31,750 5,154 5,905 4,678 5,104 2,477 3,410 2,880 556 1,586 .- .. -. 

Black walnut 79 79 -- -. .. .. -. .. -- -- .. .. .. 

Sycamore 9,599 .- 431 -. 325 -- 1,649 605 723 2,848 666 1,503 849 

Black locusc -. .- .. .- -- .- -. -- .. .. .. -- -- Elm 150,095 5,398 12,152 16,193 15,533 20,654 17,675 18,916 17,077 8,558 7,822 9,254 863 

Other eastern 

hardwoods 864,728 158,490 185,694 159,663 114,959 89,535 45,026 35,692 17,432 16,635 12,420 20,054 9,128 

Total hardwoodo 10,948,809 632,323 1,046,999 1,226,882 1,190,383 1,252,001 1,230,899 1,021,988 858,599 649,023 489,498 948,139 402,075 

All species 23,910,557 938,440 2,019,485 3,348,503 3,530,168 3,295,474 2,987,225 2,363,374 1,686,342 1,151,651 782,234 1,314,763 492,898 

a~ncludes white, swamp chestnut, and chinkapin oaks. 

L" 

U1 b~ncludes cherrybark, narrhein red, and Shumard oaks. 
Cn Table 24.--Green weight of forest biomass on timberland, by species and diameter clans, Florida, 1987 

m 

Diameter class (inches ac breast height) 

Species A1 1 

classes 1.0- 3.0- 5.0- 7.0- 9.0- 11.0- 13.0- 15.0- 17.0- 19.0- 21.0- 29.0 and 

2.9 4.9 6.9 8.9 10.9 12.9 14.9 16.9 18.9 20.9 28.9 larger 

.- 

Hundred thousand pounds 

Softu~od 

Longleaf pine 1,108,675 9,311 30,673 52,439 111,907 220,343 287,125 229,706 107,584 37,130 13,388 8,566 503 

Slash pine 4,305,888 96,003 508,830 883,169 961,003 647,856 469,350 329,618 201,105 114,932 53,920 38,245 1,857 

Shortleaf pine 50,794 264 1,522 2,893 6,667 7,481 7,717 10,393 6,728 3,233 1,270 2,058 568 

Loblolly pine 616,196 7,711 25,085 61,657 67,187 65,772 71,042 73,157 69,744 63,739 45,858 61,414 3,830 

Pond pine 150,771 862 4,448 13,175 26,185 24,853 28,942 21,766 14,862 5,802 5,468 4,408 -- Virginia pine -. .- .. -- -. .. .. .. .. .- -. .. -. 

Pitch pine .. .. -- .. -. -. .- .. -. .. .. -- -- Table Mountain nine -- -. -. .. .. .. .. -- .. -- .. .- .. 

Spruce pine 32,302 398 1,465 3,282 1,331 2,755 3,471 3,332 3,976 4,340 2,721 5,231 .. 

Sand pine 438,088 22,953 55,423 97,373 96,856 66,748 53,783 22,294 14,118 5,684 2,856 -- -. 

Eastern white pine .- -. .- .- -. -- -- .. .- .. .. .. .. 

Eastern hemlock -- -- .. .- .. .. .. .. .. .. -. .. .. 

Snrnce and fir .- -. -. .. -- .. .. .. .. .. .. -- -- ----~- ---- 

Baldcypress 591,619 3,729 13,615 27,740 46,171 65,597 63,767 63,683 62,111 55,697 50,062 86,443 53,004 

Pondcypress 1,986,987 55,491 148,820 220,054 307,424 346,702 301.125 242,086 136,490 87,704 45,494 76,962 18,635 

Cedars 105,926 2,828 4,490 8,773 13,035 17,685 15,380 15,229 13,656 6,175 4,288 4,387 .. 

Total softwoods 9,387,246 199,550 794,371 1,370,555 1,637,766 1,465,792 1,301,702 1,011,264 630,374 384,436 225,325 287,714 78,397 

Rardvood 

select white oaksa 41,639 947 2,481 2,859 3,098 4,877 4,810 6,876 4,845 4,011 3,391 2,591 853 

Select red oaksb 4,469 33 -- .. 687 369 -. 581 .. 548 1,358 893 .. 

Chestnut oak -. .- -- .. -. -- .. .. -. .. .- .- .. 

Other white oaks 1,063,101 25,786 43,376 40,854 50,936 60,058 63,796 74,756 83,944 87,201 73,004 250,804208,586 

Other red oaks 1,712,209 86,321 107,127 161,076 176,847 204,123 210,508 166,122 152,717 103,946 90,287 180,254 72,881 

Hickory 148,074 2,884 6,880 8,176 10,822 11,668 16,800 22,053 20,299 14,164 12,534 21,008 786 

Yellow birch - - .- -- -- -- .. -. .. .. -. .. -- .. -. 

Hard maple 

Soft maple 

Beech -- ... ., -- .,.-. ... ->--- ->--- -,-.- -.- Sweetgum 541;544 17,179 34,711 45,981 57,401 87,495 87,020 68,372 53,129 36,974 23,623 26,425 3,234 

Tupelo and blackgum 1,741,221 82,011 166,720 148,125 188,316 188,237 198,161 191,121 148,592 114,996 90,193 172,158 52,591 

Ash 462,395 27,961 50,832 72,732 55,951 60,350 54,618 36,271 35,628 25,609 17,850 20,126 4,467 

Cottonwood 723 -. -- .. .- -. .- .. .- .. .. 721 -. 

