Filed 7/2 1 /15 P. v. Davison CA2/4

NOT TO BE PUBLISHED IN THE OFFICIAL REPORTS

California Rules of Court, rule 8.1115(a), prohibits courts and parties from citing or relying on opinions not certified for publication or ordered published, except as specified by rule 8.1115(b). This opinion has not been certified for publication or ordered published for purposes of rule 8.1115.
IN THE COURT OF APPEAL OF THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA

SECOND APPELLATE DISTRICT

DIVISION FOUR

THE PEOPLE,
Plaintiff and Respondent,

v.

STEVEN A NTHONY DAV ISON,

Defendant and Appellant. B 254038 (Los Angeles County Super. Ct. No. MA 0 56059 )

APPEAL from a judgment of the Superior Court of Los Angeles County, John Murphy, Judge. Affirmed in part, r eversed in part and remanded. Paul R. Kraus, under a ppointment by the Court of Appeal, for Defendant and Appellant

. Kamala D. Harris, Attorney General, Gerald A. Engler, Chief Assistant Attorney General, Lance E. Winters, Senior Assistant Attorney General, Steven D.
Matthews and Analee J. Brodie, Deputy Attorneys General, for Plaintiff and Respondent.2

Appellant Steven Anthony Davison was convicted o f a number of c harges
, including resisting an executive officer and battery. He contends : (1) the trial
court committed constitutional e rror in defining reasonable doubt for the jury ; (2) the court erred by failing to properly instruct the jury on lesser included offenses of the charges of resisting an executive officer and battery ; (3) the court erred in failing to give a unanimity instru ction to support the battery charge, and (4) the

court abused its discretion in providing only limited Pitchess discovery. 1 He also
seeks our review of the trial court’s in camera review of documents potentially responsive to his Pitchess motion. We conc lude that the failure to give a unanimity instruction requires reversal of the battery conviction. We otherwise
affirm.

FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND
A. Information
A ppellant was charge d by information with one count of possession of a
controlled substance (Health & Saf. C ode, § 11377, subd. (a) , count one ), two counts of resisting an executive officer (Pen. Code, § 69 , counts two and three)
, 2
one count of possess i on o f a smo k ing device (Health & Saf. Code, § 11364.1
, count four ), one count of batt er y upon Lisa Harstad, a per s on with whom he was in a dating relationship ( § 243, subd. (e)(1) , count five ) , one count of being under the influence of a controlled substance ( Health & Saf. Code, § 1 1550, subd. (a)
, count six ), and one count of criminal thr eats ( § 422, subd. (a), count seven). 3 It was

1 Pitchess v. Superior Court (1974) 11 Cal.3d 531 ( Pitchess )

. 2 Undesig nated statutory references are to the Penal Code.

3 Counts four, five and six were misdemeanors. The re maining counts were felonies.3

further alleged that appellant had suffered a prior str i ke. ( § 1170.12, subd. (a) through (d) and § 667, subd. (b) through (i) )

.

B. Evidence at Trial
1. Harstad’s Testimony Appellant and Harstad had been in a dating relationship for two years and had been living together in Harstad’s apartment for a year and a half. On April 28, 2012, Harstad advised appellant she wanted to break up with him and asked him to

move out. He agreed to move out, and aske d her to drive him to his nephew’s house. At around 11:30 a.m., while they were in Harstad’s car, she received a text from a male friend. Appellant , who was in the passenger’s seat, put the car in park, took the keys, grabbed Harstad’s phone and got out. Harstad followed him. When they got back in the car a few minute s later, appellant was driving. He
reached over
, slapped Harstad’s leg and head , and accused her of planning to meet her male friend. When they arrived at the nephew’s house, appellant re fused to give Harstad her phone or keys. Harstad said she would use the nephew’s phone to call the police. Appellant said if she did, he would strangle her. They went into a
back room and a ppellant forcibly pushed her into a chair

. After a pproximatel y 20 minutes at the nephew’s house , appellant drove Harstad to a liquor store, where he returned her keys after she bought him a bottle
of fortified wine. They returned to Harstad’s apartment at approximately
1:00 p.m. , and appellant packed some of his be longings. His ex

- girlfriend, Lourdes Ramirez, arrived to help him move

. When Ramirez threatened to beat
Harstad , she started to leave. Appellant persuaded Harstad to stay , but then punched her in the ribs. Appellant said if he wanted to
, he could “ kill [ her ] and
throw [ her ] in the desert ,” “beat [her] beyond recognition,” or “give [her] two4

black eyes.” Just before leaving with Ramirez, appellant said he had better leave before he did something he might regret

