OFFICIAL HANDBO

OF THE

PANAMA CAN

Special Edition for the Officer

Enlisted Men of the Atlantic F

during their Visit to the Isthmus i

THE SECRETARY ANCON, COMMISSION COMPILED OF CANAL 1913 THE BYISTHMIAN ZON
Janatna Qt

(tfficiaI @jandb

ZONE

tiroi H Iattt 
PLATE A

- E ft000 HGOhOI . ont of iE oovotion 0* -Gold +5,1

ATLANTIC DIVISION o CENTRAL DIVISION PACIFIC DIVISION

.___ ._. . _ __ - - . M-L-S - _____- -- IMILES -

- - _j| 0 0 Q Ut)0

-- D 0 tt-- 2 ( _ < _j0 0 C) Eon Lo 

A/f Totw'o between Gtiean and tiorgona abandoned owing oa O to 1fivo

tofodtng of La/to Gatun *-

< tOJO Eastoids Worteo 

< v of Cr of Cut of Cut lo Towed 5orfac of 5oWaten Ed Iv. +8L 11

ATLANTIC OCEAN --- PACIFIC OCEAN

m -a So. Le-j_ ---. - ------- -5.6 L . I 

r---4.T T an l 

-L I -I t t I t r:Sn hd~ttoro o s ProposeI BoIo Ep | r.

« Alantic Division PROFILE OFGCANAL

1?.nonf9 Exc.vatd by Ameri.,s

--- so8eoa9,tt - - 1,--0.07000 Foo 49tin 0o oOG-.5Jtoo,0o-0,-o157G677-- 0 500G 0G - - JJ7 3 1 Y 0+ 003 -10

- Central Division _to+'C' Ya- b. Fre

- +,5 Rae o osoo-.4--. - - - 00/00+0:0 E0 Ye. ___ - -- 1 +-y Frencho

Pacific Division Rrores v 9 0

Eicavation

All Divi~ions axn, .,f- Nov,1, ISIE - Last FisGoI Yva,
CONTENTS 

Caisson Gates--------- --.-. 

Canal Appropriations and Expenditures.-----. 4

Canal, Breakwaters------------------------

3

Canal, Dimensions.---------. --------

5

Canal, Distances Saved by.------.------------

Canal Force, Quarters, etc--------------------

4

Canal, Lighting System.--- --------------

3

Canal, Profile---------------- -------------

Canal, Map-------------------.(Opposite la

p

Canal, Permanent Structures .- -----

4

Canal Statistics.----------------------------

4

Canal Zone.---.------.-----------------

4

Culebra Cut, Profile.-------------------------

3

Culebra Cut, Cross Section-.-.-- 

3

Dam, Gatun -------------------------.----

7

Dam, Gatun, Cross Section-------------------

Dam, Gatun Diagram of Spillway. 

Dam, Gatun, Hydroelectric Station -------

Dam, Gatun, Spillway and Locks-------------

Dam, Gatun, Sp'llway and Locks, Diagram of 

Dams on Pacific Side__.-_--------------------

1

Drilling and Blasting.---------- ---

3

Electiic Control ot Lock Machinery-.-- 

Emergency Dam-.-.---.---.-. -----.

2

Equipmen----------------------------------

5

Excavation.--------------------------------

3

Food, Clothing, etc---------------- ---------

4

French Equipment, etc., Value of--------------

4

Gate-moving Machinery.--.---. ----.---. 

Lake, Gatun, Diagram of Elevation---.-.

Lake, Gatun, Water Supply. ----------------

_

1

Lake, Miraflores--------.------_--------------

1

Locks-------------------------------------

1

Locks, Cross Section---- -------------------

Locks, Electric Control---------------------

2

Steam Towing Vessel Wet Locks, Rangeelocated Slides Gate Breakwater and Shovel passing Towing Wall Light Protective Locomotive------------. Panama Breaks----------------------------Operating Comparison-------------------Towers..----------- and Locomotives. through Devices--------------------Lighthouse-.--.--.--.--Train Railroad. Machine, Locks.------ Capacity--- Diagram ----------------------------of----.-.--------- 23423
4 CANAL STATISTICS

Length from deep water to deep water (miles

5

Length.from shore-line to shore-line (miles) _

4

Bottom width of channel, maximum (feet).-----

Bottom width of channel, minimum, 9 m

in Culebra Cut (feet).-- --------------------

3

Locks, in pairs.--------.-----------------.---

Locks, usable length (feet). -------------------

Locks, usable width (feet) -------------------

Gatun Lake, area (square miles). ----------------

_ 

Gatun Lake, channel depth (feet). -----------

8

t

4

Culebra Cut, channel depth (feet) ------

4

Excavation, Canal Proper, estimated total (c

yards) -- ----------.--------------------

2

Excavation, Permanent Structures, estimated (c

yards)----------.------------------------- 8

Excavation, grand total, estimated (cubic yard

2

Excavation, Due to Slides and Breaks, estim

(cubic yards) about. ------------------

2

Excavation accomplished January 1, 1913, (

yards).------------- ----------------

Excavation, Remaining, Canal Proper, Januar

1913, (cubic yards)----------------------

2

Excavation by the French (cubic yards)------

7

Excavation by French, useful to present C

(cubic yards)------ -----------------

2

Excavation by French, estimated value to Can

Value of all French property-----------------

$

Concrete,, total estimated for Canal (cubic yards

5

Time of transit through completed Canal (hour

t

Time of passage through locks (hours).-------

Relocated Panama Railroad, total cost----------

Relocated Panama Railroad, length (miles)--------

4

Canal Zone, area (square miles)--------------------

4

Canal and Panama Railroad force actually at w

(about)---.-- - ------------------------- 3

Canalost Work Date (about)------------------------------------ of of begun and Canal, official by Panama estited opening.-- Americans-----,--- Railroad totaL--------- -----------force, Amer----5M4J
THE PANAMA CANAL 5

THE Panama Canal does not, as is q

thought, cross the Isthmus from east to 

A

i

shown on the accompanying map, its gen

is from northwest to southeast, the Pa

near Panama being about 221 miles east o

t

A

entrance near Colon. It is a lake cana

lock canal, its dominating feature being 

L

a great body of water covering about 16

m

and occupying the northern half of that p

t

Isthmus through which the Canal passe

is an elevated body of water with a surfac

m

tained at from 85 to 87 feet above sea 

b

t

Gatun Dam and locks on the Atlan

the Pedro Miguel Locks and Dam on t

P

side. (Plate B.) The Culebra Cut is rea

the lake. On both Atlantic and Pacific 

t

i

an approach channel, which is an inlet o

t

tending from deep water in the sea up t

the locks which lift vessels to the lev

t

through which they are to pass.

The entire length of the Canal from 

in the Atlantic to deep water in the Pa

i

50 miles. Its length from shore-line to 

i

about 40 miles. In passing through 

t

Atlantic to the Pacific, a vessel will enter t

channel in Limon Bay, which has a b

of 500 feet and extends to Gatun, a 

about 7 miles. At Gatun it will ente

three locks in flight and be lifted 85 fee

t

of Gatun Lake. It may steam at full s

t

and proach mum this in Obispo, Miguel. feet salevel, to cific pass channel bottom Miraflores. width, laketo behrough through tidal a channel lowered whre with small There and i width for oscillation a a the will a channel a it channel lake, There on it tobottom distance of Cut, will pass will sealevel, the 500 at isenter a enter it varying through Atlantic anbout 21 distance feet. willidth feet, of elevation the a passing enter about lock 81 will The thisfrom of Culebra side, of miles and 300 aboutw be for deptof 24 out 1,00whe41 in b5aflmttBmitP3miitPttmm
PedroA7igU/

GatunLoc<s ______-i,,Wat +'8 -oWade, P o? lock

+51-731 -40 S/+7 -- G n

Atlintlc QcEdn 5db' 5, i-/3, s/o 5Ib+!j - Iac,/,c OCW'n

Co/-n HghAdeL - /1a Sea el'_

7LATE sI------ 3ASO3-WIN LAEEEVAION -Tt,,/IL engt, a/ Canad SG1 24 -/(?S.boot) 

PLATE B'--DIAGRAM SHOWING LAKE ELEVATION.
THE PANAMA CANAL 

tide, and on the Pacific side, where 

oscillation is 21 feet, the depth will be 4

tide. The mean sealevel in both oce

Throughout the first 15 miles fro

width of the Lake channel will be 1,00

4 miles it will be 800 feet, and for 4 m

northern entrance of Culebra Cut a

will be 500 feet. The depth will var

4

feet. The water level in the Cut wi

b

Lake, the depth 45 feet.

