I

t _ f 8

Transportation Energy Conservation Data Book:

E dition

2

D. B. Shonka

A. S. Loebl

P. D. Patterson

ENGR LIBRAS

1

LU

N4

ORNL-5320

I

'U

IE HNICAL REPORTS

JNEERNj4G LIBRARY

l

i
Volume Conversions

From To in.3 ft 3 U.S. gal liter bbl

in.3 1 5.787 x 10-4 4.329 x 10-3 0.01639 1.031 x 10-4

ft 3 1728 1 7.481 28.32 0.1781

U.S. gal 231 0.1337 1 3.785 2.381 x 10-2

liter 61.02 3.531 x 10-2 0.2642 1 6.29 x 10-3

bbl 9702 5.615 42 158.97 1

Mass Conversions

To lb k Short Long Metric From (avoirdupois) ton ton ton

lb (avoirdupois) 1 0.4356 5.0 x 10-4 4.4643 x 10-4 4.5362 x 10-4

kg 2.205 1 1.1023 x 10-3 9.8425 x 10-4 1.0 x 10-3

Short ton 2000 907.2 1 0.8929 0.9072

Long ton 2240 1016 1.12 1 1.016

Metric ton 2205 1000 1.102 0.9842 1

Length Conversions

To.

From cm in. ft yd m mile km

cm 1 0.3937 3.281 x 10-2 1.0936 x 10-2 1.0 x 10-2 6.214 x 10-6 1.0 x 10-5

in. 2.54 1 8.333 x 10-2 2.778 x 10-2 2.54 x 10-2 1.578 x 10-5 2.54 x 10-5

ft 30.48 12 1 0.333 0.3048 1.894 x 10-4 3.048 x 10-4

yd 91.44 36 3 1 0.9144 5.682 x 10-4 9.144 x 10-4

m 100 39.37 3.281 1.0936 1 6.214 x 10-4 1.0 x 10-3

mile 160,934 63,630 5280 1760 1609 1 1.609

km 100,000 39,370 3281 1093.6 1000 0.6214 1

Energy Conversions

From To ft-lb kg-m hp-hr Metic Btu kWhr From hp-hr

ft-lb 1 0.1383 5.0505 x 10-7 5.12 x 10-7 1.285 x 10-3 3.766 x 10-7

kg-m 7.233 1 3.653 x 10-6 3.704 x 10-6 9.295 x 10-3 2.724 x 10-6

hp-hr 1.98 x 106 2.7375 x 105 1 1.0139 2544 0.7457

Metric

hp-hr 1.953 x 106 270,000 0.9863 1 2510 0.7355

Btu 778.2 107.6 3.93 x 10-4 3.985 x 10-4 1 2.931 x 10-4

kWhr 2.655 x 106 3.671 x 105 1.341 1.3596 3412 1

Heat Content for Various Fuels

Fuel oils Natural gas

Crude 138,100 Btu/gal Liquid 95,800 Btu/gal

Residual 149,700 Btu/gal Wet 1,095 Btu/ft 3

Distillate 138,700 Btu/gal Dry 1,021 Btu/ft 3

Automotive gasoline 125,000 Btu/gal Coal

AVGAS 124,000 Btu/gal Anthracite 25.4 x 106 Btu/short ton

Jet fuel (kerosene) 135,000 Btu/gal Bituminous 26.2 x 106 Btu/short ton

Jet fuel (naphta) 127,500 Btu/gal Lignite 13.4 x 106 Btu/short ton

Diesel oil (#2) 138,700 Btu/gal (Electrical generation and

distribution efficiency) P30%
ORNL-5320

Contract No. W-7405-eng-26

TRANSPORTATION ENERGY CONSERVATION DATA BOOK:

EDITION 2

D. B. Shonka

A. S. Loebl

P. D. Patterson

Maj or Contributors

T. P. O'Connor

M. C. Ogle.

A. B. Rose

D. L. Greene

Regional and Urban Studies Section

Energy Division

Prepared for

Data Analysis Branch

Nonhighway Transport Systems and Special Projects

Transportation Energy Conservation Division

Office of Conservation

Energy Research and Development Administration

Date Published: October 1977

OAK RIDGE NATIONAL LABORATORY

Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37830

Operated by

UNION CARBIDE CORPORATION

for the

ENERGY RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT ADMINISTRATION
Printed in the United States of America. Available from

National Technical Information Service

U.S. Department of Commerce

5285 Port Royal Road, Springfield, Virginia 22161

Price: Printed Copy $13.75; Microfiche $3.00

This report was prepared as an account of work sponsored by the United States

Government. Neither the United States nor the Energy Research and Development

Administration/United States Nuclear Regulatory Commission, nor any of their

employees, nor any of their contractors, subcontractors, or their employees, makes

any warranty, express or implied, or assumes any legal liability or responsibility for the

accuracy, completeness or usefulness of any information, apparatus, product or

process disclosed, or represents that its use would not infringe privately owned rights.
TRANSPORTATION ENERGY CONSERVATION DATA BOOK:

EDITION 2

Contents

Abstract . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . v

List of Tables. . ....... ............. vii

List of Figures.. .......... . ......... xix

Acknowledgments. ... . . ........ ......... xxv

Statistical Highlights ......... ......... xxvii

Introduction . . . . 1

Chapter 1. Characteristics of Transportation Modes . . . . . . . 7

Section 1.1 Overview. . .......... ......... 17

Section 1.2 Highway .......... . . ......... 37

Subsection 1.2.1 Cost of Ownership. . ..... ....... 69

Subsection 1.2.2 Household Ownership . .......... 75

Subsection 1.2.3 Travel Characteristics. . .. ....... 93

Section 1.3 Air.. .......... . ........... 119

Section 1.4 Rail.. ....... ......... 131

Section 1.5 Marine ......... ... . ........ 135

Section 1.6 Pipeline.. ........ . ......... 143

Section 1.7 Nonmotorized Vehicles ...... ......... 149

References, Chapter 1 . . . . . 150

Chapter 2. Energy Characteristics ... ........... 155

Section 2.1 Energy Resource Consumption... .. ........ 159

Section 2.2 Energy Efficiency and Intensity . . . . . . . . . . 185

Section 2.3 Energy Resource Conservation . . ........ 209

References, Chapter 2............... . ................ 219

Chapter 3. Projections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Chapter 4. Government Impacts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Section 4.1 Government Taxes and Expenditures . . . . . .

Section 4.2 Government Programs and Regulatory Activities 

225

257

263

274

iii
iv

Contents (Cont'd)

Section 4.3 Government Research, Development and

Demonstration

References, Chapter 4 . .

Chapter 5. Energy Supply--

Section 5.1 Overview

Section 5.2 Domestic Production . .

Section 5.3 Imports . . . . . . . . .

Section 5.4 Prices . . . . . . .

Section 5.5 Reserves . . . . . . .

Section 5.6 Alternative Fuels . . . .

References, Chapter 5 . . .

Chapter 6. Transportation Demand .

Section 6.1 Population Characteristics

Section 6.2 Economic Characteristics

References, Chapter 6 . . . . . . . .

Chapter 7. Reference Materials

Glossary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Keyword Index . . . . . . .

Permuted Title Index ...-......-...

Mode-Specific Cross Reference

Fuel-Specific Cross Reference

Page

296

314

3 19a

. 323

335

345

353

367

373

389

393

397

407

422

425

435

479

511

532

536
Abstract

This document is the second edition of the Transportation Energy

Conservation Data Book, a statistical compendium compiled and published

by Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL) under contract with the Transportation Energy Conservation (TEC) Division of the Energy Research and

Development Administration (ERDA). Secondary data on transportation

characteristics by mode, on transportation energy use, and on other

related variables are presented in tabular and/or graphic form.

All major modes of transportation are represented: highway, air,

rail, marine, and pipeline. The six main chapters focus on various

characteristics of the transportation sector including (1) modal

characteristics, (2) current energy use, efficiency and conservation,

(3) projections of modal energy use, (4) impact of government activities,

(5) supply and cost of energy, and (6) general demographic and economic

characteristics.

Included in the more than 400 tables and figures are the following

transportation stock and use statistics: number of vehicles, vehiclemiles traveled, passenger-miles and freight ton-miles, fleet characteristics, household automobile ownership, size mix of automobiles,

vehicle travel characteristics, and commuting patterns. Energy characteristics presented include energy use by fuel source and transportation

mode, energy intensity figures by mode, indirect energy use, production

as a percent of consumption, imports as a percent of domestic production,

energy prices from the wellhead to the retail outlet, and alternative

fuels. Information is also presented on the National Energy Plan, the

Department of Energy, ERDA's electric and hybrid vehicle project, and the

TEC transportation and energy demand projections.

v

List of Tables

Chapter 1. Characteristics of Transportation Modes

Section 1.1 Overview .. . . . . . . . . . . .

Table 1-1.

Table 1-la.

Table 1-2.

Table 1-3.

Table 1-4.

Table

Table

Table

1-5.

1-6.

1-7.

Table 1-8.

Table 1-9.

Number of Vehicles: 1960 Through 1976 . . . .

Primary Sources for Data on Vehicle-Miles

Traveled . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Vehicle-Miles Traveled, 1960 Through 1975 . . .

Domestic Passenger-Miles Traveled: 1960 Through

1975 . . . . . . . . .

Intercity Passenger Miles by Mode of Travel, 1960

Through 1975 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Freight Ton-Miles, 1960 Through 1975 . . . . .

Intercity Freight Movement by Mode, 1950-1975 .

Percent Distribution by Mode of Transportation

for Commodities Shipped by Manufacturers, 1972

Intercity Mileage for Transportation Networks

Within the Continental United States, 1960 Through

1975

Intercity Distances and Circuity Factors for

Selected City Pairs ........................

Section 1.2 Highway . . . . ..... . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Table

Table

Table

Table

Table

Table

Table

1-10.

1-11.

1-12.

1-13.

1-14.

1-15.

1-16.

Table 1-17.

Table 1-18.

Table

Table

Table

Table

Table

Table

Table

1-19.

1-20.

1-21.

1-23.

1-24.

1-25.

1-26.

Table 1-27.

World Motor Vehicle Registrations, 1975 . . . .

Passenger Cars In Use. . . . . . . . . . . . .

Number of Highway Motor Vehicles Registered in the

United States by Type, 1963 Through 1975 .

Publicly Owned Registered Vehicles, 1960-1975

School and Commercial Buses . . . . . . . . . .

Passenger Cars In Use by Age of Car . . . . . .

Fleet Inventory Summary and Selected Characteristics of Federal Government Motor Vehicles,

1975

Number of Motor Vehicles in Fleets in the U.S.

by Type of Business . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

United States Fleet Automobiles by Type of

Fleet, 1965 Through 1975 . . . . . . . . . . .

Statistics on the Automobile Fleet Market, 1976 

Fleet Automobile Size and Percent of Sales .

Comparison of Retail Sales and Fleet Sales by

Vehicle Type, 1976 Model Year . . . . . . . . .

Average Mileage of Leased Automobiles . . . . .

Average Age of Automobiles at Replacement .

Trucks In Use by Age . . . . . . . . . . . .

Percent Distribution by Size of Truck and Major

Use, 1972........ ... . ........

Selected Characteristics of Truck Stock: 1963,

1967, and 1972 . . . . . 0 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 . . . .

vii

Page

7

17

20

2

26

27

28

29

30

32

33

34

37

38

39

40

41

42

43

44

45

46

46

47

48

49

49

50

51

52
viii

List of Tables (Cont'd)

Page

Table 1-28.

Table 1-29.

Table 1-30.

Table 1-31.

Table

Table

Table

Table

Table

1-32.

1-33.

1-34.

1-35.

1-36.

Table 1-37.

Percent of Light-Weight Trucks with 4-Wheel

Drive . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Registered Weight of Insulated Refrigerated Vans

and Annual Miles Driven by Census Region, 1972

Motor Vehicle Factory Sales from Domestic Car

Manufacturers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Factory Installation of Energy-Related Equipment

on Domestic Motor Vehicles . . . . . . . . . .

Factory Unit Shipments of Recreational Vehicles

Estimated Electric Vehicle Production, 1977 . .

Passenger Car Retail Sales . . . . . . .

U.S. Motor Truck and Bus Retail Sales . . . . .

Factory Sales of Trucks and Buses by Gross

Vehicle Weight, (Pounds) . . . . . . . .

Estimated Automobile and Truck Scrappage . .

Subsection 1.2.1 Cost of Ownership .. 96.. 09.. o.. 0..

Table 1-38. Cost Per Mile for a Standard 1976 Model Car . .

Subsection 1.2.2 Ownership Characteristics by Household . . .

Table 1-39.

Table 1-40.

Table 1-41.

Table 1-42.

Table 1-43.

Table 1-44.

Table 1-45.

Table 1-46.

Table 1-47.

Table 1-48.

Table 1-49.

Table 1-50.

Household Purchases of New and Used Passenger

Cars, 1968 Through 1974 . . . . . . . . . . . .

Household Ownership of Motor Vehicles by

Selected Characteristics, 1974 . . . . . . . .

Number of Motor Vehicles Owned and Miles Driven

Per Household by Selected Household Characteristics, Fall 1974 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Regional Variations in Number of Motor Vehicles

Owned and Miles Driven by Households, Fall 1974

Percent of Cars Purchased New, by Age of Household Head, Income and Number of Cars Owned 

Expected Characteristics of New Cars to be

Purchased Between June 1976 and 1981 and Reasons

for Size Selections . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Size Loyalty Between New Car Purchase and

Projected Replacement . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Choice of Smaller Car for Two-Car Households (%).

Vehicle Size Combinations of Two-Car Households,

1970 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Percentage Household Truck Ownership in 1970 and

1974 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Auto Ownership Characteristics of Households

Owning Trucks, 1970 . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Conditional Distribution of Automobile Ownership

(%)... .. ........................ . .. ... .....

Subsection 1.2.3 Travel Characteristics..-........-.-..

Table 1-51. Highway Motor Vehicle Travel in the United

States, 1963 Through 1975...................

54

55

56

57

58

59

60

62

64

65

69

70

75

79

80

81

82

83

84

85

86

87

88

89

90

93

93
ix

List of Tables (Cont'd)

Page

Table 1-52.

Table 1-53.

Table 1-54.

Table 1-55.

Table 1-56.

Table 1-57.

Table 1-58.

Table 1-59.

Table 1-60.

Table 1-61.

Table 1-62.

Table 1-63.

Table 1-64.

Table 1-65.

Table 1-66.

Table 1-67.

Table 1-68.

Table 1-69.

Table 1-70.

Table 1-71.

Table 1-72.

Table 1-73.

Table 1-74.

Table 1-75.

Table 1-76.

Average Miles Traveled by Type of Highway Motor

Vehicle 1963 Through 1975 . . . . . . . . . . .

Empty Truck Miles and Empty Truck Capacity Miles

on the Interstate Highway System 1976 . . . . .

Comparison of Annual Miles Driven Per Automobile.

Yearly Travel of Passenger Automobiles as a

Function of Passenger Car Age . . . . . . . . .

Average Annual Automobile Person-Miles Driven by

Age and Sex . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Percent Distribution of Cars by Average Annual

Mileage Class and Average Age of Car by Number

of Cars in Household and Mileage Class . . . .

Distribution of Annual Passenger Car Vehicle

Miles Per Household and Annual Trips Per Household by Individual Purpose and Population Size

Motor Vehicle Travel on Urban and Rural Roads,

1975 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Automobile Travel: Urban vs. Rural Roads, 1950

Through 1975 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Summary Statistics from the Nationwide Personal

Transportation Study, 1969 . . . . . . . . . .

Percent of Vehicle-Miles of Travel and Vehicle

Trips, by Car Ownership and Place of Residence

Average Characteristics of Travel Involving 100

Miles or More: 1972, 1974, and 1975 . . . . .

Characteristics of Average Trip by Region of

Destination: 1972, 1974, and 1975 . . . . . .

Distribution of all Person-Trips by Region of

Origin and Region of Destination, 1975, 1974, and

1972 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Average Annual Miles Traveled for Selected

Recreational Vehicle Types, 1974 . . . . . . .

Method of Towing Non-Motorized Recreational

Vehicles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Percent of Automobile Trips for all Trip Purposes

by Trip Length (Miles) and Place of Residence

Percentage of Automobile Trips by Season and

Trip Length . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Characteristics of Home-to-Work Trips Taken by

Household Heads, 1975 . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Major Mode of Transportation to Work for 21

Standard Metropolitan Statistical Areas (SMSA's),

1975 

Use of Trucks in Urban Commuting . . . . . . .

Number of Operating Urban Mass Transit Systems in

the U.S. (Dec. 31, 1975) . . . . . . . . . . .

Urban Mass Transit Passenger Vehicles Owned and

Leased 1940-1975 . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Urban Mass Transportation Ridership, 1975 . . .

Total Vehicle Miles Traveled by Urban Mass

Transit Systems, 1975 . . . . . . . . . . . . .

94

95

96

97

98

99

101

102

103

104

105

106

106

107

108

108

109

110

112

113

114

115

115

116

116
x

List of Tables (Cont'd)

Page

Section 1.3 Air

Table 1-77.

Table 1-78.

Table 1-79.

Table 1-80.

Table 1-81.

Table 1-82.

Table

Table

Table

1-83.

1-84.

1-85.

Airport Statistics and Certificated and

Supplemental Air Carriers by Individual Carrier,

1975 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Active Registered United States Civil Aircraft

as of December 31, 1965-75 . . . . . . . . . .

Estimated Hours Flown in Active General Aviation

by Type of Flying Calendar Years: 1965-75

Actual Use . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Distribution of General Aviation Aircraft and

Average Hours Flown by Type of Aircraft and

Primary Use of Owner, 1975 . e.. 0 .00..00.

Composition of United States Air Carrier Fleet by

Type of Aircraft: December 1966-1982 . . . . .

Total Aircraft in Operation and Hours Flown by the

United States Air Carrier Fleet by Type of Carrier

and by Type of Aircraft: December 1975 . . . .

United States Air Carrier Fleet Operations, 1975.

Airline Travel, 1972 . . . . . .

Air Travel . . . . . . .0 0 0 0.. . . .

Section 1.4 Rail

Table 1-86. Summary Statistics for Freight and Passenger

Trains, 1965-75...... ...........

Section 1.5 Water

120

121

121

122

123

124

125

126

126

132

Table 1-87.

Table 1-88.

Table 1-89.

Table 1-90.

Number of Vessels Operated for the Transportation

of Freight on American Waterways for the Years

1970 Through 1975 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Number of Boats Used for Recreation, Length of

Exposure by Type and Estimated Fuel Consumption 

Oceangoing Steam and Motor Ships of 1,000 Gross

Tons and Over . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Waterborne Commerce of the United States on U.S.

Waterways: Ton-Miles and Tons by Type of Traffic

and Average Haul . .0. . . . . . 0. . . .0. .

Section 1.6 Pipe

Table 1-91.

Table 1-92.

Table 1-93.

Table 1-94.

Oil Pipeline Profile, 1972-1974 . . . . . . . .

Crude and Product Pipeline Mileages by Pipe

Diameter, 1970 . . . . . .

Natural Gas Pipeline Profile, 1974

Gas Utility Industry Miles of Pipeline and Main,

by Type, 1950-1975.. . . .

Section 1.7 Non-Motorized Vehicles

Table 1-95. U.S. Manufactured and Imported Bicycles

136

137

138

139

143

144

145

146

149
xi

List of Tables (Cont'd)

Chapter 2. Energy Characteristics . . ............

Section 2.1 Energy Resource Consumption. ............

Table 2-1.

Table 2-2.

Table 2-3.

Table 2-4.

Table 2-5.

Table 2-6.

Table 2-7.

Table 2-8.

Table 2-9.

Table 2-10.

Table 2-11.

Table 2-12.

Table 2-13.

Table 2-14.

Table 2-15.

Table 2-16.

Table 2-17.

Table 2-18.

World Energy Use and Production, 1960-73 .

Consumption of Energy Resources by Major Sources

and Consuming Sectors, 1971 Through 1976 . . .

U.S. Total Gross Consumption of Energy Resources

by Major Sources, 1950 Through 1976 . . . . . .

Percent Changes in Energy Use and Relevant

Economic Indicators by Final Consuming Sector,

1950 to 1976 . . . . . . . . . . .

Petroleum Consumption by Sector, 1950 Through

1976 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Petroleum Consumption by Major Product and

Major Consuming Sector, 1975 . . . . . . . . .

Energy Use by Source: Transportation Sector,

1950 Through 1976 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Effect of Available DOD Figures for 1973 on

Discrepancies in Reporting Sources . . . . . .

Comparison of Total Energy Use Using Various

Sources, CY 1973 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Fuel Consumption by Mode of Transportation .

Energy Used by Mode of Transport, 1965 Through

1975 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Department of Defense Energy Use by Transportation Mode, FY 1973 . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Regional Total and Per Capita Motor-Fuel Use for

1976 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Estimated Fuel Consumed by United States Domestic

Civil Aviation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Energy Use by Mass Transit Passenger Vehicles 

Productivity and Energy Use Summary of the

Marine Transportation Industry, 1974

Point of Purchase of Marine Fuel, 1974

Transportation Energy Conservation Network

(TECNET) Base Case Projections - Total Energy

Use by the Transportation Sector . . . . . . .

Section 2.2 Energy Efficiency and Intensity ............

Page

153

157

159

161

162

163

164

165

167

168

169

170

171

173

174

178

179

180

180

181

183

Table 2-19.

Table 2-20.

Table 2-21.

Table 2-22.

Table 2-23.

City/Highway Combined Fuel Economy by Model Year

and Weight Class ............. ..

Near Term Energy Intensity for Automobile and

Buses Compared with Operating Energy Intensity

Fuel Economy Changes by Manufacturer: 1976 and

1977 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Energy Intensity for Trucks, 1974 to 1980 .

Truck Operating Energy Efficiency and Intensity

by Weight Class, 1972.... . . . .0. .0.. ..

186

187

188

189

189
xii

List of Tables (Cont'd)

Page

Table 2-24.

Table 2-25.

Table 2-26.

Table 2-27.

Table 2-28.

Table 2-29.

Table 2-30.

Table 2-31.

Table 2-32.

Table 2-33.

Table 2-34.

Table 2-35.

Table 2-36.

Table 2-37.

Table 2-38.

City Pair Airplane Energy Efficiencies, Including Circuity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Operating Conditions and Energy Intensity for

Selected Passenger Aircraft, 1974-75 . . . . .

Passenger Operating Energy Intensity for Certified Route Passenger/Cargo Carriers . . . . . .

Energy Intensity for Cargo Aircraft, 1974-1980

Operating Conditions and Energy Intensity for

Selected Cargo Aircraft and Services, 1974-75 

Operating Energy Intensity for Air Cargo . .

Energy Intensity for Passenger Trains, 1974 to

1980

Operating Energy Intensity of Passenger Trains,

1970 Through .1974 . . . . . . ... . . . . .

Btu Per Ton-Mile Estimate for Railroad Freight

Rail Energy Intensity Measures, 1972 . . . . .

Energy Intensity for Loaded Freight Trains, 1974-

1980 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Operating Energy Intensity for Railroad Freight 

Calculated Energy Intensity of Urban Rail

Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Barge Energy Intensity by Waterway . . . . . .

Barge Energy Intensity by Commodity Type . .

Section 2.3 Energy Resource Conservation . . . . . . . . .

Table 2-39. Changes in Gallons Consumed by a Vehicle as a

Function of the Percent Improvement in Fuel

Economy and the Number of Miles It Is Driven 

Table 2-40. Effect of Speed on Fuel Consumption Rates: Cars

and Trucks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Table 2-41. Effect of Common Conservation Techniques on

Vehicle Fuel Efficiency . . . . . . . . . . . .

Table 2-42. Possible Truck Fuel Economy Improvements .

Table 2-43. Operational Measures to Improve Aircraft Energy

Efficiency . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Table 2-44. Physical and Technological Changes to Improve

Aircraft Energy Efficiency . . . . . . . . .

Table 2-45. Efficiency Projections for New Aircraft . . . .

Table 2-46. Potential Rail Energy Efficiency Improvements .

Chapter 3. Projections . . . .. . . . . . . . . .

192

194

194

195

196

196

197

197

198

199

200

200

201

202

202

207

210

213

214

215

216

216

217

218

Table i.

Table ii.

Table iii.

Table 3-1.

Table 3-2.

Table 3-3.

Treatment of Buses by Various Projections . . . Definitions of the Transportation Sector . . . Baseline Transportation Energy Demands

Transportation Energy Demand - Base Case

Projections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Transportation Energy Demand - Conservation Case

Projections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Population Projections . . . . . . . . . . . .

232

232

234
xiii

List of Tables (Cont'd)

Table 3-4. Gross National Product Projections

Table 3-5. Passenger-Miles Traveled

Table 3-6. Freight Ton-Miles....... .........

Table 3-7. Projected Price Per Gallon of Gasoline

Table 3-8. Automobile Miles-Per-Gallon (fleet average)

Table 3-9. Number of Automobiles in Total U.S. Fleet 

Table 3-10. Annual Miles Traveled Per Automobile

Table 3-11. Automobile Vehicle-Miles Traveled.. .....

Table 3-12. Total Automobile Energy Demand

Table 3-13. Truck Ton-Miles Traveled

Table 3-14. Truck Energy Demand. . .... ........

Table 3-15. Revenue Passenger-Miles Traveled by Air. ....

Table 3-16. Air Energy Demand ... ............

Table 3-17. Rail Ton-Miles Traveled. ..... .......

Table 3-18. Total Rail Energy Demand

Table 3-19. Marine Ton-Miles Traveled ... ........

Table 3-20. Total Marine Energy Demand

Table 3-21. Pipeline Ton-Miles Traveled.. .........

Table 3-22. Pipeline Energy Demand

Chapter 4. Government Impacts.... ........ ...

Section 4.1 Government Taxes and Expenditures.. ......

Table 4-1.

Table 4-2.

Table 4-3.

Table 4-4.

Table 4-5.

Table 4-6.

Table 4-7.

Section 4.2

Table 4-8.

Table 4-9.

Table 4-10.

Table 4-11.

Table 4-12.

Federal Taxes Derived from Transportation, 1950-

1975 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

State Taxes Derived from Transportation, 1950-

1975 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Average Annual Federal Taxes on Selected Motor

Vehicle Types, 1973.... .. ...... .. . ... .

Average Annual State Taxes on Selected Motor

Vehicle Types, 1973. .... . .........

Fuel Taxes . . .

Taxes on Fuel as Percent of the Retail Price 

Highway Trust Fund Receipts and Disbursements 

Government Programs and Regulatory Activities . .

National Energy Plan . . . . . . . . . . .

Projected Gasoline Savings Resulting from the

Imposition of the National Energy Plan-Auto

Inefficiency Tax and Rebate Program . . . . .

Projected Gasoline Savings Resulting from the

Imposition of the National Energy Plan-Standby

Gasoline Tax . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Selected Transportation Conservation Measures

Enacted by the Energy Policy and Conservation

Act, Public Law 94-163, December 22, 1975 .

Selected Elements of the Electric and Hybrid

Vehicle Research, Development and Demonstration

Act, Public Law 94-413, September 17, 1976 .

Page

234

236

236

238

238

240

240

242

242

244

244

246

246

248

248

250

250

252

252

255

261

263

265

266

267

268

269

270

273

275

276

277

278

279
xiv

List of Tables (Cont'd)

Table 4-13.

Table 4-14.

Table 4-15.

Table 4-16.

Table 4-17.

Table 4-18.

Table 4-19.

Table 4-20.

Table 4-21.

Table 4-22.

Characteristics of the Joint Industry-Government

Voluntary Truck and Bus Fuel Economy Program .

Excerpts from the Joint FEA/EPA Study Assessing

the Impact of the Fuel Economy Information

Program . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Comparative Data on Fuel Economy Driving Cycles 

1974-1975 Air Pollutants . . . . . . . . . . .

Emission Reduction from Uncontrolled Levels

Achieved Through Imposition of Federal

Standards . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

International Automobile Emissions Standards

Relative to U.S. Emissions Standards . . . . .

Federal Transportation Regulatory Agencies and

Their Responsibilities . . . . . . . . . . . .

Transportation Responsibilities Within the

Executive Branch . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Congressional Committees Having Jurisdiction

Over Transportation . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Scope of Pipeline Regulation . . . . . . . . .

Section 4.3 Government Research, Development and Demonstration.

Table 4-23.

Table 4-24.

Table 4-25.

Table 4-26.

Table 4-27.

Table 4-28.

Table 4-29.

Table 4-30.

Table 4-31.

Table 4-32.

Table 4-33.

Table 4-34.

Table 4-35.

Table 4-36.

Table 4-37.

Functions and Resources to be Transferred to the

Department of Energy . . . . . . . . . . . . .

ERDA's FY 1978 Budget Request . . . . . . . . .

FY 1978 Energy Budget . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Research and Development Data for Selected

Industries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Total Industrial Research and Development Expenditures for Energy and Pollution Abatement by

Industry 1974-1976 . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Major Energy Research, Development and Demonstration (RD&D) in Other Nations . . . . . . .

Ninety-Fifth Percentile Daily Range Requirements

of Urban Automobiles with Off-Street Parking .

Maximum Reported Number of Automobile Passengers

on the Survey Day . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Test Driving Cycle for Electric Vehicles,

SAE J223a . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Performance of Road-Tested Electric Passenger

Cars . . . . . . . . . .

Performance of Road-Tested Electric Vans . . .

Fleet Operations: Electric Vehicles

Electric Vehicle Projected Costs

Electric Vehicle Projected Battery Characteristics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Electric Automobile Energy Use . . . . .0.0.0.0.0

Page

280

281

282

284

284

286

289

291

292

293

295

298

299

300

302

303

304

307

307

308

309

310

311

312

313

313
xv

List of Tables (Cont'd)

Chapter 5. Energy Supply

Section 5.1 Overview

Petroleum Supply-Demand Relationships, 1966

Through 1975 .0. . .

Section 5.2 Energy Supply..................................

Table 5-2.

Table 5-3.

Table 5-4.

Table 5-5.

Table 5-6.

Table 5-7.

Section 5.3

Table 5-8.

Table 5-9.

World Crude Oil Production . . . . . . . . . .

U.S. Domestic Production of Crude Oil, Natural

Gasoline, and Other Hydrocarbons . . . . . . .

Production of Mineral Energy Resources and

Electricity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

U.S. Petroleum Production and Consumption . . .

Production of Electricity by Primary Energy

Source, 1972-1977 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Percentage Yields of the Major Refined Products

from a Barrel of Crude oil in the U.S. . . . .

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Total Monthly Petroleum Imports, 1975-1977 .

United States Imports of Crude Oil by Selected

Source Countries . .0.0. . 0. . 0. 0 . 0.0 

Section 5.4 Prices .0. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Table 5-10.

Table 5-11.

Table 5-12.

Table 5-13.

Table 5-14.

Table 5-15.

Table 5-16.

Table 5-17.

Table 5-18.

Domestic Crude Petroleum Prices at the Wellhead

Cost of Fuel for Air, Truck, Railroad, and

Marine Vessels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Average Selected Areas Selling Prices for Leaded,

Unleaded and Premium Gasoline at Full Service

Retail Outlets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Price of Gasoline at the Pump . . . . . . . . .

Real Price of Gasoline . . . .

Net Monthly Bills for Specified Kilowatt Hours

of Electricity by Area, May, 1977 . . . . . . .

Average Annual Growth Rates in Electricity Prices

by Class of Customer, 1960 Through 1975 . . . .

Average Retail Electricity Rates by Class of

Customer, 1960 Through 1975 . . . . . . . . . .

Changes in Customer Prices of Energy Items, 1966

to 1976.............. . 0.... ... ......

Section 5.5 Reserves . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Table 5-19.

Table 5-20.

Table 5-21.

Table 5-22.

Estimates of Petroleum Reserves in Principal

Producting Countries and Crude Oil Production

in 1975 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Proved Crude Oil Reserves, by States as of

January 1 of Given Year . . . . . . . . . . . .

Number of Years' Supply of all Oils in the

United States . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

U.S. Crude Oil Reserves and Production . . . .

Table 5-1.

Page

317

321

325

333

335

336

337

338

339

341

343

348

349

351

355

358

359

360

360

361

362

362

363

365

367

368

369

370
xvi

List of Tables (Cont'd)

Section 5.6 Alternate Fuels. ..... ...........

Table 5.23.

Table 5-24.

Table 5-25.

Table 5-26.

Table 5-27.

Table 5-28.

Predictions of Synthetically Derived Fuels

Maximum Credible Implementation Scenario Synfuel

Production Schedule .. ......... ...

Tar Sand Reserves. . .. .........

Fuels and Selection Factors Considered

Raw Material Characteristics and Disposable

Solids for a 100,000 bbl/day U.S. Refinery 

Necessary Modifications to the Internal Combustion

Engine Due to the Use of Methanol Fuels.....

Chapter 6. Transportation Demand . . . . . . . . . . . .

Section 6.1 Population Characteristics . . . . . . . . . . .

Table 6-1. Preliminary Estimates of the Resident Population

of the U.S. by Age, Region, and Division:

July 1, 1976 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Table 6-2. Net Migration by Metropolitan Status: 1960-

1974 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Table 6-3. Average Annual Percent Change for Regions by

Metropolitan Status: 1960-1974 . . . . . . . .

Table 6-4. Estimates and Projections of Total Population:

1970 to 2025 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Table 6-5. U.S. Population by Five-Year Age Groups, 1950

Through 2000 .

Table 6-6. Persons in Households by Place of Residence and

Region, 1975 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Table 6-7. Distribution of Licensed Automobile Drivers by

Sex and Percentage in Each Age Group - 1975 

Section 6.2 Economic Characteristics . . . . . . .

Table 6-8. Gross National Product by Major Component,

1965-19 75 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Table 6-9. National Income by Industry, 1965-1975 .

Table 6-10. Wages and Salaries by Industry, 1950 Through

1975 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Table 6-11. Employment by Industry, 1965 Through 1975 . . .

Table 6-12. U.S. Employment in Transportation and Related

Industries . . . . . . . . . . . . . Table 6-13. Employment and Establishments for Selected Motor

Vehicle-Related Businesses: 1967 and 1972 . . Table 6-14. Median and Mean Household Income in Current and

Constant Dollars, 1967 to 1975 . . . . . . . . Table 6-15. Mean and Per Capita Household Income by Place of

Residence and Region, 1975 . . . . . . . . . . Table 6-16. Per Capita Income and Employment Projections

Table 6-17. Median and Mean Income by Size of Household,

1975 - . - 0- - . 0. 0 . . 0 . .0 . .0 . .0 

Page

371

379

380

382

383

384

387

391

395

397

400

400

401

402

403

404

405

408

409

410

411

412

413

414

415

416

416
xvii

List of Tables (Cont'd)

Page

Table 6-18.

Table 6-19.

Table 6-20.

Table 6-21.

Table 6-22.

Personal Consumption Expenditures by Type of

Product, 1965 Through 1975 . . . . . . . .

Personal Consumption Expenditures Within the

Transportation Sector, 1965-1975 . . . . .

Autumn 1976 Urban Family Budgets and Percent

Change Since 1975 . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Consumer Price Indexes, 1950 to 1976 . . .

Purchasing Power of the Dollar: 1950 to 1976

Chapter 7. Reference Materials . .0.. . . 0.0. 0 . . 0.0.0

Table 7-1. 1977 Car Size Classification by Ward's and the

Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) .... .

417

418

419

420

421

425

List of Figures

Chapter 1. Characteristics of Transportation Modes

Section 1.1 Overview 0. .. . ....... . .

Figure 1-i.

Figure 1-1.

Figure 1-2.

Figure 1-3.

Highway/Nonhighway and Passenger Freight

Breakdowns Within the Transportation Sector

Number of Vehicles in the United States, 1975

Total Vehicle-Miles Traveled by Mode, 1975 

Distribution of Intercity Freight Movement by

Type of Transport .. . . . .0...0 . .

Section 1.2 Highway.. ......... . ....... ..

Figure 1.4.

Figure 1-4a.

Figure 1-5.

Figure 1-6.

Figure 1-7.

Figure 1-8.

The National System of Interstate and Defense

Highways September 30, 1976 . . . . . . .

Publicly Owned Registered Vehicles. . . .

Percent Distribution of Trucks by Major Use

Percent Distribution of Trucks . . . . . .

Percent New Car Registrations by Market

Segment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Annual Truck and Bus Factory Sales by Gross

Vehicle Weight ........................

Subsection 1.2.1 Cost of Ownership0. . .1.0 . . . 0.0.0.0

Figure 1-9.

Figure 1-10.

Figure 1-11.

Average Price of New Cars in Current and

Constant 1975 Dollars

Cost of Operating a Suburban-Based Automobile

Cost of Operating a 1974 Automobile Suburban

Based Operation

69

71

72

Subsection 1.2.3 Travel Characteristics ..............

Figure 1-12.

Figure 1-13.

Figure 1-14.

Average Annual Person-Miles Driven . . . . .

Selected Vehicle Usage Characteristics by

Annual Income of the Household . . . . . . .

Average Automobile Trip Length by Purpose of

Trip and Season .. 0 . . . 0.0.0. . .

Section 1.3 Air .... ..............

Figure 1-15. Air Flights and Facilities... ......

Figure 1-16. Comparison of Active Aircraft Fleet to Hours

Flown and Fuel Consumed

Section 1.4 Rail

Figure 1-17. United States Railroad Mainlines for Freight

and Passenger Operations.. .........

Figure 1-18. Intercity Rail Passenger Routes

Section 1.5 Water ....... .............

Figure 1-19. Navigable Inland Waterways.. ........

98

100

111

119

127

131

131

135

xix

Page

7

17

17

18

24

31

37

37

41

51

53

61

63
xx

List of Figures (Cont'd)

Chapter 2. Energy Characteristics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Section 2.1 Energy Resource Consumption ..................

Figure 2-1.

Figure 2-2.

Figure 2-3.

Figure 2-4.

Figure 2-5.

Figure 2-6.

Figure 2-7.

Figure 2-8.

Figure 2-9.

U.S. Energy Resource Consumption .......

Petroleum Consumption by Sector

Energy Use by Transportation .........

Energy Used by Mode of Transport, 1974. ....

Total Annual Fuel Consumption by Type of

Vehicle

Average Annual Fuel Consumption by Type of

Highway Vehicle

Daily Average Consumption of Motor Gasoline by

Month

Aircraft Fuel Use Distribution, August 1976

Selected Findings of the Transportation Energy

Conservation Network (TECNET) Scenarios .

Section 2.2 Energy Efficiency and Intensity ....... 0. ... 

Page

153

157

160

164

166

172

175

175

176

177

182

183

Figure 2-10.

Figure 2-11.

Figure 2-12.

Figure 2-13.

Figure 2-14.

Figure 2-15.

Figure 2-16.

Figure 2-17.

Average Fuel Economy for Automobile Fleet and

New Cars . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Automobile Fuel Economy for Various Weight

Classes by Model Year . . . . . . . . . . .

Energy Efficiency of Various Aircraft . . .

Aircraft Energy Efficiency vs. Stage Length for

Various Aircraft . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Aircraft Energy Efficiency vs. Available

Passengers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Energy Intensity of Natural Gas Pipelines .

Energy Intensity for Oil Pipelines . . . . .

Energy Intensity by Transportation Mode . .

Section 2.3 Energy Resource Conservation . .0. 0... 0 

Figure 2-18.

Figure 2-19.

Figure 2-20.

Figure 2-21.

Figure 2-22.

Figure 2-23.

Petroleum Conservation Through Improvement in

Auto Fuel Economy (MPG)

Petroleum Conservation Through Reduction in

Motor Vehicle Miles Traveled (VMT) . ....

Distribution of Trip Mileage and Fuel

Consumption

Influence of Driving Pattern on Fuel Economy 

Fuel Economy Improvement After Tune-Up . .

Percentage of Emissions Improvement After

Tune-Up

185

186

190

191

193

203

204

205

207

209

209

211

211

212

212
xxi

List of Figures (Cont'd)

Page

Chapter 3. Projections . . . . . . . . . . 0. 6. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0.

Figure 3-1.

Figure 3-2.

Figure 3-3.

Figure 3-4.

Figure 3-5.

Figure 3-6.

Figure 3-7.

Figure 3-8.

Figure 3-9.

Figure 3-10.

Figure 3-11.

Figure 3-12.

Figure 3-13.

Figure 3-14.

Figure 3-15.

Figure 3-16.

Figure 3-17.

Figure 3-18.

Figure 3-19.

Figure 3-20.

Figure 3-21.

Figure 3-22.

Transportation Energy Demand - Base Case

Projections . . . . * * * *. . . . 0 0 0 0. . .

Transportation Energy Demand - Conservation Case

Projections

Population Projections . ........ ....

Gross National Product Projections ......

Passenger-Miles Traveled.... ........

Freight Ton-Miles

Projected Price Per Gallon of Gasoline. ....

Automobile Miles-Per-Gallon (fleet average)

Number of Automobiles in Total U.S. Fleet

Annual Miles Traveled Per Automobile

Automobile Vehicle-Miles Traveled .

Total Automobile Energy Demand . . . .

Truck Ton-Miles Traveled . . . . . . .

Truck Energy Demand .

Revenue Passenger-Miles Traveled by Air

Air Energy Demand . . . . . . . . . .

Rail Ton-Miles Traveled . . . . . .

Total Rail Energy Demand . . . . . . .

Marine Ton-Miles Traveled . . . . . .

Total Marine Energy Demand . . . . . .

Pipeline Ton-Miles Traveled . . . . .

Pipeline Energy Demand ... . . .....

Chapter 4. Government Impacts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Section 4.1 Government Taxes and Expenditures......0......

Figure 4-1

Figure 4-2.

Figure 4-3.

Percentage of Federal and State Taxes Derived

from Transportation 1975 . . . . . . . . . .

Federal and State Transportation Tax Sources

1975 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Federal and State Expenditures for Transportation Facilities 0. . . 0.0. . . . . 0. 0 .

Section 4.2 Government Programs and Regulatory Activities . .

Figure 4-4.

Figure 4-5.

Figure 4-6.

Figure 4-7.

Figure 4-8.

Figure 4-9.

Tax/Rebate Schedule for New Cars.......

Speed-Time Dependence of Driving Cycles .

Range of Impacts from Implementation of Level II

and Level III Emissions Standards on

Cumulative Petroleum Savings .........

Federal Standards to Improve Safety

Impact of Implementing Safety Level II Standards

in 1985 on Cumulative Fuel Savings .. ....

Intercity Ton-Miles of Federally Regulated and

not Federally Regulated Carriers, 1974... ...

233

233

235

235

237

237

239

239

241

241

243

243

245

245

247

247

249

249

251

251

253

253

255

261

264

264

271

273

274

283

285

287

288

290

. .".

." 
xxii

List of Figures (Cont'd)

Section 4.3 Government Research, Development and

Demonstration................. .... .. . . .

Figure 4-10.

Figure 4-11.

Figure 4-13.

Figure 4-13.

Figure 4-14.

Figure 4-15.

Organization of the Department of Energy . . .

Program Resources to be Transferred to the

Department of Energy . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Transportation Planning and R4D Outlay U.S.

Government . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Specific Power Versus Specific Energy for LeadAcid Electric Car Batteries

Distribution of Daily Driving

Test Driving Cycle for Electric Vehicles,

SAE J227a . . . . . . . 0.0.0.0.0.0. .

Chapter 5. Energy Supply

Section 5.1 Overview

Figure 5-1.

Figure 5-2.

Figure 5-3.

Figure 5-4.

Figure 5-5.

Figure 5-6.

Figure 5-7.

Figure 5-8.

Figure 5-9.

Figure 5-10.

Figure 5-11.

U.S. Sources and Uses of Major Energy Sources,

1950 Through 1975 . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

U.S. Sources and Uses of Petroleum, 1950

Through 1975 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Crude Petroleum, Petroleum Products, and

Natural Gas Liquids .0 .00. 00. 00. 00. 

Petroleum Supply-Demand Relationships, 1975 .

United States Oil Supply Domestic and Imported

Percent Share of Tons of Crude Petroleum and

Petroleum Products Transported in the U.S. by

Method of Transportation . . . . . . . . . . .

Method of Transporting Crude Oil and Petroleum

Products, 1974 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Range of Petroleum Transportation Costs . . .

Pipeline Transfers of Crude Oil, 1975 and 1990

Pipeline Transfers of Petroleum Products, 1975

and 1990 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Pipeline Transfers of Natural and Synthetic Gas,

1975 and 1990 . . .0 .0 . . .0 .. . 0 0. 

Section 5.2 Energy Supply................................

Figure 5-12.

Figure 5-13.

Figure 5-14.

Crude Oil Production U.S., Western Hemisphere,

and World . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

United States Domestic Oil Production . . .

U.S. Petroleum Production as Percent of

Consumption

Figure 5-15. Typical Petroleum Refining Operations .....

Figure 5-16. Yield from a Barrel of Crude Oil . . . . . . .

Section 5.3 Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Figure 5-17. Imports of Strategic Materials by the U.S. in

1976 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Figure 5-18. U.S. Imports and Exports of Raw and Processed

Minerals ..................................

295

296

297

301

305

306

308

317

321

323

323

324

325

326

327

328

329

330

330

331

333

335

336

338

340

341

343

345

346
xxiii

List of Figures (Cont'd)

Page

Figure 5-19. U.S. Crude Oil Imports as Percent of Domestic

Production . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Figure 5-20. U.S. Petroleum Imports. . ........ ...

Section 5.4 Prices 0... . . . . . . .

Figure 5-21.

Figure 5-22.

Figure 5-23.

Figure 5-24.

Figure 5-25.

Posted Price of Petroleum by Major Producing

Countries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Domestic Crude Petroleum Price at the Wellhead

Refiner Acquisition Cost of Crude Petroleum .

Cost of a Gallon of Crude Oil from Well to

Consumer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Comparison of Cost of Gasoline, Home Heating

Oil, and Residual Fuel Oil..... . . ... ...

Section 5.6 Alternate Fuels .............................

Figure 5-26.

Figure 5-27.

Figure 5-28.

Figure 5-29.

U.S. Energy Supplies . . . . . . . . . . . .

Decrease of Energy Consumption in Comparison to

Production Gasoline Engines, Maximum Power .

Comparison of Gasoline and Methanol-Engine and

Tailpipe Exhaust Emissions . . . . . . . . .

Shale Oil Processing Sequence . . . . . . .

Chapter 6. Transportation Demand . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Section 6.1 Population Characteristics . . . .0.0. . . 0..

Figure 6-1.

Figure 6-2.

Figure 6-3.

Distribution of the Total Population by Age and

Sex: April 1, 1970 and July 1, 1976 . . . . .

Population Change for 5-Year Periods by Region:

1950 to 1975... .. .........

Population Estimates and Projections . . . . .

Section 6.2 Economic Characteristics .. 000..00 . . . .

Figure 6-4.

Figure 6-5

Figure 6-6.

Gross National Product by Major Component . .

Median Household Income in Constant and 1975

Current Dollars for the United States . . . .

Personal Consumption Expenditures by Type of

Product . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

347

348

351

353

354

356

357

364

371

381

385

386

388

391

395

398

399

401

405

407

414

417

Chapter 7. Reference Materials .0. . . . . . . .. 0.0.0.0.0.0.0

Figure 7-1.

Figure 7-2.

Figure 7-3.

Figure 7-4.

Figure 7-5.

Figure 7-6.

Census Regions and Geographic Divisions of the

U.S . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Petroleum Administration for Defense (PAD)

Districts . . . . . . . . . . .

Demand Regions of the United States Used by the

Federal Energy Administration (FEA) . . . . .

National Travel Survey Travel Regions, 1974 and

1975 ..... . ..............

Transportation Energy Conservation Division

Organization Chart, The Energy Research and

Development Administration, October 1976 . . .

Transportation Energy Conservation Program, Oak

Ridge National Laboratory, FY 1978.... ......

426

427

428

429

430

431

.0

Acknowledgments

The authors of the Transportation Energy Conservation Data Book,

edition 2, have benefited from the expertise of many individuals and

wish to specifically express their appreciation. Oak Ridge National

Laboratory staff who have made significant contributions to this

document include Judith Arehart, through editorial assistance; Mary

Johnson, Steven Corey, Dandridge Caldwell, and David Needham, through

programming assistance; and Dr. Patricia Rice, Dr. David Bjornstad,

Dr. David Vogt, Robert DeVault, Dr. William Fulkerson, and Dr. Richard Davis,

through document review. Special recognition for manuscript preparation

and clerical assistance belongs to Stephanie Davison.

A significant amount of review and input to specific portions of

this document was provided by the Center for Environmental Studies,

Princeton University, whose principal investigator was Dr. Margaret

Fels; she was supported by Dr. Larry M. Sweet, Pierce Williams, and

Harry Warren.

Dr. Charles Lave of the University of California, Irvine, made

valuable suggestions.

Finally, specifically contracted studies have provided valuable

primary and secondary information that has been employed in the preparation of this document. These contributions came from Dr. Asil Gezen

of TERA Associates, Edward Bobit of Bobit Pulications, Dr. Ram Mittal

of the Aerospace Corporation, and James Leape of Harvard University.

xxv

Statistical Highlights, 1976

Numbers in italics are percentages

Motor Vehicles Transportation Movement

Total motor vehicles, thousands

Vehicles per household

Households owning one or more

Automobiles registered, thousands

Automobiles in use, thousands

Automobile retail sales

Full-size

Intermediate

Small

Imports

Fleets

Trucks registered, thousands

Personal use

Trucks in use," thousands

Truck retail sales

Light-duty

Medium-size

Heavy-duty

Buses registered,b thousands

Intercity

Local transit

School

Motorcycles registered, thousands

142,396

1.4

83.8%

109,675

97,818

100.0%

24.0%

28.0%

33.0%

15.0%

11.7%

27,114

41.2%

26,560

100.0%

90.7%

5.3%

3.9%

497

10.0%

11.0%

79.0%

5,110

Passenger

VMT, all motor vehicles,C billions B Passenger carsb

Personal trucksb

Average annual-miles per motor vehicle

Intercity passenger-miles

Highway (passenger car and bus)

Nonhighway

\Air

Rail

Water

Freight

Intercity ton-milesb

Highway (truck)

Nonhighway

Air

" Rail

Water

Pipeline (oil)

1,416

77.0%

6.7%

11,800

100.0%

87.1%

12.8%

11.8%

0.7%

0.3%

100.0%

23.3%

76.8%

0.2%

36.1%

16.3%

24.2%

Total worldC (101 2 Btu)

Total U.S. (10' 2 Btu)

Percentage of world use

Total petroleum (10' 2 Btu)

Percentage of total U.S. energy

Percentage consumed by transportation sector

Total energy, transportation sector (1012 Btu)

Percentage of total U.S.

Highway

Passenger car and motorcyc

Bus

Truck

Nonhighwayd

Rail

Air

Marine (U.S. purchased)

Pipeline

le

Other

Total petroleum consumed by

transportation sector (101 2 Btu)

Total energy used by transportation sector

'7R. L. Polk estimate as of July 1, 1976.

bBased on 1975 breakdown.

c Estimate.

dBased on 1974 breakdown.

Energy Use

255,420

73,999

29.0%

34,938

47.2%

53.6%

19,331

26.1%

77.3%

53.4%

0.7%

23.2%

22.6%

3.6%

8.0%

4.6%

3.9%

2.5%

18,733

96.9%

Introduction

The role of energy conservation in solving our present dilemma of

increasing energy demand and dwindling energy supplies has long been

recognized. In fact, the cornerstone of the recently proposed National

Energy Plan is conservation. The National Energy Plan recognizes that

the reduction of our near-total dependence on oil and natural gas is

crucial to solving the energy crisis. The transportation sector uses

some 25% of total energy and some 53% of total petroleum used in the

nation. Consequently, it is both a logical and necessary target for

national and regional conservation measures.

Developing a comprehensive and effective strategy to reduce energy

use in the transportation sector, however, requires a basic understanding of the determinants of energy use in the sector such as fleet sizes,

energy intensities, travel characteristics, institutional characteristics, and vehicle operating expenses. This baseline data can be used to

identify potential areas for energy resource conservation as well as to

project future levels of energy use and the potential impact of conservation policies. At the Federal level, the importance of an energy data

base has been recognized in the organization of the Department of Energy

(DOE) through the establishment of the Energy Information Administration.

Prior to the formation of DOE, the Transportation Energy Conservation

(TEC) Division of ERDA recognized the need to coordinate its data collection

activities and to develop a single comprehensive data base. In January of

1976, TEC contracted with Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL) to begin work

developing a data base that could be used by the TEC staff in their

evaluation of current and proposed transportation-related technologies.

1
2

The first edition of the TEC Data Book was published in October 1976.

Four quarterly supplements have been issued to this original document.

It is intended that this TEC Data Book Edition 2 update and supercede

those previous documents.

Statistical information on each of the major transportation modes

(i.e., highway, air, rail, marine, and pipeline) is provided in the Data

Book. The data are arranged into seven chapters based on subject categories. The chapters, which have been changed slightly from Edition 1,

focus on various characteristics of the transportation sector including

(1) modal characteristics, (2) current energy use, efficiency and conservation, (3) projections of modal and energy use, (4) impact of government regulation, (5) supply and cost of energy, (6) general demographic and

economic characteristics of the United States, and (7) miscellaneous reference

materials such as maps. References are supplied for each table or

figure and at the end of each chapter. A star (*) appearing by the

table or figure number indicates that the data will be updated in future

volumes of the Data Book series.

Statistical highlights of 1976 from the Data Book are summarized

for the user and presented on a one-page tear-out sheet. A synopsis of

chapter contents precedes each chapter. Also, several areas have been

aA. S. Loebl, D. J. Bjornstad, D. F. Burch et al., Transportation Energy

Conservation Data Book, Edition 1, ORNL-5198, October 1976.

bD. B. Shonka and A. S. Loebl, Transportation Energy Conservation Data

Book, Supplement 1, ORNL-5232, November 1976; D. B. Shonka, Transportation Energy Conservation Data Book, Supplement II, ORNL-5247, February

1977; A. S. Loebl, Transportation Energy Conservation Data Book, Supplement III, ORNL-5248, May 1977; D. B. Shonka, A. S. Loebl, P. D. Patterson,

Transportation Energy Conservation Data Book, Supplement IV, ORNL-5248,

August 1977.
3

highlighted for additional analysis. These include vehicle-miles

traveled and motor vehicle ownership in Chapter 1, ERDA's electric and

hybrid vehicle project in Chapter 4, and alternative fuels in Chapter 5.

Edition 2 of the TEC Data Book includes over 400 pages of tables

and figures. To facilitate use of this information we have incorporated

five aids in format and presentation techniques. A cross-modal matrix

is presented at the beginning of the book. This first matrix provides a

detailed index by type of mode to the data included in Edition 2. A

second matrix provides a non-modal fuel-specific index to the data.

Third, a logo in the upper right-hand corner of a page indicates the transportation modes represented on that page. Fourth, a permuted title index is also included. By referencing key terms in the

table and figure titles, the permuted title index serves to both cluster

and more easily identify subject areas addressed on an item-specific

basis within the data book. Finally, a three-tiered keyword index to

the entire document is provided at the back of the book.

In conjunction with the data collection activity, the Transportation

Program at ORNL is developing a comprehensive library of documents relevant to transportation energy conservation. An annotated bibliography

of these documents is available under separate cover: Transportation

Energy Conservation: An Annotated Bibliography, ORNL/EIS-114. (See

order form at back of document.)

Currently, the majority of the statistics contained in the Data

Books are taken from published sources and each table or figure is

referenced accordingly. Although the data may be formatted for presentation, the basic data are compiled from a variety of sources. Consequently,
4

neither ORNL nor ERDA can endorse the validity or consistency of the

statistics presented.

Users of the TEC Data Book are encouraged to comment on errors,

omissions, emphases, and organization of this report to one of the

authors.

Deborah Shonka

(615/483-8611, ext. 3-0353)

Data Management and Analysis Group

Transportation Energy Conservation

Project

Oak Ridge National Laboratory

Andrew S. Loebl, Group Leader

(615/483-8611, ext. 3-0311)

Data Management and Analysis Group

Transportation Energy Conservation

Project

Oak Ridge National Laboratory

Philip D. Patterson, Chief

(202/376-4616)

Data Analysis Branch

Nonhighway Transport Systems and

Special Projects

Transportation Energy Conservation

Division

The Energy Research and Development

Administration
Chapter 1

Characteristics of Transportation Modes

D. B. Shonka

Characteristics of Transportation Modes

An awareness of the characteristics of major transportation modes

in the United States is essential to an understanding of transportation

energy and conservation. Total energy use in the transportation sector

can be viewed as simply the sum total of energy used by the individual

modes. Each mode differs in terms of the magnitude of its contribution

to energy demand, its energy efficiency, the types of fuels it consumes,

and the types of transportation needs it fulfills. The levels of modal

demand and the allocation of the nation's varied transportation demands

among modes are determined by the complex interaction of individual modal

supply characteristics and by the host of social and economic factors

which determine the transportation requirements of households, firms, and

governments. A knowledge of the basic model structure of the transportation sector is fundamental in evaluating transportation energy conservation

policy issues.

This chapter gives a description of the transportation sector in

general, followed by more detailed information for each mode. Particular

attention is focused on the highway mode, which accounts for about 77%

of the total transportation energy consumption. Modal energy use data

and transportation demand determinants, per se, are the topics of

Chapters 2 and 6, respectively. The purpose of this chapter is to

characterize the total transportation system in terms of vehicles, infrastructure, purchases, costs, fuel consumption, and use patterns.

The chapter is divided into seven sections. Section 1.1 presents

summary information on all of the transportation modes. Detailed information is presented on number of vehicles and vehicle miles traveled,

7
8

by mode. In 1975 passenger automobiles made up 80%, and trucks 18%, of

all transportation vehicles (Table 1-1) and accounted for proportional

amounts of vehicle miles traveled (77% and 20%, respectively). In contrast, rail freight cars accounted for 1% of all vehicles but only 0.1%

of all vehicle miles, which would indicate a much lower level of utilization of existing capital stock. However, this type of comparison does

not consider the capacity of the vehicle.

Data on the distribution of passenger and freight traffic between

modes are presented next. Highway passenger vehicles are by far the

dominant passenger mode, with air a distant second. Rail continues to

be the dominant mode for intercity freight movement, but its share has

been declining since 1950, while trucking's share has increased steadily

since 1950. The share of intercity freight ton-miles carried by oil

pipeline has doubled since 1950. The section concludes with data on the

modal transportation networks.

Section 1.2 provides additional detail for highway transportation.

This section of the data book (the largest) gives proportional representation to the mode that accounted for 99% of all vehicle-miles traveled

in 1975. Information is presented on the size and characteristics of

the motor vehicle stock. Included are such items as motor vehicle

registrations, factory shipments, and estimates of vehicles in use. The

United States has the most extensive and intensive stock of motor

vehicles of any country in the world. In 1974, the United States

accounted for 46% of the world's motor vehicles and had a populationto-vehicle ratio of 1.6, as compared with 3.0 or greater for Germany,

France, and Great Britain. The nation's fleet of registered motor
9

vehicles grew considerably during the period 1960-75. The number of

buses increased 70%; passenger cars were up 73%; and trucks grew most

rapidly, increasing 116%. Many of these trucks were purchased for

personal transportation. In 1972, 74% of all trucks were lightweight

trucks, and the major use of over 50% of these was for personal transportation. The growing trend toward using less-fuel-efficient lightweight trucks instead of passenger cars for personal travel may have

important implications for transportation energy conservation in the

future.

Flows of the capital stock are considered next, with data presented

in general and by detailed characteristics on both motor vehicle sales

and vehicle scrappage. Data from an ORNL-sponsored study of automobile

fleets in the United States (comprising 10.8% of all domestic automobiles)

showed that from 1966-76 the number of fleet automobiles increased only

20%, while the number of fleet trucks grew 143%. Lightweight trucks

were included as part of the auto fleet, constituting 27% of all fleet

motor vehicle purchases in 1976. In 1970 virtually all fleet cars (97%)

were "standard"-size. Data on 1976 sales revealed that less than 10% of

all fleet purchases of automobiles were in the luxury or large-size class.

Contrary to popular image, the typical fleet vehicle is an intermediatesize car, and approximately 50% of all fleet autos are compact-size or

smaller.

The significance of lightweight trucks was also evident in the sales

statistics. Although accounting for only 15% of total vehicle sales in

1965, lightweight trucks increased their share of the market to 31% in

1976.
10

A comparison of motor vehicle scrappage rates between the periods of

1967-72 and 1973-76 (the post oil embargo period) indicated a statistically significant lower rate of scrappage for the post embargo period.

Economic data on automobile prices and operating costs may help explain

this change in large measure. While operating costs increased fairly

steadily over the entire decade, new car prices jumped dramatically after

1972: 90% of the increase in the average price of a new car from 1967-76

took place after 1972. It is presupposed that new-car replacement costs

are a major economic determinant of scrappage rates.

A wide variety of motor vehicle ownership statistics are presented

next. Cross tabulations relate the ownership of motor vehicles to household demographic, economic, and environmental characteristics. In addition, several tables contain estimated automobile-ownership-choice

relationships (by households) derived from an ERDA-funded analysis of

the demand for automobiles. A summary and analysis of the ownership characteristics of highway passenger vehicles introduces this section.

Detailed statistics on motor vehicle use are provided next. Data on

vehicle travel by vehicle characteristics, as well as personal and household travel data, are presented. All vehicles, with the exception of

commercial buses, substantially increased their vehicle-miles traveled

from 1963-75. Total bus travel decreased, and miles traveled per bus

decreased 18%, indicating a less intensive use of the existing stock of

aSignificant at 0.01 level using Wilcoxon Rank-Sum Test.

bThe Demand for Automobiles: An Analysis, a study prepared for the

Energy Research and Development Administration by J. P. Leape, Harvard

University, Cambridge, Mass., April 1977.
11

buses. Data on the efficiency of truck utilization indicated that in 1976

slightly over 20% of all truck freight-miles traveled on the interstate

highway system were logged as empty.

A series of tables from the Nationwide Personal Transportation Study,

conducted by the Bureau of the Census in 1969, is presented which can be

used to gain insight into the relationships between demographic characteristics and auto travel. These data reveal that vehicle usage per household increases with increasing household income and that the average age

of owned vehicles is seen to decrease as household income increases.

Several tables compare travel characteristics of urban and rural

households. The percentage of total passenger miles traveled on urban

streets (where congestion is greater, speeds are lower, and thus fuel

efficiency tends to be lower), increased steadily from 50 to 58% from

1950 to 1975. The data show that rural households consume more personal

transportation and take longer and more frequent trips than do their

urban counterparts. Also within the category of urban trips, trip

lengths generally tend to increase with urban size. In cities with a

population of 25,000-49,000, 70.9% of all trips were less than five

miles in length; in cities with a population of one million or more,

only 55.3% of all trips were less than five miles.

Data from the Travel to Work supplement of the Census Bureau's 1975

Annual Housing Survey, which cover 21 major metropolitan areas, indicated

that more commuters in these areas were carpooling (18%) than were taking

all forms of public transportation combined (12%). However, 68% of all

work commuters still drove alone, indicating substantial room for increased energy efficiency in the urban journey-to-work.
12

Urban mass transit data close out this section. Even though rail

transit data are given, these data are included in the highway mode

because motor bus transit accounted for 73% of total mass transit

passenger-miles and 77% of mass transit vehicle-miles in 1975. Twentyone percent of total mass transit vehicle miles were accounted for by

heavy rail, and the rest were divided between light rail and trolley.

Of the 947 mass transit systems operating in the United States in 1975,

928 operated motor buses only.

Section 1.3 deals with air transportation and begins with data on

public and private airport facilities in the United States. Information

on the nation's total stock of aircraft and aircraft use in terms of hours

flown follows. A breakdown of total active registered aircraft over the

decade 1965-75 reveals that while the number of aircraft in the air

carrier fleet grew by slightly over 16%, the number of other privately

owned aircraft increased a dramatic 75%. The characteristics of the

air carrier fleet are detailed next with data on fleet composition by aircraft type (83% are fixed-wing turbojets in 1975) and by hours flown

(91% are by turbojets in 1975).

Passenger-miles and ton-miles of freight and mail are covered next,

followed by data on trip purposes. Business is by far the most frequent

trip purpose, accounting for almost 50% of all airline trips and for 44%

of all person-miles. Data on air travel by income group show that average

trip lengths and frequencies vary with household income. With increasing

income, trip frequency increases, and average trip length declines. The

decline suggests that as income increases, households substitute air

travel for other modes for medium-distance trips. The section concludes
13

with a comparison of fleet size, hours flown, and fuel consumption for

the air carrier, military, and general aviation fleets. Air carriers

constituted only 1% of the total air fleet and only 13% of the hours

flown, yet they consumed 58% of all aviation fuel in 1976.

Section 1.4 describes the U.S. intercity rail network and contains

data on the stock of freight and passenger cars as well as on rail

usage.

Section 1.5 deals with transportation by water on U.S. waterways.

The network of channels and channel depths is presented first, followed

by annual data (1970-74) on the domestic stock of barges and towing

vessels. Although the number of towing vessels declined 5%, the total

horsepower of towing vessels increased 29% in order to handle a 37%

increase in barge and scow cargo capacity. Data on the stock and use

of recreational boats is also presented. The chapter concludes with data

on total waterborne commerce on United States waterways that reflect a

slight decline in total ton-miles over the period 1970-75.

Oil and natural gas pipelines are discussed in Sect. 1.6 with data

detailing the inventory of crude oil, product, and natural gas pipelines.

The chapter concludes with data on United States bicycle sales and

ownership. The rapidly growing ownership of this most-prevalent form

of non-motorized vehicular transportation leveled off in 1974-75 with

75 million bikes in use.

Section 1.1

Overview

17

Figure 1-i. Number of Vehicles

Total Total

100.0% 100.0%

Highway Nonhighway Passenger Freight

98.8% 1.2%Movement Movement

80.5% 19.5%

Vehicle-Miles Traveled

Total Total

100.0% 100.0%

Highway Nonhighway Passenger Freight Movement Movement

86.0% 14.0%

Energy Used

Total Total

100% 100.0%

Highway NonhighwiayPassenger Freight Movement Movement

77.0% 23.0% 73.9% 26.1%

Highway/Nonhighway and Passenger/Freight Breakdowns

Within the Transportation Sector.
18

Figure 1-1. YDN

*Number of Vehicles in U.S. - 1975a ---- 

TII A

FEINGL C 

BN DC L u

TARY laLL N1L

9Y3 ,m

AU

M ,,77 .1 519 1

M19,1 916IAR

NA A

WrE9YYLT or T cAL

C! a y, 

}1,,p1,,1D9

Clas ly LEBCTIVES

MA

STALATM

CD6NM,47A9

911, Al

elc rA7 

"11 CAYBIEI SIIPLASAL

2,494

CofeaAL

All TAlI

INLAD M

( MAT41 51,07

S11.84
19

aVehicles owned by U.S. military services are not included.

bU.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration,

Highway Statistics, Washington, D.C., annual, Table MV-1.

CAmerican Public Transit Association, Transit Fact Book, '75-'76 edition,

Washington, D.C., March 1976, p. 40.

dUS Department of Transportation, Table MV-0.

eU.S. Department of Transportation, Table MV-7.

U.S. Department of Transportation, Table MV-9.

gAssociation of American Railroads, Yearbook of Railroad Facts, 1977

edition, Washington, D.C., p. 52.

hAssociation of American Railroads, p. 49.

'Association of American Railroads, p. 48.

0B. V. Cayce, U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Aviation

Administration, FAA Statistical Handbook of Aviation, Calendar Year

1975, Washington, D.C., March 1976, p. 101.

kB V. Cayce, p. 52.

1B. V. Cayce, pp. 68-69.

mThe American Waterways Operators, Inc., 1975 In Waterborne Commerce,

Arlington, Va., April 1977, pp. 2-3.

nU.S. Department of Commerce, Maritime Administration, A Statistical

Analysis of the World's Merchant Fleet, annual, p. 374.

Does not include recreational marine vessels. In 1973, there were

approximately 8,336,343 recreational vessels.

Sources: U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration, Highway Statistics, Washington, D.C., Table MV-1,

annual; American Public Transit Association, Transit Fact Book,

'75-'76 edition, Washington, D.C., Mar. 1976, p. 40; Interstate

Commerce Commission, Transport Statistics, Washington, D.C.,

Part 1, Tables 14, 21, 60 and 67, Part 9, Table 1, annual;

B. V. Cayce, U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Aviations

Administration, FAA Statistical Handbook of Aviation, Calendar

Year 1975, Washington, D.C., Dec. 1975, pp. 52, 55, 65, 66, and

104; The American Waterways Operators, Inc., 1975 Inland

Waterborne Commerce, Arlington, Va., Apr. 1977, p. 2 and 3; U.S.

Department of Commerce, Maritime Administration, A Statistical

Analysis of the World's Merchant Fleets, annual.
4Table 1-1. Number of Vehicles: 1960 Through 1976

1960 1965 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976

Highway.

Passenger car and taxi

Motorcycle

Truck

Busd

Rail

Operating railroadsCo C

Passenger cars

Locomotives

Freight cars

Company service equipment cars

Heavy rail transit

Light rail transit

Ai r9'h

Air carrier9h

Certificated

Supplemental

Commercial

General aviation

Waters

Inland water vessels

Self propelled

Nonself propelled

Oceangoing steam & motor vessels

74,475,551

61,683,865

574,080

11,945,477

272,129

2,172,081

2,160,215

28,677

31,303

2,032,713

67,522

9,010

2,856

78,684

2,135

NA

NA

NA

76,549

NA

20,557

4,052

16,505

NA

91,752,138

75,260,847

1,381,956

14,795,051

314,284

1,996,339

1,985,675

21,582

30,157

1,880,00:

53,935

9,115

1,549

97,567

2,125

1,863

164

98

95,442

NA

20,843

4,054

16,789

NA

111,222,036

89,279,864

2,814,730

18,748,421

379,021

1,969,680

1,959,080

11,442

29,167

1,868,596

49,875

9,338

1,262

134,422

2,679

2,437

119

123

131,743

25,433

23,854

4,230

19,624

1,579

116,344,304

92,799,052

3,345,179

19,802,490

397,583

NA

NA

8,930

29,230

NA

48,912

9,325

1,225

133,790

2,642

2,389

114

139

131,148

NA

25,006

4,059

20,947

NA

122, 303, 701

96,859,746

3,797,838

21,239,163

406,954

1,910,459

1,899,860

7,821

29,383

1,815,126

47,530

9,423

1,176

147,593

2,583

2,361

100

122

145,010

27,331

26,181

4,064

22,117

1,150

129,777,378

101,762,477

4,356,502

23,232,872

425,527

1,892,717

1,882,207

7,421

29,965

1,797,812

47,009

9,387

1,123

156,139

2,599

2,361

94

144

153,540

28,198

27,182

4,035

23,147

1,016

134,779,710

104,857,327

4,966,399

24,589,078

446,906

1,894,869

1,884,398

7,080

30,220

1,800,036

47,062

9,403

1,068

163,974

2,472

2,244

73

155

161,502

30,432

29,510

4,100

25,410

922

137,917,254

106,712,551

4,966,844

25,775,715

462,144

1,404,809

1,394,140

6,471

28,210

1,359,459

NA

9,608k

1,061k

170,970

2,495

2,267

74

154

168,475

31,884

31,027

4,240

26,787

857

142,397,000

109,675,000

5,110,000

27,115,000

497,000

Ik)0~

G loI

o
aVehicles owned by the military services are not included.

bThese numbers are taken from the Federal Highway Administration's published reports. FHWA revises their

numbers but does not publish the revision. The latest revisions can be obtained directly from FHWA and

are usually reported by the Motor Vehicle Manufacturer's Association.

C 1 9 75 data reports only Class I information.

dIncludes intercity, local, and school buses.

eIncludes electric railways (except 1974 and 1975) and pullman cars, as reported to ICC.

1 Includes cabooses, and freight cars operated by private car lines as reported to ICC.

9The aircraft population is not an inventory of the aircraft owned by the air carriers, but represents the

aircraft actually used by the air carrier fleet during the last quarter of the calendar year.

hDoes not include aircraft operated by air taxi operators who hold authority to operate aircraft over

12,500 lb, turbojet aircraft under blanket authority, or aircraft operated by air travel clubs. For 1975,

these operations included 191 aircraft.

Does not include recreational water vessels. In 1973, there were 8,336,343 recreational vessels.

Only 1,000 gross tons and over, excludes ships operating exclusively on the Great Lakes and Inland waterways and special types such as channel ships, icebreakers, cable ships, etc., and merchant ships owned by

any military forces.

kDoes not include 45 PRT transit vehicles, 39 cable cars, and 4 inclined plane cars.

Sources: U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration, Highway Statistics,

Washington, D.C., Table MV-1, annual; American Public Transit Association, Transit Fact Book,

'75-'76 edition, Washington, D.C., Mar. 1976, p. 40; Interstate Commerce Commission, Transport

Statistics, Washington, D.C., Part 1, Tables 14, 21, 60 and 67, Part 9, Table 1, annual; B. V.

Cayce, U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Aviations Administration, FAA Statistical

Handbook of Aviation, Calendar Year 1975, Washington, D.C., Dec. 1975, pp. 52,55, 65, 66, and

104; The American Waterways Operators, Inc., 1975 Inland Waterborne Commerce, Arlington, Va.,

Apr. 1977, p. 2 and 3; U.S. Department of Commerce, Maritime Administration, A Statistical

Analysis of the World's Merchant Fleets, annual.
22

EIGHT SEPARATE SOURCES COLLECT AND PUBLISH NATIONAL VEHICLE-MILES

TRAVELED ('RIT) STATISTICS REGULARLY. THE PUBLISHED FIGURES FOR VI4

DIFFER DEPENDING ON (1) THE AVAILABLE MEANS FOR COLLECTING OR ESTIMATING

'I1, (2) THE SCOPE OR COVERAGE OF THE REPORTS, (3) TIE REGULARITY OF

REPORTING, AND (4) THE POPULATION TO BE SURVEYED AND THE USES FOR WHICH

THE DATA ARE DESIRED. FOR EACH TYPE OF TRANSPORTATION FOR WHICH vT DATA

ARE AVAILABLE, ONE PRIMARY SOURCE ANNUALLY COMPILES AND REPORTS VMI

STATISTICS. THESE PRIMARY SOURCES ARE LISTED BELOW WITH A BRIEF

DESCRIPTION OF THE DATA EACH PROVIDES.

Table 1-la. Primary Sources for Data on Vehicle-Miles Traveled

1) U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Highways Administration

(FHWA) - Highway mode: annual data published in "Highway

Statistics" classified by state, vehicle type, highway system,

and traffic on urban vs. rural roads; sources of data are

state highway and transportation departments (method of

collection varies by state).

2) Interstate Commerce Commission (ICC) - Rail mode: semi-annual

publication of intercity Class I rail operations (covering

99% of all industry traffic) for both passenger and freight in

"Class I Railroads Financial and Operating Statistics."

3) General Services Administration (GSA) - Highway mode: annual data

on worldwide and domestic Federal motor vehicle fleet operation

(covering 96% of Federal vehicle fleet) contained in "Federal

Motor Vehicle Fleet Report."

4) International Taxicab Association (ITA) - Highway mode: bi-annual

data obtained from a national survey of taxicab companies

published in "Fact Sheet on Taxicab Operations in the United

States."

5) National Association of Motor Bus Owners (NAMBO) - Highway mode:

annual intercity bus data reported based on ICC-published

material and on unpublished carrier reports.

6) American Public Transit Association (APTA) - Highway and Rail modes:

annual data at the national level on intraurban transit systems

obtained from a survey of members that includes approximately

75% of all intracity bus and virtually all local rail transit

operations; published in "Transit Fact Book."

7) Civil Aeronautics Board (CAB) - Air mode: monthly data on certificated route air carriers and supplemental carriers (excluding

intrastate carriers) as reported by carriers; published in

"Air Carrier Traffic Statistics."

8) U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Aviation Administration

(FAA) - Air mode: annual data for general aviation based on

voluntary reporting of hours flown (60% coverage); published

in "FAA Statistical Handbook of Aviation."
23

FIGURE I-2 CONTAINS A BREAKDOWN OF NATIONAL VMT STATISTICS COMPILED BY

TERA ASSOCIATES FOR ORNL FROM PUBLISHED SOURCES. THE PROCEDURE USED TO

DERIVE THE STATISTICS PRESENTED IS DESCRIBED BELOW:

VMT statistics are made available periodically only for the highway, rail, and air modes;

data on water VMT are not available on a regular basis. A breakdown of VMT into passenger

and freight transportation is only feasible for the highway and rail modes because primary

data sources report VMT by vehicle type and not by transportation purpose. Within the

highway and rail modes, differences in vehicle characteristics permit a closely estimated

breakdown of passenger and freight uses. (An important exception is the use of light trucks

for passenger transportation. These trucks are included with single-unit trucks in the

reported data. Passenger transportation by light trucks must be individually estimated.)

In the air mode, passenger and freight transport are generally handled by the same vehicle

thus no such distinction is possible.

Total VMT for 1975, as reported by the Federal Highway Administration (FHWA), is first

broken down into passenger and freight travel. Passenger VMT is estimated as passenger

vehicle VMT plus an estimate of passenger travel by truck and is obtained by multiplying

the total truck VMT (FHWA) by the fraction of truck travel that was predominantly for

personal transportation (from the 1972 Census of Transportation's Truck Inventory and Use

Survey). Passenger VMT is further subdivided into Federal Government VMT using General

Service Administration (GSA) data, state and local government VMT, and non-government VMT.

An estimate of state and local government VMT was obtained by multiplying the total number

of state and local vehicles, according to vehicle type, by the overall average VMT for

vehicles of each type. Non-government VMT is the difference between total VMT and the sum

of governmental VMT.

Passenger VMT is further categorized as motorcycle (FHWA data), bus, truck (estimated as

described above), or automobile VMT. Governmental bus VMT data are obtained in the same

manner as all governmental VMT data described above. Non-government bus data are divided

into intracity VMT (APTA data), intercity (NAMBO), and school bus, and is estimated as all

VMT (FHWA) minus government, intracity, and intercity transit VMT. Truck vehicle-miles are

estimated as described above, and auto is broken down into taxi VMT [using International

Taxicab Association (ITA) data] and personal car.

For freight the procedure for breakdown into governmental categories is identical to

passenger travel. Commercial truck VMT is computed as the total VMT for cargo vehicles

(FHWA), minus the sum of government truck VMT and personal transportation by truck VMT.

The split into single units versus tractor trailer and into urban versus rural roads

allocated the computed commercial truck freight VMT proportionally according to the FHWA

breakdown of VMT by respective vehicle type.

In the rail mode, local rail transit data are obtained directly from the American Public

Transit Association (APTA). Intercity passenger and freight VMT are from the Interstate

Commerce Commission (ICC) figures, but train-miles reported in ICC data have been converted

to estimate locomotive miles using 1974 ratios of locomotive-miles to train-miles as

categorized by region and type of operation. Intercity and local transit VMT are summed

to get total rail, passenger, VMT.

Air mode VMT data for general aviation are Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) data, and

air carrier statistics are those collected by the Civil Aeronautics Board (CAB). The CAB

data are not reported as actual miles flown but as airport-to-airport distances for each

route, and therefore are an underestimate of total air carrier VMT.
4Figure 1-2.

Total Vehicle-Miles Tra

(in millions

"906

Aim0,t

24F1

I.00

veled by Mode, 1975 ,A.10 P N

of miles)

N0-GvEN88ENTRC R

I.136.599ev l~

INTrwC IT t'

B.us

\ lusk

,.0

t11uT . TC. Il2

( UTO

(NTOwcCYLES

111

.. .L

TO.31

SINGLE UNIT

COB IAC tL e T 01

T28. 39 (1C),11] NA T : De

wILITR.

s71

FDERL

1.17. , l.se

Sr T OC L

LOCOL T.NIT

Si" NTRC IT A

aa

G[Nw.LIwNwuTUT ONAL

PE lOAL

oTNEII

CERTI FICATED CAWEO

1 .3 3 33

A3ECOM EC33 

AIR CAswtER1 2. OR

M 1 W+r r

1.7)0,07"
25

aU.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration,

Highway Statistics, Section I, Vehicles Drivers and Fuels, Washington,

D.C., 1975, Table VM-1.

bCombination of data noted in a above and U.S. Bureau of the Census,

Census of Transportation, 1972, U.S. Summary, TC72-T52, U.S. Government

Printing Office, Washington, D.C., 1973, Table 1.

CSame as source noted in a above except derived from appropriate deductions from Table VM-1 data to allow for government VMT statistics as

prepared from Federal Motor Vehicle Fleet Report, General Services

Administration, Federal Supply Service (for fiscal year ending June

30, 1975), Washington, D.C., July 1976, Table 10, p. 16.

dInternational Taxicab Association, Fact Sheet on Taxicab Operations in

the United States, Year 1975, Rockville, MD, Mar. 1977.

eComputed from source noted in a above with proper deduction of statistics

noted in Table VM-l and VM-7.

fU.S. Bureau of the Census, Census of Transportation, 1972, U.S. Summary,

TC72-T52, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C., 1973,

Table 1.

gTotal bus information is controlled to those statistics as published in

source noted in a above.

hNational Association of Motor Bus Owners, One Half Century of Service

to America, 1926-1976, Washington, D.C.

ZAmerican Public Transit Association, Transit Fact Book, 1975-1976

Edition, Washington, D.C., March 1976.

3 General Services Administration, Federal Supply Service, Federal Motor

Vehicle Fleet Report, Washington, D.C., July 1976, Table 10, p. 16.

kSame as j above with total bus information controlled to those published

in note a above.

1

Same as e above with total bus information controlled to those published

in note a above.

mSame as note a above but allowing for appropriate deductions of trucks

used for personal use as noted in f above.

nSame as note a above but allowing for appropriate deductions of truck use

for Federal government (note j above), state and local government (note

e above), and personal use (note f above).

0

Same as note a above except in this and more detailed breakdowns the

proportions of truck use reported in Table VM-1 were employed based upon

the computed VMT statistics noted in n above.

1American Public Transit Association, Transit Fact Book, 1975-76 Edition,

Washington, D.C., pp. 36 and 24.

gInterstate Commerce Commission, Statement No. 100, Bureau of Accounts,

Financial and Operating Statistics, Class I Railroads, Washington, D.C.,

and Association of American Railroads, Yearbook of Railroad Facts, 1976

Edition, Washington, D.C., 1976.

rAssociation of American Railroads, Yearbook of Railroad Facts, 1976

Edition, Washington, D.C., 1976.

aUnited States Department of Transportation, Federal Aviation Administration, FAA Statistical Handbook of Aviation, Calendar Year 1975,

Washington, D.C., December 1975, p. 104. As collected from the Registration Eligibility, Identification and Activity Report (AC Form 8050-73)

and expanded by FAA to represent to total universe.

tCivil Aeronautics Board, Air Carrier Traffic Statistics, Washington, D.C.,

Sept. 1976, vol. XX11-9.

uCivil Aeronautics Board, Air Carrier Traffic Statistics, Washington, D.C.,

Sept. 1976, vol. XX11-9, p. 4.

uCivil Aeronautics Board, Air Carrier Traffic Statistics, Washington, D.C.,

Sept. 1976, vol. XX11-9, p. 9.
*Table 1-2. Vehicle-Miles Traveled: 1960 Through 1975

(in millions)

1960 1965 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975

Highway NA 887,812 1,120,705 1,186,289 1,268,342 1,308,562 1,285,647 1,330,074

Personal passengers NA 711,594 900,992 954,155 1,003,498 1,036,455 1,013,068 1,050,472

Truckb 126,409 171,436 214,670 227,037 259,735 267,147 267,519 274,454

Commercial busC 1,092d 3,019 2,943 2,885 2,750 2,548 2,610 2,648

School bus" 1,481 1,763 2,100 2,212 2,359 2,412 2,450 2,500

Class I railed 613 593 520 483 484 502 504 438

Passenger (intercity)f 209 172 93 53 33 33 35 35

Cargo 404 421 427 430 451 469 469 403

Local transit 2,143 2,008 1,883 1,846 1,756 1,835 1,907 1,990

Air, domestic NA NA 5,306 5,224 5,647 5,957 6,012 6,211

Air carrier NA NA 2,099 2,081 2,076 2,228 1,969 1,973

Certificated 853 1,134 2,065 2,045 2,042 2,194 1,938 1,947

Supplemental NA NA 34 36 34 34 31 26

General aviation 1,769 2,562 3,207 3,143 3,571 3,729 4,043 4,238

Total NA NA 1,128,414 1,193,842 1,276,229 1,316,856 1,294,070 1,338,713

0

NA - Not available.

aIncludes private, public, federal and military motorcycle and automobile use.

bIncludes both commercial and personal use of trucks.

CIncludes federal, state and local government and military use.

dIntercity buses only. 0 0

eExcludes AMTRAK operations

Based on train miles and excludes yard switching and train switching.

Includes intracity rail and bus.

hBased on calendar year.

U.S. Department of Transportation, Department of Transportation News, FWHA 13-77 (March 4, 1977), Washington, D.C., Table VM-1; American Public Transit Association, Transit Fact Book, '75-'76 ed.WJ

Washington, D.C., March 1976, p. 36; Association of American Railroads, Economics and Finance

Department, Yearbook of Railroad Facts, 1976 ed., Washington, D.C., pp. 37 and 39; B. V. Cayce, U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Aviation Administration, FAA Statistical Handbook of

Aviation, Calendar Year 1975, Washington, D.C., pp. 72, 73, and 104.

Sources:
*Table 1-3.. Domestic Passenger-Miles Traveled: 1960 Through 1975

(millions)

1960 1965 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975

Highway

Total 1,313,083 1,577,849 1,985,157 2,091,524 2,195,695 2,263,494 2,207,186 2,287,366

Passengera 1,293,783 1,544,049 1,959,857 2,066,024 2,170,095 2,237,094 2,179,586 2,261,866

Motorcycle NA 5,729 11,163 16,558 18,800 21,553 24,582 24,586

Intercity bus 19,300 23,800 25,300 25,500 25,600 26,400 27,600 25,500

Class I rail

Total 21,201 17,388 10,771 8,901 8,561 9,298 10,332 9,942

Commutation 4,197 4,128 4,592 4,498 4,229 4,245 4,533 4,513

Other than commutation 17,064 13,260 6,179 4,403 4,332 5,053 5,799 5,429

Air

Total NA NA 118,608 119,018 133,101 143,156 146,468 NA

Air carrier - revenue passenger miles NA NA 109,508 109,758 123,101 132,456 135,468 NA

Certificated 31,099 53,226 108,451 108,804 121,820 130,450 133,666 135,999

Supplemental NA NA 1,057 914 1,281 2,006 1,802 NA

General aviation, intercity 2,300 4,400 9,100 9,300 10,000 10,700 11,000 12,000

Domestic water, intercity 2,700 3,400 4,000 4,100 4,000 4,000 4,000 4,000

aAssumes occupancy rate of 2.2 persons per vehicle.

bAssumes occupancy rate of 1.1 persons per vehicle.

NA - Not available.

Sources: Association of American Railroads, Economics and Finance Department, Yearbook of Railroad Facts, 1976 ed., Washington, D.C.,

1976, pp. 32 and 36; W. F. Gay, U.S. Department of Transportation, Summary of National Transportation Statistics, Washington,

D.C., June 1976, p. 52; Transportation Association of America, Transportation Facts and Trends, Quarterly Supplement,

Washington, D.C., January 1977, p. iv; B. V. Cayce, U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Aviation Administration,

FAA Statistical Handook of Aviation, Calendar Year 1975, December 1975, pp. 72 and 73.

I

I
28

Table 1-4.

,Intercity Passenger-Miles by Mode of Travel,

5mk

1960 Through 1975

Air,

Automobilea Busa motor revenueland public Total

vehicle a passengers waterway and

private

Passenger-miles by mode (in billions)

1975 1,164.0 25.5 1,189'.5 9.7 4.0 148.0 1,351.2

1974 1,143.4 27.6 1,171.0 10.4 4.1 146.2 1,331.7

1973 1,174.0 26.4 1,200.4 9.3 4.0 143.1 1,356.8

1972 1,129.0 25.6 1,154.6 8.7 4.0 133.0 1,300.3

1971 1,071.0 25.5 1,096.5 8.9 4.1 119.9 1,229.4

1970 1,026.0 25.3 1,051.3 10.9 4.0 118.6 1,184.8

1965 817.7 23.8 841.5 17.6 3.1 58.1 920.3

1960 706.1 19.3 725.4 21.6 2.7 34.0 783.7

Passenger-miles by mode (percent)

1975 86.14 1.89 88.03 0.72 0.30 10.95 100

1974 85.86 2.07 87.93 0.78 0.31 10.98 100

1973 86.53 1.95 88.47 0.69 0.30 10.55 100

1972 86.82 1.97 88.79 0.67 0.31 10.23 100

1971 87.12 2.07 89.19 0.73 0.33 9.75 100

1970 86.60 2.14 88.74 0.92 0.33 10.01 100

1965 88.85 2.59 91.44 1.91 0.34 6.31 100

1960 90.10 2.46 92.56 2.76 0.34 4.34 100

aIncludes intra-city

strictly intra-city

portions of intercity trips. Omits rural to rural trips,

trips with both origin and destination confined to same

city, local bus or transit movement, nonrevenue school and government bus

operations.

Sources: Transportation Association of America, Transportation Facts

and Trends, 12th ed., Washington, D.C., July 1976, p. 18;

Transportation Facts and Trends, Quarterly Supplement,

Washington, D.C., April 1977, p. 18.
.Table 1-5. Freight Ton-Miles, 1960 Through 1975

(millions)

1960 1965 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975

Trucks 285,000 359,000 412,000 445,000 470,000 505,000 495,000 441,000

Class I raila 572,309 697,878 764,809 739,743 776,746 851,809 850,961 752,816

Air carrier

Total 869 1,968 3,295 3,457 3,662 5,051 5,531 5,323

Certificatedb 749 1,670 3,010 3,151 3,403 4,759 5,251 5,061

Supplemental 120 298 285 306 259 292 280 262

Water transport

Total NA 752,044 914,755 909,194 942,235 942,913 941,227 NA

Inland waterways including Great Lakes 220,253 262,241 318,560 316,030 338,693 358,222 354,882 343,000

Total domestic system NA 489,803 596,195 593,164 603,542 584,691 586,345 NA

Oil pipeline 228,626 306,393 431,000 444,000 475,800 507,000 506,000 510,000

aPrior to January 1, 1956, Class I railroads were defined as railroad operating companies (including switching roads and

terminal companies) with annual operating revenues above $1,000,000. January 1, 1956, the base was raised to $3,000,000;

effective January 1, 1965, the base for Class I railroad was raised to $5,000,000; and on January 1, 1976, base was raised

to $10,000,000. These differences in classification have no significant effect on the comparability of the statistics

from year to year.

bIncludes revenue ton-miles of freight, U.S. and foreign mail, and express.

CIncludes revenue ton-miles of freight and express. Supplemental carriers are not ordinarily authorized to carry mail.

Sources: Association of American Railroads, Economics and Finance Department, Yearbook of Railroad Facts, 1976 ed.,

Washington, D.C., 1976, pp. 29 and 36; B. V. Cayce, U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Aviation

Administration, FAA Statistical Handbook of Aviation, Calendar Year 1975, Washington, D.C., December 1975,

pp. 72 and 73; W. F. Gay, U.S. Department of Transportation, Summary of National Transportation Statistics, I

Washington, D.C., June 1976, p. 54.