. Appellant told Harstad he w as coming b ack to get the rest of his things. Fearful he would carry out his threats to hurt her when he returned, Harstad took her laptop and left. She went to the cellular store and then to the Palmdale s heriff’s station to report her stolen cell phone and appell ant’s behavior . Three deputies took her back to her apartment at approximately 6:00 p.m. Appellant was in her apartment when they arrived. Harstad, who was wait ing outside away from the entry door, saw appellant being taken away by the deputies , but did not see what happened inside the apartment

. She heard the deputies ask “ ‘ is anybody here ’ ” and
heard appellant say “ ‘ Where is Lisa? I need to talk to Lisa. ’ ” She also heard appellant say “ ‘ Why are you here, ’ ” and “ ‘ You can look under my shirt. I have nothing on me. ’ ” She heard t he deputies tell appellant he needed to comply with their wishes and that they were going to put him under arrest , and ask him to stand
still . The deputies did not sound angry or impolite. Appellant sounded confused.
A vid eo recorded interview of Harstad was shown to the jury. In it, Harstad described being pushed into a chair and punched in the side , but she did not mention being slapped in the leg and head. Nor did she mention appellant’s alleged threat to strangle her if she called the police.

2. Deputies’ Testimony The deputies who interviewed Harstad at the s heriff’s station did not see any visible injuries. Deputy Scott Sorrow, Deputy Lohnnie Day and Sergeant Paul
Zarris escort ed Harstad back to her apartment and went inside. They were all wearing uniforms. T he deputies announced themselves multiple times . A ppellant finally came out of the bedroom and made his presence known.5

Appellant asked why the deputies were in his apartment. He said they had
no ri ght to be there and that he had not done anything. The deputies told him to stand still and put his hands up. He did neither. Instead, he tried to retreat back
into the bedroom. Deputy Day asked appellant to put his hands behind his back.
He did not c omply. Deputy Day grabbed one of appellant’s hand s in an attempt to cuff him. Appellant repeatedly pulled his hands away. After the deputy got one hand cuffed, appellant continued to resist and attempted to get out of his grasp. The other deputies beca me involved. In order to cuff appellant , the deput i es pushed him down to the ground. Appellant continued to struggle and wriggle his body

. The struggle to get handcuffs on appellant lasted one or two minute s

. Appellant appeared to the deputies to be under the influence of some type of
narcotic: h e was confused and sweating, his muscles were tense and his speech was rapid. When t he deputies searched appellant
, they found a glass pipe in his front pocket and a wallet. Inside the wallet was a paper bi ndle containing a crystalline substance that resembled methamphetamine. 4 Appellant refused to provide a urine sample after his arrest. While the deputies were getting ready to transport appellant, Ramirez
arrived. The deputies learned she was on probat ion and searched her. They
recovered two blank checks belonging to Harstad

.

3. Ramirez’s Testimony
Ramirez testified she had not observed any of appellant’s interactions with Harstad and had not heard him slap her. She denied stopp ing with him afte r leaving Harstad’s apartment to buy methamphetamine. A video recording of her

4 A criminalist for the Sheriff’s Department tested the substance and confirmed it was methamphetamine.6

interview with deputies was played to the jury. In the interview, Ramirez said she heard a slapping noise from the apartment w h e n appellant and Harstad were inside,
and heard Harstad say “please don’t hurt me.” Ramirez told the deputies, she went inside and told appellant to stop. Harstad continued to say “please don’t hurt me, please don’t hurt me.” Ramirez also told deputies that appellant bought “a twenty of crystal” and smoked it at her place in front of her. After the recording was played in court, Ramirez said she had made up what she said about appellant because Deputy Sorrow threatened her and said she would go free if she described what happened in a particular way

. 5 Appellant did not testify and called no witnesses.

C. Verdict and Sentence The jury found appellant guilty of count one (possession of a controlled substance), counts two and three (resisting an executive officer), count four (possession of a smoki ng device), and count six (being under the influence of a controlled substance). It found appellant guilty of the lesser included offense of simple battery on count five and hung on count seven ( making criminal threats )

. The court sentenced appellant to a term of eight years and two months, consisting of: two years for count one, doubled; eight months for count two, doubled; eight months for count three, dou bled; six months for count four; six months for count five, and six months for count s ix . This ap peal followed.

