Larger Foraminifera From 

Deep Drill Holes on 

Midway Atoll

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PROFESSIONAL PAPER 680-C
Larger Foraminifera From 

Deep Drill Holes on 

Midway Atoll

By W. STORRS COLE

GEOLOGY OF THE MIDWAY AREA, HAWAIIAN ISLANDS

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PROFESSIONAL PAPER 680-C

Discussion of nine species, four of which are 

diagnostic of early Miocene (Tertiary e)

UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE, WASHINGTON : 1969
UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR 

WALTER J. HIGKEL, Secretary

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 

William T. Pecora, Director

For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office 

Washington, D.C. 20402 - Price 45 cents (paper cover)
CONTENTS

Abstract.__________________________________

Introduction_______________________________

Comparison with other Pacific island drill holes. 

Migration....______________________________

Discussion of species___.___ 

Family Miliolidae.____

Family Soritidae_-____

Family Alveolinidae___

Family Camerinidae_._

Family Miogypsinidae.

References cited._________

Index___--________-___

Cl 

1 

3

3

4

4

4

5

8

10

12

15

ILLUSTRATIONS

[Plates follow index] 

PLATE 1. Miocene Miogypsinoides.

2. Miocene Spiroclypeus.

3. Miocene Spiroclypeus and post-Miocene Heterostegina, Marginopora, and Sorites.

4. Miocene Marginopora, Sorites, Borelis, Flosculinella, and Austrotrillina and post-Miocene Borelis.

5. Miocene Borelis and Austrotrillina and post-Miocene Borelis.

FIGURE 1. Index map showing Midway and other Pacific localities which have related fossiliferous sections._ 

2. Map of Midway atoll, showing location of drill holes_______________________________________

Cl

2

TABLES

TABLE 1. Distribution of larger Foraminif era in the Midway drill holes. __________-______-__-_-___---------_----__----

2. Reevaluation and distribution of selected Foraminif era from the Kita-daito-jima test hole- _____-___---_____-_

3. Depth zones from which specimens of Borelis were recovered and the average size of specimens within each zone, 

Midway._______________________________________________________________________________________

4. Distribution of Spiroclypeus at selected localities in the Naintoepo beds of East Borneo._______________________

Page

C2

3

7

9

ill

GEOLOGY OF THE MIDWAY AREA, HAWAIIAN ISLANDS

LARGER FORAMINIFERA FROM DEEP DRILL HOLES ON MIDWAY ATOLL

By W. STORES COLE

ABSTRACT

Nine species of larger Foraminifera were recovered from cores 

of two deep holes drilled on Midway atoll, Hawaiian Islands, 

in the summer of 1965. In the upper part of these holes, Borelis 

melo (Fichtel and Moll), Heterostegina suborbicularis d'Orbigny, Marginopora vcrtcbralis Quoy and Gaimard; Sorites 

marginalis (Lamarck), and Sorites orbicnlus (Forskal) were 

recovered. These species have a well-known rather long stratigraphic range in the Indo-Pacific region and are not especially 

diagnostic; they only suggest that the sediments in which they 

occur are early Miocene (Tertiary e) or younger.

In the lower part of the deeper hole, the Reef hole, two zones 

of larger Foraminifera were encountered. The upper zone cont#ins abundant specimens of Miogypsinoides dehaartii (van der 

Vlerk) and Austrotrillina striata Todd and Post; it is underlain 

by a zone of Spiroclypeus margaritatus (Schlumberger), in 

which A. striata also occurs. A single specimen of Flosculinella 

globulosa L. Rutten was found in the Spiroclypeus zone. These 

four species are known markers for upper Tertiary e (Miocene) in the western Pacific. Small specimens of Borelis were 

found at intervals throughout both drill holes; all are referred 

to Borelis melo (Fichtel and Moll). Several supposedly valid 

species of Borelis are placed in the synonymy of B. melo. The 

section in this lower part of the Reef hole is correlated with 

sections in the Kita-daito-jima, Bikini, and Eniwetok holes and 

with outcrops on Saipan, Guam, .and Borneo. All the species of 

larger Foraminifera found on Midway atoll probably migrated 

there, on rafts of vegetation, from the western Pacific area.

All nine species are discussed and illustrated, except Sorites 

marginalis which is not figured.

INTRODUCTION

During the summer of 1965, two holes were drilled 

on Midway atoll at the northwestern end of the Hawaiian Islands (fig. 1). The drilling was sponsored by 

the Hawaii Institute of Geophysics with financial support (grant No. GP4728) from the National Science 

Foundation. In a preliminary report, Ladd, Tracey, and 

Gross (1967) described the drilling operations and the 

sediments and igneous material encountered, and a comparison was made with drill holes on other Pacific atolls. 

A fuller account of these matters is contained in Ladd, 

Tracey, and Gross (1969). The hole on Sand Island 

(fig. 2) penetrated 516 feet of sediments and was extended into the basaltic foundation to a depth of 568

feet. The second hole, Eeef hole, drilled from a barge 

resting on the lagoon floor adjacent to the northern reef 

(fig. 2), penetrated 1,261 feet of sediments before encountering basalt. This hole was completed at a depth 

of 1,654 feet in basalt.

Larger Foraminifera recovered from the Sand Island 

hole are Borelis melo (Fichtel and Moll), Heterostegina 

suborbicularis d'Orbigny, Marginopora vertebralis 

Quoy and Gaimard, Sorites marginalis (Lamarck), and 

/S. orbiculus (Forskal). These five species are still living 

in the lagoon at Midway, and four also occur in the 

upper part of the Eeef hole (table 1). In addition, M. 

vcrtebralis and S. orbiculus were found in thin sections 

from certain cores in the part of the Reef hole assigned 

to Tertiary e (Miocene) ; matrix-free specimens of B. 

melo also occur in this zone.

Heterostegina suborbicularis and Marginopora vertebralls occur in samples from the upper part of the 

Alif an limestone of Guam. This part of the Alif an limestone with a "Cycloclypeus-Operculina fauna is seemingly post-Miocene in age and related to known 

Pleistocene faunas" (Cole, 1963, p. E9). Hanzawa

FIGURE 1. Location of Midway and other Pacific localities 

which have related fossiliferous sections.

Cl
C2 GEOLOGY OF THE MIDWAY AREA, HAWAIIAN ISLANDS

1' 28' 25' 19' 16' 177°13'

19'

10'

5 MILES

i i i i

5 KILOMETERS

CONTOURS IN FATHOMS

FIGURE 2. Midway atoll, showing location of drill holes. S, 

Sand Island hole; R, Reef hole. From Ladd, Tracey, and 

Gross (1969).

TABLE 1. Distribution of larger Foraminifera in the Midway 

drill holes

Species

Depth (ft)

Sand Island 

hole

....... 0-233

____.- 0-33

...... 0-233

..._... 0-412

._.____ 30-465

Reef hole

0-911

0-911 

0-401 

73-1, 117 

1,043 

590-927 

901-1, 151 

960-1, 126

1 Still living in the lagoon at Midway.

2 Still living in Hawaiian area.

(1940, p. 763) reported Heterostegina depressa ( =ff. 

suborbicularis] in the Kita-daito-jima (Nortih Borodino 

Island) hole in association with Lepidocyclina and Miogypsina, an upper Tertiary e (Miocene) association. 

Marginopora vertebral-is has a stratigraphic range from 

Tertiary e (Miocene) to Holocene. The stratigraphic 

ranges of Sorites marginalis and S. orbiculus in the 

Indo-Pacific have not been determined, but specimens 

from the Miocene, which are commonly identified as 

Sorites martini, are probably Marginopora vertebralis 

or Sorites orbiculus.

The four species of larger Foraminifera in the upper 

section of the Midway atoll holes, therefore, do not 

serve as precise stratigraphic indices. At best, their 

occurrence in these holes only suggests that the sediments in which they occur are probably Miocene or 

younger. Likewise, Borelis melo has a long stratigraphic 

range, probably from Eocene to Holocene.

Larger Foraminifera that have more exact stratigraphic significance were first found in the Reef hole at 

a depth of 590 feet, where a few specimens of Miogypsinoides dehaartii (van der Vlerk), a well-known species 

diagnostic of late Tertiary e (Miocene), were recovered. 

This species was described by van der Vlerk (1924, 

p. 429) from Larat Island, in the Malay Archipelago. 

It has been reported from outcrop samples in Saipan 

(Cole, 1957a, p. 324) and Guam (Cole, 1963, p. E4) and 

in drill-hole samples on Bikini Atoll (Cole, 1954, p. 572) 

and Eniwetok Atoll (Cole, 1957b, p. 746). Hanzawa 

(1940, p. 780) reported specimens from the drill hole on 

Kita-daito-jima as Miogypsinoides dehaartii pustulosa, 

which are without question typical M. dehaartii (van 

der Vlerk).

Miogypsinoides dehaartii occurs in the Reef hole 

cores, from 590- to 927-foot depths. In certain of these 

cores, this species is so abundant that the sediment can 

be described as a Miogypsinoides sand. Elsewhere, 

M. dehaartii is associated with other genera of larger 

Foraminifera for example, Miogypsina and Lepidocyclina; however, Miogypsinoides was the only genus of 

larger Foraminifera found in this section of the Reef 

hole.

At depths between 901 and 927 feet in the Reef hole, 

the diagnostic smaller Foraminifera Austrotrillina 

striata Todd and Post occurs in association with 

Miogypsinoides dehaartii. A. striata, a species seemingly restricted to the Tertiary e stage in the western 

Pacific, was formerly identified as A. howchini, a species 

characteristic of the Tertiary / stage.

The first specimen of Spiroclypeus was found at a 

depth of 960 feet in the Reef hole. At 1,029 feet, abundant specimens of this genus were obtained, and the 

cores between 1,029 feet and 1,126.3 feet contain Spiroclypeus in varying abundance. As in the overlying zone 

of Miogypsinoides, no other larger Foraminifera are 

associated with Spiroclypeus. In Bikini hole 2B (Cole, 

1954, p. 572) and the Eniwetok (Cole, 1957b, p. 747) 

and Kita-daito-jima (Hanzawa, 1940, p. 763) drill 

holes, the Miogypsinoides dehaartii zone is underlain 

by a zone of Spiroclypeus margaritatus (Schlumberger). This same zonal relationship occurs in the Reef 

hole of Midway atoll.