N

'.0

At
30

4Table 1-6. Intercity Freight Movement by Mode 195c5

Trucka Railb Inland c Oil Airway, Total

waterway pipe domestic

Ton-miles, in

488.0 757.0 342.0

495.0 852.0 355.0

505.0 858.0 358.0

470.0 784.0 339.0

445.0 744.0 315.0

412.0 768.0 319.0

359.2 708.7 262.4

285.5 579.1 220.3

223.3 631.4 216.5

172.9 596.9 163.3

Ton-miles, percent by

23.26 36.08 16.30

22.37 38.51 16.04

22.60 38.50 16.00

22.70 37.70 16.40

22.21 38.42 16.27

21.30 39.72 16.49

21.92 43.25 16.01

21.72 44.06 16.76

17.51 49.53 16.98

16.27 56.17 15.37

billions

507.0 3.730

506.0 3.910

507.0 3.940

476.0 3.700

444.0 3.500

431.0 3.400

306.4 1.910

228.6 0.778

203.2 0.481

129.2 0.318

type of transport

24.16 0.17

22.87 0.17

22.70 0.18

23.00 0.18

22.92 0.18

22.29 0.17

18.70 0.12

17.40 0.06

15.94 0.04

12.16 0.03

aTon-miles between cities and between rural and urban areas

included, whether private or for hire. Rural-to-rural movements and city deliveries are omitted.

bRevenue ton-miles.

Does not include coastwide and intercoastal ton-miles.

41960and later years include Alaska and Hawaii.

Sources: Transportation Association of America, Transportation

Facts and Trends, 12th ed., Washington, D.C., July

1976, p. 8; Transportation Facts and Trends, Quarterly

Supplement, Washington, D.C., April 1977, p. 8.

1975

1974

1973

1972

1971

1970

1965

1960d

1955

1950

1975

1974

1973

1972

1971

1970

1965

1960d

1955

1950

2,098.0

2,212.0

2,232.0

2,073.0

1,936.5

1,933.4

1,638.6

1,314.3

1,274.9

1,062.6

100%

100%

100%

100%

100%

100%

100%

100%

100%

100%
31

4Figure 1-3. DISTRIBUTION

FREIGHT

BY TYPE O

60

OF INTERCITY

MOVEMENT

F TRANSPORT

w4-

1965 1970 1975 1980

YEAR

Source: Motor Vehicle Manufacturers Association, Motor Vehicle Facts 

Figures '76, Detroit, Mich., 1976, p. 56.

Of

H

0

H

0

H

z

()

40-

30-

20-

10-

-5 -I

1945 1950 1955 1960

RAILWAYS

MOTOR TRUCKS

PIPELINES

INLAND WATERWAYS

DOMESTIC AIRWAYS
Table 1-7. Percent Distribution by Mode of Transportation for

Commodities Shipped by Manufacturers, 1972

Tons

Motor Private Total

carrier truck truck

P pe iLne Motor Private Total

Rail & Other carrier truck truck

Pipe line

Rail & Other

Meat 6 dairy products

Canned, frozen 6 other food products

Candy, cookies, beverages

6 tobacco products

Basic textiles 6 leather products

Apparel 6 related products

Paper 6 allied products

Basic chemicals, plastics, synthetic

rubber 6 fibers

Drugs, paints 6 other chemical products

Petroleum 6 coal products

Rubber 6 plastic products

Lumber 6 wood products, except furniture

Furniture 6 fixtures

Stone, clay 6 glass products

Primary iron 6 steel products

Primary nonferrous metal products

Fabricated metal products

Metal cans 6 misc. metal products

Industrial machinery, except electrical

Machinery, except electrical 6

industrial

Communication products 6 parts

Electrical products 6 supplies

Motor vehicles 6 equipment

Transportation equipment, except

motor vehicles

Instruments, photo equipment,

watches 6 clocks

Total all shipper groups

Total all shipper groups, except

petroleum and coal production

41.7%

20.3

25.7

61.4

69.4

28.0

30.1

38.6

16.0

59.1

16.2

41.4

47.2

44.4

31.4

55.3

44.1

59.4

53.4

64.5

49.3

37.3

23.9

63.8

31.1%

35.7%

Source: U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of

Transportation Survey, Washington, D.C.

39.1% 80.8% 18.8% 0.4% 54.3%

23.0 43.3 50.7 6.0 18.3

58.4

27.7

15.6

17.9

12.1

15.7

8.4

15.2

36.3

34.7

23.7

6.7

15.1

25.1

17.8

18.9

17.7

12.4

14.1

3.0

54.8

10.9

84.1 15.4

89.1 9.7

85.0 8.5

45.9 51.7

42.2

54.3

24.4

74.3

52.5

76.1

70.9

51.1

46.5

80.4

61.9

78.3

48.6

37.8

9.7

24.4

45.8

22.0

21.9

43.7

51.6

17.3

36.8

19.6

71.1 26.5

76.9 13.0

63.4 35.0

40.3 59.3

78.7 19.5

74.7 20.9

0.4

1.2

6.5

2.3

9.2

7.9

65.8

1.2

1.6

1.9

7.2

5.2

1.9

2.3

1.3

2.0

2.3

10.0

1.3

0.4

28.8

61.0

67.0

18.9

21.6

32.0

3.4

56.8

7.6

39.9

36.6

35.9

23.4

60.1

40.3

75.7

49.7

59.9

46.0

17.4

1.8 30.3

4.4 53.9

18.3% 49.4% 31.7% 18.8% 20.9%

21.3% 57.0% 38.4% 4.S% 38.6%

the Census, Census of

17.2% 71.5% 27.8% 0.6%

9.5 27.8 66.8 5.4

25.8

21.0

9.5

5.6

4.7

8.4

1.6

9.3

10.7

20.5

11.3

4.8

7.7

13.0

7.1

8.9

8.9

5.6

8.4

1.0

43.1

54.6 43.1 2.2

82.0 16.3 1.8

76.5 13.4 10.1

24.5 73.8 1.5

26.3

40.4

5.0

66.1

18.3

60.4

47.9

40.7

31.1

73.1

47.4

84.6

63.1

44.3

7.9

32.1

76.8

37.1

45.3

51.6

67.2

23.3

50.5

12.3

58.6 37.7

65.5 18.0

54.4 43.2

18.4 80.9

73.4 24.0

5.7 59.6 34.4

10.5

15.2

87.1

1.8

4.9

2.5

6.7

7.7

1.6

3.6

2.1

3.0

3.6

16.5

2.6

0.8

2.7

6.0

6.8% 27.7% 42.0% 30.3%

9.1% 37.7% 56.9% 5.4%

Transportation-1972 Commodity U

Group

Ton -miles
#able 1-8. Intercity Mileage for Transportation Networks Within the Continental U.S., 1960 through 1975

(statute miles)

1960 1965 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975

Railroads 217,552 211,925 206,265 205,220 203,299 201,300 200,916 200,000

Oil pipelinesb 190,944 213,764 218,617 219,899 221,127 222,355 223,353 224,811

Natural-gas pipelines

and utility mainC 239,500 273,000 319,200 323,000 327,300 333,400 328,600 331,000

Inland waterwaysd 25,253 25,380 25,543 25,543 25,543 25,543 25,543 25,543

Highwayse 557,729 617,114 665,903 672,838 678,285 679,387 679,934 685,052

Airways 293,003 288,275 291,231 295,301 300,126 304,260 307,783 313,178

aData represent aggregate length

or sidings. Jointly used track

of roadway of all line-haul railroads, excluding mileage of yard tracks

is counted only once.

bIncludes gathering lines.

CIncludes field and gathering and transmission lines only. Data not adjusted to common diameter

equivalent mileage shown as of end of each year.

dIncludes total length of all commercially navigable inland channels.

eIncludes paved primary and secondary roads under state control.

f1960-1961airway figures include low/medium frequency routes and very high frequency routes. Only ver

high frequency routes have been in use since 1962. Jet ranks are included from 1960. Nautical

mileage has been counted to statute miles for comparability with the other modes.

Source: W. F. Gay, U.S. Department of Transportation, Summary of National Transportation Statistics,

Washington, D.C., June 1976, p. 56; Transportation Association of America, Transportation

Facts and Trends, Quarterly Supplement, Washington, D.C., April 1977, p. 31.

01

II
34e

TRANSPORTATION ROUTES BETWEEN THE SAME POINTS MAY VARY SIGNIFICANTLY IN

TERMS OF TOTAL DISTANCE TRAVELED BY EACH MODE.

Table 1-9. Intercity Distances and Circuity Factors

for Selected City Pairs

(distance in statute miles)

city center- Air Auto

Nominal city center ATA AAA Passenger

distance City pair (G.C.D.' ) range route Bus rail

100 Los Angeles 

San Diego 111 190 119 121 128

Circuity

Factor Ratio 1.00 1.71 1.07 1.09 1.15

250 New York 

Washington 205 296 224 227 227

Circuity

Factor Ratio 1.00 1.44 1.09 1.10 1.10

750 New York 

Chicago 711 828 854 821 907

Circuity

Factor Ratio 1.00 1.16 1.20 1.15 1.27

1,000 New York 

Miami 1,094 1,188 1,363 1,362 1,403

Circuity

Factor Ratio 1.00 1.08 1.24 1.24 1.28

1,500 Seattle 

Chicago 1,733 1,849 2,107 2,100 2,289

Circuity

Factor Ratio 1.00 1.06 1.21 1.21 1.32

2,000 Atlanta 

Los Angeles 1,932 2,053 2,271 2,228 2,561

Circuity

Factor Ratio 1.00 1.06 1.17 1.15 1.32

2,500 Miami 

Los Angeles 2,335 2,457 2,838 2,893 3,289

Circuity

Factor Ratio 1.00 1.05 1.21 1.23 1.40

1

G.C.D. = Great Circle Distance, i.e.,

two terrestrial points.

the shortest distance between any

Source: Boeing Commercial Airplane Company, Intercity Passenger

Transportation Data - Energy Comparisons, vol. 1,

Seattle, Washington, May 1975, pp. 97 and 141.

THEREFORE, WHEN MAKING COMPARISONS AMONG INTERCITY MODES FOR SUCH VARIABLES AS FUEL EFFICIENCY OR REVENUE PASSENGER-MILES, ONE SHOULD CONSIDER

CIRCUITY FACTORS: CIRCUIT FACTOR RATIOS EXPRESS THE RELATIONSHIP

BETWEEN TOTAL DISTANCE TRAVELED BY A CERTAIN MODE AND THE MINIMUM

INTERCITY DISTANCE. FOR EXAMPLE, FOR SHORT DISTANCES BETWEEN CITIES,

THE AIR CIRCUITY FACTOR IS HIGHER THAN FOR CAR, BUS OR RAIL BUT FOR

GREATER DISTANCES, IT IS MUCH LOWER.
Section 1.2

Highway

Figure 1-4. The National System of Interstate and Defense Highways

September 30, 1976

G er w

-'-- -- ..- Wi. . "" 

-i _ w* s ,...o - p,

®® I se _... s 

Prlm1ry Egnei and Under Adequate Minor M,^,mprocesnent 1 1N Status Righ-of-Way Baic Toll Prsent isEs enally omplet

679 e,1 i 2 4 Me s G..

H A WA I l on -r r .'

Source: U.S.ADefrprtei ,antertt of oThrafndspottin'edrl ihay diitain eatmn fTasotto

Newsp®e HA 72-76n9erst (Noveysmbm e re26, 1976), ,Washington, SD.C1pdoprm.s

-PEMNASTATUS OR NOT YETI 3pROGRESS eq<

LIE

COMPLETED R OPETTO TRAFFI TMPROVEOpND 

c-plna -r37,8 w ~u o acrpanl uxa re..nr r, Mamrea

Source: U.S~~~~. ep atlartwunmnt rof Tnranprttonpedrl ihwyAdiitrton eprmetofTanprtt

es, FHRWOL RAD7-6(NSmer2,196,Wshington, D.C. e~
Fable 1-10. World Motor Vehicle Registrations, 1975

Passenger Population

Cotnetseete outPe asene Trucks and Car to truck Total

Continent/selected countries carskand buses ratio vehicles Number Per Per

(000) car vehicle

North and Central America

Canada

Mexico

U.S.A.

% of world total

South America

Argentina

Brazil

Venezuela

Asia

China

India

Iran

Japan

Oceania

Australia

New Zealand

Africa

Morocco

S. Africa, Rep. of

Europe

France

Germany, West

Great Britain

Italy

U.S.S.R.

World total

119,494,404

8,870,307

2,400,930

106,712,551

41.0

10,239,339

2,227,447

5,829,000

955,151

22,759,901

37,000

812,343

771,900

17,236,321

6,224,254

4,899,700

1,160,144

4,342,758

232,560

2,117,144

97,146,823

15,555,00

18,161,179

14,060,973

15,060,609

4,730,000

260,207,459

29,786,319

2,157,804

938,674

26,237,859

38.8

2,772,865

873,567

871,000

369,364

14,645,057

675,000

608,255

189,000

10,854,237

1,438,045

1,165,700

206,508

2,124,301

95,554

877,100

16,926,589

2,377,000

1,291,894

1,934,848

1,193,033

5,115,000

67,693,176

4.02

4.11

2.56

4.07

3.69

2.55

6.69

2.59

1.55

0.05

1.34

4.08

1.59

4.33

4.20

5.62

2.04

2.43

2.41

5.74

6.54

14.06

7.27

12.62

0.92

3.84

149 ,280,723

11,028,111

3,339,604

132,950,410

40.5

13,012,184

3,101,014

6,700,000

1,324,515

37,404,958

712,000

1,420,598

960 ,900

28,090,558

7,662,299

6,065,400

1,366,652

6,467,059

328,114

2,994,144

114,073,412

17,932,000

19,453,073

15,995,821

16,253,642

9,845,000

327,900,635

439,840

22,998

60,150

214,500

5.5

195,137

25,380

107,661

11,990

2,129,003

800 ,000

598,170

33,020

110,950

20,511

13,500

3,148

374,757

17,500

25,470

754,802

52,658

61,830

55,962

55,810

254,380

3,914,070

3.7

2.6

25

2.0

19

11

18

13

94

21,621

736

42

6.4

3.3

2.8

2.7

86

75

12

7.8

3.4

3.4

4.0

3.7

54

15

2.9

1.9

18

1.6

15

8.1

16

9.1

57

1,124

421

34

3.9

2.7

2.2

2.3

58

53

8.5

6.6

2.9

3.2

3.5

3.4

26

12

Source: Motor Vehicle Manufacturers Association, Motor Vehicle

pp. 28 through 31.

Facts and Figures '77, Detroit, Mich., 1977,

00
39-5

Table 1-11. ESTIMATES OF PASSENGER CARS IN USE FOR A GIVEN YEAR

DIFFER BETWEEN THE MAJOR DATA SOURCES

Passenger Cars In Use

(in thousands)

FHWA/DOTa R. L. Polk Percent difference

from FHWA

1960 61,684 57,103 7.4

1965 75,261 68,940 8.4

1970 89,280 80,449 9.9

1976 109,657 97,818 10.8

ajncludes taxi.

BOTH THE FEDERAL HIGHWAY ADMINISTRATION (FHWA) AND R.L. POLK AND CO. REPORT

FIGURES ON THE ACTUAL IN-USE PASSENGER CAR POPULATION. HOWEVER, THEIR RESPECTIVE ESTIMATES ARE SEEN TO DIFFER BY UP TO 10 PERCENT. THE DIFFERENCES CAN BE ATTRIBUTED TO SEVERAL FACTORS:

1) FHWA COUNT INCLUDES ALL VEHICLES WHICH HAVE OPERATED ON THE ROADS DURING

A CALENDAR YEAR, INCLUDING VEHICLES THAT WERE RETIRED DURING THE YEAR.

THE POLK DATA COUNT THE VEHCILES WHICH ARE REGISTERED TO OPERATE AT AN

INSTANTANEOUS POINT IN TIME, I.E. JULY 1.

2) FHWA REPORTS NUMBER OF LICENSE PLATES ISSUED IN A GIVEN YEAR WHICH INCLUDES INHERENT DUPLICATION IN THE COUNTING PROCEDURE POLK REPORTS THE

NUMBER OF REGISTERED PASSENGER CARS IN USE AT A FIXED POINT IN TIME.

3) POLK FIGURES ARE RESTRICTED TO PASSENGER CAR, WHILE FHWA FIGURES MAY

INCLUDE LIGHT-DUTY TRUCKS FOR SOME STATES.

4) POLK FACTORS SCRAPPAGE RATES INTO THEIR CALCULATIONS, WHILE THE FHWA

COUNT INCLUDES VEHICLES THAT WERE RETIRED DURING THE YEAR.

FROM THE ABOVE DISCUSSION, ONE CAN SEE THAT THE POLK ESTIMATE IS A BETTER

INDICATOR OF THE AUTO STOCK IN USE AT SOME POINT IN TIME THAN IS THE FHWA

ESTIMATE.
able 1-12. Number of Highway Motor Vehicles Registered in the United States by Type, 1963 Through 19 7 5a

(in thousands)

Passenger vehicles

Personal passenger vehicles

Motorcycles

5,110.0

4,966.8

4,966.4

4,356.5

3,798

3,345

2,815

1,382

All

Buses

personal

passenger Commercial

vehicles

114,785.0

111,679.4

109,822.7

106,119.0

100,658

96,144

92,095

76,634

93.8

90.1

89.5

88.8

90.3

90.3

85.0

All

School buses

368.3

356.9

336.0

318.2

307.3

288.7

229.3

497.0

462.1

447.0

425.5

407.0

397.6

379.0

314.3

All

passenger

vehicles

115,282.0

112,141.5

110,269.7

106,544.5

101,065

96,542

92,474

76,948

Cargo vehicles

Singleunit

trucks

24,644.7

23,545.2

22,205.0

20,249

18,828

17,788

14,008

Combinations

1,131.0

1,085.0

1,027.9

990

974

960

787

aCompiled for the calendar year from motor vehicle registration reports

Includes both publicly and privately owned vehicles.

from the District of Columbia.

bEstimate.

CThe numbers used for 1965 and 1974 have been revised and thus disagree with the numbers on p. 18.

Source: U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration, Highway Statistics, Washington,

D.C., Table VM-1, annual.

Calendar

year

1976b

1975

1974c

1973

1972

1971

1970

1965

Passenger

cars

109,675.0

106,712.6

104,856.3

101,762.5

96,860

92,799

89,280

75,252

All

motor

vehicles All

trucks

27,115.0

25,775.7

24,630.2

23,232.9

21,239

19,802

18,748

14,795

0

142,397.0

137,917.2

134,899.9

129,777.4

122,304

116,344

111,222

91,743

fl

0
41

*Figure 1-4a.

2200.

2000-

1800-

1600-

07

1400-

0 200

x 1000-

.4

600-

400 

200-

PUBLICLY OWNED REGISTERED VEHICLES

1966 1960 1962 1964 1966 1966 1970 1972 1M 1976

YEAR

4Table 1-13. Publicly Owned Registered Vehicles, 1 9 6 0 - 1 9 7 5 a

Year Passenger cars Motorcycles Busesb Trucksc Total motor

(December 31st) and taxi vehicles

1975 641,214 26,256 232,808 1,168,007 2,068,285

1974 627,486 25,025 228,217 1,126,599 2,007,327

1973 573,742 23,922 213,142 1,057,227 1,868,033

1972 529,143 22,842 202,653 1,013,418 1,768,056

1971 498,009 22,098 195,456 997,167 1,712,730

1970 469,323 21,289 189,085 958,441 1,638,989

1965 348,223 16,355 159,227 759,750 1,283,555

1960 251,442 13,887 134,557 584,971 984,857

aPublicly owned vehicles includes federal, state, county, and municipal vehicles.

Vehicles owned by the military services are not included.

bThe number of private and commercial buses are estimates by the Federal Highway

Administration of the numbers in operation, rather than registered counts of

the state.

CData excludes farm trucks registered at a nominal fee in certain states and

restricted to use in the vicinity of the owners farm. In 1975 there was 33,784

such vehicles.

Sources: U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration,

Highway Statistics, Washington, D.C., Table MV-1, annual; Department

of Transportation News, Washington, D.C., Table ES-V, Oct. 1976.

TOTAL

TRUCKS

CARS

4T BUSES

MOTORCYCLES

I 1 11 ' i
Table 1-14. School and Commercial Buses

Commercial buses

Total busesa School busesa Totala Reported by NAMBO Reported by APTA Otherb

(intercity) Motor bus trolley coach

(local) (local)

1976 (estd) 497,100

1975 462,144 365,982 96,162 NA 50,811 (P) 703 (P) NA

1974 446,906 354,634 92,272 NA 48,700 7718 NA

1973 425,527 333,892 91,635 22,300 (P) 48,286 794 NA

1972 406,954 316,421 90,533 22,500 49,075 1,030 17,928

1971 397,583 307,285 90,298 23,000 49,150 1,037 17,111

1970 379,021 288,750 90,271 23,100 49,700 1,050 16,421

1965 314,284 229,315 84,969 NA 49,600 1,453 NA

1960 272,129 195,283 76,846 20,974 49,600 3,826 2,446

aEstimates by FHWA of the number in use, rather than the registration counts of the states.

bIn some instances, privately owned school buses could not be segregated from commercial buses and

are included with the latter.

P - Preliminary.

NA - Not available.

Sources: U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration, Highway Statistics,

Washington, D.C., Table MV-10, annual; American Public Transit Association, Transit Fact

Book, '75-'76 ed., Washington, D.C., March 1976, p. 40; National Association of Motor

Bus Owners, Get Onto Something Great, Washington, D.C., May 1974, p. 16.

2)
Viable 1-15. Passenger Cars in Use by Age of Car

1965 1970b 1974 1975 1976

Age in PercentPecnPecnPeetPret years Number Percent Number Percent Number Percent Number Percent Number _n

(000) Simple Cum. (000) Simple Cum. (000) Simple Cum. (000) Simple Cum. (000) Simple Cum.

Under 1 6,408 9.3% 100.0% 6,288 7.8% 100.0% 6,433 6.9% 100.0% 4,684 4.9% 100.0% 6,472 6.6% 100.0%

1-2 7,855 11.4 90.7 9,299 11.6 92.2 11,269 12.2 93.3 9,763 10.3 95.1 7,683 7.9 93.4

2-3 7,315 10.6 79.3 8,816 11.0 80.6 10,147 11.0 81.1 11,332 11.9 84.8 9,746 10.0 85.5

3-4 6,626 9.6 68.7 7,878 9.8 69.6 8,622 9.3 70.1 10,098 10.6 72.9 11,130 11.4 75.5

4-5 5,384 7.8 59.1 8,538 10.6 59.8 8,493 9.2 60.8 8,549 9.0 62.3 9,872 10.1 64.1

5-6 6,002 8.7 51.3 8,506 10.6 49.2 8,615 9.3 51.6 8,341 8.8 53.3 8,249 8.4 54.0

6-7 5,404 7.8 42.6 7,116 8.8 38.6 7,931 8.6 42.3 8,339 8.8 44.5 7,966 8.1 45.6

7-8 3,640 5.3 34.8 6,268 7.8 29.8 6,624 7.2 33.7 7,556 7.9 35.7 7,774 8.0 37.5

8-9 4,527 6.6 29.5 5,058 6.3 22.0 6,531 7.1 26.5 6,113 6.4 27.8 6,856 7.0 29.5

9-10 3,979 5.8 22.9 3,267 4.1 15.7 5,710 6.2 19.4 5,796 6.1 21.4 5,361 5.5 22.5

10-11 3,853 5.6 17.1 2,776 3.5 11.6 3,976 4.3 13.2 4,825 5.1 15.3 4,888 5.0 17.0

11-12 2,030 2.9 11.5 1,692 2.1 8.1 2,824 3.0 8.9 3,234 3.4 10.2 3,923 4.0 12.0

12-13 1,823 2.6 8.6 799 1.0 6.0 1,813 2.0 5.9 2,229 1.5 6.8 2,578 2.6 8.0

13-14 856 1.2 6.0 996 1.2 5.0 901 1.0 3.9 1,407 1.5 4.5 1,740 1.8 5.4

14-15 932 1.4 4.8 794 1.0 3.8 682 .7 2.9 689 .7 3.0 1,083 1.1 3.6

15-16 931 1.4 3.4 753 .9 2.8 391 .4 2.2 523 .5 2.3 526 0.5 2.5

16 $ Older 1,368 2.0 2.0 1,583 1.9 1.9 1,621 1.8 1.8 1,742 1.8 1.8 1,943 2.0 2.0

Subtotal 68,936 100.0% 80,427 100.0% 92,583 100.0% 95,220 100.0% 97,790 100.0%

Year not given 4 22 25 21 28

Total 68,940 80,449 92,608 95,241 97,818

Average age 5.90 years 5.55 years 5.72 years 5.99 years 6.16 years

aEach class interval includes lower but not higher age.

bBeginning in 1966 certain vehicles previously counted as passenger cars have been counted as trucks. The 1966 change

involved an estimated 700,000 vehicles.

Note: Data as of July 1 of each year.

Source: R. L. Polk S Co. Further reproduction prohibited.

0
44

Table 1-16.

Fleet Inventory Summary and Selected Characteristics of

Federal Government Motor Vehicles, 1975

Trucks

Sedans Station Ambulances Buses Less than 12,500 lbs Total wagons Ls hn 1,0 b

12,500 lbs and over

Total civilian

Agencies 58,912 6,567 379 2,360 182,276 13,849 264,343

Department of Agriculture 3,351 632 1 144 24,043 1,306 29,477

Department of the Interior 1,108 509 10 236 6,997 2.,741 11,601

Department of Justice 7,847 222 2 84 1,458 217 9,830

ERDA (AEC) 1,735 185 55 291 6,159 974 9,399

General Services Administration 36,887 4,090 250 1,431 26,843 2,601 72,102

United States Postal Service 1,191 b b b 109,728 4,214 115,133

Domestic 57,590 5,871 378 2,301 259,627

Foreign 1,322 696 1 59 4,716

Total military

Agencies 23,691 5,292 3,142 8,920 85,691 29,705 156,441

Department of Defense - Army 14,032 1,449 1,322 4,484 31,555 13,095 65,937

18,717 4,402 2,389 5,763 122,446

Foreign 4,974 890 753 3,157 33,995

Total all

Agencies 82,603 11,859 3,521 11,280 267,967 43,554 420,784

Domestic 76,307 10,273 2,767 8,064 249,142 35,520 382,073

Foreign 6,296 1,586 754 3,216 18,825 8,034 38,711

1970 1972" 1973f 19 74f 1975

Total Sedans Trucks

Average miles per vehicle year

Agencies d 9,996 9,220 8,740 8,160 8,139

Department of Agriculture d 8,603 11,590 8,136

Department of Defense - Arm d8,967 8,950 8,202 7,785 7,833 11,224 7,031

Department of the Interior 7,841 20,720 1,781

Department of Justiced 12,836 13,172 12,934 15,405 15,075 15,657

ERDA (AEC)d d 8,873 7,998 8,275 7,457 7,987 9,831 6,942

General Services Administration 11,742 11,544 11,970 11,178 11,422 12,778 9,510

United States Postal Serviced 9,749 6,725 5,988 5,784 5,373 10,604 4,581

Domestic 9,942 9,096 8,625 8,046 7,985 12,347 6,746

Foreign 10,451 10,528 9,959 9,278

Average miles per gallon of fuel

Agencies 9.5

Department of Agricultured' 11.9 12.8 12.3 12.3 15.4 11.8

Department of Defense - Armyd 11.8 11.4 9.4 9.1 10.2 13.1 9.9

Department of the Interior0 9.7 10.1 10.3 10.7 14.0 9.7

Departmentdof Justice 11.8 11.3 10.9 11.0 10.8 11.1 9.9

ERDA (AEC) d 10.0 10.0 9.2 9.8 9.3 12.8 8.8

General Services Administration 13.5 12.6 12.6 12.2 12.4 14.0 10.7

United States Postal Serviced 7.0 7.0 6.6 7.3 7.2 13.9 7.1

Domestic 9.9 9.5 9.5 9.8 13. 8.7

Foreign 9.7

Total cost per mile0

Agencies de $0.1277 $0.1533 $0.1607 $0.1801 $0.2034

Department of Agriculture d 0.0949 0.1027 0.1093 0.1299 0.1406 0.0887 0.1499

Department of Defense - d 0.1156 0.1343 0.1555 0.1673 0.2027 0.1353 0.2115

Department of the Interior- 0.1012 0.0933 0.0955 0.1385 0.1604 0.0990 0.1991

Departmentdof Justiced 0.0947 0.1029 0.1076 0.1259 0.1325 0.1244 0.1606

ERDA (AEC) d 0.1342 0.1566 0.1614 0.1791 0.2056 0.1329 0.2098

General Services Administration 0.0884 0.0997 0.1051 0.1150 0.1307 0.1116 0.1580

United States Postal Serviced 0.2282 0.2777 0.2773 0.3011 0.3229 0.0807 0.3343

Domestic 0.1268 0.1529 0.1607 0.1795 0.2024 0.1170 0.2391

Foreign 0.1351 0.1571 0.1608 0.1858 0.2128

aBased on data reported by the 18 agencies holding 2,000 or more vehicles.

bThese types not separated in USPS data system.

0 Does not include troop-training or tactical vehicles.

dData are for domestic only; foreign not included.

eIncludes Job Corps vehicles.

fAverages are calculated for all vehicles.

Source: General Services Administration, Federal Motor Vehicle Fleet

Report, Washington, D.C., annual.
45

OVER THE PAST TEN YEARS THE FLEET USE OF AUTOMOBILES HAS GROWN ONLY ABOUT

20%, BUT SOME OF THE SUBCATEGORIES OF FLEET USE HAVE SHOWN VERY LARGE

GROWTH. FOR EXAMPLE, FLEETS OF 25 OR MORE AUTOS LEASED BY BUSINESSES

GREW 113%, FLEETS OF 10 TO 214 AUTOS LEASED BY BUSINESS GREW 210%, AND THE

TAXI FLEET GREW ABOUT 412%. CONVERSELY, BUSINESS-OWNED FLEETS DECLINED

IN SIZE, SMALL FLEETS OF 4 TO 9 AUTOS DECLINED 11%, AND THE GOVERNMENT

FLEET DECLINED 4%.

THE TRUCK FLEET GREW ABOUT 143% OVER THE PAST TEN YEARS.

LEASED TRUCKS IS FOUR TIMES LARGER THAN THE NUMBER OF DAI

AND IS GROWING AT A FASTER RATE. Table 1-17.

Number of Motor Vehicles in Fleets in the U.S. by Type

(in thousands)

THE NUMBER OF

LY RENTAL TRUCKS

of Business

1966 1976 Percent change

1966-1976

Automobiles

Total number in fleets of 4

or more 8,710 10,403 19.4

Business fleets - 25 or more 1,590 2,333 46.7

Salesman or company owned 755 555 -26.5

Fleet leased 835 1,778 112.9

Business fleets - 10-24 cars 964 1,924 99.6

Owned 503 496 -1.4

Leased 461 1,428 209.8

Fleets - 4-9 cars 4,604 4,116 -10.6

Other fleets 1,552 2,030 30.8

Government 660 635 -3.8

Utilities 374 508 35.8

Taxi 142 202 42.3

Other 376 685 82.2

Trucks 379 920 142.7

Daily rental 74 155 109.5

Leasing 305 765 150.8

aIncludes to some extent all governmental levels. The fleet size and

composition by governmental level (i.e. local, state, and federal) was

not available from the original source at the time of publication.

Source: E. J. Bobit (ed.), Automotive Fleet, Vol. 16, No. 6, Bobit

Publishing Company, Glenview, IL, April 1977, p. 22.
5. E

FLEETED AUTOMOBILES REPRESENT A SIGNIFICANT PORTION OF THE I

DOMESTIC AUTOMOBILE STOCK. IN 1976, THERE WERE 11,620,000'

IN FLEETS OF 4 OR MORE AUTOMOBILES OR INDIVIDUALLY LEASED.

ALMOST 12% OF THE 97,818,000 AUTOMOBILES IN USE IN THE U.S. * Table 1-18.

United States Fleet Automobiles by Type of Fleet, 1965 TI

(in thousands)

UNITED STATES

VEHICLES EITHER

THIS REPRESENTS

hrough 1976

1965 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976

Business fleets (10 or more

automobiles per fleet)

Salesman- or company-owned 1,257 1,200 1,210 1,152 1,119 1,088 1,069 1,051

Leased 776 1,304 1,336 1,483 1,744 1,814 1,840 1,989

Individually leased 323 803 834 925 994 1,008 1,072 1,217

Other fleets

Government 680 601 611 592 598 611 628 635

Utilities 366 416 421 438 467 482 497 508

Police 158 207 218 236 249 261 278 286

Taxi 136 171 174 177 182 185 193 202

Daily rental 139 314 319 341 364 361 354 373

Driver school 36 25 27 29 27 26 25 26

Fleets of 4 or more 8,535 9,992 10,070 10,094 10,214 10,324 10,398 10,403

Source: Bobit Publishing Company-Research Department, Report on the Aspects of Automotive Fleet

Operations on Transportation Energy Conservation, Redondo Beach,Calif., 1977.

SPECIFIC CHARACTERISTICS OF THE AUTOMOBILE FLEET MARKET FOR 1976 SHOW A

LARGE NUMBER OF FLEETS OF 10 OR MORE AUTOMOBILES PER FLEET, A SIGNIFICANT

PORTION OF LIGHT TRUCKS AND HIGH AVERAGE ANNUAL AUTOMOBILE MILEAGE.

Table 1-19. Statistics on the Automobile Fleet Market, 1976

Business fleets No. of No. of No. of Av annual

fleets cars light trucks car mileage

Business fleets

Company owned 1,100 694,000 192,000 25,995

Leased 6,800 1,989,000 765,000 27,631

Other fleets

Rental 1,600 373,000 155,000 13,900

Utility 2,400 508,000 390,000 13,800

Government 1,200 635,000 190,300 12,400

Police 800 286,000 6,700 51,100

Taxi 1,200 202,000 1,000 66,700

Total 15,100 4,687,000 1,700,000

Source: Bobit Publishing Company-Research Department, Report

on the Aspects of Automotive Fleet Operations on

Transportation Energy Conservation, Redondo Beach,

Calif., 1977.

46
47

THE CURRENT COMPOSITION OF NATIONAL ASSOCIATION OF FLEET ADMINISTRATORS

AUTOMOBILE FLEETS FOR 1976, 1977 AND 1977 NEW CAR ORDERS REPRESENT A

GROWING TREND TOWARDS DOWNSIZING OF THE FLEETED AUTOMOBILE.

Table 1-20. Fleet Automobile Size and Percent of Sales

Year 1977

Automobile size new car

1976 1977 orders

Standard 28 13 8

Intermediate 56 65 62

Compact 13 20 29

Sub-Compact 2 2 1

Source: Bobit Publishing Company-Research

Department, Report on the Aspects of

Automotive Fleet Operations on

Transportation Energy Conservation,

Redondo Beach, Calif., 1977.

i
48

CONTRARY TO POPULAR BELIEF, THE NEW AUTOMOBILE FLEET IS NOT CHARACTERIZED

BY LUXURY AND LARGE MODELS. THE SHARE OF NEW FLEET AUTO SALES IN THE

STANDARD, INTERMEDIATE, COMPACT, AND OTHER CATEGORIES IS HIGHER THAN

THE RESPECTIVE TOTAL RETAIL SHARES. NOTE THAT VERY FEW FLEET SALES

ARE OF IMPORTED AUTOS. 4Table 1-21.

Comparison of Retail Sales and Fleet Sales by Vehicle Type,

1976 Model Year

(thousands of sales)

Total Fleet as

Retail Sales Fleet Sales Percent of Total

Total 9,599 1,127 11.7

Luxury (e.g. Cadilac) 495 54 10.9

(%) 5.2 4.8

Large (e.g. Chrysler) 890 54 6.1

(%) 9.3 4.8

Standard (e.g. Ford) 911 145 16.0

(%) 9.5 12.9

Intermediate (e.g. Cutlass) 2,566 398 15.5

(%) 26.7 35.3

Compact (e.g. Volare) 1,846 279 15.1

(%) 19.2 24.8

Subcompact (e.g. Pinto) 743 87 11.7

(%) 7.7 7.7

Sports (e.g. Mustang II) 673 27 4.1

(%) 7.0 2.4

Other (e.g. Sportsman) 119 16 13.5

(%) 1.2 1.4

Domestic 8,243 1,060 12.9

(%) 85.9 94.1

Imports & others 1,355 66 4.9

(%) 14.1 5.9

Source: E. J. Bobit (ed.) no. 6, Bobit , Automotive Fleet, vol. 16,

Publishing Company, Glenview, IL, April 1977.
49

THE LEASED AUTOMBILE HAS AN ANNUAL AVERAGE MILEAGE EXCEEDING THAT OF

THE DOMESTIC AUTOBILE. THIS CAN BE SEEN BY COMPARING

WITH INFORMATION ON PP. 94 AND 96.

Table 1-23.

INFORMATION BELOW

Average Mileage of Leased Automobiles

1964

1966

1968

1970

1972

1974

1976

19,656

22,761

21,698

22,170

22,244

20,904

21,563

Source: Bobit Publishing CompanyResearch Department, Report

on the Aspects of Automotive

Fleet Operations on Transportation Energy Conservation,

Redondo Beach, Calif., 1977.

THE AVERAGE AGE OF AUTOMOBILES AT REPLACEMENT ARE CORRESPONDINGLY LOWER

FOR FLEETED VEHICLES THAN FOR DOMESTIC VEHICLES.

Average Age of Automobiles at

(in months)

Leased

vehicles

Replacement

Total

domestic

market

1976 25.9 72.0

1974 24.3 68.4

1972 25.2 68.4

1970 23.7 66.0

1968 23.3 67.2

1966 22.9 68.4

1964 18.3 72.0

1962 20.7 72.0

Source: Bobit Publishing Company-Research

Department, Report on the Aspects

of Automotive Fleet Operations on

Transportation Energy Conservation, Redondo Beach, Calif.,

1977.

Table 1-24.
*Table 1-25. Trucks in Use by Age

1965 1970 1974b1975b1976

Number Percent Number Percent Number Percent Number Percent Number Percent

Simple Gum. Simple Gum. (000) Simple Gum. (000) Simple Cum.

Under 1

1-2

2-3

3-4

4-5

5-6

6-7

7-8

8-9

9-10

10-11

11-12

12-13

13-14

14-15

15-16

16 $ Older

Subtotal

Year not given

Total

Average age

946 7.2% 100.0% 1,262 7.1% 100.0% 1,834 7.9% 100.0% 1,326 5.3% 100.0% 1,893 7.1% 100.0%

1,219 9.3 92.8 1,881 10.6 92.9 2,829 12.1 92.0 2,739 11.0 94.7 2,148 8.1 92.9

1,057 8.1 83.5 1,536 8.7 82.3 2,396 10.3 79.9 2,848 11.5 83.7 2,732 10.3 84.8

926 7.1 75.4 1,428 8.1 73.6 1,742 7.5 69.6 2,384 9.6 72.2 2,799 10.5 74.5

732 5.6 68.3 1,483 8.4 65.5 1,698 7.3 62.1 1,730 7.0 62.6 2,346 8.8 63.9

817 6.2 62.7 1,339 7.6 57.1 1,804 7.7 54.8 1,668 6.7 55.6 1,697 6.4 55.1

777 5.9 56.5 1,154 6.5 49.5 1,418 6.1 47.1 1,779 7.2 48.9 1,635 6.2 48.7

550 4.2 50.6 975 5.5 43.0 1,305 5.6 41.0 1,395 5.6 41.7 1,731 6.5 42.5

623 4.8 46.4 826 4.7 37.5 1,309 5.6 35.4 1,273 5.1 36.1 1,345 5.1 36.0

662 5.0 41.6 621 3.5 32.8 1,145 4.9 29.8 1,256 5.1 31.0 1,220 4.6 30.9

696 5.3 36.6 658 3.7 29.3 941 4.0 24.9 1,085 4.4 25.9 1,191 4.5 26.4 uO

486 3.7 31.3 583 3.3 25.6 752 3.2 20.9 884 3.6 21.5 1,024 3.9 21.9

559 4.3 27.6 383 2.2 22.3 603 2.6 17.7 697 2.8 17.9 828 3.1 18.0

482 3.7 23.3 417 2.4 20.1 427 1.8 15.1 554 2.2 15.1 642 2.4 14.9

563 4.3 19.6 414 2.3 17.7 434 1.9 13.3 388 1.6 12.9 503 1.9 12.5

570 4.3 15.3 432 2.4 15.4 370 1.6 11.4 391 1.6 11.3 351 1.3 10.6

1,441 11.0 11.0 2,278 13.0 13.0 2,289 9.8 9.8 2,393 9.7 9.7 2,455 9.3 9.3

13,106 100.0% 17,671 100.0% 23,296 100.0% 24,790 100.0% 26,540 100.0%

21 15 16 23 20

13,127 17,686 23,312 24,813 26,560

7.98 years 7.33 years 6.97 years 6.94 years 6.97 years

aEach class interval includes lower but not higher age.

bBeginning in 1966 certain vehicles previously counted as passenger cars have been counted as trucks. The 1966 change

involved an estimated 700,000 vehicles.

Note: Data as of July 1 of each year.

Source: R. L. Polk & Co. Further reproduction prohibited.

Age in

yearsa

IDI
51

PERSONAL TRANSPORTAT ION

1963

1967

1972

AGR I CULTURE

1963

1967

1972

WHOLESALE & RETAIL TRADE

1963

1967

1972

UTILITIES & SERVICES

1963

1967

1972

CONSTRUCT ION

1963

1967

1972

ALL OTHER

1963

1967

1972

FOR HIRE

1963

1967

1972

MANUFACTURING

1963

1967

1972

Figure 1-5.

0 10 20

PERCENT

30 40

Source: U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census, 1972 Census of

Transportation, "Truck Inventory and Use Survey-United States

Summary," Series TC72-TS2, Washington, D.C., 1973, p. 1.

Percent Distribution of Trucks by Major Use.

Percent Distribution by Size of Truck and Major Use, 1972

Table 1-26.

Major use

Vehicle size class

Total Lighta Mediumb Light-heavy Heavy-heavyA

Personal transportation

Agriculture

Forestry and lumbering

Mining

Construction

Manufacturing

Wholesale and retail trade

For hire

Utilities

Services

All other

Total

Total trucks number (000)

Total trucks percent

41.2

21.6

1.0

.4

8.6

2.3

9.5

3.9

2.6

7.6

1.7

53.4

20.1

.5

.2

6.9

1.3

6.1

.6

2.5

7.7

1.2

100.0% 100.0%

19,745 14,598

100.0% 73.9%

a10 ,000 lbs Gross Vehicle Weight (G.V.W.) or less.

b10,001 to 20,000 lbs G.V.W.

C 2 0 ,0 0 1 to 26,000 lbs G.V.W,

Over 26,000 lbs G.V.W.

eThe Federal Highway Administration reported 21,239,163 registered

trucks in 1972.

Source: U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census, 1972 Census of

Transportation, "Truck Inventory and Use Survey-United States

Summary," Series TC72-T52, Washington, D.C., 1973, p. 17.

1 1z

11.0

32.1

1.4

.6

10.2

3.3

18.9

6.0

3.1

10.5

3.5

100.0%

2,822

14.3%

2.1

33.2

2.8

.7

14.0

4.4

23.0

7.2

3.8

6.0

3.4

100.0%

828

4.2%

1.0

10.3

3.6

1.9

19.1

8.5

18.3

30.6

1.9

2.5

2.8

100.0%

1,500

7.6%

-- l 
Table 1-27. Selected Characteristics of Truck Stock:

(percentage)

1963, 1967, and 1972

Item 1963 1967 1972 Item 1963 1967 1972

Body type Truck fleet size

Pickup, panel, multistop, or walk-in 65.6 70.3 73.3 1 truck 70.3 53.3 61.9

Platform and cattlerack 15.9 14.2 12.7 2 to 5 trucks 12.9 19.2 22.0

Vans 6.8 5.5 5.9 6 to 19 trucks 8.7 8.7 8.8

Beverage truck * .5 .5 20 trucks 8.1 7.5 7.6

Utility truck * 1.1 1.9 Not reported - 11.3 

Garkt and refuse collector * .2 .4 Vehicle typeC Winch or crane - .3 .5

Wrecker - .4 .6 Single-unit trucks * 83.4 95.4

Pole or logging - .3 .3 2 axle * 72.1 92.7

Auto transport - .1 .2 3 axle * 11.3 2.8

Dump truck 3.7 2.6 2.4 Combinations * 16.6 4.7

Tank truck (liquid and dry) 2.3 2.0 1.7 3 axle * 3.3 0.7 Concrete mixer - .3 .4 4 axles or more * 13.3 4.1

All other 5.7 2.2 .2 Range of operationsC

Size class Local 72.6 79.0 81.3

Light 69.5 73.6 74.0 Short range 7.7 13.2 8.7

Medium 8.9 13.6 14.3 Long range 1.7 4.9 2.4

Light-heavy 10.4 5.2 4.2 Not reported 18.0 2.9 7.6

Heavy-heavy 6.1 7.6 7.6 Tye of fueC

Miscellaneous sizes 5.1Tye

Annual miles Gasoline 97.1 86.2 87.9

Diesel and LPG 2.1 10.9 4.4

Less than 5,000 miles 22.71 56.0b 23.4 Not reported 0.8 2.9 7.9

5,000 to 9,999 miles 24.61 28.1

10,000 to 19,999 miles 23.9 30.7 33.5

20,000 to 29,999 miles 6.4 6.9 8.4

30,000 miles and over 6.4 6.4 7.0

Not reported 16.0 -

Note: Percents may not add to total due to rounding. *Indicates no

significant number of trucks with this characteristic to disi

data was obtained. A dash (-) indicates that there were not a

For the 1967 and 1972 surveys, annual miles were imputed if not reported.

For the 1967 survey, data were presented for "Less than 6,000 miles" (36.2 percent) and "6,000 to 9,999 miles"

(19.8 percent).

CData for 1967 do not include pickups and panels.

Source: U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census, 1972 Census of Transportation, "Truck

Inventory and Use Survey-United States Summary," Series TC72-T52, Washington, D.C., 1973,

p. 1.

U,.

N\

N

'I
53

Figure 1-6. Percent Distribution of Trucks

BY SIZE CLASS

0 10 20 30 E40 50 60 70

PERCENT

1 TRUCK

1963

1967

1972

2-S TRUCKS

1963

1967

1972

6-19 TRUCKS

1963

1967

1972

20 OR MORE TRUCKS

1963

196/

1972

mc

BY SIZE OF FLEETS

E 

PERCENT

SINGLE-UNIT

2 AXLE

1967

1972

TRUCKS

3 AXLE

1967

1972

COMBINATIONS

3 AXLE

1967

1972

4 OR MORE AXLES

1967

1972

BT TYPE

0 20 E 60 80 100

PERCENT

Source: U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census, 1972 Census of

Transportation, "Truck Inventory and Use Survey-United States

Summary," Series TC72-T52, Washington, D.C., 1973, p. 1.

LIGHT

1963

1967

1972

MEDIUM

1963

1967

1972

LIGHT-HEAVT

1963

1967

1972

HEAVT-HEAVT

1963

1967

1972

60

JI

. . . . . . . . . . . . 1 . . 1 I 1 I
54

SOME FACTORS IMPACTING ON FUEL EFFICIENCY OF LIGHT-WEIGHT TRUCKS

AIR POLLUTION CONTROLS - AS OF MODEL YEAR 1977, THE SMALL, DOMESTIC,

LIGHT-WEIGHT TRUCKS (UNDER 6,000 POUNDS) REQUIRED CATALYTIC CONVERTERS

AND UNLEADED GASOLINE. THE LARGER LIGHT-WEIGHT TRUCKS (6,001 TO 10,000

POUNDS) DID NOT REQUIRE EITHER. THESE FUEL PENALTIES FOR THE SMALLER

LIGHT-WEIGHT TRUCKS MAY BE INFLUENCING THE TREND TOWARD THE LARGER

LIGHT-WEIGHT TRUCKS,

4-WHEEL DRIVE - LIGHT-WEIGHT TRUCKS WITH 4-WHEEL DRIVE USE MORE FUEL PER

MILE (ALL OTHER THINGS BEING EQUAL) THAN 2-WHEEL DRIVE TRUCKS. AS SEEN

FROM THE TABLE BELOW, THERE IS A GROWING TREND TOWARD 4-WHEEL DRIVE IN

THE LARGER LIGHT-WEIGHT TRUCKS.

Table 1-28. Percent of Light-Weight Trucks with

4-Wheel Drive

Under 6,000 lb 6,001 to 10,000 lb

1974 19 17

1975 17 27

1976 17 28

Source: Motor Vehicle Manufacturers Association, New Truck Retail Sales and

Stocks by G.V.W. Groups and Body

T , RS-3s (December 1976),

Detroit, Michigan.
55

ALTHOUGH INSULATED REFRIGERATED VANS COMPRISE LESS THAN ONE PERCENT OF

THE TOTAL U.S. TRUCK FLEET, THEY OFFER GOOD POTENTIAL FOR

ENERGY CONSERVATION WITHIN THE TRUCKING INDUSTRY. THE INSULATED

REFRIGERATED VAN IS THE ONLY COMPONENT OF THE TRUCKING INDUSTRY EMPLOYING

AN AUXILLIARY POWER SOURCE. BASIC INVENTORY AND OPERATION STATISTICS

ARE PROVIDED BELOW FOR THIS SEGMENT OF THE U.S. TRUCK FLEET.

Table 1-29.

Registered Weight of Insulated Refrigerated Vans and

Annual Miles Driven by Census Region, 1972

Number of vehicles

(by region)

Registered weight a b

(lb) East West East West Total Percent

England At c North North Atlantic South South Mountain Pacific

Central Central Central Central

6,499 or less 322 230 1,299 2,811 1,599 2,932 9,193 5.17

6,500-10,499 561 2,956 6,293 46 4,471 2,965 549 1,215 5,761 24,817 13.95

10,500-14,499 260 2,765 4,764 566 6,662 1,231 1,631 1,737 8,429 27,985 15.73

14,500-16,499 1,233 1,718 2,192 2,891 607 1,137 899 1,772 12,448 7.00

16,500-19,499 961 4,025 537 1,605 2,173 2,664 2,950 348 312 15,574 8.75

19,500-26,499 1,618 4,308 3,745 2,930 4,815 1,626 3,568 596 847 24,053 13.52

25,500-32,499 1,280 2,916 2,189 1,624 1,714 1,377 775 1,316 388 12,395 6.97

32,500-40,499 523 1,573 414 446 619 27 359 62 65 4,088 2.30

40,500-50,499 268 418 1,461 606 745 455 616 183 1,070 5,822 3.27

50,500-60,499 182 1,312 1,043 548 227 149 314 103 128 4,006 2.25

60,500-70,499 612 1,436 41 1,125 1,554 154 143 15 641 5,723 3.22

70,500-80,499 648 2,954 5,613 5,993 4,064 3,036 7,538 972 231 31,048 17.45

100,500-130,499 331 331 0.19

130,500 and over 68 98 166 0.09

Not reported 23 97 24 103 57 303 0.17

Total b 8,237 24,663 28,238 17,910 31,628 14,393 22,447 7,861 22,575 177,953

Percent 4.63 13.86 15.87 10.06 17.77 8.09 12.61 4.42 12.69 100.00

Annual miles driven

Less than 5,499 821 4,283 3,315 870 1,441 456 836 1,453 1,605 15,080 8.47

5,500-9,499 498 2,044 2,269 1,229 1,710 771 2,315 828 2,328 13,993 7.86

9,500-19,499 3,370 6,732 6,304 3,802 7,321 4,424 4,105 1,870 8,548 46,476 26.40

19,500-29,499 1,332 4,801 4,651 2,244 5,982 2,739 3,237 669 3,585 29,241 16.43

24,500-49,499 1,044 3,145 4,004 2.317 5,717 1,800 3,352 976 3,080 25,433 14.29

49,500-74,499 478 1,524 4,103 2,104 3,472 1,042 2,122 589 1,524 16,960 9.53

74,500-94,499 479 1,421 2,015 1,690 2,317 1,313 1,525 428 426 11,613 6.53

99,500-149,499 184 587 1,515 2,660 3,165 607 3,394 604 826 13,541 7.61

149,500-199,499 24 56 61 794 480 1,095 1,096 265 S34 4,404 2.47

199,500 or more 6 7 200 24 146 466 180 119 1,211 0.68

aData may not sum due to variation in sampling and scaling.

bMay not sum to 100% due to rounding error.

Source: U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census, 1972 Census

of Transportation, "Truck Inventory and Use Survey," Summary

Tapes, Washington, D.C., 1977.
56

OVER THE PAST QUARTER CENTURY, ANNUAL DOMESTIC AUTO SALES HAVE INCREASED

ABOUT 27%, WHEREAS TRUCK AND BUS SALES HAVE RISEN 122%. MOST OF THE

GROWTH IN TRUCK SALES IS DUE TO THE RAPID INCREASE IN THE SALES OF

LIGHT-WEIGHT TRUCKS (UNDER 1OOO POUNDS GROSS VEHICLE WEIGHT). THE

MAJORITY OF THESE TRUCKS ARE PURCHASED BY HOUSEHOLDS FOR PERSONAL

TRANSPORTATION USE. 

*Motor Vehicle

iable 1-30.

Factory Sales from Domestic Car Manufacturers

(in millions)

Trucks Light-weight trucks

Passenger Trucks buses

cars buses as % of cars 6000 lb less As % 6,000-10,000 lb As 

600l es of cars of cars

1950 6.67 1.34 20

1955 7.92 1.25 16

1960 6.67 1.19 18

1965 9.31 1.75 19 1.06 11.4 .29 3.1

1966 8.60 1.73 20 1.02 11.9 .30 3.5

1967 7.44 1.54 21 .90 12.1 .29 3.9

1968 8.82 1.90 22 1.14 12.9 .39 4.4

1969 8.22 1.92 23 1.12 13.6 .41 5.0

1970 6.55 1.69 26 .95 14.5 .40 6.1

1971 8.58 2.05 24 1.20 14.0 .49 5.7

1972 8.82 2.45 28 1.41 16.0 .58 6.6

1973 9.66 2.98 31 1.74 18.0 .76 7.9

1974 7.33 2.73 37 1.54 21.0 .73 10.0

1975 6.71 2.27 34 .98 14.6 .96 14.3

1976 8.50 2.98 34 1.25 14.7 1.39 16.4

Sources: Motor Vehicle Manufacturers Association, Motor Vehicle Facts and

Figures '76, Detroit, Michigan, pp. 15 and 16; Motor Vehicle

Manufacturers Association, Statistics Department, Report FS-4,

Detroit, Michigan, February 23, 1977.

LIGHT-WEIGHT TRUCK SALES WERE 15% OF AUTO SALES IN 1965, AND ROSE TO 31%

OF AUTO SALES IN 1976. TO THE EXTENT THAT HOUSEHOLDS HAVE SUBSTITUTED

LIGHT-WEIGHT TRUCKS FOR AUTOMOBILES, THEY ARE OFFSETTING SOME OF THE FUEL

ECONOMY GAINS THAT HAVE BEEN ACHIEVED AS A RESULT OF THE SHIFT FROM LARGE

TO MIDDLE-SIZED AUTOS OVER THE PAST FIVE YEARS.

( 
57

Table 1-31.

Factory Installation of Energy-Related

Domestic Motor Vehicles

(percent of total units)

Equipment on

1973 1974 1975 1976

Automobiles

Automatic transmission 93.4 89.8 91.6 91.4

V-8 engine 83.5 67.8 71.4 68.7

6-cylinder engine 8.6 18.9 19.6 21.1

Power steering 87.7 83.3 88.9 89.9

Power brakes 75.5 67.2 76.4 80.9

Power windows 25.7 18.8 24.5 23.1

Air conditioning 72.6 67.9 72.6 74.0

Power seats 14.1 10.9 31.3 16.5

Trucks - 10,000 lb GVW or less

Automatic transmission 62.9 66.0 66.4 67.8

V-8 engine 84.2 84.5 83.9 81.6

Air conditioning 28.6 29.3 30.6 33.3

Power steering 61.4 68.7 76.7 78.9

Power brakes 63.5 67.5 80.2 81.4

Source: Motor Vehicle Manufacturers Association, Motor

Vehicle Facts and Figures '77, Detroit, Mich.,

1976, p. 13.

=1!!
58

THE RECREATION VEHICLE INDUSTRY ASSOCIATION (RVIA) FORECASTS SUBSTANTIAL GROWTH IN FACTORY UNIT SHIPMENTS OF

RECREATION VEHICLES DESPITE THE UNCERTAINTY OF FUTURE AVAILABILITY OF GASOLINE FOR RECREATIONAL ACTIVITIES.

Table 1-32.

4Factory Unit Shipments of Recreational Vehicles

(thousands)

Camping Truck Travel Motor

Total trailers campers trailers homes

1961 63 18 16 29

1965 193 67 44 77 5

1970 380 116 96 138 30

1975 340 48 44 151 97

1976 541 53 42 190 256a

1980 (Forecast) 726 73 43 263 34 7 a

Average 1975 retail price $2,091 $2,534 $5,901 $12,942

aVan camper motor home figures for 1976 and projected to 1980 include

minimum life support van campers, which have little or no facilities,

as well as maximum life support van campers which are equipped with

plumbing and electricity.

Source: Recreation Vehicle Industry Association, Recreation Vehicle

Industry: Facts and Trends, Chantilly, Va., 1976, pp. 8,

16, and 17.

THESE FORECASTS ARE BASED ON THE INCREASE IN SALES SINCE THE

OIL EMBARGO WAS LIFTED AS WELL AS ON BASIC CHANGES IN RECREATION ACTIVITIES PEOPLE HAVE ADOPTED FOR ENERGY CONSERVATION.

SURVEYS INDICATE THAT PEOPLE NOW STAY CLOSER TO HOME, BUT

TAKE MORE WEEKEND EXCURSIONS AND GENERALLY STAY LONGER THAN

THEY DID PRIOR TO THE EMBARGO.
59

EXCEPT FOR ESTABLISHED TYPES OF ELECTRIC VEHICLES - FORKLIFTS AND GOLF

CARS - PRODUCTION, WHEN RELATED TO SHARE-OF-MARKET, IS EXPECTED TO REMAIN

LOW DURING 1977.

THE FIGURES BELOW ARE ONLY ESTIMATES - BASED ON RESPONSES FROM MANY ELECTRIC

VEHICLE AND COMPONENTS MANUFACTURERS.

Table 1-33. Estimated Electric Vehicle Production, 1977

United

Australia Canada France Germany Italy Japan Sweden Kingdom USA

Burden carriers - (except forklifts) inplant, both riding S walking types NA 900 300 100 400 1,800 450 1,800 4,800

Bikes - all types having battery power,

2 & 3 wheels NA 180 500 2,400 120 140 550 110 600

Boats - all sizes, battery-driven NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 10 100

Buses - on-the-road, 10 or more passengers NA NA 40 20 NA 25 NA 20 40

Forklifts - less than 6,000 lbs. capacity NA 300 NA 5,000 1,400 8,000 1,800 9,200 17,000

Forklifts - 6,000 lbs. or more capacity NA 40 NA 1,000 400 1,500 300 1,000 4,200

Golf cars - all types 120 600 NA 200 100 400 NA NA 22,000

Passenger cars - on-the-road, more than

1,000 lbs. curb weight (with batteries) NA 40 120 NA 300 60 10 200 400

Passenger cars - all types, (including

conversions) made by individuals for

own use 50 50 60 NA 70 NA 40 100 1,100

Personnel carriers - in-plant type, 1 or

more persons (not golf cars) NA 440 100 120 100 60 200 180 2,200

Truck and/or vans - on-the-road, all body

styles, less than 1,000 lb. load capacity

(including driver) NA NA 240 50 30 50 NA 260 600

Trucks and/or vans - on-the-road, all body

styles, 1,000 lbs. or more load capacity

(including driver) NA NA 80 20 NA 20 10 1,600 40

Traction batteries - including industrial,

golf car, others NA 6,000 18,000 22,000 14,000 32,000 NA 54,000 84,000

NA - Not available.

Source: Electric Vehicle News, Vol. 6, No. 2, Westport, Conn., May 1977.
60

.Table 1-34. Passenger Car Retail Sales

(in thousands)

1970 1974 1975 1976 1977

Total car retail sales

January 624 679 578 679 725

February 686 684 684 758 811

March 745 780 670 946 1,084

April 798 817 660 914 1,029

May 811 882 741 921

June 922 812 771 956

July 763 812 794 865

August 638 811 684 762

September 580 726 727 792

October 754 757 889 868

November 540 602 744 840

December 536 508 701 807

Year 8,400 8,871 8,643 10,108

Domestic car retail sales

January 539 551 463 588 602

February 598 568 536 651 666

March 646 654 524 816 896

April 691 703 518 788 822

May 699 767 603 794

June 800 698 619 830

July 641 691 637 737

August 526 668 534 616

September 489 591 591 645

October 630 628 774 731

November 436 506 655 721

December 425 430 600 695

Year 7,120 7,454 7,053 8,612

Import car retail sales

January 85 128 115 91 123

February 88 116 148 107 144

March 99 126 146 131 189

April 107 114 142 126 207

May 112 115 138 128

June 122 114 152 127

July 122 121 157 128

August 112 143 150 146

September 92 134 136 147

October 125 129 115 138

November 105 98 89 119

December 110 79 102 112

Year 1,280 1,417 1,590 1,500

Note: Domestic includes U.S. type cars produced in the

United States and Canada. Sum of months may not add

to total for year, due to rounding.

Source: Motor Vehicle Manufacturers Association, Motor

Vehicle Facts and Figures '76, Detroit, Mich.,

1976, p. 24; U.S. Department of Commerce,

Bureau Economic Analysis, Survey of Current

Business, Vol. 57, No. 5, Washington, D.C.,

May 1977, p. S-40. 
61

AS THE GRAPH BELWYd INDICATES, THE TREND IN THE EARLY 1970's WAS TOWARD

INCREASED

MOBILES.

SALES OF SMALL AUTOMOBILES AT THE EXPENSE OF FULL-SIZE AUTOIN 1976, THIS TREND REVERSED ITSELF AND THE MARKET SEGMENT

PERCENTAGE FOR

Ez

x~z

W.

U.

50-

45 

40 

35-

30-

25-

15-

10 

5-

n

FULL-SIZE AUTOMOBILES INCREASED.

'-V I I I I I

1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975

YEARS

1976 19'b 1978 1979 1980

figure 1-7. Percent New Car Registrations by Market SegmentC.

aSmall includes subcompacts, compacts and imports.

Based on distribution of sales for January through March.

CThe market segment breakdowns were determined by Ward's classification

scheme which is based on car size and merchandising intent. Ward's

classification of individual car-lines differs slightly from that of

the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), which classifies cars

according to their interior size only. (See page 425 for comparison).

Sources: H. A. Stark (ed.), Ward's Communications Inc., Ward's 1976

Automotive Yearbook, 38th ed., Detroit, Michigan, 1976; Ward's

Automotive Reports, Vol. 52, No. 2, January 10, 1977; Ward's

Automotive Reports, Vol. 52, No. 15, April 11, 1977.

INTERMEDIATE

FULL SIZE

55 1

III

u
62

4Table 1-35. U.S. Motor Truck and Bus Retail Sales

(in thousands)

Light-dutya Medium-dutyb Heavy-dutyC

1974 annual total 2,184 224 179

1975 annual total 2,076 169 106

1976 annual total 2,764 162 120

January 217 14 8

February 232 13 8

March 245 14 9

April 226 13 9

May 213 13 10

June 230 14 10

July 226 14 11

August 241 15 11

September 251 16 13

October 211 11 9

November 217 13 10

December 255 12 12

1977

January 257 14 13

February 270 14 13

March 296 18 14

April 258 14 14

May 235 14 15

aGross vehicle weight up to 14,000 lb.

bGross vehicle weight of 14,001 to 26,000 lb.

CGross vehicle weight of 26,001 lb and over.

Source: U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of Economic

Analysis, Survey of Current Business, Washington,

D.C., monthly.

( JU
63

Figure 1-8.

ANNUAL TRUCK AND BUS FACTORY

BY GROSS

SALES

VEHICLE WEIGHT

30-

I 1 4

1980 1962 1984 1966 1968

YEAR

1970 1972 19" 1976

Source: Motor Vehicle Manufacturers Association, Motor Vehicle Facts S

Figures '76, Detroit, Mich., 1976, p. 16.

-I

TOTAL

6000 LB3Sd& LESS

6001-10000 LBS

10001- 000 L.BS

OVER 26000P3

0

cn

z

:

0

0

20-

10-

0I

L m Fm " ---
Factory Sales of Trucks and Buses by Gross Vehicle Weight (Pounds)

6,000 6,001- 10,001- 14,001- 16,001- 19,501- 26,001- Over

$ less 10,000 14,000 16,000 19,500 26,000 33,000 33,000 Total

Total

1976 1,247,801 1,389,513 22,444 70 11,416 164,796 24,961 118,048 2,979,049

1975 9 982,511 962,987 14,342 1,129 10,582 174,218 27,310 99,081 2,272,160

1974 1,536,778 731,529 9,094 4,318 13,071 224,499 34,432 173,592 2,727,313

1973 1,735,645 761,481 44,724 7,477 18,941 203,300 42,200 165,920 2,979,688

1972 1,414,551 584,612 44,221 9,945 28,080 182,058 42,213 141,127 2,446,807

1971 1,196,544 486,388 17,928 14,871 58,042 132,197 36,441 110,735 2,053,146

1970 950,252 401,592 7,343 9,979 59,205 124,554 38,451 101,054 1,692,440

1962 677,804 213,050 8,503 27,495 142,163 93,138 35,153 42,862 1,240,168

Domestic

1976 1,181,673 1,267,324 21,942 67 7,982 135,202 19,947 99,533 2,733,670

1975 897,292 853,310 13,914 917 5,718 139,769 21,555 70,283 2,002,758

1974 1,409,586 660,312 8,911 3,220 10,271 197,450 29,091 150,785 2,469,626

1973 1,639,663 713,210 44,272 6,443 15,543 180,345 37,834 149,503 2,786,813

1972 1,339,226 549,523 43,898 8,661 24,826 163,266 37,727 127,244 2,294,371

1971 1,133,911 453,981 17,796 12,602 52,038 110,587 32,795 100,598 1,914,308

1970 895,238 373,595 6,510 8,357 52,466 103,318 34,751 91,434 1,565,669

Note: Diesel trucks are included in data.

Source: Motor Vehicle Manufacturers Association, Motor

Detroit, Mich., 1976, p. 10.

Vehicle Facts and Figures '77,

O'

Table 1-36.
Estimated Automobile and Truck Scrappage

Automobile Truck

ScrapageEstiated Scrappage

Year Estimated Scrap age Scrappage nuEsimated as a % of Scrappage number of as a % of tr f total trucks as a % of

cars scrapped in total cars new car trucks in operation new truck

during year beginning year registrations during year at beginning registrations

of year

1967 6,125,000 8.5 73.3 959,883 6.4 63.2

1968 6,358,000 8.6 67.6 1,029,849 6.6 58.0

1969 6,066,000 7.8 63.7 937,339 5.7 48.9

1970 6,424,000 8.0 75.7 964,350 5.6 52.7

1971 6,547,000 7.9 65.8 1,123,146 6.2 55.1

1972 6,578,000 7.6 62.0 1,083,348 5.7 42.2

1973 5,665,000 6.3 49.3 1,328,865 6.5 42.9

1974 6,542,000 6.8 74.3 1,257,066 5.6 46.3

1975 6,575,000 6.7 66.7 1,513,060 6.4 61.8

1976 6,555,000 6.5 66.5 1,525,000 6.2 48.8

Note: Includes buses.

Source: National Automobile Dealers Association, Franchised New Car and Truck Dealer Facts, 1977

edition, McLean, Va., pp. 12 and 34.

(U

A

0~

Table 1-37.

Subsection 1.2.1

Cost of Ownership

69

*Figure 1-9. AVERAGE PRICE OF NEW CARS

IN CURRENT AND CONSTANT 1975 DOLLARS

5800

5400

5200

5000

4800

4600

4400

CONSTANT 1975 DOLLARS

0 4200

4000 

3800 -CURRENT DOLLARS

3600-

3400-

3200-

1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 19 1975 1976 1977

YEAR

Source: National Automobile Dealers Association, Franchised New Car

and Truck Dealer Facts, 1977 ed., McLean, Va., 1977.
70

PUBLISHED FIGURES DIFFER AS TO COST OF PERSONAL CAR OWNERSHIP

FIGURES REPORTED BY THE FEDERAL HIGHWAY ADMINISTRATION (FHWA) ON PER MILE

COST OF OPERATING A PERSONAL CAR TEND TO BE LOWER THAN ESTIMATES BASED ON

DATA COLLECTED BY THE HERTZ CORPORATION.

Table 1-38.

Cost Per Mile for a Standard 1976 Model Car

FHWA Hertz

First year 18.73 33.68

Averaged over 10 years and

100,000 miles 17.88 19.32

Source: Donald Moffitt, "How to Figure True Cost of Car Ownership; Why

Some Published Figures Differ so Much," The Wall Street Journal,

November 15, 1976, p. 44.

THE METHODOLOGY USED TO CALCULATE THE TWO SETS OF FIGURES IS THE BASIS FOR

THE DISCREPANCIES.

1) FHWA's ESTIMATES ARE BASED ON INDEPENDENT COST STUDIES DONE IN THE

BALTIMORE AREA; HERTZ'S FIGURES ARE BASED ON DATA COLLECTED FROM THEIR

OPERATIONS WHICH HAVE NATIONAL COVERAGE.

2) HERTZ'S NEW CAR TOTAL PURCHASE PRICE IS HIGHER IN THAT THEY REDUCE

THE DEALER'S TRADE-IN ALLOWANCE BY THE WHOLESALE VALUE OF THE

TRADE IN.

3) FHWA BASES ITS PER-MILE DEPRECIATION COST ON 14,500 MILES DRIVEN THE

FIRST YEAR. THAT GREATLY REDUCES PER-MILE DEPRECIATION BELOW THE HERTZ

FIGURE, WHICH IS BASED ON ONLY 10,000 MILES PER YEAR. WHEN HERTZ ADJUSTS

ITS OWN COSTS TO THE GOVERNMENT'S MILEAGE; THEIR FIRST-YEAR COST FIGURE

IS 26.01 CENTS A MILE.

4) FHWA'S COST STUDY DOES NOT INCLUDE A FINANCE COST, WHILE THE HERTZ STUDY

SUGGESTS ADDING, IN ADDITION TO THE FINANCE COST, A LOST INTEREST RATE

OF 7 PERCENT.

5) FHWA'S ESTIMATES OF FIRST-YEAR MAINTENANCE AND REPAIR COSTS ARE CONSIDERABLY LOWER THAN COMPARABLE HERTZ ESTIMATES.
71

WHILE THE ABSOLUTE PRICE OF GASOLINE HAS INCREASED OVER THE

PAST FIFTEEN YEARS, ITS PROPORTION OF THE TOTAL COST PER

VEHICLE MILE HAS REMAINED FAIRLY STABLE.

20-

g 10 -I -- 

0

100 OTHER

PARKING, TOLLS, ETC.

80 - INSURANCE

60

OL40

20

I.I GASOLINE

UPKEEP

DEPRECIATION

60 62 64 66 68 70

Figure 1-10. Cost of Operating a Suburban-Based Automobile.

(in current dollars)

Source: L.L. Liston and C.A. Aiken, U.S. Department of Transportation,

Federal Highway Administration, Cost of Owning and Operating

an Automobile, Washington, D.C., 1976.

I:.:;!

-I

-i 6 0 e

-J

40W

20 2.

72 74 76

7.
*Fire 5 TOF OPERATING F 1974 AUTOMOBILE

SUBURBAN BPSED OPERATION

PERCENTT DISTRIBUTION)

DTA VALES CENT3/MILE3 SECTR Subcompact Compact Standard

2.30 2.90 4.20 1. ORIGINAL VEHICLE COST DEPRECIATED 2.50 2.70 3.40 2. MAINTENANCE.ACCESSO IES.GRTS TIRES 2.00 2.60 3.20 3. GAS 4 OIL (EXCLUDING TAXES) 2.00 2.00 2.00 4. GARAGE. MAKING C TELLS 1.50 1.50 1.60 S. INSURANCE

0.90 1.20 1.50 6. STATE AND FEDERAL TAXES

11.20 12.90 15.90

21.

8.y

3 8~ . an. t

6 3

11. 6 10.1

15.5 12.6

5 5

3n~s 1

nsos

5

SUBCOMPA CT SIZED COMPACT SIZED STANDARD SIZED

Source: L.L. Liston and C.A. Aiken, U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration,

Cost of Owning and Operating an Automobile, Washington, D.C., 1976.

0D
Subsection 1.2.2

Household Ownership

Summary and Analysis of Motor Vehicle Ownership

The energy used by the transportation sector is a function of the

types of vehicles used and the amount and type of use to which they are

put. The types of vehicles in the automobile stock are determined largely

by new-car buyers. Each year a sizeable number of new cars are purchased

by businesses and government rather than by individuals. Data in this

chapter show the current number of fleet automobiles by type of fleet

operator, some Federal government fleet detail, and the size classes of

cars bought by fleet owners. The Data Analysis Branch in TEC is currently funding the development of an automobile purchase model that takes

these fleet purchases into account.

The distribution by size of automobiles purchased by the entire

driving public is shown for the last seven years, and information relating to size of cars to be purchased is also provided. It has been

established that the size of automobiles affects the fuel economy

attained on the road. In general, light-duty trucks used for passenger

travel have lower fuel economy than the average automobile. Data are

presented that show the recent large sales of light-duty trucks. The

automobile purchase model being developed for TEC is also examining the

purchase of light-duty trucks by households.

Most cars are purchased by multi-car households; therefore, TEC

has funded basic research into how two-car households choose the

smaller of their two cars. It was found that in 1970 the predominant

mix was one regular-sized car and one compact car (22.3% of the twocar households); very few two-car households had two compact cars

(5.8%). Using demographic data associated with the two-car households,

75
76

a logit model was developed to explain the choice of the smaller car.

Some very interesting results of this model are shown on pages 86 and 90.

The outputs of the transportation sector are frequently difficult

to generalize and can be viewed in many different ways. Fig. 1-i (p. 17)

shows number of vehicles, vehicle-miles traveled and energy used for

the transportation sector from two different viewpoints: passenger vs

freight and highway vs nonhighway.

The automobile is the largest energy user within the transportation

sector, and it is generally implicitly assumed that all autos are owned

by individuals. However, data on page 45 indicate that over 10 million

automobiles (over 10% of the entire automobile population) are owned by

companies or governments. These are called fleet vehicles, and the

fastest growing category of fleet vehicles is that of leased automobiles.

Non-Federal government automotive fleet vehicles have actually declined

in number over the last 10 years.

The Federal government fleet of motor vehicles (p. 44) numbers over

420 thousand, about 75% of which are trucks. Thirty-seven percent of

these vehicles belong to the military, 27% to the postal service, and

36% to civilian agencies such as the General Services Administration,

which lends cars to other agencies. Among the civilian agencies, ERDA

has the fifth-largest fleet. TEC is conducting fuel economy tests with

some of the vehicles at ERDA's Nevada Operations Office.

Fleet auto purchases accounted for over 11% of the auto sales in

1975 (p. 48). ORNL is currently sponsoring a study of the factors that

determine the type of automobiles bought by fleet operators and their

respective uses. Surprisingly, fleet sales are not concentrated in the
77

luxury and large-auto classes. Fleet sales in 1976 accounted for over

15% of total sales in each of the compact, intermediate, and standard

automobile classes. Fleet sales comprised less than 5% of the total

sales for sports cars and imported cars.

Sales of intermediate-sized automobiles exceeded the sales of fullsized automobiles in 1975 for the first time (p. 61). Initial automobile

sales of subcompacts and compacts in 1977 indicate relative declines.

Some of this sales reversal for small cars was anticipated by a

survey in 1976 (p. 85) that indicated that about half of the persons who

purchased small cars in 1976 do not plan to replace that car with another

small car when a replacement is needed. Conversely, about 86% of the

purchasers of large cars plan to replace their large car with another

large car. Apparently loyalty to small cars has not reached the level

of loyalty enjoyed by the larger models. As might be expected, higher

gas mileage is the most-often-cited reason for purchasing a small car,

and comfort is the dominant reason for a large-car selection (p. 84).

There has been a definite trend toward fleet automobile ownership

and truck ownership. Approximately one household in five owns one or

more trucks (p. 88). Regional variations in truck ownership are large,

with the West having about three times the ownership rate of the Northeast (in 1974). But between 1970 and 1974, the number of households

owning trucks grew 32% in the Northeast, as compared with a 19% growth

in the national percentage.

A surprisingly high percentage of trucks is used for commuting to

work in certain metropolitan areas (p. 114). The phenomenal growth in

light-duty truck sales (most trucks being purchased for personal use)
is shown on page 56. Whereas about one light-duty truck was purchased

for every seven autos purchased in 1965, the rate of sales had increased

to about one in three in 1976. The character of these light trucks has

changed over the past decade as well. In 1965, 3.7 times more trucks

under 6,000 pounds were sold than trucks in the 6,001 to 10,000 pound

class. By 1976, there were 11% more of the heavier light-duty trucks

sold. One possible explanation for this trend is that the trucks weighing 6,001 pounds or more do not have to meet as strict pollution requirements as do trucks under 6,000 pounds.
iaDie 1-39. Household Purchases of New and Used Passenger Cars, 1968 through 1974

New cars Used cars

Year

purchas ed N brNubr Aver ag e Tot al Number Numb er Aerae Tta

purchasedNumber purchased r e expend- purchased pAad rig expendituresed pucepurchased urhaed vrae es llions) (thousands)hper 100 paida itures

households (billions)(billions)

1974b 8,400 11.9 $3,805 $32.1 13,500 19.1 $1,284 $17.4

1973b 8,700 12.5 3,490 30.2 12,600 18.2 1,287 16.2

1972 8,539 12.8 3,372 28.8 15,021 22.5 1,054 15.8

1971 8,148 12.5 3,294 26.8 14,564 22.4 1,017 14.8

1970 7,051 11.1 3,025 21.3 12,504 19.7 960 12.0

1969 8,069 13.0 3,021 24.4 12,808 20.6 952 12.2

1968 7,960 13.1 2,936 23.4 13,407 22.1 919 12.3

Net price, after allowance for trade-in.

bNot strictly comparable to previous years, data collected from

Source: Motor Vehicle Manufacturers Association, Motor Vehicle

1976, p. 43.

Fall 1972 to Fall 1973.

Facts and Figures '76, Detroit, Mich.,

0
Table 1-40. Household Ownership of Motor Vehicles by Selected Characteristics, 1974

(Percent owning in each Household Group)

One or more

Number of Motor vehicles vans or

households One or more One or more recreational

(in millions) One or more Two or more Three or more cars pick-ups vehicles

All households 70.8 83.8 45.1 10.2 81.5 17.1 3.2

Annual income

Under $3,000 8.0 46.2 11.0 1.8 43.2 7.8 1.2

$3,000 to $4,999 7.4 64.2 16.1 2.2 60.7 11.0 1.3

$5,000 to $7,499 8.9 79.4 26.2 4.0 76.0 14.3 2.2

$7,500 to $9,999 8.3 88.3 36.2 4.9 85.0 16.8 2.8

$10,000 to $14,999 15.9 93.9 53.5 9.8 91.7 22.2 3.2

$15,000 to $19,999 9.7 96.7 67.9 14.5 95.5 22.7 4.6

$20,000 to $24,999 5.2 97.4 73.1 21.0 96.9 19.2 5.3

$25,000 and over 7.1 97.2 77.6 29.4 96.7 17.2 5.2

Age of head

Under 25 years 6.1 85.6 34.0 3.4 81.9 10.0 4.3

25 to 29 years 7.5 89.3 45.4 4.4 86.8 17.2 3.7

30 to 34 years 6.9 90.3 49.7 5.3 87.8 18.1 3.5

35 to 44 years 12.3 90.3 59.7 14.6 88.6 22.8 4.2

45 to 54 years 12.6 89.4 61.2 22.3 87.5 21.9 3.9

55 to 64 years 11.6 85.7 46.9 11.8 83.2 18.1 2.6

65 years and over 13.7 64.2 18.2 2.6 61.9 9.4 1.0

Residence

Central cities 22.3 72.4 32.1 6.6 71.3 7.4 2.3

Suburban rings 26.2 90.1 52.5 12.7 88.3 15.5 3.8

Outside metropolitan

areas 22.3 87.8 49.4 10.9 83.8 28.7 3.3

Region

Northeast 16.6 75.6 36.5 8.1 74.8 7.5 2.5

North central 18.9 86.2 47.5 10.8 84.4 16.4 3.4

South 22.5 85.5 46.9 10.2 82.6 21.1 2.2

West 12.8 87.9 49.6 12.2 84.1 23.6 5.4

Source: U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census, Selected

of Purchases and Ownership, Washington, D.C., July 1976.

Data from the 1973

(Revised)

and 1974 Surveys

00

N'
81 5.11

NDUBER OF MILES DRIVEN PER HOUSEHOLD VARIES MORE WITH ANNUAL INCOME THAN

WITH AGE OF HEAD. BLACK HOUSEHOLDS HAVE THREE-FIFTHS THE NUMBER OF

VEHICLES THAT WHITE HOUSEHOLDS HAVE, AND CORRESPONDINGLY, DRIVE LESS THAN

HALF AS MANY MILES PER YEAR. HOME OWNERSHIP IS POSITIVELY RELATED TO MOTOR

VEHICLE OWNERSHIP RATE AND NUMBER OF MILES DRIVEN ANNUALLY.

Table 1-41.Number of Motor Vehicles Owned and Miles Driven Per

Household by Selected Household Characteristics,

Fall 1974

Number of Number of Number of

Hrceritishouseholds motor vehicles miles driven miles driven

characteristics (per per household per motor vehicle (in millions) households (in thousands) (in thousands)

All households 70.8 1.43 16.8 11.8

ANNUAL INCOME

Under $3,000 8.0 0.62 5.7 9.2

$3,000 to $4,999 7.4 0.84 7.5 8.9

$5,000 to $7,499 8.9 1.11 12.2 10.9

$7,500 to $9,999 8.3 1.31 16.3 12.4

$10,000 to $14,999 15.9 1.60 18.5 11.5

$15,000 to $19,999 9.7 1.83 21.4 11.7

$20,000 to $24,999 5.2 1.98 25.5 12.9

$25,000 and over 7.1 2.13 28.7 13.5

AGE OF HEAD

Under 25 years 6.1 1.23 17.7 14.4

25 to 29 years 7.5 1.40 19.5 13.9

30 to 34 years 6.9 .47 18.2 12.4

35 to 44 years 12.3 1.69 20.9 12.3

45 to 54 years 12.6 1.81 21.6 11.9

55 to 64 years 11.6 1.49 16.1 10.8

65 years and over 13.7 0.87 6.9 7.9

RACE AND SPANISH ORIGINa

White 62.6 1.49 17.9 12.0

Black 7.3 0.88 8.2 9.3

Persons of Spanish origin 2.9 1.14 15.2 13.3

TENURE OF HOUSING UNIT

Owner occupied 45.9 1.67 19.0 11.4

Renter occupied 24.9 0.97 12.8 13.2

aThe classifications shown under "Race and Spanish Origin" are not mutually exclusive and do not

add up to total households. Heads of households who are of Spanish origin and who are White or

Black are included in the appropriate race of head category. Heads of households who are of a

race other than White or Black are not shown separately, but if they are of Spanish origin they

are included in the "Persons of Spanish origin" category.

Source: U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census, Selected

Data from the 1972 and 1974 Surveys of Purchases and Ownership,

Washington, D.C., July 1976. (Revised)
82

PEOPLE LIVING IN HOUSEHOLDS IN THE CENTRAL CITIES OF THE NORTHEAST TEND

TO OWN FEWER CARS AND TRAVEL LESS MILES THAN PEOPLE IN HOUSEHOLDS IN ALL

OTHER REGIONS OF THE UNITED STATES.

COMIUTING PROBABLY ACCOUNTS FOR THE HIGHER NUMBER OF MOTOR VEHICLES PER

HOUSEHOLD AND ANNUAL MILES DRIVEN PER HOUSEHOLD IN THE SUBURBAN RINGS.

Regional Variations in Number of Motor Vehicles Owned

Driven by Households, Fall 1974

and Miles

Table 1-42.

Number of Number of Number of Number of

Haceritishouseholds motor vehicles miles driven miles driven

characteristics (in millions) per per household per motor vehicle

household (in thousands) (in thousands)

Households 70.8 1.43 16.8 11.8

RESIDENCE

Central cities 22.3 1.14 13.5 11.9

Suburban rings 26.2 1.59 18.7 11.8

Outside metropolitan 22.3 1.53 17.9 11.7

areas

REGION

Northeast 16.6 1.22 15.7 12.9

North central 18.9 1.48 16.6 11.2

South 22.5 1.47 17.2 11.7

West 12.8 1.54 17.8 11.6

Source: U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census, Selected

Data from the 1973 and 1974 Surveys of Purchases and Ownership,

Washington, D.C., July 1976. (Revised)

' I
GENERALLY, A HOUSEHOLD IS MORE LIKELY TO PURCHASE A NEW CAR RATHER THAN A USED CAR AS THE HOUSEHOLD

INCOME INCREASES, THE AGE OF THE HOUSEHOLD HEAD INCREASES, AND IF THE HOUSEHOLD HAS ONLY ONE CAR.

NOTE IN THE TABLE BELOW THAT ONLY 1 IN 10 CARS IS BOUGHT USED BY A HOUSEHOLD EARNING OVER $15,000 (IN

1970), WITH THE HEAD BETWEEN THE AGES OF 55 AND 64, AND WITH ONE CAR. CONVERSELY, ONLY 1 IN 10 CARS

IS BOUGHT NEW BY A HOUSEHOLD WITH LESS THAN $5,000 INCOME AND THE HEAD BETWEEN THE AGES OF 25 AND 314,

Table 1-43. Percent of Cars Purchased New, by Age of Household Head,

Income and Number of Cars Owned

No. of autos Age of head of household

Income owned

24 25-34 35-44 45-44 55-64 65+ All ages

Up to $5,000 1 26.6 11.5 11.5 33.3 35.3 49.1 34.3

2 36.0

$5,$10,000 1 30.1 40.0 29.9 36.5 65.2 76.6 49.6

2 30.6 29.2 28.2 29.0 29.4 65.5 32.2

$10-$15,000 1 60.6 51.8 59.4 77.1 85.7 72.7

2 34.5 43.8 44.1 51.1 41.3 72.7 46.6

$15,000+ 1 54.8 69.6 78.4 90.9 88.9 74.1

2 49.4 51.5 56.2 63.5 75.0 55.7

All incomes 33.9 44.3 44.1 49.9 54.7 63.8 48.4

Average age

of vehicle 4.87 4.99 5.28 5.01 5.34 5.82 5.19

Source: A study, The Demand for Automobiles: An Analysis, prepared for the Energy

Research and Development Administration by J. P. Leape, Harvard University,

Cambridge, Mass., April 1977, p. 107. (Original source: Federal Highway

Administration, The Nationwide Personal Transportation Study, Reports No. 1-11,

Washington: 1972-1974.)

00

Ii"
84

THE TABLE BELOW GIVES CHARACTERISTICS OF NEW CARS TO BE PURCHASED BETWEEN

JUNE 1976 AND 1981 AS INDICATED IN A SURVEY OF NEW CAR OWNERS WHICH WAS

CONDUCTED BY ARTHUR D. LITTLE, INC. FOREIGN CARS ARE EXPECTED TO COMPRISE

OVER HALF THE SMALL NEW CAR PURCHASES, BUT ONLY L4% OF THE LARGE NEW CAR

PURCHASES. SMALL CARS ARE MORE LIKELY TO BE ASSOCIATED WITH COMMUTING

AND ARE EXPECTED TO TRAVEL THE FURTHEST. THE REASONS FOR PURCHASE ARE

CLEARLY DIFFERENTIATED BY CAR SIZE. WHILE FUEL ECONOMY IS PREDOMINANT

FOR SMALL CARS, ALMOST HALF OF THE LARGE CAR BUYERS EMPHASIZE COMFORT.

ECONOMICAL OPERATION IS SECOND IN IMPORTANCE FOR SMALL CARS, WHILE "THE

RIGHT SIZE FOR MY FAMILY" IS SECOND IN IMPORTANCE FOR LARGE AND A CLOSE

THIRD (AFTER "GOOD GAS MILEAGE") FOR MIDSIZE CARS.

Table 1-44.

Expected Characteristics of New Cars to be Purchased Between

June 1976 and 1981 and Reasons for Size Selections

New car

Small Medium Large

Origin

Imports, % 54 22 4

Domestic, % 46 78 96

Average years to purchase 3.53 3.69 3.57

Average mpg 25.05 21.01 16.86

Average yearly miles traveled 15,300 13,480 14,180

Use, 

Business 13 18 15

Commuting 61 53 47

Family errands 31 31 36

Vacations/trips 12 11 24

Other 3 3 3

Reasons for selecting, 

Comfortable 8 34 49

Right size 28 37 37

Like its looks 29 36 30

Good gas mileage 55 38 15

Doesn't cost too much to run 43 25 11

Holds the road 18 20 21

Right price range 28 20 15

Experience 14 14 24

Source: Arthur D. Little, Inc., Attachment 1, Study of

Automobile Market Dynamics: Final Test of Consumer Responses, Cambridge, Mass., November 1976,

p. 26.
85

A RECENT SURVEY INDICATES THAT OWNERS

REPLACE THEIR SMALL CARS WITH ONES OF

CARS MOST LIKELY TO DO SO.

pJ

OF SMALL CARS ARE LEAST LIKELY TO

THE SAME SIZE, AND OWNERS OF LARGE

Table 1-45.

Size Loyalty Between New Car Purchase and Projected Replacement

Estimated size of new car to be purchased Size of 1976 new car purchase

between June 1976 and 1981 Small Medium Large

Small 49% 9% 7%

Medium 16 47 6

Large 35 32 86

Other (van/truck) 2 1

100% 100% 100%

Percent replacing their 1976 car next 43% 60% 65%

Source: Arthur D. Little, Inc., Attachment 1, Study of Automobile

Market Dynamics: Final Test of Consumer Responses, Cambridge,

Mass., November 1976, p. 23.

FROM THE ABOVE TABLE, WE SEE THAT 35% OF THE PEOPLE WHO BOUGHT SMALL CARS

IN 1976 PLAN THEIR NEXT PURCHASE TO BE A LARGE CAR, WHEREAS ONLY 7% OF

THE PEOPLE WHO BOUGHT LARGE CARS IN 1976 PLAN TO BUY SMALL CARS BETWEEN

NOW AND 1981.
86

ACCORDING TO SURVEY ANALYSIS PERFORMED FOR ERDA USING 1970 HOUSEHOLD

AUTOMOBILE OWNERSHIP PATTERNS, THE PREPONDERANCE OF TWO-CAR HOUSEHOLDS

OWN EITHER A STANDARD-SIZE CAR OR STATION WAGON AS THEIR LARGER AUTOMOBILE.

A MODEL DEVELOPED BY USING THIS DATA INDICATES THAT SELECTION OF THE SECOND

CAR VARIED WITH TYPE OF HOME, COIUTING DISTANCE, INCOME, NUMBER OF DRIVERS

IN FAMILY, AND EDUCATION. FOR EXAMPLE, ON THE AVERAGE WE WOULD EXPECT 46%

OF THE TWO-CAR HOUSEHOLDS THAT LIVED IN SINGLE-FAMILY HOMES FIVE MILES FROM

THE CENTRAL BUSINESS DISTRICT OF A LARGE CITY, EARNING $10,000 PER YEAR,

WITH TWO ADULT DRIVERS, AND A HOUSEHOLD HEAD WITH A B.A. DEGREE TO OWN A

COMPACT CAR. THE EXPECTED PERCENTAGE WOULD INCREASE TO 77% IF THE HOUSEHOLD

LIVED IN A MULTI-UNIT DWELLING AND WOULD DECREASE TO 34% IF THE HOUSEHOLD

HEAD DID NOT HAVE A COLLEGE DEGREE.

Table 1-46. Choice of Smaller Car for Two-Car Households (%)

Estimated percent of households choosing

Foreign Domestic Intermediate Regular High-priced

compact compact regular

Nominal households 16.3 30.0 18.9 34.0 0.7

If these households did not

live in single family

homes 23.2 54.3 13.5 6.4 2.5

If these households lived 15

miles from the center of

the city 21.2 32.3 18.8 20.9 0.9

If these households earned

$20,000 per year 18.2 27.6 17.4 35.3 1.4

If the head of these

households did not have a B.A. degree 13.9 20.0 19.7 42.5 3.9

aTwo adult drivers, income equals $10,000, head has B.A., live in single-family dwelling

5 miles from CBD.