5 T o impeach that testimony
, the prosecution called Sergeant Zarris, who testified that Ramirez had told him about appellant buying and smoking methamphetamine
, when he and Ramirez were talking out of Deputy Sorrow ’s presen ce

.7 DISCUSSION
A. Prosecution’s Burden of Proof
1. Background During jury selection, the trial court spoke to prospective jurors about the case, the law, the jurors’ responsibilities and courtroom procedures. At one point,
the court disc ussed the standard of proof and the meaning of “ proof beyond a
reasonable doubt. ” The court first read the last three paragraphs of standard
C AL C RIM jury instruction N o. 220

-- “Proof beyond a reasonable doubt is proof that leaves you with an abiding

. . . conviction that the charge is true. [¶] The evidence need not eliminate all possible doubt because everything in life is open to some possible or imaginary doubt. [¶] In deciding whether the People have proved their case beyond a reasonable doubt, you must [] impartially compare and consider all the evidence that is to be received throughout this entire trial. Unless the evidence proves the defendant guilty beyond a reasonable doubt, he is entitled to an acquittal and you must find him not guilty”

-- e xplaining that “abiding ”

mean t “ continuing.” The court next read prospective jurors part of the standard CALJIC instruction on reasonable doubt, no. 2.90: “ Reasonable doubt is not a mere possible doubt because everything relating to human affairs is open to some possible or imaginary doubt. R easonabl e doubt is that state of the case which after the entire comparison and consideration of all of the evidence leaves the minds of the jurors in that condition that they cannot say they feel an abiding convicti on of the truth of the charges.” The court then read the prospective jurors the f ollowing, explaining that it

was a “ federal court ” definition of reasonable doubt : “Proof beyond a reasonable doubt is proof that leaves you firmly convinced that the defe ndant is guilty. It is not required that the government prove guilt beyond all possible doubt.”8

The next day, the court stated that it did not “ad lib” the reasonable doubt jury instruction, and re read the last three paragraphs of CALCRIM N o. 2 2 0 to th e prospective jurors. After the evidence portion of the trial, t he court instructed the jury on reasonable doubt , again using CALCRIM N o. 220: “The fact that a criminal charge has been filed against the defendant is not evidence that the charge or charge s is [sic] true. You must not be biased against the Defendant just because he has been arrested, charged with a crime or crimes or brought to trial. [¶] A defendant in a criminal case is presumed to be innocent. This presumption requires that the People prove the defendant guilty beyond a reasonable doubt. Whenever I tell you that the People must prove something, I mean they must prove it beyond a reasonable doubt. [¶] Proof beyond a reasonable doubt is proof that leaves you with an abiding conviction that the charge or charges are true. [¶] The evidence need not eliminate all possible doubt because everything in life is open to some possible or imaginary doubt. [¶] In deciding whether the People have proved their case beyond a reasonable doubt, you m ust impartially compare and consider
all the evidence that was received throughout th e entire trial. Unless the evidence proves the defendant guilty beyond a reasonable doubt, he is entitled to an acquittal and you must find him not guilty. ” The jurors w ere provided copies of the court’s instructions during deliberations.

2. Analysis Appellant contends the trial court’s pre

- trial discussions with the venire
about the standard of proof and the meaning of reasonable doubt violated his
constitutional rights by lowering the prosecution’s burden of proof. Specifically, he contends that reading the portion of the federal definition defining proof beyond9

a reasonable doubt as “proof that leaves you firmly convinced that the defendant is guilty” constitute d reversible error. 6 Due process requires that the jury be instructed on the necessity that the defendant’s guilt be proved beyond a reasonable doubt. ( Victor v. Nebraska (1994) 511 U.S. 1, 5.) The Constitution does not require any particular words be used. ( Ibid .; People v. Zepeda (2008) 167 Cal.App.4th 25, 30.) But our Supreme
Court ha s cautioned against “‘an impromptu instruction on reasonable doubt’” and warned that “varying from the standard is a ‘perilous exercise.’” ( People v.
Freeman (1994) 8 Cal.4th 450, 503

- 504.) In evaluating a challenge to the wording
of a jury instruction on reasonable doubt, the issue presented is “whether there is a reasonable likelihood that the jury understood the instructions to allow conviction based on proof insu fficient to meet the [correct] standard.” ( Victor v. Nebraska
, supra , 511 U.S., at p. 6.) Here, the trial court did not modify the reasonable doubt instruction, but instructed the jury prior to deliberations with CALCRIM N o. 220 as written and
without em

bellishment. That instruction was read to the jury again following the
close of evidence and was also provided in writing for the jurors’ use in their
deliberati o n s

. The language appellant challenges was found in the court’s
comments to the venire , and w as neither read to the jury nor give n in writing

. We find no basis to believe the jury was confused as to the appropriate standard of proof.
Nor do we find the “firmly convinced” language to which appellant objects measurably different from the langu ag e of CALCRIM N o. 220 or otherwise