A single specimen identified as Flosculinella globulosa 

L. Rutten was found in the Reef hole at 1,043 feet. This 

species elsewhere in the Indo-Pacific region is another 

diagnostic species of Tertiary e (early Miocene) (Cole, 

1957b,p.747).
LARGER FORAMINIFERA FROM DEEP DRILL HOLES ON MIDWAY ATOLL C3

COMPARISON WITH OTHER PACIFIC ISLAND 

DRILL HOLES

Hanzawa (1940, p. 763) reported 12 species of larger 

Foraminifera from Zones 3-5 in the Kita-daito-jima 

drill hole, between depths of 116.49 meters and 431.67 

meters. Table 2 gives the species recognized by Hanzawa, and the zones in which these species were found. 

The final column of this table lists the species as they 

are interpreted in this report.

Previously, Cole (1954, p. 573) stated that the order 

of appearance of genera of larger Foraminifera in the 

Kita-daito-jima drill hole was similar to that in Bikini 

hole 2B and that the Kita-daito-jima drill hole ended 

"definitely in the Aquitanian, Tertiary e^ Cole's interpretation is different from that given by Hanzawa 

(1940, p. 764), who assigned Zone 5 to the Chattian.

The parts of the Midway Reef hole in which 

Miogypsinoides dehaartii (590-927 ft) and Spiroclypeus margaritatus (960-1,126.3 ft) occur correlate with 

Zones 4 and 5 of the Kita-daito-jima test hole and with 

the section in the Bikini and Eniwetok holes assigned 

to upper Tertiary e (Cole, 1957b, p. 747).

Although the upper Miogypsinmdes dehaartii zone 

in the Reef hole is sharply delimited and separated from 

the lower Spiroclypeus margaritatus zone by an unfossiliferous zone, at certain localities elsewhere M. 

dehaartii and Spiroclypeus occur together (Cole, 1957b, 

p. 747). In part, the distinct separation of these two 

genera in the Reef hole may be the result of the geologic 

history of the atoll. The section between 911 and 955 

feet contains such materials as reddish-brown and 

carbonaceous clay, which would develop in an environment unfavorable to larger Foraminifera.

MIGRATION

As all the species of larger Foraminifera found on 

Midway atoll, either fossil or Holocene, are well-known 

Indo-Pacific species, the faunas of this atoll must have 

been derived by direct migration from the west. In the

migrations, however, only a few species of the more 

diversified western Indo-Pacific faunas were able to survive and become established in the mid-Pacific 

Hawaiian area.

In the western Pacific and the Malay Archipelago, 

Miogypsinoides dehaartii is associated with species of 

Miogypsina and Lepidocyclina. Spiroclypeus is usually 

found with Lepidocyclina, Heterostegina, and Miogypsinoides. On Midway, Miogypsina and Lepidocyclina 

were not found.

On many of the western Pacific islands Calcarina and 

Baculogypsina occur in such abundance that their tests 

form the beach sands. These two genera are usually associated with Marginopora and Sorites. Although 

Marginopora and Sorites were found (fossil and Holocene) on Midway, Calcarina and B aculogypsina were 

not recovered.

Cole (1960, p. 16) suggested that larger Foraminifera 

may become entangled in rather large masses of 

vegetation.

During exceptional storms or similar disturbances masses of 

this vegetation broke loose from the bottom, and, then drifted 

widely. Most of this vegetation would gradually disintegrate 

and drop any organisms which it contained. However, occasionally masses of the vegetation would come to rest in some favorable situation far from its source and the organisms which it 

contained would be able to establish, themselves anew. * * * 

The migration of the larger Foraminifera would be slow, erratic, and discontinuous. Moreover, under the conditions proposed many genera might not be transported to a favorable situation where a colony could be established.

Kita-daito-jima is nearly on the same latitude as 

Midway. Tertiary e (Miocene) sediments on Kita-daitojima contain Miogypsinoides dehaartii and Spiroclypem 

margaritatus (Hanzawa, 1940, p. 780, 789), as well as 

Lepidocyclina and Miogypsina.

If the current direction in the north Pacific was the 

same during Tertiary e (Miocene) as at present, rafts of 

vegetation containing larger Foraminifera could have 

moved from Kita-daito-jima via the Kuroshio, Kuroshio Extension, and North Pacific Current to the HaTABLE 2. Reevaluation and distribution of selected Foraminifera from the Kita-daito-jima test hole

Zone

Operculina gaimardi d'Orbigny_~__ _____ ___

Heterostegina depressa d'Orbigny_ __ _ _ _ _

Cycloclypeus communis Martin __ __ _ _

Miogypsina polymorpha (L. Rutten) _ __

M. borneensis Tan

M. bantamensis Tan _ ______ _________

M. lateralis Hanzawa _ -________-__-

Spiroclypeus margaritatus (Schlumberger) _ _ Miogypsinella borodinensis Hanzawa. _ _ ______ ____

3

X

X

X

X

x

x

x

4

X

X

x

X

x

x

x

5

X

Camerina ammonoides (Gronovius).

H. suborbicularis d'Orbigny.

Cycloclypeus sp.

Lepidocyclina (Eulepidina) sumatrensis H.

Do.

Microspheric specimen (?).

Miogypsina thecideaeformis (L. Rutten).

Miogypsinoides dehaartii (van der Vlerk).

Do.

Do.

S. margaritatus (Schlumberger) .

Miogypsinoides ubaghsi Tan.

B. Brady.
C4 GEOLOGY OF THE MIDWAY AREA, HAWAIIAN ISLANDS

waiian area (Sverdrup and others, 1942, chart 7). During the long transportation eastward across the Pacific, 

many species of the Indo-Pacific fauna wT ere probably 

lost, but a few Spiroclypeus, Aiistrotrillina,, and Borelis 

were able to survive the journey. In a similar fashion, 

at a slightly later time, a few Miogypsinoides became 

established. The arrival of Marginopora vertebralis 

and Sorites orbicuhts in the Hawaiian area generally coincided with that of Miogypsinoides dehaartii, but 

Heterostegina suborbicularis and Sorites marginalis 

did not become established until the Holocene.

Under the postulated conditions of rafting, the Hawaiian faunas of larger Foraminifera, in which a single species may constitute the entire fauna, are entirely 

expectable. Moreover, migration east of the Hawaiian 

area is doubtful, as "The main part of the North Pacific 

Current does not, therefore, extend across the Pacific 

Ocean but turns back toward the west in the longitude 

of the Hawaiian Islands" (Sverdrup and others, 1942, 

p. 722).

One species of Spiroclypeus has been recorded in the 

Americas (Vaughan and Cole, 1941, p. 54) in the Oligocene. Spiroclypeus is known to occur in the Eocene of 

Europe and Indo-Pacific area. With our present understanding of migrations, it is easier to derive the American species of Spiroclypeus from a European source 

rather than by transportation across the eastern Pacific 

Ocean from the Hawaiian area.

DISCUSSION OF SPECIES 1

Family MILIOIIDAE 

Genus AUSTROTRIIIINA Parr, 1942

Austrotrillina striata Todd and Post 

Plate 4, figure 27; plate 5, figures 4, 5

1960. Austrotrillina striata Todd and Post, U.S. Geol. Survey

Prof. Paper 260-N, p. 555, pi. 198, fig. 9. 

1954. Austrotrillina hoiccMni Cole [not Schlumberger, 1893],

U.S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 260-O, p. 573, pi. 210,

figs. 6-9. 

1957. Austrotrillina howchini Cole [not Schlumberger, 1893],

U.S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 280-1, p. 329, pi. 101,

figs. 4-6. 

1957. Austrotrillina hoicchini Hanzawa [not Schlumberger,

1893], Geol. Soc. America Mem. 66, p. 38, pi. 22, figs. 12,

13 ; pi. 34, figs. 1, 2.

This species was based upon specimens obtained 

from cuttings at depths of 2,049-2,059.5 feet in Bikini 

hole 2B, Marshall Islands. Although in the type 

description the internal structure was not illustrated, 

Cole (1954, pi. 210, figs. 7-9) figured thin sections of 

specimens from this hole at depths of 2,038.5-2,048 feet

1 All figured specimens are in the collections of the U.S. National 

Museum (USNM).

and 2,049-2,059.5 feet under the name Austrotrillina 

howchini (Schlumberger), which are without question 

the same kind of specimens as those which were named 

A. striata.

Austrotrillina striata differs from A. howchini in 

possessing a single sequence of coarse alveoli which 

project inward from the thin external wall of the test. 

A. howchini, however, has a secondary sequence of 

short alveoli interposed between coarse large alveoli, 

thereby producing two distinct rows of inward projections (Parr, 1942, text fig. 1).

The stratigraphic range of Austrotrillina howchini 

has been given commonly as Tertiary e through /. However, certain specimens identified previously as A. 

howchini are in reality A. striata. Specimens from Saipan Island (Cole, 1954, pi. 210, figs. 6-9; Hanzawa, 

1957, pi. 22, figs. 12, 13; pi. 34, figs. 1, 2) that were 

identified as A. howchini are A. striata.

In Bikini hole 2B (its type locality), Austrotrillina 

striata is associated with Spiroclypeus in sediments 

dated as Tertiary e (Cole, 1957b, p. 745, table 2). On 

Saipan Island (Cole, 1957a, tables 2,3) A. striata occurs 

with Spiroclypeus and Miogypsinoides dehaartii, as 

well as other species of larger Foraminifera. These 

associations firmly establish the age of A. striata as 

Tertiary e. A. howchini seemingly replaces A. striata 

in Tertiary /.

Austrotrillina striata occurs infrequently in the Reef 

hole, Midway atoll, at depths of 901-906 feet and 926- 

927 feet with abundant specimens of Miogypsinoides 

deJiaartii. At 906-911 feet A. striata is abundant, but 

M. dehaartii is rare. The two samples in which M. dehaartii is abundant represent shallow water of a reef 

flat, whereas the core with abundant A. striata represents deeper water lagoonal conditions.

At greater depths in the Reef hole, about 1,100-1,120 

feet, Austrotrillina striata occurs in great abundance, 

and it continues to be present to a depth of 1,151 feet 

(Ruth Todd, written commun., Nov. 1966).

Family SORITIDAE Ehrenberg 

Genus SORITES Ehrenberg, 1839

Sorites marginalis (Lamarck)

1965. Sorites marginalis (Lamarck). Cole, Bulls. Am. Paleontology, v. 49, no. 219, p. 21, 22; pi. 4, figs. 3, 7, 9; 

pi. 6, figs. 6, 8 (references).

A few entirely typical specimens were found in 

dredgings from the lagoon and in a sample from the 

Sand Island hole at a depth of 25-30 feet. The external 

appearance and the internal structure of this species 

has been discussed and illustrated by Cole (1965, p. 21).
LARGER FORAMINIFERA FROM DEEP DRILL HOLES ON MIDWAY ATOLL C5

Sorites orbiculus (Forskal) 

Plate 3, figures 7, 8,16 ; plate 4, figures 3-7

1965. Sorites orbiculus (Forskal), Cole, Bulls, Am. Paleontology, 

v. 49, no. 219, p. 20, 21; pi. 6, figs. 1-5, 7, 9; pi. 7, figs. 