Source: A study, The Demand for Automobiles: An Analysis, prepared for

the Energy Research and Development Administration by J. P.

Leape, Harvard University, Cambridge, Mass., April 1977,

p. 169. (Original source: Survey Research Center, Survey of

Consumer Finances, University of Michigan, Institute for Social

Research, 1970.)
87

IN 1970, ACCORDING TO THE TABLE BELOW, 39% OF HOUSEHOLDS THAT OWNED TWO

CARS (I.E. TWO-CAR HOUSEHOLDS) OWNED AT LEAST ONE COMPACT CAR AND MOST

OF THESE HOUSEHOLDS OWNED A REGULAR-SIZE CAR AS A SECOND CAR. ONLY 6%

OF TWO-CAR HOUSEHOLDS OWNED TWO COMPACT CARS. STATION WAGONS WERE THE

LARGEST CAR FOR 20% OF THE TWO-CAR HOUSEHOLDS.

Table 1-47.

Vehicle Size Combinations of Two-Car Households, 1970

Size of largest car

Size of smallest car Station

Compact Intermediate Regular Saton Total

wagon

Compact 5.8 6.4 22.3 4.8 39.3

Intermediate 2.9 11.9 2.9 17.7

Regular 20.5 11.4 41.9

Station wagon 1.1 1.1

Total 5.8 9.3 64.7 20.2 100.0

Source: The Demand for Automobiles: An Analysis, A study prepared for

the Energy Research and Development Administration by J. P. Leape,

Harvard University, Cambridge, Mass., April 1977, p. 58.

(Original source: Survey Research Center, Survey of Consumer

Finances, Michigan: University of Michigan, Institute for

Social Research, 1970.)
88

IN 197'4, THE PERCENTAGE OF HOUSEHOLDS THAT OWNED TRUCKS VARIED FROM A

LOW OF ABOUT 10% IN THE NORTHEAST TO A HIGH OF ABOUT Z% IN THE WEST,

WHILE THE NATIONAL AVERAGE WAS ABOUT 20%. TRUCK OWNERSHIP BY HOUSEHOLDS

INCREASES WITH INCOME UP TO THE $15)000 TO $20)000 BRACKET AND THEN

DECLINES SUCH THAT THE HOUSEHOLDS WITH INCOMES OF OVER $25,000 OWN THE

SAME PERCENTAGE OF TRUCKS AS THE HOUSEHOLDS EARNING $71 0 TO $1O,000

Table 1-48. Percentage Household Truck Ownership in

1970 and 1974

1970 1974 % change

Region:

Northeast 7.5 9.9 32

North Central 16.2 19.6 21

South 20.8 23.0 11

West 23.3 28.6 23

Income:

Under $3,000 7.6 8.9 17

4,000 - 4,999 10.9 12.2 12

5,000 - 7,499 14.2 16.2 14

7,500 - 9,999 16.6 19.4 17

10,000 - 14,999 22.0 25.2 15

15,000 - 19,999 22.5 27.1 20

20,000 - 24,999 19.0 24.3 28

25,000 and over 16.9 20.1 19

All households 16.9 20.1 19

Source: U.S. Department of Commerce,

Bureau of the Census, Selected

Data from the 1973 and 1974 Surveys

of Purchases and Ownership,

Washington, D.C., July 1976.

LL
89

ALTHOUGH 1970 DATA SHOW THAT 17.7% OF THE U.S. HOUSEHOLDS DID NOT OWN

AN AUTOMOBILE, MANY OF THESE HOUSEHOLDS DID OWN A TRUCK. IN FACT, 10.9%

OF THE TRUCK-OWNING HOUSEHOLDS DID NOT OWN AN AUTOMOBILE. AT THE OTHER

EXTREME, OVER A FIFTH OF THE HOUSEHOLDS THAT OWNED A TRUCK ALSO OWNED TWO

OR MORE AUTOMOBILES.

Table 1-49. Auto Ownership Characteristics of Households

Owning Trucks, 1970

Number of autos owned, by percent

0 1 2 or more Total

Household who own

Pickups 13.7 65.9 20.4 100.0

Vans 2.9 62.8 34.3 100.0

Jeeps 3.9 65.3 30.8 100.0

All truck owners 10.9 66.9 22.2 100.0

All households 17.7 53.6 38.7 100.0

aSome households may own two different kinds of trucks

and these households are counted twice.

Source: The Demand for Automobiles: An Analysis,

A study prepared for the Energy Research

and Development Administration by J. P. Leape,

Harvard University, Cambridge, Mass., April

1977, p. 80. (Original source: Survey

Research Center, Survey of Consumer Finances,

Michigan: University of Michigan, Institute

for Social Research. (1970)
90

THE DATA BELOW WERE DERIVED FROM A STUDY OF THE DETERMINANTS OF THE

DEMAND FOR AUTOMOBILES. ONE MODEL CONSTRUCTED IN THE STUDY INDICATED

THAT ONLY 66% OF HOUSEHOLDS LIVING IN A SINGLE FAMILY DWELLING IN TIE

SUBURBS, EARNING $1OOOO PER YEAR, WITH TWO ADULT DRIVERS, OWNED TWO

AUTOMOBILES. HOWEVER, THIS PERCENTAGE WAS ESTIMATED TO INCREASE TO 72.

IF THE HOUSEHOLD INCOME INCREASED 50%. ALSO NOTE BELOW THAT 12% OF THESE

NOMINAL HOUSEHOLDS WERE USING TRUCKS FOR THEIR PRIMARY MEANS OF

TRANSPORTATION.

Table 1-50.

Conditional Distribution of Automobile Ownership (%)

Estimated percent of

households owning

None One Two Thre or

more

Nominal households 4.0 23.0 66.4 6.6

If these households lived in

the Central City of a large

large metropolitan area 15.4 27.6 53.1 3.8

If these households had a

50% larger income

($15,000 per year) 1.8 18.7 71.8 7.7

If these households did not

live in a single family

house 10.6 43.7 39.7 4.8

If a third adult driver

joined these households 1.2 10.0 69.8 19.0

If these households owned

a truck 11.8 43.7 39.7 4.8

aTwo adult drivers, income equals $10,000, live in a singlefamily dwelling in the suburbs.

Source: The Demand for Automobiles: An Analysis, A study

prepared for the Energy Research and Development

Administration by J. P. Leape, Harvard University,

Cambridge, Mass., April 1977, p. 162. (Original

source: Survey Research Center, Survey of

Consumer Finances, University of Michigan,

Institute for Social Research, 1970.)

i I
Subsection 1.2.3

Travel Characteristics

*Table 1-51, Highway Motor Vehicle Travel in the United States, 1963 through 19751

(million vehicle miles)

Passenger Vehicles Cargo vehicles

Personal passenger vehicles Buses

All

personal All All Single- All

Year Passenger Motor- passenger Commercial School Buses passenger unit Combi- All motor

cars cycles vehicles vehicles trucks nations trucks vehicles

1975 1,028,121 22,351 1,050,472 2,648 2,500 5,148 1,055,620 218,894 55,560 274,454 1,330,074

1974 990,721 22,347 1,013,068 2,610 2,450 5,060 1,018,128 211,460 56,059 267,519 1,285,647

1973 1,016,861 19,594 1,036,455 2,548 2,412 4,960 1,041,415 219,128 48,019 267,147 1,308,562

1972 986,407 17,091 1,003,498 2,750 2,359 5,109 1,008,607 213,122 46,613 259,735 1,268,342

1971 939,1Q2 15,053 954,155 2,885 2,212 5,097 959,252 184,396 42,641 227,037 1,186,289

1970 890,844 10,148 900,992 2,943 2,100 5,043 906,035 174,443 40,227 214,670 1,120,705

1969 849,633 9,225 858,858 3,007 2,030 5,037 863,895 167,241 39,439 206,680 1,070,575

1968 805,693 8,337 814,030 3,031 1,937 4,968 818,998 158,938 37,713 196,651 1,015,649

1967 766,466 7,737 774,203 3,024 1,870 4,894 779,097 147,450 35,006 182,456 961,553

1966 744,844 6,896 751,740 3,008 1,844 4,852 756,592 140,893 33,012 173,905 930,497

1965 706,386 5,208 711,594 3,019 1,763 4,782 716,376 140,117 31,319 171,436 887,812

1964 677,6132 2,892 1,724 4,616 682,229 133,711 30,560 164,271 846,500

1963 645,3712 2,841 1,642 4,483 649,854 125,753 29,816 155,569 805,423

1For the 50 states and District of Columbia.

2Only totals are presented for 1963 and 1964 as motorcycles account for less than 1 percent of all travel.

Source: U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration, Department of Transportation

News, Washington, D.C., March 4, 1977, Table VM-1.

III

0 I
*Table 1-52.

Average Miles Traveled by Type of Highway Motor Vehicle

1963 through 19751

Passenger vehicles

Personal passenger vehicles Cargo vehicles

Buses All All

Year All passenger Single All motor

personal . All vehicles unit Combi- trucks vehicles

Passenger Motor- passenger Commercial School buses trucks nations

cars cycles vehicles

1975 9,634 4,500 9,406 28,230 6,788 11,140 9,413 8,882 49,125 10,648 9,644

1974 9,448 4,500 9,225 28,968 6,865 11,320 9,233 8,981 51,667 10,861 9,530

1973 9,992 4,498 9,767 28,469 7,178 11,662 9,774 9,868 46,716 11,538 10,083

1972 10,184 4,500 9,969 30,968 7,414 12,553 9,980 10,525 47,084 12,229 10,370

1971 10,121 4,5002 9,926 31,949 7,198 12,819 9,938 9,794 43,779 11,465 10,198

1970 9,978 3,605 9,783 32,591 7,274 13,306 9,798 9,807 41,903 11,450 10,076

1969 9,782 4,020 9,633 33,300 7,409 13,826 9,650 9,871 42,453 11,565 9,969

1968 9,627 3,970 9,488 33,828 7,387 14,122 9,507 9,857 43,299 11,571 9,847

1967 9,531 3,962 9,399 33,600 7,543 14,484 9,420 9,598 42,176 11,268 9,723

1966 9,506 3,930 9,384 35,598 7,725 15,012 9,407 9,588 40,112 11,207 9,698

1965 9,387 3,770 9,286 35,518 7,689 15,215 9,310 10,003 39,795 11,587 9,677

1964 9,2863 35,140 7,727 15,115 9,311 10,072 41,409 11,723 9,398

1963 9,2403 34,562 7,612 15,049 9,265 9,938 42,232 11,644 9,646

1For the 50 states and District of Columbia.

2 Significant difference in values for 1971 and the corresponding values for 1970 represents a change in the

basic assumptions of miles per vehicle and miles per gallon, not a shift in the trend.

30nly totals are presented for 1963 and 1964 as motorcycles account for less than 1 percent of all travel.

Source: U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration, Department of Transportation

News, Table VM-1, annual.

U

'Di

Uo0

' 1
95

A 1976 INTERSTATE COMMERCE COIISSION (ICC) SURVEY OF OVER 13,0 TRUCKS

AND OPERATORS CONCLUDES THAT 20.4% OF THE MILES TRAVELED ON THE INTERSTATE

HIGHWAY SYSTEM BY TRUCKS WITH THREE OR MORE AXLES AND TRACTORS WITHOUT

TRAILERS WERE LOGGED ENTIRELY EMPTY. THE SURVEY, CONDUCTED BETWEEN JAN. 5,

1976 AND JAN. 4, 1977, SHOWS THAT ICC-AUTHORIZED TRUCKS WERE LOWER IN TERMS

OF PERCENTAGE OF EMPTY TRUCK MILES (16.27) THAN EITHER EXEMPT TRUCKS (21.25)

OR PRIVATE TRUCKS (27.3%). IN ADDITION, OWNER-OPERATED TRUCKS WERE

GENERALLY LOWER IN PERCENTAGE OF EMPTY TRUCK MILES THAN WERE NON-OWNER

OPERATED.

THE EMPTY TRUCK CAPACITY MILES, WHICH REPRESENT A COMBINING OF MILES TRAVELED

ENTIRELY EMPTY AND THOSE TRAVELED WITH FRACTIONAL OR LESS THAN CAPACITY LOADS,

REFLECT THE SAME PATTERNS AS THOSE MENTIONED ABOVE.

Table 1-53.

Empty Truck Miles and Empty Truck Capacity Miles on the

Interstate Highway System - 1976

Q Percent truck Percent empty

Category Percent of all trucks miles truck capacity

entirely empty miles

Van 50 18.1 27.3

Refrigerated van 16 14.8 20.7

Flat or lowboy 18 18.9 22.8

Tank 8 38.0 41.5 Bulk 3 39.3 40.1

Other 4 30.7 3.4

ICC-authorized 55 16.2 22.8

Exempt 11 21.2 25.4

Private 34 27.3 35.4

Intrastate (within state) 19 32.9 40.2

Interstate (between states) 80 17.6 24.2

Non-owner operated 76 21.5 28.5

Owner-operated

(long-term lease) 19 18.1 24.2 (short-term lease) 2 7.6 12.1

Total (13,165 vehicles) 20.4 27.1

aThe universe for this survey was limited to trucks having three or more axles and

tractors without trailers. The investigators established these parameters on the beliefrthat these types of vehicles best represent the "over-the-road" motor carrier industry.

bEmpty capacity miles are established bydcombining the milestraveled entirely empty with those traveled with fractional loads (i.e. less than capacity loads).

Source: Interstate Commerce Commission, Bureau of Economics and Bureau of Operations, Empty/Loaded Truck Miles on Interstate Highways During 1976, Washington, D.C.,

April 1977, pp. 6 and 12.

WHILE SOME POTENTIAL EXISTS FOR REDUCTIONS OF THE ENERGY CONSUMIED BY THE

"OVER-THE-ROAD" MOTOR CARRIER INDUSTRY, IT IS UNLIKELY THAT EMPTY TRUCKS

CAN BE ENTIRELY ELIMINATED FROM TRAVEL ON THE HIGHWAYS. AMONG THE FACTORS

CONTRIBUTING TO EMPTY TRUCK TRAVEL ARE: (1) IMBALANCES IN THE NUMBER OF

LOADS GOING INTO AND OUT OF DIFFERENT AREAS, (2) THE USE OF SPECIALIZED

EQUIPMENT (E.G. TANKS, REFRIGERATION EQUIPMENT, AND AUTO CARRIERS) THAT

LIMIT THE TYPES OF TRANSPORTABLE LOADS, AND (3) LEGAL/ADMINISTRATIVE

QUESTIONS.
96 UI

A COMMON RULE OF THUMB IS THAT THE AVERAGE AMERICAN AUTOMOBILE TRAVELS

10,000 MILES PER YEAR. THE RECENT 300 DAY STUDY (THE REPORT BY THE

FEDERAL TASK FORCE ON r'TOR VEHICLE GOALS BEYOND 1980 DOT, SEPTEMBER

1976) MAKES THIS SIMPLIFYING ASSLPTION. THE FOLLOWING TABLE SHOWS

MILES-PER-YEAR FIGURES DERIVED FROM SURVEYS AND FROM ESTIMATING PROCEDURE BASED ON FUEL CONSUMPTION.

Table 1-54. Comparison of Annual Miles Driven Per Automobile

Annual miles Survey (S) or Date Source

per year Estimate (E)

11,600 S 1969 "Annual Miles of Automobile Travel," Report No. 2,

Nationwide Personal Transportation Study, U.S.

Department of Transportation, Washington, D.C.,

1972.

11,800 S 1974 1973 and 1974 Surveys of Purchases and Ownership,

Bureau of the Census, U.S. Department of Commerce,

1976.

9,265 E 1974 Selected Highway Statistics, 1974, Federal

Highway Administration, U.S. Department of

Transportation, 1976.

THE FACT THAT THE DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION USES A CALENDAR YEAR

REGISTERATION FIGURE FOR THE NUMBER OF AUTOMOBILES RATHER THAN A

"VEHICLES IN USE" FIGURE AS DEVELOPED BY R. L. POLK ACCOUNTS FOR PART

OF THE UNDERESTIMATION OF MILES DRIVEN PER CAR.
97

Table 1-55.

Yearly Travel of Passenger Automobiles as a Function of

Passenger Car Age

Passenger Yearly travel Survival Weighted

car age (thousand miles) probability yearly travel

(percent) (thousand miles)

18.0

15.1

13.4

12.2

11.3

10.5

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

9.9

9.3

8.8

8.4

8.0

7.6

7.3

7.0

6.7

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

99.8

99.3

98.2

96.2

92.9

87.3

78.4

66.1

51.9

38.4

27.3

19.1

13.4

18.0

15.0

13.2

11.7

10.5

9.2

7.8

6.1

4.6

3.2

2.2

1.5

1.0

0.7

0.4

0.0

9.5

6.7

0.0

Source: U.S. Department of Transportation, National Traffic

Safety Administration, Data and Analysis for 1981-

1984 Passenger Automobile Fuel Economy Standards,

Summary Report, Washington, D.C., February 28, 1977,

p. A-21.
98

Table 1-56.

Average Annual Automobile Person-Miles Driven by Age and Sex

Age of driver Male Female All

Under 20 5,461 3,586 4,633

20-24 11,425 5,322 8,260

25-29 13,931 5,539 9,814

30-34 14,496 5,752 10,274

35-39 13,035 6,232 9,878

40-44 13,133 5,950 9,833

45-49 12,818 6,271 9,875

50-54 12,345 5,454 9.447

55-59 11,495 5,439 9,009

60-64 9,710 5,291 8,112

65-69 6,915 4,173 5,850

70 and over 5,302 3,183 4,644

All ages 11,352 5,411 8,685

AGE OF DRIVER

UNDER 20

20-24

25 - 29

30 - 34

35 - 39

40 - 44

45 - 49

50 - 54

55 - 59

60 - 64

65 - 69

70 ANO OVER

ALL AGES

0 2000 400ILE6000

MILEAGE

8000 10000

Figure 1-12. Average Annual Person-Miles Driven.

Source: Motor Vehicle Manufacturers Association, Motor Vehicle Facts 

Figures '76, Detroit, Mich., 1976, p. 49. (Based on unpublished

data from National Personal Transportation Study conducted by

Bureau of the Census for the Federal Highway Administration

1969-70.)

A A A A a I I A A a a a a A A

II 
99

ALMOST 40% OF ALL CARS ARE DRIVEN LESS THAN 7000 MILES PER YEAR. THE

AVERAGE ANNUAL MILES PER AUTOMOBILE DECREASES AS THE AVERAGE AGE OF

VEHICLE INCREASES. THE AVERAGE AGE OF VEHICLE IN EACH MILEAGE CLASS

DOES NOT VARY CONSISTENTLY WITH THE NUMBER OF CARS IN THE HOUSEHOLD.

Table 1-57.

Percent Distribution of Cars by Average Annual Mileage

Class and Average Age of Car by Number of Cars in

Household and Mileage Class

Average Average age of car by number

annual Number Cumulative of cars in household

mileage of percent

class vehicles distribution All 1 car 2 cars 3 cars

(in thousands) households

<0.5 1,716,523 2.6 7.8 7.6 7.6 a

1-2 5,592,379 11.0 7.3 7.4 7.2 a

3-7 17,976,302 38.1 5.9 5.7 6.2 5.9

8-12 22,679,764 72.2 4.8 4.9 4.7 4.8

13-17 7,291,626 83.2 4.1 4.2 4.0 3.6

18-22 5,038,421 90.8 3.8 3.6 4.1 3.4

23-27 2,528,521 94.6 3.1 3.3 2.9 a

28+ 3,581,320 100.0 3.2 3.3 3.0 3.4

All 6 6 ,4 0 5 ,0 0 1b 5.1 5.1 5.1 5.1

aData insufficient for analysis. Data were judged to be insufficient

when fewer than 50 automobiles were included in the sample in a

particular cell.

bThis is the number on which the NPTS results are based. The actual

number of passenger cars and taxis registered in 1969 was reported

as 86.9 million.

Source: U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Highway

Administration, Nationwide Personal Transportation Study 

Annual Miles of Automobile Travel, Report No. 2, Washington,

D.C., April 1972, pp. 10 and 12.
Figure 1-13. Selected Vehicle Usage Characteristics by Annual Income of the Household

20.0 r

15.0 --

10.0 [-

-J

0

0

Lti

WU

LU/'

0

LESS

than

$3,000

$3,000-

$3,999

$4,000-

$4,999

$5,000-

$5,999

$6,000-

$7,499

$7,500-

$9,999

$10,000-

$14,999

AVERAGE HOUSEHOLD INCOME

$15,000

and

OVER

INCOME

not I

REPORTED

Average age of vehicle 7.0

Percent distribution of

vehicle-miles traveled 3.5

Percent distribution of 6.0

vehicles

6.1

3.3

4.9

6.0

7.4

7.6

6.2 5.6 4. 6

3.8 11.6 18.7 26.4

4.8 11.9 17.8 25.1

4.2 4.0 5.1

9.0 16.3 100.01

9.2 12.7 100.01

1Percentages based on a total number of 66,843,567 vehicles and 2,129,860 daily vehicle-miles.

Source: H.E. Strate, U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration, Nationwide

Personal Transportation Study - Annual Miles of Automobile Travel, Report No. 2, Washington,

D.C., April 1972, pp. 16 and 17.

5.01-

15.0

12.2 12.2 11.6

11.2 11.3 4 11.4

9.2

6.6 K

- - - - I I - -A. . I. - L. - -- -

O

O

ALL

INCOMES

Di
RURAL HOUSEHOLDS TRAVEL LONGER DISTANCE BY AUTOMOBILE FOR MOST TR IP PURPOSES.

Table 1-58. Distribution of Annual Passenger Car Vehicle-Miles

per Household and Annual Trips per Household by

Individual Purpose and Population Size

Urban2 Rural2 Total

Purpose

Percent Average Percent Average Percent Average

vehicle Percent trip length vehicle Percent trip length vehicle Percent trip length

mile number trips (miles) mile number trips (miles) mile number trips (miles)

Earning a living

To work 32.68 32.10 8.6 35.36 31.50 11.0 33.67 31.88 9.4

Related business 8.79 4.47 16.5 6.48 4.27 14.9 7.92 4.37 16.1

Total 41.47 36.57 9.5 41.84 35.77 11.5 41.59 36.25 10.2

Family business

Medical and dental 1.09 1.51 6.1 2.52 2.17 11.4 1.63 1.72 8.4

Shopping 7.10 15.59 3.8 8.13 14.48 5.5 7.47 15.26 4.4

Other family business 9.81 13.55 6.1 10.90 14.80 7.2 10.22 13.96 6.5

Total 18.00 30.65 4.9 21.55 31.45 6.7 19.32 30.94 5.6

Educational, civic, and religious 4.30 8.94 4.0 5.97 10.02 5.8 4.93 9.32 4.7

Social and recreational

Vacations 2.66 .16 147.5 2.25 0.13 172.5 2.57 0.14 160.0

Visits friends and relatives 12.95 8.78 12.4 10.59 9.24 11.2 12.05 8.95 12.0

Pleasure rides 3.42 1.43 19.9 2.50 1.28 19.2 3.07 1.36 20.1

Other 16.28 12.49 11.0 13.61 10.77 12.4 15.26 11.89 11.4

Total 35.31 22.86 13.0 28.95 21.42 13,3 32.95 22.34 13.1

Other and unknown .92 .98 7.8 1.69 1.34 12.4 1.21 1.15 9.4

All purposes (miles) 11,105 1,321 8.4 15,387 1,568 9.8 12,423 1,396 8.9

(100.0%) (100.0%) (100.0%) (100.0%) (100.0%) (100.0%)

Earning a living 41.47 36.57 9.5 41.84 35.77 11.5 41.59 36.25 10.2

Other than earning a living 58.53 63.43 7.8 58.16 64.23 8.9 58.41 63.75 8.2

1 Less than 0.05.

2

Urban is defined here as all incorporated places; rural includes all unincorporated places.

Source: B.T. Goley, G. Brown, and E. Samson, U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration, Nationwide Personal Transportation Study - Household Travel in the United States,

Report No. 7, Washington, D.C., December 1972, pp. 16 and 17.

0
Table 1-59. Motor Vehicle Travel on Urban and Rural Roads, 1975

(in millions of vehicle-miles)

Buses Trucks

Personal All TArumotor

passenger School and All passenger Single-unit.All vehicles

vehicles Commercial other buses vehicles trucks Combinations trucks nonrevenue

Total travel 1,050,472 2,648 2,500 5,148 1,055,620 218,894 55,560 274,454 1,330,074

Total travel, % 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

All rural roads, % 42.0 38.1 78.0 57.5 42.0 50.8 82.2 57.1 45.2

Main rural roads, % 31.3 35.1 37.2 36.1 31.3 41.3 79.8 49.1 35.0

Local rural roads, % 10.7 3.0 40.8 21.44 10.7 9.5 2.4 8.0 10.2

Urban streets, % 58.0 61.9 22.0 42.5 58.0 49.2 17.8 42.9 54.8

- aIncludes travel by automobiles and motorcycles.

Source: U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration, Selected Highway Statistics,

Washington, D.C., Jan. 1977, Table SS75-10.

N

U

U

cI U
103

*Table 1-60.

Automobile Travel: Urban vs. Rural Roads, 1950 Through 1 9 7 5 a

(in billions of VMT)

Total Travel1Tav

Year tTa Trvon Percent of Travel Percent of

s urban total rural roads total

streets

1950 363.6 182.5 50.2 181.1 48.8

1955 492.6 233.6 45.4 259.0 54.6

1960 588.1 284.8 48.4 303.3 51.6

1965 706.4 375.8 53.2 330.6 46.8

1970 890.8 489.0 54.99 401.8 45.1

1971 939.1 516.5 55.0 422.6 45.0

1972 986.4 558.3 56.6 428.1 43.4

1973 1016.9 580.7 57.1 436.2 42.9

1974 990.7 585.8 58.0 427.3 42.0

1975 1028.1 609.6 57.8 440.9 42.4

aTravel for 1957-64 includes motorcycles. For 1965-75, total

travel excludes motorcycles while urban/rural distribution is

based on percentages calculated from vehicle-miles which includes motorcycles.

Source: U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Highway

Administration, Highway Statistics, Washington, D.C.,

Table VM-1, annual.
500

104

ACCORDING TO A 1969

ADMINISTRATION, THE

AVERAGE TRIP LENGTH

NATIONWIDE STUDY BY THE U.S. FEDERAL HIGHWAY

AVERAGE CAR IS DRIVEN ll,6O MILES PER YEAR AND THE

IS 8.9 MILES.

Table 1-61.

Summary Statistics from the Nationwide Personal

Transportation Study, 1969

Rurall Total

1 car 2 car 3+ car

household household household

Vehicles

Number (in millions)

Percent

Average annual miles

1 car household

2 car household

3+ car household

Percent of VMT's

Average age (years)

Households

Number (in millions)

Percent

Average number of cars

Trips per household

Annual

Daily

Average trip length

1,300 1,600

3.6 4.3

8.4 9.8

1,400 1,219 2,317 3,102

3.8 3.3 6.3 8.5

8.9 8.5 9.2 9.6

'Urban is defined here as

unincorporated places.

all incorporated places; rural includes all

2 This is the number on which the NPTS results are based. The actual

number of passenger cars and taxis registered in 1969 was reported

as 86.9 million.

312.9 million households have no car.

Sources: H.E. Strate, U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Highway

Administration, Nationwide Personal Transportation Study-Annual

Miles of Automobile Travel, Report No. 2, Washington, D.C.,

April 1972; R.H. Asin and P.V. Svercl, U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration, Nationwide Personal

Transportation Study-Automobile Ownership, Report No. 11,

Washington, D.C., December 1974; R.H. Asin, U.S. Department of

Transportation, Federal Highway Administration, Nationwide

Personal Transportation Study-Purposes of Automobile Trips and

Travel, Report No. 10, Washington, D.C., May 1974.

Urban

44.2

66.6

11,200

10,400

11,600

12,600

63.9

5.0

43.4

69.4

1.1

22.2

33.4

12,600

11,800

13,000

13,200

36.1

5.3

19.1

30.6

1.3

66.42

100.0

11,600

10,800

12,000

12,800

100

5.1

62.5S

100.0

1.2

28.2

42.5

10,800

39.7

5.1

30.2

48.3

1 .0

30.2

45.4

12,000

47.0

5.1

16.5

26.4

2*0

8.0

12.1

12,800

13.3

5.1

2.9

4.6

3*0
Table 1-62. Percent of Vehicle-Miles of Travel and Vehicle Trips by Car Ownership and

Place of Residence

Population size-groups

Automobile

ownetshib per Urban All areas

onehiplpeRurland places

household Rural 5,000 25,000- 50,000- 100,000- 1,000,000

<5000 24,999 49,999 99,999 999,999 and over Total

Vehicle-miles1

One 39.7 40.0 35.5 33.2 44.7 43.5 62.8 40.9 40.4

Two 46.1 48.0 48.0 52.8 42.8 44.2 26.7 45.1 45.5

Three-or-more 12.2 8.4 15.6 11.6 9.4 8.3 5.5 10.6 11.2

Subtotal 98.0 96.4 97.1 97.6 96.9 96.0 95.0 96.6 97.1

None3 2.0 3.6 2.9 2.4 3.1 4.0 5.0 3.4 2.9

Total 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.01

Vehicle trips2

One 42.8 39.1 39.2 33.2 43.3 46.3 54.5 42.0 42.3

Two 43.6 45.0 45.4 52.8 41.9 42.0 32.8 44.0 43.8

Three-or-more 10.7 12.1 12.1 11.6 10.9 6.5 6.5 10.1 10.3

Subtotal 97.1 96.2 96.7 97.6 96.1 94.8 93.8 96.1 96.4

None3 2.9 3.8 3.3 2.4 3.9 5.2 6.2 3.9 3.6

Total 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

1775.8 billion vehicle-miles of travel.

287.3 billion vehicle trips.

3This category refers to vehicle-miles or vehicle trips taken (as passengers) in passenger automobiles

or taxis by persons living in households which have no automobiles.

Source: R.H. Asin and P.V. Svercl, U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration,

Nationwide Personal Transportation Study - Automobile Ownership, Report No. 11, Washington,

D.C., December 1974, pp. 37 and 38.

C)'

0~
106

ACCORDING TO DATA COMPILED BY THE U.S. TRAVEL DATA CENTER, LONG DISTANCE

TRIPS (I.E. GREATER THAN 100 MILES) WERE SHORTER IN TERMS OF THE MILES PER

TRIP AND HAD A HIGHER LOAD FACTOR (I.E. PERSONS PER TRIP) IN 19714 THAN IN

1972. IN 1975, HOWEVER, THIS TREND WAS REVERSED WITH THE MILES PER TRIP

SURPASSING THE 1972 AVERAGE BY 14% AND AIR TRAVEL INCREASING BY 15%. THIS

DECLINE IN TRAVEL ACTIVITY BETWEEN 1972 AND 19714 AND THE CORRESPONDING

INCREASE FROM 1974 TO 1975 MAY REFLECT A TRAVEL RESPONSE TO THE 1973 OIL

EMBARGO AND ITS SUBSEQUENT LIFTING IN 1974. THE TABLE BELOW PROVIDES THE

CHARACTERISTICS OF THE TRIPS DURING THIS PERIOD BY MODE AND REGION.

Table 1-63. Average Characteristics of Travel Involving

100 Miles or More: 1972, 1974, and 1 9 7 5 a

1972 1974 1975

All travel

Persons per trip 1.94 2.11 2.01

Miles per trip 806 791 820

Nights per trip 3.88 4.06 3.97

Auto/truck travel

Persons per trip 2.11 2.32 2.16

Miles per trip 657 650 678

Nights per trip 3.24 3.63 3.50

Air travel

Persons per trip 1.29 1.36 1.36

Miles per trip 1891 1878 2182

Nights per trip 7.57 6.53 7.60

Characteristics of Average Trip by Region of Destination:

Table 1-64. 1972, 1974, and 1 9 7 5 a

R Persons per trip Miles per trip Nights per trip

Region of destination

1972 1974 1975 1972 1974 1975 1972 1974 1975

New England 2.0 2.2 2.1 674- 686 707 3.9 4.2 3.8

Eastern Gateway 1.8 2.4 2.0 724 592 680 3.5 6.2 3.9

G. Washington County 1.9 2.0 2.0 645 593 681 3.2 3.7 3.1

South 1.9 2.0 2.0 974 959 985 4.4 4.3 4.4

Great Lakes County 2.0 2.3 2.1 628 662 660 3.0 3.2 3.2

Mountain West 2.0 2.2 2.1 1006 976 1055 4.1 4.0 4.2

Frontier West 2.1 2.0 2.0 801 819 737 3.1 3.2 3.8

Far West 1.9 2.1 1.8 1160 1138 1260 3.8 4.0 4.4

Outside U.S. 1.8 2.0 1.9 NA NA NA 11.5 7.8 7.9

NA - Not available.

aA "trip" is defined as travel to a place 100 miles or more away from home and return,

whether or not an overnight stay is involved. Every time one or more members of a

household travel together, a trip is recorded.

bSee map on page 429 for regional boundaries.

Source: U.S. Travel Data Center, 1975 National Travel Survey: Full Year

Report, Washington, D.C., 1976, pp. 3, 8, 9, and 18.

:0||
107

THE DISTRIBUTION OF PERSON TRIPS BY REGION OF ORIGIN AND DESTINATION REFLECTS

THAT THE GREAT LAKES COUNTRY IS THE MOST TRAVEL-INTENSIVE REGION IN THE U.S.

THE FRONTIER WEST REGION EXPERIENCED THE GREATEST INCREASE IN POPULARITY AS

A DESTINATION OVER 1974, FOLLOWED BY THE SOUTH AND THE NEW ENGLAND REGIONS,

RESPECTIVELY. THE EASTERN GATEWAY, FAR WEST, AND MOUNTAIN WEST REGIONS

REGISTERED THE GREATEST DECLINES IN POPULARITY AS DESTINATIONS.

Table 1-65.

Distribution of all Person-Trips by Regiona of Origin and

Region of Destination, 1975, 1974 and 1972

Region of Origin Region of Destination

1975 1974 1972 1975 1974 1972

New England 5.0% 4.3% 5.6% 5.3% 4.4% 5.5%

Eastern Gateway 8.0 9.9 8.2 5.9 7.4 5.5

G. Washington

Country 11.0 12.1 10.0 10.2 11.0 9.4

South 18.2 14.3 16.3 20.4 16.9 19.2

Great Lakes

Country 24.9 23.3 24.7 21.3 21.0 20.5

Mountain West 3.7 6.3 4.7 4.6 6.2 4.9

Frontier West 15.9 13.5 14.8 16.0 13.1 14.6

Far West 13.3 16.3 15.7 12.8 16.0 15.6

Outside U.S. NA NA NA 3.7 4.0 4.0

aSee map on page 429 for regional boundaries.

Source: U.S. Travel Data Center, 1975 National Travel Survey:

Full Year Report, Washington, D.C., 1976, p. 17.

LI1
108 5.

THE NUMBER OF MILES TRAVELED BY THE AVERAGE RECREATIONAL VEHICLE IN 1974

VARIED FROM A HIGH OF 1131)0 MILES FOR A VAN CONVERSION (THIS VALUE IS

VERY CLOSE TO THE MILES DRIVEN BY THE AVERAGE AUTOMOBILE) TO A LOW OF

ONLY 2,13J MILES FOR A CAMPING TRAILER.

Table 1-66. Average Annual Miles Traveled for Selected

Recreational Vehicle Types, 1974

Van conversion 11,500

Mini-Motorhome 7,600

Motorhome 6,900

Truck Camper 4,650

5th Wheel 3,150

Travel Trailer 2,400

Camping Trailer 2,150

THE NON-MOTORIZED RECREATIONAL VEHICLES REQUIRE A MOTOR VEHICLE TO TOW

THEM. THE AUTOMOBILE IS USED IN LESS THAN HALF THE CASES FOR TOWING

TRAVEL TRAILERS AND CAMPING TRAILERS.

Table 1-67.

Method of Towing Non-Motorized Recreational Vehicles

(percent)

Travel Camping 5th Truck

trailer trailer wheel camper

Automobile 43 47

Station Wagon or Van 23 41

Pickup or Other Truck 23 5 93 90

Other/No Answer 11 7 7 10

Total 100 100 100 100

Source: Indiana State University, Bureau of Business

Research, 1974 Recreational Vehicle Consumer

Study, Recreational Vehicle Industry Association,

Chantilly, Va., 1974.
109

MORE THAN THREE-FIFTHS OF ALL AUTOMOBILE TRIPS ARE 5 MILES OR LESS.

BUT TRIPS OF OVER 21 MILES ACCOUNT FOR ALMOST HALF OF ALL VI 'S.

AVERAGE TRIP LENGTH IS LONGEST IN RURAL AREAS AND IN THE LARGEST URBAN

AREAS.

Table 1-68.

Percent of Automobile Trips for all Trip Purposes by

Trip Length (Miles) and Place of Residence, 1969

Trip length - miles

5 and Trip length

Place of residence less 6-10 11-20 21 and over Total (miles)

Automobile trips

Rural 55.1 21.6 15.1 8.2 100.0

Urban

Under 5,000 61.7 12.5 14.8 11.0 100.0

5,000-24,999 67.5 14.2 11.0 7.3 100.0

25,000-49,999 70.9 12.0 10.2 6.9 100.0

50,000-99,999 70.3 15.1 7.8 6.8 100.0

100,000-999,999 65.7 18.4 10.8 5.1 100.0

1,000,000 and over 55.3 21.6 13.4 9.7 100.0

Total Urban 66.2 15.4 11.1 7.3 100.0

TOTAL 62.4 16.8 12.5 8.3 100.0

Vehicle-miles of travel

Rural 13.8 16.2 23.5 46.5 100.0 9.8

Urban

Under 5,000 10.2 9.6 22.1 58.1 100.0 10.4

5,000-24,999 16.8 14.9 21.2 47.1 100.0 7.9

25,000-49,999 19.6 12.3 20.0 48.1 100.0 7.8

50,000-99,999 19.5 15.0 14.7 50.8 100.0 8.1

100,000-999,999 21.2 19.3 21.5 38.0 100.0 7.7

1,000,000 and over 10.6 15.3 17.9 56.2 100.0 11.7

Total Urban 16.8 15.0 20.2 48.0 100.0 8.4

TOTAL 15.7 15.4 21.5 47.4 100.0 8.9

1Urban is defined here as all

places.

incorporated places; rural includes all unincorporated

Source: R.H. Asin, U.S.Department of Transportation, Federal Highway

Administration, Nationwide Personal Transportation Study 

Purposes of Automobile Trips and Travel, Report No. 10,

Washington, D.C., May 1974, p. 16.

MIFIF

mj
TRIP LENGTH DOES NOT VARY SIGNIFICANTLY BY THE SEASON OF THE YEAR EXCEPT FOR THE SUMMER MONTHS, WHEN

TRIPS OF 100 MILES AND LONGER PEAK.

Table 1-69. Percentage of Automobile Trips by Season and Trip Length

Length of trip (miles)

Season Less than

of the one-half 100 and Daily number

year mile 1 2 3 4 5 6-10 11-20 21-30 31-40 41-50 51-99 over Total of trips (000)

Spring

(April) 8.2 16.4 13.0 9.5 6.4 8.8 16.1 13.4 4.1 1.7 0.8 0.9 0.7 100.0 254,445

Summer

(July-August) 8.4 14.2 13.1 9.7 6.3 8.8 17.4 12.9 4.1 1.7 0.9 1.3 1.2 100.0 236,971

Fall

(October) 8.7 15.2 14.9 10.0 6.6 7.8 17.9 11.1 3.6 1.5 0.9 1.1 0.7 100.0 237,936

Winter

(January) 8.8 17.6 13.0 10.6 6.1 7.5 16.4 12.1 4.0 1.3 0.8 0.9 0.7 100.0 222,596

Source: H.E. Strate, U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Highway Transportation, Nationwide

Personal Transportation Study - Seasonal Variations of Automobile Trips and Travel, Report No.

3, Washington, D.C., April 1972, p. 15.

I-a

0
Figure 1-14.

1 C

En

Z

z

-J

aac

H

I

1

]

1

Average Automobile Trip Length by Purpose of Trip and Season

L.U

150- -0 9---'..."'SOCIAL ...- AND RECREATIONAL

14.0 .. 0----.

13.0 -"...--- -- ... 

12.0 ''-.

11.0 - EARNING A LIVING

0.0

8.0

7.0

FAMILY BUSINESS

,,......- - - - - 5.0 -- -- --.. w.. .------.

4.0

EDUCATIONAL, CIVIC AND RELIGIOUS

3.0

2.0

1.0

0 SPRING SUMMER FALL WINTER

Average

Trip

Length

13.1 miles

10.2 miles

8.9 miles

5.6 miles

4.7 miles

Average trip length (miles) 8.5

Distribution of total trips 26.9%

(percent)

Distribution of VMT's 25.6

(percent)

SEASON OF THE YEAR

10. 1

24.8

28.2

8.7

25.0

24.4

8.3

23.3

21.8

Source: H.E. Strate, U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration, Nationwide

Personal Transportation Study - Seasonal Variations of Automobile Trips and Travel, Report No.

3, Washington, D.C., April 1972, pp. 8 and 14.

0

N

F--

i-+

v
5.

U

*Table 1-70.

Characteristics of Home-to-Work Trips Taken by

(percentage of occupied housing

Household Headsa, 1975

units)

Inside SMSAs

Total In Not in Outside

Total central central SMSAs

cities cities

Total occupied housing units 49,251 34,351 14,336 20,015 14,900

Distance from home to work

Owner and renter occupied 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

Less than 1 mile 9.1 6.9 8.0 6.1 14.3

1 to 4 miles 27.0 26.7 33.4 21.9 27.6

5 to 9 miles 17.6 19.9 21.5 18.6 12.4

10 to 29 miles 26.4 29.2 22.7 34.0 19.7

30 to 49 miles 4.0 3.6 1.8 4.8 5.1

50 miles or more 1.3 0.9 0.7 1.0 2.2

Others 14.7 12.9 12.0 13.6 18.8

Travel time from home to work

Owner and renter occupied 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

Less than 15 minutes 31.4 27.5 29.2 26.4 40.3

15 to 29 minutes 30.1 33.3 35.6 31.6 22.7

30 to 44 minutes 14.4 16.3 14.5 17.7 10.0

45 to 59 minutes 5.1 5.6 4.9 6.1 4.0

1 hour to 1 hour and 29 minutes 3.6 3.8 3.6 3.9 3.0

1 hour and 30 minutes or more 1.0 1.0 0.9 1.0 1.3

OtherC 14.4 12.5 11.3 13.3 18.8

aLimited to heads who reported having a job the week prior to enumeration.

bLimited to units with working household heads.

Other includes work at home, no fixed place of work, or not reported categories.

Source: U.S. Department of Commerce and U.S. Department of Housing and

Urban Development, Annual Housing Survey: 1975, U.S. and Regions,

Part A - General Housing Characteristics, Washington, D.C.,

April 1977, pp. 6 and 7.

112 La
113

BEGINNING IN 1975, A GROUP OF QUESTIONS ON TRAVEL TO WORK WERE ADDED AS A

SUPPLEMENT TO THE CENSUS BUREAU'S ANNUAL HOUSING SURVEY (AiS). THE TRAVEL

TO WORK SUPPLEMENT IS INCLUDED FOR THE METROPOLITAN AREA SAMPLE WHICH

COMPRISES ABOUT 60 METROPOLITAN AREAS TO BE SURVEYED OVER A THREE-YEAR

PERIOD. THE DATA PRESENTED BELOW REPRESENT RESULTS OBTAINED FROM THE

FIRST CYCLE, WHICH SURVEYED 21 OF THE 60 METROPOLITAN AREAS.

8&% OF JOB COMMUTERS IN THE 21 METROPOLITAN AREAS USE PRIVATE CARS OR

TRUCKS, 12% USE PUBLIC TRANSPORTATION, AND 2% USE MOTORCYCLES, BICYCLES

OR OTHER MEANS. MORE JOB COMMUTERS IN THESE AREAS (18%) ARE CAR-POOLING

BY PRIVATE VEHICLE TODAY THAN ARE RIDING IN ALL FORMS OF PUBLIC TRANSPORTATION COMBINED (]27). HOWEVER, 68% OF ALL OF THESE WORK COMMUTERS DRIVE

ALONE BY PRIVATE VEHICLE.

Table 1-71.

*Major Mode of Transportation to Work for 21 Standard

Metropolitan Statistical Areasa (SMSA's), 1975

All workers Median distance

Mode from home to work

Number Percent (in miles)

All workers 12,931

Not working at home 12,356 7.5

Workers using vehicles 11,650 100 8.0

Auto or truckb 10,040 86 8.0

Auto 9,153 79 7.9

Truck 887 8 8.7

Drives alone 7,877 68 7.7

Carpool 2,100 18 9.1

Sharing driving 731 6 12.5

Driving others 541 5 9.1

Riding with someone 829 7 6.6

Public transportationC 1,432 12 8.9

Bus or streetcar 1,018 9 7.0

Subway or elevated 177 2 10.1

Railroad 224 2 24.4

change in use, 1970-1975 22

Other meansd 17 9

e 2 3.1

Bicycle 8 6

e 1

Walking only 605 59 0.6e

Working at home 219 29

Mode not reported 457 49 6.7

aThis table is based on preliminary data from the first four months

(April-July) of the DOT Travel to Work Supplement to the Annual

Housing Survey (AHS) Year II SMSA sample. The user is cautioned that

the figures here are for only one-third of the final sample, may

contain seasonal biases and have only had simplified weighting

procedures applied. Final results will be reported in Winter 1977.

bIncludes a small number of workers using auto or truck but not

specifying type of riding arrangement. Concludes workers using taxicabs.

dlncludes workers using motorcycles and all other means besides those

listed.

elndicates relative sampling variability of the data; standard error

is between 5 and 10%.

flndicates relative sampling variability of the data; standard error

is between 10 and 25%. 9

Percent of all workers.

Source: U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census, The DOT Travel

to Work Supplement to the Annual Housing Survey, Washington, D.C.,

November 1976, Tables 1, 2, and 4.
114

DATA FOR 1975 FROM 21 SELECTED METROPOLITAN AREAS SHOW A SURPRISINGLY

HIGH USAGE OF TRUCKS FOR COIIUTING, PARTICULARLY IN WESTERN AREAS.

*Table 1-72. Use of Trucks in Urban Commuting

Metropolitan Trucks as a percent of

all vehicles used to

area commute to work

San Bernardino 18

Portland (Oregon) 16

San Antonio 15

Colorado Springs 15

San Diego 12

Kansas City 11

New Orleans 10

Atlanta 10

Rochester, N.Y. 9

San Francisco 9

Columbus, Ohio 8

Cincinnati 8

Newport News 8

Miami 7

Springfield, Mass. 6

Madison 6

Philadelphia 6

Hartford 5

Milwaukee 5

Patterson, N.J. 4

Chicago 3

All 21 SMSAs 8

Source: U.S. Department of Commerce, U.S.

Bureau of the Census, The DOT

Travel to Work Supplement to the

Annual Housing Survey, November 1976.
115

Table 1-73.

Number of Operating Urban Mass Transit Systems in the

U.S. (Dec. 31, 1 9 7 5 )a

Combined heavy rail, light rail, trolley coach, and motor bus

Combined heavy rail, light rail, and motor bus

Combined light rail, trolley coach, cable car, and motor bus

Combined light rail, inclined plane, and motor bus

Combined heavy rail and motor bus

Combined light rail and motor bus

Combined trolley coach and motor bus

Combined inclined plane and motor bus

Combined ferry boat and motor bus

Heavy rail only

Light rail only

Personal rapid transit (PRT) only

Motor bus only

Total operating transit systems

a

2

1

1

1

2

2

2

1

1

4

1

1

928

947

Table 1-74.

Urban Mass Transit Passenger Vehicles Owned and Leased - 1940-1975a

Railway cars Total Calendar Trolley Motor

year Light Heavy Total coaches buses revenue

rail rail rail

1940 26,630 11,032 37,622 2,802 35,000 75,464

1945 26,160 10,217 36,377 3,711 49,670 89,758

1950 13,228 9,758 22,986 6,504 56,820 86,310

1955 5,300 9,232 14,532 6,157 52,400 73,089

1960 2,856 9,010 11,866 3,826 49,600 65,292

1965 1,549 9,115 10,664 1,453 49,600 61,717

1970 1,262 9,338 10,600 1,050 49,700 61,350

1971 1,225 9,325 10,550 1,037 49,150 60,737

1972 1,176 9,423 10,599 1,030 49,075 60,704

1973 1,123 9,387 10,510 794 48,286 59,590

1974 1,068 9,403 10.,471b 718 48,700 59,889

P 1975 1,061 9,608 10,757 703 50,811 62,271

P - Preliminary

aDoes not include intercity, suburban, or commuter railroads;

intercity, sightseeing, school, or dial-a-ride buses.

bIncludes 45 PRT transit vehicles, 39 cable cars, and 4 incline

plane cars.

Source: American Public Transit Association, Transit Fact Book,

'75-'76 ed., Washington, D.C., Mar. 1976, pp. 23 and 40.
116

THE MOTOR BUS ACCOUNTED FOR 73% OF THE TOTAL PASSENGERS CARRIED AND 77%

OF THE TOTAL VEHICLE MILES TRAVELED BY URBAN MASS TRANSPORTATION SYSTEMS

IN 1975. THE TABLES BELOW PROVIDE MODAL DISAGGREGATIONS OF RIDERSHIP

AND VEHICLE MILES TRAVELED BY URBAN MASS TRANSIT SYSTEMS.

Table 1-75. Urban Mass Transportation Ridership, 19 7 5a

(millions)

Revenue Total

passengers passengers

Heavy rail 1,384.7 1,668.0

Light rail 93.7 123.0

Trolley coach 55.8 78.0

Motor bus 4,080.9 5,068.0

Totalb 5,625.8 6,950.0

Table 1-76. Total Vehicle Miles Traveled by Urban

Mass Transit Systems, 19 7 5a

(millions)

Heavy rail 423.1

Light rail 23.8

Trolley coach 14.3

Motor bus 1,528.0

Totalb 1,989.7

aDoes not include intercity, suburban, or

commuter railroads; intercity, sightseeing, school, or dial-a-ride buses.

bIncludes cable car and inclined plane.

Source: American Public Transit Association, Transit Fact Book, '75-'76

ed., Washington, D.C., Mar. 1976,

pp. 23 and 24.
Section 1.3

Air

Figure 1-15. Air Flights and Facilities

-- . T R-f- /0/

I ---. 

AIR CARRIER ACTIVITY {...- -/

ANNUAL SCHEDULED FLIGHTS .

10,000 OR MORE

---- 7500.-9999-----

------------------ 5000 -7499

AIR TRAFFIC HUB

ENPLANED PASSENGERS IN THE U.S.

1.00-3.99% 4.00 % AND OVER

0.05-0.24 % 0.25-0.99 

Source: U.S. Department of the Interior, Geological Survey, The National Atlas of the United States

of America, Washington, D.C., 1970.
120

Airport Statistics and 

Table 

Certificated 

1-77. a

and Supplemental

Air Carriers by Individual Carrier, 1975

Airport facilities

Total - FAA

Total - U.S.

Percent public

Percent private

Airports

1975

13,251

13,207

34.5

65.5

11,224

% paved 36.7

% lighted 31.4

Heliports 1,524

Seaplane bases 468

Stolports 35

Certificated route air carriers

by carrier type (35)

Domestic passenger/cargo

Trunk lines

American Airlines

Braniff Airways

Continental Air Lines

Delta Air Lines

Eastern Airlines

National Airlines

Northwest Airlines

Trans World Airlines

United Air Lines

Western Airlines

Intra-Alaskan Air Lines

Alaska Airlines

Kodiak-Western Alaska

Airlines, Inc.

Reeve Aleutian Airways

Wien Air Alaska

Intra-Hawaiian Lines

Aloha Airlines

Hawaiian Airlines

Local service

Air New England

Allegheny Airlines

Frontier Airlines

Hughes Air West

North Central Airlines

Ozark Air Lines

Piedmont Aviation

Southern Airways

Texas International

Helicopter

New York Airways

S.F.O. Helicopter

Airlines, Inc.

International and territorial

passenger/cargo

Air Micronesia

American Airlines

Braniff Airways

Continental Air Lines

Delta Air Lines

Eastern Airlines

National Airlines

Northwest Airlines

Pan American World Airways

Trans World Airlines

Western Airlines

All cargo

Flying Tiger Line

Airlift International

Seaboard World Airlines

Other

Aspen Airways

Wright Air Lines

Supplemental air carriers by

individual carrier (8)

Capitol International

Airway, Inc.

Evergreen International

Airlines, Inc.

McCulloch International

Airlines, Inc.

Modern Air Transport

Overseas National Airways, Inc.

Saturn Airways, Inc.

Trans International

Airlines, Inc.

World Airways, Inc.

Source: U.S. Civil Aeronautics Board, Bureau of Accounts and Statistics,

Air Carrier Traffic Statistics, Washington, D.C., December 1975,

pp. 91-93; B.V. Cayce, U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal

Aviation Administration, FAA Statistical Handbook of Aviation,

Washington, D.C., December 1975, Tables 3.1, 3.2, and 4.1.
121

Table 1-78.

*Active* Registered United States Civil Aircraft as of

December 31, 1965-75

Active registered civil aircraft

General aviation aircraft

Fixed-wing aircraft

Single-engine

Total

air Multi- 4-seat 3-seat RotorYear Total carriers Total engine 5 over 6 less craft 2 Other 3

1965 97,741 2,299 95,442 11,977 49,789 31,364 1,503 809

1970 134,539 2,796 131,743 18,291 64,759 44,884 2,555 1,554

1975 171,156 2,681 168,475 24,559 82,621 54,390 4,073 2,832

1Includes helicopters.

2Includes autogiros; excludes air carrier helicopters.

3Includes gliders, blimps, balloons, and dirigibles.

*Prior to 1970 this category was defined as Eligible Aircraft. These

numbers represent a count of the total registered U.S. civil fleet.

Table 1-79.

* Estimated Hours Flown in Active General Aviation by Type of Flying

Calendar Years: 1965-75

Actual Use

(thousands of hours)

Business Commercial Instructional Personal Other

Total

estimated Per- Per- Per- Per- PerYear hours Hours cent Hours cent Hours cent Hours cent Hours cent

1965 16,733 5,857 35 3,348 20 3,346 20 4,016 24 166 1

1970 26,030 7,204 28 4,582 18 6,791 26 6,896 26 557 2

1975 34,165 9,545 28 6,480 19 8,174 24 9,244 27 722 2

Note: Business includes business and executive; commercial includes air taxi, aerial application,

and industrial/special; and instructional includes training and rental.

Source: B. V. Cayce, U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Aviation

Administration, FAA Statistical Handbook of Aviation, Washington,

D.C., December 1975, pp. 102 and 104.
* Table 1-80. Distribution of General Aviation Aircraft and Average Hours Flown, by Type

of Aircraft and Primary Use of Owner, 1975

(numerals in parentheses indicate percentages)

Estimated Air Av hr/

total Executive Business Personal Aerial Instructional taxi Industrial Rental Other aircraft

active (weighted)

Total, all aircraft 168,475 9,364 35,526 82,723 7,204 12,718 6,333 2,556 7,883 4,168 203

(100) (5.6) (21.1) (49.1) (4.3) (7.5) (3.8) (1.5) (4.7) (2.5)

Total, fixed-wing 162,116 8,808 35,027 80,901 6,632 12,185 5,446 1,722 7,650 3,745 200

(96.2)

Piston aircraft, total 157,822 5,807 34,706 80,838 6,629 12,162 4,889 1,699 7,607 3,485 192

(93.7)

Single-engine 137,495 1,434 26,780 77,839 6,338 11,150 2,056 1,424 7,184 2,930 180

Multi-engine 20,327 4,373 7,926 2,999 291 652 2,833 275 423 555 269

Turboprop, total 2,519 1,634 257 52 2 13 402 19 27 113 526

(1.5)

Single-engine 33 3 8 6 1 15 242

Multi-engine 2,486 1,634 254 44 2 13 396 18 27 98 530

Turbojet, total 1,775 1,367 64 11 1 10 155 4 16 147 492

(1.1)

Single-engine 33 3 4 5 21 59

Multi-engine 1,742 1,364 60 6 1 10 155 4 16 126 501

Total, rotary wing 3,842 534 385 183 544 234 885 822 39 216 380

(2.3)

Piston, total 2,279 138 282 166 507 225 175 604 36 146 295

Turbine, total 1,563 396 103 17 37 9 710 218 3 70 515

Miscellaneous, total 2,517 22 114 1,639 28 299 2 12 194 207 89

(1.5)

Glider 1,908 13 21 1,274 28 240 2 2 192 136

Balloon 604 9 93 365 59 5 2 71

Blimp/dirigible 5 5

Source: B. V. Cayce, U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Avi

Handbook of Aviation, Calendar Year 1975, Washington, D.C.,

ation Administration, FAA Statistical

Dec. 1975, pp. 101 and 103.

NN

I
Table 1-81. Composition of United States Air Carrier Fleet by Type of Aircraft: December 1966-1982ab

Fixed-wing aircraft Rotary-wing aircraft

Year Total Total Turbine Total

fixed- Piston rotary- Turbine Piston

wing Total Turbojet Turboprop wing

1966 2,272 2,251 1,378 1,006 372 873 21 16 5

1970 2,679 2,663 2,510 2,136 374 153 16 13 3

1972 2,583 2,569 2,436 2,118 318 133 14 11 3

1976 2,609 2,599 2,473 2,171 302 126 10 10

1978 2,762 2,749 2,651 2,361 290 98 13 13

1980 2,907 2,892 2,832 2,569 263 60 15 15

1982 3,095 3,078 3,041 2,794 247 37 17 17

% distribution, 100.0 99.6 94.8 83.2 11.6 4.8 0.4 0.4

1976

alncludes only those aircraft used during the last quarter.

bDoes not include aircraft operated by Air Taxi operators who hold authority to operate aircraft over

12,500 pounds, or turbojet aircraft under blanket authority, or aircraft operated by Air Travel

Clubs.

Note: Included in the forecast are all passenger and cargo aircraft owned or leased by and in the

domestic or international service of the United States certificated route, supplemental

intrastate, and commercial air carriers. Aircraft used for training and aircraft that have

been withdrawn from service and are awaiting disposal are not included here.

Sources: B.V. Cayce, U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Aviation Administration, FAA Statisti

Handbook of Aviation, Washington, D.C., 1975, p. 52; U.S. Department of Transportation, Fede

Aviation Administration, Aviation Forecasts - Calendar Years 1976-1982, Washington, D.C.

cal

ral
124

* Table 1-82. Total

the

Aircraft in Operation and

United States Air Carrier

of Carrier and by Type of

December 1975

Hours Flown by

Fleet by Type

Aircraft:

All air Certificated Supplemental Commercial Hours

Type of aircraft carrierstC route air air carriers operators flown carriers

Total 2,495 2,267 74 154 6,060,734

% distribution 100.0 90.9 3.0 6.1

Fixed-wing - total 2,488 2,260 74 154 6.052,196

Turbine powered - total 2,374 2,215 72 87 5,953,382

Turbojet - total 2,114 2,022 45 47

4-engine 602 561 33 8 1,770,203

3-engine 994 961 8 25 2,464,673

2-engine 518 500 4 14 1,263,805

Turboprop - total 260 193 27 40 454,701

4-engine 68 16 27 25 116,812

2-engine 192 177 0 15 337,889

Piston-powered - total 114 45 2 67 98,814

4-engine 37 1 36 14,819

2-engine 69 37 2 30 78,698

1-engine 8 7 1 5,297

Rotary-wing - total 7 7 8,538

Turbine-powered 7 7 8,538

Piston-powered

aDoes not include aircraft operated by Air Taxi operators who hold authority to operate

aircraft over 12,500 pounds, or turbojet aircraft under blanket authority, or aircraft

operated by Air Travel Clubs.

bIncludes 5,651,262 hours for Certificated Route Air Carriers; 185,995 hours for Supplemental

Carriers; 166,946 hours for Commercial Carriers; 52,415 hours for Air Taxi; and 4,606 hours

for Travel Clubs.

C Includes only those aircraft used during the last quarter.

Source: B. V. Cayce, U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Aviation

Administration, FAA Statistical Handbook of Aviation, Washington,

D.C., December 1975, pp. 52 and 58.
United States Air Carrier Fleet Operations, 1975

Certificated

Scheduled Nonscheduled Supplemental

Traffic category Total Domestic Total Domestic Total Domestic Total

Revenue passenger

miles flown (000)1 162,810,057 131,728,389 10,513,699 4,270,764 8,759,279 883,468 182,083,035

Revenue passenger

load factor2 53.7 54.6 82.0 71.6 88.0 88.3 74.6

Revenue ton-miles

flown (000)1 22,185,545 16,602,979 1,346,765 466,352 1,947,0873 531,5333 25,479,397

Passenger 16,281,046 13,1/72,873 1,051,367 427,074

Freight 4,766,118 2,718,087 294,875 39,278

Mail 1,109,191 683,273 519

Revenue aircraft

miles flown (000)1 2,240,505 1,909,485 84,126 38,163 65,476 25,585 2,390,107

1Details do not add to total due to rounding.

2Percent revenue passenger-miles flown of available seat-miles in revenue passenger service

the proportion of aircraft seating capacity that is actually sold and utilized.

30verall available ton-miles. 34% of total is for military and 66% for civilian.

representing

Source: B. V. Cayce, U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Aviation Administration, FAA Statistical

Handbook of Aviation, Washington, D.C., December 1975, pp. 72, 73, 82.

1--+

N\

U-'

U

* Table 1-83.
126

BY FAR THE LARGEST CATEGORY OF AIRLINE PERSON TRIPS AND PASSENGER-MILES

TRAVELED IS FOR BUSINESS PURPOSES.

Table 1-84. Airline Travel, 1972

Purpose of travel Person trips Person miles

(million) (million)

Total 53.9 101.9

Visit friends and relatives 12.8 28.0

Outdoor recreation 1.4 2.0

Sightseeing and entertainment 6.8 14.3

Subtotal-personal 20.8 44.3

Business and convention 26.7 44.7

Other 6.2 12.9

THE AVERAGE LENGTH OF A TRIP BY AIR VARIES AS A FUNCTION OF TRIP PURPOSE

AND INCOME OF TRAVELER. SURPRISINGLY, THE AVERAGE TRIP LENGTH DECLINES

WITH INCREASING INCOME, BUT THE NUMBER OF AIR TRIPS INCREASES WITH

INCREASING INCOME.

Table 1-85. Air Travel

Average person miles

per person trip

Air trips

per household

Purpose

Visit friends and relatives

Outdoor recreation

Sightseeing and entertainment

Business and convention

Income of family

Under $5,000

5,000-7,499

7,500-9,999

10,000-14,999

Over 15,000

2,190

1,510

2,090

1,670

2,150

2,010

2,040

1,870

1,850

0.10

0.18

0.22

0.25

0.20

Source: U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census, 1972 Census

of Transportation, Washington, D.C., 1973; 1972 National

Travel Survey, Washington, D.C., 1973.
127

Figure 1-16.

Comparison of Active Aircraft Fleet to Hours Flown and Fuel Consumed

FLEET

AIR CARRIER

MILITARY

11%

88 %.

GENERAL

AVIATION

1976

191,046 ACTIVE AIRCRAFT

HOURS

.-- AIR CARRIER

13%

MILITARY

74%s

- .- GENERAL

... ,-: AVIATION

1976

47,024,000 HOURS FLOWN

1%

* .. . - -..- ...

1988

290 746 ACTIVE AIRCRAFT

10%

84%

1988

86,148,000 HOURS FLOWN

FUEL CONSUMPTION

GENERAL

AVIATION

- MILITARY

34%

58%

AIR CARRIER

1976

13,584

MILLIONS OF GALLONS

23%

65%

1988

20,238

MILLIONS OF GALLONS

Source: U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Aviation Administration,

Aviation Forecasts - Fiscal Years 1977-1988, Washington, D.C.,

December 1976, pp. 22 and 23; William Vance, Defense Energy

Information System.

I

Section 1.4

Rail

131-- 

Figure 1-17. United States Railroad Mainlines

for Freight and Passenger Operations

(Routes Between Principal Cities) VANCOUVEI

SEATTLE rONAMC

PORTLAD MOTRAL

DULUT OTTAA

MINEAPOLS S.PU

CIC AGO CEVELAD N~

OMsAA PT TSURGH M PILAEL u A

SW 1MSCoSAL T LAE CITY AL TIMIEn ISHHINGTO0

["AS BBCIT NORFOLK

ST. LUISWICIT A

LEOAQELEU

O L AItM CIT MEMHSu OM...E ATLATA

FRT WORT

El PASO OLLA

EM ANTONIO M MEA VA"

Total Class I Class II Other Electrified

Miles of main

track, 1973 201,067 86.3% 3.8% 9.9% 1.02%

Figure 1-18. Intercity Rail Passenger Routes

(Amtrak and Others)

A,. -LA"1

DRAWLSp

. . . . .A ,.A. .- -- -- 0..,._

1 I .PE TeI m urK

Soure: oein Comerial irpaneCompnyIntecit Pasengro Tans

portation Data - Service and Economic Comparisons, vol. 1,

Seattle, Washington, May 1975, pp. 63 and 65.
*Table 1-86. Summary Statistics for Freight and Passenger Trains, 1965-75

1965 1970 1973 1974 1975

Freight traffic

Revenue ton milesa

(in millions) 697,878 764,809 851,809 850,961 752,816

Freight train miles

(in thousands) 420,962 427,065 469,122 469,268 402,867

Freight car miles

(in millions) 29,336 29,890 31,248 30,719 27,641

Freight cars 1,800,662 1,784,181 1,710,659 1,720,573 1,723,605

% Class I 82.1 79.8 81.6 79.9 78.9

Locomotives (total) 27,816 27,086 27,800 28,084 28,524

% diesel electric units 98.5 98.9 99.1 99.2 99.2

Cars per average train 69.6 70.0 66.6 65.5 68.6

Average carload (in tons for loaded cars) 48.9 54.9 56.7 58.3 60.4

Average car capacity (in tons) 59.7 67.1 70.5 72.8 72.9

Average % weight capacity of loaded cars 81.9 81.8 80.4 80.1 82.8

% loaded to toal car miles 61.0 57.8 57.7 57.2 54.6

Passenger trafficb

Passenger milesa

(in millions) 17,338 10,740 9,928 10,333 9,582

% commutation 23.7 42.6 45.7 43.9 47.2

% intercity 76.3 57.4 54.3 56.1 52.8

Total seat miles

(in millions) 50,818 29,253 25,893 27,456 29,143

Passenger train miles

(in thousands) 172,338 92,821 60,766 64,771 64,540

Passenger train car miles

(in thousands) 1,775,020 689,668 441,708 473,209 439,126

Passenger train cars 21,327 11,177 7,189 6,848 6,534

Amtrak 1,494c 1,777 1,848 1,883

Load factor 34.1 36.7 38.3 37.6 32.9

aClass I railroads.

b

Includes Amtrak beginning in 1973.

CPullman Company cars.

Source: Association of American Railroads, Yearbook of Railroad Facts, 1976 ed.,

Washington, D.C., 1976; Transportation Association of America, Transportation

Facts and Trends, 12th ed., Washington, D.C., July 1976.

_J
Section 1.5

Marine

Figure 1-19.

PATE 19 WATER ATLAS

- A_ ANavigable

-" ~ " ' =I Inland Waterways

- -- co I" 

- 1BS [ A-- **

f E 1. A 1 O 

'4 T - H J r.. * 1L, NOI S / A -,

"! LKENT LC - N

- g +""r' , M I S U R I

gTB NET * f -o ONA . """ . S ?s01-

v .\EW' -r\ E g 1c'eo t 1. A A-

- " G1

COMPLETED CHANNELS CHANNELS UNDER CONSTRUCTION*

Depth in feet Depth in feet 

S Over 12 eeee Over 12 

. . 9-12 ..... 9-12 I,

-- 6-9 .... 6-9 GULP. O'F * "''

-- Less than 6- -- ' s. .. I

.wu-e 1;, Went Resouces conc 796 100 0 (][ c

Source: James J. Geraghty, et al., Water Atlas of the United States, Water Information Center, Inc., E Port Washington, New York, May 1973.

13
*Table 1-87. Number of Vessels Operated for the Transportation of Freight on American

Waterways for the Years 1970 Through 1 97 5a

Types of vessels 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975

Self-propelled

Towboats and tugs

Number of vessels

Total horsepower

Non-self-propelled

4,230

3,955,001

4,059

4,217,064

4,064

4,447,953

4,035

4,621,450

4,100

5,088,221

4,240 (13.7%)

5,585,891

Dry cargo barges and scows

Number of vessels

Cargo capacity (net tons)

Tank barges

Number of vessels

Cargo capacity (net tons)

Total non-self-propelled

Number of vessels

Cargo capacity (net tons)

16,439

18,272,014

3,185

6,330,298

19,624

24,602,312

17,527

19,710,605

3,420

7,486,718

20,947

27,197,323

18,804

21,342,522

3,313

7,408,906

22,117

28,751,428

19,772

22,647,076

3,375

7,623,498

23,147

30,270,574

21,876

25,525,996

3,534

8,201,561

25,410

33,727,557

23,164

27,135,336

3,623

8,510,016

26,787 (86.3%)

35,645,352

Total vessels 23,854 25,006 26,181 27,182 29,510 31,027

aFrom Corps of Engineers, U.S. Army.

bU.S. Coast Guard reports 6,095 documented vessels of the United States having a service of towing in 1973,

6,111 in 1974, and 6,430 in 1975. The vessels reported by the Corps of Engineers are those used only in

the performance of transportation services.

Source: The American Waterways Operators, 1975 Inland Waterborne Commerce Statistics, Arlington, Va.,

April 1977, pp. 2 and 3.

F-+

14
Table 1-88. Number of Boats Used for Recreation, Length of Exposure by Type and

Estimated Fuel Consumption

Boat type Number Percent Million Million Fuel

boat-hours passenger-hours (gallons)

Outboard 4,420,006 53.02% 614 .17a7 a 811,733.8

Rowboat/jonboat 1,222,434 14.66 88.68 213.03

Motor 34.56 84.56 26,310.5

No motor 54.12 128.47

Inboard 560,817 6.73 143.91 515.58 361,426.9

Inboard/outboard 527,317 6.33 87.60 318.30 203,824.4

Sailboat 524,387 6.29 59.91 159.32

Auxiliary 16.12 57.21 3,285.9

No auxiliary 43.79 102.11

Canoe 495,535 5.94 61.00 130.18

Motor 10.52 28.50 5,055.7

No motor 49.48 102.68

Houseboat 38,552 0.46 8.98 36.92 9,850.7

Inflatable 51,192 0.62

Kayak 37,481 0.45

Other 458,622 5.50 125.77 386.94 102,212.4

Total 8,336,343 100.00% 1,189.02 3,480.70 1,523,700.3

aBecause the questionnaire did not define outboard to

an indeterminate number of motorized rowboats and

outboard figures.

exclude rowboats and jonboats,

jonboats may be included in the

Source: U.S. Department of Transportation, U.S. Coast Guard, Recreational

Boating in the Continental United States in 1973: The Nationwide

Boating Survey, Washington, D.C., October 1974, pp. 66-72. 14

N~
Table 1-89. Oceangoing Steam and Motor Ships of 1,000 Gross Tons and Overa

(tonnage in thousands)

Type of vessel

Total Combination passenger waigtnes Tota _ _ Combination passenger and cargo Freighters Freighters Bulk carriers Tankers (including

Country d- and cargo rfrigrtdrightrefrigerated Bk_ carries whaling tankers)

of registry Dead-an crg refrigerated frgsryweight Dead- Dead- Gross wigtDead- Dead- Dead- Number tons Gross Dead- Gross weight Gross Ded Gross weight Gross Ded tons Number weight Gross Number Number weight Number Number weight tostons Number weighttos on tons tons tons tons tons tons tons tons tonstons tons

Total, all countries 19,980 211,401 326,999 859 6,958 4,070 36 528 326 10,998 63,159 87,428 901 4,661 4,927 2,954 47,199 77,173 4,232 88,896 153,075

United States 1,579 15,529 21,346 167 1,527 1,070 4 45 37 1,048 8,763 11,574 8 146 159 38 464 767 294 4,584 7,739

1970 Privately owned 793 9,780 14,406 15 230 133 4 45 37 472 4,692 6,094 3 17 18 37 457 756 262 4,339 7,368

Government-owned 786 1,749 6,940 152 1,297 937 576 4,071 5,480 25 129 141 1 7 11 32 245 371

Reserve fleet 758 5,4 6,668 111 1,281 927 554 , 5,251 23 117 128 1 7 11 29 230 351

Other 28 206 272 1 16 10 22 163 229 2 12 13 3 15 20

Total, all countries 21,009 250,543 399,552 830 6,638 3,754 30 452 264 11,087 65,179 88,970 942 4,894 5,158 3,539 64,822 108,512 4,581 108,558 192,894

United States 1,150 13,111 17,949 149 1,345 920 4 45 37 666 6,449 7,990 19 99 107 32 419 702 280 4,754 8,193

1972 Privately owned 651 9,300 13,638 8 150 72 4 45 37 361 4,210 5,063 32 419 702 246 4,476 7,764

Government-owned 499 3,811 4,311 141 1,195 848 305 2,239 2,927 19 99 107 34 278 429

Reserve fleet 470 3,588 3,996 141 1,195 848 284 2,078 2,704 17 87 95 28 228 349

Other 29 223 315 21 161 223 2 12 12 6 50 80

Total, all countries 22,449 306,366 503,348 751 6,006 3,162 24 360 209 11,449 68,855 93,476 1,029 5,433 5,794 4,075 82,313 139,267 5,121 143,399 261,440

United States 922 12,503 17,637 76 721 474 4 44 37 539 6,154 7,261 6 30 33 19 302 534 278 5,252 9,298

1974 Privately owned 583 9,820 14,446 2 30 13 4 44 37 313 4,467 4,990 19 302 534 245 4,977 8,872

Government-owned 339 2,683 3,191 74 691 461 226 1,687 2,271 6 30 33 33 275 426

Reserve fleet 317 2,504 2,942 74 691 461 711 1,567 2,109 5 22 25 27 224 347

Other 22 179 249 15 120 162 1 8 8 6 51 79

Total, all countries 22,872 333,042 556,572 694 5,495 2,833 20 338 194 11,517 69,648 95,197 1,058 5,636 6,051 4,272 88,194 150,080 5,311 163,731 302,217

United States 857 12,301 17,694 6 551 351 , 4 44 37_ 50 5,942 7,018 6 30 33 19 302 544 267 5,432 9,711

1975 Privately owned 580 10,103 15,028 2 30 13 4 44 37 305 4,445 4,959 19 302 544 250 5,282 9,475

Government-owned 277 2,198 2,666 54 521 338 200 1,497 2,059 6 30 33 17 150 236

Reserve fleet 260 2,059 2,469 54 52T 33 188 1,405 1,933 I ~21 I 1IT 17 Other 17 139 197 12 92 126 1 8 8 4 39 63

Excludes ships operating exclusively on the Great Lakes and inland waterways and special types such as channel ships, icebreakers, cable ships, etc., and merchant ships owned by any military force.

Source: U.S. Department of Commerce, Maritime Administration, "A Statistical Analysis of the World's

Merchant Fleets," Washington, D.C., annual.

00

14
Table 1-90. Wattrborne Commerce of the U.S. on U.S. Waterways: Ton-Miles and Tons by Type

of Traffic and Average Haul

.a

Total, Foreign Domesticb

fometiand Total Great Lakes Coastal Total Coastwise Lakewise Internal Local

Ton-Miles (thousands)

1975 639,450,727 73,466,504 29,944,755 43,521,749 565,984,223 315,845,946 68,516,762 180,399,193 1,222,322

1974 656,164,337 69,819,094 25,799,993 44,019,101 586,345,243 322,802,209 78,880,393 183,202,577 1,460,064

1973 666,497,867 81,806,384 41,400,030 40,406,354 584,691,483 327,649,175 83,765,109 171,890,916 1,396,283

1972 670,019,289 66,476,841 35,087,059 31,389,782 603,542,448 351,508,576 73,131,550 177,538,601 1,363,721

1971 654,763,573 61,599,920 33,962,302 27,637,618 593,163,653 360,204,500 70,381,094 161,339,284 1,238,775

1970 658,951,768 62,756,357 34,345,283 28,411,074 596,195,411 359,784,103 79,416,394 155,815,888 1,179,026

% distribution 1975 100 11.5 40.8 59.2 88.5 55.8 12.1 31.9 0.2

Tonse (thousands)

1975 1,692,182 748,707 56,882 691,825 943,475 231,932 129,331 503,932 78,279

1974 1,742,734 764,089 51,462 712,627 978,645 233,358 146,067 511,022 88,198

1973 1,757,269 767,394 66,758 700,636 989,875 236,795 156,621 503,237 93,223

1972 1,614,909 629,981 60,133 569,848 984,928 242,660 145,013 506,989 90,266

1971 1,510,327 565,986 59,450 506,536 944,341 242,916 140,955 479,218 81,253

1970 1,530,066 580,969 62,338 518,631 949,097 238,440 157,059 472,123 81,475

% distribution 1975 100 44.2 7.6 92.4 55.8 24.6 13.7 53.4 8.3

Average Haul, Miles Per Ton

1975 377.9 98.1 526.4 62.9 599.9 1,361.8 529.8 358.0 15.6

1974 376.5 91.4 501.3 61.8 599.1 1,383.3 540.0 358.5 16.6

1973 379.3 106.6 620.2 57.7 590.7 1,383.7 5534.8 341.6 14.9

1972 414.9 105.5 583.5 55.1 612.8 1,448.6 504.3 350.2 15.1

1971 433.5 108.8 571.3 54.6 628.1 1,482.8 499.3 336.7 15.2

1970 430.7 108.0 551.0 54.8 628.2 1,508.9 505.6 330.0 14.5

aAll movements of U.S. and foreign ships between the United States and foreign countries and between Puerto Rico and Virgin Islands (U.S.A.

part), and foreign countries are classified as foreign traffic. Any traffic with the Panama Canal Zone is treated as foreign commerce.

Trade between United States territories and possessions, that is, Gaum, Wake, American Samoa, etc., and foreign countries is excluded.

These statistics are compiled by the Bureau of the Census from U.S. Bureau of Customs reports.

bStatistics are for U.S. ships on domestic waters.

CBased on distances transported on Great Lakes and St. Lawrence River to International Boundary at St. Regis, Quebec, Canada.

dTon-miles for coastal ports are based on distances transported on United States waterways from entrance channels to ports and waterways

only.

eExcludes intraterritory traffic for which ton-miles were not compiled; 1975, 2,852 thousand tons; 1974, 4,055 thousand tons; 1973, 5,283

thousand tons; 1972, 1,883 thousand tons; 1971, 2,257 thousand tons; 1970, 1,630 thousand tons.

Source: U.S. Department of the Army, Corps of Engineers, Waterborne Commerce of the United States,

Part 5 - National Summaries, Vicksburg, Miss., Calendar Year 1975, p. 89.

F-+

W.

LI

Section 1.6

Pipeline

143

*Table 1-91. Oil Pipeline Profile, 1972-1974

1972 1973 1974

Number of ICC-regulated companies at close of year 99 100 103

Owned-mileage operated

Gathering lines 42,893 41,655 42,893

Trunk lines 124,458 122,354 124,458

Other than owned 6,181 6,682 6,181

Total mileage operated 173,532 170,691 173,532

Oil transported

Number of barrels received into system

From connecting carriers

Crude oil 1,879,404 2,082,529 2,185,749

Products 477,124 524,653 526,239

Total 2,356,528 2,607,182 2,711,988

Originated

Crude oil 3,615,420 3,656,832 3,575,464

Products 2,895,516 3,147,346 3,072,546

Total 6,510,936 6,804,178 6,648,010

Total received into system 8,867,464 9,411,360 9,359,998

Number of barrels delivered out of system

To connecting carriers

Crude oil 1,914,096 2,054,074 2,055,769

Products 638,079 730,876 692,200

Total 2,552,175 2,784,950 2,747,969

Terminated

Crude oil 3,600,066 3,706,372 3,679,549

Products 2,736,341 2,923,720 2,905,822

Total 6,336,407 6,630,092 6,585,371

Total delivered out of system 8,888,582 9,415,042 9,333,340

Number of barrels having trunk-line movement

Crude oil 5,112,024 5,423,651 5,390,999

Products 3,357,762 3,633,130 3,588,808

Number of barrel-miles (trunk lines)

Crude oil 1,526,064,430 1,632,542,253 1,625,436,501

Products 1,166,586,025 1,236,272,739 1,239,411,795

Average length of haul (miles)

Crude oil 298 301 302

Products 347 340 345

Intercity ton-miles (millions) 475,800 507,000 506,000

ICC-regulated (%) NA 84.5 84.4

Non-regulated (%) NA 15.5 15.6

NA - not available.

Source: Interstate Commerce Commission, Transport Statistics in the

United States, Part 6 - Pipelines, Washington, D.C., 1975.
144

Table 1-92.

Crude and Product Pipeline Mileages by Pipe Diameter, 1970

Nominal Inside Miles of Miles of pipeline diameter diameter crude pipelines product pipelines (in.)

2

3

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

18

20

22

24

26

28

30

32

34

36

40

42

48

Total

2.067

3.068

4.026

6.065

7.981

10.020

12.000

13.250

15.250

17.250

19.250

21.250

23.250

25.250

27.250

29.250

31.376

33.376

35.376

39.250

41.000

47.000

0

479

3,090

9,435

19,269

11,867

10,106

571

5,630

2,002

5,040

2,664

1,504

1,039

0

938

0

792

2

634

4

0

75,066

0

702

2,771

16,732

25,634

9,785

8,732

2,441

1,603

919

907

9

131

217

177

300

288

0

1,058

0

0

0

72,406

Source: U.S. Department of

Industry Surveys:

Dec. 1971, p. 2.

the Interior,

Crude Oil and

Bureau of Mines, Mineral

Product Pipelines,
145

*Table 1-93. Natural Gas Pipeline Profile, 1974

Number of interstate natural gas pipeline companies 120

Number of employees 36,200

Mileage - total 976,700

Field and gathering (%) 6.8

Transmission (%) 27.0

Distributing main (%) 66.2

Marketed production - millions of cubic ft. 21,600,522

trillions of Btu 23,220.6

Average wellhead price (cents/Mcf) 30.4

Natural-gas liquids turned into lines

(million gal) 19,626

Source: W. F. Gay, U.S. Department of Transportation, Transportation Systems Center, Summary of National Transportation Statistics, Cambridge, Mass., June 1976, pp. 35

and 36; The Aerospace Corporation, Characterization of

the U.S. Transportation System, Vol. 3 - Pipeline

Transportation Systems, Los Angeles, Calif., Mar.

1977, p. 2-22. (Draft)
146

Gas Utility Industry

Table 1-94.

Miles of Pipeline and Main, by Type,

1950-1 9 75 a

(in thousands)

Total Field and Transmission Distribution

gathering pipeline main

1950 387.5 32.8 113.1 241.6

1955 496.7 45.7 145.9 305.1

1960 630.9 55.8 183.7 391.4

1965 767.5 61.7 211.3 494.5

1970 913.3 66.3 252.2 594.8

1971 931.4 66.2 254.8 610.4

1972 948.1 66.9 258.1 623.1

1973 962.9 65.9 263.1 633.8

1974 974.1 66.4 262.2 645.6

1974 980.0 68.5 262.6 648.9

1975 Steel 879.4 68.4 260.9 550.1

PlasticC 35.6 0.0 0.0 35.6

Other 65.0 0.1 1.7 63.2

aIncludes data for Hawaii subsequent in 1959 and Alaska subsequent in 1960; excludes service pipe. Data not adjusted in

common diameter equivalent. Mileage shown as of end of each

year.

bIncludes 3.6 thousand miles of underground storage pipe in 1971;

3.3 thousand miles in 1972; 3.4 thousand miles in 1973; 4.9

thousand miles in 1974; and 5.0 thousand miles in 1975, some of

which was formerly included in field and gathering pipe.

CIncludes fiberglass.

Source: American Gas Association, Department of Statistics, Gas

Facts, Arlington, Va., 1976, p. 49.
Section 1.7

Nonmotorized Vehicles

149

THE NUMBER OF BICYCLES IN USE AND THE ESTIMATED NUMBER OF USERS FOR THE

PAST FIFTEEN YEARS ARE INDICATED BELOW. THE TOTAL NUMBER OF BICYCLES

MANUFACTURERD NEARLY DOUBLED FROM 1960 TO 1968 AND PEAKED IN 1973 AT 15.3

MILLION. ALTHOUGH FEWER BICYCLES WERE MANUFACTURED IN 1975 (DUE MAINLY

TO INVENTORY REDUCTIONS AMONG WHOLESALERS AND RETAILERS), THE NUMBER OF

BICYCLES IN USE AND THE NUMBER OF USERS IS AT AN ALL-TIME HIGH.

Table 1-95. U.S. Manufactured and Imported Bicycles

(millions per year)

Year Domestic Imports Total Bikes Estimated

shipments U.S. and imported in usea users

1960 2.6 1.1 3.8 23.5 35.2

1965 4.6 1.0 5.7 32.9 49.3

1968 6.0 1.5 7.5 42.3 63.4

1969 5.1 2.0 7.1 47.7 71.5

1970 5.0 1.9 6.9 50.0 75.3

1971 6.6 2.3 8.9 53.1 79.6

1972 8.8 5.1 13.9 61.2 91.9

1973 10.1 5.2 15.3 70.4 105.6

1974 10.1 4.0 14.1 78.2 117.3-

1975 5.6 1.7 7.3 79.2 I 118.9

aBikes-in-use estimate is based

plied by a unit sales factor.

situations are calculated into

on an estimated bike "life" multiRentals and other multiple-use

the "Estimated users" estimates.

bestimated by Oak Ridge National Laboratory

Source: W. F. Gay, U.S. Department of Transportation, Transportation Systems Center, Summary of National Transportation

Statistics, Cambridge, Mass., June 1976, p. 108. (Original

source: Bicycle Manufacturers Association of America,

Inc., Washington, D.C.)
150

CHAPTER 1 - REFERENCES

The Aerospace Corporation, Characterization of the U.S. Transportation

System - Pipeline Transportation Systems, Los Angeles, Calif.,

July 1976. (Draft)

American Gas Association, Department of Statistics, Gas Facts, Arlington,

Va., 1976.

American Public Transit Association, Transit Fact Book, '75-'76 ed.,

Washington, D.C., March 1976.

The American Waterways Operators, 1975 Inland Waterborne Commerce

Statistics, Arlington, Va., April 1977.

Asin, R. H., U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Highway

Administration, Nationwide Personal Transportation Study 

Purposes of Automobile Trips and Travel, Report No. 10, Washington,

D.C., May 1974.

Asin, R. H. and P. V. Svercl, U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal

Highway Administration, Nationwide Personal Transportation Study 

Automobile Ownership, Report No. 11, Washington, D.C., December 1974.

Association of American Railroads, Yearbook of Railroad Facts, 1976 and

1977 ed., Washington, D.C., 1976.

Bobit Publishing Company - Research Department, Report on the Aspects of

Automotive Fleet Operations on Transportation Energy Conservation,

Redondo Beach, Calif., 1977.

Bobit, E. J. (ed.), Automotive Fleet, Vol. 16, No. 6, Bobit Publishing

Company, Glenview, Ill., April 1977.

Boeing Commercial Airplane Company, Intercity Passenger Transportation

Data - Service and Economic Comparisons, Vol. 1, Seattle, Washington,

May 1975.

Cayce, B. V., U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Aviation

Administration, FAA Statistical Handbook of Aviation, Calendar

Year 1975, Washington, D.C., March 1976.

Electric Vehicle News, Vol. 6, No. 2, Westport, Conn., May 1977.

Energy Research and Development Administration, A National Plan for

Energy Research, Development and Demonstration: Creating Energy

Choices for the Future, Vol. 1: The Plan, Report No. ERDA-48,

Washington, D.C., June 1975.

Federal Task Force, Motor Vehicle Goals Beyond 1980, U.S. Department of

Transportation, Washington, D.C., July 23, 1976. (Draft)
151

Freeman, S. D., Energy Policy Project of the Ford Foundation, A Time to

Choose - America's Energy Future, Ballinger Publishing Company,

Cambridge, Mass., 1974.

Gay, W. F., U.S. Department of Transportation, Summary of National

Transportation Statistics, Washington, D.C., June 1976.

General Services Administration, Federal Motor Vehicle Fleet Report,

Washington, D.C., March 1973.

----- , Federal Motor Vehicle Fleet Report, Washington, D.C., April 1974.

----- , Federal Motor Vehicle Fleet Report, Washington, D.C., March 1975.

----- , Federal Motor Vehicle Fleet Report, Washington, D.C., July 1976.

Geraghty, J. J. et al., Water Information Center, Water Atlas of the

United States, Port Washington, New York, May 1973.

Goley, B. T., G. Brown, and E. Samson, U.S. Department of Transportation,

Federal Highway Administration, Nationwide Personal Transportation

Study - Household Travel in the United States, Report No. 7,

Washington, D.C., December 1972.

Indiana State University, Bureau of Business Research, 1974 Recreational

Vehicle Consumer Study, Recreational Vehicle Industry Association,

Chantilly, Va., 1974.

International Travel Association, Fact Sheet on Taxicab Operations in

the U.S., Year 1975, Rockville, Md., March 1977.

Interstate Commerce Commission, Transport Statistics, Washington, D.C.

----- , Financial and Operating Statistic Class I Railroads, Washington,

D.C.

----- , Bureau of Economics and Bureau of Operations, Empty/Loaded Truck

Miles on Interstate Highways During 1976, Washington, D.C., April 1977.

Leape, J. P., The Demand for Automobiles: An Analysis, Harvard University,

Cambridge, Mass., April 1977.

Liston, L. L. and C. A. Akken, U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal

Highway Administration, Cost of Owning and Operating an Automobile,

Washington, D.C., 1976.

Little, A. D., Inc., Attachment 1, Study of Automobile Market Dynamics:

Final Test of Consumer Responses, Cambridge, Mass., November 1976.

Marketing Services Inc., Automotive News Market Data Book, Detroit,

Michigan, annual.
151b

Moffett, D., "How to Figure True Cost of Car Ownership: Why Some

Published Figures Differ So Much," The Wall Street Journal,

November 15, 1976.

Motor Vehicle Manufacturers Association, 1975 Automobile Facts and Figures,

Detroit, Michigan, 1975.

----- , 1975 Motor Truck Facts, Detroit, Michigan, 1975.

----- , Motor Vehicle Facts and Figures '77, Detroit, Michigan, 1976.

National Association of Motor Bus Owners, Bus Facts - 1974 Statistical

Supplement, Washington, D.C., June 1975.

----- , Get Onto Something Great, Washington, D.C., May 1974.

----- , One Half Century of Service to America, 1926-1976, Washington, D.C.,

National Automobile Dealers Association, Franchised New Car and Truck

Dealer Facts, 1977 Edition, McLean, Va.

Recreation Vehicle Industry Association, Recreation Vehicle Industry:

Facts and Trends, Chantilly, Va., 1976.

Stark, H. A. (ed.), Ward's Communications Inc., Ward's 1976 Automotive

Yearbook, 38th ed., Detroit, Michigan, 1976.

Strate, H. E., U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Highway

Administration, Nationwide Personal Transportation Study - Annual

Miles of Automobile Travel, Report No. 2, Washington, D.C., April 1972.

----- , Nationwide Personal Transportation Study - Seasonal Variations

of Automobile Trips and Travel, Report No. 3, Washington, D.C.,

April 1972.

Transportation Association of America, Transportation Facts and Trends,

12th ed., Washington, D.C., July 1976.

