Chapter G

Quality Characterization of

Cretaceous Coal from the 

Colorado Plateau Coal Assessment Area

By Ronald H. Affolter1

U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1625–B*

U.S. Department of the Interior

U.S. Geological Survey

National Coal

Resource

Assessment

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Volume Table of Contents

Chapter G of

Geologic Assessment of Coal in the Colorado Plateau:

Arizona, Colorado, New Mexico, and Utah

Edited by M.A. Kirschbaum, L.N.R. Roberts, and L.R.H. Biewick

1

 U.S. Geological Survey, Denver, Colorado 80225

* This report, although in the USGS Professional Paper series,

is available only on CD-ROM and is not available separately
Contents

Introduction .................................................................................................................................................G1

Colorado Plateau .......................................................................................................................................... 1

Priority Assessment Areas.......................................................................................................................... 1

Geology........................................................................................................................................................... 2

Methods ......................................................................................................................................................... 3

Explanation of Data Selected for the Colorado Plateau Area............................................................... 6

Coal Quality.................................................................................................................................................... 8

Coal Quality Characterization ..................................................................................................................... 8

Conclusion............................................................................................................................................................. 16

References Cited ........................................................................................................................................ 18

Appendix 1—Number of samples, mean, median, range, and standard deviation of 

proximate and ultimate analyses, calorific value, forms of sulfur, and ashfusion temperatures for high-priority coal fields in the Colorado Plateau 

coal assessment area, listed by coal field................................................................................ 20

[Tables in Appendix 1 listed below]

 A1-1. Black Mesa....................................................................................................................... 20

 A1-2. Book Cliffs ......................................................................................................................... 21

 A1-3. Carbondale........................................................................................................................ 22

 A1-4. Crested Butte.................................................................................................................... 23

 A1-5. Danforth Hills.................................................................................................................... 24

 A1-6. Durango............................................................................................................................. 25

 A1-7. Grand Hogback ................................................................................................................ 26

 A1-8. Grand Mesa ...................................................................................................................... 27

 A1-9. Lower White River ........................................................................................................... 28

 A1-10. Somerset ........................................................................................................................... 29

 A1-11. Yampa ................................................................................................................................ 30

 A1-12. Bisti .................................................................................................................................... 31

 A1-13. Fruitland............................................................................................................................. 32

 A1-14. Monero .............................................................................................................................. 33

 A1-15. Navajo................................................................................................................................ 34

 A1-16. Star Lake ........................................................................................................................... 35

 A1-17. Henry Mountains ............................................................................................................. 36

 A1-18. Kaiparowits Plateau ........................................................................................................ 37

 A1-19. Wasatch Plateau.............................................................................................................. 38

Appendix 2—Number of samples, mean, median, range, and standard deviation of ash 

and 38 elements for high-priority coal fields in the Colorado Plateau coal 

assessment area, listed by coal field......................................................................................... 39

[Tables in Appendix 2 listed below]

 A2-1. Black Mesa....................................................................................................................... 39

 A2-2. Book Cliffs ......................................................................................................................... 40
 A2-3. Carbondale........................................................................................................................ 41

 A2-4. Crested Butte.................................................................................................................... 42

 A2-5. Danforth Hills.................................................................................................................... 43

 A2-6. Durango............................................................................................................................. 44

 A2-7. Grand Hogback ................................................................................................................ 45

 A2-8. Grand Mesa ...................................................................................................................... 46

 A2-9. Lower White River ........................................................................................................... 47

 A2-10. Somerset ........................................................................................................................... 48

 A2-11. Yampa ................................................................................................................................ 49

 A2-12. Bisti .................................................................................................................................... 50

 A2-13. Fruitland............................................................................................................................. 51

 A2-14. Monero .............................................................................................................................. 52

 A2-15. Navajo................................................................................................................................ 53

 A2-16. Star Lake ........................................................................................................................... 54

 A2-17. Henry Mountains ............................................................................................................. 55

 A2-18. Kaiparowits Plateau ........................................................................................................ 56

 A2-19. Wasatch Plateau.............................................................................................................. 57

Appendix 3—Explanation of data in the Coplateau.txt file used to create the 

ArcView shapefile for Colorado Plateau chemical data ........................................................ 58

Appendix 4—Supplemental selected references on the geology and chemistry from 

the Colorado Plateau coal assessment area and surrounding areas.................................. 62

Appendix 5—Minimum, maximum, and mean values for ash yield, sulfur content, 

calorific value, and moist, mineral-matter-free Btu, grouped by high-priority 

coal fields and stratigraphic units for the Colorado Plateau coal assessment area......... 96

[Figures in Appendix 5 listed below]

 A5-1. Minimum, maximum, and mean contents of ash yield for coal from 

high-priority coal fields in the Colorado Plateau coal assessment area ............... 96

 A5-2. Minimum, maximum, and mean contents of sulfur content for coal 

from high-priority coal fields in the Colorado Plateau coal assessment area ...... 97

 A5-3. Minimum, maximum, and mean contents of calorific value for coal from 

high-priority coal fields in the Colorado Plateau coal assessment area ............... 98

 A5-4. Minimum, maximum, and mean contents of moist, mineral-matter-free 

Btu for coal from high-priority coal fields in the Colorado Plateau coal 

assessment area.............................................................................................................. 99

 A5-5. Minimum, maximum, and mean contents of ash yield for coal from 

all stratigraphic units in the Colorado Plateau coal assessment area................. 100

 A5-6. Minimum, maximum, and mean contents of sulfur content for coal from 

all stratigraphic units in the Colorado Plateau coal assessment area................. 101

 A5-7. Minimum, maximum, and mean contents of calorific value for coal from 

all stratigraphic units in the Colorado Plateau coal assessment area................. 102

 A5-8. Minimum, maximum, and mean contents of moist, mineral-matter-free 

Btu for coal from all stratigraphic units in the Colorado Plateau 

coal assessment area................................................................................................... 103
Appendix 6—Graduated symbol maps for each element of environmental concern from 

the Colorado Plateau coal assessment area.......................................................................... 104

[Figures in Appendix 6 listed below]

 A6-1. Graduated symbol map of the mean content of antimony for all coal fields 

studied (including high- and low-priority coal fields) in the Colorado 

Plateau coal assessment area .................................................................................... 104

 A6-2. Graduated symbol map of the mean content of arsenic for all coal fields 

studied (including high- and low-priority coal fields) in the Colorado 

Plateau coal assessment area .................................................................................... 105

 A6-3. Graduated symbol map of the mean content of beryllium for all coal fields 

studied (including high- and low-priority coal fields) in the Colorado 

Plateau coal assessment area .................................................................................... 105

 A6-4. Graduated symbol map of the mean content of cadmium for all coal fields 

studied (including high- and low-priority coal fields) in the Colorado 

Plateau coal assessment area .................................................................................... 106

 A6-5. Graduated symbol map of the mean content of chromium for all coal fields 

studied (including high- and low-priority coal fields) in the Colorado 

Plateau coal assessment area .................................................................................... 106

 A6-6. Graduated symbol map of the mean content of cobalt for all coal fields 

studied (including high- and low-priority coal fields) in the Colorado 

Plateau coal assessment area .................................................................................... 107

 A6-7. Graduated symbol map of the mean content of lead for all coal fields 

studied (including high- and low-priority coal fields) in the Colorado 

Plateau coal assessment area .................................................................................... 107

 A6-8. Graduated symbol map of the mean content of manganese for all coal 

fields studied (including high- and low-priority coal fields) in the 

Colorado Plateau coal assessment area................................................................... 108

 A6-9. Graduated symbol map of the mean content of mercury for all coal 

fields studied (including high- and low-priority coal fields) in the 

Colorado Plateau coal assessment area................................................................... 108

 A6-10. Graduated symbol map of the mean content of nickel for all coal 

fields studied (including high- and low-priority coal fields) in the 

Colorado Plateau coal assessment area................................................................... 109

 A6-11. Graduated symbol map of the mean content of selenium for all 

coal fields studied (including high- and low-priority coal fields) in the 

Colorado Plateau coal assessment area................................................................... 109

 A6-12. Graduated symbol map of the mean content of thorium for all 

coal fields studied (including high- and low-priority coal fields) in the 

Colorado Plateau coal assessment area................................................................... 110

 A6-13. Graduated symbol map of the mean content of uranium for all 

coal fields studied (including high- and low-priority coal fields) in the 

Colorado Plateau coal assessment area................................................................... 110
Appendix 7—Minimum, maximum, and mean contents of elements of environmental 

concern shown by high-priority coal field and stratigraphic unit from the 

Colorado Plateau coal assessment area ................................................................................ 111

[Figures in Appendix 7 listed below]

 A7-1. Minimum, maximum, and mean content of antimony for coal from 

high-priority coal fields in the Colorado Plateau coal assessment area ............. 111

 A7-2. Minimum, maximum, and mean content of arsenic for coal from 

high-priority coal fields in the Colorado Plateau coal assessment area ............. 112

 A7-3. Minimum, maximum, and mean content of beryllium for coal from 

high-priority coal fields in the Colorado Plateau coal assessment area ............. 113

 A7-4. Minimum, maximum, and mean content of cadmium for coal from 

high-priority coal fields in the Colorado Plateau coal assessment area ............. 114

 A7-5. Minimum, maximum, and mean content of chromium for coal from 

high-priority coal fields in the Colorado Plateau coal assessment area ............. 115

 A7-6. Minimum, maximum, and mean content of cobalt for coal from 

high-priority coal fields in the Colorado Plateau coal assessment area ............. 116

 A7-7. Minimum, maximum, and mean content of mercury for coal from 

high-priority coal fields in the Colorado Plateau coal assessment area ............. 117

 A7-8. Minimum, maximum, and mean content of lead for coal from 

high-priority coal fields in the Colorado Plateau coal assessment area ............. 118

 A7-9. Minimum, maximum, and mean content of selenium for coal from 

high-priority coal fields in the Colorado Plateau coal assessment area ............. 119

 A7-10. Minimum, maximum, and mean content of manganese for coal from 

high-priority coal fields in the Colorado Plateau coal assessment area ............. 120

 A7-11. Minimum, maximum, and mean content of nickel for coal from 

high-priority coal fields in the Colorado Plateau coal assessment area ............. 121

 A7-12. Minimum, maximum, and mean content of thorium for coal from 

high-priority coal fields in the Colorado Plateau coal assessment area ............. 122

 A7-13. Minimum, maximum, and mean content of uranium for coal from 

high-priority coal fields in the Colorado Plateau coal assessment area ............. 123

 A7-14. Minimum, maximum, and mean content of antimony for coal from 

all stratigraphic units in the Colorado Plateau coal assessment area................. 124

 A7-15. Minimum, maximum, and mean content of arsenic for coal from all 

stratigraphic units in the Colorado Plateau coal assessment area ...................... 125

 A7-16. Minimum, maximum, and mean content of beryllium for coal from all 

stratigraphic units in the Colorado Plateau coal assessment area ...................... 126

 A7-17. Minimum, maximum, and mean content of cadmium for coal from all 

stratigraphic units in the Colorado Plateau coal assessment area ...................... 127

 A7-18. Minimum, maximum, and mean content of chromium for coal from all 

stratigraphic units in the Colorado Plateau coal assessment area ...................... 128

 A7-19. Minimum, maximum, and mean content of cobalt for coal from all 

stratigraphic units in the Colorado Plateau coal assessment area ...................... 129

 A7-20. Minimum, maximum, and mean content of mercury for coal from all 

stratigraphic units in the Colorado Plateau coal assessment area ...................... 130
 A7-21. Minimum, maximum, and mean content of lead for coal from all 

stratigraphic units in the Colorado Plateau coal assessment area ...................... 131

 A7-22. Minimum, maximum, and mean content of selenium for coal from all 

stratigraphic units in the Colorado Plateau coal assessment area ...................... 132

 A7-23. Minimum, maximum, and mean content of manganese for coal from all 

stratigraphic units in the Colorado Plateau coal assessment area ...................... 133

 A7-24. Minimum, maximum, and mean content of nickel for coal from all 

stratigraphic units in the Colorado Plateau coal assessment area ...................... 134

 A7-25. Minimum, maximum, and mean content of thorium for coal from all 

stratigraphic units in the Colorado Plateau coal assessment area ...................... 135

 A7-26. Minimum, maximum, and mean content of uranium for coal from all 

stratigraphic units in the Colorado Plateau coal assessment area ...................... 136

Figures

 1. Location of the major coal assessment areas for the U.S. Geological Survey 

National Coal Resource Assessment Program (NCRA).......................................................G2

 2. Map showing the high-priority and low-priority coal fields in the 

Colorado Plateau coal assessment area.................................................................................. 3

 3. Flow diagram of analytical procedures used through September 1990 

for the analysis of coal samples ................................................................................................ 5

 4. Locations of Cretaceous samples for which there is chemical data .................................. 6

 5. Geographic distribution of analyses of Cretaceous coal samples in the 

USGS USCHEM database ........................................................................................................... 7

 6. Distribution of the mean ash yield for high-priority coal fields in the 

Colorado Plateau coal assessment area.................................................................................. 9

 7. Distribution of the mean ash yield for low-priority coal fields in the 

Colorado Plateau coal assessment area.................................................................................. 9

 8. Distribution of the mean sulfur content for high-priority coal fields in the 

Colorado Plateau coal assessment area................................................................................ 10

 9. Distribution of the mean sulfur content for low-priority coal fields in the 

Colorado Plateau coal assessment area................................................................................ 10

 10. Distribution of the mean calorific values for high-priority coal fields in the 

Colorado Plateau coal assessment area................................................................................ 11

 11. Distribution of the mean calorific values for low-priority coal fields in the 

Colorado Plateau coal assessment area................................................................................ 11

 12. Graduated symbol map of the mean values of ash yield for all coal fields 

studied (including high- and low-priority coal fields) in the Colorado Plateau 

coal assessment area................................................................................................................ 12

 13. Graduated symbol map of the mean values of sulfur content for all coal fields 

studied (including high- and low-priority coal fields) in the Colorado Plateau 

coal assessment area................................................................................................................ 13
 14. Graduated symbol map of the mean values of calorific value for all coal fields 

studied (including high- and low-priority coal fields) in the Colorado Plateau 

coal assessment area................................................................................................................ 13

 15. Plot of silicon and aluminum for Colorado Plateau coal fields arranged 

in order of increasing ash yield................................................................................................ 14

 16. Plot of potassium and titanium for Colorado Plateau coal fields arranged 

in order of increasing ash yield................................................................................................ 14

 17. Plot of magnesium for Colorado Plateau coal fields arranged 

in order of increasing rank........................................................................................................ 15

 18. Distribution of sulfate, and organic and pyritic sulfur for Colorado Plateau coals ......... 16

 19. Graduated symbol map of the mean values of phosphorus for all coal fields 

studied (including high- and low-priority coal fields) in the Colorado Plateau 

coal assessment area................................................................................................................ 16

Tables

 1. List of selected coal fields, location by State, major coal beds, coal-bearing 

stratigraphic units, and number of coal samples chemically analyzed for the 

Colorado Plateau coal assessment area................................................................................G4

 2. List of the mean content of elements of environmental concern (1990 Clean 

Air Act Amendment) for the high-priority coal fields in the Colorado Plateau 

coal assessment area................................................................................................................ 17

 3. Comparison of the mean content of elements of environmental concern 

(1990 Clean Air Act Amendment) for the Colorado Plateau coal assessment 

area with coal from the Appalachian Basin, Interior Province, Gulf Coast, 

and Western U.S. Tertiary coal ................................................................................................ 18
Introduction

The goal of the Colorado Plateau coal assessment is 

to provide an overview of the geologic setting, distribution, 

resources, and quality of Cretaceous coal in the Colorado Plateau. This assessment is part of the U.S. Geological Survey’s 

National Coal Resource Assessment Program (NCRA), which 

includes, along with the Colorado Plateau, the Northern Rocky 

Mountains and Northern Great Plains, Illinois Basin, Appalachian Basin, and Gulf Coast Region of the United States (fi g. 

1). This assessment is different from previous coal assessments 

in that the major emphasis is placed on coals that are most 

likely to provide energy over the next few decades (Gluskoter 

and others, 1996). Data is also being collected and stored in 

digital format that can be updated as new information becomes 

available. Environmental factors may eventually control how 

coal will be mined and determine to what extent preventative 

measures will be implemented in order to reduce sulfur and 

trace-element emissions from coal-burning power plants. In 

the future, increased emphasis will be placed on coal combustion products and the challenges of disposal and use of these 

products. Therefore, coal quality includes not only ash, sulfur, 

and calorifi c content, but also the major, minor and traceelement content of the coal mined. Coal quality characterization is an important aspect of the assessment program in that 

it provides a synthesis and analysis of important data that will 

infl uence future utilization of this valuable resource. 

The Colorado Plateau study was completed in cooperation with the U.S. Bureau of Land Management, U.S. 

Forest Service, Arizona Geological Survey, Colorado Geological Survey, New Mexico Bureau of Mines and Mineral 

Resources, and the Utah Geological Survey. Restrictions on 

coal thickness and overburden were applied to the resource 

estimations, and the resources were categorized by land ownership. In some areas these studies also delineate areas where 

coal mining may be restricted because of land-use, industrial, 

social, or environmental factors. Emphasis is placed on areas 

where the coal is controlled by the Federal Government.

Colorado Plateau

The Colorado Plateau coal assessment area includes portions of Colorado, Utah, New Mexico, and Arizona and has 

been an important coal mining area since the early 1870’s. 

Historically, the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) has explored 

for coal in and provided resource estimates for the Colorado 

Plateau area since the early 1900’s (Campbell, 1917). The last 

major coal assessment by the U.S. Geological Survey was 

done in 1974 (Averitt, 1975). Currently there are more than 30 

active mines within the Colorado Plateau that produce a total 

of more than 90 million short tons of coal each year (Resource 

Data International, Inc., 1998). The coal produced supplies 

fuel for many of the region’s electrical power plants. Some 

of the coals within this assessment region contain signifi cant 

methane resources (Gautier and others, 1996). 

Priority Assessment Areas

There are more than 40 coal fi elds within the Colorado 

Plateau coal assessment area, and the U.S. Geological Survey 

has coal quality data from 31 of these fi elds. Nineteen fi elds 

have been designated as high-priority assessment areas based 

on coal that will be mined within the next few decades, and 

13 fi elds have been designated as low-priority areas. For the 

current study, the high-priority areas in the Colorado Plateau 

were selected based on (1) current production, (2) signifi cant 

Federal coal ownership, and (3) high coal resource potential. 

The high-priority areas are the (1) Black Mesa coal fi eld, 

(2) northern Piceance Basin (which includes the Lower White 

River, Danforth Hills, and Yampa coal fi elds), (3) southern 

Piceance Basin (which includes the Book Cliffs, Grand Mesa, 

Somerset, Crested Butte, Carbondale, and Grand Hogback coal 

fi elds), (4) San Juan Basin coal region (which includes the 

Durango, Fruitland, Navajo, Monero, Bisti, and Star Lake 

coal fi elds), (5) Henry Mountains coal fi eld, (6) Kaiparowits 

Quality Characterization of 

Cretaceous Coal from the 

Colorado Plateau Coal Assessment Area

By Ronald H. Affolter

G1
Plateau, and (7) Wasatch Plateau. The low-priority areas 

include the Alton, Book Cliffs (Utah), Datil Mountains, Emery, 

Gallup, Kolob, Nucla-Naturita, Salt Lake, San Juan (Deep 

Basin), San Mateo, Sego, Tabby Mountain, and Zuni coal 

fi elds. Figure 2 shows the location of both high-priority and 

low-priority coal fi elds for the Colorado Plateau coal assessment area. Table 1 lists the high-priority coal fi elds, stratigraphic units, and their associated coal beds. This paper 

mainly discusses the chemical composition of coal from 

the high-priority coal fi elds. The low-priority coal fi elds are 

included only in summary charts or graduated symbol maps in 

order to provide a better regional view of the overall quality 

and characterization of coal from this assessment area.

Geology

The Colorado Plateau is not one single plateau, but rather 

a province of diverse features that geologically comprise a 

large area of relative structural stability that has been uplifted 

by various tectonic processes (Kelley, 1955). The coals of 

economic value in the Colorado Plateau are of Cretaceous age. 

The Cretaceous accounts for more total, in-place coal than 

any other geologic Period in North America (Wood and Bour, 

1988). Most of the coals in this study formed from peat that 

accumulated in wetlands located landward of the shoreline of 

a large seaway that occupied the Western Interior of North 

America during the Cretaceous (Kauffman, 1980; Roberts and 

Kirschbaum, 1995). Most Cretaceous peat in North America 

accumulated in coastal-plain settings, and the resulting coals are 

typically associated with nearshore marine sandstones. These 

coals formed at paleolatitudes between 35 and 50 degrees and 

in temperate to subtropical climates (Roberts and Kirschbaum, 

1995). Regional subsidence buried and preserved the peat 

deposits. Near the end of the Cretaceous, the seaway withdrew, 

and uplifts associated with the Laramide orogeny divided the 

area into a number of structural basins. Continued uplift during 

the Tertiary, and subsequent dissection by streams, has exposed 

the coals at the surface (Kirschbaum and others, 1996). Volcanic 

activity occurred during the accumulation of most of Cretaceous 

peat, which is evident by many volcanic ash partings that are 

found in the coal (Brownfi eld and Johnson, 1986; Affolter and 

Brownfi eld, 1987; Brownfi eld and Affolter, 1988). The coal 

fi elds in the Colorado Plateau display a diversity in chemical 

composition that can be affected by several factors, such as 

differences in depositional history and changes in rank, age, and 

the various amounts and types of partings found within the coal.

Gulf Coast

Illinois Basin

Appalachian

Basin

Colorado

Plateau

Northern Rocky Mountains

and Great Plains

Figure 1. Location of the major coal assessment areas for the U.S. Geological Survey National Coal Resource Assessment Program (NCRA).

G2 Geologic Assessment of Coal in the Colorado Plateau: Arizona, Colorado, New Mexico, and Utah
Methods

Since 1971, the USGS has maintained a program to evaluate the chemical composition of coal in the United States. 

This has been accomplished through a cooperative effort in 

the collection of coal samples by many different workers from 

State and Federal agencies, the coal mining industry, and various colleges and universities. Many samples were collected 

through the Energy Mineral Rehabilitation Inventory and Analysis (EMRIA) program in cooperation with the U.S. Bureau of 

Land Management, U.S. Bureau of Reclamation, and USGS. 

(For more information see Affolter and Hatch, 1995.) The 

EMRIA program was designed to provide baseline chemical 

and geologic data through the evaluation of site-specifi c proposed surface mining and future reclamation areas.

Determination of ash yields, and analysis of major-, 

minor-, and trace-element contents were conducted by the 

USGS (Denver, Colo., and Reston, Va., laboratories). For 

detailed descriptions of analytical methods used, see Swanson 

and Huffman (1976), Baedecker (1987), and Golightly and 

Simon (1989). Figure 3 is a fl ow diagram of procedures 

for the analysis of coal samples collected by the USGS (modifi ed from Finkelman and others, 1994). Proximate and ultimate analyses, calorifi c value, and forms of sulfur were determined by commercial and Government laboratories according 

to ASTM standards (American Society for Testing and Materials, 1999). The raw analytical data are stored digitally in the 

USGS USCHEM coal quality database. The chemical information presented in this report was modifi ed to include only 

samples from the Colorado Plateau coal assessment area and 

should be considered a subset of the USGS USCHEM coal 

quality database.

Data for the Colorado Plateau coal assessment consists 

of geologic, stratigraphic, and chemical information collected 

between 1974 and 1990. Samples for the coal quality study 

Figure 2. Map showing the high-priority and low-priority coal fi elds in the Colorado Plateau coal assessment area.

$T

$T

$T

$T

$T

$T

$T

$T

$T

$T

$T

$T

$T $T

$T

$T

$T

$T

$T

%U

%U

%U

%U

%U

%U

%U

%U

%U

%U

%U

%U

%U

BLACK MESA

BOOK CLIFFS CARBONDALE

CRESTED BUTTE

DANFORTH HILLS

DURANGO

GRAND HOGBACK

GRAND MESA

LOWER WHITE RIVER

SOMERSET

YAMPA

BISTI

FRUITLAND MONERO

NAVAJO

STAR LAKE

HENRY MOUNTAINS

KAIPAROWITS PLATEAU

WASATCH PLATEAU

NUCLA-NATURITA

DATIL MOUNTAINS

GALLUP

SALT LAKE

SAN JUAN

SAN MATEO

ZUNI

ALTON

BOOK CLIFFS

EMERY

KOLOB

SEGO

TABBY MOUNTAIN

100 0 100 200 Miles

N

Colorado Plateau Coal

Assessment Area

Colorado Plateau Study Area

States

Coal-Bearing Strata

Study Area

$T Priority Coal Fields

%U Non-Priority Coal Fields

35° 35°

37° 37°

39° 39°

112°

112°

110°

110°

108°

108°

106°

106°

Quality Characterization of Cretaceous Coal from the Colorado Plateau Coal Assessment Area G3
Table 1. List of selected coal fields, location by State, major coal beds, coal-bearing stratigraphic units, and number of coal samples chemically analyzed fo

assessment area. 

Coal field State Coal beds Stratigraphic u

Black Mesa Arizona Blue, Green, Red Wepo Book Cliffs Colorado Cameo B Mount Garfield Carbondale Colorado A, B, Coal Basin B, Dutch Creek, Upper Sunshine Williams Fork, Me

Iles 

Crested Butte Colorado C, Cheyenne Mesaverde Danforth Hills Colorado B, E, Rienau, X Williams Fork Durango Colorado A, B, C, Lower A-1, Pueblo, Upper A-1 Fruitland, MenefeeGrand Hogback Colorado E, Sunnyridge Williams Fork Grand Mesa Colorado D, Unnamed Mesaverde Lower White River Colorado B, F, Unnamed Mesaverde Somerset Colorado A, B, C, D, E, F, Lower B, Upper B, Wild Mesaverde Yampa Colorado A, B, C-D, E, Ellgen, F, Fish Creek, H, I-K, J, K, L, Lennox, M, Q, R, S, 

Wadge, Wolf Creek 

Williams Fork, Lan

Bisti New Mexico Unnamed Fruitland Fruitland New Mexico Main, San Juan, Unnamed Fruitland Monero New Mexico Unnamed Menefee Navajo New Mexico No. 6, No. 7, No. 8, Fruitland Star Lake New Mexico Unnamed Fruitland Henry Mountains Utah Dugout Creek, Factory Butte, Unnamed Mancos, 

Masuk (Muley 

Kaiparowits Plateau Utah Alvey, Bald Knoll, Christiansen, Rees Straight Cliffs, DakWasatch Plateau Utah Acord Lakes, Axel Anderson, Bear Canyon, Blind Canyon, Castlegate A, 

Castlegate B, Hiawatha, Ivie, Knight, Lower Wattis, Upper Hiawatha, Upper O'Conner, Upper Wattis, Wattis 

Blackhawk 
Raw coal as received (about

 7 kg broken to 0.3 cm)

Remaining coal air-dried

(following procedures conducted at

USGS as described in Golightly and

 Simon, 1989)

About 600 g of coal split

out for standard coal analysis

and crushed to -20 mesh

Ultimate and proximate analyses

(following ASTM

designations, D-___, shown at

each procedure)

Sample crushed to -60 mesh and then

ground in vertical Braun pulverizer

using ceramic plates set to pass

100 mesh

About 3 kg of

crushed coal

split out for

petrologic

analysis

About 2 kg of

crushed coal

split out for

storage

Raw ground coal

Ground coal (25 to 75 g) ashed at

525°C and percent ash calculated

Coal ash

Wet chemical analysis X-ray

fluorescence

Neutron

Activation Hg (flameless atomic

 absorption)

F (specific ion

 electrode)

Cl

P

As

Br

Ce

Co

Cr

Cs

Eu

Hf

La

Lu

Rb

Sb

Sc

Se

Sm

Ta

Tb

Th

U

W

Yb

Proximate analysis

(D-3172 through

D-3175)

Percent moisture

volatile matter,

fixed carbon, and

ash

Ultimate

analysis

(D-3176

through

D-3179)

Moisture

C

H

O

N

S (total)

Equilibrium

moisture

(D-1412)

Apparent specific gravity

(D-167, modified)

Sulfur form

(D-2492)

S (sulfate)

S (pyritic)

S (organic)

Hardgrove

grindability

index

(D-409)

Calorific value

(D-2015)

Btu per pound

(Kcal per kg)

Free swelling

index

(D-720)

Fusibility of ash

(D-1857)

Optical emission spectrographic

analysis with automated plate

reader. The following 32

elements are reported when found

Wet chemical

analysis

(atomic

absorption)

Cd

Cu

Li

Mg

Mn

Na

Pb

Zn

Ag

Au

B

Ba

Be

Bi

Dy

Er

Ga

Gd

Ge

Ho

In

Ir

Mo

Nb

Nd

Ni

Os

Pd

Pr

Pt

Re

Rh

Ru

Sn

Sr

Tl

Tm

V

Y

Zr

X-ray fluorescence analysis

Al2O3

CaO

Fe2O3

K2O

SiO2

SO3

TiO2

Figure 3. Flow diagram of analytical procedures used through September 1990 for the analysis of coal samples. Modifi ed 

from Finkelman and others, 1994. (ASTM, American Society for Testing and Materials, 1999; USGS, U.S. Geological Survey.)

Quality Characterization of Cretaceous Coal from the Colorado Plateau Coal Assessment Area G5
were primarily from drill core or mine samples. However, 

in some cases samples from drill cuttings and outcrops were 

included when insuffi cient drill core or mine samples were 

available to adequately evaluate an individual coal fi eld, or 

when more data was necessary to provide a regional view of 

the quality of the coal fi eld. The samples had to be representative of the coal bed sampled, which restricted samples to 

those containing less than 50 percent ash (Wood and others, 

1983). Samples were carefully selected to provide a regional 

view of the overall coal quality. Figure 4 shows the location 

of samples from both the high-priority and low-priority areas 

of the Colorado Plateau coal assessment area that have been 

chemically analyzed.

Explanation of Data Selected 

for the Colorado Plateau Area

The chemical information presented in this report is a 

compilation of data that was collected over a 15-year time 

period. These samples were collected from various mines and 

drill cores through the various Government and State drilling 

programs in the late 1970’s and early 1980’s. The limitations 

of the data and their distribution preclude a thorough analysis 

of all coal beds from the assessment area. Because of this, 

a regional approach was used to describe the composition of 

coal from Colorado Plateau coal fi elds. In order to adequately 

Figure 4. Locations of Cretaceous samples for which there is chemical data.

Colorado Plateau Coal

Assessment Area

Data Points

Data points

Study area outline

States

Cities

Coal fields

Colorado Plateau coal assessment area

100 0 100 Miles

Salt Lake City

Cedar City

Grand Junction

Flagstaff

Phoenix

Denver

Santa Fe

Albuquerque

UT CO

AZ NM

G6 Geologic Assessment of Coal in the Colorado Plateau: Arizona, Colorado, New Mexico, and Utah
characterize coal from the Colorado Plateau, some chemical 

comparisons are made between the Colorado Plateau coal and 

other major U.S. coals of Tertiary, Cretaceous, and Pennsylvanian age, which make up the majority of marketable coal in 

the United States. Comparison with these other coals allows 

us to evaluate the quality of Colorado Plateau coal relative to 

other U.S mined coal.

The USCHEM database is a geologic database in that it 

represents the quality of the coal as it is found in the ground 

and only represents single coal beds. Information on coal mine 

products or washed coals that are directly utilized by utilities 

was not available at this time. A complete description of the 

USCHEM database along with a discussion of its weaknesses 

and strengths can be found in Finkelman and others, 1994 

(their table 7). Despite its limitations, the USCHEM database 

is one of the few comprehensive and publicly available sources 

of proximate and ultimate analyses; forms of sulfur; calorifi c 

values; and major-, minor-, and trace-element content of U.S. 

coals.

Most of the Cretaceous coal chemical data collected by 

the USGS is from seven States (fi g. 5). Four of these States—

Colorado, Utah, New Mexico, and Arizona—provide the bulk 

of the data, are within the Colorado Plateau coal assessment 

area, and will be discussed in this report. Idaho has very few 

samples, but Wyoming and Alaska have a signifi cant number. 

The Wyoming coal samples are from the Rock Springs, Little 

Snake River, Kemmerer, and Jackson Hole fi elds; the Alaska 

coal data is from the Northern Alaskan coal fi eld. These two 

States contain signifi cant coal but will not be discussed in this 

coal assessment report.

Documentation and chemical analyses for more than 

2,000 Cretaceous coal samples processed during the USGS’

collection program are available to the public in more than 

40 reports (Finkelman and others, 1991). These reports range 

from large data summaries (Swanson and others, 1976), to 

regional comparisons (Affolter and Hatch, 1995) to Coal 

Resource Occurrence and Coal Development Potential maps 

(CROCDP). These reports list location, depth, thickness, and 

the basic geology of the sampled beds, and summarize proximate and ultimate analyses, and major-, minor- and traceelement composition of the coal samples. When available, coal 

mineralogy data are included. Some of this data is also available digitally on the USGS COALQUAL database (Bragg and 

others, 1998) and the national PLUTO geochemical database 

(Baedecker and others,1998).

Analytical procedures have changed through time and 

detection limits have been lowered as new and improved analytical methods were used. Because of these changes in anaFigure 5. Geographic distribution of analyses of Cretaceous coal samples in the USGS USCHEM database.

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

Number of analyses

IDAHO ARIZONA ALASKA NEW MEXICO WYOMING UTAH COLORADO

Distribution of Cretaceous Coal

Rock Springs

Little Snake River

Kemmerer

Jackson Hole

Northern Alaska

Rock Springs

Little Snake River

Kemmerer

Jackson Hole

Northern Alaska

Distribution of Cretaceous Coal

Quality Characterization of Cretaceous Coal from the Colorado Plateau Coal Assessment Area G7
lytical techniques and in order to be consistent, analytical 

values in our trace-element summary tables are only reported 

to two signifi cant fi gures for most elements. Mercury and 

cadmium are reported to no more than two decimal places and 

antimony and selenium to only one decimal place. Proximate 

and ultimate analyses and total sulfur are reported to one 

decimal place. Calorifi c values are reported to the nearest 10, 

ash-fusion temperatures to the nearest 5, and forms of sulfur 

to 2 decimal places. To make all of our comparisons consistent 

and refl ect the true nature of the chemical composition of 

these coals, all elements are calculated to a whole-coal basis 

and are presented in percent or as parts per million (ppm). 

Because some of these coal fi elds show a wide range in 

values, the mean is not always a good estimate of the average 

value. Therefore we have also included the median, which is a 

better measure of the central tendency when values have large 

ranges.

A common problem in statistical summaries of traceelement data arises when element values are below the limits 

of analytical detection. This results in a censored distribution. 

To compute unbiased estimates of censored data for the summary statistics (tables in Appendixes 1 and 2) in this report, we 

adopted the protocol of reducing all “less than” values by 50 

percent before summary statistics were generated. 

Appendix 1 includes 19 tables that contain summary statistics of the number of samples, mean, median, range, and 

standard deviation of proximate and ultimate analyses, calorifi c value, forms of sulfur, and ash-fusion temperatures for 

the 19 high-priority coal fi elds. Appendix 2 contains 19 tables 

that contain summary statistics of the number of samples, 

mean, median, range, and standard deviation of ash and the 

contents of 38 elements for the 19 high-priority coal fi elds. 

Coplateau.txt is an ASCII text database fi le listing all coal 

samples used in this study and there compositional values 

(in correct signifi cant fi gures). In ArcView, this text fi le was 

added as a table; the table was added as an event theme; and 

then the theme was converted into a shapefi le. Qualifi ed data 

contained in coplateau.txt are indicated by L (less than), B (not 

determined), N (not detected), G (greater than). A data dictionary explaining all the fi elds within coplateau.txt can be found 

in Appendix 3 and as chemterm.pdf in the ArcView project. 

This data dictionary is also linked to the ArcView geochemical 

shapefi les. Selected references on the geology and chemistry 

from the Colorado Plateau coal assessment area and surrounding coal fi eld areas were compiled by the author and are 

included in Appendix 4.

Coal Quality

Hatch and Swanson (1977) suggested four general reasons why coal quality data are necessary for the proper assessment and utilization of coal:

 1. The evaluation of environmental impacts of mining of 

coal;

 2. The evaluation of the best and most effective 

technological use of coal (combustion, liquefaction, 

gasifi cation, etc.);

 3. Determination of the economic aspects of extracting 

elements such as Ge, Se, U, V, and Zn from the coal;

 4. Development of geologic and geochemical models 

to help interpret and predict coal quality and relate 

these factors to the stratigraphic and sedimentological 

framework.

Health issues related to the toxic or carcinogenic effects 

of increased utilization of coal, either as a result of mining 

or combustion, are also important factors. Current coal quality 

issues related to coal combustion are now focusing on the 

release of particulate matter, sulfur, and trace elements as well 

as acid rain and greenhouse effects. The quality of the coal 

mined and burned impacts air and water quality and affects 

disposal of the solid waste (fl y ash and bottom ash), recovery 

of economic coal combustion product (CCP’s), and power 

plant effi ciency.

With emphasis on elements of environmental concern as 

indicated in the 1990 Clean Air Act Amendment (U.S. Statutes 

at Large, 1990, Public Law 101-549), there has been concern 

about the effects of increased coal utilization. This Clean Air 

Act Amendment has identifi ed several potentially hazardous 

air pollutants, which include antimony, arsenic, beryllium, cadmium, cobalt, lead, manganese, mercury, nickel, selenium, and 

uranium. Because coal quality data are an essential component 

of the USGS’ resource classifi cation system (Wood and others, 

1983), and because utilization of coal may be regulated by 

its effect on the environment, any evaluation of future coal 

resource potential must and should consider quality as well as 

quantity.

Coal Quality Characterization

High-priority coal fi elds of the Colorado Plateau can be 

characterized by mean ash yield (fi g. 6) ranging from 5.1 

percent in the Crested Butte coal fi eld to 24 percent in the Bisti 

coal fi eld, and low-priority coal fi elds can be characterized by 

mean ash yield (fi g. 7) ranging from 7.8 percent in the Book 

Cliffs coal fi eld to 22 percent in the Zuni coal fi eld. Mean 

sulfur content in high-priority coal fi elds (fi g. 8) ranges from 

0.45 percent in the Black Mesa coal fi eld to 1.1 percent in the 

Henry Mountains coal fi eld, and in low-priority coal fi elds (fi g. 

9) it ranges from 0.3 percent in the Tabby Mountain coal fi eld 

to 1.6 percent in the Emery coal fi eld. Mean calorifi c value 

of high-priority coal fi elds (fi g. 10) ranges from 7,600 Btu/lb 

in the Bisti coal fi eld to 14,200 Btu/lb in the Carbondale coal 

fi eld, and in low-priority coal fi elds (fi g. 11) it ranges from 

5,450 Btu/lb in the Tabby Mountain coal fi eld to 12,880 Btu/lb 

in the Book Cliffs coal fi eld. Graduated symbol maps show 

the location of the coal fi elds studied and the mean values for 

ash (fi g. 12), sulfur (fi g. 13), and Btu/lb (fi g. 14). Appendix 

5 includes the minimum, maximum, and mean values for ash 

G8 Geologic Assessment of Coal in the Colorado Plateau: Arizona, Colorado, New Mexico, and Utah
0 5 10 15 20 25

Percent (as-received)

CRESTED BUTTE

CARBONDALE

BLACK MESA

GRAND HOGBACK

YAMPA

WASATCH PLATEAU

KAIPAROWITS PLATEAU

DANFORTH HILLS

LOWER WHITE RIVER

GRAND MESA

SOMERSET

MONERO

BOOK CLIFFS

HENRY MOUNTAINS

FRUITLAND

DURANGO

NAVAJO

STAR LAKE

BISTI

COAL FIELDS

ASH YIELD

High-Priority Areas

Figure 6. Distribution of the mean ash yield for high-priority coal fi elds in the Colorado Plateau coal assessment 

area.

0 5 10 15 20 25

Percent (as-received)

BOOK CLIFFS

NUCLA-NATURITA

TABBY MOUNTAIN

ALTON

GALLUP

KOLOB

SAN JUAN

SAN MATEO

SEGO

EMERY

SALT LAKE

DATIL MOUNTAINS

ZUNI

COAL FIELDS

ASH YIELD

Low-Priority Areas

Figure 7. Distribution of the mean ash yield for low-priority coal fi elds in the Colorado Plateau coal assessment 

area.

Quality Characterization of Cretaceous Coal from the Colorado Plateau Coal Assessment Area G9
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2

Percent (as-received)

BLACK MESA

DANFORTH HILLS

BISTI

GRAND HOGBACK

LOWER WHITE RIVER

CRESTED BUTTE

NAVAJO

STAR LAKE

WASATCH PLATEAU

SOMERSET

CARBONDALE

GRAND MESA

MONERO

BOOK CLIFFS

KAIPAROWITS PLATEAU

YAMPA

FRUITLAND

DURANGO

HENRY MOUNTAINS

COAL FIELDS

SULFUR CONTENT

High-Priority Areas

Figure 8. Distribution of the mean sulfur content for high-priority coal fi elds in the Colorado Plateau coal 

assessment area.

0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8

Percent (as-received)

TABBY MOUNTAIN

DATIL MOUNTAINS

GALLUP

SEGO

ZUNI

SAN JUAN

BOOK CLIFFS

NUCLA-NATURITA

SAN MATEO

ALTON

KOLOB

SALT LAKE

EMERY

COAL FIELDS

SULFUR CONTENT

Low-Priority Areas

Figure 9. Distribution of the mean sulfur content for low-priority coal fi elds in the Colorado Plateau coal 

assessment area.

G10 Geologic Assessment of Coal in the Colorado Plateau: Arizona, Colorado, New Mexico, and Utah
0 2000 4000 6000 8000 10000 12000 14000 16000

Btu/lb (as-received)

BISTI

STAR LAKE

KAIPAROWITS PLATEAU

NAVAJO

DANFORTH HILLS 

HENRY MOUNTAINS

GRAND MESA

LOWER WHITE RIVER

FRUITLAND

BOOK CLIFFS

YAMPA

BLACK MESA 

SOMERSET

DURANGO

WASATCH PLATEAU

MONERO

GRAND HOGBACK

CRESTED BUTTE

CARBONDALE

COAL FIELDS

CALORIFIC VALUE

High-Priority Areas

Figure 10. Distribution of the mean calorifi c values for high-priority coal fi elds in the Colorado Plateau coal 

assessment area.

0 2000 4000 6000 8000 10000 12000 14000

Btu/lb (as-received)

TABBY MOUNTAIN

SALT LAKE

DATIL MOUNTAINS

ALTON

KOLOB

ZUNI

SAN MATEO

GALLUP

EMERY

SEGO

SAN JUAN

NUCLA-NATURITA

BOOK CLIFFS

COAL FIELDS

CALORIFIC VALUE

Low-Priority Areas

Figure 11. Distribution of the mean calorifi c values for low-priority coal fi elds in the Colorado Plateau coal 

assessment area.

Quality Characterization of Cretaceous Coal from the Colorado Plateau Coal Assessment Area G11
Figure 12. Graduated symbol map of the mean values of ash yield for all coal fi elds studied (including high- and 

low-priority coal fi elds) in the Colorado Plateau coal assessment area.

yield, sulfur, calorifi c value, and moist, mineral-matter-free 

Btu grouped by high-priority coal fi elds and stratigraphic unit. 

The mean apparent rank for coal in the Colorado Plateau coal 

assessment area ranges from subbituminous B coal in the San 

Juan Basin coal region, to high-volatile A bituminous coal in 

the southern Piceance Basin (which includes the Book Cliffs, 

Grand Mesa, Somerset, Crested Butte, Carbondale, and Grand 

Hogback coal fi elds). The higher ranks in these coal fi elds are 

probably the result of regional metamorphism and intrusion of 

igneous bodies following coalifi cation.

When compared to United States Tertiary coals, Colorado 

Plateau Cretaceous coals show a high clastic infl uence with 

a higher mean content of ash, silica, aluminum, potassium, 

titanium, and lithium. The contents of silicon and aluminum 

correlate well with ash contents (fi g. 15, correlation coeffi cients > 0.8) as do those of potassium and titanium (fi g. 16). 

Also, the contents of copper, gallium, lead, scandium, thorium, 

uranium, vanadium, yttrium, ytterbium, and zirconium show 

strong correlations with ash, silicon, and aluminum. Many 

of these coals within the Colorado Plateau assessment area 

are laterally discontinuous and are interspersed and interbedded with siltstone, sandstone, and carbonaceous shale. The 

abundance of clastic constituents is evidenced by the slightly 

higher ash content and predominant mineral assemblages of 

quartz and kaolinite (Affolter and Hatch, 1993).

The contents of calcium, magnesium, and sodium are 

generally lower in Cretaceous Colorado Plateau coals and 

Tertiary coals than other U.S. coals, which is probably the 

result of the loss of functional groups that can act as cation 

exchange sites on organic matter during coalifi cation (Affolter 

and Hatch, 1993). Evidence of this can be seen when magnesium is plotted versus rank for the Colorado Plateau coals (fi g. 

17). Similar trends are observable but not as strong for barium, 

calcium, and sodium. Total sulfur, organic sulfur, pyritic sulfur, 

and iron content are similar to Tertiary coals. 

The sulfur content of Colorado Plateau coals is relatively 

low when compared to other U.S. coals. In the Colorado 

Plateau, most of the sulfur is in the form of organic sulfur with 

small amounts of pyritic sulfur, and little sulfate sulfur (fi g. 

18 and Appendix 1). The sulfur content in most U.S. coals is 

mainly dependent on pH-controlled levels of bacterial activity 

in the ancestral peat swamps (Cecil and others, 1982). This 

bacterial activity, along with the general absence of marine 

carbonates such as limestone and dolomite and the rare occurrences of extensive overlying marine shales, probably accounts 

for the low sulfur content in many of the Colorado Plateau 

Cretaceous coals. Sulfur content might also be controlled by 

the location of the peat swamp. Affolter and Stricker (1989) 

suggested that the activity of sulfate-reducing bacteria in peat, 

along with the paleolatitude of the peat swamp, could affect 

#S

#S #S

#S

#S

#S

#S

#S

#S

#S

#S

#S

#S #S #S

#S

#S

#S

#S

#S

#S

#S

#S

#S

#S

#S

#S

#S

#S

#S

#S

#S

BLACK MESA

BOOK CLIFFS CARBONDALE

CRESTED BUTTE

DANFORTH HILLS

DURANGO

GRAND HOGBACK

GRAND MESA

LOWER WHITE RIVER

SOMERSET

YAMPA

BISTI

FRUITLAND MONERO

NAVAJO

STAR LAKE

HENRY MOUNTAINS

KAIPAROWITS PLATEAU

WASATCH PLATEAU

NUCLA-NATURITA

DATIL MOUNTAINS

GALLUP

SALT LAKE

SAN JUAN

SAN MATEO

ZUNI

ALTON

BOOK CLIFFS

EMERY

KOLOB

SEGO

TABBY MOUNTAIN

100 0 100 200 Miles

N

Colorado Plateau Coal

Assessment Area

Colorado Plateau Study Area

States

Coal-Bearing Strata

Ash Yield (percent as-received)

#S 5.1 - 9.9

#S 9.9 - 14.7

#S 14.7 - 19.5

#S 19.5 - 24.2

35° 35°

37° 37°

39° 39°

112°

112°

110°

110°

108°

108°

106°

106°

G12 Geologic Assessment of Coal in the Colorado Plateau: Arizona, Colorado, New Mexico, and Utah
Figure 13. Graduated symbol map of the mean values of sulfur content for all coal fi elds studied 

(including high- and low-priority coal fi elds) in the Colorado Plateau coal assessment area.

Figure 14. Graduated symbol map of the mean values of calorifi c value for all coal fi elds studied 

(including high- and low-priority coal fi elds) in the Colorado Plateau coal assessment area.

#S

#S #S

#S

#S

#S

#S

#S

#S

#S

#S

#S

#S #S #S

#S

#S

#S

#S

#S

#S

#S

#S

#S

#S

#S

#S

#S

#S

#S

#S

#S

BLACK MESA

BOOK CLIFFS CARBONDALE

CRESTED BUTTE

DANFORTH HILLS

DURANGO

GRAND HOGBACK

GRAND MESA

LOWER WHITE RIVER

SOMERSET

YAMPA

BISTI

FRUITLAND MONERO

NAVAJO

STAR LAKE

HENRY MOUNTAINS

KAIPAROWITS PLATEAU

WASATCH PLATEAU

NUCLA-NATURITA

DATIL MOUNTAINS

GALLUP

SALT LAKE

SAN JUAN

SAN MATEO

ZUNI

ALTON

BOOK CLIFFS

EMERY

KOLOB

SEGO

TABBY MOUNTAIN

100 0 100 200 Miles

N

Colorado Plateau Coal

Assessment Area

Colorado Plateau Study Area

States

Coal-Bearing Strata

Sulfur (percent as-received)

#S 0.3 - 0.6

#S 0.6 - 1

#S 1 - 1.3

#S 1.3 - 1.6

35° 35°

37° 37°

39° 39°

112°

112°

110°

110°

108°

108°

106°

106°

#S

#S #S

#S

#S

#S

#S

#S

#S

#S

#S

#S

#S

#S #S

#S

#S

#S

#S

#S

#S

#S

#S

#S

#S

#S

#S

#S

#S

#S

#S

#S

BLACK MESA

BOOK CLIFFS CARBONDALE

CRESTED BUTTE

DANFORTH HILLS

DURANGO

GRAND HOGBACK

GRAND MESA

LOWER WHITE RIVER

SOMERSET

YAMPA

BISTI

FRUITLAND MONERO

NAVAJO

STAR LAKE

HENRY MOUNTAINS

KAIPAROWITS PLATEAU

WASATCH PLATEAU

NUCLA-NATURITA

DATIL MOUNTAINS

GALLUP

SALT LAKE

SAN JUAN

SAN MATEO

ZUNI

ALTON

BOOK CLIFFS

EMERY

KOLOB

SEGO

TABBY MOUNTAIN

100 0 100 200 Miles

N

Colorado Plateau Coal

Assessment Area

Colorado Plateau Study Area

States

Coal-Bearing Strata

Calorific Value (Btu/lb as-received)

#S 5450 - 7640

#S 7640 - 9830

#S 9830 - 12010

#S 12010 - 14200

35° 35°

37° 37°

39° 39°

112°

112°

110°

110°

108°

108°

106°

106°

Quality Characterization of Cretaceous Coal from the Colorado Plateau Coal Assessment Area G13
Figure 15. Plot of silicon and aluminum for Colorado Plateau coal fi elds arranged in order of increasing ash yield.

Figure 16. Plot of potassium and titanium for Colorado Plateau coal fi elds arranged in order of increasing ash yield.

Silicon and Aluminum

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

CRESTED BUTTE

BLACK MESA

CARBONDALE

GRAND HOGBACK

WASATCH PLATEAU

YAMPA

DANFORTH HILLS

MONERO

LOWER WHITE RIVER

KAIPAROWITS PLATEAU

GRAND MESA

SOMERSET

HENRY MOUNTAINS

BOOK CLIFFS

FRUITLAND

DURANGO

NAVAJO

STAR LAKE

BISTI

Coal Field

percent (whole coal)

Silicon

Aluminum

INCREASING ASH CONTENT

Potassium and Titanium

0

0.05

0.1

0.15

0.2

0.25

CRESTED BUTTE

BLACK MESA

CARBONDALE

GRAND HOGBACK

WASATCH PLATEAU

YAMPA

DANFORTH HILLS

MONERO

LOWER WHITE RIVER

KAIPAROWITS PLATEAU

GRAND MESA

SOMERSET

HENRY MOUNTAINS

BOOK CLIFFS

FRUITLAND

DURANGO

NAVAJO

STAR LAKE

BISTI

Coal Field

percent (whole coal)

Potassium

Titanium

INCREASING ASH CONTENT

G14 Geologic Assessment of Coal in the Colorado Plateau: Arizona, Colorado, New Mexico, and Utah
the sulfur content. A comparison of paleolatitudes that were 

calculated from paleomagnetic poles and sulfur contents of 

U.S. coals indicates that the higher the latitude in which a 

peat swamp developed, the lower the mean sulfur content of 

the subsequent coal. Low-sulfur coals such as the Cretaceous 

Colorado Plateau coals formed at higher paleolatitudes (>35 

degrees), and high-sulfur coals (Pennsylvanian coals) formed 

at low paleolatitudes (0–15 degrees). The low sulfur content in 

most western Cretaceous coal is probably a result of several 

depositional as well as environmental factors.

Elements of environmental concern as determined by the 

1990 Clean Air Act Amendment (antimony, arsenic, beryllium, 

cadmium, cobalt, lead, manganese, mercury, nickel, selenium, 

and uranium) are generally lower in content for Colorado 

Plateau assessment area coals when compared to other coal 

regions within the United States. Table 2 shows the mean 

content of elements of environmental concern for the Colorado 

Plateau assessment area. Table 3 compares the mean content 

of elements of environmental concern between the Colorado 

Plateau and the Appalachian Basin, Interior Province, Gulf 

Coast, and Western U.S. Tertiary coals. Appendix 6 contains 

graduated symbol maps for each element of environmental 

concern within the Colorado Plateau coal assessment area for 

all coal fi elds studied (including high- and low-priority coal 

fi elds). Appendix 7 contains minimum, maximum, and mean 

contents for elements of environmental concern shown by 

high-priority coal fi eld and stratigraphic unit.

Unusually high contents of phosphorous (30 times greater 

than the average Cretaceous values), strontium (5 to 10 times 

higher), and barium (6 times higher) have been reported in 

the Wadge and Wolf Creek coal beds from the Yampa coal 

fi eld. These high values probably resulted from the alteration 

of apatite-bearing air-fall tuffs that were deposited into 

the reducing environment of the peat swamps (Brownfi eld 

and others, 1987). X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscope (SEM), and chemical analysis have indicated the presence of hydrated aluminum-phosphate minerals of the crandallite group (Affolter and Brownfi eld, 1987; Brownfi eld and 

Affolter, 1988). These minerals probably formed during early 

diagenesis in the peat swamps and are localized in and near 

kaolinitic, altered, volcanic-ash partings. High contents of 

strontium, barium, and phosphorous have also been found in 

coal from the Danforth Hills, Bisti, Durango, and Grand Mesa 

coal fi elds and in coal from the Iles Formation. However no 

crandallite group minerals have been identifi ed in these units. 

These high values of phosphorus are characteristic of Colorado 

Figure 17. Plot of magnesium for Colorado Plateau coal fi elds arranged in order of increasing rank.

Magnesium Content

0

0.02

0.04

0.06

0.08

0.1

0.12

0.14

0.16

BISTI

KAIPAROWITS PLATEAU

DANFORTH HILLS

GRAND MESA

LOWER WHITE RIVER

STAR LAKE

HENRY MOUNTAINS

YAMPA

BLACK MESA

NAVAJO

BOOK CLIFFS

FRUITLAND

WASATCH PLATEAU

SOMERSET

GRAND HOGBACK

CRESTED BUTTE

MONERO

DURANGO

CARBONDALE

Coal Fields

Percent (whole coal)

INCREAS NG RANK I

Quality Characterization of Cretaceous Coal from the Colorado Plateau Coal Assessment Area G15
Plateau coals as a result of the abundance of volcanic ash 

partings found in these coals. They are also useful in the correlation of coal beds within the various basins (Brownfi eld and 

Johnson, 1986). Figure 19 shows the graduated symbol map 

for phosphorus values in the Colorado Plateau coal assessment 

area.

Conclusion

Differences in the quality of coal result from variations 

in the total and relative amounts of inorganic minerals, the 

elemental composition of these minerals, and the total and relative amounts of any organically bound elements. The chemical form and distribution of a given element are dependent 

on the geological history of the coal bed. A partial listing of 

the factors that might infl uence element distributions would 

include chemical composition of original plants making up the 

peat swamp; amounts and compositions of the various detrital, 

diagenetic, and epigenetic minerals; chemical characteristics 

of the ground waters that come in contact with the coal bed; 

temperature and pressures during burial; and extent of chemi- Figure 18. Distribution of sulfate, and organic and pyritic sulfur for 

Colorado Plateau coals.

Figure 19. Graduated symbol map of the mean values of phosphorus for all coal fi elds studied (including high- and 

low-priority coal fi elds) in the Colorado Plateau coal assessment area.

#S

#S #S

#S

#S

#S

#S

#S

#S

#S

#S

#S

#S #S

#S

#S

#S

#S

#S

#S

#S

#S

#S

#S

#S

#S

#S

#S

#S

#S

#S

#S

BLACK MESA

BOOK CLIFFS CARBONDALE

CRESTED BUTTE

DANFORTH HILLS

DURANGO

GRAND HOGBACK

GRAND MESA

LOWER WHITE RIVER

SOMERSET

YAMPA

BISTI

FRUITLAND MONERO

NAVAJO

STAR LAKE

HENRY MOUNTAINS

KAIPAROWITS PLATEAU

WASATCH PLATEAU

NUCLA-NATURITA

DATIL MOUNTAINS

GALLUP

SALT LAKE

SAN JUAN

SAN MATEO

ZUNI

ALTON

BOOK CLIFFS

EMERY

KOLOB

SEGO

TABBY MOUNTAIN

100 0 100 200 Miles

N

Colorado Plateau Coal

Assessment Area

Colorado Plateau Study Area

States

Coal-Bearing Strata

Phosphorus (ppm whole coal)

#S 20 - 40

#S 40 - 190

#S 190 - 340

#S 340 - 570

35° 35°

37° 37°

39° 39°

112°

112°

110°

110°

108°

108°

106°

106°

Forms of Sulfur

Colorado Plateau Coal Assessment Area

Sulfate

sulfur

Pyritic

sulfur

Organic

sulfur

G16 Geologic Assessment of Coal in the Colorado Plateau: Arizona, Colorado, New Mexico, and Utah
Table 2. List of the mean content of elements of environmental concern (1990 Clean Air Act Amendment) for the high-priority coal fields in the Colorado Pla

[All elements are in parts per million (ppm) on a whole-coal basis. Element contents are reported to two significant figures for most elements. However, mercury and cadmiplaces and antimony and selenium are reported to one decimal place. A common problem in statistical summaries of trace-element data arises when element values are belodetection. This results in a censored distribution. To compute unbiased estimates of the means for censored data, we adopted the protocol of reducing all "less than" values bstatistics were generated. Leaders (---) indicate statistics could not be calculated owing to an insufficient number of analyses above the lower detection limit] 

Coal field Element analyzed 

 As Be Cd Co Cr Hg Mn Ni Pb Sb S

Black Mesa 1.3 0.76 --- 1.0 4.0 0.04 9.6 2.3 2.6 0.3 1.Book Cliffs 1.5 2.9 0.13 2.1 10 0.07 5.6 6.7 9.6 1.7 1.Carbondale 1.0 0.39 0.06 1.0 1.9 0.07 12 1.9 2.8 0.2 1.Crested Butte 0.39 0.33 0.07 1.3 2.1 0.06 31 2.8 --- --- 0.Danforth Hills 1.5 1.2 0.08 2.3 7.5 0.05 21 7.0 4.8 0.8 0.Durango 4.8 1.2 0.15 2.5 4.4 0.08 15 4.9 6.6 0.7 1.Grand Hogback 1.3 0.56 --- 1.5 2.4 0.04 32 2.1 5.5 0.3 1.Grand Mesa 1.3 0.71 0.09 1.5 3.5 0.05 34 2.8 7.5 0.5 1.Lower White River 0.47 0.66 --- 1.6 7.5 0.04 40 4.2 7.5 0.3 1.Somerset 2.2 1.3 0.07 1.6 5.5 0.07 15 3.6 5.3 0.7 1.Yampa 1.8 1.2 0.06 1.3 4.3 0.06 23 3.8 5.2 0.3 1.Bisti 2.7 4.0 0.15 3.2 8.5 0.08 89 4.9 13 1.3 1.Fruitland 4.6 0.97 0.14 1.5 3.7 0.13 45 2.6 130 0.4 2.Monero 3.0 5.8 0.09 7.6 12 0.19 11 14 4.6 2.7 2.Navajo 4.3 1.4 --- 1.6 4.7 0.08 33 4.2 11 0.6 1.Star Lake 2.2 2.5 0.13 2.8 6.4 0.07 57 5.6 13 1.3 2.Henry Mountains 1.6 1.2 0.09 1.8 9.8 0.09 25 3.6 5.5 0.6 1.Kaiparowits Plateau 4.2 0.85 --- 1.3 9.4 0.06 30 4.1 5.6 0.4 1.Wasatch Plateau 0.91 1.2 0.07 1.4 9.0 0.05 7.8 4.6 10 0.3 1.
cal weathering. Many of these factors have not been 

evaluated in detail for many of the Colorado Plateau 

assessment coal fi elds.

In order to better predict future environmental 

impacts on the utilization of coal, we need to identify 

the modes of occurrence of the various elements 

within the coal beds and coal mine products. This will 

involve collecting additional samples and obtaining 

mineralogical data through low-temperature ashing, 

X-ray diffraction, and scanning electron microscopy 

techniques. The Colorado Plateau assessment chemical database is not complete, and additional samples 

will be required to adequately characterize all the 

major producing coal beds in detail. Currently the 

database represents only a regional view of the quality based on a limited amount of samples, which is 

only a fi rst step in evaluating their potential. 

More than 88 percent of the United States yearly 

production of coal is consumed in the production of 

electricity by utilities (Energy Information Administration, 1997). Environmental concern over the composition of stack emissions and coal combustion 

byproducts has become a major concern because of 

the increased combustion of coal. Since the rate of 

coal utilization has been steadily increasing, specifi c 

concern about the chemical composition of coal and 

its byproducts has become a growing concern mainly 

because of the 1990 Clean Air Act Amendment. 