1-8, 10-12; pi. 8, figs. 7-9 (references).

This species has been discussed and illustrated recently by Lehmann (19601, p. 641) and Cole (1965, p. 

20). Oriented thin sections of specimens from dredgings in the lagoon and from the upper part of the drill 

holes are identical with the specimens illustrated by 

these two authors.

In thin sections from the Keef hole at a depth of 901- 

906 feet in the Miogypsinoides dehaartii zone (Tertiary 

e), several transverse sections and two partial equatorial 

sections were found of specimens which seem to be 

identical in internal structure with the stratigraphically 

younger specimens.

Miocene specimens elsewhere in the Indo-Pacific 

region have been referred commonly to /Sorites martini 

(Verbeek) (Cole in Cole and Bridge, 1953, pi. 12, fig. 

11; pi. 14, figs. 1, 2; Hanzawa, 1957, pi. 6, figs. 3, 4, 8, 9; 

pi. 35, fig. 16). However, Henson (1950 p. 55) illustrated 

specimens from the Segid No. 1 well, Farsan Islands, 

from "L. Miocene?" limestones which he identified as 

/S. orbiculus ? Forskal.

Although Hanzawa (1957, p. 55) placed the specimens which Henson identified questionably as /Sorites 

orbiculus in the synonymy of /S. martini, this assignment may not be correct. The type of Orbitolites martini 

is inadequately described and illustrated. The type 

transverse section (Verbeek and Fennema, 1896, pi. 9, 

fig. 134) of "(9." martini has chevron-shaped chamber 

walls of the kind found in certain specimens (Cole, 

1954, pi. 211, figs. 10, 17) of Marginopora vertebralis. 

Therefore, "O.r martini may be this species.

Inasmuch as the specimens from Tertiary e of Saipan 

Island (Cole in Cole and Bridge, 1953, p. 27; Hanzawa, 

1957, p. 55) and Guam (Cole, 1963, p. E5), which were 

referred to /Sorites martini, are similar to the specimens 

from Midway identified as /S. orbiculus, they are here 

referred to /S. orbiculus.

If these assignments are correct, /Sorites orbiculus has 

a stratigraphic range in the Indo-Pacific region from 

Tertiary e (Miocene) to Holocene. This stratigraphic 

range is similar to that of Marginopora vertebralis.

Genus MARGINOPORA Q,uoy and Gaimard in Blainville, 1830 

Marginopora vertebralis Quoy and Gaimard 

Plate 3, figures 6,15,17; plate 4, figures 1, 2

1830. Marginopora, vertebralis Quoy and Gaimard in Blainville,

Diet. Sci. Nat., v. 60, p. 377. 

1965. Marginopora vertebralis Quoy and Gaimard. Cole, Bulls.

351-386 O 69 2

Am. Paleontology, v. 49, no. 219, p. 22-24; pi. 7, fig. 9; 

pi. 8, figs. 1-6; pi. 9, figs. 1-12; pi. 10, figs. 1-8 

(references).

Typical but usually small specimens occur in the 

foraminiferal sands of the upper part of both holes and 

in certain samples from the floor of the lagoon. Specimens of the large size observed in collections from the 

reefs of the atolls in the western Pacific were not found 

at Midway.

Thin sections from a core at 901-906 feet in the 

Miogypsinoides dehaartii zone (Tertiary e} in the Reef 

hole contained several specimens of this species. 

Marginopora vertebralis was found at several localities in the Tagpochau limestone, Tertiary e (Miocene), 

of Saipan (Cole, 1957a, p. 335) also in association 

with M. dehaartii. The stratigraphic range of M. vertebralis in the Indo-Pacific region is from Tertiary e to 

Holocene.

Family ALVEOIINIDAE 

Genus BORELIS Montfort, 1808

Borelis melo (Fichtel and Moll) 

Plate 4, figures 8-23, 25; plate 5, figures 1-3, 6-8

1798. Naittilus melo var. ft Fichtel and Moll, Testacea Microscopica, p. 123, pi. 24, figs, g, h. 

1930. Borelis (Fasciolites) pygmaea Hanzawa, Tohoku Imp.

Univ. Sci. Repts., 2cl Ser. (Geology), v. 14, no. 1, p. 94, pi.

26, figs. 14,15. 

1937. Neoalveolina pygmaea schlumbergeri Reichel, Schweizer.

Palaeont. Gesell. Abh., v. 59, p. 110-112, pi. 10, figs. 1-3;

pi. 11, fig. 6&. 

1949. Borelis philippinensis Hanzawa, Japanese Jour. Geology

and Geography, v. 21, nos. 1-4, p. 155-157, pi. 4, figs.

1-7. 

1957. Borelis primitives Cole, U.S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper

260-V, p. 766, 767, pi. 240, figs. 3-10. 

1957. Borelis parvulus Hanzawa, Geol. Soc. America Mem. 66,

p. 56, pi. 23, figs. 3a-c.

Several specific names have been given to small fossil 

specimens of Borelis in the Indo-Pacific region, but 

Borelis pygmaeus Hanzawa has been used most frequently for specimens from the Tertiary e (lower 

Miocene).

This species was described by Hanzawa (1930, p. 94) 

as Borelis (Fasciolites} pygmaea from a Tertiary e 

(lower Miocene) limestone in the vicinity of Pabeasan, 

Java. The types (Hanzawa, 1930, pi. 26, figs. 14,15) are 

three axial sections, and Hanzawa's figure 14 is similar 

to the specimen (pi. 4, fig. 16) from the Eeef hole at 

1,117 feet. This specimen from the Keef hole has a length 

of 1.0 mm, a height of 0.49 mm, and about 20 chamberlets in the final volution. Hanzawa (1930, p. 94) stated 

the length of the types was 1.3 mm, the height, 0.5 mm, 

and the number of chambers in the final volution, 22-24.
C6 GEOLOGY OF THE MIDWAY AREA, HAWAIIAN ISLANDS

Hanzawa (1930, p. 95) considered that the types had 

a "unilocular nucleoconch."

Bakx (1932, p. 237) identified specimens from 

Borneo and adjacent islands as Borelis pygmaea^ but 

he recognized that the embryonic apparatus was not 

unilocular; therefore, he transferred this species to the 

genus Neoalveolina. Bakx (1932, pi. 3, fig. 19) illustrated a specimen which is slightly larger than, but 

otherwise similar to, the specimen (pi. 4, fig. 10) from 

the Reef hole at 1,126.3 feet. Later, Crespin (1938, p. 

10) identified and illustrated this species under the 

name Neoalveolina pygtnaea (Hanzawa) from a lower 

Miocene limestone from the Ok Ti River, Papua.

Cole (1939, pi. 24, fig. 8) illustrated a small specimen 

from the "Lowermost Miocene, Tertiary e" Guam. 

This specimen was smaller and less fusiform than the 

types, but it was otherwise similar.

Hanzowa (1947) published four excellent illustrations of specimens from Saipan Island, which he identified as Borelis pygmaeus. The average length of three 

of these specimens is 2.1 mm, and the average height is 

0.83 mm. According to Hanzawa the Saipan specimens 

have 56 chamberlets in the last volution. Thus, Hanzawa disregarded size in identifying the Saipan specimens with the types.

Reichel (1937, p. 110) named Holocene specimens 

from Mayotte Island, northwest of Madagascar, 

Neoalveolina pygmaea schlumbergeri. Hanzawa (1947, 

p. 10) wrote: "Comparison of the foregoing features 

with the statistics following leads to the conclusion 

that Neoalveolina pygmaea scfilumbergeri Reichel is 

similar to the fossil form of Borelis pygmaea (Hanzawa) from Saipan I. * * *." However, Hanzawa concluded that "The living form, Borelis pygmaea schlum- 

~bergeri (Reichel), should be distinguished from the 

Aquitanian form."

Cole (1954) identified specimens from Tertiary g 

(Miocene) in the Bikini drill holes as Borelis schlumbergeri (Reichel); Cole (1954, p. 583) wrote: "It is 

entirely possible to distinguish these specimens [B. 

pygmaeus'} from the Bikini specimens as the specimens 

from Saipan are larger, with fewer chambers per millimeter and more chambers in the final volution. However, it should be indicated that the differences may be 

caused by ecological conditions rather than specific or 

varietal change."

Hanzawa (1957, p. 56) named specimens from Saipan 

Island Borelis parvulus, and wrote, "This species stands 

close to Borelis melo (Fichtel and Moll, pi. 24) or 

Borelis melo var. curdica (Reichel, 1937, p. 109, pi. 10, 

figs. 4-7), but is easily distinguished from the latter by 

the mode of growth in its early stage." Hanzawa (1957, 

tables 2, 3) recorded the occurrence of B. parvulus, at

several stations in the Tagpochau limestone, with other 

specimens which he identified as B. pygmaeus.

Cole (1957a, p. 336) wrote: "Hanzawa named certain 

small specimens B. parvulus and compared this new 

species with B. melo (Fichtel and Moll). Similar specimens in the present collection are considered to be small 

B. pygmaeus"

In the Eiiiwetok drill holes, Cole (1957b, p. 766, 767) 

recognized Borelis schlumbergeri (Reichel), which first 

appeared at a depth of 800 feet (Tertiary g) ; B. melo, 

at 1,230 feet (Tertiary e) ; and B. pygmaeus, at 1,718 

feet (Tertiary e). In 'addition, Cole named small specimens from the Eniwetok Atoll drill hole E-l, at a depth 

of 1,925-1,955 feet (Tertiary e), B. primitivus. Cole 

(1957b, p. 766) wrote: "This species differs from B. 

pygmaeus Hanzawa in its smaller size and the .smaller 

number of chamberlets in the final chamber. Moreover, 

it has a smaller number of chambers in the adult test."

Cushman, Todd, and Post (1954, p. 348) recorded 

that rare specimens of Neoalveolina pulchra (d'Orbigny), a species described from the Holocene of the 

West Indies, occurred in the Holocene fauna of Foraminifera from the Marshall Islands. Earlier, Cushman 

(1917, p. 98) wrote concerning Alveolina melo (Fichtel 

and Moll) : "Brady records this species from off the 

Hawaiian Islands and this stands as the only record for 

the North Pacific." Borelis pulchrus is without question 

a synonym of B. melo.

