19‐70‐cr

United States v. Daniel Carpenter

UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

FOR THE SECOND CIRCUIT

SUMMARY ORDER

          

RULINGS BY SUMMARY ORDER DO NOT HAVE PRECEDENTIAL EFFECT.  CITATION TO A SUMMARY

ORDER FILED ON OR AFTER JANUARY 1, 2007, IS PERMITTED AND IS GOVERNED BY FEDERAL RULE

OF APPELLATE PROCEDURE 32.1 AND THIS COURTʹS LOCAL RULE 32.1.1.  WHEN CITING A

SUMMARY ORDER IN A DOCUMENT FILED WITH THIS COURT, A PARTY MUST CITE EITHER THE

FEDERAL APPENDIX OR AN ELECTRONIC DATABASE (WITH THE NOTATION ʺSUMMARY ORDERʺ).  A

PARTY CITING A SUMMARY ORDER MUST SERVE A COPY OF IT ON ANY PARTY NOT REPRESENTED

BY COUNSEL.

At a stated term of the United States Court of Appeals for the Second

Circuit, held at the Thurgood Marshall United States Courthouse, 40 Foley Square, in

the City of New York, on the 13th  day of January, two thousand twenty.

PRESENT:   BARRINGTON D. PARKER,

    DENNY CHIN,

     Circuit Judges.

    DENISE COTE,

     District Judge.*

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UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,

     Appellee,          

     v.         19‐70‐cr   

WAYNE BURSEY,

     Defendant,

DANIEL CARPENTER,

     Defendant‐Appellant.

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* Judge Denise Cote, of the United States District Court for the Southern District of New York,

sitting by designation.
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FOR APPELLEE:   DAVID E. NOVICK, Assistant United States

Attorney (Neeraj Patel and Sandra S. Glover,

Assistant United States Attorneys, on the brief),

for John H. Durham, United States Attorney for

the District of Connecticut, New Haven,

Connecticut.

FOR DEFENDANT‐APPELLANT   MICHAEL A. LEVY (Qais Ghafary, on the

brief), Sidley Austin LLP, New York, New

York.  

Appeal from the United States District Court for the District of

Connecticut (Chatigny, J.).

UPON DUE CONSIDERATION, IT IS HEREBY ORDERED,

ADJUDGED, AND DECREED that the judgment of the district court is AFFIRMED.

Defendant‐appellant Daniel Carpenter appeals from the December 20,

2018 judgment of the district court convicting him, following a bench trial, of fifty‐seven

counts related to his participation in a stranger‐originated life insurance (ʺSTOLIʺ)

scheme, in which he fraudulently induced insurance providers to issue and maintain

life insurance policies on elderly strangers.  Specifically, Carpenter was convicted of

wire fraud, mail fraud, conspiracy to commit mail and wire fraud, illegal monetary

transactions, money laundering, and conspiracy to commit money laundering.  The

district court sentenced Carpenter principally to thirty monthsʹ imprisonment.  

Carpenter argues that the district court committed reversible error by (1) denying his

motion to dismiss the indictment for violations of the Speedy Trial Act; (2) denying his

motions to suppress evidence seized pursuant to warrants; (3) erroneously calculating
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the loss amount; (4) holding that certain of the mail and wire fraud counts were timely;

and (5) erroneously treating certain death benefits as proceeds of fraud.  We assume the

partiesʹ familiarity with the underlying facts, procedural history, and issues on appeal.  

I. Speedy Trial Act

  ʺWe review the district courtʹs findings of fact as they pertain to a speedy

trial challenge for clear error and its legal conclusions de novo.ʺ  United States v. Lynch,

726 F.3d 346, 351 (2d Cir. 2013) (internal quotation marks omitted).  The Speedy Trial

Act requires that a trial begin within seventy days of indictment or initial appearance,

whichever is later.  18 U.S.C. § 3161(c)(1).  Time may be excluded, however, for various

reasons, including the filing of pretrial motions and continuances in the interest of

justice.  See 18 U.S.C. § 3161(h)(1)(D), (7)(A).   

    With respect to exclusions of time for interest‐of‐justice continuances, the

court must articulate either orally or in writing its reasons for finding that the ends of

justice are served by the continuance.  See 18 U.S.C. § 3161(h)(7)(A).  While the required

ends‐of‐justice findings must be made before a continuance is granted, the time is

properly excluded even where the district court does not ʺutter the magic words ʹends‐

of‐justiceʹ at the time of ordering the continuance.ʺ  United States v. Breen, 243 F.3d 591,

597 (2d Cir. 2001).  Where it is apparent from the record that the district court has

weighed the competing interests,  ʺthe purposes of the statute are satisfied by a

subsequent articulation.ʺ  Id. at 596; see also Zedner v. United States, 547 U.S. 489, 506‐07
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(2006) (stating required ends‐of‐justice findings ʺmust be made, if only in the judgeʹs

mind, before granting the continuanceʺ).