Basswood 12,354 442 287 459 1,133 1,022 1,113 2,881 1,762 923 1,820 512 .. 

Yellow-poplar 61,494 1,295 2,572 6,686 4,335 5,057 10,246 6,080 8,692 3,327 4,615 8,073 516 

Bay and magnolia 865,150 52,545 105,041 110,825 116,999 116,031 113,616 76,329 57,958 44,108 27,028 39,693 4,977 

Black cherry 20,231 2,586 3,944 2,793 3,380 1,652 2,301 2,004 399 1,172 .- -- .- 

Black walnut 71 7 1 .- .. .. -. -. .. .. .. .. .. .. 

Sycamore 7,094 -- 285 .. 245 .. 1,149 434 528 2,124 513 1,154 662 

Black locuot .- -- .. .. -. -. .- .. .. .. -- -. .. 

Elm 100,235 3,954 8,563 9,931 10,484 13,516 11,622 12,694 11,493 5,833 5,263 6,289 593 

Other eastern 

hardwoods 750,469 135,877 174,693 143,233 103,676 79,051 38,768 27,503 13,544 11,626 7,187 11,240 4,011 

Total hardwoods 8,160,707 472,499 759,601 811,013 859,278 913,631 901,564 764,698 654,534 502,031 384,106 719,324 358,428 

All species 17,547,953 672,049 1,553,972 2,181,568 2,497,044 2,379,423 2,203,266 1,775,962 1,284,908 886,467 609,431 1,067,038 436,825 -- 

a~ncludes white, swamp chestnut, and chinkaprn oaks. 

b~ncludes cherrybark, northern red, and Shumard oaks. 
Table 25.--volume of growing stock on timberland, by species and forest-type group, Florida, 1987 

species 

Saf twod 

Longleaf pine 

Slash pine 

Shorrleaf pine 

Loblolly pine 

Pond pine 

Virginia pine 

Pifch pine 

Table Mountain pine 

Spruce pine 

Sand pine 

Eastern white pine 

Eastern hemlock 

Spruce and fir 

Baldcypress 

Pondcypress 

Cedars 

'rota1 safewoods 

Hardwood 

Select white oaksa 

Select red oaksb' 

Chestnut oak 

Other vhite oaks 

Other red oaks 

Hickory 

Yellow birch 

Hard maple 

Soft maple 

Beech 

Sweeegum 

Tupelo and blackgum 

Ash 

Cottonwood 

Basswood 

Yellow-poplar 

Bay and magnolia 

Black cherry 

alack walnut 

Sycamore 

Black locust 

Elm 

Other eastern 

hardwoods 

 ores st-type group 

A1 1 

types White pine- Spruce- Longleaf- Loblolly- Oak- Oak- Oak-gum- Elm-ash- Maple-beechhemlock fir slash shortleaf pine hickory cypress cottonvaod birch 

Thousand cubic feet 

Total hardwoods 5,664,706 -. .. 156,663 70,585 368,983 791,544 4,110,285 166,646 -. 

All species 14,969,561 .. .- 4,688,049 1,037,449 1,144,113 919,853 7,001,587 178,510 .. - 

a~ncludes white, swamp white, swamp chestnut, and clrinkapin oaks. 

b~ncludes cherrybark, northern red, and Shurnard oaks. 
1861 Leprxo~s 'ssei~ laIame?p pue 'dnol8 say~ads 'sse~~ drqs~auno Kq 'pue~laqury] uo y~oris %uynoxZ 30 aomlo&-:9z a~qe~ 

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A a 
Table 29.--Average net annual growth and removals of live timber and 

growing stock on timberland, by species, Florida, 1980-1986 

Live timbera Growing stock 

Species Net Annual Net Annual 

annual timber annual timber 

growth removals growth removals 

Softwood 

Yellow pines 

Eastern white pine 

Spruce and fir 

Cypress 

Other eastern soEtwoods 

Total softwoods 

Hardwood 

Select white and 

red oaks 

Other white and 

red oaks 

Hickory 

Yellow birch 

Hard maple 

Sweetgum 

Ash, walnut, and 

black cherry 

Yellow-poplar 

Tupelo and blackgum 

Bay and magnolia 

Other eastern hardwoods 

Total hardwoods 

A11 species 

Thousand cubic feet 

-- 

a Merchantable portion only. 
Table 30.--Average net annual growth and removals of growing stock on timberland, by ownership 

class, softwood, and hardwood, Florida, 1980-1986 

Ownership class 

National forest 

Other public 

Forest industry 

Forest industry-leased 

Other private 

All ownerships 

Net annual growth Annual timber removals 

All species Softwood Hardwood All species Softwood Hardwood 

Thousand cubic feet 

35,659 31,374 4,285 32,031 31,980 51 

58,727 42,396 16,331 17,513 16,528 985 

229,825 194,624 35,201 219,001 191,183 27,818 

36,512 33,162 3,350 37,206 32,893 4,315 

267,583 185.992 81,591 234.936 201,659 33.277 
Table 31.--Average net annual growth and removals 