The specimens of Borelis recovered from the Midway 

drill holes are small and vary in shape from nearly globular to fusiform. These specimens were found in several 

limited zones; therefore they were grouped into depth 

zones for study (table 3). Although specimens in the 

uppermost zone are commonly globular (pi. 4, fig. 20), 

fusiform specimens (pi. 4, fig. 8) were associated with 

these globular specimens. In the lowermost zone specimens were generally fusiform, but occasional globular 

specimens were found.

In oriented thin sections (pi. 4, figs. 8-23, 25; pi. 5, 

figs. 1-3, 6-8), all these specimens had identical internal 

structures. One specimen (pi. 5, fig. 6) from a depth of 

1,126.3 feet in the Reef hole is fusiform (pi. 4, fig. 10). 

Another specimen (pi. 5, fig. 7) from a depth of 140 feet 

in the Sand Island hole is globular (pi. 4, fig. 19). The 

internal arrangement and shape of the chambers are the 

same, though the shape of test is different.

The conclusion was reached that all these specimens 

represent only one species, but the problem remained 

concerning which specific name should be applied to 

these specimens.

Hanzawa (1947, pi. 5, figs. 1-4) published excellent 

illustrations of the internal structure of specimens from 

Tertiary e (lower Miocene) of Saipan Island which he 

identified as Borelis pygmaeus. Cole (1957a, pi. 102,
LARGER FORAMINIFERA FROM DEEP DRILL HOLES ON MIDWAY ATOLL C7

fig. 1; pi. 110, figs. 5-7) gave additional illustrations 

of this species from the same island. Reichel (1937, pi. 

10, figs. 1-3 published clear illustrations of Neoalveolina pygmaea sohlumbergeri from the Holocene, and 

Cole (1954, pi. 209, figs. 10-18) illustrated specimens, 

which he identified as B. sclilumbergeri, from Tertiary 

g (Miocene) of the Bikini drill holes. The internal 

structure of Holocene specimens of B. melo from the 

Atlantic was shown by H. B. Brady (in Barker, 1960, 

pi. 17, figs. 14,15), and Reichel (1937, pi. 10, figs. 8, 9) 

illustrated the internal structures of fossil specimens 

from the Tortonian (Miocene) "Leithakalk (Transylvanie)." The types of B primitivus from Tertiary e 

(lower Miocene) of the Eniwetok drill holes were also 

illustrated (Cole, 1957b, pi. 240, figs. 3-10).

TABLE 3. Depth zones from which specimens of Borelis were 

recovered and the average size of specimens within each zone, 

Midway

Hole Depth (ft)

Number of Average 

specimens height 

(mm)

Average Heightlength length 

(mm) ratio

Sand 

Island____ 

Reef__ _ __

0-145

0-88

733-740 

1, 042-1, 075 

1, 108-1, 186

6 

4

3

7 

11

0. 42 

. 34

.43

.47 

.4

0.45 

. 5

.57

.7 

. 81

1. 07 

1.47

1. 32 

1. 51 

2. 02

Hanzawa (1949, p. 155) described Borelis philippinensis from Tertiary e (lower Miocene) sediments 

of Luzon, Philippine Islands. Although Hanzawa 

stated this new species "shows some affinity to Borelis 

pygmaeus Borelis pygmaeus schlumbergeri, Borelis 

parvulus, Borelis melo (Fichtel and Moll), and Borelis 

melo var. curdica" he also stated "the following statistic study shows that it should be specifically distinguished from any of these." He suggested that such 

characteristics as the thickness of the test, the number 

of chamberlets in the final volution, the number of 

irregular volutions at the center of test, and similar 

features could be used to distinguish among these 

species.

Detailed study of the illustrations which have been 

cited in conjunction with the illustrations of the 

oriented sections (pi. 4, figs. 8-23, 25; pi. 5, figs. 1-3, 

6-8) of specimens from the Midway drill holes proves 

conclusively that the internal structure of all these supposedly valid species is the same. There are slight differences in the dimensions of the test, in shape, in the 

number of volutions, and in the number of chamberlets 

per whorl; however, these features are variable, whereas 

the internal structure is constant. Thus, the conclusion 

was reached that only one species, Borelis melo (Fichtel 

and Moll), could be recognized.

The size and shape of the test of species of Borelis

may be influenced by the depth of the water. The kind 

which was named B. schlumbergeri (elongate, fusiform) was dredged from depths of 74-224 fathoms 

(Reichel, 1937, p. 112). Cushman, Todd, and Post 

(1954, table 3) reported 13 specimens identified as 

NeoalveoUna pulctira (globular to slightly fusiform) 

from Holocene sediments of the Marshall Islands. Of 

these 13 specimens, 10 occurred in sediments above 50 

fathoms.

Heron-Alien and Earland (1914-15, p. 607), in their 

analysis of Holocene Foraminifera of the Kerimba 

Archipelago, Portuguese East Africa, remarked that 

Alveolina melo "is most abundant and attains its best 

development at Stn. 11. At most of the Stns. two distinct forms occur together, one spherical (most frequent) , and the other obtusely elliptical * * *." HeronAlien and Earland (1914-15, p. 369) wrote concerning 

station 11 "This sample covers a long range of inshore 

reef gatherings." Adjacent water is reported to have 

depths ranging from 0.25 to 4 fathoms. Although these 

few records do not necessarily prove that depth of water 

is a controlling factor in the size and shape of the test, 

they do suggest it.

The type of Borelis melo is from the Miocene of 

Transylvania. In an undoubted Eocene fauna of Saipan 

Island, Cole (1957a, p. 336) found a single specimen 

which he referred to B. pygmaeus. Previously, Bakx 

(1932, p. 254) gave the range of B. pygmaeus from upper Tertiary a through Tertiary e. Caudri (1934, p. 

134) stated: "This species could be identified on Soemba 

in Tertiary a * * * and further in a number of later 

rocks from Tertiary c age." Thus Borelis melo has an 

extensive stratigraphic range from Eocene to Holocene 

and a wide geographic distribution from Europe into 

the central Pacific area.

Genus FIOSCULINELLA Schubert, in Richarz, 1910

Flosculinella globulosa I. Rutten

Plate 4, figures 24, 26

1917. Alveolinclla (Floscnlinella) globulosa L. Rutten, Geol. 

Reichs-Mus. Leiden, Sammlungen, Neue Folge, v. 2, pt. 7, 

p. 277; pi. 5, figs. 140, 141.

Only one specimen was found in the Reef hole at 

a depth of 1,043 feet. The section made from this specimen is not centered, but the internal structure is 

entirely comparable to that in other nearly globular 

specimens referred to this species. (Compare pi. 4, fig. 

24, with Cole, 1954, pi. 209, fig. 9.)

This species has been reported from Tertiary e of 

Bikini hole 2B (Cole, 1954, p. 584), of Eniwetok hole 

E-l (Cole, 1957b, p. 767), and from outcrop samples 

on Saipan Island (Cole, 1957a, p. 336).
C8 GEOLOGY OF THE MIDWAY AREA, HAWAIIAN ISLANDS

Family CAMERINIDAE 2

Genus HETEROSTEGINA d'Orbigny, 1826

Heterostegina suborbicularis d'Orbigny

Plate 3, figures 1-5,18

1826. Heterostegina suborbicularis d'Orbigny, Ann. Sci. Nat.,

v. 7, p. 305. 

1903. Heterostegina suborbicularis d'Orbigny. Fornasini, Soc.

Geol. Italiana Boll., v. 22, p. 396, pi. 14, figs. 5-7. 

1940. Heterostegina depressa Hanzawa [not d'Orbigny], Jubilee

publication in commemoration of Professor H. Yabe,

M.I.A., sixtieth birthday, v. 2, p. 762, 763. 

1954. Heterostegina suborbicularis d'Orbigny. Cole, U.S. Geol.

Survey Prof. Paper 260-O, p. 576, pi. 205. figs. 5-8

(references).

The types of this species probably are from the 

Hawaiian Islands. The types of Heterostegina depressa 

d'Orbigny are from the island of Sainte-Helene in the 

South Atlantic Ocean. Although some authors considered H. suborbicularis a synonym of H. depressa, this 

relation has not been demonstrated. Therefore, for the 

present, the specific name H, suborbicularis is used for 

the Indo-Pacific specimens of this kind.

The specimens (pi. 3, figs. 3-5) from the Sand Island 

hole were recovered by crushing the compact limestone. 

These specimens (for example, pi. 3, fig. 3) have an inflated initial part bordered on the apertural edge by a 

broad thin flange. Thus, their external appearance is 

similar to that of certain specimens of Camerina venosa 

(Fichtel and Moll) (Cole, 1959, pi. 28, fig. 17; pi. 29, 

figs. 1, 13). Sections demonstrate that all these specimens are Heterostegina.

The specimens (pi. 3 figs. 1, 2, 18) from the Keef 

hole occurred in a foraminiferal sand that contained 

abundant specimens of Amphistegina. These specimens 

lack the flange but internally have the same structure as 

the specimens from the Sand Island hole.

Heterostegina suborbicularis may have an extended 

stratigraphic range in the western Pacific for Cole 

(1957b, p. 762) identified specimens, presumably from 

the Tertiary b (upper Eocene) in Eniwetok hole E-l, as 

H. suborbicularis.

Genus SPIROCLYPEUS Douvill6, 1905 

Spiroclypeus margaritatus (Schlumberger) 

Plate 2, figures 1-20; plate 3, figures 9-14,19

1902. Heterostegina margaritatus Schlumberger, Geol. ReichsMus. Leiden Sammlungen, ser. 1, v. 6, p. 252, 253, pi. 7, 

fig. 4.

1905. Spiroclypeus orbitoideus H. Douville, Soc. Geol. France 

Bull., ser. 4, v. 5, p. 460-462, pi. 14, figs. 1-6.

2 For discussion of this name, see Cole (1966, p. 236).

1905. Spiroclypeus pleurocentralis H. Douville, idem, p. 462-464,

pi. 14, figs. 7-9, not Orbiculina pleurocentralis Carter,

1857. 

1925. Spiroclypeus leupoldi van der Vlerk, Dienst Mijnbouw,

Wetenschappelijke, Mededeel., no. 3, p. 14, 15, pi. 2, fig.

16; pi. 5, figs. 41, 48. 

1925. Spiroclypeus wolfgangi van der Vlerk, idem, p. 15,16, pi. 2,

fig. 15 ; pi. 5, figs. 39, 49. 

1925. Spiroclypeus yabei van der Vlerk, idem, p. 16, pi. 2, fig. 19 ;

pi. 5, figs. 40, 50. 

1925. Spiroclypeus tidoenganensis van der Vlerk, idem, p. 16, 17,

pi. 1, fig. 12; pi. 5, figs. 42, 47. 