----- , Transportation Facts and Trends, Quarterly Supplement, Washington,

D.C., January 1977.

----- , Transportation Facts and Trends, Quarterly Supplement, Washington,

D.C., April 1977.

U.S. Civil Aeronautics Board, Air Carrier Traffic Statistics, Washington,

D.C., September 1976.

U.S. Department of the Army, Corps of Engineers, Waterborne Commerce of

the United States, Part 5 - National Summaries, Vicksburg, Miss.,

Calendar Year 1974.
152a

U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census, 1972 Census of

Transportation, "Truck Inventory and Use Survey - United States

Summary," Series TC72-T52, Washington, D.C., 1973.

----- , "Commodity Transportation Survey," Washington, D.C.

U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census, The DOT Travel to Work

Supplement to the Annual Housing Survey, Washington, D.C.,

November 1976.

----- , Selected Data from the 1972 and 1974 Surveys of Purchases and

Ownership, Washington, D.C., July 1976. (Revised)

U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of Economic Analysis, Survey of

Current Business, Washington, D.C., monthly.

U.S. Department of Commerce and U.S. Department of Housing and Urban

Development, Annual Housing Survey: 1975, U.S. and Regions, Part A 

General Housing Characteristics, Washington, D.C., April 1977.

U.S. Department of the Interior, Geological Survey, The National Atlas

of the United States of America, Washington, D.C., 1970.

U.S. Department of the Interior, Bureau of Mines, Mineral Industry Surveys:

Crude Oil and Product Pipelines, Dec. 1971.

U.S. Department of Transportation, National Traffic Safety Administration,

Data and Analysis for 1981-1984 Passenger Automobile Fuel Economy

Standards, Summary Report, Washington, D.C., Feb. 28. 1977.

U.S. Department of Transportation, U.S. Coast Guard, Boating Statistics 

1974, Washington, D.C., May 1975.

----- , Recreational Boating in the Continental United States in 1973:

The Nationwide Boating Survey, Washington, D.C., Oct. 1974.

U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Aviation Administration,

Aviation Forecasts - Fiscal Years 1977-1988, Washington, D.C.,

September 1976.

U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration,

Highway Statistics, Washington, D.C., annual, Table MV-1.

----- , Department of Transportation News, FHWA 72-76 (November 26, 1976),

Washington, D.C.

----- , Department of Transportation News, FHWA 13-77 (March 4, 1977),

Washington, D.C.

U.S. Department of Commerce, Maritime Administration, A Statistical

Analysis of the World's Merchant Fleet.
1 52b

U.S. Travel Data Center, 1975 National Travel Survey: Full Year Report,

Washington, D.C., 1976.

Vahovich, S. G., U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Aviation

Administration, General Aviation: Aircraft, Owner and Utilization

Characteristics, Washington, D.C., November 1976.
Chapter 2

Energy Characteristics

A. B. Rose

Energy Characteristics

Of prime importance to the consideration of energy conservation

measures is basic data on energy intensity and energy efficiency. In

the transportation sector, a knowledge of how much energy is being used

by each mode and what percentage of it is finally converted into useful

work is fundamental to the understanding of energy use patterns and to

the formulation of conservation strategies.

Chapter 2 presents statistics on energy use in absolute terms and

also in terms of the efficiency of its use. Although the total energy

picture is considered, emphasis is centered on the transportation sector,

which relies on petroleum products for 96.9% of its energy needs (constituting almost 53% of the total United States petroleum consumption).

In Sect. 2.1 statistics are presented on the total gross energy use

by consuming sectors and by major sources. The section is organized

from the macro to the micro level beginning with world energy resource

consumption and moving down to the energy resource consumption breakdown in the individual sectors of the United States transportation

system. In closing, the Transportation Energy Conservation Network

(TECNET) base case energy use projections, including indirect energy

use, to the year 2025 are given.

In terms of energy use the transportation sector is dominated by

the passenger car, which uses 53% of all transportation energy and

69% of the highway energy. This means, in more absolute terms, that

automobiles account for F13% of the total United States energy use.

155
156

Section 2.2 deals with the energy intensity and efficiency of the

transportation modes. It is possible to arrive at operational figures

that give a measure of the amount of energy needed to produce a useful

output, and such numbers are presented in this section. However, it

should be pointed out that all general figures can be no more than

approximations to any particular instance due to the wide variety of

goods transported, services rendered, and individual route characteristics.

In Section 2.3 possible improvements in energy efficiency through

technological and operational measures are presented. Although, by

their very nature, such questions are of a speculative nature and no

immediate verification is possible, it seems that improvements on the

order of 20 to 25% are possible in most areas within a reasonable time

frame.
Section 2.1

Energy Resource Consumption

FROM 1960 TO 1973, WORLD USE OF ENERGY, MEASURED IN QUADRILLION BTU, INCREASED AT AN ANNUAL RATE OF

5.1%. DURING THIS PERIOD, THE COMBINED SHARE OF PETROLEUM AND NATURAL GAS INCREASED FROM 48% IN 1960

TO 66% IN 1973, WHILE COAL'S SHARE DECLINED FROM 47 % TO 28%. DESPITE THE COMPETITION BY PETROLEUM AND

NATURAL GAS, WHICH INCREASED AT RATES OF 7.6 AND 7.3% PER YEAR, RESPECTIVELY, FROM 1960 TO 1973, COAL

CONSUMPTION INCREASED AT THE ANNUAL RATE OF 0.9%, AND HYDROPOWER AND GEOTHERMAL USE INCREASED 5.1%

PER YEAR FROM 1960 TO 1973.

4.Table 2-1. World Energy Use and Production, 1960-73

(quadrillion Btu)

Activity and 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 19731 fuel source

Consumption, all fuel sources 2 131.5 132.0 138.9 146.6 155.9 163.5 171.0 177.6 190.9 202.8 216.8 225.5 235.8 250.4

Petroleum 45.2 48.8 52.4 55.3 60.6 64.9 68.1 75.5 82.3 88.5 96.9 103.1 108.7 118.5

Natural gas 18.0 19.3 21.0 22.8 24.9 26.6 29.0 31.1 34.1 37.1 40.6 43.2 45.7 47.8

Coal 61.4 56.6 57.7 60.4 61.9 62.6 63.7 60.4 63.4 65.3 66.8 65.8 67.1 69.1

Hydropower and geothermal 6.9 7.3 7.7 8.0 8.4 9.2 9.9 10.1 10.6 11.3 11.8 12.3 12.9 13.2

Nuclear (3) (3) (3) 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.4 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.8 1.1 1.4 1.9

Production, all fuel sources 2 132.2 132.4 140.0 148.4 157.4 165.0 175.0 179.8 192.0 203.8 219.2 227.5 238.8 252.1

Petroleum 46.0 49.3 53.5 57.1 61.5 65.8 71.4 76.7 83.6 90.0 99.0 104.4 110.5 120.8

Natural gas 18.1 19.4 21.2 23.0 25.0 26.7 29.1 31.3 34.2 37.2 40.9 43.6 46.1 48.4

Coal 61.1 56.4 57.6 60.2 62.4 63.1 64.2 61.2 63.1 64.7 66.7 66.1 67.8 67.8

Hydropower and geothermal 6.9 7.3 7.7 8.0 8.4 9.2 9.9 10.1 10.6 11.3 11.8 12.3 12.9 13.2

Nuclear (3) (3) (3) 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.4 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.8 1.1 1.4 1.9

1 Preliminary. 2 Differences between production and consumption result from inventory changes and errors.

3Less than 0.1 quadrillion Btu.

Source: W. Dupree et al., U.S. Department of the Interior, Energy Perspectives 2, Washington, D.C.,

June 1976, pp. 20 and 21.

'0i
160

4 Figure 2-1.

U . S . ENERGY RESOURCE CONSUMPTION

80-___ 

TOTAL

70.....

TOTAL FOSSIL

40

40 . .................... ................... . .. ....... ...... ................... ......... ....... .................... ....................

o PETROLEUM

z

0 g .. . . . . . . . . . .. ....... . ... .. . .... . . .. ... .. ... . .. .. .. .. . . . . .. ... .. .. . . ...

NATURAL GAS

COAL

HYDRO-POWER

NUCLEAR POWER

-10 .5 . .

1945 1950 1955 1960 1985 1970 1975 1980

YEARS

Source: U.S. Department of the Interior, Bureau of Mines, Minerals

Yearbook, Washington, D.C., annual; Annual U.S. Energy Use

Up in 1976, Washington, D.C., March 14, 1977, p. 4.
161

Table 2-2. Consumption of Energy Resources by Major Sources

and Consuming Sectors, 1971 Through 1976

(1012 Btu)

Sector and year Anthracite coal cBtui and lignite tus Cokea Naturalgas, Petroleum Hydropowerd Nuclear Utility Total dry power electricity

FINAL CONSUMING SECTORS:

Household and commercial

1971 98 308 7,713 6,430 3,209 17,758 1972 75 233 7,943 6,666 3,478 18,395 1973 74 222 7,633 6,697 3,723 18,349 1974 66 232 7,518 6,099 3,726 17,641 1975 57 189 7,589 5,747 3,970 17,552 19765 8 181 8,117 6,333 4,143 18,832 Industrial

1971 47 4,256 9,874 5,088 34 2,293 21,592 1972 35 4,240 9,882 5,643 35 2,493 22,328 1973 33 4,344 10,454 6,076 38 2,644 23,589 1974 35 4,035 59 10,018 5,909 33 2,670 22,759 1975 35 ,772 14 8,551 5,544 35 2,580 20,531 T 976s h 36 3,782 8,382 6,166 33 2,810 21,209 Transportation

1971 NA 6 766 16,304 17 17,093 1972 NA 4 787 17,290 17 18,098 1973 NA 3 744 18,192 15 18,954 1974 NA 2 685 17,734 16 18,437 1975 NA 1 595 17,933 16 18,545 19769 NA Negligible 582 18,733 16 19,331 Miscellaneous and unaccounted for

1971 205 205 1972 233 233 1973 231 231 1974 245 245 1975 278 278 19769 227 227

Total final consumption: 1971 145 4,570 18,353 28,027 34 5,519 56,648 1972 110 4,477 18,612 29,832 35 5,998 59,054

1973 107 4,569 18,831 31,196 38 6,382 61,123.7

1974 101 4,269 59 18,221 29,987 33 6,412 59,082.7 1975 92 3,962 14 16,735 29,480 35 6,566' 56,9067 1976 94 3,963 17,081 31,459 33 6,969 59,600

ENERGY CONVERSION SECTOR

Electricity generation (utilities)

1971 42 7,288 4,117 2,543 2,828 404 -5,519 11,703k 1972 40 7,796 4,086 3,134 2,911 576 -5,9881 12,55 5 k 1973 37 8,581 3,681 3,656 2,971 888 -6,382' 13,432k

1974 38 8,482 3,512 3,480 3,276 1,211 -6,412 13

, 58 7 k 1975 38 8,722 3,213 3,239 3,194 1,833 - 6 ,5 6 6 % 13,67 3 k

19769 38 9,653 3,134 3,479 3,031 2,032 -6,969 14,398k

TOTAL RESOURCES CONSUMED t

1971 186 11,857 22,469 30,570 2,862 404 0 68,348" 1972 150 12,273 22,698 32,966 2,946 576 0 71,609'"

1973 144 13,150 22,512 34,852 3,009 888 0 74,555'" 1974 138 12,751 59 21,733 33,467 3,309 1,211 0 72,668"'

1975 130 12,684 14 19,948 32,720 3,229 1,833 0 70,580"

19769 132 13,617 20,216 34,938 3,064 2,032 NA

1976 (%) 0.2 18.4 27.3 47.2 4.1 2.7 100.0

NA - Not applicable,

Energy from net imports of coke (546,075 short tons in 1975, none in 1976). The remainder of domestic coke consumption is accounted for in

utilizing the gross total Btu value of coal carbonized for coke.

bExcludes natural gas liquids.

Petroleum products including still gas, liquefied refinery gas and natural gas liquids.

doutputs of hydropower (adjusted for net imports) are converted to theoretical energy inputs using national average heat rates for fossilfueled steam-electric plants provided by the Federal Power Commission. The heat rates are: 1971, 10,478 Btu/kwh; 1972, 10,379 Btu/kwh;

1973, 10,389 Btu/kwh; 1974, 10,442 Btu/kwh; and 197., 10,383 Btu/kwh.

eEnergy inputs for nuclear power plants are calculated using an average heat rate of 10,660 Btu/kwh, based on information from the Energy

Research and Development Administration.

fExcludes electricity generated by non-utility plants, the energy inputs to which are included in the other inputs of the final consuming

sectors. Distribution to sectors is based on sales reported in the annual issues of the Edison Electric Institute Statistical Yearbook of

the Electric Utility Industry. Conversion of electricity to energy equivalent by sectors was made at the theoretical value of contained

energy of 3,412 Btu/kwh.

9

Estimated.

hIncludes bunkers and military use.

'Utility electricity, generated and imported, distributed to the final consuming sectors.

'Also termed "net energy inputs."

kConversion losses in the electricity generation (utilities) sector. Total energy inputs to this sector is the sum of conversion losses, and

utility electricity distributed.

t

Data may not add to totals shown because of independent rounding.

'"Also termed "gross energy inputs."

Sources: U.S. Department of the Interior, Bureau of Mines, Minerals

Yearbook, Washington, D.C., annual; Annual U.S. Energy Use

Up in 1976, Washington, D.C., March 14, 1977, p. 4.
162

* Table 2-3.

U.S. Total Gross Consumption of Energy Resources by

Major Sources, 1950 Through 1 9 7 6 a

(trillion Btu)

Total

Yer Cab Natural TotalNula grs

Year Coal NaPetroleum fossil Hydropower Nolear energy gas, dry fuels ioe nputs

inputs

1976 (E) 13,749 20,216 34,938 68,903 3,064 2,032 73,999

1975 12,814 19,948 32,742 65,504 3,229 1,833 70,580

1974 13,182 21,733 33,414 68,329 3,290 1,202 72,880

1973 13,294 22,712 34,851 70,857 2,998 888 74,743

1972 12,495 23,125 32,966 68,586 2,946 576 72,108

1971 12,023 22,849 30,570 65,462 2,862 404 68,728

1970 12,922 22,029 29,614 64,565 2,660 229 67,444

1965 11,908 16,098 23,241 51,247 2,058 38 53,343

1960 10,140 12,699 20,067 42,906 1,657 6 44,569

1955 11,540 9,232 17,524 38,296 1,407 39,703

1950 12,913 6,150 13,489 32,552 1,440 33,992

E - Estimated.

aThe totals given

page 161.

here do not fully agree with those of the table on

bIncludes anthracite, bituminous, and lignite.

Source: W. F. Gay, U.S. Department of Transportation, Transportation

Systems Center, Energy Statistics, Cambridge, Mass., August 1976,

p. 103; U.S. Department of the Interior, Bureau of Mines,

Annual U.S. Energy Use Up in 1976 (News Release), Washington,

D.C., March 14, 1977, Table 2.
DURING THE PERIOD 19651970, INDICATORS OF ENERGY USE SHOWED MORE RAPID GROWTH THAN THE INDICATORS OF

ECONOMIC GROWTH. TOTAL ENERGY USE INDICATORS SLOWED DURING THE 1970-1975 PERIOD.

4Table 2-4. Percent Changes in Energy Use and Revelant Economic Indicators by Final

Consuming Sector, 1950 to 1 9 76a

Energy

use Real dis- Energy Manufac- energy

in posable use turning use Real Total

Period household personal in produc- for GNP energy

and com- income industrial tion transpor- use

mercial sector tation

sector

Annual average change (% per year)

1950 to 1955 2.9 3.3 3.5 5.3 2.6 4.2 3.2

1955 to 1960 4.1 2.7 1.3 2.4 1.9 2.4 2.3

1960 to 1965 4.6 4.7 3.4 6.5 3.3 4.7 3.7

1965 to 1970 5.5 3.9 4.2 3.5 5.1 3.0 4.8

1970 to 1973 3.5 4.8 1.8 6.9 4.7 4.7 3.5

Change from preceding year

1974 -1.8 -1.6 -2.9 -0.3 -3.4 -1.7 -2.5

1975 -1.9 1.7 -8.3 -10.1 0.6 -1.8 -3.2

Change from a year earlier to 1976

Quarter I 2.7 6.3 0.4 13.9 3.7 7.3

Quarter II -1.6 2.4 11.4 15.1 3.5 7.0

Quarter III 1.6 4.1 5.9 9.8 4.6 5.2

aBased on data from the bureau of Mines; energy consumption includes distribution

generation losses.

Source: President of the United States, Economic Report of the President, Transmitted to Congress

January 1977, Together with the Annual Report of the Council of Economic Advisers, Washington,

D.C., p. 91.

F-+
164

YEAR

4* Figure 2-2. Petroleum Consumption by Sector.

Table 2--5. Petroleum Consumption by Sector, 1950

(trillion Btu)

through 1976

Household and commercial Industrial

Year Ya Fulb Transportation Electrical Total Transportation as percent Other

Fuel use Nonfuel Total Fuel use Nonfuel Total of total generation input use use

1950 2,603 435 3,038 2,213 453 2,666 6,785 50.3 662 337 13,488

1960 4,189 734 4,923 2,674 1,008 3,682 10,372 51.7 564 526 20,067

1970 5,371 1,082 6,453 3,252 2,015 5,267 15,592 52.7 2,087 215 29,614

1971 5,331 1,108 6,439 3,196 1,898 5,094 16,286 53.3 2,543 207 30,570

1972 5,531 1,137 6,668 3,553 2,135 5,668 17,264 52.4 3,114 233 32,966

1973 5,425 1,264 6,689 3,819 2,240 6,059 18,164 52.1 3,656 283 34,851

1974 4,896 1,165 6,061 3,690 2,217 5,907 17,720 53.0 3,480 246 33,414

1975 4,688 1,141 5,747 3,521 2,114 5,544 17,933 54.8 3,239 278 32,742

1976 6,333 6,166 18,733 53.6 3,479 227 34,938

aPetroleum products refined and processed from crude oil, including still gas, liquefied refinery gas and natural gas liquids.

bIncludes bunders and military transportation.

"Estimate.

Sources: W. F. Gay, U.S. Department of Transportation, Transportation

Systems Center, Energy Statistics, Cambridge, Mass., August

1976, p. 108; U.S. Department of the Interior, Bureau of the

Mines, Annual U.S. Energy Use Up in 1976 (News Release),

Washington, D.C., March 14, 1977.

so

14-

0

6-

4.

2-

u TTRANSPORTATION

HOUSEMOLD

INDUSTRIAL

1 5 D 

r
* Table 2-6. Petroleum Consumption by Major Product and Major Consuming Sector, 1975

Household and Industrial Transportationb Electricity gener- Miscellaneous and Total domestic commercial ation, utilities unaccounted for product demand Percent

106 1012 106 1012 106 1012 106 1012 106 1012 106 1012 distribution

barrels Btu barrels Btu barrels Btu barrels Btu

Fuel and power 262.5 1,052.9 3.2 d Liquefied gases 167.1 670.2 67.7 271.6 27.7 111.1

Jet fuels

Naphtha type 76.5 409.7 76.5 409.7 1.3 Kerosine type 285.6 1,619.4 3.2 18.1 288.8 1,637.5 5.0

Total 362.1 2,029.1 3.2 18.1 365.3 2,047.2 6.3

Gasoline 2,450.3 12,859.2 2,450.3 12,859.2 39.3

Kerosine 45.1 255.7 12.9 73.2 58.0 328.9 1.0

Distillate fuel 487.1 2,837.4 126.9 737.4 354.5 2,065.0 62.0 361.2 10.2 59.3 1,040.4 6,060.3 18.5

Residual fuel 155.1 975.1 162.8 1,023.5 116.3 731.2 454.9 2,860.0 6.2 39.0 895.3 5,628.8 17.2

Still gas 175.4 1,052.4 175.4 1,052.4 3.2

Petroleum coke 64.8 390.4 64.8 390.4 1.2 Total 854.4 4,738.4 610.2 3,548.5 3,310.9 17,795.6 520.1 3,239.3 16.4 98.3 5,312.0 29,420.1 89.9

Raw materials

Plant condensate 6.9 37.4 6.9 37.4 0.1

Special naphthas 27.5 144.3 27.5 144.3 0.4

Lubese and waxes 33.7 201.1 22.6 137.1 56.3 338.2 1.0

Petroleum cokef 25.2 151.8 25.2 151.8 0.5 Asphalt and road oil 152.8 1,014.0 152.8 1,014.0 3.1 Petrochemical feedstock offtake

Liquefied refinery gasg 32.8 127.7 32.8 127.7 0.4

Liquefied petroleum gasgh 191.1 654.8 191.1 654.8 2.0

Naphtha (-400 degrees) 53.5 280.8 53.5 280.8 0.9 Still gas 15.7 94.2 15.7 94.2 0.3

Miscellaneous (+400 degrees) 47.5 276.7 47.5 276.7 0.9

Total 152.8 1,014.0 433.9 1,968.8 22.6 137.1 609.3 3,119.9 9.5

Miscellaneous and unaccounted for 32.7 179.7 32.7 179.7 0.6

Grand total domestic

product demand 1,007.2 5,752.4 1,044.1 5,517.3 3,333.5 17,932.7 520.1 3,239.3 49.1 278.0 5,954.0 32,719.7 100.0

aIncludes liquefied refinery gas and natural gas liquids. eLubricants are distributed on basis of data from Bureau of the Census.

bIncludes bunkers, military transportation, and all military use of distillate and residual fuel oils.

Preliminary.

dIncludes some fuel and power used by raw materials industries.

eIncludes some fuel and power used by raw materials industries.

(Includes portions of petroleum coke estimated to be consumed in nonfuel uses.

Includes ethane.

Includes LP-gas for synthetic rubber.

Source: U.S. Department of the Interior, Bureau of Mines, Minerals Yearbook, Washington, D.C., annual.

F-+

C!1
166

IN 1976 TRANSPORTATION ACCOUNTED FOR APPROXIMATELY 26% OF THE GROSS NATIONAL

ENERGY USED AND ALMOST 514% OF THE TOTAL PETROLEUM USED.

Figure 2-3. Energy Use by Transportation

60

55-

50-

45-

40-

35 

30 

25-

20-

15 

10-

5-

1945 1950 155 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980

YEAR

Sources: W. F. Gay, U.S. Department of Transportation, Transportation

Systems Center, Energy Statistics, Cambridge, Mass., August

1976, p. 108; U.S. Department of the Interior, Bureau of the

Mines, Annual U.S. Energy Use Up in 1976 (News Release),

Washington, D.C., March 14, 1977.

z

PERCENT TOTAL PETROLEUM USED FOR TRANSPORTATION

PERCENT U . S. ENERGY USED FOR TRANSPORTATION
* Table 2-7. Energy Use by Source: Transportation Sector, 1950 Through 1976

a Petroleumb C Total fossil Utility electricity Total energy Coal Natural gas fuels purchased input Percent of total gross

Year Trillion Trillion Percent of Trillion U.S. energy

Btu Btu transportation Btu Trillion Trillion Trillion inputs

sector Btu Btu Btu

1950 1,701 6,785 78.5 130 8,616 24 8,640 25.4

1960 87 10,372 95.7 359 10,818 18 10,836 24.3

1970 8 15,592 95.3 745 16,345 16 16,361 24.3

1971 6 16,286 95.4 766 17,058 17 17,075 24.8

1972 4 17,264 95.5 790 18,058 17 18,075 25.0

1973 3 18,164 96.0 743 18,910 15 18,925 25.3

1974 2 17,720 96.2 685 18,407 19 18,426 25.3

1975 1 17,933 96.7 595 18,529 16 18,545 26.3

1976e 18,733 96.9 582 19,315 16 19,331 26.1

eEstimated.

aIncludes anthracite, bituminous, and lignite coals.

bIncludes bunkers and military transportation.

cConsumption of natural gas by pipelines.

Sources: W. F. Gay, U.S. Department of Transportation, Energy Statistics, Washington, D.C., August 1976,

p. 105; U.S. Department of the Interior, Bureau of Mines, Annual U.S. Energy Use Up in 1976

(News Release), Washington, D.C., March 14, 1977

1--'
168

THE BUREAU OF MINES (BOM) PUBLISHES STATISTICS ON TOTAL TRANSPORTATION

ENERGY USE BY FUEL SOURCE BUT NOT BY TRANSPORTATION MODE (EXCEPT

IMPLICITLY BY FUEL TYPE). IN ORDER TO GET A MODAL BREAKDOWN IT IS

NECESSARY TO RELY ON VARIOUS TRANSPORTATION AGENCIES THAT INDEPENDENTLY

COLLECT DATA ON FUEL CONSUMPTION BY TRANSPORTATION MODE SUCH AS THE FEDERAL

HIGHWAY ADMINISTRATION AND THE FEDERAL AVIATION ADMINISTRATION, HOWEVER,

AS INDICATED ON P. 169, DISCREPANCIES EXIST BETWEEN THE TOTALS REPORTED

BY THE BOM AND THOSE REPORTED BY THE INDEPENDENT AGENCIES.

Two OBVIOUS AREAS OF DISCREPANCIES ARE AS FOLLOWS: FIRST, NONE OF THE

COAL, NAPHTA JET FUEL, AND LUBES AND WAXES ALLOCATED BY THE BOM TO THE

TRANSPORTATION SECTOR IS REFLECTED IN THE OTHER STATISTICS. SECONDLY,

THE TRANSPORTATION ENERGY UTILIZED BY THE DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE (DOD)

IS INCLUDED ONLY IN THE BUREAU OF MINES (BOM) FIGURES AND GENERALLY IS

NOT AVAILABLE SEPARATELY. HOWEVER, ALTHOUGH THE DIFFERENCE SHOULD

DIMINISH WHEN DOD FIGURES ARE ADDED TO THE VARIOUS TOTALS, IT WOULD BE

AN ERROR TO ATTRIBUTE ALL DIFFERENCES TO DOD TRANSPORTATION ENERGY.

Table 2-8. Effect of Available DOD Figures for 1973 on

Discrepancies in Reporting Sources

(1012 Btu)

BOM % difference Other sources Other DOD

to BOM plus DOD sources

Distillate fuel 2132.0 +3.35 2207.6 2093.4 114.2

Residual fuel oil 730.5 +3.06 752.87 581.1 171.7

Source for DOD Data: W. G. Dupree, U.S. Department of the Interior,

Energy Consumption in the Transportation Sector,

presented at the Fourth National Conference on

the "Effects of Energy Constraints on Transportation Systems," Union College, N.Y., Aug. 1-5,

1977.
Table 2-9. Comparison of Total Transportation Energy Use

(1012 Btu)

Using Various Sources, CY 1973

~~ b

Bureau of Minesa % difference Total of other ICC FHWA APTA FAA DOT

to BOM sources

Bituminous coal and lignite 3.1 -100.0

Petroleum

Liquefied gases 134.8 -98.92 1.45 1.45

Jet fuel (naphta) 424.1 -100.0

Jet fuel (kerosene) 1707.3 -16.60 1423.85 1423.85

Gasoline 12871.8 +2.42 13183.44 13180.08 3.360

Distillate fuel 2132.0 -1.81 2093.40 575.23 1362.15 156.03

Residual fuel 730.5 -20.44 581.17 0.22 580.95

Lubes and waxes 163.1 -100.00

Total petroleum 18163.6 -4.85 17283.31 578.59 14542.22 1.45 1424.07 736.98

Natural gas 743.5 0.0 743.50 743.50

Utility electiricity

Distributed 15 -19.00 12.15d4.2d 7.95

Losses 31.73 -10.37 28.44d9. 8 2 d 18.62

Total 46.73 -13.14 40.59414.02d 26.57

Total transportation 18956.93 -4.69 18067.40

DOD transportation energy FY 1973 1307

Energy FY 1973 18956.93 +2.2 19374.4

aIncludes Department of Defense.

bDoes not include DOD.

CAviation gasoline total 9 reported to FHWA

3.36

dAssuming 11400 Btu/kWhr in generation.

Source: Same as page 170.

I

t~o
170

4 Table 2-10. Fuel Consumption by Mode of Transportation

(in millions)

1965 1970 1974 1975

Highway

Passenger car and taxi

Gasoline, barrels 1,195.38 1,563.07 1,756.43 1,809.76

Motorcycles

Gasoline, barrels 1.64 3.21 10.64 10.64

Bus

Intercity

Distillate fuel oil, barrels 6.49 7.27 4.72 4.29

School

Gasoline, barrels 5.93 7.14 7.93 8.14

Local

Gasoline, barrels 2.18 0.89 0.18 0.12 (P)

Distillate fuel oil, barrels 5.91 6.44 7.53 8.69 (P)

Liquefied gases, barrels 0.78 0.74 0.07 0.06

Electricity, kWhr 181 143 NA NA

Trucks

Single unit

Gasoline, barrels 321.52 410.40 502.98 520.67

Combination

Gasoline, barrels 68.06 5.33 19.58 16.19

Distillate fuel oil, barrels 85.06 145.83 220.92 216.28

Rail

Local

Electricity, kWh 2,403 2,418 2,630 2,646 (P)

Operating railroad

Residual fuel, barrels 0.001

Passenger

Distillate fuel, barrels 13.20 5.89 3.57 NA Electricity, kWhr 905.73 914.87 1,088.95 NA

Coal, tons 1,285 1,008 1,041 NA

Freight

Distillate fuel, barrels 75.91 84.77 96.41 NA

Electricity, kWhr 603.18 426.41 401.10 NA Coal, tons 2,410 68 56 NA

Residual fuel oil, barrels 1.84

Aira

General aviation

Gasoline, barrels 6.95 13.12 10.55 NA Jet kerosine, barrels 1.93 4.94 8.50 NA Air carrierC

Gasoline, barrels 12.36 0.34 0.16 0.15 Jet-kerosine, barrels 110.71 240.11 227.28 226.35 Residual fuel oil, barrels NA 0.03 0.03 0.03

Water

Residual fuel oil, barrels 73.64 89.86 91.12 NA Distillate fuel oil, barrels 15.52 19.50 24.26 NA Gasoline, barrels 2.29 14.24 16.59 17.37

Pipeline

Natural gas, ft3 500,024 722,166 668,792 NA

Gasoline reported to FHWA other

than used for highway, aviation

or water, barrels 99.88 90.39 81.55 NA

aCivilian only.

bClass I only.

CCertificated carriers only.

dNumbers are for fuel purchased domestically. An ERDA-sponsored study

done by Booz-Allen reports an additional 2.14 x 1012 Btu of fuels purchased overseas in 1974 for U.S. Commerce purposes (see p. 180).

eAn Aerospace study reports considerably higher energy consumption for pipelines: 742.1 x 1012 Btu for natural gas pipeline in 1970 (93% of which is natural gas consumption) and 387.4 x 1012 Btu for oil pipe- line (78% of which is electricity consumption).

P - Preliminary.

NA - Not available.

Sources: U.S. Department of the Interior, Bureau of Mines, Minerals Yearbook, Washington, D.C., annual; U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration, Highway Statistics, Washington, D.C., annual; Tables MF-21 rough MF-26 and Table VM-1, American Public Transit Association, Transit Fact Book, '75-'76 ed., Washington, D.C., p. 45; B. V. Cayce, U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Aviation Administration, FAA Statistical Handbook of Aviation, Washington, D.C., annual; Interstate Commerce Commission, Transport Statistics, Washington, D.C., annual; Part 1 Table 31, American Public Transit Association, Transit Fact Book, Washington, D.C., annual; p. 45; W. F. Gay, U.S. Department of Transportation, Transportation Systems Center, Energy Statistics, Cambridge, Mass., 1976, p. 117.
171

*Table 2-11. Energy Used by Mode of Transport1965 Through 1975

(1012 Btu)

1965 1970 1974 1975

Highway

Passenger car and taxi

Motorcycles

Buses

Intercity

School

Local

Trucks

Single unit

Combinations

Rail

Local rail (heavy and light rail)

Operating railroadsb

Passenger

Freight

Aira

General aviation

Air carrierC

Water

Pipeline

Gasoline other than highway, water,

air reported to FHWA

Total

8,941.95

6,273.36

8.62

119.95

37.78

31.11

51.07

2,540.01

1,687.36

852.36

575.30

27.39

547.91

87.23

460.68

740.02

47.42

692.60

565.45

517

524.16

11,863.88

11,629.38

8,203.00

16.87

126.59

42.33

37.49

46.77

3,282.92

2,153.80

1,129.12

570.98

27.57

543.41

44.77

498.64

1,460.33

96.87

1,363.46

753.26

744.6

474.36

15,632.91

13,417.01

9,217.74

55.85

114.18

27.46

41.61

45.11

4,029.24

2,639.62

1,389.62

630.52

29.98

600.54

34.39

566.15

1,393.26

103.55

1,289.71

801.27

684.8

428.00

17,354.86

13,750.01

9,497.63

55.85

119.24

25.01

42.73

51.50 (P)

4,077.29

2,732.46

1,344.83

562.99

30.16 (P)

532.83 (P)

NA

NA

NA

NA

1,284.37

NA

NA

NA

aCivilian only.

bClass I only.

CCertificated carriers only.

dNumbers are for fuel purchased domestically. An ERDA-sponsored study

done by Booz-Allen reports an additional 2.14 x 1012 Btu of fuels

purchased overseas in 1974 for U.S. Commerce purposes (see p. 180).

eAn Aerospace study reports considerably higher energy consumption for

pipelines: 742.1 x 1012 Btu for natural gas pipeline in 1970 (93% of

which is natural gas consumption) and 387.4 x 1012 Btu for oil pipeline (78% of which is electricity consumption).

P - Preliminary.

NA - Not available.

Sources: U.S. Department of the Interior, Bureau of Mines, Minerals

Yearbook, Washington, D.C., annual; U.S. Department of

Transportation, Federal Highway Administration, Highway

Statistics, Washington, D.C., annual; Tables MF-21 through

MF-26 and Table VM-1, American Public Transit Association,

Transit Fact Book, '75-'76 ed., Washington, D.C., p. 45;

B. V. Cayce, U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal

Aviation Administration, FAA Statistical Handbook of Aviation,

Washington, D.C., annual; Interstate Commerce Commission,

Transport Statistics, Washington, D.C., annual; Part 1 

Table 31, American Public Transit Association, Transit Fact

Book, Washington, D.C., annual, p. 45; W. F. Gay, U.S.

Department of Transportation, Transportation Systems Center,

Energy Statistics, Cambridge, Mass., 1976, p. 117.
172

4Figure 2-4. Energy Used by Mode of Transport, 1974

(1012 Btu)

AND TAXIS

PERSONAL 9 217.74

PASSENGER _ 53.1%

9,273.59

53.4% MOTORCYCLE

55.85

H IGHWAY< T RUCK 03

13,417.01 4,029.24

23. 2% INTERCI TY

770.3%

27.46

BUS . 2%

114. 18

. 7% SCHOOL

41.61

0. 2%

LOCAL

45.11

TOTAL

17,354.86

100.0%

LOCAL RAIL

29.98

.2%

RAIL PASSENGERb

630.52 34.39

3.6%.%

FREIGHT

566.15

3.3%

GENERAL

__AVIATION

103.55

AIRa DOMESTIC

1,393.26 1079

8.0x AIR CARRIER 6.0% 8.0% --- 1,289.71

INTERNATIONAL 7. 4% -

251.74

1.5%

WATER

801.27

4.6%

PIPELINES

684.8

3.9%

GASOLINE

428.0

2.5%

aCivilian only.

bCiass I only.

Certificated carriers only.

dNumbers are for fuel purchased domestically. An ERDA-sponsored study done by Booz-Allen reports an additional 2.14 x 1012 Btu of fuels purchased overseas in 1974 for U.S. Commerce purposes (see p. 180).

An Aerospace study reports considerably higher energy consumption for pipelines: 742.1 x 1012 Btu for natural gas pipeline in 1970 (93% of which is natural gas consumption) and 387.4 x 1012 Btu for oil pipeline (78% of which is electricity consumption).

Gasoline other than that used by highway, marine or air which is reported to FHCA. This is probably gasolined used by pipelines.

P - Preliminary.

NA - Not available.

Sources: U.S. Department of the Interior, Bureau of Mines, Minerals Yearbook, Washington,

D.C., annual; U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration,

Highway Statistics, Washington, D.C., annual, Tables MF-21 through MF-26 and

Table VM-1, American Public Transit Association, Transit Fact Book, '75-'76 ed.,

Washington, D.C., p. 45; B. V. Cayce, U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal

Aviation Administration, FAA Statistical Handbook of Aviation, Washington, D.C.,

annual; Interstate Commerce Commission, Transport Statistics, Washington, D.C.,

annual; Part 1 - Table 31, American Public Transit Association, Transit Fact

Book, Washington, D.C., annual, p. 45; W. F. Gay, U.S. Department of Transportation, Transportation Systems Center, Energy Statistics, Cambridge, Mass.,

1976, p. 117.
Table 2-12. Department of Defense Energy Use by Transportation Mode

FY 1973

Btu x 1012 Percent of total Percent of transportation

Total 1,824 100.0

Transportation 1,307 71.7 100.0

Aircraft 917 50.0 69.8

Ship 279 15.3 21.3

Ground equipment operations 116 6.4 8.9

Other 517 28.3

Source: U.S. Department of Defense, Management of Defense Energy Resources - Phase II,

Washington, D.C., 1974, p. 2-2.

no
174

ACCORDING TO FHWA PRELIMINARY ESTIMATES, U.S. MOTOR-FUEL CONSUMPTION

EXCEEDED 118 BILLION GAL. IN 1976. THIS REPRESENTS A 5.5% INCREASE OVER

1975. NINETY-SEVEN PERCENT OF THIS TOTAL WAS CONSUMED FOR HIGHWAY USE 

WHICH REPRESENTED A 5.7% INCREASE OVER 1975. THREE PERCENT OF THE MOTOR

FUELS CONSUMED WERE SPECIAL FUELS (DIESEL, BUTANE, ETC.). THE TABLE

BELOW REFLECTS THE REGIONAL MOTOR FUEL CONSUMPTION CHARACTERISTICS.

. Table 2-13.

Regional Total and Per Capita Motor-Fuel Use for 1976

Total Total motor-fuel

Region motor-fuel Populationb use per capita

usea (106 gal) (106) (gal/capita)

New England 5,745 12.2 470.9

Middle Atlantic 15,241 37.3 408.6

East North Central 22,355 40.9 546.6

West North Central 11,003 16.8 654.9

South Atlantic 19,565 34.0 575.4

East South Central 8,282 13.7 604.5

West South Central 14,218 21.2 670.7

Mountain 6,631 9.8 676.6

Pacific 15,729 28.7 548.0

Total U.S. 118,769 214.6 572.9

aTotal motor-fuel use includes highway and nonhighway.

bPopulation is the resident population as of July 1, 1976.

Sources: U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Highway

Administration, Department of Transportation News,

FHWA 68-76 (November 4, 1976), Washington, D.C.,

Table ES-F; U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the

Census, Current Population Reports: Population Estimates

and Projections, Series P-25, No. 642, Washington, D.C.,

December 1976, Table 1.

THE RATHER SIZABLE RANGE IN PER CAPITA CONSUMPTION (409 GAL/CAPITA IN THE

MID ATLANTIC COMPARED WITH 655 GAL/CAPITA IN THE WEST NORTH CENTRAL) MAY

POSSIBLY BE EXPLAINED BY THE VARIATION IN COMMUTING DISTANCE.
* Figure 2-5.

TOTAL ANNUAL FUEL CONSUMPTION

BY TYPE OF VEHICLE

7 3 7. ................... ...................-...................- :............... ....-......... ....... ................... ...................

66

59

AUTOMOBILES

...................... ....................... ................... ..................:... ................ :... ........---------.----------

48

31: 3-L

I RUCKS 26

23

19 24

------------------- -------------- ---- 0 ------------------ -------------- ----- ------------ --- .------ --------- -- .------- ---------

3 

.6 .0 USEs .4 . $8 .4 ._.d6 .90 .94 e .$8 a..6

ni ~

1964 1966 1968 1970

YEAR

19 1972 19W

* Figure 2-6.

AVERAGE ANNUAL FUEL CONSUMPTION

BY TYPE OF HIGHWAY VEHICLE

3000 

80

70 

60-

(n

00.

r14

O 40-

U)

0

~30-

2800

2600

2400

200-

2000

1800

1600

1400

1200

1000

800

1V76

Source: U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal

annual.

1962

---------.. ..--- ----- + ---- .------ -- - ------.---------- ---. . . .- -.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . _ . . .. . .. ..

7723772

264916

2, 16

------------ ------. ---... -. --.-... --. -----------.. -- .- - - -----. . .. - - ------ ....... :- - . . - - - . . . . . . . . . . 

1,,65 1,446 :

1,:389 1, $16 1, j82 TU ----- ----- ----- - .-- ----- ----- ---- ----- ----- ------. -- -----. ---- ---- .- -- ---. . -... --.. . .- - . . 

1,269

------------------- ..... ... ..------.-- ....... - - ... ......... . . ..... :....... .. ................ ......:............ 

_ 714 730 --- --.... -- - - - - - -- - . . . . ......... ----- ................................P A S .. .. ...... ..........

652 666 682 P6 ..

:67-

1964 1966 1968 1970

YEAR

172 197 1976

Highway Administration, Highway Statistics, Table VM-1,

U) z

0

10

1962

I

0

600 I I
176

* Figure 2-7.

DAILY AVERAGE CONSUMPTION

OF MOTOR GASOLINE

BY MONTH

1977

1976

1975

1974

500 -I

JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUN JUL AUG SEP OCT NOV DEC

Source: U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration,

Monthly Motor Gasoline Reported by States, Washington, D.C.,

monthly.

7800

76001

^

CO

z

V)

0

woo

7200

7000

6800 

6600

6400

6200-

6000

5800-
AIRCRAFT FUEL USE DISTRIBUTION

U.S. SCHEDULED CARRIERS, DOMESTIC & INTERNATIONAL OPERATIONS

AVERAGE FOR AUGUST 1976

4. Figure 2-8.

0-500

30.9% 501-1000

22.1%

3001+

9.2% 1001-1500

\14.o%

1501-

2000

2501- 

11.6%

3000

4.7% 2001-

2500

7.5%

BY STAGE LENGTH

707, 720

DC8

18.4%

727 35.0%

J~DC10,

L1011

16.7%

737, DC9, 747

BAC111 13.9%

14.6%

PROPS

1.6%

BY AIRPLANE TYPE

Source: L. J. Williams, NASA Ames Research Center, Air Transportation Energy Efficiency, presented at

the Fourth National Conference on the "Effects of Energy Constraints on Transportation Systems,"

Union College, August 1-5, 1977, Figure 8.

1-'

U
Table 2-14. Estimated Fuel Consumed by United States Domestic Civil Aviation2

(In millions of gallons)

Total Jet Fuel Jet Fuel Aviaion Gasoline

Fiscal and Aviation Air General Air Ceneral

Year Gasoline Total Carrier Aviation Total Carrier Aviation

Gal x 106 BTU x.1012

1972 8,724 1173-59 8,311 8,037 274 413 22 391

1973 9,035 1215-38 8,603 8,299 304 432 21 411

1974 8,534 1147.43 8,071 7,714 357 463 20 443

1975 8,795 1182-56 8,321 7,792 523 474 20 454

1976 8,922 1199-25 8,403 7,831 572 519 20 499

1977T3 2,294 307-75 2,101 1,995 106 193 5 188

19771 9,268 1245-52 6,705 8,071 634 563 19 544

19781 9,690 1302-18 9,096 8,411 685 594 17 577

19791 10,023 1346-89 9,405 8,676 729 618 15 603

1980 1 10,532 1415-21 9,875 9,084 791 657 13 644

19811 11,193 1503-84 10,475 9,591 884 718 11 707

1982 11,726 1575*15 10,944 9,962 982 782 10 772

19831 12,318 1654-62 11,491 10,433 1,058 827 9 818

1984 12,939 1738-04 12,071 10,940 1,13] 868 9 859

19851 13,572 1823.09 12,664 11,459 1,205 908 8 900

19861 14,145 1900.04 13,197 11,917 1,280 948 8 940

19871 14,831 1992-25 13,843 12,484 1,359 988 7 981

19881 15,576 2092-30 14,535 13,078 1,457 1,041 7 1,034

1 Forecast.

2Note--Domestic civil aviation is defined for purposes of the table to include all civil

aircraft flights which originate and terminate within the 50 states. Fuel consumed by

airframe and aircraft engine manufacturers, whether for flight testing or ground testing,

are not shown here because they are not available for the dor.estic industry as a whole and

cannot be estimated with any assurance of accuracy. Estimates of fuel consumed by the

supplemental, contract and intrastate carriers are included in the "Air Carrier" columns.

It should also be noted that general aviation fuel consumption is not reported and historical

series are estimates.

3

1977T represents the transition quarter, July 1, 1976 through September 30, 1976.

Source: U.S. Department, of Transportation, Federal Aviation Administration

Aviation Forecasts - Fiscal Years 1977-1988, Washington, D.C.

September 1976, p. 57.

Op.

LU
179 

AS THE TABLE BELOW REFLECTS, TOTAL ENERGY CONSUMPTION BY MASS TRANSIT

VEHICLES IN THE U.S. HAS DECLINED SINCE 1940. HOWEVER, SINCE 1972 THE

TREND OF ANNUAL DECLINES HAS BEEN REVERSED WITH ENERGY CONSUMPTION

INCREASING FROM 48.14 TO 60.56 TRILLION BTU's IN 1975. THIS INCREASE

IS ACCOUNTED FOR BY INCREASES IN ELECTRIC AND DIESEL CONSUMPTION WHICH

ACCOUNTED FOR 99% OF TOTAL CONSUMPTION IN 1975. AS THE FIGURE ON P. 27

REFLECTS, TOTAL PASSENGERS CARRIED BY BUS HAS INCREASED AT APPROXIMATELY

HALF THIS RATE OR ]3% WHILE TOTAL PASSENGERS CARRIED BY ALL OTHER MODES

HAS DECLINED.

* Table 2-15. Energy Use by Mass Transit Passenger Vehicles

(in trillions of BTUs)

Electric Gasolineb Diesel Propane Total

1940 72.07 e e 0 e

1945 80.00 63.75 1.64 0 145.39

1950 59.73 53.75 13.69 f 127.17

1955 40.17 30.75 23.96 2.78 97.66

1960 33.10 19.20 28.88 3.51 84.69

1965 29.40 11.44 '!.48 3.00 78.32

1970 29.13 4.65 37.56 2.84 74.18

1971 29.07 3.68 35.64 2.43 70.82

1972 27.63 2.46 35.15 2.24 67.48

1973 26.53 1.54 39.23 1.39 68.69

1974 29.93 0.93 43.91 0.29 75.06

1975 30.10 0.63 50.67 0.23 81.63

aAssumes 30% generation and distribution efficiency.

bAssumes 124,000 BTUs/gal.

CAssumes 138,800 BTUs/gal. No. 2 diesel oil.

dAssumes 91,600 BTUs/gal.

eData not available.

fPropane included with gasoline.

Source: American Public Transit Association, Transit

Fact Book, '75-'76 ed., Washington, D.C.,

Mar. 1976, p. 45.
180 Io

THE OCEAN SHIPPING SECTOR (I.E. FOREIGN TRADE) USED UJ% OF THE ESTIMATED

2.95 QUADS OF ENERGY USED BY THE MARINE TRANSPORTATION INDUSTRY IN 1974,

ACCORDING TO A RECENT STUDY CONDUCTED UNDER AN ERDA CONTRACT (SEE TABLE

BELOW).

* Table 2-16. Productivity and Energy Use Summary of the

Marine Transportation Industry, 1974

Type of marine No. of Tons of Energy Percent of

trnspratioovessels trnsoraton veses (a iomoved consumed total energy (milions)0 (quads) consumed

Ocean 4,774 654.9 2.360 80.0

Great Lakes 692 175.3 0.052 1.8

Inland waterways 2,404 535.8 0.089 3.0

Coastal 1,934 213.0 0.112 4.0

Offshore 620 0.064 2.2

Pleasure craft 7,400,000 0.241 8.2

Fishing and misc. 90,300 0.032 0.8

Total 7,500,740 1,579 2.950 100.0

aMeasured in long tons.

Source: Booz, Allen and Hamilton Inc., Energy Use in the Marine

Transportation Industry - Task I - Industry Summary, Energy

Research and Development Administration, Division of

Transportation Energy Conservation, Washington, D.C.,

January 11, 1977, p. I-S. (Draft).

CURRENTLY ONLY ABOUT 19% OF THE ENERGY USED FOR FOREIGN SHIPPING IS

ACTUALLY PURCHASED IN THE U.S.; 81% IS PURCHASED ABROAD. OVER 90% OF THE

TOTAL ENERGY IS USED BY VESSELS REGISTERED UNDER FOREIGN FLAGS

BUT ENGAGING IN U.S. COMMERCE (SEE TABLE BELOW). CONVENTIONAL ESTIMATES

OF ENERGY USE BY THE MARINE SECTOR OF THE U.S. HAVE NOT TAKEN THESE FACTS

INTO ACCOUNT.

* Table 2-17. Point of Purchase of Marine Fuel, 1974

(in quads)

Point of purchase

Trade U.S. Overseas0 Total

Quads Percentage Quads Percentage Quads Percentage

Domestic .37 63 .22 37 .59 100

Foreignb .44 19 1.92 81 2.36 100

U.S. flag .09 43 .12 57 .21 100

Foreign flag .35 16 1.80 84 2.15 100

Total .81 27 2.14 73 2.95 100

aAlso includes fuels unaccounted for.

bTrade conducted by the ocean shipping sector.

Source: Booz, Allen and Hamilton Inc., Energy Use in the Marine Transpor- tation Industry - Task - Industry Summary, Energy Research and

Development Administration, Division of Transportation Energy

Conservation, Washington, D.C., January 11, 1977, p. I-10. (Draft).

(Original source: U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the

Census, Bunker Fuels.)

A CHANGE IN THE BUYING PATTERN INDICATED ABOVE COULD SIGNIFICANTLY INFLUENCE

TOTAL U.S. ENERGY DEMAND AND CONSUMPTION. FOR EXAMPLE, ALL ALASKAN OIL MUST

BE TRANSPORTED ON U.S. SHIPS. THEREFORE, IT IS EXPECTED THAT DOMESTIC ENERGY

USE WILL INCREASE. ALSO, IF THESE U.S. SHIPS "FUEL UP" (BUNKER) AT U.S.

PORTS, THE TOTAL ENERGY USE IN THE U.S. WILL INCREASE.
Table 2-18. Transportation

Projections - Total

Energy Conservation Network (TECNET) Base Case

Energy Use by the Transportation Sector

(1015 Btu)

Total % Auto % Truck % Air % Water % Rail % Othera

TOTAL

1971

1985

2000

2025

Direct

1971

1985

2000

2025

Indirectb

1971

1985

2000

2025

Indirect as % of

Direct

1971

1985

2000

2025

24.84

31.83

46.15

80.41

16.84

20.62

28.67

50.29

8.00

11.21

17.48

30.11

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

67.8

64.8

62.1

62.5

32.2

35.2

37.9

37.5

12.17

12.11

17.07

28.82

8.65

7.57

9.97

17.19

3.52

4.53

7.10

11.63

47.5

54.4

61.0

59.9

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

71.0

62.5

58.4

59.6

29.0

37.5

41.6

40.4

4.77

7.24

10.88

23.01

3.38

5.40

8.02

17.26

1.39

1.83

2.86

5.74

40.7

59.9

71.2

67.6

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

70.9

74.7

73.7

75.0

29.1

25.3

26.3

25.0

2.31

5.56

9.05

14.67

1.39

3.56

5.85

8.65

0.93

2.00

3.19

6.02

40.9

33.9

35.7

33.3

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

60.0

64.0

64.7

59.0

40.0

36.0

35.3

41.0

1.30

1.51

2.20

3.51

0.70

0.76

1.03

1.75

0.60

0.75

1.17

1.76

66.7

56.1

54.5

69.7

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

53.6

47.9

46.7

50.0

46.4

47.0

53.3

50.0

1.09

1.59

2.42

4.65

0.59

0.78

1.18

2.32

0.50

0.81

1.24

2.33

86.7

98.1

114.0

100.2

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

53.7

49.0

48.8

50.0

46.3

51.0

33.8

50.0

86.2

104.0

104.9

100.2

aOther includes bus pipeline, and unallocated energy use categories.

The components

tation support

of indirect energy consumption include transportation equipment manufacture, transporservices, and infrastructure construction and maintenance.

Source: R. M. Doggett et al., International Research and Technology Corporation, The Transportation

Energy Conservation Network (TECNET), McLean, Va., June 24, 1977, Tables 2-5 through 2-8.

3.19

3.81

4.53

5.74

2.14

2.54

2.62

3.12

1.06

1.28

1.90

2.64

00

pig

ND --_ ~
Selected Findings of the Transportation Energy Conservation

Network (TECNET) Scenarios

Energy Impacts

First and foremost, the test scenarios verify that indirect energy use

in transportation is large and constitutes a si gni fi cant porti n .f

total transportation demand.' In the base year (1971), the am n .fat 

fuel consumed indirectly by transportation equipment ' service , and

infrastructure is 47.5% as great as the energy consumed directly hy

vehicles. Over time, the significance of the indirect component increases, regardless of whether national energy policy advocates moderate

or more stringent conservation.

When defined in terms of its -total energy consumption (i.e., indirect

and direct uses) the transportation sector is the single-largest consumer of fuel in the nation. During the 55-year forecast period,

transportation's share of national energy use ranges from 36 to 42% in

the Base Case scenario, and 36 to 44% in the Conservation Case.b

There are large differences among transportation modes in the importance

of indirect energy. At the high end of the spectrum, indirect demand

in the rail and marine sectors is almost as large as direct consumption

in the base year (greater than 80%) and by 2000 it actually exceeds

direct fuel use. Conversely, the trucking industry has very low relative indirect demands (less than 40% of direct use in all forecast years).

The composition of indirect demand within each mode also varies. For

auto, truck, and air, the energy embodied in the inputs to vehicle production represents the principal source of indirect energy use. In the

other modes, however, the most significant demands are associated with

support services. The elements of infrastructure make a significant

contribution to transportation energy use only in the cases of highway

and pipeline construction.

Environmental Effects

The analysis of residuals focused on the comparison of the primary and

indirect effects of the postulated introduction of alternative auto

propulsion systems. The use of Stirling, Brayton, and electric cars

improves the energy efficiency of the auto fleet and also results in

changes in the input mix of the motor vehicles industry. In the Conservation Case example, the effect of this technology change is a reduction

in both mobile source and stationary source emissions.

Economic Impacts

On the aggregate level, the impacts of the test scenarios on the GNP and

employment are insignificant. Transportation decisions can, however,

have a major influence on the output levels of particular industries.

In addition to impacts on the energy supply sectors, the policies implemented in the conservation scenario significantly affect the following

industries in 2025: steel (-12%), aluminum (+30%), plastics (+5%),

batteries (+13%), and pipelines (-15%).

aIndirect energy consumption was allocated among three categories:

(1) equipment manufacture, (2) transportation support services, and

(3) infrastructure construction and maintenance.

bThe TECNET Conservation scenario was not an extreme or maximum conservation case. The findings of this scenario run reflected a fuel

savings of 12.6 percent in 2025 relative to the base case projections.

The assumptions for this scenario included significant market penetration of alternative engine designs, increased vehicle fuel economy

to 31 mpg in 2025, and significant materials substitution in

transportation-related industry. (see Chapter 3)

Source: R. M. Doggett et al., International Research and Technology

Corporation, The Transportation Energy Conservation Network

(TECNET), Vol. 1: A Presentation of Findings, McLean, Va.,

June 24, 1977, pp. 1-3 through 1-6.

182 Figure 2-9.
Section 2.2

Energy Efficiency and Intensity

185

DUE TO AUTOMOBILE MIX, IT WILL TAKE SEVERAL YEARS BEFORE NEW CAR FUEL

ECONOMY IMPROVEMENTS SIGNIFICANTLY AFFECT THE AVERAGE FUEL ECONOMY

FOR THE TOTAL DOMESTIC FLEET OF CARS.

*Figure 2-10. Average Fuel Economy for the Automobile

Fleet and New Cars

7n-o

z

0

0

U)

19 0 

18 0 

1-0-

16 0 

15 0 

14 0 

13 0 

120-

1966 19658 1970 1972 19

YEAR

1976 1978 1980

aSales-weighted city/highway combined fuel economy by model year based

on post-1974 test procedures.

bAverage miles traveled per gallon of fuel consumed as reported annually

by the Office of Highway Planning, FHWA.

Sources: J. D. Murrell et al., Light Duty Automotive Fuel Economy

Trends Through 1977, SAE paper 760795, presented at the

Automobile Engineering Meeting, Dearborn, Mich., October 18-

22, 1976; U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Highway

Administration, Highway Statistics, annual.

18.6 NEW CAR FUEL

ECNltWa

17.8

15.0 15.1 15.6

14.5

13.9

13.7

13.8 13.6 AVERAGE FLEET

13.5 13."7 FUJEL ECCEJCW b

1982 I I I I I I I
186

THE WEIGHT OF AN AUTOMOBILE IS AN IMPORTANT FACTOR IN DETERMINING ITS FUEL

ECONOMY. (AS THE INERTIA WEIGHT INCREASES, THE FUEL ECONOMY DECREASES.)

THE FIGURE AND TABLE BELOW SHOW THE EPA ESTIMATED FUEL ECONOMY (IN MILES

PER GALLON) BY INERTIA WEIGHT CLASS FOR MODEL YEARS 1957-1977. THE

DIFFERENCE IN FUEL ECONOMY FROM THE LOW AVERAGE MPG TO THE HIGH AVERAGE

MPG RANGES FROM A 100% TO A 200% INCREASE FOR MOST OF THE MODEL YEARS.

24-

z

0

16-

Fi ur600LL- 2000 260 3000 360 40 400 50 600 00 *Figure 2-11. WEIGHT CLAS

Automobile Fuel Economy for Various Weight Classes by Model Year.

City/Highway Combined Fuel Economy by Model Year and Weight Class

* Table 2-19. (miles per gallon)

Inertia weight class

Model year

2000 2250 2500 2750 3000 3500 4000 4500 5000 5500

'57-'67 av. 27.8 26.3 23.1 20.7 18.5 16.3 15.2 14.0 13.1 12.7

1968 23.3 24.7 22.3 23.8 18.8 16.0 14.5 13.6 11.2 10.7

1969 26.9 24.5 22.7 20.3 18.6 16.0 14.4 13.6 11.0 13.0

1970 28.2 23.3 21.1 22.3 19.2 16.0 14.5 13.1 12.2 11.9

1971 27.3 25.8 23.3 22.1 17.8 14.7 14.1 12.9 11.6 13.1

1972 27.7 26.4 23.6 24.1 17.4 16.0 13.4 12.9 11.6 11.2

1973 28.7 26.4 23.8 21.1 18.8 16.8 13.0 12.2 11.2 10.4

1974 31.2 25.7 23.6 22.5 20.6 18.3 13.5 11.8 10.8 9.9

1975 31.3 28.1 24.5 22.4 21.6 17.6 15.5 14.6 12.8 12.0

1976 32.1 29.1 25.9 24.4 23.4 19.1 17.4 15.6 14.6 13.3

1977 31.8 28.7 26.4 24.4 20.1 18.2 16.6 14.3 12.7

Source: J. D. Murrell et al., Light Duty Automotive Fuel Economy 

Trends Through 1977, SAE Paper 760795, presented at the

Automobile Engineering Meeting, Dearborn, Mich., October 1976.

1~9?

} 59~

tor

32

30-

25-
*Table 2-20. Near Term Energy Intensity for Automobiles and Buses Compared with

Operating Energy Intensity

Specific energy, stop/start

Trip Average Number of seats Seat-miles/gallon BTU's/seat-mile

Gross length trip Vehicle

Vehicle type weight (statute hrs @ Fuel statute Available 1972 Actual Available 1972 Actual Available 1972 Actual

(1000 lbs.) miles) MPH type miles/gal (full load) aver. oper. (full load) aver. oper. (full load) aver. oper.

Urban, subcompact auto 2.0-2.4 10.0 .24/25 Gas 24.0 4.0 1.6 96 38.4 1,302 3,255

Urban, compact auto 2.5-3.4 10.0 .24/25 Gas 18.0 5.0 1.6 90 28.8 1,389 4,340

Urban, standard auto 3.5-4.4 10.0 .24/25 Gas 14.4 6.0 1.6 86.4 23.0 1,447 5,435

Urban, luxury auto 4.5-6.0 10.0 .24/25 Gas 9.0 6.0 1.6 54 14.4 2,315 8,681

Urban, bus (18.5 empty) 13.0 1.25/ Diesel 3.6-4.0 50 12 180 48 771 2,891

Intercity, bus (28.7empty) 100.0 1.81/55 Diesel 6.0 46 19.4 276 116.4 503 1,192 45.0

Intercity, subcompact 2.0-2.4 100.0 1.81/55 Gas 30.0 4.0 2.0 120 60 1,042 2,083 auto

Intercity, compact 2.5-3.4 100.0 1.81/55 Gas 22.5 5.0 2.2 112.5 49.5 1,111 2,525 auto

Intercity, standard 3.5-4.4 100.0 1.81/55 Gas 18.0 6.0 2.6 108 46.8 1,157 2,671

auto

Intercity, luxury 4.5-6.0 100.0 1.81/55 Gas 13.0 6.0 3.0 72 36 1,736 3,472

auto

'Gasoline = 125 X 103 BTU/gal, Diesel = 138.8 X 103 BTU/gal.

Source: W.F. Gay, U.S. Department of Transportation, Energy Statistics, Washington, D.C., 1975, p. 137.

00-

0

0 
IN 1977 MODEL AUTOMOBILES THERE IS ESTIMATED TO BE A 2.6 SALES WEIGHTED MILES PER GALLON (SWMPG)

DIFFERENCE BETWEEN THE HIGHEST AND LOWEST DOMESTIC AUTO PRODUCERS. THERE IS A 10.6 SWMPG DIFFERENCE

BETWEEN THE HIGHEST AND LOWEST FOREIGN PRODUCERS.

OF THE DOMESTIC AUTOMOBILE PRODUCERS, FORD

WHEREAS GENERAL MOTORS IS EXPECTED TO MAKE

IN 1977, ABOUT EQUAL GAINS ARE EXPECTED TO

THE WEIGHT MIX (2.6%).

Table 2-21. Fuel Economy Char

MADE THE LARGEST S1R3 IMPROVEMENT BETWEEN 1975 AND 1976,

THE LARGEST IMPROVEMENT IN 1977. FOR THE TOTAL NEW CAR FLEET

BE ACHIEVED BY SYSTEM OPTIMIZATION (2.8) AND BY SHIFTS IN

nges by Manufacturer: 1976 and 1977

Allocation of fuel economy changes, '76-' 77a

SWMPG a SWMPG

SWMPG PG 1 SWMPG G6 17--7 Changes SWP SWMPG Changes h7-7a8vhceeit System New engine/ Weight

75-'76 76 - 77a optimization combinations mix

onlyconly shifts

American Motors 19.0 18.3 -3.7% 19.2 +4.8% -0.6% +2.6% +2.8%

Chrysler 15.5 16.5 +6.4% 16.6 +0.5% +3.3% -0.1% -2.7%

Ford 13.6 17.3 +27.2% 17.1 -1.4% +2.1% -1.0% -2.5%

General Motors 15.4 16.7 +8.4% 18.4 +10.4% +3.2% +0.7% +6.5%

BMW 17.7 18.9 +6.8% 20.4 +8.0% +2.8% 0.0% +5.3%

Nissan 24.9 26.9 +8.0% 27.1 +0.7% +0.6% -1.1% +1.2%

Porsche 19.8 20.5 +3.5% 19.8 -3.4% -8.8% -3.8% +9.2%

Toyo Kogyo 16.7 21.9 +31.1% 26.1 +19.2% +8.5% -1.1% +11.8%

Toyota 22.2 25.0 +12.6% 28.1 +12.3% +4.8% +1.6% +6.0%

VW 27.4 28.3 +3.3% 30.4 +7.3% +4.5% +0.3% +2.5%

Volvo 19.2 19.4 +1.0% 19.9 +2.9% +1.6% 0.0% +1.4%

Audi 24.2 25.2 +4.1% 25.9 +3.0% -2.7% 0.0% +5.6% Fuji 26.5 29.7 +12.1% 30.2 +1.5% +8.4% -7.3% +0.3%

Fleet 15.6 17.6 +12.8% 18.6 +5.6% +2.8% +0.2% +2.6%

a1 9 7 7 SWMPG values

company.

are based upon estimates in October 1976 of the sales of various sized autos for each

Source: J. D. Murrell et al., Light Duty Automotive Fuel Economy - Trends Through 1977, SAE paper 760795,

presented at the Automobile Engineering Meeting, Dearborn, Michigan, October 1976, p. 8.

00A

0
*Table 2-22. Energy Intensity for Trucks, 1974 to 1980

Specific energy,

Cargo Maximum length trip time Type of Vehicle stop/start cycle

Use density payload sttt (h a fl statute

(lb/ft3) (in tons) miae pr miles/ Ton-miles/gal.Btu/ton- mies mh)gal To ie/a. mile

Urban 20-100 9 10 0.4/25 Gas 8 64 1953

Urban 20-100 8 10 0.4/25 Diesel 12 96 1446

Urban 10-30 3.1 10 0.4/25 Gas 8 25 5040

Intercity 20-100 25 100 1.8/55 Diesel 5 125 1110

Intercity 15 14.3 100 1.8/55 Diesel 4.8 69 2023

Source: W. F. Gay, U.S. Department of Transportation,

Cambridge, Mass., 1975, p. 139.

*Table 2-23. Truck Operating Energy Efficiency and

(1b)

Transportation Systems Center, Energy Statistics,

Intensity by Weight Class, 1972

10,000 14,000 16,000 19,501 26,000 Over

to to to to to

14,000 16,000 19,500 26,000 33,000 33,000

Gas Btu/ton-mile 7353 7764 6944 3079 2129 1701

Ton-miles/gal 17 16.1 18 40.6 58.7 73.5

Diesel Btu/ton-mile 2872 2102 1622

Ton-miles/gal 48.3 66 85.5

Source: D. A. Hurter and W. D. Lee, Arthur D. Little Inc., A Study of

Technological Improvements to Optimize Truck Configurations for

Fuel Economy, Washington, D.C., Sept. 1975, pp. 3-4 through 3-6.

' -I

00

A
190

AIRCRAFT ENERGY EFFICIENCY AND INTENSITY

THE ENERGY EFFICIENCY AND INTENSITY OF AIRCRAFT IS INFLUENCED BY A VARIETY

OF FACTORS. BEFORE PRESENTING THE OVERALL INTENSITY FIGURES FOR THE AIR

MODE, SEVERAL OF THE DOMINANT INFLUENCES ARE PRESENTED IN THE FOLLOWING TABLES.

60 r

50 rC,,

w

-J

Iw

30

20

10

0

737

-200

727

-100

727

-200

DC8

-20

DC8

-51/52

DC8

-61

DC8

-62

DC 10

-10

- _ I..I. _ I II . .I .1 ._ - i- -

97 102 132 139

747

-100

139 192 149 258 336

NUMBER OF AVAILABLE SEATS

*Figure 2-12. Energy Efficiency of Various Aircraft

(stage length 1150 statute miles).

a1 0 seat-miles/gal = 13,500 Btu/seat-mile.

Source: L. J. Williams, NASA Ames Research Center, Air Transportation

Energy Efficiency, presented at the Fourth National Conference

on the "Effects of Energy Constraints on Transportation Systems,"

Union College, Aug. 1-5, 1977, Fig. 11.

40r1-
191

TRIP LENGTH HAS A MARKED INFLUENCE ON THE ENERGY EFFICIENCY OF AIRPLANES.

IF AN AIRPLANE IS OPERATED TOO FAR BELOW ITS DESIGN RANGE, A PENALTY IN

EFFICIENCY RESULTS.

-J

0

LI)

w

J

Fw

500 1000 1500 2000 2500

Figure 2-13. Stage Length in Statute Miles

Aircraft Energy Efficiency vs Stage Length for

3000 3500 4000

Various Aircraft.

a1 0 seat-miles/gal = 13,500 Btu/seat-mile.

Source: L. J. Williams, NASA Ames Research Center, Air Transportation

Energy Efficiency, presented at the Fourth National Conference

on the "Effects of Energy Constraints on Transportation Systems ,"

Union College, Aug. 1-5, 1977, Fig. 13.

DC 10-10

DC8-67

727-200

737-200 DC8-62

DC8-5I/52

DC8-20

0

l I l 1 -- - 1-- i 

o

o

O

_727-100

o

Cf

Io

N

i i i I I
192

WHEN ONE CONSIDERS SPECIFIC ROUTES, IT IS IMPORTANT TO NOTE THAT THE

PRODUCTIVE DISTANCE TRAVELED MAY NOT BE THE SAME AS THE ACTUAL DISTANCE

COVERED. THIS CIRCUITY SHOULD BE INCLUDED IN ROUTE-SPECIFIC ENERGY

EFFICIENCY COMPARISONS AND CALCULATIONS TO GIVE A MORE ACCURATE ASSESSMENT

OF THE ENERGY INTENSIVENESS OF THE TRIP.

Table 2-24.

City Pair Airplane Energy Efficiencies, Including Circuitya

City pair Great circle distance Air ATA C Btu/great circle Btu/sm (miles, airport to airport) (range, miles) Circuity (statute sm)

Los Angeles-San Diego 109 190 1.74 14-24 24-42

New York-Washington 213 296 1.39 21-32 29-44

Chicago-St. Louis 251 334 1.33 24-32 32-43

Portland-San Francisco 550 638 1.16 30-42 35-49

New York-Chicago 738 828 1.12 32-46 36-52

New York-Miami 1092 1188 1.09 36-51 39-56

Seattle-Denver 1019 1114 1.09 35-42 38-46

Minneapolis-San Francisco 1586 1690 1.07 36-42 39-45

Atlanta-Los Angeles 1942 2053 1.06 36-53 38-56

Miami-Los Angeles 2338 2457 1.05 54 57

aEfficiency figures were calculated assuming a 100% load factor and taking the actual aircraft mix for the

route in 1974 into account.

bThese air distances were calculated using Air Transport Association

(ATA) fuel allowance formulas.

Source: Boeing Commercial Airplane Company, Intercity Passenger Transportation Data Energy Comparisons, Vol. 2, Seattle, Wash.,

May 1975.

101
193

THE MOST EFFICIENT AIRCRAFT MAY NOT GIVE THE OPTIMUM PERFORMANCE IN A

GIVEN SERVICE IF THE NIIBER OF AVAILABLE PASSENGERS DOES NOT APPROACH ITS

CAPACITY. FOR LOW PASSENGER VOLUMES, COMPARATIVELY INEFFICIENT AIRCRAFT

MAY BE THE MOST EFFICIENT SOLUTION.

MOST-ENERGY-EFFICIENT AIRCRAFT

7376 DC10 ji 7 2 7 iDC10ji 60

727 727 737 727 DC10

50 

40 -"

L/ 

J 30

w

20 737-200

// - - - - 727-200

10 /' ----- DC-10-10

0 100 200 300 400 500 600

PASSENGERS AVAILABLE AT ONE TIME

Aircraft Energy Efficiency vs Available Passengersb

Figure 2-14.

a1 0 passenger-miles/gal = 13,500 Btu/passenger miles.

bBased on a stage length of 1150 statute miles and the following

airplane performance characteristics

Aircraft Seats available Seat-miles/gal

737-200 97 38.8

727-200 132 41.6

DC 10-10 258 52.7

Source: L. J. Williams, NASA Ames Research Center, Air Transportation

Energy Efficiency, presented at the Fourth National Conference

on the "Effects of Energy Constraints on Transportation Systems,"

Union College, Aug. 1-5, 1977, Fig. 12.
194

AVERAGE OPERATING ENERGY INTENSITY FIGURES CAN BE OBTAINED BY DIVIDING

THE TOTAL ENERGY CONSUMTPION BY THE TOTAL PASSENGER MILES FLOWIN.

*Table 2-25. Operating Conditions and Energy Intensity for

Selected Passenger Aircraft 1 9 7 4 - 7 5 a

Passenger Average

load factor stage length Btu/PM

(%) (mi)

74 75

74 75 74 75

B-747 51.3 51.3 1728 1736 5,700 5,496

B-707-100B 54.1 53.4 905 868 7,771 7,723

DC 8-61 55.1 53.5 898 896 6,445 6,388

DC 10-10 49.8 51.8 1145 1181 6,052 5,654

L-1011 49.7 50.9 923 882 6,900 6,502

B-727-100 61.3 60.1 564 561 7,762 7,824

B-727-200 56.6 55.9 499 489 7,201 7,262

B-737-200 62.6 60.6 300 301 6,589 6,638

DC 9-10 64.7 61.1 370 392 8,272 8,197

DC 9-30 64.0 59.4 337 342 6,938 7,433

L-188 turboprop b 49.6 50.3 203 202 10,295 10,177

Turboprop 2 eng. 53.5 49.9 115 109 8,774 9,391

Piston 2 en 9 .b 46.1 48.9 96 94 9,371 8,584

Helicopter,b turbine,

2 eng. 42.4 39.4 13 13 26,616 27,861

aTrunk carriers in domestic passenger

otherwise noted.

revenue service unless

bLocal service in domestic passenger revenue service.

Source: Civil Aeronautics Board, Aircraft Operating Cost and

Performance Report, Vol. X, Washington, D.C., July 1976.

*Table 2-26. Passenger Operating Energy Intensity for

Certificated Route Passenger/Cargo

Carriers

Year Passenger Btu/

load factor passenger-mile

1971 48 9686

1972 52 8905

1973 52 8692

1974 57 7623

Source: The Aerospace Corporation, Characterization of the U.S. Transportation System, Vol. 1 - Domestic Air Transportation, Los

Angeles, Calif., Mar. 1977, pp. 4-10.
Table 2-27. Energy Intensity for Cargo Aircraft, 1974-1980

Paylad Secifc AvrageSpecific energy,

Maximum Payload Specfic Avtriage Vehicle stop/startcycle Fuel Aircraft payload grss tptip statute

(tons) statute lba miles tm mile/gal Ton-miles/gal Btu/ton-miles

( taue/ils (hr) (TonO)

Turbofan, narrow body 20.6-58.7 8.3-11.6 500 1.3 0.19-0.44 8.4-11.1 11.1-14.7 Kero

Turbofan, narrow body 20.6-58.7 8.3-11.6 1000 2.3 0.22-0.53 9.6-12.8 9.6-12.9 Kero

Turbofan, narrow body 46.8-58.7 10.9-11.6 2000 4.4 0.23-0.27 12.6-13.6 9.1-9.8 Kero

Turbofan, wide body 77.9-126.0 10.0 1000 2.3 0.12-0.23 13.7-15.0 8.2-9.0 Kero

Turbofan, wide body 77.9-126.0 10.0 2000 4.4 0.13-0.24 14.2-16.0 7.7-8.7 Kero

aAll fuel consumption data obtained directly from aircraft manufacturers for all-freighter or convertible-freighter

aircraft models.

bTrip times assumed same as passenger schedules obtained from "Official Airline Guide," Jan. 15, 1974; schedule times

plotted against trip distance.

CKerosene at 18,400 Btu/lb and 6.7 lb/gallon.

Source: W. F. Gay, U.S. Department of Transportation, Transportation Systems Center, Energy Statistics,

Cambridge, Mass., 1975, p. 140.

'CO

U,

U
196

Operating Conditions and Energy Intensity for Selected Cargo

Aircraft and Services 1974-75

* Table 2-28.

Ton Average

load factor stage length Btu/ton-mile

% miles

74 75

74 75 74 75

B-707-300Ca 51.3 46.8 1117 1137 26,992 29,484

DC8-50Fa 54.7 51.0 1224 1196 27,587 28,868

B-727-100C/QC' 66.5 64.0 1053 1075 32,975 33,730

DC8-63F 60.3 61.4 1207 1146 20,948 21,311

B-7470 61.0 2328 18,108

B-747FC 65.1 2421 17,209

aDomestic trunk cargo configuration revenue operations.

bDomestic all-cargo revenue operations.

CDntesational all-cargo revenue operations.

Source: Civil Aeronautics Board, Aircraft Operating Cost and

Performance Report, Vol. X, Washington, D.C., July 1976.

* Table 2-29. Operating Energy Intensity for Air Cargo

Year

1971

1972

1973

1974

Ton load factor Btu/ton-mile

(percent)

Passenger/cargo All cargo Passenger/cargo All cargo

41 53 74,543 25,090

44 57 69,174 23,870

44 61 69,743

48 66 61,572

Source: The Aerospace Corporation, Characterization of the U.S.

Transportation System, Vol. 1 - Domestic Air Transportation, Los Angeles, Calif., Mar. 1977, pp. 4-11.
*Table 2-30. Energy Intensity of Passenger Trains, 1974 to 1980

Specific energy,

Gross Trip AverageFuel Vehicle Number stop/start cycle

Vehicle type weight statute time type statute of seats

(10 b) (stt tm temiles/gal Seat-miles/ Btu/ miles) (hr) gal seat-mile

Urban train 79 0.75 0.02 Electric (57,600 Btu/mi) 50-60 106 1320

New Tokaido line 2000 140 1.4 Electric 0.4 1400 305 427

Standard diesel 1200 50 0.75 Diesel 0.66 360 240 583

Source: W. F. Gay, U.S. Department of Transportation, Transportation System Center, Energy Statistics, Cambridge,

Mass., 1975, p. 139.

*Table 2-31. Operating Energy Intensity of Passenger Trains, 1970 Through 1974

Passenger trains with locomotives Rail motor trains

Year Total energy Btu/ Total energy Btu/ Btu/

(1012 Btu) car-mile a paengr- (1012 Btu) car-mile c passing r- mil1e ml

1970 34.8 61,152 5632 8.73 93,994 1901

1971 22.0 57,419 4996 8.11 82,365 1803

1972 7.62 76,323 1801

1973 22.4 67,419 4433 8.23 79,118 1938

1974 22.8 64,607 3931 9.08 80,473 2003

aTotal energy used by passenger trains with locomotives divided by car-miles.

bTotal energy used by passenger trains with locomotives divided by passenger-miles.

CTotal energy used by rail motor cars divided by commuter car-miles.

dTotal energy used by rail motor cars divided by commuter passenger-miles.

Source: The Aerospace Corporation, Characterization of the U.S. Transportation Systems,

Vol. 4 - Railroads (Freight and Passenger), Los Angeles, Calif., Mar. 1977,

pp. 5-17.

F-+

N~
198

FREIGHT RAILRAD ENERGY INTENSITY

DUE TO VARIATIONS IN THE DENSITIES OF MATERIALS SHIPPED AND TO THE VARIETY

OF THE CARS USED FOR SHIPPING, DIFFERENT MATERIALS EXHIBIT DIFFERENT EI

VALUES FOR RAIL SHIPMENT. IT IS POSSIBLE TO CALCULATE THE VALUES

THEORETICALLY THROUGH THE USE OF RESISTANCE EQUATIONS AND LOCOMOTIVE

CHARACTERISTICS.

Table 2-32. Btu Per Ton-Mile Estimates for Railroad Freight

(loaded movements)

Car type

CommodityB Covered Flat Open-top Tank Misc Boxcar hopper cara Gondola hopper car cars

Agricultural products 335 235 725 290 380 715

Metallic ores 265 225 195 180

Coal, coke produced from coal 195 210

Crude oil, petroleum 440 725 275 415

Nonmetallic minerals 310 225 280 180 195 315

Food, kindred products, and tobacco 420 310 750 266 410

Textiles, apparel, and leather 775 725

Lumber, wood products, and furniture 475 300 600 340 360 380

Pulp, paper, and allied products 395 700 270 410

Chemicals, allied products 390 240 725 257 380

Rubber, plastic products 875 730 610

Clay, concrete, glass, and stone 350 225 600 295 225 380

Primary metal products 290 175 295 285 185 320

Fabricated metal products 820 725 370 530

Nonelectrical machinery 675 730 425

Electrical machinery 1,050 750 340 725

Transportation equipment 650 480 846 400 570

Instruments, photo goods 1,020 770

Waste, scrap materials 420 300 725 300 190 252 400

Empty movements (distance weighted) 390 420 796 420 320 399 390-450

aIncludes TOFC/COFC.

bIncludes auto rack, refrigerator, and stock cars.

Source: R. H. Leilich, Peat, Marwick, Mitchell and Co., Modal Energy

Consumption and Intensity, presented at the Third National

Conference on "Effects of Energy Constraints on Transportation Systems," Union College, Aug. 2-6, 1976, pp. 25 and 26.
199

WHEN THE VALUES ON PAGE 198 ARE COMBINED BY WEIGHTING FOR CAR TYPES AND

EMPTY MILEAGES, THE FOLLOWING El VALUES RESULT FOR THE COMMODITY GROUPS.

Table 2-33. Rail Energy Intensity Measures, 1972

Commodity Rail Btu consumption Rail Btu consumption (Per net ton-mile) (Per net ton) x 103

Agriculture 697 450

Metallic ores 395 74a

Coal coke 366b 134

Petroleum 630 397

Nonmet mineral 430 101

Food products 782 699

Textiles 1523 1666

Lumber & furn 881 724

Pulp $ paper 741 735

Chemicals 562 482

Rubber F plastic 1621 1623

Stone f glass 596 315

Primary metal 581 356

Fabric. metal 1168 877

Non-elec mach. 1621 1869

Electric mach. 1889 2137

Transport equi. 1694 1638

Instruments 1849 2980

Scrap 634 176

Average 687 370

aReflects short length of haul and low energy intensity per net

ton-mile (influenced heavily by two-way utilization of equipment in Great Lakes ore movements.

bReflects heavy "drag" movements and longer hauls, which are

inherently more energy efficient.

Source: R. H. Leilich, Peat, Marwick, Mitchell and Co., Modal

Energy Consumption and Intensity, presented at the

Third National Conference on "Effects of Energy Constraints on Transportation Systems," Union College,

Aug. 2-6, 1976, p. 32.
* Table 2-34. Energy Intensity for Loaded Freight Trains, 1974-1980

Cargo Maximum Trip AveVehicle Specific energy,

Vehicle type d payload length Aerage Type statute start/stop cycle

(libety de(toad statute trip time of miles/

miles) (hr - mph) fuel gal. Ton-miles/gal Btu/ton-miles

Intercity train

Config I: 25 1000 100 2.26 @ 44 Diesel 0.14 273 550

Config II: 25 7000 100 2.85 @ 35 Diesel 0.17 420 330

Source: A. C. Masey and R. L. Paullin, NASA Ames Research Center and Department of Transportation, Transportation Vehicle Energy Intensities (A Joint DOT/NASA Reference Paper), Moffett Field, Calif., June 20,

1974, p. 14.

* Table 2-35. Operating Energy Intensity for Railroad Freighta

N

0

Year Total energy Btu/ Btu/

(1014 Btu) car-miles ton-miles

1970 5.34 17,609 687

1971 5.35 18,060 712

1972 5.61 18,235 709

1973 5.78 18,224 665

1974 5.76 18,469 665

aCalculated by dividing total energy by ton-miles.

Source: The Aerospace Corporation, Characterization

of the U.S. Transportation System, Vol. 4 

Railroads (Freight and Passenger), Los

Angeles, Calif., Mar. 1977, p. 5-16.

i
201

* Table 2-36. Calculated Energy Intensity of Urban Rail Systems

Heavy Rail

U

BTU/VEHICLE MILE BTU/PASSENGER MILE

Dis tance Maximum Maximum

Between Occupancy All Occupancy All 30%

Stops Including Seats Including Seats Seats

Miles Standees Occupied Standees Occupied Occupied

.5 93,000 84,000 669 1,040 3,130

1.0 66,000 60,000 472 750 2,250

1.5 50,000 45,000 351 560 1,670

2.0 39,000 36,000 284 450 1,350

2.5 34,000 30,500 246 390 1,170

Total load: 140 passengers; seats: 80

Maximum load weight: 122,100 lbs

Empty weight: 91,920 lbs

Maximum speed: 55 mph

Light Rail

BTU/VEHICLE MILE BTU/PASSENGER MILE

Distance Maximum Maximum

Between Occupancy All Occupancy All 30%

Stops Including Seats Including Seats Seats

Miles Standees Occupied Standees Occupied Occupied

.5 90,000 67,000 309 883 2,652

1.0 61,000 43,000 192 558 1,696

1.5 45,000 32,500 140 429 1,304

2.0 37,500 26,000 114 351 1,087

2.5 31,500 23,000 98 299 913

Total load: 320 passengers; seats:

Maximum load weight: 109,400 lbs

Empty weight:

Maximum speed:

77

55,815 lbs

55 mph

Source: The Aerospace Corporation, Characterization of the U.S. Transportation System - Urban Rail Transit, Los Angeles, Calif.,

July 1976, p. 21. (Draft)
202

INLAND WATERWAY ENERGY INTENSITY

THE ENERGY INTENSITY OF BARGE SHIPMENTS IS INFLUENCED BY TOW SIZE, COMMODITY

SHIPPED, TOW VELOCITY, RIVER CURRENT, AND OTHER SUCH FACTORS. UTILIZING

WEIGHTED AVERAGE VALUES FOR THE INDIVIDUAL CONFIGURATIONS, THE FOLLOWING

VALUES WERE COMPUTED.

Table 2-37. Barge Energy Intensity by Waterway

Waterway Upstream Downstream

Btu/ton-mile Btu/ton-mile

Ohio River System 456 173

Upper Mississippi River System 495 182

Lower Mississippi River System 276 103

Gulf Intracoastal Waterway 475 475

Atlantic Intracoastal Waterway 330 330

Pacific Coast Waterway 242 242

SIMILARLY THE WATERWAYS CAN BE AGGREGATED AND THE RESULTS BROKEN UP BY

COIlJtDITY TYPES.

Table 2-38. Barge Energy Intensity by Commodity Type

Commodity Btu/ton-mile

Agriculture 172

Metallic ores 263

Coal and coke 296

Petroleum 321

Nonmet mineral 339

Food products 201

Textiles 306

Lumber and furniture 226

Pulp and paper 221

Chemicals 290

Rubber and plastic 169

Stone and glass 230

Primary metal 240

Fabrication metal 231

Non-electric machine 284

Electric machine 265

Transport equipment 270

Instruments 373

Scrap 310

Average 272

Source: R. H. Leilich, R. D. Cohen, A. Green, and M. J. Kendrick, Peat,

Marwick, Mitchell and Co., Energy and Economic Impacts of Projected

Freight Transportation Improvements, Washington, D.C., May 1977,

pp. 2-28 and 2-29.
J Figure 2-15.

ENERGY

650 -u

INTENSITY OF NATURAL GAS PIPELINES

LENGHT=50 M.ILE

P31-500 HIGH FLOW

LENGTH-SO MILES

P31-1000 HIGH FLO r

LENGTH-100 MILES

P31-500 HIGH FLOW

LENGTH-50 MILES

P3i-500 LOW FLOW

LENGTH-100 MIIES

P51-1000 HIGH FLO

LENGTH-S0 MILE

PSI-1000 LOW FLOW

LENGTH-100 MILES

P51-500 LOW FLOW

LENGTH-100 MILES P5-1000 LOW FLOW

5 10

PIPE

15 20

DIAMETER

25 30

IN INCHES

Source: The Aerospace Corporation, Characterization of the U.S.

Transportation System - Pipeline Transportation Systems,

Los Angeles, Calif., March 1977. (Draft)

6000-

5500-

5000-

4500-

z

0

H

4000-

3500-

3000-

2500-

2000 

1500-

1000-

0 35 40

203
204

4 Figure 2-16.

ENERGY

K

INTENSITY FOR OIL PIPELINES

3500

HEWY HIGH

CRUDE FLOW

LIGHT HIGH

CRUDE FLOW

KEROSENE HIGH

FLOW

;ASOLINE HIGH

FLOW

HEWY LOW

CRUDE FLOW

LIGHT I

CRUDE

GASOLINE

KEROSENE

LOW

FLOW

LOW

FLOW

LOW

FLOW

4' I I I I

5 10

PIPE

15 20

DIAMETER

25 30

IN INCHES

Source: The Aerospace Corporation, Characterization of the U.S.

Transportation System - Pipeline Transportation Systems,

Los Angeles, Calif., March 1977, p. 1-25.

3000 

*1

0

H

2000 

1500 

IG

1000-

500-

0

0 35 40

(Draft)
205

Figure 2-17. Energy Intensity by Transportation Mode

(theoreticall972 operational)

Motorcyclea 12501b

Subcompac

Auto

Luxury

Urban

Bus 770/2891

PASSENGER

[Btu/seat-mile/Btu/passenger-mile] Light

Rail

Heavy

Rail

Intercity Airplane

Bus

Urban truck

Intercity truck

Rail

FREIGHT

[Btu/ton-mile]

Air

Water (inland)

Pipeline

15 70- 480 0ef/8 90 5

500/1192

1100-20002000

200-1000,709

100- 5 00 i b

100- 3500f, E b

aAssuming 50 mpg 2 seats.

bInsufficient data.

CHighly system dependent.

41973 figure.

eRange from small passenger planes to high density wide body aircraft as used in charter service.

(Size and commodity dependent.

All cargo configuration.

hUpstream and downstream values account for additional variation.

ZAdditional variation due to flow rates.

1302/3255

2315/8681

300-900

400-1050 b

Ct

Section 2.3

Energy Resource Conservation

209 5

EITHER AN INCREASE IN THE AVERAGE FLEET FUEL ECONOMY OF 30

MPG OR A 40% DECREASE IN THE AVERAGE NUMBER OF VEHICLE MILES

TRAVELED WOULD RESULT IN A SAVINGS OF 1.75 MILLION BARRELS OF OIL PER

DAY IN TODAY'S AUTOMOBILE FLEET.

Figure 2-18. Petroleum Conservation through Improvement in

Auto Fleet Fuel Economy (MPG)

O)

-J

-J

CIO

C3

-J

-J

20

16

12

8 

4

4

03 

v.2

J 

0

10 15 20 25 30 35

AUTO FLEET FUEL ECONOMY

40

(MPG)

45 50

Figure 2-19. Petroleum Conservation through Reduction in

Motor Vehicle Miles Traveled (VMT)

Z- Q

O 0u

L/) c)

.J LL

V) C

-J f-i J

C)

6

5

4

3

2

0

10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50

AUTO FLEET AVERAGE FUEL ECONOMY (MPG)

Source: Federal Task Force, Motor Vehicle Goals Beyond 1980, Volume 2:

Task Force Report, U.S. Department of Transportation, Washington,

D.C., September 2, 1976, p. 8-2. (Draft)

ASSUMED VEHICLE MILES TRAVELED

1000 BILLION MILES

ASSUMED

AVERAGE

BASE FLEET

FUEL ECONOMY

BARRELS/DAY

- B L1

1,000 BILLION MILES

1,200 BILLION MILES

1.75 1,400 BILLION MILES

MBD

600 BILLION MILES
210

Table 2-39.

Changes in Gallons Consumed by a Vehicle

as a Function of the Percent Improvement in Fuel

Economy and the Number of Miles It is Driven

(savings are in gallons)

Percent improvement Number of miles traveled

in fuel economy

above 27.5 mpg New mpg 15,000 28,000 40,000 50,000 70,000 100,000

1%

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

50

27.8

28.1

28.3

28.6

28.9

29.2

29.4

29.7

29.9

30.2

31.6

33.0

34.4

35.8

37.1

37.5

39.8

41.3

5

11

16

21

26

31

36

40

45

50

71

91

109

126

141

156

169

182

10

20

30

39

48

58

67

75

84

93

133

170

204

235

264

291

316

339

14

29

42

56

69

82

95

108

120

132

190

242

290

336

377

416

451

485

18

36

53

70

87

103

119

135

150

165

237

303

364

420

471

519

564

606

25

50

74

98

121

144

167

189

210

231

332

424

509

587

660

727

790

848

36

71

106

140

173

206

238

269

300

331

474

606

727

839

943

1,039

1,129

1,212

Total number of

gallons consumed

at 27.5 mpg 545 1,018 1,455 1,818 2,545

Savings in this table were derived using the following equation:

Change in gallons _ (Miles traveled)(% improvement)

consumed (Baseline FE)(1 + % improvement)

3,636
211

A SIGNIFICANT AMOUNT OF

CONDITIONS.