6 Failure to object at trial does not p reclude appellate review of challenges to the trial court’s reasonable doubt instructions. ( People v. Johnson (2004) 119 Cal.App.4th 976, 984.)10

constitutionally deficient

. The language wa s contained in the 1989 manual of pattern criminal jury instruction for the district courts of the Ninth Circuit ( s ee U.S. v. Velasquez (9th Cir. 1992) 980 F.2d 1275, 1278

- 12 79 ) , a nd has repeatedly been
found to be appropriate by the Ninth Circuit and other federal courts

. (See, e.g.,
ibid .; U.S. v. Bustillo (9th Cir. 1986) 789 F.2d 1364, 1368; U.S. v. Hunt (5th Cir. 1986) 794 F.2d 1095, 1100

- 1101; U.S. v. Taylor (D.C. Cir. 1993) 9 97 F.2d 1551,
1556

- 1557.) Appellant cites no authority for the proposition that reading the challenged language to the jury results in a violation of the defendant’s constitutional rights

. We see no cognizable difference between instructing the jurors th ey must have an “abiding

. . . conviction that the charge

. . . is true,” as
stated in CALCRIM N o. 220, and instructing the jurors they must be “firmly convinced that the defendant is guilty.” In short , we find no prejudicial error in the
court’s actions in this case.

B. Failure to Instruct Sua Sponte on Section 148, Subdivision (a)(1)
1. Background Count two alleged that appellant violated section 69 (resisting an executive officer) by “unlawfuly attempt[ing] by means of threats and violence to det er and prevent [Deputy Lohnnie Day] from performing a duty imposed upon such officer by law, and

. . . knowingly resist[ing] by the use of force and violence said executive officer in the performance of his/her duty.” Count three alleged that appellant vi olated section 69 by “unlawfuly attempt[ing] by means of threats and violence to deter and prevent [Deputy Scott Sorrow] from performing a duty imposed upon such officer by law, and

. . . knowingly resist[ing] by the use of
force and violence said executiv e officer in the performance of his/her duty.” After the evidence portion of the trial, the court instructed the jurors on the charge of resisting an executive officer in violation of section 69 only with respect11

to resistance by use of force and violenc e : “To prove that the defendant is guilty of this crime, the People must prove that: [¶] 1. The defendant unlawfully used force
or violence to resist an executive officer. [¶] 2. When the defendant acted, the officer was performing his lawful duty. And
, [¶] 3. When the defendant acted, he knew the executive officer was performing his duty.” The court did not instruct the jury on resisting arrest under section 148, subdivision (a)(1).

2. Analysis
S ection 69, the basis of counts two and three, pro hibits “attempt [ing] , by means of any threat or violence, to deter or prevent an executive officer from performing any duty imposed upon such officer by law” and “knowingly resist[ing], by the use of force or violence, such officer, in the performance of h is duty

. . . . ” S ection 148, subdivision (a)(1)
, prohibits “willfully resist[ing], delay[ing], or obstruct[ing] any public officer, peace officer, or an emergency medical technician [as statutorily defined], in the discharge or attempt to discharge any d uty of his or her office or employment

. . . . ” Appellant contends that section 148, subdivision (a)(1) is a lesser included offense of section 69, and that failure to instruct the jury sua sponte on section 148, subdivision (a)(1) was error. W e disagree

.

“ ‘ It is settled that in criminal cases, even in the absence of a request, the trial court must instruct on the general principles of law relevant to the issues raised by
the evidence. [Citations.] The general principles of law governing the case are

t hose principles closely and openly connected with the facts before the court, and which are necessary for the jury ’ s understanding of the case. [Citations.] ’ ” ( People v. Smith (2013) 57 Cal.4th 232, 239 ( Smith ) , quoting People v. St. Martin (1970) 1 Cal. 3d 524, 531. ) “ ‘ That obligation has been held to include giving instructions on lesser included offenses when the evidence raises a question as to12

whether all of the elements of the charged offense were present [citation].” ( Smith
, supra , 57 Cal.4th at p . 239, quoting People v. Breverman (1998) 19 Cal.4th 142,
154 .) “ ‘ [T]he rule prevents either party, whether by design or inadvertence, from forcing an all

- or

- nothing choice between conviction of the stated offense on the one hand, or complete acquittal on the other .’” ( Smith
, supra , at p. 239, quoting People v. Birks (1998) 19 Cal.4th 108, 112.) “ Thus, ‘ a trial court errs if it fails to instruct, sua sponte, on all theories of a lesser included offense which find substantial support in the evidence. ’” ( Smith
, supra , at p. 240, quoting People v.
Breverman , supra , 19 Cal.4th at p. 162.) The trial court is not, however, “‘obliged to instruct on theories that have no such evidentiary support.’” ( Smith
, supra , at
p. 240 .)
In Smith , the Supreme Court explai ned that there are two types of section 69 violations: “The first way of violating section 69, ‘encompasses attempts to deter either an officer’s immediate performance of a duty imposed by law or the officer’s performance of such a duty at some time in th e future.’ [Citation.]’” ( Smith , supra, 57 Cal.4th at p. 240, quoting In re Manual G . (1997) 16 Cal.4th 805,
814 , italics deleted .) “The actual use of force or violence is not required,” it can be violated by a “ ‘ threat, ’ ” and the officer need not be en gaged in the performance of
his or her duties at the time any threat is made . ( Smith, supra, at p. 240 ; § 69