The future of coal utilization depends on a careful 

evaluation of the coal quality, mining costs, benefi ciation costs, transportation, coal combustion byproducts, and waste disposal. With increasing emphasis on 

environmental concerns, information on the quality of 

coal (which includes ash yield, sulfur content, calorifi c value, major-, minor-, and trace-element content) 

has become almost as important as information on the 

quantity of the resource. Because Colorado Plateau 

assessment coals are low in sulfur, high in calorifi c 

value, and low in many of the elements of environmental concern, these coals should play a major role 

in supplying future United States energy needs.

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Table 3. Comparison of the mean content of elements of environmental concern (1990 Clean Air Act Amendment) for the Colorado Plateau coal assessment area with coal from the 

Appalachian Basin, Interior Province, Gulf Coast, and Western U.S. Tertiary coal. 

[All elements are in parts per million (ppm) on a whole-coal basis] 

Element 

Colorado Plateau 

coal assessment area 

Cretaceous 

Mean1

Appalachian Basin 

Pennsylvanian 

Mean2

Interior Province 

Pennsylvanian 

Mean2

Gulf Coast 

Tertiary 

Mean2

Western U.S. 

Tertiary 

Mean3

 (n=1265) (n=4700) (n=800) (n=200) (n=520) 

Antimony 0.5 1.4 1.5 1.0 0.6 Arsenic 1.6 35 20 10 7.4 Beryllium 1.2 2.5 2.4 2.4 1.1 Cadmium 0.1 0.1 4.2 0.55 0.1 Chromium 4.5 17 19 24 10 Cobalt 1.5 7.2 10 7.2 3.5 Lead 6.5 8.4 40 21 4.2 Manganese 22 29 78 150 60 Mercury 0.06 0.21 0.15 0.22 0.12 Nickel 3.7 17 27 13 4.6 Selenium 1.2 3.5 3.2 5.7 0.7 Uranium 1.3 1.7 3.1 23 1.7 

1 This report. 2 Finkelman and others (1994). 3 Summarized from Affolter and Hatch (1993).

G18 Geologic Assessment of Coal in the Colorado Plateau: Arizona, Colorado, New Mexico, and Utah
Affolter, R.H., and Hatch, J.R., 1995, Cretaceous and Tertiary coals 

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Quality (COALQUAL) Database, version 2.0: U.S. Geological Survey 

Open-File Report 97-134.

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in the lower part of the Williams Fork Formation, Twentymile 

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Carter, L.M.H., ed., U.S. Geological Survey Research on Energy 

Resources—1988, Program and Abstracts, V.E. McKelvey Forum 

on Mineral and Energy Resources: U.S. Geological Survey Circular 

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group minerals in the Capps and Q coal beds, Tyonek Formation, 

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Brownfi eld, M.E., and Johnson, E.A., 1986, A regionally extensive 

altered air-fall ash for use in correlation of lithofacies in the Upper 

Cretaceous Williams Fork Formation, northeastern Piceance Creek 

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Interpretations of Northwest Colorado Geology: Rocky Mountain 

Association of Geologists, p. 293–295.

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ANS/ACS Atomic and Nuclear Methods in Fossil Energy Research 

Symposium, Plenum Press, p. 323–336.

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26, 1999.

Finkelman, A.C., Wong, C.J., Cheng, A.C., and Finkelman, R.B., 1991, 

Bibliography of publications containing major, minor, and trace element data from the National Coal Resources Data System: U.S. 

Geological Survey Open-File Report 91-123, 19 p. 

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U.S. Geological Survey coal quality data base (COALQUAL): U.S. 

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1995 National assessment of United States oil and gas resources—

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G.L., Takahashi, K. I., and Varnes, K.L., eds.: U.S. Geological Survey 

Digital Data Series 30, (Release 2).

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and Warwick, P.D., 1996, Assessing the coal resources of the 

United States: U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet 157-96, 8 p. 

Golightly, D.W., and Simon, F.O., 1989, Methods for sampling and inorganic analysis of coal: U.S. Geological Survey Bulletin 1823, 72 p.

Hatch, J.R., and Swanson, V.E., 1977, Trace elements in Rocky Mountain coals, in Murray, D.K., ed., Geology of Rocky Mountain Coal—A 

Symposium: Colorado Geological Survey Resource Series 1, p. 

143–164.

Kauffman, E.G., 1980, Major factors infl uencing the distribution of 

Cretaceous coal in the Western Interior United States, in Carter, 

L.M.H., ed., Proceedings of the Fourth Symposium on the Geology 

of Rocky Mountain Coal, 1980: Colorado Geological Survey Series 

10, p.1–3.

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relationship to the origin and distribution of uranium: University of 

New Mexico Publications in Geology, no. 5, p 7–31.

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R.D.,1996, Coal assessment of the Colorado Plateau using a geographic information system, in Thirteenth Annual International 

Pittsburgh Coal Conference “Coal—Energy and the Environment:”

Proceedings of Pittsburgh Coal Conference, v. 1, p. 185–188.

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Late Cretaceous of the Western Interior of Middle North America—Coal distribution and sediment accumulation: U.S. Geological 

Survey Professional Paper 1516, 115 p.

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Woodruff, S.D., and Hildebrand, R.T., 1976, Collection, chemical 

analysis, and evaluation of coal samples in 1975: U.S. Geological 

Survey Open-File Report 76-468, 503 p.

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collecting and analytical methods used in the U.S. Geological 

Survey for determining chemical composition of coal: U.S. Geological Survey Circular 735, 11 p.

U.S. Statutes at Large, 1990, Public Law 101-549. Provisions for attainQuality Characterization of Cretaceous Coal from the Colorado Plateau Coal Assessment Area G19
ment and maintenance of national ambient air quality standards. 

101st Congress, 2nd Session, 104, part 4, p. 2353–3358.

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44 p.

Appendix 1—Number of Samples, Mean, Median, Range, and 

Standard Deviation of Proximate and Ultimate Analyses, 

Calorifi c Value, Forms of Sulfur, and Ash-Fusion Temperatures 

for High-Priority Coal Fields in the Colorado Plateau Coal Assessment Area

Wood, G.H., Jr., Kehn, T.M., Carter, M.D., and Culbertson, W.C., 1983, 

Coal resource classifi cation system of the U.S. Geological Survey: 

U.S. Geological Survey Circular 891, 63 p.

Table A1-1. Number of samples, mean, median, range, and standard deviation of proximate and ultimate analyses, 

calorific value, forms of sulfur, and ash-fusion-temperatures of coal from the Black Mesa coal field. 

[All values are reported on the as-received basis and are in percent except calorific value (Btu/lb) and ash-fusion-temperatures ( ̊F)] 

 Number of Range Standard 

 samples Mean Median Minimum Maximum deviation 

Proximate and ultimate analyses 

Moisture 30 10.4 10.7 8.6 12.1 1.1 

Volatile matter 30 38.8 38.9 34.3 41.2 2.1 

Fixed carbon 30 43.7 43.7 41.4 45.7 1.1 

Ash 30 7.2 7.7 2.7 11.1 2.2 

Hydrogen 30 5.7 5.7 5.4 5.9 0.2 

Carbon 30 63.5 63.2 59.2 67.2 2.1 

Nitrogen 30 1.1 1.1 0.9 1.2 0.1 

Oxygen 30 22.1 22.3 20.7 23.7 0.8 

Sulfur 30 0.5 0.5 0.3 0.7 0.1 

Calorific value 

Btu/lb 30 11,100 11,050 10,360 11,800 380 

Forms of sulfur 

Sulfate 17 0.02 0.02 0.01 0.03 0.01 

Pyritic 30 0.04 0.04 0.01 0.08 0.02 

Organic 30 0.40 0.38 0.28 0.63 0.08 

Ash-fusion temperatures ( ̊ F) 

Initial 

deformation 28 2,185 2,155 2,120 2,290 57 

Softening 

temperature 28 2,250 2,200 2,160 2,400 90 

Fluid 

temperature 28 2,315 2,305 2,190 2,480 115 

G20 Geologic Assessment of Coal in the Colorado Plateau: Arizona, Colorado, New Mexico, and Utah
Table A1-2. Number of samples, mean, median, range, and standard deviation of proximate and ultimate analyses, 

calorific value, forms of sulfur, and ash-fusion-temperatures of coal from the Book Cliffs coal field. 

[All values are reported on the as-received basis and are in percent except calorific value (Btu/lb) and ash-fusion-temperatures ( ̊F). G, 

greater than value shown] 

 Number of Range Standard 

 samples Mean Median Minimum Maximum deviation 

Proximate and ultimate analyses 

Moisture 19 9.3 9.5 5.1 11.4 1.7 

Volatile matter 19 32.0 32.1 22.8 37.7 3.4 

Fixed carbon 19 44.7 45.4 31.5 48.5 3.9 

Ash 19 14.0 12.1 4.8 36.6 7.1 

Hydrogen 19 5.3 5.4 4.3 5.8 0.4 

Carbon 20 59.4 60.9 36.4 67.6 7.9 

Nitrogen 19 1.6 1.6 1.2 1.9 0.2 

Oxygen 19 17.8 18.2 13.9 20.5 1.8 

Sulfur 20 0.8 0.7 0.5 1.5 0.3 

Calorific value 

Btu/lb 19 10,770 10,830 7,350 12,040 1,050 

Forms of sulfur 

Sulfate 18 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.06 0.01 

Pyritic 19 0.10 0.04 0.02 0.57 0.16 

Organic 19 0.61 0.61 0.50 0.76 0.06 

Ash-fusion temperatures ( ̊ F) 

Initial 

deformation 19 2,750 2,800 2,460 2,800G 111 

Softening 

temperature 19 2,770 2,800 2,560 2,800G 78 

Fluid 

temperature 19 2,785 2,800 2,665 2,800G 38 

Quality Characterization of Cretaceous Coal from the Colorado Plateau Coal Assessment Area G21
Table A1-3. Number of samples, mean, median, range, and standard deviation of proximate and ultimate analyses, 

calorific value, forms of sulfur, and ash-fusion-temperatures of coal from the Carbondale coal field. 

[All values are reported on the as-received basis and are in percent except calorific value (Btu/lb) and ash-fusion-temperatures ( ̊F)] 

 Number of Range Standard 

 samples Mean Median Minimum Maximum deviation 

Proximate and ultimate analyses 

Moisture 9 1.4 1.0 0.8 4.0 1.0 

Volatile matter 9 27.9 27.3 21.8 39.3 5.5 

Fixed carbon 9 63.7 65.4 50.7 69.6 6.5 

Ash 9 7.0 6.5 3.9 11.3 2.1 

Hydrogen 9 5.2 5.3 4.8 5.8 0.3 

Carbon 9 80.0 81.7 70.4 85.7 4.6 

Nitrogen 9 1.9 1.9 1.7 2.1 0.1 

Oxygen 9 5.2 3.8 2.6 14.8 3.7 

Sulfur 9 0.7 0.5 0.3 1.5 0.4 

Calorific value 

Btu/lb 9 14,200 14,490 12,610 15,090 750 

Forms of sulfur 

Sulfate 9 0.03 0.01 0.01 0.1 0.04 

Pyritic 9 0.19 0.03 0.01 0.78 0.29 

Organic 9 0.46 0.48 0.28 0.66 0.12 

Ash-fusion temperatures ( ̊ F) 

Initial 

deformation 9 2,235 2,250 2,030 2,410 115 

Softening 

temperature 9 2,305 2,300 2,080 2,500 131 

Fluid 

temperature 9 2,455 2,450 2,360 2,610 79 

G22 Geologic Assessment of Coal in the Colorado Plateau: Arizona, Colorado, New Mexico, and Utah
Table A1-4. Number of samples, mean, median, range, and standard deviation of proximate and ultimate analyses, 

calorific value, forms of sulfur, and ash-fusion-temperatures of coal from the Crested Butte coal field. 

[All values are reported on the as-received basis and are in percent except calorific value (Btu/lb) and ash-fusion-temperatures ( ̊F)] 

 Number of Range Standard 

 samples Mean Median Minimum Maximum deviation 

Proximate and ultimate analyses 

Moisture 3 5.0 1.4 1.4 12.3 6.3 

Volatile matter 3 18.0 10.3 8.1 35.7 15.3 

Fixed carbon 3 71.8 82.9 46.4 86.1 22.1 

Ash 3 5.1 5.4 4.4 5.6 0.6 

Hydrogen 3 4.6 4.1 3.7 5.9 1.2 

Carbon 3 78.0 84.1 62.8 87.0 13.2 

Nitrogen 3 1.8 1.7 1.6 2.0 0.2 

Oxygen 3 10.0 3.8 2.6 23.6 11.8 

Sulfur 3 0.6 0.6 0.5 0.6 0.1 

Calorific value 

Btu/lb 3 13,280 14,310 11,080 14,440 1,900 

Forms of sulfur 

Sulfate 3 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.00 

Pyritic 3 0.05 0.05 0.04 0.06 0.01 

Organic 3 0.51 0.55 0.40 0.57 0.09 

Ash-fusion temperatures ( ̊ F) 

Initial 

deformation 3 2,125 2,100 2,060 2,210 78 

Softening 

temperature 3 2,230 2,210 2,150 2,320 86 

Fluid 

temperature 3 2,325 2,300 2,260 2,420 83 

Quality Characterization of Cretaceous Coal from the Colorado Plateau Coal Assessment Area G23
Table A1-5. Number of samples, mean, median, range, and standard deviation of proximate and ultimate analyses, 

calorific value, forms of sulfur, and ash-fusion-temperatures of coal from the Danforth Hills coal field. 

[All values are reported on the as-received basis and are in percent except calorific value (Btu/lb) and ash-fusion-temperatures ( ̊F)] 

 Number of Range Standard 

 samples Mean Median Minimum Maximum deviation 

Proximate and ultimate analyses 

Moisture 47 14.8 15.2 2.9 23.8 3.3 

Volatile matter 47 30.9 32.2 11.3 34.9 4.1 

Fixed carbon 47 42.8 44.8 22.5 50.9 6.2 

Ash 47 11.5 6.5 2.6 45.8 10.3 

Hydrogen 47 5.5 5.7 2.5 6.2 0.7 

Carbon 47 55.9 57.9 33.5 64.4 7.5 

Nitrogen 47 1.3 1.4 0.6 1.6 0.2 

Oxygen 47 25.4 25.7 6.4 30.6 3.7 

Sulfur 47 0.5 0.4 0.3 1.1 0.2 

Calorific value 

Btu/lb 47 9,650 10,010 5,780 11,200 1,320 

Forms of sulfur 

Sulfate 41 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.04 0.01 

Pyritic 47 0.09 0.05 0.01 0.41 0.10 

Organic 47 0.37 0.34 0.12 0.76 0.13 

Ash-fusion temperatures ( ̊ F) 

Initial 

deformation 47 2,420 2,410 2,030 2,910 220 

Softening 

temperature 47 2,520 2,500 2,090 2,910 220 

Fluid 

temperature 47 2,585 2,570 2,140 2,910 206 

G24 Geologic Assessment of Coal in the Colorado Plateau: Arizona, Colorado, New Mexico, and Utah
Table A1-6. Number of samples, mean, median, range, and standard deviation of proximate and ultimate analyses, 

calorific value, forms of sulfur, and ash-fusion-temperatures of coal from the Durango coal field. 

[All values are reported on the as-received basis and are in percent except calorific value (Btu/lb) and ash-fusion-temperatures ( ̊F). G, 

greater than value shown] 

 Number of Range Standard 

 samples Mean Median Minimum Maximum deviation 

Proximate and ultimate analyses 

Moisture 27 2.2 1.5 0.5 8.1 1.6 

Volatile matter 27 28.2 30.1 13.7 37.9 6.6 

Fixed carbon 27 50.9 53.8 32.6 59.8 7.1 

Ash 27 18.7 13.2 3.6 46.3 13.1 

Hydrogen 27 4.7 5.1 2.8 5.7 0.9 

Carbon 27 66.5 71.1 42.2 78.1 11.0 

Nitrogen 27 1.4 1.5 0.8 1.8 0.3 

Oxygen 27 7.7 6.1 3.1 20.4 4.0 

Sulfur 27 1.0 0.8 0.4 3.3 0.6 

Calorific value 

Btu/lb 27 11,850 12,760 7,620 13,960 2,080 

Forms of sulfur 

Sulfate 26 0.04 0.02 0.01 0.2 0.04 

Pyritic 27 0.30 0.12 0.01 2.56 0.55 

Organic 27 0.60 0.63 0.33 0.77 0.12 

Ash-fusion temperatures ( ̊ F) 

Initial 

deformation 27 2,740 2,800 2,310 2,910G 148 

Softening 

temperature 27 2,795 2,800 2,420 2,910G 102 

Fluid 

temperature 27 2,815 2,800 2,510 2,910G 80 

Quality Characterization of Cretaceous Coal from the Colorado Plateau Coal Assessment Area G25
Table A1-7. Number of samples, mean, median, range, and standard deviation of proximate and ultimate analyses, 

calorific value, forms of sulfur, and ash-fusion-temperatures of coal from the Grand Hogback coal field. 

[All values are reported on the as-received basis and are in percent except calorific value (Btu/lb) and ash-fusion-temperatures ( ̊F). G, 

greater than value shown] 

 Number of Range Standard 

 samples Mean Median Minimum Maximum deviation 

Proximate and ultimate analyses 

Moisture 5 4.5 4.5 4.0 4.8 0.3 

Volatile matter 5 38.9 39.2 37.2 39.8 1.0 

Fixed carbon 5 48.4 48.3 46.1 50.0 1.6 

Ash 5 8.2 8.2 6.1 10.4 2.0 

Hydrogen 5 5.5 5.5 5.4 5.6 0.1 

Carbon 6 69.5 69.1 68.0 71.4 1.5 

Nitrogen 5 1.3 1.4 0.9 1.4 0.2 

Oxygen 5 14.7 14.5 14.1 15.3 0.6 

Sulfur 6 0.5 0.6 0.3 0.7 0.1 

Calorific value 

Btu/lb 5 12,340 12,350 12,060 12,580 240 

Forms of sulfur 

Sulfate 4 0.02 0.02 0.01 0.02 0.01 

Pyritic 5 0.06 0.07 0.03 0.09 0.03 

Organic 5 0.50 0.53 0.38 0.56 0.07 

Ash-fusion temperatures ( ̊ F) 

Initial 

deformation 5 2,680 2,910 2,230 2,910 325 

Softening 

temperature 5 2,700 2,910 2,280 2,910G 299 

Fluid 

temperature 5 2,730 2,910 2,400 2,910G 248 

G26 Geologic Assessment of Coal in the Colorado Plateau: Arizona, Colorado, New Mexico, and Utah
Table A1-8. Number of samples, mean, median, range, and standard deviation of proximate and ultimate analyses, 

calorific value, forms of sulfur, and ash-fusion-temperatures of coal from the Grand Mesa coal field. 

[All values are reported on the as-received basis and are in percent except calorific value (Btu/lb) and ash-fusion-temperatures ( ̊F). G, 

greater than value shown] 

 Number of Range Standard 

 samples Mean Median Minimum Maximum deviation 

Proximate and ultimate analyses 

Moisture 50 13.7 13.6 2.5 23.8 4.8 

Volatile matter 50 33.0 33.2 22.0 38.7 3.2 

Fixed carbon 50 41.6 42.6 24.6 51.5 5.1 

Ash 50 11.7 9.8 3.2 41.4 7.2 

Hydrogen 50 5.6 5.7 4.1 6.3 0.4 

Carbon 50 57.2 58.0 35.5 74.2 7.2 

Nitrogen 50 1.3 1.3 0.8 1.8 0.2 

Oxygen 50 23.5 23.6 8.7 38.8 5.5 

Sulfur 50 0.7 0.6 0.3 2.2 0.3 

Calorific value 

Btu/lb 50 10,030 10,190 6,170 13,490 1,380 

Forms of sulfur 

Sulfate 49 0.02 0.01 0.01 0.09 0.02 

Pyritic 50 0.13 0.05 0.01 1.55 0.25 

Organic 50 0.54 0.51 0.09 1.26 0.21 

Ash-fusion temperatures ( ̊ F) 

Initial 

deformation 50 2,650 2,800 2,055 2,910G 297 

Softening 

temperature 50 2,695 2,800 2,155 2,910G 258 

Fluid 

temperature 50 2,735 2,800 2,250 2,910G 218 

Quality Characterization of Cretaceous Coal from the Colorado Plateau Coal Assessment Area G27
Table A1-9. Number of samples, mean, median, range, and standard deviation of proximate and ultimate analyses, 

calorific value, forms of sulfur, and ash-fusion-temperatures of coal from the Lower White River coal field. 

[All values are reported on the as-received basis and are in percent except calorific value (Btu/lb) and ash-fusion-temperatures ( ̊F). G, 

greater than value shown] 

 Number of Range Standard 

 samples Mean Median Minimum Maximum deviation 

Proximate and ultimate analyses 

Moisture 13 12.0 10.2 6.7 22.3 5.2 

Volatile matter 13 33.4 33.6 29.6 36.8 2.2 

Fixed carbon 13 42.9 42.7 35.6 51.1 5.7 

Ash 13 11.6 10.0 4.1 23.9 5.3 

Hydrogen 13 5.3 5.4 4.5 5.6 0.3 

Carbon 13 58.2 62.0 44.8 66.9 7.4 

Nitrogen 13 1.3 1.3 1.0 1.4 0.1 

Oxygen 13 23.0 20.1 17.7 36.6 6.3 

Sulfur 13 0.5 0.5 0.4 1.1 0.2 

Calorific value 

Btu/lb 13 10,090 10,830 7,240 11,720 1,490 

Forms of sulfur 

Sulfate 12 0.02 0.02 0.01 0.05 0.01 

Pyritic 13 0.18 0.17 0.01 0.43 0.13 

Organic 13 0.34 0.34 0.11 0.63 0.15 

Ash-fusion temperatures ( ̊ F) 

Initial 

deformation 13 2,595 2,605 2,215 2,855G 234 

Softening 

temperature 13 2,660 2,705 2,305 2,910G 204 

Fluid 

temperature 13 2,705 2,800 2,415 2,910G 168 

G28 Geologic Assessment of Coal in the Colorado Plateau: Arizona, Colorado, New Mexico, and Utah
Table A1-10. Number of samples, mean, median, range, and standard deviation of proximate and ultimate analyses, 

calorific value, forms of sulfur, and ash-fusion-temperatures of coal from the Somerset coal field. 

[All values are reported on the as-received basis and are in percent except calorific value (Btu/lb) and ash-fusion-temperatures ( ̊F). G, 

greater than value shown] 

 Number of Range Standard 

 samples Mean Median Minimum Maximum deviation 

Proximate and ultimate analyses 

Moisture 43 4.5 4.3 1.8 8.6 1.7 

Volatile matter 43 35.5 35.7 30.4 40.0 2.4 

Fixed carbon 43 48.1 48.8 37.6 54.5 4.4 

Ash 43 11.9 10.6 2.7 29.2 6.6 

Hydrogen 43 5.3 5.4 4.4 5.8 0.3 

Carbon 44 65.9 67.2 49.7 76.3 6.3 

Nitrogen 43 1.4 1.5 0.8 2.1 0.4 

Oxygen 43 14.2 14.7 0.7 20.7 3.8 

Sulfur 44 0.7 0.6 0.4 1.3 0.2 

Calorific value 

Btu/lb 43 11,770 11,730 9,220 13,670 1,100 

Forms of sulfur 

Sulfate 42 0.02 0.02 0.01 0.08 0.01 

Pyritic 43 0.11 0.07 0.02 0.45 0.10 

Organic 43 0.54 0.51 0.38 0.97 0.11 

Ash-fusion temperatures ( ̊ F) 

Initial 

deformation 43 2,560 2,650 2,000 2,910G 252 

Softening 

temperature 43 2,630 2,740 2,075 2,910G 224 

Fluid 

temperature 43 2,685 2,800 2,165 2,910G 196 

Quality Characterization of Cretaceous Coal from the Colorado Plateau Coal Assessment Area G29
Table A1-11. Number of samples, mean, median, range, and standard deviation of proximate and ultimate analyses, 

calorific value, forms of sulfur, and ash-fusion-temperatures of coal from the Yampa coal field. 

[All values are reported on the as-received basis and are in percent except calorific value (Btu/lb) and ash-fusion-temperatures ( ̊F). L, 

less than value shown. A common problem in statistical summaries of data arises when values are below the limits of analytical 

detection. This results in a censored distribution. To compute unbiased estimates of the means for censored data, we adopted the 

protocol of reducing all "less than" values by 50 percent before summary statistics were generated. G, greater than value shown] 

 Number of Range Standard 

 samples Mean Median Minimum Maximum deviation 

Proximate and ultimate analyses 

Moisture 179 10.0 9.6 2.9 29.1 3.6 

Volatile matter 148 35.8 36.0 24.7 42.1 3.0 

Fixed carbon 148 45.1 46.1 23.2 52.4 4.4 

Ash 148 8.5 7.3 2.2 37.0 5.6 

Hydrogen 148 5.6 5.7 3.8 7.1 0.4 

Carbon 154 61.7 62.9 32.3 75.3 6.7 

Nitrogen 148 1.5 1.6 0.5 2.0 0.3 

Oxygen 148 21.5 21.0 14.7 40.7 3.3 

Sulfur 246 0.8 0.5 0.1 9.2 0.9 

Calorific value 

Btu/lb 148 10,930 11,190 5,070 12,440 1,150 

Forms of sulfur 

Sulfate 222 0.03 0.01 0.01L 0.66 0.06 

Pyritic 240 0.28 0.08 0.01L 6.34 0.64 

Organic 208 0.54 0.44 0.06 2.37 0.37 

Ash-fusion temperatures ( ̊ F) 

Initial 

deformation 148 2,435 2,450 1,850 2,910G 320 

Softening 

temperature 148 2,510 2,560 1,880 2,910G 300 

Fluid 

temperature 148 2,585 2,700 1,990 2,910G 260 

G30 Geologic Assessment of Coal in the Colorado Plateau: Arizona, Colorado, New Mexico, and Utah
Table A1-12. Number of samples, mean, median, range, and standard deviation of proximate and ultimate analyses, 

calorific value, forms of sulfur, and ash-fusion-temperatures of coal from the Bisti coal field. 

[All values are reported on the as-received basis and are in percent except calorific value (Btu/lb) and ash-fusion-temperatures ( ̊F). G, 

greater than value shown] 

 Number of Range Standard 

 samples Mean Median Minimum Maximum deviation 

Proximate and ultimate analyses 

Moisture 63 17.4 17.2 8.0 28.1 3.9 

Volatile matter 63 28.2 28.3 16.5 34.5 3.5 

Fixed carbon 63 30.2 31.6 13.2 41.3 6.2 

Ash 63 24.2 22.9 9.3 46.5 9.4 

Hydrogen 63 5.3 5.4 3.6 6.3 0.6 

Carbon 63 43.7 46.3 19.6 59.4 8.5 

Nitrogen 63 0.9 0.9 0.4 1.2 0.2 

Oxygen 63 25.4 24.4 16.1 37.4 4.2 

Sulfur 63 0.5 0.5 0.2 1.3 0.2 

Calorific value 

Btu/lb 63 7,610 8,130 3,270 10,410 1,600 

Forms of sulfur 

Sulfate 63 0.03 0.02 0.01 0.13 0.03 

Pyritic 63 0.10 0.07 0.02 0.92 0.12 

Organic 63 0.37 0.37 0.17 0.62 0.09 

Ash-fusion temperatures ( ̊ F) 

Initial 

deformation 62 2,660 2,650 2,250 2,910G 174 

Softening 

temperature 62 2,715 2,755 2,350 2,910G 147 

Fluid 

temperature 62 2,770 2,800 2,500 2,910G 100 

Quality Characterization of Cretaceous Coal from the Colorado Plateau Coal Assessment Area G31
Table A1-13. Number of samples, mean, median, range, and standard deviation of proximate and ultimate analyses, 

calorific value, forms of sulfur, and ash-fusion-temperatures of coal from the Fruitland coal field. 

[All values are reported on the as-received basis and are in percent except calorific value (Btu/lb) and ash-fusion-temperatures ( ̊F)] 

 Number of Range Standard 

 samples Mean Median Minimum Maximum deviation 

Proximate and ultimate analyses 

Moisture 11 6.1 5.7 4.3 9.8 1.6 

Volatile matter 11 36.9 37.3 31.2 40.1 2.5 

Fixed carbon 11 40.9 41.2 34.8 44.8 2.6 

Ash 11 16.2 16.1 7.5 24.3 4.9 

Hydrogen 8 5.1 5.2 4.5 5.8 0.4 

Carbon 8 59.1 60.1 52.5 64.3 4.0 

Nitrogen 8 1.3 1.3 1.0 1.5 0.2 

Oxygen 8 16.8 16.0 15.1 20.2 1.7 

Sulfur 11 0.9 0.7 0.1 1.7 0.5 

Calorific value 

Btu/lb 11 10,620 10,730 8,980 11,400 790 

Forms of sulfur 

Sulfate 7 0.05 0.02 0.01 0.24 0.08 

Pyritic 8 0.44 0.23 0.13 1.12 0.37 

Organic 8 0.55 0.54 0.43 0.69 0.09 

Ash-fusion temperatures ( ̊ F) 

Initial 

deformation 3 2,280 2,250 2,110 2,480 187 

Softening 

temperature 3 2,365 2,360 2,200 2,530 165 

Fluid 

temperature 3 2,460 2,450 2,310 2,630 160 

G32 Geologic Assessment of Coal in the Colorado Plateau: Arizona, Colorado, New Mexico, and Utah
Table A1-14. Number of samples, mean, median, range, and standard deviation of proximate and ultimate analyses, 

calorific value, forms of sulfur, and ash-fusion-temperatures of coal from the Monero coal field. 

[All values are reported on the as-received basis and are in percent except calorific value (Btu/lb) and ash-fusion-temperatures ( ̊F). G, 

greater than value shown] 

 Number of Range Standard 

 samples Mean Median Minimum Maximum deviation 

Proximate and ultimate analyses 

Moisture 8 3.6 2.6 1.8 11.3 3.1 

Volatile Matter 8 36.1 36.5 30.9 39.6 2.8 

Fixed Carbon 8 46.7 45.5 38.2 54.7 5.5 

Ash 8 13.6 13.5 3.4 23.9 7.6 

Hydrogen 8 5.2 5.2 4.6 5.7 0.4 

Carbon 8 67.9 68.3 57.7 79.3 7.8 

Nitrogen 8 1.4 1.4 1.2 1.6 0.2 

Oxygen 8 11.2 8.7 7.9 29.0 7.2 

Sulfur 8 0.7 0.6 0.6 1.4 0.3 

Calorific value 

Btu/lb 8 12,100 12,300 9,470 14,270 1,590 

Forms of sulfur 

Sulfate 7 0.02 0.02 0.01 0.03 0.01 

Pyritic 8 0.18 0.08 0.03 0.79 0.26 

Organic 8 0.51 0.55 0.30 0.62 0.11 

Ash-fusion temperatures ( ̊ F) 

Initial 

deformation 8 2,715 2,745 2,520 2,910G 134 

Softening 

temperature 8 2,770 2,780 2,660 2,910G 79 

Fluid 

temperature 8 2,810 2,800 2,750 2,910G 45 

Quality Characterization of Cretaceous Coal from the Colorado Plateau Coal Assessment Area G33
Table A1-15. Number of samples, mean, median, range, and standard deviation of proximate and ultimate analyses, 

calorific value, forms of sulfur, and ash-fusion-temperatures of coal from the Navajo coal field. 

[All values are reported on the as-received basis and are in percent except calorific value (Btu/lb) and ash-fusion-temperatures ( ̊F). G, 

greater than value shown] 

 Number of Range Standard 

 samples Mean Median Minimum Maximum deviation 

Proximate and ultimate analyses 

Moisture 5 8.3 8.8 4.1 11.5 2.7 

Volatile matter 5 33.5 33.1 30.3 37.3 3.3 

Fixed carbon 5 39.0 40.1 33.1 41.7 3.4 

Ash 5 19.1 18.7 13.8 25.8 4.4 

Hydrogen 4 5.0 5.0 4.6 5.3 0.3 

Carbon 4 55.1 55.2 50.8 59.4 3.5 

Nitrogen 4 1.3 1.2 1.2 1.4 0.1 

Oxygen 4 17.6 17.9 13.6 21.1 3.2 

Sulfur 4 0.6 0.6 0.5 0.7 0.1 

Calorific value 

Btu/lb 5 9,220 9,570 7,390 10,630 1,210 

Forms of sulfur 

Sulfate 4 0.02 0.02 0.01 0.02 0.01 

Pyritic 4 0.14 0.14 0.08 0.18 0.04 

Organic 4 0.45 0.46 0.37 0.50 0.06 

Ash-fusion temperatures ( ̊ F) 

Initial 

deformation 4 2,740 2,805 2,430 2,910 228 

Softening 

temperature 4 2,815 2,910 2,530 2,910G 190 

Fluid 

temperature 4 2,855 2,910 2,680 2,910G 115 

G34 Geologic Assessment of Coal in the Colorado Plateau: Arizona, Colorado, New Mexico, and Utah
Table A1-16. Number of samples, mean, median, range, and standard deviation of proximate and ultimate analyses, 

calorific value, forms of sulfur, and ash-fusion-temperatures of coal from the Star Lake coal field. 

[All values are reported on the as-received basis and are in percent except calorific value (Btu/lb) and ash-fusion-temperatures ( ̊F). G, 

greater than value shown] 

 Number of Range Standard 

 samples Mean Median Minimum Maximum deviation 

Proximate and ultimate analyses 

Moisture 46 13.2 12.8 10.0 18.5 1.9 

Volatile matter 46 30.9 31.1 22.2 37.6 3.0 

Fixed carbon 46 34.1 34.3 21.1 41.8 4.6 

Ash 46 21.9 21.4 11.6 44.7 7.3 

Hydrogen 46 5.3 5.4 4.0 5.9 0.4 

Carbon 46 49.7 50.2 32.4 59.2 6.0 

Nitrogen 46 1.0 1.0 0.7 1.2 0.1 

Oxygen 46 21.8 21.2 17.6 34.8 2.7 

Sulfur 46 0.6 0.6 0.4 1.9 0.2 

Calorific value 

Btu/lb 46 8,830 8,940 5,780 10,470 1,060 

Forms of sulfur 

Sulfate 40 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.00 

Pyritic 46 0.14 0.09 0.01 1.25 0.20 

Organic 46 0.46 0.47 0.28 0.65 0.08 

Ash-fusion temperatures ( ̊ F) 

Initial 

deformation 46 2,730 2,800 2,260 2,910G 155 

Softening 

temperature 46 2,770 2,800 2,380 2,910G 114 

Fluid 

temperature 46 2,805 2,800 2,640 2,910G 69 

Quality Characterization of Cretaceous Coal from the Colorado Plateau Coal Assessment Area G35
Table A1-17. Number of samples, mean, median, range, and standard deviation of proximate and ultimate analyses, 

calorific value, forms of sulfur, and ash-fusion-temperatures of coal from the Henry Mountains coal field. 

[All values are reported on the as-received basis and are in percent except calorific value (Btu/lb) and ash-fusion-temperatures ( ̊F). G, 

greater than value shown] 

 Number of Range Standard 

 samples Mean Median Minimum Maximum deviation 

Proximate and ultimate analyses 

Moisture 18 11.3 11.6 4.9 14.7 2.3 

Volatile matter 18 34.6 35.0 27.4 38.2 2.4 

Fixed carbon 18 39.5 39.8 30.6 48.7 5.0 

Ash 18 14.6 13.7 7.1 27.3 5.9 

Hydrogen 18 5.4 5.4 4.7 5.8 0.3 

Carbon 18 56.2 57.5 44.0 62.3 5.3 

Nitrogen 18 1.1 1.1 0.7 1.2 0.1 

Oxygen 18 21.7 22.4 16.0 25.6 2.3 

Sulfur 18 1.1 0.7 0.4 3.2 0.9 

Calorific value 

Btu/lb 18 9,840 10,050 7,710 10,920 910 

Forms of sulfur 

Sulfate 18 0.04 0.01 0.01 0.17 0.05 

Pyritic 18 0.58 0.29 0.06 2.10 0.62 

Organic 18 0.52 0.42 0.18 1.09 0.31 

Ash-fusion temperatures ( ̊ F) 

Initial 

deformation 18 2,325 2,280 2,055 2,800G 238 

Softening 

temperature 18 2,405 2,375 2,120 2,800G 223 

Fluid 

temperature 18 2,500 2,510 2,150 2,800G 203 

G36 Geologic Assessment of Coal in the Colorado Plateau: Arizona, Colorado, New Mexico, and Utah
Table A1-18. Number of samples, mean, median, range, and standard deviation of proximate and ultimate analyses, 

calorific value, forms of sulfur, and ash-fusion-temperatures of coal from the Kaiparowits Plateau coal field. 

[All values are reported on the as-received basis and are in percent except calorific value (Btu/lb) and ash-fusion-temperatures ( ̊F). G, 

greater than value shown] 

 Number of Range Standard 

 samples Mean Median Minimum Maximum deviation 

Proximate and ultimate analyses 

Moisture 10 20.3 19.9 15.6 25.9 3.1 

Volatile Matter 10 32.5 34.0 26.7 35.1 3.2 

Fixed Carbon 10 36.3 37.1 29.7 40.9 3.9 

Ash 10 11.0 9.2 4.4 24.9 6.5 

Hydrogen 10 6.0 6.1 5.0 6.3 0.4 

Carbon 10 52.0 54.1 42.9 56.8 5.1 

Nitrogen 10 0.9 0.9 0.8 1.0 0.1 

Oxygen 10 29.4 30.1 24.5 32.3 2.4 

Sulfur 10 0.8 0.7 0.5 1.6 0.3 

Calorific value 

Btu/lb 10 9,030 9,360 7,430 9,860 900 

Forms of sulfur 

Sulfate 10 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.02 0.00 

Pyritic 10 0.34 0.21 0.07 1.07 0.31 

Organic 10 0.43 0.44 0.36 0.54 0.06 

Ash-fusion temperatures ( ̊ F) 

Initial 

deformation 10 2,185 2,120 1,960 2,800G 250 

Softening 

temperature 10 2,285 2,220 2,060 2,800G 216 

Fluid 

temperature 10 2,375 2,320 2,170 2,800G 193 

Quality Characterization of Cretaceous Coal from the Colorado Plateau Coal Assessment Area G37
Table A1-19. Number of samples, mean, median, range, and standard deviation of proximate and ultimate analyses, calorific 

value, forms of sulfur, and ash-fusion-temperatures of coal from the Wasatch Plateau coal field. 

[All values are reported on the as-received basis and are in percent except calorific value (Btu/lb) and ash-fusion-temperatures ( ̊F). G, greater 

than value shown] 

 Number of Range Standard 

 samples Mean Median Minimum Maximum deviation 

Proximate and ultimate analyses 

Moisture 73 5.9 6.1 1.9 13.7 2.7 

Volatile matter 73 40.9 41.8 25.6 47.2 4.3 

Fixed carbon 73 43.9 44.8 26.3 50.8 4.4 

Ash 73 9.3 8.1 2.2 34.4 6.2 

Hydrogen 73 5.8 5.8 4.3 6.5 0.4 

Carbon 73 67.1 69.4 37.6 74.5 6.8 

Nitrogen 73 1.2 1.3 0.3 1.6 0.3 

Oxygen 73 16.0 16.0 11.4 22.9 2.7 

Sulfur 73 0.6 0.6 0.4 2.3 0.3 

Calorific value 

Btu/lb 73 12,020 12,480 6,440 13,470 1,310 

Forms of sulfur 

Sulfate 66 0.02 0.01 0.01 0.11 0.02 

Pyritic 73 0.19 0.12 0.02 1.61 0.22 

Organic 73 0.43 0.41 0.17 0.79 0.12 

Ash-fusion temperatures ( ̊ F) 

Initial 

deformation 72 2,315 2,300 1,780 2,910G 242 

Softening 

temperature 72 2,400 2,370 1,880 2,910G 230 

Fluid 

temperature 72 2,515 2,520 1,980 2,910G 235 

G38 Geologic Assessment of Coal in the Colorado Plateau: Arizona, Colorado, New Mexico, and Utah
Appendix 2—Number of Samples, Mean, Median, Range, and 

Standard Deviation of Ash and 38 Elements for High-Priority 

Coal Fields in the Colorado Plateau Coal Assessment Area

Table A2-1. Number of samples, mean, median, range, and standard deviation of ash and 38 elements in coal from the 

Black Mesa coal field. 

[All analyses are in percent or parts per million and are reported on a whole coal basis. L, less than value shown. A common problem 

in statistical summaries of trace-element data arises when element values are below the limits of analytical detection. This results in a 

censored distribution. To compute unbiased estimates of the means for censored data, we adopted the protocol of reducing all "less 

than" values by 50 percent before summary statistics were generated. Leaders (---) indicate statistics could not be calculated owing to 

an insufficient number of analyses above the lower detection limit] 

 Number of Range Standard 

 samples Mean Median Minimum Maximum deviation 

Percent 

Ash 31 7.6 6.7 3.2 22 3.7 

Si 31 1.5 1.2 0.28 5.4 1.1 

Al 31 0.7 0.54 0.21 2.8 0.53 

Ca 31 0.56 0.44 0.24 1.3 0.31 

Mg 31 0.1 0.094 0.045 0.25 0.038 

Na 31 0.099 0.11 0.014 0.24 0.054 

K 31 0.042 0.023 0.002 0.23 0.048 

Fe 31 0.27 0.26 0.13 0.49 0.078 

Ti 28 0.05 0.044 0.019 0.14 0.026 

Parts per million 

As 31 1.3 1.0 0.5L 10 1.7 

B 31 27 26 14 60 10 

Ba 31 330 310 170 650 110 

Be 25 0.76 0.48 0.1 3.1 0.74 

Cd --- --- --- --- --- --- 

Co 31 1.0 0.77 0.74L 4.3 0.82 

Cr 31 4.0 3.2 0.96 15 2.8 

Cu 31 5.4 4.6 2.3 14 2.5 

F 31 33 30 20L 85 20 

Ga 31 3.0 1.8 0.64 11 2.3 

Hg 31 0.04 0.04 0.02 0.13 0.02 

La 17 6.1 5.4 3.5L 22 4.7 

Li 31 3.8 2.7 1.1 19 3.3 

Mn 31 9.6 7.8 3.0 48 8.1 

Mo 29 0.95 0.87 0.3 2.2 0.49 

Nb 29 1.9 1.5 0.68 11 1.8 

Ni 31 2.3 1.8 0.67 6.5 1.5 

P --- --- --- --- --- --- 

Pb 31 2.6 2.0 1.1L 12 2.1 

Sb 31 0.3 0.3 0.1L 0.9 0.2 

Sc 31 1.3 1.0 0.46 3.2 0.72 

Se 31 1.4 1.4 0.7 2.2 0.4 

Sr 31 150 140 49 280 64 

Th --- --- --- --- --- --- 

U 31 0.74 0.62 0.24L 2.5 0.48 

V 31 9.7 7.6 3.2 32 6.8 

Y 31 3.7 2.9 1.0 11 2.5 

Yb 26 0.43 0.32 0.12 1.5 0.33 

Zn 31 6.7 3.5 1.1 70 12 

Zr 31 16 13 3.2 43 9.6 

Quality Characterization of Cretaceous Coal from the Colorado Plateau Coal Assessment Area G39
Table A2-2. Number of samples, mean, median, range, and standard deviation of ash and 38 elements in coal from the 

Book Cliffs coal field. 

[All analyses are in percent or parts per million and are reported on a whole coal basis. L, less than value shown. A common problem 

in statistical summaries of trace-element data arises when element values are below the limits of analytical detection. This results in a 

censored distribution. To compute unbiased estimates of the means for censored data, we adopted the protocol of reducing all "less 

than" values by 50 percent before summary statistics were generated] 

 Number of Range Standard 

 samples Mean Median Minimum Maximum deviation 

Percent 

Ash 22 17 16 5.1 45 10 

Si 22 5.0 4.4 1.4 12 2.9 

Al 22 2.3 1.9 0.82 8.3 1.8 

Ca 22 0.38 0.059 0.022 3.9 0.89 

Mg 22 0.077 0.029 0.01 0.43 0.11 

Na 22 0.083 0.076 0.048 0.19 0.037 

K 22 0.12 0.098 0.017 0.51 0.12 

Fe 22 0.28 0.13 0.045 1.2 0.32 

Ti 22 0.096 0.086 0.042 0.21 0.046 

Parts per million 

As 22 1.5 0.49 0.1L 7.0 2.1 

B 22 84 86 52 110 16 

Ba 22 120 77 30 380 94 

Be 22 2.9 2.7 0.61 8.2 1.7 

Cd 22 0.13 0.1 0.07L 0.34 0.1 

Co 21 2.1 1.9 0.77L 5.1 1.1 

Cr 20 10 9.2 2.8 40 7.8 

Cu 22 11 8.6 5.4 35 6.2 

F 22 93 58 25 300 75 

Ga 22 5.8 5.1 2.2 15 3.3 

Hg 22 0.07 0.04 0.01 0.33 0.09 

La 22 12 8.3 7.2L 67 14 

Li 22 19 14 5.7 75 17 

Mn 22 5.6 3.1 1.5L 19 5.4 

Mo 21 0.69 0.52 0.16 2.4 0.53 

Nb 22 6.2 5.4 3.6 11 2.2 

Ni 22 6.7 5.6 2.0L 28 5.4 

P 22 270 87 44L 1200 340 

Pb 22 9.6 7.5 2.6L 38 8 

Sb 21 1.7 1.2 0.4 5.9 1.4 

Sc 22 3.5 3.1 1.4 9.7 1.7 

Se 22 1.5 1.2 0.1L 5.3 1.1 

Sr 22 51 32 11 180 46 

Th 22 4.6 3.5 1.8 15 3.2 

U 22 2.5 2.0 0.69 6.8 1.6 

V 22 21 17 9.8 78 14 

Y 22 11 10 6.6 23 4.2 

Yb 22 1.1 0.87 0.5 2.5 0.53 

Zn 22 19 12 3.9 89 19 

Zr 22 61 54 36 130 23 

G40 Geologic Assessment of Coal in the Colorado Plateau: Arizona, Colorado, New Mexico, and Utah
Table A2-3. Number of samples, mean, median, range, and standard deviation of ash and 38 elements in coal from the 

Carbondale coal field. 

[All analyses are in percent or parts per million and are reported on a whole coal basis. L, less than value shown. A common problem 

in statistical summaries of trace-element data arises when element values are below the limits of analytical detection. This results in a 

censored distribution. To compute unbiased estimates of the means for censored data, we adopted the protocol of reducing all "less 

than" values by 50 percent before summary statistics were generated] 

 Number of Range Standard 

 samples Mean Median Minimum Maximum deviation 

Percent 

Ash 10 7.7 7.7 4.1 12 2.2 

Si 10 1.6 1.6 0.66 2.9 0.73 

Al 10 0.92 0.82 0.41 2.1 0.46 

Ca 10 0.4 0.4 0.16 0.73 0.18 

Mg 10 0.074 0.087 0.013 0.1 0.028 

Na 10 0.14 0.16 0.001 0.25 0.09 

K 10 0.027 0.024 0.01 0.048 0.012 

Fe 10 0.41 0.31 0.19 0.94 0.25 

Ti 10 0.045 0.044 0.027 0.07 0.014 

Parts per million 

As 9 1.0 0.46 0.13 3.1 1.1 

B 10 57 55 20 130 33 

Ba 10 260 240 190 380 67 

Be 10 0.39 0.32 0.18 1.0 0.25 

Cd 10 0.06 0.04 0.06L 0.12 0.03 

Co 10 1.0 0.98 0.78 1.4 0.23 

Cr 10 1.9 1.7 0.1L 3.8 1.0 

Cu 10 4.6 4.5 3.5 6.0 0.9 

F 10 120 80 40 450 120 

Ga 10 3.5 2.6 1.8 8.2 2.1 

Hg 10 0.07 0.02 0.01 0.31 0.1 

La 9 7.0 6.2 6.2L 12 3.2 

Li 10 8.8 8.1 5.2 20 4.4 

Mn 10 12 8.2 4.8 40 11 

Mo 10 0.62 0.5 0.55L 1.5 0.37 

Nb 10 1.8 1.8 2.3L 2.8 0.57 

Ni 10 1.9 1.6 0.79 5.1 1.2 

P 10 570 310 170L 2300 660 

Pb 10 2.8 2.8 1.6L 4.7 1.1 

Sb 10 0.2 0.2 0.1L 0.3 0.1 

Sc 10 1.0 0.92 0.64 1.8 0.35 

Se 10 1.0 1.1 0.1L 1.5 0.4 

Sr 10 190 170 79 380 98 

Th 10 2.0 2.0 0.72 3.8 0.9 

U 10 0.6 0.48 0.23L 1.4 0.51 

V 10 5.2 4.8 3.2 8.2 1.6 

Y 10 4.1 3.9 1.8 8.2 2.1 

Yb 10 0.39 0.39 0.18 0.71 0.17 

Zn 10 4.5 3.9 1.2L 9.8 2.8 

Zr 10 18 15 8.2 35 9.5 

Quality Characterization of Cretaceous Coal from the Colorado Plateau Coal Assessment Area G41
Table A2-4. Number of samples, mean, median, range, and standard deviation of ash and 38 elements in coal from the 

Crested Butte coal field. 

[All analyses are in percent or parts per million and are reported on a whole coal basis. Leaders (---) indicate statistics could not be 

calculated owing to an insufficient number of analyses above the lower detection limit] 

 Number of Range Standard 

 samples Mean Median Minimum Maximum deviation 

Percent 

Ash 3 4.9 4.8 4.6 5.3 0.36 

Si 3 0.79 0.78 0.67 0.9 0.11 

Al 3 0.62 0.6 0.58 0.69 0.06 

Ca 3 0.3 0.31 0.23 0.37 0.073 

Mg 3 0.064 0.072 0.047 0.074 0.015 

Na 3 0.031 0.034 0.005 0.055 0.025 

K 3 0.017 0.017 0.011 0.024 0.0065 

Fe 3 0.67 0.69 0.49 0.82 0.16 

Ti 3 0.027 0.027 0.025 0.029 0.002 

Parts per million 

As 3 0.39 0.43 0.31 0.44 0.072 

B 3 20 4.6 3.4 53 28 

Ba 3 80 92 53 96 24 

Be 3 0.33 0.24 0.23 0.53 0.17 

Cd 3 0.07 0.05 0.05 0.11 0.03 

Co 3 1.3 1.1 1.1 1.6 0.27 

Cr 3 2.1 2.0 1.7 2.7 0.51 

Cu 3 3.9 3.9 3.7 4.1 0.21 

F 3 95 120 35 130 52 

Ga 3 2.1 2.3 1.4 2.7 0.62 

Hg 3 0.06 0.06 0.06 0.07 0.01 

La --- --- --- --- --- --- 

Li 3 6.1 5.9 5.3 7.0 0.9 

Mn 3 31 31 25 38 6.5 

Mo 3 0.4 0.34 0.32 0.53 0.12 

Nb --- --- --- --- --- --- 

Ni 3 2.8 2.7 2.3 3.4 0.54 

P 3 450 610 130 610 280 

Pb --- --- --- --- --- --- 

Sb --- --- ---- --- --- --- 

Sc 3 0.89 0.92 0.8 0.96 0.086 

Se 3 1.0 0.9 0.7 1.4 0.4 

Sr 3 81 80 72 92 10 

Th 3 1.4 1.5 0.8 1.9 0.57 

U 3 1.1 1.1 0.28 2.1 0.89 

V 3 3.9 3.7 3.4 4.6 0.64 

Y 3 3.4 3.4 3.2 3.7 0.25 

Yb 3 0.28 0.24 0.23 0.37 0.079 

Zn 3 2.5 2.9 1.4 3.2 0.97 

Zr 3 9.8 9.6 9.2 11 0.72 

G42 Geologic Assessment of Coal in the Colorado Plateau: Arizona, Colorado, New Mexico, and Utah
Table A2-5. Number of samples, mean, median, range, and standard deviation of ash and 38 elements in coal from the 

Danforth Hills coal field. 

[All analyses are in percent or parts per million and are reported on a whole coal basis. L, less than value shown. A common problem 

in statistical summaries of trace-element data arises when element values are below the limits of analytical detection. This results in a 

censored distribution. To compute unbiased estimates of the means for censored data, we adopted the protocol of reducing all "less 

than" values by 50 percent before summary statistics were generated] 

 Number of Range Standard 

 samples Mean Median Minimum Maximum deviation 

Percent 

Ash 50 13 8.0 2.4 45 11 

Si 49 3.3 1.6 0.32 15 3.6 

Al 49 1.3 1.0 0.18 4.2 0.96 

Ca 49 0.49 0.37 0.16 2.2 0.35 

Mg 50 0.1 0.1 0.009 0.36 0.068 

Na 50 0.078 0.04 0.003 1.1 0.15 

K 49 0.12 0.044 0.002 0.65 0.16 

Fe 49 0.31 0.22 0.084 1.0 0.24 

Ti 49 0.058 0.04 0.009 0.2 0.045 

Parts per million 

As 50 1.5 0.72 0.35 11 1.9 

B 50 48 45 21 83 15 

Ba 50 240 190 81 940 170 

Be 46 1.2 1.0 0.14L 4.4 1.0 

Cd 50 0.08 0.04 0.01L 0.45 0.11 

Co 50 2.3 2.0 0.33 8.8 1.8 

Cr 48 7.5 4.2 0.1L 47 8.7 

Cu 50 6.4 4.1 1.3 33 5.9 

F 50 120 90 20L 510 100 

Ga 50 3.2 2.3 0.62 14 2.9 

Hg 50 0.05 0.02 0.01L 0.39 0.07 

La 44 6.8 5.6 1.2L 22 5.3 

Li 50 6.5 3.3 0.28 63 10 

Mn 50 21 8.9 1.6L 150 31 

Mo 46 0.68 0.5 0.071L 3.1 0.65 

Nb 47 2.2 1.4 0.34 13 2.8 

Ni 50 7.0 4.7 0.86 33 7.3 

P 50 520 320 44L 3700 700 

Pb 50 4.8 2.3 0.72L 57 8.6 

Sb 50 0.8 0.5 0.1L 4.4 0.9 

Sc 50 1.8 1.3 0.77L 8.8 1.6 

Se 44 0.7 0.6 0.3 1.9 0.3 

Sr 50 120 87 11 520 110 

Th 50 2.4 2.1 0.3 10 1.8 

U 50 1.4 1.1 0.2L 6.3 1.2 

V 50 15 8.2 2.1 88 16 

Y 50 5.9 4.2 1.0 22 5.1 

Yb 50 0.53 0.41 0.1 2.2 0.45 

Zn 50 15 6.8 1.2 100 21 

Zr 50 28 20 2.4 110 25 

Quality Characterization of Cretaceous Coal from the Colorado Plateau Coal Assessment Area G43
Table A2-6. Number of samples, mean, median, range, and standard deviation of ash and 38 elements in coal from the 

Durango coal field. 

[All analyses are in percent or parts per million and are reported on a whole coal basis. L, less than value shown. A common problem 

in statistical summaries of trace-element data arises when element values are below the limits of analytical detection. This results in a 

censored distribution. To compute unbiased estimates of the means for censored data, we adopted the protocol of reducing all "less 

than" values by 50 percent before summary statistics were generated] 

 Number of Range Standard 

 samples Mean Median Minimum Maximum deviation 

Percent 

Ash 31 21 16 3.5 49 13 

Si 31 6.1 4.3 1.1 16 4.3 

Al 31 2.6 2.0 0.46 5.8 1.6 

Ca 31 0.14 0.11 0.021 0.61 0.13 

Mg 31 0.085 0.067 0.006 0.31 0.068 

Na 31 0.075 0.037 0.012 0.33 0.083 

K 31 0.14 0.068 0.004 0.75 0.18 

Fe 31 0.56 0.34 0.056 2.8 0.62 

Ti 31 0.11 0.091 0.027 0.26 0.061 

Parts per million 

As 31 4.8 0.42 0.1L 85 15 

B 31 22 17 7.6 83 16 

Ba 31 260 210 7.9 970 240 

Be 29 1.2 0.66 0.29 6.1 1.2 

Cd 31 0.15 0.08 0.04L 1.4 0.26 

Co 29 2.5 2.1 0.62 5.6 1.4 

Cr 29 4.4 3.8 1.5 12 2.9 

Cu 31 12 9.7 6.0L 51 9.5 

F 31 140 130 20L 430 100 

Ga 31 5.9 4.8 1.5 16 3.6 

Hg 31 0.08 0.03 0.01L 0.49 0.11 

La 31 11 8.3 3.3L 26 6.0 

Li 31 22 18 4.5 110 18 

Mn 31 15 11 1.7L 80 16 

Mo 29 2.2 1.1 0.21 26 4.7 

Nb 31 4.6 3.9 1.4L 9.4 2.3 

Ni 30 4.9 3.4 1.6 19 3.7 

P 30 190 90 44L 700 200 

Pb 31 6.6 5.2 2.7L 18 4.0 

Sb 31 0.7 0.3 0.1 8.2 1.5 

Sc 29 2.7 2.4 1.1 5.8 1.2 

Se 31 1.7 1.6 0.6 3.5 0.7 

Sr 31 93 53 10 1100 200 

Th 30 3.8 2.7 0.88 15 3.1 

U 31 2 1.2 0.46 8.5 1.8 

V 31 18 14 2.8 65 14 

Y 31 6.9 5.7 2.5L 13 3.1 

Yb 31 0.66 0.5 0.21 2.0 0.45 

Zn 31 14 11 2.0 51 12 

Zr 31 48 42 17 110 25 

G44 Geologic Assessment of Coal in the Colorado Plateau: Arizona, Colorado, New Mexico, and Utah
Table A2-7. Number of samples, mean, median, range, and standard deviation of ash and 38 elements in coal from the 

Grand Hogback coal field. 

[All analyses are in percent or parts per million and are reported on a whole coal basis. L, less than value shown. A common problem 

in statistical summaries of trace-element data arises when element values are below the limits of analytical detection. This results in a 

censored distribution. To compute unbiased estimates of the means for censored data, we adopted the protocol of reducing all "less 

than" values by 50 percent before summary statistics were generated. Leaders (---) indicate statistics could not be calculated owing to 

an insufficient number of analyses above the lower detection limit] 

 Number of Range Standard 

 samples Mean Median Minimum Maximum deviation 

Percent 

Ash 6 9.4 9.6 6.7 12 2.3 

Si 6 2.0 1.6 1.3 3.2 0.8 

Al 6 1.4 1.0 0.98 2.2 0.57 

Ca 6 0.49 0.28 0.17 1.1 0.4 

Mg 6 0.041 0.029 0.026 0.088 0.024 

Na 6 0.057 0.061 0.043 0.072 0.011 

K 6 0.038 0.031 0.022 0.071 0.019 

Fe 6 0.14 0.12 0.051 0.34 0.1 

Ti 6 0.061 0.053 0.044 0.088 0.019 

Parts per million 

As 6 1.3 1.5 0.41 2.1 0.59 

B 6 120 130 66 150 29 

Ba 6 220 220 150 280 46 

Be 6 0.56 0.47 0.29 1.2 0.34 

Cd --- --- --- --- --- --- 

Co 5 1.5 1.4 1.3 2.3 0.41 

Cr 5 2.4 2.3 1.5 3.5 0.74 

Cu 6 6.7 6.7 3.9 10 2.2 

F 6 44 38 25 85 23 

Ga 6 6.6 5.7 2.9 12 3.3 

Hg 6 0.04 0.03 0.01L 0.1 0.03 

La 4 11 9.1 6.6 18 5.2 

Li 6 11 10 7.8 15 2.8 

Mn 6 32 12 7.2 110 40 

Mo 5 1.9 1.9 1.7 2.1 0.13 

Nb 5 2.8 1.9 1.3 6.1 2.0 

Ni 6 2.1 2.0 1.3 2.8 0.52 

P 6 130 50 44L 440 160 

Pb 6 5.5 4.6 3.0 9.2 2.5 

Sb 6 0.3 0.2 0.1L 1.1 0.4 

Sc 6 1.7 1.4 1.0 3.7 0.99 

Se 6 1.2 1.2 0.8 1.9 0.5 

Sr 6 130 130 68 190 39 

Th 6 2.5 2.2 1.0L 4.6 1.4 

U 6 1.0 0.92 0.36 2.3 0.71 

V 6 8.8 7.5 4.7 15 3.8 

Y 6 4.8 4.1 2.9 8.5 2.1 

Yb 6 0.48 0.41 0.29 0.85 0.21 

Zn 6 5.3 4.2 3.2 11 2.9 

Zr 6 29 24 13 61 18 

Quality Characterization of Cretaceous Coal from the Colorado Plateau Coal Assessment Area G45
Table A2-8. Number of samples, mean, median, range, and standard deviation of ash and 38 elements in coal from the 

Grand Mesa coal field. 