Three hundred feet is the minimum b

of the Canal. This width begins ab

h

above Pedro Miguel locks and extend

through Culebra Cut, with the excep

angles the channel is widened suffici

thousand-foot vessel to make the tur

h

eight angles, or about one to every 

foot widths are only on tangents betw

basins at the angles. The smallest o

70 36', and the largest 300.

In the whole Canal there are 22 

curvature being 6000 51'. Of this cur

are measured to the right, going south

4

the left. The sharpest curve occurs a

is 670 10'.

GATUN DAM

The Gatun Dam, which forms 

L

impounding the waters of the Cha

butaries, crest, wide the mal the water 105 Chagres reservoir. feet,ormed by Dam, feet top, hydraulic high level or at nearly hd and of above one-fifteenth, and Valley the is of hills a Of of placed nearly the natural its water 4 mean 85 process on the mile crest so Lake. to either as total between sea 11 87 surface, mixture wide will to will from feet.Itisinrealitya miles level: convert length side be at be pits fnished two The of about exposed its or oflong, sand the of 20 basethe abovlargintethfevm1a4hbr
rim--

>/

z~ P.,

AT /A.

~ ~K '(
WaterLevel - - - ~- ~ -- - -

-- - - - - ------------- --- --- y

d~eo,-.g'e-.-.cI iaol.eve Rek. p-u., .,.o,.,Min d.nyjed

--- ------------------ 4---------- - ------------- -------------------------- -- --------

PLATE D CROSS SECTiON GATUN DAM

AFILU

. *-F __F F F F

PLATE E-CRO3S SECTION OF LOCK CHAMBERS AND WALLS OF LOOKS

A-Passageway for operators. E-These culvets 2un under the lock floor G-Culverts in sidewalls.

B-Gallety for electric wircs. and alternate with those from side walls. HI-Lateral culverts.

C-Drainage gallery. F-Tels opening Jfon late al culverts into

D-Culvert in center walls. lock chamber.
JO GATUN DAM

and miscellaneous material obtained f

shovel excavation at various points alt

The top and upstream slope will bt

riprapped. The entire Dam will cont

000,000 cubic yards of material. (Pl

D

SPILLWAY, GATUN DAM

The Spillway is a concrete lined cha

f

long and 285 feet wide cut through a hilrn

in the center of the Dam, the bottom bf

above sealevel at the upstream end 

t

sealevel at the toe. Across the upl

opening of this channel a concrete dam h

b

in the form of an arc of a circle making il

feet although it closes a channel with a w

285 feet. The crest of the dam will be 

f

sea level, or 16 feet below the normal l

t

l

which is 85 feet above sea level. On t

t

dam there will be 13 concrete piers w

t

115.5 feet above sealevel, and betwet

will be mounted regulating gates of th

t

Each gate will be of steel sheathing on 

f

girders and will move up and down o

r

t

in niches in the piers. They will be 

w

sealing devices to make them water-tig

M

for moving the gates are designed to r

l

them in approximately ten minutes. T

h

level to which it is intended to allow t

l

t

r

located through of is level sons. lation than River Adjacent 87 the feet willthe lock gates during HYDROELECTRIC With a turbines maximum above hydroelectric be machinery, to will maintained a the the flood. permit sealevel, lake north 6,000 known machine (Plate of station at wall kilowatts continously STATION and a that discharge discharge F.) of it capable shops, is the elvatprofor AT spodotwtrwtwbt
6/1

L~~ ---- --

* ~Concrete /'thick

Courtesy 6f "T PLATE he Panama F-SPILLWAY Guide" 1 OF GATUN DAM
b8

A - 2.250k n, water turbine

B-2.000k w generator 

C- Reactance

0- Gentratorinstrument IransformerS

E- Generator switches

F - Bus I

G- Bus 2.

H - Circuit switche.s

J 0- L- N Ra P Ur7- -----l'cnstoc - Circuit 30 First Cable Low Drafl Ma %Sec.Sgailery ton water gllery fl Vault. T-ube. crane. instrument or k. (el (el. (el. (el. t + 7)transformers 33 40.05) *- 25)55 PLATE 35) G-HYOROELECTRIO (12) STATION
HYDROELECTRIC STATION AT G

handling plant, batteries, and for the li

locks and Zone towns and, if desirable, 

railroad. The building will be constru

crete and steel, and will be of a design 

a permanent power house in a tropical c

dimensions will be such as to permit th

of three 2,000-kilowatt units, and prov

made for a future extension of three add

units. It will be rectangular in shape, an

one main operating floor, with a turbin

galleries for electrical equipment. The b

the machinery and electrical equipmen

out upon the unit principle, each unit 

an individual head gate, penstock, gov

oil-switch, and control panel.

Water is to be taken from Gatun Lake

of which will vary with the seasons f

feet above sealevel, through a foreba

be constructed as an integral part o

portion of the north spillway approach 

the forebay the water will be carried to 

through three steel plate penstocks, ea

average length of 350 feet. The entr

closed by cast iron headgates and bar iro

The headgates will be raised and lo

dividual motors which will be geared to 

attached to the gate castings. The drivi

and the motors will be housed in a s

gatehouse erected upon the forebay wall 

constructed addition the headgates, comprising surface will contain eight kept Gatun gate have constantly or of about recesses of WATER nine Lake the anthree and 1,320 for ivater area 183 months will and provision full more the SUPPLY square billion of is trash impound by about at present units. of the 85 cubic miles. racks. the will OF feet 164 prevailing GATUN (Plate the year, requiremfeet be above square (See The made watof G.) Magatthe sewLrm
14 WATER SUPPLY OF GATUN L

sequently a surplus will need to be st

three or four months of the dry season. 

run-off of water in the basin during the 

as measured at Gatun, was that of th

1912, which was about 132 billion cubic f

to that year the smallest run-off of re

-billion cubic feet. In 1910 the run-off w

cubic feet, or a sufficient quantity to fi

and a half times. The low record of 191

as showing the effect which a simila

occuring after the opening of the Cana

upon its capacity for navigation. A

the Gatun Lake was at elevation plus 

ginning of the dry season on December 

the hydroelectric plant at the Gatun 

in continuous operation, and that 48 l

were being made, the elevation of the 

reduced to its lowest 'point, plus 79.5, 

at the close of the dry season, after w

continuously rise. With the water a

Gatun Lake there would be 39 feet of w

Cut, which would be ample for nav

water surface of the lake will be main

the rainy season at 87 feet above sea 

the minimum channel depth in the C

As navigation can be carried on with 

of water, there will be stored for the dr

plus over 7 feet of water. Making d

for evaporation, seepage, leakage at th

power sages or asne ployed. than number on navigation The per 000,000 sels of would about16,582,000. the pr lock lockage. would average daily consumption, American of day, tons. be 58 toThis lockages through of usually lockages the be 1910, with number would possible Thee other side the which a through the Suez this a freight total through be was case, day of locks, in wouldas a Canal ships a 39 tonnage when the and larger single carried using about per the Sault when be passed passed partial day centrnumbthem day. ampleighfor Stecrowin t
DAMS ON PACIFIC SIDE 

The water level of Gatun Lake, extend

the Culebra Cut, will be maintained at t

by an earth dam connecting the locks at P

with the high ground to the westward, 

feet long, with its crest at an elevation of 1

mean tide. A concrete core wall, cont

700 cubic yards, will connect the locks w

to the eastward; this core wall will res

the rock surface and is designed to pr

lation through the earth, the surface of w

the Lake level.