. ) A
defendant “ can violate section 69 in the first way

. . . without violating section 148 (a)(1).” ( Smith
, supra , at p. 243.) The second way t o violate section 69 “expressly requires that the defendant resist the officer ‘by the use of force or violence, ’ and it further requires that the officer was acting lawfully at the time of the offense.” ( Smith
, supra , 57 Cal.App.4th at p. 241.) “A perso n who violates section 69 in the second way

. . . also necessarily violates section 148(a)(1) by ‘willfully resist[ing]

. . . any public officer

. . . in the discharge or attempt to discharge any duty of his or her13

office or employment. ’ ” But because “it is possible to violate section 69 in the first way

-- by attempting, through threat or violence, to deter or prevent an executive officer from performing a duty

-- without also violating section 148(a)(1)[,]

. . . section 148(a)(1) is not a lesser included offense of section 69

. . . . ” ( Smith
, supra , at p. 241.) 7
The court nonetheless concluded that a duty to instruct on section 148, subdivision (a)(1) could arise where, as here and as in Smith
, the prosecution alleged that the defendant violated section 69 in both w ays : “[S]o long as the prosecution has chosen to allege a way of committing the greater offense that necessarily subsumes a lesser offense, and so long as there is substantial evidence that the defendant committed the lesser offense, without also c ommitting the greater, the trial court must instruct on the lesser included offense.” ( Smith
, supra , 57 Cal.4th at p. 244.) In sum, “[w]here an accusatory pleading alleges both ways of violating section 69, the trial court should instruct the jury that if it finds beyond
a reasonable doubt that a defendant committed either way of violating section 69, it should find the defendant guilty of that crime. If not, the jury may return a verdict on the lesser offense of section 148 (a)(1) so long as there is substantial evidence to

7 Respondent contends there is a split of authority on this issue, citing People v. Lacefield (2007) 157 Cal.A pp.4th 249 and People v. Lopez (2005) 129 Cal.App.4th 1508. That was true prior to the Supreme Court’s decision in Smith , which “disapprove[d] People v. Lacefield

. . . to the extent it held that section 148(a)(1) is a necessarily lesser included offense of section 69 based upon the statutory elements of those offenses.” ( Smith, supra, 57 Cal.4th at p. 242.) In disapproving People v. Lacefield , however, the Supreme Court went on to explain that in many circumstances in which a violation of section 69 is charged, an instruction on section 148, subdivision (a)(1) will be necessary, as is discussed further.14

conclude that the defendant violated section 148(a)(1) without also violating section 69.” ( Id . at pp. 244

- 245.) 8 The Supreme Court then turned to the question whether in Smith there was evidence to support that the offense was less than the one charged, the final step in determining whether failure to give instruction on section 148, subdivision (a)(1)
constituted error. It concluded there was not: in one incident the defendant , a prisoner, “physically resisted and punched [a] guard” ; in the other, the defendant “again physically resisted the guards

. . . . ” ( Smith , supra, 57 Cal.4th at p. 245.) As “[t] here was no evidence that defendant committed only the lesser offense of resisting the officers without the use of force or violence in violation of section 148(a)(1) ,” “[d] efendant was either guilty or not guilty of resisting the executive officers by the use of force or violence in violation of section 69 ,” and the trial court was not required to instruct the jury on secti on 148 , subd ivision (a)(1). ( Smith , supra, at p. 245. ) Here, we similarly conclude that the trial court was not required to instruct the jury on the lesser offense of section 148, subdivision (a)(1) because the evidence against appellant to support the s ection 69 charges was based entirely on his physical resistance

. The evidence established that appellant physically resisted the deputies by pulling his hands away when they attempted to handcuff him

. When the deputies tried to handcuff appellant’s hands behind him, he pulled his arms in front of his body. When the deputies were forced to take him to the ground, appellant continued to physically struggle with them. Accordingly, there

8 It necessarily follows from the Supreme Court’s holding in Smith that a duty to instruct on section 148 subdivision (a)(1) as a lesser included offens e could also arise where only the second type of section 69 violation is alleged and proved. As noted, here the case went to the jury based on appellant’s alleged violation of section 69 in the second manner