of sawtimber on timberland, by species, Florida, 

1980-1986 

Species 

Net Annual 

annual timber 

growth removals 

Softwood 

Yellow pines 

Eastern white pine 

Spruce and fir 

Cypress 

Other eastern softwoods 

Total softwoods 

Hardwood 

Select white and 

red oaks 

Other white and 

red oaks 

Hickory 

Yellow birch 

Hard maple 

Sweetgum 

Ash, walnut, and 

black cherry 

Ye1 low-poplar 

Tupelo and blackgum 

Bay and magnolia 

Other eastern hardwoods 

Total hardwoods 

All species 

Thousand board feet 
Table 32.--Average net annual growth and removals of sawtimber on timberland, by ownership 

class, softwood, and hardwood, Florida, 1980-1986 

Net annual growth Annual timber removals 

Ownership class 

All species Softwood Hardwood All species Softwood Hardwood 

Thousand board feet 

National forest 111,896 99,153 12,743 99,360 99,360 -- Other public 240,932 180,054 60,878 52,199 49,284 2,915 

Fores t industry 543,973 434,767 109,206 550,265 473,148 77,117 

Forest industry-leased 76,969 70,308 6,661 74,062 63,400 10,662 

Other private 1,006,340 713,787 292,553 674,066 585,279 88,787 

All ownerships 1,980,110 1,498,069 482,041 1,449,952 1,270,471 179,481 
Table 33.--Average annual mortality of live timber, growing 

stock, and sawtimber on timberland, by species, Florida, 

1980-1986 

Species Live Growing 

timbera stock Sawtimber 

Thousand 

board feet 

Softwood 

Yellow pines 52,853 51,419 161,946 

Eastern white pine -- -- -- 

Spruce and fir -- -- -- 

Cypress 11,457 10,163 24,037 

Other eastern softwoods 833 693 3,085 

Total softwoods 

Hardwood 

Select white and 

red oaks 

Other white and 

red oaks 

Hickory 

Yellow birch 

Hard maple 

Sweetgum 

Ash, walnut, and 

black cherry 

Yellow-poplar 

Tupelo and blackgurn 

Bay and magnolia 

Other eastern hardwoods 

Total hardwoods 

All species 160,541 122,057 376,119 

a Merchantable portion only. 
Table 34.--Average annual mortality of growing stock and sawtimber on timberland, by ownership 

class, softwood, and hardwood, Florida, 1980-1986 

Growing stock Sawtimber 

Ownership class 

All species Softwood Hardwood A11 species Softwood Hardwood 

Thousand cubic feet Thousand board feet 

National forest 8,845 6,448 2,397 27,644 21,520 6,124 

Other public 9,687 4,671 5,016 34,188 17,551 16,637 

Forest industry 27,981 11,532 16,449 91,214 28,260 62,954 

Forest industry-leased 1,882 1,121 761 4,582 2,377 2,205 

Other private 73,662 38,503 35,159 218,491 119,360 99,131 

Table 35.--Average annual mortality of growing stock and sawtimber on timberland, by 

cause of death, softwood, and hardwood, Florida, 1980-1986 

Growing stock Sawtimber 

Cause of death 

All species Softwood Hardwood All species Softwood Hardwood 

Thousand cubic feet 

Fire 18,580 15,685 2,895 

Insects 10,375 10,375 -- Disease 10,421 4,750 5,671 

Weather 16,397 7,066 9,331 

Suppression 10,619 5,795 4,824 

Animals 735 -- 735 

Undetermined 54,930 18,604 36,326 

Thousand board feet 

42,741 35,541 7,200 

38,618 38,618 -- 32,464 14,496 17,968 

66,044 30,943 35,101 

4,078 1,787 2,291 

3,004 -- 3,004 

189,170 67,683 121,487 

All causes 122,057 62,275 59,782 376,119 189,068 187,051 
Table 36.--Average annual output of timber products, by product, species group, and type of material, 

Florida, 1980-1986 

Total output Roundwood products Mill byproducts 

standard Product and species group units Number Thousand Number Thousand Number Thousand 

of units cubic feet of units cubic feet of units cubic feet 

Saw logs 

Softwood 

Hardwood 

M fbm: 712,379 137,525 704,951 136,091 

M fbm 38,616 6,601 38,575 6,594 

Total M fbma 750,995 144,126 743,526 142,685 7,469 1,441 

Veneer logs and bolts 

Softwood M fbm: 118,274 23,191 118,274 23,191 -- -- 

Hardwood M fbm 15,863 2,666 15,863 2,666 -- -- 

Total M fbma 134,137 25,857 134,137 25,857 -- -- 

Pulpwood b 

Softwood 

Hardwood 

Total 

Polee and piling 

Softwood C pieces 3,657 6,583 3,657 6,583 -- -- Hardwood C pieces -- -- -- -- -- -- 

Total C pieces 3,657 6,583 3,657 6,583 -- -. 

Posts (round and solit) . . 