[All analyses are in percent or parts per million and are reported on a whole coal basis. L, less than value shown. A common problem 

in statistical summaries of trace-element data arises when element values are below the limits of analytical detection. This results in a 

censored distribution. To compute unbiased estimates of the means for censored data, we adopted the protocol of reducing all "less 

than" values by 50 percent before summary statistics were generated] 

 Number of Range Standard 

 samples Mean Median Minimum Maximum deviation 

Percent 

Ash 51 13 11 3.7 43 7.4 

Si 51 3.3 2.8 0.63 14 2.5 

Al 51 1.8 1.8 0.42 3.9 0.82 

Ca 51 0.35 0.2 0.065 3.4 0.49 

Mg 51 0.091 0.08 0.012 0.33 0.08 

Na 51 0.13 0.12 0.022 0.4 0.095 

K 51 0.086 0.041 0.001 0.69 0.14 

Fe 51 0.36 0.26 0.064 1.3 0.29 

Ti 51 0.075 0.075 0.022 0.18 0.03 

Parts per million 

As 50 1.3 0.73 0.1L 5.9 1.4 

B 51 130 130 45 290 43 

Ba 51 300 260 24 880 180 

Be 49 0.71 0.62 0.11 2.0 0.4 

Cd 51 0.09 0.08 0.06L 0.22 0.04 

Co 51 1.5 1.5 0.63 3.7 0.61 

Cr 51 3.5 3.0 0.1L 13 2.7 

Cu 51 8.2 8.5 3.7 15 2.6 

F 51 71 60 20L 230 46 

Ga 51 6.6 6.1 1.9 14 2.7 

Hg 50 0.05 0.04 0.01 0.19 0.04 

La 45 7.9 6.6 3.7L 22 4.6 

Li 51 14 13 2.2 32 7.1 

Mn 51 34 15 1.8 370 57 

Mo 43 1.0 0.92 0.37L 2.0 0.4 

Nb 43 3.3 3.1 0.74 8.7 1.6 

Ni 51 2.8 2.5 1.6L 6.5 1.4 

P 51 220 130 44L 1700 280 

Pb 51 7.5 6.6 1.7 30 4.3 

Sb 51 0.5 0.5 0.1 1.3 0.3 

Sc 51 1.8 1.8 1.1L 4.3 0.74 

Se 51 1.1 1.1 0.1L 2 0.4 

Sr 51 110 89 28 270 64 

Th 51 3.1 2.8 0.64 7.5 1.7 

U 51 1.4 1.3 0.2L 3.1 0.78 

V 51 12 11 4.4 30 6.3 

Y 51 5.4 5.0 1.9 13 2.8 

Yb 51 0.51 0.45 0.19 1.3 0.27 

Zn 51 13 9.7 2.2 39 8.5 

Zr 51 34 32 7.6 87 17 

G46 Geologic Assessment of Coal in the Colorado Plateau: Arizona, Colorado, New Mexico, and Utah
Table A2-9. Number of samples, mean, median, range, and standard deviation of ash and 38 elements in coal from the 

Lower White River coal field. 

[All analyses are in percent or parts per million and are reported on a whole coal basis. L, less than value shown. A common problem 

in statistical summaries of trace-element data arises when element values are below the limits of analytical detection. This results in a 

censored distribution. To compute unbiased estimates of the means for censored data, we adopted the protocol of reducing all "less 

than" values by 50 percent before summary statistics were generated. Leaders (---) indicate statistics could not be calculated owing to 

an insufficient number of analyses above the lower detection limit] 

 Number of Range Standard 

 samples Mean Median Minimum Maximum deviation 

Percent 

Ash 17 13 11 4.8 25 5.7 

Si 17 3.3 2.7 0.19 7.1 1.9 

Al 17 1.5 1.4 0.34 2.6 0.62 

Ca 17 0.56 0.43 0.17 1.4 0.37 

Mg 17 0.12 0.1 0.046 0.23 0.061 

Na 17 0.12 0.12 0.077 0.17 0.023 

K 17 0.069 0.042 0.005 0.21 0.065 

Fe 17 0.38 0.3 0.094 1.9 0.42 

Ti 17 0.079 0.081 0.006 0.13 0.03 

Parts per million 

As 16 0.47 0.38 0.25 0.93 0.22 

B 17 53 54 30 84 14 

Ba 17 360 360 110 680 170 

Be 17 0.66 0.7 0.26L 1.2 0.32 

Cd --- --- --- --- --- --- 

Co 17 1.6 1.3 0.58 4.9 1.0 

Cr 14 7.5 5.3 1.4 21 5.4 

Cu 17 7.2 6.3 2.0 16 3.3 

F 17 110 110 50 210 42 

Ga 17 3.7 3.6 0.72 7.7 1.8 

Hg 17 0.04 0.03 0.01 0.1 0.03 

La 16 9.0 8.5 6.8L 17 3.9 

Li 17 11 10 1.7 26 5.7 

Mn 17 40 7.3 2.2 540 130 

Mo 14 1.1 0.85 0.48 2.3 0.6 

Nb 17 5.0 4.9 0.72 13 2.7 

Ni 17 4.2 2.9 1.3 11 2.9 

P 17 560 520 130L 1400 310 

Pb 17 7.5 5.4 0.72 41 9.1 

Sb 16 0.3 0.2 0.1 0.6 0.2 

Sc 17 2.0 1.6 0.58 3.8 0.87 

Se 17 1.1 1.1 0.4 2.3 0.4 

Sr 17 170 170 30 270 67 

Th 17 3.3 2.7 0.24 7.7 2.2 

U 17 1.6 1.3 0.26L 3.4 0.99 

V 17 15 13 2.1 34 8.0 

Y 17 8.6 7.5 4.3 18 3.8 

Yb 17 0.78 0.69 0.21 1.8 0.43 

Zn 17 13 12 2.9 30 8.5 

Zr 17 27 29 3.7 50 11 

Quality Characterization of Cretaceous Coal from the Colorado Plateau Coal Assessment Area G47
Table A2-10. Number of samples, mean, median, range, and standard deviation of ash and 38 elements in coal from the 

Somerset coal field. 

[All analyses are in percent or parts per million and are reported on a whole coal basis. L, less than value shown. A common problem 

in statistical summaries of trace-element data arises when element values are below the limits of analytical detection. This results in a 

censored distribution. To compute unbiased estimates of the means for censored data, we adopted the protocol of reducing all "less 

than" values by 50 percent before summary statistics were generated] 

 Number of Range Standard 

 samples Mean Median Minimum Maximum deviation 

Percent 

Ash 58 13 12 1.8 37 8.7 

Si 58 3.6 2.8 0.37 12 2.9 

Al 58 1.6 1.5 0.25 4.2 1.0 

Ca 58 0.21 0.16 0.025 1.2 0.18 

Mg 58 0.078 0.066 0.013 0.41 0.06 

Na 58 0.12 0.11 0.014 0.39 0.081 

K 58 0.15 0.084 0.005 0.73 0.17 

Fe 58 0.41 0.37 0.11 1.0 0.23 

Ti 58 0.061 0.048 0.009 0.16 0.039 

Parts per million 

As 57 2.2 1.0 0.14L 20 3.3 

B 58 110 100 27 200 39 

Ba 58 190 170 54 560 99 

Be 54 1.3 1.0 0.078 4.7 0.98 

Cd 58 0.07 0.06 0.02L 0.49 0.07 

Co 57 1.6 1.3 0.27L 5.0 1.1 

Cr 55 5.5 3.1 0.54 19 5.2 

Cu 58 8.7 6.7 1.5 29 5.6 

F 58 100 88 20L 310 60 

Ga 58 3.9 3.2 0.52 11 2.5 

Hg 58 0.07 0.04 0.01 0.41 0.07 

La 57 9.6 8.0 2.6L 34 6.8 

Li 58 10 8.0 1.4 28 6.7 

Mn 58 15 7.7 0.35 160 28 

Mo 48 0.85 0.68 0.13L 2.4 0.5 

Nb 58 4.0 3.6 0.54 11 2.6 

Ni 58 3.6 2.9 0.54 19 3.1 

P 58 230 170 22L 1800 270 

Pb 58 5.3 4.9 0.54L 17 3.7 

Sb 58 0.7 0.6 0.1 4.9 0.8 

Sc 58 2.1 1.7 0.27L 6.6 1.4 

Se 58 1.0 1.0 0.4 3.8 0.6 

Sr 58 130 110 36 840 110 

Th 40 4.0 4.3 0.5 8.9 2.3 

U 58 1.5 1.3 0.25 5.5 1.1 

V 58 16 12 1.8 60 13 

Y 58 7.1 6.0 1.3 20 4.6 

Yb 58 0.62 0.49 0.09 1.6 0.37 

Zn 58 14 8.4 1.1 47 12 

Zr 58 43 37 3.3 140 32 

G48 Geologic Assessment of Coal in the Colorado Plateau: Arizona, Colorado, New Mexico, and Utah
Table A2-11. Number of samples, mean, median, range, and standard deviation of ash and 38 elements in coal from the 

Yampa coal field. 

[All analyses are in percent or parts per million and are reported on a whole coal basis. L, less than value shown. A common problem 

in statistical summaries of trace-element data arises when element values are below the limits of analytical detection. This results in a 

censored distribution. To compute unbiased estimates of the means for censored data, we adopted the protocol of reducing all "less 

than" values by 50 percent before summary statistics were generated] 

 Number of Range Standard 

 samples Mean Median Minimum Maximum deviation 

Percent 

Ash 349 11 7.5 1.7 50 9.3 

Si 349 2.7 1.5 0.15 18 3.3 

Al 349 1.3 0.99 0.2 9.3 1.1 

Ca 349 0.33 0.24 0.048 5.0 0.38 

Mg 349 0.072 0.047 0.006 0.98 0.09 

Na 349 0.059 0.037 0.003 0.88 0.077 

K 349 0.088 0.036 0.002 1.1 0.15 

Fe 349 0.52 0.19 0.037 7.1 0.79 

Ti 349 0.052 0.042 0.006 0.3 0.042 

Parts per million 

As 349 1.8 0.55 0.13L 39 3.9 

B 349 67 61 6.7 310 40 

Ba 349 200 160 21 1100 130 

Be 338 1.2 0.65 0.038L 14 1.6 

Cd 349 0.06 0.03 0.01L 0.6 0.08 

Co 346 1.3 0.94 0.1L 30 1.8 

Cr 341 4.3 2.4 0.1L 36 5.7 

Cu 349 6.5 5.0 1.3 120 7.8 

F 349 110 80 20L 1500 140 

Ga 341 4.0 3.1 0.26 24 3.3 

Hg 349 0.06 0.02 0.01L 0.42 0.08 

La 335 7.3 5.9 0.25L 35 5.7 

Li 349 8.2 6.4 0.48 56 7.8 

Mn 349 23 7.7 1.2 1100 80 

Mo 314 1.0 0.72 0.21L 11 1.1 

Nb 348 3.1 2.3 0.29L 20 3.1 

Ni 349 3.8 2.5 0.64L 65 4.5 

P 349 340 150 44L 5700 530 

Pb 349 5.2 3.9 1.2L 33 4.4 

Sb 347 0.3 0.2 0.1L 4.0 0.4 

Sc 347 1.8 1.3 0.26L 12 1.6 

Se 346 1.0 0.9 0.1L 6.4 0.7 

Sr 349 170 110 15 2100 190 

Th 324 2.6 1.8 0.2 15 2.3 

U 349 1.0 0.73 0.18L 34 2.0 

V 349 11 6.8 1.1 160 14 

Y 349 6 4.7 0.72 62 5.3 

Yb 342 0.59 0.47 0.06L 6.2 0.51 

Zn 349 9.2 4.2 0.86 290 20 

Zr 349 47 26 4.7 1000 77 

Quality Characterization of Cretaceous Coal from the Colorado Plateau Coal Assessment Area G49
Table A2-12. Number of samples, mean, median, range, and standard deviation of ash and 38 elements in coal from the 

Bisti coal field. 

[All analyses are in percent or parts per million and are reported on a whole coal basis. L, less than value shown. A common problem 

in statistical summaries of trace-element data arises when element values are below the limits of analytical detection. This results in a 

censored distribution. To compute unbiased estimates of the means for censored data, we adopted the protocol of reducing all "less 

than" values by 50 percent before summary statistics were generated] 

 Number of Range Standard 

 samples Mean Median Minimum Maximum deviation 

Percent 

Ash 68 28 28 6.4 47 9.7 

Si 68 7.6 7.7 1.8 13 2.8 

Al 68 3.5 3.5 0.68 6.6 1.3 

Ca 68 0.38 0.31 0.024 1.2 0.2 

Mg 68 0.12 0.1 0.035 0.29 0.062 

Na 68 0.32 0.29 0.043 0.8 0.12 

K 68 0.21 0.18 0.019 0.74 0.17 

Fe 68 0.59 0.47 0.11 3.6 0.45 

Ti 68 0.15 0.15 0.025 0.29 0.047 

Parts per million 

As 66 2.7 1.0 0.5 34 5.8 

B 68 73 72 6.4 150 26 

Ba 68 340 220 99 1700 330 

Be 68 4.0 3.3 0.32 15 2.8 

Cd 68 0.15 0.15 0.06L 0.43 0.06 

Co 67 3.2 2.4 1.4 8.3 1.7 

Cr 68 8.5 6.7 0.1L 70 8.5 

Cu 68 16 14 1.9 36 7.2 

F 68 72 70 20L 190 45 

Ga 68 14 13 1.9 47 6.6 

Hg 68 0.08 0.06 0.01 0.26 0.06 

La 39 16 14 14L 47 8.4 

Li 68 22 21 2.5 40 7.8 

Mn 68 89 27 4.2 3500 420 

Mo 51 2.1 1.8 0.32L 7.0 1.1 

Nb 67 7.0 6.5 1.3L 21 3.0 

Ni 68 4.9 3.7 0.45 23 3.5 

P 68 470 430 44L 1000 300 

Pb 68 13 13 2.2 26 4.5 

Sb 68 1.3 0.9 0.3 6.5 1.0 

Sc 68 4.2 3.7 0.45 23 2.8 

Se 67 1.8 1.8 0.6 3.2 0.6 

Sr 68 120 82 9.6 2100 250 

Th 56 8.2 7.1 2.4 25 3.9 

U 68 3.3 3.0 1.0 9.4 1.4 

V 68 33 27 4.5 140 22 

Y 68 15 14 1.9 34 7.8 

Yb 68 1.5 1.3 0.19 3.4 0.74 

Zn 68 19 15 4.5 50 12 

Zr 68 69 64 9.6 240 35 

G50 Geologic Assessment of Coal in the Colorado Plateau: Arizona, Colorado, New Mexico, and Utah
Table A2-13. Number of samples, mean, median, range, and standard deviation of ash and 38 elements in coal from the 

Fruitland coal field. 

[All analyses are in percent or parts per million and are reported on a whole coal basis. L, less than value shown. A common problem 

in statistical summaries of trace-element data arises when element values are below the limits of analytical detection. This results in a 

censored distribution. To compute unbiased estimates of the means for censored data, we adopted the protocol of reducing all "less 

than" values by 50 percent before summary statistics were generated] 

 Number of Range Standard 

 samples Mean Median Minimum Maximum deviation 

Percent 

Ash 32 19 19 8.2 34 6.0 

Si 32 4.9 4.8 1.4 9.6 1.9 

Al 32 2.4 2.2 0.62 4.1 0.85 

Ca 32 0.78 0.52 0.11 3.7 0.87 

Mg 32 0.1 0.099 0.054 0.24 0.036 

Na 32 0.21 0.21 0.11 0.37 0.069 

K 32 0.078 0.077 0.002 0.19 0.049 

Fe 32 0.52 0.32 0.17 1.7 0.41 

Ti 9 0.11 0.078 0.061 0.19 0.051 

Parts per million 

As 32 4.6 1.0 0.32L 40 8.6 

B 32 89 87 50 140 24 

Ba 32 280 260 120 570 120 

Be 31 0.97 0.76 0.36 3.5 0.63 

Cd 32 0.14 0.1 0.04L 0.55 0.12 

Co 28 1.5 1.3 0.85L 3.4 0.56 

Cr 32 3.7 3.5 2.2 8.0 1.2 

Cu 32 23 13 4.5 180 39 

F 32 65 60 10L 190 46 

Ga 32 7.0 6 2.8 17 3.3 

Hg 32 0.13 0.06 0.02 0.75 0.17 

La 29 14 13 5.8L 26 4.7 

Li 32 20 21 8.4 33 6.6 

Mn 32 45 24 5.0 400 74 

Mo 22 2.3 1.5 0.74 6.1 1.7 

Nb 30 4.5 4.0 1.8 8.9 1.7 

Ni 31 2.6 1.9 0.71L 6.8 1.5 

P 32 150 30 18L 500 190 

Pb 32 130 12 3.4 1900 450 

Sb 32 0.4 0.3 0.1 1.2 0.3 

Sc 32 3.0 2.9 0.95 5.1 0.91 

Se 32 2.0 2.0 1.1 3.5 0.6 

Sr 32 130 100 40 350 70 

Th 30 7.0 6.4 1.7 17 3.0 

U 32 2.8 2.7 0.98 8.2 1.6 

V 32 20 18 5.8 34 7.8 

Y 32 6.6 6.6 2.7 13 2.7 

Yb 32 0.69 0.71 0.27 1.2 0.24 

Zn 32 61 8.4 3.1 830 200 

Zr 32 39 38 14 76 14 

Quality Characterization of Cretaceous Coal from the Colorado Plateau Coal Assessment Area G51
Table A2-14. Number of samples, mean, median, range, and standard deviation of ash and 38 elements in coal from the 

Monero coal field. 

[All analyses are in percent or parts per million and are reported on a whole coal basis. L, less than value shown. A common problem 

in statistical summaries of trace-element data arises when element values are below the limits of analytical detection. This results in a 

censored distribution. To compute unbiased estimates of the means for censored data, we adopted the protocol of reducing all "less 

than" values by 50 percent before summary statistics were generated. Leaders (---) indicate statistics could not be calculated owing to 

an insufficient number of analyses above the lower detection limit] 

 Number of Range Standard 

 samples Mean Median Minimum Maximum deviation 

Percent 

Ash 8 13 12 0.7 26 9.9 

Si 8 4.0 3.9 0.2 7.6 3.2 

Al 8 1.5 0.79 0.099 4.1 1.5 

Ca 8 0.059 0.059 0.002 0.11 0.038 

Mg 8 0.039 0.029 0.002 0.1 0.035 

Na 8 0.038 0.024 0.001 0.11 0.038 

K 8 0.11 0.05 0.004 0.35 0.12 

Fe 8 0.33 0.21 0.011 1.2 0.39 

Ti 8 0.096 0.086 0.006 0.22 0.077 

Parts per million 

As 8 3.0 1.2 0.33 12 4.2 

B 8 33 35 3.4 60 22 

Ba 8 100 85 3.2 280 99 

Be 8 5.8 4.9 0.13 16 5.2 

Cd 8 0.09 0.06 0.01 0.33 0.11 

Co 8 7.6 6.4 2.6 13 3.5 

Cr 8 12 9.9 3.1 36 10 

Cu 8 5.6 5.6 0.54 9.3 2.9 

F 8 64 60 40 100 21 

Ga 8 6.1 4.5 0.38 16 5.5 

Hg 8 0.19 0.2 0.04 0.28 0.07 

La 8 11 10 6.1 17 4.9 

Li 8 5.2 2.4 0.22 17 6.4 

Mn 8 11 6.7 0.26 30 11 

Mo 8 1.2 1.1 0.084 2.5 0.86 

Nb 8 4.4 3.5 0.28L 11 3.9 

Ni 8 14 14 0.61 26 7.9 

P --- --- --- --- --- --- 

Pb 8 4.6 3.1 0.31 12 4.0 

Sb 8 2.7 2.2 0.5 6.4 2.0 

Sc 8 3.6 3.9 1.1 6.2 1.8 

Se 8 2.3 2.1 1.4 3.7 0.8 

Sr 8 58 55 3.1 130 42 

Th 8 4.5 3.7 0.91 9.8 3.4 

U 8 2.1 1.7 0.4 4.9 1.6 

V 8 23 27 1.5 47 17 

Y 8 20 20 0.68 50 16 

Yb 8 1.7 1.7 0.29 3.6 1.1 

Zn 8 15 14 0.14 31 12 

Zr 8 56 56 3.4 120 47 

G52 Geologic Assessment of Coal in the Colorado Plateau: Arizona, Colorado, New Mexico, and Utah
Table A2-15. Number of samples, mean, median, range, and standard deviation of ash and 38 elements in coal from the 

Navajo coal field. 

[All analyses are in percent or parts per million and are reported on a whole coal basis. L, less than value shown. A common problem 

in statistical summaries of trace-element data arises when element values are below the limits of analytical detection. This results in a 

censored distribution. To compute unbiased estimates of the means for censored data, we adopted the protocol of reducing all "less 

than" values by 50 percent before summary statistics were generated. Leaders (---) indicate statistics could not be calculated owing to 

an insufficient number of analyses above the lower detection limit] 

 Number of Range Standard 

 samples Mean Median Minimum Maximum deviation 

Percent 

Ash 9 22 20 10 38 8.5 

Si 9 5.8 4.9 2.6 11 2.8 

Al 9 2.7 2.9 1.0 4.0 0.94 

Ca 9 0.44 0.37 0.18 1.2 0.32 

Mg 9 0.092 0.079 0.047 0.16 0.036 

Na 9 0.31 0.29 0.12 0.67 0.15 

K 9 0.12 0.11 0.03 0.31 0.091 

Fe 9 0.6 0.49 0.28 1.2 0.32 

Ti 9 0.12 0.11 0.054 0.15 0.029 

Parts per million 

As 9 4.3 1.0 1.0L 25 8.1 

B 9 85 87 63 100 14 

Ba 9 150 140 30 260 70 

Be 9 1.4 1.3 0.63 2.3 0.59 

Cd --- --- --- --- --- --- 

Co 9 1.6 1.0 1.7L 3.8 1.1 

Cr 9 4.7 3.9 2.7 9.7 2.2 

Cu 9 12 10 6.9 20 5.7 

F 9 110 80 65 220 61 

Ga 9 8.3 9.7 5.2 11 2.6 

Hg 9 0.08 0.04 0.02 0.33 0.1 

La --- --- --- --- --- --- 

Li 9 19 18 8.0 25 5.4 

Mn 9 33 28 7.2 83 26 

Mo 6 2.3 1.9 0.72 4.9 1.6 

Nb 9 6.6 6.1 3.0 11 2.5 

Ni 9 4.2 3.0 1.5L 11 3.8 

P 9 430 390 90L 820 230 

Pb 9 11 12 5.2 19 4.6 

Sb 9 0.6 0.5 0.2 1.2 0.3 

Sc 9 3.2 3.0 1.5 5.6 1.4 

Se 9 1.6 1.5 1.1 2.2 0.4 

Sr 9 83 69 49 210 51 

Th 7 8.1 9.1 4.1 12 2.7 

U 9 2.4 2.2 1.3 3.7 0.82 

V 9 18 16 10 32 7.0 

Y 9 7.8 7.2 4.5 11 2.3 

Yb 9 0.67 0.61 0.45 1.1 0.23 

Zn 9 14 8.4 4.5 45 14 

Zr 9 49 46 21 75 17 

Quality Characterization of Cretaceous Coal from the Colorado Plateau Coal Assessment Area G53
Table A2-16. Number of samples, mean, median, range, and standard deviation of ash and 38 elements in coal from the 

Star Lake coal field. 

[All analyses are in percent or parts per million and are reported on a whole coal basis. L, less than value shown. A common problem 

in statistical summaries of trace-element data arises when element values are below the limits of analytical detection. This results in a 

censored distribution. To compute unbiased estimates of the means for censored data, we adopted the protocol of reducing all "less 

than" values by 50 percent before summary statistics were generated] 

 Number of Range Standard 

 samples Mean Median Minimum Maximum deviation 

Percent 

Ash 46 25 24 14 46 7.3 

Si 46 6.7 6.2 3.0 14 2.3 

Al 46 3.6 3.8 1.4 6.0 1.2 

Ca 46 0.49 0.35 0.14 1.8 0.36 

Mg 46 0.093 0.077 0.042 0.4 0.058 

Na 46 0.24 0.22 0.091 0.59 0.1 

K 46 0.16 0.12 0.028 0.73 0.15 

Fe 46 0.56 0.45 0.24 1.9 0.36 

Ti 46 0.17 0.16 0.069 0.29 0.048 

Parts per million 

As 46 2.2 0.9 0.6L 19 3.7 

B 46 66 66 27 140 22 

Ba 46 91 77 32 230 49 

Be 41 2.5 1.8 0.48 8.1 2.0 

Cd 46 0.13 0.11 0.03L 0.53 0.12 

Co 46 2.8 2.1 1.1 8.4 1.7 

Cr 46 6.4 5.9 0.1L 18 2.7 

Cu 46 17 16 5.4 34 4.9 

F 46 87 70 20L 340 63 

Ga 46 14 13 5.0 21 4.1 

Hg 46 0.07 0.05 0.01L 0.72 0.11 

La 28 16 16 6.8L 27 4.8 

Li 46 23 20 6.5 42 9.5 

Mn 46 57 33 8.0 320 70 

Mo 31 2.2 1.9 0.95 5.8 0.98 

Nb 31 7.2 6.4 3.5 19 3.4 

Ni 42 5.6 5.3 2.5L 14 3.0 

P 46 100 30 44L 440 120 

Pb 46 13 13 6.2 30 4.7 

Sb 46 1.3 0.9 0.3 4.3 1.0 

Sc 45 3.4 3.3 1.6 6.1 1.0 

Se 46 2.3 2.2 1.0 3.7 0.7 

Sr 46 100 98 42 230 41 

Th 46 7.4 7.4 0.1L 16 3.4 

U 46 3.7 3.4 1.8 8.0 1.3 

V 46 25 24 11 43 8.3 

Y 46 11 9.2 3.0 27 5.9 

Yb 46 1.2 1.0 0.48 2.7 0.56 

Zn 46 16 13 4.1 52 11 

Zr 46 65 67 25 160 27 

G54 Geologic Assessment of Coal in the Colorado Plateau: Arizona, Colorado, New Mexico, and Utah
Table A2-17. Number of samples, mean, median, range, and standard deviation of ash and 38 elements in coal from the 

Henry Mountains coal field. 

[All analyses are in percent or parts per million and are reported on a whole coal basis. L, less than value shown. A common problem 

in statistical summaries of trace-element data arises when element values are below the limits of analytical detection. This results in a 

censored distribution. To compute unbiased estimates of the means for censored data, we adopted the protocol of reducing all "less 

than" values by 50 percent before summary statistics were generated. Leaders (---) indicate statistics could not be calculated owing to 

an insufficient number of analyses above the lower detection limit] 

 Number of Range Standard 

 samples Mean Median Minimum Maximum deviation 

Percent 

Ash 18 15 14 7.9 26 5.2 

Si 18 3.7 3.6 1.2 8.3 1.7 

Al 18 1.3 1.3 0.39 2.8 0.71 

Ca 18 0.9 0.91 0.28 2.0 0.44 

Mg 18 0.14 0.15 0.038 0.19 0.044 

Na 18 0.085 0.072 0.014 0.2 0.057 

K 18 0.087 0.065 0.002 0.26 0.078 

Fe 18 0.55 0.32 0.14 2.3 0.61 

Ti 18 0.089 0.08 0.03 0.17 0.038 

Parts per million 

As 18 1.6 1.1 0.47 9.4 2.0 

B 18 160 150 71 300 72 

Ba 18 97 81 22 220 62 

Be 16 1.2 0.95 0.25 2.9 0.81 

Cd 18 0.09 0.08 0.08L 0.26 0.05 

Co 18 1.8 1.6 0.49 4.7 1.2 

Cr 17 9.8 9.0 1.4 26 6.4 

Cu 18 10 10 4.8 20 4.5 

F 18 42 33 20L 150 37 

Ga 18 5.1 4.5 1.2 14 3.0 

Hg 18 0.09 0.06 0.02 0.27 0.07 

La 9 9.8 10 7.9L 14 3.9 

Li 18 17 18 5.1 34 7.8 

Mn 18 25 19 8.8 69 15 

Mo 13 1.3 1.0 0.64 2.9 0.65 

Nb 18 4.0 3.6 1.7 7.9 2.0 

Ni 18 3.6 3.1 1.4 7.9 1.8 

P --- --- --- --- --- --- 

Pb 18 5.5 4.8 3.9L 12 2.9 

Sb 18 0.6 0.4 0.1 1.9 0.5 

Sc 18 2.2 1.7 0.64 4.6 1.2 

Se 18 1.6 1.6 0.6 2.2 0.5 

Sr 18 66 60 15 140 34 

Th 17 3.7 2.7 0.93 8.3 2.6 

U 18 2.8 2.4 0.74 9.4 2.1 

V 18 14 13 5.5 30 7.3 

Y 18 11 11 2.4 22 5.2 

Yb 18 0.96 0.95 0.24 2.0 0.5 

Zn 18 11 9.3 3.0 41 9.0 

Zr 18 30 29 8.3 79 18 

Quality Characterization of Cretaceous Coal from the Colorado Plateau Coal Assessment Area G55
Table A2-18. Number of samples, mean, median, range, and standard deviation of ash and 38 elements in coal from the 

Kaiparowits Plateau coal field. 

[All analyses are in percent or parts per million and are reported on a whole coal basis. L, less than value shown. A common problem 

in statistical summaries of trace-element data arises when element values are below the limits of analytical detection. This results in a 

censored distribution. To compute unbiased estimates of the means for censored data, we adopted the protocol of reducing all "less 

than" values by 50 percent before summary statistics were generated. Leaders (---) indicate statistics could not be calculated owing to 

an insufficient number of analyses above the lower detection limit] 

 Number of Range Standard 

 samples Mean Median Minimum Maximum deviation 

Percent 

Ash 10 13 10 6.3 32 8.1 

Si 10 3.1 2.2 1.1 9.8 2.7 

Al 10 1.2 0.7 0.34 3.4 1.1 

Ca 10 0.85 0.85 0.5 1.3 0.24 

Mg 10 0.15 0.15 0.11 0.22 0.034 

Na 10 0.069 0.011 0.003 0.33 0.12 

K 10 0.071 0.022 0.008 0.38 0.11 

Fe 10 0.34 0.31 0.094 0.6 0.17 

Ti 10 0.077 0.047 0.022 0.23 0.069 

Parts per million 

As 10 4.2 2.1 0.52 27 8.1 

B 10 120 120 78 170 30 

Ba 10 150 73 26 810 230 

Be 9 0.85 0.81 0.37 1.6 0.46 

Cd --- --- --- --- --- --- 

Co 10 1.3 1.1 0.41 3.6 0.92 

Cr 10 9.4 6.9 2.3 34 9.5 

Cu 10 9.1 7.1 3.5 23 6 

F 10 76 55 40 240 61 

Ga 10 3.6 2.4 1.3 11 3.0 

Hg 10 0.06 0.07 0.01 0.13 0.04 

La --- --- --- --- --- --- 

Li 10 17 10 2.9 70 20 

Mn 10 30 28 15 51 12 

Mo 10 1.1 0.59 0.59L 4.3 1.2 

Nb 4 4.5 3.3 1.6L 11 4.3 

Ni 10 4.1 3.4 1.3 9.5 2.5 

P 10 120 90 44L 130 140 

Pb 10 5.6 4.1 2.4 11 3.2 

Sb 10 0.4 0.3 0.1 1.0 0.3 

Sc 10 2.1 1.6 0.63 4.7 1.4 

Se 9 1.5 1.6 0.8 2.2 0.5 

Sr 10 75 74 44 120 26 

Th 10 2.1 1.2 0.49 7.7 2.3 

U 10 1.3 1.0 0.16L 3.3 1.1 

V 10 13 9.2 3.2 32 11 

Y 10 6.6 6.0 1.9 15 3.8 

Yb 10 0.52 0.41 0.19 1.1 0.32 

Zn 10 16 12 4.8 48 13 

Zr 10 24 17 9.5 64 18 

G56 Geologic Assessment of Coal in the Colorado Plateau: Arizona, Colorado, New Mexico, and Utah
Table A2-19. Number of samples, mean, median, range, and standard deviation of ash and 38 elements in coal from the Wasatch 

Plateau coal field. 

[All analyses are in percent or parts per million and are reported on a whole coal basis. L, less than value shown. A common problem in 

statistical summaries of trace-element data arises when element values are below the limits of analytical detection. This results in a censored 

distribution. To compute unbiased estimates of the means for censored data, we adopted the protocol of reducing all "less than" values by 50 

percent before summary statistics were generated] 

 Number of Range Standard 

 samples Mean Median Minimum Maximum deviation 

Percent 

Ash 86 9.9 8.9 1.8 37 6.5 

Si 86 2.6 2.1 0.39 14 2.2 

Al 86 0.89 0.76 0.16 4.5 0.65 

Ca 86 0.36 0.3 0.066 1.3 0.26 

Mg 86 0.063 0.044 0.005 0.34 0.061 

Na 86 0.15 0.13 0.014 0.42 0.12 

K 86 0.059 0.035 0.001 0.41 0.076 

Fe 86 0.24 0.21 0.05 0.94 0.14 

Ti 86 0.056 0.05 0.013 0.2 0.033 

Parts per million 

As 86 0.91 0.5 0.21L 14 1.5 

B 86 86 85 23 170 38 

Ba 86 63 52 2.7 610 71 

Be 81 1.2 0.88 0.078L 5.4 1.2 

Cd 86 0.07 0.05 0.01L 0.36 0.07 

Co 86 1.4 1.0 0.25L 7.9 1.1 

Cr 86 9.0 6.2 1.3 55 8.5 

Cu 86 8.3 6.6 2.2 23 4.5 

F 86 54 35 20L 240 52 

Ga 86 3.7 2.9 0.38 26 3.5 

Hg 86 0.05 0.04 0.01L 0.21 0.04 

La 71 6.6 6.0 1.5L 18 3.9 

Li 86 11 7.7 0.74 57 11 

Mn 86 7.8 5.6 0.9 70 9.1 

Mo 60 0.83 0.68 0.2 3.5 0.56 

Nb 82 2.5 2.0 0.3L 11 2.1 

Ni 86 4.6 3.7 0.35 13 3.1 

P 86 250 180 17L 1200 250 

Pb 86 10 3.8 0.88L 290 35 

Sb 86 0.3 0.2 0.1L 3.2 0.4 

Sc 86 1.8 1.5 0.35L 6.5 1.2 

Se 86 1.5 1.3 0.8 5.7 0.7 

Sr 86 110 80 15 460 94 

Th 53 1.8 1.5 0.29 5.3 1.3 

U 86 1.0 0.81 0.22L 3.5 0.72 

V 86 12 9.8 2.0 55 9.0 

Y 86 6.9 5.6 1.1 26 4.9 

Yb 86 0.65 0.54 0.12 2.6 0.49 

Zn 86 10 5.7 0.85 55 10 

Zr 86 30 21 6.9 130 24 

Quality Characterization of Cretaceous Coal from the Colorado Plateau Coal Assessment Area G57
Appendix 3—Explanation of Data in the Coplateau.txt File 

Used to Create the ArcView Shapefi le for 

Colorado Plateau Chemical Data

The digital fi les used for the Quality Characterization of 

Cretaceous coal from the Colorado Plateau Coal Assessment 

Area are presented as views in the ArcView project. The 

ArcView project and digital fi les are stored on both discs of 

this CD-ROM set. Persons who do not have ArcView 3.1 may 

query the data by means of the ArcView Data Publisher on 

disc 1. Persons who do have Arc View 3.1 may utilize the full 

functionality of the software by accessing the data that reside 

on disc 2. An explanation of the ArcView project and data 

library—and how to get started using the software—is given by 

Biewick and Mercier (chap. D, this CD-ROM). Metadata for all 

digital fi les are also accessible through the ArcView project.

The following information describes the data presented 

in coplateau.txt and is also included as chemterm.pdf in the 

ArcView project

Table A3 is a simplifi ed data dictionary showing fi eld 

name, value, and description for all the columns in the ASCII 

fi le “coplateau.txt.” This fi le was created by R.H. Affolter of 

the U.S. Geological Survey from the USGS USCHEM database 

and was used to create the ArcView chemical data shapefi le 

for the Colorado Plateau. Column defi nitions are modifi ed from 

Bragg and others (1998). All column headings with a “_Q”

suffi x in the coplateau.txt fi le are used for the qualifi ed data 

values and are indicated by L (less than), B (not determined), N 

(not detected), G (greater than). All columns except DLAT and 

DLONG are in text to preserve signifi cant fi gures. For detailed 

descriptions of U.S. Geological Survey analytical methods, 

see Swanson and Huffman (1976); Baedecker (1987); and 

Golightly and Simon (1989). For limitations of the coal quality 

data see Finkelman and others (1994).

Table A3. Explanation of coplateau.txt file used to create the ArcView shapefile for Colorado Plateau chemical data. 

Field name Value Description 

SAMPID TEXT Analysis Identification Number. 

STATE TEXT Name of State where sample was collected. 

COUNTY TEXT Name of county in state where sample was collected. 

DLAT REAL Decimal Latitude coordinate for point source location of coal sample. 

DLONG REAL Decimal Longitude coordinate for point source location of coal sample. 

CFIELD TEXT Coal Field Name. 

CFORMATN TEXT Formation Name—Stratigraphic formation name specified by the collector of the sample. 

CGROUP TEXT Group Name—Stratigraphic group name specified by the collector of the sample. 

CBED TEXT Bed Name—Stratigraphic bed name specified by the collector of the sample. 

DEPTH TEXT Depth from the surface of the earth to the top of the sample if the sample is part of a drill core. If samples 

are not drill cores, but samples are benched, then depth is a measure from the top of the uppermost bench 

to the top of the next sample in the benched series. (Depth is measured in inches). 

SAMPTHK TEXT Thickness of the sample, measured in inches. 

COMMENTS TEXT Used as a comment field to describe the mine name, the drill hole identified, or other miscellaneous 

information about the sample. 

SYSTEM TEXT System designates a fundamental unit of the sample's geologic age. 

POINTID TEXT The field number assigned by the collector or submitter of the sample. 

MOISTR TEXT (as-received basis) Moisture content in percent as determined by ASTM method D-3173. 

VOLMAT TEXT (as-received basis) Volatile matter content in percent as determined by ASTM method D-3175. 

G58 Geologic Assessment of Coal in the Colorado Plateau: Arizona, Colorado, New Mexico, and Utah
Table A3. Explanation of coplateau.txt file used to create the ArcView shapefile for Colorado Plateau chemical data—Continued. 

Field name Value Description 

FIXEDC TEXT (as-received basis) Fixed Carbon content in percent as determined by ASTM method D-3172. 

STDASH TEXT (as-received basis) Ash yield in percent as determined by ASTM method D-3174 (ash obtained at 750 ̊C). 

HYDRGN TEXT (as-received basis) Hydrogen content in percent as determined by ASTM method D-3178. 

CARBON TEXT (as-received basis) Carbon content in percent as determined by ASTM method D-3178 . 

NITRGN TEXT (as-received basis) Nitrogen content in percent as determined by ASTM method D-3179. 

OXYGEN TEXT (as-received basis) Oxygen content in percent as determined by ASTM method D-3176. 

SULFUR TEXT (as-received basis) Sulfur content in percent as determined by ASTM method D-3177. 

BTU TEXT (as-received basis) Gross calorific value of the coal sample expressed in British Thermal Units (BTU/lb) as 

determined by ASTM method D-2015. 

SLFATE TEXT (as-received basis) Sulfate content in percent as determined by ASTM method D-2492. 

SLFPYR TEXT (as-received basis) Pyritic Sulfur content in percent as determined by ASTM method D-2492. 

SLFORG TEXT (as-received basis) Organic Sulfur content in percent as determined by ASTM method D-2492. 

ASHDEF TEXT (as-received basis) Ash Deformation temperature in  ̊F as determined by ASTM method D1857 in reducing 

atmosphere. 

ASHSOF TEXT (as-received basis) Ash Softening temperature in  ̊F as determined by ASTM method D1857 in reducing 

atmosphere. 

ASHFLD TEXT (as-received basis) Ash Fluid temperature in  ̊F as determined by ASTM method D1857 in reducing 

atmosphere. 

FRESWL TEXT (as-received basis) Free-Swelling index as determined by ASTM method D-720. 

ADLOSS TEXT (as-received basis) Air-Dried loss content in percent as determined by ASTM method D-2013. 

GSASH TEXT Ash yield in percent as determined by USGS laboratories (ash obtained at 525 ̊C). 

SI_E TEXT (as-received whole-coal basis) Silicon (Si) content in percent converted from content as determined on coal 

ash by USGS laboratories using X-ray fluorescence analysis (ash obtained at 525 ̊C)—May be converted 

from SiO2 content in percent which was determined by the same method. 

AL_E TEXT (as-received whole-coal basis) Aluminum (Al) content in percent converted from content as determined on 

coal ash by USGS laboratories using X-ray fluorescence analysis (ash obtained at 525 ̊C)—May be 

converted from Al2O3 content in percent which was determined by the same method. 

CA_E TEXT (as-received whole-coal basis) Calcium (Ca) content in percent converted from content as determined on 

coal ash by USGS laboratories using X-ray fluorescence analysis (ash obtained at 525 ̊C)—May be 

converted from CaO content in percent which was determined by the same method. 

MG_E TEXT (as-received whole-coal basis) Magnesium (Mg) content in percent converted from content as determined 

on coal ash by USGS laboratories using wet chemistry analysis (atomic absorption: ash obtained at 

525 ̊C)—May be converted from MgO content in percent which was determined by the same method. 

NA_E TEXT (as-received whole-coal basis) Sodium (Na) content in percent converted from content as determined on 

coal ash by USGS laboratories using wet chemistry analysis (atomic absorption: ash obtained at 

525 ̊C)—May be converted from Na2O content in percent which was determined by the same method. 

K_E TEXT (as-received whole-coal basis) Potassium (K) content in percent converted from content as determined on 

coal ash by USGS laboratories using X-ray fluorescence analysis (ash obtained at 525 ̊C)—May be 

converted from K2O content in percent which was determined by the same method. 

FE_E TEXT (as-received whole-coal basis) Iron (Fe) content in percent converted from content as determined on coal 

ash by USGS laboratories using X-ray fluorescence analysis (ash obtained at 525 ̊C)—May be converted 

from Fe2O3 content in percent which was determined by the same method. 

TI_E TEXT (as-received whole-coal basis) Titanium (Ti) content in percent converted from content as determined on 

coal ash by USGS laboratories using X-ray fluorescence analysis (ash obtained at 525 ̊C)—May be 

converted from TiO2 content in percent which was determined by the same method. 

AS_E TEXT (as-received whole-coal basis) Arsenic (As) content in parts-per-million as determined on whole-coal by 

USGS laboratories using either wet chemistry analysis or Instrumental Neutron Activation Analysis 

(INAA). 

B_E TEXT (as-received whole-coal basis) Boron (B) content in parts-per-million converted from content determined on 

coal ash by USGS laboratories using either 6-step emission spectrographic analysis for older samples or 

automatic plate reading computer-assisted emission spectrographic analysis (ash obtained at 525 ̊C). 

BA_E TEXT (as-received whole-coal basis) Barium (Ba) content in parts-per-million converted from content determined 

on coal ash by USGS laboratories using either 6-step emission spectrographic analysis for older samples 

or automatic plate reading computer-assisted emission spectrographic analysis (ash obtained at 525 ̊C). 

Quality Characterization of Cretaceous Coal from the Colorado Plateau Coal Assessment Area G59
Table A3. Explanation of coplateau.txt file used to create the ArcView shapefile for Colorado Plateau chemical data—Continued. 

Field name Value Description 

BE_E TEXT (as-received whole-coal basis) Beryllium (Be) content in parts-per-million converted from content 

determined on coal ash by USGS laboratories using either 6-step emission spectrographic analysis for 

older samples or automatic plate reading computer-assisted emission spectrographic analysis (ash 

obtained at 525 ̊C). 

CD_E TEXT (as-received whole-coal basis) Cadmium (Cd) content in parts-per-million converted from content 

determined on coal ash by USGS laboratories using wet chemistry analysis (atomic absorption—ash 

obtained at 525 ̊C). 

CO_E TEXT (as-received whole-coal basis) Cobalt (Co) content in parts-per-million converted from content determined 

on coal ash by USGS laboratories using either semi-quantitative 6-step emission spectrographic analysis 

or automatic plate reading computer-assisted emission spectrographic analysis (ash obtained at 525 ̊C) or 

on a whole-coal basis using Instrumental Neutron Activation Analysis (INAA). 

CR_E TEXT (as-received whole-coal basis) Chromium (Cr) content in parts-per-million converted from content 

determined on coal ash by USGS laboratories using either semi-quantitative 6-step emission 

spectrographic analysis for older samples or automatic plate reading computer-assisted emission 

spectrographic analysis (ash obtained at 525 ̊C) or on a whole-coal basis using Instrumental Neutron 

Activation Analysis. 

CU_E TEXT (as-received whole-coal basis) Copper (Cu) content in parts-per-million converted from content determined 

on coal ash by USGS laboratories using wet chemistry analysis (atomic absorption—ash obtained at 

525 ̊C). 

F_E TEXT (as-received whole-coal basis) Fluorine (F) content in parts-per-million as determined on whole-coal by 

USGS laboratories using wet chemistry analysis (ion-selective electrode). 

GA_E TEXT (as-received whole-coal basis) Gallium (Ga) content in parts-per-million converted from content determined 

on coal ash by USGS laboratories using either 6-step emission spectrographic analysis for older samples 

or automatic plate reading computer-assisted emission spectrographic analysis (ash obtained at 525 ̊C). 

GE_E TEXT (as-received whole-coal basis) Germanium (Ge) content in parts-per-million converted from content 

determined on coal ash by USGS laboratories using either 6-step emission spectrographic analysis for 

older samples or automatic plate reading computer-assisted emission spectrographic analysis (ash 

obtained at 525 ̊C). 

HG_E TEXT (as-received whole-coal basis) Mercury (Hg) content in parts-per-million as determined on whole-coal by 

USGS laboratories using wet chemistry analysis (cold-vapor atomic absorption). 

LA_E TEXT (as-received whole-coal basis) Lanthanum (La) content in parts-per-million converted from content 

determined on coal ash by USGS laboratories using either 6-step emission spectrographic analysis for 

older samples or automatic plate reading computer-assisted emission spectrographic analysis (ash 

obtained at 525 ̊C) or on a whole-coal basis using Instrumental Neutron Activation Analysis (INAA). 

LI_E TEXT (as-received whole-coal basis) Lithium (Li) content in parts-per-million converted from content determined 

on coal ash by USGS laboratories using wet chemistry analysis (atomic absorption—ash obtained at 

525 ̊C). 

MN_E TEXT (as-received whole-coal basis) Manganese (Mn) content in parts-per-million converted from content 

determined on coal ash by USGS laboratories using either 6-step emission spectrographic analysis for 

older samples or automatic plate reading computer-assisted emission spectrographic analysis (ash 

obtained at 525 ̊C) and later using wet chemistry analysis (atomic absorption on the ash). 

MO_E TEXT (as-received whole-coal basis) Molybdenum (Mo) content in parts-per-million converted from content 

determined on coal ash by USGS laboratories using either 6-step emission spectrographic analysis for 

older samples or automatic plate reading computer-assisted emission spectrographic analysis (ash 

obtained at 525 degrees Centrigrade). 

NB_E TEXT (as-received whole-coal basis) Niobium (Nb) content in parts-per-million converted from content 

determined on coal ash by USGS laboratories using either 6-step emission spectrographic analysis for 

older samples or automatic plate reading computer-assisted emission spectrographic analysis (ash 

obtained at 525 degrees Centrigrade). 

NI_E TEXT (as-received whole-coal basis) Nickel (Ni) content in parts-per-million converted from content determined 

on coal ash by USGS laboratories using either 6-step emission spectrographic analysis for older samples 

or automatic plate reading computer-assisted emission spectrographic analysis (ash obtained at 525 

degrees Centrigrade). 

P_E TEXT (as-received whole-coal basis) Phosphorus (P) content in parts-per-million as determined on the coal ash or 

whole-coal by USGS laboratories using X-ray fluorescence analysis (ash obtained at 525 ̊C)—May be 

converted from P2O5 content in percent which was determined by the same method. 

G60 Geologic Assessment of Coal in the Colorado Plateau: Arizona, Colorado, New Mexico, and Utah
Table A3. Explanation of coplateau.txt file used to create the ArcView shapefile for Colorado Plateau chemical data—Continued. 

Field name Value Description 

PB_E TEXT (as-received whole-coal basis) Lead (Pb) content in parts-per-million converted from content determined on 

coal ash by USGS laboratories using wet chemistry analysis (atomic absorption—ash obtained at 525 ̊C). 

SB_E TEXT (as-received whole-coal basis) Antimony (Sb) content in parts-per-million as determined on whole-coal by 

USGS laboratories using wet chemistry analysis (Rhodamine B) or on Instrumental Neutron Activation 

Analysis (INAA). 

SC_E TEXT (as-received whole-coal basis) Scandium (Sc) content in parts-per-million converted from content 

determined on coal ash by USGS laboratories using either 6-step emission spectrographic analysis for 

older samples or automatic plate reading computer-assisted emission spectrographic analysis (ash 

obtained at 525 ̊C) or on a whole-coal basis using Instrumental Neutron Activation Analysis (INAA). 

SE_E TEXT (as-received whole-coal basis) Selenium (Se) content in parts-per-million as determined on whole-coal basis 

by USGS laboratories using Xray-fluorescence or on a whole-coal basis using Instrumental Neutron 

Activation Analysis (INAA). 

SR_E TEXT (as-received whole-coal basis) Strontium (Sr) content in parts-per-million converted from content 

determined on coal ash by USGS laboratories using either 6-step emission spectrographic analysis for 

older samples or automatic plate reading computer-assisted emission spectrographic analysis (ash 

obtained at 525 ̊C). 

TH_E TEXT (as-received whole-coal basis) Thorium (Th) content in parts-per-million as determined on whole-coal basis 

by USGS laboratories using Delayed Neutron Analysis (DNA) for older samples and Instrumental 

Neutron Activation analysis (INAA). 

U_E TEXT (as-received whole-coal basis) Uranium (U) content in parts-per-million as determined on whole-coal basis 

by USGS laboratories using Delayed Neutron Analysis (DNA). 

V_E TEXT (as-received whole-coal basis) Vanadium (V) content in parts-per-million converted from content 

determined on coal ash by USGS laboratories using either 6-step emission spectrographic analysis for 

older samples or automatic plate reading computer-assisted emission spectrographic analysis (ash 

obtained at 525 ̊C). 

Y_E TEXT (as-received whole-coal basis) Yttrium (Y) content in parts-per-million converted from content determined 

on coal ash by USGS laboratories using either 6-step emission spectrographic analysis for older samples 

or automatic plate reading computer-assisted emission spectrographic analysis (ash obtained at 525 ̊C). 

YB_E TEXT (as-received whole-coal basis) Ytterbium (Yb) content in parts-per-million converted from content 

determined on coal ash by USGS laboratories using either 6-step emission spectrographic analysis for 

older samples or automatic plate reading computer-assisted emission spectrographic analysis (ash 

obtained at 525 ̊C) or on a whole-coal basis using Instrumental Neutron Activation Analysis (INAA). 

ZN_E TEXT (as-received whole-coal basis) Zinc (Zn) content in parts-per-million converted from content determined on 

coal ash by USGS laboratories using wet chemistry analysis (atomic absorption ash obtained at 525 ̊C). 

ZR_E TEXT (as-received whole-coal basis) Zirconium (Zr) content in parts-per-million converted from content 

determined on coal ash by USGS laboratories using either 6-step emission spectrographic analysis for 

older samples or automatic plate reading computer-assisted emission spectrographic analysis (ash 

obtained at 525 ̊C). 

Quality Characterization of Cretaceous Coal from the Colorado Plateau Coal Assessment Area G61
Appendix 4—Supplemental Selected References on the 

Geology and Chemistry from the Colorado Plateau 

Coal Assessment Area and Surrounding Areas

Since the early 1970’s, the U. S. Geological Survey, in 

cooperation with other federal agencies (e.g., Bureau of Mines, 

Bureau of Reclamation, Bureau of Indian Affairs), state geological surveys, industry, and academia, has collected, evaluated and published various data from many of the coal-bearing 

regions of the western U.S. These publications cover the principal mined or mineable Cretaceous age coals from the Rocky 

Mountain Province including those from the Black Mesa Field 

(Arizona), Green River Region (southwestern Wyoming and 

Northwestern Colorado), San Juan River Region (Northwestern New Mexico and southwestern Colorado), and the Uinta 

Region (eastern Utah and west-central Colorado). U. S. Geological Survey publications relevant to western coals can be 

grouped into six general overlapping categories: (1) reports 

summarizing exploratory drilling, (2) geologic maps, (3) 

EMRIA reports (Energy Mineral Rehabilitation Inventory and 

Analysis), (4) coal resource estimates, (5) coal chemical composition and utilization, and (6) geological studies. 

These publications can be summarized as follows:

 1. Reports summarizing exploratory drilling contain 

location maps, drilling logs, detailed lithologic 

descriptions of cored intervals, geophysical logs, coal 

bed correlations and in some cases, proximate and 

ultimate analyses of the coals, and the element 

compositions of selected coal and coal-associated rock 

samples. 

 2. Maps include: (a) geologic maps of coal-bearing rocks, 

(b) Coal Development Potential maps (also called 

Known Recoverable Coal Resource Areas; KRCRA’s 

are compiled to support land-planning by the Bureau 

of Land Management) (c) Coal Investigation maps 

that characterize coal deposits with geologic maps 

and detailed coal sections; and (d) miscellaneous fi eld 

studies maps.

 3. EMRIA (Energy Mineral Rehabilitation Inventory and 

Analysis) reports (in cooperation with the Bureau 

of Reclamation) provide descriptions and analyses of 

coals, overburden and underburden rocks, vegetation 

patterns, and hydrology of selected areas in order to 

estimate area reclamation potential.

 4. Coal resource publications include area maps, 

procedural summaries, and tabular information. Some 

of these reports include resources estimates generated 

from data stored within the National Coal Resources 

Data System (NCRDS).

 5. Coal chemical composition and utilization reports 

include proximate and ultimate analyses, heat of 

combustion, forms of sulfur, and ash-fusion 

temperatures. Also included are statistical summaries 

of the ash contents and major-, minor- and traceelement compositions of coals and coal-associated rock 

samples. 

 6. Geologic studies of depositional environments, 

stratigraphic frameworks, and geochemical and 

mineralogical compositions of coal and coal-bearing 

rocks.

This Information in the report is provided as a supplemental source of chemical and geological reference material 

for the Colorado Plateau Area Study and nearby areas. Key 

words for most of the references are at the end of each reference (not all references have key words) and are in uppercase 

and inclosed in brackets [ ]. These key words contain words, 

phrases, or location information (latitude N###### and Longtude W#######) that can be used to search the references.

Selected References

Affolter, R.H., and Brownfi eld, M.E., 1999, Quality Characterization 

of Western Cretaceous coal from the Colorado Plateau Region, 

as part of the U.S. Geological Survey’s National Coal Resource 

Assessment Program: in Proceedings of the 24th International 

Technical Conference on Coal Utilization and Fuel Systems, Clearwater Florida, March 8–11, 1999, p. 953–963. [CHEMISTRY, COAL 

QUALITY, TRACE ELEMENTS]

Affolter, R.H., and Hatch, J.R., 1995, Cretaceous and Tertiary coals and 

coal-bearing rocks of the western United States—A bibliography 

of U.S. Geological Survey data for resource estimation, quality 

determination, and reclamation potential evaluation, in Energy and 

the Environment—Application of Geosciences to decision-making, 

Carter, L.M.H., ed., Tenth V.E. McKelvey Forum on Mineral and 

Energy Resources, 1995, U.S. Geological Survey Circular 1108, p 

44–45. [CHEMISTRY, COAL QUALITY, TRACE ELEMENTS]

Affolter, R.H., 1985, Geochemistry of coal from the Fruitland Formation 

and Mesa Verde Group, San Juan Basin, New Mexico, in Molnia, 

C.L., Kottlowski, F.E., Jobin, D.A., and O’Connor, J.T., eds., Coal 

in New Mexico: Issues in quality and resources: U.S. Geological 

Survey Administrative Report, 120 p., 31 fi gs., 10 tables, 3 appendixes (19–35 p.). [CHEMISTRY, COAL QUALITY, TRACE ELEMENTS]

Affolter, R.H., 1985, Geochemistry of coal from the Raton and Vermejo 

Formations, Raton coal fi eld, New Mexico, in Molnia, C.L., Kottlowski, F.R., Jobin, D.A., and O’Connor, J.T., eds., Coal in New 

Mexico: Issues in quality and resources: U.S. Geological Survey 

Administrative Report, 120 p., 31 fi gs., 10 tables, 3 appendixes 

(89–94 p.). [CHEMISTRY, COAL QUALITY, TRACE ELEMENTS]

Affolter, R.H., and Brownfi eld, M.D., 1987, Characterization of Lower 

Williams Fork Formation Coals from the Eastern Yampa Coal Field, 

Routt county, Colorado,inGeological Society of America Abstracts 

G62 Geologic Assessment of Coal in the Colorado Plateau: Arizona, Colorado, New Mexico, and Utah
with Programs, v. 19, no. 7, p. 567. [CHEMISTRY, COAL QUALITY, 

TRACE ELEMENTS]

Affolter, R.H., and Hatch, J.R., 1980, Chemical analyses of coal from 

the Dakota and Straight Cliffs Formations, Southwestern Utah 

Region, Kane and Garfi eld Counties, Utah: U.S. Geological Survey 

Open-File Report 80-138, 32p. [CHEMISTRY, COAL QUALITY, TRACE 

ELEMENTS]

Affolter, R.H., and Hatch, J.R., 1980a, Chemical analyses of coal 

from the Dakota and Straight Cliffs Formations, Southwestern Utah 

region, Kane and Garfi eld counties, Utah: U.S. Geological Survey 

Open-File Report 80-0138, 33 p. [CHEMICAL COMPOSITION, CRETACEOUS, DAKOTA FORMATION, ECONOMIC GEOLOGY, GARFIELD 

COUNTY, GEOCHEMISTRY, KANE COUNTY, MESOZOIC, STRAIGHT 

CLIFFS FORMATION, UTAH. N370000 N382000 W1100000 W1125000]

Affolter, R.H., and Hatch, J.R., 1984, Geochemical characterization 

of Rocky Mountain, Northern Great Plains, and Interior Province 

coals, American Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin, v. 68, 

no. 4, p. 447. [CHEMISTRY, COAL QUALITY, TRACE ELEMENTS]

Affolter, R.H., and Hatch, J.R., 1993, Element composition of 

Rocky Mountain Province Cretaceous coals: Proceedings of 

Pittsburgh Coal Conference, v. 10, p. 1038, Tenth annual International Pittsburgh Coal Conference “Coal—Energy and the 

Environment”.[CHEMISTRY, COAL QUALITY, TRACE ELEMENTS]

Affolter, R.H., and Stricker, G.D., 1989, Effects of paleolatitude on coal 

quality-model for organic sulfur distribution in United Sates coal: 

American Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin, v. 73, no. 3, 

p. 326. [CHEMISTRY, COAL QUALITY, TRACE ELEMENTS]

Affolter, R.H., and Stricker, G.D., 1990, Paleolatitude—A primary 

control on the sulfur content of United States coal, in U.S. Geological Survey Research on Energy Resources 1990, Program and 

Abstracts, Carter, L.M.H., ed.: (V.E. McKelvey Forum on Mineral 

and Energy Resources), U.S. Geological Survey Circular 1060, p. 1. 

[CHEMISTRY, COAL QUALITY, TRACE ELEMENTS]

Affolter, R.H., Brownfi eld, M.E.,Biewick, L.H.,and Kirschbaum, M.A., 

1998, Coal Assessment and Coal Quality Characterization of the 

Colorado Plateau Area, in Proceedings of the Fifteenth Annual 

International Pittsburgh Coal Conference CD (Pittsburgh, PA.), CD 

Rom Session 7: Geographic Information Sustems, p.1–12. [CHEMISTRY, COAL QUALITY, TRACE ELEMENTS]

Affolter, R.H., Eager, G.P., and Hatch, J.R., 1980, Chemical analyses of 

coal from the Mesaverde Formation, Grand Mesa coal fi eld, Delta 

and Mesa counties, Colorado: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File 

Report 80-0980, 39 p. [CHEMICAL COMPOSITION, COLORADO, CRETACEOUS, DELTA COUNTY, ECONOMIC GEOLOGY, GEOCHEMISTRY, 

GRAND MESA COAL FIELD, MESA COUNTY, MESAVERDE GROUP, 

MESOZOIC, UPPER CRETACEOUS. N383000 N391500 W1073000 

W1084500]

Affolter, R.H., Eager, G.P., and Hatch, J.R., 1981, Chemical analyses 

of coal from the Mesaverde Formation, Grand Mesa coal fi eld, 

Delta and Mesa Counties, Colorado, in Khalsa, N.S., and Ladwig, 

L.R., editors, Colorado Coal Analyses 1976–1979, Colorado Geological Survey Information Series 10, p. 333–364. [CHEMISTRY, COAL 

QUALITY, TRACE ELEMENTS]

Affolter, R.H., Hatch, J.R., and Ryer, T.A., 1979, Chemical analyses of 

coal and shale from the Ferron Sandstone Member of the Mancos 

Shale, Emery coal fi eld, Emery County, Utah: U.S. Geological Survey 

Open-File Report 79-858, 35 p. [CHEMISTRY, COAL QUALITY, TRACE 

ELEMENTS]

Affolter, R.H., Hildebrand, R.T., and Simon, F.O., 1984, Geochemical 

Evaluation of Tertiary and Cretaceous Western United States coal; 

in Geological Society of America Abstracts with Programs, v. 16, 

no. 6, p. 422. [CHEMISTRY, COAL QUALITY, TRACE ELEMENTS]

Affolter, R.H., Hildebrand, R.T., and Simon, F.O., 1984, Geochemical 

Evaluation of Tertiary and Cretaceous Western United States coal: 

Geological Society of America Abstracts with Programs, v. 16, no. 

6, p. 422. [ABSTRACT, CHEMISTRY, CRETACEOUS, GEOCHEMISTRY, 

TERTIARY, WESTERN U.S.]