A small lake between the locks at Pedro 

Miraflores will be formed by dams connec

of Miraflores locks with the high ground o

The dam to the westward will be of earth

feet long, having its crest about 15 feet abo

in Miraflores Lake. The east dam will be 

containing about 75,000 cubic yards; will 

feet long, and will form a spillway for Mir

with crest gates similar to those at the 

the Gatun Dam.

THE LOCKS

There will be 6 double locks in the 

pairs in flight at Gatun, with a combined 

one pair at Pedro Miguel, with a lift of 

two pairs at Miraflores, with a combine

feet at mean tide. The usable dimensio

face they surface middle leaving 44 a Each concrete, will be face "U," the tunnel The 60 fet same-a narrow of will- are which feet lock side the culvert, wide of a 8 divided be and space wid, the floor;eet willals wi from vertical. length at mitering floor, wide be down theis approximately be will a into a point of 19 top. andt chamber, wall be 1,000 theree At feet the gates perpendicular 45 24" 15 will In center a top. to feet, wide feet stories, point feet this at 50 with dvide 81 and each above The feetabove much at center feet 421 walls or widtthe widmenditon higafethlit
- no C

PLATE H-SIDE WALL OF LOCKS COMPARED WIT

(16)
THE LOCKS 

lowest gallery will be for drainage; the m

ft

wires that will carry the electric curren

t

t

gate and valve machinery installed in t

w

and the upper will be a passageway fo

t

(Plate E.) 

The lock gates will be steel structu

f

thick, 65 feet long, and from 47 to 82 f

h

T

will weigh from 390 to 730 tons each

N

leaves will be required for the entire C

t

weighing 60,000 tons. The leaves are 

tural steel covered with a sheathing o

r

to the girder framework. Each leaf i

h

zontally into two separate compartme

T

l

er compartment is watertight, for t

p

making the leaf so buoyant that it w

p

float in the water and thus largely re

t

upon the bearings by which it is hing

t

w

This watertight compar tm2nt is subdiv

v

into three sections, each independently 

that if the shell should be broken in 

begin to leak, only one section would p

b

affected. An air shaft 26 :nches in 

r

from the bottom compartment up to t

t

gate, and this also is watertight wh

i

p

through the upper half of the leaf.

Intermediate gates will be used in 

pair of the locks, in order to save w

t

if desired, in locking small vessels t

t

gates being so placed as to divide t

l

i

The to ofhe and to divided der lower chambers five are mdiate the The 10 theordinary less Canal omission these per waters feet locks, M upper level highest R than between cent gates. above 26256---2 locks 600 are and of conditions, locks 600 and of those are thMiraflores gates mean the the The feet th the is 400 the Pacific, range greater vssls of tipper sea long. intermediate and feet total only the all lvel. of long, the should Lake, however, than lowerift and ones navigating tide highest respectiFurtherfrom lower is which the 542 be locks gatefrom of elom

N

thlMhnilfiluvitfbtbit
18 THE LOCKS

The combined result is that the volume 

lock is less than that of the upper whe

higher than about two feet below mean 

lock is incapable of receiving the full c

entire upper lock without causing an ov

walls and gates. A portion of the wa

upper lock must be wasted through the 

cross-emptied into the twin lock. To 

waste as much as practicable, the volume 

locks has been enlarged by increasing the 

walls and gates to 82 feet which is the m

sistent with economy and safety in con

In the construction of the locks, it is e

there will be used approximately 4,200,00

of concrete, requiring about the same num

of cement.

The locks will be filled and emptied th

tem of culverts. One culvert 254 sq. ft. in 

section, about the area of the Hudson R

of the Pennsylvania railroad, (Plate 

the entire length of each of the middle a

and from each of the large culverts, ther

smaller culverts 33 to 44 sq. ft. in area, w

under the floor of the lock and communicate

chambei through holes in the floor. The l

are controlled at points near the miter ga

valves and each of the small culverLs exten

middle wall feeds in both directions thro

thus permitting the passage of water from 

will dstributes en ace lower to and upper lateral floor valves (See The tire To another, be the also in into fill horizontal lock end pool depth 40 at culverts the lower "Electric a feet the lock the or ae chamber the through effecting of in valves pool upper lock opened the water water areand saltControl in valves whenchamber. water of closed. theence end a a over as the and saving similar largee at evenly it lock of andthe is therough the The Lock closed beingculverts and of 414miteranner. To tipper watr water water. as Machireducefeet emptfilled and possthe sills eninflin fl
THE LOCKS 

The average time in filling and emptying 

he about fifteen minutes, without opening 

so suddenly as to create disturbing curre

locks or approaches. The time required 

p

vessel through all the locks is esflimated at 3 h

hour and a half in the three locks at Gatun

the same time in the three locks on Whe P

The time of passage of a vessel through 

Canal is estimated as ranging from 10 to 1

h

cording to the size of the ship, and the ra

at which it can travel.

GATE-MOVING MACHINERY

The machinery for opening and closing 

gates was invented in the office of the Ass

Engineer by Edward Schildhauer, Ele

Mechanical Engineer, and a patent has bee

it. It is the subject of the illustration h

(Plate I.) It consists essentially of a 

to which is fastened one end of a strLut or con

r

the other end of which is fastened co a 

The wheel moved through an arc of 197 deg

or opens the gate leaf, according to the d

which it is turned. One operation takes 

The crank gear is a combination of gear an

constructed of cast steel, is 19 feet 2 inc

meter, and weighs approximately 35,00

p

rim into crete. is electric at upper cienc being It turns remotely is driven a in mounted a center ton perfectly locks. four heavy The either motor a through controlled places larg cank-gear control in close A cating in automatic. a simple center a horizontal by a or house cntiguous train by rollers. open anchored has pull an pin, ofa near operator gear 700-ton of position gears and The a room. securely the teeth small is center and gate, suppolower who on on swpinTh

th

thptkr
* g

4.0,

- 4 ," 

PLATE I-LOCK GATE OPERATING MACHINE SHOWING RELATION OF BULL WHEEL TO STRUT AND GA TE

(A) Strut or Connecting Rod. (B) Bcd Plate. (C) Bearing Wheel.

(20)
TOWING LOCOMOTIVES 2

No ship will be allowed to pass throug

t

under its own power, bu t will be towed thro

b

tric locomotives operating on tracks on the 

The system of towing provides for the pass

t

the locks of a ship at the rate of 2 mil

h

The number of locomotives will vary w

t

of the vessel. The usual number requi

b

4: 2 ahead, 1 on each wall, imparting m

t

vessel, and 2 astern, 1 on each wall, to aid i

k

the vessel in a central position and to bri

itr

when entirely withn the lock chamber. 

J

and K.) They will be equipped with a slip 

t

ing windlass and hawser which will permi

t

line to be taken in or paid out without ac

m

of the locomotive on the track. The loco

run on a level except when in passing fro

to another they climb heavy grades. Tb

two systems of tracks, one for towing, and t

the return of the locomotives when not to

towing tracks will have center racks or cogs t

and the locomotives will always operate 

tr

when towing. At the incline between lock

tr

tracks will a1sD have rack rails, but el

t

locomotives will run by friction. The onl

between the towing and return tracks wil

b

end of the locks, and there will be no sw

n t

rack rail.

PROTECTIVE DEVICES safeguard the upper end gates the 24,098 towing stretched opposing pass, Several First. guardates of from locks, the each pounds, locomotives. Fender walls, under the chain across gates,protective being flight and gates will and will intshe chains, rammed intermediate of front in own when he locks. be lock thedevices In placed lowred steam of 24 locks. chamber by operation, it the They is in adesired on guard and have ship number, or into the will by from safety that a been gates up-st

escaptheo prevgrooeamalthttttbttm
Designed by 17 L. G. Perry

PLATE J-VESSEL PASSING THROUGH LOOKS
AACourtesy of "Popular Alechanics"PLATE K-TOWING '93) LOCOMOTIVE
24 PROTECTIVE DEVICES

the purpose in the lock floor. It will be r

after the ship passes. The raising and low

accomplished from both sides by mechani

in chambers or pits in the lock walls. Thi

will consist of a hydraulically operated 

cylinders, so that 1 foot of movement by t

will accomplish 4 feet by the chain. If a 

a pressure of more than 750 pounds to the 

should run into the fender, the chain will b

p

gradually by an automatic release unti

t

comes to a stop. Thus, a 10,000-ton s

r

at 4 knots an hour, after striking the fe

b

brought to a stop within 73 feet, which i

t

the distance which will separate the cha

t

gate.