Softwood M pieces 3,679 3,679 3,679 3,679 -- -- 

Hardwood M pieces 167 150 167 150 -- -- 

Total M pieces 3,846 3,829 3,846 3,829 -- -- 

Other d 

Softwood 

Hardwood 

Total M ftJ 29,870 29,870 7,516 7,516 22,354 22,354 

Total industrial products 

Softwood 

Hardwood 

Total -- 524,705 -- 454,938 -- 69,767 

~uelwood~ 

Softwood 

liardwaod 

Cords 52,895 3,856 45,858 3,343 7,037 513 

Cords 358,080 23,354 353,250 23,039 4,830 315 

Total Cords 410,975 27,210 399,108 26,382 11,867 828 

All products 

Softwood 

Hardwood 

Total -- 551,915 -- 481,320 -- 70,595 

a~nternational 114-inch rule. 

b~oundwood figures include an estimated 23,490 thousand cubic feet of roundwood chipped at other 

primary wood-using plants. 

C~augh-wood basis (includes chips converted to equivalent standard cords). 

d~ncludes liter, mulch, particleboard, charcoal, and other specialty products. 

e~xcludes approximately 32,514 thousand cubic feet of wood residues, and 49,450 thousand cubic feet of 

bark used for industrial fuel. 
Table 37.--Average annual output of roundwood products, by product, species group, and source a£ material, 

Florida, 1980-1986 

- ~ - ~ --- - - -- 

A1 1 Growing-stock treesa Cull Salvable Other 

Product and species group sources b 

Total Sawtimber Poletimber treesa dead treesa sources 

Thousand cubic feet 

saw logs 

Softwood 136,091 132,553 124,580 7,973 -- -- 3,538 

Hardwood 6.594 6.054 5.564 490 523 -- 17 

Total 142,685 138,607 130,144 8,463 523 

Veneer logs and bolts 

Softwood 23,191 23,191 23,191 

Hardwood 2.666 2.666 2.666 

Total 25,857 25,857 25,857 -- -- -- -- 

Pulpwood 

Softwood 

Hardwood 

Total 

Poles and piling 

Softwood 

Hardwood 

Total 

Posts (round and split) 

So£ twood 

Hardwood 

Total 

Other 

Softwood 

Hardwood 

Total 

Total industrial products 

So£ twood 419,153 398,187 188,691 209,496 1,311 1,059 19,196 

Hardwood 35.185 25.936 13.107 12,829 4.942 -- 4,307 

Total 

Fuelwoad 

Softwood 

Hardwood 

Total 26,382 12,359 7,276 5,083 8,100 2,938 2,985 

All products 

So£ twaod 

Hardwood 

Total 481,320 436,482 209,074 227,408 14,353 3,997 26,488 

aOn timberland. 

b~ncludes trees less than 5.0 inches in diameter, tree taps and limbs from timberland, or material from 

other forest land or nonforest land such as fencerows or suburban areas. 
Table 38.--Average annual timber removals from growing stock 

on timberland, by item, softwood, and hardwood, Florida, 

1980-1986 

Item All species Softwood Hardwood 

Roundwood products 

Saw logs 

Veneer logs and bolts 

Pulpwood 

Poles and piling 

Posts 

Other 

Fuelwood 

All products 

Logging residues 

Thousand cubic feet 

Other removals 72,765 52,167 20,598 

Total removals 540,687 474,243 66,444 

Table 39.--Average annual timber removals from live sawtimber 

on timberland, by item, softwood, and hardwood, Florida, 

1980-1986 

I tem All species Softwood Hardwood 

Thousand board feet 

Roundwood products 

Saw logs 747,803 710,879 36,924 

Veneer logs and bolts 189,011 170,260 18,751 

Pulpwood 159,923 132,916 27,007 

Poles and piling 28,675 28,675 -- 

Posts 1,778 1,778 -- 

Other 17,539 16,961 578 

Fuelwood 46,298 13,566 32,732 

All products 1,191,027 1,075,035 115,992 

Logging residues 21,443 16,578 4,865 

Other removals 237,482 178,858 58,624 

Total removals 1.449.952 1,270,471 179,481 
Table 40.--Average annual volume of unused residues at primary 

manufacturing plants, by species group, type of residue, and 

industry, Florida, 1980-1986 

Species group and A1 1 Veneer and 

type of residuea industries Lumber plywood Other 

Softwood 

Coarse b 

FineC 

Thousand cubic feet 

Total 1,162 905 5 252 

Hardwood 

Coarse b 

FineC 

Total 696 669 27 -- 

All species 

Coarse b 1,111 846 13 252 

FineC 747 728 19 -- -- 

Total 1,858 1,574 3 2 25 2 

a Excludes 752 thousand cubic feet of unused bark. 

b~aterial such as slabs and edgings. 