Anderson, O.J., 1987, Geology and coal resources of Atarque Lake 

1:50,000 quadrangle, New Mexico: New Mexico Bureau of Mines 

and Mineral Resources Geologic Map 61. [CHEMISTRY, COAL 

QUALITY]

Anderson, O.J., and Mapel, W.J., 1983, Geology and coal resources, 

Shoemaker Canyon SE quadrangle, Cibola County, New Mexico: 

U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 172, 32 p. [CIBOLA 

COUNTY NEW MEXICO, CRETACEOUS, GALLUP SANDSTONE, GEOLOGIC MAPS, LITHOSTRATIGRAPHY, MAPS, MESOZOIC, NEW 

MEXICO, SHOEMAKER CANYON QUADRANGLE, UPPER CRETACEOUS, WEST CENTRAL NEW MEXICO, ZUNI BASIN. N344500 

N345200 W1083000 W1083730]

Anderson, O.J., and Stricker, G.D., 1984, Stratigraphy and coal occurrences of the Tres Hermanos Formation and Gallup Sandstone, 

Upper Cretaceous, Zuni Basin, West-central New Mexico, in 

Houghton, R.L., and Clauson, E.N., eds., 1984 Symposium on the 

Geology of Rocky Mountain Coals: North Dakota Geological Society Publication 84-1, p. 115–125. [CRETACEOUS, GALLOP SANDSTONE, NEW MEXICO, STRATIGRAPHY, TRES HERMANOS FORMATION, ZUNI BASIN]

Anderson, O.J., and Stricker, G.D., 1987, Stratigraphy and coal occurrences of the Tres Hermanos Formation and Gallup Sandstone, 

Upper Cretaceous, Zuni Basin, West-central New Mexico, in 

Roybal, G.H., Anderson, O.J., and Beaumont, E.C., eds., Coal deposits and facies changes along the southwestern margin of the 

Late Cretaceous seaway, West-central New Mexico: New Mexico 

Bureau of Mines and Mineral Resources Bulletin 121, p. 59–63. 

[CRETACEOUS, FACIES, GALLOP SANDSTONE, NEW MEXICO, 

STRATIGRAPHY, TRES HERMANOS FORMATION, ZUNI BASIN]

Anderson, O.J., and Stricker, G.D., 1990, Coal-bearing Ramah Member 

of the Crevasse Canyon Formation; a new stratigraphic unit in 

the Zuni Basin, west-central New Mexico, in New Mexico Geological Society; 1990 annual spring meeting; abstracts, New Mexico 

Geology 12(4), p. 92. [CRETACEOUS, CREVASSE CANYON FORMATION, ECONOMIC GEOLOGY, ENERGY SOURCES, FLUVIAL ENVIRONMENT, GALLUP SANDSTONE, LITHOSTRATIGRAPHY, MCKINLEY COUNTY NEW MEXICO, MESOZOIC, NEW MEXICO, PALUDAL 

ENVIRONMENT, RAMAH MEMBER, REVISION, SANDSTONE, 

SHALE, STRATIGRAPHY, CLASTIC ROCKS, TORRIVIO MEMBER, 

TURONIAN, TYPE SECTIONS, UPPER CRETACEOUS, WEST CENTRAL NEW MEXICO, ZUNI BASIN]

Armbrustmacher, T.J., Barton, H.N., Kulik, D.M., Lee, K., and Brown, 

S.D., 1989, Mineral resources of the Gunnison Gorge Wilderness 

Study Area, Montrose and Delta counties, Colorado: U.S. Geological Survey Bulletin 1715-D, D1–D14 p. [COLORADO, CRETACEOUS, 

Quality Characterization of Cretaceous Coal from the Colorado Plateau Coal Assessment Area G63
DAKOTA FORMATION, DELTA COUNTY COLORADO, ECONOMIC 

GEOLOGY MAPS, ECONOMIC GEOLOGY, GUNNISON GORGE WILDERNESS STUDY AREA, GYPSUM DEPOSITS, MAPS, MESOZOIC, 

MINERAL ASSESSMENT, MINERAL RESOURCES, MONTROSE 

COUNTY COLORADO, PROGRAMS, SOUTHWESTERN COLORADO, 

WANAKAH FORMATION, WILDERNESS AREAS. N383400 N384600 

W1074500 W1075230]

Barclay, C.S., and Honey, J.G., 1982, Coal in the Cow Creek Butte 

area, Little Snake River fi eld, Wyoming, in Geological Survey 

research 1982, U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1375, 

p. 18. [ALMOND FORMATION, BAGGS QUADRANGLE, CARBON 

COUNTY, CARTOGRAPHY, COW CREEK BUTTE, CRETACEOUS, ECONOMIC GEOLOGY, LITTLE SNAKE RIVER COAL FIELD, MESOZOIC, 

UPPER CRETACEOUS, WYOMING]

Barclay, C.S.V., 1984, Stratigraphic sequences and paleoenvironmental interpretation of Upper Cretaceous Almond Formation in Cow 

Creek Area, Little Snake River Coal Field, south-central Wyoming: 

American Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin, v. 68, no. 

7, p. 931. [ALMOND FORMATION, CRETACEOUS, DELTAIC ENVIRONMENT, ENVIRONMENT, LEWIS SHALE, LITTLE SNAKE RIVER 

COAL FIELD, PALEOENVIRONMENT, SANDSTONE, SEDIMENTOLOGY, STRATIGRAPHY, WYOMING]

Beaumont, E.C., 1971, Fruitland Field, in Shomaker, J.W., Beaumont, 

E.C., and Kottlowski, F.E., eds. Strippable low-sulfur coal resources 

of the San Juan Basin in New Mexico and Colorado: New Mexico 

Bureau of Mines and Mineral Resources Memoir 25, p. 104–108. 

[CHEMISTRY, COAL QUALITY]

Bell, H., III, Kilburn, J.E., Cady, J.W., and Lane, M.E., 1990, Mineral 

resources of the Cockscomb and Wahweap Wilderness Study 

Areas, Kane County, Utah: U.S. Geological Survey Bulletin 1748-A, 

A1–A18 p. [COCKSCOMB WILDERNESS STUDY AREA, CRETACEOUS, DAKOTA FORMATION, ECONOMIC GEOLOGY MAPS, ECONOMIC GEOLOGY, KANE COUNTY UTAH, MAPS, MESOZOIC, MINERAL ASSESSMENT, MINERAL RESOURCES, PROGRAMS, SOUTH 

CENTRAL UTAH, STRAIGHT CLIFFS FORMATION, UTAH, WAHWEAP WILDERNESS STUDY AREA, WILDERNESS AREAS. N370500 

N372200 W1113500 W1120000]

Blanchard, L.F., 1981b, Newly identifi ed intertonguing between the 

Star Point Sandstone and the Blackhawk Formation and the 

correlation of coal beds in the northern part of the Wasatch 

Plateau, Carbon County, Utah: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File 

Report 81-0724, 1 p. [BLACKHAWK FORMATION, CARBON 

COUNTY, CORRELATION, CRETACEOUS, ECONOMIC GEOLOGY, 

LITHOFACIES, LITHOSTRATIGRAPHY, MAPS, MESAVERDE GROUP, 

MESOZOIC, SANDSTONE, STAR POINT SANDSTONE, STRATIGRAPHIC WEDGES, STRATIGRAPHY, UPPER CRETACEOUS, UTAH, 

WASATCH PLATEAU. N393500 N394700 W1104500 W1111500]

Blanchard, L.F., Ellis, E.G., and Roberts, J.V., 1977, Lithologic and 

geophysical logs of holes drilled in the Wasatch Plateau Known 

Recoverable coal Resource Area, Carbon, Emery, and Sevier 

counties, Utah: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 77-0133, 

324 p. [BLACKHAWK FORMATION, CARBON COUNTY, CRETACEOUS, ECONOMIC GEOLOGY, EMERY COUNTY, GEOPHYSICAL 

SURVEYS, GEOPHYSICS, APPLIED. APPLICATIONS, MESOZOIC, 

SEVIER COUNTY, STRATIGRAPHY, SURVEYS, UPPER CRETACEOUS, 

UTAH, WELL LOGGING]

Bobb, M.C., and Ryer, T.A., 1990, Upper Cretaceous Calico Bed, southwestern Utah; sedimentology, sea level and paleotectonics: American Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin, v. 74, no. 8, 

p. 1316. [ABSTRACT, CONIACIAN, CRETACEOUS, ENVIRONMENT, 

FLUVIAL, STRAIGHT CLIFFS FORMATION, STRATIGRAPHY, TECTONICS, THICKNESS, TRANSGRESSION, TURONIAN, UTAH]

Boger, L.W., Jr., and Medlin, A.L., 1991, Coal resource estimation 

in the San Juan Basin using geostatistical methods, in Molnia, 

C.L., Jobin, D.A., O’Connor, J.T., and Kottlowski, F.E., eds., Coal 

fi elds of New Mexico; geology and resources, U.S. Geological 

Survey Bulletin 1972, p. 35–43. [CRETACEOUS, DATA PROCESSING, 

ECONOMIC GEOLOGY, FRUITLAND FORMATION, GEOSTATISTICS, 

KRIGING, MCKINLEY COUNTY NEW MEXICO, MESOZOIC, NEW 

MEXICO, NORTHWESTERN NEW MEXICO, RESOURCES, RIO 

ARRIBA COUNTY NEW MEXICO, SAN JUAN BASIN, SAN JUAN 

COUNTY NEW MEXICO, SANDOVAL COUNTY NEW MEXICO, STATISTICAL ANALYSIS, UPPER CRETACEOUS]

Bohor, B.F., and Triplehorn, D.M., 1984, Accretionary lapilli in altered 

tuffs associated with coal beds: Journal of Sedimentary Petrology, 

v. 54, no. 1, p. 317–325. [CLAYSTONE, CRETACEOUS, FERRON 

SANDSTONE MEMBER, FRONTIER FORMATION, FRUITLAND FORMATION, GENESIS, IGNEOUS ROCKS, LAPILLI, MANCOS SHALE, 

MESOZOIC, NEW MEXICO, OCCURRENCE, PYROCLASTICS, SAN 

JUAN BASIN, SEDIMENTARY PETROLOGY, TUFF, UPPER CRETACEOUS, UTAH, VOLCANIC ROCKS, VOLCANIC ASH, WYOMING]

Bohor, B.F., and Triplehorn, D.M., 1985, Tonsteins in the C Coal, Ferron 

Sandstone Member of the Mancos Shale, Emery County, Utah, 

Clays and clay minerals, western Colorado and eastern and central 

Utah; fi eld trip guidebook.; Hall, R.B., compiler: AIPEA, United 

States. p. 20–23.

Bohor, B.F., Pollastro, R.M., and Phillips, R.E., 1978, Mineralogical evidence for the volcanic origin of kaolinitic partings, tonstein in 

Upper Cretaceous and Tertiary coals of the Rocky Mountain region: 

Clay Minerals Society Program and Abstracts, 47 p. [ABSTRACT, 

CLAY MINERALS, CRETACEOUS, TERTIARY]

Bostick, N.H., 1983, Vitrinite refl ectance and temperature gradient 

models applied at a site in Piceance Basin, Colorado: American 

Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin, v. 67, no. 3, p. 

427–428. [BOREHOLES, CENOZOIC, COLORADO, COLORADO RIVER 

VALLEY, CORES, CRETACEOUS, ECONOMIC GEOLOGY, EOCENE, 

GARFIELD COUNTY, GREEN RIVER FORMATION, HEAT FLOW, MACERALS, MESAVERDE GROUP, MESOZOIC, MODELS, PALEOGENE, 

PICEANCE CREEK BASIN, REFLECTANCE, RIFLE, TECTONOPHYSICS, TERTIARY, THERMAL HISTORY, UINTA FORMATION, UPPER 

CRETACEOUS, UPPER EOCENE, VITRINITE, WASATCH FORMATION. N393200 N393200 W1074700 W1074700]

Bowers, W.E., 1981, Geologic map and coal deposits of the Canaan 

Peak quadrangle, Garfi eld and Kane counties, Utah: U.S. Geological Survey Coal Investigations Map C-0090, scale 1:24,000. 

[CANAAN PEAK QUADRANGLE, CRETACEOUS, ECONOMIC GEOLOGY, GARFIELD COUNTY, GEOLOGIC MAPS, HENDERSON COAL 

ZONE, KANE COUNTY, MAPS, MESOZOIC, SECTIONS, STRAIGHT 

CLIFFS FORMATION, STRUCTURE CONTOUR MAPS, UPPER CRETACEOUS, UTAH. N373000 N373730 W1114500 W1115230]

Bowers, W.E., 1983, Geologic map and coal sections of the Butler 

Valley quadrangle, Kane County, Utah: U.S. Geological Survey Coal 

Investigations Map C-0095, scale 1:24,000. [CONGLOMERATE, CRETACEOUS, DAKOTA FORMATION, ECONOMIC GEOLOGY, GEOLOGIC 

G64 Geologic Assessment of Coal in the Colorado Plateau: Arizona, Colorado, New Mexico, and Utah
MAPS, HENDERSON COAL ZONE, KANE COUNTY, MAPS, MESOZOIC, STRAIGHT CLIFFS FORMATION, STRATIGRAPHY, STRUCTURE CONTOUR MAPS, UTAH, WAHWEAP FORMATION. N372230 

N373000 W1114500 W1115230]

Brock, M.R., Gaskill, D.L., and U.S. Bureau of Mines, 1985, Geology of 

the Chama–Southern San Juan Mountains Wilderness Study Area, 

Colorado, in Mineral resources of the Chama–Southern San Juan 

Mountains Wilderness Study Area, Mineral, Rio Grande, Archuleta, 

and Conejos counties, Colorado: U.S. Geological Survey Bulletin 

1524, p. 5–34. [AREAL GEOLOGY, ARCHULETA COUNTY, CHAMA 

SOUTHERN SAN JUAN MOUNTAINS WILDERNESS STUDY AREA, 

COLORADO, CONEJOS COUNTY, CRETACEOUS, ECONOMIC GEOLOGY, IGNEOUS ROCKS, LITHOSTRATIGRAPHY, MAPS AND 

CHARTS, AREAL GEOLOGY, MESOZOIC, MINERAL COUNTY, MINERAL RESOURCES, NORTH AMERICA, RIO GRANDE COUNTY, 

ROCKY MOUNTAINS, SAN JUAN MOUNTAINS, SOUTHWESTERN 

COLORADO, SURFICIAL GEOLOGY, U.S. ROCKY MOUNTAINS, VOLCANIC ROCKS, WILDERNESS AREAS. N370000 N372500 W1062000 

W1065500]

Brown, T.L., Sanchez, J.D., and Ellis, E.G., 1987, Stratigraphic framework and coal resources of the Upper Cretaceous Blackhawk 

Formation in the East Mountain and Gentry Mountain areas of 

the Wasatch Plateau coal fi eld, Manti 30’ by 60’ quadrangle, 

Emery, Carbon, and Sanpete counties, Utah: U.S. Geological 

Survey Coal Investigations Map C-0094-D, scale 1:24,000. [BLACKHAWK FORMATION, CARBON COUNTY, CENTRAL UTAH, COAL 

DEPOSIT MAPS, CRETACEOUS, EAST MOUNTAIN REGION, ECONOMIC GEOLOGY, EMERY COUNTY, GENTRY MOUNTAIN REGION, 

MANTI QUADRANGLE, MAPS, MESAVERDE GROUP, MESOZOIC, 

RESOURCES, SANPETE COUNTY, STRATIGRAPHY, UPPER CRETACEOUS, UTAH, WASATCH PLATEAU. N392230 N393000 W1110000 

W1111500]

Brownfi eld, M.E., and Affolter, R.H., 1988, Characterization of Coals in 

the Lower Part of the Williams Fork Formation, Twentymile Park 

district, Eastern Yampa Coal Field, Routt County, Colorado, in U.S. 

Geological Survey Research on Energy Resources—1988, Program 

and Abstracts, Carter, L.M.H., ed., (V.E. McKelvey Forum on Mineral 

and Energy Resources),U.S. Geological Survey Circular 1025, p. 6. 

[CHEMISTRY, COAL QUALITY, TRACE ELEMENTS]

Brownfi eld, M.E., and Johnson, E.A., 1988, Selected references on the 

geology of the Danforth Hills Coal Field, eastern Uinta coal region, 

Moffat and Rio Blanco Counties, Colorado, in Selected references 

on the geology and coal resources of central and western Colorado 

coal fi elds and regions: Colorado Geological Survey Information 

Series, v. 25, p. 26. [COLORADO, CRETACEOUS, DANFORTH HILLS 

COAL FIELD, UINTA]

Brownfi eld, M.E., Roberts, L.N.R., Johnson, E.A., and Mercier, T.J., 

1998, Assessment of the distribution and resources of coal in 

the Deserado coal area, Lower White River Coal Field, northern 

Piceance Basin Colorado: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 

98-352, 28 p. [CHEMISTRY, COAL QUALITY]

Bryant, W.A., 1984, Paleoenvironmental interpretation based on foraminifera of coal-bearing Almond Formation, Little Snake River Coalfi eld, Wyoming: American Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin, v. 68, no. 7, p. 933. [BENTHONIC TAXA, BIOSTRATIGRAPHY, 

COW CREEK REGION, CRETACEOUS, ENVIRONMENT, FORAMINIFERS, INVERTEBRATES, MESAVERDE GROUP, MESOZOIC, MICROFOSSILS, MUDSTONE, NEARSHORE ENVIRONMENT, PALEOECOLOGY, PALEOENVIRONMENT, SANDSTONE, SEDIMENTARY PETROLOGY, SEDIMENTATION, SHALE, SNAKE RIVER COAL FIELD, SOUTH 

CENTRAL WYOMING, STRATIGRAPHY,, ALMOND FORMATION, 

UPPER CRETACEOUS, WYOMING]

Butler, D.L., 1986, General surface- and ground-water quality in a 

coal-resource area near Durango, southwestern Colorado: WaterResources Investigations 86-4073, 53 p. [ANIMAS FORMATION, 

AQUIFERS, COLORADO, CRETACEOUS, DISSOLVED MATERIALS, 

DRAINAGE BASINS, DURANGO REGION, FRUITLAND FORMATION, 

GEOCHEMISTRY, GROUND WATER, HYDROCHEMISTRY, HYDROGEOLOGY, HYDROGEOLOGY AND HYDROLOGY, HYDROLOGY, IONS, 

LA PLATA COUNTY, LEWIS SHALE, MANCOS SHALE, MAPS, 

MESAVERDE GROUP, MESOZOIC, REGRESSION ANALYSIS, RIVERS 

AND STREAMS, SITE LOCATION MAPS, SOUTHWESTERN COLORADO, STATISTICAL ANALYSIS, SURFACE WATER, SURVEYS, 

UPPER CRETACEOUS, WATER RESOURCES. N370000 N372500 

W1070730 W1082300, WATER QUALITY]

Campbell, F., 1986, Occurrence of sulfates discriminates oxidized from 

unoxidized coals in western New Mexico, in Garbini, S., and Schweinfurth, S.P., eds., Symposium proceedings; A national agenda 

for coal-quality research, U.S. Geological Survey Circular 0979, 

p. 218. [CRETACEOUS, ECONOMIC GEOLOGY, FRUITLAND FORMATION, GYPSUM, MESOZOIC, MORENO HILL FORMATION, NEW 

MEXICO, OXIDATION, QUALITY, RANK, SULFATES, UPPER CRETACEOUS, VOLATILES, WESTERN NEW MEXICO]

Campbell, F.W., Hoffman, G.K., Kottlowski, F.E., and Arkell, B.W., 1991, 

Geology and coal resources of New Mexico’s small coal fi elds, in 

Molnia, C.L., Jobin, D.A., O’Connor, J.T., and Kottlowski, F.E., eds., 

Coal fi elds of New Mexico; geology and resources, U.S. Geological 

Survey Bulletin 1972, p. 69–77. [CRETACEOUS, ECONOMIC GEOLOGY, ENERGY SOURCES, MESAVERDE GROUP, MESOZOIC, NEW 

MEXICO, RESOURCES, UPPER CRETACEOUS]

Cashion, W.B., Kilburn, J.E., Barton, H.N., Kelley, K.D., Kulik, D.M., 

and McDonnell, J.R., Jr., 1990, Mineral resources of the Desolation 

Canyon, Turtle Canyon, and Floy Canyon Wilderness Study Areas, 

Carbon, Emery, and Grand counties, Utah: U.S. Geological Survey 

Bulletin 1753-B, B1–B34 p. [BITUMINOUS COAL, BLACKHAWK FORMATION, CARBON COUNTY UTAH, CRETACEOUS, DESOLATION 

CANYON WILDERNESS STUDY AREA, EAST CENTRAL UTAH, 

ECONOMIC GEOLOGY MAPS, ECONOMIC GEOLOGY, EMERY 

COUNTY UTAH, ENERGY SOURCES, FLOY COUNTY WILDERNESS 

STUDY AREA, GEOLOGIC MAPS, GRAND COUNTY UTAH, MAPS, 

MESOZOIC, METAL ORES, MINERAL ASSESSMENT, MINERAL 

RESOURCES, NATURAL GAS, NELSEN FORMATION, OIL SHALE, 

PETROLEUM, PROGRAMS, TURTLE CANYON WILDERNESS STUDY 

AREA, UPPER CRETACEOUS, URANIUM ORES, UTAH, WILDERNESS AREAS. N390000 N395000 W1094000 W1102000]

Cavaroc, V.V., and Flores, R.M., 1980, Variations in Cretaceous coalbearing strata, Gallup coal fi eld, New Mexico: American Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin, v. 64, no. 5, p. 689. 

[ABSTRACT, COAL RESOURCES, CRETACEOUS, GALLOP COAL 

FIELD, NEW MEXICO]

Cavaroc, V.V., and Flores, R.M., 1982, Merging of Upper Cretaceous 

Point Lookout Sandstone and its Hosta Tongue, southwestern San 

Juan Basin, New Mexico: Geological Society of America Abstracts 

with Programs, v. 14, no. 6, p. 306. [ABSTRACT, CRETACEOUS, NEW 

MEXICO, SAN JUAN BASIN]

Quality Characterization of Cretaceous Coal from the Colorado Plateau Coal Assessment Area G65
Cavaroc, V.V., Jr., and Flores, R.M., 1981, Facies control of Upper 

Cretaceous Cleary and Gibson Coal Members near Gallup, New 

Mexico: American Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin, v. 

65, p. 556–557.

Clayton, J.L., Rice, D.D., and Michael, G.E., 1991, Oil-generating 

coals of the San Juan Basin, New Mexico and Colorado, U.S.A: 

Organic Geochemistry, v. 17, no. 6, p. 735–742. [ALIPHATIC HYDROCARBONS, ALKANES, CHROMATOGRAMS, COLORADO, CRETACEOUS, ECONOMIC GEOLOGY, ENERGY SOURCES, FRUITLAND 

FORMATION, GENESIS, HYDROCARBONS, MACERALS, MESOZOIC, 

MIGRATION, NATURAL GAS, NEW MEXICO, ORGANIC MATERIALS, ORGANIC CARBON, PALEOZOIC, PETROLEUM, PHYTANE, 

PICTURE CLIFFS SANDSTONE, POSSIBILITIES, PRISTANE, PYROLYSIS, ROCK-EVAL, SAN JUAN BASIN, THERMAL-MATURITY, UPPER 

CRETACEOUS, VITRINITE. N350000 N373000 W1060000 W1091500]

Condon, S.M., 1988, Joint patterns on the northwest side of the San 

Juan Basin, (Southern Ute Indian Reservation), Southwest Colorado, in Fassett, J.E., ed., Geology and coal-bed methane resources 

of the northern San Juan Basin, Colorado and New Mexico, 

Publisher: Rocky Mt. Assoc. Geol., Denver, CO, United States, 

p. 61–68. [CENOZOIC, CLEATS, CLIFF HOUSE SANDSTONE, 

COLORADO, CRETACEOUS, EVOLUTION, FARMINGTON SANDSTONE MEMBER, FOUR CORNERS PLATFORM, FRACTURES, FRUITLAND FORMATION, HOGBACK MONOCLINE, JOINTS, KIRTLAND 

SHALE, MCDERMOTT MEMBER, MESAVERDE GROUP, MESOZOIC, 

NACIMIENTO FORMATION, ORIENTATION, PALEOCENE, PALEOGENE, PATTERNS, PICTURE CLIFFS SANDSTONE, SAN JOSE FORMATION, SAN JUAN BASIN, SOUTHERN UTE INDIAN RESERVATION, SOUTHWESTERN COLORADO, STRUCTURAL GEOLOGY, 

ANIMAS FORMATION, STRUCTURAL GEOLOGY, STYLE, TECTONICS, TERTIARY, UPPER CRETACEOUS. N370000 N371500 W1075000 

W1081500]

Cooper, H.M., Snyder, N.H., Abernethy, R.F., Tarpley, E.C., and Swingle, 

R.J., 1947, Analyses of Mine, Tipple, and delivered samples: U.S. 

Bureau of Mines Technical Paper, p. 27–47. [CHEMISTRY, COAL 

QUALITY]

Crowley, S.S., Simon, F.O., and Stanton, R.W., 1988, Selected chemical 

composition of the C coal bed, Emery coal fi eld, Utah: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 88-0526, 60 p. [C COAL BED, 

CENTRAL UTAH, CHEMICAL COMPOSITION, CORES, CRETACEOUS, 

ECONOMIC GEOLOGY, EMERY COAL FIELD, EMERY COUNTY UTAH, 

FERRON SANDSTONE MEMBER, GEOCHEMISTRY, MAJOR ELEMENTS, MANCOS SHALE, MESOZOIC, TRACE ELEMENTS, UPPER 

CRETACEOUS, UTAH. N385000 N385500 W1111500 W1112000]

Crowley, S.S., Stanton, R.W., and Simon, F.O., 1987, Effects of volcanic 

ash layers on maceral and inorganic composition of the C Coal 

Bed, Ferron Sandstone Member (Cretaceous), Mancos Shale, Utah: 

Geological Society of America Abstracts with Programs, v. 19, no. 

5. [ABSTRACT, ASH, EMERY, MACERALS, UTAH]

Crowley, S.S., Stanton, R.W., Bragg, L.J., and Oman, C.L., 1987, Chemical variation associated with volcanic ash layers in the C Coal 

bed, Ferron Sandstone Member of the Mancos Shale (Cretaceous), 

Utah: Society for Organic Petrology Abstracts with Programs, 

p. 58–59. [ABSTRACT, ASH, CHEMISTRY, CRETACEOUS, EMERY, 

UTAH]

Dames and Moore, 1979a, Coal resource and coal development potential maps of the Gould Pass NW quadrangle, San Juan County, 

New Mexico: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 79-800, 24 

p. [CRETACEOUS, ECONOMIC GEOLOGY MAPS, ECONOMIC GEOLOGY, FRUITLAND FORMATION, GOULD PASS NW QUADRANGLE, 

INVENTORY, MAPS, MESOZOIC, NEW MEXICO, RESOURCES, SAN 

JUAN COUNTY, UPPER CRETACEOUS. N364500 N363730 W1073730 

W1074500]

Dames and Moore, 1979b, Coal resource occurrence and coal development potential maps of the Gould Pass SW quadrangle, San 

Juan and Rio Arriba counties, New Mexico: U.S. Geological Survey 

Open-File Report 79-0614, 21 p. [CHEMICAL COMPOSITION, CRETACEOUS, ECONOMIC GEOLOGY MAPS, ECONOMIC GEOLOGY, 

FRUITLAND FORMATION, GOULD PASS SW QUADRANGLE, INVENTORY, MAPS, MESOZOIC, NEW MEXICO, RESOURCES, RIO ARRIBA 

COUNTY, SAN JUAN COUNTY, UPPER CRETACEOUS. N363000 

N363730 W1073730 W1074500]

Dames and Moore, 1979c, Coal resource occurrence and coal development potential maps of the Pueblo Bonito quadrangle, San Juan 

and McKinley counties, New Mexico: U.S. Geological Survey OpenFile Report 79-0156, 19 p. [COAL DEPOSIT MAPS, CRETACEOUS, 

ECONOMIC GEOLOGY, FRUITLAND FORMATION, GEOCHEMISTRY, 

INVENTORY, MAPS, MCKINLEY COUNTY, MENEFEE FORMATION, 

MESAVERDE GROUP, MESOZOIC, NEW MEXICO, PUEBLO BONITO 

QUADRANGLE, RESOURCES, SAN JUAN COUNTY, UPPER CRETACEOUS. N360000 N360730 W1075230 W1080000]

Dames and Moore, 1979d, Coal resource occurrence and coal development maps of the Lybrook quadrangle, Sandoval, Rio Arriba, and 

San Juan counties, New Mexico: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File 

Report 79-0108, 24 p. [CHEMICAL COMPOSITION, CRETACEOUS, 

ECONOMIC GEOLOGY MAPS, ECONOMIC GEOLOGY, FRUITLAND 

FORMATION, INVENTORY, LYBROOK QUADRANGLE, MAPS, MENEFEE FORMATION, MESOZOIC, NEW MEXICO, RESOURCES, RIO 

ARRIBA COUNTY, SAN JUAN COUNTY, SANDOVAL COUNTY, 

UPPER CRETACEOUS. N360730 N361500 W1073000 W1073730]

Dames and Moore, 1979e, Coal resource occurrence and coal development potential maps of the Gould Pass SE quadrangle, Rio 

Arriba and San Juan Counties, New Mexico: U.S. Geological 

Survey Open-File Report 79-0615, 19 p. [CRETACEOUS, ECONOMIC 

GEOLOGY MAPS, ECONOMIC GEOLOGY, FRUITLAND FORMATION, 

GOULD PASS SE QUADRANGLE, INVENTORY, MAPS, MESOZOIC, 

NEW MEXICO, RESOURCES, RIO ARRIBA COUNTY, SAN JUAN 

COUNTY, UPPER CRETACEOUS. N363000 N363730 W1073000 

W1073730]

Dames and Moore, 1979f, Coal resource occurrence and coal development potential maps of the Pueblo Pintado quadrangle, McKinley 

County, New Mexico: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 

79-0113, 25 p. [COAL DEPOSIT MAPS, CRETACEOUS, ECONOMIC 

GEOLOGY, FRUITLAND FORMATION, INVENTORY, MAPS, MCKINLEY COUNTY, MENEFEE FORMATION, MESOZOIC, NEW MEXICO, 

PUEBLO PINTADO QUADRANGLE, RESOURCES, UPPER CRETACEOUS. N355230 N360000 W1073730 W1074500]

Dames and Moore, 1979g, Coal resource occurrence and coal development potential and maps of the Pretty Rock quadrangle, San 

Juan County, New Mexico: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File 

Report 79-0606, 31 p. [COAL DEPOSIT MAPS, CRETACEOUS, ECONOMIC GEOLOGY, FRUITLAND FORMATION, INVENTORY, MAPS, 

MENEFEE FORMATION, MESOZOIC, NEW MEXICO, PRETTY ROCK 

QUADRANGLE, RESOURCES, SAN JUAN COUNTY, UPPER CRETACEOUS. N360730 N361500 W1080000 W1083730]

G66 Geologic Assessment of Coal in the Colorado Plateau: Arizona, Colorado, New Mexico, and Utah
Dames and Moore, 1979h, Coal resource occurrence and coal development potential maps of the Horn Canyon quadrangle, San 

Juan County, New Mexico: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File 

Report 79-0797, 18 p. [CRETACEOUS, ECONOMIC GEOLOGY MAPS, 

ECONOMIC GEOLOGY, FRUITLAND FORMATION, HORN CANYON 

QUADRANGLE, INVENTORY, MAPS, MESOZOIC, NEW MEXICO, 

RESOURCES, SAN JUAN COUNTY, UPPER CRETACEOUS. N363730 

N364500 W1080000 W1080730]

Dames and Moore, 1979i, Coal resource occurrence and coal development potential maps of the Santos Peak quadrangle, Rio 

Arriba County, New Mexico: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File 

Report 79-0616, 20 p. [CHEMICAL COMPOSITION, CRETACEOUS, 

ECONOMIC GEOLOGY MAPS, ECONOMIC GEOLOGY, FRUITLAND 

FORMATION, INVENTORY, MAPS, MESOZOIC, NEW MEXICO, 

RESOURCES, RIO ARRIBA COUNTY, SANTOS PEAK QUADRANGLE, 

UPPER CRETACEOUS. N363000 N363730 W1072230 W1073000]

Dames and Moore, 1979j, Coal resource occurrence and coal development potential map of the Bloomfi eld NE quadrangle, San 

Juan County, New Mexico: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File 

Report 79-0799, 23 p. [BLOOMFIELD NE QUADRANGLE, CHEMICAL 

COMPOSITION, CRETACEOUS, ECONOMIC GEOLOGY MAPS, ECONOMIC GEOLOGY, FRUITLAND FORMATION, INVENTORY, MAPS, 

MESOZOIC, NEW MEXICO, RESOURCES, SAN JUAN COUNTY, 

UPPER CRETACEOUS. N363730 N364500 W1074500 W1075230]

Dames and Moore, 1979k, Coal resource occurrence and coal development potential maps of the Huerfano Trading Post SW quadrangle, San Juan County, New Mexico: U.S. Geological Survey OpenFile Report 79-0152, 25 p. [CRETACEOUS, ECONOMIC GEOLOGY 

MAPS, ECONOMIC GEOLOGY, FRUITLAND FORMATION, HUERFANO TRADING POST SW QUADRANGLE, INVENTORY, MAPS, 

MENEFEE FORMATION, MESOZOIC, NEW MEXICO, RESOURCES, 

SAN JUAN COUNTY, UPPER CRETACEOUS. N361500 N362230 

W1075230 W1080000]

Dames and Moore, 1979l, Coal resource occurrence and coal development potential maps of the Star Lake quadrangle, McKinley and 

Sandoval counties, New Mexico: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File 

Report 79-0115, 31 p. [COAL DEPOSIT MAPS, CRETACEOUS, ECONOMIC GEOLOGY, FRUITLAND FORMATION, INVENTORY, MAPS, 

MCKINLEY COUNTY, MENEFEE FORMATION, MESOZOIC, NEW 

MEXICO, RESOURCES, SANDOVAL COUNTY, STAR LAKE QUADRANGLE, UPPER CRETACEOUS. N355230 N360000 W1072230 

W1073000]

Dames and Moore, 1979m, Coal resource occurrence and coal development potential maps of SW quarter of the Nageezi 15-minute 

quadrangle, San Juan and Rio Arriba Counties, New Mexico: U.S. 

Geological Survey Open-File Report 79-0621, 18 p. [CRETACEOUS, 

ECONOMIC GEOLOGY MAPS, ECONOMIC GEOLOGY, FRUITLAND 

FORMATION, INVENTORY, MAPS, MESOZOIC, NAGEEZI QUADRANGLE, NEW MEXICO, RESOURCES, RIO ARRIBA COUNTY, SAN 

JUAN COUNTY, UPPER CRETACEOUS. N361500 N362230 W1073730 

W1074500]

Dames and Moore, 1979n, Coal resource occurrence and coal development potential maps of the Huerfano Trading Post quadrangle, 

San Juan County, New Mexico: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File 

Report 79-0617, 18 p. [CRETACEOUS, ECONOMIC GEOLOGY MAPS, 

ECONOMIC GEOLOGY, FRUITLAND FORMATION, HUERFANO TRADING POST QUADRANGLE, INVENTORY, MAPS, MESOZOIC, NEW 

MEXICO, RESOURCES, SAN JUAN COUNTY, UPPER CRETACEOUS. 

N362230 N363000 W1074500 W1075230]

Dames and Moore, 1979o, Coal resource occurrence and coal development potential maps of the Tanner Lake quadrangle, San Juan 

County, New Mexico: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 

79-0605, 35 p. [COAL DEPOSIT MAPS, CRETACEOUS, ECONOMIC 

GEOLOGY, FRUITLAND FORMATION, GEOCHEMISTRY, INVENTORY, 

ISOPACH-MAPS, MAPS, MENEFEE FORMATION, MESAVERDE 

GROUP, MESOZOIC, NEW MEXICO, RESOURCES, SAN JUAN 

COUNTY, STRUCTURE CONTOUR MAPS, TANNER LAKE QUADRANGLE, UPPER CRETACEOUS. N360730 N361500 W1080730 W1081500]

Dames and Moore, 1979p, Coal resource occurrence and coal development potential maps of the Adobe Downs Ranch quadrangle, 

San Juan County, New Mexico, and La Plata County, Colorado: 

U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 79-1111, 24 p. [ADOBE 

DOWNS RANCH QUADRANGLE, COAL DEPOSIT MAPS, COLORADO, CRETACEOUS, ECONOMIC GEOLOGY, FRUITLAND FORMATION, INVENTORY, LA PLATA COUNTY, MAPS, MESOZOIC, NEW 

MEXICO, RESOURCES, SAN JUAN, SAN JUAN COUNTY, UPPER 

CRETACEOUS. N365230 N370000 W1080000 W1080730]

Dames and Moore, 1979q, Coal resource occurrence and coal development potential maps of the Hugh Lake quadrangle, San Juan 

County, New Mexico: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 

79-0803, 23 p. [CENOZOIC, CRETACEOUS, ECONOMIC GEOLOGY 

MAPS, ECONOMIC GEOLOGY, FRUITLAND FORMATION, HUGH 

LAKE QUADRANGLE, INVENTORY, MAPS, MENEFEE FORMATION, 

MESOZOIC, NEW MEXICO, PALEOCENE, PALEOGENE, RESOURCES, 

SAN JUAN COUNTY, TERTIARY, UPPER CRETACEOUS. N363000 

N363730 W1080730 W1081500]

Dames and Moore, 1979r, Coal resource occurrence and coal development potential maps of the Tayfoya Canyon quadrangle, Rio 

Arriba County, New Mexico: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File 

Report 79-0622, 14 p. [CHEMICAL COMPOSITION, CRETACEOUS, 

ECONOMIC GEOLOGY MAPS, ECONOMIC GEOLOGY, FRUITLAND 

FORMATION, INVENTORY, MAPS, MESOZOIC, NEW MEXICO, 

RESOURCES, RIO ARRIBA COUNTY, TAYFOYA QUADRANGLE, 

UPPER CRETACEOUS. N361500 N362230 W1072230 W1073000]

Dames and Moore, 1979s, Coal resource occurrence and coal development potential maps of the Alamo Mesa East quadrangle, 

San Juan County, New Mexico: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File 

Report 79-0603, 28 p. [ALAMO MESA EAST QUADRANGLE, COAL 

DEPOSIT MAPS, CRETACEOUS, ECONOMIC GEOLOGY, FRUITLAND 

FORMATION, INVENTORY, MAPS, MENEFEE FORMATION, MESOZOIC, NEW MEXICO, RESOURCES, SAN JUAN COUNTY, UPPER 

CRETACEOUS. N361500 N362230 W1080000 W1080730]

Dames and Moore, 1979t, Coal resource occurrence and coal development potential maps of the Kimbeto quadrangle, San Juan 

County, New Mexico: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 

79-0155, 25 p. [COAL DEPOSIT MAPS, CRETACEOUS, ECONOMIC 

GEOLOGY, FRUITLAND FORMATION, GEOCHEMISTRY, INVENTORY, 

KIMBETO QUADRANGLE, MAPS, MENEFEE FORMATION, MESOZOIC, NEW MEXICO, RESOURCES, SAN JUAN COUNTY, UPPER 

CRETACEOUS. N360730 N361500 W1074500 W1075230]

Dames and Moore, 1979u, Coal resource occurrence and coal development potential maps of the Waterfl ow quadrangle, San 

Juan County, New Mexico: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File 

Report 79-0793, 30 p. [COAL DEPOSIT MAPS, CRETACEOUS, ECONOMIC GEOLOGY, FRUITLAND FORMATION, INVENTORY, MAPS, 

Quality Characterization of Cretaceous Coal from the Colorado Plateau Coal Assessment Area G67
MENEFEE FORMATION, MESOZOIC, NEW MEXICO, RESOURCES, 

SAN JUAN COUNTY, UPPER CRETACEOUS, WATERFLOW QUADRANGLE. N364500 N365230 W1082230 W1083000]

Dames and Moore, 1979v, Coal resource occurrence and coal development potential maps of the Alamo Mesa West quadrangle, 

San Juan County, New Mexico: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File 

Report 79-0602, 34 p. [ALAMO MESA WEST QUADRANGLE, 

COAL DEPOSIT MAPS, CRETACEOUS, ECONOMIC GEOLOGY, 

FRUITLAND FORMATION, GEOCHEMISTRY, INVENTORY, ISOPACHMAPS, MAPS, MENEFEE FORMATION, MESAVERDE GROUP, 

MESOZOIC, NEW MEXICO, RESOURCES, SAN JUAN COUNTY, 

STRUCTURE CONTOUR MAPS, UPPER CRETACEOUS. N361500 

N362230 W1080730 W1081500]

Dames and Moore, 1979w, Coal resource occurrence and coal 

development potential maps of the Kirtland quadrangle, San 

Juan County, New Mexico: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File 

Report 79-0795, 25 p. [COAL DEPOSIT MAPS, CRETACEOUS, ECONOMIC GEOLOGY, FRUITLAND FORMATION, INVENTORY, KIRTLAND QUADRANGLE, MAPS, MENEFEE FORMATION, MESOZOIC, 

NEW MEXICO, RESOURCES, SAN JUAN COUNTY, UPPER CRETACEOUS. N363730 N364500 W1081500 W1082230]

Dames and Moore, 1979x, Coal resource occurrence and coal development potential maps of the Youngs Lake quadrangle, San Juan 

County, New Mexico: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 

79-1114, 25 p. [CRETACEOUS, ECONOMIC GEOLOGY MAPS, ECONOMIC GEOLOGY, FRUITLAND FORMATION, INVENTORY, MAPS, 

MENEFEE FORMATION, MESOZOIC, NEW MEXICO, RESOURCES, 

SAN JUAN COUNTY, UPPER CRETACEOUS, YOUNGS LAKE QUADRANGLE. N364500 N365230 W1081500 W1082230]

Dames and Moore, 1979y, Coal resource occurrence and coal development potential maps of the Aztec NE quadrangle San Juan 

County, New Mexico: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 

79-1113, 19 p. [AZTEC NE QUADRANGLE, CHEMICAL COMPOSITION, CRETACEOUS, ECONOMIC GEOLOGY MAPS, ECONOMIC 

GEOLOGY, FRUITLAND FORMATION, INVENTORY, MAPS, MESOZOIC, NEW MEXICO, RESOURCES, SAN JUAN COUNTY, UPPER 

CRETACEOUS. N365230 N370000 W1074500 W1075230]

Dames and Moore, 1979z, Coal resource occurrence and coal development potential maps of the Kirtland SE quadrangle, San Juan 

County, New Mexico: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 

79-0802, 23 p. [CENOZOIC, CRETACEOUS, ECONOMIC GEOLOGY 

MAPS, ECONOMIC GEOLOGY, FRUITLAND FORMATION, INVENTORY, KIRTLAND SE QUADRANGLE, MAPS, MENEFEE FORMATION, 

MESOZOIC, NEW MEXICO, PALEOCENE, PALEOGENE, RESOURCES, 

SAN JUAN COUNTY, TERTIARY, UPPER CRETACEOUS. N363000 

N363730 W1081500 W1082230]

Dames and Moore, 1979ab, Coal resource occurrence and coal 

development potential maps of the Aztec NW quadrangle, San 

Juan County, New Mexico: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File 

Report 79-1112, 21 p. [AZTEC NW QUADRANGLE, CRETACEOUS, 

ECONOMIC GEOLOGY MAPS, ECONOMIC GEOLOGY, FRUITLAND 

FORMATION, INVENTORY, MAPS, MESOZOIC, NEW MEXICO, 

RESOURCES, SAN JUAN COUNTY, UPPER CRETACEOUS. N365230 

N370000 W1075230 W1080000]

Dames and Moore, 1979bb, Coal resource occurrence and coal development potential maps of the La Plata quadrangle, San Juan 

County, New Mexico, and La Plata County, Colorado: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 79-1110, 30 p. [COAL DEPOSIT 

MAPS, COLORADO, CRETACEOUS, ECONOMIC GEOLOGY, FRUITLAND FORMATION, INVENTORY, LA PLATA COUNTY, LA PLATA 

QUADRANGLE, MAPS, MENEFEE FORMATION, MESOZOIC, NEW 

MEXICO, RESOURCES, SAN JUAN, SAN JUAN COUNTY, UPPER 

CRETACEOUS. N365230 N370000 W1080730 W1081500]

Dames and Moore, 1979cb, Coal resource occurrence and coal development potential maps of the Aztec SE quadrangle, San Juan 

County, New Mexico: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 

79-1118, 23 p. [AZTEC SE QUADRANGLE, CHEMICAL COMPOSITION, CRETACEOUS, ECONOMIC GEOLOGY MAPS, ECONOMIC 

GEOLOGY, FRUITLAND FORMATION, INVENTORY, MAPS, MESOZOIC, NEW MEXICO, RESOURCES, SAN JUAN COUNTY, UPPER 

CRETACEOUS. N364500 N365230 W1074500 W1075230]

Dames and Moore, 1979db, Coal resource occurrence and coal development potential maps of the Llaves SW quadrangle, Rio Arriba 

County, New Mexico: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 

79-0608, 19 p. [CHEMICAL COMPOSITION, CRETACEOUS, ECONOMIC GEOLOGY MAPS, ECONOMIC GEOLOGY, FRUITLAND FORMATION, INVENTORY, LLAVES SW QUADRANGLE, MAPS, MESOZOIC, NEW MEXICO, RESOURCES, RIO ARRIBA COUNTY, UPPER 

CRETACEOUS. N361500 N362230 W1065230 W1070000]

Dames and Moore, 1979eb, Coal resource occurrence and coal 

development potential maps of the Aztec SW quadrangle, San 

Juan County, New Mexico: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File 

Report 79-1117, 23 p. [AZTEC SW QUADRANGLE, CRETACEOUS, 

ECONOMIC GEOLOGY MAPS, ECONOMIC GEOLOGY, FRUITLAND 

FORMATION, INVENTORY, MAPS, MESOZOIC, NEW MEXICO, 

RESOURCES, SAN JUAN COUNTY, UPPER CRETACEOUS. N364500 

N365230 W1075230 W1080000]

Dames and Moore, 1979fb, Coal resource occurrence and coal development potential maps of the Lybrook NW quadrangle, San Juan 

County, New Mexico: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 

79-0107, 25 p. [COAL DEPOSIT MAPS, CRETACEOUS, ECONOMIC 

GEOLOGY, FRUITLAND FORMATION, INVENTORY, LYBROOK NW 

QUADRANGLE, MAPS, MENEFEE FORMATION, MESOZOIC, NEW 

MEXICO, RESOURCES, SAN JUAN COUNTY, UPPER CRETACEOUS. 

N360730 N361500 W1073730 W1074500]

Dames and Moore, 1979gb, Coal resource occurrence and coal 

development potential maps of the Bisti Trading Post quadrangle, 

San Juan County, New Mexico: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File 

Report 79-0601, 27 p. [BISTI TRADING POST QUADRANGLE, 

COAL DEPOSIT MAPS, CRETACEOUS, ECONOMIC GEOLOGY, 

FRUITLAND FORMATION, GEOCHEMISTRY, INVENTORY, ISOPACHMAPS, MAPS, MESAVERDE GROUP, MESOZOIC, NEW MEXICO, 

RESOURCES, SAN JUAN COUNTY, STRUCTURE CONTOUR MAPS, 

UPPER CRETACEOUS. N361500 N362230 W1081500 W1082230]

Dames and Moore, 1979hb, Coal resource occurrence and coal development potential maps of the Lybrook SE quadrangle, Sandoval, 

McKinley and San Juan counties, New Mexico: U.S. Geological 

Survey Open-File Report 79-0111, 27 p. [COAL DEPOSIT MAPS, CRETACEOUS, ECONOMIC GEOLOGY, FRUITLAND FORMATION, INVENTORY, LYBROOK SE QUADRANGLE, MAPS, MCKINLEY COUNTY, 

MENEFEE FORMATION, MESOZOIC, NEW MEXICO, RESOURCES, 

SAN JUAN COUNTY, SANDOVAL COUNTY, UPPER CRETACEOUS. 

N360000 N360730 W1073000 W1073730]

Dames and Moore, 1979ib, Coal resource occurrence and coal develG68 Geologic Assessment of Coal in the Colorado Plateau: Arizona, Colorado, New Mexico, and Utah
opment potential maps of the Blanco Trading Post quadrangle, 

San Juan County, New Mexico: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File 

Report 79-0153, 23 p. [BLANCO TRADING POST QUADRANGLE, 

CRETACEOUS, ECONOMIC GEOLOGY MAPS, ECONOMIC GEOLOGY, 

FRUITLAND FORMATION, INVENTORY, MAPS, MENEFEE FORMATION, MESOZOIC, NEW MEXICO, RESOURCES, SAN JUAN 

COUNTY, UPPER CRETACEOUS. N361500 N362230 W1074500 

W1075230]

Dames and Moore, 1979jb, Coal resource occurrence and coal development potential maps of the Mesa Portales quadrangle, Sandoval 

County, New Mexico: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 

79-809, 21 p. [COAL DEPOSIT MAPS, CRETACEOUS, ECONOMIC 

GEOLOGY, FRUITLAND FORMATION, INVENTORY, MAPS, MENEFEE 

FORMATION, MESA PORTALES QUADRANGLE, MESOZOIC, NEW 

MEXICO, RESOURCES, SANDOVAL COUNTY, UPPER CRETACEOUS. 

N355230 N360000 W1070000 W1070730]

Dames and Moore, 1979jb, Coal resource occurrence and coal 

development potential maps of the Bloomfi eld NW quadrangle, 

San Juan County, New Mexico: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File 

Report 79-0798, 21 p. [BLOOMFIELD NW QUADRANGLE, CRETACEOUS, ECONOMIC GEOLOGY MAPS, ECONOMIC GEOLOGY, FRUITLAND FORMATION, INVENTORY, MAPS, MESOZOIC, NEW MEXICO, 

RESOURCES, SAN JUAN COUNTY, UPPER CRETACEOUS. N363730 

N364500 W1075230 W1080000]

Dames and Moore, 1979kb, Coal resource occurrence and coal 

development potential maps of the Moncisco Wash quadrangle, 

San Juan County, New Mexico: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File 

Report 79-0805, 28 p. [CENOZOIC, CRETACEOUS, ECONOMIC 

GEOLOGY MAPS, ECONOMIC GEOLOGY, FRUITLAND FORMATION, 

INVENTORY, MAPS, MENEFEE FORMATION, MESOZOIC, MONCISCO QUADRANGLE, NEW MEXICO, PALEOCENE, PALEOGENE, 

RESOURCES, SAN JUAN COUNTY, TERTIARY, UPPER CRETACEOUS. N362230 N363000 W1080730 W1081500]

Dames and Moore, 1979lb, Coal resource occurrence and coal development potential maps of the Huerfano Trading Post NW quadrangle, San Juan County, New Mexico: U.S. Geological Survey OpenFile Report 79-0612, 27 p. [CRETACEOUS, ECONOMIC GEOLOGY 

MAPS, ECONOMIC GEOLOGY, FRUITLAND FORMATION, HUERFANO TRADING POST NW QUADRANGLE, INVENTORY, MAPS, 

MENEFEE FORMATION, MESOZOIC, NEW MEXICO, RESOURCES, 

SAN JUAN COUNTY, UPPER CRETACEOUS. N362230 N363000 

W1075230 W1080000]

Dames and Moore, 1979mb, Coal resource occurrence and coal 

development potential maps of the Bloomfi eld SW quadrangle, 

San Juan County, New Mexico: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File 

Report 79-0611, 21 p. [BLOOMFIELD SW QUADRANGLE, CHEMICAL 

COMPOSITION, CRETACEOUS, ECONOMIC GEOLOGY MAPS, ECONOMIC GEOLOGY, EXPLORATORY TEXT, FRUITLAND FORMATION, 

INVENTORY, MAPS, MESOZOIC, NEW MEXICO, RESOURCES, SAN 

JUAN COUNTY, UPPER CRETACEOUS. N363000 N363730 W1075230 

W1080000]

Dames and Moore, 1979nb, Coal resource occurrence and coal development potential maps of the Mule Dam quadrangle, Sandoval 

County, New Mexico: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 

79-0112, 26 p. [COAL DEPOSIT MAPS, CRETACEOUS, ECONOMIC 

GEOLOGY, FRUITLAND FORMATION, GEOCHEMISTRY, INVENTORY, 

MAPS, MENEFEE FORMATION, MESAVERDE GROUP, MESOZOIC, 

MULE DAM QUADRANGLE, NEW MEXICO, RESOURCES, SANDOVAL COUNTY, STRUCTURE CONTOUR MAPS, UPPER CRETACEOUS. 

N360000 N360730 W1072230 W1073000]

Dames and Moore, 1979ob, Coal resource occurrence and coal 

development potential maps of the Bloomfi eld SE quadrangle, 

San Juan County, New Mexico: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File 

Report 79-0613, 21 p. [BLOOMFIELD SE QUADRANGLE, CRETACEOUS, ECONOMIC GEOLOGY MAPS, ECONOMIC GEOLOGY, FRUITLAND FORMATION, INVENTORY, MAPS, MESOZOIC, NEW MEXICO, 

RESOURCES, SAN JUAN COUNTY, UPPER CRETACEOUS. N363000 

N363730 W1074500 W1075230]

Dames and Moore, 1979pb, Coal resource occurrence and coal 

development potential maps of the Nageezi NW quadrangle, San 

Juan and Rio Arriba Counties, New Mexico: U.S. Geological 

Survey Open-File Report 79-0618, 21 p. [CRETACEOUS, ECONOMIC 

GEOLOGY MAPS, ECONOMIC GEOLOGY, FRUITLAND FORMATION, 

INVENTORY, MAPS, MESOZOIC, NAGEEZI NW QUADRANGLE, 

NEW MEXICO, RESOURCES, RIO ARRIBA COUNTY, SAN JUAN 

COUNTY, UPPER CRETACEOUS. N362230 N363000 W1073730 

W1074500]

Dames and Moore, 1979qb, Coal resource occurrence and coal development potential maps of the Carson Trading Post quadrangle, 

San Juan County, New Mexico: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File 

Report 79-0806, 28 p. [CARSON TRADING POST QUADRANGLE, 

CENOZOIC, CRETACEOUS, ECONOMIC GEOLOGY MAPS, ECONOMIC GEOLOGY, FRUITLAND FORMATION, INVENTORY, MAPS, 

MENEFEE FORMATION, MESOZOIC, NEW MEXICO, PALEOCENE, 

PALEOGENE, RESOURCES, SAN JUAN COUNTY, TERTIARY, UPPER 

CRETACEOUS. N362230 N363000 W1080000 W1080730]

Dames and Moore, 1979rb, Coal resource occurrence and coal 

development potential maps of the Nageezi SE quadrangle, Rio 

Arriba and San Juan counties, New Mexico: U.S. Geological 

Survey Open-File Report 79-1121, 18 p. [CRETACEOUS, ECONOMIC 

GEOLOGY MAPS, ECONOMIC GEOLOGY, FRUITLAND FORMATION, 

INVENTORY, MAPS, MESOZOIC, NAGEEZI SE QUADRANGLE, NEW 

MEXICO, RESOURCES, RIO ARRIBA COUNTY, SAN JUAN COUNTY, 

UPPER CRETACEOUS. N361500 N362230 W1073000 W1073730]

Dames and Moore, 1979sb, Coal resource occurrence and coal development potential maps of the Counselor quadrangle, Sandoval and 

Rio Arriba Counties, New Mexico: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File 

Report 79-0109, 16 p. [CHEMICAL COMPOSITION, COUNSELOR 

QUADRANGLE, CRETACEOUS, ECONOMIC GEOLOGY MAPS, ECONOMIC GEOLOGY, FRUITLAND FORMATION, INVENTORY, MAPS, 

MESOZOIC, NEW MEXICO, RESOURCES, RIO ARRIBA COUNTY, 

SANDOVAL COUNTY, UPPER CRETACEOUS. N360730 N361500 

W1072230 W1073000]

Dames and Moore, 1979tb, Coal resource occurrence and coal 

development potential maps of the Navajo Dam SW quadrangle, 

San Juan County, New Mexico: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File 

Report 79-1119, 24 p. [CRETACEOUS, ECONOMIC GEOLOGY 

MAPS, ECONOMIC GEOLOGY, FRUITLAND FORMATION, INVENTORY, MAPS, MESOZOIC, NAVAJO DAM SW QUADRANGLE, NEW 

MEXICO, RESOURCES, SAN JUAN COUNTY, UPPER CRETACEOUS. 

N364500 N365230 W1073730 W1074500]

Dames and Moore, 1979ub, Coal resource occurrence and coal development potential maps of the Deer Mesa quadrangle, Sandoval 

County, New Mexico: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 

79-0158, 26 p. [CRETACEOUS, DEER MESA QUADRANGLE, ECOQuality Characterization of Cretaceous Coal from the Colorado Plateau Coal Assessment Area G69
NOMIC GEOLOGY MAPS, ECONOMIC GEOLOGY, FRUITLAND FORMATION, INVENTORY, MAPS, MENEFEE FORMATION, MESOZOIC, 

NEW MEXICO, RESOURCES, SANDOVAL COUNTY, UPPER CRETACEOUS. N360000 N360730 W1071500 W1072230]

Dames and Moore, 1979vb, Coal resource occurrence and coal development potential maps of the NE quarter of the Gould Pass 

15-minute quadrangle, Rio Arriba and San Juan counties, New 

Mexico: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 79-0801, 20 p. 

[CHEMICAL COMPOSITION, CRETACEOUS, ECONOMIC GEOLOGY 

MAPS, ECONOMIC GEOLOGY, FRUITLAND FORMATION, GOULD 

PASS QUADRANGLE, INVENTORY, MAPS, MESOZOIC, NEW 

MEXICO, RESOURCES, RIO ARRIBA COUNTY, SAN JUAN COUNTY, 

UPPER CRETACEOUS. N363730 N364500 W1073000 W1073730]

Dames and Moore, 1979wb, Coal resource occurrence and coal 

development potential maps of the Farmington North quadrangle, 

San Juan County, New Mexico: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File 

Report 79-1115, 19 p. [CHEMICAL COMPOSITION, CRETACEOUS, 

ECONOMIC GEOLOGY MAPS, ECONOMIC GEOLOGY, FARMINGTON 

NORTH QUADRANGLE, FRUITLAND FORMATION, INVENTORY, 

MAPS, MESOZOIC, NEW MEXICO, RESOURCES, SAN JUAN 

COUNTY, UPPER CRETACEOUS. N364500 N365230 W1080730 

W1081500]

Dames and Moore, 1979xb, Coal resource occurrence and coal 

development potential maps of the Ojo Encino Mesa quadrangle, 

McKinley and Sandoval counties, New Mexico: U.S. Geological 

Survey Open-File Report 79-0161, 30 p. [COAL DEPOSIT MAPS, 

CRETACEOUS, ECONOMIC GEOLOGY, FRUITLAND FORMATION, 

GEOCHEMISTRY, INVENTORY, ISOPACH-MAPS, MAPS, MCKINLEY 

COUNTY, MENEFEE FORMATION, MESAVERDE GROUP, MESOZOIC, 

NEW MEXICO, OJO ENCINO QUADRANGLE, RESOURCES, SAN 

JUAN COUNTY, STRUCTURE CONTOUR MAPS, UPPER CRETACEOUS. N355230 N360000 W1071500 W1072230]

Dames and Moore, 1979yb, Coal resource occurrence and coal 

development potential maps of the Farmington South quadrangle, 

San Juan County, New Mexico: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File 

Report 79-0796, 22 p. [CRETACEOUS, ECONOMIC GEOLOGY 

MAPS, ECONOMIC GEOLOGY, FARMINGTON SOUTH QUADRANGLE, FRUITLAND FORMATION, INVENTORY, MAPS, MENEFEE FORMATION, MESOZOIC, NEW MEXICO, RESOURCES, SAN JUAN 

COUNTY, UPPER CRETACEOUS. N363730 N364500 W1080730 

W1081500]

Dames and Moore, 1979zb, Coal resource occurrence and coal development potential maps of the Pillar 3 NE quadrangle, San Juan 

County, New Mexico: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 

79-0604, 24 p. [COAL DEPOSIT MAPS, CRETACEOUS, ECONOMIC 

GEOLOGY, FRUITLAND FORMATION, GEOCHEMISTRY, INVENTORY, 

ISOPACH-MAPS, MAPS, MESAVERDE GROUP, MESOZOIC, NEW 

MEXICO, PILLAR 3 NE QUADRANGLE, RESOURCES, SAN JUAN 

COUNTY, STRUCTURE CONTOUR MAPS, UPPER CRETACEOUS. 