Figure 2-20. Distribution

30%

20%

15% I

10%

5%

0

TRAVEL IN THE U.S. IS MADE UNDER POOR FUEL ECONOMY

of Trip Mileage and Fuel Consumption

% of Miles Traveled

% of Fuel Consumed

0-5 6-10 11-15 Miles

16-20 21-25 26-40 Over 40 Miles

TRIPS OF 5 MILES OR LESS MAKE UP 15% OF MILES DRIVEN

THAN 30% OF ALL AUTO FUEL (SEE ABOVE).

BUT CONSIE MORE

* Figure 2-21. Influence of Driving Pattern on Fuel Economy

Standard Size Car 30

20

10

0 EPA Test

0 *Mk.Test

20 40

Average Speed-MPH

60 20 40

Average Speed-MPH

DUE TO THE FUEL ECONOMY EFFECTS OF TRIP LENGTH, A TYPICAL FAMILY CAR CAN

TAKE THE FOLLOWING TRIPS ON 25 GALLONS OF GASOLINE COSTING 654 PER GALLON:

TEN 40-MILE TRIPS AT 4.1 PER MILE;

SIXTY 4-MILE TRIPS AT 6.84 PER MILE;

NINETY 2-MILE TRIPS AT 9.04 PER MILE;

ONE HUNDRED 1-MILE TRIPS AT 16.34 PER MILE.

Source: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Air and Waste

Management, Factors Affecting Automotive Fuel Economy, Washington,

D.C., May 1976, pp. 10 and 11.

Compact Car 30

Cruise

20

10

0

60

m

i

CC)
212

ACCORDING TO A RECENT STUDY BY CHAMPION SPARK PLUG COMPANY, VEHICLE CONDITION HAS A CRITICAL BEARING ON FUEL CONSUMPTION AND EMISSIONS. TUNE-UPS

WERE SHOWN TO IMPROVE AVERAGE FUEL ECONOMY BY 11.36% AND REDUCE EMISSIONS

OF CARBON OXIDES (CO) BY 45.3% AND EMISSIONS OF HYDROCARBONS (HC) BY 55.5%

14.45%

11.36%

9.27%

8.86%

E

a,

0

Spe

E

C

35 55 65 Variable

Speed Test Speed in M.P.H. Cycle

Fuel Economy Improvement

After Tune-up.a

Figure 2-22.

aBased on 216 cars.

CO (%)

LO

rr

M

(0!

HC (%)

'00

4-0

Idle 35 MPH 55 MPH 65 MPH

Percentage of Emissions Igprovement

After Tune-up.-

Figure 2-23.

bReductions cannot be correlated specifically to Federal Certification

Cycle.

Source: Champion Spark Plug Company, Tune-up: Its Effects on Fuel

Economy, Emissions and Performance, Toledo, Ohio, 1977, pp. 4

and 5.
Table 2-40. Effect of Speed on Fuel Consumption Rates: Cars and Trucks

Percent increase in gasoline consumption

Miles per gallon at selected speeds caused by increase in speed

30 40 50 60 70 30 to 40 40 to 50 50to 60 60 to 70 50 to 70

Cars without

air conditioning 21.05 21.07 19.49 17.51 14.93 0.00 8.11 11.31 17.28 30.53

Cars with

air conditioning 18.14 17.51 16.42 15.00 13.17 3.60 6.64 9.47 13.90 24.68

Percent improvement

in MPG after 10.52 12.92 9.54 11.04 15.32

tuning

50 55 60 65 50to 55 55 to 60 60 to 65 50 to 60 50 to 65

Heavy-duty

highway trucks 5.11 4.81 4.54 4.091 6.20 6.66 5.501 12.48 23.301

Percent increase

caused by woundup driving2 14.4 8.0 7.6

1Only three of the six test vehicles were operated as the governor setting that controls fuel

did not permit the other three vehicles to be operated at 65 miles per hour.

inj ection

2 Wound-up driving is driving a diesel truck at or near its maximum horsepower. It results in an

increase in miles per hour but a decrease in miles per gallon, especially on downgrades.

Source: E.M. Cope, U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration, The Effect of

Speed on Automobile Consumption Rates, Washington, D.C., October 1973, pp. 6 and 7; The Effect

of Speed on Truck Fuel Consumption Rates, Washington, D.C., August 1974, p. 14.

1-a

U0
214 Ui

Table 2-41. Effect of Common Conservation Techniques

on Vehicle Fuel Efficiency

Air conditioning

Effect on fuel consumption

caused by use of air

conditioning

Air

conditioning

in use

(Miles per

gallon)

18.14

17.51

16.42

15.00

13.17

Air

conditioning

not in use

(Miles per

(gallon)

20.25

19.71

18.29

16.25

14.18

Reduction in

miles per

gallon

1.91

2.20

1.87

1.25

1.01

Percent

saving with

air

conditioning

"off"

10.53

12.56

11.39

8.33

7.67

Tune ups

Miles per gallon

Before tuning

19.30

18.89

17.29

15.67

13.32

After tuning

21.33

21.33

18.94

17.40

15.36

Improvement after tuning

Miles per

gallon

2.03

2.44

1.65

1.73

2.04

Percent

10.52

12.92

9.54

11.04

15.32

1A11 cars included in the averages in this table were

conditioning in good operating condition.

equipped with air

Source: E.M. Cope, U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Highway

Administration, The Effect of Speed on Automobile Gasoline

Consumption Rates, Washington, D.C., October 1973, p. 8.

Operating

speed,

miles per

hour

30

40

50

60

70

Operating

speed

miles per

hour

30

40

50

60

70
215

DUE TO THE VARIETY OF TRUCK STYLES AND OPERATING MODES, IT IS DIFFICULT

TO DETERMINE THE OVERALL EFFECTS OF ANY ONE IMPROVEMENT. IN THE

FOLLOWING TABLE THE LOW VALUES OF THE RANGES GENERALLY APPLY TO LOCAL

SERVICE AND THE HIGH VALUES TO LONG-DISTANCE HAULS.

*Table 2-42. Possible Truck Fuel Economy Improvements

Fuel economy improvement

(%)

Measure Truck class

I and II VI VIII

Substitution of a diesel for a spark-ignited

engine 20-25 55-60

Lean-burn engine 10-15

Turbocharging 5-15 2-5

Stratified-charge engine 15-25

Derating of diesel engine 1-6

Reduction of parasitic loads (especially

cooling fan) 2-3 3-4 3-5

Tag axle 2

4-speed automatic transmission with lockup 7-15 0-10

Continuous Variable-Ratio Transmission 12-30 10-15

Radial tires 2-3 2 6-9.5

Aerodynamic improvement

10% reduction of drag 1-2 2 1-5.5

Streamlining of trailer 12

Full streamlining of tractor-trailer

combination 30

Source: D. A. Hurter and W. D. Lee, Arthur D. Little, Inc., A Study of

Technological Improvements to Optimize Truck Configurations

for Fuel Economy, U.S. Department of Transportation, Transportation Systems Center, Washington, D.C., Sept. 1975.
216

AIRCRAFT ENERGY CONSERVATION

SINCE 1973 THE REVENUE PASSENGER MILES FLOWN PER GALLON FUEL HAVE INCREASED

BY 18%. THIS WAS ACCOMPLISHED THROUGH THE HIGHER EFFICIENCY OF NEW PLANES

AND A SERIES OF OPERATIONAL MEASURES SUCH AS SPEED REDUCTIONS, THE

GROUNDING OF SOME FLIGHTS, AND MORE EFFICIENT FLIGHT PROCEDURES. FURTHER,

FUEL SAVINGS ARE ANTICIPATED THROUGH THE FOLLOWING STRATEGIES.

* Table 2-43. Operational Measures to Improve Aircraft

Energy Efficiency

Savings

(%)

Flying at optimum cruise speed 1-4

Reduced terminal delays 1.0

Reduced holding in the air 0.7

Use of cruise climb 0.4

Flying at optimum altitude 0.35

Placing aircraft load close to aft center of gravity 0.25

Table 2-44. Physical and Technological Changes to Improve

Aircraft Energy Efficiency

Potential Implementation

possibility (%

Reduce operating weight by removing unused

equipment

Reduce drag by improving airframe

maintenance

Improve engine

Improve engine maintenance and components

Fit high-bypass engines on narrow-body

aircraft

Install prop fan engine (turboprop)

Install various aerodynamic improvements

(winglets, supercritical wings, high

aspect ratios, active controls)

Laminar flow control

Use of composite primary structures

New fuel-conservative engine

0.45

0.5

1

5

15 on applicable aircraft

15-20

10-20

20-40

10-15

10 over

present SOA

immediate

immediate

immediate

1980

1980

late 1980s

middle-to-late

1980s

1990

1990

1990-95

Source: National Aeronautic Space Administration, NASA Aircraft Fuel

Conservation Technology Program Task Force Report, Washington,

D.C., 1975. (Draft)
217

SOME OF THE IMPROVEMENTS INDICATED ON PAGE 218 ARE MUTUALLY EXCLUSIVE

WHILE OTHERS ARE COST-PROHIBITIVE AND AIRLINES ARE UNLIKELY TO IMPLEMENT

THEM WITHOUT ADDITIONAL MOTIVATION. HOWEVER, A COMBINATION OF THE ABOVE

CHANGES COULD RESULT IN THE INTRODUCTION (BASED ON FLEET NEEDS) OF THE

FOLLOWING:

Table 2-45. Efficiency Projections for New Aircraft

1978-79 A derivative medium-range aircraft to replace current 3-

engine narrow-body aircraft (15% more efficient than the

replaced aircraft).

1982 Improvements to the present 2-engine narrow-body aircraft

derived from the engine maintenance program (5% more

efficient).

1982 Additional improvements to the derivative medium-range aircraft resulting in a 20% improvement over present 3-engine

narrow-body aircraft.

1983 A derivative long-range wide-body aircraft 20% more efficient than present wide-body aircraft.

1985 A new medium-range aircraft 25% more efficient than present.

1988 A new short-range aircraft 25% more efficient than the

present two-engine planes.

1990 A new long-range airxraft 50% more efficient than today's

wide-body aircraft.

1995 A new medium-range aircraft 50% more efficient than today's

Source: National Aeronautic Space Administration, NASA Aircraft Fuel

Conservation Technology Program Task Force Report, Washington,

D.C., 1975.
218

As IN THE OTHER TRANSPORTATION MODES, LARGE IMPROVEMENTS IN RAIL ENERGY

EFFICIENCY CAN BE ACHIEVED THROUGH MORE EFFICIENT OPERATING AND SCHEDULING

PROCEDURES. IT IS ESTIMATED THAT 37 OF THE RAIL ENERGY IS EXPENDED IN

HAULING EMPTY CARS. IN MOST CASES, AN ADDITIONAL 9% COULD BE SAVED

THROUGH A COMBINATION OF IMPROVED LOADING TECHNIQUES THAT LEAD TO

STREAMLINING AND A 2-MPH SPEED REDUCTION.

IN THE TECHNOLOGICAL SECTOR THE FOLLOWING IMPROVEMENTS ARE BEING

INVESTIGATED AND/OR IMPLEMENTED.

*Table 2-46. Potential Rail Energy Efficiency Improvements

Possible

savings

(%)

Aerodynamic streamlining

Locomotive 3-12. 5

Car 3.3

Weight reductions

Locomotive 7

Car (a 5% reduction) 4.5

Changing to 4-cycle diesel engines 5

Addition of turbochargers 2-4

Reduction of locomotive parasitic loads (cooling fan etc.) 1-3

Improved injection tips and air filters 1-1.5

Taking unused locomotives off-line in multiple consist

operations (fuel saver) 1-5

Sources: J. N. Cetinich, Emerson Consultants Inc., Fuel Efficiency

Improvement in Rail Freight Transportation, New York, N.Y.,

Dec. 1975; R. H. Leilich, R. D. Cohen, A. Green, and

M. J. Kendrick, Peat, Marwick, Mitchell & Co., Energy

and Economic Impacts of Projected Freight Transportation

Improvements, Washington, D.C., May 1977, pp. 3-18 to

3-38.
CHAPTER 2 - REFERENCES

The Aerospace Corporation, Characterization of the U.S. Transportation

System - Railroads (Freight and Passenger), Los Angeles, Calif.,

March 1977.

----- , Characterization of the U.S. Transportation System - Pipeline

Transportation Systems, Los Angeles, Calif., March 1977.

----- , Characterization of the U.S. Transportation System - Urban Rail

Transit, Los Angeles, Calif., March 1977.

American Public Transit Association, Transit Fact Book, '75-'76 ed.,

Washington, D.C., 1976.

Boeing Commercial Airplane Company, Intercity Passenger Transportation

Data Energy Comparisons, Vol. 2, Seattle, Wash., May 1975.

Booz, Allen and Hamilton Inc., Energy Use in the Marine Transportation

Industry - Task 1 - Industry Summary, Energy Research and

Development Administration, Division of Transportation Energy

Conservation, Washington, D.C., January 11, 1977.

Cayce, B. V., U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Aviation

Administration, FAA Statistical Handbook of Aviation, Washington,

D.C., annual.

Cetinich, J. N., Emerson Consultants Inc., Fuel Efficiency Improvement

in Rail Freight Transportation, New York, N. Y., December 1975.

Champion Spark Plug Company, Tune-up: Its Effects on Fuel Economy,

Emissions and Performance, Toledo, Ohio, 1977.

Cope, E. M., U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration, The Effect of Speed on Automobile Gasoline Consumption

Rates, Washington, D.C., October 1973.

----- , The Effect of Speed on Truck Fuel Consumption Rates, Washington,

D.C., August 1974.

Doggett, R. M. et al., International Research and Technology Corporation,

The Transportation Energy Conservation Network (TECNET), McLean,

Va., June 24, 1977.

Dupree, W. G., U.S. Department of the Interior, Energy Consumption in

the Transportation Sector, presented at the Fourth National

Conference on the "Effects of Energy Constraints on Transportation

Systems," Union College, N. Y., August 1-5, 1977.

Dupree, W. G. et al., U.S. Department of the Interior, Energy Perspectives

2, Washington, D.C., June 1976.

219
220

Federal Task Force, Motor Vehicle Goals Beyond 1980, Vol. 2: Task Force

Report, U.S. Department of Transportation, Washington, D.C.,

Sept. 2, 1976.

Gay, W. F., U.S. Department of Transportation, Transportation Systems

Center, Energy Statistics, Cambridge, Mass., August 1976.

Hurter, D. A. and W. D. Lee, Arthur D. Little Inc., A Study of Technological

Improvements to Optimize Truck Configurations for Fuel Economy,

Washington, D.C., September 1975.

Interstate Commerce Commission, Transport Statistics, Washington, D.C.,

annual.

Leilich, R. H., Peat, Marwick, Mitchell and Co., Modal Energy Consumption

and Intensity, presented at the Third National Conference on "Effects

of Energy Constraints on Transportation Systems," Union College,

Schenectady, N.Y., Aug. 2-6, 1976.

Leilich, R. H., R. D. Cohen, A. Green, and M. J. Hendrick, Peat, Marwick,

Mitchell and Co., Energy and Economic Impacts of Projected Freight

Transportation Improvements, Washington, D.C., May 1977.

Masey, A. C. and R. L. Paullin, NASA Ames Research Center and DOT,

Transportation Vehicle Energy Intensities (A Joint DOT/NASA

Reference Paper), Moffett Field, Calif., June 20, 1974.

National Aeronautic Space Administration, NASA Aircraft Fuel Conservation

Technology Program Task Force Report, Washington, D.C., 1975.

President of the United States, Economic Report of the President,

Transmitted to Congress January 1977, Together with the Annual

Report of the Council of Economic Advisers, Washington, D.C.

U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census, Current Population

Reports: Population Estimates and Projections, Series P-25,

No. 642, Washington, D.C., December 1976.

U.S. Department of Defense, Management of Defense Energy Resources 

Phase II, Washington, D.C., 1974.

U.S. Department of the Interior, Bureau of Mines, Minerals Yearbook,

Washington, D.C., annual.

----- , Annual U.S. Energy Use Up in 1976, Washington, D.C., March 14,

1977.

U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Aviation Administration,

Aviation Forecasts - Fiscal Years 1977-1988, Washington, D.C.,

September 1976.
221

U.S. Department of Transportation, FHWA, Department of Transportation News,

FHWA 68-76 (November 4, 1976), Washington, D.C.

U.S. Department of Transportation, FHWA, Highway Statistics, Washington,

D.C., annual.

U.S. Department of Transportation, FHWA, Monthly Motor Gasoline Reported

by States, Washington, D.C., monthly.

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Air and Waste Management,

Factors Affecting Automotive Fuel Economy, Washington, D.C.,

May 1976.

Williams, L. J., NASA Ames Research Center, Air Transportation Energy

Efficiency, presented at the Fourth National Conference on the

"Effects of Energy Constraints on Transportation Systems," Union

College, Schenectady, N.Y., Aug. 1-5, 1977.

Chapter 3

Projections

P. D. Patterson

Transportation Projections

To evaluate the impacts of new transportation technologies over time,

it is necessary to have projections of future transportation demands and

to have the associated energy demands to use as baselines. New energy

efficient transportation policies and technologies being developed by

the Department of Energy are assumed to penetrate the market and to affect

transportation demand. The resultant energy savings or fuel switching

benefits can then be calculated. The Data Analysis Branch, Transportation

Energy Conservation (TEC) Division, of the Energy Research and Development

Administration (ERDA) has continually updated its baseline projections so

that credible energy impact assessments can be made when various technological and policy changes are introduced.

This chapter presents the aggregate and detailed (by mode) projections

of transportation demand (passenger-miles traveled, vehicle-miles traveled,

etc.) and of energy demand that TEC uses in its planning. These data

have been obtained by analysis and selection from a number of projections

made by other Government Agencies and researchers and by employing

computer models.

Some very recent studies have expanded the number of projections or

scenarios that may be compared with the TEC Baseline Case. These comparisons are made in the graphs and tables of this chapter. The Data

Analysis Branch (DAB) of TEC welcomes any comments that readers might

wish to make concerning any of these projections. It is not DAB's

intention to forecast the future, but rather to develop a reasonable

225
226

baseline (eventually a set of baseline scenarios) that can be used by

the various programs within TEC to measure energy impacts over time

within a consistent and comprehensive framework.

The following sources and notations are used in the graphs and

tables of this chapter. Several of the projections are too current (SRI,

CONAES, JFA, WHARTON, T&C, and MOPPS II) to have appeared in earlier

editions or supplements of the TEC Data Book. On the other hand, the

Ford Energy Policy Project and ERDA-48 projections have been available

for several years and have been summarized in editions 1 and 1.5 of the

TEC Data Book.

Sources and Notations Used in this Chapter

1. TEC - estimates by the Data Analysis Branch of the Transportation

Energy Conservation (TEC) Division, ERDA. The sources are provided

on p. 230.

2. TECNET - simulation runs during the Summer of 1977 on the TECNET model

built by International Research and Technology, Inc. for the Data

Analysis Branch, TEC, ERDA. Documentation is contained in a three

volume report, The Transportation Energy Conservation Network.

3. SRI - Transportation in America's Future: Potentials for the Next

Half Century, by Stanford Research Institute for DOT, Report No.

DOT-TPI-20-77-21, June 1977.

This report describes four alternative socioeconomic futures for the

United States and their implications for transportation through 2025.

The futures - designated Success, Foul Weather, Disciplined Society,

and Transformation - vary, particularly along the dimensions of

economic performance, climate, institutional structure, and personal

values. For each future, a detailed narrative account or scenario

is provided, accompanied by separate analyses of energy, demographic,

economic, and urban implications of each scenario; selected events

outside the scenarios; technology forecasts for twelve transportation

modes and for seven specific technologies; transportation demand; and

six critical transportation problems. Some additions to the numbers

in this report were provided by Tom Mandel of SRI in a letter to

Philip Patterson dated August 8, 1977.

4. CONAES - A Transportation Energy Use Forecasting Model by

Jeffrey Lyle Staley. A thesis submitted to Purdue University,

August 1977.
227

CONAES stands for the Committee on Nuclear and Alternative Energy

Systems. The study is being financed by ERDA and conducted under the

guidance of the National Academy of Science. This thesis documents

the model and five of the scenarios developed by the Transportation

Resources Group of CONAES. The model projects future energy demand

for five passenger and four freight transportation modes. Essentially

an accounting model, it provides a framework upon which to build more

detailed relationships between the national economy and the various

transportation modes.

5. JFA - Transportation Projections, 1985, 1995, 2000, by Jack Faucett

Associates, Inc. for DOT, report JACKFAU-77-152, June 15, 1977

(draft).

This study projects transportation activity and energy use in detail

for 31 for-hire and private modes of transport. The projections

reflect three alternative rates of general economic growth. The

INFORUM input-output model is used to calculate most of the freight

demands, and separate special analyses were made for the bulk

commodities of coal, crude oil, fuel oil, other petroleum products,

and grain. Passenger projections relied on the use of an auto model

developed by JFA for FEA and on detailed analyses in each of the other

passenger modes.

6. MOPPS II - The Marketing Oriented Program Planning Study, Phase II,

Energy Research and Development Administration, June 1977 (draft).

7. T&C - National Transportation: Trends and Choices, Department of

Transportation, January 1977.

8. FORD - Energy Policy Project, A Time to Choose, Ballinger

Publishing Co., Cambridge, Mass., 1974.

9. ERDA-48 - A National Plan for Energy Research, Development and

Administration, Vol. 1, ERDA, 1975.

10. WHARTON - An Analysis of the Automobile Market: Modeling the

Long-Run Determinants of the Demand for Automobiles, Vol. 1,

Wharton EFA, Inc. for DOT, February 1977.

11. FAA - Aviation Futures to the Year 2000, Federal Aviation

Administration, DOT, February 1977.

12. TECDB - These figures are the figures that appear elsewhere in this

document. Where more than one estimate is available, the one

regarded as most accurate by the ORNL staff is cited. Each TECDB

figure is followed by a page number that indicates its location

within the Transportation Energy Conservation Data Book.
228

An attempt has been made to distinguish among the different sources by

using different types of lines on the graphs. Names are also placed along

side of each line. Notations are as given above with the following additions:

TECNET-B is the base case before conservation. This scenario

assumes a 27.5 mpg fleet average for autos in 1985.

TECNET-C is the conservation case and projects energy savings

of approximately 14% over the base base.

SRI-S is the "success" case for both energy supply and

conservation technologies.

SRI-T is the "transformation" case in which about half the

population in 2025 is living a voluntarily simple lifestyle

that is very energy conserving.

CONAES-A is the case with very high energy prices and

correspondingly large conservation in effect.

CONAES-C is the case of very small price increases.

JFA-M is the case of medium economic growth (as opposed to

L for low and H for high).

Some unique features are associated with several of the studies.

(1) CONAES freight shipments do not take into account any of the growth

in the shipments of energy that might accompany a given scenario.

(2) CONAES and SRI have several interesting scenarios that were omitted

from this analysis because a limited number of lines are readable on a

single graph. The reader is encouraged to investigate these other

scenarios. It is suggested that before readers use any projections contained in this chapter, they acquire the source materials and study them

carefully.
229

Comparisons have been hindered somewhat by inconsistencies among

the studies with respect to the way they categorize the transportation

sector. For example, buses are treated in varying detail by several of

the studies, as shown in Table i.

Table i. Treatment of Buses by Various Projections

TEC - A single category call "Bus."

TECNET - Buses are separated into urban and non-urban categories. The

estimated passenger miles traveled exclude school buses, but the energy

estimates do include school buses.

SRI-DOT - Estimates bus passenger miles for intracity (SMSA and cities

outside SMSAs separately) and intercity buses.

CONAES - Combines all buses with passenger rail into a "mass

transportation" category.

JFA - Deals with school buses, other private buses, and intercity buses

separately, but combines urban public buses with subway and urban light

rail under a "transit industry" heading.

Even more importantly, some of the studies do not include all the

transportation modes considered by TEC to comprise the transportation

sector. Table ii shows some of the definitional differences among several

of the studies.

Table ii. Definitions of the Transportation Sector

TEC - Includes military transportation, petroleum and natural gas pipelines, and energy used by domestic air and water carriers in international travel.

TECNET - Same as TEC.

SRI-DOT - Same as TEC.

CONAES - Excludes all pipelines, military, and international marine.

JFA - Excludes military and excludes natural gas pipelines.

MOPPS-II - Includes off-road vehicle energy used by agriculture and

construction industries.

ERDA-48 - Excludes pipelines and military.
230

The graphs in this chapter are drawn using data points from specific

years with straight lines used to connect the points. Trends should be

given more attention than precise values for any given year. Tables on

the page facing the graphs provide the numbers used in the graphs. They

should be consulted for numerical values rather than trying to estimate

number from the graphs.

The Data Analysis Branch (DAB) of TEC/ERDA has the responsibility for

providing baseline (before ERDA conservation) transportation energy projections. Table iii includes the projections developed judgmentally by

DAB as of September 1977. Some of the transportation demands and

associated energy estimates are slightly different from the projections

that appeared in Supplement IV to the TEC Data Book.
231

Table iii. Baseline Transportation Energy Demands

(Before ERDA Conservation Program)

1975 1985 2000

Background information

Population (Series II, millions) 213.5 234.1 262.5

GNP (75 $, billions) 1514.2 2137.3 3298.8

Disposable income per capita (75 $) 5062 6694 9902

Transportation demand (billions)

Automobile (VMT) 1020 1393 1933

Personal truck (VMT) 94 156 241

Other truck (TMT) 600 865 1507

Bus (PMT) 51 83 146

Rail (TMT) 950 1273 1900

Marine (TMT) 615 1126 1536

Pipeline (TMT) 763 800 1000

Air (PMT) 159 309 550

Transportation energy (1015 Btu) 18.65 20.03 26.55

Automobile (27.5 mpg assumed) 9.44 7.91 8.80

Personal truck 1.04 1.25 1.58

Other truck 2.97 3.80 6.04

Bus 0.09 0.13 0.22

Rail 0.50 0.67 1.00

Marine 0.64 1.15 1.50

Pipeline 1.26 1.28 1.50

Air 1.42 2.50 4.40

Misc (general aviation, military) 1.29 1.34 1.51

Sources: Data Analysis Branch, TEC, ERDA judgments utilizing - Auto

forecast: Jack Faucett Associates Inc., Fuel Economy

Policies and Their Effects on Automobile Ownership, Use,

and Fuel Consumption, Federal Energy Administration,

Washington, D.C., August 1976. Truck forecast: Jack

Faucett Associates Inc., Trucking Activity and Fuel

Consumption, 1973, 1980, 1985, and 1990, Federal Energy

Administration, Washington, D.C., July 1976. Air

forecast: Ultrasystems Inc., Examination of the Costs,

Benefits and Energy Conservation Aspects of the NASA

Aircraft Fuel Conservation Technology Program, November

1975. Other forecasts: International Research and

Technology Inc., TECNET Model Run, April 1977.
232

TABLE 3-1 SHOWS TOTAL BASELINE (I.E. BEFORE ACTIVE CONSERVATION) ENERGY

DEMANDS FOR THE VARIOUS PROJECTIONS. THE TEC, TEQET, AND MOPPS II PROJECTIONS ASSUME THAT THE 27.5 MPG STANDARD FOR NEW AUTOMOBILES IS ACHIEVED

BY 1985. (THE TABLE ON P. 238 PROVIDES THE MPG ASSUMPTIONS USED FOR THE

OTHER PROJECTIONS.)

OTHER SMALL AMOUNTS OF CONSERVATION TAKE PLACE IN THE BASELINE DUE TO

RISING ENERGY PRICES. THE PRICE TREND FOR GASOLINE THAT WAS USED IN EACH

OF THE PROJECTIONS IS SHOWN ON P. 238. THESE PRICE TRENDS APPROXIMATE THE

PRICE TRENDS FOR ALL TRANSPORTATION FUELS ASSUMED BY EACH OF THE STUDIES.

Table 3-1. Transportation Energy Demand - Base Case Projections

(quadrillion Btu)

1975 1985 1990 1995 2000 2010 2025

TEC 18.7 20.0 26.6

TECNET 18.8 20.6 22.5 28.7 36.7 50.3

MOPPS II 18.7 21.2 28.2 38.0 52.3

FORD 26.0 38.4

ERDA-48 22.8 32.3

T&C 15.3 17.2

TECDB 18.5 (p. 167)

TABLE 3-2 SHOWS THE TOTAL TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DEMANDS AFTER CONSERVATION

FOR THE VARIOUS PROJECTIONS. THE JFA-M CASE IS SHOWN AS A CONSERVATION

CASE, AND NO COMPARABLE BASELINE IS PROVIDED. BOTH OF THE SRI CASES USED

IN THIS COMPARISON ARE CONSIDERED TO BE CONSERVATION SCENARIOS EVEN THOUGH

THE SUCCESS CASE CLEARLY CONSUMES A LOT MORE ENERGY THAN THE TRANSFORMATION

CASE.

THE FORD ENERGY POLICY PROJECT AND ERDA-48 PROJECTIONS ARE SHOWN FOR

REFERENCE PURPOSES. BOTH OF THESE STUDIES ARE DATED AND IT IS CLEAR

THAT THE FORD-HISTORICAL GROWTH BASELINE USES CONSIDERABLY MORE ENERGY

THAN ANY OF THE MORE RECENT BASELINES.

Table 3-2. Transportation Energy Demand - Conservation

Case Projections

(quadrillion Btu)

1975 1985 1990 1995 2000 2010 2025

TEC 18.7 19.1 18.3

TECNET 18.8 20.4 21.7 25.8 32.5 43.6

SRI-S 17.0 23.0 48.0

T 17.0 15.0 18.0

CONAES-A 15.6 13.2 11.4

C 15.6 18.4 23.0

JFA-M 18.9 23.2 26.4

MOPPS II 18.8 20.2 19.5 25.6 35.6

FORD 19.6 24.7

ERDA-48 20.6 25.3

T*C 15.3 16.7

TECDB 18.5 (p. 167)
Figure 3-2.

TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DEMAND

CONSERVATION CASE PROJECTIONS

0

LEGEND

0= TEC

= TECNET,

= SRI-S

= SRI-T

= CONAES

= JFA-M

= MOPPS-II 

, 

AE

sue,

Figure 3-1.

- TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DEMAND - BASE

CASE PROJECTIONS

O

i

i

i

i

a

LEGEND

o = TEC

A = TENET

= MOPPS-II v = FORD

+ = ERDA-48

0

z.

0

Ao

cI

z

0

g3

1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 2025 2030

YEAR

3 =

a =

x=

=

a.

owi

N

1

1970 1973 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2003 2010 2013 2020 2023 2030

YEAR

v

d, 197 i.,

v

V / 
234

TABLE 3-3 SHOWS POPULATION PROJECTIONS MADE BY THE BUREAU OF THE CENSUS

AND BY THE SRI STUDY. ALL THE STUDIES, EXCEPT SRI, EMPLOY THE BUREAU

OF CENSUS SERIES II PROJECTION. THIS PROJECTION ASSUMES A COMPLETED

COHORT FERTILITY RATE OF 2.1 BIRTHS PER WOMAN THAT EVENTUALLY LEADS TO

A STABLE POPULATION (ASSUMING NO NET IMMIGRATION). THE RECENT FERTILITY

RATE HAS BEEN BELOW 2.1, THUS A PROJECTION LOWER THAN SERIES II MIGHT BE

CLOSER TO WHAT WILL OCCUR. THE BUREAU OF THE CENSUS HAS MADE A SERIES III

PROJECTION THAT ASSUMES A FERTILITY RATE OF 1.7. THE SRI-T CASE USES THIS

ASSUMPTION, AND THE SRI-S CASE ASSUMES A FERTILITY RATE BETWEEN SERIES II

AND III.

Table 3-3. Population Projections

(millions)

1975 1985 1990 1995 2000 2010 2025

Census Series II 213.5 234.1 262.5 299.7

SRI-S 213.5 280

SRI-T f Census Series III 213.5 250

TECDB 213.5 (p. 401)

TABLE 3-4 SHOWS THE (lP ASSUMPTIONS MADE BY THE VARIOUS STUDIES; DIFFERENCES

ARE VERY LARGE HERE. PER CAPITA DISPOSABLE INCOME IS A MAJOR DETERMINANT

OF PERSONAL TRANSPORTATION, AND FREIGHT DEMAND CHANGES ARE CLOSELY RELATED

TO GNP CHANGES. THEREFORE, A LARGE PART OF THE VARIATION IN TOTAL TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DEMAND MAY BE EXPLAINED BY THE GNP ASSUMPTIONS. POPULATION

ASSUMPTIONS, ON THE OTHER HAND, DO NOT HELP EXPLAIN THE DIFFERENCES IN

THE TRANSPORTATION DEMANDS AND THE ASSOCIATED ENERGY DEMANDS AMONG THE

STUDIES BECAUSE WITH THE EXCEPTION OF SRI, EACH OF THE STUDIES USES

IDENTICAL POPULATION PROJECTIONS.

Table 3-4. Gross National Product Projections

(trillions of 1975 dollars)

1975 1985 1990 1995 2000 2010 2025

TEC 1.51 2.14 3.30

TECNET 1.51 2.14 2.47 3.30 4.24 5.72

SRI-S 1.50 3.00 8.10

T 1.50 2.15 4.00

JFA-L 1.98 2.35 2.56

M 2.32 3.06 3.52

H 2.44 3.47 4.16

CONAES A f C 1.51 1.84 2.03 2.24 2.48 3.01

TECDB 1.51 (p. 408)
Figure 3-4. GROSS NATIONAL PRODUCT

PROJECTIONS

a

Figure 3-3. POPULATION PROJECTIONS

(MILLIONS)

0

LEGEND

o = TEC/TECNET

==SRI - S

®= SRI - T

m=JFA - L

G=JFA - M = JFA - H

X = CONAES A AND C

/-s

O

N

O

N

a

0

0-

N

c)

040

0

N

0

OIi

N

0

1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 2025 2030

YEAR

LEGEND

* CENSUS SERIES 2 3 SRI - S

®- SRI--T/CENSUS SERIES 3

J -'

CJS

1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 2025 2030

YEAR

0

a

0

-a

0

U)

0

-I

x- ~

O'J

a

N-
236

THE TABLE BELOW (TABLE 3-5) SHOWS PASSENGER-MILES-TRAVELED (PMT) PROJECTIONS.

NOTE THAT THERE IS SUBSTANTIAL DISAGREEMENT AMONG THE 1975 ESTIMATES

ASSUMED BY THE VARIOUS STUDIES. THE PMT FIGURES FOR 1975 ARE MEASURED

ACCURATELY FOR RAIL, AIR, AND BUSES (SEE P. 236), BUT NEED TO BE

ESTIMATED FOR AUTOMOBILES. THUS, DIFFERENT ESTIMATES FOR AUTO AND PERSONAL

TRUCK PMT ACCOUNT FOR THE VARIATION IN TOTAL PMT FOR 1975.

Table 3-5. Passenger-Miles Traveled

(billions)

1975 1985 1990 1995 2000 2010 2025

TEC 2567 3644 5238

TECNET 2500 3605 5625 7164 9569

SRI-S 1891 2950 4600

T 1891 2200 2730

CONAES-A 2704 3505 4911

C 2704 3779 5507

JFA-M 3792 4784 5344

TEC 2580 3850

TECDB 2368 for 1974 (p. 27)

THE TABLE BELOW (TABLE 3-6) SHOWS FREIGHT TON-MILES-TRAVELED (IMI) PROJECTIONS. AS WAS THE CASE FOR PR, THERE IS MUCH DISAGREEMENT AMONG THE

STUDIES AS TO THE CORRECT 1975 VALUE. THE TABLE ON P. 244 SHOWS THAT

TRUCK TM DIFFERENCES ACCOUNT FOR MUCH OF THIS VARIATION. THE STUDIES

USE SIMILAR ESTIMATES FOR RAIL TIM, AS SHOWN ON P. 248. MARINE TMT

DIFFERENCES ARE DEFINITIONAL AND ARE EXPLAINED IN THE NARRATIVE. THE

COSAES VALUE IS LOWER THAN MOST BECAUSE IT EXCLUDES PIPELINE AND INTERNATIONAL MARINE TMT. TENET IS HIGHER THAN ALL OTHERS BECAUSE IT INCLUDES

T T BY DOMESTIC SHIPS ENGAGED IN INTERNATIONAL TRADE.

Table 3-6. Freight Ton-Miles

(billions)

1975 1985 1990 1995 2000 2010 2025

TEC 2928 4039 5748

TECNET 3421 4283 6407 12,678

SRI-S 1350 13,150

T 1350 3,650

CONAES-A 1889 2418 3172

C 1889 2669 3792

JFA-M 2173 3926 5011 5703

T&C 2213 4395

TECDB 2798 for 1975 (p. 29)
Figure 3-6. FREIGHT TONMILES

0

Figure 3-5. PASSENGER-MILES

TRAVELED

O

0

0

aa

(/)

0*

zL

00

- 14

a4

0

0,,

LEGEND

o=TEC

A = TENET

x = CONAES - A

o = CONAES - C

G=JFA - M a = SRI - S

= SRI - T

V/

LEGEND

o=TECP

A = TECNET

3= SRI - S

m = SRI - T

x = CONAES - A

o = CONAES - C

e = JFA - M

~4, 

4, '7,

7"

. .......

1970 1875 1980 1985 1990 1994 2000 a 2010 2015 20P0 5 2030

YEAR

x

H:

Cwg

ao

0

c1h

0

0

I

g-O

P p 

1970 1875 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 2025 2030

YEAR
238

TABLE 3-7 SHOWS THE ASSUMPTIONS MADE BY VARIOUS STUDIES REGARDING THE

REAL PRICE OF GASOLINE (IN 1975 DOLLARS). A DOLLAR PER GALLON FOR GASOLINE

IS REACHED IN 1985 IN THE C0NAES-A SCENARIO, IN 1995 IN TECNET, IN 2000

IN TEC, IN 20014 IN SRI-T, IN 2020 IN SRI-S, AND NEVER IN CONAES-C. THESE

WIDELY DIFFERENT ASSUMPTIONS HAVE A LARGE BEARING ON MANY OF THE FOLLOWING

ESTIMATES FOR TRAVEL DEMAND AND THE ASSOCIATED ENERGY USE. IN PARTICULAR,

THE HIGH VALUES FOR COAES-A RESULT IN LOW AUTOMOBILE VMT, HIGH MILES-PERGALLON (MPG), AND LOW AUTO ENERGY USE, AS SHOWN IN SUBSEQUENT TABLES.

Table 3-7. Projected Price Per Gallon of Gasoline

(cents per gallon - constant 1975 dollars)

1975 1985 1990 1995 2000 2010 2025

TEC 65 65 65 80 100

TECNET 60 94 120 135

SRI-S 65 75 105

T 65 80 150

CONAES-A 57 143 258

C 57 64 67

JFA-M 65.5 65.5 65.5

TECDB 60 premium (p. 360)

TABLE 3-8 SHOWS THE ASSUMPTIONS MADE BY THE STUDIES REGARDING AUTOMOBILE

FLEET AVERAGE MPG. THE CONAES VALUES ARE CLEARLY RELATED TO THE PRICE

OF GAS ASSUMPTIONS SHOWN IN TABLE 3-7. SEVERAL OF THE PROJECTIONS DO

NOT MEET THE 1985 FEDERAL STANDARDS OF 27.5 MPG.

Table 3-8. Automobile Miles-Per-Gallon

(fleet average)

1975 1985 1990 1995 2000 2010 2025

TEC-B 13.5 22.0 25.0 27.5

C 13.5 23.1 27.0 33.0

TECNET-B 13.7 22.7 26.1 27.3 27.2 26.9

C 13.7 22.7 26.1 28.1 29.5 31.0

SRI-S 26.0 32.0

T 26.0 35.0

CONAES-A 14.0 22.0 37.0

C 14.0 17.0 20.0

JFA-M 20.2 22.6 24.0

T*C 20.0 25.0 28.0

TECDB 13.7 (p. 185)
Figure 3-8. AUTOMOBILE MILES-PERGALLON (FLEET AVERAGE)

Figure 3-7. PROJECTED PRICE PER

GALLON OF GASOLINE

0|

LEGEND

o = TEC - B

o = TEC - C

+= TECNET - C

0=

8=

O

IC 

NOI

aN

yOcn

WN

40

a -4

H

zo

(I2

zS

0

o_

0

x

LEGEND

o= TEC

= TECNET

a=SRI -- S

®=SRI *T x CONAES - - A

o = CONAES - C

4:I

'4d

C.;

-U

= SRI-S/

= SRI-T.

= CONAES - A

= CONAES - C ...- -+

= JFA-M CZ -'

Cg

-I-g

G0

.O

1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 2025 2030

YEAR

1970 197 1980 1985 1990 1996 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 2025 2030

YEAR

- CON AC ..

0

a0

0

N 

O

1
240

TABLE 3-9 BELOW SHOWS THE PROJECTIONS FOR THE NUMBER OF AUTOMOBILES. THE

LACK OF AGREEMENT ON THE 1975 VALUE IS A RESULT OF USING TWO DIFFERENT

CONCEPTS, THE HIGHER VALUE IS THE TOTAL NUMBER OF CARS REGISTERED FOR A

CALENDAR YEAR AS OF DECEMBER 31. THIS NUMBER COMES FROM THE FEDERAL HIGHWAY ADMINISTRATION IN DOT. THE LOWER FIGURE IS THE ESTIMATE OF THE "CARS

IN USE" DURING A CALENDAR YEAR. IT REPRESENTS THE NUMBER OF CARS MID-WAY

THROUGH THE CALENDAR YEAR (ON JULY 1), FOR MOST PURPOSES DEALING WITH

ENERGY USE, THE "CARS IN USE" CONCEPT IS THE CORRECT ONE TO USE. FOR

MOST OF THE PROJECTIONS, THE NUMBER OF AUTOS GROWS AT A SLOWER RATE THAN

THE WII, IMPLYING AN INCREASE OVER TIME IN

DRIVEN PER AUTOMOBILE.

Table 3-9. Number of Automobiles

(millions)

THE AVERAGE NUMBER OF MILES

in Total U.S. Fleet

1975 1985 1990 1995 2000 2010 2025

TEC 95.2 116.5 139.6

TECNET 95.2 107.1 134.7 163.6 201.2

SRI-S 109 174

T 109 100

JFA-M 114.8 127.1

WHARTON 96.4 116.6 123.1 131.9

TECDB 106.7 (p. 20)

TABLE 3-10 BELOW SHOWS THE PROJECTIONS FOR THE ANNUAL MILES DRIVEN PER

YEAR, THE LARGE VARIABILITY THAT EXISTS FOR THE BASE YEAR IS DUE TO

DIFFERENT CONCEPTS USED FOR THE NUMBER OF AUTOS AND DIFFERENT ASSUMPTIONS

ABOUT VIIS. NOTE THAT THE GROWTH ASSUMPTIONS DIFFER GREATLY. THE JFA

FIGURES ARE EXPLAINED IN THE DOCUMENTATION AS RESULTING FROM THE

ASSUMPTION THAT THE REAL PRICE OF CARS WILL INCREASE DURING THE NEXT 25

YEARS, WHEREAS THE REAL PRICE OF GASOLINE AND CARS DECREASED DURING THE

25 YEARS PRIOR TO 1973.

Table 3-10. Annual Miles Traveled Per Automobile

1975 1985 1990 1995 2000 2010 2025

TEC 10,714 11,957 13,847

TECNET 10,074 14,332 15,071 15,819 17,132

SRI-S 9,174 12,644

T 9,174 10,500

JFA-M 12,561 15,429

WHARTON 10,685 10,437 10,423 10,629

TECDB 11,800 (p. 81)
Figure 3-10. ANNUAL MILES TRAVELED

PER AUTOMOBILE

Figure 3-9. NUMBER OF AUTOMOBILES IN

TOTAL U.S. FLEET

O

0

O

0

.,-

-I

LEGEND

o = TEC

A = TENET

==SRI - S

®=SRI - T

e= JFA - M 7

* = WHARTON

WHARTON

.'

O

d

e

d

aN

O

d

zU0

a

n-a

d

O

d

O

0

LEGEND

o = TEC

A = TENET

=SRI - S

®=SRI - T

e=JFA - M

= WHARTON

a

/1

IF I

-T

1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1990 0 2 1 05 2015 2020 202 030

YEAR

1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 2025 2030

YEAR

---

0

Wn

a

NO

.-

0

9M
242

AUTOMOBILE VEHICLE-MILES-TRAVELED (MI) PROJECTIONS ARE SHOWN IN TABLE 3-11.

NOTE THAT AGREEMENT EXISTS ON THE 1975 VALUE BECAUSE ALL USE THE ESTIMATE

MADE BY THE FEDERAL HIGHWAY ADMINISTRATION. A SPECIAL STUDY HAS BEEN

CONDUCTED FOR THE TECDATA BOOK ON VMT ESTIMATING PROCEDURES AND THESE

RESULTS ARE SUMMARIZED ON PP. 21-25. THERE IS AS MUCH DISAGREEMENT ON

FUGURE AUTO \TI VALUES AS FOR ANY OTHER TRANSPORTATION DEMAND. SOME STUDIES

ESTIMATE THAT AUTO SATURATION LEVELS (IN TERMS OF THE NUMBER OWNED PER

CAPITA AND THE TIME SPENT DRIVING IN THEM) ARE REACHED BY THE YEAR 2OO0,

OTHERS DO NOT.

Table 3-11. Automobile Vehicle-Miles Traveled

(billions)

1975 1985 1990 1995 2000 2010 2025

TEC 1020 1393 1933

TECNET 959 1336 1535 2030 2588 3447

SRI-S 1000 1520 2575

T 1000 1200 1500

CONAES-A 977 1113 1418

C 977 1342 1856

JFA-M 1442 1961

WHARTON 1030 1217 1283 1402

TECDB 1015.9 (p. 24)

ESTIMATES OF FUTURE ENERGY DEMAND BY AUTOMOBILE TRAVEL ARE SHOWN IN

TABLE 3-12. AS IN THE PREVIOUS GRAPH, WIDE DIFFERENCES CONCERNING THE

FUTURE EXIST. SINCE AUTOMOBILES ARE THE LARGEST SINGLE ENERGY USER IN

THE TRANSPORTATION SECTOR (OR ANYWHERE IN THE U.S. SOCIETY), THE

DIFFERENCES HERE ARE REFLECTED IN TOTAL FUTURE ENERGY DEMAND ESTIMATES.

Table 3-12. Total Automobile Energy Demand

(quadrillion Btu)

1975 1985 1990 1995 2000 2010 2025

TEC 9.4 7.9 8.8

TECNET-B 8.9 7.6 7.7 10.0 12.8 17.2

C 8.9 7.6 7.7 9.6 11.6 14.5

SRI-S 9.4 7.2 10.2

T 9.4 5.5 5.4

CONAES-A 6.6 5.0

C 10.3 12.3

JFA-L 9.8 11.5

M 10.8- 13.6

H 11.2 14.7

MOPPS II-B 9.4 8.5 9.5 12.5 16.8

C 8.1 5.7 7.4 9.9

TECDB 9.5 (p. 171)
Figure 3-12. TOTAL AUTOMOBILE

ENERGY DEMAND

LEGEND

o = TEC

= TECNET 

+ = TECNET 

x = CONAES = CONAES 

e=JFA - M = MOPPS-II

-= MOPPiT1

a=

®-=

B

C

A

C

- B

r'

0

- 

SRI - S

:SRI - T

7-

. -. 

.............. RI-T

Figure 3-11. AUTOMOBILE VEHICLE

MILES TRAVELED

C,

tr.4

0

Cn2

o

0

0

o

z 0-

O

(. d

0

0

0

1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 2025 2030

YEAR

LEGEND

o = TEC A= TENET

= SRI - S ® = SRI - T

X= CONAES - A

CONAES - C e= JFA - M = WHARTON

10,

h4/ 

/ QSr

e A

.7r ,~rI

// *.

I I I r

1970 L975 1980 1985 [990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 2( 5 2030

YEAR

C,

a4

N.%

% I
244

THE PROJECTIONS OF TON-MILES TRAVELED (T) BY TRUCKS ARE SHOWN IN

TABLE 3-13. THIS IS NOT THE ONLY MEASURE OF (OR NECESSARILY THE BEST

MEASURE OF) TRUCK DEMAND, BECAUSE ABOUT A THIRD OF THE ENERGY USED BY

TRUCKS IS USED FOR PERSONAL TRANSPORTATION. ALSO, VERY FEW MEASURES OF

INTRACITY TRUCK TON-MILES EXIST. THUS, TMT FOR TRUCKS MEASURES DEMAND

ONLY FOR INTERCITY FREIGHT. THE SIGNIFICANT DIFFERENCES IN THE 1975

YEAR VALUES, ALTHOUGH DIFFICULT TO EXPLAIN, SEEM SMALL COMPARED WITH THE

ENORMOUS DIFFERENCES AMONG THE PROJECTIONS WITH RESPECT TO FUTURE TRUCK

TrS. SRI-S HAS TRUCKS CARRYING THREE-QUARTERS OF THE FREIGHT TON-MILES

IN THE YEAR 2025.

Table 3-13. Truck Ton-Miles Traveled

(billions)

1975 1985 1990 1995 2000 2010 2025

TEC 600 865 1507

TECNET 651 947 1631 4,042

SRI-S 325 10,200

T 325 950

CONAES-A 550 703 926

C 550 961 1577

JFA-M 703 943 1096

TECDB 488 (p. 30)

THE PROJECTIONS OF TOTAL ENERGY USED BY TRUCKS ARE SHCWN IN TABLE 3-14.

THE TRENDS SHOWN IN THE DATA CORRESPOND TO THOSE TRENDS REFLECTED IN

TABLE 3-13, WITH THE EXCEPTION OF THE SRI-S PROJECTIONS. OBVIOUSLY, SRI-S

HAS A MUCH HIGHER ENERGY EFFICIENCY PREDICTION FOR FUTURE TRUCKS BECAUSE

THE ENERGY USED IS NOT GROWING NEARLY AS RAPIDLY AS THE TON-MILES. ENERGY

FOR ALL TRUCK USE IS INCLUDED IN THIS GRAPH, WHEREAS TON-MILES FOR ONLY

A PORTION OF THE TRUCK FLEET IS IN THE PREVIOUS GRAPH.

Table 3-14. Truck Energy Demand

(quadrillion Btu)

1975 1985 1990 1995 2000 2010 2025

TEC 4.0 5.1 7.6

TECNET-B 3.9 5.4 6.2 8.0 11.2 17.3

C 3.9 5.4 5.9 7.0 9.9 15.7

SRI-S 2.7 6.5 15.5

T 2.7 2.7 4.0

CONAES-A 4.0 3.6 3.0

C 4.0 4.9 6.4

JFA-M 3.2 4.7 5.4

TECDB 4.1 (p. 171)
Figure 3-14. TRUCK ENERGY

DEMAND

LEGEND

o = TEC

=TECNET - B / 

=TECNET - C

=SRI - S

=SRI - T

= CONAES - A

= CONAES - C

= JFA - M

/ f/

- GNPE Cj

" rQNSR/

Figure 3-13. TRUCK TON-MILES

TRAVELED

0

0

0

d

o 

0

o,

zo

"10

8.W0

O

LEGEND

o = TEC

= TENET s = SRI - S * = SRI - T

x = CONAES - A

o = CONAES - C

=JFA - M

/.

/'

i

y/

411, 1

GONPE C

/ JFP 8 OONAES -x .. 

1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 8005 a)10 8015 2080 2085 8030

YEAR

1970 1975 1960 195 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2 S2023 2030

YEAR

mI

+ 3==

s==

x-=

o =

8=

46-

z

--

Sa_

CD

N

(1.

i

i

i

i

1
246

GIVEN IN TABLE 3-15 ARE THE PROJECTIONS FOR AIR REVENUE PASSENGER MILES.

THERE IS AS MUCH DIFFERENCE IN FUTURE VALUES FOR THIS ACTIVITY AS FOR

ANY OTHER TRANSPORTATION ACTIVITY. THE TEC ESTIMATE IS VERY CLOSE TO THE

FEDERAL AVIATION ADMINISTRATION (FAA) CASE H, WHICH IS THE OFFICIAL

ESTIMATE BY FAA.

Table 3-15. Revenue Passenger-Miles

(billions)

Traveled by Air

1975 1985 1990 1995 2000 2010 2025

TEC 159 304 550

TECNET 193 306 536 791

SRI-S 160 1624

T 160 250

CONAES-A 159 180 329

C 159 222 502

FAA-L 159 272

H 159 528

TECDB 146 in 1974 (p. 27)

GIVEN IN TABLE 3-16 IS PROJECTED ENERGY DEMAND BY COMMERCIAL AIRLINES.

GENERAL AVIATION ENERGY USE IS EXCLUDED. CASE B OF CONAES IS NOT SHOWN

ON THE GRAPH, BUT IT HAS A VALUE OF 6 x 1015 BTU IN 2010. THUS, THE TWO

CONAES SCENARIOS USED IN THIS ANALYSIS DO NOT NECESSARILY SHOW THE

BOUNDING CASES IN THAT STUDY. JFA-M MEASURES THE AIR PASSENGER-MILES

BY U.S. CARRIERS NO MATTER WHERE THEY ARE OPERATING (I.E., BETWEEN U.S.

AND FOREIGN COUNTRIES, OR BETWEEN TWO FOREIGN COUNTRIES). PASSENGERMILES BY FOREIGN CARRIERS ARE NOT INCLUDED. FOR ENERGY USE, HOWEVER,

ALL FUEL LOADED IN THE UNITED STATES (WHETHER ON FOREIGN OR U.S.

CARRIERS) IS COUNTED, AND ALL FUEL LOADED ABROAD IS OMITTED.

Table 3-16. Air Energy Demand (quadrillion Btu)

(excluding general aviation)

1975 1985 1990 1995 2000 2010 2025

TEC 1.42 2.50 4.40

TECNET-B 2.14 3.37 4.03 5.44 6.50 7.88

C 2.14 3.28 3.76 4.59 5.44 6.51

SRI-S 2.0 3.5 6.5

T 2.0 3.0 4.0

CONAES-A 1.3 1.2 1.2

C 1.3 1.5 2.1

JFA-M 2.1 3.0 3.6

FAA-L 1.07 1.80

H 1.07 4.82

TECDB 1.4 in 1974 (p. 171)
Figure 3-16. AIR ENERGY DEMAND

(EXCLUDING GENERAL AVIATION)

Figure 3-15. REVENUE PASSENGER-MILES

TRAVELED BY AIR

O

0

0

0

0

H o

to

0

srW

LEGEND

o =TEC

A = TECNET - B

+= TECNET - C

z = SRI - S

= = SRI - T

x = CONAES - A

o=CONAES - C

e= JFA - M A'

.7-.

-,C

CO NAES-A_

LEGEND

o = TEC

A = TECNET

s= SRI - S

® = SRI - T

x = CONAES - A

o = CONAES - C

0

$.

0

0

mg

0-

1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1994 2000 2006 2010

YEAR

2015 2020 2025 2030 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 2025 2030

YEAR

IIcol

,I

0

A
248

GIVEN IN TABLE 3-17 ARE THE PROJECTIONS OF RAIL TON-MILES TRAVELED. THE

CONAES STUDY DOES NOT INCLUDE ANY OF THE ENERGY REQUIRED FOR TRANSPORTING

ENERGY SUPPLIES (I.E., COAL). THE JFA-M FIGURES, ON THE OTHER HAND, TAKE

INTO ACCOUNT THE INCREASED ENERGY SHIPMENTS AND THE INCREASED LENGTH OF

HAULS (EG.I MORE DEPENDENCE ON WESTERN COAL). AS ENERGY SUPPLY LINES

SHIFT AND DEPENDENCE ON COAL INCREASES IN THE FUTURE, THESE TRANSPORTATION

REQUIREMENTS MAY BE SIGNIFICANT.

Table 3-17. Rail Ton-Miles Traveled

(billions)

1975 1985 1990 1995 2000 2010 2025

TEC 750 1273 1900

TECNET 721 999 1142 1526 2040 2980

SRI-S 750 1100 1526

T 750 1100 2040

CONAES-A 758 982 1306

C 975 1275

JFA-M 1516 2079 2420

TECDB 752 (p. 29)

GIVEN IN TABLE 3-18 ARE THE PROJECTIONS OF RAIL ENERGY DEMAND. NOTE

THAT THE TENET ENERGY SAVINGS DUE TO CONSERVATION AMOUNT TO ABOUT 114%

BY THE YEAR 2025. QUITE DIFFERENT BTU/TON-MILE PROJECTIONS ARE IMPLIED

BY THE INFORMATION PRESENTED IN THESE TWO GRAPHS.

Table 3-18. Total Rail Energy Demand

(quadrillion Btu)

1975 1985 1990 1995 2000 2010 2025

TEC 0.50 0.67 1.00

TECNET-B 0.57 0.77 0.88 1.17 1.57 2.30

C 0.57 0.77 0.87 1.09 1.42 1.98

SRI-S 0.6 0.7 1.2

T 0.6 0.7 1.3

CONAES-A 0.5 0.7 0.8

C 0.5 0.7 0.9

JFA-M 0.96 1.27 1.47

TECDB 0.56 (p. 171)
Figure 3-18. TOTAL RAIL

ENERGY DEMAND

Figure 3-17. RAIL TON-MILES

TRAVELED

LEGEND o = TEC

A= TECNET - B

+= TECNET - C

a = SRI - S

® = SRI - T

x = CONAES - A

o = CONAES - C

e=JFA - M

//

,//

i/I j i

I

*/.j' ,,Ji / 

hl

0

'-1

A

E a

U,~

O

0

O. 0

LEGEND

o TEC

A= TENET

a=SRI -S

* SRI - T

- CONAES - A

c=-CONAES -- C

e=JFA -M

e

e

0

0

O

N

O

0

O

N

N

N

-4 0-

00

z

-- 4

0-

O

O

0

0O

d

M |~

190 1975 19Y0 19E5 1990 1993 2000 20032410 215 2020 2023Z030R

YEAR

1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 2025

YEAR

/ P

49

Z

00/

/ N~G.

,Ar_ 4 "" NpES-A

/7

I U

.j

2030

Y
250

TABLE 3-19 SHOWS THE PROJECTIONS OF MARINE TON-MILES TRAVELED. THE

TECNET VALUES ARE HIGHER IN THE BASE YEAR AND THEREAFTER BECAUSE THEY

INCLUDE AN ESTIMATE OF ENERGY USED BY DOMESTIC SHIPS INVOLVED IN INTERNATIONAL TRADE. JFA-M DOES NOT INCLUDE PUERTO RICO AND THE VIRGIN ISLAND

TRAFFIC WITH DOMESTIC TRAFFIC.

Table 3-19. Marine Ton-Miles Traveled

(billions)

1975 1985 1990 1995 2000 2010 2025

TEC 615 1126 1536

TECNET 1295 1592 2238 3950

CONAES A 4 C 581 733 940

JFA-M 560 1049 1225 1350

TECDB 941 in 1974 (p. 29)

TABLE 3-20 SHOWS THE PROJECTIONS FOR MARINE ENERGY DEMAND. OBVIOUSLY,

THE JFA-M AND TEC PROJECTIONS INCLUDE ENERGY USED BY DOMESTIC SHIPS IN

INTERNATIONAL TRADE BECAUSE THEIR ENERGY ESTIMATES ARE HIGHER THAN THAT

FOR TEQNET. RECREATION AND FISHING BOAT ENERGY IS ALSO INCLUDED.

Table 3-20. Total Marine Energy Demand

(quadrillion Btu)

1975 1985 1990 1995 2000 2010 2025

TEC .0.64 1.15 1.50

TECNET-B 0.64 0.76 0.84 1.02 1.29 1.74

C 0.64 0.76 0.80 0.91 1.17 1.61

CONAES A 4 C 0.3 0.4 0.5

JFA-M 1.04 1.32 1.52

TECDB .80 in 1974 (p. 171)
Figure 3-20. TOTAL MARINE

ENERGY DEMAND

Figure 3-19. MARINE TON-MILES

TRAVELED

LEGEND

o = TEC

= TECNET -+ TECET 

B

Cr -1L'VAiA 1 L.

CONAES A AND C

JFA - M

E91 P 

CO/ E

A

/'

0

N

dl

YEAR

LEGEND

o - TEC

= TECNET

x = CONAES A AND C

e=JFA - M

/7 Q

d

a_

aN

0

4

a

lob

N-

'-a

1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 2023 2030

YEAR

O

O.4-

o

CS

4

'_A5,7' # r e

8

x =

e =
252

TABLE 3-21 GIVES THE PROJECTIONS OF PIPELINE TON-MILES.

PROJECTIONS OF THIS TRANSPORTATION DEMAND.

THERE ARE FEW

Table 3-21. Pipeline Ton-Miles Traveled

(billions)

1975 1985 1990 1995 2000 2010 2025

TEC 763 800 1000

TECNET 717 968 1627

JFA-L 648 691 723

M 749 885 976

H 786 994 1129

T&C 806 1220

TECDB 510 (oil only) (p. 29)

TABLE 3-22 GIVES THE PROJECTIONS FOR PIPELINE ENERGY DEMAND. TECNET-B

IS THE BASELINE (BEFORE CONSERVATION) PROJECTION OF ENERGY USE. TECNET-C

SHOWS THE REDUCTION DUE TO CONSERVATION TECHNOLOGY (SUCH AS BOTTOMING

CYCLES) ON PIPELINES. THE CASE ALSO REFLECTS THE ADDITIONAL REDUCTION

IN ENERGY DEMAND RESULTING FROM THE DECLINE IN OIL AND NATURAL GAS

SHIPMENTS.

Table 3-22. Pipeline Energy Demand

(quadrillion Btu)

1975 1985 1990 1995 2000 2010 2025

TEC 1.26 1.28 1.50

TECNET-B 1.24 1.28 1.20 1.22 1.34 1.45

C 1.24 1.12 1.03 0.87 0.95 1.01

TECDB .68 in 1974 (natural gas only) (p. 171)
Figure 3-22.PIPELINE ENERGY

DEMAND

Figure 3-21. PIPELINE TON-MILES

TRAVELED

a-

+=-

LEGEND

TEC

TECNET 

TECNET - C

B

C

0

0

.4

0

H

C,

C2,.

zg'

0

0Ali

0

a

0

8

d

a

a

a

a

ZaO

a

O,2

0

8-

1970 1975 1960 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 2025 2030

YEAR

LEGEND

o = TEC

- TENET

6=JFA - M

.7

1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 20C0 2025 2030

YEAR

.E

N,

N 9

P

EGN .c/

t, ,,

i

Chapter 4

Government Impacts

T. P. O'Connor

Government Impacts

The Federal government has actively participated in the development

of the U.S. transportation system since the early 1800s. These early

activities centered primarily around building transportation's infrastructure and ensuring the safety of travelers. Since this time, it has assumed

the responsibility of protecting the public from the abuse of monopolies,

promoting fair competition, and developing and ensuring the continuation of

vital transportation services. More recently, concern has focused on

promoting a balance between environmental, social, and energy concerns in

the formulation of transportation policies.

The importance of the transportation sector within the framework of a

national energy policy is emphasized by the fact that transportation accounts

for approximately 25 percent of the total energy used and over 50 percent

of the total petroleum consumpted in the U.S. There are three primary

mechanisms that have become the focal points for government activities

effecting energy conservation in the transportation sector: taxes, and

expenditures; regulatory activities; and research, development, and demonstration (RD&D) programs. The purpose of this chapter is to provide data

which identify and, where possible, quantify these governmental activities

and their impacts on energy consumption.

Section 4.1, Taxes and Expenditures, contains a series of data that

disaggregates public revenues generated from and expenditures for transportation-related activities. Included in this array of data are Federal

and state sources derived from transportation by source and the percentage

of total revenues derived from transportation. For comparative purposes,

a table is provided that identifies the relative tax contributions of

257
258

selected classes of vehicles. It is significant to note that at both the

state and Federal levels, the portion of total tax receipts derived from

transportation has declined over the 1950-1975 period.

Also appearing in this section are tables which show fuel tax rates

by state and a comparison of U.S. fuel taxes with those of other industrialized nations. Fuel taxes comprise a considerably lower fraction of

fuel prices in the U.S. than in other countries. Lastly, data concerning

receipts and disbursements from the Highway Trust Fund and total Federal

and state expenditures for transportation facilities by mode are provided.

The opening portion of Section 4.2, Programs and Regulatory Activities,

is devoted to a summary and analysis of the transportation-related elements

of President Carter's National Energy Plan. An attempt is made to clarify

inconsistencies between various projections of the Plan's impacts on energy

use in transportation. While large inconsistencies exist between the projections, most of the variation is explained by a lack of agreement with

respect to the effect of price increases on transportation demand.

Also examined in this section are a number of pieces of current legislation significantly affecting the transportation sector. Summaries are

provided for the Energy Policy and Conservation Act (P.L. 94-163), which

established fuel economy standards; the Electric and Hybrid Vehicle Act

(P.L. 94-413), which established a program to promote and develop electric

and hybrid vehicle technologies within ERDA; and the recently revised

(August 1977) emission standards. An assessment of the energy impacts of

emission standards is also contained in this section.

In addition to these legislative activities, two multi-agency

programs designed to promote information diffusion and/or education,
259

the joint industry/government "Voluntary Truck and Bus Fuel Economy

Program" and the joint EPA/FEA/FTC "Fuel Economy Information Program", are

reviewed. Supplementing this discussion is a comparison and analysis of

the EPA, SAE, and Scott driving cycles for fuel economy testing.

The final portion of Section 4.2 consists of a summary of the transportation responsibilities of the various Federal regulatory agencies,

Congressional Committees, and the offices and/or agencies within the

executive branch. Thirteen bodies within the Executive Branch and 15

Congressional Committees exercise such jurisdiction. This portion also

includes data on pipeline regulatory activities from one of a series of

modal-specific studies being conducted by TEC/ERDA.

The Government Research, Development and Demonstration Section (4.3)

provides an organizational chart and an analysis of functions and resources

being transferred to the Department of Energy (DOE). As these data

reflect, 71 percent of the DOE Budget and 46 percent of its manpower are

to be transferred from ERDA. Of particular importance with respect to

DOE is the fact that, in addition to coordinating Federal energy functions, a separate energy data collection and analysis function will be

handled by the Energy Information Administration. Such an independent

and centralized data collection function represents a radical and much

needed change from the previously inconsistent and multi-centered approach.

Energy RDED activities will be handled by the Assistant Secretary for

Conservation and the Assistant Secretary for Energy Technology.

Following the data on DOE, the FY 1978 ERDA Budget Request as revised

in April 1977 is presented. This budget request, recommended by the

Carter Administration, is characterized by dramatic increases in expenditures
260

for Conservation (106%) and Solar Heating and Cooling (113%) programs above

that proposed by the previous administration. Reductions in funding for

longer-term programs permitted these increases. In addition to the ERDA

Budget request, a modal analysis of U.S. Government transportation planning

and R & D outlays is provided.

Section 4.3 also includes data on RD*D expenditures in industry

as well as energy RD&D expenditures of other industrialized nations.

Forty-one percent of industry RD&D expenditures are government funded.

The remaining 59 percent ($14.8 billion) is funded by the private sector.

Relative to other industrialized nations, U.S. energy-related RDFD

expenditures are far greater.

Unlike the past format of the Transportation Energy Conservation Data

Book, this section also includes a state-of-the-art appraisal of the ERDA

Electric and Hybrid Vehicle Program, a listed assessment of electric vehicle

marketability and a projection of future developments relative to electric

vehicle technology. Included in these data are actual vehicle performance

specifications, the driving cycle currently used in the ERDA Electric and

Hybrid Vehicle project, and a comparison of various travel characteristics

and infrastructure and their compatibility with the characteristics and

requirements of electric vehicles. It is estimated that a four-seat electric

vehicle with a range of 50 miles and sufficient power for freeway use

could replace 17% of the vehicles in the existing fleet.
Section 4.1

Government Taxes and Expenditures

* Table 4-1. Federal Taxes Derived from Transportation, 1950-1975

(in millions of dollars)

1950 1960 1965 1970 1972 1973 1974 1975

Corporate income and profits taxes

Transportation companies 862 684 779 788 753 980 1,127 1,470

Transport equipment mfgrs., exc. motor 162 322 518 629 449 538 608 565

Motor vehicle and equipment mfgrs. 1,799 1,729 2,591 2,927 3,026 3,438 3,599 1,697

Automotive sales and services 342 214 287 451 548 653 730 794

Total 3,165 2,949 4,175 4,795 4,776 5,609 6,064 4,526

Excise Taxesa

Gasoline 568 2,224 2,627 3,447 3,674 3,906 3,806 3,839

Diesel and special motor fuels 82 151 265 321 358 373 363

Use tax on large motor vehicles 45 103 141 163 202 206 212

Lubricating oil 45 47 48 57 57 61 60 57

Motor vehicles, parts, and accessories 781 1,781 2,439 2,439 403 629 667 495

Tires, tubes, and tread rubber 184 299 458 614 696 794 734 634

Transportation of property 340 2 11 29 37 42 47

Transportation of people 229 261 122 337 556 624 716 803

Other excise taxes 831 1,235 2,280 2,546 2,904 2,801 2,887 2,797

Total 2,978 5,976 8,228 9,975 8,803 9,412 9,491 9,247

Income and employment taxesb 2,673 7,856 9,199 18,343 19,837 23,035 26,650 29,450

Total federal transportation taxes 8,816 16,781 21,602 33,013 33,416 38,056 42,205 43,223

Total federal taxes 38,957 91,775 114,435 195,722 209,856 237,787 268,952 293,823

Transportation taxes as a percent of 22.6% 18.3% 18.9% 16.9% 15.0% 16.0% 15.7% 14.7%

total

aNo adjustments have been made for changes in rates or coverage.

bPaid by people employed in transportation.

Sources: Transportation Association of America, Transportation Facts and Trends, 12th ed., Washington,

D.C., 1975, p. 27; Transportation Facts and Trends, Quarterly Supplement, Washington, D.C.,

April 1977, p. 27.

NA
264

* Figure 4-1.

Percentage of Federal and State Taxes

Derived from Transportation,

1975

FEDERAL

NON-TRANSPORTATION

TAXES 83.30%

TRANSPORTATION

TAXES I4.7O7.

STATE

NON-TRANSPORTATION

TAXES7+4. 207.

TRANSPORTATION

TAXES 25 .807.

Figure 4-2.

Sources of Federal and State Taxes

Derived from Transportation,

1975

FEDERAL STATE

INCOME TAXES 68.10%

CRPORATE TAXES 10.00%

EXCISE TAXES 2L.40%

EXCISE TAXES 85.00%

ORPORATE TAXES 3.20%

INCOME TAXES 11.80%

Source: Transportation Association of America, Transportation Facts

and Trends, Quarterly Supplement, Washington, D.C., April

1977, p. 27.
Table 4-2. State Taxes Derived from Transportation, 1950-1975

(in millions of dollars)

1950 1960 1965 1970 1972 1973 1974 1975

Corporate income taxes 171 153 308 374 601 781 874 657

Excise taxes

Motor fuels 1,544 3,335 4,300 6,283 7,216 8,058 8,207 8,255

Motor vehicle and operator licensing 755 1,468 2,021 2,955 3,340 3,636 3,755 3,941

Other state taxes 549 1,307 1,762 3,239 4,024 4,471 4,954 5,389

Total 2,848 6,110 8,083 12,476 14,580 16,165 16,916 17,585

Individual income taxesa 98 309 475 1,194 1,689 2,026 2,220 2,446

Total state transportation taxes 3,117 6,572 8,866 14,044 16,870 18,972 20,010 20,688

Total state taxes 7,929 18,036 26,126 47,961 59,870 68,069 74,207 80,155

Transportation taxes as a percent of total 39.3% 36.4% 33.9% 29.3% 28.2% 27.0% 27.0% 25.8%

aPaid by people employed in transportation.

Sources: Transportation Association of America, Transportation Facts and Trends, 12th ed., Washington, D.C.,

1975, p. 27; Transportation Facts and Trends, Quarterly Supplement, Washington, D.C., April, 1977,

p. 27.

O'
266

IN 1973, A PRIVATELY OPERATED 38 TON TRACTOR/TRAILER TRUCK PAID AN

AVERAGE OF $1,719.31 INTO THE HIGHWAY TRUST FUND THROUGH VARIOUS FEDERAL

TAXES. WHEN COMBINED WITH STATE TAXES (SEE P. 267), THIS SAME TRUCK PAID

A TOTAL OF $14,749.39. THE TABLE BELOW PROVIDES DATA ON FEDERAL TAXES

FOR VARIOUS VEHICLE TYPES. WHILE THE ACTUAL DOLLAR FIGURES HAVE CHANGED,

THE RELATIVE TAX CONTRIBUTIONS OF THE DIFFERENT VEHICLE CLASSES HAVE

REMAINED CONSTANT.

*Table 4-3. Average Annual Federal Taxes on Selected

Motor Vehicle Types, 1973

Motor Tires, Total taxes

Vehicle and service Fuel vehicle tubes, and Parts and Lubricating Highway dedicated tax excise retread accessories oil use tax highway tax rubber trust fund

Motorcycle $ 3.60 $ $ 1.00 $ $ .05 $ $ 4.65

Passenger car, medium weight 32.84 4.55 .47 37.86

Intercity bus, couson carrier 466.68 486.67 83.05 57.76 6.67 102.00 1,202.83

Pickup truck (2.5 tons)

Private 31.68 4.00 1.52 .45 37.65

Stake truck (7 tons)

Private 56.48 43.70 8.05 2.88 .80 111.91 Contract 94.12 43.70 13.50 2.88 1.34 155.54

Van truck (12 tons)

Private 133.32 108.29 11.95 7.68 1.90 263.14 Contract 222.24 108.29 19.90 7.68 3.17 361.28

3-axle dump truck, diesel (25 tons)

Private 181.80 226.75 69.60 19.60 2.60 120.00 620.35

3-axle combination (20 tons)

Private 266.68 166.04 35.70 14.96 3.81 120.00 607.19 Contract 355.56 166.04 47.65 14.96 5.08 120.00 709.29

4-axle combination (27.5 tons)

Private 500.00 218.71 84.15 22.48 7.14 150.00 982.48 Contract 600.00 218.71 101.05 22.48 8.57 150.00 1,101.81

4-axle combination, diesel (27.5 tons)

Private 363.64 238.64 84.15 14.48 5.19 150.00 856.10 Contract 436.36 238.64 101.05 14.48 6.23 150.00 946.76

5-axle combination, diesel (36 tons)

Private 571.44 362.26 157.85 25.36 8.16 210.00 1,335.07 Contract 571.44 362.26 157.85 25.36 8.16 210.00 1,335.07

5-axle tractor-semitrailer and full trailer,

diesel (36 tons)

Private 653.08 375.63 171.05 22.24 9.32 180.00 1,411.32 Contract 643.08 375.63 171.05 22.24 9.32 180.00 1,411.32

S-axle truck and full trailer, diesel (38 tons)

Private 727.28 566.35 171.05 22.24 10.39 222.00 1,719.31 Contract 727.28 566.35 171.05 22.24 10.39 222.00 1,719.31

Source: Motor Vehicle Manufacturers Association, Motor Vehicle

Facts and Figures '76, Detroit, Mich., 1976, p. 91.

!BOO
267

THE TABLE BELOW PRESENTS THE MOST-CURRENT-AVAILABLE DATA ON STATE-ROADUSER AND PERSONAL PROPERTY TAXES PER VEHICLE. ALTHOUGH THE ACTUAL DOLLAR

FIGURES ARE DATED, THE RELATIVE TAX CONTRIBUTIONS OF THE DIFFERENT VEHICLE

CLASSES HAVE REMAINED CONSTANT, ACCORDING TO FHWA SOURCES.

*CTable 4-4. Average Annual State Taxes on Selected

Motor Vehicle Types, 1973

Registration Motor fuel Total Poet Vehicle and service R e i tax road-user Property Total

taxes

Motorcycle $ 7.42 $ 6.86 $ 14.28 $ 7.09 $ 21.38

Passenger car, medium weight 20.04 62.46 82.50 27.86 110.36

Intercity bus, common carrier 713.96 851.01 1,564.97 490.49 2,055.45

Pickup truck (2.5 tons)

Private 25.68 60.41 86.09 26.90 112.99

Stake truck (7 tons)

Private 77.00 107.70 184.70 35.88 220.58

Contract 95.20 179.47 274.67 35.43 310.10

Van truck (12 tons)

Private 161.86 254.22 416.08 72.52 488.60

Contract 196.71 423.78 620.49 71.69 692.19

3-axle dump truck, diesel (25 tons)

Private 475.56 332.06 807.62 195.15 1,002.77

3-axle combination (20 tons

Private 348.31 513.75 862.06 119.18 981.24

Contract 439.80 684.98 1,124.77 118.06 1,242.83

4-axle combination (27.5 tons)

Private 585.47 963.24 1,548.70 159.77 1,708.47

Contract 715.99 1,155.88 1,871.87 157.99 2,029.86

4-axle combination, diesel (27.5 tons)

Private 637.70 666.71 1,304.40 173.53 1,477.93

Contract 769.44 799.99 1,569.43 178.36 1,747.79

5-axle combination, diesel (36 tons)

Private 964.01 1,047.64 2,011.65 256.54 2,268.19

Contract 1,099.85 1,047.64 2,147.49 254.66 2,402.15

5-axle tractor-semitrailer and full trailer,

diesel (36 tons)

Private 1,243.16 1,106.30 2,349.46 255.67 2,605.13

Contract 1,423.43 1,106.30 2,529.72 250.62 2,780.34

5-axle truck and full trailer, diesel (38 tons)

Private 1,550.42 1,096.27 2,646.69 382.30 3,029.99

Contract 1,833.75 1,096.27 2,930.02 382.30 3,312.32

Source: Motor Vehicle Manufacturers Association, Motor Vehicle Facts

and Figures '76, Detroit, Mich., 1976, p. 90.

LJL1JJ
268

*'Table 4-5. Fuel Taxes

(in cents)

Tax Tax

State . Other State .Other

Gasoline fuels Gasoline fuels

Ala. 7 8a Mont. 7 3/4 9 3/4e

Alaska 8 8a Nebr. 8 1/2 8 112e

Ariz. 8 8b Nev. 6k 6b

Ark. 8 1/2' 9 1/2b N.H. 9 9b

Calif. 7 7b,d N.J. 8 8bd

Colo. 7 7b N.M. 7 7b

Conn. 11 1ob N.Y. 8clO

Del. 9 9e N.C. 9 9b

D.C. 10 10f N.D. 7 7b

Fla. 8 8b Ohio 7 7b

Ga. 7 1/2 7 1/2 Okla. 6.58 6 1/2b

Hawaii 5g 5b,9 Ore. 7 7b

Idaho 9 1/2 9 1/2b Pa. 9 9b

Ill. 7 1/2 7 112e R.I. 10 10e

Ind. 8 8b S.C. 8 8b

Iowa 7c 8e S.D. 8c 8b

Kans. 8c 1 b Tenn. 7c 8b

Ky. 9b 9,b Texas 5 6 1/2b

La. 8 8b Utah 7 7b

Me. 9 9b Vt. 9 N9axl

Md. 9 9e Va. 9h 9 

Mass. 8 1/2 8 1/2 b Wash. 9 9b

Mich. 9C 71 W. Va. 8 1/2 8 1/2b

Minn. 9 9b Wisc. 7 7b

Miss. 9 10b Wyo. 8 1.1 mill/ton-mileb

Mo. 7 7b

aIncludes diesel oil and liquefied gases when used in motor vehicles.

1 Includes all combustible gases and liquids used to propel vehicles

on public highways except gasoline.

"LPG fuel taxed at gasoline rate.

dCalifornia - LPG and LNG, 6 per gallon; New Jersey - LPG and LNG

4$ per gallon.

eIncludes all substances capable of use in internal combustion

engines, except gasoline.

TAll other fuels used in motor vehicles except kerosene.

gAdditional county tax - 3 1/2 Oahu; 4 Kauai; 5# Maui; 3 Hawaii;

1# on diesel for off-highway use.

2# additional tax on fuel used by trucks with more than 2 axles

and all tractors.

Any motor fuel capable of generating power for propulsion of

diesel-type motors.

'LPG, propane and butane taxed at gasoline rate.

Plus 2$ additional at county option.

1Kerosene and diesel oil exempt from fuel tax. (Diesel powered

vehicles pay 1 3/4 registration.)

Note: The fuel taxes listed above were effective September, 1976.

However, they are subject to periodic revision.

Source: From American Trucking Association,

Bulletin Advisory Service, Washington,

D.C., Sept. 1976.
269

THE U.S. HAS THE LOWEST TAX RATE ON GASOLINE OF ANY INDUSTRIAL COUNTRY.

INbREOVERI MANY COUNTRIES IMPOSE TAXES ON OTHER FUELS, WHEREAS THE U.S.

DOES NOT.

*Table 4-6. Taxes on Fuel as Percent of the Retail Price

Country Gasoline Heating Heavy fuel Coal

Italy 64.4 14.6 10.8/12.1 None

Belgium 62.2/60.1 None None None

Netherlands 59.7/58.6 13.4 11.9/12.5 7.4

Spain 58.8/43.0 20.0 8.7 1.5

Switzerland 57.7 5.3 8.2 0.2

Sweden 55.0/52.8 12.7/13.0 15.1/13.7

Germany 54.8/51.0 12.6 None None

Norway 52.7 None None None

Britain 52.7 3.5 4.5 None

Turkey 51.7/56.1 41.0 16.7 None

Ireland 50.0/48.4 None None None

Austria 48.5/57.4 23.4 7.4 7.4

Luxembourg

Denmark 46.0 8.5 8.5 None

Canada 39.4 None None None

New Zealand 35.8/33.9

Japan 30.8 None None None

United States 20.5 None None None

Source: T. E. Mullaney, "The Administration's Task: Educating the

Public on Energy," New York Times, May 3, 1977, p. 63.
270

4-7. Highway Trust Funda Receipts 7Table and Disbursements

(in millions of dollars)

RECEIPTS

Tires, Trucks, Motor Truck $ bus Interest

Fiscal Motor tubes F buses truck Oil parts on Total

year fuel tread and and nTotal

rubber trailers accessories

1975 4,340 797 602 221 85 143 586 6,774

1974 4,302 895 614 225 94 130 415 6,675

1973 4,159 781 380 161 80 104 247 5,912

1972 3,893 682 436b 151 73 87 206 5,528b

1971 3,934 629 693 148 52 85 184 5,725

1970 3,693 642 700 137 95 87 115 5,469

1965 2,736 430 393 88 11 3,669

1960 2,044 315 142 38 -3 2,536

DISBURSEMENTS

Liability Balance less

Fiscal R Interstate C Balance in Liaid liability for

year Receipts highway Other Total the fund for unpaid unpaid

obligations obligations

1975 6,774 NA NA 4,843 9,597 20,444 -10,843

1974 6,675 NA NA 4,576 7,690 8,012 -322

1973 5,912 3,400 1,411 4,811 5,591 7,703 -2,112

1972 5,528 3,468 1,222 4,690 4,490 7,918 -3,428

1971 5,725 3,456 1,229 4,685 3,652 7,512 -3,860

1970 5,469 3,289 1,089 4,378 2,612 7,535 -4,923

1965 3,670 3,016 1,010 4,026 285 6,665 -6,380

1960 2,536 1,861 1,079 2,940 119 4,421 -4,302

NA - Not available.

aSee "Highway Trust Fund" in glossary for detailed discussion.

bThe Federal excise

repealed effective

tax on light trucks of 10,000 lbs. or less gross vehicle weight was

September 22, 1971.

CIncludes expenditures for both primary and secondary urban and rural highways, TOPICS,

emergency relief funds, bridge and dam design and construction, forest highways, public

land highways, bridge replacement and highway safety research and development.

Source: Motor Vehicle Manufactures Association, Motor Vehicle Facts and

Figures '76, Detroit, Michigan, 1976, p. 98.
271

*Figure 4-3.

FEDERAL AND STATE

FOR TRANSPORTATION

EXPENDITURES

FACILITIES

115

145

3 325

3__ 4,155

429

421

524

10160

965

1080

820

A 19,502

195AYS

AIRPORTS

RIVERS 

HIGHWAY S

AIW AY S

AIRPORTS

RIVERS 

HIGHWAYS

AR WAYS

AIRPORTS

RIVERS 

HIGHWAYS

1972

AIRWAY'S

AIRPORTS

RIVERS 

HIGHWAYS

AWAY'S

AIRPORTS

RIVERS 

HIGHWAYS

AAYS

AIRPORTS

RIVERS 

HIGHWAYS

WAYS

AIRPORTS

RIVERS 

HIGHWAYS

HARBORS

HARBORS

HARBORS

HARBORS

HARBORS

HARBORS

HARBORS

1,464

1091

7

22,551

1538

1587

137

i 24,506

1052

1790

1268

25,505

0 5000 10000 15000 20000

I.LIONS OF DOLLARS

25000 30000

Sources: Transportation Association of America, Transportation Facts

and Trends, 12th ed., Washington, D.C., July 1976;

Transportation Facts and Trends, Quarterly Supplement,

Washington, D.C., January 1977, p. 26.

J261

1299

944

-I

I

1 21942

Section 4.2

Government Programs and Regulatory Activities
274

THE FIGURE BELOW DEPICTS THE GAS TAX AND REBATE SCHEDULE OUTLINED IN

PRESIDENT CARTER'S NATIONAL ENERGY PLAN. A GRADUATED EXCISE TAX WOULD BE

IMPOSED ON 1978 MODEL AUTOMOBILES AND LIGHT-DUTY TRUCKS WHOSE FUEL ECONOMY

FAILS TO MEET THE EXISTING FUEL ECONOMY STANDARDS. GRADUATED REBATES WOULD

BE GIVEN FOR VEHICLES WHOSE FUEL ECONOMY SURPASSES THE STANDARD.

0

500

1978.

1980

0---4

-4

1985

-3 1980

19,35 -1500 - --------------------- - ------------------- .----- --------.------- "----.-----

2C

-10

-2500 -5-

10 15 25E PO

MILES PER GALLON

35 40

'0

50

00

50

00

50

m

Figure 4-4. Tax/Rebate Schedule for New Cars.

Source: Executive Office of the President, Energy Policy and Planning,

The National Energy Plan, Washington, D.C. , April 29, 1977.

-4

...

20
275

OTHER ASPECTS OF THE PRESIDENT'S NATIONAL ENERGY PLAN WHICH WILL ASSIST

THE GOAL OF ACHIEVING A 10% REDUCTION IN GASOLINE FUEL CONSUMPTION BY THE

YEAR 1985 ARE LISTED BELOW.

Table 4-8. National Energy Plan

1. Vigorous enforcement of the national 55 mph speed limit by states

and municipalities,

2. Imposition of a standby gasoline tax in 1978 if targets for gasoline

consumption are not met voluntarily,

3. Beginning analytic work necessary to set mileage standards for cars

manufactured beyond 1980 and promulgation of efficiency standards

by the Secretary of Transportation for trucks weighing 10,000 pounds

or less,

4. Removal of 10% excise tax on intercity buses to encourage expansion

in use of this fuel-efficient form of transportation,

5. Increase tax on aviation fuel from 7 to 11 cents a gallon for general

aviation purposes and eliminate current 2 cents rebate for motorboat

fuel,

6. Require that the Federal government new car fleet exceed the average

fuel economy standard by 2 mpg in 1978, and by 4 mpg in 1980 and

thereafter, and initiate a Federal vanpooling program for Federal

employees,

7. Create a commission to study the national energy transportation

system, and

8. Establish an Office of Small-Scale Technologies to fund small,

innovative energy research and development projects.

Source: Executive Office of the President, Energy Policy and Planning,

The National Energy Plan, Washington, D.C., April 29, 1977.
276

ESTIMATES OF THE POTENTIAL ENERGY SAVINGS TO BE DERIVED FROM THE AUTO

INEFFICIENCY TAX AND REBATE PROGRAM PROPOSED IN THE NATIONAL ENERGY PLAN

VARY CONSIDERABLY. MUCH OF THE VARIANCE AMONG THE PROJECTIONS PRESENTED

BELOW ARE A RESULT OF DIFFERING ASSUMPTIONS WITH RESPECT TO THE AUTO

MANUFACTURERS' LEVEL OF COMPLIANCE WITH THE FUEL ECONOMY STANDARDS

ESTABLISHED IN THE ENERGY POLICY AND CONSERVATION ACT (P. 278). FOR

INSTANCE, THE ADMINISTRATION PROJECTIONS ASSUME THAT THE AUTO MANUFACTURERS

WILL ACHIEVE ABOUT A 24 MPG FLEET AVERAGE IN 1985 (THE STANDARD IS 27.5

MPG). THE SWEENEY PROJECTIONS ASSUME THAT THE AUTO MANUFACTURERS WILL

MEET THE STANDARD (27.5 MPG), AND THE CONGRESSIONAL BUDGET OFFICE ASSUMES

THAT A FLEET AVERAGE OF 23.5 MPG WILL BE ACHIEVED BY 1985.

IN ADDITION, VARIATIONS IN THE PROJECTIONS ARE A RESULT OF DIFFERENCES IN

ASSiMPTIONS WITH RESPECT TO (1) THE RESPONSE OF DRIVERS TO MORE EFFICIENT

VEHICLES AND TRAVEL COST REDUCTIONS, (2) INCREASES IN TRUCK GASOLINE

CONSUMPTION, AND (3) THE MARKET PENETRATION OF DIESEL AUTOMOBILES.

Table 4-9.

Projected Gasoline Savings Resulting from the Imposition

of the National Energy Plan-Auto Inefficiency Tax and

Rebate Program

(in thousands of barrels per day)a

1978 1980 1985 1990

Administration 45 185 630

Congressional Budget OfficeC 10 15 215 450

James Sweeneyd 120 70 40

aCalculated on the basis of automobiles only.

bThe Administration estimates total savings from autos

and trucks to be 300,000 barrels per day in 1985.

CAssumes that the crude oil provisions of the plan are in effect.

dJames Sweeney, "The Impact of the President's Proposed

Gasoline Tax and Gas Guzzler Tax on Gasoline Consumption," Dept. of Engineering-Economic Systems,

Stanford University, May 13, 1977.

Sources: Executive Office of the President, Energy

Policy and Planning, The National Energy

Plan, Washington, D.C., April 29, 1977;

U.S. Congress, Congressional Budget Office,

President Carter's Energy Proposals: A Perspective, Washington, D.C., June 1977;

U.S. Congress, Joint Committee on Taxation,

Energy Proposals Relating to Transportation,

U.S. House of Representatives, Committee on Ways and Means, Washington, D.C., 1977.
277

SIGNIFICANT VARIATION EXISTS AMONG ESTIMATES OF FUEL SAVINGS RESULTING

FROM THE IMPOSITION OF THE PROPOSED STANDBY GASOLINE TAX. OF PARTICULAR

SIGNIFICANCE IS THE FACT THAT WHILE THE SWEENEY PROJECTIONS OF SAVINGS

RESULTING FROM THE AUTO INEFFICIENCY TAX AND REBATE PROGRAM ALONE WERE

MODEST (P. 276), THE INTERACTION OF THIS PROGRAM WITH THE IMPOSITION OF

THE GASOLINE TAX RESULTS IN SIGNIFICANT SAVINGS.

THE TABLE BELOW PROVIDES THE ADMINISTRATION'S, THE CONGRESSIONAL BUDGET

OFFICE'S, AND JAMES SWEENEY'S ASSESSMENTS OF THE IMPACT OF THE PROPOSED

GASOLINE TAX.

Table 4-10.

Projected Gasoline Savings Resulting from the Imposition

of the National Energy Plan - Standby Gasoline Tax

(in thousands of barrels per day)

1980 1985 1990

Adminis trat ion a 200 350 400

Congressional Budget Office

Partial taxb 65 200

Full taxC 65 150 26C

James SweeneyC

d Without auto inefficiency tax 140 370 450

With inefficiency taxd 150 490 740

aThe Administration has estimated that these savings

would occur as a result of the imposition of the tax.