Second. Double gates will be provided 

t

trances to all the locks and at the lowe

t

upper lock in each flight, the guard gate 

p

protecting the lower gate from ramming 

which might possibly get away from the t

motives and break through the fender cha

Third. A dam of the movable type cal

gency dam (Plate L) will be placed in t

h

b

above the upper locks of each flight for t

p

of checking the flow of water through t

case of damage, or in case it should be 

t

make repairs, or to do any work in the 

would necessitate the shutting off of all 

the lake levels. Each dam will be const

tier wicketater ends theydown will steel use When the bridge floor. the spanning channel side resting lock. thenwill truss resting to one thwill After girders. wall a afford be dam at height then A bridge on with the the lowered, in of a series is the be time the iron girders runways width These usd its of of lowered side of 10 lock end the closing pckets and theof feet. wicket have gtes wall resting cantilever approach, the for bidge so into the been Another parallel gates Canal on will embedded girders the on will until spaces lowereform channwhich and the type, and be toserhithcd

p

tttitphbthtp
Emergency Dam is shown closed with Wicket Girders and some Gates Emergency Dam is shown open with Wicket Girders and Gates

lowered in place. raised.

- - - -92

/0

/ I7 T /ASQ

6 J /56 /50 -200

PLATE L-EMERGENCY DAM5 AT MIRAFLORES LocKs

A-Operator's House E-Gates K--Hoiizontal Trass

B--Concrete Counterw eight F-Gider-Hoisting Machinery M-Sill

C--Center Beaiing G-Gate-Hosting Machinery

D-Wicket Girders H--Quadrant
26 PROTECTIVE DEVICE

structed from the bottom upward,co

the channel. When the dam has ch

t

m

flow, the remainder, due to the cleara

b

t

vertical sides of the gates, may be che

b

steel pipes between the sides of the 

p

These dams will be operated in th

m

and the machinery for operating is, th

i

t

classes, gate-moving, raising and low

t

w

girders, and hoisting the gates on t

driven by electric motors.

CAISSON GATES

To permit examining, cleaning, p

r

pairing the lower guard gates of the l

t

Stoney gates of the Spillway dam, a

f

i

the dry to the sills of the emergency 

i

p

posed to provide floating caisson gate

t

m

ship type. When their use is requir

t

will be towed into position in the fore

t

u

lock, above the emergency dam, or b

t

p

of the Spillway, and sunk. The caisso

w

b

ped with electric motor driven pumps f

u

i

p

ing out the caissons and for unwateri

t

l

ELECTRIC CONTROL OF LOCK M

The gates, valves, and fender cha

t

l

and operations, will from control Pedro through close to and by Water Thefill one be one lower to a the and operated is Miguel, central station man control tow half thelet miter empty fenderexcept in the at to lcks to point; for a gates five system by and thevessel lock chains switchboard. each electricity, it that million lock Miraflores. weighing will chambers that of through weighing of for chambers the btowing, is, cubic Gatun series and necessathere from cntathe fet 24,0remIn or of wLwlblpt3t7ftwtrpAtbitwf
ELECTRIC CONTROL OF LOCK MA

them by means of culverts under the lo

connect with larger culverts in the loc

which water is carried from the high

levels. The main supply culverts are 

eter, and the flow of water through th

by rising-st m gate valves, which can 

opened or closed in one minute. In 

the culvert feeds both lock chambers

at each outlet into the lateral culverts 

of the cylindrical type, in order that w

into or withdrawn from either cham

complete opening or closing of these cy

takes ten seconds. The miter gates a

or closed with a head of water on eithe

the chambers being first emptied or fil

the valve and culvert system. The 

either to open or close the miter gate 

A ship to be raised to the lake level 

full stop in the forebay of the lower lo

be towed through one of the duplicate 

towing locomotives. The water in 

chamber will be equalized with the se

after which the miter gates will be ope

chain lowered and the vessel passed 

chamber, where the water is at sea le

miter gates will be closed. The rising s

at the outlet of the main culverts will 

those above will be opened, allowing 

from an upper level into the lower c

when filled, will raise the vessel 281 fee

devices. level. and to Athe chains, to valves. motion thise the miter, Gatun previous number locks, upper fullor This operate twice In open th height in itall, operation locks may condition during main the will and 6 nofbe pairs until passing supply less 85 be close eachincreased will feet off necessary than lockage the miter 8 culverts, be above of pairs 98 gates, repeated to ship agates motor143, of the largof to ana hvrl
28 ELECTRIC CONTROL OF LOCK M

Each gate leaf, valve, and fender chai

by a separate motor mounted near the 

chambers in the lock wall, the motors ac

suitable gears (or pump in the fender ch

various machines. In each machinery chb

erected a starting panel containing c

which current will be applied to the mo

panels will in turn be controlled from a 

the central control house. Some of th

chambers at Gatun will be 2,700 feet dis

point of control; 90 per cent of them wb

2,000 feet, and 50 per cent of the total 

feet.

The station from which control will b

over the movement of all the machines w

b

center wall at the lower end of the up

locks at Gatun, and similarly placed at P

and Miraflores. It will be in a building r

enough above the top of the wall to all

locomotive to pass under, a height of 16 

command an uninterrupted view of ever

p

locks. In this house will be a double c

b

duplicated to conform to the duplicati

The control board will be in the nature 

b

table, 32 inches above the floor, containin

r

tation, parc model and part diagramm

flight of locks controlled by the respect

switches. Standing at his switchboard 

will throw the switches, and will see b

model or diagram the progress of the f

The that middle 30 inch the bers. together themselves scale as the the fet they board gradual cylindrical board by the will at main The of inch, rise with operator Gatun, in it, be must swiches rise in and the culverts the and allowed, their valves, the or same opening not fall, andthemay fall indicators, lock be proportionally at length the controlling relative to ofand, every o be andmovement give the walls.ble in of closing 4 water position stage, room addition, the will feettothe Some board in beatreach off for the varias the withe thmb
ELECTRIC CONTROL OF LOCK MA

2

The system will be interlocking, s

t

c

motors can not be started in a certain 

u

other motors are operated in a pro

m

t

obtain consistent operation on the who

t

any undesirable or dangerous combi

it

positions of valves, gates, or fender c

I

t

way and by the use of limit switches t

f

ot

personal equation in operating the mac

i

r

to a minimum, almost mechanical acc

b

tained. Before the operating pair of v

i

t

main culverts can be opened, at least on

po

v

at the other ends of the locks, both upstr

d

stream, must first be closed. This lim

to the act of equalizing water levels b

l

and keeps him from allowing water to f

the lake level to the middle lock past t

u

l

thus preventing a possible flooding of th

lw

machinery rooms. Interlocks, devoted t

c

of action between t'he gate valves in th

mc

and the miter gates,'prevenc valves b

lock length above or below a miter gate w

ib

opened or closed, and thus prevent an 

c

ing a flow of water while the miter 

b

moved. Interlocks for the cylindrical v

ing the openings from the center wall c

t

lateral culverts will keep those of one s

c

closed at all times, except when it ma

b

d

t

cross-fill the chambers, when they may b

b

special procedure. An interlock preven

t

from miter-forcing starting machine. to open a miter The gate miter befor

u

t

vent gaI aate be cee(l lapseowred, fenderte.thrown can at, such of the memory chain and be a in same mistake closed, the this must chain time. when order, or be asmore opened leaving must it Thebut should exactly be simple the before the raised be operachain inteup gatthe thabcbbtmpwpdttpt
30 LIGHTING THE CANAL