N360730 N361500 W1081500 W1082230]

Dames and Moore, 1979ac, Coal resource occurrence and coal development potential maps of the Fire Rock Well quadrangle, San Juan, 

McKinley, and Sandoval counties, New Mexico: U.S. Geological 

Survey Open-File Report 79-0110, 31 p. [COAL DEPOSIT MAPS, CRETACEOUS, ECONOMIC GEOLOGY, FRUITLAND FORMATION, GEOCHEMISTRY, INVENTORY, MAPS, MCKINLEY COUNTY, MENEFEE 

FORMATION, MESOZOIC, NEW MEXICO, RESOURCES, SAN JUAN 

COUNTY, SANDOVAL COUNTY, UPPER CRETACEOUS. N360000 

N360730 W1073730 W1074500]

Dames and Moore, 1979bc, Coal resource occurrence and coal 

development potential maps of the Pillar quadrangle, San Juan 

County, New Mexico: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 

79-0804, 30 p. [CHEMICAL COMPOSITION, CRETACEOUS, ECONOMIC GEOLOGY MAPS, ECONOMIC GEOLOGY, FRUITLAND 

FORMATION, INVENTORY, MAPS, MENEFEE FORMATION, MESOZOIC, NEW MEXICO, PILLAR QUADRANGLE, RESOURCES, SAN 

JUAN COUNTY, UPPER CRETACEOUS. N362230 N363000 W1081500 

W1082230]

Dames and Moore, 1979cc, Coal resource occurrence and coal 

development potential maps of the Flora Vista quadrangle, San 

Juan County, New Mexico: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File 

Report 79-1116, 18 p. [CRETACEOUS, ECONOMIC GEOLOGY MAPS, 

ECONOMIC GEOLOGY, FLORA VISTA QUADRANGLE, FRUITLAND 

FORMATION, INVENTORY, MAPS, MESOZOIC, NEW MEXICO, 

RESOURCES, SAN JUAN COUNTY, UPPER CRETACEOUS. N364500 

N365230 W1080000 W1080730]

Dames and Moore, 1979dc, Coal resource occurrence and coal development potential maps of the Pine River quadrangle, Rio Arriba 

and San Juan counties, New Mexico: U.S. Geological Survey 

Open-File Report 79-1120, 25 p. [COAL DEPOSIT MAPS, CRETACEOUS, ECONOMIC GEOLOGY, FRUITLAND FORMATION, INVENTORY, MAPS, MESOZOIC, NEW MEXICO, PINE RIVER QUADRANGLE, RESOURCES, RIO ARRIBA COUNTY, SAN JUAN COUNTY, 

UPPER CRETACEOUS. N364500 N365230 W1073000 W1073730]

Dames and Moore, 1979ec, Coal resource occurrence and coal 

development potential maps of the Gallegos Trading Post quadrangle, Juan County, New Mexico: U.S. Geological Survey 

Open-File Report 79-0610, 24 p. [CRETACEOUS, ECONOMIC GEOLOGY MAPS, ECONOMIC GEOLOGY, FRUITLAND FORMATION, GALLEGOS TRADING POST QUADRANGLE, INVENTORY, MAPS, MENEFEE FORMATION, MESOZOIC, NEW MEXICO, RESOURCES, SAN 

JUAN COUNTY, UPPER CRETACEOUS. N363000 N363730 W1080000 

W1080730]

Dames and Moore, 1979fc, Coal resource occurrence and coal development potential maps of the Pueblo Alto Trading Post quadrangle, 

McKinley and Sandoval counties, New Mexico: U.S. Geological 

Survey Open-File Report 79-0114, 31 p. [COAL DEPOSIT MAPS, CRETACEOUS, ECONOMIC GEOLOGY, FRUITLAND FORMATION, GEOCHEMISTRY, INVENTORY, MAPS, MCKINLEY COUNTY, MENEFEE 

FORMATION, MESAVERDE GROUP, MESOZOIC, NEW MEXICO, 

PUEBLO ALTO TRADING POST QUADRANGLE, RESOURCES, SANDOVAL COUNTY, UPPER CRETACEOUS. N355230 N360000 W1073000 

W1073730]

Dames and Moore, 1979gc, Coal resource occurrence and coal 

development potential maps of the Gonzales Mesa quadrangle, 

Rio Arriba County, New Mexico: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File 

Report 79-0620, 21 p. [COAL DEPOSIT MAPS, CRETACEOUS, ECONOMIC GEOLOGY, FRUITLAND FORMATION, GONZALES MESA 

QUADRANGLE, INVENTORY, MAPS, MESOZOIC, NEW MEXICO, 

RESOURCES, RIO ARRIBA COUNTY, UPPER CRETACEOUS. N362230 

N363000 W1072230 W1073000]

Dames and Moore, 1979hc, Coal resource occurrence and coal development potential maps of the Pueblo Bonito NW quadrangle, 

San Juan County, New Mexico: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File 

Report 79-0154, 31 p. [COAL DEPOSIT MAPS, CRETACEOUS, ECOG70 Geologic Assessment of Coal in the Colorado Plateau: Arizona, Colorado, New Mexico, and Utah
NOMIC GEOLOGY, FRUITLAND FORMATION, INVENTORY, MAPS, 

MENEFEE FORMATION, MESOZOIC, NEW MEXICO, PUEBLO 

BONITO NW QUADRANGLE, RESOURCES, SAN JUAN COUNTY, 

UPPER CRETACEOUS. N360730 N361500 W1075230 W1080000]

Dames and Moore, 1979ic, Coal resource occurrence and maps of 

the Fruitland quadrangle, San Juan County, New Mexico: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 79-0794, 20 p. [COAL DEPOSIT 

MAPS, CRETACEOUS, ECONOMIC GEOLOGY, FRUITLAND FORMATION, FRUITLAND QUADRANGLE, INVENTORY, MAPS, MENEFEE FORMATION, MESOZOIC, NEW MEXICO, RESOURCES, SAN 

JUAN COUNTY, UPPER CRETACEOUS. N363730 N364500 W1082230 

W1083000]

Dames and Moore, 1979jc, Coal resource occurrence map of the 

Sawmill Mountain quadrangle, Rio Blanco County, Colorado: U.S. 

Geological Survey Open-File Report 79-1409, 18 p. [COAL DEPOSIT 

MAPS, COLORADO, CRETACEOUS, ECONOMIC GEOLOGY, ILES 

FORMATION, INVENTORY, MAPS, MESAVERDE GROUP, MESOZOIC, RESOURCES, RIO BLANCO COUNTY, SAWMILL MOUNTAIN 

QUADRANGLE, UPPER CRETACEOUS, WILLIAMS FORK FORMATION. N400000 N403000 W1074000 W1081500]

Dames and Moore, 1979kc, Coal resource occurrence maps of 

the Arroyo Chijuillita quadrangle, Sandoval County, New Mexico: 

U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 79-0160, 14 p. [ARROYO 

CHIJUILLITA QUADRANGLE, CHEMICAL COMPOSITION, CRETACEOUS, ECONOMIC GEOLOGY MAPS, ECONOMIC GEOLOGY, FRUITLAND FORMATION, INVENTORY, MAPS, MESOZOIC, NEW MEXICO, 

RESOURCES, SANDOVAL COUNTY, UPPER CRETACEOUS. N360000 

N360730 W1070000 W1070730]

Dames and Moore, 1979lc, Coal resource occurrence maps of the 

Johnson Trading Post quadrangle, Sandoval County, New Mexico: 

U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 79-808, 21 p. [COAL 

DEPOSIT MAPS, CRETACEOUS, ECONOMIC GEOLOGY, FRUITLAND 

FORMATION, INVENTORY, JOHNSON TRADING POST QUADRANGLE, MAPS, MENEFEE FORMATION, MESOZOIC, NEW MEXICO, 

RESOURCES, SANDOVAL COUNTY, UPPER CRETACEOUS. N355230 

N360000 W1070730 W1071500]

Dames and Moore, 1979mc, Coal resource occurrence maps of 

the NW quarter of the Llaves 15-minute quadrangle, Rio 

Arriba County, New Mexico: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File 

Report 79-0607, 13 p. [COAL DEPOSIT MAPS, CRETACEOUS, ECONOMIC GEOLOGY, FRUITLAND FORMATION, INVENTORY, LLAVES 

QUADRANGLE, MAPS, MESOZOIC, NEW MEXICO, RESOURCES, 

RIO ARRIBA COUNTY, UPPER CRETACEOUS. N362230 N363000 

W1065230 W1070000]

Dames and Moore, 1979nc, Coal resource occurrence maps of the 

Sargent Ranch quadrangle, San Juan and McKinley counties, 

New Mexico: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 79-0157, 

23 p. [COAL DEPOSIT MAPS, CRETACEOUS, ECONOMIC GEOLOGY, 

FRUITLAND FORMATION, GEOCHEMISTRY, INVENTORY, MAPS, 

MCKINLEY COUNTY, MENEFEE FORMATION, MESOZOIC, NEW 

MEXICO, RESOURCES, SAN JUAN COUNTY, SARGENT RANCH 

QUADRANGLE, UPPER CRETACEOUS. N360000 N360730 W1074500 

W1075230]

Daniels, J.J., and Scott, J.H., 1982, Automated lithologic interpretation 

from geophysical well logs in a Coal depositional environment, 

Carbon County, Wyoming, in Gurgel, K.D., ed., Proceedings; Fifth 

symposium on the geology of Rocky Mountain Coal, 1982, U.S. 

Geological Survey Bulletin - Utah Geological and Mineral Survey. 

118. Publisher: Utah Geological and Mineral Survey, Utah Department of Natural Resources, Salt Lake City, UT, United States, p. 

220–232. [ACOUSTICAL LOGGING, ALMOND FORMATION, CARBON 

COUNTY, CLAYSTONE, CRETACEOUS, DATA PROCESSING, ECONOMIC GEOLOGY, ELECTRICAL LOGGING, FLUVIAL ENVIRONMENT, 

GAMMA-GAMMA METHODS, GAMMA-RAY METHODS, GEOPHYSICAL METHODS, GEOPHYSICAL SURVEYS, INDUCED POLARIZATION, INTERPRETATION, MARINE ENVIRONMENT, MESOZOIC, 

NEUTRON-NEUTRON METHODS, RADIOACTIVITY, RESISTIVITY, 

SANDSTONE, SEDIMENTARY PETROLOGY, SURVEYS, UPPER CRETACEOUS, WELL LOGGING, WYOMING]

Danilchik, W., Schultz, J.E., and Tremain, C.M., 1979, Content of 

absorbed methane in coal from four core holes in the Raton 

and Vermejo formations, Las Animas County, Colorado: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 79-0762, 21 p. [ABSORPTION, 

ABUNDANCE, ALIPHATIC HYDROCARBONS, ALKANES, COLORADO, CORES, CRETACEOUS, ECONOMIC GEOLOGY, HYDROCARBONS, LAS ANIMAS COUNTY, MESOZOIC, METHANE, ORGANIC 

MATERIALS, RATON FORMATION, VERMEJO FORMATION. N370000 

N374500 W1030500 W1051000]

Dean, W.E., and Arthur, M.A., 1992, Cretaceous resources, events, 

and rhythms; continental scientifi c drilling transect of the Western 

Interior Seaway, in Carter, L.M., ed., USGS research on energy 

resources 1992; program and abstracts, U.S. Geological Survey 

Circular 1074, p. 17–18. [CARLILE SHALE, COLORADO, CORES, 

CRETACEOUS, CYCLIC PROCESSES, ECONOMIC GEOLOGY, GRANEROS SHALE, GREENHORN LIMESTONE, KANSAS, MESOZOIC, 

NIOBRARA FORMATION, NORTH AMERICA, ORGANIC MATERIALS, 

PALEOCLIMATOLOGY, PALEOGEOGRAPHY, PETROLEUM, PHOSPHATE DEPOSITS, PIERRE SHALE, SEDIMENTATION, STRAIGHT 

CLIFFS FORMATION, STRATIGRAPHY, CARBONATE ROCKS, UPPER 

CRETACEOUS, UTAH, WESTERN INTERIOR, WESTERN INTERIOR 

SEAWAY]

Dennis, B.A., and Kelly, T.E., 1981, Effects of mining and reclamation 

on hydrologic parameters, West-central New Mexico, in Wells, 

S.G., Lambert, W., and Callender, J.F., eds., Environmental geology 

and hydrology in New Mexico, Special Publication—New Mexico 

Geological Society. 10: New Mexico Geological Society, Socorro, 

NM, United States, p. 63–68. [CRETACEOUS, CREVASSE CANYON 

FORMATION, ENVIRONMENTAL GEOLOGY, AQUIFERS, ENVIRONMENTAL GEOLOGY, GALLUP SANDSTONE, GROUND WATER, 

HYDROCHEMISTRY, HYDROGEOLOGY, MCKINLEY COUNTY, MCKINLEY MINE, MENEFEE FORMATION, MESAVERDE GROUP, MESOZOIC, MINING, NEW MEXICO, RECLAMATION, SURVEYS, UPPER 

CRETACEOUS, WATER QUALITY, WEST CENTRAL NEW MEXICO]

Detterman, R.L., 1978, Interpretation of depositional environments in 

the Chignik Formation, Alaska Peninsula: U.S. Geological Survey 

Circular 0772-B, p. B62–B63. [ALASKA, ALASKA PENINSULA, 

BIOGENIC STRUCTURES, BOOMERS COVE, BURROWS, CHIGNIK 

FORMATION, CHIGNIK LAGOON, CHIGNIK QUADRANGLE, CRETACEOUS, DEPOSITION, ENVIRONMENT, JURASSIC, MESOZOIC, 

NAKNEK FORMATION, NEARSHORE ENVIRONMENT, RESERVOIR 

ROCKS, SANDSTONE, SEDIMENTARY STRUCTURES, SEDIMENTATION, SOUTHWESTERN ALASKA, STRATIGRAPHY, SUTWIK QUADRANGLE, UPPER CRETACEOUS, UPPER JURASSIC]

Dillinger, J.K., 1989a, Coal resources maps of the Grants 30’ X 60’

quadrangle, west-central New Mexico: U.S. Geological Survey 

Quality Characterization of Cretaceous Coal from the Colorado Plateau Coal Assessment Area G71
Coal Investigations Map C-0118-B, scale 1:100,000. [BERNALILLO 

COUNTY NEW MEXICO, CIBOLA COUNTY NEW MEXICO, CLEARY 

COAL MEMBER, COAL DEPOSIT MAPS, CRETACEOUS, CREVASSE 

CANYON FORMATION, DILCO COAL MEMBER, ECONOMIC GEOLOGY, ENERGY SOURCES, GIBSON COAL MEMBER, GRANTS 

QUADRANGLE, MAPS, MCKINLEY COUNTY NEW MEXICO, MENEFEE FORMATION, MESOZOIC, NEW MEXICO. N350000 N353000 

W1070000 W1080000, NEW MEXICO, RESOURCES, SANDOVAL 

COUNTY NEW MEXICO, STRATIGRAPHY, UPPER CRETACEOUS, 

VALENCIA COUNTY NEW MEXICO]

Dillinger, J.K., 1989b, Map showing the Mammoth coal bed, Paleocene 

Fort Union Formation in the Bull Mountains, Musselshell and 

Yellowstone Counties, Montana Grants 30’ X 60’ quadrangle, 

west-central New Mexico: U.S. Geological Survey Coal Investigations Map C-0118-B. [COAL RESOURCES, CRETACEOUS, GEOLOGY, 

MAPS, NEW MEXICO]

Dillinger, J.K., 1990, Geologic and structure contour maps of the Gallop 

30’ X 60’ quadrangle, McKinley County, New Mexico: U.S. Geological Survey Miscellaneous Geological Investigations Map I-2009. 

[CRETACEOUS, GEOLOGY, MAPS, NEW MEXICO, STRATIGRAPHY, 

STRUCTURE]

Doelling, H.H., and Smith, M.R., 1982, Overview of Utah Coal Fields, 

1982 in Gurgel, K.D., ed., Proceedings Fifth Symposium on the Geology of Rocky Mountain Coal 1982: Utah Geological and Mineral 

Survey Bulletin 118, p. 1–26. [CHEMISTRY, COAL QUALITY]

Doelling, H.H., 1972, Alton Coal Field in Doelling, H.H., and Graham, 

R.L., 1972, Southwestern Utah Coal Fields: Utah Geological and 

Mineralogical Survey Monograph No. 1, p. 1–66. [CHEMISTRY, 

COAL QUALITY]

Doelling, H.H., 1972, Henry Mountains Coal Field in Doelling, H.H., and 

Graham, R.L., eds., Eastern and Northern Utah Coal Fields: Utah 

Geological and Mineralogical Survey Monograph Series No. 2, p. 

97–190. [CHEMISTRY, COAL QUALITY]

Doelling, H.H., 1972, Kolob-Harmony Coal Fields, in Doelling, H.H., and 

Graham, R.L., eds., Southwestern Utah Coal Fields: Utah Geological 

and Mineralogical Survey Monograph No. 1, p. 251–333. [CHEMISTRY, COAL QUALITY]

Doelling, H.H., and Graham, R.L., 1972, The Kaiparowits Coal Field 

in Doelling, H.H., and Graham, R.L., eds., Southwestern Utah Coal 

Fields: Utah Geological and Mineralogical Survey Monograph No. 

1, p. 67–249. [CHEMISTRY, COAL QUALITY]

Dubiel, R.F., Bromfi eld, C.S., Church, S.E., Kemp, W.M., Larson, M.J., 

Peterson, F., Pierson, C.T., and Gese, D.D., 1990, Mineral resources 

of the Mount Pennell Wilderness Study Area, Garfi eld County, 

Utah: U.S. Geological Survey Bulletin 1751-D [CRETACEOUS, ECONOMIC GEOLOGY MAPS, ECONOMIC GEOLOGY, EMERY SANDSTONE MEMBER, FERRON SANDSTONE MEMBER, GARFIELD 

COUNTY UTAH, K/AR, MANCOS SHALE, MAPS, MESOZOIC, METAL 

ORES, MINERAL ASSESSMENT, MINERAL RESOURCES, MOUNT 

PENNELL WILDERNESS STUDY AREA, PROGRAMS, SOUTHEASTERN UTAH, UPPER CRETACEOUS, UTAH, WILDERNESS AREAS. 

N375000 N380000 W1104200 W1105500]

Eaton, J.G., Kirkland, J.I., Gustason, E.R., Nations, J.D., Franczyk, K.J., 

Ryer, T.A., and Carr, D.A., 1988, Stratigraphy, correlation, and tectonic setting of Late Cretaceous rocks in the Kaiparowits and Black 

Mesa basins, in Davis, G.H., and VandenDolder, E.M., eds., Geologic diversity of Arizona and its margins; excursions to choice 

areas: Special Paper State of Arizona Bureau of Geology and Mineral Technology 5, p. 113–125. [ARIZONA, CRETACEOUS, ROUGH 

ROCK SANDSTONE, STRAIGHT CLIFFS FORMATION, STRATIGRAPHY, STRUCTURAL GEOLOGY, TECTONICS, TOREVA FORMATION, 

TROPIC SHALE, UTAH]

Ellis, E.G., 1980, Measured coal sections of the Blackhawk Formation 

in The Cap quadrangle, Emery County, Utah: U.S. Geological Survey 

Open-File Report 80-0155, 1 p. [BLACKHAWK FORMATION, CRETACEOUS, EMERY COUNTY, MESOZOIC, SECTIONS, STRATIGRAPHY, 

THE CAP QUADRANGLE, UPPER CRETACEOUS, UTAH. N383000 

N394500 W1100000 W1112000]

Ellis, M., Freeman, V.L., Donnell, J.R., Landis, E.R., and Hallgarth, W.E., 

1982, Coal correlation in the Carbondale quadrangle, Colorado, 

in Geological Survey research 1982, U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1375, p. 18. [CARBONDALE QUADRANGLE, COLORADO, CRETACEOUS, ECONOMIC GEOLOGY, ELECTRICAL LOGGING, GARFIELD COUNTY, MESAVERDE GROUP, MESOZOIC, STRATIGRAPHY, UPPER CRETACEOUS, WELL LOGGING]

Ellis, M.S., and Gabaldo, V., 1989, Geologic map and cross sections of 

parts of the Grand Junction and Delta 30’ X 60’ quadrangles, westcentral Colorado: U.S. Geological Survey Coal Investigations Map 

C-0124, scale 1:100,000. [AREAL GEOLOGY, MAPS AND CHARTS, 

BOOK CLIFFS, COLORADO, COZZETTE MEMBER, CRETACEOUS, 

DELTA COUNTY COLORADO, DELTA QUADRANGLE, ECONOMIC 

GEOLOGY, ENERGY SOURCES, GARFIELD COUNTY COLORADO, 

GEOLOGIC MAPS, GRAND JUNCTION QUADRANGLE, GRAND 

MESA, MAPS, MESA COUNTY COLORADO, MESAVERDE GROUP, 

MESOZOIC, MINES, PICEANCE CREEK BASIN, SECTIONS, STRATIGRAPHY,, AREAL GEOLOGY, STRUCTURE CONTOUR MAPS, 

UPPER CRETACEOUS, WEST CENTRAL COLORADO. N384500 

N393000 W1080000 W1090000]

Ellis, M.S., and Hopeck, J.T., 1982, Geologic map of parts of Bitter 

Creek Well, Harley Dome, Westwater 4 SE, and Westwater 4 SW 

quadrangles, Colorado and Utah, showing coal beds in Dakota 

Sandstone and adjacent rocks: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File 

Report 82-0741, 1 p. [BITTER CREEK WELL QUADRANGLE, COLORADO, CRETACEOUS, DAKOTA FORMATION, GEOLOGIC MAPS, 

GRAND, GRAND COUNTY, HARLEY DOME QUADRANGLE, MAPS, 

MAPS AND CHARTS, AREAL GEOLOGY, MESA COUNTY, MESOZOIC, UTAH, WESTWATER 4 SE QUADRANGLE, WESTWATER 4 SW 

QUADRANGLE. N390000 N391500 W1090000 W1091500]

Ellis, M.S., and Hopeck, J.T., 1985, Geologic map showing coal beds 

in the Dakota Sandstone, Harley Dome quadrangle and parts of 

the Bitter Creek Well, Westwater 4 SE, and Westwater 4 SW quadrangles, Colorado and Utah: U.S. Geological Survey Miscellaneous 

Field Studies Map MF-1800, scale 1:50,000. [BITTER CREEK WELL 

QUADRANGLE, COLORADO, CRETACEOUS, DAKOTA FORMATION, 

EAST CENTRAL UTAH, ECONOMIC GEOLOGY, GEOLOGIC MAPS, 

GRAND COUNTY, HARLEY DOME QUADRANGLE, MAPS, MAPS 

AND CHARTS, AREAL GEOLOGY, MESA COUNTY, MESOZOIC, 

STRATIGRAPHY, UTAH, WEST CENTRAL COLORADO, WESTWATER 

4 SE QUADRANGLE, WESTWATER 4 SW QUADRANGLE. N390000 

N391500 W1090000 W1091500]

Ellis, M.S., and Kelso, B.S., 1987, Cross sections showing stratigraphic 

framework of Upper Cretaceous Dakota Sandstone, Mancos Shale, 

Mesaverde Group, and Mesaverde Formation, and Lower Tertiary 

Wasatch Formation, west-central Piceance basin, Garfi eld County, 

G72 Geologic Assessment of Coal in the Colorado Plateau: Arizona, Colorado, New Mexico, and Utah
Colorado: U.S. Geological Survey Miscellaneous Field Studies Map 

MF-2008-A, scale 1:100,000. [COLORADO, MESAVERDE FORMATION, MESAVERDE GROUP, TERTIARY, WASATCH FORMATION]

Ellis, M.S., Freeman, V.L., and Donnell, J.R., 1988, Cross sections showing correlation of coal beds and coal zones in the Mesaverde Formation in the Carbondale 30’ by 60’ quadrangle, west-central Colorado: U.S. Geological Survey Coal Investigations Map C-0097-B, 

scale 1:100,000. [CARBONDALE QUADRANGLE, COAL RIDGE ZONE, 

COLORADO, CORRELATION, CRETACEOUS, DELTA COUNTY, EAGLE 

COUNTY, ECONOMIC GEOLOGY, GARFIELD COUNTY, GUNNISON 

COUNTY, LITHOSTRATIGRAPHY, MESA COUNTY, MESAVERDE 

GROUP, MESOZOIC, PITKIN-COUNTY, SECTIONS, SOUTH CANYON 

ZONE, STRATIGRAPHY, UPPER CRETACEOUS, WELL LOGGING, 

WEST CENTRAL COLORADO, WHEELER ZONE. N390000 N393000 

W1070000 W1080000]

Erpenbeck, M.F., and Flores, R.M., 1979, Stratigraphy and depositional 

environments of the Upper Cretaceous Pictured Cliffs Sandstone 

and Fruitland Formation in the southwestern San Juan Basin, New 

Mexico: Geological Society of America Abstracts with Programs, v. 

6, no. 6, p. 271. [ABSTRACT, CRETACEOUS, NEW MEXICO]

Essene, E.J., Coates, D.A., Geissman, J.W., and Simmons, W.B., 

1984, Paralavas formed by burning of coal beds: American Geophysical Union, v. 65, no. 16, p. 300. [CENOZOIC, CHAIN SILICATES, 

CLINOPYROXENE, CRETACEOUS, FASSAITE, FELDSPAR GROUP, 

FRAMEWORK SILICATES, GLASSES, IGNEOUS ROCKS, MESOZOIC, 

MICROPHENOCRYSTS, NESOSILICATES, OLIVINE, OLIVINE GROUP, 

ORTHOSILICATES, OXIDES, PARALAVA, PARTIAL MELTING, PHENOCRYSTS, PLAGIOCLASE, PYROXENE GROUP, QUATERNARY, SILICATES, SPINEL, TERTIARY, VESICLES, VOLCANIC ROCKS]

Fassett, J.E., 1984, Late Cretaceous coal deposition in the San Juan 

Basin, New Mexico and Colorado: Geological Society of America 

Abstracts with Programs, v. 16, no. 6, p. 506. [COLORADO, CRETACEOUS, DEPOSITION, FOUR CORNERS, FRUITLAND FORMATION, 

MESOZOIC, NEW MEXICO, SAN JUAN BASIN, STRATIGRAPHY, 

UPPER CRETACEOUS]

Fassett, J.E., 1986, The non-transferability of a Cretaceous coal model 

in the San Juan Basin of New Mexico and Colorado, in Lyons, 

P.C., and Rice, C.L., eds., Paleoenvironmental and tectonic controls 

in coal-forming basins of the United States, Geological Society of 

America Special Paper 210, Boulder, CO, United States, Geological 

Society of America Special, p. 155–171. [COLORADO, COLORADO 

PLATEAU, CRETACEOUS, CYCLIC PROCESSES, FRUITLAND FORMATION, ISOPACH-MAPS, MAPS, MENEFEE FORMATION, MESOZOIC, NEW MEXICO, NORTHWESTERN NEW MEXICO, PICTURE 

CLIFFS SANDSTONE, PROCESSES, REGRESSION, SAN JUAN 

BASIN, SEDIMENTARY PETROLOGY, SEDIMENTATION, SOUTHWESTERN COLORADO, TRANSGRESSION, UPPER CRETACEOUS]

Fassett, J.E., 1987, Geometry and depositional environments of Fruitland Formation coalbeds, San Juan Basin, New Mexico and Colorado; anatomy of a giant coal-bed methane deposit, in Proceedings; the 1987 coalbed methane symposium, Proceedings—Coalbed Methane Symposium 1987, p. 19–35. [COLORADO, CORRELATION, CRETACEOUS, DEPOSITION, ECONOMIC GEOLOGY, ENERGY 

SOURCES, ENVIRONMENT, FRUITLAND FORMATION, HUERFANITO 

BENTONITE, MESOZOIC, MIGRATION, NATURAL GAS, NEW 

MEXICO, NORTHWESTERN NEW MEXICO, PALEOENVIRONMENT, 

PALUDAL ENVIRONMENT, PETROLEUM, PICTURE CLIFFS SANDSTONE, SAN JUAN BASIN, SEDIMENTATION, SOUTHWESTERN 

COLORADO, STRATIGRAPHY, UPPER CRETACEOUS]

Fassett, J.E., 1988a, First day, road log from Durango, Colorado around 

northwest rim of San Juan Basin via Cedar Hill, Aztec and La Plata, 

New Mexico and Soda Springs, Marvel, and Breen, Colorado, in 

Fassett, J.E., ed., Geology and coal-bed methane resources of the 

northern San Juan Basin, Colorado and New Mexico, Publisher: 

Rocky Mt. Assoc. Geol., Denver, CO, United States, p. 317–335. 

[ANIMAS RIVER VALLEY, ARCHULETA COUNTY, AREAL GEOLOGY, 

ANIMAS FORMATION, AZTEC, BREEN, CEDAR HILL, CENOZOIC, 

COLORADO, CRETACEOUS, DURANGO, FIELD TRIPS, FRUITLAND 

FORMATION, GUIDEBOOK, KIRTLAND SHALE, LA PLATA, LA PLATA 

COUNTY, LEWIS SHALE, MANCOS SHALE, MAPS AND CHARTS, 

AREAL GEOLOGY, MARVEL, MCDERMOTT MEMBER, MESAVERDE 

GROUP, MESOZOIC, NACIMIENTO FORMATION, NEW MEXICO, 

NORTHWESTERN NEW MEXICO, PALEOCENE, PALEOGENE, PICTURE CLIFFS SANDSTONE, RIO ARRIBA COUNTY, ROAD LOG, SAN 

JUAN BASIN, SAN JUAN COUNTY, SODA SPRINGS, SOUTHERN 

UTE INDIAN RESERVATION, SOUTHWESTERN COLORADO, TERTIARY, UNCONFORMITIES, UPPER CRETACEOUS]

Fassett, J.E., 1988b, Geometry and depositional environment of Fruitland Formation coal beds, San Juan Basin, New Mexico and Colorado; anatomy of a giant coal-bed methane deposit, in Fassett, 

J.E., ed., Geology and coal-bed methane resources of the northern 

San Juan Basin, Colorado and New Mexico, Publisher: Rocky Mt. 

Assoc. Geol., Denver, CO, United States, p. 23–38. [ACCURACY, ALIPHATIC HYDROCARBONS, ALKANES, ARCHULETA COUNTY, COLORADO, CRETACEOUS, DEPOSITION, ECONOMIC GEOLOGY, ENVIRONMENTAL-ANALYSIS, FRUITLAND FORMATION, HUERFANITO 

BENTONITE BED, HYDROCARBONS, LA PLATA COUNTY, LEWIS 

SHALE, LITHOFACIES, MCKINLEY COUNTY, MESOZOIC, METHANE, 

NATURAL GAS, NEW MEXICO, NORTH AMERICA, NORTHWESTERN NEW MEXICO, ORGANIC MATERIALS, OUTCROPS, PETROLEUM, PICTURE CLIFFS SANDSTONE, RESOURCES, SAN JUAN 

BASIN, SAN JUAN COUNTY, SANDOVAL COUNTY, SOUTHERN UTE 

INDIAN RESERVATION, SOUTHWESTERN COLORADO, STRATIGRAPHY, UPPER CRETACEOUS, WESTERN INTERIOR]

Fassett, J.E., 1988c, Second day, road log from Durango, Colorado 

around northeast rim of San Juan Basin via Bayfi eld, Chimney 

Rock, Arboles, Allison, and Ignacio, Colorado and back to Durango, 

in Fassett, J.E., ed., Geology and coal-bed methane resources of 

the northern San Juan Basin, Colorado and New Mexico, Publisher: Rocky Mt. Assoc. Geol., Denver, CO, United States, p. 

337–351. [ANIMAS FORMATION, ARBOLES, ARCHULETA COUNTY, 

AREAL GEOLOGY, ALLISON, BAYFIELD, CHIMNEY ROCK, COLORADO, CRETACEOUS, DURANGO, FRUITLAND FORMATION, 

GUIDEBOOK, IGNACIO, KIRTLAND SHALE, LA PLATA COUNTY, 

LEWIS SHALE, MANCOS SHALE, MAPS AND CHARTS, AREAL 

GEOLOGY, MCDERMOTT MEMBER, MESAVERDE GROUP, MESOZOIC, NAVAJO LAKE, PICTURE CLIFFS SANDSTONE, ROAD LOG, 

SAN JUAN BASIN, SOUTHERN UTE INDIAN RESERVATION, 

SOUTHWESTERN COLORADO, UNCONFORMITIES, UPPER CRETACEOUS, YELLOWJACKET PASS]

Fassett, J.E., 1989a, Coal-bed methane resources and Fruitland Formation coal-bed geology, San Juan Basin, New Mexico and Colorado: 

American Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin, v. 73, no. 

9, p. 1155. [ALKANES, BITUMINOUS COAL, COLORADO, CRETACEOUS, DEPOSITION, ECONOMIC GEOLOGY, FRUITLAND FORMATION, HYDROCARBONS, MESOZOIC, METHANE, NATURAL GAS, 

NEW MEXICO, ORGANIC MATERIALS, PETROLEUM, PICTURE 

Quality Characterization of Cretaceous Coal from the Colorado Plateau Coal Assessment Area G73
CLIFFS SANDSTONE, PRODUCTION, RANK, RESOURCES, SAN 

JUAN BASIN, SUBBITUMINOUS COAL, THICKNESS, UPPER CRETACEOUS]

Fassett, J.E., 1989b, Coal resources of the San Juan Basin, in 

Anderson, O.J., Lucas, S.G., Love, D.W., and Cather, S.M., 

eds., Southeastern Colorado Plateau, Guidebook—New Mexico 

Geological Society 40, p. 303–307. [ALKANES, ARCHULETA 

COUNTY COLORADO, COLORADO, COLORADO PLATEAU, CRETACEOUS, CREVASSE CANYON FORMATION, DEPOSITION, DILCO 

COAL MEMBER, ECONOMIC GEOLOGY, FRUITLAND FORMATION, 

GIBSON COAL MEMBER, GUIDEBOOK, HYDROCARBONS, LA 

PLATA COUNTY COLORADO, MCKINLEY COUNTY NEW MEXICO, 

MENEFEE FORMATION, MESOZOIC, METHANE, MONTEZUMA 

COUNTY COLORADO, NEW MEXICO, NORTH AMERICA, ORGANIC 

MATERIALS, PALEOGEOGRAPHY, PALUDAL ENVIRONMENT, PICTURE CLIFFS SANDSTONE, PRODUCTION, QUALITATIVE ANALYSIS, REGRESSION, RESOURCES, RIO ARRIBA COUNTY NEW 

MEXICO, SAN JUAN BASIN, SAN JUAN COUNTY NEW MEXICO, 

SANDOVAL COUNTY NEW MEXICO, SOUTHEASTERN COLORADO 

PLATEAU, THICKNESS, TRANSGRESSION, UPPER CRETACEOUS, 

WESTERN INTERIOR, WESTERN INTERIOR SEAWAY]

Fassett, J.E., 1990, Once a menace, now a burgeoning source of 

energy; coal-bed methane in the Warrior and San Juan basins, 

in Carter, L.M., ed., USGS research on energy resources, 1990; 

program and abstracts, U.S. Geological Survey Circular 1060, 

p. 28–29. [ALIPHATIC HYDROCARBONS, ALKANES, BLACK WARRIOR BASIN, COLORADO, CRETACEOUS, ECONOMIC GEOLOGY, 

FRUITLAND FORMATION, GEOLOGIC HAZARDS, HYDROCARBONS, 

MESOZOIC, METHANE, NATURAL GAS, NEW ENERGY SOURCES, 

NEW MEXICO, ORGANIC MATERIALS, PETROLEUM, RESOURCES, 

SAN JUAN BASIN, UPPER CRETACEOUS, WARRIOR COAL FIELD]

Fassett, J.E., and Hinds, J.S., 1971, Geology and fuel resources 

of the Fruitland Formation and Kirtland Shale of the San Juan 

Basin, New Mexico and Colorado: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 676, 76 p. [ARCHULETA COUNTY, COLORADO, CRETACEOUS, ECONOMIC GEOLOGY, FRUITLAND FORMATION, FUELRESOURCES, KIRTLAND SHALE, MESOZOIC, NEW MEXICO, STRATIGRAPHY, UPPER CRETACEOUS]

Fassett, J.E., and Nuccio, V.F., 1990a, Thermal maturity of Upper Cretaceous coals, San Juan Basin, New Mexico and Colorado: American Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin, v. 74, no. 8, p. 

1322–1323. [CARBON, COLORADO, CRETACEOUS, CUTTINGS, ECONOMIC GEOLOGY, FRUITLAND FORMATION, HEAT FLOW, MACERALS, MENEFEE FORMATION, MESAVERDE GROUP, MESOZOIC, 

NEW MEXICO, NORTH AMERICA, NORTHWESTERN NEW MEXICO, 

OUTCROPS, REFLECTANCE, SAN JUAN BASIN, SOUTHWESTERN 

COLORADO, THERMAL-MATURITY, UPPER CRETACEOUS, VITRINITE, VOLATILES, WELLS, WESTERN INTERIOR]

Fassett, J.E., and Nuccio, V.F., 1990b, Vitrinite refl ectance values of 

coal from drill-hole cuttings from the Fruitland and Menefee formations, San Juan Basin, New Mexico: U.S. Geological Survey 

Open-File Report 90-0290, 21 p. [ARCHULETA COUNTY COLORADO, 

CATALOGS, COLORADO, CRETACEOUS, CUTTINGS, ECONOMIC 

GEOLOGY, ENERGY SOURCES, FRUITLAND FORMATION, KIRTLAND 

SHALE, LA PLATA COUNTY COLORADO, MACERALS, MCKINLEY 

COUNTY NEW MEXICO, MENEFEE FORMATION, MESOZOIC, NEW 

MEXICO, NORTHWESTERN NEW MEXICO, REFLECTANCE, RIO 

ARRIBA COUNTY NEW MEXICO, SAN JUAN BASIN, SAN JUAN 

COUNTY NEW MEXICO, SANDOVAL COUNTY NEW MEXICO, 

SOUTHWESTERN COLORADO, UPPER CRETACEOUS, VITRINITE, 

WELL LOGGING]

Fassett, J.E., and Ryer, T.A., 1983, Transgressive-regressive cycles 

and the occurrence of coal in some Upper Cretaceous strata of 

Utah [discussion and reply]: Geology, v. 11, no. 12, p. 736–738. [CRETACEOUS, CYCLIC PROCESSES, ECONOMIC GEOLOGY, MESOZOIC, 

PALEOGEOGRAPHY, REGRESSION, SEDIMENTATION, STRATIGRAPHY, TRANSGRESSION, UPPER CRETACEOUS, UTAH]

Finkelman, R.B., Yeakel, J.D., and Harrison, W.J., 1987, Sodium in 

Upper Cretaceous coal beds of the Wasatch Plateau, Utah ; Mode 

of occurrence, geologic controls, possible source, and effects on 

coal utilization: Geological Society of America Abstracts with Programs, v. 19, no. 7, p. 663. [CHEMISTRY]

Flores, R.M., 1977, Barrier, tidal-channel-and-tidal-delta, and backbarrier depositional systems in the Cretaceous Almond Formation, 

Rock Springs, Wyoming: Geological Society of America Abstracts 

with Programs, v. 9, p. 721–722. [ABSTRACT, CRETACEOUS, WYOMING]

Flores, R.M., 1978a, Barrier and back-barrier environments of deposition of the Upper Cretaceous Almond Formation, Rock Springs 

Uplift, Wyoming: Mountain Geologist, v. 15, no. 2, p. 57–65. [CRETACEOUS, WYOMING]

Flores, R.M., 1978b, Tertiary and Cretaceous environments of coal 

deposition in the Powder River Basin, Wyoming and Wasatch Plateau, Utah, U.S.A: International Association of Sedimentological 

Congress, v. 1, p. 214. [ABSTRACT, POWDER RIVER, WASATCH 

FORMATION, WYOMING]

Flores, R.M., 1979a, Coal depositional models in some Tertiary and 

Cretaceous coal fi elds in the U.S. Western Interior: Organic Geochemistry, v. 1, no. 4, p. 225–237. [CRETACEOUS, TERTIARY]

Flores, R.M., 1979b, Pictured Cliffs Sandstone—Upper Cretaceous distributary-channel, delta-front, and beach-bar deposits, southwestern San Juan Basin, New Mexico: American Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin, v. 63, no. 3, p. 451–452.]

Flores, R.M., 1980, Comparison of depositional models of Tertiary and 

Upper Cretaceous coal-bearing rocks in some Western Interior 

basins of the United States, in Carter, L.M., ed., Proc. 4th Symposium in the Geology of Rocky Mountain Coal—1980: Colorado 

Geological Survey Resource Series, v. 10, p. 17–20. [CRETACEOUS]

Flores, R.M., 1984, Comparative analysis of coal accumulation in 

Cretaceous alluvial deposits, southern United States Rocky Mountain basins, in Stott, D.F., and Glass, D.J., eds., The Mesozoic of 

middle North America, Memoir—Canadian Society of Petroleum 

Geologists, Calgary, Canada, Canadian Society of Petroleum Geologists, v. 9, p. 373–385. [BASINS, COLORADO, CORRELATION, CRETACEOUS, CREVASSE CANYON FORMATION, ECONOMIC GEOLOGY, FLUVIAL ENVIRONMENT, GALLUP SAG, LARAMIDE-OROGENY, LITHOFACIES, MENEFEE FORMATION, MESOZOIC, MODELS, 

NEW MEXICO, NORTH AMERICA, RATON BASIN, RATON 

FORMATION, REGRESSION, ROCKY MOUNTAINS, SAN JUAN 

BASIN, SANDSTONE, SEDIMENTARY BASINS, SHALE, SILTSTONE, 

SOUTHERN U.S, STRATIGRAPHY, SUBSIDENCE, THREE-DIMENSIONAL MODELS, TRANSGRESSION, UPLIFTS, UPPER CRETACEOUS]

G74 Geologic Assessment of Coal in the Colorado Plateau: Arizona, Colorado, New Mexico, and Utah
Flores, R.M., 1985, Coal deposits in Cretaceous and Tertiary fl uvial 

systems of the Rocky Mountain region, in Flores, R.M., Ethridge, 

F.G., Miall, A.D., Galloway, W.E., and Fouch, T.D., eds., Recognition 

of fl uvial depositional systems and their resource potential, 

SEPM Short Course. 19. Publisher: Society of Economic Paleontologists and Mineralogists, Tulsa, OK, United States, p. 167–216. 

[ALLUVIAL PLAINS, CENOZOIC, COLORADO, CRETACEOUS, CREVASSE CANYON FORMATION, ECONOMIC GEOLOGY, ENERGY 

SOURCES, ENVIRONMENT, EXPLORATION, FLUVIAL ENVIRONMENT, FLUVIAL FEATURES, GALLUP SAG, LITHOFACIES, MENEFE 

FORMATION, MESOZOIC, NEW MEXICO, NORTH AMERICA, 

PALEOGENE, POISON CANYON FORMATION, POWDER RIVER 

BASIN, RATON BASIN, RATON FORMATION, ROCKY MOUNTAINS, 

SEDIMENTATION, TERTIARY, UPPER CRETACEOUS, WASATCH 

FORMATION, WYOMING]

Flores, R.M., 1987a, Rates of regression and coal development in 

Upper Cretaceous rocks, U.S. Rocky Mountain region: First International Symposium on Cretaceous Correlation, International Geological Correlations Program Project 245, Program Abstracts Volume, 

p. 48–49. [ABSTRACT, CRETACEOUS]

Flores, R.M., 1987b, Sedimentology of Upper Cretaceous and Tertiary 

siliciclastics and coals in the Raton Basin, New Mexico and Colorado, in Lucas, S. and Hunt, A., eds., Northeastern New Mexico: 

New Mexico Geological Society Guidebook, 38th Field Conference, 

p. 255–264.

Flores, R.M., 1987c, Sedimentology of Upper Cretaceous and Tertiary 

siliciclastics and coals in the Raton Basin, New Mexico and Colorado, in Lucas, S.G., and Hunt, A.P., eds., New Mexico Geological 

Society, thirty-eighth annual fi eld conference, Guidebook—New 

Mexico Geological Society 38, p. 255–264. [CENOZOIC, COLORADO, 

CRETACEOUS, LITHOSTRATIGRAPHY, MESOZOIC, NEW MEXICO, 

PALEOENVIRONMENT, PIERRE SHALE, POISON CANYON FORMATION, RATON BASIN, RATON FORMATION, SEDIMENTARY 

BASINS, SEDIMENTARY PETROLOGY, SEDIMENTOLOGY, SILICICLASTICS, STRATIGRAPHY,, BASINS, TECTONIC CONTROLS, TERTIARY, TRINIDAD SANDSTONE, UPPER CRETACEOUS, VERMEJO 

FORMATION]

Flores, R.M., and Cross, T.A., 1991, Cretaceous and Tertiary coals 

of the Rocky Mountains and Great Plains regions, in Gluskoter, 

H., ed., Decade of North American Geology: Geological Society 

of America, Economic Geology, v. P-2, p. 547–571. [CRETACEOUS, 

TERTIARY]

Flores, R.M., and Erpenbeck, M.F., 1981, Differentiation of delta-front 

and barrier lithofacies of the Upper Cretaceous Pictured Cliffs 

Sandstone, southwest San Juan Basin, New Mexico: Mountain 

Geologist, v. 18, no. 2, p. 23–34. [COASTAL ENVIRONMENT, CRETACEOUS, CROSS BEDDING, ENVIRONMENT, ENVIRONMENTALANALYSIS, FRAMEWORK SILICATES, FRUITLAND FORMATION, 

LITHOFACIES, MESOZOIC, NEW MEXICO, PICTURE CLIFFS SANDSTONE, PLANAR BEDDING STRUCTURES, QUARTZ, SAN JUAN 

BASIN, SANDSTONE, SEDIMENTARY PETROLOGY, SEDIMENTARY 

STRUCTURES, SEDIMENTATION, SHALE, SILICA MINERALS, SILICATES, SILTSTONE, SIZE DISTRIBUTION, UPPER CRETACEOUS. 

N360000 N363000 W1080000 W1083500]

Flores, R.M., and Erpenbeck, M.F., 1982, Stratigraphic framework and 

coal correlation of the Upper Cretaceous Fruitland Formation, BistiAh-Shi-Sle-Pah area, San Juan Basin, New Mexico: U.S. Geological Survey Miscellaneous Field Studies Map MF-1390. [BISTI-AHSHI-SLE-PAH, CORRELATION, CRETACEOUS, ECONOMIC GEOLOGY, 

FRUITLAND FORMATION, MESOZOIC, NEW MEXICO, SAN JUAN 

BASIN, STRATIGRAPHY, UPPER CRETACEOUS. N360000 N370000 

W1063000 W1090500]

Flores, R.M., and Marley, W.E., III, 1979, Physical stratigraphy and coal 

correlation of the Blackhawk Formation and Star Point Sandstone, 

sections A-A’’’ and B’’’, near Emery, Utah: U.S. Geological Survey 

Miscellaneous Field Studies Map MF-1068. [CORRELATION, CRETACEOUS, ECONOMIC GEOLOGY, EMERY, EMERY COUNTY, MESOZOIC, STAR POINT SANDSTONE, STRATIGRAPHY,, BLACKHAWK 

FORMATION, UPPER CRETACEOUS, UTAH, WESTERN U.S. N385000 

N390000 W1110500 W1112000]

Flores, R.M., and Pillmore, C.L., 1987, Tectonic control on alluvial 

paleoarchitecture of the Cretaceous and Tertiary Raton Basin, Colorado and New Mexico, in Ethridge, F.G., Flores, R.M., and Harvey, 

M.D., eds., Recent Developments in Fluvial Sedimentology, v. 39, p. 

311–320. [ABSTRACT, COLORADO, NEW MEXICO, RATON BASIN]

Flores, R.M., and Tur, S.M., 1982, Characteristics of deltaic deposits 

in the Cretaceous Pierre Shale, Trinidad Sandstone, and Vermejo 

Formation, Raton Basin, Colorado: Mountain Geologist, v. 19, 

no. 2, p. 25–40. [BASIN AND RANGE PROVINCE, COLORADO, 

CRETACEOUS, DELTAIC ENVIRONMENT, DEPOSITION, ECONOMIC 

GEOLOGY, ENVIRONMENT, GENESIS, LITHOFACIES, LOS ANIMAS 

COUNTY, MESOZOIC, PALEOGEOGRAPHY, PALUDAL ENVIRONMENT, PIERRE SHALE, RATON BASIN, REGRESSION, SEDIMENTARY PETROLOGY, SEDIMENTATION, UPPER CRETACEOUS, VERMEJO FORMATION]

Flores, R.M., Blanchard, L.F., Sanchez, J.D., Marley, W.E., and 

Muldoon, W.J., 1984, Paleogeographic controls of coal accumulation, Cretaceous Blackhawk Formation and Star Point Sandstone, 

Wasatch Plateau, Utah: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 

95, no. 5, p. 540–550. [BLACKHAWK FORMATION, CHANNELS, CONTROLS, CRETACEOUS, DELTAIC ENVIRONMENT, EMERY COUNTY, 

LAGOONAL ENVIRONMENT, MESOZOIC, NEARSHORE ENVIRONMENT, PALEOGEOGRAPHIC CONTROLS, PALEOGEOGRAPHY, PALUDAL ENVIRONMENT, PLANAR BEDDING STRUCTURES, SANDSTONE, SANPETE COUNTY, SEDIMENTARY STRUCTURES, SEDIMENTATION, SEVIER COUNTY, STAR POINT SANDSTONE, STRATIGRAPHY, UPPER CRETACEOUS, UTAH, WASATCH PLATEAU]

Flores, R.M., Hayes, P.T., Marley, W.E., III, and Sanchez, J.D., 1980, 

Intertonguing between the Star Point Sandstone and the coal-bearing Blackhawk Formation requires revision of some coal-bed correlations in the southern Wasatch Plateau, Utah: U.S. Geological 

Survey Professional Paper 1126, p. G1–G6. [CORRELATION, CRETACEOUS, ECONOMIC GEOLOGY, LITHOSTRATIGRAPHY, MESOZOIC, 

SANDSTONE, STAR POINT SANDSTONE, STRATIGRAPHY,, BLACKHAWK FORMATION, UPPER CRETACEOUS, UTAH, WASATCH PLATEAU. N383000 N400000 W1110000 W1123000]

Flores, R.M., Hohman, J.C., and Ethridge, F.G., 1991, Heterogeneity 

of Upper Cretaceous Gallup regressive facies, Gallup Sag, New 

Mexico: Geological Society of America Special Publication, v. 260, 

p. 189–209. [CRETACEOUS, FACIES, NEW MEXICO]

Flores, R.M., Warwick, P.D., and Moore, T.A., 1989, Depositional 

aspects and a guide to Paleocene coal-bearing sequences, 

Powder River Basin, in Tertiary and Cretaceous coals in the Rocky 

Mountains region, Field Trip Guidebook T132: 28th International 

Geological Congress Field Trip Guidebook, p. 1–10.

Quality Characterization of Cretaceous Coal from the Colorado Plateau Coal Assessment Area G75
Fouch, T.D., 1985, Oil- and gas-bearing Upper Cretaceous and Paleogene fl uvial rocks in central and Northeast Utah, in Flores, R.M., 

Ethridge, F.G., Miall, A.D., Galloway, W.E., and Fouch, T.D., eds., 

Recognition of fl uvial depositional systems and their resource 

potential, SEPM Short Course. 19. Publisher: Society of Economic 

Paleontologists and Mineralogists, Tulsa, OK, p. 241–271. [BEDDING PLANE IRREGULARITIES, BIOGENIC STRUCTURES, BIOTURBATION, CARBONATE ROCKS, CENOZOIC, CENTRAL UTAH, 

CLAYSTONE, CONGLOMERATE, CRETACEOUS, CYCLIC PROCESSES, 

DELTAIC ENVIRONMENT, ECONOMIC GEOLOGY, ENERGY 

SOURCES, ENVIRONMENT, ENVIRONMENTAL-ANALYSIS, FLUVIAL 

ENVIRONMENT, FUEL-RESOURCES, LACUSTRINE-ENVIRONMENT, 

LITHOFACIES, MESOZOIC, MUDCRACKS, NORTH AMERICA, 

NORTHEASTERN-UTAH, PALEOGENE, PERMEABILITY, POROSITY, 

RESERVOIR ROCKS, ROCKY MOUNTAINS, SANDSTONE, SCOUR 

MARKS, SEDIMENTARY STRUCTURES, SEDIMENTATION, SILTSTONE, STRATIGRAPHIC TRAPS, TERTIARY, TRAPS, TROUGH 

CROSS-BEDDING, UPPER CRETACEOUS, UTAH. N390000 N410000 

W1090000 W1120000]

Franczyk, K.J., 1983, Stratigraphy of the Upper Cretaceous Toreva and 

Wepo formations, northeastern Black Mesa, Arizona: Geological 

Society of America Abstracts with Programs, v. 15, no. 5, 

p. 392. [ARIZONA, ARKOSE, BLACK MESA, CARBONACEOUS 

COMPOSITION, COASTAL ENVIRONMENT, CRETACEOUS, DELTAIC 

ENVIRONMENT, DEPOSITION, ENVIRONMENTAL-ANALYSIS, 

EROSION, FLUVIAL ENVIRONMENT, INTERPRETATION, LITHOFACIES, MARINE ENVIRONMENT, MESOZOIC, NORTHEASTERN 

BLACK MESA, REGRESSION, SANDSTONE, SEDIMENTARY 

PETROLOGY, STRATIGRAPHY, TOREVA-FORMATION, TRANSGRESSION, UNCONFORMITIES, UPPER CRETACEOUS, WEPO FORMATION]

Franczyk, K.J., 1989, Depositional controls on the late Campanian 

Sego Sandstone and implications for associated coal-forming environments in the Uinta and Piceance basins: U.S. Geological Survey 

Bulletin 1787-F, p. F1–F17. [BASINS, BOOK CLIFFS, CAMPANIAN, 

CARBON COUNTY UTAH, COLORADO, CONTROLS, CRETACEOUS, 

CROSS BEDDING, CYCLIC PROCESSES, DELTA COUNTY COLORADO, DELTAIC ENVIRONMENT, EMERY COUNTY UTAH, GARFIELD 

COUNTY COLORADO, GRAND COUNTY UTAH, INTERTIDAL ENVIRONMENT, LITHOFACIES, MESA COUNTY COLORADO, MESOZOIC, 

METHODS, PALEOGEOGRAPHY, PICEANCE CREEK BASIN, PLANAR 

BEDDING STRUCTURES, REGRESSION, SEDIMENTARY BASINS, 

SEDIMENTARY STRUCTURES, SEDIMENTATION, SEGO SANDSTONE, SENONIAN, SOUTHEASTERN UTAH, SOUTHWESTERN 

COLORADO, STRATIGRAPHY,, APPLICATIONS, TECTONIC CONTROLS, UINTA BASIN, UINTAH COUNTY UTAH, UPPER CAMPANIAN, UPPER CRETACEOUS, UTAH, WELL LOGGING. N384500 

N394000 W1081500 W1102000]

Gaffke, T.M., 1979, Depositional environments of a coal-bearing section in the Upper Cretaceous Mesaverde Group, Routt County, Colorado: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 79-1669, 16 p. [COLORADO, CRETACEOUS, ECONOMIC GEOLOGY, MESAVERDE GROUP, 

MESOZOIC, PALEOENVIRONMENT, ROUTT COUNTY, SEDIMENTATION, STRATIGRAPHY, UPPER CRETACEOUS. N395500 N410000 

W1063500 W1073000]

Gaskill, D.L., Colman, S.M., DeLong, Jr., J.E., and Robinson, C.H., 

1986, Geologic Map of the Crested Butte quadrangle, Gunnison 

County, Colorado: U.S. Geological Survey Geologic Quadrangle 

Map GQ-1580, scale 1:24,000. [CHEMISTRY, COAL QUALITY]

Gaskill, D.L., DeLong, J.E., Jr., and Cochran, D.M., 1987, Geologic 

map of the Mt. Axtell quadrangle, Gunnison County, Colorado: 

U.S. Geological Survey Quadrangle Map GQ-1604, scale 1:24,000. 

[AREAL GEOLOGY, AREAL GEOLOGY, MAPS AND CHARTS, CENOZOIC, CENTRAL COLORADO, COLORADO, CRETACEOUS, GEOLOGIC 

MAPS, GRAVEL DEPOSITS, GROUND WATER, GUNNISON COUNTY, 

INTRUSIVE-ROCKS, MAPS, MESAVERDE GROUP, MESOZOIC, 

METAL ORES, MOUNT AXTELL QUADRANGLE, NORTH AMERICA, 

PALEOGENE, ROCKY MOUNTAINS, SEDIMENTS, TERTIARY, UPPER 

CRETACEOUS, WASATCH FORMATION, WATER RESOURCES. 

N384500 N385230 W1070000 W1070730]

Goolsby, S.M., Reade, N.S., and Murray, D.K., 1979, Evaluation of 

Coking coals in Colorado: Department of Natural Resources Colorado Geological Survey Resource Series 7, 72 p. [CHEMISTRY, 

COAL QUALITY]

Green, M.W., Mytton, J.W., Sandberg, D.T., and Gardner, N.K., 1991, 

Geologic framework and major coal-bearing formations of the 

San Juan Basin, in Molnia, C.L., Jobin, D.A., O’Connor, J.T., 

and Kottlowski, F.E., eds., Coalfi elds of New Mexico; geology 

and resources, U.S. Geological Survey Bulletin 1972, p. 1–14. 

[COLORADO, CRETACEOUS, CREVASSE CANYON FORMATION, 

ECONOMIC GEOLOGY, ENVIRONMENT, FRUITLAND FORMATION, 

LITHOSTRATIGRAPHY, MCKINLEY COUNTY NEW MEXICO, MENEFEE FORMATION, MESAVERDE GROUP, MESOZOIC, NEW MEXICO, 

NORTHWESTERN NEW MEXICO, PALUDAL ENVIRONMENT, RIO 

ARRIBA COUNTY NEW MEXICO, SAN JUAN BASIN, SAN JUAN 

COUNTY NEW MEXICO, SANDOVAL COUNTY NEW MEXICO, SEDIMENTATION, STRATIGRAPHY,, ARIZONA, UPPER CRETACEOUS]

Grout, M.A., 1991, Cleats in coalbeds of southern Piceance Basin, 

Colorado; correlation with regional and local fracture sets in associated clastic rocks, in Schwochow, S.D., Murray, D.K., and Fahy, 

M.F., eds., Coalbed methane of western North America; guidebook 

for the Rocky Mountain Association of Geologists fall conference 

and fi eld trip, Field Conference—Rocky Mountain Association of 

Geologists. 1991, p. 35–47. [ALKANES, CLEATS, COLORADO, CRETACEOUS, ECONOMIC GEOLOGY, ENERGY SOURCES, FRACTURES, 

HYDROCARBONS, JOINTS, MESOZOIC, METHANE, MIGRATION, 

NATURAL GAS, ORGANIC MATERIALS, PETROLEUM, PICEANCE 

CREEK BASIN, STRUCTURAL GEOLOGY, ALIPHATIC HYDROCARBONS, STRUCTURAL-GEOLOGY, TECTONICS, UPPER CRETACEOUS. 

N390000 N393000 W1073000 W1083000]

Gualtieri, J.L., 1991a, Map and cross sections of coal zones in the 

Upper Cretaceous Neslen and Mount Garfi eld formations, northeastern part of the Westwater 30’ X 60’ quadrangle and adjacent 

area, Garfi eld County, Colorado, and Grand and Uintah counties, 

Utah: U.S. Geological Survey Coal Investigations Map C-0134, 

scale 1:24,000. [COAL DEPOSIT MAPS, COLORADO, CRETACEOUS, 

ECONOMIC GEOLOGY, ENERGY SOURCES, GARFIELD COUNTY 

COLORADO, GRAND COUNTY UTAH, MAPS, MESOZOIC, MOUNT 

GARFIELD FORMATION, NESLEN FORMATION, NORTHEASTERNUTAH, NORTHWESTERN-COLORADO, SECTIONS, STRATIGRAPHY, 

UINTAH COUNTY UTAH, UPPER CRETACEOUS, UTAH, WESTWATER 

QUADRANGLE. N392154 N393000 W1085730 W1091230]

Gualtieri, J.L., 1991b, Map and cross sections of coal zones in the 

Upper Cretaceous Neslen Formation, north-central part of the 

Westwater 30’ X 60’ quadrangle, Grand and Uintah counties, Utah: 

U.S. Geological Survey Coal Investigations Map C-0133, scale 

1:24,000. [COAL DEPOSIT MAPS, CRETACEOUS, ECONOMIC GEOLG76 Geologic Assessment of Coal in the Colorado Plateau: Arizona, Colorado, New Mexico, and Utah
OGY, ENERGY SOURCES, GRAND COUNTY UTAH, MAPS, MESOZOIC, NESLEN FORMATION, NORTHEASTERN-UTAH, SECTIONS, 

STRATIGRAPHY, UINTAH COUNTY UTAH, UPPER CRETACEOUS, 

UTAH, WESTWATER QUADRANGLE. N391500 N322230 W1090730 

W1092000]

Hail, W.J., Jr., 1990, Geology of the lower Yellow Creek area, 

northwestern Colorado: U.S. Geological Survey Bulletin 1787-O, 

O1–O45 p. [AREAL GEOLOGY, ALLUVIUM, BASINS, CASTLEGATE 

SANDSTONE, CENOZOIC, CLASTIC SEDIMENTS, COLORADO, CRETACEOUS, EOCENE, FAULTS, FOLDS, FORT UNION FORMATION, 

GREEN RIVER FORMATION, ILES FORMATION, LITHOFACIES, 

LITHOSTRATIGRAPHY, MANCOS SHALE, MESAVERDE GROUP, 

MESOZOIC, METAL ORES, MOFFAT COUNTY COLORADO, NATURAL 

GAS, NORTHWESTERN-COLORADO, OIL SHALE, PALEOGENE, 

PETROLEUM, PICEANCE CREEK BASIN, QUATERNARY, RIO 

BLANCO COUNTY COLORADO, SECTIONS, SEDIMENTARY BASINS, 

SEDIMENTS, STRATIGRAPHY, TERTIARY, UINTA FORMATION, 

UPPER CRETACEOUS, UPPER EOCENE, URANIUM ORES, 

WASATCH FORMATION, WILLIAMS FORK FORMATION, YELLOW 

CREEK BASIN. N400000 N402000 W1081500 W1083500]

Hardie, J.K., 1991, Dolomite-rich clastic dikes and sills intruding Campanian coals of central Utah, in Coury, A.B., and Dyman, T.S., eds., 

Abstracts of the U.S. Geological Survey, central region; 1991 poster 

review, U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 91-0582, p. 2. 