    The district court issued a written decision on March 22, 2016 denying

Carpenterʹs speedy trial motion.  We agree that there was no speedy trial violation

largely for the reasons given by the district court.  We note that during the relevant

period, from January 17, 2014, when Carpenter made his first appearance, until the start

of trial on February 16, 2016, Carpenter made several motions that resulted in the

exclusion of time.  On January 30, 2014, Carpenter moved for an enlargement of his time

to file motions and to reschedule his trial from March 11, 2014 to an unspecified time

thereafter.  After a hearing on the motion, the district court granted the motion, making

the necessary ends‐of‐justice finding and adjourning the trial to March 10, 2015.  On

December 3, 2014, Carpenter moved for an enlargement of time for the commencement

of trial from March 10, 2015 to ʺsometime after September 10, 2015.ʺ  Appʹx at 408.  

Carpenter represented that the time was necessary for counsel to review the

voluminous discovery and prepare a proper defense.  The motion was discussed at

length at a hearing on December 4, 2014.  The court granted the motion, extending the

trial date until ʺthe fall, perhaps in October.ʺ  Appʹx at 510.  While the district court did

not make explicit ends‐of‐justice findings, clearly the court and counsel thoroughly

discussed the relevant factors, and it is apparent that, in granting the motion, the district

court weighed these factors in its mind.  Moreover, in its October 13, 2015 order, the

district court made explicit its ends‐of‐justice finding for the exclusion of time from
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March 10, 2015 forward.  Accordingly, the time was properly excluded and Carpenterʹs

rights to a speedy trial were not violated.   

II. The Search Warrants

    Carpenter argues that the district court erroneously denied his motion to

suppress evidence seized on the basis of facially defective search warrants.  We

disagree.  On appeal from a denial of a suppression motion ʺwe review a district courtʹs

findings of fact for clear error, and its resolution of questions of law and mixed

questions of law and fact de novo.ʺ  United States v. Bohannon, 824 F.3d 242, 247‐48 (2d

Cir. 2016).   

    A warrant must satisfy three criteria to be sufficiently particular under the

Fourth Amendment: (1) it must ʺidentify the specific offense for which the police have

established probable causeʺ; (2) it must ʺdescribe the place to be searchedʺ; and (3) it

must ʺspecify the items to be seized by their relation to the designated crimes.ʺ  United

States v. Ulbricht, 858 F.3d 71, 99 (2d Cir. 2017).  ʺ[T]he alleged crimes must appear in

either (1) the warrant itself, or (2) in a supporting document if the warrant uses

appropriate words of incorporation and if the supporting document accompanies the

warrant.ʺ  In re 650 Fifth Ave. and Related Props., 830 F.3d 66, 100 (2d Cir. 2016).  ʺA

failure to describe the items to be seized with as much particularity as the circumstances

reasonably allow offends the Fourth Amendment.ʺ  United States v. George, 975 F.2d 72,

76 (2d Cir. 1992).  Even where a warrant is facially invalid, the search can be upheld

under the good faith exception to the warrant requirement.  ʺ[T]he exclusion of
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evidence is inappropriate when the government acts in objectively reasonable reliance

on a search warrant, even when the warrant is subsequently invalidated.ʺ  United States

v. Ganias, 824 F.3d 199, 221 (2d Cir. 2016).    

As a threshold matter, the district court found that Carpenter had a

reasonable expectation of privacy in the areas searched and the items seized under the

two warrants.  See Appʹx at 542.  Assuming Carpenter did have standing to challenge

the warrants, his challenge still fails.  Even if the warrants were facially invalid, the

agentsʹ reliance on them was reasonable.  ʺ[A] defective warrant issued based on an

affidavit providing detailed factual allegationsʺ will ʺalmost invariably demonstrate

reasonable reliance.ʺ  United States v. Clark, 638 F.3d 89, 103 (2d Cir. 2011); see also United

States v. Maxwell, 920 F.2d 1028, 1034 (D.C. Cir. 1990) (holding that ʺ[w]hen the

magistrate signed the warrant . . . with the affidavit apparently attached although not

specifically incorporated, the agent reasonably could have concluded that the scope of

the warrant was limited to materials supporting the allegations contained in the

affidavitʺ) (cited in George, 975 F.2d at 76).  Both warrants were based on detailed

affidavits that clearly described the crimes in question, the places to be searched, and

the items to be seized.  See Clark, 638 F.3d at 102.  Accordingly, the evidence seized as a
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result of the warrants was admissible under the good faith exception, and we conclude

that the district court did not err when it denied Carpenterʹs motion to suppress.