The general scheme of lighting and b

t

Canal contemplates the use of range light

t

e

direction on the longer tangents and o

l

spaced about 1 mile apart to mark eac

o

t

channel. The range lights are omitted i

C

Cut, where their use is hardly practicable

o f

of the shorter tangents on the remainder o

t

C

In the Cut there will be placed three bea

e

angle, and between these intermediate b

i

pairs on each side of the Canal. By k

h

ship pointed midway between these beac

t

p

will be able to adhere closely to the c

o

t

Canal. At each tangent it is necessary t

h

t

ranges of two lights each to prolong the 

l

i

order that the pilot may hold his course up t

p

of turning. These range lights will be situ

o

l

There will be three types constructed, as s

b

t

cuts herewith, all of reinforced concrete 

M

The more elaborate structures will be u

o

t

Gatun locks and dam and in the Atlantic 

P

Divisions, where they are closer to the sa

l

o

the vessels, while simpler structures will b

p

i

the Gatun Lake, where they are under l

c

o

servation. A light and fog signal on the w

b

water in Limon Bay is also included, (P

P

a light on the east breakwater, should i

b

The illuminants will be gas and electrici

t

l

being used whenever the light is sufficient

For the floating buoys, and for the towers 

b

which adopted. which position heavy lighted charged. according to nautical pressed floating above be Pacific 15,000 those are supports the chain entrances, for body along marking acetylene miles. candlepower. The in The to water six inaccessible the and candlepower or buoys the to the length level. a they tank,he The edge concrete twelve dissolved lens will sea being of beacons surmounted The ofplaces, at channels be the months of the sinker, a visible composed most buoys the range, heiht in the drdged and iange acetone at powerffrom and witho

system will by from of the gas

of ligshaabc

u

c

hbcffmibrbrwv2lwAtl
FIG. 3--SEACON FOR C

O

FIG I---ATLANTIC PLATE AND M-RANGE PACtFIC SECTIONS LIGHT (a:)TOWERS AND FIG. 2---GATUBEACO
32 LIGHTING THE CANAL

will have about 850 candlepower. Wh

used throughout, and, in order to elim

bility of confusing the lights with one a

the lights on shore, all range lights, bea

will have individual characteristics fo

and combinations of flashes of light an

EXCAVATION

The total excavation, dry and wet, 

originally planned, was estimated at 1

-yards, in addition to the excavation 

companies. Changes in the plan of t

subsequently by order of the Presiden

amount to 174,666,594 cubic yards. 

89,794,493 cubic yards were to be 

Central Division, which includes th

In July, 1910, a further increase of 

yards was made, of which 7,330,525 c

to allow for slides in Culebra Cut, f

Chagres section, and for lowering th

Canal from 40 to 39 feet above sea lev

section. These additions increased 

total excavation to 182,537,766 cubic 

a further increase of 12,785,613 cubic 

of which 5,257,281 cubic yards was for 

Cut, and the remainder for additiona

silting in the Atlantic and Pacific e

the grand total of estimated excavatio

cubic 621 yards for Atlantic ing 504,000 cubic tion of 7,371,000 Deducting the 1906. 203,710,000 the dredging the cubic proper, original yards. was yards International The grand cubic entrance, cubic yards for these points of cubic according excavation estimate In slides yards. dry total yards 1912 was amounts, yards, an of excavation in of Board deepest a made, of to Culebra for The still estimated made or at wet the the nearly the further Gaun of Balboa of excavatioexcavatiestimate Balboa Consulfor in total Cut which doubthe exclocinantef
520 

501

26 

2240

0200-

180 20 4N 720 Yds.

<

t 160 h

-j 140 - 40 - s Xcavako b"AAr/

bcb

-- 9 u46, 3,4y ii M6 - -

1 0 % ' 

I L E cv oeb

loc x-ow I cavation by Arnei6

80 -23,709, 372 caYd/s

3DS 3334 5 633

M IL E 5

PROFILE Or CULEBRA CUT FROM DiKE AT GAM50A TO PEDRO MIGUEL LOCKS

PLATE N
34 . EXCAVATION

Cut, 495 feet above the bottom of the 

Hill, and 364 feet above at Contractor's 

The widest part of the Cut is opposit

Culebra' where owing to the action of 

banks, the top width is about half a mi

Active excavation work on a large scale 

until 1907, when 15,765,290 cubic y

moved. In 1908, over 37,000,000 cub

removed, and in 1909, over 35,000,0

total for the two years of over 72,000

a monthly average for those two year

cubic yards. In 1910, over 31,000,00

were removed, the monthly average ex

000 cubic yards. The total for these th

over one half of the entire excavation 

Records of all excavation to January 1, 

pended. On that date there remained to 

in the Cut 5,351,419 cubic yards, and 

Canal proper 23,426,713 cubic yards:

By French Companies . .-.-.-.-.-.------------- 

French excavation usetul to present Canal.----.-. 

By Americans:

Dry excavation .--- .---------- 116,4

Dredges. . . . 71,8

Total. 

May 4 to December 31, 1904.--. .-.--.------------- 

January 1 to December 31, 1905 . 1

January 1 to December 31, 1906. ---------------- _---- 4,948,497

January 1 to December 31, 1907--. .-. 15

January 1 to December 31, 1908.-.- -------------------- 37

------------------- 35,096,166 January 1 to December 31, 1909 . January 1 to December 31, 1910.-.-- . 31

January 1 to December 31, 1911.----- -------. 31,

January 1 to December 31, 1912.- 30,

TOTALS BY DIVISIONS AND AMOUNT TO BE EXC

Divisions Amount 

Central- acres .Atlantic- Pacific- Culebra TheeDryredges. Dry Dredges.- Cijebra All and other Grand excavation.-. excavation.-. Cut; Cuti. have points.-------- 9 total. covered .------ .17 been SLIDES covered .--------------------------- areas ----------------- in -.-. AND .-------- all ofareas .lss 26 BREAKS 188,280,312 excavated than 34,021,280 88,531,237 37,642,108 12,384,655 slides 8,702,997 6,998,035 varying 1 aca
- ___-Wid/A asP/catnei _--_ _

~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ' " -"s' r en ~m

% by 2

-15 Anerc

5) PLATE 0- CROSS SECTION OF CULEBRA CUT SHOWING LARGEST EFFECT OF SLICES
36 . EXCAVATION

ing in all a total of 225 acres. One va

caused by the slipping of the top layer o

on a smooth sloping surface of a h

The largest slide of this character is 

Cucaracha on the east bank of the Can

j

Gold Hill. This gave the first Fr

trouble during the final years of its 

first gave the Americans trouble in 190

that date and July 1, 1912, nearly 

yards of material were removed from 

cause of it. It broke nearly 1.900 feet 

axis of the Canal and covers an area of 4

variety of slide, properly called break

steepness of the slopes and the great 

superincumbent material upon the un

of softer material. The largest slide 

type is on the west side of the Cut 

j

north of Contractor's Hill and covers 

acres. Over.7,000,000 cubic yards o

been removed from this slide and it 

by the time the Canal shall have been c

thing like 10,000,000 cubic yards will h

out. On the east side of the Cut a simi

an area of about 50 acres, breaking ba

feet from the center of the Canal. A

lion cubic yards have been taken out o

more remains to be removed. It is 

the total amount of material removed 

because of the slides will aggregate betw

disintegates and consisted dense bfore Two bothair by dstances Most main three 22,000,000 kinds obtaining rock excavating of on of batteries along the of of the rock on DRILLING drills great material cubic west their exposure varying the this of have hardness. bank power yards. 9 air material excavated miles benAND from cpressors to of from theused-triof very BLASTIIt the Cut to a atmoin has 10-sodrC'
DRILLING AND BLASTING 3

dcpth of drill holes has been about 27 fe

t

f

deeper than the steamshovels have exca

T

drill holes, placed about 14 feet apart, are l

w

45 per cent potassium nitrate dynamite i

depending upon the character of the ro

connected in parallel and fired by means 

from an electric light plant. The maxim

n

of drills in use at any one time in Cule

w

377, of which 221 were tripod and 156 w

W

these over 90 miles of holes have been 

i

single month. A pound of dynamite has b

u

t

about every 24 cubic yards of material b

the quantity used in Culebra Cut during 

y

has averaged about 6,000,000 pounds a y

CAPACITY OFSTEAMSHOVELS AND DI

T

There are several classes of steamsho

e

in excavating work, equipped with dippe

r

i

capacity from 1 cubic yards to 5 cubic y

trenching shovel, which has a dipper wit

of I of a cubic yard. In Culebra Cu

the 5-yard dippers have been used alm

Each cubic yard, place measurement, 

rock weighs about 3,900 pounds; of earth

3

pounds; of "the run of the Cut," about 3

p

and is said to represent about a two-hor

l

Consequently, a five cubic yard dipper

wf

carries 8.7 tons of rock, 6.7 tons of earth, 

t

of weighing cars upon one is cubic large small yards. 201 Three 19 "the carslarge with yards, a cubic dump in winding run The in classes and one from hauling hauling yards; train and of train flat one high the of 14 that drum, car small. of cars from is side, to Cut.'.' from 35 that of train composed 16 are and cars. the which The the of tons, used is small cut two the cut capacity ordinarily are atoperated in kinds of large dump at unloadPedro haulin27 MaodcbpbcctfccMTt
38 CAPACITY OF STEAMSHOVELS AN

The average load of a train of flat 

the mixed material known as "the run 

610.7 tons (based on a 20-car train); of 

dump cars, 737.68 tons, and of a train 

562.5 tons.