[BLACKHAWK FORMATION, BOOK CLIFFS, CAMPANIAN, CARBONATES, CENTRAL UTAH, CLASTIC DIKES, CLASTIC SILLS, CRETACEOUS, DOLOMITE, MESOZOIC, SEDIMENTARY PETROLOGY, SEDIMENTARY STRUCTURES, SENONIAN, SOFT SEDIMENT DEFORMATION, UPPER CRETACEOUS, UTAH, WASATCH PLATEAU]

Hatch, J.R., Affolter, R.H., and Law, B.E., 1980, Chemical analyses 

of coal from Emery and Ferron Sandstone Members of Mancos 

Shale, Henry Mountains fi eld, Wayne and Farfi eld Counties, Utah; 

in Proceedings of the 1980 Henry Mountains Symposium, Utah 

Geological Association, p. 337–342. [COAL QUALITY, CHEMISTRY, 

TRACE ELEMENTS]

Hatch, J.R., Affolter, R.H., and Davis, F.D., 1979, Chemical analyses 

of coal from the Blackhawk Formation, Wasatch Plateau coal 

fi eld, Carbon, Emery, and Sevier Counties, Utah, in Coal Studies, 

Utah Geological and Mineral Survey, Special Studies 49, p. 69–102. 

[COAL QUALITY, CHEMISTRY, TRACE ELEMENTS]

Hatch, J.R., Affolter, R.H., and Law, B.E., 1979, Chemical analyses 

of coal from the Emery and Ferron Sandstone Members of the 

Mancos shale, Henry Mountains fi eld, Wayne and Garfi eld Counties, Utah: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 79-1097, 25 p. 

[COAL QUALITY, CHEMISTRY, TRACE ELEMENTS]

Hatch, J.R., Affolter, R.H., and Law, B.E., 1979, Chemical analyses 

of coal from the Emery and Ferron sandstone members of the 

Mancos Shale, Henry Mountains Field, Wayne and Farfi eld counties, Utah: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 79-1097, 25 p. 

[CHEMICAL COMPOSITION, CRETACEOUS, ECONOMIC GEOLOGY, 

EMERY SANDSTONE MEMBER, FERRON SANDSTONE MEMBER, 

GARFIELD COUNTY, GEOCHEMISTRY, HENRY MOUNTAINS FIELD, 

MANCOS SHALE, MESOZOIC, UPPER CRETACEOUS, UTAH, WAYNE 

COUNTY. N373000 N383000 W1100000 W1123000]

Hatch, J.R., and Affolter, R.H., 1978, Coal Quality, Henry Mountains 

Field EMRIA site, Garfi eld County, Utah: Administrative Report submitted to Bureau of Land Management. [COAL QUALITY, CHEMISTRY, TRACE ELEMENTS]

Hatch, J.R., and Affolter, R.H., 1980, Chemical analyses of coal 

and coal-associated shale samples from the lower part of the 

Fort Union Formation, Little Snake River coal fi eld, Sweetwater 

and Carbon Counties, Wyoming: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File 

Report 80-92, 30 p. [COAL QUALITY, CHEMISTRY, TRACE ELEMENTS]

Hatch, J.R., and Barclay, C.S., 1979, Chemical analyses of deep core 

coal and shale samples from the Almond Formation, Washakie 

Basin, Sweetwater County, Wyoming: U.S. Geological Survey 

Open-File Report 79-1249, 17 p. [ALMOND FORMATION, CHEMICAL 

COMPOSITION, CORES, CRETACEOUS, ECONOMIC GEOLOGY, GEOCHEMISTRY, MESOZOIC, SHALE, SWEETWATER COUNTY, UPPER 

CRETACEOUS, WASHAKIE BASIN, WYOMING. N410000 N421500 

W1073000 W1100500]

Haymes, S.R., and Flores, R.M., 1988, Mixed regressive-transgressive 

coastal deposits in an Upper Cretaceous prograding sequence, 

southwest Raton Basin, New Mexico: American Association of 

Petroleum Geologists Bulletin, v. 72, p. 872. [ABSTRACT, CRETACEOUS, NEW MEXICO]

Hejl, H.R., 1982, Hydrologic investigations and data-collection network 

in strippable coal-resource areas in northwestern New Mexico: 

U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 82-0358, 36 p. [CENOZOIC, 

CONSERVATION, CRETACEOUS, DATA ACQUISITION, ECONOMIC 

GEOLOGY, ENVIRONMENTAL GEOLOGY, AQUIFERS, ENVIRONMENTAL-GEOLOGY, FRUITLAND FORMATION, GROUND WATER, 

HYDROLOGY, IMPACT STATEMENTS, LAND USE, MCKINLEY 

COUNTY, MESAVERDE GROUP, MESOZOIC, MINING, NEW MEXICO, 

PALEOCENE, PALEOGENE, SAN JUAN COUNTY, SANDOVAL 

COUNTY, STRIP MINING, SURFACE WATER, SURFACE-MINING, 

SURVEYS, TERTIARY, UPPER CRETACEOUS. N353000 N370000 

W1065000 W1090000]

Herring, J.R., 1986, Geologic road log from Denver Federal Center to 

Marshall, Colorado; a visit to the Boulder-Weld coal fi eld and some 

considerations of burning, subsiding coal mines, in Hynes, J.L., ed., 

Proceedings of the 1985 conference on coal mine subsidence in the 

Rocky Mountain region, Colorado Geological Survey Special Publication 32, p. 299–315. [ARAPAHOE FORMATION, BOULDER-WELD 

FIELD, COLORADO, CRETACEOUS, DAKOTA FORMATION, ENGINEERING AND ENVIRONMENTAL GEOLOGY, ABANDONED MINES, 

ENGINEERING GEOLOGY, EVALUATION, FOUNTAIN FORMATION, 

FOX HILLS FORMATION, GOLDEN FAULT, LAND SUBSIDENCE, 

LARAMIE FORMATION, LEYDEN FIELD, MESOZOIC, MINES, 

MINING, MINING-GEOLOGY, PALEOZOIC, PIERRE SHALE, ROAD 

LOG, UNDERGROUND MINING, UPPER CRETACEOUS, UPPER 

PALEOZOIC]

Hettinger, R.D., 1993, Sedimentological descriptions and geophysical 

logs of two 300-m cores collected from the Straight Cliffs Formation 

of the Kaiparowits Plateau, Kane County, Utah: U.S. Geological 

Survey Open-File Report 93-0270, 50 p. [CORES, CRETACEOUS, FLUVIAL ENVIRONMENT, INTERTIDAL ENVIRONMENT, KAIPAROWITSPLATEAU, KANE COUNTY UTAH, LITHOFACIES, MESOZOIC, NEARSHORE ENVIRONMENT, PALEOENVIRONMENT, PALEOGEOGRAPHY, SEDIMENTARY STRUCTURES, SOUTHERN UTAH, STRAIGHT 

CLIFFS FORMATION, STRATIGRAPHY, CLASTIC ROCKS, UPPER 

CRETACEOUS, UTAH, WELL LOGGING. N372722 N372722 W1112927 

W1112927]

Quality Characterization of Cretaceous Coal from the Colorado Plateau Coal Assessment Area G77
Hettinger, R.D., and Brown, R., 1979, Geophysical and lithologic logs 

of 1977 coal drilling in the Fort Union Formation, Carbon and Sweetwater counties, Wyoming: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 

79-0326, 81 p. [CARBON COUNTY, CENOZOIC, CRETACEOUS, ECONOMIC GEOLOGY, EXPLORATION, FORT UNION FORMATION, GEOPHYSICAL SURVEYS, INTERPRETATION, LITHOLOGY, MESOZOIC, 

NORTH AMERICA, PALEOCENE, PALEOGENE, ROCKY MOUNTAINS, 

SURVEYS, SWEETWATER COUNTY, TERTIARY, WELL LOGGING, 

WYOMING. N410000 N422500 W1060000 W1100000]

Hettinger, R.D., and Kirschbaum, M.A., 1991, Chart showing correlations of some Upper Cretaceous and lower Tertiary rocks, from 

the east fl ank of the Washakie Basin to the east fl ank of the Rock 

Springs Uplift, Wyoming: U.S. Geological Survey Miscellaneous 

Investigations Series Map I-2152. [CARBON COUNTY WYOMING, 

CENOZOIC, CORRELATION, CRETACEOUS, EROSIONAL UNCONFORMITIES, LITHOSTRATIGRAPHY, LOWER TERTIARY, MESOZOIC, 

PALEOGENE, ROCK SPRINGS UPLIFT, SEDIMENTARY BASINS, 

SOUTHERN WYOMING, STRATIGRAPHIC UNITS, STRATIGRAPHY,, 

BASINS, SWEETWATER COUNTY WYOMING, TERTIARY, UNCONFORMITIES, UPPER CRETACEOUS, WASHAKIE BASIN, WYOMING. 

N412300 N414300 W1074300 W1084000]

Hettinger, R.D., and McCabe, P.J., 1990, Architecture of clastic facies 

and location of coals associated with a major marine transgression, the mid-Cretaceous of the Kaiparowits Plateau, Utah, in 

Carter, L.M.H., ed., USGS Research on Energy Resources, 1990: 

U.S. Geological Survey Circular 1060, 36 p. [COAL RESOURCES, 

CRETACEOUS, FACIES, KAIPAROWITS-PLATEAU, MARINE, SEDIMENT, TRANSGRESSION, UTAH]

Hettinger, R.D., Honey, J.G., and Nichols, D.J., 1991, Chart showing 

correlations of Upper Cretaceous Fox Hills Sandstone and Lance 

Formation, and lower Tertiary Fort Union, Wasatch, and Green River 

formations, from the eastern fl ank of the Washakie Basin to the 

southeastern part of the Great Divide Basin, Wyoming: U.S. Geological Survey Miscellaneous Investigations Series Map I-2151. [BIOSTRATIGRAPHY, CARBON COUNTY WYOMING, CENOZOIC, CORRELATION, CRETACEOUS, EOCENE, FORT UNION FORMATION, 

FOX HILLS FORMATION, GREAT DIVIDE BASIN, GREEN RIVER 

FORMATION, LANCE FORMATION, LITHOSTRATIGRAPHY, LOWER 

TERTIARY, MESOZOIC, PALEOGENE, SEDIMENTARY BASINS, 

SOUTHERN WYOMING, STRATIGRAPHIC UNITS, STRATIGRAPHY, 

BASINS, SWEETWATER COUNTY WYOMING, TERTIARY, UNCONFORMITIES, UPPER CRETACEOUS, WASATCH FORMATION, 

WASHAKIE BASIN, WYOMING. N410000 N414400 W1073000 

W1075500]

Hettinger, R.D., McCabe, P.J., and Shanley, K.W., 1990, Clastic facies 

architecture associated with a major marine transgression, the 

mid-Cretaceous of the Kaiparowits Plateau, Utah: American Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin, v. 74, no. 8, p. 1327. [CRETACEOUS, FACIES, KAIPAROWITS-PLATEAU, MARINE, SEDIMENT, 

TRANSGRESSION, UTAH]

Hildebrand, R.T., Affolter, R.H., and Simon, F.O., 1984, Infl uences of 

Volcanism on the composition of coal deposits in the Western 

United States; in Geological Society of America Abstracts with 

Programs, v. 16, no. 6, p. 539. [CHEMISTRY, COAL QUALITY, TRACE 

ELEMENTS]

Hildebrand, R.T., and Affolter, R.H., 1986, Infl uences of volcanism on 

coal quality—examples from the western United States, in Garbini, 

S., and Schweinfurth, S., eds., Symposium Proceedings: A National 

Agenda for Coal quality Research: U.S. Geological Survey Circular 

979, p. 237. [CHEMISTRY, COAL QUALITY, TRACE ELEMENTS]

Hildebrand, R.T., and Garrigues, R.S., 1981, Geology and chemical 

analyses of Coal, Mesaverde Group (Cretaceous), lower White 

River coal fi eld, Moffat and Rio Blanco counties, Colorado: U.S. 

Geological Survey Open-File Report 81-0597, 27 p. [CHEMICAL 

COMPOSITION, COLORADO, CRETACEOUS, ECONOMIC GEOLOGY, 

GEOCHEMISTRY, MESAVERDE GROUP, MESOZOIC, MOFFAT 

COUNTY, RIO BLANCO COUNTY, UPPER CRETACEOUS, WHITE 

RIVER COAL FIELD, WHITE RIVER PLATEAU. N400000 N403000 

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Hildebrand, R.T., Garrigues, R.S., Meyer, R.F., and Reheis, M.C., 1981, 

Geology and chemical analyses of coal and coal-associated rock 

samples, Williams Fork Formation (Upper Cretaceous), northwestern Colorado: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 81-1348, 103 

p. [CHEMICAL COMPOSITION, COLORADO, CRETACEOUS, DELTA 

COUNTY, GARFIELD COUNTY, GEOCHEMISTRY, MAJOR ELEMENTS, 

MESA COUNTY, MESOZOIC, MOFFAT COUNTY, PITKIN-COUNTY, 

RIO BLANCO COUNTY, ROUTT COUNTY, TRACE ELEMENTS, UPPER 

CRETACEOUS, WILLIAMS FORK FORMATION. N390000 N404500 

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Hinkley, T.K., and Smith, K.S., 1983, Chemical composition of overburden rocks and sampling needs for reclamation of surface 

coal mines: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1375, 

200 p. [BLACK SHALE, CENOZOIC, CHEMICAL COMPOSITION, 

COLORADO, CRETACEOUS, ENGINEERING AND ENVIRONMENTAL 

GEOLOGY, ENVIRONMENTAL-GEOLOGY, EXPERIMENTAL STUDIES, 

GEOCHEMISTRY, GREAT-PLAINS, IDAHO, MESOZOIC, MINING, 

MONTANA, NEVADA, NORTH AMERICA, RECLAMATION, SAMPLEPREPARATION, SANDSTONE, SURFACE-MINING, TERTIARY, UTAH, 

WESTERN U.S, WYOMING]

Hoffman, G.K., 1991, Geology and quality of Menefee Formation coals, 

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Holmes, C.W., and Brownfi eld, M.E., 1992, Distribution of carbon and 

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NORTHWESTERN-COLORADO, ORGANIC MATERIALS, ORGANICSULFUR, PYRITE, S 34/S 32, STABLE-ISOTOPES, SULFIDES, 

SULFUR, UPPER CRETACEOUS, WADGE COAL, WILLIAMS FORK 

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Honey, J.G., and Hettinger, R.D., 1989, Cross section showing correlations of Upper Cretaceous Fox Hills Sandstone and Lance Formation, and Lower Tertiary Fort Union and Wasatch Formations, southeastern Washakie Basin, Wyoming and eastern Sand Wash Basin, 

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tigations Map I-1964. [COLORADO, CORRELATION, CRETACEOUS, 

CROSS SECTIONS, FORT UNION FORMATION, FOX HILLS SANDSTONE, GEOLOGY, LANCE FORMATION, MAPS, STRATIGRAPHY, 

TERTIARY, WASATCH FORMATION, WYOMING]

Hornbaker, A.L., Holt, R.D., and Murray, D.K., 1976, 1975 Summary of 

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Izett, G.A., 1987, The Cretaceous-Tertiary (K-T) boundary interval, 

Raton Basin, Colorado and New Mexico, and its content of shockmetamorphosed minerals; implication concerning the K-T boundary 

impact-extinction theory: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 

87-0606, 125 p. [BOUNDARY, CENOZOIC, CLAY-MINERALOGY, CLAYSTONE, COLFAX COUNTY, COLORADO, CRETACEOUS, IMPACTS, 

LAS ANIMAS COUNTY, LITHOSTRATIGRAPHY, LOWER TERTIARY, 

MASS EXTINCTIONS, MESOZOIC, METAMORPHISM, MINERALCOMPOSITION, NEW MEXICO, NORTHEASTERN NEW MEXICO, 

RATON BASIN, SEDIMENTARY STRUCTURES, SHOCK METAMORPHISM, SOUTHEASTERN COLORADO, STRATIGRAPHY, TERTIARY, 

UPPER CRETACEOUS]

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impact-extinction theory: Special Paper—Geological Society of 

America 249, 100 p. [BOUNDARY, CENOZOIC, CHEMICAL COMPOSITION, CLAY MINERALS, CLAYSTONE, COLORADO, CRETACEOUS, 

EXTINCTION, GOETHITE, ILLITE, INDICATORS, IRIDIUM, JAROSITE, 

K/AR, KAOLINITE, LOWER PALEOCENE, MANSON STRUCTURE, 

MESOZOIC, METALS, METAMORPHISM, MIXED-LAYER MINERALS, 

MONTANA, NEW MEXICO, OXIDES, PALEOCENE, PALEOGENE, 

PLATINUM GROUP, RATON BASIN, SHEET SILICATES, SHOCK 

METAMORPHISM, SILICATES, SMECTITE, SPHERULES, STRATIGRAPHY,, ANOMALIES, SULFATES, TERTIARY, THICKNESS, UPPER 

CRETACEOUS, WYOMING]

Johnson, E.A., and Brownfi eld, M.E., 1986, A regionally extensive 

altered air-fall ash for use in correlation of lithofacies in the Upper 

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Johnson, E.A., and Brownfi eld, M.E., 1988, Regional correlation of 

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analysis for 10 holes drilled during 1981 in the western part of the 

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Open-File Report 85-0037, 72 p. [BOREHOLES, COLORADO, CORES, 

CRETACEOUS, ECONOMIC GEOLOGY, EXPLORATION, INTERPRETATION, MESOZOIC, MOFFAT COUNTY, SECTIONS, THICKNESS, 

UPPER CRETACEOUS, WELL LOGGING, WILLIAMS FORK FORMATION, YAMPA COAL FIELD. N401500 N410000 W1072500 W1081500]

Johnson, E.A., and Hook, J.L., 1985b, Geophysical logs for 34 holes 

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127 p. [BOREHOLES, COLORADO, CORES, CRETACEOUS, ECONOMIC GEOLOGY, EXPLORATION, INTERPRETATION, MESOZOIC, 

MOFFAT COUNTY, ROUTT COUNTY, SECTIONS, THICKNESS, UPPER 

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CRETACEOUS, ECONOMIC GEOLOGY, FUEL-RESOURCES, GENESIS, 

HEAT FLOW, INTRUSIONS, MESAVERDE GROUP, MESOZOIC, NATURAL GAS, OLIGOCENE, PALEOGENE, PETROLEUM, PICEANCE 

CREEK BASIN, REFLECTANCE, SEDIMENTARY PETROLOGY, STRUCTURAL GEOLOGY, CENOZOIC, STRUCTURAL-GEOLOGY, TECTONOPHYSICS, TERTIARY, THERMAL HISTORY, THERMAL REGIME, 

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FOLDS, GENESIS, GEOTHERMAL GRADIENT, LARAMIDE-OROGENY, 

MARINE ENVIRONMENT, MESAVERDE GROUP, MESOZOIC, NATURAL GAS, PALEOGENE, PETROLEUM, PICEANCE CREEK BASIN, 

RANK, RESERVOIR ROCKS, SANDSTONE, STRUCTURAL TRAPS, 

STRUCTURAL-GEOLOGY, TERTIARY, THERMAL HISTORY, TRAPS, 

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DUCHESNE RIVER, EASTERN UTAH, EOCENE, FORT UNION FORMATION, FRONTIER FORMATION, GEOLOGIC MAPS, GEOTHERMAL GRADIENT, GRAPHIC METHODS, GREEN RIVER FORMATION, 

HEAT FLOW, LARAMIDE-OROGENY, MACERALS, MANCOS SHALE, 

MAPS, MESAVERDE GROUP, MESOZOIC, MOWRY SHALE, NORTH 

HORN FORMATION, PALEOGENE, PICEANCE CREEK BASIN, 

REFLECTANCE, SEDIMENTARY BASINS, SITE LOCATION MAPS, 

STRUCTURAL GEOLOGY, BASINS, TERTIARY, UINTA BASIN, UINTA 

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FORT UNION FORMATION, GEOCHEMISTRY, GREEN RIVER FORMATION, ISOTOPES, JURASSIC, KEROGEN, MANCOS SHALE, MARINE 

ENVIRONMENT, MESOZOIC, MIGRATION, MORRISON FORMATION, NATURAL GAS, NORTHWESTERN-COLORADO, OCCURRENCE, ORGANIC MATERIALS, PALEOGENE, PALEOZOIC, PETROLEUM, PICEANCE CREEK BASIN, PRODUCTION, RESERVOIR 

ROCKS, SANDSTONE, SOURCE ROCKS, STABLE-ISOTOPES, 

TERTIARY, THERMAL-MATURITY, UPPER CRETACEOUS, UPPER 

Quality Characterization of Cretaceous Coal from the Colorado Plateau Coal Assessment Area G79
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Johnson, R.C., Clark, A.C., and Szmajter, R.J., 1993, Cleat development 

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Metzger, W.J., and Godwin, L.H., eds., Wyoming Geological Association special symposium on oil and gas and other resources of the 

Wind River basin, Wyoming, Casper, WY, United States, Wyoming 

Geological Association, p. 257–269. [ANTICLINES, BOREHOLES, 

CLEATS, CRETACEOUS, FOLDS, FRACTURES, FREMONT COUNTY 

WYOMING, HOT SPRINGS COUNTY WYOMING, INDIAN RESERVATIONS, MACERALS, MESAVERDE GROUP, MESOZOIC, OUTCROPS, PERMEABILITY, PILOT BUTTE, PRODUCTION, REFLECTANCE, UPPER CRETACEOUS, VITRINITE, WEATHERING, WIND 

RIVER INDIAN RESERVATION, WYOMING]

Johnson, R.C., Clark, A.C., Barker, C.E., Crysdale, B.L., Higley, D.K., 

Szmajter, R.J., and Finn, T.M., 1993, Coalbed methane potential of 

the Upper Cretaceous Mesaverde and Meeteetse formations, Wind 

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Godwin, L.H., eds., Wyoming Geological Association special symposium on oil and gas and other resources of the Wind River 

basin, Wyoming, Casper, WY, United States, Wyoming Geological 

Association, p. 215–242. [BARQUIN MINE, COALBED METHANE, 

CORES, CRETACEOUS, CUTTINGS, DESORPTION, DRILLING, ECONOMIC GEOLOGY, FREMONT COUNTY WYOMING, HOT SPRINGS 

COUNTY WYOMING, HUDSON WYOMING, INDIAN RESERVATIONS, MEETEETSE FORMATION, MESAVERDE GROUP, MESOZOIC, NATURAL GAS, NORTH FORK SYNCLINE, PETROLEUM, 

PILOT BUTTE, POSSIBILITIES, PROXIMATE ANALYSIS, RANK, 

RESOURCES, SANDSTONE, SHOTGUN BUTTE, THICKNESS, ULTIMATE ANALYSIS, UPPER CRETACEOUS, WELTON MINE, WIND 

RIVER BASIN, WIND RIVER INDIAN RESERVATION, WYOMING. 

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COLORADO PLATEAU, CRETACEOUS, DISCHARGE, FRUITLAND 

FORMATION, GROUND WATER, HYDROCHEMISTRY, HYDROGEOLOGIC MAPS, HYDROGEOLOGY, HYDROGEOLOGY AND HYDROLOGY, KIRTLAND SHALE, LA PLATA COUNTY COLORADO, MAPS, 

MCKINLEY COUNTY NEW MEXICO, MESOZOIC, MONTEZUMA 

COUNTY COLORADO, NEW MEXICO, NORTHEASTERN ARIZONA, 

NORTHWESTERN NEW MEXICO, RIO ARRIBA COUNTY NEW 

MEXICO, SAN JUAN BASIN, SAN JUAN COUNTY NEW MEXICO, 

SAN JUAN COUNTY UTAH, SANDOVAL COUNTY NEW MEXICO, 

SOUTHEASTERN UTAH, SOUTHWESTERN COLORADO, STRATIGRAPHY,, APACHE COUNTY ARIZONA, SURVEYS, THICKNESS, 

UPPER CRETACEOUS, UTAH]

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OC-0130. [BRUSHY BASIN SHALE MEMBER, CORRELATION, CRETACEOUS, CYCLIC PROCESSES, DAKOTA FORMATION, DEPOSITION, ENVIRONMENTAL-ANALYSIS, INTERPRETATION, JURASSIC, 

MARIANO LAKE-LAKE VALLEY DRILLING PROJECT, MARINE 

ENVIRONMENT, MESOZOIC, METAL ORES, MORRISON FORMATION, NEW MEXICO, NORTHWESTERN NEW MEXICO, PALEOGEOGRAPHY, PETROLEUM, RECAPTURE MEMBER, SEDIMENTATION, STRATIGRAPHY,, BOREHOLES, TERRESTRIAL-ENVIRONMENT, UPPER JURASSIC, URANIUM ORES, WESTWATER CANYON 

SANDSTONE MEMBER]

Kirschbaum, M.A., 1985, Stratigraphic cross section showing depositional environments of Upper Cretaceous and Paleocene Coalbearing rocks in the Kappes Canyon quadrangle, Sweetwater 

County, Wyoming: U.S. Geological Survey Miscellaneous Field 

Studies Map MF-1769. [CENOZOIC, CRETACEOUS, DEPOSITION, 

ECONOMIC GEOLOGY, KAPPES CANYON QUADRANGLE, MESOZOIC, PALEOCENE, PALEOENVIRONMENT, PALEOGENE, SECTIONS, SEDIMENTATION, STRATIGRAPHY, SWEETWATER COUNTY, 

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Geological Survey Circular 1060, p. 42. [CRETACEOUS, CYCLIC 

PROCESSES, DAKOTA FORMATION, EMERY COUNTY UTAH, FLUVIAL ENVIRONMENT, GARFIELD COUNTY UTAH, KAIPAROWITSPLATEAU, KANE COUNTY UTAH, MESOZOIC, PLANAR BEDDING 

STRUCTURES, SAN RAFAEL SWELL, SAND BODIES, SANDSTONE, 

SEDIMENTARY PETROLOGY, SEDIMENTARY STRUCTURES, SEDIMENTATION, SOUTH CENTRAL UTAH, TRANSGRESSION, UTAH]

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CRETACEOUS, DAKOTA FORMATION, DEPOSITION, ENVIRONMENT, FLUVIAL ENVIRONMENT, FLUVIAL-SEDIMENTATION, FORELAND-BASINS, GEOMORPHOLOGIC CONTROLS, LITHOFACIES, 

MESOZOIC, RELIEF, SEDIMENTARY PETROLOGY, SEDIMENTATION, 

SOUTHERN UTAH, UTAH]

Kirschbaum, M.A., Roberts, L.N., and McCabe, P.J., 1992, Major 

controls on accumulation of Upper Cretaceous coals in North 

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MESOZOIC, NORTH AMERICA, PALEOCLIMATOLOGY, PALEOGEOGRAPHIC CONTROLS, SUBSIDENCE, UPPER CRETACEOUS, WYOMING]

Kirschbaum, M.A., Roberts, L.N.R., and McCabe, P.J., 1991, Controls 

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Canyon area, in Shomaker, J.W., Beaumont, E.C., and Kottlowski, 

F.E., eds. Strippable low -sulfur coal resources of the San Juan 

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G80 Geologic Assessment of Coal in the Colorado Plateau: Arizona, Colorado, New Mexico, and Utah
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Landis, E.R., Dane, C.H., and Cobban, W.A., 1973b, Stratigraphic terminology of the Dakota Sandstone and Mancos Shale, west-central New Mexico: U.S. Geological Survey Bulletin 1372-J, J1–J44 

p. [BERNALILLO COUNTY, CRETACEOUS, DAKOTA FORMATION, 

MANCOS SHALE, MCKINLEY COUNTY, MESOZOIC, NEW MEXICO, 

SANDORAL COUNTY, SOCORRO COUNTY, STRATIGRAPHY, VALENCIA COUNTY]

Landis, E.R., Dane, C.H., and Cobban, W.A., 1974, Cretaceous rocks 

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ARCHULETA COUNTY COLORADO, HEAT FLOW, LA PLATA COUNTY 

COLORADO, MACERALS, MESOZOIC, NEW MEXICO, NORTHWESTERN NEW MEXICO, REFLECTANCE, SAN JUAN BASIN, SAN JUAN 

COUNTY NEW MEXICO, SOUTHWESTERN COLORADO, TECTONOPHYSICS, THERMAL HISTORY, THERMAL-MATURITY, UPPER CRETACEOUS, VITRINITE]

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LA PLATA COUNTY COLORADO, MACERALS, MESOZOIC, NATURAL 

GAS, NEW MEXICO, NORTH AMERICA, NORTHWESTERN NEW 

MEXICO, PETROLEUM, REFLECTANCE, RESERVOIR ROCKS, RIO 

ARRIBA COUNTY NEW MEXICO, ROCKY MOUNTAINS, SAN JUAN 

BASIN, SAN JUAN COUNTY NEW MEXICO, SANDOVAL COUNTY 

NEW MEXICO, SHALE, SOUTHWESTERN COLORADO, TERTIARY, 

THERMAL HISTORY, VITRINITE, WELL LOGGING]

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ECONOMIC GEOLOGY, LIGNITE, MACERALS, MESOZOIC, NATURAL 

GAS, NORTH AMERICA, OUTCROPS, PERMEABILITY, PETROLEUM, 

RANK, REFLECTANCE, ROCKY MOUNTAINS, TERTIARY, VITRINITE, 

VOLATILES]

Law, B.E., and Nuccio, V.F., 1986, Segmented vitrinite refl ectance profi le from the Deep Seam Project, Piceance Creek basin, Colorado; 

evidence of previous high pore pressure: American Association of 

Petroleum Geologists Bulletin, v. 70, no. 8, p. 1047. [CENOZOIC, COLORADO, CRETACEOUS, ECONOMIC GEOLOGY, ENERGY SOURCES, 

GENESIS, GEOPRESSURE, GEOTHERMAL GRADIENT, MACERALS, 

MESAVERDE GROUP, MESOZOIC, NATURAL GAS, NORTH AMERICA, PETROLEUM, PICEANCE CREEK BASIN, REFLECTANCE, ROCKY 

MOUNTAINS, TERTIARY, THERMAL HISTORY, UPPER CRETACEOUS, VITRINITE]

Law, B.E., Anders, D.E., and Michael, G.E., 1990, Use of Rock-Eval 

pyrolysis and vitrinite refl ectance data in characterizing type and 

maturity of organic matter in coal, Upper Cretaceous Fruitland Formation, San Juan Basin, New Mexico and Colorado: American 

Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin, v. 74, no. 8, p. 

1333. [COLORADO, CRETACEOUS, ENERGY SOURCES, FRUITLAND 

FORMATION, GENESIS, GEOCHEMISTRY, HYDROGEN, MACERALS, 

MESOZOIC, NATURAL GAS, NEW MEXICO, ORGANIC MATERIALS, 

OXYGEN, PETROLEUM, PYROLYSIS, REFLECTANCE, ROCK-EVAL, 

SAN JUAN BASIN, TEMPERATURE, THERMAL-MATURITY, UPPER 

CRETACEOUS, VITRINITE]

Law, B.E., Nuccio, V.F., and Stanton, R.W., 1989, Evaluation of sourcerock characteristics, thermal maturation and pressure history, 

of the Upper Cretaceous Cameo coal zone, Deep Seam Well, 

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methane symposium, Proceedings—Coalbed Methane Symposium, 

p. 341–353. [ALKANES, CAMEO ZONE, COLORADO, CRETACEOUS, 

DEEP SEAM WELL, ECONOMIC GEOLOGY, EVALUATION, HYDROCARBONS, MESOZOIC, METHANE, NATURAL GAS, NORTHWESTERN-COLORADO, ORGANIC MATERIALS, PALEOTEMPERATURE, 

PETROGRAPHY, PETROLEUM, PICEANCE CREEK BASIN, PRESSURE, SOURCE ROCKS, THERMAL-MATURITY, UPPER CRETACEOUS]

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p. [BASINS, BIG MOUNTAIN UNIT, CAMPANIAN, CENOZOIC, 

CENTRAL UTAH, COAL CANYON UNIT, CONGLOMERATE, CRETACEOUS, CROSS SECTIONS, EOCENE, FAULTS, FLAGSTAFF FORMATION, FLUVIAL ENVIRONMENT, GEOLOGIC MAPS, JUAB 

COUNTY UTAH, LACUSTRINE-ENVIRONMENT, LITHOSTRATIGRAPHY, LOWER EOCENE, MAPS, MESOZOIC, NOMENCLATURE, 

NORTH HORN FORMATION, OROGENY, PALEOCENE, PALEOGENE, 

PALEOGEOGRAPHY, RED-BEDS, SAN PITCH MOUNTAINS, SANPETE COUNTY UTAH, SANPETE VALLEY, SEDIMENTARY BASINS, 

SEDIMENTATION, SENONIAN, SEVIER OROGENIC BELT, STRATIGRAPHY, STRUCTURAL-GEOLOGY, TECTONIC CONTROLS, TERRESTRIAL-ENVIRONMENT, TERTIARY, THRUST-FAULTS, UPPER CAMPANIAN, UPPER CRETACEOUS, UTAH, WALES TONGUE. N391500 

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COLORADO, ARIZONA, BERNALILLO COUNTY NEW MEXICO, 

CIBOLA COUNTY NEW MEXICO, COLORADO, CONDUCTIVITY, CRETACEOUS, GROUND WATER, HYDROGEOLOGIC MAPS, HYDROGEOLOGY, HYDROGEOLOGY AND HYDROLOGY. APACHE COUNTY ARIQuality Characterization of Cretaceous Coal from the Colorado Plateau Coal Assessment Area G81
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NEW MEXICO, MENEFEE FORMATION, MESOZOIC, MONTEZUMA 

COUNTY COLORADO, MOVEMENT, NEW MEXICO, NORTHEASTERN ARIZONA, NORTHWESTERN NEW MEXICO, RIO ARRIBA 

COUNTY NEW MEXICO, SAN JUAN BASIN, SAN JUAN COUNTY 

NEW MEXICO, SAN JUAN COUNTY UTAH, SANDOVAL COUNTY 

NEW MEXICO, SOUTHEASTERN UTAH, SOUTHWESTERN COLORADO, SURVEYS, TRANSMISSIVITY, UPPER CRETACEOUS, UTAH, 

VALENCIA COUNTY NEW MEXICO, WATER QUALITY, WATERWELLS, WELLS. N344500 N374500 W1063000 W1093000]

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126 p. [CASTLE VALLEY, CRETACEOUS, DATA PROCESSING, DIGITAL SIMULATION, EMERY COAL FIELD, EMERY COUNTY, 

ENVIRONMENTAL-GEOLOGY, FERRON SANDSTONE MEMBER, 

GROUND WATER, HYDROGEOLOGIC MAPS, HYDROGEOLOGY 

AND HYDROLOGY. AQUIFERS, IMPACT STATEMENTS, MANCOS 

SHALE, MAPS, MESOZOIC, MINING, SANDSTONE, SURFACE-MINING, SURVEYS, TRANSMISSIVITY, UPPER CRETACEOUS, UTAH, 

WATER RESOURCES, WATER SUPPLY. N383000 N394500 W1102000 

W1114500, WATER QUALITY]

Lines, G.C., and Morrissey, D.J., 1983, Hydrology of the Ferron Sandstone aquifer and effects of proposed surface coal mining in Castle 

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HYDROGEOLOGY, HYDROGEOLOGY AND HYDROLOGY. AQUIFERS, 

IMPACT STATEMENTS, LEACHING, MANCOS SHALE, MAPS, 

MESOZOIC, MINING, POTENTIOMETRIC SURFACE, SANDSTONE, 

SEVIER COUNTY, STRATIGRAPHY, STRUCTURE CONTOUR MAPS, 

SURFACE-MINING, SURVEYS, THREE-DIMENSIONAL MODELS, 

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MEMBER, SANDSTONE, SECTIONS, SEDIMENTARY STRUCTURES, 

SEDIMENTATION, STRATIGRAPHY, TROUT CREEK SANDSTONE 

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PETROLEUM, POWDER RIVER BASIN, POWDER RIVER COUNTY, 

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MESOZOIC, PALEOENVIRONMENT, SANDSTONE, SEDIMENTARY 

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CANYON FORMATION, DELTAIC ENVIRONMENT, ENVIRONMENT, 

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MESOZOIC, MOLLUSKS, NEW MEXICO, PALEOECOLOGY, PALEOGEOGRAPHY, PALUDAL ENVIRONMENT, POINT LOOKOUT SANDSTONE, PROGRADATION, SEDIMENTATION, SENONIAN, STAR 

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PALEOCLIMATOLOGY, PALEOHYDROLOGY, SANDSTONE, SEASONAL VARIATIONS, SEDIMENTATION, SENONIAN, SOUTHERN 

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HILLIARD SHALE, INVERTEBRATES, MESOZOIC, MOLLUSKS, 

MOWRY SHALE, MOXA ARCH, NORTH AMERICA, OYSTER 

RIDGE SANDSTONE MEMBER, PETROLEUM, ROCKY MOUNTAINS, 

SOUTHWESTERN WYOMING, STRATIGRAPHY,, ALLEN HOLLOW 

SHALE , U.S. ROCKY MEMBER, MOUNTAINS, UINTA-MOUNTAINS, 

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FORMATION, MAPS, MESOZOIC, MINERAL ASSESSMENT, MINERAL RESOURCES, PALEOCENE, PALEOGENE, PROGRAMS, ROCK 

SPRINGS UPLIFT, SAND DUNES WILDERNESS STUDY AREA, 

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MACERALS, MESOZOIC, METHYLPHENANTHRENE, MIGRATION, 

NEW MEXICO, ORGANIC MATERIALS, PETROLEUM, PHYTANE, 

PRISTANE, PYROLYSIS, REFLECTANCE, ROCK-EVAL, SAN JUAN 

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NEW MEXICO, NORTHWESTERN NEW MEXICO, ORGANIC MATERIALS, SAN JUAN BASIN, SAN JUAN COUNTY NEW MEXICO, 

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NEW MEXICO, NOMENCLATURE, REVISION, SAN JUAN BASIN, 

SAN JUAN COUNTY, STRATIGRAPHY,, ALLISON MEMBER, TYPE 

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INDIAN RESERVATIONS, LA VIDA MISSION QUADRANGLE, LANDFORM-DESCRIPTION, MAPS, MAPS AND CHARTS, AREAL GEOLOGY, MCKINLEY COUNTY NEW MEXICO, MENEFEE FORMATION, 

MESOZOIC, NATIONAL PARKS, NEW MEXICO, NORTHWESTERN 

NEW MEXICO, PALEOZOIC, PETROLEUM, SAN JUAN COUNTY 

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LEWIS SHALE, LITHOSTRATIGRAPHY, MANCOS SHALE, MENEFEE 

FORMATION, MESOZOIC, NATURAL GAS, PETROLEUM, PICTURE 

CLIFFS SANDSTONE, POINT LOOKOUT SANDSTONE, SAN JUAN 

BASIN, SANDSTONE, SECTIONS, SOUTHERN UTE INDIAN RESERVATION, SOUTHWESTERN COLORADO, STRATIGRAPHY,, ARCHULETA COUNTY COLORADO, TERTIARY, UPPER CRETACEOUS]

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MEXICO, CIBOLA COUNTY NEW MEXICO, CRETACEOUS, DAKOTA 

FORMATION, GEOCHEMISTRY, GROUND WATER, HYDROCHEMISTRY, HYDROGEOLOGY AND HYDROLOGY, HYDROLOGY, IMPACT 

STATEMENTS, LEVELS, LIMNOLOGY, MESAVERDE GROUP, MESOZOIC, MINING, MORENO HILL FORMATION, NEW MEXICO. 

N341000 N344500 W1082000 W1095000, NEW MEXICO, SALT 

LAKES, SALT-WATER INTRUSION, SAN AUGUSTINE COAL AREA, 

SPRINGS, SURFACE WATER, SURFACE-MINING, UPPER CRETACEOUS]

Mytton, J.W., 1979, Preliminary geologic map of Chaco Canyon 1 

degrees by 1/2 degrees quadrangle, showing coal zones of Fruitland Formation, San Juan, Rio Arriba, and Sandoval counties, New 

Mexico: U.S. Geological Survey Miscellaneous Field Studies Map 

MF-1104, scale 1:100,000. [CHACO CANYON QUADRANGLE, CRETACEOUS, ECONOMIC GEOLOGY MAPS, ECONOMIC GEOLOGY, 

FRUITLAND FORMATION, GEOLOGIC MAPS, MAPS, MESOZOIC, 

NEW MEXICO, NORTH AMERICA, RIO ARRIBA COUNTY, ROCKY 

MOUNTAINS, SAN JUAN BASIN, SAN JUAN COUNTY, SANDOVAL 

COUNTY, STRATIGRAPHY, UPPER CRETACEOUS. N360000 N363000 

W1070000 W1080000]

Mytton, J.W., 1982, Stratigraphic relations in Upper Cretaceous rocks 

of the Chaco area, New Mexico, in Geological Survey research 

1982, U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1375, p. 19. 

[CHACO CULTURE NATIONAL HISTORICAL PARK, CHACO MESA 

QUADRANGLE, CHACO REGION, CHACRA MESA QUADRANGLE, 

CLIFF HOUSE SANDSTONE, CRETACEOUS, ECONOMIC GEOLOGY, 

MENEFEE FORMATION, MESOZOIC, NEW MEXICO, STRATIGRAPHY, UPPER CRETACEOUS]

Mytton, J.W., 1983, Geologic map of the Chaco Canyon 30’ by 

60’ quadrangle, showing coal zones of Fruitland Formation, San 

Juan, Rio Arriba, and Sandoval counties, New Mexico: U.S. Geological Survey Coal Investigations Map C-0092-A, scale 1:100,000. 

[AREAL GEOLOGY, MAPS AND CHARTS, CHACO CANYON QUADRANGLE, CRETACEOUS, ECONOMIC GEOLOGY, FRUITLAND FORMATION, GEOLOGIC MAPS, MAPS, MESOZOIC, NEW MEXICO, 

RIO ARRIBA COUNTY, SAN JUAN COUNTY, SANDOVAL COUNTY, 

UPPER CRETACEOUS. N360000 N363000 W1070000 W1080000]

Nichols, D.J., 1990, Geologic and biostratigraphic framework of 

the non-marine Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary interval in western 

North America, in Truswell, E.M., and Owen, J.A., eds., The proceedings of the 7th international palynological congress; Part 

II, Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology 65(1-4), p. 75–84. 

[BIOSTRATIGRAPHY, BOUNDARY, CENOZOIC, COAL VALLEY, CRETACEOUS, FRENCHMAN VALLEY, HELL CREEK, LANCE CREEK, 

MESOZOIC, MICROFOSSILS, MONTANA, MORGAN CREEK, NEW 

MEXICO, NORTH DAKOTA, NORTH AMERICA, PALEOGENE, PALYNOMORPHS, PYRAMID BUTTE, RATON BASIN, RED DEER VALLEY, 

SASKATCHEWAN, STRATIGRAPHY, ALBERTA, TERRESTRIAL-ENVIRONMENT, TERTIARY, UPPER CRETACEOUS, WESTERN NORTH 

AMERICA, WYOMING]

Nuccio, V.F., and Johnson, R.C., 1983, Preliminary thermal-maturity 

map of the Cameo and Fairfi eld or equivalent coal zone in the 

Piceance Creek basin, Colorado: U.S. Geological Survey Miscellaneous Field Studies Map MF-1575, scale 1:253,440. [CAMEO 

MEMBER, COLORADO, CRETACEOUS, DELTA COUNTY, ECONOMIC 

GEOLOGY, FAIRFIELD MEMBER, GARFIELD COUNTY, GUNNISON 

COUNTY, MAPS, MESA COUNTY, MESOZOIC, MOFFATT COUNTY, 

PICEANCE CREEK BASIN, PITKIN-COUNTY, PRICE RIVER FORMATION, RIO BLANCO COUNTY, ROUTT COUNTY, THERMAL HISTORY, 

THERMAL-ALTERATION, UPPER CRETACEOUS. N384500 N403000 

W1071500 W1083000]

Nuccio, V.F., and Johnson, R.C., 1984, Thermal maturation and burial 

history of the Upper Cretaceous Mesaverde Group, including the 

Multiwell Experiment (MWX), Piceance Creek basin, Colorado, in 

Spencer, C.W., and Keighin, C.W., eds., Geologic studies in support 

of the U.S. Department of Energy Multiwell Experiment, Garfi eld 

County, Colorado, U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 84-0757, 

p. 102-109. [ALTERATION, BURIAL DIAGENESIS, COALIFICATION, 

COLORADO, CRETACEOUS, DIAGENESIS, ECONOMIC GEOLOGY, 

GARFIELD COUNTY, GAS SANDS, GEOLOGIC THERMOMETRY, 

GEOPHYSICAL SURVEYS, GEOTHERMAL GRADIENT, HEAT FLOW, 

MACERALS, MESAVERDE GROUP, MESOZOIC, MWX SITE, NATURAL GAS, ORGANIC MATERIALS, PERMEABILITY, PETROLEUM, 

PICEANCE CREEK BASIN, RESERVOIR PROPERTIES, RESERVOIR 

ROCKS, SURVEYS, THERMAL HISTORY, THERMAL-ALTERATION, 

TIGHT GAS, UPPER CRETACEOUS, VITRINITE, WELL LOGGING. 

N392500 N393500 W1075000 W1080000]

Nuccio, V.F., and Johnson, R.C., 1989, Thermal history of selected 

coal beds in the Upper Cretaceous Mesaverde Group and Tertiary 

Wasatch Formation, Multiwell Experiment site, Colorado, in relation 

to hydrocarbon generation, in Law, B.E., and Spencer, C.W., eds., 

Geology of tight gas reservoirs in the Pinedale Anticline area, Wyoming, and at the Multiwell Experiment site, Colorado, U.S. Geological Survey Bulletin 1886, p. L1–L8. [CENOZOIC, COLORADO, CRETACEOUS, DOWNHOLE METHODS, GARFIELD COUNTY COLORADO, 

GEOPHYSICAL SURVEYS, GEOTHERMAL GRADIENT, HEAT FLOW, 

MESAVERDE GROUP, MESOZOIC, MULTIWELL EXPERIMENT, NATURAL GAS, NORTHWESTERN-COLORADO, PALEOGENE, PETROLEUM, PICEANCE CREEK BASIN, RESERVOIR ROCKS, SURVEYS, 

TEMPERATURE LOGGING, TERTIARY, THERMAL HISTORY, TIGHT 

SANDS, UPPER CRETACEOUS, WASATCH FORMATION, WELL LOGGING. N392100 N400500 W1070000 W1090400]

Olson, A., 1982, Coal resources of the Canoncito Indian Reservation, 

New Mexico, in Geological Survey research 1982, U.S. Geological 

Survey Professional Paper 1375, p. 21. [CANONCITO INDIAN 

RESERVATION, CRETACEOUS, CREVASSE CANYON FORMATION, 

DALTON SANDSTONE MEMBER, ECONOMIC GEOLOGY, GIBSON 

COAL MEMBER, MENEFEE FORMATION, MESOZOIC, NEW 

MEXICO, POINT LOOKOUT SANDSTONE, RESOURCES, SAN JUAN 

BASIN, SAN YSIDRO MONOCLINE, UPPER CRETACEOUS]

Osterwald, F.W., Maberry, J.O., and Dunrud, C.R., 1981, Bedrock, surfi -

cial, and economic geology of the Sunnyside coal-mining district, 

Carbon and Emery counties, Utah: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1166, 68 p. [BITUMENS, BITUMINOUS COAL, CARBON 

COUNTY, CENOZOIC, CLEAVAGE, CRETACEOUS, DEFORMATION, 

DELTAIC ENVIRONMENT, DELTAIC-SEDIMENTATION, ECONOMIC 

GEOLOGY, EMERY COUNTY, ENVIRONMENT, FAULTS, FOSSIL MAN, 

FRACTURES, GEOMORPHOLOGY, GYPSUM DEPOSITS, INTERPRETATION, JOINTS, LANDFORM-DESCRIPTION, MESOZOIC, MINING-GEOLOGY, NATURAL GAS, OCCURRENCE, ORGANIC MATERIALS, PETROLEUM, PRODUCTION CONTROL, QUATERNARY, SEDIMENTATION, STRESS, STRUCTURAL-ANALYSIS, STYLE, SUNNYSIDE DISTRICT, SURFICIAL GEOLOGY, UPPER CRETACEOUS, UTAH. 

N391500 N394500 W1100000 W1110000]

Quality Characterization of Cretaceous Coal from the Colorado Plateau Coal Assessment Area G85
O’Sullivan, R.B., 1980, Measured stratigraphic sections of the upper 

coal-bearing part of the Cretaceous Menefee Formation in the Kin 

Klishin Ruins quadrangle of northwestern New Mexico: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 80-0184, 34 p. [CRETACEOUS, ECONOMIC GEOLOGY, KIN KLISHIN RUINS QUADRANGLE, MENEFEE 

FORMATION, MESOZOIC, NEW MEXICO, SECTIONS, STRATIGRAPHY, UPPER CRETACEOUS. N350000 N370000 W1070000 W1090500]

Parrish, J.T., and McCabe, P.J., 1988, Controls on the distribution 

of Cretaceous coals; an overview: Geological Society of America 

Abstracts with Programs, v. 20, no. 7, p. 27. [CONTROLS, CRETACEOUS, GENESIS, GLOBAL, MESOZOIC, PALEOCLIMATOLOGY]

Pawlewicz, M.J., 1984, Seam profi ling of three Coals from the Upper 

Cretaceous Menefee Formation near Durango, Colorado: Geological Society of America Abstracts with Programs, v. 16, no. 

4, p. 250. [COLORADO, CRETACEOUS, DURANGO, ENVIRONMENT, 

GROUND WATER, MACERALS, MENEFEE FORMATION, MESOZOIC, 

PEAT, PETROGRAPHY, SEDIMENTARY PETROLOGY, SEDIMENTATION, SEDIMENTS, TERRESTRIAL-ENVIRONMENT, UPPER CRETACEOUS, VITRINITE, WATER TABLE, WEATHERING]

Pawlewicz, M.J., 1985, Seam profi ling of three Coals from Upper Cretaceous Menefee Formation near Durango, Colorado: American 

Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin, v. 69, no. 5, p. 

858. [COLORADO, CRETACEOUS, DURANGO REGION, ECONOMIC 

GEOLOGY, ENVIRONMENT, GEOCHEMICAL PROFILES, LA PLATA 

COUNTY, MACERALS, MENEFEE FORMATION, MESOZOIC, MINING-GEOLOGY, PETROGRAPHY, PRODUCTION CONTROL, SEDIMENTATION, SOUTHWESTERN COLORADO, TERRESTRIAL-ENVIRONMENT, UPPER CRETACEOUS. N371000 N372000 W1074500 

W1080000]

Pawlewicz, M.J., 1988, Microlithotype analysis of three coals from 

the Upper Cretaceous Menefee Formation near Durango, Colorado, 

in Fassett, J.E., ed., Geology and coal-bed methane resources 

of the northern San Juan Basin, Colorado and New Mexico, 

Publisher: Rocky Mt. Assoc. Geol., Denver, CO, United States, 

p. 81–89. [COLORADO, CRETACEOUS, DELTAIC ENVIRONMENT, 

DURANGO, EXINITE, FRUITLAND FORMATION, FUSINITE, GROUND 

WATER, INERTINITE, LIPTINITE, MACERALS, MENEFEE FORMATION, MESOZOIC, MICROLITHOTYPE ANALYSIS, OXIDATION, 

PALEOECOLOGY, PALUDAL ENVIRONMENT, PETROGRAPHY, SAN 

JUAN BASIN, SEDIMENTARY PETROLOGY, SMELTER MOUNTAIN, 

SUBSIDENCE, TERRESTRIAL-ENVIRONMENT, UPPER CRETACEOUS, VITRINITE]

Pawlewicz, M.J., and Nuccio, V.F., 1991, Vitrinite refl ectance study of 

the Upper Cretaceous Fruitland Formation, San Juan Basin, New 

Mexico: American Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin, 

v. 75, no. 6, p. 1136. [ALKANES, ANOMALIES, CRETACEOUS, 

ECONOMIC GEOLOGY, FAULTS, FRACTURES, FRUITLAND FORMATION, HEAT FLOW, HYDROCARBONS, MACERALS, MESOZOIC, 

METHANE, NATURAL GAS, NEW MEXICO, ORGANIC MATERIALS, 

PATTERNS, PETROLEUM, POSSIBILITIES, PRODUCTION, REFLECTANCE, SAN JUAN BASIN, THERMAL-MATURITY, UPPER CRETACEOUS, VITRINITE, WELLS]

Pawlewicz, M.J., Nuccio, V.F., and Fassett, J.E., 1991, Vitrinite 

refl ectance values of coal from drill-hole cuttings, San Juan 

Basin, New Mexico: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 

91-0302, 10 p. [CRETACEOUS, CUTTINGS, ECONOMIC GEOLOGY, 

ENERGY SOURCES, FRUITLAND FORMATION, MACERALS, MENEFEE FORMATION, MESOZOIC, NEW MEXICO, NORTHWESTERN 

NEW MEXICO, REFLECTANCE, SAN JUAN BASIN, SAN JUAN 

COUNTY NEW MEXICO, UPPER CRETACEOUS, VITRINITE, WELL 

LOGGING]

Peirce, H.W., Keith, S.B., and Wilt, J.C., 1970, Coal, Oil, Natural Gas, 

Helium, and Uranium in Arizona: The Arizona Bureau of Mines Bulletin 182, 289 p. [CHEMISTRY, COAL QUALITY]

Pierce, B.S., Stanton, R.W., and Cecil, C.B., 1989, Coal quality characteristics of the Blind Canyon coal bed, Utah, source of the Argonne 

6 premium sample: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 

89-0634, 28 p. [ARGONNE NATIONAL LABORATORY, ARGONNE 

NO. 6 SAMPLE, BLACKHAWK FORMATION, BLIND CANYON COAL 

BED, CENTRAL UTAH, CHEMICAL COMPOSITION, COAL-QUALITY, 

CRETACEOUS, ECONOMIC GEOLOGY, EMERY COUNTY UTAH, EXINITE, LIPTINITE, MACERALS, MESAVERDE GROUP, MESOZOIC, PROGRAMS, RANK, RESINITE, SULFUR, UPPER CRETACEOUS, UTAH, 

WASATCH PLATEAU. N383000 N394500 W1100000 W1112000]

Pierce, F.W., Johnson, E.A., Molnia, C.L., and Sigleo, W.R., 1990, 

Cross sections showing coal stratigraphy of the southeastern 

Powder River basin, Wyoming: U.S. Geological Survey Miscellaneous Investigations Series Map I-1959-B, scale 1:100,000. (lat 

43 degrees 30’ to 44 degrees, long 105 degrees to 106 degrees; lat 

42 degrees 40’ to 46 degrees, long 104 degrees to 107 

degrees 30’). [CAMPBELL COUNTY WYOMING, CENOZOIC, CONVERSE COUNTY WYOMING, CRETACEOUS, CROOK COUNTY WYOMING, ECONOMIC GEOLOGY, JOHNSON COUNTY WYOMING, 

LITHOSTRATIGRAPHY, MAPS, MESOZOIC, NATRONA COUNTY 

WYOMING, NIOBRARA COUNTY WYOMING, 

NORTHEASTERN-WYOMING, POWDER RIVER BASIN, SECTIONS, 

SHERIDAN COUNTY WYOMING, STRATIGRAPHY, TERTIARY, 

WESTON COUNTY WYOMING, WYOMING. N424000 N460000 

W1040000 W1073000]

Pillmore, C.L., 1991, Geology and coal resources of the Raton coalfi eld, 

in Molnia, C.L., Jobin, D.A., O’Connor, J.T., and Kottlowski, F.E., 

eds., Coalfi elds of New Mexico; geology and resources, U.S. 

Geological Survey Bulletin 1972, p. 45–68. [CENOZOIC, COLFAX 

COUNTY NEW MEXICO, CRETACEOUS, ECONOMIC GEOLOGY, 

ENERGY SOURCES, MESOZOIC, NEW MEXICO, NORTHEASTERN 

NEW MEXICO, PALEOCENE, PALEOGENE, RATON BASIN, RATON 

FORMATION, RESOURCES, TERTIARY, THICKNESS, UPPER CRETACEOUS, VERMEJO FORMATION. N363000 N370000 W1041500 

W1051500]

Pillmore, C.L., and Fleming, R.F., 1990, The Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary in the Raton Basin, New Mexico and Colorado, in Bauer, P.W., 

Lucas, S.G., Mawer, C.K., and McIntosh, W.C., eds., Tectonic development of the southern Sangre de Cristo Mountains, New Mexico, 

Guidebook—New Mexico Geological Society 41, p. 327–331. 

[CENOZOIC, CLAYSTONE, COLORADO, CRETACEOUS, GEOCHEMISTRY, IMPACTS, IRIDIUM, MESOZOIC, METALS, NEW MEXICO, 

NORTH AMERICA, PALEOGENE, PLATINUM GROUP, RATON BASIN, 

ROCKY MOUNTAINS, SANGRE DE CRISTO MOUNTAINS, STRATIGRAPHY,, BOUNDARY, TERTIARY, U.S. ROCKY MOUNTAINS, UPPER 

CRETACEOUS]

Pillmore, C.L., Tschudy, R.H., Orth, C.J., and Gilmore, J.S., 1983, 

Stratigraphy of the Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary in the southern 

Raton Basin, New Mexico and Colorado: Geological Society of 

America Abstracts with Programs, v. 15, no. 5, p. 308. [BOUNDARY, 

CENOZOIC, CLASTIC SEDIMENTS, COLORADO, CRETACEOUS, GEOCHEMISTRY, IRIDIUM, KAOLIN, LOWER TERTIARY, MESOZOIC, 

G86 Geologic Assessment of Coal in the Colorado Plateau: Arizona, Colorado, New Mexico, and Utah
METALS, MICROFOSSILS, MUDSTONE, NEW MEXICO, PALYNOMORPHS, PLATINUM GROUP, PROTEACIDITES, RATON BASIN, 

RATON FORMATION, RATON REGION, SANDSTONE, SEDIMENTS, 

SHALE, SILTSTONE, SOUTHERN RATON BASIN, STRATIGRAPHY,, 

BIOSTRATIGRAPHY, SUGARITE, TERTIARY, TRINIDAD REGION, 

UPPER CRETACEOUS]

Pitman, J.K., Franczyk, K.J., and Anders, D.E., 1986, Marine and nonmarine gas-bearing rocks in Upper Cretaceous Neslen and Blackhawk formations, eastern Uinta Basin, Utah; sedimentology, diagenesis, and source rock potential: American Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin, v. 70, no. 8, p. 1052. [AREAL STUDIES, 

BLACKHAWK FORMATION, CLAY MINERALS, CLAY-MINERALOGY, 

COASTAL ENVIRONMENT, COLORADO PLATEAU, CRETACEOUS, 

DIAGENESIS, ECONOMIC GEOLOGY, EFFECTS, ILLITE, KAOLINITE, 

MESOZOIC, NATURAL GAS, NEARSHORE ENVIRONMENT, NELSEN 

FORMATION, PERMEABILITY, PETROLEUM, POROSITY, RESERVOIR 

ROCKS, SANDSTONE, SHALE, SHEET SILICATES, SILICATES, SILTSTONE, SMECTITE, SOURCE ROCKS, UPPER CRETACEOUS, UTAH]

Pitman, J.K., Franczyk, K.J., and Anders, D.E., 1988, Diagenesis and 

burial history of nonmarine Upper Cretaceous rocks in the 

central Uinta Basin, Utah: U.S. Geological Survey Bulletin 1787-D, 

p. D1–D24. [BASINS, BURIAL DIAGENESIS, CARBON COUNTY, 

CATAGENESIS, CEMENTATION, COMPACTION, CRETACEOUS, DIAGENESIS, DUCHESNE COUNTY, EMERY COUNTY, FARRER FORMATION, FLUVIAL ENVIRONMENT, GEOTHERMAL GRADIENT, 

GRAND COUNTY, HEAT FLOW, MATERIALS, MESOZOIC, NATURAL 

GAS, NORTH AMERICA, NORTHEASTERN-UTAH, PERMEABILITY, 

PETROLEUM, RESERVOIR ROCKS, SANDSTONE, SEDIMENTARY 

BASINS, SEDIMENTARY PETROLOGY, TUSCHER FORMATION, 

UINTA BASIN, UINTAH COUNTY, UPPER CRETACEOUS, UTAH, 

WESTERN INTERIOR. N390000 N410000 W1090500 W1120000]

Pollastro, R.M., and Bohor, B.F., 1991, Origin and genesis of clay minerals at the Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary interval, U.S. Western Interior, in Pevear, D.R., ed., Clay Minerals Society, 28th annual meeting, Program and Abstracts—Annual Clay Minerals Conference 28, 

p. 129. [ASTEROIDS, CENOZOIC, CLAY MINERALS, CRETACEOUS, 

DIAGENESIS, EJECTA, HALLOYSITE, ILLITE, IRIDIUM, K-T BOUNDARY, KAOLINITE, LOWER PALEOCENE, MESOZOIC, METALS, METAMORPHISM, NORTH AMERICA, PALEOCENE, PALEOGENE, PARENT 

BODIES, PEAT, PLATINUM GROUP, ROCKY MOUNTAINS, SEDIMENTS, SHEET SILICATES, SHOCK METAMORPHISM, SILICATES, 

SMECTITE, TERTIARY, THERMAL-ALTERATION, UPPER CRETACEOUS, WESTERN INTERIOR]

Prensky, S.E., 1988, Well-log determination of ash content in Fruitland 

Formation coals, Southern Ute Indian Reservation, southwestern 

Colorado, in Fassett, J.E., ed., Geology and coal-bed methane 

resources of the northern San Juan Basin, Colorado and New 

Mexico: Publisher: Rocky Mt. Assoc. Geol., Denver, CO, United 

States, p. 91–112. [ALIPHATIC HYDROCARBONS, ALKANES, CALIBRATION, COLORADO, CORES, CORRECTIONS, CRETACEOUS, 

FRUITLAND FORMATION, GEOPHYSICAL SURVEYS, GEOPHYSICS, 

APPLIED. ACCURACY, HYDROCARBONS, IGNACIO BLANCO GAS 

FIELD, INTERPRETATION, KIRTLAND SHALE, MESOZOIC, METHANE, ORGANIC MATERIALS, PICTURE CLIFFS SANDSTONE, QUANTITATIVE ANALYSIS, RANK, RECOVERY, SAMPLING, SAN JUAN 

BASIN, SANDSTONE, SEDIMENTARY PETROLOGY, SHALE, SILTSTONE, SOUTHERN UTE INDIAN RESERVATION, SOUTHWESTERN 

COLORADO, SURVEYS, UPPER CRETACEOUS, VOLATILES, WELL 

LOGGING, WELLS. N350000 N370000 W1060000 W1090000]

Price, D., 1981, Map showing general chemical quality of ground 

water in the Alton-Kolob coal-fi elds area, Utah: U.S. Geological 

Survey Miscellaneous Investigations Series Map I-1235-B, scale 

1:125,000. [AQUIFERS, CARMEL FORMATION, CHINLE FORMATION, 

CRETACEOUS, DISSOLVED MATERIALS, GARFIELD COUNTY, GEOCHEMISTRY, GROUND WATER, HYDROCHEMISTRY, HYDROGEOLOGIC MAPS, HYDROGEOLOGY, HYDROGEOLOGY AND HYDROLOGY. ALTON, IRON COUNTY, JURASSIC, KANE COUNTY, KOLOB, 

MAPS, MESOZOIC, MOENKOPI FORMATION, NAVAJO SANDSTONE, SURVEYS, TRIASSIC, TROPIC SHALE, UPPER TRIASSIC, 

UTAH, WASHINGTON COUNTY, WATER RESOURCES. N370000 

N380000 W1120000 W1131500, WATER QUALITY]

Prost, G.L., and Brownfi eld, M.E., 1983, Geologic map and coal sections of the Pine Ridge quadrangle, Moffat County, Colorado: 

U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 83-0633, 1 p. [CENOZOIC, 

COLORADO, CRETACEOUS, ECONOMIC GEOLOGY, FORT UNION 

FORMATION, GEOLOGIC MAPS, LANCE FORMATION, MAPS, 

MESOZOIC, MOFFAT COUNTY, PALEOCENE, PALEOGENE, PINE 

RIDGE QUADRANGLE, SECTIONS, TERTIARY, UPPER CRETACEOUS. 