It has also estimated that a 350,000 barrel per day

savings by 1985 is necessary to avoid triggering the tax.

hAssumesa tax schedule of 20* in 1985 and 45 in 1990.

James Sweeney, "The Impact of the President's Proposed

Gasoline Tax and Gas Guzzler Tax on Gasoline Consumption,"

Dept. of Engineering-Economic Systems, Stanford

University, May 13, 1977.

dAssumes the gasoline tax to be imposed at the maximum

rate, that is, 10* in 1980, 35* in 1985, and 50* in 1990.

Source: Executive Office of the President, Energy Policy

and Planning, The National Energy Plan, Washington,

D.C., Apr. 1977; U.S. Congress, Congressional

Budget Office, President Carter's Energy Proposals:

A Perspective, Washington, D.C., June 1977; U.S.
5.

Table 4-11.

Selected Transportation Conservation Measures

Energy Policy and Conservation Act, Public

December 22, 1975

Enacted by the

Law 94-163,

Mandatory average fuel economy

standards for passenger automobiles

Model year

1978

1979

1980

1981-1984

1985

Mandatory Federal government

fleet average fuel economy

Selected eligibility requirements

for Federal assistance with state

energy conservation plans

Miles per gallon

18.0

19.0

20.0

Determined by the

Secretary of Transportation1

27.52

18.0 mpg or the average fuel economy standard

described above, whichever is greater.

1) Programs to promote the availability and use

of carpools, vanpools, and public transportation (except that no Federal funds provided

under this part shall be used for subsidizing

fares for public transportation).

2) A traffic law or regulation which, to the

maximum extent practicable consistent with

safety, permits the operator of a motor

vehicle to turn such vehicle right at a red

stop light after stopping.

3) Transportation controls which can be defined

as any plan, procedure, method, or arrangement,

or any system of incentives, disincentives,

restrictions, and requirements, which is

designed to reduce the amount of energy consumed

in transportation, except for rationing of

gasoline or diesel fuel.

1The standards

were 22mpg in 1981,

established by the Secretary of Transportation

24mpg in 1982, 26mpg in 1983, and 27mpg in 1984.

2The Secretary may, by rule, amend the average fuel economy standard for model year 1985, or

for any subsequent model year, to a level which he determines is the maximum feasible average fuel

economy level for such model year, except that any amendment which has the effect of increasing an

average fuel economy standard to a level in excess of 27.5 miles per gallon, or of decreasing any

such standard to a level below 26.0 miles per gallon, shall be submitted to the Congress in accordance with section 551 of the Energy Policy and Conservation Act and shall not take effect if

either House of the Congress disapproves such amendment in accordance with the procedures specified

in such section.

Source: Energy Policy and Conservation Act, Public Law 94-163, NinetyFourth Congress, December 22, 1975.

Note: The "Energy Policy and Conservation Act" is occasionally confused

with the "Energy Conservation and Production Act" (ECPA), P.L. 94-385,

August 14, 1976. ECPA, among other actions, amended and extended the

Federal Energy Administration Act, established an Office of Energy

Information and Analysis within FEA, and issued a directive to

establish a National Energy Information System.

278
279

Table 4-12.

Selected Elements of the Electric and Hybrid Vehicle Research,

Development and Demonstration Act, Public Law 94-413,

September 17, 1976

Congressional declaration of policy to: 1) encourage and support accelerated research into, and

development of, electric and hybrid vehicle

technologies;

2) demonstrate the economic and technological practicability of electric and hybrid vehicles for personal and commercial use in urban areas and for

agricultural and personal use in rural areas;

3) facilitate, and remove barriers to, the use of

electric and hybrid vehicles in lieu of gasolineand diesel-powered motor vehicles, where practicable; and

4) promote the substitution of electric and hybrid

vehicles for many gasoline- and diesel-powered

vehicles currently used in routine short-haul,

low-load applications, where such substitution

would be beneficial.

Specific responsibilities of ERDA: 1)

2)

Selected ERDA demonstrations:

Loan guarantees to qualified borrowers

(primarily small business concerns) for

the purposes of:

promote basic and applied research on electric and

hybrid vehicle batteries, controls, and motors;

determine optimum overall electric and hybrid

vehicle design;

3) conduct demonstration projects with respect to the

feasibility of commercial electric and hybrid

vehicles (a) by contracting for the purchase or

lease of electric and hybrid vehicles for practical

use, and (b) by entering into arrangements, with

other governmental entities and with nongovernmental

entities, for the operation of such vehicles;

4) ascertain consumer needs and desires so as to match

the design of electric and hybrid vehicles to their

potential market; and

5) ascertain the long-term changes in road design,

urban planning, traffic management, maintenance

facilities, utility rate structures, and tax

policies which are needed to facilitate the manufacture and use of electric and hybrid vehicles.

1) within 15 months after the date of enactment . .

(ERDA) shall promulgate rules establishing performance standards for electric and hybrid vehicles

to be purchased or leased . .

2) within 6 months after promulgation of performance

standards . . . (ERDA shall) contract for the purchase or lease of 2,500 electric or hybrid vehicles

which satisfy the performance standards . .

3) within 6 months after the required amendment of

(performance) standards . . . and not later than

54 months after enactment . . . (ERDA shall) contract for the purchase or lease of 5,000 advanced

electric or hybrid vehicles which satisfy the

amended standards . . . To the extent practicable,

vehicles purchased or leased under such contracts

shall represent a cross-section of the available

technologies and types of uses of such vehicles.

1) research and development related to electric and

hybrid vehicle technology;

2) prototype development for such vehicles and parts

thereof;

3) construction of capital equipment related to

research on, and development and production of

electric and hybrid vehicles and components; or

4) initial operating expenses associated with the

development of electric and hybrid vehicles and

components.

aPerformance standards are to be revised periodically to reflect advances or improvements in the

state-of-the-art.

bLoans are subject to restrictions (e.g. may only apply to so much of the principal as does not

exceed 90 percentum of the aggregate cost of the activity, full repayment over a period not to

exceed 15 years, interest rate must be "reasonable" as determined by the administrator of ERDA,

etc.)

Note: See pp. 305-313 for a state-of-the-art appraisal of

the ERDA Electric and Hybrid Vehicle Program.

Source: U.S. Congress, Electric and Hybrid Vehicle Research,

Development, and Demonstration Act of 1976, Public

Law 94-413, Washington, D.C., September 17, 1976.
280

Table 4-13.

CHARACTERISTICS OF THE JOINT INDUSTRY - GOVERWNT VOLUNTARYITRUCK

AND BUS FIEL ECOW Y PROGRAM

Participating governmental bodies:

Federal Energy Administration

Department of Transportation

Environmental Protection Agency

Industry participants:

Major regulated and private motor carriers

Truck and bus manufacturers

Component suppliers

Transit and intercity bus operators

Trade associations

Labor groups

Program objectives:

To attain fuel economy improvements with no deterioration in the essential service

of the industry - providing highway transportation of the Nation's goods and people.

Role of the Federal goverment:

Short term - to help develop valid methods to measure the fuel economy effectiveness

of devices and vehicles,a publicize fuel-saving ideas and technology,b monitor the

program's effectiveness, give full consideration to fuel economy when considering

regulatory actions, and encourage states to permit the 80,000 lb and 65-ft doubles

combinations.

Long term - the Chairman of the Energy Resources Council has asked the Department

of Transportation to take the lead in assembling an interagency study recommending

long-range energy goals of the motor vehicle fleet that will be compatible with

environmental, safety, and economic objectives.

Projected program elements:

(1) broad application of technological improvements on both new and in-use vehicles,

such as turbocharged diesel engines, aerodynamic devices on trucks to reduce

wind resistance, radial tires to lower rolling resistance, and demand-actuated

engine fans.

(2) operational changes in such areas as improved driving habits, less idling time,

adherence to the 55 mph speed limit, better vehicle utilization and slower

engine speeds.

(3) State and Federal regulations should support such changes as adoption of the

80,000 lb weight limit and double trailers and re-evaluation of state and

Federal economic controls.

aThe Department of Transportation has contracted with the Society of Automotive

Engineers to develope a series of standardized test procedures for trucks and truck

components.

bThe Voluntary Truck and Bus Program provides a series of mode-specific publications

as well as a quarterly publication, The Fuel Economy News. These are intended as

forums for dispersing information on vehicle characteristics, new technologies,

conservation measures, and program progress.

Sources: W. Freeman, J. Quinn, and H. Seiff (eds.), Federal Energy Administration,

Office of Energy Conservation and Environment, Voluntary Truck and Bus

Fuel Economy Program, Fuel Economy News, Washington, D.C., May 1977; U.S.

Department of Transportation, Office of Public Affairs, Energy Conservation

Fact Sheet, Washington, D.C., October 15, 1975; U.S. Department of

Transportation, Department of Transportation News, DOT 39-77 (March 24,

1977), Washington, D.C.; Federal Energy Administration, "Voluntary

Fuel Savings Reported for Trucks and Buses," Federal Energy News, Washington

Washington, D.C., March 21, 1977.
281 .5fl

Table 4-14.

Excerpts from the Joint FEA/EPA Study Assessing the Impact

of the Fuel Economy Information Programab

Major Findings

- IMPORTANCE OF FUEL ECONOMY

A majority (56%) of new car/light truck buyers considered good fuel

economy an "extremely important" variable in their purchase decision;

16% of all buyers considered it the single most important factor.

This interest in gas mileage suggests a potentially high impact for

the FEA/EPA Fuel Economy Information Program.

" PROGRAM AWARENESS

Nearly three-fourths of the buyers (72%) were aware of the program's

existence.

- LABEL AWARENESS

About half (53%) actually saw the Gas Mileage Label on the vehicle

they bought.

- GUIDE AWARENESS

Awareness of the 1976 Gas Mileage Guide for New Car Buyers, however,

is extremely low (7% of the buyers).

- GAS MILEAGE OF NEW VEHICLE

The FEA/EPA program is having a positive impact on the purchase of

more fuel-efficient vehicles. Those few buyers who were aware of

the Gas Mileage Guide are getting 16.6 mpg with their new cars.

Buyers who are aware of the Label are getting 17.2 mpg; buyers who

are unaware of the Label are getting significantly less, only 14.5

mpg.

- GAS MILEAGE EFFICIENCY

Guide-aware buyers obtained a 26.7% increase in gas mileage in

replacing their older vehicle; Label-aware buyers a 21.1% increase in

gas mileage. In contrast, unaware buyers achieved only a 0.7%

increase in their gas mileage.

" REDUCED FUEL CONSUMPTION

The FEA/EPA Fuel Economy Information Program is, thus, having a

positive impact on fuel consumption. The reduced fuel consumption

among 1976 model buyers that has been facilitated by the program is

calculated to be about 893 million gallons.

- CREDIBILITY OF GAS MILEAGE ESTIMATES

A problem with the program, however, is that buyers generally don't

believe the EPA gas mileage estimates; for example, 64% of Label

aware buyers did not believe the estimates.

- ACTUAL GAS MILEAGE

Interestingly, the EPA combined city/highway estimate seem to be an

accurate indication of what actual experience will be like. Buyers'

actual gas mileage is about one mpg less than the EPA combined

estimate.

General Program Assessment

Overall, the FEA/EPA Fuel Economy Information Program is an effective

one. However, the low level of awareness and usage of the Guide

combined with the lack of credibility of the EPA estimates appears

to have reduced the full potential impact of the program.

aThe study, conducted by Abt Associates Inc., included 796 interviews

with automobile buyers. Field work for the project was completed

during February, 1976.

bThe Fuel Economy Information Program has two elements: (1) the Gas

Mileage Guide for New Car Buyers and (2) the Gas Mileage Labeling

program.

Source: V. A. Scardino, J. C. Birch, K. Vitale, Abt Associates Inc.,

Impact of the FEA/EPA Fuel Economy Information Program,

Vol. 2 - Report of the Study, Cambridge, Mass., June 1976.
282

EPA CURRENTLY TESTS ALL NEW AUTOMOBILE MODELS FOR EMISSIONS AND FUEL

ECONOMY USING THE CHASSIS DYNOMOMETER. TWO TESTS ARE RUN ON THE EPA

URBAN AND HIGHWAY DRIVING CYCLES. FUEL ECONOMY IS COMPUTED FROM THE

CARBON-ATOM-MASS-BALANCE COMPUTED EMISSIONS (NAMELY, CO, HC AND C02)'

COMPOSITE FUEL ECONOMY IS OBTAINED FROM AN ASSUMED 55% WEIGHTING FOR

CITY DRIVING. TYPICALLY, HIGHWAY FUEL ECONOMY IS 5% HIGHER THAN URBAN

FUEL ECONOMY.

OTHER CYCLES ARE DESIGNED FOR ROAD TEST TRACKS. EXAMPLES ARE DESCRIBED

IN THE FIGURE AND TABLE PROVIDED.

Table 4-15.Comparative Data on Fuel Economy Driving Cyclesa

Urban Nonurban

EPA urban EPA urban SAE Scott EPA SAE SAE-55

(1972-FTP) (1975-FTP) Suburban

Length, mile 7.45 11.04 2.0 9.1 10.25 5.2 4.7

(repeat)

Av speed 19.5 21.2 15.5 26.1 48.8 41.1 55.3

Max speed 56.5 56.5 30 60 59.9 60 60

Number of stops per mile 2.3 2.0 4.0 0.56 0.1 0.4 0

Idle time, % 18 18 13 13 0.4 3 0

aThe EPA driving cycles are described in the Consultant Report to the Committee on Motor Vehicle

Emissions by R. A. Matula, "Emissions and Fuel Economy Test Methods and Procedures," NTIS Report

#PB242-093, Sept. 1974; A. W. Liles, G. P. Fetterman, Jr., "Selection of Driving Cycles for

Electric Vehicles of the 1990's," Exxon Enterprises, Inc., Florham Park, N.J.
283 =

60 1975 HOT START

50- EPA URBAN

40-

30

20WI0

0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22

30 SAE URBAN

20

O 2 4 6 8 10 12

70 SCOTT URBAN

60-

50-

40-

30-

20-

I0

0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22

EPA HIGHWAY

0 2 4 6 8 10 12

SAE

10

0

0

0 2 4 6 8 10 12

0II SAE

I0-

I0

0 2 4 6 8 10

TIME (min)

12

SURBURBAN

INTERSTATE 55

Figure 4-5. Speed-Time Dependence of Driving Cycles.

Source: M. F. Fels, Princeton University, Center for Environmental

Studies, Driving Cycles for Fuel Economy Testing, Internal

Working Paper, August 1977.

E

0

w

w

a50

40

30

20

10

F

4r

3

3

2
284

TRANSPORTATION EMISSION TOTALS FOR EACH OF THE MAJOR AIR POLLUTANTS ARE

PRESENTED BELOW. TRANSPORTATION ACCOUNTS FOR ABOUT HALF OF THE TOTAL

TONNAGE OF EMISSIONS, BUT TRANSPORTATION EMISSIONS ACCOUNT FOR ONLY A

QUARTER OF THE EMISSIONS WHEN THE DIFFERENT POLLUTANTS ARE WEIGHTED BY

A SEVERITY FACTOR.

Table 4-16. 1974-1975 Air Pollutantsa

1974 1975174

Pollutant national transport Weight onal transr4tion tonnageb tonnage used weighted weighted

(millions) (millions)

CO 94.6 73.0 1 94.6 73.0

HC 30.4 13.4 60 1,824.0 804.0

NOx 22.5 9.4 78 1,755.0 733.2

SOx 31.4 0.6 23 722.2 13.8

Particulates 19.5 1.0 133 2,593.5 133.0

Total 198.4 97.4 6,989.3 1,757.0

Percent 100 49.1 100 25.1

aSince air quality standards for different pollutants have been specified by

EPA in different terms (permissible 1-hour, 8-hour, 24-hour concentrations,

etc.) and since some states employ different standards, different investigators have arrived at different severity factors, using their own preferred

procedures. The spread in the range of severity factors for some

pollutants is large.

bStatistical Abstract of the United States - 1975.

Source: U.S. Department of Transportation, Office of the Secretary,

National Transportation Trends and Choices (to the Year 2000), Washington, D.C., January 12, 1977, p. 28.

Table 4-17.

Emission Reduction from Uncontrolled Levels Acheived through

Imposition of Federal Standardsa

(in terms of 1975 federal test procedure)

Hydrocarbons (HC)

Level % Reduction (gpm)

Carbon Monoxide (CO) Oxides of Nitrogen (NOx)

% Reduction % Reduction

Pre-1968 vehicles (uncontrolled)

1970/71 standards (NOx uncontrolled)

1973/74 standards

National interim

standards (1975/76)

California interim

standards (1975/76)

National interim

standards (1977)

Statutory standards (1978) prior to

August, 177 amendment0

Emission standards as amended in

August, 1977:

National interim standards (1978/79)

National interim

standards (1980)

National standards (1981 and after)

8.7

4.1

3.0

1.5

0.9

1.5

87 3.5

53 34 61 (4.0)

66 28 68 3.1

83 15 83 3.1 11

90

83

9.0 90

15 83

2.0

2.0

0.41 95 3.4 96 0.4 89

1.5 83 15 83 2.0 43

0.41 95 92 2.0 43

0.41 95 3.4 96 .10 71

aNo Federal standard for NOX existed in 1970-71. When HC and CO were controlled to the standard in 1970-71, NOx increased from pre-1968 uncontrolled vehicles.

bEffective from September, 1976 until August, 1977.

Note: 0.4 NOx is considered a research goal and must be demonstrated in test vehicles under the August, 1977 standards. Also, 3.4 CO standards in 1981 can be suspended for two years, allowing up to the 1980 7 gpm level. 1.0 NOX in 1981 can be waived (up to 1.5 gpm) for diesels and innovative technologies. Lastly, a standard of 2.0 NOx through 1983 applies for small volume (less than 300,000 vehicles) manufacturers.

Source: Economic Analysis Division, Office of Planning and Evaluation, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency.

11

43

43
285 5.j

THE IMPACT ON FUEL ECONOMY FROM IMPOSING EMISSIONS STANDARDS OF VARYING

LEVELS IS SHOWN BELOW.

Ul)

z

Cl) Q)

0

H "H

20

WITH NO FUEL ECONOMY LOSSES FOR

18 EMMISSIONS LEVELS II OR III

16 WITH 6% LOSSES FOR EMISSIONS

LEVEL II IN 1980 AND THEREAFTER

14 WITH 12% LOSSES FOR EMISSIONS

LEVEL III IN 1985 AND THEREAFTER

12

10

8

6

4

2

0

1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000

112

101

C

90

78

67 rt

rri

56

45 cm

34 D

22

11

0

YEAR

Figure 4-6.

Range of Impacts from Implementation of Level II and Level III

Emissions Standards on Cumulative Petroleum Savings.a

Note: Emissions: Level II: 0.41 HC/3.4 CO/2.0 NO (g/mile)

Level III: 0.41 HC/3.4 CO/0.4 NO (g/mile)

aEstimates are relative to the cumulative savings of the illustrative

Otto Engine Scenario No. 2.

Source: Federal Task Force, Motor Vehicle Goals Beyond 1980, Volume 1:

Executive Summary, U.S. Department of Transportation, Washington,

D.C., September 2, 1976, p. 24. (Draft).
286

IN 1976 ENVIRONMENTAL CONTROLS ON AUTOMOBILES IN JAPAN WERE MORE STRICT

THAN THEY WERE IN THE U.S. THESE DIFFERENCES WILL CONTINUE IN 1978 MODEL

YEAR AUTOS AS A RESULT OF THE NEWLY ESTABLISHED U.S. STANDARDS (SEE P. 2814).

CONVERSELY, MOST EUROPEAN COUNTRIES, SWEDEN, AND AUSTRALIA DID NOT HAVE AS

STRONG STANDARDS AS DID THE U.S. IN 1976. FURTHERMORE, THESE COUNTRIES

ARE MAINTAINING 1976 EMISSION LEVELS FOR 1978, WHICH MEANS THAT THE

POLLUTION ALLOWED RELATIVE TO U.S. AUTOS WILL ALSO REMAIN CONSTANT.

['Table 4-18.

International Automobile Emissions Standards

Relative to U.S. Emissions Standardsa

CO HC NOX

Japan 1976 0.23 0.27 0.45

1978 0.23 0.27 0.20

Europe 1976 4.73 2.90 NA

1978 4.73 2.90 NA

Sweden 1976 2.58 2.26 1.00

1978 2.58 2.26 1.55

Australia 1976 5.91 3.44 NA

1978 5.91 3.44 NA

NA - Not available.

aStandards as a percent of emissions permitted

under 1976 and 1978 (as amended August, 1977).

Source: Wards Communications Inc., Ward's

Engine Update, Vol. 3, No. 8,

Detroit, Michigan, April 15, 1977.

FOU
287

Crashworthiness Federal Motor VehicleSafety

Standards (FMVSS) and Notice of Proposed Rulemaking (NPRM)

Applicable to Passenger Cars

FMVSS No. 113 - Hood Latch Systems (Docket Nos 1-17)

FMVSS No. 201 - Occupant Protection in interior impact

(Docket Nos 3 and 2-2)-15 mph impact protection

FMVSS No. 202 - Head Restraints - Passenger Cars

Specifies height and strength requirements for head restraints

FMVSS 202 (NPRM) - Seating Systems -Combines FMVSS 202 and

and 207. requires higher and stronger seat backs - possible

effective date - 1980.

FMVSS No. 203 - Impact Protection for the Driver from the Steering

Control Systems (Docket No 3)

FMVSS 203 - New NPRM will specify 30-mph barrier collision

utilizing a Part 572 test device and FMVSS 20 injury criteria

FMVSS No. 204 - Steering Control Rearward Displacerr.ent

(Docket No 3) New NPRM will add a vertical deflection requirement to the

current rearward movement Effective May i9/9 FMVSS No. 205 - Glazing Materials

Specifies fracture resistance and optical qualities for glazing

materials

FMVSS No. 20 - Door Locks and Door Retention Components

Specifies strength and door retention requirements for vehicle

door locks and latches

FMVSS No. 207 - Seating Systems

Establishes strength and attachment performance requirements

FMVSS 207 Amendment - See FMVSS 202 (NPRM)

FMVSS No. 200 - Occupant Crash Protection (Docket No 69-7)

Complete passive protection system or head-on passive protection and lap belt system with 30-mph barrier crash test and specifies injury criteria or lap and shoulder belt protection system

with belt warning

FMVSS No. 209 - Seat Belt Assemblies (Docket No 69-2)

Specifies strength, corrosion, latching. etc . requirements

FMVSS No. 210 - Seat Belt Assembly Anchorages (Docket No

2-14)

Specifies type, strength, and location of anchorages

FMVSS No. 211 - Wheel Nuts. Wheel Discs. and Hub Caps (Doket

No 3.)

Wheel nuts, discs. and hub caps shall not incorporate winged

projections

FMVSS No. 212 - Windshield Mounting - Passenger Cars

Establish the retention requirements for windshield mountings

FMVSS No. 214 - Side Door Strength (Docket No 2-6)

FMVSS No. 216 - Roof Crush Resistance (Docket No 69-7)

FMVSS No. 219 - Windshield Zone Intrusion (Docket No 74-21)

FMVSS No. 301 - Fuel System Integrity (Docket No 73-20)

FMVSS No. 302 - Flammability of Interior Materials

Specifies burn resistance requirements

Crash Avoidance Federal Motor Safety Standards

and NPRM's Applicable to Passenger Cars

FMVSS No. 101 - Control Location. identificationand Illumination

Requires that essential controls be within reach of the driver and

that certain of these controls be identified

FMVSS No. 102 - Transmission Shift Lever Sequence. Starter Interlock. and Transmission Braking Effect

FMVSS No. 103 - Windshield Defrosting and Defogging Systems

Requires that all vehicles have defrosting systems which will

de-ice the windshield area in front of the driver in 20 minutes when

the ambient temperature is zero degrees Fahrenheit

FMVSS No. 104 - Windshield Wiping and Washing Systems

Requires that all vehicles be equipped with 2-speed wipers and

washers adequate to help clean the windshield area specified in FMVSS No 107

FMVSS No. 100 - Hydraulic Service Brake. Emergency Brake. and

Parking Brake Systems

Consists of a series of braking performance tests which evaluate vehicles' braking performance. fade and fade recovery performance. wet recovery performance, partially failed system performance. parking brake performance, and general braking

system integrity

Equipment Requirements 

Emergency Brake System - The brake system shall be so

designed that a rupture or leakage-type failure of any single

pressure component of the system. except the master cylinder.

shall not result in complete loss of brake system function

Parking Brake System - A parking brake system of a friction type

with a solely mechanical means to retain engagement shall be

provided

Emergency Brake System Effectiveness indication - A red light

in view of driver shall indicate a hydraulic-type failure of a partial

system

FMVSS 105a (105-75) - Hydraulic Brake Systems. Docket No 70-27

(75-11. 75-27). Amendment to FMVSS 105 effective date 1-1-76

Consists of a series of braking performance tests similar to those

of FMVSS 105 with changes in performance requirements and

some added tests

Additional Equipment 

Brake warning indicator lamp to signal

Application of parking brake

Electrical failure in anti-lock or variable proportioning system

FMVSS No. 106 - Brake Hoses

Establishes minimum requirements for brake hoses

FMVSS No. 107 - Reflecting Surfaces

Requires that windshield wiper arms. inside windshield moldings horn rings. and the frames and brackets of inside rearview m*rors

have dull surfaces which will reduce the likelihood of hazardous

reflection into the driver's eyes

FMVSS No. 106 - Lamps. Reflective Devices. and Associated

Equipment

Specifies requirements for lamps. reflective devices, and associated equipment for signaling and to enable safe operation in

darkness and other conditions of reduced visibility

Major Amendment of FMVSS No 108 (Lamps. Reflective Devices.

and Associated Equipment)

This proposed amendment of Standard No 108 will sigrpficantly

improve the effectiveness and reliability of the lightingsystems on motor vehicles

FMVSS No. 109 - New Pneumatic Tires

Specifies tire dimensions and laboratory test requirements for

bead unseating resistance. strength. endurance. and high-speed

performance, defines tire load ratings. and specifies labeling

requirements for passenger car tires FMVSS No. 110 - Tire Selection and Rims

Specifies requirements for original equipment tire and rim selection for new cars to prevent tire overloading

FMVSS No. 111 - Rearview Mirrors

Specifies requirements for rearview mirrors to provide the driver

with a clear and reasonably unobstructed view to the rear

Revision to FMVSS No 111 (Rearview Mirror Systems)

Starting with 1980 model vehicles. this revision to FMVSS No 111

will improve rearward visibility of passenger cars by approximately 50% over present Federal requirements

Fields of Direct View

Starting with 1980 model vehicles. this new standard will establish an in-vehicle light transmission test which will improve

driver visibility during low ambient light levels

FMVSS No. 112 - Headlamp Concealment Devices

Specifies that any fully opened headlamp concealment device

shall remain fully opened whether either or both of the following

occur (a) any loss of power to or within the device or (b) any

malfunction of wiring or electrical supply for controlling the

concealment device

FMVSS No. 114 - Theft Protection

Requires that each passenger car have a key-locking system that.

whenever the key is removed. prevents normal activation of the

car's engine and also prevents either steering or self-mobility of

the car, or both

FMVSS No. 115 - Vehicle Identification Specifies requirements for an identification number for all passenger cars to facilitate recognition of unauthorized vehicle use

resulting in crashes

FMVSS No. 116 - Motor Vehicle Brake Fluids

Establishes minimum test requirements for the three kinds of

fliids,designed to prevent the sale of fluids with unsafe temperature. corrosion inducing and rubber component deterioration

characteristics

FMVSS No. 118 - Power-Operated Window Systems

Requires that power-operated window systems be inoperative

when ignition is in an off position or when key is removed

FMVSS No. 124 - Accelerator Control Systems

Establishes fail-safe and redundant return force requirements for

the return of a vehicle's throttle to the idle position when the

driver removes his foot from the accelerator control, or in the event

of a breakage or disconnection in the accelerator control system

Damageability. Federal Motor Vehicle Standards

and NPRM's Applicable to Passenger Cars

FMVSS No. 215 - Exterior Protection

Requires passenger cars to withstand 5-mph front and rear barrier

and pendulum impacts plus 3-mph corner pendulum impacts without damage to the vehicle's safety-related systems such as lights.

brakes. suspension system. etc

Bumper Standard, Part 581

Issued February 27. 1975

Requires passenger cars to withstand 5-mph front and rear barrier

and pendulum impacts without damage to the vehicles' safety

related systems and additionally specific limitations on damage

to non-safety-related components and vehicle surface areas

Thus the Part 581 rulemaking action includes the FMVSS 215 requirements and adds additional damage limitations which are

effective for passenger cars as stated below

Effective Sept 1, 1978 limit damage to the bumper face bar and

components which attach the face bar to the chassis

Effective Sept 1. 1979 limit damage to the bumper face bar to

dents of , inch and limit bumper set to '" inch

Figure 4-7. Federal Standards to Improve Safety.

Source: U.S. Department of Transportation, Office of the Secretary,

National Transportation Trends and Choices (to the Year 2000),

Washington, D.C., January 12, 1977, p. 105.

I
288

CUMULATIVE FUEL PENALTIES: IMPACTS

OF SAFETY REQUIREMENTS

20 112

18 CUMULATIVE SAVINGS WITHOUT 18 SAFETY LEVEL II IMPLEMENTED 101

16 CUMULATIVE SAVINGS WITH 90

SAFETY LEVEL II IMPLEMENTED

Cn 14--- INENTIRENEW-CAR FLEET 78_.- Z W INN1985

5 o 10 - -- - 56 8 45 -O

m 6 --- - 34

4 -- 22

2 711

0 0

1976 78 80 82 84 86 88 90 92 94 96 98 2000

YEAR

Figure 4-8. Impact of Implementing Safety Level II Standards1

in 1985 on Cumulative Fuel Savings

1Safety Level II: 40 MPH Frontal; 20 MPH Side.

Source: Federal Task Force, Motor Vehicle Goals Beyond 1980, Volume 1:

Executive Summary, U.S. Department of Transportation, Washington,

D.C., September 2, 1976, p. 20. (Draft)

IMPLEMENTATION IN 1985 OF SAFETY LEVEL II IS ESTIMATED TO

INCREASE NEW CAR COSTS BY APPROXIMATELY $300 AND TO INCREASE

WEIGHT BY 150 TO 200 POUNDS. THE EFFECTS OF THE ESTIMATED

WEIGHT INCREASES ARE SHOWN ABOVE RELATIVE TO THE CUMULATIVE

FUEL SAVINGS POTENTIAL OF THE ILLUSTRATIVE OTTO ENGINE SCENARIO.
Table 4-19.

Federal Transportation Regulatory Agencies and Their Responsibilities

Agency Regulates Major functions

Railroads (1887), express companies, sleeping

Car companies (1906)

Oil pipe lines (1906)a - common carriers only

Motor carriers (1935)

Private carriers and carriers of agricultural

commodities exclusively are exempt, as are

motor vehicles used by farm co-ops.

Water carriers (1940), water carriers operating

coast-wise, intercoastal, and on inland waters

of the U.S. Carriers of liquid and/or dry bulk

commodities are exempt.

Freight forwarders (1942)

Non-profit shippers' associations exempt.

U.S. domestic and international air carriers.

Foreign air carrier operations to, from, and

within the U.S.

All U.S.-flag and foreign-flag vessels

operating in the foreign commerce of the U.S.

and common carriers by water operating in

domestic trade to points beyond the

continental U.S.

aGas pipelines regulated by Federal Power Commission.

Source: Transportation Association of America, Transportation Fa

D.C., July 1976.

Regulates, in varying degrees by mode of transport,

surface carrier operations, including rates, routes,

operating rights, abandonment and mergers; conducts

investigations and awards damages where applicable

and administers railroad bankruptcy. Prescribes uniform system of accounts and records, evaluates proper

property owned or used by carriers subject to the act;

authorizes issuance of securities or assumption of

obligations by carriers by railroad and certain common

or contract carriers by motor vehicle.

Develops preparedness programs covering rail, motor,

and inland waterways utilization.

N~

Regulates carrier operations, including rates, routes,

operating rights, and mergers; determines and grants

subsidies. Assists in the development of international

air transport, and grants, subject to Presidential

approval, foreign operating certificates to U.S.

carriers and U.S. operating permits to foreign carrier

carriers.

Regulates services, practices, and agreements of

water common carriers in international trade. Regulates rates and practices of water common carriers

operating in domestic trade to points beyond

continential U.S.

cts and Trends, 12th ed., Washington,

Interstate Commerce Commission

Civil Aeronautics Board

Federal Maritime Commission
290

THE LEVEL OF AUTHORITY EXERCISED BY THE INTERSTATE COMMERCE COMMISSION

(ICC) VARIES BY MODE OF CARRIER TRANSPORT. FOR EXAMPLE, ICC REGULATIONS

AFFECT 100% OF THE RAIL INDUSTRY, BUT LESS THAN -J% OF THE TRUCK INDUSTRY,

AND ONLY 8.7% OF THE WATER TRANSPORT INDUSTRY. CONSEQUENTLY, ENERGY

CONSERVATION MEASURES THAT RELY ON THE ICC AND ITS PRESENT JURISDICTION

FOR ENFORCEMENT WOULD MEET WITH VARYING DEGREES OF SUCCESS, DEPENDING

UPON THE MODE OF TRANSPORT CONSIDERED.

Federally regulated Not federally regulated

Percents Percents

100- ... . . -100

80- - 80

80-..............................

60 - :0

40 40

20 - 20

0 0

RAIL TRUCK WATER PIPELINES TOTAL

(includes (oil)

deep-sea

[Figure 4-9. domestic)

Intercity Ton-Miles of Federally Regulated and not

Federally Regulated Carriers, 1974.

Source: Interstate Commerce Commission, 90th Annual

Report of the Interstate Commerce Commission,

Fiscal Year Ending June 30, 1976, Washington, D.C., 1976, p. 154.
Table 4-20. Transportation Responsibilities Within the Executive Branch

Office or agency Responsibility

President

Department of State

National Transportation Safety Board

Department of Housing and Urban Development

Department of Interior

U.S. Travel Service

Maritime Administration

Post Office Department

General Services Administration

Military Sealift Command

Military Airlift Command

Military Traffic Management Command

Corps of Engineers

Rules on matters relating to international air transport by U.S. air carriers and foreign

air carrier operations to the U.S.; appoints members of Federal agencies and appoints

chairman of CAB and FMC.

Develops policy recommendations and approves policy programs concerning international

aviation and maritime transportation.

Determines and reports causes, facts and circumstances relating to transportation accidents;

reviews on appeal the revocation, suspension or denial of any certificate or license issued

by the Department; and exercises all functions relating to aircraft accident investigations.

Administers a v ,.ety of federally aided housing and community development programs, consulting with a _ advising the Department of Transportation in order that the urban transport

programs of DOT are compatible with the development program of HUD.

Develops and coordinates policy for oil and gas (including pipelines), and provides for a

standby Emergency Petroleum and Gas Administration.

Develops, plans and carries out a comprehensive program designed to stimulate and encourage

travel to the United States by residents of foreign countries.

Promotes merchant marine; grants ship mortgage insurance; determines ship requirements;

ocean services, routes and lines essential for development and maintenance of the foreign

commerce of the United States; maintains the National Defense Reserve Fleet; develops ship

designs, marine transportation systems, advanced propulsion concepts, and ship mechanization and management techniques. Its Maritime Subsidy Board awards subsidies, determines

the degree of services and specific routes of subsidized operators.

Establishes and administers policies, programs, regulations, and procedures governing

procurement and utilization and transportation of mail and mail equipment, including

policies governing the distribution, routing and dispatch of mail both foreign and domestic.

Develops and operates transportation programs within the Federal Government; provides and

procures transportation services; develops and implements procedures for improving motor

equipment management, operation and rehabilitation programs of the Federal Government

including assigning, regulating or performing the operation of interagency motor pools

and motor transport systems.

Provides ocean transportation for personnel and cargo of the Department of Defense and, as

directed, for other agencies and departments of the United States. Also operates ships in

support of scientific projects and other programs of the Federal Government.

Provides air transportation for personnel and cargo for all the military services on a

worldwide basis; in addition furnishes weather, rescue and photographic and charting

services for the Air Force.

Directs military traffic management, land transportation, and common-user ocean terminal

service within the United States, and for worldwide traffic management of the DOD household

goods moving and storage program. Provides for the procurement and use of freight and

passenger transportation service from commercial for-hire transportation companies

operating between points in the continential U.S., except for long-term contract air-lift

service.

Constructs and maintains river and harbor improvements. Administers laws for protecting

navigable waterways.

to

'y0

n

Source: Transportation Association of America, Transportation Facts and Trends, 12th ed.,

Washington, D.C., July 1976.
292

Table 4-21. Congressional Committees Having Jurisdiction

Over Transportation

House of Representatives

Interstate and Foreign Commerce

Jurisdiction over railroads and the Railway Labor Act (which also covers airline labor).

Merchant Marine & Fisheries

Same jurisdiction over international water transport as Senate Commerce Committee, plus unregulated domestic ocean-going water transportation. Approve Maritime Administration programs.

Public Works $ Transportation

Same jurisdiction as the Senate Public Works Committee, plus jurisdiction over interstate buses,

trucks, pipelines, freight forwarders, water carriers, domestic and international air carriers,

and urban mass transportation.

Senate

Commerce

Regulation of interstate railroads, buses, trucks, pipelines, freight forwarders, domestic water

carriers, domestic and international air carriers, and inland waterways. Promotion of civil

aviation, including subsidies and airport construction.

International water carriers generally, including registering and licensing of vessels and small

boats; navigation and the laws relating thereto; measures relating to subsidies; and the inspection and safety of vessels. Approve Maritime Administration programs.

Public Works

Projects to benefit water navigation and rivers and harbors. Measures relating to highway

construction or maintenance.

Legislation affecting transportation also comes within the jurisdiction of several other

Congressional committees, such as:

Appropriations - Actual appropriation of funds

Government Operations - Transportation operations of Federal agencies

Judiciary - Rules and procedures for regulatory agencies

Post Office $ Civil Service - Parcel post service

House Ways and Means Financial matters, with House Committee

Senate Finance - originating all tax bills

House Education F Labor _ Transport labor generally, including mediation

Senate Labor $ Public Welfare or arbitration of disputes. (Note House I F FC

Committee's jurisdiction over rail labor.)

Senate Banking _ Urban mass transportation

Housing $ Urban Affairs

Source: Transportation Association of America, Transportation Facts

and Trends, 12th ed., Washington, D.C., July 1976.
293

THE TABLE BELOW PROVIDES DATA ON PIPELINE REGULATORY ACTIVITIES FROM ONE

OF A SERIES OF MODAL-SPECIFIC STUDIES BEING CONDUCTED FOR TEC/ERDA.

Table 4-22. Scope of Pipeline Regulation

Interstate Commerce Commission (ICC)

Interstate oil and slurry pipelines

Federal Power Commission (FPC)

Interstate natural (and other) gas pipelines

Department of Transportation (DOT)

Office of Pipeline Safety (OPS)

Coast Guard (CG) - construction off- and near-shore

Federal Energy Administration (FEA)

Formulation of regulatory policy

Formulation of resource development policy

Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)

Emission standards for engines

Review of environmental impact statements

Department of the Interior (DOI)

Geological Survey (GS) - outer continental shelf (OCS)

Bureau of Land Management - right of way (ROW) across federal lands

Fish and Wildlife Service - endangered species

Office of Land Use and Water Planning

Office of Minerals Policy Development

Department of Labor (DOL)

Occupational Health and Safety Administration (OSHA)

Source: W. F. Banks, Systems, Service and Software (S3), Energy

Study of Pipeline Transportation Systems, Energy Research

and Development Administration, Division of Transportation

Energy Conservation, Washington, D.C., February 1, 1977.

Section 4.3

Government Research, Development and Demonstration
Figure 4-10. DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY

ORGANIZATION & FUNCTIONS

1Fwld organisation it shown on the folAowAng art)

FEDERAL ENE RGY

R EGUL ATOR Y COMMISSION

(F ERC)

CHAIRMAN A LEVEL 111 MEMBERS LEVEL IV

" E stlownh& entow ce 0.1 P.PNl.ne .ales ,kwrgPs "MY11.one " E slaMesh 6 enforce rales and

E 4Isce c eesev ranam.aseen and

E lecl..c enwjv .m. wconn cl-%s

Nalwrr al on Ian sorl and es " Hydroelec l.K fpow. rppm-almg I.Mn, L &enforcemnaw " Esta41nth 6 enforce welhead

" Issue L enfowce ewl.caleaf0. natural M Y sal.tAnsPorta1."n " EllaMesh 6 enforce cwltal.mn of nalural a " Regulale Po-"Qgms .nerg sa6 sec...ly aeVY.MtOrns " EsIAMnsh acco.nl.nq ... 1"saA oocedurel " ltRe ~ wDOE EneW, Amton

Proposals " fltv ew OE P.opowed -ue afle Itng E E RC I..ne.on

1 oooooa

A 1IITATO A 

1IETR

1 

1 

1 

" erseal proramsnpr

" Oq-al~aon 6 man&g"mnt pl*"n'"'

SECTORR GENERAL (IG)

INPEC T OR GENERAL L EVEL IV

." rfo~ga 

inspf 

nspooeeooy

ECONOMIC REGULATORY

ADMINISTRATION (ERA)

ADMINISTRATOR LEVEL IV

" Crude oI petroleu produce 6 NGL

pre e nd allocal~on ".glaron " Compleancf andnIOrcemfet " Standby and emgonc programs " InterventOns " Natural gas & elfecec po-, mpo., I eaport regulalsen " Conwer ton to coal prngram " Nalurat gas cwrtaaenn m r,~.s " Voluntary coordunal~on of eleclrKc u1.lst~es

" Lore r ange uldhty plann~rg " Estabhnsnnrntof ernre ,eteconnectons

" Fl v.*w of .mlrlock-9 d~reClra-ses

" 0.1 p.pfl~e regural~on Inon FERCI

INTERGOVERNMENTAL & NSTITUTIONAL

RELATIONS (IR)

p,,STNI

I, c o- .IoMRY L E V

L tt eenl& oa ea~m

GENERAL COUNSEL (GC)

GE NE RA L

COUNSE L LEVEL IV e Counsel to secref.,,.l Of f.cws e DOE 1"gal w-an~s e DOE Wee mow.-n * E tnacal conduct slecadedi

ENERGY INFORMATION ADMINISTRATION (EIA)

ADMINISTRATOR LEVEL IV

" Data collecl.on syslems and opwalteoms " Data enteprtal.on " Dal&. Ivalewn let " A-ly- esand orecasle.. " E co--K. .npacl evaluat.on larwcms " Spec1 .airal.on eV.ces

INTERNATIONAL AFFAIRS

ASSISTANT

SECRETARY LEVEL IV

" It1enaisona1 energy pol.cy a, component of overall polecv " itena11on lenergy ac1 r INs & c-tngpncy pan, " DOE lead on inter naf-.na negoles sewn and cooperaion

POLICY & EVALUATION (PE)

ASSISTANT SFCRETARV LEVFL IV " O"".."I .n.. r vntosnmnt " Portr .natyt. planning

" o E- FM~r Polcr Plan

SLegesist."e & Proram Plann.nq " Analrs.s A ."aluat~on cooednat.on SP~ogra etlect-we %s evduat.on

EXECUTIVE SECRETARIAT

IXS)

" Manage document conlrol for decesron ocens

" Record & commnun.cate decnsons

" Aswure rnlo~r maion flowa ancd awareness of sgn.f -cant

"Follow up

CONSERVATION & SOLAR

APPLICATIONS (CS)

ASSISTANT

SE CR ETAR Y L EVE L IV

" Comn.erlwsn co--ec.Nr.cIn

" Cosnsra.on prog"ms 6 st-ndads " Conse..erson and .ecycehng lechnoloq."s " Sol". app.calwons " Small Kc"1" tehnology

I I

RESOURCE APPLICATIONS (RA) ASSISTANT

SECRETARY LEVEL IV " DOE energy produc,.on

drstrsbutron 6 market.ng 1, 1rru n ehmern, " StratpgK and Navai Petroleum 6 0.1 Srale Reyeres " Energy supply commercr.ae.on

m trwat Yes " E "pedrte energy resource development and urt.hrat.on " Manage DOE aspects of Federal

energy resource leas-n procedunr

ENVIRONMENT (EV)

ASSIST ANT

SECRETARY LEVEL IV

" E nvaron ntl11""111H d altY - Over.a W4ndasww AInt

-RD&D

" NEPA coodln"11pn 6SPPro"-l

CONTROLLER ICR)

CONTROL R

COMMITTEES & BOARDS

" l"""rng lM1M Onn mMet Coord.r1"l.on rmeclun.lm to, F"dr"1 enry remowce l""".ng1

- 00E nd Oi qa " Me.11rv L".pon Coors11 " 6"-rd of C&M-mlc Appeals " Patent CO-WansalOn 8"r0

ENERGY TECHNOLOGY (E T)

ASSISTANT

SECRETARY LEVEL IV " E n-9V pply R60

Mpgn""c lus'o,

OFFICE OF ENERGY

RESEARCH (ERI

DIRECTOR LEVEL IV

" Coord-nse ntgrale DOE R&D " Mange bnK K sesencev gan

" dClow on palses: or reach

e Oere***a"llm *0'*"

" Reaearch asaslanc polrcrns " Mull. dincephnarv 6 advanced

CONTACTS MGMT IPRI

DIRE CTOR " Prpcurerneni party l "Id

" MO procuremnent per--on mll mrnOrrl. 

nv hu"tnes

lnl

tnl

DEFENSE PROGRAMS (DP)

ASSISTANT

SECRETARY LEVE L IV

" NucNea weapons " Safegr~df 1"t ur~lv er ms cut rol 6'"'**'9e"ce

" Support non proid/r/lson 1oe controls " Nat.onal secUntyr .1 "l " Classefrtron

Source: President of the United States, Department of Energy Organization $ Functions Fact Book,

Sept. 14, 1977.

OFFICE OF THE SECRETARY

SECRETARY SE, LEVEL I

. Sup-ve & Odect DOE

DEPUTY SECRETARY -DS LEVEL 11

" Admnsral~vf ownes of Departme t--rie

" Regulatory ct~vtae

" IntorMls~on afire~ nes

" o''cV & eeaule''" e e''"9 Mee act-1w1es

UNDE R SECRE TAR Y USI L E VE L II

" Enetgy conervalon

" outlaay prograymlwwanent " Feld coord~nal~ol

THE SPECIAL ASSISTANT ISAI " Wltte Ho.se IVe,1n

-- 0\

I I"Nuclea r we Te nqgem " No-&- reCtor de"""owpm

ff

m m
Figure 4-11.

PROGRAM RESOURCES TO BE TRANSFERRED TO THE DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY

BUDGET OUTLAYS

($M-FY 1978 REVISED)

EMPLOYMENT

(FULL-TIME PERMANENT)

From I Other Resources

From DOD FPC $43 DOC $206 ICC 1 DHUD DOI 2%$254 SEC 1

2%

From

FEA

$2, 611

25%

From

ERDA

$7,485

71%

TOTAL $10,612 MILLION

2

10

Other Resources 1%

ICC 17

SEC 18

DOC 30

DHUD 5

From

DOD

231FP From

1% 458

4,031

From 20%

DO|

4,925

25%

From

ERDA

9,052

46%

TOTAL 19,767 EMPLOYEES

aALL FIGURES ROUNDED

Source: Office of the White House Press Secretary, "Fact Sheet on Energy Reorganization Legislation,"

Washington, D.C., March 1, 1977.
298

Table 4-23. Functions and Resources to be Transferred

to the Department of Energy

Budget outlays Employment

(FY 78 (full-time

millions) permanent)

Federal Energy Administration (FEA)

All functions including oil pricing and allocation,

conservation, coal utilization, strategic petroleum reserve, energy information, and resource

development $ 2,611.0 4,031

Federal Power Commission (FPC)

All functions including natural gas regulation,

interstate wholesale electric rate setting, and

hydroelectric licensing (adjudicatory proceedings

will be insulated from prejudicial influence) 43.0 1,458

Energy Research and Development Administration (ERDA)

All functions including RD in fossil, nuclear,

fusion, solar, geothermal, and conservation

(energy efficiency); uranium enrichment and

production; military applications and safeguards;

and environment and health research 7,485.0 9,052

From Department of Interior

Power marketing functions,a coal mine production

research, fuel data, production goals, and

certain regulatory authorities for energy

resource leasing 254.0 4,925

From Department of Defense

Naval petroleum reserves nos. 1, 2, 3; Naval oil

shale reserves nos. 1, 2, 3 206.0 231

From Interstate Commerce Commission

Pipeline valuation 0.5 17

Pipeline rate setting

From Securities and Exchange Commission

Public Utility Holding Company Act functions

(except public disclosure requirements) 0.5 18

From Department of Commerce

Industrial energy conservation program 1.6 30

From Department of Housing and Urban Development

New buildings energy efficiency standards (program

will continue to be carried out through HUD) 10.0 5

From Department of Agricultureb

Prior approval over Rural Electrification

Administration loans or loan guarantees for

construction, operation, or enlargement of

generating plants, electric transmission lines

or systems

Total $10,611.5 19,767

aThe power marketing functions of Bonneville, Alaska, Southwestern, Southeastern

Power and Defense Electric Power Administrations; and the marketing of power by

the Bureau of Reclamation.

bTransfer of programs only; does not include transfer of funding.

Source: Office of the White House Press Secretary, "Major

Provisions of Legislation to Create a Department

of Energy," Washington, D.C., Mar. 1, 1977.
299

THE TABLE BELOW PROVIDES THE PRESIDENT'S FY 1978 BUDGET REQUEST TO

CONGRESS FOR ALL ACTIVITIES OF THE ENERGY RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT

ADMINISTRATION. THE BUDGET TOTALS $7.3 BILLION IN BUDGET AUTHORITY AND

$6.3 BILLION IN BUDGET OUTLAYS. OF THIS AMOUNT, 52% ($3.8 BILLION) IN

AUTHORITY AND 49% ($3.1 BILLION) IN OUTLAYS ARE DIRECTLY RELATED TO

ENERGY R, D, & D ACTIVITIES.

Table 4-24. ERDA's FY 1978 Budget Request

(dollars in millions)

Budget Budget

authority outlays

Energy research, development, and demonstration 3,790 3,079

Basic research and technology development 672 636

Uranium enrichment activities 1,361 1,316

(revenues) (966) (966)

National security 2,139 1,915

Program management and support 309 310

Total 7,305 6,289

Source: Energy Research and Development Administration, A National

Plan for Energy Research, Development, and Demonstration,

ERDA 77-1, Washington, D.C., June 1977, Table 1.
300

REFLECTING THE POLICY AND PROGRAM REORIENTATIONS OUTLINED IN THE NATIONAL

ENERGY PLAN, THE CARTER ADMINISTRATION'S FY 1978 BUDGET REQUEST FOR ERDA

DIFFERS CONSIDERABLY FROM THAT SUBMITTED BY THE PREVIOUS ADMINISTRATION.

EXPERIENCING THE GREATEST BUDGET INCREASES WERE CONSERVATION AND SOLAR

HEATING AND COOLING PROGRAMS WHICH WERE INCREASED 106 AND 113 PERCENT

RESPECTIVELY. FUNDING FOR THESE AND OTHER INCREASES WAS PROVIDED

PRIMARILY THROUGH REDUCTIONS IN LONG-TERM PROGRAMS SUCH AS NUCLEAR

BREEDER, FUSION, AND SOLAR ELECTRIC.

Table 4-25. FY 1978 Energy Budget

(budget authority, dollars in millions)

Past New Percent

administration administration change from

budget budget past to new

(Jan. 1977) (Apr. 1977) administration

Conservation 158 325 +106

Fossil energy 598 657 +10

Light water reactors 642 548 -15

Solar heating and cooling 45 96 +113

Solar electric and other 260 224 -14

Geothermal energy 88 101 +15

Fusion 513 433 -16

Advanced reactor & fuel cycle concepts 998 685 -31

Total 3,302 3,069 -7

Source: Energy Research and Development Administration, A National

Plan for Energy Research, Development, and Demonstration,

ERDA 77-1, Washington, D.C., June 1977, p. 40.
301

4-12. EFigure 

Transportation Planning and R & D Outlay U.S. Government

CENERRL

1960 0

1965 9

1970

1973 9.0

1974 3.3

1975 49.7

1976 49.0

AIR

1960 154.6

1965 1162.4

1970 1401.7

1973 1344,9

1974

1976 1419.9

HIGHWAY

1960

1965

1970 108.3

1973

1974 |143.9

1975 130.2

1976 130.4

RRIL

1960 .0

1965

1970

1973 38.9

1974 5.1

1975 .7

1976 48.7

URBAN IIRSS

TRANSPORT

1960 .0

1965 .0

1970

1973 85.1

1974 0

1975 93.1

1976 87.9

NATER

1960 18.7

1965 .3

1970

1973 44.2

1974 45.2

1975 44.6

1976 45.2

0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450

MILLIONS OF DOLLARS

Source: Transportation Association of America, Transportation Facts and

Trends, 12 ed., Washington, D.C., July 1976, p. 25.
302

RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT (R&D) EXPENDITURES IN T-E INDUSTRIAL SECTOR

INCREASED -% BETWEEN 1974 AND 1975. IN 1975, FOUR OF THE INDUSTRIES

BELOW ACCOUNTED FOR 49% OF THE INDUSTRIAL R&D EFFORT: "AIRCRAFT AND

MISSILES," $5.7 BILLION; "ELECTRICAL EQUIPMENT AND COMMUNICATIONS,"

$5.5 BILLION; "MACHINERY," $2.7 BILLION; AND, "MOTOR VEHICLES AND

EQUIPMENT," $2.3 BILLION.

EACH OF THE INDUSTRIES SELECTED BELOW EITHER DIRECTLY OR INDIRECTLY

AFFECTS THE TRANSPORTATION SECTOR. SHOWING THE MOST SIGNIFICANT DECLINE

IN R&D ACTIVITIES BETWEEN 1974 AND 1975 WAS "MOTOR VEHICLES AND EQUIPMENT."

THIS DECLINE WAS PRIMARILY ATTRIBUTABLE TO A 10% REDUCTION IN R&D

EXPENDITURES FOR AUTOMOTIVE EMISSIONS (SEE P. 303).

[Table 4-26.

Research and Development Data for Selected Industries

(in millions of dollars)

Breakdown of 1975 RD funds

RD funds

(total) By source By application

1974 1975 Federal Company Basic Applied Development research research eeomn

Aircraft 6 missiles 5,318 5,724 4527 1,198 47 639 5,039

Electrical equipment 6 communications 5,496 5,531 2515 3,017 192 866 4,473

Fabricated metal products 292 311 15 296 6 61 245

Machinery 2,482 2,659 373 2,286 29 326 2,304

Motor vehicles 6 equipment 2,339 2,339 335 2,003 11 158 2,170

Other transportation equipment 31 28 3 25 a a 24

Petroleum refining 6 extraction 623 700 31 669 36 326 337

Primary metals 311 365 9 356 11 154 200

Rubber products 290 288 30 258 3 61 223

Total R6D effort in industry 22,399 23,535 8761 14,775 700 4396 18,439

aNot separately available but included in total.

bThe totals include R6D for all industries.

Source: National Science Foundation, Science Resources Studies Highlights,

Washington, D.C., Oct. 27, 1976.
303

INDUSTRIAL ENERGY-RELATED RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT (R&D) INCREASED 18%

BETWEEN 1974 AND 1975 AND IS ESTIMATED TO HAVE INCREASED ANOTHER 12 IN

1976. THOSE INDUSTRIES REFLECTING THE MOST DRAMATIC INCREASES BETWEEN

1974 AND 1976 WERE: "NONMANUFACTURING" (61%), "CHEMICALS AND ALLIED

PRODUCTS" (46%), AND "AIRCRAFT AND MISSILES" (36%). INTERESTINGLY,

"PETROLEUM REFINING AND EXTRACTION" ENERGY-RELATED R&D EXPENDITURES

INCREASED 20%, 10% BELOW THE TOTAL INDUSTRY AVERAGE FOR THE SAME PERIOD.

INDUSTRIAL R&D EXPENDITURES FOR POLLUTION ABATEMENT REGISTERED A MODEST

1% INCREASE BETWEEN 1974 AND 1976 (EST.), WHILE ACTUALLY DECLINING 1%

BETWEEN 1974 AND 1975. ALTHOUGH ALL OTHER INDUSTRIES INCREASED THEIR

R&D EXPENDITURES DURING THIS PERIOD, THE "MOTOR VEHICLES AND EQUIPMENT"

INDUSTRY REGISTERED A 10% DECLINE IN EXPENDITURES BETWEEN 1974 AND 1975

AND ONLY A 3% RECOVERY BETWEEN 1975 AND 1976. THIS DECREASE IN POLLUTION

ABATEMENT EXPENDITURES IN THE "MOTOR VECHILES AND EQUIPMENT" INDUSTRY

OFFSET THE INCREASES REGISTERED BY THE OTHER INDUSTRIES.

THE TABLE BELOW PROVIDES THE ENERGY AND POLLUTION ABATEMENT ACTIVITIES

BY INDUSTRY BETWEEN 1974 AND 1976.

*Table 4-27.

Total Industrial Research and Development Expenditures for

Energy and Pollution Abatement by Industry 1974 -1 9 7 6a

(in millions of dollars)

Energy Pollution abatement

1974 1975 1974 1975 (t)

Aircraft and missiles 129 169 176 34 37 37

Chemicals and allied

products 84 116 123 65 71 77

Electrical equipment and

communication 389 461 516 16 17 15

Motor vehicles and

equipmentb b b b 384 347 356

Nonmanufacturing 49 55 79 27 34 32

Other manufacturing 187 214 233 70 79 86

Petroleum refining and

extraction 375 412 450 61 66 60

Total 1213c 1 4 2 70 15 7 70 657 651 663

aIncludes both company and Federal RD in industry.

bNot separately available but included in "Other manufacturing."

Source: National Science Foundation, Energy Increase of 18 Percent

Paces Industrial R&D Spending in 1975, Washington, D.C.,

Oct. 27, 1976.
304

CTable 4-28.

Major Energy Research, Development and Demonstration (RD&D)

in Other Nations

Estimated

Country 1975 budget Major thrust

(in millions of dollars)

France 700 Sixty percent of budget devoted to

current and future nuclear technology.

Also budgeted are coal mining technology, and oil and gas exploration,

storage, and transportation.

West

Germany 450 Sixty-five percent devoted to nuclear

and twenty-five percent to coal

extraction and utilization.

United

Kingdom 350 Sixty percent devoted to nuclear power.

Canada 220 Fifty percent devoted to derived fuels

mainly in situ conversion of coal and

tar sands. Thirty percent devoted to

nuclear technology.

Japan 200 Eighty percent devoted to the nuclear

option.

USSR Unknown All aspects of technology believed to be

receiving emphasis in a broadly based

program.

Source: Energy Research and Development Administration, A National Plan for

Energy Research, Development and Demonstration: Creating Energy

Choices for the Future, Volume 1: The Plan, Report No. ERDA-48,

Washington, D.C., 1975, p. C-2.
305

General Characterization of Electric Vehicles

Due to the low power and energy densities of batteries, electric

vehicles are subject to much higher operating weights and energy-constraints

than comparable internal combustion engine vehicles. This is manifested

primarily in lower acceleration rates, limited top speeds, and reduced

operating range between rechargings. Simply increasing the number of

batteries carried is generally not feasible due to resulting increased

costs and energy consumption per passenger/cargo mile.

Acceleration and cruising speed are limited not only by the total

energy available but also by the resistance of the vehicle. The total

energy available from a battery decreases with the discharge rate.

1000

bO DELCO 512

C 100 -u EV 140

LEV 115

~4J

-_10_ _

1 10 100 1000

SPECIFIC ENERGY, W-hr/lb

(total energy)

Figure 4-13. Specific Power Energy for Lead-Acid

Electric Car Batteries.

Source: W. F. Hamilton, J. C. Eisenhut, G. M. Houser, and A. R. Sjovold,

General Research Corporation, Impact of Future Use of Electric

Cars in the Los Angeles Region: Volume II - Task Reports on

Electric Car Characterization and Baseline Projections,

Santa Barbara, Calif., Oct. 1974, p. 1-35.
306

Acceptability of Electric Vehicles

To estimate the acceptability of electric passenger vehicles, the

following criteria are generally used:

1. Does the distance driven by the potential driver

in one day fall within the range limitations of

the vehicle?

2. Is there a metered overnight recharging facility

available? Single-family dwellings with offstreet parking meet this criteria.

3. Are the acceleration and cruising speed limitations

acceptable to the potential driver? A person who

uses freeways frequently would be very unlikely to

purchase a vehicle with a top speed of 30 mph.

4. Is there ample room for passengers?

To translate these criteria into a more quantitative form, car-usage

statistics are used. It should be noted that the given statistics are

from a 1967 survey in Los Angeles and are not necessarily representative

of the country as a whole or directly applicable to other areas. However,

there are no indications that they represent extremes unequaled elsewhere,

and they may be used for making rough estimates.

It should be noted that acceptability is not synonymous with

marketability because cost and related figures are not included.

Figure 4-14. DISTRIBUTION OF DAILY DRIVING

Primary and Secondary Drivers with Automobiles, Los Angeles

em

1 km = 0.6215 mile

aThe primary driver is the driver driving the greatest distance on the given day; the secondary driver is the driver driving less than the primary driver on the given day. Only drivers with cars available

were considered.

Source: W. Hamilton, General Research Corporation, Urban Applications and Energy Impacts of Future Electric Cars, presented at the Fourth

National Conference -on the "Effects of Energy Constraints on

Transportation Systems," Union College, Schenectady, N.Y.,

Aug. 1-5, 1977.
307

Table 4-29.

Ninety-Fifth Percentile Daily Range Requirements of

Urban Automobiles with Off-Street Parking

Range required Urban Cars

(miles) (%)

Cars at single-family units with

off-street parking

Only cars 93 13

Primary cars 131 14

Secondary cars 45 17

All cars with off-street parking 112 58

Table 4-30. Maximum Reported Number of Automobile Passengers

on the Survey Day

Percent carrying at most

Driver group

1 Passenger 3 Passengers

All drivers with cars available 79 95

Primary drivers with cars available 79 95

At single-driver households 84 96

At multi-driver households 72 93

Secondary drivers with cars available 81 96

At households with no children 93 99

Source: W. Hamilton, General Research Corporation, Urban Applications and Energy Impacts of Future Electric Cars,

presented at the Fourth National Conference on the

"Effects of Energy Constraints on Transportation

Systems," Union College, Schenectady, N.Y., Aug. 1-5,

1977.

The number of drivers reporting freeway usage ranged from 16% to 57%

in the various driver categories.

The 17% of urban cars with daily range requirements of 45 miles (95th

percentile value) or less constitute the prime target group for replacement by electric vehicles. Failure to meet passenger and/or performance

requirements can significantly reduce this percentage.

It should be noted that the survey was taken in one day and does

not take temporal variations in driving habits into account.

In addition, a very good potential market for electric vans and

small trucks exists in the local delivery sector. A substantial number

of electric vehicles are already being operated in this area and good

results are being reported (see p. 311).
308

SPECIAL DRIVING CYCLES HAVE BEEN DEVELOPED FOR PRESENT-DAY ELECTRIC

VEHICLE PERFORMANCE. THE FIGURE BELOW SHOWS THE CYCLES CURRENTLY USED

IN THE ERLA ELECTRIC AND HYBRID VEHICLE PROJECT.

Vehicle

Speed V

ta -4- tcr V tco + tb+-- t i

T

Time.(s)

Driving cycle A B C D

V - vehicle cruise speed-km/h (mph) 16 1.5 km/h 32 1.5 km/h 48 1.5 km/h 72 1.5 km/h

(10 1 mph) (20 1 mph) (30 1 mph) (45 1 mph)

t -acceleration time-s 4 1 19 1 18 2 28 2

ter - cruise time at speed V-s 0 19 1 20 1 50 2

t - coast time-s 2 1 4 1 8 1 10 1

tb -braking time to zero speed-s 3 1 5 1 9 1 9 1

t2 -idle time at zero speed-- 30 2 25 2 25 2 25 2

T - total cycle time-s 39 2 72 2 80 2 122 2

Note: All times shown are in seconds.

Figure 4-15.

Test Driving Cycle for Electric Vehicles, SAE J227a

Source: Society of Automotive Engineers, Inc., Electric Vehicle Test

Procedure-SAE J227a, Warrendale, Pa., Feb. 1976.

==mod
Table 4-32. Performance of Road-Tested Electric Passenger Cars

a a i b Energy consumptionA

Vehicle Capacity Weight Weight Battery fraction Range (Kwhr/mile) Max velocity Acceleration (sec)

(pass.) (curb) (gross) (% of gross weight) Cycle B Cycle C (mph) 0-20 mph 0-30 mph

Cycle B' Cycle0C Cycle B Cycle C

CDA Towncard' 2 3100 3570 33 55

ELCAR

EPC Hummingbirdd

EVA Contractor di

EVA Metrod

Mars IIesfg9

RIPP Electricd

Sebring Citicard

Waterman DAFd

Waterman Renault 5d

ERDA NEAR-TERM GOALS

1220

2625

3150

3150

3640

3030

1300

2700

1440

3225

3750

3750

4260

3288

1750

3010

2580 3000

24

28

28

45

40

30

35

35

24

20

33

22

73h

75

20

44

79

29

20

0.35

0.91

0.82

0.60

73 0.35

75 (Cycle D)

0.72

0.37

0.46

0.37

0.5 (Cycle D)

30

35

50

53

5 1 - 6 02

52

32

36

35

60

7.9

9.4

7.2

6

21.6

16.5

12

7.4 14

7 22

14 29

9.3 34.3

9

aAll batteries are lead-acid unless otherwise noted.

bVehicles were track tested on SAEJ227a-type driving cycles. Cycles B, C and D correspond respectively to top speeds of 20 mph, 30 mph and 4

mph. None of the vehicles tested could meet the requirements of cycle D.

To convert to mpg, 1 kWhr/mile and 11 mpg are equivalent (electric power generating losses are included).

dNational Aeronautic Space Administration Lewis Research Center, Assessment of the State-of-the-Art of Electric and Hybrid Vehicles, July 15,

1977. (Preliminary draft)

eEmploys regenerative braking.

fCalspan Corporation, An Experimental Evaluation of the Mars II Electric Automobile, February 1969.

Lead-cobalt battery.

hCalspan city drive cycle, rather than SAE 227-type.

ZMaximum velocity given varies depending on source used.

3

Energy Research and Development Administration, Office of Electric and Hybrid Vehicles, SOA Test and Data Project Review and Near Term

Electric Vehicle R&D Program Review, Washington, D.C., May 20, 1977.

2

4

4

S

4

2

4

t0

5

0
Table 4-33. Performance of Road-Tested Electric Vans

frcionaRange Energy consumptionA

Weight Weight Battery fraction (mile)b (kWhr/mile) Max velocity Acceleration (sec) Vehicle Capacity (curb) (gross) (% of gross weight) (mph) 0-20 mph 0-30 mph

Cycle B Cycle C Cycle B Cycle C0-0mh03mp

Battronics Minivan 227 ft3 5930 6300 38 49 40 1.10 1.31 56 6.4 10.7

DJ5E Electrucke Driver + 550 lb 3624 4319 29 34 0.88 35 9 23

Fiat Vane 2 pass. + cargo 3330 4300 24 25 38

Lucas Limousinee 8 pass. 6116 7700 26 48 52 8 15

Otis P500f 1750 lb 3620 4445 23 21 40 6 14

Jet Electravan 2 pass. + 500 lb 2500 3150 29 45 23 44 8 16

VW Transporterd'e 3 pass. + 1760 lb 4989 6765 28 44 30 1.02 45 7.2 14.2

aAll batteries are lead-acid.

bVehicles were track tested on SAEJ227a-type driving cycles. Cycles B, C and D correspond respectively to top speeds of 20 mph,

None of the vehicles tested could meet the requirements of cycle D.

30 mph and 45 mph.

CTo convert to mpg, 1 kWhr/mile and 11 mpg are equivalent (electric power generating losses are included).

dQuick battery exchange.

eEmploys regenerative braking.

fNo longer in production.

Source: National Aeronautic Space Administration, Lewis Research Center, Assessment of the State-of-theArt of Hybrid and Electric Vehicles, July 15, 1977. (Preliminary draft)

W

O-
Table 4-34. Fleet Operations: Electric Vehicles

$/mile

fle n Av (kWhr/mile) $ml eak

Vehicle Conditions No. A(ee) a ReTotal

Partial a Total

Harbuilt Vans United States Postal Service routes in 31 (3/74-3/75) 1.35 0.057 99% available

Cupertino, Calif. Average daily trip (2/75-2/76) 1.46 0.072 99% available

il mile. (2/76-6/76) 1.73 0.174 97% available

Comparative costs for Cupertino ICE Jeeps (3/74-3/75) 0.107

(2/75-2/76) 0.138

AM-General/Gouldb Postal routes throughout U.S. 9.8 av 343 1.52 .35 1.03 (highest) 97% available, av 7 failures per

DJ-SE Jeeps daily mileage. Max range 25 miles on 0.40 (lowest) year

postal cycle.

Comparative costs for USPS ICE Jeeps 0.44 (av)

Battronic Minivansb Survey of users throughout U.S., each 112 1.5 .5 1.40 (high)d initially 4-4.6 failures per year

owning from 1 to 6 vans. 0.85 (low) a leveling off to 1-2 failures per

1.33 (high) year

0.78 (low)

AM-General/Gouldb Bell system use in Indiana. Trips 10 1.5 95% available'

DJ-5E ranging 4-20 miles.

Maschinenfabrik Augsburg Urban bus service in Germany. Range 20 3.77

Nurnberg AG(M.A.N.)9 was 50-60 km with stops every 0.5 km.

Buses were 8,500 kg vehicles with

7,500 kg battery trailers. Capacity

was 99 riders.

ISUZU EU059 Bus routes of up to 80 km with 71 2 3.19

passenger capacity in Osaka, Japan.

aIncludes maintenance and fuel.

bNational Aeronautic Space Administration, Jet Propulsion Laboratory, In Use Survey of Electric Vehicles. (Draft report)

0 Due to trouble obtaining parts.

dTen-year life.

eFifteen-year life.

(Would be higher except for battery problems.

9Urban Mass Transportation Administration/National Aeronautic Space Administration Lewis Research Center, Battery Bus Data Sheets, June 8, 1977.

hBattery exchange in 3-5 hr.
Table 4-35. Electric Vehicle Projected Goals

(in 1977 dollarsa)

GEb ASLC Garrett Hamiltone ERDA

Current Upgraded Current Upgraded Current Best Worst Near-Term

vehicle vehicle vehicle vehicle production Mass-production performance performance goals

Vehicle (retail) 3,697 2,922 4,310 3,840 6,930 4,360 3,780 3,780

Battery (retail) 970 970 1,250 1,250 1,080 970 1,530 1,530

Sticker price 4,667 3,892 5,560 5,090 8,010 5,330 5,310 5,310 5,247

Battery replacements 5,750 2,549 2,350 1,420 3,810 12,450

Total life-cycle costs, $ 21,660 16,441 20,430 19,420 18,900 16,140 24,380 33,270

Cost per mile, cents 21.7 16.4 20.4 19.4 18.9 16.1 20.3 27.7 15.0

Assumed vehicle life, miles 100,000 100,000 100,000 100,000 100,000 100,000 120,000 120,000 100,000

aWhere references gave data in other than '77 dollars, prices were adjusted to May '76 dollars using the Consumer Price Index for

all goods as computed by the Bureau of Labor in Statistical Abstracts '77, U.S. Department of Commerce.

bGeneral Electric Company, Corporate Research and Development, Electric Car Design, Interim Summary Report, May 9, 1977.

CASL Engineering, Inc., Electric Vehicle Design Program Phase I, Final Report, Feb. 1977.

d

AiResearch Manufacturing Company of California, Electric-Powered Passenger Vehicle Design Study Program, Final Report, Dec. 23, 1976

eW. F. Hamilton, General Research Corporation, Impact of Future Use of Electric Cars in the L.A. Region, Oct. 1974.

f'nergy Research and Development Administration, Office of Electric and Hybrid Vehicles, SOA Test and Data Project Review and

Near-Term Electric Vehicle R&D Program Review, Washington, D.C., May 1977.
313

FUTURE IMPROVEIVNTS IN ELECTRIC VEHICLES

ALTHOUGH IMPROVEMENTS IN OTHER FACTORS ARE POSSIBLE, THE CRITICAL FACTOR

IN ELECTRIC VEHICLE DEVELOPMENT IS THE BATTERY.

Table 4-36. Electric Vehicle Projected Battery Characteristics

ERDA 5-year goals 1990

Current LithiumPb-acid Lead- Nickel- Nickel- Lium

acid zinc iron aluminum

Energy density, Whr/lb 12 27 32 27 68

Power density, W/lb (peak) 36 68 57 45 136

Life, deep discharge cycles 400 >1000 >400 >2000 >1000

Initial user cost installed,

$/kWhr 50 50 50 120 20-40

Source: Personal communication with Rufus W. Shivers, Division of Energy

Storage Systems, Energy Research and Development Administration,

Washington, D.C., August 11, 1977.

THE INSTALLATION OF IMPROVED BATTERIES COULD RESULT IN THE FOLLOWING

REPRESENTATIVE PERFORMANCE IMPROVEMENTS.

Table 4-37. Electric Automobile Energy Use

Design Range Recharge energy Equivalent

concept (mile) KWhr/mile mpg

Current 45 0.58 23

Improved

Lead-acid 112 0.53 30

Ni-Zn 112 0.43 30

Advanced 186 0.34 38

280 0.42 31

Source: W. Hamilton, General Research Corporation,

Electric Car Technology for Demonstration

and Development, presented at the Fourth

National Conference on the "Effects of

Energy Constraints on Transportation

Systems," Union College, Schenectady,

N.Y., August 1-5, 1977.

THESE VALUES WERE COMPUTED ASSUMING BATTERY EFFICIENCY OF 75% FOR THE

LEAD-ACID SYSTEM AND 70% FOR OTHER SYSTEMS AND CHARGER EFFICIENCIES OF

90% FOR PRESENT AND IMPROVED MODELS AND 95% FOR ADVANCED CARS. THE

EQUIVALENT MPG SHOWN ASSUME OIL-FIRED RECHARGE GENERATION WITH AN

EFFICIENCY OF 91% FOR ELECTRIC POWER TRANSMISSION AND DISTRIBUTION, A

UTILITY HEAT RATE OF 10,000 BTU/KWHR, AND REFINERY EFFICIENCIES OF 95

AND 85% FOR BOILER FUEL AND GASOLINE, RESPECTIVELY.
314

CHAPTER 4 - REFERENCES

American Trucking Association, Bulletin Advisory Service, Washington,

D.C., September 1976.

Banks, W. F., Systems, Service and Software (S3), Energy Study of Pipeline Transportation Systems, Energy Research and Development

Administration, Division of Transportation Energy Conservation,

Washington, D.C., February 1, 1977.

Energy Policy and Conservation Act, Public Law 94-163, Ninety - Fourth

Congress, December 22, 1175.

Energy Research and Development Administration, A National Plan for

Energy Research, Development, and Demonstration, ERDA 77-1,

Washington, D.C., June 1977.

-----, A National Plan for Energy Research, Development and Demonstration:

Creating Energy Choices for the Future, Volume 1: The Plan, Report

No. ERDA-48, Washington, D.C., 1975.

Executive Office of the President, Energy Policy and Planning, The

National Energy Plan, Washington, D.C., April 29, 1977.

Federal Energy Administration, "Voluntary Fuel Savings Reported for

Trucks and Buses," Federal Energy News, Washington, D.C., March

21, 1977.

Federal Task Force, Motor Vehicle Goals Beyond 1980, Volume 1: Executive

Summary, U.S. Department of Transportation, Washington, D.C.,

September 2, 1976.

Fels, M. F., Princeton University, Center for Environmental Studies,

Driving Cycles for Fuel Economy Testing, Internal Working Paper,

August 1977.

Freeman, W., J. Quinn, and H. Seiff (eds.), Federal Energy Administration,

Office of Energy Conservation and Environment, Voluntary Truck and

Bus Economy Program, Fuel Economy News, Washington, D.C., May 1977.

Hamilton, W., General Research Corporation, Urban Applications and Energy

Impacts of Future Electric Cars, presented at the Fourth National

Conference on the "Effects of Energy Constraints on Transportation

Systems," Union College, Schenectady, N.Y., August 1-5, 1977.

----- , Electric Car Technology for Demonstration and Development,

presented at the Fourth National Conference on the "Effects of

Energy Constraints on Transportation Sytems," Union College,

Schenectady, N.Y., August 1-5, 1977.
315

Hamilton, W. F., J. C. Eisenhut, G. M. Houser, and A. R. Shovold,

General Research Corporation, Impact of Future Use of Electric

Cars in the Los Angeles Region: Volume II - Task Reports on

Electric Car Characterization and Baseline Projections, Santa

Barbara, Calif., October 1974.

Interstate Commerce Commission, 90th Annual Report of the Interstate

Commerce Commission, Fiscal Year Ending June 30, 1976, Washington,

D.C., 1976.

Motor Vehicle Manufacturers Association, Motor Vehicle Facts and Figures

'76, Detroit, Mich., 1976.

Mullaney, T. E., "The Administration's Task: Educating the Public on

Energy," New York Times, May 3, 1977.

National Aeronautic Space Administration, Lewis Research Center,

Assessment of the State-of-the-Art of Hybrid and Electric Vehicles,

July 15, 1977.

National Science Foundation, Energy Increase of 18 Percent Paces Industrial R&D Spending in 1975, Washington, D.C., October 27, 1976.

Office of the White House Press Secretary, "Fact Sheet on Energy Reorganization Legislation, Washington, D.C., March 1, 1977.

----- , "Major Provisions of Legislation to Create a Department of Energy,"

Washington, D.C., March 1, 1977.

Scardino, V. A., J. C. Birch, K. Vitale, Abt Associates Inc., Impact of

the FEA/EPA Fuel Economy Information Program, Volume 2 - Report of

the Study, Cambridge, Mass., June 1976.

Society of Automotive Engineers, Inc., Electric Vehicle Test ProcedureSAE J227a, Warrendale, Pa., February 1976.

Transportation Association of America, Transportation Facts and Trends,

Quarterly Supplement, Washington, D.C., April 1977.

----- , Transportation Facts and Trends, 12th ed., Washington, D.C., 1975.

U.S. Congress, Congressional Budget Office, President Carter's Energy

Proposals: A Perspective, Washington, D.C., June 1977.

----- , Electric and Hybrid Vehicle Research, Development, and Demonstration Act of 1976, Public Law 94-413, Washington, D.C., September

17, 1976.

----- , Joint Committee on Taxation, Energy Proposals Relating to Transportation, U.S. House of Representatives, Committee on Ways and

Means, Washington, D.C., 1977.
316

U.S. Department of Transportation, Department of Transportation, DOT 39-77

(March 24, 1977), Washington, D.C.

U.S. Department of Transportation, Office of Public Affairs, Energy

Conservation Fact Sheet, Washington, D.C., October 15, 1975.

----- , Office of the Secretary, National Transportation Trends and

Choices (to the Year 2000), Washington, D.C., January 12, 1977.

Wards Communications Inc., Wards Engine Update, Volume 3, No. 8,

Detroit, Mich., April 15, 1977.
Chapter 5

Energy Supply

A. S. Loebl

Energy Supply

Energy used by the transportation sector of the U.S. economy in

1976 totaled over 19 quadrillion Btu. This represents nearly 26% of the

domestic energy consumption, and this percentage of the total energy

consumption has been relatively constant for the past quarter century.

This chapter is concerned with energy supply for the transportation

sector. Petroleum products represent the source of nearly 97% of the

energy consumed in the transportation sector, and the first five sections

deal with petroleum supply. The final section contains information on

fuels being developed as possible alternatives to petroleum.

Section 5.1 is an overview of the growing role of petroleum imports

in satisfying U.S. energy needs. The first few graphs clearly indicate

the nature of the petroleum supply problem: net imports have increased

to close the growing gap between domestic supply and demand until they

now almost equal domestic production. Since 1950, growth in transportation's demand for petroleum products has kept pace with the rest of

the economy such that the sector's share has increased only 3%, from 53%

to 56%. Whereas in other major, petroleum-consuming sectors (industrial,

18%; household and commercial, 17%) there are substitute fuels, the

transportation sector presently has no feasible substitute for petroleum.

Thus the transportation sector emerges as the key sector in this most

acute problem area of the energy crisis.

Section 5.2 deals in detail with U.S. and world production of petroleum, U.S. reserves, and the product mix of U.S. refineries from 1950 to

1974. Domestic production has been declining since 1970; it decreased

319a
319b

151 million barrels from 1974 to 1975 and comprised only 56% of domestic

consumption in 1976.

Crude oil imports and imports of refined petroleum products are the

subject of Sect. 5.3. The first tables reveal that although petroleum

is by far the nation's largest single mineral import (62% of all imports,

by value), it is by no means the only strategic mineral resource for

which the U.S. is dependent on foreign supply. Data on crude oil imports,

by source, reveal that the U.S. is most heavily dependent on Saudi Arabia

(23.1%), Nigeria (19.2%), and Indonesia (10.1%). The trend towards

dependence on non-western oil exporting countries began in 1972, when

western hemisphere countries supplied 80% of U.S. imports. In 1976 over

80% of U.S. imports come from eastern hemisphere countries. Canada,

which in 1970 contributed half of the U.S.'s crude oil imports, accounted

for only 7% in 1976.

Energy price changes represent a determining factor in transportation

development and conservation. Section 5.4 provides information on petroleum prices over time for foreign and domestic sources. With the organization of the OPEC oil cartel, imported oil prices jumped from about $3

per barrel in 1972 to $16 per barrel in 1975. The U.S. responded by

controlling the price of "old" domestic oil (roughly $5 per barrel) and

by allowing that of newly produced oil to be sold at market prices. New

oil has consistently sold at about twice the price of old oil.

Data on prices of gasoline and other motor fuels are also included in

this section. Despite a gradual increase in the nominal price of gasoline between 1974 and 1976, the real price, adjusted for inflation,

actually declined for regular and premium gasoline, while unleaded
320a

gasoline remained constant at about 62 /gal (1976 dollars). Possible

oil price hikes by OPEC countries and proposed increases in Federal

gasoline taxes, however, could cause substantial gasoline price increases

in the near future.

Data on world petroleum reserves are contained in Sect. 5.5. While

the U.S. accounted for almost 16% of the world's crude oil production in

1976, it possessed slightly less than 6% of the world's estimated reserves.

As a result, the U.S. has the lowest reserves-production ratio of any of the

world's 28 producing countries. In 1975 domestic production amounted to 9%

of our estimated reserves. In addition, the number of years' supply of all

petroleum, natural gas, and refined products was at its lowest point in

25 years. (The number of years' supply is calculated as the number of

years it would take at current levels of demand to exhaust all proven

reserves, assuming no imports.) New proven reserves were added between

1971 and 1975 at roughly three times the rate of the 5-year intervals

prior to 1965, yet total proved reserves steadily declined as a result

of high production levels.

Given the desirability of reducing the use of petroleum-based fuels

in transportation, considerable research effort has been directed toward

the development of alternative fuels. At present the substitution of

alternative energy sources for the petroleum used in transportation is

virtually non-existent. Section 5.6 presents data on the projected

availability and potential use of synthetic fuels, as well as on their

production and performance characteristics. A detailed discussion of

the prospects and characteristics of alternative fuels is included with

that section.

Section 5.1

Overview

323

Figure 5-1.

U.S. Sources and Uses of Major Energy Sources, 1950 Through 1975

[- DOMESTIC SOURCES E NET IMPORTS

75

70 NUCLEAR

60HYDROPOWER_-= _--_

50 -NATURAL

0--- - - - --- --- -----

40 - _---- -- -C -A - - - - - - - - - - - -

3_.- -------~_- -- -- _ -_ _ --- ----- ---- - - ---- - - - - - - - - - -

20 = = -_ - - - - _ _ - _

USES

-

II

-- _ __~~- -_ - -- -_ - -- - - --- -_ -_ _-_

1950 52 54 56 58 60 62 64 66 68 70 72 74 75

j5%

38%

1951 0

28%

ELECTRICITY

GENERATION

(UTILITES)

26%I TRANSPORTATION

t19% HOUSEHOLD AND

COMMERCIAL

27% 1 INDUSTRIAL

CURRENT

Figure 5-2.

U.S. Sources and Uses of Petroleum, 1950 Through 1975

- _DOMESTIC PRODUCTION NET IMPORTS USES

x

4% I

2 2%

ELECTRICITY GENERATION

9% (UTILITES)

17% HOUSEHOLD AND

COMMERCIAL

18%| INDUSTRIAL

56%1 TRANSPORTATION

1950 52 54 56 58 60 62 64 66 68 70 72 74 75 1950 CURRENT

Source: U. S. Department of the Interior, Bureau of Mines, Status of the

Mineral Industries 1976, Washington, D.C., 1976, pp. 7 and 8.

10

1

0

71

N,

Q

Q

2

O

6

5

4 -- -

0----- -- ----- - -- -- -- ~- -------------- -- 2 _ -

- - -- -- - --- ---- - ------ - --- - --- ---- - -- - --_ -

__- _-_- -_----- - -------- --_ -_-_-_-_~~~- -

i
324

* Figure 5-3.

CRUDE PETROLEUM , PETROLEUM PRODUCTS 

AND NATURAL GAS LIQUIDS

Sam o ooo0 4000-

z

0

6-4

0

900-

104

goo

101

mn

W

0

e

1960 1965 1970 1976

YEARS

CONSUMPTION

DOMESTIC PRODUCTION

IMPORTS

I INVENTORY

FMAMJ JASONDJFMAMJ JASONDJFMAMJ

1975 1976 MONTHS 1977

Source: U.S. Department of the Interior, Bureau of Mines, Minerals and

Materials: A Monthly Survey, Washington, D.C., May 1977, p. 9.

PRICE

, , , , , , , , 

, , , , , , , , , , , , , I , , I ,,v v
325

*Figure 5-4. Petroleum Supply-Demand Relationships, 1975

(million barrels)

WORLD PRODUCTION

UNITED STATES

3.056 8

CANADA 308 9

518 9

SOUTH2AMERICA 2859

_. MIOLE EAST 425 U

I 7.143 5

FAR EAST 1514

I 1.226 6

AFRICA 5019

EUROPE EXCLUDING 411 I USSR

S 347 0

I MEXICO 26 1

I 2940 I OCEANIA 6 0

I USSR 53 I 36100

CARIBBEAN 451.8

79.0

IMPORTS

2.210 3

INDUSTRY STOCKS

1/1/15

1.1211

MISCELLANEOUS

182 7A

U S NATURAL

GAS LIQUIDS

596 0

INDUSTRY STOCKS

EESTIMATE KY

A INCLUDES PROCESSING GAINS. OTHER

HYDOCARBUNS AND HYDROGEN REFINERY

INPUT. AND UNACCOUNTED FOR GAINS AND

LOSSES

TRANSPORTATION

3.305 2

HOUSEHOLD AD

-l COMM ERCIAL 992 8

ELECTRIC UTILITIES

FOOD PRODUCTS

26.0E

PAPER PRODUCTS

49.8E

CHEMICALS

PETROLEUM

REFINING

345.5E

NONMETALLIC PRODUCTS

PRIMARY METAL

-- l INDUSTRIES 54.4E

OTHER

MANUFACTURING

OTHER

53 3E

WORLD TOTAL

19,478.7 *Table 5-1.

Petroleum Supply-Demand Relationships, 1966 Through 1975

(million barrels)

1965 1970 1974 1975

World production (in million barrels) 11,058.5 16,710.8 20,537.7 19,478.7

United States 25.8 21.0 15.6 15.7

Rest of World 74.2 79.0 84.4 84.3

Total 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

Components of United States supply (in million barrels) 5,106.6 6,476.6 7,232.3 7,166.9

Domestic crude oil 55.8 54.3 44.3 42.7

Domestic natural gas liquids 8.6 9.4 8.5 8.3

Imports 17.6 19.3 30.8 30.8

Hydrogen and other hydrocarbon refinery inputs (a) 0.1 0.2 0.2

Processing gain 1.6 2.0 2.4 2.3

Industry stocks, Jan. 1 16.4 15.1 13.9 15.6

Total 10 0 .Cb 100.0b 100.0b 100.Ob

United States demand pattern (in million barrels) 4,202.0 5,364.5 6,078.2 5,957.5

Household and commercial 23.3 21.0 17.4 16.6

Industrial (E) 19.4 17.6 18.4 18.0

Transportation 54.1 54.5 54.2 55.5

Electric utilities 2.8 6.2 9.2 9.0

Other 0.4 0.7 0.8 0.9

Total 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

(E) - Estimated.

aLess than 50,000 barrels.

bPercentages may not add to 100.0 due to unaccounted for and losses of 3.7 million barrels in 1965,

11.6 in 1970, 13.9 in 1974, and 1.1 in 1975.

Source: U.S. Department of the Interior, Bureau of Mines, Minerals in

the U.S. Economy: Ten Year Supply - Demand Profiles for Mineral

and Fuel Commodities (1965-75), Washington, D.C., 1977, p. 64.
326

*Figure 5-5.

UNITED STATES OIL SUPPLY

DOMESTIC AND IMPORTED

S... .................................

a ........ ......... ................ ................ . ....... .........

z

0

3 . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . .. " . .. . .... . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

1-45 1950 1956 1960 1965 1970 1973 16

YEAR

Source: DeGolyer and MacNaughton, Twentieth Century Petroleum Statistics,

32nd ed., Dallas, Tex., 1976, p. 58.
327

*Figure 5-6.

Percent Share of Tons of Crude Petroleum and Petroleum Products

Transported in the U.S. by Method of Transportation

50-

0

UPLEL-E

0

". 2 . . . . . ... . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . ..... .... ... .-." -

z

w TRUCKS

20........... .... ... .......... .... .... ... ..... . .. .....

. : iRAILROkDS

0

1950 1952 1954 1956 1958 1960 1962 1964 1966 1968 1970 1972 1971 1976

YEAR

Source: W. F. Gay, U.S. Department of Transportation, Transportation

Systems Center, Energy Statistics, Cambridge, Mass., August

1976, p. 18.
Figure 5-7. METHOD OF TRANSPORTING CRUDE OIL

AND PETROLEUM PRODUCTS

1974

CRUDE

(tons in million

464.27 PIPELINES

83.58 WATER CARRIED

70.04 TRUCKS

2.70 RAILROADS

620.60

CRUDE

PIPBILINES X.819e RAILROADS

0.44%~

TRUCKS 11.29!

WATER CARRIERS 13.47'

REFINED

420.38

323.87

481.99

27.23

1,253.46

REFINED

00

PIP$LIN$9 33.549

25.8476 RAILROADS

TRUCKS 38.459.H

2.7

U

Source: Association of Oil Pipe Lines, Shifts in Petroleum Transportation, Washington, D.C.,

May 26, 1976, Table 2.

i 'D!
329

THE AVERAGE COSTS OF PIPELINE TRANSPORTATION COMPARE FAVORABLY WITH BARGE,

RAIL, AND TRUCK. PIPELINE ARE CLEARLY ECONOMICALLY SUPERIOR TO RAIL AND

TRUCK TRANSPORTATION OVER COMPETING ROUTES, GIVEN LARGE QUANTITIES TO BE

MOVED ON A REGULAR BASIS. FOR SPORADIC OR SMALL DELIVERIES, HOWEVER, THE

SITUATION WOULD BE REVERSED.

Figure 5-8.

RANGE OF PETROLEUM TRANSPORTATION

I

COSTS

I i I m - -I I

10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

{/I00 BARREL MILES

Source: J.W. Jimison, D.M. Lindahl, C.E. Behrens, and A. Kaufman,

Congressional Research Service, Library of Congress, National

Energy Transportation, vol. 1 - Current Systems and Movements,

U.S. Senate, Committee on Energy and Natural Resources and

Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation, Washington,

D.C., 1977, p. 214.