The average time consumed in unlo

flat cars is from 7 to 15 minutes; in un

of large dump cars, 15 to 40 minutes; a

a train of small dump cars, 6 to 56 

large dump cars are operated by compr

furnished by the air pump of the loc

the small dump cars are operated by h

The record day's work for one st

that of March 22, 1910, 4,823 cubic 

(place measurement), or 8,395 tons. 

daily record in the Central Division 

11, 1911, when 51 steam shovels and 

ped with orange peel buckets excavate

of 79,484 cubic yards, or 127,742 ton

day, 333 loaded trains and as many 

were run to and from the dumping gr

The greatest number of shovels in u

in the Cut was 43, and the greatest mon

in any single month, in the Cut, w

March, 1911, when 1,728,748 cubic ya

mostly rock, were excavated.

To handle this amount of materia

services of 115 locomotives and 2,0

about 160 loaded trains per day to the 

on the average were about 12 miles d

and Toro one To excavation nine been tracks By Breakwaters serve way Pacific miles or Point required at Colon properly varying all in work entrances at points. length, are or an harbor, in the from an BREAKWATERS under anglethe about of trains average aboutCut, extends th construction of and 100 420 Canal. although one of into miles and shovovemi
FOCAL N.-te A*")VE MSL

'00

'00

M.S L (0o) PLATE P-WEST BREAKWATER (39) LIGHTHOUSE-S6
40 BREAKWATERS

from a base line drawn from Toro Poin

t

light, and will be 10,500 feet in length

feet, including the shore connection, w

at the top of fifteen feet and a height 

m

sea level of ten feet. The width at the b

depend largely on the depth of water. 

tain approximately 2,840,000 cubic yar

r

the core being formed of rock quarried o

t

m

land near Toro Point, armored with har

r

Porto Bello. Work began on the bre

i

August, 1910, and on December 1, 1912

t

and fill were completed to full length, 

On the same date about one-seventh, or 

of the rock armor had been placed. Th

cost is $5,500,000. A second breakwate

h

b

proposed for Limon Bay, but this part of t

p

has not been formally acted upon. T

p

of the breakwaters is to convert Limon B

i

safe anchorage, to protect shipping in th

h

Colon, and vessels making the north 

t

the Canal, from the violent northers tha

to prevail from October to January, and t

r

t

a minimum the amount of silt that may b

into the dredged channel.

The breakwater at the Pacific entrance 

from Balboa to Naos Island, a distance of a

feet, or a little more than three miles. It 

l

900 to 2,700 feet east of and for the gre

p

the distance nearly parallel to the axis o

t

prism; will vary from 20 to 40 feet in h

cross islands remained mean wide about of constructed the nel; May, were On which shallow the driven second, at currents 1908, sea 18,000,000 and the same to will level, th connecting top. harbor and for be to be that date mainland. filled. a furnish on and cubic brought It two-fold of November would is about will Naos Panama estimated yards ril be from Work carry Island purpose; one-half connection from of 6, into Culebra earth that soft was 1912, with 50 the firsmilbeit mtho at3ritbtpmt
CANAL APPROPRIATIONS AND EXPENDITU

4

APPROPRIATIONS.

Payment to the New Panama Canal Company._. $

Payment to Republic of Panama. -------------- 

Appropriation, June 28, 1902. .-------------. 

Appropriation, December 21, 1905_-------------- 

Deficiency, February 27, 1906_--- _ --------

5

Appropriation, June 30, 1906-- . _ -------

2

Appropriation, March 4, 1907_.---------------- 2

Deficiency, February 15, 1908._._____ -------------

Appropriation, May 27, 1908._----------------. 2

Deficiency, March 4, 1909 ---------------------- 

Appropriation, March 4, 1909.___ -------------- 3

Deficiency, February 25, 1910. - ---------------

7

Appropriation, June 25, 1910 ---------------- 3

Appropriation, March 4, 1911 ----------------- 4

Appropriation, August, 24, 1912 --------------- 2

Private Act. Relief of Elizabeth G. Martin 

Private Act. Relief of Marcellus Troxell --- 

Private Act. Relief of W. L. Miles. ------------

Private Act. Relief of Chas. A. Caswell----- 

Private Act. Relief of Alexandro Comba 5

Private Act. Relief of Douglas B. Thompson 

Private Act. Relief of Robert S. Gill 

Total.- _--- . .--- ---- $

Appropriation for Fortifications, March 4, 1911 . 3

Appropriation for Fortifications, August 24, 1912 2

CLASSIFIED EXPENDITURES TO NOVEMBER 

Department of Construction and Engineering-.-$1

Department of Construction of Engin'ring Plant 2

Department of Sanitation._--_ ------ - 15,319,682.40

Department of Civil Administration 

Department of Law.--. . 

3

Panama Railroad, Second Main Track1,123,477.93

Panama Railroad, Relocated Line e --- .8,866,3

Purchase and Repair of Steamers_ ---. 2

Zone Water Works and Sewers 

Zone Roadwayss-------.--- -1,579,

Loans to Panama Railroad Company 

Construction Purchase Payment M sewers, Expenditures are Colon unexpended expenditures tion wasfor Total.---.--.--- iscellaneous---------- The quarter included $97,465.64, in balances amounted the from to andRepublic and forcities ended New balance in pavements on Fortifications Repair carried the -- including Panama water of of altogether --. September last Panamaanama of ------. in Buildings in works, Canal itemthe in to expenditure -transfer 4,207,175.37 the Nov. appropriatioCompany above,nd to sewers, 30, cities 1, $2,395,31912. Colon, 1912. of for -.of accanap.1.$4Pp
42 VALUE OF THE $40,000,000 FRENCH 

A careful official estimate has been 

Canal Commission of the value to th

at the present time of the franchis

material, work done, and property of 

for which the United States paid the 

Company $40,000,000. It places the 

$42,000,000, divided as follows:

Excavation, useful to the Canal, 29,708,000

cubic yards------- -------------------- --

Panama Railroad Scock--__----------------- 

Plant and material, used, and sold for scrap.-. 

Buildings, used- .----------.------------------ 

Surveys, plans, maps, and records---------------- 

Lan---------- -- ----------------- --. 

Clearings, roads, etc------------------------- 

Ship channel in Panama Bay, four years' use.-. 

Total--------------------------------.-. 

CANAL ZONE

The Canal Zone contains about 43

about 95 of which will be under the 

Canal and Gatun and Miraflores Lak

at a point 3 marine miles from m

mark in each ocean, and extends for 5 

side of the center line of the route of 

includes the group of islands in the B

named Perico, Naos, Culebra, and F

cities of Panama and Colon are exc

Zone, States, sanitary public should States ownership. States exercise buildings, and operation, and Of it the convenient but order has to owns can, not of436 ordinances the do water the sanitation, the be Under therefore, in square about so. United right them able, right rights, for the miles 363, to ininn the States of treaty atcquire and those case or the eminent and of any constructionother Zone protection with the has judgment cities, 73 time by Reputerritthe propare Panadompurcacar
CANALZONE 

within the Zone boundries which are ow

b

p

persons. The United States will als

t

area to be covered by Gatun Lake w

beyond the lines of the Canal Zone.