N403000 N403730 W1073730 W1074500]

Reheis, M.C., 1981, Geologic map and coal resources of the 

Easton Gulch quadrangle, Moffat County, Colorado: U.S. Geological 

Survey Coal Investigations Map C-0087, scale 1:24,000. [BITUMINOUS COAL, BROWNS PARK FORMATION, CENOZOIC, COAL 

DEPOSIT MAPS, COLORADO, CRETACEOUS, EASTON GULCH 

QUADRANGLE, ECONOMIC GEOLOGY, FUEL-RESOURCES, GEOLOGIC MAPS, MAPS, MESOZOIC, METAL ORES, MOFFAT COUNTY, 

NEOGENE, POSSIBILITIES, RESOURCES, TERTIARY, UPPER CRETACEOUS, URANIUM ORES, WILLIAMS FORK FORMATION. N401500 

N402230 W1075230 W1080000]

Reheis, M.C., 1984a, Geologic map and coal sections of the Sawmill 

Mountain quadrangle, Rio Blanco County, Colorado: U.S. Geological Survey Coal Investigations Map C-0099, scale 1:24,000. [ANTICLINES, BROWNS PARK FORMATION, CENOZOIC, COLORADO, 

CRETACEOUS, DANFORTH HILLS COAL FIELD, EAGLE VALLEY 

EVAPORITE, ECONOMIC GEOLOGY, FOLDS, GEOLOGIC MAPS, ILES 

FORMATION, LANDSLIDES, MAPS, MAPS AND CHARTS, AREAL 

GEOLOGY, MASS MOVEMENTS, MESOZOIC, METAL ORES, NEOGENE, PALEOZOIC, PERMIAN, RESERVES, RIO BLANCO COUNTY, 

SAWMILL MOUNTAIN QUADRANGLE, SECTIONS, TERRACES, TERTIARY, UPPER CRETACEOUS, URANIUM ORES, VANADIUM ORES, 

WILLIAMS FORK FORMATION, YELLOWJACK ANTICLINE]

Reheis, M.C., 1984b, Geologic map and coal sections of the Thornburgh quadrangle, Moffat and Rio Blanco Counties, Colorado: U.S. 

Geological Survey Coal Investigations Map C-0100, scale 1:24,000. 

[ANTICLINES, CENOZOIC, CHINLE FORMATION, COLORADO, CRETACEOUS, DANFORTH HILLS COAL FIELD, ECONOMIC GEOLOGY, 

FOLDS, GEOLOGIC MAPS, ILES FORMATION, LANDSLIDES, MAPS, 

MAPS AND CHARTS, AREAL GEOLOGY, MASS MOVEMENTS, 

MESOZOIC, METAL ORES, MOFFAT COUNTY, OIL AND GAS FIELDS, 

QUATERNARY, RESERVES, RIO BLANCO COUNTY, SECTIONS, TERRACES, THORNBURGH FIELD, THORNBURGH QUADRANGLE, TRIASSIC, UPPER CRETACEOUS, UPPER TRIASSIC, URANIUM ORES, 

VANADIUM ORES, WILLIAMS FORK FORMATION, YELLOWJACKET 

ANTICLINE. N400730 N401500 W1073730 W1074500]

Reinecke, K.M., Rice, D.D., and Johnson, R.C., 1991, Characteristics 

and development of fl uvial sandstone and coalbed reservoirs of 

Upper Cretaceous Mesaverde Group, Grand Valley Field, Garfi eld 

Quality Characterization of Cretaceous Coal from the Colorado Plateau Coal Assessment Area G87
County, Colorado, in Schwochow, S.D., Murray, D.K., and Fahy, M.F., 

eds., Coalbed methane of western North America; guidebook for 

the Rocky Mountain Association of Geologists fall conference and 

fi eld trip, Field Conference—Rocky Mountain Association of Geologists. 1991, p. 209–225. [ALKANES, COLORADO, CRETACEOUS, 

ECONOMIC GEOLOGY, EXPLORATION, GARFIELD COUNTY COLORADO, GRAND VALLEY FIELD, HYDROCARBONS, MESAVERDE 

GROUP, MESOZOIC, METHANE, NATURAL GAS, ORGANIC 

MATERIALS, PARACHUTE COLORADO, PETROLEUM, PRODUCTION, RESOURCES, SANDSTONE, UPPER CRETACEOUS. N390000 

N400000 W1080000 W1080000]

Rice, D.D., and Threlkeld, C.N., 1986, Comparison of natural gases 

produced from Upper Cretaceous Fruitland Formation coal beds 

and adjacent reservoirs, San Juan Basin, New Mexico and Colorado: American Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin, v. 

70, no. 5, p. 638. [C 13/C 12, CARBON, COLORADO, CRETACEOUS, 

DAKOTA FORMATION, ECONOMIC GEOLOGY, ENERGY SOURCES, 

FRUITLAND FORMATION, GASIFICATION, ISOTOPES, KEROGEN, 

MANCOS SHALE, MESOZOIC, NATURAL GAS, NEW MEXICO, 

ORGANIC MATERIALS, PETROLEUM, PICTURE CLIFFS SANDSTONE, SAN JUAN BASIN, SANDSTONE, STABLE-ISOTOPES, 

UPPER CRETACEOUS]

Rice, D.D., Clayton, J.L., and Pawlewicz, M.J., 1989, Characterization 

of coal-derived hydrocarbons and source-rock potential of coal 

beds, San Juan Basin, New Mexico and Colorado, U.S.A, in Lyons, 

P.C., and Alpern, B., eds., Coal; classifi cation, coaIfi cation, mineralogy, trace-element chemistry, and oil and gas potential, 

International Journal of Coal Geology v. 13 (1–4). [ALIPHATIC 

HYDROCARBONS, ALKANES, COLORADO, CRETACEOUS, ECONOMIC GEOLOGY, FRUITLAND FORMATION, HYDROCARBONS, 

MESOZOIC, METHANE, NEW MEXICO, NORTHWESTERN NEW 

MEXICO, ORGANIC MATERIALS, POTENTIAL DEPOSITS, PRODUCTION, RANK, RESERVES, SAN JUAN BASIN, SOUTHWESTERN 

COLORADO, UPPER CRETACEOUS]

Rice, D.D., Threlkeld, C.N., and Vuletich, A.K., 1988, Identifi cation and 

importance of coal bed gas, San Juan Basin, southwestern Colorado and northwestern New Mexico, in Carter, L.M., ed., USGS 

research on energy resources, 1988; program and abstracts, U.S. 

Geological Survey Circular 1025, p. 51–52. [ARCHULETA COUNTY, 

C 13/C 12, CARBON, COLORADO, CRETACEOUS, DAKOTA FORMATION, ECONOMIC GEOLOGY, ENERGY SOURCES, FRUITLAND FORMATION, ISOTOPES, MANCOS SHALE, MESOZOIC, NATURAL GAS, 

NEW MEXICO, NORTH AMERICA, NORTHWESTERN NEW MEXICO, 

PETROLEUM, PICTURE CLIFFS SANDSTONE, RIO ARRIBA COUNTY, 

ROCKY MOUNTAINS, SAN JUAN BASIN, SAN JUAN COUNTY, 

SOUTHWESTERN COLORADO, STABLE-ISOTOPES, UPPER CRETACEOUS]

Rice, D.D., Threlkeld, C.N., Vuletich, A.K., and Pawlewicz, M.J., 1988, 

Identifi cation and signifi cance of coal-bed gas, San Juan Basin, 

northwestern New Mexico and southwestern Colorado, in Fassett, 

J.E., ed., Geology and coal-bed methane resources of the northern 

San Juan Basin, Colorado and New Mexico, Publisher: Rocky 

Mt. Assoc. Geol., Denver, CO, United States, p. 51–59. [BITUMINOUS COAL, C 13/C 12, CARBON, COLORADO, CONDENSATES, 

CRETACEOUS, DAKOTA FORMATION, DEVOLATILIZATION, DRILLING, ECONOMIC GEOLOGY, ENERGY SOURCES, EXPLORATION, 

FRUITLAND FORMATION, GENESIS, ISOTOPES, KEROGEN, LEWIS 

SHALE, MACERALS, MANCOS SHALE, MESOZOIC, NATURAL GAS, 

NEW MEXICO, NORTHWESTERN NEW MEXICO, ORGANIC MATERIALS, PETROGRAPHY, PETROLEUM, PICTURE CLIFFS SANDSTONE, PRODUCTION, RANK, REFLECTANCE, RESERVOIR ROCKS, 

SAN JUAN BASIN, SANDSTONE, SOURCE ROCKS, SOUTHWESTERN COLORADO, STABLE-ISOTOPES, THERMAL-MATURITY, UPPER 

CRETACEOUS, VITRINITE]

Richter, D.H., Saltus, R.W., and Korzeb, S.L., 1987, Mineral resources of 

the Antelope Wilderness Study Area, Socorro County, New Mexico: 

U.S. Geological Survey Bulletin 1734-B, B1–B11 p. [CENTRAL NEW 

MEXICO, CRETACEOUS, ECONOMIC GEOLOGY, GEOPHYSICAL SURVEYS, GEOPHYSICS, APPLIED. ANTELOPE WILDERNESS STUDY 

AREA, GEOTHERMAL ENERGY, GRAVEL DEPOSITS, MESAVERDE 

GROUP, MESOZOIC, METAL ORES, MINERAL ASSESSMENT, 

MINERAL RESOURCES, NEW MEXICO, PROGRAMS, SOCORRO 

COUNTY, SURVEYS, UPPER CRETACEOUS, URANIUM ORES, WILDERNESS AREAS. N334500 N335000 W1064000 W1065000]

Roberts, L.N., 1989, Results of 1988 coal exploratory drilling in the 

Fruitland Formation, western part of the Southern Ute Indian Reservation, La Plata County, Colorado; lithologic descriptions, preliminary correlations, and proximate analyses of coal samples: U.S. 

Geological Survey Open-File Report 89-0487, 221 p. [COLORADO, 

CORES, CRETACEOUS, DRILLING, ECONOMIC GEOLOGY, ENERGY 

SOURCES, EXPLORATION, FRUITLAND FORMATION, INDIAN RESERVATIONS, INTERPRETATION, LA PLATA COUNTY COLORADO, 

MESOZOIC, NORTH AMERICA, PINKERTON MESA QUADRANGLE, 

ROCKY MOUNTAINS, SOUTHERN UTE INDIAN RESERVATION, 

SOUTHWESTERN COLORADO, UPPER CRETACEOUS, WELL LOGGING. N370000 N370800 W1080000 W1081500]

Roberts, L.N., 1991, Coal resources of the Fruitland Formation in part 

of the Ute Mountain Ute Indian Reservation, San Juan County, 

New Mexico: U.S. Geological Survey Bulletin 1938, 15 p. [APPLICATIONS, BITUMINOUS COAL, CRETACEOUS, ECONOMIC GEOLOGY, 

ELECTRICAL LOGGING, ENERGY SOURCES, EVALUATION, FRUITLAND FORMATION, GEOLOGIC MAPS, INDIAN RESERVATIONS, 

ISOPACH-MAPS, MAPS, MAPS AND CHARTS, AREAL GEOLOGY, 

MESOZOIC, MINING, MINING-GEOLOGY, NEW MEXICO, NORTHWESTERN NEW MEXICO, RADIOACTIVITY, RESOURCES, SAN 

JUAN BASIN, SAN JUAN COUNTY NEW MEXICO, SECTIONS, 

STRATIGRAPHY, STRUCTURE CONTOUR MAPS, SURFACE-MINING, 

THICKNESS, UPPER CRETACEOUS, UTE MOUNTAIN UTE INDIAN 

RESERVATION, WELL LOGGING. N385000 N385500 W1081500 

W1082500]

Roberts, L.N., and Kirschbaum, M.A., 1992, Effects of subsidence 

rates on Cretaceous coal accumulation, Western Interior U.S, 

in Barker, C.E., and Coury, A.B., eds., Abstracts of the U.S. Geological Survey, central region, 1992 poster review, U.S. Geological 

Survey Open-File Report 92-0391, p. 12. [CAMPANIAN, CRETACEOUS, FRONTIER FORMATION, FRUITLAND FORMATION, LANCE 

FORMATION, MAASTRICHTIAN, MESOZOIC, MONTANA, NESLEN 

FORMATION, NORTH AMERICA, OKLAHOMA, SENONIAN, STRUCTURAL GEOLOGY, ALMOND FORMATION, SUBSIDENCE, TECTONICS, THICKNESS, UPPER CRETACEOUS, UTAH, WESTERN INTERIOR, WILLIAMS FORK FORMATION, WYOMING]

Roberts, L.N., and McCabe, P.J., 1992, Peat accumulation in coastalplain mires; a model for coals of the Fruitland Formation (Upper 

Cretaceous) of southern Colorado, USA: International Journal 

of Coal Geology, v. 21, no. 3, p. 115–138. [BITUMINOUS COAL, 

COASTAL ENVIRONMENT, COLORADO, CRETACEOUS, ECONOMIC 

GEOLOGY, ENVIRONMENT, FRUITLAND FORMATION, MARSHES, 

G88 Geologic Assessment of Coal in the Colorado Plateau: Arizona, Colorado, New Mexico, and Utah
MESOZOIC, PALUDAL SEDIMENTATION, PEAT, PROCESSES, SAN 

JUAN BASIN, SEDIMENTATION, SEDIMENTS, SOUTHERN COLORADO, UPPER CRETACEOUS]

Roberts, L.N., and Uptegrove, J., 1991, Coal geology and preliminary 

coal zone correlations in the Fruitland Formation, western part of 

the Southern Ute Indian Reservation, La Plata County, Colorado: 

U.S. Geological Survey Coal Investigations Map C-0138, scale 

1:24,000. [COAL DEPOSIT MAPS, COLORADO, CORRELATION, CRETACEOUS, ECONOMIC GEOLOGY, FRUITLAND FORMATION, INDIAN 

RESERVATIONS, LA PLATA COUNTY COLORADO, LITHOSTRATIGRAPHY, MAPS, MESOZOIC, SOUTHERN UTE INDIAN RESERVATION, SOUTHWESTERN COLORADO, STRATIGRAPHY, UPPER CRETACEOUS. N370000 N370730 W1080000 W1080730]

Robinson, L.N., and Roehler, H.W., 1979, Hypothetical coal resources 

of the Almond Formation in the Rock Springs coal fi eld, Wyoming: 

U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 79-0588, 11 p. [ALMOND 

FORMATION, CRETACEOUS, ECONOMIC GEOLOGY, MESOZOIC, 

PREDICTION, RESOURCES, ROCK SPRINGS FIELD, SWEETWATER 

COUNTY, UPPER CRETACEOUS, WYOMING. N413000 N414500 

W1084000 W1093000]

Robson, S.G., and Stewart, M., 1990, Geohydrologic evaluation 

of the upper part of the Mesaverde Group, northwestern 

Colorado: Water-Resources Investigations 90-4020, 125 p. [AQUIFERS, CHARACTERIZATION, COLORADO, CRETACEOUS, DATA PROCESSING, DIGITAL SIMULATION, GEOLOGIC MAPS, GROUND 

WATER, HYDROCHEMISTRY, HYDROGEOLOGY, HYDROGEOLOGY 

AND HYDROLOGY, ILES FORMATION, IMPACT STATEMENTS, 

LEVELS, MAPS, MAPS AND CHARTS, AREAL GEOLOGY, 

MESAVERDE GROUP, MESOZOIC, MINES, MOFFAT COUNTY COLORADO, MOVEMENT, NORTHWESTERN-COLORADO, RECHARGE, 

ROUTT COUNTY COLORADO, SANDSTONE, SECTIONS, TROUT 

CREEK SANDSTONE MEMBER, TWENTYMILE SANDSTONE 

MEMBER, UPPER CRETACEOUS, WASTE DISPOSAL, WATER BALANCE, WATER MANAGEMENT, WATER QUALITY, WILLIAMS FORK 

FORMATION. N401500 N403200 W1065500 W1073500]

Roehler, H.W., 1978a, Correlations of coal beds in the Fort Union, 

Almond, and Rock Springs formations in measured sections of 

the west fl ank of the Rock Springs Uplift, Sweetwater County, 

Wyoming: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 78-0395, 1 p. 

[CENOZOIC, CORRELATION, CRETACEOUS, FORT UNION FORMATION, LITHOSTRATIGRAPHY, MEASURED SECTIONS, MESOZOIC, 

ROCK SPRINGS FORMATION, ROCK SPRINGS UPLIFT, STRATIGRAPHY,, ALMOND FORMATION, SWEETWATER COUNTY, TERTIARY, 

UPPER CRETACEOUS, WYOMING. N410000 N420000 W1090000 

W1100000]

Roehler, H.W., 1978b, Correlations of coal beds in the Fort Union, 

Lance, and Almond formations in measured sections on the east 

fl ank of the Rock Springs Uplift, Sweetwater County, Wyoming: U.S. 

Geological Survey Open-File Report 78-0248, 1 p. [CENOZOIC, CORRELATION, CRETACEOUS, FORT UNION FORMATION, LANCE FORMATION, LITHOSTRATIGRAPHY, MEASURED SECTIONS, MESOZOIC, PALEOGENE, ROCK SPRINGS UPLIFT, STRATIGRAPHY,, 

ALMOND FORMATION, SWEETWATER COUNTY, TERTIARY, UPPER 

CRETACEOUS, WYOMING. N410000 N420000 W1080000 W1100000]

Roehler, H.W., 1978c, Correlations of coal beds in the Rock Springs 

Formation in measured sections on the east fl ank of the Rock 

Springs Uplift, Sweetwater County, Wyoming: U.S. Geological 

Survey Open-File Report 78-0247, 1 p. [CORRELATION, CRETACEOUS, LITHOSTRATIGRAPHY, MEASURED SECTIONS, MESOZOIC, 

ROCK SPRINGS FORMATION, ROCK SPRINGS UPLIFT, STRATIGRAPHY, SWEETWATER COUNTY, UPPER CRETACEOUS, WYOMING. 

N410000 N420000 W1080000 W1100000]

Roehler, H.W., 1979a, Geology and energy resources of the Sand Butte 

Rim NW quadrangle, Sweetwater County, Wyoming: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1065-A, 54 p. [CENOZOIC, CRETACEOUS, ECONOMIC GEOLOGY, ENERGY SOURCES, EOCENE, FORT 

UNION FORMATION, FOX HILLS FORMATION, GREEN RIVER FORMATION, LANCE FORMATION, LEWIS SHALE, MESOZOIC, NORTH 

AMERICA, PALEOGENE, RESOURCES, ROCK SPRINGS UPLIFT, 

ROCKY MOUNTAINS, SAND BUTTE RIM NW QUADRANGLE, STRATIGRAPHY, SUBBITUMINOUS COAL, SWEETWATER COUNTY, TERTIARY, UPPER CRETACEOUS, WASATCH FORMATION, WYOMING. 

N411000 N420000 W1080000 W1093000]

Roehler, H.W., 1979b, Geology and mineral resources of the Mud 

Springs Ranch quadrangle, Sweetwater County, Wyoming: U.S. 

Geological Survey Professional Paper 1065-C, 35 p. [ALMOND FORMATION, CENOZOIC, CRETACEOUS, ECONOMIC GEOLOGY, FORT 

UNION FORMATION, MESOZOIC, MUD SPRINGS RANCH QUADRANGLE, PALEOCENE, PALEOGENE, RESERVES, RESOURCES, 

ROCK SPRINGS UPLIFT, SWEETWATER COUNTY, TERTIARY, UPPER 

CRETACEOUS, WYOMING. N410000 N414000 W1080000 W1091500]

Roehler, H.W., 1979c, Geology of the Cooper Ridge NE quadrangle, 

Sweetwater County, Wyoming: U.S. Geological Survey Professional 

Paper 1065-B, 45 p. [ALMOND FORMATION, AREAL GEOLOGY, 

ACTINIDES, CENOZOIC, COOPER RIDGE NE QUADRANGLE, CRETACEOUS, ERICSON SANDSTONE, FORT UNION FORMATION, FOX 

HILLS FORMATION, LANCE FORMATION, LEWIS SHALE, MAPS 

AND CHARTS, AREAL GEOLOGY, MESOZOIC, METALS, NATURAL 

GAS, ORE DEPOSITS, PALEOGENE, PETROLEUM, PETROLOGY, 

RESOURCES, ROCK SPRINGS FORMATION, ROCK SPRINGS UPLIFT, 

SWEETWATER COUNTY, TERTIARY, TITANIUM, UPPER CRETACEOUS, URANIUM, WYOMING. N410000 N421500 W1073000 

W1100500]

Roehler, H.W., 1980, Measured sections of the Almond Formation 

(part), Ericson Sandstone, Rock Springs Formation, and Blair Formation (part) in the Camel Rock quadrangle, Sweetwater County, 

Wyoming: U.S. Geological Survey Miscellaneous Field Studies Map 

MF-1223. [BLAIR FORMATION, CAMEL ROCK QUADRANGLE, CRETACEOUS, ERICSON SANDSTONE, HISTORICAL GEOLOGY AND 

PALEOECOLOGY. ALMOND FORMATION, MESAVERDE GROUP, 

MESOZOIC, ROCK SPRINGS FORMATION, SECTIONS, STRATIGRAPHY, SWEETWATER COUNTY, UNITED STATES, UPPER CRETACEOUS, WYOMING. N410000 N422000 W1073000 W1101000]

Roehler, H.W., 1983, Stratigraphy of Upper Cretaceous and lower Tertiary outcrops in the Rock Springs Uplift, Wyoming: U.S. Geological 

Survey Miscellaneous Investigations Series Map I-1500. [CENOZOIC, CRETACEOUS, MESOZOIC, OUTCROPS, ROCK SPRINGS, 

ROCK SPRINGS UPLIFT, STRATIGRAPHY, SWEETWATER COUNTY, 

TERTIARY, UNITED STATES, UPPER CRETACEOUS, WYOMING. 

N410000 N422000 W1073000 W1101000]

Roehler, H.W., 1984, The McCourt sandstone tongue and the Glades 

coal bed; an Upper Cretaceous strand-plain Coal-forming depositional environment, Rock Springs coal fi eld, Wyoming-Utah: Geological Society of America Abstracts with Programs, v. 16, no. 

6, p. 637. [BRACKISH-WATER ENVIRONMENT, COASTAL ENVIRONMENT, CRETACEOUS, DEPOSITION, ENVIRONMENT, FLAMING 

Quality Characterization of Cretaceous Coal from the Colorado Plateau Coal Assessment Area G89
GORGE RESERVOIR, GLADES COAL BED, LAGOONAL ENVIRONMENT, MARINE ENVIRONMENT, MCCOURT SANDSTONE TONGUE, 

MESOZOIC, NORTH AMERICA, ROCK SPRINGS COAL FIELD, ROCK 

SPRINGS FORMATION, ROCKY MOUNTAINS, SANDSTONE, SEDIMENTARY PETROLOGY, SEDIMENTATION, U.S. ROCKY MOUNTAINS, UINTA-MOUNTAINS, UPPER CRETACEOUS, UTAH, WYOMING]

Roehler, H.W., 1985, Electric-log correlations of the Upper Cretaceous 

Rock Springs and Blair formations on the east and west fl anks 

of the Rock Springs Uplift, Wyoming: U.S. Geological Survey Miscellaneous Field Studies Map MF-1785. [CORRELATION, CRETACEOUS, ELECTRICAL LOGGING, INTERPRETATION, LITHOSTRATIGRAPHY, MESOZOIC, ROCK SPRINGS FORMATION, ROCK SPRINGS 

UPLIFT, SOUTHWESTERN WYOMING, STRATIGRAPHY,. BLAIR FORMATION, SWEETWATER COUNTY, UNITED STATES, UPLIFTS, 

UPPER CRETACEOUS, WELL LOGGING, WYOMING. N411500 

N414500 W1085000 W1093000]

Roehler, H.W., 1986a, Electric log correlations of Upper Cretaceous 

rocks in the Mesaverde Group Shale and equivalent units across 

the Great Divide Basin in Southwest Wyoming: U.S. Geological 

Survey Miscellaneous Field Studies Map MF-1828. [CARBON 

COUNTY, CORRELATION, CRETACEOUS, ELECTRICAL LOGGING, 

GREAT DIVIDE BASIN, LITHOSTRATIGRAPHY, MESAVERDE GROUP, 

MESOZOIC, SEDIMENTARY ROCKS, SOUTHWESTERN WYOMING, 

STRATIGRAPHY,. BAXTER SHALE, SWEETWATER COUNTY, UNITED 

STATES, UPPER CRETACEOUS, WELL LOGS, WELL LOGGING, WYOMING. N414000 N422000 W1070000 W1090000]

Roehler, H.W., 1986b, McCourt Sandstone Tongue and Glades coal 

bed of the Rock Springs Formation, Wyoming and Utah, in Lyons, 

P.C., and Rice, C.L., eds., Paleoenvironmental and tectonic controls 

in coal-forming basins of the United States, Geological Society of 

America Special Paper 210, Boulder, CO, United States, Geological 

Society of America, p. 141–154. [CRETACEOUS, ECONOMIC GEOLOGY, ENVIRONMENT, EXINITE, GLADES COAL BED, INERTINITE, 

LAGOONAL ENVIRONMENT, LITHOFACIES, MACERALS, MCCOURT 

SANDSTONE TONGUE, MESOZOIC, NORTH AMERICA, PALEOGEOGRAPHY, RANK, RECONSTRUCTION, ROCK SPRINGS FORMATION, ROCKY MOUNTAINS, SANDSTONE, SEDIMENTARY PETROLOGY, SEDIMENTATION, UPPER CRETACEOUS, UTAH, VITRINITE, 

WYOMING]

Roehler, H.W., 1987b, Surface-subsurface correlations of the 

Mesaverde Group and associated Upper Cretaceous formations, 

Rock Springs, Wyoming, to Mount Harris, Colorado: U.S. Geological 

Survey Miscellaneous Field Studies Map MF-1937. [COLORADO, 

CORRELATION, CRETACEOUS, LITHOSTRATIGRAPHY, MESAVERDE 

GROUP, MESOZOIC, MOUNT HARRIS, NORTHERN COLORADO, 

ROCK SPRINGS, SEDIMENTARY ROCKS, SOUTHERN WYOMING, 

STRATIGRAPHY, UNITED STATES, UPPER CRETACEOUS, WYOMING]

Roehler, H.W., 1988a, The Pintail coal bed and barrier bar G; a model 

for coal of barrier bar-lagoon origin, Upper Cretaceous Almond Formation, Rock Springs coal fi eld, Wyoming: U.S. Geological Survey 

Professional Paper 1398, 60 p. [ALMOND FORMATION, BARRIER 

BAR G, BRACKISH-WATER ENVIRONMENT, CRETACEOUS, ECONOMIC GEOLOGY, ENVIRONMENT, FRESH-WATER ENVIRONMENT, 

LAGOONAL ENVIRONMENT, MESOZOIC, NEARSHORE ENVIRONMENT, PALEOGEOGRAPHY, PINTAIL COAL BED, ROCK 

SPRINGS COAL FIELD, ROCK SPRINGS UPLIFT, SALT-WATER ENVIRONMENT, SEDIMENTATION, SOUTHWESTERN WYOMING, STRATIGRAPHY, SWEETWATER COUNTY, UPPER CRETACEOUS, WYOMING. N411500 N412700 W1085000 W1090000]

Roehler, H.W., 1988b, Submarine slumps in delta-front sandstones 

of the Upper Cretaceous Blair Formation, Rock Springs Uplift, 

Wyoming: U.S. Geological Survey Bulletin 1699, 11 p. [CLASTIC 

ROCKS, CRETACEOUS, DELTAIC-SEDIMENTATION, LITHOFACIES, 

MESOZOIC, PALEOGEOGRAPHY, PETROLOGY, PROCESSES, PROGRADATION, ROCK SPRINGS UPLIFT, SANDSTONE, SEDIMENTARY 

ROCKS, SEDIMENTARY STRUCTURES, SEDIMENTATION, SLUMP 

STRUCTURES, SOFT SEDIMENT DEFORMATION, SOUTHWESTERN 

WYOMING, STRATIGRAPHY,. BLAIR FORMATION, SUBMARINE 

ENVIRONMENT, SWEETWATER COUNTY, SYNSEDIMENTARY PROCESSES, UNITED STATES, UPPER CRETACEOUS, WYOMING]

Roehler, H.W., 1990, Stratigraphy of the Mesaverde Group in the central and eastern greater Green River basin, Wyoming, Colorado, 

and Utah: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1508, 52 

p. [ALLEN FORMATION, ALMOND FORMATION, AMMONOIDS, 

BIOSTRATIGRAPHY, BIOZONES, BLAIR FORMATION, CARBON 

COUNTY WYOMING, CEPHALOPODS, COLORADO, CORRELATION, 

CRETACEOUS, DAGGETT COUNTY UTAH, ERICSON SANDSTONE, 

GREEN RIVER BASIN, HAYSTACK MOUNTAINS FORMATION, 

ILES FORMATION, INVERTEBRATES, LITHOSTRATIGRAPHY, MAPS, 

MESAVERDE GROUP, MESOZOIC, MOLLUSKS, NORTHEASTERNUTAH, NORTHWESTERN-COLORADO, PALEOGEOGRAPHIC MAPS, 

PALEOGEOGRAPHY, PINE RIDGE SANDSTONE, ROCK SPRINGS 

FORMATION, ROUTT COUNTY COLORADO, SECTIONS, SEDIMENTARY ROCKS, SOUTHWESTERN WYOMING, STRATIGRAPHY, 

SWEETWATER COUNTY WYOMING, UNITED STATES, UPPER CRETACEOUS, UTAH, WILLIAMS FORK FORMATION, WYOMING]

Roehler, H.W., 1993a, Coastal sedimentation along a segment of 

the interior seaway of North America, Upper Cretaceous Baxter 

Shale, and Blair and Rock Springs formations, Rock Springs 

Uplift, Southwest Wyoming: U.S. Geological Survey Bulletin 

2051, 31 p. [BLAIR FORMATION, CAMPANIAN, CHANNELS, CLASTIC ROCKS, COASTAL SEDIMENTATION, CRETACEOUS, CROSS 

BEDDING, CROSS SECTIONS, DELTAIC ENVIRONMENT, FLUVIAL 

ENVIRONMENT, LITHOFACIES, MESOZOIC, NORTH AMERICA, 

OUTCROPS, PALUDAL ENVIRONMENT, PARALIC ENVIRONMENT, 

PETROLOGY, PLANAR BEDDING STRUCTURES, ROCK SPRINGS 

FORMATION, ROCK SPRINGS UPLIFT, SANDSTONE, SANTONIAN, 

SEDIMENTARY ROCKS, SEDIMENTARY STRUCTURES, SEDIMENTATION, SENONIAN, SHELF ENVIRONMENT, SLOPE ENVIRONMENT, SOUTHWESTERN WYOMING, SWEETWATER COUNTY 

WYOMING, UNITED STATES, UPPER CRETACEOUS, WESTERN 

INTERIOR, WESTERN INTERIOR SEAWAY, WYOMING. N411000 

N415500 W1084500 W1091500]

Roehler, H.W., 1993b, Stratigraphy of the Upper Cretaceous Fox Hills 

Sandstone and adjacent parts of the Lewis Shale and Lance Formation, east fl ank of the Rock Springs Uplift, Southwest Wyoming: 

U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1532, 57 p. [COASTAL 

ENVIRONMENT, CORRELATION, CRETACEOUS, CROSS SECTIONS, 

FOX HILLS FORMATION, INTERTIDAL ENVIRONMENT, LAGOONAL 

ENVIRONMENT, LANCE FORMATION, LEWIS SHALE, LITHOFACIES, 

LITHOSTRATIGRAPHY, MAPS, MARINE ENVIRONMENT, MESOZOIC, NORTH AMERICA, PALEOGEOGRAPHIC MAPS, PALEOGEOGRAPHY, ROCK SPRINGS UPLIFT, SANDSTONE, SEDIMENTATION, 

SITE LOCATION MAPS, SOUTHWESTERN WYOMING, STRATIGRAPHIC COLUMNS, STRATIGRAPHY, SWEETWATER COUNTY 

G90 Geologic Assessment of Coal in the Colorado Plateau: Arizona, Colorado, New Mexico, and Utah
WYOMING, UPPER CRETACEOUS, WESTERN INTERIOR, WESTERN 

INTERIOR SEAWAY, WYOMING. N411000 N420500 W1083500 

W1091000]

Roehler, H.W., and Hansen, D.E., 1989a, Surface and subsurface correlations showing depositional environments of the Upper Cretaceous Mesaverde Group and associated formations, Cow Creek 

in Southwest Wyoming to Mount Harris in Northwest Colorado: 

U.S. Geological Survey Miscellaneous Field Studies Map MF-2077. 

[COLORADO, CORRELATION, COW CREEK, CRETACEOUS, LITHOFACIES, LITHOSTRATIGRAPHY, MESAVERDE GROUP, MESOZOIC, 

MOUNT HARRIS, NORTHWESTERN-COLORADO, SEDIMENTARY 

ROCKS, SOUTHWESTERN WYOMING, STRATIGRAPHY, UNITED 

STATES, UPPER CRETACEOUS, WYOMING]

Roehler, H.W., and Hansen, D.E., 1989b, Surface and subsurface correlations showing depositional environments of the Upper Cretaceous Mesaverde Group and associated formations, Lost Soldier 

Field to Cow Creek, Southwest Wyoming: U.S. Geological Survey 

Miscellaneous Field Studies Map MF-2076. [CORRELATION, COW 

CREEK, CRETACEOUS, LITHOSTRATIGRAPHY, LOST SOLDIER FIELD, 

MESAVERDE GROUP, MESOZOIC, SEDIMENTARY ROCKS, SOUTH 

CENTRAL WYOMING, STRATIGRAPHY,. CARBON COUNTY WYOMING, SWEETWATER COUNTY WYOMING, UNITED STATES, 

UPPER CRETACEOUS, WYOMING. N413000 N423000 W1070000 

W1080000]

Roehler, H.W., and Stricker, G.D., 1979, Stratigraphy and sedimentation 

of the Torok, Kukpowruk, and Corwin formations of Cretaceous 

age in the Kokolik-Utukok River region, National Petroleum Reserve 

in Alaska: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 79-0995, 84 p. 

[CORWIN FORMATION, CRETACEOUS, KOKLIK, KUKPOWRUK FORMATION, LOWER CRETACEOUS, MESOZOIC, NATIONAL PETROLEUM RESERVE IN ALASKA, NORTHERN-ALASKA, SEDIMENTATION, STRATIGRAPHY, TOROK FORMATION, UNITED STATES, 

UTUKOK RIVER. N510000 N720000 W1300000 E1730000]

Roehler, H.W., and Stricker, G.D., 1984, Dinosaur and wood fossils 

from the Cretaceous Corwin Formation in the National Petroleum 

Reserve, North Slope of Alaska: Journal of the Alaska Geological 

Society, v. 4, p. 35–41. [ALBIAN, BEDDING PLANE IRREGULARITIES, BIOGEOGRAPHY, BIOLOGIC EVOLUTION, BIOSTRATIGRAPHY, 

CENOMANIAN, CHORDATA, CONIFERALES, CORWIN FORMATION, 

CRETACEOUS, CROSS BEDDING, DELTAIC ENVIRONMENT, DINOSAURS, ENVIRONMENT, FOSSIL-WOOD, GYMNOSPERMS, ICHNOFOSSILS, KOKOLIK RIVER, LOWER CRETACEOUS, MESOZOIC, 

NATIONAL PETROLEUM RESERVE IN ALASKA, NORTH-SLOPE, 

PALEOCLIMATOLOGY, PALEOECOLOGY, PLANAR BEDDING STRUCTURES, PLANTAE, REPTILES, REPTILIA, RIPPLE-MARKS, SANDSTONE, SEDIMENTARY STRUCTURES, SEDIMENTATION, SKIN, 

SPERMATOPHYTA, STRATIGRAPHY, ALASKA, SUBTROPICAL ENVIRONMENT, TETRAPODA, TETRAPODS, TRACKS, UPPER CRETACEOUS, VERTEBRATA, VERTEBRATES]

Roybal, G.H., Campbell, F.W., Beaumont, E.C., Bellis, D., Kottlowski, F.E., 

and Cohen, A.D., 1988, Quality assessment of strippable coals in 

New Mexico, Year 3, Phase II, Menefee and Crevasse Canyon, and 

Moreno Hill Formation coals in the San Juan Basin of northwestern 

New Mexico and the Salt Lake coal fi eld: New Mexico Research 

and Development Institute, Report 2-76-5310, 100 p. [CHEMISTRY, 

COAL QUALITY]

Roybal, G.H., Campbell, F.W., Beaumont, E.C., Cohen, A.D., Kuellmer, 

F.J., Kottowski, F.E. and Cook, K., 1987, Quality assessment of strippable coals in New Mexico, Year 2, Phase II, Fruitland and Menefee 

and Crevasse Canyon Formation coals in the San Juan Basin of 

northwestern New Mexico: New Mexico Research and Development Institute, Report 2-73-4331, 90 p. [CHEMISTRY, COAL QUALITY]

Ryer, T.A., 1977, Geology and coal resources of the Foidel Creek 

EMRIA site and surrounding area, Routt County, Colorado: U.S. 

Geological Survey Open-File Report 77-0303, 31 p. [COLORADO, 

CRETACEOUS, ECONOMIC GEOLOGY, MESAVERDE GROUP, MESOZOIC, ROUTT COUNTY, STRATIGRAPHY, UPPER CRETACEOUS. 

N401500 N402500 W1065500 W1071000]

Ryer, T.A., 1981a, Coal compaction in central Utah: U.S. Geological 

Survey Professional Paper 1275, p. 28–29. [COMPACTION, CRETACEOUS, DIAGENESIS, ECONOMIC GEOLOGY, FERRON SANDSTONE 

MEMBER, MANCOS SHALE, MESOZOIC, PROCESSES, UPPER CRETACEOUS, UTAH]

Ryer, T.A., 1981b, Cross section of the Ferron Sandstone Member 

of the Mancos Shale in the Emery coal fi eld, Emery and Sevier 

counties, central Utah: U.S. Geological Survey Miscellaneous Field 

Studies Map MF-1357. [CRETACEOUS, EMERY COAL FIELD, EMERY 

COUNTY, FERRON SANDSTONE MEMBER, LITHOSTRATIGRAPHY, 

MANCOS SHALE, MESOZOIC, SANDSTONE, SECTIONS, SEVIER 

COUNTY, STRATIGRAPHY,, CLASTIC ROCKS, UPPER CRETACEOUS, 

UTAH. N384000 N390000 W1110000 W1113000]

Ryer, T.A., 1981c, Deltaic Coals of Ferron Sandstone Member of 

Mancos Shale; predictive model for Cretaceous coal-bearing 

strata of Western Interior: American Association of Petroleum 

Geologists Bulletin, v. 65, no. 11, p. 2323–2340. [CRETACEOUS, 

CYCLIC PROCESSES, DELTAIC ENVIRONMENT, DELTAIC-SEDIMENTATION, ECONOMIC GEOLOGY, EMERY COUNTY, ENVIRONMENTAL-ANALYSIS, EXPLORATION, FERRON SANDSTONE MEMBER, 

MANCOS SHALE, MESOZOIC, NORTH AMERICA, PALEOGEOGRAPHY, PREDICTION, SANDSTONE, SEDIMENTATION, UPPER CRETACEOUS, UTAH, WESTERN INTERIOR. N382500 N390000 W1105000 

W1111500]

Ryer, T.A., 1981d, Eustatic control of distribution of lower Upper Cretaceous coal beds in Utah; application in coal exploration: American Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin, v. 65, no. 5, 

p. 984. [ALBIAN, ALTON COAL, CRETACEOUS, DELTAIC ENVIRONMENT, ECONOMIC GEOLOGY, EMERY COAL FIELD, ENVIRONMENT, 

EUSTACY, EXPLORATION, HARMONY COAL, KOLOB COAL, LOWER 

CRETACEOUS, MESOZOIC, NORTH AMERICA, PEAT, REGRESSION, 

SEDIMENTATION, SEDIMENTS, SUBSIDENCE, TRANSGRESSION, 

TURONIAN, UPPER CRETACEOUS, UTAH, VERNAL COALFIELD, 

WESTERN INTERIOR]

Ryer, T.A., 1981e, The Muddy and Quitchupah projects; a progress 

report with the descriptions of cores of the I, J, and C coal beds 

from the Emery coal fi eld, central Utah: U.S. Geological Survey 

Open-File Report 81-0460, 35 p. [CORES, CORRELATION, CRETACEOUS, EMERY COUNTY, FERRON SANDSTONE MEMBER, INTERPRETATION, MANCOS SHALE, MESOZOIC, MUDDY PROJECT, PROGRAMS, QUITCHUPAH PROJECT, STRATIGRAPHY, UPPER CRETACEOUS, UTAH, WELL LOGGING. N384500 N390500 W1110000 

W1112500]

Ryer, T.A., 1990, The Cretaceous section at Coalville, Utah: American 

Association of Petroleum Geologists, v. 74, no. 8, p. 1344. 

[ABSTRACT, CLOVERLY FORMATION, CRETACEOUS, OYSTER RIDGE 

MEMBER, STRATIGRAPHY, UTAH]

Quality Characterization of Cretaceous Coal from the Colorado Plateau Coal Assessment Area G91
Ryer, T.A., and Langer, A.W., 1980, Thickness change involved in 

the peat-to-coal transformation for a bituminous coal of Cretaceous age in central Utah: Journal of Sedimentary Petrology, v. 

50, no. 3, p. 987–992. [BITUMINOUS COAL, COMPACTION, CRETACEOUS, DIAGENESIS, EMERY COAL FIELD, EMERY COUNTY, 

FERRON SANDSTONE MEMBER, MANCOS SHALE, MESOZOIC, 

PEAT, PROCESSES, SANDSTONE, SEDIMENTARY PETROLOGY, 

SEDIMENTS, THICKNESS, UPPER CRETACEOUS, UTAH. N383000 

N390000 W1105000 W1112000]

Ryer, T.A., Phillips, R.E., Bohor, B.F., and Pollastro, R.M., 1980, Use of 

altered volcanic ash falls in stratigraphic studies of coal-bearing 

sequences: An example from the Upper Cretaceous Ferron Sandstone member in Central Utah: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 91, no. 1, p. 579–586. [ASH, CRETACEOUS, UTAH]

Sanchez, J.D., 1976, Correlation of shallow lignite beds in the Denver 

Formation near Watkins, Colorado: U.S. Geological Survey OpenFile Report 76-0279, 1 p. [COLORADO, CORRELATION, CRETACEOUS, 

DENVER FORMATION, GEOPHYSICAL SURVEYS, LIGNITE, MESOZOIC, PALEOCENE, PALEOGENE, RADIOACTIVITY, STRATIGRAPHY,, 

CENOZOIC, SURVEYS, TERTIARY, UPPER CRETACEOUS, WATKINS 

REGION, WELL LOGGING]

Sanchez, J.D., 1983, Chemical analysis of coal from the Blackhawk 

Formation, Wasatch Plateau Coalfi eld, Sevier County, Utah: 

U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 83-0363, 16 p. [BLACKHAWK FORMATION, CHEMICAL PROPERTIES, CRETACEOUS, ECONOMIC GEOLOGY, GEOCHEMISTRY, MAJOR ELEMENTS, MESOZOIC, MINOR ELEMENTS, SEVIER COUNTY, THICKNESS, TRACE 

ELEMENTS, UPPER CRETACEOUS, UTAH, WASATCH PLATEAU. 

N384500 N390000 W1111500 W1120000]

Sanchez, J.D., 1984a, Flood tidal delta deposits in the Upper Cretaceous Blackhawk Formation, and Star Point Sandstone, Utah: 

Geological Society of America Abstracts with Programs, v. 16, no. 

6, p. 643.

Sanchez, J.D., 1984b, Flood tidal delta deposits in the Upper Cretaceous Blackhawk Formation and Star Point Sandstone, Wasatch 

Plateau, Utah: Geological Society of America Abstracts with Programs, v. 16, no. 6, p. 646. [BLACKHAWK FORMATION, CENOZOIC, 

CENTRAL UTAH, CRETACEOUS, DELTAIC ENVIRONMENT, ENVIRONMENT, ENVIRONMENTAL-ANALYSIS, EPEIROGENY, KNIGHT 

COAL ZONE, LAGOONAL ENVIRONMENT, MARINE ENVIRONMENT, 

MESOZOIC, OLD WOMAN PLATEAU, PALEOGENE, PEAT, PRICE, 

SANDSTONE, SEDIMENTARY PETROLOGY, SEDIMENTATION, SEDIMENTS, SHALE, STAR POINT SANDSTONE, TERTIARY, UPPER CRETACEOUS, UTAH, WASATCH FORMATION]

Sanchez, J.D., 1990a, Stratigraphic framework, coal zone correlations, 

and depositional environment of the Upper Cretaceous Blackhawk 

Formation and Star Point Sandstone in the Scofi eld and Beaver 

Creek areas, Nephi 30’ X 60’ quadrangle, Wasatch Plateau coal 

fi eld, Carbon County, Utah: U.S. Geological Survey Coal Investigations Map C-0128-B, scale 1:24,000. [BEAVER CREEK, BLACKHAWK 

FORMATION, CARBON COUNTY UTAH, CENTRAL UTAH, CORRELATION, CRETACEOUS, ECONOMIC GEOLOGY, LITHOSTRATIGRAPHY, MAPS, MESAVERDE GROUP, MESOZOIC, NEPHI QUADRANGLE, PALEOENVIRONMENT, SCOFIELD UTAH, STAR POINT SANDSTONE, STRATIGRAPHY, UPPER CRETACEOUS, UTAH, WASATCH 

PLATEAU. N393730 N394500 W1110000 W1111500]

Sanchez, J.D., 1990b, Stratigraphic framework, coal zone correlations 

and depositional environments of the Upper Cretaceous Blackhawk 

Formation and Star Point Sandstone, Scofi eld and Beaver Creek 

areas, Wasatch Plateau, Utah: U.S. Geological Survey Coal Investigation Map C-128-B (2 plates).

Sanchez, J.D., and Brown, T.L., 1983, Stratigraphic framework and 

coal resources of the Upper Cretaceous Blackhawk Formation in 

the Muddy Creek and Nelson Mountain areas of the Wasatch 

Plateau coal fi eld, Manti 30’ by 60’ quadrangle, Emery, Sevier, 

and Sanpete counties, Utah: U.S. Geological Survey Coal Investigations Map C-0094-A, scale 1:24,000. [CRETACEOUS, ECONOMIC 

GEOLOGY, EMERY COUNTY, MANTI QUADRANGLE, MAPS, MESOZOIC, MUDDY CREEK, NELSON MOUNTAIN, RESOURCES, SANPETE COUNTY, SEVIER COUNTY, STRATIGRAPHY,, BLACKHAWK 

FORMATION, UPPER CRETACEOUS, UTAH, WASATCH PLATEAU. 

N390000 N390730 W1111000 W1113230]

Sanchez, J.D., and Brown, T.L., 1986, Stratigraphic framework and 

coal resources of the Upper Cretaceous Blackhawk Formation in 

the Trail Mountain and East Mountain areas of the Wasatch Plateau coal fi eld, Manti 30’ by 60’ quadrangle, Emery County, Utah: 

U.S. Geological Survey Coal Investigations Map C-0094-C, scale 

1:24,000. [BLACKHAWK FORMATION, CRETACEOUS, EAST MOUNTAIN, ECONOMIC GEOLOGY MAPS, ECONOMIC GEOLOGY, EMERY 

COUNTY, MANTI QUADRANGLE, MAPS, MESOZOIC, RESOURCES, 

STRATIGRAPHY, TRAIL MOUNTAIN, UPPER CRETACEOUS, UTAH, 

WASATCH PLATEAU. N391500 N392230 W1110230 W1111730]

Sanchez, J.D., and Brown, T.L., 1987a, Stratigraphic framework and 

coal resources of the Upper Cretaceous Blackhawk Formation in 

the Ferron canyon and The Cap areas of the Wasatch Plateau coal 

fi eld, Manti 30’ x 60’ quadrangle, Emery County, Utah: U.S. Geological Survey Coal Investigation Map C-94-B.

Sanchez, J.D., and Brown, T.L., 1987b, Stratigraphic framework and 

coal resources of the Upper Cretaceous Blackhawk Formation 

in the Ferron Canyon and Rock Canyon areas of the Wasatch 

Plateau coal fi eld, Manti 30’ by 60’ quadrangle, Emery and 

Sanpete Counties, Utah: U.S. Geological Survey Coal Investigations 

Map C-0094-B, scale 1:24,000. [CENTRAL UTAH, COAL DEPOSIT 

MAPS, CRETACEOUS, ECONOMIC GEOLOGY, EMERY COUNTY, 

ENERGY SOURCES, FERRON CANYON, LITHOSTRATIGRAPHY, 

MANTI QUADRANGLE, MAPS, MESOZOIC, RESOURCES, ROCK 

CANYON, SANPETE COUNTY, STRATIGRAPHY,, BLACKHAWK FORMATION, UPPER CRETACEOUS, UTAH, WASATCH PLATEAU. 

N390730 N391500 W1110730 W1112230]

Sanchez, J.D., and Ellis, E.G., 1990a, Stratigraphic framework, coal 

zone correlations, and depositional environment of the Upper Cretaceous Blackhawk Formation and Star Point Sandstone in the 

Candland Mountain and Wattis areas, Nephi 30’ x 60’ quadrangle, 

Wasatch Plateau Coal Field, Carbon County, Utah: U.S. Geological 

Survey Coal Investigation Map C-128-A (1 plate). [BLACKHAWK 

FORMATION, COAL ZONES, CRETACEOUS, DEPOSITIONAL ENVIRONMENT, MAPS, PALEOENVIRONMENT, STAR POINT SANDSTONE, STRATIGRAPHY, UTAH, WASATCH PLATEAU]

Sanchez, J.D., and Ellis, E.G., 1990b, Stratigraphic framework, coal 

zone correlations, and depositional environment of the Upper 

Cretaceous Blackhawk Formation and Star Point Sandstone in 

the Candland Mountain and Wattis areas, Nephi 30’ X 60’ quadrangle, Wasatch Plateau coal fi eld, Carbon and Emery counties, 

Utah: U.S. Geological Survey Coal Investigations Map C-0128-A, 

scale 1:24,000. [BLACKHAWK FORMATION, CANDLAND MOUNG92 Geologic Assessment of Coal in the Colorado Plateau: Arizona, Colorado, New Mexico, and Utah
TAIN, CARBON COUNTY UTAH, CENTRAL UTAH, CORRELATION, 

CRETACEOUS, ECONOMIC GEOLOGY, EMERY COUNTY UTAH, 

LITHOSTRATIGRAPHY, MAPS, MESAVERDE GROUP, MESOZOIC, 

NEPHI QUADRANGLE, PALEOENVIRONMENT, STAR POINT SANDSTONE, STRATIGRAPHIC MAPS, STRATIGRAPHY, UPPER CRETACEOUS, UTAH, WASATCH PLATEAU, WATTIS UTAH. N393000 

N393730 W1110000 W1111500]

Sanchez, J.D., and McCabe, P.J., 1988, Tidal channel deposits in 

the Upper Cretaceous of the Northern Kaiparowits Plateau, Utah: 

American Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin, v. 72, no. 

2, p. 243.

Sanchez, J.D., Blanchard, L.F., and August, L.L., 1983a, Stratigraphic 

framework and coal resources of the Upper Cretaceous Blackhawk 

Formation in the Convulsion Canyon and Wash Rock Canyon areas, 

of the Wasatch Plateau Coal Field, Salina 30’ x 60’ quadrangle, 

Sanpete and Sevier Counties, Utah: U.S. Geological Survey Coal 

Investigation Map C-93-B.

Sanchez, J.D., Blanchard, L.F., and August, L.L., 1983b, Stratigraphic 

framework and coal resources of the Upper Cretaceous Blackhawk Formation in the Johns Peak and Old Woman Plateau areas 

of the Wasatch Plateau coal fi eld, Salina 30’ by 60’ quadrangle, 

Sevier County, Utah: U.S. Geological Survey Coal Investigations 

Map C-0093-A, scale 1:24,000. [BLACKHAWK FORMATION, COAL 

DEPOSIT MAPS, CRETACEOUS, ECONOMIC GEOLOGY MAPS, ECONOMIC GEOLOGY, JOHNS PEAK, MAPS, MESOZOIC, OLD WOMAN 

PLATEAU, RESOURCES, SALINA QUADRANGLE, SEVIER COUNTY, 

STRATIGRAPHY, UPPER CRETACEOUS, UTAH, WASATCH PLATEAU. 

N384000 N385230 W1112230 W1113230]

Sanchez, J.D., Blanchard, L.F., and August, L.L., 1983c, Stratigraphic 

framework and coal resources of the Upper Cretaceous Blackhawk Formation in the Convulsion Canyon and Wash Rock Canyon 

areas of the Wasatch Plateau coal fi eld, Salina 30’ by 60’ quadrangle, Sevier and Emery counties, Utah: U.S. Geological Survey 

Coal Investigations Map C-0093-B, scale 1:24,000. [CONVULSION 

CANYON, CRETACEOUS, ECONOMIC GEOLOGY, EMERY COUNTY, 

LITHOSTRATIGRAPHY, MAPS, MESOZOIC, RESOURCES, SALINA 

QUADRANGLE, SEVIER COUNTY, STRATIGRAPHY,, BLACKHAWK 

FORMATION, UPPER CRETACEOUS, UTAH, WASH ROCK CANYON. 

N385230 N390000 W1111500 W1113000]

Sanchez, J.D., Blanchard, L.F., Brown, T.L., Muldoon, W.J., Marley, 

W.E., and Flores, R.F., 1982, Intertonguing of the Blackhawk Formation and Star Point Sandstone, Wasatch Plateau, Utah, in Geological Survey research 1982, U.S. Geological Survey Professional 

Paper 1375, p. 20–21. [BLACKHAWK FORMATION, CARTOGRAPHY, 

CRETACEOUS, ECONOMIC GEOLOGY, EXPLORATION, MESOZOIC, 

STAR POINT SANDSTONE, STRATIGRAPHY, UPPER CRETACEOUS, 

UTAH, WASATCH PLATEAU]

Sanchez, J.D., Brown, T.L., and Muldoon, W.J., 1981, Stratigraphy 

and intertonguing between coal-bearing Upper Cretaceous Blackhawk Formation and Star Point Sandstone, central and southern 

parts of Wasatch Plateau Coalfi eld, central Utah: American Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin, v. 65, no. 5, p. 985. [BLACKHAWK FORMATION, CENTRAL UTAH, CRETACEOUS, EXPLORATION, MESOZOIC, SANDSTONE, SANPETE COUNTY, SEVIER 

COUNTY, STAR POINT SANDSTONE, STRATIGRAPHY, TRANSGRESSION, UPPER CRETACEOUS, UTAH, WASATCH PLATEAU, 

WASATCH PLATEAU. N385500 N394500 W1112000 W1113500]

Sandberg, D.T., 1988a, Coal resources and coal-bed geometry, Fruitland Formation, Southern Ute Indian Reservation, Archuleta and 

La Plata counties, Colorado, in Fassett, J.E., ed., Geology and coalbed methane resources of the northern San Juan Basin, Colorado 

and New Mexico, Publisher: Rocky Mt. Assoc. Geol., Denver, CO, 

United States, p. 39–50. [ARCHULETA COUNTY, BITUMINOUS 

COAL, COLORADO, CRETACEOUS, ECONOMIC GEOLOGY, FRUITLAND FORMATION, IGNACIO ANTICLINE, LA PLATA COUNTY, 

MESOZOIC, OVERBURDEN, PICTURE CLIFFS SANDSTONE, RANK, 

REGRESSION, RESOURCES, SAN JUAN BASIN, SOUTHERN UTE 

INDIAN RESERVATION, SOUTHWESTERN COLORADO, UPPER CRETACEOUS, VOLATILES, ZONING]

Sandberg, D.T., 1988b, Distribution of coal beds in the Fruitland Formation, Southern Ute Indian Reservation, Archuleta and La Plata 

counties, southwestern Colorado: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File 

Report 88-0230, 3 p. [COAL DEPOSIT MAPS, COLORADO, CRETACEOUS, ECONOMIC GEOLOGY, FRUITLAND FORMATION, INDIAN 

RESERVATIONS, LA PLATA COUNTY, MAPS, MESOZOIC, SOUTHERN UTE INDIAN RESERVATION, SOUTHWESTERN COLORADO, 

STRATIGRAPHY,, ARCHULETA COUNTY, STRUCTURE CONTOUR 

MAPS, THICKNESS, UPPER CRETACEOUS]

Sandberg, D.T., and Zech, R.S., 1990, Coal resources of Upper Cretaceous Fruitland Formation in the Southern Ute Indian Reservation, 

southwestern Colorado, in Zech, R.S., ed., scale 1:200,000: U.S. 

Geological Survey Professional Paper 1505-D, p. D1–D24. [ARCHULETA COUNTY COLORADO, BITUMINOUS COAL, COAL DEPOSIT 

MAPS, COAL RANK, COLORADO, CRETACEOUS, ECONOMIC GEOLOGY, ENERGY SOURCES, FRUITLAND FORMATION, INDIAN RESERVATIONS, INTERPRETATION, ISOPACH-MAPS, LA PLATA COUNTY 

COLORADO, MAPS, MESOZOIC, MINING-GEOLOGY, RESOURCES, 

SAN JUAN BASIN, SECTIONS, SOUTHERN UTE INDIAN RESERVATION, SOUTHWESTERN COLORADO, STRATIGRAPHY, STRUCTURE 

CONTOUR MAPS, THICKNESS, UPPER CRETACEOUS, WELL LOGGING. N370000 N371400 W1070000 W1082000]

Schneider, G.B., and Kirschbaum, M.A., 1981, Coal resources of the 

Fruitland Formation, Ojo Encino EMRIA study site, McKinley County, 

New Mexico: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 81-0783, 

26 p. [BITUMINOUS COAL, CHEMICAL PROPERTIES, CLASSIFICATION, CRETACEOUS, ECONOMIC GEOLOGY, EMRIA, EVALUATION, FRUITLAND FORMATION, MCKINLEY COUNTY, MESOZOIC, MINING-GEOLOGY, NEW MEXICO, OJO ENCINO, RANK, 

RESOURCES, THICKNESS, UPPER CRETACEOUS, WELL LOGGING. 

N355000 N360000 W1071800 W1072500]

Schneider, G.B., Hildebrand, R.T., and Affolter, R.H., 1979, Coal 

resources and chemical analyses of coal from the Fruitland Formation, Kimbeto EMRIA site, San Juan County, New Mexico: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 79-1090, 35 p. [CHEMICAL COMPOSITION, CRETACEOUS, ECONOMIC GEOLOGY, FRUITLAND FORMATION, GEOCHEMISTRY, KIMBETO EMRIA SITE, MESOZOIC, NEW 

MEXICO, RESOURCES, SAN JUAN COUNTY, UPPER CRETACEOUS. 

