VERMONT SUPREME COURT Case No. 23-AP-159

109 State Street

Montpelier VT 05609-0801

802-828-4774

www.vermontjudiciary.org

Note: In the case title, an asterisk (*) indicates an appellant and a double asterisk (**) indicates a crossappellant. Decisions of a three-justice panel are not to be considered as precedent before any tribunal.

ENTRY ORDER

NOVEMBER TERM, 2023

In re Einstein’s Tap House LLC* } APPEALED FROM:

} Board of Liquor and Lottery

} CASE NO. 2023-001

In the above-entitled cause, the Clerk will enter:

Licensee appeals a decision of the Board of Liquor and Lottery fining it for violating a 

regulation that required licensee to immediately remove or segregate any person displaying signs 

of intoxication from its premises. We affirm.

The Board made the following findings in its decision. Licensee holds first- and thirdclass liquor licenses for its premises in Burlington. In May 2022, an investigator from the 

Department of Liquor and Lottery, Office of Compliance and Enforcement, visited licensee’s 

establishment for a routine inspection. Shortly after the investigator arrived, licensee’s manager 

approached the investigator to greet him. While they were talking, the investigator noticed a 

male patron displaying signs of significant intoxication, such as staggering and bumping into 

other patrons. The investigator informed the manager of the patron’s intoxication. 

The investigator questioned the patron, who provided a false name. The patron said he 

was unable to provide identification because a friend at the bar was holding it for him. The 

patron told the investigator he had consumed three beers during his time at licensee’s 

establishment. The investigator observed that the patron had bloodshot eyes and heavily slurred 

speech and was having difficulty standing upright. The patron eventually admitted that he was 

intoxicated. The investigator relayed this information to the manager and the manager escorted 

the patron off the premises. He was eventually identified as a minor who attended the University 

of Vermont. The investigator issued licensee an administrative notice of agency action. 

Licensee declined to pay the waiver penalty and exercised its right to a hearing before the Board. 

The investigator testified at the hearing, after which licensee presented testimony from its 

security guard, bartender, and manager, as well as surveillance video recordings from the 
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evening in question. The Board reviewed this evidence and concluded that licensee had violated 

General Regulation No. 17,* which at the time relevant to this appeal stated: 

No licensee shall allow any individual displaying such signs of 

intoxication [from alcohol or other substances] to stay on the 

licensed premises, except under direct personal supervision by a 

licensee or licensee employee in a segregated nonpublic area when 

the patron’s immediate departure could be expected to pose a risk 

of bodily injury to the patron or any other individual. 

The Board found that the patron, who was showing obvious and significant signs of intoxication, 

was not removed or segregated prior to the investigator’s recommendation. The Board imposed 

a fine of $510. This appeal followed.

The Board is empowered by statute to promulgate and enforce regulations concerning the 

“furnishing, purchasing, selling . . . delivering, and possessing of alcohol.” 7 V.S.A. § 104(8). 

When reviewing a decision of the Board, “we presume the reasonableness and validity of a 

determination made within [its] expertise, and require a clear and convincing showing to 

overcome the presumption.” In re Cap. Inv., Inc., 150 Vt. 478, 480 (1988). “The Board’s factual 

findings will not be overturned unless they are clearly erroneous and there is no reasonable basis 

to support them.” In re Rusty Nail Acquisition, Inc., 2009 VT 68, ¶ 25, 186 Vt. 195. “Absent 

compelling indications of error, interpretations of administrative regulations or statutes by the 

agency responsible for their execution will be sustained on appeal.” In re Cap. Inv., Inc., 150 Vt. 

at 482.

Viewed “in the light most favorable to the prevailing party,” id. at 478, the evidence 

supports the Board’s findings and its conclusion. The investigator testified that he entered the 

bar around 12:40 a.m. and had been observing the dance floor area for a few minutes when he 

noticed a male patron “walking off the dance floor with what appeared to be a glass of beer in his 

hand.” The patron “was staggering and stumbling while he walked and was essentially 

physically pushing people out of his way.” The investigator approached the patron, who gave 

him a false name, was unable to produce identification, and stated he had consumed three 

sixteen-ounce beers. The investigator testified that the patron had bloodshot watery eyes and

was swaying and staggering while standing. The patron told the investigator that he was “too 

drunk to be here.” The investigator testified that he had extensive training and experience in 

assessing signs of intoxication and that he believed the patron was significantly intoxicated. The 

surveillance video recording of the investigator talking to the patron corroborates his testimony, 

as it shows the patron apparently swaying and at one point, nearly stumbling into the 

investigator. This evidence supports the Board’s findings and its conclusion that licensee 

violated General Regulation No. 17. 

Licensee argues that the security guard who checked the patron’s identification when he 

entered the bar, the bartender who sold him drinks, and the bar manager each testified that they 

did not observe any signs of intoxication. Licensee further argues that the other video recordings 

it submitted into evidence show that the patron did not exhibit any signs of intoxication prior to 

his interaction with the investigator. It argues that the patron’s stumbling could have been due to 

the crowded dance floor. 

* The regulations were amended in 2023 and this text is now found in General 

Regulation No. 16. Liquor Control Board Rules and Regulations, § 3(16), Code of Vt. Rules 26 

020 001, https://liquorcontrol.vermont.gov/laws/regulations [https://perma.cc/4ZY9-2BPP].
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These arguments are unavailing because they essentially ask this Court to reweigh the 

evidence on appeal. “When the evidence is conflicting, the credibility of witnesses, weight of 

the evidence and its persuasive effect are matters for the exclusive determination of the trier of 

fact.” Gilbert v. Davis, 144 Vt. 459, 461 (1984). Because the Board is the trier of fact in this 

context, its findings “must stand if supported by credible evidence, even though there may be 

inconsistencies or substantial evidence to the contrary.” In re Balivet, 2014 VT 41, ¶ 26, 196 Vt. 

425. The Board’s findings are supported by the investigator’s testimony and the video recording 

of his conversation with the patron. Thus, the fact that licensee presented conflicting evidence 

and alternative explanations for licensee’s behavior does not render the Board’s findings clearly 

erroneous. 

To the extent that licensee is arguing that there was insufficient time between the 

investigator’s arrival and his observation of the patron to support a violation of General 

Regulation No. 17, we are unpersuaded. The record shows that the patron was at the bar for

about an hour before the investigator appeared. The Board could reasonably infer from the 

evidence about the patron’s condition that licensee should have known that the patron was 

intoxicated prior to the investigator’s recommendation that he be removed. See In re Tweer, 146 

Vt. 36, 38 (1985) (“Intoxication may be evidenced circumstantially by prior or subsequent 

condition of intoxication within such a time that the condition may be supposed to be 

continuous.”). As we have previously observed, “licensees have an affirmative duty to become 

aware of and prevent regulatory violations.” In re Rusty Nail Acquisition, Inc., 2009 VT 68, 

¶ 26. They cannot avoid responsibility by simply failing to promptly notice intoxicated patrons. 

Id. 

Affirmed.

BY THE COURT:

Paul L. Reiber, Chief Justice

Harold E. Eaton, Jr., Associate Justice

Nancy J. Waples, Associate Justice