The population of the Canial Zone, 

is 62,810; of Panama City, 35,368; of 

CANAL FORCE, QUARTERS AND S

The Canal force is recruited and h

bt

Quartermaster's Department which ha

t

branches, labor and quarters, and mat

plies. Through the labor and quarters b

t

have been brought to the Isthmus 44,3

whom 11,797 came from Europe, 19,4

B

bados, the balance from other islands i

tW

Indies and from Colombia. No recruiti

r

at present, the supply of labor on the 

b

ample.

On December 1, 1912, the total force o

t

Canal Commission and Panama Railro

actually at work, was divided as follows

Gold S

T

Isthmian Canal Commission_-_--. 4,475 26

Panama Railroad Company.--------- 630 4

4

Panama Railroad Commissary------- 257 

Totals.--- .---------------- 5,362 31

3

The ploy 3,045 force, Company. Of iards, remainder, monthly Isthmian Commission 5,000 20, The In these, 25, silver of addition silver of construction with goldcontractors 32, whom basis. Canal about force employes, about force and Practically a and to few are The represents 4,500 Commission 44 is the 25,000, employed men, stadard made Italians on cents above are Panama theotal all and the upEuropeans, are an ofIsthmus, rate andthere as unskilled of skilled and hour them West artisan3,499. Railrothe forthePanwerofanthaaIit4tRAtmrr7W
44 CANAL FORCE, QUARTERS AND 

laborer is 10 cents an hour, but a few 6td

work of an exceptional character are pa2

cents. The larger part of the Spaniards p2

cents an hour, and the rest 16 cents an h

The material and supply branch carie

general storehouses a stock of supplies f

tC

mission and Panama Railroad valued ap

at $4,500,000. About $12,000,000 worth o

are purchased annually, requiring the dis

o

steamer each day.

FOOD, CLOTHING, AND OTHER NEC

The Canal and Panama Railroad forces 

with food, clothing and other necessaries t

t

Subsistence Department, which is divid

it

branches-Commissary,and Hotel. It do

b

of about $7,500,000 per annum. The b

d

by the Commissary Department amou

t

$6,000,000 per annum, and that done b

th

branch to about $1,500,000 per annum.

The Commissary system consists of 22 g

in as many Canal Zone villages and cam

t

relocated line of the Panama Railroad. I

ie

that with employes and their dependen

t

about 65,000 people supplied daily with f

c

ing and other necessaries. In addition t

r

stores, the following plants are operated a

C

cream, delivered to Ancon, cents monthly Cold morning carsles, Department. gold for The A the European containing supply employees and storage, each. laundry hotel houses and atbout at ten the 4 train also ice branch At laborers, containing a. and ot stations 200,000 ice, at making, m. 18 employes these of which packing meats, hotels m: 21 It who along meals. intains 18 cars bakery, meals is other and department. composed along hotels pay by the leaves other supplies. are the There the 40line coffee the there servcenHoQuCripeanoliarierTdTfwftmpr
FOOD, CLOTHING AND OTHER NEC

of three meals. There are served a

about 200,000 meals per month. Ther

ated for the. West Indian laborers 1

k

which they are served a ration of thre2

cents per ration. There are about 

served monthly at these kitchens. T

one month for the line hotels, messes 

k

costs about $85,000; labor and other 

$16,500. The monthly receipts, exc

t

revenue from the Hotel Tivoli, amt

$105,000.

PERMANENT CANAL STRUCT

HEADQUARTERS AND OTHER BUILD

The permanent administration and 

h

quarters building will be on a knoll 

A

quarry where it will overlook both the ter

p

the Canal entrance. It is to have 75,00

floor space and is to cost not more tha

cluding $25,000 for that part assigned t

p

records. The quarters for employes 

t

administration building will be erected 

t

area adjacent to and northeast of it

connected with the shops, docks, and 

t

facilities at Balboa will be housed in q

in the area surrounding the slope of S

the fill adjoining the Ancon-Balboa h

will employes employes ment othermilitary Cristobal at ends channel. feet The right wide, be about than at piers a forces angles Ancon. of will permanent They of with 2,650 the for the the bwhich above 300-foot commercial will to Pacific feet maintained, Atlantic No the bemay from settlement five necessity aboutxis iIiERS slips locks, be settlements, the locks. usetationed of between, and 1,000 center at the and at is Balb

posThe apfeCa

Pe

onl

M

ttbttl
45 PERMANENT CANAL STRUCTU

ings for small boats at the head of each s

width between piers. The construction 

only will be undertaken at first. The old 

wharf, about 1,000 feet long, will be reta

time in the future, for commercial purpos

Two wharves and one pier are under c

Cristobal, behind a mole and breakwa

from shore toward the Canal channel, a

the boundary line between Canal Zone a

ian waters. Primarily, these docks are 

commercial requirements of the Panama 

should there be enough traffic after the 

pleted to justify it, four other piers, eac

feet long, and 209 feet wide, with 300-foot 

will be constructed.

DRY DOCKS

The main drydock will be situated a

will be capable of accommodating any v

pass through the Canal locks. It will 

length of 1,000 feet, a depth over the 

35 feet at mean sealevel, and an entrance 

feet. The entrance will be closed by mit

lar to those used in the locks: The dryd

a rock foundation, and its sides will be li

crete. Its equipment will include a 40-t

crane, with a travel on both sides.

For vessels of smaller type, an auxi

will be built at Balboa, in lieu of the m

originally contemplated. It will ha

length a level. Th shops, of northwest French length a will viding used depth On aboute in 40-ton the of space It is utilized filling drydock over now 3005 Atlantic 300,000 will face locomotive for the fet, the under of beor these at Sosa sill keel sit side a provided cubic this Mount way,idth wof for blocks drydocks, Hill. it dock 13 crane the yards is and at feet at Hope, proposed The with shops of also. entrance entrance requires on atof 131 as excavatwhich mean a the mateand well The feetfloto otm
PERMANENT CANAL STRUCTU

4

was the opinion of the board in charge of t

d

p

jects, that the commerical requirements i

w

not warrant the construction of a dry dock 

C

capable of accommodating large vessels

i

v

o

the building of a drydock at Balboa, t

w

large vessel on the Atlantic side could b

t

returned, in case it was found necessary t

d

i

t

repairs.

COALING PLANTS

The -plans contemplate furnishing vess

w

f

fresh water, and supplies of all kinds. Th

m

c

ing plant will be situated on the north end o

t

i

opposite dock No. 11, Cristobal. It will b

c

o

handling and storing 200,000 tons of coal, w

p

ble increase of 50 per cent. One hundred t

t

of the total normal storage is subaqueous

Tp

will have railroad connection with the ma

o

bridge of the bascule type, which will cro

t

F

canal at a point about half a mile south o

tM

Hope drydock. The preliminary work o

t

p

has been begun by the Panama railroad.

A subsidiary coaling plant will be situ

B

boa, at the outer end ot the southeast a

w

of the drydock, having a frontage of 500 f

t

adapted for discharging vessels. This p

w

b

capable of handling and storing 100,000 t

o

c

with a possible increase of 50 per cent. Ft

tons of the total normal storage is subaqu

contracted tobal steel are Canal 2. tenance In The 1. Water designed addition tanks Lock,and works, main of and forof Balboa the spillway, repair to with to 40,000 in land maintain coal, Canal. the FUEL fuel shops for eqU'pment barrels facilities United oil. and AND supplying SHOPS 3. will theOIL In Rolling power capacity States. be following will SUPPLY line retained bult be with shippiplanstock proeacat etCtpfhbBmftme
48 PERMANENT CANAL STRUCT

ment of the Panama railroad. 4. M

paratus connected with the coaling p

tions, cold storage plant, wireless sta

The making of repairs, etc., required 

vessels, and by private individuals an

6. The making of such repairs as may 

vessels of the United States Navy.

In addition to these, a number of su

ings will be erected. All of the stIuct

permanent construction, with steel fram

and ends will be left open for ventila

protection from sun and rain being aff

hanging sheds.