C Material such as sawdust and shavings. 
Table 41.--Current area of timberland and associated inventory, net annual growth, 

and annual removals of growing stock, by species group and ownership, with 30-year 

projections, Florida 

Component, Inventory year Projected to-- 

species group, and Unit of 

ownership measure 1987 1997 2007 2017 

Area M acres 

Public 2,443 2,633 2,714 2,741 

Forest industry 5,4147 5,555 5,640 5,610 

Other private 7,093 6,708 6,466 6,236 

Total 14,983 14,896 14,820 14,587 

Pine volume 

Inventory MM ft3 

Public 1,600.0 1,790.1 2,040.3 2,311.9 

Forest industry 2,293.6 2,028.3 2,153.3 2,419.0 

Other private 2,652.9 2,256.2 2,091.4 2,389.2 

Total 

Net annual growth 

Public 

Forest industry 

Other private 

Total 

Annual removals 

Public 

Forest industry 

Other private 

Total 

Other volumea 

Inventory 

Public 

Forest industry 

Other private 

Total 

Net annual growth 

Public 

Forest industry 

Other private 

Total 

Annual removals 

Public 

Forest industry 

Other private 

Total 99.4 99.4 99.4 99.4 

a Includes cypress. 
Table 42.--Land area, by land use class, major forest type, and survey 

completion date, Florida 

Survey completion date 

Land use class Change 

1970 1980 1987 1980-1987 

- Acres 

Forest land 

Timberland: 

Pine and oak-pine types 9,567,984 9,193,657 8,737,336 -456,321 

Hardwood types G,693,255 6,470,520 6,245,271 -225,249 

Total 16,261,239 15,664,177 14,982,607 -681,570 

Reserved timberland 94,200 411,844 403,569 -8,275 

Woodland 1,590,744 1,057,868 1,162,836 +104,968 

Total forest land 17,946,183 17,133,889 16,549,012 -584,877 

Nonforest land 

Cropland 3,671,347 3,784,515 3,937,202 +152,687 

Pasture and range 6,456,018 6,991,503 6,324,067 -667,436 

Other 6,464,601 6,622,456 7,721,452 ~1,098,996 

Total 16,591,966 17,398,474 17,982,721 +584,247 

All landa 34,538,149 34,532,363 34,531,733 -630 

a Excludes all water areas. 
Table 43.--volumea of sawtimber, growing stock, and live timber on timberland, by species group, survey completion date, and diameter class, 

Florida 

Species Diameter class (inches at breast height) 

group AI I 

and classes 5.0- 7.0- 9.0- 11.0- 13.0- 15.0- 17.0- 19.0- 21.0 and 

year 6.9 8.9 10.9 12.9 14.9 16.9 18.9 20.9 larger 

SAhTIMBER (in thousand board feet) 

Hardwood 

CROWING STOCK (in thousand cubic feet) 

Softwood 

Hardwood 

1970 4,434,978 420,986 556,699 624,244 674,242 603,887 458,910 349,148 245,354 501,508 

1980 5,090,273 484,353 611,944 707,245 777,512 699,063 503,993 393,097 289,838 623,228 

1987 5,664,706 540,672 677,818 784,949 816,420 697,151 589,992 439,339 328,373 789,992 

LIVE TIHBER~ (in thousand cubic feet) 

Softwood 

1970 7,820,852 1,274,740 1,523,437 1,585,528 1,414,844 947,648 517,563 278,825 125,872 152,395 

1980 9,362,569 1,527,696 1,866,349 1,790,889 1,603,213 1,107,150 644,330 354,501 198,771 269,670 

1987 9,438,665 1,449,132 1,867,478 1,699,151 1,491,882 1,148,725 713,043 432,525 252,052 384,677 

Hardwood 

1970 5.896.135 677.456 800.566 836.197 842,036 735.340 571.585 424.690 312.404 695.861 

provide a basis for valid comparisons, adjustments have been made to allow far differences in volume tables and sawtimber specifications used 

in previous surveys. 

b~erchantable volume. 
Table 44.--Merchantable volume of live timber, by species group, Survey Unit, and 

survey completion date, Florida 

Species group 

and 1970 1980 Change 1987 Change 

Survey Unit 1970-1980 1980-1987 

Thousand Thousand Thousand 

cubic feet cubic feet Percent cubic feet Percent 

Softwood 

Northwest 2,512,611 3,036,851 +20.9 3,036,158 -0.2 

Nor theas t 3,620,226 4,356,740 +20.3 4,163,622 -4.4 

Central 1,232,293 1,465,367 +18.9 1,654,274 +12.9 

south 455,722 503,611 +10.5 584,611 t16.1 

All units 7,820,852 9,362,569 +19.7 9,438,665 +.8 

Hardwood 

Northwest 2,155,355 2,429,912 +12.7 2,594,051 +6.8 

Northeast 2,537,428 2,875,315 +13.3 3,021,759 +5.1 

Central 1,106,127 1,373,397 +24.2 1,616,391 +17.7 

South 97,225 93,592 -3.7 110,994 +18.6 

A11 units 5,896,135 6,772,216 +14.9 7,343,195 t8.4 
Table 45.--Land area and total forest, by county, Florida, 1987 