TANKER

PIPELINE

BARGE

RAIL

TRUCK

0 i
330

No

40

m.

3294

cmm

1.235L. _ 

---- 930 665 9 --

1528 904 -" - ~ 30 395 r -- - - -,

I1 30

CZaEm

-14347

4197

te:

0 (vague 1 n 90

Figure 5-9. Pipeline Transfers of Crude Oil, 1975 and 1990.

r 6 5

L6 

o 3MI4 N 3.- 

Note:

771 (vaLue 6o" 1990)

478 (vague fOa 1975)

Figure 5-10.

Pipeline Transfers of Petroleum Products, 1975 and 1990.

Source: U.S. Department of Transportation, Office of the Secretary,

National Transportation Trends and Choices (to the Year 2000),

Washington, D.C., January 12, 1977, pp. 296 and 298.

477 (alue on-1975)
331

THE NATION'S GAS PIPELINE SYSTEMS TOTAL ABOUT 1.4 MILLION MILES. IN ADDITION TO THE 265,000 MILES OF INTERCITY TRANSMISSION AND GATHERING LINES,

THE NETWORK ALSO INCLUDES APPROXIMATELY 660,000 MILES OF DISTRIBUTION MAINS

AND 440,000 MILES OF GAS SERVICE LINES. THESE GAS SYSTEMS TRANSPORT ABOUT

ONE-THIRD OF THE NATION'S ENERGY SUPPLY. THE COST OF INTERSTATE TRANSPORTATION OF NATURAL GAS IN 1975 REPRESENTED ABOUT 36% OF THE FINAL GAS PRICE

PAID BY THE AVERAGE CONSLUER. OF THE $1.29 THE CONSUMER PAID PER MCF,

ABOUT 38 CENTS WENT TO THE NATURAL GAS PRODUCER, 44 CENTS TO THE INTERSTATE

PIPELINE COMPANY, AND 47 CENTS TO THE GAS DISTRIBUTION UTILITY. THE OVERALL

PATTERN OF NATURAL GAS MOVEMENT REVEALED BY THE MAP CLEARLY REVEALS THE

DOMINANT CONTRIBUTORS OF TEXAS AND LOUISIANA TO THE NATURAL GAS COMMERCE OF

THE NATION.

c o 2nC) --- 9-1 - -- 620 39---

/+' -612- ------ 2\

!57 39 --- 2253 1098--a-u-.

4 7 0 I j L . - 1 9 3 

9

1 I j2'" 1East

5765 - -1

Nate: c6485 ~ L360 (vat&Le. 6oan 1990)

253 (valuke. SOiL975)'

Figure 5-11.

Pipeline Transfers of Natural and Synthetic Gas, 1975 and 1990.

(billion standard cu. ft. per year)

Source: U.S. Department of Transportation, Office of the Secretary,

National Transportation Trends and Choices (to the Year 2000),

Washington, D.C., January 12, 1977, p. 294.

Section 5.2

Domestic Production

335

Figure 5-12. CRUDE OIL PRODUCTION

U . S. WESTERN HEMISPHERE . & WORLD 30 - -- -- 

WORLD

10 .H.................. .............. . .TE. EM .. ISPH ERE

0

UNTDSTATES

1948 1950 1952 1954 1956 1956 1960 1962 1964 1966 1968 1970 1972 1x 1076

YEARS

Table 5-2. World Crude Oil Production

(thousands of barrels)

United United Western Western WWorld

States States Hemisphere Hemisphere Year .annual daily annual daily annual daily total arg

totala average total average

1975 3,052,048 8,362 5,174,621 14,177 19,473,903 53,353

1974 3,202,585 8,774 5,607,807 15,364 20,537,727 56,268

1973 3,360,903 9,208 5,903,966 16,175 20,367,981 55,803

1972 3,455,368 9,441 5,804,018 15,858 18,600,501 50,821

1971 3,453,914 9,463 5,812,551 15,925 17,662,793 48,391

1970 3,517,450 9,637 5,894,815 16,150 16,718,708 45,805

1965 2,848,514 7,804 4,827,447 13,226 11,062,515 30,308

1960 2,574,933 7,035 4,130,061 11,284 7,674,460 20,968

1955 2,484,428 6,807 3,614,299 9,902 5,625,883 15,413

1950 1,973,574 5,407 2,719,273 7,450 3,802,995 10,419

aIncludes field condensate.

Source: DeGolyer and MacNaughton, Twentieth Century Petroleum Statistics,

32nd ed., Dallas, Tex., 1976, p. 13.
336

*Figure 5-13. UNITED STATES DOMESTIC OIL PRODUCTION

4-2, 1

Im

0

z0

1.4

H

mq

*Table 5-3.

4-

3.8-

3.6-

3.4

3.2-

3-

2.8-

2.6-

2.4-

2.2-

2-

1900

U.S.

1962 1904 1906 1958 1960 1962 1964 1966 1968 1970 1972 1974 1976

YEARS

Domestic Production of Crude Oil, Natural

Gasoline, and Other Hydrocarbons

(thousands of barrels)

All oils Dal a Daily Natural Alol Daily Year Crude Daily NOther total

average gasoline average production

1975 3,052,048 8,362 595,958 13,779 3,661,785 10,032

1974 3,202,585 8,774 616,098 13,057 3,831,740 10,498

1973 3,360,903 9,208 634,423 10,716 4,006,042 10,975

1972 3,455,368 9,441 638,216 10,118 4,103,702 11,212

1971 3,453,914 9,463 617,815 6,074 4,077,803 11,172

1970 3,517,450 9,637 605,916 6,238 4,129,604 11,314

1965 2,848,514 7,804 441,556 13 3,290,083 9,014

1960 2,574,933 7,035 340,157 275 2,915,365 7,965

1955 2,484,428 6,807 281,371 526 2,766,325 7,579

1950 1,973,574 5,407 181,961 158 2,155,693 5,906

aIncludes field condensate.

Source: DeGolyer and MacNaughton, Twentieth Century Petroleum

Statistics, 32nd ed., Dallas, Tex., 1976, p. 27.

...... ..... TOTAL..ALL...OILS..; -.. .. .... .." --..

-- --- - --- --- - -------- ...... ...- ------- CR U- -- --.-- --I-- -- -- -- -- --.-- --.---- 

--. -----.-----.-----.-------- ....... .....IL................- -.... : ... .........

"a 1"
337

THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN PRODUCTION OF MINERAL ENERGY RESOURCES AND CONSUMPTION (SEE PAGE 338) OF THOSE RESOURCES, EXPRESSED IN BTU EQUIVALENTS,

CLEARLY SHOWS THE INCREASED CONSUMPTION OF PETROLEUM AND DERIVATIVES BY

THE U.S. RELATIVE TO PRODUCTION OF THESE RESOURCES.

Table 5-4.

Production of Mineral Energy Resources and Electricity

(1012 Btu)

NaturalElectricity

Year Anthracite Bituminous a gas, wet Crude b Total coal and lignitea unprocessed) petroleum Hydropower Nuclear

powered

1971 222 13,385 24,805 20,033 2,825 404 61,674

1972 181 14,319 24,792 20,041 2,866 576 62,775

1973 174 14,208 24,764 19,493 2,860 888 62,387

1974 168 14,319 23,689 18,575 3,177 1,211 61,139

1975 158 15,238 22,022 17,729 3,165 1,833 60,135

1976 158 15,628 21,752 17,250 NA NA 59,817

NA - Not available.

aHeat values employed for bituminous coal and lignite are: 1971, 12,120 Btu per pound; 1972, 12,025

Btu per pound; 1973, 12,005 Btu; 1974, 11,865 Btu; and 1975, 11,750 Btu per pound.

bHeat value employed for crude petroleum is 5,800,000 Btu per barrel, based upon an approximate API

gravity of 360, which is generally accepted as the average value of crude oil produced in the United

States.

Hydropower and nuclear power include installations owned by manufacturing plants and mines as well as

Government and privately owned public utilities. The fuel equivalent of hydropower is calculated from

the kilowatt-hours generated, converted to theoretical energy resources inputs calculated from

national average heat rates for fossil-fueled steam-electric plants provided by the Federal Power

Commission. Those heat rates are: 10,478 Btu per net kilowatt-hour in 1971; 10,379 Btu in 1972;

10,389 Btu in 1973; 10,442 Btu in 1974; and 10,383 in 1975.

dEnergy inputs for nuclear power are converted at an average heat rate of 10,660 Btu per net kilowatthour based on information from the Energy Research and Development Administration.

Source: U.S. Department of the Interior, Bureau of Mines, Minerals Yearbook,

Washington, D.C., annual.
338

INCREASING U.S. DEPENDENCE ON FOREIGN OIL IS POINTED OUT DRAMATICALLY IN

THE FIGURES BELOW WHICH INDICATE U.S. PETROLEUM PRODUCTION AS A PERCENT

OF CONSUMPTION.

s5

ec

x

0. 75

lowi pso iim" iris iosis 1wA

YEARS

W11 157

4.Figure 5-14. U.S. Petroleum Production as Percent of Consumption.

*Table 5-5. U.S. Petroleum Production and Consumption

(billions of barrels of oil)

. a % production Representative

Production Consumption of consumption price ($/barrel)

1976 (P) 3.58 6.35 56.4 8.11

1975 3.67 5.96 61.6 7.67

1974 3.83 6.08 63.0 6.87

1973 4.01 6.32 63.4 3.89

1972 4.10 5.99 68.4 3.39

1971 4.08 5.55 73.5 3.39

1970 4.13 5.36 77.1 3.18

1968 3.88 4.90 79.2 2.94

1965 3.29 4.20 78.3 2.86

1963 3.15 3.92 80.4 2.89

1960 2.92 3.59 81.3 2.88

P - Preliminary.

alncludes crude oil petroleum, condensate, and natural gas liquids.

Source: U.S. Department of the Interior, Bureau of Mines, Minerals

and Materials: A Monthly Survey, Washington, D.C., May 1977,

p. 9.

100

o

95 ]

o- _

-111
339

Table 5-6.

Production of Electricity by Primary Energy Source, 1972-1977

Total net Percentage produced by source

production Hydro- a

(million kWhr) Coal Oil Gas Nuclear electric Other

1977

January 196,334 45.7 22.1 10.1 11.3 10.6 0.2

February 163,385 NA NA NA 12.0 NA NA

1976 2,037,408 46.4 15.7 14.4 9.4 13.9 0.2

January 178,313 46.9 18.1 11.2 9.0 14.6 0.2

February 156,671 46.9 15.8 12.2 9.2 15.7 0.2

March 164,159 46.6 15.5 13.0 8.5 16.2 0.2

April 153,154 47.4 15.2 14.3 7.2 15.7 0.2

May 157,354 46.1 13.8 16.1 7.6 16.2 0.2

June 173,370 44.4 14.5 17.1 9.1 14.7 0.2

July 186,409 44.7 14.5 17.1 9.5 14.0 0.2

August 186,380 45.2 15.1 16.8 9.9 12.8 0.2

September 165,006 45.7 14.3 17.0 10.5 12.3 0.2

October 163,709 47.0 14.8 14.6 10.6 12.8 0.2

November 169,053 48.3 17.8 12.5 9.5 11.7 0.2

December 183,830 47.4 18.6 11.3 11.5 11.0 0.2

1975 1,917,638 44.5 15.1 15.6 9.0 15.6 0.2

1974 1,867,103 44.5 16.0 17.2 6.1 16.1 0.1

1973 1,860,440 45.7 16.8 18.3 4.5 14.6 0.1

1972 1,749,629 44.2 15.6 21.4 3.1 15.6 0.1

NA - Not available.

aIncludes electricity produced from geothermal power, wood, and waste.

Source: J. Gaynor (ed.), Federal Energy Administration, Monthly

Energy Rewiew, Washington, D.C., May 1977, p. 34.
Figure 5-15. TYPICAL PETROLEUM REFINING OPERATIONS OUTPUT

-.. MOOR3 ASOINE

INPUT GASCATALYTIC GASOLI NE -AVIAT0N GASOLINE IN PUTAITIN AOLN

FR AC TIONATION POLY ME RIZ ATION M

CRUDE OIL GAS ANC 345LLE 'L A

NCLUCING LEASEC3 - -'SPECIAL PAINT THINNERS, CLEANERS,

CONDENSATE ca"-C NAPHAS -SOLVENTS ETC

FADOS NE AND ruRhACE CIt

JET __UELEFE -NAPHTHA-TYPE (JET B) GaAS OIL - F 'EL - KEROSINE- TYPE (JET A)

HC NOSNE -- wICK LAMPS, SPACE HEATERS,

FRACTIONATIONCAALICIRANGE OIL - WATER HEATERS, STOVES ETC

TAS AND GASOLINE

DI _T__FFUELOLDISTILLATE ENO I 8 NO2 HEATING OILS

RE ,DAL FUEL (GIL -S LIGHT DIESEL FUEL

NATURAL GAS

PLANTPRODUCTSNO 4 BLEND OF DISTILLATE AND

PROPANE TO POLYMERIZAT

ION FUEL OL _ RESIDUAL FUEL OIL STOCKS

ISBUTANE ISBUTANE TO ALKYL ATION - ---

BUTANE PROPANE MIX TO GAS FRACTIONATION

NATURAL GASOLINE TO CATALYTIC REFORMI, - RESIDUAL -NO 5 8 NO6 FUELS, NAVY GRADE,

FUEL OIL -- NAVY SPECIAL B BUNKER C FUEL

ISOPENTANE BLENDED TO GASOLINE ________ PLANT CONDENSATE BLENE_____GA __LN , HEAVY DIESEL FUEL

LUBRICATING BRIGHT STOCKS

OL - NEUTRAL CATALYTICCAAOTHER CATALYTIC ALKYL ATION

COAL TAR BLENDED TO GASOLINE REFORMING ASPHALT - SHALT CEMENTS, FLUXES

DERIVATIVES -.. ATPHALTIC E F

HYDRO PARA F F IN MICROCRYSTALLINE

C C CRYSTALLINE - OTHER

HYDROGEN ATMOSPHERIC -ECE.PTS OR VACUUM PETROLEUM -- MARKETABLE

DISTILLATION COKE -+ CATALYST

NATURAL GAS METHANE ERRURFACE THREAT LLT O E "ETIFEIILRADOL ROADS B DUST PALLIATIVE

FOR PROCESSING REFORMING

HYDROGEN V- - TLLG PETROCHEMICAL FE EDSTOCK USE

HYROEN- TIL-45 OTHER USE

VACUUM SOLVENT BLENDING B

DISTILLATION REFINING PACKAGING LOUIFIED REFINERY

GT GASES ETHANE- -K PETROCHEMICAL FEEDSTOCK USE SLIRUBCAING IS ETHYLENE PROPANE

PROPYLE NE BUTANE -.PETROCHEMICAL FEEDSTOCK USE

EINE"" BUTYLENE BU:-NE +BOTHER USE

'EBRSCATKG P-OPAUE ,. U ISOBUANE is~,,.A 'ES M IY H BS'cXING

DITATIONOLEN QWAX NAPHHA -LESS THAN

STATION REFINING REFINING PLANT 400F END POINT -K PETROCHEMICAL FEEDSTOCK USE

OTHER HYDROCAREHONS

TAR SAND OIL 0 0

GILSONIT E ,O A",LrnITiOHE RFOINS - ONT PETROCHEMICAL FEEDSTOCK USE

S H A L E O IL E TC -'s -CA I ; . S Dut s r oc a ,A

OTHER FINISHED - UENOLATUM, ABSORPTION B

PRODUCTS SPECIALTY OILS, ROCKET FUELS ETC

(PjIS5IED PETROCHEMICALS EXCLUDED(

Source: American Petroleum Institute, Standard Definitions for Petroleum Statistics, Technical

Report No. 1, 2nd ed., Washington, D.C., 1976, Appendix D.

|
341

*Figure 5-16. YIELD FROM A BARREL OF CRUDE OIL

1950

MOTOR FUELS 412%

WAX A COKE 1.0%

F i OIL 32.2%

AND IOIE~rm Se

*Table 5-7. Percentage Yields of the Major Refined Products

from a Barrel of Crude Oil in the U.S.

Distillate Other finished

Motor ~~and Ohrfnse

Year Moto Kerosene Jet fuel residual Lubricants Wax Coke Asphalt products and

fuel shortage

fuel oil

1975 46.5 1.2 7.0 31.2 1.2 0.1 2.8 3.2 6.8

1974 45.9 1.3 6.8 30.5 1.6 0.2 2.8 3.7 7.2

1973 45.6 1.7 6.8 30.2 1.5 0.2 2.9 3.6 7.5

1972 46.2 1.8 6.2 29.0 1.5 0.1 2.8 3.6 7.8

1971 46.3 2.1 7.4 28.7 1.6 0.2 2.6 3.8 7.3

1970 45.5 2.4 7.5 28.8 1.6 0.2 2.7 3.7 7.6

1965 44.0 2.8 5.8 31.1 1.9 0.2 2.6 3.7 7.9

1960 45.2 4.6 3.0 33.6 2.0 0.2 2.0 3.3 6.1

1955 44.0 4.3 2.1 37.3 2.0 0.2 1.0 3.0 6.1

1950 43.0 5.6 39.2 2.5 0.2 0.8 2.8 5.9

Source: DeGolyer

32nd ed.,

and MacNaughton, Twentieth

Dallas, Tex., 1976, p. 63.

Century Petroleum Statistics,

1975

MO'TOR FUELS 48.5

WAX & COKE 2.9%

DfTILE AND LU RICANITS 1.2%

FUEL OILS

JET FUEL 7.OR

OSERE 12

AND ESHORTAES6.OR

Section 5.3

Imports

345

IMFORTS SUPPLIED SIGNIFICANT PERCENTAGE OF MINERALS AND METALS CONSUMPTION IN 1976

NET IMPORT RELIANCE

(% OF APPARENT CONSUMPTION)

0% 25% 50% 75% 100%

I I I I I

COLUMBIUM

MICA (sheet)

STRONTIUM

COBALT

MANGANESE

TANTALUM

TITANIUM (rutile)

PLATINUM GROUP METALS

CHROMIUM

ALUMINUM (ores & metals)

TIN

ASBESTOS

FLUORINE

NICKEL

GOLD

MERCURY

CADMIUM

POTASSIUM

ANTIMONY

SELENIUM

TUNGSTEN

ZINC

TELLURIUM

SILVER

PETROLEUM (inc. Nat. Gas Iiq.)

BARIUM

GYPSUM

TITANIUM (ilmenite)

VANADIUM

IRON

COPPER

LEAD

SALT

NATURAL GAS

CEMENT

PUMICE

100

100

100

98

98

94 T

93

92

89

87

85

83

79

71-

70-

65

64

62

61

59

59

59

57

47

39

38

38

37

31E

27

15

15

7

5 C

3 .C

2 i

MAJOR FOREIGN SOURCES

(1972 - 1975)

BRAZIL, THAILAND, NIGERIA

INDIA, BRAZIL, MALAGASY

MEXICO, U.K., SPAIN

U ZAIRE, BELGIUM-LUXEMBOURG,'FINLAND, NORWAY

® BRAZIL, GABON, AUSTRALIA, SOUTH AFRICA

E THAILAND, CANADA, AUSTRALIA, BRAZIL

E AUSTRALIA, INDIA

U.K., U.S.S.R., SOUTH AFRICA

U.S.S.R., SOUTH AFRICA, PHILIPPINES, TURKEY

JAMAICA, AUSTRALIA, SURINAM, CANADA

MALAYSIA, THAILAND, BOLIVIA

CANADA, SOUTH AFRICA

MEXICO, SPAIN, ITALY

CANADA, NORWAY, NEW CALEDONIA

CANADA, SWITZERLAND, U.S.S.R.

CANADA, ALGERIA, MEXICO, SPAIN

CANADA, MEXICO, AUSTRALIA, BELGIUM-LUXEMBOURG

CANADA

SOUTH AFRICA, P.R. CHINA, BOLIVIA, MEXICO

CANADA, JAPAN, MEXICO

CANADA, BOLIVIA, PERU, THAILAND

CANADA, MEXICO, AUSTRALIA, PERU, HONDURAS

PERU, CANADA

CANADA, MEXICO, PERU

CANADA, VENEZUELANIGERIA, SAUDI ARABIA, V.I.

IRELAND, PERU, MEXICO

CANADA, MEXICO, JAMAICA

CANADA, AUSTRALIA

SOUTH AFRICA, CHILE, U.S.S.R.

CANADA, VENEZUELA, JAPAN, COMMON MARKET (EEC)

CANADA, PERU, CHILE, SOUTH AFRICA

CANADA, PERU, AUSTRALIA, MEXICO

MEXICO, CANADA, BAHAMAS, CHILE

CANADA

CANADA, BAHAMAS, NORWAY, U.K.

i GREECE, ITALY

--------------- -- I

0% 25% 50% 75% 100%

Figure 5-17. Imports of Strategic Materials by the U.S. in 1976.

Source: U.S. Department of the Interior, Bureau of Mines, Minerals and

Materials: A Monthly Survey, Washington, D.C., January 1977,

p. 14.

MINERAL
346

Figure 5-18.

U.S. IMPORTS AND EXPORTS OF

RAW AND PROCESSED MINERALS

CHEMICALS

$4.2 BILLION

NICKEL s".D MILLION CODwE A s0.1 DILL100

IRON ONE / Iuic

IRON AND STEEL

$4.4 BILLION

NAT GASA L P G

$2.5 BILLION

REFINED PETROLEUM

$10.1 BILLION

CRUDE OIL

S33.5 BILLION

S45 BILLION

fpOATS OF All OTMIA MINERAL

MATERIAL f MINERAL ORIGI

CHEMICALS $7.3 BILLION

PLASTICS

$1.6 BILLION

IRONAN ST L

$1.7 BILLION

PETROLEUM PRODUCTS 1 BeLL10s

COAL

$2.2 BILLION

IMPORTS EXPORTS

( S63 BILLION ) ($18 BILLION

977 Extrapolation based on January

thru April data.

Source: U.S. Department of the Interior, Bureau of Mines, Minerals

and Materials: A Monthly Survey, Washington, D.C., June 1977,

p. 8.

1976

MINnERAL A MAERIALS ANO POCESSED MATE IS ..n OF MINERAL ORIGIN

$3.9 BILLION

u 

K I so.S en OMN

AUT AAt UMIN" OOI O IAON OAE %1.1 en t IO

IRON AND STEEL

54 5 BILLON

NAT GAS 8 L P G S2 0 BILLION

REFINED PETROLEUM

S6 3 BILLION

CRUDE OIL

S25 S BILLION

IMPORTS

($51 BILLION 

$32 BILLION

E XPO 5 O AllOTHER MINERAL

CHEMICALS

S6.7 BILLION

PLASTICS

$1.7 BILLION

IRON AND STEEL $1.8 BILLION

PET InoEUM PRooCTs 10IL IttO"

COAL

$3.0 BILLION

EXPORTS

( S19 BILLION 

f__-__
347

U.S. DEPENDENCE UPON FOREIGN SOURCES FOR CRUDE OIL HAS BEEN INCREASING

RAPIDLY SINCE 1970. U.S. CRUDE OIL IMPORTS AS A PERCENT OF DOMESTIC

PRODUCTION REACHED AN ALL TIME HIGH OF 65.1% IN 1976.

70I

65.1

49.1

39.6

35.2

23.5

17.8

15.9

14.4 13.7

9.0 11.5

0 . I

1945 1950 1955 1960 1965 1970

*Figure 5-19. YEAR

U.S. Crude Oil Imports as Percent of Domestic Pr

Source: DeGolyer and MacNaughton, Twentieth Century Pe

32nd ed., Dallas, Tex., September 1976, p. 58.

1

1975 1980

oduction.

troleum Statistics,

65

60-

45-

H- 40

z

Vz

30-

20-

15-

10-

5-

I
348

1974 1g75 I97B I97

Figure 5-20 U.S Petroleum Imports

Table 5-8.

Total Monthly Petroleum Imports, 1975-1977

(thousands of barrels/day)

Total imports Crude oil imports Refined products imports

1975 1976 1977 1975 1976 1977 1975 1976 1977

January 6,861 6,665 8,594 4,029 4,595 6,028 2,832 2,070 2,566

February 6,176 6,631 9,412 3,828 4,208 6,435 2,348 2,423 2,977

March 5,730 6,684 9,021 3,656 4,738 6,459 2,074 1,946 2,562

April 5,040 6,596 3,378 4,790 1,662 1,806

May 5,214 6,323 3,486 4,669 1,728 1,654

June 5,407 7,479 3,905 5,621 1,502 1,858

July 5,959 7,890 4,192 5,792 1,767 2,098

August 6,298 7,382 4,581 5,556 1,717 1,826

September 6,804 7,913 4,689 5,875 2,115 2,038

October 6,329 7,507 4,389 5,699 1,940 1,808

November 6,419 8,060 4,623 5,946 1,796 2,114

December 6,425 8,393 4,476 5,925 1,949 2,468

Source: J. Gaynor (ed.), Federal Energy Administration, Monthly Energy

Review, Washington, D.C., May 1977, pp. 6 and 8.

0
Table 5-9. United States Imports of Crude Oil by Selected Source Countries

Dhabia Algeria Canada Indonesia Iran

Year thousands percent thousands percent thousands percent thousands percent

thousands percent of barrels of total of barrels of total of barrels of total of barrels of total of barels ottal

1950 111 0.1

1955 16,810 5.9 11,941 4.2 3,202 1.1

1960 284 0.1 41,349 11.1 26,720 7.2 13,056 3.5

1965 5,035 1.1 3,256 0.7 107,762 23.8 22,170 4.9 28,633 6.3

.1970 23,047 4.8 2,093 0.4 245.258 50.7 25,670 5.3 12,184 2.5

1971 29,026 4.7 4,685 0.8 263,294 42.9 40,232 6.6 38,576 6.3

1972 26,873 3.3 31,753 3.9 312,440 38.5 59,633 7.4 49,700 6.2

1973 25,764 2.2 43,619 3.7 365,370 30.8 73,055 6.2 78,900 6.7

1974 25,158 2.0 '65,764 5.2 288,763 22.7 103,482 8.2 168,956 13.3

1975 42,585 2.9 96,459 6.4 219,175 14.6 138,270 9.2 101,575 6.8

1976 93,421 4.8 149,190 7.7 135,690 7.0 196,283 10.1 109,073 5.6

Libya Nigeria AraiaVenezuela Others Total

Year all thousands percent thousands percent thousands percent thousands percent thousands percent countries of barrels of total of barrels of total of barrels of total of barrels of total of barrels of total

1950 14,650 8.2 107,019 60.2 55,934 31.5 177,714

1955 29,050 10.2 140,754 49.3 83,664 29.3 285,421

1960 28,232 7.6 172,887 46.5 89,047 24.0 371,575

1965 15,152 3.4 5,296 1.2 48,235 10.7 157,852 34.9 58,649 13.0 452,040

1970 17,156 3.5 17,490 3.7 6,140 1.3 97,996 20.3 36,259 7.5 483,293

1971 19,426 3.2 34,826 5.7 41,971 6.8 110,574 18.0 30,807 5.0 613,417

1972 40,069 4.9 88,887 11.0 63,626 7.8 93,300 11.5 44,854 5.5 811,135

1973 48,585 4.1 163,687 13.8 168,525 14.2 125,742 10.6 90,749 7.7 1,183,996

1974 1,495 0.1 254,358 20.0 159,827 12.6 116,437 9.2 84,915 6.7 1,269,155

1975 81,403 5.4 272,265 18.2 256,036 17.1 144,221 9.6 146,192 9.8 1,498,181

1976 162,457 8.5 371,092 19.2 447,071 23.1 88,139 4.6 1 8 2 , 7 2 6 b 9.4 1,935,142

aIncludes other members of the United Arab Emirates.

bRepresents imports of 12,881 from Norway, 451 from Kuwait; 5,914 from Malaysia; 2,426 from Angola; 18,671 from Ecuador; 38,412 from Trinidad; 1,849 from Bolivia; 9,685 from Gabon; 31,670 from Mexico; 6,311 from Egypt; 5,400 from Tunisia; 9,542 from Iraq; 8,631 from Qatar; 10,943 from Oman; 2,041 from Columbia; 3,142 from Congo (Brazzaville); 2,368 from Israel; 648 from U.S.S.R.; 7,088 from Zaire; and 4,923 from England.

Sources: DeGolyer and MacNaughton, Twentieth Century Petroleum Statistics

1976, 32nd ed., Dallas, Tex., September 1976, pp. 75 and 76; U.S.

Department of the Interior, Bureau of Mines, Mineral Industry

Surveys: Crude Petroleum, Petroleum Products, and Natural Gas

Liquids, Washington, D.C.', December 1976, p. 16.

WA

to0

Section 5.4

Prices

353

Figure 5-21.

POSTED PRICE OF PETROLEUM

BY MHJOR PRODUCING COUNTRIES

1970 IRAN

IRAQ

KUWAIT

LIBYA

NIGERIA

SALDI ARABIR

UNITED STATES

1971 IRAN

IRAO

KUWIT

LIBYA

NIGERIA

SAUDI ARABIA

UNITED STATES

1972 IRAN

IRAQ

KUWAIT

LIBYA

NIGERIA

SAUDi ARABIA

UNITED STATES

1973 IRAN

IRAQ

KUWIT

LIBYA

NIGERIA

S1UDI ARABIA

UNITED STATES

I

I

it

1.79

1.72

8

2.55

2.42

7

3.18

2.27

2.26

|3.40

3.18

.14

/ / 3.39

2.47

2.445

3.62

3.41

13.32

/////////A3.39

|5. 25

S4.98

3.89

IRAN

IRAMO

KUWAIT SI AV A

NIFDIA

ADIA wA

I

S11. 47

11.27

1 _14

mru in- - -

STATES 6.05

1975 IRAN

IRAQ

KUWRIT

LIBYR u1 ER IA

UNITED

NJ Imuli 

12.49

12.40

A 12.15

I 1l f7

TT I 1I 6 STATES

2 4i1

DOLLARS PER BARREL

12 14 4IS

Source: DeGolyer and MacNaughton, Twentieth Century Petroleum Statistics

1976, Dallas, Texas, September 1976, pp. 15 and 41.

1974

19.06

8. 40

7.03

SA I

UNITED

I

14.6

J 15.77

S9

13.25

7.67

16.06

I 16.00 mmto

0

a 9749 NN

._ Ll

L Yo~ i J.~, 

-1

1

I

I 1
354

THE CURRENT WELLHEAD PRICE FOR NEW OIL IS OVER TWICE THAT FOR OLD OIL

18

16

Actual Stripper

14 New Oil

1 2 Ne 0 =..... SUpper Tier

0

10 -Actual Domestic Average

8 ................. .......... SUUS' * ....

_ 6 Old Oil / Lower Tier

04

JFMAMJJASONDJFMAMJJ ASONDJFMAMJJASOND

1975 1976 1977

Figure 5-22. Domestic Crude Petroleum Price at the WellheadSource: January 1974 through January 1976; February 1976 forward - FEA

Domestic Crude Oil Purchases Report. This information is made

available in the FEA publication Monthly Energy Review.

THE PRIMARY REASON FOR DISTINGUISHING OLD OIL FROM NEW OIL IN A TWO-TIERED

PRICE SYSTEM IS TO ENCOURAGE INCREASED PRODUCTION OF DOMESTIC CRUDE. IN

LATE 1973, THE FEDERAL ENERGY ADMINISTRATION (FEA) SET A MAXIMUM PRODUCTION

CONTROL LEVEL FOR EACH FIELD BASED ON ITS DOMESTIC CRUDE OIL PRODUCTION

IN 1972. ANY CRUDE OIL PRODUCED ABOVE THAT LEVEL WAS CLASSIFIED AS "NEW

OIL" AND COULD BE SOLD AT THE FREE MARKET PRICE. ALL OTHER OIL WAS "OLD

OIL" AND WAS SUBJECT TO THE CEILING PRICE FOR CRUDE OIL (APPROXIMATELY

$5.03 PER BARREL). HOWEVER, IN JANUARY 1976, THE PRICE FOR NEW OIL ON

THE OPEN MARKET HIT $13.00 AND THE FEA INCREASED THE MAXIMUM PRODUCTION

CONTROL LEVEL AND ALLOWED THE PRICE OF BOTH NEW AND OLD OIL (DESIGNATED

AS UPPER TIER AND LOWER TIER, RESPECTIVELY) TO INCREASE. THIS INITALLY

RESULTED IN A SUBSTANTIAL DECREASE IN THE PRICE OF UPPER TIER ("NEW")

OIL AND A SLIGHT INCREASE IN LOWER TIER ("OLD") OIL. THE TWO-TO-ONE

PRICE RATIO HAS REMAINED FARILY STABLE, HOWEVER, WITH THE PRICE OF BOTH

TYPES OF OIL HAVING INCREASED SLIGHTLY.
355

Table 5-10. Domestic Crude Petroleum Prices at the Wellhead

(dollars per barrel)

Older

1974 average

1975 average

1977

January

5.03

5.03

5.02

Newa

10.13

12.03

12.99

Domestic

average

6.87

7.67

8.63

Lower tiera Upper tiera

5.05

5.07

5.07

5.13

5.15

5.19

5.18

Lower tier Upper tier

September

October

November

December

1977

January

February

aSee Glossary

h

for definitions.

'Stripper oil was exempt from price controls beginning September 1,

1976. From February through August 1976, stripper oil was subject to

upper-tier price ceiling.

CThe actual domestic average price represents the average price at which

all domestic crude oil is purchased. The imputed domestic average price

is the average price used to establish ceiling prices for domestic crude

oil in accordance with the provisions of the Energy Conservation and

Production Act. It is calculated as the weighted average of lower tier,

upper tier, and an imputed stripper crude oil price. The imputed

stripper crude oil price is equal to $11.63 per barrel plus the

difference between the composite price of crude oil in August 1976

(excluding stripper oil) and the composite price of crude oil in the

month of measurement (excluding stripper oil).

Source: J. Gaynor (ed.), Federal Energy Administration, National Energy

Information Center, Monthly Energy Review, Washington, D.C.,

May 1977, p. 68.

February

March

April

May

June

July

August

Domestic

average

11.47

11.39

11.52

11.55

11.60

11.59

11.62

Actual

strippers

7.87

7.79

7.86

7.89

7.99

8.04

8.03

Actual

domestic

averageC

5.17

5.15

5.17

5.17

5.17

5.18

Imputed

domestic

averageC

11.65

11.62

11.62

11.64

11.44

11.38

13.21

13.35

13.31

13.30

13.27

13.32

8.39

8.46

8.62

8.62

8.50

8.57

8.19

8.23

8.40

8.40

8.28

8.32

v

i r o
Figure 5-23. REFINER ACQUSITION COST OF CRUDE PETROLEUM

16

W

U)

0

.9

14 

13

12-

11

10 

9-

8-

7-

J F M A M J J A S O N D J F M A MJ J A S O N D J M AMJJ A S O N DJ

1974 1975 YEAR 1976 1977

Source: J. Gaynor (ed.), Federal Energy Administration, National Energy Information Center, Monthly

Energy Review, Washington, D.C., April 1977, p. 73.

IMPORT D

COMPOSITE

DOMESTIC

Wp

W,

c
*Figure 5-24. COST OF A GALLON OF CRUDE OIL FROM WELL TO CONSUMER

ot.

REGULAR GAS SELLING PRICE

ow* DIESEL FUEL SELLING PRICE

z; -4 REGULAR GAS PURCHASE PRICE

E -az

(v 0430

-V

N03001 O REI PRCHE PRIEHA

oio

J F MA MJ JA S ON DJ FM A MJ JA S ON DJ F MA MJ JA S ON DJ F

19741975 YEAR 1976 1977

Source: J. Gaynor (ed.), Federal Energy Administration, National Energy Information Center, Monthly

Energy Review, Washington, D.C., May 1977, pp. 56, 62, 68, and 71.

W,
*Table 5-11. Cost of Fuel for Air, Truck, Railroad, and Marine Vessels

(cents per gal)

Aviation fuels Truck fuel Railroad fuel Marine

Aviation Nephtha-type Kerosene-typea b Diesel Coal Bunker gasoline 

(retail) (retail) 

(rti) (retail) 

(eal No. 2 diesel oil ($/net ton) "c'a

1970 11.02 10.73 6.00

1971 11.60 10.88 10.68

1972 11.59 10.97 10.69

1973 12.56 13.49 12.40

1974 21.79 26.59 12.93

1975 41.13 27.47 29.83 51.05 30.00 16.90 25.0

1976 42.16 31.56 30.70 52.08 25.0

aCost based on 6-month averages.

bAverage selling prices for truckstops.

Source: W. F. Gay, U.S. Department of Transportation, Transportation Systems Center, Energy Statistics, Cambridge, Mass., August 1976,

p. 79; J. Gaynor (ed.), Federal Energy Administration, National

Energy Information Center, Monthly Energy Review, Washington,

D.C., April 1977, p. 69, May 1977, p. 72; Association of American

Railroads, Economics and Finance Department, Statistics of Railroads of Class I in the United States: Years 1965 to 1975,

Washington, D.C., January 1977.

0r

00

L 
359

*Table 5-12.

Average Selected Areas Selling Prices for Leaded, Unleaded and

Premium Gasoline at Full Service Retail Outlets

April 1977

Average cents per gallon, including tax

Area

Leaded Unleaded Premium

U.S. city average 61.9 65.1 66.9

Atlanta 60.7 66.0 67.9

Baltimore 61.8 65.1 67.1

Boston 61.2 65.8 67.0

Buffalo 62.8 65.5 67.9

Chicago 64.1 68.5 69.2

Cincinnati 60.2 63.7 65.4

Cleveland 59.8 62.7 65.2

Dallas 58.1 60.8 62.3

Detroit 61.1 65.8 67.6

Honolulu 71.1 62.0 75.2

Houston 57.5 60.5 62.3

Kansas City 59.6 62.7 64.6

Los Angeles-Long Beach 62.6 65.7 66.8

Milwaukee 58.1 61.7 63.3

Minneapolis-St. Paul 61.3 64.6 68.8

New York-Northeastern, N.J. 61.7 65.3 68.0

Philadelphia 61.2 66.6 68.2

Pittsburgh 62.2 65.8 67.4

St. Louis 61.0 63.2 65.9

San Diego 63.9 67.2 68.9

San Francisco-Oakland 65.1 66.9 69.3

Seattle 61.4 63.6 66.0

Washington 63.8 68.3 70.0

Source: U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics,

Retail Prices and Indexes of Fuels and Utilities 

Residential Usage, Washington, D.C., April 1977,

Table 8A.
360

THE PRICE THAT CONSUMERS HAVE HAD TO PAY FOR GASOLINE AT THE PUMP HAS

INCREASED GRADUALLY OVER THE PAST THREE YEARS (SEE THE TABLE BELOW).

* Table 5-13. Price of Gasoline at the Pump

(cents per gallon)

Regular Premium Unleaded

1974 52.8 56.0 53.6

1975 56.2 60.3 58.8

1976 58.7 63.9 62.9

Source: J. Gaynor (ed.), Federal Energy Administration, National Energy

Information Center, Monthly Energy Review, Washington, D.C.,

April 1977.

HOWEVER, WHEN THESE PRICES ARE ADJUSTED FOR INFLATION (AS MEASURED BY

THE CONSUMER PRICE INDEX) 1 THE REAL PRICE OF REGULAR AND PREMIUM GASOLINE

IS SEEN TO HAVE ACTUALLY DECLINED.

*Table 5-14. Real Price of Gasoline

(1976 cents per gallon)

Regular Premium Unleaded

1974 61.2 64.9 62.1

1975 59.7 64.0 62.4

1976 58.7 63.9 62.9

Source: Calculated by the Data Analysis Branch, Transportation Energy

Conservation, Energy Research and Development Administration.

S4-74
361

Table 5-15.

Net Monthly Bills for Specified Kilowatt Hours of

Electricity by Area, May, 1977

(dollars)

Standard metropolitan 100 Kwh 250 Kwh 500 Kwh statistical areas

Atlanta 5.83 9.81 19.01

Baltimore 7.10 14.60 24.32

Boston 7.77 15.85 26.50

Buffalo 8.15 14.50 22.90

Chicago-N.W. Indiana 6.40 12.60 22.27

Cincinnati 6.32 12.24 20.00

Cleveland 5.32 13.05 23.85

Dallas 6.50 13.08 22.60

Detroit 6.78 13.15 23.80

Honolulu 8.03 15.29 25.17

Houston 6.04 11.56 19.51

Kansas City 6.04 13.07 24.02

Los Angeles-Long Beach 6.78 13.40 22.75

Milwaukee 6.24 11.43 19.40

Minneapolis-St. Paul 6.35 11.84 21.00

New York-N.E. New Jersey 10.86 22.82 42.07

Philadelphia 6.12 14.82 27.25

Pittsburgh 7.38 14.27 25.34

St. Louis 5.66 12.52 22.11

San Diego 5.87 11.85 21.88

San Francisco-Oakland 4.46 8.87 19.94

Seattle 4.76 7.22

Washington, D.C. 6.48 12.79 22.22

Source: U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor

Statistics, Retail Prices and Indexes of Fuels

and Utilities - Residential Usage, Washington,

D.C,, May 1977.
362

Table 5-16.

Average Annual Growth Rates in Electricity Prices by

Class of Customer, 1960 Through 1 9 75 a

(percent per annum)

Class of Customer

All

Period Residential Comercial Industrial Customers

1975 12.9 12.9 23.5 16.0

1973 to 1974 24.0 29.2 30.8 25.0

1970 to 1973 4.4 4.6 9.1 5.6

1965 to 1970 -1.7 -. 9 -- --

Table 5-17.

Average Retail Electricity Rates by Class

of Customer, 1960 Through 1 97 5a

(cents per kWhr)

All

Residential Comnercial Industrial Customers

1975 3.5 3.5 2.1 2.9

1974 3.1 3.1 1.7 2.5

1973 2.5 2.4 1.3 2.0

1970 2.2 2.1 1.0 1.7

1965 2.4 2.2 1.0 1.7

These data only apply to the Class A and B investor-owned utilities,

defined respectively as those with annual sales that exceed $2.5 million

and those with annual sales that are between $1 million and $2.5 million.

In 1975 there were 213 Class A and B utilities; they collectively accounted

for approximately 80 percent of the total industry kilowatt-hour sales.

Almost all of the remainder of the kilowatt-hour sales were by publicly

owned facilities.

Source: Federal Energy Administration, National Energy Information Center,

Energy Information - Report to Congress, Quarterly Report:

Second Quarter, 1976, Washington, D.C., p. 106.
Table 5-18. Changes in Consumer Prices of Energy Items,

(percentage)

1966 to 1976

Period Total energy Electricity Fuel oil Gasoline Natural

items No. 2 gas

Average annual change

1966 to 1969 2.1 1.2 2.8 2.6 0.9

1969 to 1972 3.1 5.0 3.4 0.9 6.0

Change from previous year

1973 8.0 5.0 15.4 9.8 4.6

1974 29.3 18.1 58.8 35.4 12.5

1975 10.6 13.2 8.3 6.8 19.9

1976 7.1--

1Also includes coal and motor oil not shown separately.

2 Regular and premium gasoline.

Source: President of the United States, Economic Report of the President, Transmitted to Congress

January 1977, Together with the Annual Report of the Council of Economic Advisers,

Washington, D.C., p. 94.

W

(ON
65

40HOME HEM'ING O[L

REIDUAL FUEL OIL

60 - -- .... .. -- --- --- -.....- .- --, ...--, -T T IV

J F MA MJ J A3O N D J F MA MJ J A 30N D J F M

1975 1976 1977

YEAR

4Figure 5-25. Comparison of Cost of Gasoline, Home Heating Oil, and Residual Fuel Oil.

Source: J. Gaynor (ed.), Federal Energy Administration, Monthly Energy Review, Washington, D.C.,

May 1977, pp. 56,62,64, and 67.
Section 5.5

Reserves

367

*Table 5-19. Estimates of Petroleum Reserves in Principal Producing

Countries and Crude Oil Production in 1975

(thousands of barrels)

Estimated Estimated Percent world Crude oil Reserves

Continent and country reserves reserves reserves production production

at 1/1/75 at 1/1/76 at 1/1/76 1975 ratio

North America, total

Canada

Mexico

United States

South America, total

Argentina

Ecuador

Venezuela

Europe, total

Norway

Rumania

United Kingdom

U.S.S.R.

Africa, total

Algeria

Angola (Incl. Cabinda)

Egypt

Libya

Nigeria

Asia, Middle East, total

Abu Dhabib

Brunei-Malaysia

China

Indonesia

Iran

Iraq

Kuwait

Neutral Zone

Oman

Qatar

Saudi Arabia

Syria

Australia-New Zealand

Total World

Sino-Soviet Countries

OPEC CountriesC

Rest of World

44,508,078

7,171,229

3,086,893

34,249,956

25,381,863

2,459,311

1,445,372

18,567,000

73,879,475

5,500,000

1,295,262

7,724,998

56,341,400

50,771,546

9,034,871

1,409,130

1,423,000

23,000,000

13,651,505

360,170,779

32,420,000

3,500,000

14,800,000

12,000,000

68,050,000

35,123,750

70,890,000

6,827,580

3,293,724

5,437,850

103,480,000

2,776,000

2,615,000

557,326,741

72,877,782

400,579,978

83,868,981

42,766,273

6,653,002

3,431,144

32,682,127

25,557,289

2,500,000

1,387,471

18,511,000

80,243,966

6,003,300

1,304,871

9,837,917

59,878,250

52,337,096

10,000,000

1,358,643

1,504,000

24,000,000

13,000,000

363,686,846

32,200,000

3,400,000

17,242,000

12,000,000

66,281,000

35,000,000

70,219,082

6,648,000

3,169,076

5,277,503

107,857,000

2,707,606

2,475,000

567,066,470

78,890,976

403,157,306

85,018,188

7.54

1.17

0.61

5.76

4.51

0.44

0.25

3.26

14.15

1.06

0.23

1.73

10.55

9.23

1.76

0.24

0.27

4.23

2.29

64.13

5.68

0.60

3.04

2.12

11.69

6.17

12.38

1.17

0.56

0.93

19.02

0.48

0.44

100.00

13.91

71.10

14.99

3,865,891

518,878

294,190

3,052,048

1,308,730

144,364

58,753

856,364

3,955,917

68,900

108,739

8,000

3,608,850

1,821,952

350,753

57,943

81,069

551,150

651,890

8,370,117

618,310

101,760

571,590

477,055

1,952,650

808,840

670,918

181,040

124,600

159,482

2,491,855

65,930

151,296

19,473,903

4,328,902

9,911,008

5,233,993

11.29

13.32

11.08

10.96

19.46

17.18

24.11

21.65

19.48

83.48

11.96

16.10

28.30

27.13

23.88

18.05

42.64

20.44

43.24

52.26

33.92

28.03

25.15

34.40

43.35

105.16

37.22

25.93

33.59

42.41

41.59

16.82

28.87

17.53

40.55

16.13

aReserve production ratio based on average of estimated reserves 1/1/75 and 1/1/76.

bIncludes Dubai and Sharjah.

Includes Neutral Zone.

Source: DeGolyer and MacNaughton, Twentieth Century Petroleum Statistics,

32nd ed., Dallas, Tex., 1976, p. 1.
Table 5-20. Proved Crude Oil Reserves, by States as of January 1 of Given Year

(thousands of barrels)

P.A.D.a District and States 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976

P.A.D. District Number I 120,012 189,838 312,677 288,780 263,886 396,231 352,009

Florida 74,781 204,122 208,149 183,859 302,709 262,539

New York 11,791 10,550 9,772 9,246 8,288 10,898 10,024

Pennsylvania 54,740 51,286 47,052 37,345 39,613 50,414 48,028

West Virginia 53,481 53,221 51,731 34,040 32,126 32,210 31,418

P.A.D. District Number II 2,802,744 2,624,571 2,596,370 2,394,830 2,296,039 2,253,939 2,227,594

Illinois 272,115 228,680 208,763 174,883 152,343 159,789 160,986

Indiana 41,307 37,009 30,855 29,383 26,622 24,351 22,029

Kansas 566,013 539,305 501,552 453,394 401,089 395,107 364,394

Kentucky 73,103 61,377 52,548 48,193 39,980 36,572 39,306

Michigan 51,517 45,615 58,765 62,002 72,444 82,299 93,312

Nebraska 46,835 40,943 36,124 30,553 28,166 26,779 28,372

North Dakota 234,504 192,377 174,011 166,033 179,520 172,794 158,245

Ohio 127,367 127,912 129,144 127,385 124,911 123,871 121,263

Oklahoma 1,389,983 1,351,353 1,404,608 1,303,004 1,270,964 1,232,377 1,239,687

P.A.D. District Number III 20,146,929 20,216,297 19,600,908 18,237,420 17,426,637 16,289,450 14,883,184

Alabama 67,126 65,262 61,478 56,734 53,603 68,718 61,032

Arkansas 127,346 129,577 117,648 113,100 105,552 106,336 95,662

Louisiana 5,689,150 5,710,320 5,399,000 5,028,478 4,576,826 4,226,514 3,827,187

Mississippi 360,198 354,741 342,368 312,478 291,049 261,408 231,158

New Mexico 839,927 760,921 656,885 582,593 642,994 624,968 588,110

Texas 13,063,182 13,195,476 13,023,529 12,144,057 11,756,613 11,001,506 10,080,035

P.A.D. District Number IV 1,868,209 1,829,448 1,723,749 1,761,835 1,705,408 1,650,730 1,525,737

Colorado 400,604 389,048 332,773 326,411 304,790 289,333 276,066

Montana 275,765 241,529 228,185 241,248 219,343 207,389 163,968

Utah 195,290 181,512 165,806 244,397 264,512 250,648 208,318

Wyoming 996,550 1,017,359 996,985 949,779 916,763 903,360 877,385

P.A.D. District Number V 4,675,030 14,132,810 13,821,945 13,650,017 13,600,313 13,651,135 13,684,799

Alaska 432,300 10,148,824 10,116,195 10,096,282 10,112,213 10,094,099 10,037,262

California 4,242,730 3,983,986 3,705,750 3,553,735 3,488,100 3,557,036 3,647,537

Miscellaneous 18,938 8,371 7,308 6,526 7,556 8,471 8,804

Total United States 29,631,862 39,001,335 38,062,957 36,339,408 35,299,839 34,249,956 32,682,127

aP.A.D. - Petroleum Administration for Defense.

Source: DeGolyer and MacNaughton, Twentieth Century Petroleum Statistics,

32nd ed., Dallas, Tex., 1976, p. 25.
*Table 5-21. Number of Years' Supply of all Oils in the United States

(thousands of barrels)

Year Stocks a Proved serves Provnaturrves Total stocks Total demand of years'

all oils petroleum gas liquids and reserves all oils supply

all oils

1975 1,132,955 32,682,127 6,267,830 40,082,912 6,022,604 6.7

1974 1,073,646 32,249,956 6,350,449 41,674,051 6,158,730 6.8

1973 1,008,307 35,299,839 6,454,707 42,762,853 6,401,716 6.7

1972 958,979 36,339,408 6,786,559 44,084,946 6,071,705 7.3

1971 1,043,947 38,062,957 7,304,227 46,411,131 5,634,405 8.2

1970 1,017,861 39,001,335 7,702,941 47,722,137 5,458,931 8.7

1965 836,344 31,352,391 8,023,534 40,212,269 4,194,155 9.6

1960 778,735 31,613,211 6,816,059 39,208,005 3,609,711 10.9

1955 714,859 30,012,170 5,438,565 36,165,594 3,221,963 11.2

1950 582,710 25,268,398 4,267,663 30,118,771 2,486,363 12.1

aIncludes refinable crude, heavy California crude, refined products, and natural gasoline.

b1918-1945. Classification includes crude oil and cycle-plant and lease condensate.

CIncludes exports.

Source: DeGolyer and MacNaughton, Twentieth Century Petroleum Statistics,

32nd ed., Dallas, Tex., 1976, p. 69.
370

Table 5-22. U.S. Crude Oil Reservesa and Production

(thousands of barrels)

Estimated New reserves Crude oil Estimated

Year proved reserves proved during production proved reserves

beginning of year during year end of year year

1976 32,682,127

1975 34,249,956 1,318,463 2,886,292 32,682,127

1974 35,299,839 1,993,573 3,043,456 34,249,956

1973 36,339,408 2,145,831 3,185,400 35,299,839

1972 38,062,957 1,557,848 3,281,397 36,339,408

1971 39,001,335 2,317,732 3,256,110 38,062,957

1970 29,631, 862 12,688,918c 3, 319,445 39,001, 335

1965 30,990,510 3,048,079 2,686,198 31,352,391

1960 31,719,347 2,365,328 2,471,464 31,613,211

1955 29,560,746 2,870,724 2,419,300 30,012,170

1950 24,649,489 2,562,685 1,943,776 25,268,398

aDoes not include condensate.

Reflects revisions of earlier estimates

tion.

based on additional informaCIncludes 9.6 billion barrels for Alaska's Prudhoe Bay Field discovered

in 1968 and not previously included.

Source: DeGolyer and MacNaughton, Twentieth Century Petroleum

Statistics, 32nd ed., Dallas, Tex., 1976, p. 24.
Section 5.6

Alternate Fuels

Alternate Fuels

In 1976, three-fourths of the nation's energy needs were met by

crude oil and natural gas. This dependence upon these two energy

resources developed largely because of their seemingly abundant supply

and the fact that they are clean-burning and easily transported and

stored. However, since our production of these fuels is declining

they are expected to supply a smaller portion of the energy needs in the

future. As domestic reserves of these two fossil fuels dwindle, the

level and price of imports of crude oil and natural gas are expected to

climb. Thus, the substitutability of energy sources has become a

technological, economic, social, and political issue. The primary

question yet to be answered is not whether this substitution will occur,

but rather, when and in what form (see p. 379). Because over 97 percent

of transportation in the U.S. currently relies on petroleum-based

fuels, the question of alternative fuels has particular significance

for the sector. It is clear that while alcohol-gasoline blends offer a

short-term solution to the petroleum shortage, alternative fuels will be

required as long-term solutions. The use of these alternative fuels will

necessarily required extensive and costly engine re-design.

The period of transition to alternative liquid fuels for transportation

will be one in which it will be necessary for the United States to

determine the optimum balance between increasing petroleum reserves and

moving aggressively in the effort to build large-scale commercial plants

for oil recovery from shale oil and for coal gasification and liquefaction

(see p. 380). Coal and oil shale are two of this nation's most abundant

373
374

fossil energy resources. The technologies for converting coal into

synthetic liquid and gaseous fuels and for extracting oil from oil shale

are getting increasing attention because of the potential for reductions

in dependence on foreign sources. In addition, biomass conversion - converting municipal and agricultural wastes into synthetic fuels - could

become a small but locally useful energy source and, accordingly, interest

is being focused on its development.

The sheer magnitude of the task of substantial replacement of U.S.

liquid-petroleum-derived fuel production appears to indicate a time frame

of over two decades (see p. 381). Those fuels most likely to have a

major role in the transportation sector in the period 1975 to 2000 in

terms of gasoline and distillate replacement (see p. 383) include:

. Shale-rock-derived liquids

. Coal-derived liquids

. Methanol (methyl alcohol) as a product of coal conversion

. Methanol and ethanol (ethyl alcohol) derived through other

processes

Hydrogen

For smaller, personal transportation vehicles, storage problems may

prevent the use of such fuels as hydrogen, liquid-petroleum gas, and

reformed fuels as petroleum supplements. However, for the larger mass

transit vehicles (specifically buses) a conversion to these fuels has

considerable near-term potential. Because tar sand reserves in the United

States are small, extensive research into the development of this resource

is not being pursued in the United States at present.

As discussed in Sections 5.1 through 5.5, domestic supplies
375

of petroleum already fall short of U. S. demand for liquid fuels. In

1976, this shortfall of 7.2 million barrels per day (bbl/day) was 47.2%

1 of total consumption. With plausible growth in demand and a decline in

domestic oil production, the shortfall may be as large as 18 million

bbl/day by the year 2000. Of this shortfall, about 6 million bbl/day

will affect the automotive market (cars, trucks, and buses).

Substitution of alternative energy supplies from other than petroleum

sources is almost nonexistent in the transportation sector today. The

utilization of alternative fuels and energy sources for transportation

is in a developmental stage and will mature toward the end of the century.

In feasibility studies2,3 of alternative fuels, similar conclusions on

the timing of availability and use have been reached.

Near-Term (1975-85): Gasoline from oil shale, distillate oils

from oil shale, or coal and alcohol/gasoline blends are likely

to become available.

Mid-Term (1985-2000): Gasoline from distillate oils and methanol

coal are likely to become available at increasing rates.

Long-Term (Beyond 2000): Gasoline from coal or oil shale,

distillate oils from coal or oil shale, methanol from coal,

and hydrogen are likely to represent major sources.

Information on alternative fuels available to the Transportation

Energy Conservation Division from its research program indicates that the

domestic resources large enough and most likely to replace petroleum for

transportation are coal and oil shale. The economics of large-scale

commercial plants for the shale oil and coal gasification and liquefaction

will determine if their products will be processed to make transportation
376

fuels and/or if they will replace certain petroleum products now in nontransportation use which could be more economically processed into transportation fuels. Biomass is not expected to provide a significant fraction

of necessary fuel, and the use of hydrogen as a fuel source still poses

significant technical and economic problems. Although tar-sand-derived

liquids are presently being produced outside the United States, estimates

of ultimate reserves indicate that tar sand potential is only approximately

2% that of coal and 8% that of oil shale (see p. 382).

Manufacturing technology is well in hand for alcohol as a fuel

source, and problems (enumerated below) associated with motor vehicle

engine design and fuel storage are under study. Volatility and phase

stability problems are yet to be resolved, and the supply of either

ethanol or methanol is likely to be the pacing factor. Feasible blends

of gasoline and alcohol include a mixture of 10 to 15% methanol with

gasoline. Technical problems include the instability of the mixture

at temperature extremes, phase stability at low temperatures, vapor lock

at higher temperatures, and starting problems and separation of water

from alcohol at different temperatures (which affects carburization).

Current research and development on alcohol-gasoline blends focuses

upon reagent grade alcohol. Fuel combinations and/or blends will most

likely be formulated for specific locales and seasons. From a performance

perspective, there is no significant advantage or disadvantage with

respect to fuel economy or regulated emissions of alcohol/gasoline blends.

There may be some variation due to leaning effects and an increased level

of aldehyde, particularly formaldehyde, emissions. The emission levels

that would be reached are within safe limits; however, the emission could

be catalytically reduced if necessary.
377

In addition to alcohol blends, straight alcohol seems a possible

fuel alternative. Within this fuel class, methanol is the most feasible

alternative given the economic constraints of other alcohols and the

available biomass. Advantages of methanol over gasoline include a high

octane rating, which allows for compression ratio increases (thus fostering

better thermal efficiency and improved fuel economy), (see p. 385),

lower NO emission (see p. 386), and lower lean mixtures which improve

thermal efficiency and further decrease nitrous oxide and unburned fuel

emissions. Despite this combination of high compression, lean operation,

and vehicle cost reductions resulting from fewer emission control

devices, methanol-fueled vehicles continue to experience specific losses

in power per unit of fuel input. This results from the fact that the

Btu content per unit volume of methanol is only half that of gasoline.

This fact (i.e., twice as much fuel per unit of work is required)

presents a significant problem to the use of 100% methanol as fuel in

the transportation sector. Additional problems include difficulty in

starting at temperatures below 10 C and the detailed engine modifications

that are required (see p. 387).

Ethanol, like methanol, provides another possible source for blending

with gasoline. An ethanol/gasoline blend seems to exhibit better

characteristics in general. However, distillation from crop residue and

excess grains would provide only marginal quantities useful in local or

regional markets.

As discussed earlier, synfuels development from oil shale represents

a major potential for alternative fuels development. Synfuels are similar

to petroleum crudes, but they tend to be more aromatic (lower in hydrogen
378

content); they also contain more sulphur and bound nitrogen, some of

which could be removed during conventional processing, with the remainder

requiring special processing for removal (see p. 388).

Synfuels, as is the case with alcohols, are not expected to provide

better fuel economy. Because of the compositions themselves, and because

35 to 40% of the fuel or equivalent energy is used in processing, the

overall fuel energy efficiency is well below present limits, resulting

in significant expense to the consumer.

In general, direct coal synfuel provides a poorer grade liquid fuel

for transportation use than petroleum because it is very aromatic, contains

bound nitrogen which is not readily removed, and may contain more sulfur

and oxygen. These, however, can be removed in an added step in the

production process. When converted directly to liquid, the derived fuels

exhibit heavy oil characteristics similar to bunker oil and must be

hydrogenated to be suitable for transportation uses. An alternative to

hydrogenation of these heavy oils for transportation use is coal conversion

to methanol and methanol conversion to gasoline. This alternative appears

to be practical under present technology. Although liquid fuels have been

manufactured in pilot and experimental plant operations, there has not

been an automotive fuel made of sufficient quality and quantity to conduct

meaningful research into its potential.

Liquid fuels from oil shale and coal exhibit significant phase

instability and overall thermal inefficiency. Because of the abundance

of coal, however, the low quality of liquid fuels and the expense of

upgrading can be counteracted if a systems approach is taken. This
378a

approach focuses upon the establishment of a fuei-engine relationship

which can handle the fuel like a petroleum distillate.

As previously discussed, hydrogen represents a longer-term fuel

alternative for the transportation sector. The major problem with the

use of hydrogen as a fuel centers upon its unavailability in large

quantities at competitive prices and the logistics of supply and storage.

Initial uses of hydrogen fuels are more likely to occur in sectors other

than the transportation sector (particulary as a natural gas supplement),

and extensive transportation use will likely not develop for 30 years.

Hydrogen as a fuel, however, has a strong appeal because it is clean-burning.

However, when it is used in the internal combustion engine at stoichiometric proportions it will produce high emissions of nitrogen oxides

because of high combustion temperatures. Hydrogen has a low flammability

limit and can, therefore, be operated in very lean mixtures (at which

point emissions fall off significantly). At these mixtures, levels of

power output also fall off and, therefore, a suitable compromise must

be determined. In fact internal combustion engines have been adapted

to use hydrogen fuel with favorable results.

Improved efficiency can also be expected with hydrogen used as a

fuel, but claims vary widely. Until an engine is designed and tested

specifically for hydrogen, the extent of efficiency improvements (probably

on the order of 25% or more) is still a matter of conjecture. The most

severe technical problems, with regard to highway vehicle use of

hydrogen as a fuel are the extreme requirements of the available

technologies for on-vehicle fuel storage. (The best available
378b

techniques require four times the volume and 2 1/2 times the weight of

gasoline storage for an equivalent amount of energy.)

'U.S. Department of the Interior, Bureau of Mines, Annual U.S. Energy

Use Up in 1976 (News Release), Washington, D.C., Mar. 14, 1977.

F. H. Kant et al., Feasibility Study of Alternative Fuels and Automotive

Transportation, U. S. Environmental Protection Agency Report

EPA-460/3-74-009 (3 volumes) June 1974.

J. Pangborn and J. Gillis, Alternative Fuels for Automotive Transportation - A Feasibility Study, U. S. Enviromental Protection Agency Report

EPA-460/3-74-012 (3 volumes) July 1974.
PREDICTIONS OF WHERE AND AT WHAT PACE A TRANSITION FROM

FUELS WILL OCCUR ARE DIFFICULT TO MAKE. RESULTS OF TWIO

EMPIRICAL DIFFERENCES EXIST, BOTH OF THESE STUDIES SHOW

CONTRIBUTION TO TOTAL AUTOMOTIVE SUPPLIES THROUGH 1985.

BECOME A MAJOR FACTOR IN SUBSEQUENT YEARS.

CRUDE-OIL-DERIVED FUELS TO SYNTHETICALLY DERIVED

STUDIES ARE SHOWN BELOW. WHILE SIGNIFICANT

THAT SYNTHETIC FUELS COULD MAKE ONLY A MINOR

THEY WOULD HAVE, HOWEVER, THE POTENTIAL TO

Table 5-23. Predictions of Synthetically Derived Fuelsa,b

1980 1985 2000

Alternate fuelC

study 800,000 bbl/day (U.S.) 6,000,000 bbl/day (U.S.)

National Petroleumd

Council 100,000 bbl/day (U.S.) 500,000 bbl/day (U.S.)

400,000 bbl/day (Canada) 1,000,000 bbl/day (Canada)

300,000 bbl/day (Latin 800,000 bbl/day (Latin

America) America)

aMany of the predictions regarding synfuel development were developed in 1974 and earlier. They

assumed a concerted early impact which has not yet materialized. Therefore, many 1985 and 2000

predictions may be jeopardized.

bIn early 1974, U.S. automotive fuel consumption approximated 6,000,000 bbl/day.

CF. H. Kant et al., Exxon Research and Engineering Company, Feasibility Study of Alternate Fuels

for Automotive Transportation, Final Report, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington,

D.C., June 1974.

dM. W. Nichols, National Petroleum Council, "Balancing Requirements for World Oil and Energy,"

Chemical Engineering Progress, Vol. 70, No. 10, Washington, D.C ., October 1974, pp. 36-48.
380

THE SCENARIO SHOWN BELOW WAS PREPARED IN AN ATTEMPT TO DEPICT THE MAXIMUM

RATE AT WHICH A SYNTHETIC FUELS INDUSTRY COULD BE IMPLEMENTED.

Table 5-24. Maximum Credible Implementation Scenario

Synfuel Production Schedule

(million bbl/day)

Year

1980 1985 1990 1995 2000

Syncrude from oil shale 0.1 0.5 1.5 2.0 2.0

Methanol from coala 0.05 0.3 1.0 2.5 4.0

Syncrude from coal 0.0 0.09 0.5 1.5 4.0

Total 0.15 0.89 3.0 6.0 10.0

aoil-equivalent energy.

Source: E. M. Dickson et al., Stanford Research Institute,

Impacts of Synthetic Liquid Fuel Development,

Volume I - Summary 76-129/1, Energy Research and

Development Administration and U.S. Environmental

Protection Agency, Washington, D.C., 1976, p. 33.
ALTHOUGH SYNTHETIC CRUDES WILL REPRESENT AN INSIGNIFICANT PORTION OF THE LIQUID FUEL MARKET IN 1985,

THESE SYNTHETIC CRUDES COULD REPRESENT MORE THAN 5% OF THE LIQUID FUEL MARKET BY 1990. AT THIS LEVEL,

THESE ALTERNATE FUELS WILL BEGIN TO HAVE A NOTICEABLE EFFECT ON THE DEMAND FOR TRANSPORTATION FUELS.

z

'-

0'

I..

'-

0

W

0.

M

0

90

80

70

60

50

40

30

20

10

Ultimate Sources

Fast Breeder, Fusion,

Geo the rmal, Solar, et c.

.- .. ' yy K }' 

;;,J * ",:,T " 'S: '.r "~c;:".i;;.:,:.;:Y-Hydr,.o c.

., i::i" ':i:: % "k ''T' fr^: :...:::":."...: '.;Coa' ,;'Y ':'::'::

Peroeu -mpyrsro

90 2000 10 20

Figure 5-26. U.S. Energy Supplies.

30 40 2050

Source: R. F. Wilson and W. T. Tierney, Texaco Inc., "Future Transportation Fuels - Optimization of

the Vehicle-Fuel-Refinery System," presented at the American Petroleum Institute 41st Midyear

Meeting, Refining Division, Los Angeles, Calif., May 10-13, 1975.

00

I-h

0

1970 80
382

THE ULTIMATE POTENTIAL OF TAR SANDS AS A PETROLEUM SUBSTITUTE IS MUCH

LOWER THAN THAT OF COAL OR SHALE. ESTIMATES OF ULTIMATE RESERVES INDICATE

THAT THE TAR SAND POTENTIAL IS ONLY APPROXIMATELY 2- THAT OF COAL AND 8%

THAT OF OIL SHALE. TAR SANDS HAVE A LOWER POTENTIAL THAN THAT OF

PETROLEUM CRUDE. AS SEEN IN THE TABLE BELOW, THE MAJORITY OF TAR SAND

DEPOSITS ARE LOCATED IN CANADA (APPROXIMATELY 80%) AND VENEZUELA

(APPROXIMATELY 207).

Table 5-25. Tar Sand Reserves

Location In-place reserves

(106 barrels)

Canada 711,000

Venezuela 200,000

Madagascar 1,800

U.S.A. 2,100

Albania 400

Rumania 25

U.S.S.R. 25

Source: W. F. Taylor and H. J. Hall,

Exxon Research and Engineering

Company, Future Synthetic

Fuels, U.S. Department of

the Army, Washington, D.C.,

September 1975, p. 56.

THE COMPATIBILITY OF TAR SAND CRUDE WITH PRESENT PETROLEUM TECHNOLOGY IS

BETTER THAN THAT OF SHALE ROCK OR COAL-DERIVED CRUDES. THE TECHNOLOGY

AVAILABLE TO PROCESS HEAVY PETROLEUM CRUDE OIL CAN BE USED TO PROCESS

TAR-SAND-DERIVED CRUDE.
383

A BROAD OUTLINE OF THE ANALYSIS OF THE EXXON RESEARCH AND ENGINEERING

COMPANY ENTITLED FEASIBILITY STUDY OF ALTERNATE FUELS FOR AUTOMOTIVE

TRANSPORTATION AND ITS CONCLUSIONS ARE SHOWN BELOW.

Table 5-26. Fuels and Selection Factors Considered

The fuels selected for preliminary analysis were as follows:

Coal liquids (gasoline or distillate)

Shale liquids (gasoline or distillate)

Methanol

Ethanol

Higher oxy compounds

Hydrogen

Methane

Ammonia

Hydrazine

The criteria used in the evaluation of these fuels were as follows:

Economic Criteria

Cost of production and distribution

Operating cost (in vehicle)

Technical Criteria

Technological status

Production efficiency

Environmental impact in production

Performance Criteria

Compatibility with engines

Toxicity

Safety

Driver acceptability - convenience

Environmental impact during use

Efficiency of use

Strategic Criteria

Fuel shift and entry compatibility

Resource availability

International considerations

The analysis identified the following synthetic fuels as the most feasible

and practical fuels of the future:

- Shale-derived gasoline

- Shale-derived distillate

- Coal-derived gasoline

- Coal-derived distillate

- Methanol as a product from gasified coal

Source: W. F. Taylor and H. J. Hall, Exxon Research and Engineering

Company, Future Synthetic Fuels, U.S. Department of the Army,

Washington, D.C., September 1975, pp. 8 and 9.
384

THE M)VE TO ALTERNATIVE FUELS POSES MANY PROBLEMS SUCH AS DIFFERENT MATERIAL

HANDLING REQUIREMENTS FROM PETROLEUM AND THESE MUST BE MET IN CONJUNCTION

WITH THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE PROCESSES REQUIRED TO PRODUCE THE SYNTHETIC

CRLUES. HOWEVER, ONCE IN THE CRUDE STAGE THE MATERIAL CAN THEN PRESUMABLY

BE PROCESSED IN MUCH THE SAME WAY AS PETROLEUM.

Table 5-27. Raw Material Characteristics and Disposable Solids

for a 100,000 bbl/day U.S. Refinery

Raw material Raw material/ Waste solids/

crude/ton 100,000 bbl/day crude 100,000 bbl/day crude

(gal per day) (tons per day) (tons per day)

Oil 285 14,800 NIL

Coal 126 33,300 3,300

Shale 25 168,000 152,500

Tar sands 26 161,000 143,200

Note: The largest currently operating coal mine in the U.S. is capable

of producing 20,250 tons per day of solids.

Source: R. F. Wilson and W. T. Tierney, Texaco Inc., Future Transportation Fuels - Optimization of the Vehicle-Fuel-Refinery System,

presented at the American Petroleum Institute 41st Midyear

Meeting, Refining Division, Los Angeles, Calif., May 10-13, 1975.
385

THE FIGURE BELOW SHOWS SPECIFIC FUEL CONSUMPTION AT FULL LOAD OF ENGINES

USING ALCOHOL FUEL COMPARED TO A PRODUCTION GASOLINE ENGINE. TAKING INTO

ACCOUNT THE LOSS OF POWER CAUSED BY A LEANER MIXTURE, ENGINES USING M 15

FUEL WILL CONSUME APPROXIMATELY 7% LESS FUEL (WITH NO ENGINE ADJUSTMENTS

FUEL ECONOMY IS REALIZED AS A RESULT OF LEANING EFFECTS). THE DECREASE

OF ENERGY USE IN ENGINES RUNNING ON PURE ALCOHOL CORRESPONDS

APPROXIMATELY TO THE INCREASE IN POWER OUTPUT.

Figure 5-27.

Decrease of Energy Use in Comparison to Production Gasoline

Engines, Maximum Power.

M 15

M 100:

E 100:

LC

HC

15% methanol, 85% gasoline

100% methanol

100% ethanol, technical quality (containing 5% water)

low-compression engine

high-compression engine

Source: W. E. Bernhardt, A. Koenig, W. Lee and H. Menrad, Volkswagnewerk

AG, Recent Progress in Automotive Alcohol Fuel Application,

presented at the Fourth International Symposium on Automotive

Propulsion Systems, Washington, D.C., April 17-22, 1977, p. 9.

5 M15 M15 M100 M100 E100 E100

0 corrected LC HC LC HC

-10-

-15
386 

UNDER THE TEST PROCEDURES EMPLOYED BY GENERAL MOTORS RESEARCH LABORATORIES,

ONLY NOX EMISSIONS WERE SIGNIFICANTLY REDUCED WITH THE USE OF METHANOL.

3.0- I130

E

a)

0'

0

2.5

2.0

1.5

1.0

0.5

0.0

2.0

1.5

1.0

0.51-

0.0 LTAILPIPE E

[

NOx

00

0

0

M I SS IONS

00*.o

0 0

00

00 C OCO

25

20

15

10 .)

ENGINE EMISSIONS

- -0

- *FUEL

0® GASOLINE 0 0

-0 ,0*0 MET HA NOL 

O

00

0 0

00

00

00

0 0

- a -- d 

0 0

UBF (unburned

fuel emissions)

Figure 5-28.

Comparison of Gasoline and Methanol-Engine and

Tailpipe Exhaust Emissions.a

aEmissions from each car were measured using the Federal Test Procedure.

1975 cars were equipped with electronic fuel-injected systems and with

production spark timing and catalytic converters. Average equivalence

ratios equaled 0.96.

Source: N. D. Brinkman, General Motors Research Laboratories, Vehicle

Evaluation of Neat Methanol - Compromises Among Exhaust Emissions,

Fuel Economy, and Driveability, presented at the Fourth

International Symposium on Automotive Propulsion Systems,

Washington, D.C., April 17-22, 1977, Figure 5.

0

0 V_

20 w

U15

10

5

I 0
387

THE LIST OF THE CHANGES REQUIRED FOR A CHANGEOVER TO GASOLINE-METHANOL

BLENDS IS LESS LENGTHY THAN THE LIST OF MODIFICATIONS REQUIRED FOR A

CHANGEOVER TO PURE METHANOL. IN CASE OF A CRISIS IT WOULD BE POSSIBLE

TO STRETCH THE SUPPLY OF GASOLINE AVAILABLE BY ADDING METHANOL TO FUEL

USED IN EXISTING VEHICLES.

Table 5-28.

Necessary Modifications to the Internal Combustion Engine

Due to the Use of Methanol Fuels

Pure methanol 15% methanol

85% gasoline

Mandatory Methanol resistant Methanol resistant

components components

Changes in the carburation device

Cold-starting devicea

Recommendable Enlarged tank Modified carburation

Stepped-up intake air device adjustment

heating

Possible Higher compression ratio

aUnnecessary, if a methanol fuel containing low boiling

components is employed.

Source: W. E. Bernhardt, A. Koenig, W. Lee and H. Menrad,

Volkswagenwerk AG, Recent Progress in Automotive

Alcohol Fuel Application, presented at the Fourth

International Symposium on Automotive Propulsion

Systems, Washington, D.C., April 17-22, 1977, p. 20.
EXCEPT FOR A LARGE (2,5OO TON/DAY) SCALE PLANT IN OPERATION IN BRAZIL SINCE 1970, NO OTHER FREE WORLD

COMMERCIAL PROCESSING PLANTS FOR THE TREATMENT OF OIL SHALE ARE IN OPERATION. (THE PARAHO PROJECT

IS OPERATING EXPERIMENTALLY AT ANVIL POINTS, COLORADO, AND OCCIDENTAL PETROLEUM IS PREPARING A MODIFIED

IN-SITU RETORTING PROCESS.) A GENERALIZED PROCESSING SCHEME IS SHOWN BELOW.

MININGa

HYDROGEN

Y0GASOLINE0

RETORTING DENITROGENATION REDUCTION REFINING JET FUEL

HEATING OIL

SPENT SHALE

Figure 5-29. Shale Oil Processing Sequence.

aUsed in above-ground retorting and as a prelude to modified in-situ retorting, but not used for

in-situ retorting.

Source: W. F. Taylor and H. J. Hall, Exxon Research and Engineering Company, Future Synthetic

Fuels, U.S. Department of the Army, Washington, D.C., September 1975, pp. 37 and 38.
389

CHAPTER 5 - REFERENCES

American Petroleum Institute, Standard Definitions for Petroleum Statistics,

Technical Report No. 1, 2nd ed., Washington, D.C., 1976.

Association of American Railroads, Economics and Finance Department,

Statistics of Railroads of Class I in the United States: Years 1965

to 1975, Washington, D.C., January 1977.

Association of Oil Pipe Lines, Shifts in Petroleum Transportation,

Washington, D.C., May 26, 1976.

Bernhardt, W. E., A. Koenig, W. Lee, and H. Menrad, Volkswagnewerk AG,

Recent Progress in Automotive Alcohol Fuel Application, presented at

the Fourth International Symposium on Automotive Propulsion Systems,

Washington, D.C., April 17-22, 1977.

Brinkman, N. D., General Motors Research Laboratories, Vehicle Evaluation

of Neat Methanol - Compromises Among Exhaust Emissions, Fuel Economy,

and Driveability, presented at the Fourth International Symposium on

Automotive Propulsion Systems, Washington, D.C., April 17-22, 1977.

DeGolyer and MacNaughton, Twentieth Century Petroleum Statistics, 32nd ed.,

Dallas, Tex., September 1976.

Dickson, E. M. et al., Stanford Research Institute, Impacts of Synthetic

Liquid Fuel Development, Vol. 1 - Summary ERDA 76-129/1, Energy

Research and Development and U.S. Environmental Protection Agency,

Washington, D.C., 1976.

Federal Energy Administration, National Energy Information Center, Energy

Information - Report to Congress, Quarterly Report: Second Quarter,

1976, Washington, D.C.

Gay, W. F., U.S. Department of Transportation, Transportation Systems Center,

Energy Statistics, Cambridge, Mass., August 1976.

Gaynor, J. (ed.), Federal Energy Administration, National Energy Information

Center, Monthly Energy Review, Washington, D.C., monthly.

Jimison, J. W., D. M. Lindahl, C. E. Behrens, and A. Kaufman, Congressional

Research Service, Library of Congress, National Energy Transportation,

Vol. 1 - Current Systems and Movements, U.S. Senate, Committee on

Energy and Natural Resources and Committee on Commerce, Science, and

Transportation, Washington, D.C., 1977.
390

Kant, F. H. et al., Exxon Research and Engineering Company, Feasibility

Study of Alternate Fuels for Automotive Transportation, Final Report,

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, D.C., June 1974.

Nichols, M. W., National Petroleum Council, "Balancing Requirements for

World Oil and Energy," Chemical Engineering Progress, Vol. 70, No. 10,

Washington, D.C., October 1974.

President of the United States, Economic Report of the President, Transmitted to Congress January 1977, Together with the Annual Report of

the Council of Economic Advisers, Washington, D.C.

Taylor, W. F. and H. J. Hall, Exxon Research and Engineering Company,

Future Synthetic Fuels, U.S. Department of the Army, Washington,

D.C., September 1975.

U. S. Department of the Interior, Bureau of Mines, Mineral Industry Surveys:

Crude Petroleum, Petroleum Products, and Natural Gas Liquids,

Washington, D.C., December 1976.

----- , Minerals and Materials: A Monthly Survey, Washington, D.C., monthly.

----- , Minerals in the U.S. Economy: Ten Year Supply - Demand Profiles

for Mineral and Fuel Commodities (1965-1975), Washington, D.C., 1977.

----- , Minerals Yearbook, Washington, D.C., annual.

----- , Status of the Mineral Industries 1976, Washington, D.C., 1976.

U. S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, Retail Prices and

Indexes of Fuels and Utilities - Residential Usage, Washington, D.C.,

April 1977.

U. S. Department of Transportation, Office of the Secretary, National

Transportation Trends and Choices (to the year 2000), Washington,

D.C., January 12, 1977.

Wilson, R. F. and W. T. Tierney, Texaco Inc., Future Transportation Fuels 

Optimization of the Vehicle-Fuel - Refinery System, presented at the

American Petroleum Institute 41st Midyear Meeting, Refinery Division,

Los Angeles, Calif., May 10-13, 1975.
Chapter 6

Transportation Demand

A. S. Loebl

Transportation Demand

Chapter 6 takes an indepth look at the demographic and economic

factors which influence transportation demand. The population statistics

presented in Section 6.1 provide a demographic profile of the U.S. While

population growth will obviously influence transportation demand, the demographic structure of future populations will also be important. Household

size and stage in family life-cycle have been found to be closely related to

the number and types of motor vehicles owned as well as to the frequency

and length of trips taken. Long-term trends in the composition of the

nation's population will have a significant impact on the nature of future

transportation demand.

Section 6.2 places the transportation sector in the context of the

national economy. Like other goods and services, the level of demand for

all types of transportation depends on the level of the Gross National

Product. In addition, household and per capita income are often seen as

important determinants of motor vehicle demand and usage.

Data in Section 6.1 indicate that although the U.S. population continues to grow, the rate of growth is declining. In recent years, the

growth has been concentrated in nonmetropolitan areas in general and in

the South regionally. The long-term trend of net migration into large

metropolitan areas and out of nonmetropolitan areas was reversed during

1970-74. If this continues as a significant trend, it will imply a

reduction in the growth of major metropolitan transportation demand where

mass transit systems are most extensively developed and proportional

increases in demand in smaller metropolitan and rural areas where the

more energy-intensive modes (auto and light-truck) are most predominant

for personal transportation.

393
394

The aging of the U.S. population should be noted. According to

projections by the U.S. Census Bureau, this trend will continue through

the year 2000. Other population figures presented are the average number

of persons per household by type of residence and region, and the distribution of licensed drivers by age and sex in 1975 (with percentage increase

since 1970).

Most of the economic statistics in Section 6.2 are presented in terms

of 1975 constant dollars. Transportation as a percent of gross national

product has remained relatively constant since 1970. The transportation

industry, as defined by the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, has consistently accounted for approximately 3 percent of total U.S. employment

since 1965. However, when persons involved in transportation services,

transportation-related industries, and government transportation employees

are included, the percent increases to 11 percent for 1976. Several tables

are presented on household income and personal expenditures on transportation.

Data relevant to transportation demand, including several tables on

household income, are presented next. Historically, approximately 13

percent of total personal consumption expenditures in the U.S. has been

for transportation. The chapter concludes with some gross economic

indicators such as the consumer price index and the relative purchasing

power of the dollar.
Section 6.1

Population Characteristics

*Table 6-1. Preliminary Estimates of

Age, Region,

the Resident Populationa of the U.S. by

and Division: July 1, 1976

(in thousands)

Region/division Percent Resident Under 5 to 17 18 to 44 45 to 64 65 years 14 years

distribution population 5 years years years years and over and over

U.S., total 100.0 214,659 15,339 49,851 82,835 43,700 22,934 166,365

Regions

Northeast 23.1 49,503 3,108 11,215 18,551 10,969 5,659 38,953

New England 5.7 12,221 753 2,822 4,667 2,579 1,400 9,597

Middle Atlantic 17.4 37,282 2,355 8,393 13,884 8,390 4,259 29,356

North Central 26.9 57,739 4,130 13,709 22,141 11,536 6,223 44,580

East North Central 19.1 40,934 2,964 9,785 15,803 8,226 4,157 31,492

West North Central 7.8 16,805 1,166 3,924 6,338 3,310 2,066 13,088

South 32.1 68,855 5,248 16,069 26,659 13,539 7,344 52,952

South Atlantic 15.8 33,990 2,449 7,753 13,245 6,837 3,707 26,404

East South Central 6.4 13,661 1,070 3,250 5,200 2,670 1,473 10,438

West South Central 9.9 21,204 1,729 5,066 8,214 4,032 2,164 16,110

West 18.0 38,562 2,852 8,860 15,487 7,655 3,710 29,877

Mountain 4.6 9,833 845 2,390 3,874 1,846 880 7,442

Pacific 13.4 28,729 2,007 6,470 11,613 5,809 2,830 22,455

aIncludes Armed Forces personnel residing in each region/division but not overseas.

Source: U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census, Current Population Reports: Population

Estimates and Projections, Series P-25, No. 646, Washington, D.C., February 1977, p. 2.
398

POPULATION SINCE 1970 HAS CHANGED IN TERMS OF AGE DISTRIBUTION. THE U.S.

POPULATION IS AGING. AS INDICATED IN THE POPULATION PYRAMID BELOW, THE

FASTEST GROWING GROUP BETWEEN 1970 AND 1976 WAS BETWEEN 18 AND 34 YEARS

OF AGE.

Age

MALE FEMALE

90

1970

1976

70

60

50

CU

|® f 

20

40

2.0 1.5 1.0 0.5 0 0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0

Total population in millions

Figure 6-1.Distribution of the Total Population by Age and Sex:

April 1, 1970 and July 1, 1976.

Source: U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census, Current

Population Reports: Population Estimates and Projections,

Series P-25, No. 643, Washington, D.C., January 1977,

Tables 1 and S.
399

THERE HAS BEEN A SIGNIFICANT CHANGE IN REGIONAL POPULATION TRENDS SINCE

1970. THE SOUTH HAS REPLACED THE WEST AS THE FASTEST GROWING REGION.

NORTH NORTHEAST

CENTRAL

195-55 2.7

1950-55 3.7 1953-60 2.5

4 1950-55 1960-65 2.6 1955-60 .

1960-65 1955-60 3.2t196570 1.7

1965-70 2.8 1960-65 2.5 1970-75 0.

1970-75 2.9 1965-70 2.4

1970-75 1.0

1950-55 2.9

1960-65 4.4

1965-70 3.4 \

Change: 1970-75 5.1

3.2

14.9 SOUTH NJ

Figure 6-2. Population Change for 5-Year Periods

by Region: 1950 to 1975.

(change in millions)

Source: U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census, Current

Population Reports: Population Estimates and Projections,

Series P-25, No. 640, Washington, D.C., November 1976.

WEST

United States

1950-55 1

1955-60 1

1960-65 13.5

1965-70 10.4

1970-75 9.3

1

4M

u
400

THE CURRENT REGIONAL GROWTH PATTERN INDICATED ON PAGE 399 HAS BEEN

AFFECTED BY A DECIDED SHIFT IN NET MIGRATION FLOWS SINCE 1970 BETWEEN

THE METROPOLITAN AND NONMETROPOLITAN SECTIONS OF THE NATION. SINCE 1970,

THERE HAS BEEN A SHARP UPTURN IN NET IN-MIGRATION FOR THE NATION'S NONMETROPOLITAN AREAS. THIS HAS BEEN ACCOMPANIED BY A SIZABLE DOWNTURN IN

NET IN-MIGRATION FOR THE METROPOLITAN SECTOR. THE MAJOR CHANGE HAS BEEN

IN THE MIGRATION PATTERNS OF THE VERY LARGE METROPOLITAN AREAS - THOSE

SMSAS WITH 1970 POPULATION OF 1.5 MILLION OR MORE.

Table 6-2. Net Migration by Metropolitan Status: 1960-1974

(in millions)

Net migration

Area

1960-1970 1970-1974

Large metropolitan 4.2 -1.2

Other metropolitan 2.2 1.7

Nonmetropolitan -3.2 1.5

Total 3.2 2.0

AS A RESULT OF THE INCREASED NONMETROPOLITAN NET MIGRATION, EACH REGION'S

NONMETROPOLITAN COUNTIES ARE GROWING FASTER THAN IN THE 1960'S IN SPITE OF

SIZABLE DECLINES IN THE AVERAGE ANNUAL CHANGE DUE TO NATURAL INCREASE

(I. E., BIRTHS).

Table 6-3. Average Annual Percent Change for Regions

by Metropolitan Status: 1960-1974

Average annual percent change

Region

1960-1970 1970-1974

Northeast

Large metropolitan 1.0 -0.3

Other metropolitan 1.3 0.5

Nonmetropolitan 0.8 1.4

North Central

Large metropolitan 1.2 -0.1

Other metropolitan 1.3 0.6

Nonmetropolitan 0.3 0.8

South

Large metropolitan 2.9 1.8

Other metropolitan 1.6 1.7

Nonmetropolitan 0.3 1.3

West

Large metropolitan 2.5 0.5

Other metropolitan 2.5 2.6

Nonmetropolitan 0.9 2.2

Source: U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census, Current

Population Reports: Population Estimates and Projections,

Series P-25, No. 640, Washington, D.C., November 1976, p. 3.
Table 6-4.

Estimates and Projections of Total

Population: 1970 to 2025

(in thousands)

Year Series Ib Series IIb Series IIIb

Estimates

1970 204,878

1975 213, 540

1976 215,118

Proj ections

1980 224,066 222,159 220,732

1985 238,878 232,880 228,879

1990 254, 715 243,513 236, 264

1995 269,384 252, 750 241,973

2000 282,837 260,378 245,876

2005 297,600 267,603 248,631

2010 315, 248 275,335 250, 892

2015 334,708 283,164 252,548

2020 354,108 290,115 253,011

2025 373,053 295,742 251,915

aIncludes armed forces overseas.

bU.S. Bureau of the Census Projection Series I

assumes a completed cohort fertility rate of

2.7 births per woman; Series II, 2.1 (replacement level); and Series III, 1.7.

Figure 6-3. POPULATION ESTIMATES AND PROJECTIONS

400

z

0

z

0

0

380 

360 

340 

320 

300 

280 

260-

240 

220-

200o~

SERIES I

SERIES II

SERIES III

1960 1970 1980 1990 2000

YEAR

C.

2010 2020 2030

Source: U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census,

No. 704, Washington, D.C., 1977, Table D.

Current Population Reports, Series P-25,
Table 6-5. U.S. Population by Five-Year Age Groups, 1950 Through 2000

<5 5-9 10-14 15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49 50-54 55-59 60-64 65-69 70-74 75-79 80+ Total 15+

(Number in millions)

1950a 16.41 13.38 11.21 10.60 11.52 12.29 11.62 11.32 10.28 9.14 8.31 7.29 6.10 5.05 3.44 2.16 1.75 151.87 110.87

1960 20.34 18.81 16.92 13.33 10.87 10.82 11.90 12.48 11.64 10.90 9.66 8.47 7.15 6.28 4.77 3.08 2.54 179.96 123.89

1970 17.16 19.90 20.83 19.21 16.56 13.58 11.49 11.07 11.96 12.13 11.16 10.00 8.67 7.02 5.46 3.86 3.74 203.80 145.91

1977b 15.17 17.17 19.21 21.19 20.09 17.75 15.42 12.34 11.20 11.51 11.88 11.04 9.36 8.44 6.14 4.06 4.79 216.75 173.55

1980b 16.02 16.10 17.80 20.61 20.92 18.93 17.24 14.03 11.69 11.03 11.67 11.40 9.80 8.70 6.79 4.32 5.11 222.16 179.85

1 9 9 0 b 19.44 19.04 16.72 16.78 17.95 20.17 20.92 19.26 17.33 13.89 11.42 10.42 10.36 10.02 7.78 5.50 6.52 243.51 194.74

2000b 17.85 19.00 20.15 19.73 16.90 16.47 17.98 20.44 20.91 18.99 16.89 13.11 10.15 9.19 8.24 6.39 7.99 260.39 211.49

(Percent distribution)

1 95 0a 10.8 8.8 7.4 7.0 7.6 8.1 7.6 7.4 6.8 6.0 5.5 4.8 4.0 3.3 2.3 1.4 1.2 100.0 73.0

1960 11.3 10.4 9.4 7.4 6.0 6.0 6.6 6.9 6.5 6.0 5.4 4.7 4.0 3.5 2.7 1.7 1.4 100.0 68.9

1970 8.4 9.8 10.2 9.4 8.1 6.7 5.6 5.4 5.9 6.0 5.5 4.9 4.3 3.4 2.7 1.9 1.8 100.0 71.6

19 77b 7.0 7.9 8.9 9.8 9.3 8.2 7.1 5.7 5.2 5.3 5.5 5.1 4.3 3.9 2.8 1.9 2.2 100.0 80.1

1980b 7.2 7.3 8.0 9.3 9.4 8.5 7.8 6.3 5.3 5.0 5.3 5.1 4.4 3.9 3.1 1.9 2.3 100.0 81.0

1990b 8.0 7.8 6.9 6.9 7.4 8.3 8.6 7.9 7.1 5.7 4.7 4.3 4.3 4.1 3.2 2.3 2.7. 100.0 80.0

2 0 0 0 b 6.9 7.3 7.7 7.6 6.5 6.3 6.9 7.9 8.0 7.3 6.5 5.0 3.9 3.5 3.1 2.5 3.1 100.0 81.2

aFigures for 1950 do not include armed forces overseas.

bProjections are taken from the Bureau of Census Projection Series II, which assumes a completed cohort fertility of 2.1 births per woman.