III. Loss Calculation

    Carpenter argues that the district court miscalculated the Sentencing

Guidelines range because it applied a sentencing enhancement based on an erroneous

estimate of loss.  Specifically, Carpenter contends that the Guidelines range of 292 to 365

months was driven largely by a 22‐level enhancement resulting from a faulty loss

calculation of $53.3 million, when the proper loss calculation would have resulted in a

Guidelines range of 27 to 33 months.  We are not persuaded.

  ʺWe review legal interpretations of the Sentencing Guidelines construing

the term ʹlossʹ de novo.  Factual findings supporting the district courtʹs offense level

calculation are reviewed under a clearly erroneous standard.ʺ  United States v. Jacobs, 117

F.3d 82, 95 (2d Cir. 1997) (citation omitted).  A district courtʹs factual findings as to loss

amount is reviewed for clear error.  See United States v. Binday, 804 F.3d 558, 595 (2d Cir.

2015).  Here, the district court applied the loss amount methodology we approved in

Binday, id. at 596.  Accordingly, we find no clear error in the application of the

sentencing enhancement derived from the resulting loss calculation.  

IV. Statute of Limitations

    Carpenter argues that the district court erred when it convicted him of 28

counts of mail and wire fraud that he contends were barred by the statute of limitations.  

Specifically, Carpenter argues that the relevant mailings or wires involved premium
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payments on policies issued outside the applicable limitations period and that premium

payments made within the limitations period do not qualify as acts in furtherance of the

charged fraud.  We disagree.

  ʺAfter a bench trial, we will set aside a district courtʹs findings of fact only

if they are clearly erroneous.ʺ  United States v. Coppola, 85 F.3d 1015, 1019 (2d Cir. 1996).  

Conclusions of law and mixed questions of fact and law are reviewed de novo.  Id.  The

relevant mailing or wire ʺneed not be an essential element of the scheme.  It is sufficient

for [it] to be incident to an essential part of the scheme.ʺ  Schmuck v. United States, 489

U.S. 705, 710‐11 (1989) (internal citations and quotation marks omitted).  ʺWhere the

frauds are not isolated or unrelated swindles, postfraud mailing of invoices, checks, or

receipts may further the scheme . . . by helping to keep the scheme in operation by

preserving a needed business relationship between a fraud victim and a defendant.ʺ  

United States v. Slevin, 106 F.3d 1086, 1089‐90 (2d Cir. 1996).

    Here, though the fraud was initiated when a STOLI policy was purchased,

the scheme did not reach fruition until the STOLI policies were resold at the end of the

two‐year contestability period and Carpenterʹs companies received commissions.  

Keeping the policies in force ‐‐ which required making premium payments ‐‐ was thus

necessary to complete the fraud.  Accordingly, we conclude that the challenged mail

and wire fraud counts fell within the statute of limitations.
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V. Money Laundering and Illegal Monetary Transaction Convictions

    Carpenter argues that his convictions for money laundering and illegal

monetary transactions based on the death of Sash Spencer must be reversed because the

death benefits were not themselves proceeds of fraud.  Specifically, Carpenter argues

that because the information regarding Spencerʹs age and health was accurate, proceeds

from the benefit were not fraudulently obtained.  We disagree.   

    As Carpenter did not make this argument below, we review for plain

error.  See United States v. Delano, 55 F.3d 720, 726 (2d Cir. 1995).  A factfinder may infer

that an insurer seeking to avoid issuing STOLI policies asks questions about an

applicantʹs economic status and reason for purchasing the policy ʺnot out of idle

curiosity, but because they are material to the insurerʹs underwriting decision.ʺ  Binday,

804 F.3d at 576.  Here, questions intended to ferret out STOLI policies were not

answered truthfully, resulting in the issuance of policies that would not have otherwise

issued.  Accordingly, we hold that the district court did not plainly err when it

convicted Carpenter of money laundering and illegal monetary transactions.

*     *     *

We have considered Carpenterʹs remaining arguments and conclude they

are without merit.  Accordingly, we AFFIRM the judgment of the district court.  

FOR THE COURT:

     Catherine OʹHagan Wolfe, Clerk