Acres - - Acres 

576,941 307,773 

374.509 338.624 

County All landa Total forest b County All landa Total $orest b 

Acres 

610,790 

513,952 

432,582 

703.718 

- Percent 

53.3 

90.4 

82.9 

69.4 

18.6 

4.6 

82.2 

12.3 

57.7 

76.5 

58.4 

71.5 

19.2 

11.8 

88.4 

52.9 

59.3 

81.5 

89.6 

73.2 

61 .O 

18.7 

82.3 

68.9 

22.3 

12.7 

55.8 

- Acres 

Lake 258.234 

Lee 

Leon 

Levy 

Liberty 

Madison 

Manatee 

Marian 

Martin 

Monroe 

Nassau 

Okalaasa 

Okeechobee 

Orange 

Osceola 

Palm Beach 

Pasco 

Pinellas 

Polk 

Putnam 

St. Johns 

St. Lucie 

Santa Rosa 

Sarasota 

Seminole 

Sumter 

Suvannee 

- Percent 

42.3 

35.2 

68.2 

70.6 

94.9 

68.3 

10.3 

Alachua 

Baker 

Bay 

Bradford 

Brevard 

Broward 

Calhoun 

Charlotte 

Citrus 

Clay 

Collier 

Columbia 

Dade 

De Sat0 

Dixie 

Duval 

Escambia 

Flagler 

Franklin 

Gadsden 

Gilcbrist 

Glades 

Gulf 

Hamilton 

Hardee 407;968 90; 844 

Hendry 744,013 94,282 

Hernando 305,421 170,299 

Highlands 658,310 84,688 

Hillsborough 673,830 131,354 

Holmes 312,000 184,977 

Indian River 318,118 36,513 

Jackson 602,611 284,617 

Jefferson 389,933 281,815 

Lafayet te 348,928 286,790 

Union 

59.3 Valusia 

Wakulla 

Walton 

Washington 

Total 

a~xcludes inland water. 

b~ncludes timberland, reserved timberland, and woodland. 
Table 46.--Area of timberland, by county and ownership class, Florida, 1987 

county All 

ownerships 

National 

forest 

Other Forest 

public industrya 

Other 

private 

Alachua 297,262 

Baker 327,657 

Bay 400,032 

Bradford 130,077 

Brevard 109,806 

Broward -- 

Calhoun 298.800 

Charlotte 33;838 

Citrus 226,973 

Clay 289,812 

Collier 309.023 

Columbia -- Dade 357,298 

De Soto 48,176 

Dixie 396,866 

Duval 261.242 

Escambia 

Flagler 

Franklin 

Gadsden 

Gilchrist 

Glades 

Gulf 

Hamilton 

Hardee 

Hendry 

Hernando 

Highlands 

Hillsborough 

Holmes 

Indian River 

Jackson 

Jefferson 

Lafayette 

- 

Acres 

6,623 125,026 

4.070 207.641 

Lake 

Lee 

Leon 

Levy 

Liberty 

Madison 

Manatee 

Marian 

Martin 

Monroe 

Nassau 

Okaloosa 

Okeechobee 

Orange 

Osceola 

Palm Beach 

National Other Forest 

forest public industrya 

Other 

private 

- Acres 

16,418 

2,323 

10,476 

18,166 

23,492 

2,063 

7,364 

30,214 

9,263 -- 3,902 

272,085 

292 

45,825 

13,612 -- 

St . Johns 267;741 -- 4;321 139;252 124;168 

St. Lucie 33,267 -- 893 -- 32,374 

Santa Rosa 475,212 -- 189,367 171,004 114,841 

Sarasota 56,050 -- 12,241 -- 43,809 

Seminole 74,953 -- 1,609 -- 73,344 

Sumter 173,311 -- 54,550 18,990 99,771 

Suwannee 211,231 -- 4,347 24,486 182,398 

Taylor 586,127 -- 504 546,082 39,541 

Union 118,903 -- 5,470 76,141 37,292 

Volusia 467,605 -- 4,675 78,988 383,942 

Wakul la 311,635 139,880 38,636 56,745 76,374 

Wal ton 508,291 -- 156,129 128,721 223,441 

Washington 287,894 -- 14,057 42,236 231,601 

Total 14,982,607 990,155 1,452,944 5,446,419 7,093,089 

a~ncludes 676,795 acres of other private land under long-term lease. 
Table 47.--Area of timberland, by county and broad management class, Florida, 1987 

A1 1 Pine Natural Upland Lowland 11 All Pine Natural Upland Lowland 

County classes plantation pine hardwood hardwood county classes plantation pine oak-pine hardwood hardvood 

Alachua 297,262 

Baker 327,657 

Bay 400,032 

Bradford 130,077 

Brevard 109,806 

Broward .- 

Calhaun 298,800 

Charlotte 33,838 

Citrus 226,973 

Clay 289,812 

Collier 309,023 

Columbia 357,298 

Dade .- 

~e Soto 48,176 

Dixie 396,866 

Duval 261,242 

Escambia 246,116 

Flagler 253,247 

Franklin 309,773 

Gadsden 242,495 

Gilchrist 138,145 

Glades 79,469 

Gulf 293,027 

Hamil ton 228,055 

Hardee 90,844 

Hendry 85,487 

 erna an do 170,299 

liighlands 84,202 

Hillsborough 121,406 

Holmes 184,664 

Indian River 29,367 

Jackson 284,617 

Jefferson 279,715 

LafayetLe 286,790 

- Acres 

Lee 

Leon 

Levy 

Liberty 

Madison 

Manatee 

Marion 

Martin 

Monroe 

Nassau 

Okaloasa 

Okeechobee 

Orange 

Osceola 

Palm Beach 

PBSCQ 

Pinellas 

Polk 

Putnam 

St. Johns 

St. Lucie 

Santa Rosa 

Sarasota 

Seminole 

SUmter 

Suwannee 

Taylor 

Union 

va1usia 

Wakul la 

wa1ton 

Washington 

- Acres 

66,136 

56,676 

79,176 

47,127 

152,649 

51,750 

14,153 

177,553 

16,874 .- 

Table 49.--Volume of growing stuck on timberland, by county and species group, Florida, 1987 