-- by use of force or violence at a time when t he officers were attempting to discharge their duties.15

was no evidence that appellant committed the lesser offense of resisti ng the
officers without the use of force or violence.
We find further support for our decision in People v. Carrasco (2008) 163 Cal.App.4th 978 , where the court found that “ if [the defendant] resisted the officers at all, he did so forcefully, thereby e nsuring no reasonable jury could have concluded he violated section 148, subdivision (a)(1) but not section 69. ” The
witnesses testified the defendant “ had to be physically taken to the ground by [a detective] because he refused to comply with

. . . repea ted orders to remove his hand from his duffle bag. ” ( Id . at p. 98 5 .) In addition, the defendant “ failed to comply with several officers ’ repeated orders to relax ” and “ to ‘ stop resisting ,’ ”
and “ continued to struggle ” with several officers. ( Id . at pp. 98 5

- 986 .) The
defendant “ continued to squirm ” and refuse to surrender his right hand until he was

pepper spray ed

. ( Id

. at p. 986. ) The court concluded “ the jury would have had no rational basis to conclude [the defendant] wrestled with the officer s , for which they convicted him of resisting or delaying an officer, but the struggle did not involve
force or violence

. . . . ” ( Ibid

. ; see also People v. Bernal (2013) 222 Cal.App.4th 512, 519 [violation of section 69 “need not involve any force or violence d irected toward the person of an executive officer”; “[the] force used by a defendant in resisting an officer’s attempt to restrain and arrest the defendant is sufficient to support a conviction.” (Italics deleted.) ]. ) In line with these authorities, we r eject appellant’s contention that giving the lesser included offense instruction was required.

C. Failure to Give Unanimity Instruction Sua Sponte
1. Background The jury was instructed on battery in violation of section 243, subdivision ( e )(1), as f

ollows: “To prove that the defendant is guilty of this crime, the People16

must prove that: [¶] 1. The defendant willfully and unlawfully touched Lisa Harstad in a harmful or offensive manner. And, [¶] 2. Lisa Harstad is the
defendant’s former cohabitant or person with whom the defendant currently has or previously had a dating relationship.” The jury was further instructed that “the slightest touching can be enough to commit a battery if it is done in a rude or angry way. Making contact with another per son, including through his or her clothing is enough. The touching does not have to cause pain or injury of any kind. The touching can be done indirectly by causing an object or someone else to touch the other person.” The court also instructed the juro rs that they could “find [the defendant] guilty of a lesser crime” if “convinced beyond a reasonable doubt that the defendant is guilty of that lesser crime.” The court explained that “ [ s ] imple battery is a lesser crime of battery against a spouse or coha bitant” and that

“ [ s ] imple assault is a lesser crime of battery against a spouse or cohabitant

. . . . ” The court did not give a unanimity instruction. As discussed, t he jury found appellant guilty of the lesser included offense of simple battery.

2. Analysis In closing argument, the prosecutor stated that the misdemeanor battery charge had been proven through evidence of multiple instances in which appellant
hit Harstad: “[T]he first [element] is that [appellant] willfully and unlawfully touched [H arstad] in a harmful and offensive manner. And that touching can be one of a multitude of things that happened during April 28. It could be the slap on
the face

. . . as her head hit the window when it happened in the car. It could be

. . . the punch as he punched her while she was sitting on the couch in her apartment being hit in the rib area. It could be any one of those instances.” Appellant contends the court prejudicially erred by failing to give a unanimity
instruction . For the reasons set forth below, w e agree.17

“ In a criminal case, a jury verdict must be unanimous. [Citations.]

. . . Additionally, the jury must agree unanimously the defendant is guilty of a specific
crime. [Citation.]” ( People v. Russo (2001) 25 Cal.4th 1124, 1132 , italic s deleted ; accord, People v. Thompson (1995) 36 Cal.App.4th 843, 850.) “ The unanimity requirement is constitutionally rooted in the principle that a criminal defendant is entitled to a verdict in which all 12 jurors concur, beyond a reasonable doubt, as t o each count charged .” ( People v. Brown (1996) 42 Cal.App.4th 1493, 1499

- 1 500 .)