1925. Spiroclypeus margaritatus (Schlumberger). Yabe and

Hanzawa, Geol. Mijnb., Genootech. Nederland en

Kolonien, Verb.. Geol. ser., v. 8, p. 627-630, pi. 2, fig. 10;

pi. 3, figs. 8, 9; pi. 4, figs. 3-8; text figs. 1-4. 

1939. Spiroclypeus Mgginsi Cole, Jour. Paleontology, v. 13, no. 2,

p. 185, 186, pi. 23, figs. 10-15; pi. 24, fig. 13.

Douville (1905, p. 458) erected the generic name 

/Spiroclypeus. type species S. orbitoideus from the 

Miocene of Borneo, for specimens which are similar to 

Heterostegina in median section but develop lateral 

chambers on each side of this layer. In this same article 

Douville (1905, p. 462, pi. 14, figs. 7-9) referred other 

specimens from the Miocene of Borneo to Orbiculina 

pleurocentralis Carter, 1857, a species which he 

assigned questionably to the genus Spiroclypeus.

Previously, Schlumberger (1902, p. 253) described 

Heterostegina margaritatus from a single transverse 

section from Teweh, Borneo. Yabe and Hanzawa (1925, 

p. 627) transferred this species to Spiroclypeus after 

studying topotype material. Also, van der Vlerk (1925, 

p. 14-17) described four new species of Spiroclypeus 

from the Naintoepo beds of "Tidoengsche Landen," 

East Borneo. These were S. leupoldi, S. tidoenganensis, 

S. wolfgangi, and S. yabei.

The first comparative review of the species of IndoPacific Spiroclypeus was by Krijnen (1931). He recognized five valid species, S. leupoldi, S. margaritatus, S. 

orbitoideus, S. pleurocentralis, and S. tidoenganensis. 

Krijnen (1931, p. 90) considered S. yabei to be a synonym of S. pleurocentralis and S. loolfgangi to be the 

microspheric form of S. leupoldi. In addition, Krijnen 

(1931, p. 105) assigned S. globuhis Nuttall (Nuttall, 

1926, p. 36) from the Miocene of Christmas Island and 

S. bmtoetensis Zuffardi-Comerci (Zuffardi-Comerci, 

1929, p. 146) from the Miocene of Borneo as synonyms 

of S. leupoldi.

Tan (1937) described a new Eocene species of 

Spiroclypeus, /S. vermicularis, from the upper Eocene 

of East Borneo, and illustrated and commented on 

several of the Miocene species of Spiroclypeus. Tan 

(1937, p. 183) rejected Krijnen's suggestion that S. 

yabei was a synonym of S. pleurocentralis (Carter) and 

stated: "But we are not at all sure, whether Carter's 

species even belongs to Spiroclypeus.^
LARGER FORAMINIFERA FROM DEEP DRILL HOLES ON MIDWAY ATOLL C9

Cole (in Cole and Bridge, 1953; Cole 1954; 1957a, b) 

illustrated and commented on Spiroclypeus found on 

Saipan Island and in samples from the drill holes on 

Bikini and Eniwetok Atolls. Earlier, Cole (1939, p. 

185) described a new species, S. liigginsi, from the 

Miocene (Tertiary e) of Guam Island, which he stated 

might prove to be synonymous with S. leupoldi.

The four species of Spiroclypeus which van der 

Vlerk (1925, p. 14-17) described from East Borneo 

were obtained from three localities in the Naintoepo 

beds of East Borneo. Krijnen (1931, p. 93, 94) and Tan 

(1937, p. 190) restudied specimens of Spiroclypeus 

from the original three localities of van der Vlerk, as 

well as other localities. The distribution of species of 

Spiroclypeus identified by van der Vlerk, Krijnen, and 

Tan at five localities in Borneo is shown in table 4.

Although six species names are shown on table 4, 

there are only four species represented, because specimens identified by Krijnen (1931, p. 89) as Spiroclypeus 

pleurocentrdlis are referred by Tan (1937, p. 183) to S. 

yabei and S. wvlfgangi is based on microspheric specimens. The only other Miocene species of Spiroclypeus 

from Borneo, S. orbitoideus, was not recorded at these 

stations.

Krijnen recorded S. leupoldi at all five localities. At 

three of the localities, either Krijnen or Tan recorded 

Spiroclypeus tidoenganensis. Cole (1957a, p. 332) in a 

discussion of the occurrence of S. orbitoideus, remarked: 

"It is always associated on Saipan with S. tidoenganensis van der Vlerk. Although it is not as abundant as 

that species, it occurs commonly at certain localities." 

Hanzawa (1957, p. 45) identified as /S. leupoldi specimens from Saipan Island, which are similar to those 

Cole recorded as /?. orbitokleus; HanzawT a stated that at 

certain Saipan localities S. leupoldi occurred with S. 

tidoenganensis.

TABLE 4. Distribution of Spiroclypeus at selected localities in the 

Naintoepo beds of East Borneo

[Species identification: V, by van der Vlerk (1925); K, by Krijnen (1931); T, by Tan 

(1937). 38L, locality number]

Naintoepo beds

Species

Lower middle Upper

38L 42L 55L 1169L 633L

VKTVKVKTKTKT

1 Specimens identified by Krijnen as S. pleurocentralis are referred by Tan to S. 

yabei.

2 S. wolfgangi is based on microspheric specimens.

Specimens which Douville (1905, p. 464, pi. 14, figs. 

7, 8) identified as Spiroclypeus pleurocentralis from 

Hikun on the Tabalong River, SE. Borneo, were examined by Cole (1954, p. 579), and he (Cole, 1954, pi. 

206, figs. 1, 2) illustrated their internal structure, concluding (p. 580) : "It is almost certain these specimens 

should be referred to S. tidoenganensis.'1 '1 From this 

same locality Douville (1905, pi. 14, fig. 9) illustrated 

one transverse section of a small Spiroclypeus, which 

he identified also as S. pleurocentralis. Tan (1937, p. 

183) and Cole (1954, p. 580) suggested this transverse 

section represented S. leupoldi. Finally, the type locality for S. orbitoideus H. Douville (Douville, 1905, p. 

462) is in the vicinity of that from which the specimens 

identified by Douville as S. pleurocentralis were 

obtained.

Tan (1937) illustrated two transverse sections of 

Spiroclypeus orl>itoideus from his locality 394Z. One 

of these specimens (Tan, 1937, pi. 4, fig. 1) is similar to 

the type illustrations, and the other is comparable to 

specimens illustrated by Cole (in Cole and Bridge, 1953, 

pi. 4, fig. 4; Cole, 1957a, pi. 95, fig. 7) as S. orbitoideus 

and by Hanzawa (1957, pi. 5, fig. 8) as S. leupoldi. If 

similar comparative studies are made of specimens 

which have been identified as S. orbitoideus and S. 

leupoldi, it will be observed that only one species can 

be recognized. Thus, S. leupoldi van der Vlerk, 1925, 

must be a synonym of S. orbitoideus H. Douville, 1905.

Krijnen (1931, p. 94) recorded Spiroclypeus leupoldi, 

S. margaritatus, and S. tidoenganensis in association 

within the upper Naintoepo beds (loc. 633L, table 4). 

Tan (1937, pi. 2, fig. 12; pi. 4, figs. 6, 7) illustrated 

transverse sections of three specimens from this locality, 

which he identified as S. margaritatus (Schlumberger).

If the illustration given by Tan (1937, pi. 4, fig. 7) is 

compared with the enlargement 3 of the type illustration of Spiroclypeus margaritatus (pi. 2, fig. 17) it will 

be seen that the structure of the tests is similar. Moreover, if these two illustrations are compared with the 

type transverse section of S. tidoenganensis van der 

Vlerk (1925, pi. 5, fig. 47), it is impossible to find any 

criterion by which these specimens could be separated 

into distinct species.

The illustration (Tan, 1937, pi. 4, fig. 6) of another 

specimen which Tan identified as Spiroclypeus margaritatus resembles specimens from Bikini hole 2B 

(Cole, 1954, pi. 206, figs. 20, 21), which were identified

3 The magnification of the type illustration of "Heterostegina" margaritatus is given by Schlumberger (1902, p. 253) as five times. Yabe 

and Hanzawa (1925, p. 627), after studying topotypes, stated Schlumberger's "figure 4 can not be the same magnification and must be at 

least in eight times, as fig. 2 is, or even more." This assumption by 

Yabe and Hanzawa is probably correct. Therefore, the enlargement of 

the type illustration (Schlumberger, 1902, pi. 7, fig. 4) of "H." 

margaritata on pi. 2, fig. 17, is 13 times.
CIO GEOLOGY OF THE MIDWAY AREA, HAWAIIAN ISLANDS

as jS. margaritatus; however, all these specimens resemble others which Tan (1937, pi. 4, fig. 21) and Cole (in 

Cole and Bridge, 1953, pi. 3, fig. 11; pi. 4, fig. 10) 

identified as S. tidoenganensis. From these and other 

comparisons the conclusion has been made that 

S. tidoenganensis is a synonym of S. margaritatus.

The variation between the specimens which have been 

discussed is so wide that all the species of Miocene 

Spiroclypeus in the Indo-Pacific area can be included in 

one species, namely 8. margaritatus (Schlumberger) 

(1902). This species has a comparatively short stratigraphic range in Tertiary e extending from the top 

of the Heterostegina borneensis zone to, or slightly into, 

the base of the Miogypsinoides dehaartii zone (Cole, 

1957b, p. 747).

In median section there is no difference between any 

of the supposed species of /Spiroclypeus except in the 

size of the embryonic chambers. Specimens previously 

assigned to S. tidoenganensis (pi. 3, fig. 11) usually 

have large embryonic chambers, but actually these 

chambers are not any larger than those in specimens 

previously assigned to S. pleurocentralis (pi. 3, fig. 13) 

or to S. orbitoideus (Tan, 1937, pi. 3, fig. 4), or those 

in topotypes of S. margaritatus (Yabe and Hanzawa, 

1925, p. 630).

Transverse sections of Spiroclypeus show differences, 

particularly in the thickness of the roofs and floors of 

the lateral chambers and the strength of the pillars. The 

specimens (pi. 2, figs. 1-6) from a depth of 1,029 feet 

in the Reef hole have lateral chambers with thick roofs 

and floors. These specimens resemble others formerly 

assigned to /S. tidoenganensis (Tan, 1937, pi. 4, fig. 4), 

or to S. margaritatus (Yabe and Hanzawa, 1925, pi. 3, 

fig. 7).