A1 1 Yellow Other Soft Couilty species pine softwood hardwood 

All Yellow Other Soft liard 

species pine saftwaod hardwood hardwood 

Thousand cubic 

151,985 51,525 

251,061 67,886 

133,873 8,741 

54,778 6,688 

52,946 14,313 -- -- 141,938 19,176 

11,047 15,848 

62,509 39,615 

148,711 11,437 

47,000 213,950 

208,923 50,077 -. -- 

- 

feet 

52,054 

70,760 

17,235 

14,283 

15,937 -- 52,030 

277 

23,979 

Thousand cubic fee_l 

97,532 7&,279 72,500 

33,004 52,519 -. 

160,318 6,202 78,104 

218.455 97.012 98.755 

Alachua 

Baker 

Bay 

Bradford 

66,397 

1,736 

9,012 

11,316 

18,824 -- 

33,926 

1,085 

28,785 

48,281 

16,660 

31,710 -- 

8,064 

91,446 

55,679 

33,424 

18,526 

7,663 

69,148 

8,260 

1,247 

19,152 

48,971 

27,791 

5,754 

61,925 

9,766 

45,586 

21,584 

2,321 

87,086 

85,668 

35,733 

Brevard 

Broward 

Calhaun 

Charlotte 

Citrus 

Lake 

Lee 

Lean 

Levy 

Liberty 

Madison 

Manatee 

Marion 

Martin 

Monroe 

Nassau 

Okalaosa 

Okeechabee 

Orange 

Osceola 

Palm Beach 

Pasco 

P~nellas 

Polk 

Putnam 

St. Johns 

St.Lucie 

Santa Rosa 

Sarasota 

Seminole 

Sumter 

Suwannee 

Taylor 

Union 

Volusia 

Wakulla 

Walton 

Washington 

Total 

Clay 

Collier 

Columbia 

Dadr 

De Soto 

Dixie 

Duval 

Escambia 

Flagler 

Franklin 

Gadsden 

Gilchrist 

Glades 

Gulf 

Hamilton 

llardee 

Hendry 

Ilernando 

Highlands 

Hi1 lsborough 

Holmes 

Indian River 

Jackson 

Jefferson 

Lafayette 
Table 50.--Volume of sawtimber on timberland, by county and species group, Florida, 1987 

County A1 l 

species 

Yellow Other 

pine softwood 

Soft 

hardwood 

Hard 

hardwood 

A1 1 Yellow Other Soft 

species pine softwood hardwood 

Thousand board feet 

I Hard 

hardwood County 

Lake 

Lee 

Leon 

Levy 

Liberty 

Madison 

Manatee 

Marion 

Martin 

Monroe 

Nassau 

Okaloosa 

Okeechobee 

Orange 

Osceola 

Palm Beach 

Pasco 

Pinellas 

Polk 

Putnam 

St. John3 

St. Lucie 

Santa Rosa 

Sarasota 

Seminole 

Sumter 

Suwannee 

Taylor 

Union 

Volusia 

Wakul la 

Wal ton 

Washington 

Total 

Thousand board - feet 

139,553 

164,291 

54,131 

21,878 

59,204 -- 

166,237 -- 67.269 

Alachua 

Baker 

Say 

Bradford 

Brevard 

Braward 

Calhoun 

Charlotte 

Citrus 

Clay 

Collier 

Columbia 

Dade 

De Soto 

Dixie 

Duval 

Escambia 

Flagler 

Franklin 

Gadsden 

Gilchrist 

Glades 

Gulf 

Hamilton 

Hardee 

Hendry 

Hernando 

Highlands 

Hillsborough 

Holmes 

Indian River 

Jackson 

Jefferson 

Lafayette 
Table 51.--Average net annual changea of growing stock on timberland, by county and species group, Florida, 1980-1986 

A1 1 Yellow Other Soft A1 1 Yellow Other Sof t Hard County species pine softwood hardwood hardwood species pine softwood hardwood hardwood 