“ ‘ [W]hen the accusatory pleading charges a single criminal act and the evidence shows more than one such unlawful act, either the prosecution must select the specific act rel ied upon to prove the charge or the jury must be instructed in the words of CALJIC No. 17.01 or 4.71.5 or their equivalent that it must unanimously agree beyond a reasonable doubt that defendant committed the same specific
criminal act.” ( People v. Thomps on , supra , at p. 850, quoting People v. Gordon (1985) 165 Cal.App.3d 839, 853 .) The prosecutor may make the selection in the opening statement to the jury or the closing argument. ( People v. Mayer (2003)
108 Cal.App.4th 403, 418

- 419; People v. Hawkins (2 002) 98 Cal.App.4th 1428, 1455.) “The duty to instruct on unanimity when no election has been made rests upon the court sua sponte.” ( People v. Melhado (1998) 60 Cal.App.4th 1529, 1534.) Here, the evidence could have supported t wo or possibl y three dist inct instances of battery that occurred at different times and places over the course of the day . The first incident occurred when appellant allegedly hit Harstad on her leg and head when they were in the car. The second occurred after the trip to the
li quor store and the return to Harstad’s apartment, when appellant punched her in
the ribs. The slap that Ramirez allegedly heard from outside the apartment may have been seen as corroborating the second incident or as a separate incident.18

Respondent ack nowledges that the prosecutor did not make an election at any point in the proceeding

. To the contrary , the prosecutor argued in closing that the jury was free to select among “one of a multitude of things that happened during April 28

. ” 9 Respondent cont ends, however, that the error in failing to give a unanimity instruction was harmless. Pointing to a split of authority over the standard to be appl ied in evaluating
the fail ure to give a unanimity instruction, respondent contends that we should apply t he standard of People v. Watson (1956) 46 Cal.2d 818, 836
, and reverse only if we find it reasonably probable that a result more favorable to the defendant
would have been reached in the absence of the error

. Alternatively, r espondent
asserts that even un der the standard of Chapman v. California (1967) 386 U.S. 18, 24, requiring reversal unless the error was harmless beyond a reasonable doubt, the
conviction should be affirmed. W e conclude that under neither standard was the

error harmless . The testimony of the witnesses was inconsistent. Although
Harstad testified that appellant slapped her head and leg while they were in the car,
she did not mention this incident in her interview with the de puties . Ramirez told
the de puties she heard the sound of a sl ap when appellant and Harstad were alone in the apartment , but at trial denied doing so . While Harstad was consistent about having been punch ed in the ribs , the jury not compelled to credit her testimony, and in light of the jury’s failure to convict on t he criminal threats counts, we

9 Respondent does not argue that the multiple acts over the course of the day represented a continuous course of conduct. ( See People v. Thompson (1984) 160 Cal.App.3d 220, 224 [ continu ous course of conduct exception to requirement that unanimity instruction be given “arises in two contexts”: “The first is when the acts are so closely connected that they form part of one and the same transaction, and thus one offense. [Citation.] The second is when

. . . the statute contemplates a continuous course of conduct of a series of acts over a period of time.”].)19

cannot say with certainty that it did. On this record, we cannot find the error harmless. Accordingly, the battery conviction must be reversed. 10

D. Partial Denial of Pitchess Motion
1. Background Prior to trial, app ellant moved the court pursuant to Pitchess
, supra , 11
Cal.3d 531, for discovery of any complaints of dishonestly, false reporting, false arrest, excessive force or other improper tactics described or contained in the personnel files of Deputy Sorrow and D eputy Day. His attorney’s declaration
stated : “[Appellant] says that Deputy Sorrow told Lourdes Ramirez , falsely, that he would let her out of jail if she said, falsely , that she saw [ appellant ] smoking speed and if she said, falsely
, that s he heard [ app ellant ] hit Lisa Harstad

. . . . ” The declaration further stated that after appellant told Deputy Day that he had back problems, including disk separation, Deputy Day put his knee in appellant’s back. Appellant also attached some of the deputies’ reports . Deputy Day’s report discussed questioning Ramirez about the violence between appellant and Harstad and appellant’s drug use. It noted that the entire interview was video recorded. Appellant argued that “[t]he credibility of [Deputy Sorrow and Deputy D ay] and Sgt. Zarris is the entirety of the case against [appellant] as far as the two felony counts of Resisting [an] Executive Officer. [¶] A history of dishonesty and using improper tactics would be relevant to impeach the officers and establish that th e officers acted in this case in conformity with a habit and custom to act outside the
law.”

10 Appellant also contends the battery conviction must be reversed because the court failed, sua sponte, to provide a definition of assault when i nstructing the jurors on the lesser included offense of simple assault. Because we reverse on another ground, we need not reach this contention.20

At the hearing, the court asked the basis for the motion, specifically, whether appellant was alleging improper contact, improper tactics, or excessive force wit h
reference to the charge of resisting an executive officer. Counsel responded that Deputy Day had allegedly put his knee in appellant’s back after hearing that appellant had back problems. The court agreed to conduct an in camera review of Deputy Day’s files with respect to any claims of excessive force only . With respect to Deputy Sorrow, the court inquired whether there was a declaration from
Ramirez . When counsel responded in the negative, the court found there was “no
sufficient cause” to conduct a n in camera inspection of Deputy Sorrow’s personnel
files.