Specimens (pi. 2, fig. 15) from a depth of 1,075 feet 

and others (pi. 2, fig. 8) from a depth of 1,087 feet, in 

the Reef hole resemble specimens previously assigned 

to S. higgimi (Cole, 1957b, pi. 239, fig. 11). Other specimens (pi. 2, figs. 12, 16) from depths of 1,075 feet and 

1,091 feet are identical with specimens from Bikini hole 

2B, which previously were identified as S. yabei (Cole, 

1954, pi. 208, figs. 25, 26). A specimen (pi. 2, fig. 18) 

from Eniwetok hole E-l, previously identified as S. 

yabei, is illustrated for comparison.

The greatest contrast in transverse sections is that 

between the specimens recovered at 1,029 feet and those 

recovered at greater depths in the Reef hole. The specimens at 1,029 feet were embedded in a tuff, whereas 

those at the other depths came from a fine calcareous 

sand. Two distinct ecological environments are represented in these samples, and these conditions are reflected in the development of the tests, particularly as 

viewed in transverse section.

Specimens that have lateral chambers with thick 

roofs and floors of the kind previously assigned to 

Spiroclypeus higginsi and S. tidoenganensis commonly 

were recovered from compact limestones of the reef 

kind. However, specimens assigned to 8. orbitoideus 

which have lateral chambers with thin roofs and floors, 

occur in this kind of sediment but not as abundantly as 

the specimens that have lateral chambers with thick 

roofs and floors. Specimens from this ecological situation commonly have larger embryonic chambers than do 

specimens recovered from calcareous, foraminiferal 

sands.

Therefore, the suggestion is made that the size difference in the embryonic chambers and the development 

of the lateral chambers and pillars is a response of the 

individual to the ecological situation in which the specimen developed. If this assumption is correct, all the 

so-called Indo-Pacific Miocene species of Spiroclypeus 

are ecological variants of one species, S. margaritatus 

( Schlumberger).

Family MIOGYPSINIDAE 

Genus MIOGYPSINOIDES Yabe and Hanzawa, 1928

Miogypsinoides dehaartii (van der Vlerk) 

Plate 1, figures 1-20

1924. Miogypsina, dehaartii van der Vlerk, Eclogae Geol. Helvetiae, v. 18, p. 429-432, text figs. 1-3. 

1928. Miogypsina. (Miogypsinoides) dehaartii van der Vlerk

var. -formosensis Yabe and Hanzawa, Tokyo Imp. Acad.

Proc., v. 4, no. 9, p. 534, text figs. la-b. 

1936. Miogypsinoides complanata forma oantamensis. Tan.

De Ingenieur in Nederland.-Indie'. 4. Mijnbouw en

Geologie, v. 3, no. 3, p. 48-50, pi. 1, fig. 13. 

1940. Miogypsinoides complanata (Schlumberger) var. mauretanica Brb'nnimann, Schweizer. Palaeont. Abb. Mem., v.

63, p. 77-80, pi. 7, figures 7-14; pi. 8, fig. 18; pi. 9, figs.

1, 2 ; pi. 11, figs. 9-17. 

1940. Miogypsinoides deliaartii (van der Vlerk) var. pustulosa

Hanzawa, Jubilee publication in commemoration of

Professor H. Yabe, M.I.A., sixtieth birthday, v. 2, p. 780,

782. pi. 40, figs. 9-29; pi. 42, fig. 13. 

1940. Miogypsinoides bantamensis Tan. Hanzawa, idem, p. 782,

783. pi. 39, figs. 15-19; pi. 41, figs. 24-26. 

1940. Miogypsinoides latcraUs Hanzawa, idem, p. 783, pi. 39,

figs. 10-14. 

1957, Miogypsinoides ~bantamensis Tan. Cole, U.S. Geol, Survey

Prof. Paper 280-1, p. 338, 339, pi. 110, figs. 8-18; pi. Ill,

figs. 1-4. 

1957. Miogypsinoides deliaartii (van der Vlerk). Cole, idem,

p. 339, 340, pi. Ill, figs. 5-16 (additional references).

Iii the zone between 590 and 960 feet in the Reef hole, 

many cores contain abundant specimens of Miogypsinoides. These specimens can be separated broadly into 

two groups on the characteristics of the embryonic 

apparatuses. Certain specimens (pi. 1, figs. 3, 4) have
LARGER FORAMINIFERA FROM DEEP DRILL HOLES ON MIDWAY ATOLL Cll

embryonic apparatuses similar to that of M. dehaartii 

(van der Vlerk) (van der Vlerk, 1924, text fig. 2). In 

this kind the second embryonic chamber is adjacent to 

the apex of the test. Other specimens (pi. 1, figs. 18,19) 

have embryonic apparatuses similar to that of M. 

bantamensis Tan (Tan, 1936, pi. 1, fig. 13), in which 

the embryonic chambers are separated from the apex of 

the test by the periembryonic chambers.

This separation into two groups (or species) may be 

entirely artificial, and in actuality only one species may 

be represented in these populations. Hanzawa (1962, 

p. 153, 154, 156, 157) proposed a classification for miogypsinoids which, if applied to the specimens from the 

Keef hole, would result in the recognition of four 

species at the minimum. These would be Miogypsinoides 

dehaartii (van der Vlerk) (pi. 1, fig. 4), M. bantamensis 

Tan (pi. 1, fig. 18), M. lateralis Hanzawa (pi. 1, fig. 12), 

and M. mauretanica Bronnimann (pi. 1, fig. 17).

The classification devised by Hanzawa is based on 

the assumption that the arrangement and orientation 

of the embryonic and periembryonic chambers is constant in a given species. Thus, in a single population 

several species of Miogypsinoides may occur, each of 

which forms a group of individuals which differ from 

other groups of individuals by a minor shift in the 

arrangement and orientation of the embryonic and 

periembryonic chambers.

Cole (1957a, p. 339) objected to such an inflexible 

classification. He wrote: "Although the number of 

coils and the number of periembryonic chambers are 

significant, it does not appear that the position of the 

periembryonic chambers, with regard to the apical part 

of the test, has any special significance." This concept 

was enlarged in a review of American species of 

miogypsinids (Cole, 1967, p. 102,103), in which certain 

Indo-Pacific species of Miogypsinoides were used to 

demonstrate that the development of the embryonic 

apparatus is variable.

The difference in approach to the classification of 

species of Miogypsinoides is shown by the analysis of 

four specimens from locality B391, Saipan Island 

(Cole, 1957a, pi. 110, figs. 12, 15; pi. Ill, figs. 2, 3), all 

of which were assigned by Cole to M. bantamensis Tan. 

Hanzawa (1962, p. 157) reclassified these four specimens into three species as follows: M. bantamensis Tan 

(Cole, 1957a, pi. 110, fig. 12; pi. Ill, fig. 2); M. lateralis Hanzawa (Cole, 1957a, pi. 110, fig. 15) ; and M. 

formosensis (Yabe and Hanzawa) (Cole, 1957a, pi. Ill, 

fig. 3).

Hanzawa (1940, p. 783) described Miogypsinoides 

lateralis from the Kita-claito-jima test hole at a depth 

of 302.31-394.92 meters, where it occurred with other 

specimens which he assigned to M. bantamensis Tan, a 

species described from East Borneo. Hanzawa (1940,

p. 783) wrote concerning M. lateralis: "In its external 

form and transverse section alone, the present form is 

almost indistinguishable from Miogypsinoides bantamensis Tan Sin Hok * * *. But, the former is easily 

distinguishable from the latter by the characteristics 

of the juvenarium."

Miogypsinoides formosensis was described by Yabe 

and Hanzawa (1928, p. 535) from Taiwan (Formosa). 

Cole (1957a, pi. Ill, figs. 10, 11) illustrated two specimens from the type locality of M. formosensis, one of 

which (Cole, 1957a, pi. Ill, fig. 10) is entirely comparable to M, bantamensis, and the other (Cole, 1957a, pi. 

Ill, fig. 11) is similar to M. lateralis.

On Saipan Island, Hanzawa (1957, tables 2, 3) reported that the following species of Miogypsinoides 

are associated with Miogypsinoides dehaartii (van der 

Vlerk) at one or more localities: M. bantamensis, M. 

borodinensis, M. lateralis, and M. mauretanica. Although Hanzawa (1957, p. 92) recognized M. formosensis on Saipan Island, it was recorded as occurring with 

M. borodinensis, M. complanata, and M. lateralis, but 

not with M. dehaartii.

From this analysis of the association of species of 

Miogypsinoides from various geographic areas, seven of 

the 10 supposedly valid species recognized by Hanzawa 

(1965, p. 253) may occur together at the same stratigraphic horizon. If all the illustrations which have been 

published of M. formosensis, M. borodinensis, M. bantamensis, M. mauretanica, M. lateralis, and M. dehaartii 

are studied, these species will be found to constitute a 

continuous series.

All the specimens are virtually the same. Differences 

between individual specimens or groups of specimens 

are those of degree, not of kind. Moreover, if a sufficient 

number of specimens are sectioned, all the supposed 

species can be found in any given population.

The suggested consolidation of these specimens into 

one species based upon analysis of internal structures of 

associated specimens seems, moreover, to be reasonable 

if the probable reproduction is considered. Although the 

species of Miogypsinoides are extinct, the assumption 

may be made that their life cycle was similar to that of 

Foraminifera still living. Therefore, in sexual reproduction it is doubtful if the gametes from one microspheric individual would repel those from another. If 

the gametes from individuals fuse, regardless of the 

relative minor differences between two reproducing 

individuals, only one biologic species, in contradistinction to several "form" species, would be present in such 

populations.

Cole (1966, p. 241) wrote concerning the probable 

reproduction of certain camerinids: "In my opinion this 

population (pi. 20, fig. 12) represents one in which 

cross-fertilization would occur as I can not conceive
C12 GEOLOGY OF THE MIDWAY AREA, HAWAIIAN ISLANDS

of gametes from specimens so similar to each other 

repelling one another. If this occurred, only one species 

is present as the comparative series (pi. 20, fig. 12) 

indicates."

The populations of Miogypsinoides in the Reef hole 

consist of a single species, M. dehaartii. M. formosensis. 

M. bantamensis., M. mauretanica, and M. laterdlis are 

synonyms of M. dehaartii.

In specimens (for example, pi. 1, fig. 4) which are 

identical with the types of Miogypsinoides dehaartii, 

the second embryonic chamber is separated from the 

apical margin of the test only by the marginal fringe 

(Cole, 1964, p. 144), and the coil of periembryonic 

chambers is short. Specimens (for example, pi. 1, fig. 

5) in which the embryonic chambers are oriented so the 

second embryonic chamber is directed toward one side 

of the test have a longer coil of periembryonic chambers, 

but the second embryonic chamber is still separated 

from the margin of the test only by the marginal fringe. 