Themain metal working shops, incl

erecting and tool shops, the forge and 

the boiler and shipfitters' shop, togethe

for the storage of steel, will be placed 

the drydock and repair wharf. The 

house, foundry, woodworking shops, su

ings, and office building, will be e

to the line of the drydock and water f

of the main shops. Two lines of railr

extend past each end of the main metal 

and one track through their center. T

.will be provided with overhead travel

crane runways being extended through 

buildings over the railroad tracks. As 

the present machinery will be utilized i

All of it will be electric driven, includ

dual and group drive. experience of cranes mking other wrecking largest harborvessels, tion ItFor repair is of Canal the will sze tugs proposed a repairs coal, facilities handling purposes, sufficient is be at requirements, had willpurchased. fuel Cristobal on to be necessary. to FLOATING of determine oil, the number provided, one, th retain andAtlantic lock and and or EQUIPMENT For fesh of the the gate Balboa, two, and commer

handlinbarges side,extendrydleavwafor po
PERMANENT CANAL STRUCT

4

be placed in service. The steel barges, n

i

u

b

the Canal Commission, can be used to go

after the necessary modifications have b

m

i

the barge and lighter service. A tender f

p

and mail will be furnished at edch termi

p

vided the business justifies it.

RELOCATED PANAMA RAILR

The new, or relocated line of the Pan

r

is 47.11 miles long, or 739 feet longer tha

t

l

From Colon to Mindi, 4.17 miles, and f

to Panama, 2.83 miles, the old line is u

b

t

remaining 40 miles are new road. Fr

M

t

Gatun the railroad runs, in general, p

t

Canal, and ascends from a few feet abo

t

w

elevation to 95 feet above. At Gatun t

r

l

the vicinity of the Canal and turns eas

Ridge to a point about 41 miles from the 

l

the Canal, where it turns southward aga

the low Gatun Valley to Monte Lirio, fro

w

p

it skirts the east shore of Gatun Lake to t

b

of the Culebra Cut at Bas Obispo. I

t

Valley section there are several immense 

necessary to place the line above the lak

l

w

in the 3-mile section, aggregate about 5

yards. Likewise, near the north end of 

where the line is located so as to furnish w

where Canal. mum for embankments. the along the and Cut, berm cuts intoline it runs spoil numerous railroad a of through the known MR line of grade the it the This down the foot from is 26256-4 is east Canal now only locally of Canal through a hills, section slides the side, ridge the 1 constructed, Originally 800 of Canal, reaching per as at have Pedro 10 of 2 of Culebra the fet Bas miles solidfeet cent, the made there Gold from Obispo, Miguel above a it rock, opposite line on compensatdistance was Cutthis Hll are a the is high and the sverplan Vallelocatthe on LineintencenCuwgrlefa v

h

t4blbitLtHLwttPltmh
50 RELOCATED PANAMA RAIL

total length of 94 miles. The sharpe

whole line is 70. From the south end 

at Paraiso, the railroad runs practicall

the Canal to Panama, with maximum 

per cent. Where the railroad crosses th

near Monte Lirio, a steel girder bridge h

the center span of which will be made 

where the Gatun Lake is formed, to p

the upper arm of the lake. The Ch

Gamboa is crossed on a steel girder 

long, with one 200-foot through truss 

Numerous other rivers and small strea

on reinforced concrete culverts. Nea

tunnel 736 feet long has been built 

The total cost of the new line has been 

EQUIPMENT

CANAL SERVICE.

Steam shovels:

105-ton, 5 cubic yard dippers.-. 

95-ton, 4 and 5 cubic yard dippers 

70-ton, 22 and 3 cubic yard dipper 

66-ton, 21 cubic yard dippers 

45-ton, 12 cubic yard dippers 

26-ton .-. . . 

Trenching shove, 4 cubic yard dipper 

Total.---. . -. 

Locomotives:

Drills: Mechanical Tripod. Total American- French Narrow Electric.- 106517 Total- T tons gage, .churn, -- .- .American, .or well. - .- 16 .tons- - --. - ..------- ---- -.-- - ... ----
EQUIPMENT 

Cars:

Flat, used with unloading plows 

Steel dumps, large 

Steel dumps, small 

Ballast dumps - - 

Steel flats--------- - - 

Narrow gage - - - 

Motor . --- - - - - 

Pay Car ----------

Pay Certificate

Automatic, electric 

Decauville-. -- - 

Special, shops -- 

Total. --- - - - -

Spreaders - - - 

Track shifters - -

Unloaders-.- - 

Pile drivers ---------

Dredges:

French ladder - 

D ipper ----------

Pipeline -

Sea-going suct on 

Clam shell

T otal. . - - - - - -- --- 

Cranes ----------- -- -- - - - 

Rock breaker ------- - -- - -- 

Tugs. .---- -- ------ -- 

Tow boat. ------ ----------

House boats. . . .----. --. 

Clapets.-. -- - - -- - --- 

Pile Crane Launches Barges, Drill Floating Locomotives: Road, Switch.--.-------------- driver, Total.- boats boat. lighters derricks (12 ---------- floatingil - .- and burners)--.---------------.-.--- scows PANAMA --- ------------------------------------------------- -------------------- -- ------ --- RAILROAD. ---- -- - - -- -- --------
52 EQUIPMENT

Cars:

Coaches.- 5

Freight. 

Total.- - 

Cranes:

Locomotive 2

Wrecking. 2

Total 4

Piledrivers:

Track

Floating. 

Total .- 2

Tugboat. 

Lighters:

Coal, all steel 5

Cargo, steel and iron. 8

Total. 1

Motor boats 2

Steam ditched 

DISTANCES IN NAUTICAL M

SAVED FROM NEW YORK VIA THE PANAMA CANAL O

TR

San Francisco:

Magellan- 1

Guayaquil: Callao: Pnama. Magellan Panama. Magellan Panama Sveda Saved . - - -- 5727936
DISTANCES IN NAUTICAL M

Iquique:

Megellan 

Panama. 

Saved. 

Valparaiso:

Magellan 

Panama 

Saved 

Honolulu:

Magellan - 

Panama 

Saved 

Manila:

Suez 

*Panama 

Saved 

Yokohama:

Suez 

*Panama 

Saved 

Hongkong:

Suez. 

*Panama 

Saved 

Melbourne: *Via Magellan Panama. Sved San Francisco . -------- and the Great 0-- Circle. ---- 
CAR/B AN /V S A 60' 4 7 30'

ca6 del Toro COLON Be//0 1 snmlh de o s

MOSQU GUL - NwPortob /CCSa P

7 o - aCC. Quarry v~Rns:ZC(.S d

i- l0 NA Pt.Cocal Por to - / SanBuenaventiralsAvid19s& BuenavedraC" SaximoM

0 L OF PAJAMA r U .antos 

Naranjos c A --

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Xe>e " -R d

Pt.Toro

-Sa- LaNarantos 

Sta.Rita Mt.

/0

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amboilrdld

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Pt.Die 0 A RiG P 

GAU OCSAUN 6anJuan

AN DAM ampn -. Ttn

L n *n Lt 

.LagartoOF-LNMA B aj -lli A *F 

Area of Gatun LAk t .Palo Gral 

COMMISSION ETevM8A.,N.3 S r oya rbar eca a 0- 6aoi

-ro rand6scs

1000 Ft. -dLeh ,.Lnet/ S"osed

SAEE pIve H

PEDRO/'REr LO r-te\d Pontm (RuA0. FL 0. .

CoboOli-L C.-

0A Pt.a.illa

ISTHMIAN CANAL COMMISSION -C

- MAP SHOWING Paieecocuo Io)en.-

IST-1HMUS WNIT H COMPL ETED CANAL crro e-C. Pt.Brujaga

SCA-LE.nadol.

SCALEer Tcocov!i 1.

0 5 les Tortola l

Kils m tres orres t.Vcamonte

0 idometrees Taboguila 1. 

' 5 ' e - 3B A Tabo at M *oi

1/' 80100-LON&/TUDE WE.ST| rRO) GREfNw/c1, 1,0 1 40, II8 I.Caknit 1