2. Analysis Appellant contends the court erred in limiting Pitchess discovery to claims of excessive force against Deputy Day, and should instead have conducted in camera review of the person nel files of both Deputy Day and Deputy Sorr ow and provided discovery in all the requested areas. We find no error in the court’s ruling. Although police officer personnel records are generally confidential (§§ 832.7

- 832.8), a criminal defendant is enti tled to the discovery of the content s of such records if the information contained therein is relevant to his ability to obtain a fair trial or to defend against pending charges. ( Pitchess
, supra , 11 Cal.3d at pp. 536

- 538.) The process by which a crimina l defendant may discover personnel records is codified in Evidence Code sections 1043 to 1045. Initially, the defendant must submit a motion accompanied by an affidavit or declaration “showing good cause for the discovery or disclosure sought” and “settin g forth the materiality thereof to the subject matter involved in the pending litigation.” (Evid. Code, § 1043, subd. (b)(3).) In other words, “ a showing of good cause requires a21

defendant seeking Pitchess discovery to establish

. . . a logical link betw een the defense proposed and the pending charge, [and] to articulate how the discovery being sought would support such a defense or how it would impeach the officer’s version of events.” ( Warrick v. Superior Court (2005) 35 Cal.4th 1011, 10 21 ( Warrick ).) “If the trial court finds good cause for the discovery, it reviews the pertinent documents in chambers and discloses only that information falling within the statutorily defined standards of relevance.” ( Warrick
, supra , 35 Cal.4th at
p. 1019 .) Appella t e courts review a trial court’s decision on the discoverability of material in police personnel files under an abuse of discretion standard. ( Alford v. Superior Court (2003) 29 Cal.4th 1033, 1039 .) Although the threshold for establishing entitlement to Pitchess discovery is low, it is a burden the defendant must meet. The declaration in support of the
Pitchess motion “ must propose a defense or defenses to the pending charges
, ” “articulate how the discovery sought may lead to relevant evidence or may its elf be admissible direct or impeachment evidence [citations] that would support those proposed defenses
, ” and “describe a factual scenario supporting the claimed officer
misconduct.” ( Warrick
, supra , 35 Cal.4th at p. 1024.) The trial court hearing a
Pitc hess motion may consider, along with the supporting declaration, police reports, witness statements and other pertinent documents. ( Id . at p. 1025.) Where the supporting declaration fails to establish a plausible factual foundation for the alleged office r misconduct when read in light of the other pertinent documents, the motion should be denied. ( Ibid .; People v. Hill (2005) 131 Cal.App.4th 1089,
1099 , disapproved in part on another ground in People v. French (2008) 43 Cal.4th
36 .) Here, the supporti ng declaration stated that Deputy Day used excessive force against appellant after appellant told the deputy of his back problems
, potentially22

providing a defense to the charges of resisting an executive officer . Appellant presented no factual basis in hi s moving papers for discovery of any other
information about Deputy Day. Accordingly, the trial court did not abuse its
discretion in limit ing the discoverable information pertinent to Deputy Day

. With respect to Deputy Sorrow, appellant ’s counsel’s decl aration merely
asserted that appellant claimed Deputy Sorrow had tricked Ramirez into giving a statement against him. There was no indication appellant or his counsel had personal knowledge of Deputy Sorrow’s discussions with Ramirez. The attached report s indicated that Ramirez’s entire interview in which she made statements implicating appellant was video recorded. On the record before it, t he trial court could reasonably conclude there was insufficient factual support for the contention
that Deputy Sor row tricked or coerced Ramirez into making false statements implicating him. On this record
, we conclude the court did not abuse its discretion in finding the contentions regarding Deputy Sorrow unsupported.

E

. Pitchess Review As discussed, t he court conducted an in camera review of Deputy Day’s personnel file. It found no discoverable items. Appellant requests that we independently review the trial court’s conclusion. We have reviewed the sealed transcript of the in camera hearing ( People v. Mooc ( 2001) 26 Cal.4th 1216, 1229), and conclude there is no basis to disturb the court’s ruling on the Pitchess motion.23 DISPOSITION The conviction under count five for battery is reversed. In all other respects the judgment is affirmed. The matter is reman ded for further proceedings consistent with this opinion

. NOT TO BE PUBLISHED IN THE OFFICIAL REPORTS

MANELLA, J.

We concur:

WILLHITE, Acting P. J.

COLLINS, J.