N360000 N370000 W1073500 W1090500]

Schroeder, M.L., 1980, Geologic map and coal resources of the Ragan 

quadrangle, Uinta County, Wyoming: U.S. Geological Survey Coal 

Investigations Map C-0085, scale 1:24,000. [ADAVILLE FORMATION, 

CLASSIFICATION, CRETACEOUS, ECONOMIC GEOLOGY, FRONTIER 

FORMATION, GEOLOGIC MAPS, KEMMERER COAL ZONE, LAND 

LEASES, LAZEART SANDSTONE MEMBER, MAPS, MESOZOIC, 

RAGAN QUADRANGLE, RESOURCES, SECTIONS, STRUCTURE 

Quality Characterization of Cretaceous Coal from the Colorado Plateau Coal Assessment Area G93
CONTOUR MAPS, UINTA COUNTY, UPPER CRETACEOUS, WYOMING. N411500 N412230 W1103730 W1104500]

Scott, G.R., and Pillmore, C.L., 1993, Geologic and structure-contour 

map of the Raton 30’ X 60’ quadrangle, Colfax and Union counties, 

New Mexico, and Las Animas County, Colorado: U.S. Geological 

Survey Miscellaneous Investigations Series Map I-2266, scale 

1:100,000. [AREAL GEOLOGY, MAPS AND CHARTS, CENOZOIC, 

CHEMICAL COMPOSITION, COLFAX COUNTY NEW MEXICO, COLORADO, CRETACEOUS, GEOLOGIC MAPS, IGNEOUS ROCKS, LAS 

ANIMAS COUNTY COLORADO, LOWER TERTIARY, MAPS, MESOZOIC, NEW MEXICO, NORTHEASTERN NEW MEXICO, QUATERNARY, RATON BASIN, RATON FORMATION, RATON QUADRANGLE, SOUTHEASTERN COLORADO, STRATIGRAPHIC BOUNDARY, STRUCTURAL GEOLOGY, ABSOLUTE AGE, STRUCTURE CONTOUR MAPS, TERTIARY, UNION COUNTY NEW MEXICO, UPPER 

CRETACEOUS, VERMEJO FORMATION, VOLCANIC ROCKS. N363000 

N370000 W1040000 W1050000]

Shanley, K.W., and McCabe, P.J., 1991, Predicting facies architecture 

through sequence stratigraphy; an example from the Kaiparowits 

Plateau, Utah: Geology, v. 19, no. 7, p. 742–745. [BASINS, 

COASTAL ENVIRONMENT, CRETACEOUS, CYCLIC PROCESSES, 

ENVIRONMENT, FLUVIAL ENVIRONMENT, GARFIELD COUNTY 

UTAH, GEOMETRY, HOST ROCKS, KAIPAROWITS-PLATEAU, KANE 

COUNTY UTAH, LEFT HAND COLLET CANYON, LITHOFACIES, 

LITHOSTRATIGRAPHY, MESOZOIC, NEARSHORE ENVIRONMENT, 

PALEOGEOGRAPHY, RESERVOIR ROCKS, ROCK HOUSE COVE, SEDIMENTARY BASINS, SEDIMENTATION, SEQUENCE STRATIGRAPHY, SOUTH CENTRAL UTAH, STRATIGRAPHY, TRANSGRESSION, 

UNCONFORMITIES, UPPER CRETACEOUS, UTAH]

Shanley, K.W., and McCabe, P.J., 1992, Fluvial and estuarine reservoir 

geometry within alluvial transgressive system tracts; examples 

from the Kaiparowits Plateau of southern Utah: American Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin, p. 117–118. [CHRONOSTRATIGRAPHY, CONIACIAN, CORRELATION, CRETACEOUS, 

CROSS BEDDING, ESTUARINE ENVIRONMENT, FLUVIAL ENVIRONMENT, KAIPAROWITS-PLATEAU, MARINE ENVIRONMENT, 

MESOZOIC, PLANAR BEDDING STRUCTURES, RESERVOIR ROCKS, 

SANDSTONE, SANTONIAN, SEDIMENTARY PETROLOGY, SEDIMENTARY STRUCTURES, SENONIAN, SHALE, SOUTHERN UTAH, 

TRANSGRESSION, UPPER CRETACEOUS, UTAH]

Shanley, K.W., McCabe, P.J., and Hettinger, R.D., 1992, Tidal infl uence 

in Cretaceous fl uvial strata from Utah, U.S.A.: a key to sequence 

stratigraphic interpretations: Sedimentology, v. 39, p. 905–930. 

[STRATIGRAPHY, UTAH]

Shomaker, J.W. and Lease, R.C., 1971, Star Lake Fruitland Field, in 

Shomaker, J.W., Beaumont, E.C., and Kottlowski, F.E., eds. Strippable low-sulfur coal resources of the San Juan Basin in New 

Mexico and Colorado: New Mexico Bureau of Mines and Mineral 

Resources Memoir 25, p. 117–123. [CHEMISTRY, COAL QUALITY]

Shomaker., 1971, Bisti Fruitland Field, in Shomaker, J.W., Beaumont, 

E.C., and Kottlowski, F.E., eds. Strippable low-sulfur coal resources 

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Bureau of Mines and Mineral Resources Memoir 25, p. 110–117. 

[CHEMISTRY, COAL QUALITY]

Shomaker., 1971, Newcomb Upper Menefee area, in Shomaker, J.W., 

Beaumont, E.C., and Kottlowski, F.E., eds. Strippable low-sulfur coal 

resources of the San Juan Basin in New Mexico and Colorado: 

New Mexico Bureau of Mines and Mineral Resources Memoir 25, 

p.47–52.

Soulliere, S.J., Long, C.L., and Schreiner, R.A., 1988, Mineral resources 

of the Ignacio Chavez Wilderness Study Area, McKinley and 

Sandoval Counties, New Mexico: U.S. Geological Survey Bulletin 

1733-D, p. D1–D13. [ALLISON MEMBER, CENOZOIC, CLEARY COAL 

MEMBER, CRETACEOUS, ECONOMIC GEOLOGY MAPS, ECONOMIC 

GEOLOGY, GRAVEL DEPOSITS, IGNACIO CHAVEZ WILDERNESS 

STUDY AREA, MANCOS SHALE, MAPS, MCKINLEY COUNTY NEW 

MEXICO, MENEFEE FORMATION, MESOZOIC, MINERAL ASSESSMENT, MINERAL RESOURCES, NEW MEXICO, NORTHWESTERN 

NEW MEXICO, POINT LOOKOUT SANDSTONE, PROGRAMS, SANDOVAL COUNTY NEW MEXICO, SANDSTONE DEPOSITS, TERTIARY, UPPER CRETACEOUS, WILDERNESS AREAS. N351000 

N353800 W1071000 W1072600]

Spencer, F.D., 1986, Coal geology and coal, oil, and gas resources of 

the Erie and Frederick quadrangles, Boulder and Weld Counties, 

Colorado: U.S. Geological Survey Bulletin 1619, 50 p. [BOULDER 

COUNTY, COAL DEPOSIT MAPS, COLORADO, CRETACEOUS, ECONOMIC GEOLOGY, ENERGY SOURCES, ERIE QUADRANGLE, FREDERICK QUADRANGLE, FUEL-RESOURCES, GEOCHEMISTRY, LARAMIE FORMATION, MAPS, MESOZOIC, NATURAL GAS, NORTHCENTRAL COLORADO, PETROLEUM, PRODUCTION, RESOURCES, 

TRACE ELEMENTS, UPPER CRETACEOUS, WELD COUNTY. N400000 

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Stanton, R.W., Rice, D.D., Clayton, J.L., and Flores, R.M., 1992, Matrixgel vitrinite types and Rock-Eval analysis of coal samples, Cretaceous age, from the San Juan and Piceance basins, USA, in 

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Abstracts and Program. 9, p. 57–58. [COALBED METHANE, COLLOIDAL MATERIALS, COLORADO, CRETACEOUS, CRYPTOCORPOCOLLINITE, EXINITE, GELS, HYDROCARBONS, MACERALS, MATRIX, 

MESOZOIC, NATURAL GAS, ORGANIC MATERIALS, PETROLEUM, 

PETROLEUM ASSESSMENT, PICEANCE CREEK BASIN, REFLECTANCE, ROCK-EVAL, SAN JUAN BASIN, SPORINITE, THERMALMATURITY, UPPER CRETACEOUS, VITRINITE]

Stoner, J.D., and Lewis, B.D., 1980, Hydrogeology of the Fort Union 

coal region, eastern Montana: U.S. Geological Survey Miscellaneous Investigations Series Map I-1236, scale 1:500,000. [CENOZOIC, CRETACEOUS, FORT UNION FORMATION, GROUND WATER, 

HYDROGEOLOGIC MAPS, HYDROGEOLOGY, HYDROGEOLOGY AND 

HYDROLOGY. AQUIFERS, MAPS, MESOZOIC, MINING, MONTANA, 

PALEOCENE, PALEOGENE, STRIP MINING, SURFACE-MINING, 

SURVEYS, TERTIARY, TONGUE RIVER MEMBER, WATER 

RESOURCES. N450000 N480000 W1040000 W1100000]

Sweatt, N.W., and Mytton, J.W., 1983, Map showing structure contours on top of the Pictured Cliffs Sandstone and depths to the 

base of the Fruitland Formation, Chaco Canyon 30’ by 60’ quadrangle, San Juan, Rio Arriba, and Sandoval counties, New Mexico: 

U.S. Geological Survey Coal Investigations Map C-0092-B, scale 

1:100,000. [CHACO CANYON QUADRANGLE, CRETACEOUS, ECONOMIC GEOLOGY MAPS, ECONOMIC GEOLOGY, FRUITLAND FORMATION, MAPS, MESOZOIC, NEW MEXICO, PICTURE CLIFFS 

SANDSTONE, RIO ARRIBA COUNTY, SAN JUAN COUNTY, SANDOVAL COUNTY, STRATIGRAPHY, STRUCTURE CONTOUR MAPS, 

UPPER CRETACEOUS. N360000 N363000 W1070000 W1080000]

Tabet, D.E., 1999, Coal resources of the Henry Mountains coalfi eld: 

G94 Geologic Assessment of Coal in the Colorado Plateau: Arizona, Colorado, New Mexico, and Utah
Utah Geological Survey Open-File Report 362, 32 p. [CHEMISTRY, 

COAL QUALITY]

Thiros, S.A., and Cordy, G.E., 1991, Hydrology and effects of mining 

in the Quitchupah and Pines coal-lease tracts, central Utah: WaterResources Investigations 90-4084, 63 p. [AQUIFERS, BLACKHAWK 

FORMATION, CENTRAL UTAH, CRETACEOUS, ECONOMIC GEOLOGY, EMERY COUNTY UTAH, ENGINEERING AND ENVIRONMENTAL GEOLOGY, GROUND WATER, HYDROGEOLOGIC MAPS, HYDROGEOLOGY, HYDROGEOLOGY AND HYDROLOGY, HYDROGRAPHS, 

HYDROLOGY, IMPACT STATEMENTS, LAND LEASES, LAND USE, 

MAPS, MESOZOIC, MINES, MINING, PINES TRACT, QUITCHUPAH 

TRACT, RECHARGE, SEEPAGE, SEVIER COUNTY UTAH, SITE EXPLORATION, SITE LOCATION MAPS, STAR POINT SANDSTONE, SURFACE WATER, UNDERGROUND INSTALLATIONS, UNDERGROUND 

MINING, UPPER CRETACEOUS, UTAH, WATER QUALITY. N385000 

N390500 W1111400 W1112800]

Toenges, AL., Turnbull, L.A., Davis, J.D., Reynolds, D.A., Parks, B.C., 

Cooper, H.M., and Abernethy, R.F., 1952, Coal deposit, Coal Creek 

District, Gunnison County Colo.: Reserves, Coking Properties, and 

Petrographic and Chemical Characteristics: U.S. Bureau of Mines 

Bulletin 501, 83 p. [CHEMISTRY, COAL QUALITY]

Tremain, CM., Hornbaker, A.L., Holt, R.D., and Ladwig, L.R., 1996, 

1995 Summary of Coal Resources in Colorado: Colorado Geological 

Survey Department of Natural Resources Special Publication 41, 19 

p. [CHEMISTRY, COAL QUALITY]

Triplehorn, D.M., and Bohor, B.F., 1981, Altered volcanic ash partings 

in the C coal bed, Ferron Sandstone Member of the Mancos 

Shale, Emery County, Utah: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File 

Report 81-0775, 45 p. [CORRELATION, CRETACEOUS, DIAGENESIS, 

EMERY COUNTY, FERRON SANDSTONE MEMBER, INDEX-MAPS, 

KEY BEDS, LITHOSTRATIGRAPHY, MANCOS SHALE, MAPS, MESOZOIC, PARTINGS, SANDSTONE, STRATIGRAPHY,, C COAL BED, 

UPPER CRETACEOUS, UTAH, VOLCANIC ASH. N384200 N385500 

W1110800 W1112000]

Triplehorn, D.M., and Bohor, B.F., 1982, Tonsteins in the C coal bed, 

Emery coal fi eld, Utah, in Geological Survey research 1982, U.S. 

Geological Survey Professional Paper 1375, p. 22–23. [CENTRAL 

UTAH, CLAY MINERALS, CRETACEOUS, EMERY COAL FIELD, EMERY 

COUNTY, FERRON SANDSTONE MEMBER, KAOLINITE, MANCOS 

SHALE, MESOZOIC, SALINITY, SEDIMENTARY PETROLOGY, SHEET 

SILICATES, SILICATES, SMECTITE, TONSTEIN, UPPER CRETACEOUS, UTAH]

Triplehorn, D.M., and Bohor, B.F., 1983, Goyazite in kaolinitic altered 

volcanic ash beds of Cretaceous age near Denver, Colorado: Clays 

and Clay Minerals, v. 31, no. 4, p. 299–304. [ASH, COLORADO, MINERALOGY]

Van Loenen, R.E., Hill, R.H., Bankey, V., Bryant, W.A., and Kness, 

R.F., 1990, Mineral resources of the Adobe Town Wilderness Study 

Area, Sweetwater County, Wyoming: U.S. Geological Survey Bulletin 1757-H, p. H1–H15. [ADOBE TOWN WILDERNESS STUDY 

AREA, CENOZOIC, CRETACEOUS, ECONOMIC GEOLOGY MAPS, 

ECONOMIC GEOLOGY, MAPS, MESOZOIC, MINERAL ASSESSMENT, MINERAL RESOURCES, NATURAL GAS, PETROLEUM, PROGRAMS, RESERVOIR ROCKS, SANDSTONE, SOUTH CENTRAL 

WYOMING, SWEETWATER COUNTY WYOMING, TERTIARY, WILDERNESS AREAS, WYOMING. N410600 N411700 W1080700 

W1082200]

Ward, D.E., and Mapel, W.J., 1982, Coal resources in the Ramah Indian 

Reservation, New Mexico, in Geological Survey research 1982, U.S. 

Geological Survey Professional Paper 1375, 20 p. [CRETACEOUS, 

CREVASSE CANYON FORMATION, ECONOMIC GEOLOGY, GALLUP 

SANDSTONE, MESOZOIC, NEW MEXICO, RAMAH INDIAN RESERVATION, UPPER CRETACEOUS]

Warlow, R.C., Bragg, L.J., Windolph, J.F., Jr., Hickling, N.L., Oman, J.K., 

Kerry, P.T., and Baker, J.W., 1987, Chemical analysis and evaluation 

of 40 samples from Upper Cretaceous coal beds from the Wind 

River basin, Wyoming: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 

86-0187, 42 p. [COASTAL ENVIRONMENT, CRETACEOUS, DATA PROCESSING, ECONOMIC GEOLOGY, ENERGY SOURCES, FREMONT 

COUNTY, FRONTIER FORMATION, GEOCHEMISTRY, HOT SPRINGS 

COUNTY, MEETEETSE FORMATION, MESAVERDE GROUP, MESOZOIC, NATRONA COUNTY, PALUDAL ENVIRONMENT, RANK, STRATIGRAPHY, TECTONIC CONTROLS, UPPER CRETACEOUS, WEST 

CENTRAL WYOMING, WIND RIVER BASIN, WYOMING]

Wilson, R.W., and Jentgen, R.W., 1980, Coal test drilling in the 

De-Na-Zin Bisti area, San Juan County, New Mexico: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 80-1289, 111 p. [CONSERVATION, 

CRETACEOUS, ECONOMIC GEOLOGY, FRUITLAND FORMATION, 

INTERPRETATION, LAND LEASES, LAND USE, MESOZOIC, NEW 

MEXICO, SAN JUAN COUNTY, UPPER CRETACEOUS, WELL LOGGING. N300000 N370000 W1073000 W1090500]

Windolph, J.E., Jr., Hickling, N.L., and Warlow, R.C., 1982, Coal 

resource assessment of the Wind River Indian Reservation, 

Wyoming, in Geological Survey research 1982, U.S. Geological 

Survey Professional Paper 1375, p. 19–20. [CARTOGRAPHY, CENOZOIC, CRETACEOUS, DRILLING, ECONOMIC GEOLOGY, EOCENE, 

FORT UNION FORMATION, FRONTIER FORMATION, LOWER 

EOCENE, MEETEETSE FORMATION, MESAVERDE GROUP, MESOZOIC, MOWRY SHALE, NORTH AMERICA, OWL CREEK MOUNTAINS, PALEOGENE, ROCKY MOUNTAINS, TERTIARY, U.S. ROCKY 

MOUNTAINS, UPPER CRETACEOUS, WELLS, WIND RIVER FORMATION, WIND RIVER INDIAN RESERVATION, WINKLEMAN DOME, 

WYOMING]

Windolph, J.F., Jr., Warlow, R.C., Hickling, N.L., and Bragg, L.J., 1986, 

Comparative geochemistry of two coal beds from contrasting depositional environments of Late Cretaceous age in the western 

part of the Wind River basin, Wyoming, in Garbini, S., and Schweinfurth, S.P., eds., Symposium proceedings; A national agenda 

for coal-quality research, U.S. Geological Survey Circular 0979, p. 

263. [BRACKISH-WATER ENVIRONMENT, CRETACEOUS, DELTAIC 

ENVIRONMENT, DEPOSITION, ENVIRONMENT, ENVIRONMENTALANALYSIS, GEOCHEMISTRY, INTERPRETATION, MARINE ENVIRONMENT, MEETEETSE FORMATION, MESAVERDE GROUP, MESOZOIC, REGRESSION, SEDIMENTARY PETROLOGY, SEDIMENTATION, 

SIGNOR COAL BED, UPPER CRETACEOUS, WELTON COAL BED, 

WIND RIVER BASIN, WYOMING]

Zeller, H.D., 1978, Geologic map and coal resources of the Collet 

Top quadrangle, Kane County, Utah: U.S. Geological Survey 

Coal Investigations Map C-0080, scale 1:24,000. [ALVEY ZONE, 

COLLET TOP QUADRANGLE, CRETACEOUS, ECONOMIC GEOLOGY, 

KANE COUNTY, MAPS, MAPS AND CHARTS, AREAL GEOLOGY, 

MESOZOIC, RESOURCES, STRAIGHT CLIFFS FORMATION, STRUCTURE CONTOURS, UPPER CRETACEOUS, UTAH. N370000 N420000 

W1090500 W1140500]

Quality Characterization of Cretaceous Coal from the Colorado Plateau Coal Assessment Area G95
Appendix 5—Minimum, Maximum, and Mean Values for 

Ash Yield, Sulfur Content, Calorifi c Value, and Moist, 

Mineral-Matter-Free Btu, Grouped by High-Priority Coal Fields and 

Stratigraphic Units for the Colorado Plateau Coal Assessment Area

Figure A5-1. Minimum, maximum, and mean contents of ash yield for coal from high-priority coal fi elds in the Colorado Plateau coal 

assessment area.

Ash Yield

percent (as-received)

Coal Field

Wasatch Plateau

Kaiparowits Plateau

Henry Mountains

Star Lake

Navajo

Monero

Fruitland

Bisti

Yampa

Somerset

Lower White River

Grand Mesa

Grand Hogback

Durango

Danforth Hills

Crested Butte

Carbondale

Book Cliffs

Black Mesa

0 10 20 30 40 50

Min Max

Mean

G96 Geologic Assessment of Coal in the Colorado Plateau: Arizona, Colorado, New Mexico, and Utah
Figure A5-2. Minimum, maximum, and mean contents of sulfur content for coal from high-priority coal fi elds in the Colorado Plateau coal 

assessment area.

Sulfur

percent (as-received)

Coal Field

Wasatch Plateau

Kaiparowits Plateau

Henry Mountains

Star Lake

Navajo

Monero

Fruitland

Bisti

Yampa

Somerset

Lower White River

Grand Mesa

Grand Hogback

Durango

Danforth Hills

Crested Butte

Carbondale

Book Cliffs

Black Mesa

0 2 4 6 8 10

Min Max

Mean

Quality Characterization of Cretaceous Coal from the Colorado Plateau Coal Assessment Area G97
Figure A5-3. Minimum, maximum, and mean contents of calorifi c value for coal from high-priority coal fi elds in the Colorado Plateau coal 

assessment area.

Calorific Value

Btu/lb (as-received)

Coal Field

Wasatch Plateau

Kaiparowits Plateau

Henry Mountains

Star Lake

Navajo

Monero

Fruitland

Bisti

Yampa

Somerset

Lower White River

Grand Mesa

Grand Hogback

Durango

Danforth Hills

Crested Butte

Carbondale

Book Cliffs

Black Mesa

2000 4000 6000 8000 10000 12000 14000 16000

Min Max

Mean

G98 Geologic Assessment of Coal in the Colorado Plateau: Arizona, Colorado, New Mexico, and Utah
Figure A5-4. Minimum, maximum, and mean contents of moist, mineral-matter-free Btu for coal from high-priority coal fi elds in the Colorado 

Plateau coal assessment area.

Calorific Value

Moist, Mineral-Matter-Free Btu

Coal Field

Wasatch Plateau

Kaiparowits Plateau

Henry Mountains

Star Lake

Navajo

Monero

Fruitland

Bisti

Yampa

Somerset

Lower White River

Grand Mesa

Grand Hogback

Durango

Danforth Hills

Crested Butte

Carbondale

Book Cliffs

Black Mesa

5000 7000 9000 11000 13000 15000 17000

Min Max

Mean

Quality Characterization of Cretaceous Coal from the Colorado Plateau Coal Assessment Area G99
Figure A5-5. Minimum, maximum, and mean contents of ash yield for coal from all stratigraphic units in the Colorado Plateau coal assessment 

area.

Ash Yield

percent (as-received)

Stratigraphic Unit

Williams Fork

Wepo

Straight Cliffs

Neslen

Mount Garfield

Moreno Hill

Mesaverde

Menefee

Masuk (Muley Canyon)

Mancos

Lance

Iles

Gallup

Fruitland

Frontier

Dakota

Crevasse Canyon

Blackhawk

0 10 20 30 40 50

Min Max

Mean

G100 Geologic Assessment of Coal in the Colorado Plateau: Arizona, Colorado, New Mexico, and Utah
Figure A5-6. Minimum, maximum, and mean contents of sulfur content for coal from all stratigraphic units in the Colorado Plateau coal 

assessment area.

Sulfur

percent (as-received)

Stratigraphic Unit

Williams Fork

Wepo

Straight Cliffs

Neslen

Mount Garfield

Moreno Hill

Mesaverde

Menefee

Masuk (Muley Canyon)

Mancos

Lance

Iles

Gallup

Fruitland

Frontier

Dakota

Crevasse Canyon

Blackhawk

0 2 4 6 8 10

Min Max

Mean

Quality Characterization of Cretaceous Coal from the Colorado Plateau Coal Assessment Area G101
Figure A5-7. Minimum, maximum, and mean contents of calorifi c value for coal from all stratigraphic units in the Colorado Plateau coal 

assessment area.

Calorific Value

Btu/lb (as-received)

Stratigraphic unit

Williams Fork

Wepo

Straight Cliffs

Neslen

Mount Garfield

Moreno Hill

Mesaverde

Menefee

Masuk (Muley Canyon)

Mancos

Lance

Iles

Gallup

Fruitland

Frontier

Dakota

Crevasse Canyon

Blackhawk

2000 4000 6000 8000 10000 12000 14000 16000

Min Max

Mean

G102 Geologic Assessment of Coal in the Colorado Plateau: Arizona, Colorado, New Mexico, and Utah
Figure A5-8. Minimum, maximum, and mean contents of moist, mineral-matter-free Btu for coal from all stratigraphic units in the Colorado 

Plateau coal assessment area.

Calorific Value

Moist, Mineral-Matter-Free Btu

Stratigraphic Unit

Williams Fork

Wepo

Straight Cliffs

Neslen

Mount Garfield

Moreno Hill

Mesaverde

Menefee

Masuk (Muley Canyon)

Mancos

Lance

Iles

Gallup

Fruitland

Frontier

Dakota

Crevasse Canyon

Blackhawk

4000 6000 8000 10000 12000 14000 16000 18000

Min Max

Mean

Quality Characterization of Cretaceous Coal from the Colorado Plateau Coal Assessment Area G103
Appendix 6—Graduated Symbol Maps for Each Element 

of Environmental Concern from the 

Colorado Plateau Coal Assessment Area

Figure A6-1. Graduated symbol map of the mean content of antimony for all coal fi elds studied (including high 

and low priority coal fi elds) in the Colorado Plateau coal assessment area.

#S

#S #S

#S

#S

#S

#S

#S

#S

#S

#S

#S

#S #S #S

#S

#S

#S

#S

#S

#S

#S

#S

#S

#S

#S

#S

#S

#S

#S

#S

#S

BLACK MESA

BOOK CLIFFS CARBONDALE

CRESTED BUTTE

DANFORTH HILLS

DURANGO

GRAND HOGBACK

GRAND MESA

LOWER WHITE RIVER

SOMERSET

YAMPA

BISTI

FRUITLAND MONERO

NAVAJO

STAR LAKE

HENRY MOUNTAINS

KAIPAROWITS PLATEAU

WASATCH PLATEAU

NUCLA-NATURITA

DATIL MOUNTAINS

GALLUP

SALT LAKE

SAN JUAN

SAN MATEO

ZUNI

ALTON

BOOK CLIFFS

EMERY

KOLOB

SEGO

TABBY MOUNTAIN

100 0 100 200 Miles

N

Colorado Plateau Coal

Assessment Area

Colorado Plateau Study Area

States

Coal-Bearing Strata

Antimony (ppm whole coal)

#S 0.16 - 1.4

#S 1.4 - 2.6

#S 2.6 - 3.8

#S 3.8 - 5.1

35° 35°

37° 37°

39° 39°

112°

112°

110°

110°

108°

108°

106°

106°

G104 Geologic Assessment of Coal in the Colorado Plateau: Arizona, Colorado, New Mexico, and Utah
Figure A6-2. Graduated symbol map of the mean content of arsenic for all coal fi elds studied (including 

high and low priority coal fi elds) in the Colorado Plateau coal assessment area.

Figure A6-3. Graduated symbol map of the mean content of beryllium for all coal fi elds studied (including 

high and low priority coal fi elds) in the Colorado Plateau coal assessment area.

#S

#S #S

#S

#S

#S

#S

#S

#S

#S

#S

#S

#S #S

#S

#S

#S

#S

#S

#S

#S

#S

#S

#S

#S

#S

#S

#S

#S

#S

#S

#S

BLACK MESA

BOOK CLIFFS CARBONDALE

CRESTED BUTTE

DANFORTH HILLS

DURANGO

GRAND HOGBACK

GRAND MESA

LOWER WHITE RIVER

SOMERSET

YAMPA

BISTI

FRUITLAND MONERO

NAVAJO

STAR LAKE

HENRY MOUNTAINS

KAIPAROWITS PLATEAU

WASATCH PLATEAU

NUCLA-NATURITA

DATIL MOUNTAINS

GALLUP

SALT LAKE

SAN JUAN

SAN MATEO

ZUNI

ALTON

BOOK CLIFFS

EMERY

KOLOB

SEGO

TABBY MOUNTAIN

100 0 100 200 Miles

N

Colorado Plateau Coal

Assessment Area

Colorado Plateau Study Area

States

Coal-Bearing Strata

Arsenic (ppm whole coal)

#S 0.39 - 2.6

#S 2.6 - 4.9

#S 4.9 - 7.1

#S 7.1 - 9.3

35° 35°

37° 37°

39° 39°

112°

112°

110°

110°

108°

108°

106°

106°

#S

#S #S

#S

#S

#S

#S

#S

#S

#S

#S

#S

#S

#S #S

#S

#S

#S

#S

#S

#S

#S

#S

#S

#S

#S

#S

#S

#S

#S

#S

#S

BLACK MESA

BOOK CLIFFS CARBONDALE

CRESTED BUTTE

DANFORTH HILLS

DURANGO

GRAND HOGBACK

GRAND MESA

LOWER WHITE RIVER

SOMERSET

YAMPA

BISTI

FRUITLAND MONERO

NAVAJO

STAR LAKE

HENRY MOUNTAINS

KAIPAROWITS PLATEAU

WASATCH PLATEAU

NUCLA-NATURITA

DATIL MOUNTAINS

GALLUP

SALT LAKE

SAN JUAN

SAN MATEO

ZUNI

ALTON

BOOK CLIFFS

EMERY

KOLOB

SEGO

TABBY MOUNTAIN

100 0 100 200 Miles

N

Colorado Plateau Coal

Assessment Area

Colorado Plateau Study Area

States

Coal-Bearing Strata

Beryllium (ppm whole coal)

#S 0.33 - 1.7

#S 1.7 - 3.1

#S 3.1 - 4.4

#S 4.4 - 5.8

35° 35°

37° 37°

39° 39°

112°

112°

110°

110°

108°

108°

106°

106°

Quality Characterization of Cretaceous Coal from the Colorado Plateau Coal Assessment Area G105
Figure A6-4. Graduated symbol map of the mean content of cadmium for all coal fi elds studied (including 

high and low priority coal fi elds) in the Colorado Plateau coal assessment area.

Figure A6-5. Graduated symbol map of the mean content of chromium for all coal fi elds studied (including 

high and low priority coal fi elds) in the Colorado Plateau coal assessment area.

#S

#S #S

#S

#S

#S

#S

#S

#S

#S

#S

#S

#S #S #S

#S

#S

#S

#S

#S

#S

#S

#S

#S

#S

#S

#S

#S

#S

#S

#S

#S

BLACK MESA

BOOK CLIFFS CARBONDALE

CRESTED BUTTE

DANFORTH HILLS

DURANGO

GRAND HOGBACK

GRAND MESA

LOWER WHITE RIVER

SOMERSET

YAMPA

BISTI

FRUITLAND MONERO

NAVAJO

STAR LAKE

HENRY MOUNTAINS

KAIPAROWITS PLATEAU

WASATCH PLATEAU

NUCLA-NATURITA

DATIL MOUNTAINS

GALLUP

SALT LAKE

SAN JUAN

SAN MATEO

ZUNI

ALTON

BOOK CLIFFS

EMERY

KOLOB

SEGO

TABBY MOUNTAIN

100 0 100 200 Miles

N

Colorado Plateau Coal

Assessment Area

Colorado Plateau Study Area

States

Coal-Bearing Strata

Cadmium (ppm whole coal)

#S 0.03 - 0.15

#S 0.15 - 0.28

#S 0.28 - 0.4

#S 0.4 - 0.52

35° 35°

37° 37°

39° 39°

112°

112°

110°

110°

108°

108°

106°

106°

#S

#S #S

#S

#S

#S

#S

#S

#S

#S

#S

#S

#S #S #S

#S

#S

#S

#S

#S

#S

#S

#S

#S

#S

#S

#S

#S

#S

#S

#S

#S

BLACK MESA

BOOK CLIFFS CARBONDALE

CRESTED BUTTE

DANFORTH HILLS

DURANGO

GRAND HOGBACK

GRAND MESA

LOWER WHITE RIVER

SOMERSET

YAMPA

BISTI

FRUITLAND MONERO

NAVAJO

STAR LAKE

HENRY MOUNTAINS

KAIPAROWITS PLATEAU

WASATCH PLATEAU

NUCLA-NATURITA

DATIL MOUNTAINS

GALLUP

SALT LAKE

SAN JUAN

SAN MATEO

ZUNI

ALTON

BOOK CLIFFS

EMERY

KOLOB

SEGO

TABBY MOUNTAIN

100 0 100 200 Miles

N

Colorado Plateau Coal

Assessment Area

Colorado Plateau Study Area

States

Coal-Bearing Strata

Chromium (ppm whole coal)

#S 1.9 - 5.5

#S 5.5 - 9.2

#S 9.2 - 13

#S 13 - 17

35° 35°

37° 37°

39° 39°

112°

112°

110°

110°

108°

108°

106°

106°

G106 Geologic Assessment of Coal in the Colorado Plateau: Arizona, Colorado, New Mexico, and Utah
Figure A6-6. Graduated symbol map of the mean content of cobalt for all coal fi elds studied (including 

high and low priority coal fi elds) in the Colorado Plateau coal assessment area.

Figure A6-7. Graduated symbol map of the mean content of lead for all coal fi elds studied (including high 

and low priority coal fi elds) in the Colorado Plateau coal assessment area.

#S

#S #S

#S

#S

#S

#S

#S

#S

#S

#S

#S

#S

#S #S

#S

#S

#S

#S

#S

#S

#S

#S

#S

#S

#S

#S

#S

#S

#S

#S

#S

BLACK MESA

BOOK CLIFFS CARBONDALE

CRESTED BUTTE

DANFORTH HILLS

DURANGO

GRAND HOGBACK

GRAND MESA

LOWER WHITE RIVER

SOMERSET

YAMPA

BISTI

FRUITLAND MONERO

NAVAJO

STAR LAKE

HENRY MOUNTAINS

KAIPAROWITS PLATEAU

WASATCH PLATEAU

NUCLA-NATURITA

DATIL MOUNTAINS

GALLUP

SALT LAKE

SAN JUAN

SAN MATEO

ZUNI

ALTON

BOOK CLIFFS

EMERY

KOLOB

SEGO

TABBY MOUNTAIN

100 0 100 200 Miles

N

Colorado Plateau Coal

Assessment Area

Colorado Plateau Study Area

States

Coal-Bearing Strata

Colbalt (ppm whole coal)

#S 0.8 - 2.5

#S 2.5 - 4.2

#S 4.2 - 5.9

#S 5.9 - 7.6

35° 35°

37° 37°

39° 39°

112°

112°

110°

110°

108°

108°

106°

106°

#S

#S #S

#S

#S

#S

#S

#S

#S

#S

#S

#S

#S #S #S

#S

#S

#S

#S

#S

#S

#S

#S

#S

#S

#S

#S

#S

#S

#S

#S

#S

BLACK MESA

BOOK CLIFFS CARBONDALE

CRESTED BUTTE

DANFORTH HILLS

DURANGO

GRAND HOGBACK

GRAND MESA

LOWER WHITE RIVER

SOMERSET

YAMPA

BISTI

FRUITLAND MONERO

NAVAJO

STAR LAKE

HENRY MOUNTAINS

KAIPAROWITS PLATEAU

WASATCH PLATEAU

NUCLA-NATURITA

DATIL MOUNTAINS

GALLUP

SALT LAKE

SAN JUAN

SAN MATEO

ZUNI

ALTON

BOOK CLIFFS

EMERY

KOLOB

SEGO

TABBY MOUNTAIN

100 0 100 200 Miles

N

Colorado Plateau Coal

Assessment Area

Colorado Plateau Study Area

States

Coal-Bearing Strata

Lead (ppm whole coal)

#S 0.6 - 32

#S 32 - 64

#S 64 - 95

#S 95 - 125

35° 35°

37° 37°

39° 39°

112°

112°

110°

110°

108°

108°

106°

106°

Quality Characterization of Cretaceous Coal from the Colorado Plateau Coal Assessment Area G107
Figure A6-8. Graduated symbol map of the mean content of manganese for all coal fi elds studied 

(including high and low priority coal fi elds) in the Colorado Plateau coal assessment area.

Figure A6-9. Graduated symbol map of the mean content of mercury for all coal fi elds studied (including 

high and low priority coal fi elds) in the Colorado Plateau coal assessment area.

#S

#S #S

#S

#S

#S

#S

#S

#S

#S

#S

#S

#S #S #S

#S

#S

#S

#S

#S

#S

#S

#S

#S

#S

#S

#S

#S

#S

#S

#S

#S

BLACK MESA

BOOK CLIFFS CARBONDALE

CRESTED BUTTE

DANFORTH HILLS

DURANGO

GRAND HOGBACK

GRAND MESA

LOWER WHITE RIVER

SOMERSET

YAMPA

BISTI

FRUITLAND MONERO

NAVAJO

STAR LAKE

HENRY MOUNTAINS

KAIPAROWITS PLATEAU

WASATCH PLATEAU

NUCLA-NATURITA

DATIL MOUNTAINS

GALLUP

SALT LAKE

SAN JUAN

SAN MATEO

ZUNI

ALTON

BOOK CLIFFS

EMERY

KOLOB

SEGO

TABBY MOUNTAIN

100 0 100 200 Miles

N

Colorado Plateau Coal

Assessment Area

Colorado Plateau Study Area

States

Coal-Bearing Strata

Manganese (ppm whole coal)

#S 10 - 30

#S 30 - 50

#S 50 - 80

#S 80 - 100

35° 35°

37° 37°

39° 39°

112°

112°

110°

110°

108°

108°

106°

106°

#S

#S #S

#S

#S

#S

#S

#S

#S

#S

#S

#S

#S #S #S

#S

#S

#S

#S

#S

#S

#S

#S

#S

#S

#S

#S

#S

#S

#S

#S

#S

BLACK MESA

BOOK CLIFFS CARBONDALE

CRESTED BUTTE

DANFORTH HILLS

DURANGO

GRAND HOGBACK

GRAND MESA

LOWER WHITE RIVER

SOMERSET

YAMPA

BISTI

FRUITLAND MONERO

NAVAJO

STAR LAKE

HENRY MOUNTAINS

KAIPAROWITS PLATEAU

WASATCH PLATEAU

NUCLA-NATURITA

DATIL MOUNTAINS

GALLUP

SALT LAKE

SAN JUAN

SAN MATEO

ZUNI

ALTON

BOOK CLIFFS

EMERY

KOLOB

SEGO

TABBY MOUNTAIN

100 0 100 200 Miles

N

Colorado Plateau Coal

Assessment Area

Colorado Plateau Study Area

States

Coal-Bearing Strata

Mercury (ppm whole coal)

#S 0.01 - 0.07

#S 0.07 - 0.13

#S 0.13 - 0.19

#S 0.19 - 0.25

35° 35°

37° 37°

39° 39°

112°

112°

110°

110°

108°

108°

106°

106°

G108 Geologic Assessment of Coal in the Colorado Plateau: Arizona, Colorado, New Mexico, and Utah
Figure A6-10. Graduated symbol map of the mean content of nickel for all coal fi elds studied (including 

high and low priority coal fi elds) in the Colorado Plateau coal assessment area.

Figure A6-11. Graduated symbol map of the mean content of selenium for all coal fi elds studied (including 

high and low priority coal fi elds) in the Colorado Plateau coal assessment area.

#S

#S #S

#S

#S

#S

#S

#S

#S

#S

#S

#S

#S #S #S

#S

#S

#S

#S

#S

#S

#S

#S

#S

#S

#S

#S

#S

#S

#S

#S

#S

BLACK MESA

BOOK CLIFFS CARBONDALE

CRESTED BUTTE

DANFORTH HILLS

DURANGO

GRAND HOGBACK

GRAND MESA

LOWER WHITE RIVER

SOMERSET

YAMPA

BISTI

FRUITLAND MONERO

NAVAJO

STAR LAKE

HENRY MOUNTAINS

KAIPAROWITS PLATEAU

WASATCH PLATEAU

NUCLA-NATURITA

DATIL MOUNTAINS

GALLUP

SALT LAKE

SAN JUAN

SAN MATEO

ZUNI

ALTON

BOOK CLIFFS

EMERY

KOLOB

SEGO

TABBY MOUNTAIN

100 0 100 200 Miles

N

Colorado Plateau Coal

Assessment Area

Colorado Plateau Study Area

States

Coal-Bearing Strata

Nickel (ppm whole coal)

#S 1.7 - 6.3

#S 6.3 - 11

#S 11 - 16

#S 16 - 20

35° 35°

37° 37°

39° 39°

112°

112°

110°

110°

108°

108°

106°

106°

#S

#S #S

#S

#S

#S

#S

#S

#S

#S

#S

#S

#S #S #S

#S

#S

#S

#S

#S

#S

#S

#S

#S

#S

#S

#S

#S

#S

#S

#S

#S

BLACK MESA

BOOK CLIFFS CARBONDALE

CRESTED BUTTE

DANFORTH HILLS

DURANGO

GRAND HOGBACK

GRAND MESA

LOWER WHITE RIVER

SOMERSET

YAMPA

BISTI

FRUITLAND MONERO

NAVAJO

STAR LAKE

HENRY MOUNTAINS

KAIPAROWITS PLATEAU

WASATCH PLATEAU

NUCLA-NATURITA

DATIL MOUNTAINS

GALLUP

SALT LAKE

SAN JUAN

SAN MATEO

ZUNI

ALTON

BOOK CLIFFS

EMERY

KOLOB

SEGO

TABBY MOUNTAIN

100 0 100 200 Miles

N

Colorado Plateau Coal

Assessment Area

Colorado Plateau Study Area

States

Coal-Bearing Strata

Selenium (ppm whole coal)

#S 0.5 - 1.2

#S 1.2 - 1.8

#S 1.8 - 2.4

#S 2.4 - 3.1

35° 35°

37° 37°

39° 39°

112°

112°

110°

110°

108°

108°

106°

106°

Quality Characterization of Cretaceous Coal from the Colorado Plateau Coal Assessment Area G109
Figure A6-12. Graduated symbol map of the mean content of thorium for all coal fi elds studied (including 

high and low priority coal fi elds) in the Colorado Plateau coal assessment area.

Figure A6-13. Graduated symbol map of the mean content of uranium for all coal fi elds studied (including 

high and low priority coal fi elds) in the Colorado Plateau coal assessment area.

#

#

#

#

#

#

#

#

#

#

#

#

#

#S

#S #S

#S

#S

#S

#S

#S

#S

#S

#S

#S #S #S

#S

#S

#S

#S

#S

#S

#S

#S

#S

#S

#S

#S

#S

#S

#S

#S

BLACK MESA

BOOK CLIFFS CARBONDALE

CRESTED BUTTE

DANFORTH HILLS

DURANGO

GRAND HOGBACK

GRAND MESA

LOWER WHITE RIVER

SOMERSET

YAMPA

BISTI

FRUITLAND MONERO

NAVAJO

STAR LAKE

HENRY MOUNTAINS

KAIPAROWITS PLATEAU

WASATCH PLATEAU

NUCLA-NATURITA

DATIL MOUNTAINS

GALLUP

SALT LAKE

SAN JUAN

SAN MATEO

ZUNI

ALTON

BOOK CLIFFS

EMERY

KOLOB

SEGO

TABBY MOUNTAIN

100 0 100 200 Miles

N

Colorado Plateau Coal

Assessment Area

35° 35°

37° 37°

39° 39°

112°

112°

110°

110°

108°

108°

106°

106°

Colorado Plateau Study Area

States

Coal-Bearing Strata

#

Thorium (ppm whole coal)

#S 1.4 - 2.8

S# 2.8 - 4

#S 4 - 5.7

#S 5.7 - 12

#S

#S #S

#S

#S

#S

#S

#S

#S

#S

#S

#S

#S #S

#S

#S

#S

#S

#S

#S

#S

#S

#S

#S

#S

#S

#S

#S

#S

#S

#S

#S

BLACK MESA

BOOK CLIFFS CARBONDALE

CRESTED BUTTE

DANFORTH HILLS

DURANGO

GRAND HOGBACK

GRAND MESA

LOWER WHITE RIVER

SOMERSET

YAMPA

BISTI

FRUITLAND MONERO

NAVAJO

STAR LAKE

HENRY MOUNTAINS

KAIPAROWITS PLATEAU

WASATCH PLATEAU

NUCLA-NATURITA

DATIL MOUNTAINS

GALLUP

SALT LAKE

SAN JUAN

SAN MATEO

ZUNI

ALTON

BOOK CLIFFS

EMERY

KOLOB

SEGO

TABBY MOUNTAIN

100 0 100 200 Miles

N

Colorado Plateau Coal

Assessment Area

Colorado Plateau Study Area

States

Coal-Bearing Strata

Uranium (ppm whole coal)

#S 0.6 - 1.7

#S 1.7 - 2.7

#S 2.7 - 3.8

#S 3.8 - 4.9

35° 35°

37° 37°

39° 39°

112°

112°

110°

110°

108°

108°

106°

106°

G110 Geologic Assessment of Coal in the Colorado Plateau: Arizona, Colorado, New Mexico, and Utah
Appendix 7—Minimum, Maximum, and Mean Contents of 

Elements of Environmental Concern shown by High-Priority 

Coal Field and Stratigraphic Unit from the 

Colorado Plateau Coal Assessment Area

Figure A7-1. Minimum, maximum, and mean content of antimony for coal from high-priority coal fi elds in the Colorado Plateau coal assessment 

area (* indicates insuffi cient data).

Antimony

ppm (whole coal)

Coal Field

Wasatch Plateau

Kaiparowits Plateau

Henry Mountains

Star Lake

Navajo

Monero

Fruitland

Bisti

Yampa

Somerset

Lower White River

Grand Mesa

Grand Hogback

Durango

Danforth Hills

Crested Butte*

Carbondale

Book Cliffs

Black Mesa

02468

Min Max

Mean

Quality Characterization of Cretaceous Coal from the Colorado Plateau Coal Assessment Area G111
Figure A7-2. Minimum, maximum, and mean content of arsenic for coal from high-priority coal fi elds in the Colorado Plateau coal assessment 

area.

Arsenic

ppm (whole coal)

Coal field

Wasatch Plateau

Kaiparowits Plateau

Henry Mountains

Star Lake

Navajo

Monero

Fruitland

Bisti

Yampa

Somerset

Lower White River

Grand Mesa

Grand Hogback

Durango

Danforth Hills

Crested Butte

Carbondale

Book Cliffs

Black Mesa

0 20 40 60 80

Min Max

Mean

G112 Geologic Assessment of Coal in the Colorado Plateau: Arizona, Colorado, New Mexico, and Utah
Figure A7-3. Minimum, maximum, and mean content of beryllium for coal from high-priority coal fi elds in the Colorado Plateau coal assessment 

area.

Beryllium

ppm (whole coal)

Coal Field

Wasatch Plateau

Kaiparowits Plateau

Henry Mountains

Star Lake

Navajo

Monero

Fruitland

Bisti

Yampa

Somerset

Lower White River

Grand Mesa

Grand Hogback

Durango

Danforth Hills

Crested Butte

Carbondale

Book Cliffs

Black Mesa

0 4 8 12 16

Min Max

Mean

Quality Characterization of Cretaceous Coal from the Colorado Plateau Coal Assessment Area G113
Figure A7-4. Minimum, maximum, and mean content of cadmium for coal from high-priority coal fi elds in the Colorado Plateau coal assessment 

area (* indicates insuffi cient data).

Cadmium

ppm (whole coal)

Coal Field

Wasatch Plateau

Kaiparowits Plateau*

Henry Mountains

Star Lake

Navajo*

Monero

Fruitland

Bisti

Yampa

Somerset

Lower White River*

Grand Mesa

Grand Hogback*

Durango

Danforth Hills

Crested Butte

Carbondale

Book Cliffs

Black Mesa*

0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 1.4 1.6

Min Max

Mean

G114 Geologic Assessment of Coal in the Colorado Plateau: Arizona, Colorado, New Mexico, and Utah
Figure A7-5. Minimum, maximum, and mean content of chromium for coal from high-priority coal fi elds in the Colorado Plateau coal 

assessment area.

Chromium

ppm (whole coal)

Coal Field

Wasatch Plateau

Kaiparowits Plateau

Henry Mountains

Star Lake

Navajo

Monero

Fruitland

Bisti

Yampa

Somerset

Lower White River

Grand Mesa

Grand Hogback

Durango

Danforth Hills

Crested Butte

Carbondale

Book Cliffs

Black Mesa

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

Min Max

Mean

Quality Characterization of Cretaceous Coal from the Colorado Plateau Coal Assessment Area G115
Figure A7-6. Minimum, maximum, and mean content of cobalt for coal from high-priority coal fi elds in the Colorado Plateau coal assessment 

area.

Cobalt

ppm (whole coal)

Coal Field

Wasatch Plateau

Kaiparowits Plateau

Henry Mountains

Star Lake

Navajo

Monero

Fruitland

Bisti

Yampa

Somerset

Lower White River

Grand Mesa

Grand Hogback

Durango

Danforth Hills

Crested Butte

Carbondale

Book Cliffs

Black Mesa

0 6 12 18 24 30

Min Max

Mean

G116 Geologic Assessment of Coal in the Colorado Plateau: Arizona, Colorado, New Mexico, and Utah
Figure A7-7. Minimum, maximum, and mean content of mercury for coal from high-priority coal fi elds in the Colorado Plateau coal assessment 

area.

Mercury

ppm (whole coal)

Coal Field

Wasatch Plateau

Kaiparowits Plateau

Henry Mountains

Star Lake

Navajo

Monero

Fruitland

Bisti

Yampa

Somerset

Lower White River

Grand Mesa

Grand Hogback

Durango

Danforth Hills

Crested Butte

Carbondale

Book Cliffs

Black Mesa

0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8

Min Max

Mean

Quality Characterization of Cretaceous Coal from the Colorado Plateau Coal Assessment Area G117
Figure A7-8. Minimum, maximum, and mean content of lead for coal from high-priority coal fi elds in the Colorado Plateau coal assessment 

area (* indicates insuffi cient data).

Lead

ppm (whole coal)

Coal Field

Wasatch Plateau

Kaiparowits Plateau

Henry Mountains

Star Lake

Navajo

Monero

Fruitland

Bisti

Yampa

Somerset

Lower White River

Grand Mesa

Grand Hogback

Durango

Danforth Hills

Crested Butte*

Carbondale

Book Cliffs

Black Mesa

0 50 100 150 200 250 300 1900

Min Max

Mean

G118 Geologic Assessment of Coal in the Colorado Plateau: Arizona, Colorado, New Mexico, and Utah
Figure A7-9. Minimum, maximum, and mean content of selenium for coal from high-priority coal fi elds in the Colorado Plateau coal assessment 

area.

Selenium

ppm (whole coal)

Coal Field

Wasatch Plateau

Kaiparowits Plateau

Henry Mountains

Star Lake

Navajo

Monero

Fruitland

Bisti

Yampa

Somerset

Lower White River

Grand Mesa

Grand Hogback

Durango

Danforth Hills

Crested Butte

Carbondale

Book Cliffs

Black Mesa

01234567

Min Max

Mean

Quality Characterization of Cretaceous Coal from the Colorado Plateau Coal Assessment Area G119
Figure A7-10. Minimum, maximum, and mean content of manganese for coal from high-priority coal fi elds in the Colorado Plateau coal 

assessment area.

Manganese

ppm (whole coal)

Coal Field

Wasatch Plateau

Kaiparowits Plateau

Henry Mountains

Star Lake

Navajo

Monero

Fruitland

Bisti

Yampa

Somerset

Lower White River

Grand Mesa

Grand Hogback

Durango

Danforth Hills

Crested Butte

Carbondale

Book Cliffs

Black Mesa

0 500 1000 3500

Min Max

Mean

G120 Geologic Assessment of Coal in the Colorado Plateau: Arizona, Colorado, New Mexico, and Utah
Figure A7-11. Minimum, maximum, and mean content of nickel for coal from high-priority coal fi elds in the Colorado Plateau coal assessment 

area.

Nickel

ppm (whole coal)

Coal Field

Wasatch Plateau

Kaiparowits Plateau

Henry Mountains

Star Lake

Navajo

Monero

Fruitland

Bisti

Yampa

Somerset

Lower White River

Grand Mesa

Grand Hogback

Durango

Danforth Hills

Crested Butte

Carbondale

Book Cliffs

Black Mesa

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70

Min Max

Mean

Quality Characterization of Cretaceous Coal from the Colorado Plateau Coal Assessment Area G121
Figure A7-12. Minimum, maximum, and mean content of thorium for coal from high-priority coal fi elds in the Colorado Plateau coal assessment 

area (* indicates insuffi cient data).

Thorium

ppm (whole coal)

Coal Field

Wasatch Plateau

Kaiparowits Plateau

Henry Mountains

Star Lake

Navajo

Monero

Fruitland

Bisti

Yampa

Somerset

Lower White River

Grand Mesa

Grand Hogback

Durango

Danforth Hills

Crested Butte

Carbondale

Book Cliffs

Black Mesa*

0 6 12 18 24

Min Max

Mean

G122 Geologic Assessment of Coal in the Colorado Plateau: Arizona, Colorado, New Mexico, and Utah
Figure A7-13. Minimum, maximum, and mean content of uranium for coal from high-priority coal fi elds in the Colorado Plateau coal assessment 

area.

Uranium

ppm (whole coal)

Coal Field

Wasatch Plateau

Kaiparowits Plateau

Henry Mountains

Star Lake

Navajo

Monero

Fruitland

Bisti

Yampa

Somerset

Lower White River

Grand Mesa

Grand Hogback

Durango

Danforth Hills

Crested Butte

Carbondale

Book Cliffs

Black Mesa

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40

Min Max

Mean

Quality Characterization of Cretaceous Coal from the Colorado Plateau Coal Assessment Area G123
Figure A7-14. Minimum, maximum, and mean content of antimony for coal from all stratigraphic units in the Colorado Plateau coal assessment

area (* indicates insuffi cient data).

Antimony

ppm (whole coal)

Stratigraphic Unit

Williams Fork

Wepo

Straight Cliffs

Neslen

Mount Garfield

Moreno Hill

Mesaverde

Menefee

Masuk (Muley Canyon)

Mancos

Lance

Iles

Gallup*

Fruitland

Frontier

Dakota

Crevasse Canyon

Blackhawk

0 4 8 12 16

Min Max

Mean

G124 Geologic Assessment of Coal in the Colorado Plateau: Arizona, Colorado, New Mexico, and Utah
Figure A7-15. Minimum, maximum, and mean content of arsenic for coal from all stratigraphic units in the Colorado Plateau coal assessment 

area (* indicates insuffi cient data).

Arsenic

ppm (whole coal)

Stratigraphic Unit

Williams Fork

Wepo

Straight Cliffs

Neslen

Mount Garfield

Moreno Hill

Mesaverde

Menefee

Masuk (Muley Canyon)

Mancos

Lance

Iles

Gallup*

Fruitland

Frontier*

Dakota

Crevasse Canyon

Blackhawk

0 20 40 60 80 100

Min Max

Mean

Quality Characterization of Cretaceous Coal from the Colorado Plateau Coal Assessment Area G125
Figure A7-16. Minimum, maximum, and mean content of beryllium for coal from all stratigraphic units in the Colorado Plateau coal assessment 

area (* indicates insuffi cient data).

Beryllium

ppm (whole coal)

Stratigraphic Unit

Williams Fork

Wepo

Straight Cliffs

Neslen

Mount Garfield

Moreno Hill

Mesaverde

Menefee

Masuk (Muley Canyon)

Mancos

Lance

Iles

Gallup

Fruitland

Frontier*

Dakota

Crevasse Canyon

Blackhawk

0 4 8 12 16

Min Max

Mean

G126 Geologic Assessment of Coal in the Colorado Plateau: Arizona, Colorado, New Mexico, and Utah
Figure A7-17. Minimum, maximum, and mean content of cadmium for coal from all stratigraphic units in the Colorado Plateau coal assessment 

area (* indicates insuffi cient data).

Cadmium

ppm (whole coal)

Stratigraphic Unit

Williams Fork

Wepo*

Straight Cliffs*

Neslen

Mount Garfield

Moreno Hill*

Mesaverde

Menefee

Masuk (Muley Canyon)*

Mancos

Lance*

Iles

Gallup*

Fruitland

Frontier*

Dakota*

Crevasse Canyon

Blackhawk

0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0

Min Max

Mean

Quality Characterization of Cretaceous Coal from the Colorado Plateau Coal Assessment Area G127
Figure A7-18. Minimum, maximum, and mean content of chromium for coal from all stratigraphic units in the Colorado Plateau coal assessment

area (* indicates insuffi cient data).

Chromium

ppm (whole coal)

Stratigraphic Unit

Williams Fork

Wepo

Straight Cliffs

Neslen

Mount Garfield

Moreno Hill

Mesaverde

Menefee

Masuk (Muley Canyon)

Mancos

Lance

Iles

Gallup*

Fruitland

Frontier

Dakota

Crevasse Canyon

Blackhawk

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

Min Max

Mean

G128 Geologic Assessment of Coal in the Colorado Plateau: Arizona, Colorado, New Mexico, and Utah
Figure A7-19. Minimum, maximum, and mean content of cobalt for coal from all stratigraphic units in the Colorado Plateau coal assessment 

area.

Cobalt

ppm (whole coal)

Stratigraphic Unit

Williams Fork

Wepo

Straight Cliffs

Neslen

Mount Garfield

Moreno Hill

Mesaverde

Menefee

Masuk (Muley Canyon)

Mancos

Lance

Iles

Gallup*

Fruitland

Frontier

Dakota

Crevasse Canyon

Blackhawk

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40

Min Max

Mean

Quality Characterization of Cretaceous Coal from the Colorado Plateau Coal Assessment Area G129
Figure A7-20. Minimum, maximum, and mean content of mercury for coal from all stratigraphic units in the Colorado Plateau coal assessment 

area (* indicates insuffi cient data).

Mercury

ppm (whole coal)

Stratigraphic unit

Williams Fork

Wepo

Straight Cliffs

Neslen

Mount Garfield

Moreno Hill

Mesaverde

Menefee

Masuk (Muley Canyon)

Mancos

Lance

Iles

Gallup*

Fruitland

Frontier

Dakota

Crevasse Canyon

Blackhawk

0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0

Min Max

Mean

G130 Geologic Assessment of Coal in the Colorado Plateau: Arizona, Colorado, New Mexico, and Utah
Figure A7-21. Minimum, maximum, and mean content of lead for coal from all stratigraphic units in the Colorado Plateau coal assessment 

area (* indicates insuffi cient data).

Lead

ppm (whole coal)

Stratigraphic unit

Williams Fork

Wepo

Straight Cliffs

Neslen

Mount Garfield

Moreno Hill

Mesaverde

Menefee

Masuk (Muley Canyon)

Mancos

Lance

Iles

Gallup*

Fruitland

Frontier

Dakota

Crevasse Canyon

Blackhawk

0 50 100 150 200 250 300 1850

Min Max

Mean

Quality Characterization of Cretaceous Coal from the Colorado Plateau Coal Assessment Area G131
Figure A7-22. Minimum, maximum, and mean content of selenium for coal from all stratigraphic units in the Colorado Plateau coal assessment

area (* indicates insuffi cient data).

Selenium

ppm (whole coal)

Stratigraphic unit

Williams Fork

Wepo

Straight Cliffs

Neslen

Mount Garfield

Moreno Hill

Mesaverde

Menefee

Masuk (Muley Canyon)

Mancos

Lance

Iles

Gallup*

Fruitland

Frontier*

Dakota

Crevasse Canyon

Blackhawk

0 2 4 6 8 10

Min Max

Mean

G132 Geologic Assessment of Coal in the Colorado Plateau: Arizona, Colorado, New Mexico, and Utah
Figure A7-23. Minimum, maximum, and mean content of manganese for coal from all stratigraphic units in the Colorado Plateau coal 

assessment area (* indicates insuffi cient data).

Manganese

ppm (whole coal)

Stratigraphic Unit

Williams Fork

Wepo

Straight Cliffs

Neslen

Mount Garfield

Moreno Hill

Mesaverde

Menefee

Masuk (Muley Canyon)

Mancos

Lance

Iles

Gallup*

Fruitland

Frontier

Dakota

Crevasse Canyon

Blackhawk

0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 3400

Min Max

Mean

Quality Characterization of Cretaceous Coal from the Colorado Plateau Coal Assessment Area G133
Figure A7-24. Minimum, maximum, and mean content of nickel for coal from all stratigraphic units in the Colorado Plateau coal assessment 

area.

Nickel

ppm (whole coal)

Stratigraphic Unit

Williams Fork

Wepo

Straight Cliffs

Neslen

Mount Garfield

Moreno Hill

Mesaverde

Menefee

Masuk (Muley Canyon)

Mancos

Lance

Iles

Gallup

Fruitland

Frontier

Dakota

Crevasse Canyon

Blackhawk

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

Min Max

Mean

G134 Geologic Assessment of Coal in the Colorado Plateau: Arizona, Colorado, New Mexico, and Utah
Figure A7-25. Minimum, maximum, and mean content of thorium for coal from all stratigraphic units in the Colorado Plateau coal assessment 

area (* indicates insuffi cient data).

Thorium

ppm (whole coal)

Stratigraphic unit

Williams Fork

Wepo*

Straight Cliffs

Neslen

Mount Garfield

Moreno Hill

Mesaverde

Menefee

Masuk (Muley Canyon)

Mancos

Lance

Iles

Gallup*

Fruitland

Frontier

Dakota

Crevasse Canyon

Blackhawk

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40

Min Max

Mean

Quality Characterization of Cretaceous Coal from the Colorado Plateau Coal Assessment Area G135
Figure A7-26. Minimum, maximum, and mean content of uranium for coal from all stratigraphic units in the Colorado Plateau coal assessment 

area (* indicates insuffi cient data).

National Coal

Resource

Assessment

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Volume Table of Contents

Uranium

ppm (whole coal)

Stratigraphic Unit

Williams Fork

Wepo

Straight Cliffs

Neslen

Mount Garfield

Moreno Hill

Mesaverde

Menefee

Masuk (Muley Canyon)

Mancos

Lance

Iles

Gallup*

Fruitland

Frontier

Dakota

Crevasse Canyon

Blackhawk

0 10 20 30 40

Min Max

Mean

G136 Geologic Assessment of Coal in the Colorado Plateau: Arizona, Colorado, New Mexico, and Utah