Thousand cubic feet 

-5.147 +857 +813 

Thousand cubic feet 

+4,121 +726 +1,430 

+I, 790 +855 -- 

-2,091 +I34 11,131 

+1,652 +1,133 1781 

-222 t945 +I ,453 

+382 +509 -350 

+90 -- +2 65 

+961 +64 1-550 

+423 +38 -- -- -- -- 

+2,913 t686 -220 

+7,200 +245 1-916 

+631 +370 +637 

1842 +153 +1,678 

+1,756 +2,233 +1,824 -- -- -- 

-1,176 +1,465 +I ,223 

1161 -457 t94 

Alachua 

Baker 

Bay 

Bradford 

Lee 

Leon 

Levy 

Liberty 

Madison 

Manatee 

Marion 

Martin 

Monroe 

Nassau 

Okaloasa 

Okeechobee 

Orange 

Osceola 

Palm Beach 

Pasco 

Pinellas 

Polk 

Putnam 

St. Johns 

St. Lucie 

Santa Rosa 

Sarasota 

Seminole 

Sumter 

Suwannee 

Taylor 

Union 

Volusia 

Wakulla 

Walton 

Washington 

Brevard 

Broward 

Calhoun 

Charlotte 

Citrus 

Clay 

Collier 

Columbia 

Dade 

De Soto 

Dixie 

Duval 

Escambia 

Flagler 

Franklin 

Gadsden 

Gilchrist 

Glades 

Gtil f 

Hamilton 

Hardee 

Hendry 

Hernando 

Highlands 

Hillsborough 

Holmes 

Indian River 

Jackson 

Jefferson 

Lafayette 

I / Total 

a~verage net annual growth minus average annual timber removals. 
Table 52.--Average net annual changea of sawtimber on timberland, by county and species group, Florida, 1980-1986 

County A1 1 

species 

Yellow Other Soft 

pine softwood hardwood 

Hard 

hardwood 

A1 1 

species 

Yellow Otller Soft 

pine softwood hardwood 

Thousand board feet 

116,571 +3,637 +7,210 

+5,167 +4,089 -- -1,223 +293 +3,878 

+25,356 +5,060 +3,820 

-2.474 t5.631 +5.192 

Hard 

hardwood 

Thousand board - feet 

Alachua 

Baker 

Bay 

Bradford 

Brevard 

Broward 

Calhoun 

Charlotte 

Citrus 

Clay 

Collier 

Columbia 

Dade 

De Sot0 

Dixie 

Duval 

Escambia 

Flagler 

Franklin 

Gadsden 

Gilchrist 

Glades 

Gulf 

Hamilton 

Hardee 

Hendry 

Hernando 

Highlands 

Hi1 lsborough 

Holmes 

Indian River 

Jackson 

Jefferson 

Lafayette 

Leon 

Levy 

Liberty 

Madison 

Manatee 

Marion 

Martin 

Monroe 

Nassau 

Okaloosa 

Okeechobee 

Orange 

Osceola 

Palm Beach 

Pasco 

Pinellas 

Polk 

Putnam 

St. Johns 

St. Lucie 

Santa Rosa 

Sarasota 

Seminole 

Sumter 

Suwannee 

Taylor 

Union 

Volusia 

Wskulla 

Wal con 

Washington 

Total 

a~verage net annual growth minus average annual timber removals. 
Table 53.--Green weight of forest biomass on timberland, by county and species group, Florida, 1987 

A1 1 Yellow Other Soft Hard County species pine softwood hardwood hardwood 

Hundred thousand 

Alachua 371,695 161,157 47,944 

Baker 419,318 260,026 68,668 

Bay 232,187 174,591 9,688 

Bradford 103,449 58,409 8,029 

Brevard 124,291 51,515 13,284 

Broward -- -- -- 

Calhoun 301.924 152.163 20.525 

Charlotte 

Citrus 

Clay 

Collier 

Columbia 

Dade 

De Soto 

Dixie 

Duval 

Escambia 

Flagler 

Franklin 

Gadsden 

Gilchrist 

Glades 

Gulf 

Hamilton 

Hardee 

Hendry 

Hernando 

Highlands 

Hillsborough 

Holmes 

Indian River 

All Yellow Other Soft Hard County species pine softwood hardwood hardwood 

Hundred thousand pounds 

Lake 317,578 98,415 69,222 87,957 61,984 

Lee 101,284 34,329 54,202 -- 12,753 

Leon 350,672 154,829 6,325 89,465 100,053 

Levy 606,817 217,443 91,581 110,228 187,565 

Liberty 634,575 238,815 100,743 194,018 100,999 

Madison 369,887 96,700 55,390 133,395 84,402 

Manatee 51.587 6.752 -- 15,168 29,667 

Marion 

Martin 

Monroe 

Nassau 

Okalaosa 

Okeechobee 

Orange 

Osceola 

Palm Beach 

Pasco 

Pinellas 

Polk 

Putnam 

St. Johns 

St. Lucie 

Santa Rosa 

Sarasata 

Seminole 

Sumter 

Suwannee 

Taylor 

Union 

Volusia 

Wakulla 

Jackson 376;237 108;694 24;429 116,991 126; 123 11 Walton 490;875 274;303 12;324 106;206 98;042 

Jefferson 383,693 82,135 37,148 136,824 127,586 Washington 313,105 72,797 54,870 100,325 85,113 

tafavette 273.455 122.224 46.690 44.245 60.296 

Total 17,547,953 6,702,714 2,684,532 3,988,337 4,172,370 
i U S GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE 1990-732 812 

The Forest Service, U.S. Department of 

Agriculture, is dedicated to the principle of 

multiple use management of the Nation's forest resources 

for sustained yields of wood, water, forage, wildlife, and 

recreation. Through forestry research, cooperation with the 

States and private forest owners, and management of the 

National Forests and National Grasslands, it strives-as 

directed by Congress-to provide increasingly greater 

service to a growing Nation. 

USDA policy prohibits discrimination because of race, 

color, national origin, sex, age, religion, or handicapping 

condition. Any person who believes he or she has been 

discriminated against in any USDA-related activity should 

immediately contact the Secretary of Agriculture, 

Washington, DC 20250.