This represents "M. lateralis"

In "Miogypsinoides mauretanica" (pi. 1, fig. 13), "M. 

bantamensis^ (pi. 1, fig. 18), and "M. formosensis" 

(Cole, 1957a, pi. Ill, fig. 3), the coil of periembryonic 

chambers is long and completely surrounds the 

embryonic chambers.

The shape, size, and general arrangement of the embryonic apparatuses are the same in all these specimens. 

The only marked differences are the orientation of the 

embryonic chambers with regard to the long axis of 

the test and the number of periembryonic chambers 

which develop. Any separation of specimens so constituted must be entirely artificial, as a gradation series 

occurs in every population from which a sufficient number of specimens have been studied.

The illustrations (pi. 1, figs. 3, 6, 9,11,14-16,19, 20) 

show a continuous series, from specimens (pi. 1, fig. 3) 

in which the second embryonic chamber is situated at the 

apex of the test to those (pi. 1, fig IT) in which the second embryonic chamber has been revolved nearly 180° 

so that it is directed toward the distal margin of the test.

This same development of embryonic apparatuses 

within a single species occurs also in Miogypsina. Cole 

(1964, p. 144) wrote:

certain individuals * * * rapidly develop a longer coil of 

periembryonic chambers as most of the protoplasmic mass is 

utilized for the construction of these chambers. Other individuals, however, have only a part of the protoplasmic mass 

available for the construction of periembryonic chambers as 

the other part is extruded as the filaments from which the 

marginal fringe develops.

The basic pattern of the embryonic apparatus is determined 

by the distribution of the protoplasm as well as the position of 

the stolons. Certain specimens of a species may develop a long 

coil of periembryonic chambers * * * whereas other specimens 

of this species may construct a short coil of periembryonic

chambers. Specimens * * * which rapidly develop the long coil 

of periembryonic chambers have these chambers between the 

embryonic chambers and the margin of the test. Specimens

 * * in which the periembryonic coil is short have the second 

embryonic chamber in contact with the marginal fringe which 

is highly developed because of the numerous filaments of 

protoplasm.

The interval between 590 and 960 feet in the Reef hole 

is assigned to the Miogypsinoides dehaartii zone and 

correlates with the Tagpochau limestone (Tertiary e) 

of Saipan (Cole, 1957a, p. 324), with the interval between 209.26 meters and 394.98 meters in the Kitadaito-jima test hole (Hanzawa, 1940, p. 762), with the 

interval between 1,387 and 1,597 feet in Bikini hole 2B 

(Cole, 1954, p. 572), and with the interval between 1,190 

and 1,452 feet in Eniwetok hole E-l (Cole, 1957b, p. 

746, 747). The Miogypsinoides dehaarti zone is 370 feet 

thick in the Reef hole, 609 feet thick in the Kita-daitojima test hole, 210 feet thick in Bikini hole 2B, and 262 

feet thick in Eniwetok hole E-l.

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LARGER FORAMINIFERA FROM DEEP DRILL HOLES ON MIDWAY ATOLL C13

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INDEX

Page

Alifan limestone, Guam._...__ _ . -__._ Cl 

Alveolina melo................................ 6,7

Alveolinella (Flosculinella) globulosa........... 7

Alveolinidae----- - - - - S

ammonoides, Camerina........................ 3

Amphistegina................................. 8

Austrotrillina................................. 4

howchini.................................. 2,4

striata........................... 2, If, pis. 4, 5

Baculogypsina................................ 3

bantamensis, Miogypsinoides.............. 3,10,11,12

Miogypsinoides complanata................ 10

Bikini Atoll.................................. 2

Bikini drill hole, Foraminifera................ 3

bintoetensis, Spirodypeus..................... 9

Borelis........................................ 4,5,6

melo............................ 1,2, 5, 7; pis. 4,5

curdica............................... 6,7

parvulus.................................. 5,6,7

philippinensis............................ 5,7

primitivus................................. 5,6

pulchrus.................................. 6

pygmaea.................................. 6

schlumbergeri......................... 6

pygmaeus................................. 5, 6, 7

schlumbergeri......................... 7

schlumbergeri............................. 6,7

(Fasciolites) pygmaea....------------------ 5

borneensis, Miogypsina........................ 3

zone, Heterostegina........................ 10

borodinensis, Miogypsinella.................... 3

Miogypsinoides............................ 11

Calcarina..................................... 3

Camerina ammonoides.................... 3

venosa.................................... 8

Camerinidae. -------------------------------- 8

Caudri, C. M. B., quoted.................... 7

Cole.W. S., quoted....--.--..-..--..-.. 3,6,9,11,12

communis Cyclodypeus....................... 3

complanata, Miogypsinoides-..-----.-.----.--- 11

bantamensis, Miogypsinoides... ------------ 10

mauretanica, Miogypsinoides...----.-.--.- 10

curdica, Borelis melo.-.---.--................. 6,7

Current directions_......................... 3

Cyclodypeus communis...--..--.-------.- .. 3

sp........................................ 3

dehaartii, Miogypsina...--.--................. 10

Miogypsina (Miogypsinoides).............. 10

Miogypsinoides... ................ 2, 3, 4, JO; pl.l

pustulosa, Miogypsinoides...-.--------.-. 2,3,10

zone, Miogypsmoides 5,10

i, Heterostegina....--.----..........-.. 2,3,8

East Borneo, Naintoepo beds................ 8,9

Eniwetok Atoll.............................. 2

E niwetok drill hole, Foraminifera ------------ 3

(Eulepidina) sumatrensis, Lepidocydina...--.. 3

(Fasciolites') pygmaea, Borelis..--.-----...---- 5

Fleming, R. H., Sverdrup, H. U., and Johnson, M.W., quoted.------.---.--- 4

FlosctilineUa..................-_------------ 7

globulosa............................. 2, 7; pi. 4

(Flosculinella) globulosa, Alveolinella.....--.-. 7

formosensis, Miogypsinoides.... --------------- 11,12

gaimardi, Operculina.......................... 3

globulosa, Alveolinella (Flosculinella) ---------- 7

Flosculinella......................... 2, 7; pi. 4

globulus, Spirodypeus........................ 8

[Italic page numbers indicate major references]

Guam........................................ C2,6

Alifan limestone......--.--.---------.---- 1

Hanzawa, S., quoted_.--.----.--------.---- 6,11

Heterostegina................................. 3,8

borneensis zone-. -- -_- 10

depressa.................................. 2, 3,8

margaritatus.............................. 8,9

suborbicularis................. 1, 2, 3, 4, 8; pi. 3

higginsi, Spirodypeus........................ 8,9,10

howchini, Austrotrillina....................... 2,4

Johnson, M. W., Fleming, R. H., and Sverdrup, H. U., quoted_----------- 4

Kerimba Archipelago. 

Kita-daito-jima...

Larat Island-..-.-...- .....---------------- 2

lateralis, Miogypsinoides.----.-.-.-------- 3,10,11,12

Lepidocydina................................. 2,3

(Eulepidina) sumatrensis................. 3

leupoldi, Spirodypeus......................... 8,9

Malay Archipelago---------....-..-.--.-..... 2,3

margaritatus, Heterostegina-................... 8,9

Spiroclypeus-.-.------------. 2, 3, 10; pis. 2, 3

marginalis, Sorites....................... ... 1,2,4

Marginopora .................................. 3,5

vertebralis-. .................... 1, 2, 4, B; pis. 3, 4

Marshall Islands.. 6

martini, Orbitolites............................ 5

Sorto ------------------- 2,5

mauretanica, Miogypsinoides.................. 11,12

Miogypsinoides complanata....-......-.--- 10

Mayotte Island, northwest of Madagascar..... 6

melo, Alveolina............................... 6, 7

Borelis........................ 1, 2,6, 7; pis. 4, 5

.NawtiZtta--------------------------------- 5

curdica, Borelis...........----------------- 6,7

Migration_.....................__........ 3

Miliolidae___ -.--------..-----------------.. 4

Miogypsina.................................. 2,^,12

borneensis..-...... -.-.-----.--............ 3

deAoortii........................---------- 10

polymorpha. -.------------.......-.-...--- 3

thecideaeformis............................ 3

(Miogypsinoides) dehaartii................. 10

Miogypsinella borodinensis..................... 3

Miogypsinidae .------.--.----------_------.- 10

Miogypsinoides..------------------------------ 2,3,4

bantamensis.......................... 3,10,11,12

borodinensis.--...-.-----------.-.......... 11

complanata.. ......................... . 11

bantamensis........................... 10

mauretanica-. -.....------------------ 10

dehaartii..-.-...-.-.............. 2, 3, 4, JO; pi. 1

pustulosa,-........................... 2,3,10

zone.-.----.----_-___--.--------.--.-- 5,10

formosensis...... -------.--.--------..-..-- 11,12

ZoferoZw................... ----------- 3,10,11,12

mauretanica..... .......................... \\,\2

ubaghsi................................... 3

(Miogypsinoides) dehaartii, Miogypsina......... 10

Naintoepo beds of Tidoengsche Landen,

East Borneo.--------------------- 8,9

Nautilus melo..............-..---.--.-...--..- 5

MjoaZweoHTia.--------------------------------- 6

pulchra..... .---.-.--.------..-.-.-------- 6,7

pygmaea.....-.--.--..-.-.-............--. 6

schlumbergeri.......................... 5,6

Nephrolepidina plicomargo ................... 3

tournoueri............................... 3

Operculina gaimardi........................... C3

Orbiculina pleurocentralis -------------------- 8

orbiculus, Sorites.................. 1, 2, 4, 5; pis. 3, 4

orbitoideus, Spiroclypeus......---------------- 8,9,10

Orbitolites martini.....---------...---------.-- 5

Pabeasan, Java.--..-------------------------- 5

parvulus, Borelis... --------------------------- 5,6, 7

philippinensis, Borelis....-................... 5,7

pleurocentralis, Orbiculina...---.------------.- 8

Spirodypeus............................. 8,9,10

plicomargo, Nephrolepidina.................... 3

polymorpha, Miogypsina.--..-----.--.--------- 3

Portuguese East Africa..-...----------------- 7

primitivus, Borelis............................. 5,6

pulchra, Neoalveolina.......................... 6,7

pulchrus, Borelis....--.-.-----------.-..----.- 6

pustulosa, Miogypsinoides dehaartii........... 2, 3,10

pygmaea, Borelis-.---------------------------- 6

Borelis (Fasciolites).-------.--.----------- o

Neoalveolina. ----------------------------- 6

schlumbergeri, Borelis.-------------------- 6

Neoalveolina. ------------------------- 5,6

pygmaeus, Borelis............................. 5,6,7

schlumbergeri, Borelis..................... 7

Rafting -----.---.-----.

Reef drill hole, description. 

References cited-.---.--.--.

Saipan........------..------------------ 2,5,6,7,12

Sand Island drill hole, description __.--.... 1 

schlumbergeri, Borelis............. ------------ 6,7

pygmaeus.-------. _----------------- 7

Neoalveolina pygmaea- -------------------- 5,6

------- --------------- 3,4

marginalis................................ 1,2,4

martini...------...----.---.-.------------ 2,5

orbiculus.------..... .---.--.--.1,2,4,5; pis. 3,4

Soritidae----------------------------------- 4

Spirodypeus..- -----------------------------2,3,4,8

bintoetensis............................... 9

globulus. ...------------.-.------------.-- 8

AfggtnsJ..------------------------------- 8,9,10

leupoldi... -------------------------------- 8,9

----------2,3,10; pis. 2,3

---.---------------------- 8,9,10

pleurocentralis-...--.----.........-.....- 8,9,10

tidoenganensis............................ 8,9,10

vermicularia..... --- . 8

wolfgangi................................. 8,9

yabft-. -------------------------------- 8,9,10

striata, Austrotrillina_---------------- 2,4; pis. 4,5

suborbicularis, Heterostegina---..--.- 1,2,3,4,8; pi. 3 

sumatrensis, Lepidocydina (Eulepidina).------ 3

Sverdrup, H. U., Johnson, M. W., and Fleming, R. H., quoted . ..-.-.__ 4

Tagpochaulimestone, Saipan ------------- 5,6,12

Tan, S. H., quoted....-.....---.------------- 8

thecideaeformis, Miogypsina....-...------------ 3

tidoenganensis, Spiroclypeus...-..-.------.-.. 8,9,10

tournoueri, Nephrolepidina----- ...------ - 3

ubaghsi, Miogypsinoides.

venosa, Camerina.....------------------------ 8

vermicularia, Spirodypeus.... ----------------- 8

vertebralis, Marginopora.-........... 1,2,4,5; pis. 3,4

wolfgangi, Spiroclypeus....................... 8,9

jfa&d, Spiroclypeus........................... 8,9,10

C15

PLATES 1-5
PLATE 1

[All figures X 20, except 4, 5, 12, 13, 17,18, which are X 40] 

FIGURES 1-20. Miogypsinoiaes dehaartii (van der Vlerk) (p. ClO).

All specimens from Reef hole and are from cores except fig. 10 which is from a cutting sample: 1-4, 7, 11, 12, at 

595-600 ft; 5, 6, 13, 14, 16-19, at 926-927 ft; 8, 9, 15, 20, at 901-906 ft; 10, at 956 ft.

1. 13, 14, 16, 17. Equatorial sections of megalospheric specimens with "M. mauretanica" kind of embryonic 

apparatus. Fig. 13 is an enlargement of apical part of fig. 14. Fig. 17 is an enlargement of apical part of fig. 16. 

USNM 642909, 642918, and 642920.

2. 7, 10. Vertical sections of megalospheric specimens. USNM 642910, 642913, and 642916.

3. 4, 15. Equatorial sections of megalospheric specimens with typical M. dehaartii kind of embryonic apparatus.

Fig. 4 is an enlargement of apical part of fig. 3. USNM 642911 and 642919. 

5, 6, 9, 11, 12, 20. Equatorial sections of megalospheric specimens with "M. lateralis" kind of embryonic apparatus.

Fig. 5 is an enlargement of apical part of fig. 6. Fig. 12 is an enlargement of the apical part of fig. 11. USNM

642912, 642915, 642917, and 642922.

8. Equatorial section of a microspheric specimen. (Compare with Cole, 1957a, pi. 110, fig. 18.) USNM 642914. 

18, 19. Equatorial sections of a megalospheric specimen with "M. bantamensis" kind of embryonic apparatus.

Fig. 18 is an enlargement of fig. 19. USNM 642921.
GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PROFESSIONAL PAPER 680-C PLATE 1

^IF^fj^tfVi- *-<**; &£$?*&&&? *-j*r £ L^+iiff^lil ,.Y

MIOCENE MIOGYPSINOIDES
PLATE 2

[All figures X 20, except 14,19, X 40 and 17, X 13]

FIGURES 1-20. Spiroclypeus margaritatus (Schlumberger) (p. C8).

Figs. 1-16, 19, 20, from Reef hole core, Midway: 1-6, 19, at 1,029 ft; 7, 8, at 1,087 ft; 9-12, 14, 15, 20, at 1,075 ft;

13, at 1,081 ft; 16, at 1,091 ft. Fig. 17 from Schlumberger (1902, pi. 7, fig. 4). Fig. 18 from a cutting sample,

Eniwetok hole E-l at 1,629-1,658 ft. 

1-12, 15-18. Transverse sections of megalospheric specimens. Fig. 17 is type illustration of S. margaritatus. Fig.

18 is specimen from Eniwetok hole E-l previously identified as "S. yabei," introduced for comparison with the

Reef hole specimens. Figs. 1-12, 15, 16, 18, USNM 642923-642934 and 642937-642939.

13. 20. Median sections of megalospheric specimens. USNM 642935 and 642941.

14. 19. Parts of median sections of megalospheric specimens to illustrate the embryonic, operculine, and heter 

ostegine chambers. USNM 642936 and 642940.
GEOLOGICAL SURVEY

20

MIOCENE SPIROCLYPEUS
PLATE 3

FIGURES 1-5, 18. Heterostegina suborbicularis d'Orbigny (p. C8).

Pigs. 1, 2, and 18 from Reef hole core at 385.5 ft. Figs. 3-5 from Sand Island hole core at 412 ft. USNM 642942- 

642946 and 642958.

1. 3. Transverse sections, X 20.

2. 4, 5, 18. Median sections; 2, 4, 5, X 20, 18, X 40. 

6, 15, 17. Marginopora vertebralis Quoy and Gaimard (p. C5).

Prom Sand Island hole core at 137 ft. USNM 642947 and 642957. 

6. Upper part of transverse section shown in fig. 15, X 40. 

15. Transverse section, X 20. 

17. Part of median section, X 40. 

7, 8, 16. Sorites orbiculus (Forskal) (p. C5).

Prom Reef hole core at 103.5 ft. X 40. USNM 642948, 642949, and 642956.

7. 16. Median sections. Fig. 7 in reflected light to illustrate embryonic chambers and the initial coiled chambers.

8. Transverse section. 

9-14, 19. Spirodypeus margaritatus (Schlumberger) (p. C8).

Pigs. 9, 12, 14, and 19 from Reef hole core: 9, 14, at 1,029 ft; 12, at 1,075 ft; 19, at 1,087 ft. Specimens shown 

in figs. 10, 11, and 13, courtesy of Dr. I. M. van der Vlerk; 10, 11, from P. Padang, Balikpapan, Borneo; 13, 

from Kahajan, Borneo. X 20. USNM 642950-642955 and 642959.

9. 12. Sections parallel to but above the median plane.

10. 13. Transverse sections of specimens from Borneo identified by Dr. I. M. van der Vlerk (written commun.), 

introduced for comparison. Fig. 10 originally identified as "S. tidoenganensis," fig. 13 originally identified as 

"S. pleurocentralis."

11. Part of a median section of a specimen from Borneo identified by Dr. I. M. van der Vlerk as "S. tidoenganensis." 

19. Transverse section of a microspheric specimen.
GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PROFESSIONAL PAPER 680-C PLATE 3

19

MIOCENE SPIROCLYPEUS AND POST-MIOCENE HETEROSTEGINA, 

MARGINOPORA, AND SORITES
PLATE 4

FIGURES 1, 2. Marginopora vertebralis Quoy and Gaimard (p. C5).

Transverse sections, X 20. Note Austrotrillina striata and calcareous algae on the right side of fig. 1. Reef hole

core at 906-911 ft. USNM 650988, 650989. 

3-7. Sorites orbiculus (Forskal) (p. C5).

Transverse sections, 2, 3, 5, X 20; 4, 6, 7, X 40. Fig. 6 is upper part of specimen illustrated as fig. 5, enlarged.

Reef hole core at 906-911 ft. USNM 650990-650993. 

8-23, 25. Borelismelo (Fichtel and Moll) (p. C5).

Figures 8-18, 22, and 25 from Reef hole core: 8, 14, 17, 25, at 73 ft; 9, at 88 ft; 11, 12, at 1,042 ft; 16, at 1,117 

ft; 10, 15, 22, at 1,126.3 ft. Figs. 19-21 and 23 from Sand Island hole core: 19, 23, at 140 ft; 20, 21, at 137 ft. 

USNM 650994-651009.

8-20. Axial sections, X 40. These sections show change from globular to fusiform specimens. The central part 

of figs. 10, 14, and 17-19 shown in enlargement: 17, on this plate, fig. 25; 10, 14, 18, 19, on plate 5, figs. 6, 

3, 8, 7. 

21-23. Transverse sections, X 40. The central part of figs. 22 and 23 shown in enlargement on plate 5, figs.

2 and 1.

25. Same specimen as this plate, figure 17, X 210. 

24, 26. Flosculinella globulosa L. Rutten (p. C7).

From Reef hole core at 1,043 ft. USNM 651010. 

24. Transverse section, X 40, not centered. 

26. Upper left quadrant of specimen shown in fig. 24. 

27. Austrotrillina striata Todd and Post (p. C4).

Axial section, X 40. From a random thin section, Reef hole core at 926-927 ft. USNM 650011.
GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PROFESSIONAL PAPER 680-C PLATE 4

** ' 

MIOCENE MARGINOPORA, SORITES, BORELIS, FLOSCULINELLA, AND AUSTROTRILLINA

AND POST-MIOCENE BORELIS
PLATE 5

FIGUKES 1-3, 6-8. Borelis melo (Fichtel and Moll) (p. C5).

1, 2. Transverse sections, X 210. The same specimens are illustrated, X 40, on plate 4, figs. 23 and 22. 

3, 6-8. Axial sections, X 210. The same specimens are illustrated, X 40, on plate 4, figs. 14, 10, 19, and 18. 

4, 5. Austrotrillina striata Todd and Post (p. C4).

Transverse sections, X 40. From a random thin section, Reef hole core at 906-911 ft. USNM 651012, 651013.

US. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE: 1969 O 351-386
GEOLOGICAL SURVEY

' ,f

PROFESSIONAL PAPER 680-C PLATE 5

MIOCENE BORELIS AND AUSTROTRILLINA AND POST-MIOCENE BORELIS