Source: U.S. Bureau of the Census, Current Population Reports, Series P-25, No. 310, Washington, D.C.,

1965, Table 1; Current Population Reports, Series P-25, No. 519, Washington, D.C., 1974, Table 1;

Current Population Reports, Series P-25, No. 704, Washington, D.C., July 1977, Table 8.

0
403

#Table 6-6.

Persons in Households by Place of Residence and Region, 1975

Number of Persons in Avrgnubropess

households households Average n persons

(in thousands) (in thousands) per household

Total 72,867 210,611 2.89

Type of residence

Nonfarm 70,365 202,579 2.88

Farm 2,503 8,033 3.21

In metropolitan area 49,634 142,467 2.87

In central cities 22,560 60,628 2.69

Outside central cities 27,074 81,839 3.02

1,000,000 or more 28,666 81,288 2.84

In central cities 12,140 31,892 2.63

Outside central cities 16,526 49,396 2.99

Under 1,000,000 20,968 61,179 2.92

In central cities 10,420 28,736 2.76

Outside central cities 10,548 32,443 3.08

Outside metropolitan area 23,234 68,144 2.93

Nonfarm 21,191 61,619 2.91

Farm 2,043 6,525 3.19

Region

Northeast 16,427 48,064 2.93

North central 19,256 56,320 2.92

South 23,407 68,045 2.91

West 13,777 38,182 2.77

Source: U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census, Current

Population Reports, Series P-60, No. 104, Washington, D.C.,

1977, p. 13.
404

*' Table 6-7.

Distribution of Licensed Automobile Drivers by Sex and

Percentage in Each Age Group - 1975

(in thousands)

Male drivers Female drivers Total drivers % increase

AeNumber Number Number Percent since 1970

(Under 16) 70 53 123 0.1 -15.6

16 1,036 828 1,864 1.4 26.5

17 1,598 1,287 2,885 2.2 15.7

18 1,817 1,501 3,318 2.6 17.7

19 1,890 1,599 3,489 2.7 19.0

(Under 20) (6,411) (5,268) (11,679) (9.0) 18.4

20 1,882 1,619 3,501 2.7 24.7

21 1,875 1,651 3,526 2.7 19.2

22 1,878 1,662 3,540 2.7 17.0

23 1,874 1,671 3,545 2.8 12.1

24 1,869 1,662 3,531 2.7 26.1

(20-24) (9,378) (8,265) (17,643) (13.6) 19.6

25-29 8,825 7,905 16,730 12.9 31.0

30-34 7,022 6,310 13,332 10.3 23.6

35-39 5,828 5,231 11,059 8.5 6.1

40-44 5,452 4,789 10,241 7.9 -3.7

45-49 5,578 4,810 10,388 8.0 -0.4

50-54 5,512 4,683 10,195 7.8 12.5

55-59 4,862 3,964 8,826 6.8 13.8

60-64 4,159 3,212 7,371 5.7 20.0

65-69 3,255 2,351 5,606 4.3 32.7

70 and over 4,276 2,469 6,745 5.2 42.5

Total 70,558 59,257 129,815 100.0 16.4

Source: U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration, Drivers Licenses - 1975, Washington, D.C., Table DL-20.
Section 6.2

Economic Characteristics

407

*Figure 6-4. Gross National Product by Major Component

(constant 1975 dollars)

1600~

14 00 - ......... . ... 

GRO NATIONAL PRODUCT

10................ ............... ........................ ....

n 1000-... ..

. . . .... . . . . . . . - . . . - . . . . ---- -------.. . . . --- - ; . . . .---------- - - . . . . . . . . . .

PERSONAL CONSUMPTION

90 .... . ..... ... . ............. ... . ....... ...... 

z

40 ..... . ... . --- ---- --. . ..... .... ... ... . .... .--- --

GOVERNMENT EXPENDITURES

: PRI1TE NVESTUENTTRANSPORTATION

NET EXPORTS

0

1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 19 1975 1976

YEAR

Source: U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of Economic Analysis, Survey

of Current Business-National Income Issue, 56, No. 1, Part 1,

Washington, D.C., Table. 1.1; Survey of Current Business-National

Income Issue, 56, No. 1, Part 2, Washington, D.C., January 1976,

Table 2.3; Survey of Current Business, 56, No. 7, Washington,

D.C., July 1976, p. 24.
VTable 6-8. Gross National Product by Major Component, 1965-197 5

(millions of 1975 constant dollars)

1965 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 increase

Gross national product (GNP) 1,174,247 1,362,575 1,414,142 1,507,233 1,581,782 1,542,799 1,516,338 11.3

(100.0) (100.0) (100.0) (100.0) (100.0) (100.0) (100.0)

Personal consumption expenditures (PCE) 734,051 858,246 888,525 943,415 980,490 968,879 973,216 13.4

(% of GNP) (62.5) (63.0) (62.8) (62.6) (62.0) (62.8) (64.2)

Transportation 99,326 108,227 120,898 130,550 134,215 125,826 126,037 16.5

(% of PCE) (13.5) (12.6) (13.6) (13.8) (13.7) (13.0) (13.0)

Gross private domestic investment 191,151 195,303 212,724 242,310 266,342 234,696 183,698 5.9

(% of GNP) (16.3) (14.3) (15.0) (16.1) (16.8) (15.2) (12.1)

Net exports of goods and services 12,953 5,472 2,077 -4,238 8,647 8,150 20,471 274.1

(% of GNP) (1.1) (0.4) (0.1) (-0.3) (0.6) (0.5) (1.4)

Governemnt purchases of goods and services 236,092 303,554 310,816 325,746 326,303 331,074 338,953 11.7

(% of GNP) (20.1) (22.3) (22.0) (21.6) (20.6) (21.5) (22.4)

Source: U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of Economic Analysis, Survey of Current Business-National

Income Issue, 56, No. 1, Part 1, Washington, D.C., January 1976, Table 1.1; Survey of Current

Business-National Income Issue, 56, No. 1, Part 2, Washington, D.C., January 1976, Table 2.3;

Survey of Current Business, 56, No. 7, Washington, D.C., July 1976, p. 24.

0
*Table 6-9. National Income by Industry, 1965-1975

(billions of 1975 constant dollars)

o 

1965 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1965 1975

Total national income 957.0 1109.3 1142.8 1222.4 1288.0 1241.8 1225.7 100.0 100.0

Agriculture 34.8 34.0 34.2 39.5 56.9 46.6 44.4 3.6 3.6

Mining 10.2 10.8 9.8 11.2 12.4 16.8 18.8 1.1 1.5

Contract construction 50.9 60.8 63.6 67.3 70.7 66.8 60.4 5.3 4.9

Manufacturing 290.8 298.8 298.8 324.1 343.1 343.2 325.6 30.4 25.3

Petroleum and coal products 8.2 9.2 9.2 9.1 10.3 15.4 13.8

Transportation equipment, except motor vehicles

and equipment, and ordnance 19.3 20.1 18.0 19.2 19.0 16.8 17.5

Motor vehicles and equipment 24.7 16.8 23.3 26.0 28.0 19.3 18.5

Transportation 39.4 42.0 43.9 47.0 49.8 49.1 44.8 4.1 3.7

(percent of national income) (4.1) (3.8) (3.8) (3.8) (3.9) (4.0) (3.7)

Railroad transportation 11.9 10.5 10.6 10.8 11.7 11.4 9.9

Local and interurban passenger transit 3.2 3.2 3.3 3.2 3.0 3.1 2.9

Trucking and warehousing 14.3 16.4 18.0 20.0 21.2 20.5 18.4

Water transportation 3.4 3.5 3.2 3.2 3.4 3.3 3.2

Air transportation 4.4 6.1 6.5 7.3 7.7 7.6 7.1

Pipeline transportation - - - 0.9 0.5 0.4 0.5

Transportation Service - - - 1.7 2.1 2.7 2.7

Communication 19.6 24.4 24.3 26.1 27.5 26.5 26.4 2.1 2.2

Electric, gas, utility 19.5 20.7 21.7 22.7 22.8 20.1 22.9 2.0 1.9

Wholesale and retail 144.5 169.5 176.7 186.1 195.6 190.3 195.6 15.1 16.0

Finance, insurance and real estate 109.2 128.4 137.1 144.8 142.9 138.4 137.7 11.4 11.2

Services 109.4 143.3 147.9 157.4 165.6 164.4 165.1 11.4 13.5

Government 128.7 176.7 184.8 196.3 200.7 197.2 199.7 13.5 16.3

National Income and Product Accounts

CD.

00

April 1976; Survey of Current Business,

Source: U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of Economic Analysis, The

of the United States, 1929-74 and Survey of Current Business,

56, No. 7, Washington, D.C., July 1976, Table 6.3.
*Table 6-10. Wages and Salaries by Industry, 1950 Through 1975

(millions of constant 1975 dollars)

1950 1960 1970 1972 1975 % distribution % increase

1975 since 1970

Wages and salaries 328,917 494,421 757,910 815,656 806,663 100.0 6.4

Agriculture 7,063 6,364 7,377 7,462 8,208 1.0 11.3

Mining 7,159 7,191 8,043 8,526 10,736 1.3 33.5

Contract construction 17,805 28,591 45,993 50,010 44,651 5.5 -2.9

Manufacturing 112,501 163,038 219,380 225,546 211,658 26.2 -3.5

Transportation equipment and ordance 4,065 13,014 17,233 15,373 14,849 -13.8

Motor vehicles and motor equipment 7,206 8,600 11,273 14,190 11,988 6.3

Petroleum and coal products 2,150 2,658 2,795 2,923 3,085 10.4

Transportation 22,031 26,505 33,774 36,071 34,241 4.2 1.4

Railroad 11,604 9,998 8,695 8,750 8,135 -6.4

Local and interurban passenger transit 2,593 2,351 2,508 2,426 2,255 -10.1

Trucking and warehousing 4,438 8,287 12,532 14,700 13,590 8.4

Water 1,861 2,504 2,924 2,689 2,607 -10.8

Air 783 2,305 5,588 5,905 5,902 5.6

Pipeline 262 291 254 260 284 11.8

Transportation services 490 769 1,272 1,341 1,468 15.4

Communication 5,101 8,114 12,939 14,785 15,126 1.9 16.9

Electric, gas and utility 4,336 6,705 9,272 10,178 10,080 1.2 8.7

Wholesale and retail 57,669 82,749 124,476 134,275 136,201 16.9 9.4

Finance, insurance and real estate 13,040 22,824 38,007 42,726 43,068 5.3 13.3

Services 31,438 53,235 97,700 108,943 116,813 14.5 19.6

Auto repair, services and garage 1,154 1,835 3,219 3,580 3,673 14.1

Government 50,600 89,364 160,849 177,077 175,833 21.8 9.3

Rest of the world 174 -258 101 58 48 -2.5

Transportation as % of total 6.7 5.4 4.5 4.4 4.2

Source: U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of Economic

Benchmark Revision, Advance Tables, Washington,

56, No. 7, Washington, D.C., July 1976, p. 51.

Analysis, National Income and Product Account t:s,

D.C., 1976, Table 6.6; Survey of Current Business,

0

lo

~Iap i w w w
*Table 6-11. Employment by Industry, 1965 Through 1975

(thousands)

1965 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1965 1975

Full- and part-time employeesa 69,542 79,306 79,170 81,081 84,410 85,681 83,828 100.0 100.0

Agriculture 1,756 1,492 1,473 1,474 1,524 1,563 1,559 4.7 1.9

Mining 633 627 614 623 636 697 748 1.8 0.9

Contract construction 3,276 3,557 3,614 3,789 4,041 3,978 3,473 4.5 4.1

Manufacturing 18,088 19,410 18,583 19,049 20,090 20,069 18,308 29.0 21.8

Petroleum and coal products 181 189 187 184 185 190 188

Transportation equipment 1,137 1,251 1,085 1,095 1,128 1,099 1,073

Motor vehicles and equipment 843 813 846 885 968 910 785

Transportation 2,530 2,696 2,645 2,658 2,750 2,782 2,640 5.3 3.2

(percent of total) (3.6) (3.4) (3.3) (3.3) (3.3) (3.3) (3.2)

Railroad transportation 735 626 597 575 572 579 536

Local and interurban passenger transit 270 285 283 274 271 275 281

Trucking and warehousing 962 1,080 1,090 1,126 1,194 1,202 1,108

Water transportation 225 218 199 201 202 204 194

Air transportation 228 353 342 346 367 369 367

Pipeline transportation 19 17 17 17 16 16 17

Transportation services 91 117 117 119 128 137 137

Communications 880 1,123 1,126 1,144 1,176 1,195 1,177 1.4 1.4

Electric, gas and utility 626 691 702 716 734 743 733 1.0 0.9

Wholesale and retail 12,862 15,266 15,563 16,013 16,743 17,108 17,121 17.9 20.4

Finance,binsurance and real estate 3,094 3,713 3,830 3,972 4,178 4,299 4,319 3.7 5.2

Services 11,497 13,490 13,768 14,349 14,974 15,312 15,495 13.6 18.5

Auto repair, services and garage 327 386 400 415 445 450 446

Government 14,300 17,241 17,252 17,294 17,564 17,935 18,255 16.9 21.8

I

I

I

aEmployment in domestic industries only.

bOnly select subcategories are listed.

Source: U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of Economic Analysis, Benchmark Revision on National Income

and Product Accounts: Advance Tables, Washington, D.C., 1976, Table 6.8; Survey of Current

Business, 56, No. 7, Washington, D.C., July 1977, p. 51. [Basic source: C. L. Green (ed.), G. P.

Green (ed.), and J. A. McCall (ed.), U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics,

Employment and Earnings, Washington, D.C., monthly.]

I0

*fl
412

EVEN THOUGH TOTAL EMPLOYMENT IN TRANSPORTATION AND RELATED INDUSTRIES DID

NOT GROW AT AS FAST A RATE AS TOTAL U.S. EMPLOYMENT, THERE WERE SEVERAL

CATEGORIES OF TRANSPORTATION EMPLOYMENT (FOR EXAMPLE - AIR SERVICE, AUTOMOTIVE RETAILERS AND WHOLESALERS, AND SERVICES) THAT GREW FASTER THAN THE

NATIONAL AVERAGE.

ablee 6-12. U.S. Employment in Transportation and Related Industriesa

(number of persons employed in thousands)

1960 1970 1975 1976 1960-1976%A

Transportation service

Air 191 351 362 370 93.7

Bus-intercity and rural 41 43 39 40 2.4

Local transport 101 77 69 69 - 31.7

Railroads 885 627 538 528 - 40.3

Oil pipeline 23 18 17 17 - 26.1

Taxi 121 107 83 77b - 36.4

Trucking and trucking terminals 770 998 996 1,009 31.0

Water 232 215 190 197 - 15.1

Totals 2,364 2,436 2,294 2,230 - 5.7

Transportation equipment manufacturing

Aircraft and parts 646 669 514 484 - 25.1

Motor vehicles and equipment 829 914 892 948 14.4

Railroad equipment 43 51 52 43 0.0

Ship and boat building and repair 141 17,170 194 214 51.8

Other transportation equipment 33 111 115 141 327.3

Totals 1,692 1,915 1,767 1,830 8.2

Transportation related industries

Automotive and accessory retail dealers 807 996 1,076 1,116 38.3

Automotive wholesalers 215 320 367 380 76.7

Automotive services and garages 251 384 400 447 78.1

Gasoline service stations 453 614 616 627 38.4

Highway and street construction 294 331 297 299 1.7

Petroleum Refining 311 333 380 397 27.7

Other industries:

Truck drivers and deliverymen 1,418 1,356 1,325 1,319 7.0

Shipping and receiving clerks 240 359 419 431 79.6

Totals 3,989 4,693 4,880 5,016 25.7

Government transportation employees

U.S. Department of TransportationC 38 66 73 74 94.7

Highway employees - state and local 532 607 604 600 12.8

Post office 83 104 98 94 13.3

Otheia 18 12 13 13 - 27.8

Totals 671 789 788 781 16.4

Total transportation employment 8,716 9,833 9,729 9,857 13.1

Total employed civilian labor force 65,778. 78,627 84,783 87,845 33.5

Percent transportation of total 13.3 12.5 11.5 11.2

aThese figures were derived by the research staff of the Transportation Association of America. For a

discussion of the methodology used see the referenced document.

b

November 1976 data.

DOT was established in 1966; 1960 figures are for the Federal Aviation Administration only.

d

Includes ICC, CAB, Maritime Administration, Railroad Retirement Board, and Coast Guards.

Sources: Transportation Association of America, Transportation Facts and Trends, 12 ed., Washington, D.C.,

July 1976) p. 23; Transportation Facts and Trends, Quarterly Supplement, Washington, D.C.,

April 1977, p. 23. [Basic source: C.L. Green (ed.), G.P. Green (ed.), and J.A. McCall (ed.),

U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, Employment and Earnings, Washington, D.C.]
413

Table 6-13. Employment and Establishments for Selected Motor

Vehicle-Related Businesses: 1967 and 1972

Establish- Paid

mentsa employees

(1,000) (1,000)

Kind of business 1967 1972 1967 1972

Retail trade

Automotive dealers

Motor vehicle dealers 

new and used cars

Motor vehicle dealers - used cars only

Tire, battery, and accessory dealers

Misc. automotive dealers

Gasoline service stations

105.5 131.8 906.8 1,073.0

62.0

29.2

14.3

64.2

37.5

30.1

696.3

38.6

129.6

42.2

765.6

39.4

167.7

100.3

213.1 226.5 575.2 747.7

Wholesale trade

Motor vehicles and auto equipment

Automobiles and other motor vehicles

Automotive equipment

Tires and tubes

31.2 35.6 341.1 391.8

4.8

23.3

3.1

5.6

27.0

3.0

91.9

214.1

35.1

102.3

246.1

43.4

Services

Auto repairs, services, and garages

Automobile repair shops

Automobile parking

Car and truck rental and leasing;

other services

139.2

109.9

10.6

169.0

127.2

10.5

316.2

187.9

33.5

392.5

237.9

37.3

18.7 31.3 95.0 117.3

Manufacturing

Motor vehicles and equipment

Motor vehicles

Motor vehicle parts and accessories

Truck and bus bodies

Truck trailers

2.7

0.2

1.7

0.6

0.2

3.4

0.2

2.1

0.8

0.3

739.4

321.2

364.9

30.4

22.9

806.6

339.2

399.9

42.8

24.7

aAs of Dec. 31, represents all establishments (except for wholesale

trade and manufacturing which represent only establishments employing

one or more workers at any time during the year).

bWorkweek including Mar. 12, except quarterly average for manufacturing.

Source: U.S. Bureau of the Census, Census of Manufactures: 1972, Series

MC 72(2), Washington, D.C., 1973.
414

JFigure 6-5.

C,)

C 4

0

-)

0

13.0

12.0-

12.0-

11.0 

11.0.

10 .5-

10.0 

9.5-

9.0 

8.0

7.5-

7.0 

Table 6-14. Median

MEDIAN HOUSEHOLD INCOME IN

CONSTANT AND 1975 CURRENT DOLLARS

FOR THE UNITED STATES

MDRA1I M0NE mOOMl

I.68 1968 1970 19

YEAR

176

and Mean Household Income in Current and

Constant Dollars, 1967 to 1975

Current dollars 1975 constant dollars

Median Mean Median Mean

1967 7,143 7,989 11,521 12,885

1968 7,743 8,760 11,986 13,560

1969 8,389 9,544 12,319 14,015

1970 8,734 10,001 12,114 13,871

1971 9,028 10,383 12,005 13,807

1972 9,697 11,286 12,480 14,525

1973 10,512 12,157 12,726 14,718

1974 11,197 13,094 12,224 14,295

1975 11,800 13,779 11,800 13,779

Source: U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of

the Census, Current Population Reports,

Series P-60, No. 104, Washington, D.C.,

1977, pp. 11 and 12.
415

*17able 6-15. Mean and Per Capita Household Income

Residence and Region, 1975

by Type of

Mean household Per capita household

income income

(dollars) (dollars)

Total

Type of residence

Nonfarm

Farm

In metropolitan areas

In central cities

Outside central cities

1,000,000 or more

In central cities

Outside central cities

Under 1,000,000

In central cities

Outside central cities

Outside metropolitan areas

Nonfarm

Farm

Region

Northeast

North central

South

West

13,779

13,827

12,408

14,737

12,867

16,295

15,283

12,806

17,103

13,990

12,938

15,030

11,731

11,717

11,879

14,459

14,260

12,662

14,191

4,767

4,803

3,866

5,134

4,788

5,391

5,390

4,875

5,722

4,795

4,691

4,886

4,000

4,029

3,719

4,942

4,876

4,356

5,120

Source: U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census, Current

Population Reports, Series P-60, No. 104, Washington, D.C.,

1977, p. 13.
416

Table 6-16. Per Capita Income and Employment Projections

Per capita income

(constant 1975 dollars) Total employment

1970 5,606 79,306,527

1980 7,581 96,114,000

1985 8,710 101,121,100

1990 9,839 106,388,000

2000 13,065 117,891,000

2020 21,290 130,534,000

Source: U.S. Water Resources Council, 1972 OBERS

Projections, Series E Population, Vol. 1,

Washington, D.C., April 1974, p. 38.

*Table 6-17.Median and Mean Income by Size of Households, 1975

Household Number of Median income Mean income

size hos thousands) (dollars) (dollars)

Total 72,867 11,800 13,779

One-person 14,983 4,806 6,688

Two-person 22,321 11,171 13,283

Three-person 12,520 14,083 15,702

Four-person 11,407 15,849 17,494

Five-person 6,268 16,489 18,600

Six-person 3,001 16,142 18,043

Seven- or more person 2,367 14,623 17,074

aIncludes members 14 years old and over.

Source: U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census, Current

Population Reports, Series P-60, No. 104, Washington, D.C.,

1977, p. 26.
417

*Figure 6-6. PERSONAL CONSUMPTION EXPENDITURES

BY TYPE OF PRODUCT

(1975 CONSTANT DOLLARS)

'40

30-

H

z

W

V4

25-

15-

10

1964 1966 1968 1970

YEAR

1972

*Table 6-18. Personal Consumption Expenditures by Type of

Product, 1965 Through 1975

(millions of 1975 constant collars)

1965 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 % distribution increasee

1975 since 1970

Food and tobacco 182,536 204,078 202,039 209,292 219,369 222,533 224,286 23.0 9.9

Clothing accessories and jewelry 68,778 77,141 79,279 83,409 86,938 83,131 81,742 8.4 6.0

Personal care 12,998 15,146 14,755 15,121 15,270 14,666 14,271 1.5 -5.8

Housing 111,722 130,355 136,556 144,501 149,120 148,868 150,219 15.4 15.3

Household operation 104,645 121,765 125,581 135,335 142,492 142,312 142,190 14.6 16.8

Medical care expenses 51,285 69,144 72,701 78,749 82,720 83,124 86,425 8.8 25.0

Personal business 33,642 43,462 45,624 48,158 49,096 48,855 50,287 5.1 15.8

Transportation 99,326 108,227 120,898 130,551 134,215 125,826 126,037 12.9 16.5

As % of total 13.5 12.6 13.6 13.8 13.7 13.0 12.9

Recreation 44,210 56,864 58,064 63,192 66,827 66,337 65,999 6.7 16.1

Private education and research 9,700 13,695 14,138 14,912 15,254 14,855 14,653 1.5 7.0

Religious and welfare activities 10,333 11,843 12,149 13,005 12,890 12,640 12,113 1.2 2.3

Foreign travel and other, net 4,877 6,526 6,743 7,186 6,299 5,732 4,994 .9 23.5

Total 734,051 858,246 888,525 943,415 980,490 968,879 973,216 13.4

Sources: U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of Economic Analysis, Benchmark

Revision of National Income and Product Accounts: Advance Tables,

Washington, D.C., Feb. 1976, Table 2.6; Survey of Current Business,

56, No. 7, Washington, D.C., July 1976, p. 34.

HOUSING & HSLD . OPERATION

FOOD AND TOBACCO

TRANSPORTATION

.4

1976
Table 6-19. Personal Consumption Expenditures Within the Transportation

(millions of 1975 constant dollars)

Sector, 1965-1975

1965 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 increase

Transportation total 99,326 108,227 120,898 130,551 134,215 125,826 126,037 16.5

User-operated transportation

Total 92,559 100,560 113,186 122,708 126,296 117,791 118,486 17.8

New cars and net purchases of used cars 45,355 42,085 51,371 57,735 59,068 44,695 45,592 8.3

Tires, tubes, accessories and parts 5,500 6,362 6,807 7,324 7,752 7,562 7,569 19.0

Maintenance 11,776 15,601 16,665 17,917 18,661 19,230 20,279 30.0

Gasoline and oil 25,078 30,509 31,112 32,019 33,672 39,621 38,900 27.5

Tolls 790 892 916 959 949 834 771 -13.6

Insurance 4,060 5,111 6,315 6,754 6,194 5,849 5,375 5.2

Purchased local transportation

Total 3,517 3,497 3,457 3,352 3,184 3,064 2,856 -18.3

Street, electric, railway, and local bus 2,241 2,182 2,122 2,040 1,958 1,892 1,787 -18.1

Taxicab 1,044 1,076 1,101 1,084 1,008 954 870 -19.1

Railway (commutation) 232 239 234 228 218 218 199 -16.7

Purchased intercity transportation

Total 3,249 4,172 4,254 4,491 4,736 4,970 4,695 12.5

Railway (noncommutation) 485 257 206 227 247 283 240 -6.6

Intercity bus 640 688 698 673 660 674 617 -10.3

Airline 2,032 3,004 3,121 3,394 3,617 3,803 3,648 21.4

Other 92 223 229 197 212 210 190 -14.8

Source: U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of Economic Analysis, Benchmark Revision of National Income and

Product Accounts: Advance Tables, Washington, D.C., 1976, Table 2.6; Survey of Current Business,

56, No. 7, Washington, D.C., July.1976, p. 34.

F-i

n

0*
419

A SUVT4ARY OF ANNUAL BUDGETS FOR A FOUR-PERSON FAMILY AT THREE BUDGET

LEVELS IN THE URBAN U.S. IN AUTUMN 1976, AND THE PERCENT INCREASE IN

THE BUDGETS SINCE 1975 ARE PRESENTED BELOW. CONSUMPTION COSTS ROSE BY

APPROXIMATELY 5% IN THE LOWER BUDGET AND 6% IN THE INTERMEDIATE AND

HIGHER BUDGET. THE LARGEST INCREASES AMONG COMPONENTS OCCURRED IN

TRANSPORTATION, HOMEOWNER COSTS, AND MEDICAL CARE.

Table 6-20. Autumn 1976 Urban Family Budgets and Percent Change

Since 19 7 5a

(in current dollars)

Lower % A Intermediate % A Higher % A

budget 1975-1976 budget 1975-1976 budget 1975-1976

Total budget $10,041 4.7 $16,236 6.0 $23,759 6.6

Total family consumption 8,162 4.7 12,370 5.5 17,048 5.6

Food 3,003 1.7 3,859 0.8 4,856 0.8

Housing 1,964 5.8 3,843 8.8 5,821 8.7

Transportation 767 9.3 1,403 9.7 1,824 10.0

% of total 9.4 11.3 10.7

Clothing 799 3.6 1,141 3.5 1,670 3.5

Personal care 265 6.9 355 7.3 503 7.0

Medical care 896 9.5 900 9.5 939 9.6

Other family consumption 468 4.7 869 4.6 1,434 4.6

Other items 451 3.4 731 4.3 1,234 4.4

Taxes and deductions 1,429 3,134 5,476

Social security and disability 604 4.7 898 7.7 911 8.3

Personal income taxes 825 5.6 2,236 8.7 4,565 10.5

aThe budgets represent the costs of three hypothetical lists of goods and services that

were specified in the mid-1960s and updated annually. These budgets are for a precisely

defined urban family of four: a 38-year-old husband employed full time, his non-working

wife, a boy of 13, and a girl of 8. After about 15 years of married life, the family is

settled in the community and the husband is an experienced worker.

Source: U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, Autumn 1976

Urban Family Budgets and Comparative Indexes for Selected Urban

Areas, USDL: 77-369, Washington, D.C., April 27, 1977.
420

Table 6-21. Consumer Price Indexes, 1950 to 1976

(1975 = 100)

All New Used Gasoline

items cars cars

1950

1951

1952

1953

1954

1955

1956

1957

1958

1959

1960

1961

1962

1963

1964

1965

1966

1967

1968

1969

1970

1971

1972

1973

1974

1975

1976, May

44.7

48.3

49.3

49.7

49.9

49.8

50.5

52.3

53.7

54.2

55.0

55.6

56.2

56.9

57.6

58.6

60.3

62.0

64.6

68.1

72.1

75.2

77.7

82.6

91.6

100.0

105.0

65.4

68.5

74.4

75.1

73.9

71.2

73.3

77.1

79.6

83.0

81.9

81.9

81.6

81.1

80.9

79.1

77.7

78.4

80.6

81.8

84.3

87.8

87.0

87.1

92.1

100.0

105.4

60.9

51.8

49.0

47.2

52.9

54.8

61.1

57.1

59.4

64.8

65.6

68.4

67.9

66.3

68.3

NA

70.4

71.2

75.3

75.5

80.3

83.7

100.0

114.6

54.2

55.6

61.3

61.8

63.0

69.1

93.6

100.0

101.8

Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics,

Monthly data in Monthly Labor Review.
421

Table 6-22. Purchasing Power of the Dollar:

(1975 = 100)

Monthly average

as measured by

consumer prices

1950

1951

1952

1953

1954

1955

1956

1957

1958

1959

1960

1961

1962

1963

2.23

2.07

2.03

2.01

2.00

2.01

1.98

1.91

1.86

1.84

1.81

1.80

1.78

1.76

1964

1965

1966

1967

1968

1969

1970

1971

1972

1973

1974

1975

1976,

1950 to 1976

Monthly average

as measured by

consumer prices

1.73

1.70

1.66

1.61

1.55

1.47

1.38

1.33

1.29

1.21

1.09

1.00

May 0.95

Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Monthly

data in U.S. Bureau of Economic Analysis,

Survey of Current Business.
422

CHAPTER 6 - REFERENCES

Transportation Association of America, Transportation Facts and Trends,

Quarterly Supplement, Washington, D.C., April 1977.

----- , Transportation Facts and Trends, 12th ed., Washington, D.C, July 1976.

U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of Census, Census of Manufacturers:

1972, Series MC 72(2), Washington, D.C., 1973.

U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of Census, Current Population Reports,

Series P-25, No. 310, Washington, D.C., 1965.

----- , Current Population Reports, Series P-25, No. 519, Washington, D.C.,

1974.

----- , Current Population Reports, Series P-25, No. 704, Washington, D.C.,

1977.

----- , Current Population Reports, Series P-60, No. 104, Washington, D.C.,

1977.

----- , Current Population Reports: Population Estimates and Projections,

Series P-25, No. 640, Washington, D.C., November 1976.

----- , Current Population Reports: Population Estimates and Projections,

Series P-25, No. 643, Washington, D.C., January 1977.

----- , Current Population Reports: Population Estimates and Projections,

Series P-25, No. 646, Washington, D.C., February 1977.

----- , Bureau of Economic Analysis, Benchmark Revision of National Income

and Product Accounts: Advance Tables, Washington, D.C., 1976.

U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of Economic Analysis, The National

Income and Product Accounts of the United States, 1929-74,

Washington, D.C.

----- , Survey of Current Business, 56, No. 1, Part 1 and Part 2,

Washington, D.C., January 1976.

----- , Survey of Current Business, 56, No. 4, Washington, D.C., April 1976.

----- , Survey of Current Business, 56, No. 7, Washington, D.C., July 1976.

U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, Autumn 1976 Urban

Family Budgets and Comparative Indexes for Selected Urban Areas,

USDL: 77-369, Washington, D.C., April 27, 1977.

U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration, Drivers

Licenses - 1975, Washington, D.C.

U.S. Water Resources Council, 1972 OBERS Projections, Series E Population,

Vol. 1, Washington, D.C., April 1974.
Chapter 7

Reference Materials

425 =

1977 CAR SIZE CLASSIFICATION BY WARD'S AND THE

ENVIRJNENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY (EPA)a

Table 7 -1.Ward's Classification

(based on wheel base size and merchandising intent)

Subcompact Compact Intermediate Full-size

Astic (28)

Bobcat (30)

Chevette (36)

Corvette (16)

Gremlin (23)

Monza (28)

Mustang II (26)

Pacer (20)

Pinto (30)

Starfire (28)

Sunbird (30)

Vega (28)

Aspen (20)

Camaro (19)

Comet (20)

Firebird (20)

Granada (20)

Maverick (20)

Monard (20)

Nova (20)

Omega (21)

Skylark (20)

Ventura (24)

Volare (20)

Century (20)

Charger SE (15)

Chevelle (Malibu)

Cordoba (15)

Cutlass (20)

Fury (19)

Grand Prix (19)

LeMans (20)

LTD II (17)

Matador (17)

Monte Carlo (17)

Seville (16)

(19)

Buick (18)

Cadillac (16)

Chevrolet (19)

Lincoln (15)

LTD (17)

Mark IV

Marquis (15)

Olds (19)

Pontiac (20)

Rivera (17)

T. Bird (17)

EPA's Classification

(based on interior volume of car)

Subcompact Compact Mid-size Large

Astic (28) Aspen (20) Century (20) Cadillac (16)

Bobcat (30) Granada (20) Charger SE (15) Chevrolet (19)

Camaro (19) Grand Prix (19) Cordoba (15) Chrysler (14)

Chevette (36) Hornet (20) Cougar (17) Delta 88 (20)

Comet (20) Monard (20) Cutlass (20) Electria (17)

Firebird (20) Monte Carlo (17) Eldorado (14) Ford (17)

Gremlin (23) Nova (20) Fury (19) Grand Fury (15)

Maverick (20) Omega (21) LeMans (20) LeSabre (20)

Monza (28) Pacer (20) LTD II (17) Lincoln (15)

Mustang II (26) Seville (16) Malibu (19) Matador (17)

Pinto (30) Skylark (20) Monaco (19) Mercury (15)

Starfire (28) T. Bird (17) Mark V (15) Monaco (15)

Sunbird (30) Ventura (24) Olds 98 (18)

Vega (28) Volare (20) Pontiac (20)

Rivera (17)

Toranado (15)

aEPA's certified miles per gallon (mpg) are indicated in parentheses.
*2

VM 

En

MINN

North Central Mi. Mi 4 CM~f cE, 

N vo East North Central

uu. SoA Atlantic- a w; 1~~~Ws South Cen EstNrttrnta

Figure 7-1.Census Regions and Geographic Divisions of the U.S.

Source: U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census.

s

,t
Figure 7-2. Petroleum Administration for Defense (PAD) Districts

5

(Incl. Alaska

and Hawai Q

PAD Districts

1. East Coast

2. Midwest

3. Gulf Coast

4. Rocky Mountain

5. Pacific Coast

Source: W.F. Gay, U.S. Department of Transportation, Energy Statistics, Washington, D.C., August 1975.
Figure 7-3. Demand Regions of the

Federal Energy

United States Used by the

Administration (FEA)

CENSUS REG

1.

2.

2.

4.

5.

6.

7.

8.

9.

Northe

Mid-I

South

East N

East S

Wmst N

OTH DAKOTA NNST

UTM DAKOTA MwA

UTAHt

Ulantic

Atlantic

orth Centralouth Central

Inrth CentrmI

West South Central

Mountain

Pacific

Source: Federal Energy Administration, National Energy Outlook, Washington, D.C., Feb. 1976,

p. A-2.

00
ORNL-DWG 77-9387

WA ME

MT NEW

"_ _ 'ND MN EASTERN VT ENGLAND

OR MOUNTAIN GATEWAY 'NH

- GREAT LAKES MI CTZ RI

WY COUNTY

CA E - I AN

FNUT---------ILEIN OH ,- NJD

UT CO DA

KS MO KY r A 'C G. WASHINGTON

FAR WEST KCOUNTY

AND HAWAII NC AZ NM - OK AR TN S

,FRONTIER GA

WEST - SOUTH

FL

SAK

HI

FAR WEST AND HAWAII

Figure 7-4. National Travel Survey Travel Regions, 1974 and 1975.

Source: U.S. Travel Data Center, 1975 National Travel Survey: Full Year Report, Washington, D.C.,

1976, p. C-1.

V
Figure 7-5. TRANSPORTATION ENERGY CONSERVATION DIVISION ORGANIZATION CHART

THE ENERGY RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT ADMINISTRATION

Division of Transportation Energy Conservation

Vincent J. Esposito, Jr., Director

Assistant Director

for Highway Systems

John Brogan

Alternative Fuels Branch

Eugene Ecklund

[jHeat Engine Systems Branch

George Thur

Engine Development Section Vehicular Systems Section

Assistant Director for

Nonhighway Transport Systems and Special Projects

Paul Brown

Nonhighway Systems Branch

Richard Alpaugh

New Concepts Evaluation Branch

Maurice Starr

Technology Assessment and

Implementation Branch

Daniel Maxfield

Data Analysis Branch

Philip Patterson

Assistant Director for

Electric and Hybrid Systems

Don Weidhuner

Electric Systems Branch

Robert Kirk

Hybrid Systems Branch

Kenneth Barber

Demonstration and

Incentives Branch

Anthony Ewing

W' O
431

Figure 7-6.

TRANSPORTATION ENERGY CONSERVATION PROGRAM ORGANIZATION FY 1 9 7 8 a

OAK RIDGE NATIONAL LABORATORY

A. S. Loebl, Ph.D.

Project Director

S. B. Davison

Secretary

D. L. Greene, Ph.D.

Principal Investigator

A. B. Rose, M.S. Eng.

Engineering Systems

Air & Pipeline Modes

Efficiency Intensity

Resource Consumption

$ Conservation

D. L. Greene, Ph.D.

Mass Transit

Economic Determinants

Energy Demand

Penetration Scenarios

G. E. Liepins, Ph.D.

Mathematical Analysis

& Modeling

D. B. Shonka, B.A.

Data Book Coordinator

Highway Mode

Energy Supply

A.S. Loebi, Ph.D.

Rail Mode

Population Determinants

*Dual Capacity

aThis organizational chart reflects recent staff additions and is applicable to the fiscal year program beginning October 1, 1977.

Information Center Complex

Energy Information Center

Bibliography Compliation

E. B. Howard

B. Y. Barber

A. R. Ehrenshaft

A. C. Jordon

C. C. Seaborn

T. P. O'Connor, B. A.

Transportation Planning

Marine Mode

Indirect Energy Use

Projections, Government Impacts

New Technologies

Technical Staff

M. C. Ogle M. L. Johnson

Research Technician EDP Technician

D. Needham D. W. Caldwell

Programmer Analyst Programmer Aide

S. M. Corey J. T. Arehart

Input Clerk Editor

P. B. Zuschneid

Information Assistant

1

Glossary

ACTUAL DOMESTIC AVERAGE PRICE: The average rice at

which all domestic crude oil is purchased.

AIR CARRIER DOMESTIC OPERATIONS: Operations within

and between the SO states and the District of

Columbia. Included domestic operations of the

certificated trunk carriers and PAN Am has a lot

of intranational flights, the local service,

helicopter, intra-Alas ka, intra-Hawaii, domestic

all-cargo and other carriers. It also includes

transborder operations conducted on the domestic

route segments of U.S. air carriers.

AIR CARRIER INTERNATIONAL OPERATIONS: Operations

outside the territory of the United States,

including operations between the United States and

foreign countries and between the United States

and its territories and possessions. Includes

both the combination passenger/cargo carriers and

all-cargo carriers engaged in international and

territorial operations.

AIR TRAFFIC HUB: A city and/or Standard Metropolitan

Statistical Area requiring aviation services; it

is not an airport. Communities fall into four

classes as determined by each community's

percentage of the total enplaned passengers in

scheduled service of the fixed-wing operations of

the domestic certificated route air carriers in

the 50 states, the District of Columbia, and other

U.S. areas designated by the Federal Aviation

Administration.

ALL-CARGO CARRIER: One of a class of air carriers

holding certificates of public convenience and

necessity, issued by the Civil Aeronautics Board,

authorizing the performance of scheduled air

freight, express, and mail transportation over

specified routes, as well as the conduct of

non-scheduled operations, which may include

passengers.

APPARENT DEMAND: Domestic production (continental

U.S.) plus net imports (imports less exports) less

the net increase in primary stocks.

435
436

AVAILABLE SEAT-MILES (AIRCRAFT): The product of

aircraft miles and number of available passenger

seats on each fl ight stage, representing the

total passenger-carrying capacity offered.

AVAILABLE TON-MILES (AIRCRAFT): The aircraft miles

flown on each inter-airport hop multiplied by the

avialable aircraft capacity (tons) for that hop,

representing the traffic-carrying capacity offered.

AVIATION GASOLINE: All special grades of gasoline for

use in aviation reciprocating engines, as given in

ASTM Specification D 910. Inculdes all refinery

products within the gasoline range that are to he

marketed straight or in blends as aviation

gasoline without father processing, i.e., any

refinery operation except mechanical blending.

Also includes finished components in the gasoline

range which will be used for blending or

compounding into aviation gasoline.

BARGES: Shallow, non-self propelled vessels used to

carry bulk commodities on the rivers and the Great

Lakes.

BONDED FUELS: Fuels produced outside the custom

limits of the U.S., held in bond under continuous

U.S. customs custody in accordance with Treasury

Department Regulations, and destined for use

outside of the U.S., its territories or

possessions.

BRANDED INDEPENDENT MARKETER: A company that engaged

in the marketing or distribution of refined

petroleum products pursuant to: (1) An agreement

or contact with a refiner (or a firm that

controls, is controlled by, or is under common

control with such refiner) to use a trademark,

trade name, service mark, or other identifying

symbol or name owned by such refiner (or any such

firm),, or (2) An agreement or contract under which

any such firm engaged in the marketing or

distribution of refined petroleum products is

granted authority to occupy premises owned,

leased, or in any way controlled by a refiner (or

firm which controls, is controlled by, or is under

common control, with such refiner), but that is

not affiliated with, controlled by, or under

common control with any refiner (other than by

means of a supply contract, or an agreement or

contract described in this definition, and that

does not control such refiner.
437

BRANDED PRODUCT: A refined petroleum product sold by

a refiner with the understanding that the

purchaser has the right to resell the product

under a trademark, trade name, service mark, or

other identifying symbol or name owned by such

refiner.

BTU - BRITISH THERMAL UNIT: The amount of heat

required to raise the temperature of one pound of

water one degree Fahrenheit.

BUNKER C/NUMBER 6 FUEL OIL: A high viscosity oil used

mostly by ships, industry, and large scale heating

installations. This heavy fuel requires

preheating in the storage tank to permit pumping

and additional preheating to permit atomizing at

the burners.

BUSES (INCLUDING SCHOOL BUSES): A motor vehicle with

a long body equipped with seats or benches for

passengers, usually operating as part of a

scheduled service line.

BUSINESS CORPORATE FLEET: Business entities that are

engaged in a commercial enterprise but find the

need for transportation as an adjunct to their

businesses.

CAPITALIZED LEASE: Financial Accounting Standards

Board's new rules on accounting which put )pen End

Leases on lessee's balance sheets.

CAR-MILE (RAILROAD): A single car moved through one

mile.

CARGO TON-MILE: The transportation of one ton of

freight a distance of one mile.

CARGO VEHICLE: A truck which carries goods or

merchandise (freight).
438

CEILING PRICE: The maximum permissible selling price,

prior to February 1, 1976, for a particular grade

of domestic crude oil in a particular field was

the May 15, 1973, posted price plus $1.35 per

barrel.

CERTIFICATED AIR CARRIER: One of class of air

carriers holding certificates of public

convenience and necessity issued by the Civil

Aeronautics Board, authorizing the performance of

scheduled air transportation over specified routes

and a limited amount of nonscheduled operations.

This general carrier grouping includes the

all-purpose carriers (i.e., the so-called

passenger/cargo carriers) and the all-cargo

carriers, and comprises all of the airlines

certificated by the Board, except the supplemental

air carriers. Certificated route air carriers are

often referred to as "scheduled airlines,"

although they also perform nonscheduled service.

CHASSIS: The frame, wheels, and machinery of a motor

vehicle, on which the body is supported.

CHASSIS WITHOUT CAB: A unit in which a body or other

equipment is installed after the chassis is

shipped from the assembly plant.

CIRCUITY FACTOR RATIO: Expresses the ratio of total

distance traveled and the minimum intercity

distance.

CLASS A CARRIERS BY INLAND AND COASTAL WATERWAYS: A

carrier with an average annual operating revenue

that exceeds $500,000.

CLASS B CARRIERS BY INLAND AND COASTAL WATERWAYS: A

carrier with an average annual operating revenue

greater than $100,000 but less than $500,000.

CLASS I RAILROAD: A railroad with an annual operating

revenue of greater than $10,000,000. These

operating companies represent about 99 percent of

the railroad industry in terms of traffic, operate

96 percent of rail mileage and account for 94

percent of the workers employed by all railroad

companies.
439

CLASS II RAILROAD: A railroad with an annual

operating revenue less than $10,000,000.

COAL GASIFICATION: The process of converting coal to

synthetic gas. Coal is fed into a

high-temperature pressurized container along with

steam and air or oxygen, and a chemical reaction

occurs. A mixture of gases is produced from this

reaction. The gases produced include carbon

monoxide, hydrogen, and methane, the main

constitutent of natural gas. The gases are then

cooled and undesirable components, such as carbon

dioxide and sulfur, are removed. The raw gas

produced at this point is referred to as low-Btu

gas or as utility/industry substitute fuel.

COAL LIQUEFACTION: The process of converting coal

into a liquid fuel. There are several different

processes for producing liquids from coal. Some

processes burn coal, condense the resulting gases,

and add hydrogeen to form a liquid, whereas other

processes chemically dissolve coal with hydrogen

to form a liquid.

COMMERCIAL BUS: Any bus used to carry passengers at

rates specified in tariffs; charges may be

computed per passenger (as in regular route

service) or per vehicle (as in charter service).

COMMERCIAL SECTOR: See RESIDENTIAL AND COMMERCIAL

SECTOR

COMMISSION AGENT: An agent who wholesales or retails

a refined petroleum product under a commission

arrangement. Typically, he does not take title to

the product but receives a percentage of the

wholesale or retail margin for serving as the

agent..

COMMTSSION-OPERATED RETAIL OUTLET: Any retail outlet

operated by a commission agent.

COMMUTATION: In reference to Class I rail, passenger

traffic handled between designated points at less

than the basic fare per trip. It does not include

traffic moving on basic rates of round trip, half

rates, clergy, charity, military, special

excursions, and other special-rated traffic.
440

COMPACT-SIZE CAR: An automobile industry designation

usually consisting of cars with a wheelbase

between 101 and 111 inches. After 1975 these are

included in the SMALL category.

CONSERVATION IN BUILDINGS AND CONSUMER PRODUCTS: The

development, design, construction, and operation

of buildings and consumer products that minimize

energy consumption. The technology includes types

of insulation and arrangement, proportioning, and

design of windows and doors and systems of control

to minimize energy requirements, as well as

consumer products such as appliances, televisions,

and heating, cooling, and ventilating systems that

use less energy, or this energy more efficiently.

CONSTANT DOLLARS: A series is said to be expressed in

"constant dollars" when the effect of change in

the purchasing power of the dollar has been

removed. Usually the data are expressed in terms

of dollars of some selected year or the average of

some set of years.

CONSUMER PRICE INDEX: The index issued by the U.S.

Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics,

as a measure of average changes in the retail

prices of goods and services usually bought by the

families of wage earners and clerical workers

living in cities.

CONSUMPTION: A calculated demand for petroleum

products obtained by adding domestic production

and imports of crude petroleum and natural gas

liquids and imports of petroleum products to the

primary stocks at the beginning of the period and

then subtracting the exports and the primary

stocks at the end of the period.

CONVERSION EFFICIENCY FACTOR: The ratio of output

energy to gross input energy. It is usually

expressed in per cent.
441

CRUDE OIL PRODUCTIVE CAPACITY PROJECTIONS: The

Federal Energy Administration's evaluations of the

maximum sustainable rates of output that could be

obtained and marketed. In making these

projections, FEA assumed the existence of

economically favorable and stable conditions and

desirable drilling prospects that will foster

increased drilling activity and utilization of

improved recovery techniques.

CRUDE OIL TRUNK LINES (PIPELINE SYSTEMS): One of

three types of pipeline network that is used to

transport crude oil to the refineries for

processing.

CRUDE RUNS: Amount of crude actually processed by the

refiner for the production of petroleum products,

as distinct from capacity.

CURRENT DOLLARS: Dollars current at the time

designated or at the time the transaction listed

took place. In most contexts, the same meaning

would be conveyed by the simple term "dollars."

CURRENT POPULATION SURVEY (CPS): This is a monthly

nationwide survey conducted by the Bureau of the

Census. The primary purpose of the CPS is to

obtain monthly labor force statistics for the U.S.

Department of Labor. However, to obtain current

demographic data between the decennial census of

population, the Census Bureau adds supplementary

questions to the CPS in March each year. This

yearly survey is the major source of demographic

data issued in the Census' Current Population

Reports series.

CYCLE DUTY OR LOAD FACTOR (PIPELINE): The fraction of

the time that the pumps are operated at rated

horsepower capacity and/or the pipeline throughput

is at design peak levels.

DIESEL ENGINE: An internal combustion engine in which

the fuel is sprayed directly into the combustion

chamber and ignited by the high temperature to

which the air in the combustion chamber has been

heated during the compression process. There are

400 different variations in size, number of

cylinders, and power output of diesel engines.

The engines are relatively costly, but they

operate with high efficiency combined with a

long-life span that needs service infrequently.
442

DISTILLATE OIL: Fuel shich may be used in diesel

engines, i.e., water vessels, railroads, trucks,

etc.

DOMESTIC FLEET: Comprised of the following motor

vehicles: sedans of all types, station wagons,

ambulances, buses, trucks and truck tractors,

registered in the United States, its territories

and possessions.

DOMESTIC FREIGHT: All commercial goods movement

between points in the United States, Puerto Rico

and the Virgin Islands, excluding traffic with the

Panama Canal Zone. Cargo moved for the military in

commercial vessels is reported as ordinary

commercial cargo; military cargo moved in military

vessels is omitted.

DOMESTIC PRODUCTION: All production of crude oil and

lease condensate in the field, all liquids

produced at natural gas processing plants, and the

petroleum input of other hydrocarbons and hydrogen.

DOMESTIC SYSTEM TRUNKS: Carriers operating primarily

within and between the 50 states of the U.S. over

routes serving primarily the larger communities.

Included in this group are carriers such as:

American, Delta, Eastern, National, Pan Am, TWA,

United, and Western.

DRIVETRAIN (AUTOMOBILE): Primarily the 3-speed

automatic transmissions, encountered in current

fleets, and the 3- and 4-speed manual transmission

used in some of the smaller automobiles. The

drivetrain also consists of the drive shaft,

differential gear and rear axles.

DRY CARGO BARGES AND SCOWS: Both are large,

flat-bottomed boats used to transport dry bulk

materials; the scow is chiefly used for

transporting sand, gravel, or refuse.

ELECTRIC UTILITIES SECTOR: The sector made up of

privately and publicly owned establishments which

generate electricity primarily for resale.
443

ELECTRIFIED ROADWAY (RAILROAD): Track along which a

locomotive or rail motor car can receive

electrical power generated at a remote location.

EMISSION STANDARDS: Federal established standards

under control of the U.S. Congress. The current

national emission standards for new automobiles

and light trucks are set at 1.5 g of hydrocarbon

(HC) per mile, 1.5 g of carbon monoxide (CO) per

mile, and 3.1 g of nitrogen oxide (NOx) per mile

(effective September 1976).

END-USER: Any company, other than a wholesale

purchaser-consumer, that is an ultimate consumer

of a refined petroleum product.

ENERGY CONSUMPTION (OIL TRANSPORT): The energy

consumed during pumping. It is generally

calculated as the product o f the installed

pumping horsepower, the time for which the power

was used, and the specific energy consumption of

the engine/motor (BTU/bhp-hr) driving the pumps.

The pumps needed to move the oil through the

pipeline network are driven by heat engines or

electric motors.

ENERGY FFFICIENCY: In reference to transportation,

the inverse of energy intensiveness, i.e., the

ratio of outputs from a process to the energy

inputs; for example, passenger miles traveled

(PMT) per gallon of fuel.

ENERGY INTENSITY (PIPELINE) : The energy intensity of

oil transport via pipelines expressed as

BTU/ton-mile. The fraction of the through-put

energy needed to pump a ton of oil a mile.

ENERGY INTENSITY (RAILROADS): Energy consumed per

unit of service provided. The operatng energy

intensity is determined from actual fuel us by the

railroads and actual service provided, and

includes the effect of operating inefficiences.

The calculated energy intensity is determined

analytically, using a model of the railroad

system, and often does not include system

operating inefficiencies.
444

ENERGY INTENSITY (WATER TRANSPORTATION): Fuel energy

required per ton-mile of freight carriage

(BTU/ton-mile).

ENERGY INTENSIVENESS: In reference to transportation,

the ratio of energy inputs to a process to the

useful outputs from that process; for example,

gallons of gasoline per passenger mile or BTU per

ton mile.

ETHANOL: An alcohol produced by solar energy via the

unique process of photosynthesis from plant

material (biomass). Since biomass is a renewable

energy source suitable for ethanol production by

fermentation and distillation, this alcohol has a

potential as an automotive fuel. However, the

current cost of ethanol fuel is excessive and

market prices of ethanol are about two times those

of methanol. With crude oil prices continually

rising, there is expected to be a possibility of

making production cost-competitive by the use of

new production technologies.

EXPORTS: All crude oil and refined products exported

from the 50 states (excluding from the Hawaiian

Trade Zone) to foreign countries as well as

shipments to Puerto Rico and United States

possessions. Adjustments include processing gain,

crude oil losses and unaccounted for crude oil.

FIELD AND GATHERLINE LINES (PIPELINE SYSTEMS): One of

three types of pipeline network that is used to

gather crude oil from individual wells and feed it

to trunk lines.

FIXED-WING AIRCRAFT: Aircraft having wings fixed to

the airplane fuselage and outspread in flight,

nonrotating wings.

FLEET: A group of motor vehicles operating under

unified control, as by a commercial or military

organization.

FLEET: In accepted industry nomenclature , it

identifies an entity where their requirements

extend to the purchase and/or lease of ten or more

new cars each year.
445

FLEET SIZE (TRUCK): The fleet is an operational unit

operated by a truck owner from a singe "base of

operation," and is necessarily smaller than the

total fleet that an owner has, if he operates from

more than one base. The data shown in the fleet

section of the tables are based on the number of

trucks found in fleets of specified size and not

the number of fleets.

FULL MAINTENANCE LEASE: Same as Operating Lease

except that lessor pays all operating expenses,

licenses and sometimes insurance, in accordance

with terms of contract.

GENERAL AVIATION: A field of aviation that employs

light planes to work for air taxi services,

business firms and other organizations. Flying

light planes for commercial purposes requires a

commercial pilot license. Included in this field

are planes employed for personal use.

GENERAL AVIATION SURVEY: The Federal Aviation

Administration (FAA) from the Bureau of Census in

1975. A scientifically delineated selected sample

of general aviation (GA) owners in the United

States. There were 9,860 GA aircraft owners

interviewed. The universe of aircraft from which

the sample was drawn consisted of 177,641

aircraft. Telephone interviews were the primary

method of data collection (accounting for some 94

percent of the responses), personal visits and

mail follow-up were used for the telephone

nonrespondents - resulting in an overall 96.5

percent response rate. The survey was conducted

because of the FAA's Aviation Forecast Branch need

to know more about important aspects of general

aviation such as: What ae the socioeconomic

characteristics of the average or "typical" GA

owner; What type of plane does he fly; How is he

using his planes; and, How are his planes equipped

with avionics. These data were used in order that

the FAA's Aviation Forecast Branch could improve

its forecasts of aviation activity and contribute

to improve planning of future airspace systems.

GOVERNMENT FLEET: Includes all federal (GSA), state,

county, city, and metro area units of government

including toll road operations.
446

GREAT CIRCLE PATH: The shortest distance between any

two terrestrial points.

GREAT LAKES - LAKEWISE (WATER TRANSPORTATION):

Traffic between United States ports on the Great

Lakes system.

GROSS ADDITIONS: The volumes of crude oil, associated

natural gas, and nonassociated natural gas, and

nonassociated natural gas proved reserves added in

1974, including additions to reserves in shut-in

reservoirs added to proved reserves. These

additions include extensions, upward revisions,

new field discoveries, and new reservoir

discoveries in old fields.

GROSS ENERGY: The total of inputs into the economy of

the primary fuels (petroleum, natural gas, and

coal, including imports) or their derivatives,

plus the generation of hydro and nuclear power

converted to equivalent energy inputs.

GROSS NATIONAL PRODUCT: Total value at market prices

of all goods and services produced by the nation's

economy. As calculated quarterly by the

Department of Commerce, gross national product is

the broadest available measure of the level of

economic activity.

GROSS VEHICLE WEIGHT: The weight of the empty vehicle

plus the maximum anticipated load weight.

HEAVY RAIL: Subway-type transit vehicle railway

constructed on exclusive private right-of-way with

high-level platform stations.

HEAVY-HEAVY: In reference to truck size class, a

gross vehicle weight of 26,001 pounds or more.
447

HIGHWAY TRUST FUND: Established in 1456 by Congress

to finance construction of the National System of

Interstate and Defense Highways. Eighty-nine

percent of the proposed 42,500 mile system is open

to traffic, with work underway on an additional

11%. Completion is expected in the early 1980's.

The Trust Fund has been expanded to support mass

transit development in urban areas. Programs

funded by the Trust Fund include: Highway safety

grants to the states and local governments for

highway safety programs, including support of the

Federal Highway safety program standards; highway

safety reesearch by the Department of

Transportation; highway mass transit facilities

such as reserved lanes, special roadways,

shelters, loading platforms, and parking areas;

research, development and initial testing of

advanced transportation systems and concept for

all modes of urban transportation; pilot programs

designated to alleviate urban traffic congestion

through improved highways and highway-related

systems.

HYDROCRACKING: A catalytic, high-pressure refining

process flexible enough to produce either

high-octane gasoline or aviation jet fuel. It

proceeds by two main reactions: combining hydrogen with molecules that are too massive and complex

for gasoline, and then cracking or breaking them

up to the required fuels.

ICC-REGULATED CARRIER: A motor common carrier

operating in interstate commerce under a grant of

authority from the Interstate Commerce Commission

and subject to its economic regulation.

ICC-REGULATED PIPELINE: A pipeline company operating

in interstate commerce under a grant of

authorization from the Interstate Commerce

Commission, and subject to economic regulation by the Commission. Such a pipeline company is

required to report relevant statistics to the ICC.

Petroleum companies and pipelines are regulated while only natural gas companies are regulated.

IMPORTS: All imports of crude petroleum, natural gas

liquids, and petroleum products from foreign

countries, and receipts from Guam, Puerto Rico, the Virgin Islands, and the Hawaiian Trade Zone.

The commodities included are crude oil, unfinished

oils, plant condensate, and refined petroleum

products.
448

IMPUTED DOMESTIC AVERAGE PRICE: The average price

used to establish ceiling prices for domestic

crude oil in accordance with the provisions of the

Energy Conservation and Production Act. It is

calculated as the weighted average of lower tier,

upper tier, and an imputed stripper crude oil

price.

IMPUTED STRIPPER GRUDE OIL PRICE: Equal to x11.63 per

barrel plus the difference between the composite

price of crude oil in August 1976 (excluding

stripper oil) and the composite price of crude oil

in the month of measurement (excluding stripper

oil).

INBOARD-DIESEL: A boat whose primary propulsion is

supplied by a diesel engine located within an d

permanently attached to the hull.

INBOARD-GASOLINE: A boat designed such that the

primary propulsion is supplied a gasoline engined

located within, and permanently attached to, the

hull.

INBOARD-OUTBOARD: Also referred to as

inboard/outdrive. It is regarded as inboard

because the power unit is located inside the boat.

INDFPENDENT REFINER: A refiner who obtained directly

or indirectly, in the third quarter of 1973, more

than 70% of its refinery input of domestic crude

oil (or 70% of its refinery input of domestic and

imported crude oil) from producers who do not

control, are not controlled by, and are not under

common control with such refiner.

INDICATED CRUDE OIL RESERVES: Quantities of oil

believed to be economically producible from known

reservoirs using proven, but not yet installed,

recovery technology.
449

INDICATED SECONDARY AND TERTIARY RESERVES: The

estimated quantities of crude oil and natural gas

that may be economically recoverable using present

technology and those operating conditions

considered to be economic as of December 1, 1974,

from: (1) Reservoirs where an improved recovery

technique has been applied but the effect. of the

technique has not been fully evaluated; and (2)

Reservoirs where an improved recovery technique

has not been applied but knowledge of reservoir

characteristics and the results of using a known

technique in a similar field indicate that the

reservoir should respond in a similar manner.

INDUSTRIAL SECTOR: Construction, manufacturing,

agriculture, and mining establishments.

INDUSTRY ENERGY EFFICIENCY: The development, design,

construction, and operation of industrial

processes and equipment to minimize the energy

requirements of fabricating, forming, converting,

or producing industrial or agricultural products.

INLAND AND COASTAL WATERWAYS, INLAND AND COASTAL

CHANNELS: Includes the Atlantic Coast Waterways,

the Atlantic Intracoastal Waterway, the New York

State Barge Canal System, the Gulf Coast

Waterways, the Gulf Coast Waterways, the Gulf

Intracoastal Waterway, the Mississippi River

System (including the Illinois Waterway), Pacific

Coast Waterways, the Great Lakes, and all other

channels (waterways) of the United States,

exclusive of Alaska, that are usable for

commercial navigation.

INLAND-INTERNAL (WATER TRANSPORTATION): Traffic

between ports or landings wherein the entire

movement takes place on inland waterways. Also

termed internal are movements involving carriage

on both inland waterways and the waters of the

Great Lakes: inland movements that cross short

stretches of open water that link inland systems.

INSTALLED HORSEPOWER (PIPELINE): The aggregate

horsepower of the pumps installed at pumping

stations throughout the pipeline network. The

pumps are driven by engines/motors of various

types (diesel, electric, etc.).
450

INTERCITY BUS - CLASS I: An interstate motor carrier

of passengers with an average annual gross revenue

of at least $1,000,000.

INTERCITY BUS - TOTAL: Includes Class I, II, and III

interstate bus carriers, all of which report to th

e Interstate Commerce commission and intrastate

carriers.

INTERMEDIATE-SIZE CAR: An automobile industry

designation usually consisting of cars with a

wheelbase between 112 and 118 inches.

INTERNATIONAL (FOREIGN) FREIGHT: Movements between

the U. S. and foreign countries and between Puerto

Rico, the Virgin Islands and foreign countries.

Trade between U.S. territories and possessions

(i.e., Guam, Wake, American Samoa, etc.) and

foreign countries is excluded. Traffic to or from

the Panama Canal Zone is included.

INTERNATIONAL AND TERRITORIAL OPERATIONS (AIRCRAFT):

In general, operations outside the territory of

the United States, including operations between

the United States and foreign countries and the

United States and its territories or possessions.

It includes both the combination passenger/cargo

carriers and the all-cargo carriers engaged in

international and territorial operations.

INTRACOASTAL-COASTWISE (WATER TRANSPORTATION):

Domestic traffic receiving a carriage over the

ocean or the Gulf of Mexico. Traffic between

Great Lakes ports and seacoast ports, when having

a carriage over the ocean, is also termed

coastwise.

INVENTORIES: The amounts of crude oil, unfinished

oil, petroleum products, and natural gas liquids

held at refineries, at natural gas processing

plants, in pipelines, at bulk terminals operated

by refining and pipeline companies, and at

independent bulk terminals. Crude oil held in

storage on leases is also included; these stocks

are known as primary stocks. Secondary stocks in

those held by jobbers, dealers, service station

operators, and consumers are excluded. Prior to

1975, stocks held at independent bulk terminals

were classified as secondary stocks.
451

KEROGEN: A bituminous material occurring in oil shale

that yields oil when heated. It is formed from

algae and sea organisms or from waxy spores and

pollen grain.

KEROSENE: A flammable hydrocarbon oil that is less

volatile than gasoline, and is usually obtained

from the distillation of petroleum. It is used

for burning in lamps and heaters or furnaces, as a

fuel or a fuel component for jet engines, and as a

solvent or a thinner.

KEROSENE-BASE JET FUEL: A quality kerosene product

with an average gravity of 40.7 degrees API and 1f)

to q0% distillation temperatures of 217 to 261

degrees C. Used primarily as fuel for commercial

turbojet and turboprop aircraft engines. It is a

relatively low freezing point distillate of the

kerosene type.

LANDED COST: The cost of imported crude oil equal to

actual cost of crude at point of origin plus

transportation cost to the United States.

LEADED MOTOR GASOLINE: Gasoline containing tetraehyl

lead or other organometallic lead antiknock

compounds.

LEASING: Used to encompass those fleets that elect to

use the lease arrangement as car control. All or

part of a company's car fleet may be leased. Other

forms of outside leasing include company owned and

salesman owned.

LESSEE: The company engaging the leasing company for

ser vices.

LESSEE DEALER: An independent marketer who leases the

station and land and has use of tanks, pumps,

signs, etc. He typically has a supply agreement

with a refiner or a distributor and purchases

products at dealer tank wagon prices. As used

herein, this marketing category is limited to

those lessee dealers who are supplied directly by

a refiner or any affiliated or subsidiary company

of a refiner.
452

LESSOR: The leasing company providing the control and

services for the company engaging their services.

LIGHT: In reference to truck size class, a gross

vehicle weight of 10,000 pounds or less.

LIGHT RAIL: Streetcar-type transit vehicle railway

constructed on city streets, semi-private

right-of-way, and/or exclusive private

right-of-way.

LIGHT-HEAVY: In reference to truck size class, a

gross vehicle weight of 20,001 to 26,000 pounds.

LINE MILEAGE: The aggregate length of roadway of all

line-haul railroads. It does not include the

mileage of yard tracks or sidings, nor does it

reflect the fact that a mile of railroad may

include two or more parallel tracks. Jointly used

track is counted only once.

LIQUID PETROLEUM GAS (LPG): Consists of propane and

butanes and is usually derived from natural gas.

In locations where there is no natural gas and the

gasoline consumption is low, naphtha is converted

to LPG by catalytic reforming.

LOAD FACTOR: The ratio of actual load to full

capacity.

LOCAL: In reference to area of operation of trucks,

mostly in the local area, in or around the city

and suburbs, or within a short distance of the

farm, factory, mine, or place vehicle is stationed.

LOCAL: In reference to water traffic, movements of

freight within the confines of a port, whether the

port has only one or several arms or channels,

except by car-ferry and general ferry.

LOCAL RURAL ROADS: Streets, other than principal

arteries of travel, that are outside urban

boundaries.
453

LOCAL SERVICE CARRIERS: Certificated domestic route

air carriers, such as Allegheny, Ozark, Piedmont,

Southern, Texas International, operating routes of

lesser density between the smaller traffic centers

and between those centers and principal centers.

LOCOMOTIVES: Self-propelled units of equipment

designed solely for moving other equipment.

LONG-RANGE: In reference to area of operation of

trucks, mostly over the-road trips that usually

are more than 200 miles one way to the most

distant stop from the place vehicle is stationed.

LOWER-TIER CRUDE OIL: Effective February 1, 1976:

the total number of barrels of crude oil produced

and sold from a property in a specific month, less

the total number of barrels of new crude oil for

that property in that month.

MAIN RURAL ROADS: Streets outside urban boundaries

that are generally recognized as principal

arteries of travel.

MEDIUM: In reference to truck size class, a gross

vehicle weight of 10,001 to 20,000 pounds.

METHANOL: A colorless mobile alcohol of pungent odor

and taste. It is produced from natural gas, heavy

residues, and naphtha using a process that first

leads to a carbon monoxide-hydrogen mixture

(synthesis gas). From this synthesis gas,

methanol is synthesized at elevated pressure and

temperature using an appropriate catalyst.

Because of this two-step process, any energy form

that can produce hydrogen and carbon monoxide is

potentially suitable for the production of

methanol. Thus, methanol may be considered as a

universal fuel that could be produced from a vide

variety of energy sources and materials.

MIDDLE DISTILLATES: A category of petroleum fuel that

includes the diesel fuels burned by surface

transportation carriers, as well as home heating

oil.
454

MILE (STATUTE): 5,280 feet.

MILES OF TRACK (RAILROAD) : Total miles of railroad

track in the United States, including multiple

main tracks, yard tracks and sidings, owned by

both line-haul and switching and terminal

companies.

MOTOR GASOLINE: A mixture of volatile hydrocarbons,

suitable for operation of an internal combustion

errine, whose major components are hydrocarbons

with boiling points ranging from 78 to 217 degrees

C and whose source is distillation of petroleum

and cracking, polymerization, and other chemical

reacitons by which the naturally occurring

petroleum hydrocarbons are converted into those

that have superior fuel properties.

MOTORBUS: Rubber tired, self-propelled transit

vehicle with fuel supply carried on board the

vehicle.

MULTI-STOP TRUCK: A vehicle designed such that the

driver can stand at the wheel and get in and out

easily, for door-to-door deliveries.

MUNICIPAL MILEAGE: Roads inside city, municipal

district, or urban boundaries; includes extensions

of the state primary system, and state secondary

roads within delimited incorported and

unincorporated places, and mileage under local

control, local city streets, roads, and public

ways not under State control within such places.

NAPHTHA: Any one of a wide variety of volatile

hydrocarbon mixtures. They are sometimes obtained

from coal tar, but are more often derived from

petroleum. Physical properties vary widely; the

initial boiling point may be as low as 80 degrees

F and end points may react 260 degrees C (500

degrees F). As naphtahs find their greatest use

as solvents and diluents.
455

NAPHTHA-BASE JET FUEL: A fuel in the heavy naphta

boiling range with an average gravity of 52.8

degrees API and 10 to 90% distillation

temperatures of 117 to 233 degrees C. Used for

turbojet and turboprop aircraft engines, primarily

by the military. Excludes ramjet and petroleum

rocket fuels.

NATIONAL SYSTEM OF INTERSTATE AND DEFENSE HIGHWAYS:

Established in 1944, changes were made in the

extent of the system and increased funding was

established. The system is limited to 42,500

miles and is intended to serve as a direct

connection between the nations principal

metropolitan areas, cities and industrial centers.

NATIONWIDE BOATING SURVEY (1973): A survey of 1973

boating activity conducted by the U.S. Coast Guard

during the months of April and may 1974. Over

25,000 households were contacted and screened;

those households which contained boat owners or

boat opertors were interviewed. At the completion

of the interviewing period, the responses from

each geographical area were appropriately

weighted, resulting in state, regional (the United

States was divided into 7 geographical regions)

and national estimates. Results of the survey

revealed the number of boats and their

characteristics and activities, and information on

emergency situations and boating safety education.

NATIONWIDE PERSONAL TRANSPORTATION SURVEY: Data

collected in 1969-1970 by the Bureau of the Census

of the Department of Commerce for the Federal

Highway Administration of the Department of

Transportation. The NPTS was designed to obtain

information on national patterns of travel. The

survey was based on a multi-stage probability

sample of housing units located in 235 sample

areas, comprising 485 counties and independent

cities, representing every State and the District

of Columbia. Experienced field staff of the

Bureau of the Census conducted the interviews.

Data obtained included characteristics of the

household such as income, automobile ownership,

and age and sex of persons in the household. The

survey produced statistics on vehicle travel as

well as household and person travel.
456

NATURAL GAS LIQUIDS (NGL) : Products obtained from

natural gasoline plants, cycling plants, and

fractionators after processing the natural gas.

Included are ethane, liquified petroleum (LP)

gases (propane, butane and propane-butane

mixtures) , natural gasoline, plant condensate, and

minor quantities of finished products such as ga

soline, special naphthas, jet fuel, kerosene, and

distillate fuel oil.

NATURAL GASOLINE: A mixture of hydrocarbons extracted

from natural gas.

NET ENERGY: The total of the sector inputs (i.e.,

household, commercial, transportation, and

industrial) , and consists of direct fuels and

purchased electricity.

NEW CRUDE OIL: Prior to February 1, 1976: the total

number of barrels of domestic crude oil produced

and sold in a specific month, less the base

protection control for that month and less the

current cumulative deficiency.

NO. 2 DISTILLATE FUEL OIL: A petroleum distillate

which meets the specifications for No. 2 heating

oil and/or the specifications for diesel fuel

grade No. 2.

NON-DURABLE GOODS: Those products or commodities

which are normally consumed in use, or which are

further processed by purchasers in products with a

relatively short useful life.

NON-ICC-REGULATED CARRIER: A motor carrier not

subject to the economic regulation of the ICC.

The category includes intrastate carriers, private

carriers hauling only the goods of their owners,

and carriers of commodities, the transportation of

which is exempt from ICC economic regulation.

NON-REGULATED PIPELINE: A pipeline company not

operating as a common carrier in interstate

commerce, hence neither requried to secure a grant

of operating authority from the Commission nor to

report to it.
457

NON-SELF-PROPELLED: Vessels not containing within

themselves the means for their own propulsion.

NONBRANDED INDEPENDENT MARKETER: A company which is

engaged in the marketing or distribution of

refined petroleum products, but which (1) is not a

refiner, (2) is not a company which controls, is

controlled by, is under common control with, or is

affiliated with a refiner (other than by means of

a supply contract), and (3) is not a branded

independent marketer. The company retails under a

trademark that does not belong to a refiner or its

subsidiaries or affiliates.

NONBRANDED PRODUCT: Any refined petroleum product

which is not a branded product. (see BRANDED

PRO DUCT)

NONSCHEDULED SERVICE (AIRCRAFT): Revenue flights,

such as charter flights, that are not operated in

regular scheduled service, and all nonrevenue

flights incident to such flights.

OCTANE RATING: A number that is used to measure the

antiknock properties of a liquid motor fuel.

OIL SHALE: A finely grained sedimentary rock composed

mostly of clay that contains an organic material

called kerogen. When the kerogen is heated to

about 482 degrees C (900 degrees F) , it is

converted to shale-oil and gas. The shale oil

that is derived from kerogen is low in sulfur and

although it varies in some respects from

conventional petroleum, it can be refined into

most petroleum products.

OLD CRUDE OIL: Prior to February 1, 1976: the total

number of barrels of crude oil produced and sold

from a property in a specific month, less the

total number of barrels of new crude oil for that

property in that month and less the total number

of barrels of released crude oil for that property

in that month.
458

OLD OIL: Crude oil that was domestically produced

prior to February 1, 1976, subject to the ceiling

price for crude oil. For a particular property

which is not a stripper well lease, the volume of

controlled oil equals the base production control

level minus an amount of released oil equal to the

new oil production from that property.

OPEN DEALER: An independent marketer who owns the

station or land of a retail outlet, and has use of

tanks, pumps, signs, etc. He typically has a

supply agreement with a refiner or a distributor

and purchases products at or below dealer tank

wagon prices. As used herein, this marketing

category is limited to those open dealers who are

supplied directly by a refiner or any subsidiary

or affiliated company of a refiner.

OPEN END LEASE: lease where a certain percentage of

lease payment is used each month to amortize the

capitalized cost of the vehicle; car is sold at

date out of service and lessee recieves difference

from lessor or lessee pays lessor difference,

depending on price received for car and amount in

amortizing pool. Each Lease is handled separately

and there are shades of differenes in amortization

schedule.

OPERATING CRUDE OIL REFINING CAPACITY: The amount of

crude a refiner is capable of processing in the

short run, as distinct from shut-down capacity.

OPERATING LEASE: Also known as Net Lease or Closed

End Lease, where lessor takes full risk on sale of

used car. Price from beginning to end is therefore

guaranteed, except for mileage stopper of varying

amount.

OTHER DISTILLATE FUEL OILS: All other refined

petroleum products not included in any other

category and which, when produced in conventional

distillation operations, have a boiling range from

10% point at 167 degrees C to 90 percent point at

375 degrees C. Included are products known as No.

1 and No. 4 distillate fuel oils and diesel oils.
459

OTHEP THAN COMMUTATION: In reference to Class I rail,

passenger traffic other than that handled betveeen

designated points at less than the basic fare per

trip. It does include traffic moving on basic

rates of round trip, half rates, clergy, charity,

military, special excursions and other

special-rated traffic.

OTTO ENGINE: An internal combustion engine conceived

by Beau de Rochas and built by Otto. Large

numbers of the engines were built and sold at the

end of the 19th century; the principal changes

since then include: much higher speed, lighter

weight, smaller bulk, and greater efficiency. The

engine operates on an OTTO CYCLE, which

essentially requires four strokes of the piston

for a cycle.

OUTBOARDS: As pertaining to boats, this

classification includes "portable: engines." Some

are so large as to preclude portability in its

true sense, but they are considered "outboard"

because they are not permanently affixed to the

structure of the craft. It also includes all

"outboard" motors regardless of the method or

location used to mount the engine, i.e. , motor

wells, "kicker pits," motor pockets, etc.

PANEL TRUCK: A small fully enclosed vehicle, such as

many stores use for delivery.

PASSENGER REVENUE TON-MILE (AIRCRAFT) : One ton of

revenue passenger weight (including all baggage)

transported one mile. Effective 1/1/70, passenger

weight standards for both "Domestic" and

"International" operations is 200 pounds.

PASSENGER TRAIN CARS: Cars typically found in

passenger trains include coaches, sleeping cars

(formerly called Pullman cars), parlor cars,

dining cars, lounge cars, baggage cars,

crew-dormitory cars, and observation cars.

PASSENGER-MILE: One passenger traveling one mile.
460

PASSENGER-MILE (AIRCRAFT) : One passenger transported

one mile. Passenger-miles are computed by

summation of the products of the aircraft miles

flown on each inter-airport flight stage

multiplied by the number of passengers carried on

that flight stage.

PASSFNGER/CARGO AIR CARRIER: One of a class of air

carriers holding certificates of public

convenience and necessity issued by the Civil

Aeronautics Board, authorizing the performance of

scheduled air transportation of passengers and

property over specified routes.

PASSENGERR ENPLANEMENTS: The count of the total

number of passengers boarding aircraft, including

originating, stopover, and transfer passengers.

PERFORMANCE (AUTOMOBILE): Capability of the

automobile to accelerate, to perform passing

maneuvers, and to climb grades. It is specified

as the time required to accelerate from 0 to 60.

PERSONAL CONSUMPTION EXPENDITURES: As used in the

national accounts, the market value of purchases

of goods and services by individuals and nonprofit

institutions and the value of food, clothing,

housing and financial services received by them as

income in kind. It includes the rental value of

owner-occupied houses, but excludes purchases of

dwellings, which are classified as capital goods

(investment).

PETROLEUM ADMINISTRATION FOR DEFENSE (PAD) DISTRICTS:

Five geographical areas of the United States used

by the Bureau of Mines in presenting petroleum

production, storage, and marketing statistics.

PICK-UP TRUCK: A vehicle with an enclosed cab for the

driver and an open-topped metal box over the rear

wheels.
461

PISTON-POWERED AIRCRAFT: An aircraft operated by

engines in which pistons moving back and forth

work upon a crank shaft or other device to create

rotational movement.

PLATFORM CAR: A railroad freight car without

permanently raised sides, ends, or covering.

POPULATION, CIVILIAN: Represents the resident

population minus the Armed Forces stationed in the

United States.

POPULATION, RESIDENT: Includes residents of the 50

States and the District of Columbia, but excludes

residents of the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico,

residents of the outlaying areas under U.S.

sovereignty or jurisdiction (principally American

Samoa, Panama Canal Zone, Guam, the Virgin Islands

of the U.S., and the Trust Territory of the

Pacific Islands) , and other American citizens

(military and civilian) living overseas.

POPULATION, TOTAL: Includes the total population

overseas, the resident population, and the Armed

Forces stationed in foreign countries, Puerto

Rico, and the outlaying areas, but not their

dependents.

POSTED PRICES: Reference prices on which Governments

assess the tax and royalty obligations of the

concession-holding companies.

PROCESSING GAIN: Represents the amount by which total

refinery output is greater than input for a given

period of time. This difference is due to the

processing of crude oil into products which, in

total have less weight than the crude oil

processed. Therefore, in terms of volume

(barrels), the total output of products is greater

than input.
462

PRODUCTIVE CAPACITY: Defined by the Federal Energy

Administration as the maximum daily average

sustainable productive rate for crude oil and

natural gas for the 60-day period following

December 31, 1974, taking into account the

following conditions: (1) No significant

reduction in ultimate recovery from the field

would result. (2) All economically feasible

changes to maximize production would be made to

existing wells, well equipment, and surface

facilities as well as new drilling and changes in

operational practices. (3) No change in

constraints on flaring of gas or discharging of

brines into water sheds would be made. (4)

Productivity would decline at capacity operating

conditions. (5) Gas withdrawal from underground

storage facilities was not included. (6)

Transportation and a market for all production

except the North Slope of Alaska would be

available. (7) No change in economic conditions,

no legal constraints on production, and no changes

in ownership equity systems would occur. The

American Petroleum Institute, however, defines

crude oil productive capacity as the maximum daily

crude production rate, at the point of custody

transfer, that could be achieved in ninety days

(following December 31 of any given year) with

existing wells, well equipment, and surface

facilities - plus work and changes that can be

reasonably accomplished within the time period

using present service capabilities and personnel

and with productivity declining as it would under

capacity operat ion.

PROVED RESERVES: Those oil and natural gas resources

that have actually been discovered and can be

produced under current economic and technological

conditions.

PSI: Pounds per square inch.

RACK: A spreading framework set on a vehicle for

carrying hay, straw, or the like in large loads.

RAIL MOTOR CARS: Self-propelled passenger rail cars

which are driven by electric motors energized from

an electrified roadway or by a generator driven by

a diesel or gas turbine engine.
463

RAILPOAD LINE: The aggregate length of roadway of all

line-haul railroads. A mile of line may include

two or more parallel tracks and be used by two or

more railroad companies.

RANGE OIL: A grade of kerosene similar to No. 1

distillate heating oil, with a gravity of about 43

degrees API and having a maximum end-point of 374

degrees C.

REFINARY YIELD: The amount of each product of

refinery output expressed as a percentage of total

input of crude oil and unfinished oils rerun (net)

in a given period. In computing yields, all

natural gas liquids and other hydrocarbon inputs

are considered as resulting in gasoline output,

and are accordingly subtracted from total gasoline

output before computing the yield of gasoline from

the input of crude oil and unfinished oils

rerun (net).

REFINED PRODUCT TRUNK LINES (PIPELINE SYSTEMS): One

of three types of pipeline network that is used to

transport refined petroleum products (i.e.,

gasoline, kerosene, residual oil, etc.) from the

refineries to local distribution centers near

large market areas.

REFINER ACQUISITION COST: The cost to the refiner,

including transportation and fees, of crude

petroleum. The composite cost is the average of

domestic and imported crude costs and represents

the amount of crude cost which refiners may pass

on to their customers.

REFINER-OPERATED RETAIL OUTLET: Any retail outlet

which is under the direct control of the refining

company filing a report by virtue of the ability

to set the retail product price and directly

collect all or part of the retail margin. This

category includes retail outlets: (1) being

operated by salaried employees of the refiner

and/or its subsidiaries and affiliates; and/or (2)

involving personnel services contracted by the

refiner.

REFINER/MARKETER: A company that owns, operates or

controls the operation of one or more refineries

and markets gasoline through retail outlets.
464

REFINERIES: Those industrial plants, regardless of

capacity, processing crude oil feedstock and

manufacturing refined petroleum products, except

when such a plant is a petrochemical plant.

REFINERS: Those firms that own, operate, or control

the operations of one or more refineries.

REFINERY CAPACITY: The maximum throughput of crude

oil for which the plant is designed. A refinery's

output of refined products will usually be about

five% smaller than this, allowing for waste and

for the products burned to keep the refinery and

its auxiliary plant in operation.

REGULATED WATER CARRIER: A common and contract

carrier subject to economic regulation by the

Interstate Commerce commission. Carriers for

reporting purposes are divided into three classes

based on their average annual operating revenues

in accordance with the following definitions:

Class A companies are those having annual revenue

exceeding $500,000; Class B companies are those

having annual revenue between $100,000 and

$500,000; Class C companies have annual operating

revenues less than $100,000.

RENT ADJUSTMENT LEASE: Also known as Finance Lease

and Evergreen Lease are the same as Open End

Leases.

RENTAL: Refers to daily rental (less than 6 months)

of vehicles primarily associated with the well

known firms.

REPRESENTATIVE PRICE: For 1960-73 the average value

per barrel of domestic production of crude

petroleum at the wellhead as estimated by the

Bureau of Mines. Annual data for 1974 and 1975

are monthly crude prices reported by the Federal

Energy Administration.
465

RESERVES: Identified deposits of minerals known to be

recoverable with current technology under present

economic conditions. Categories of reserves are:

(1) Measured Reserves - identified resources from

which an energy commodity can be economically

extracted with existing technology, and whose

location, quality, and quantity are known for

geologic evidence supported by engineering

evidence; (2) Indicated Reserves - reserves based

partly on specific measurements, samples , or

production data, and partly on projections for a

reasonable distance on geo logic evidence; and (3)

Inferred Reserves - reserves based on broad

geologic kno wedge for which quantitative

measurements are not available; such reserves are

estimated to be recoverable in the future as a

result of extensions, revisions of estimates, and

deeper drilling in known fields.

RESIDENTIAL AND COMMERCIAL SECTOR: Consists of

housing units, non-manufacturing business

establishments (e.g. wholesale and retail

businesses) , health and educational institutions,

and government office.

RESIDENTIAL AND COMMERCIAL SECTOR: Consists of

housing units, non-manufacturing business

establishments (e.g. wholesale and retail

businesses) , health and educational institutions,

and government office.

RESIDUAL FUEL OIL: Topped crude petroleum or viscous

residuum obtained in refinery operation. Industry

is residual oil's major market - it fires

open-hearth furnaces, steam boilers and kilns.

Large apartment and commercial buildings rank

second as residual oil consumers and gas and

electric utilities third.

RESIDUAL OIL: Oil which remains after the simple

distillation of crude oil. It is used as fuel for

ships and steam locomotives and for industrial

heating and power.
466

RESOURCES: Includes reserves as well as minerals that

have been identified but cannot now be extracted

because of economic or technological limitations,

as well as econmic or subeconomic materials that

have not yet been discovered. Undiscovered

recoverable resources are quantities of a mineral

commodity that may be reasonably expected to exist

in favorable geologic settings but that have not

yet been identified by drilling. Exploration will

permit the reclassification of such resources to

the reserves category.

RETAIL OUTLET: A site on which a supplier maintains

an ongoing business of selling any refined

petroleum product to end-users.

RETORTING: A heating process that produces shale oil

from the organic matter in oil shale. The

equipment that is used in this process is called a

retort. The rate and nature of the shale oil that

is produced depends upon the temperature at which

the shale oil is retorted. Most references report

retorting temperatures as being 500 degrees C (932

degrees F).

REVENUE HOURS FLOWN (AIRCRAFT): The aircraft hours of

flights inclusive of all-cargo flights performed

in revenue service. Aircraft hours are the

airborne hours computed from the moment an

aircraft leaves the ground until it touches the

ground at the end of the flight.

REVENUE PASSENGER LOAD FACTOR (AIRCRAFT): Revenue

passenger-miles as a percentage of available

seat-miles in revenue passenger services,

representing the proportion of aircraft seating

capacity that is actually sold and utilized.

REVENUE PASSENGER-MILE (AIRCRAFT) : One revenue

passenger transported one mile in revenue service.

Revenue passenger-miles are computed by summation

of the products of the revenue aircraft miles

flown on each inter-airport hop multiplied by the

number of revenue passengers carried on that hop.

REVENUE PASSENGER-MILE (BUS): One revenue passenger

carried one mile generates one passenger-mile.

The revenue passenger miles reported thus

represent the total distance traveled by all bus

passengers.
467

REVENUE TON-MILE OF FREIGHT (AIRCRAFT) : One short tn

of freight transported one statute mile.

Ton-miles are computed by summation of the

products of the aircraft-miles flown on each

interairport flight stage multiplied by the number

of tons carried on that flight stage.

REVENUE TON-MILES (RAILROAD): The product of weight

of the contents of a freight car in tons and the

distance transported in miles; that is, n tons

moving m miles generate n x m ton-miles.

REVENUE VEHICLE-MILE (LOCAL TRANSIT): One vehicle

(bus, trolley car, subway car, etc.) traveling one

mile while revenue passengers are on board. The

revenue vehicle-miles reported thus represent the

total mileage traveled by vehicles in scheduled or

unscheduled revenue-producing services.

ROWBOAT OR CANOE: Craft of open construction designed

primarily to be propelled manually that includes

"dugouts," but not "kayaks."

RURAL MILEAGE: Roads outside city, municipal

district, or urban boundaries.

SAILBOAT OR AUXILIARY: Crafts intended to be

propelled primarily by sail, regardless of size or

type.

SALES-WEIGHTED MILES PER GALLON: Calculation of a

vehicle's fuel economy based on the distribution

of sales by different weight classes.

SCHEDULED SERVICE (AIRCRAFT): Transport service

operated over an air catrier's certificated

routes, based on published flight schedules,

including extra sections and related nonrevenue

flights.

SCOW: A large flat-bottomed boat with broad square

ends used chiefly for transporting sand, gravel,

or refuse.
468

SELF-PROPELLED TOWBOATS AND TUGS: A compact

shallow-draft boat with squared bow and towing

knees for pushing tows of barges on inland

waterways. A tug is a strongly built boat used

for towing and pushing, also termed as towboat.

Both of these vessels have within their structure

the means for their own propulsion.

SHORT-RANGE: In reference to area of operation of

trucks, mostly over-the-road (beyond the local

area) but usually not more than 200 miles one way

to the most distant stop from the place vehicle is

stationed.

SHORT-TERM DEMAND FORECAST: Uses historical

consumption data to construct a regression

equation for each of eight major petroleum

products. Fach equation attempts to capture the

relationship between final demand for that product

and the factors influencing that demand. The

explanatory factors used in predicting produce

demand include: (1) macroeconomic variables such

as disposable personal income and gross national

product, (2) real product prices, (3) variables

representing the effects of weather and other

seasonal variations in demand, and (4) other

factors relevant to a particular product. The

assumptions underlying the current short-term

forecast are: 1. Normal weather. 2. Real gross

national product growth rate of 6.5% for 1976. 3.

Implementation of the Energy Policy and

Conservation Act and the Energy Conservation and

Production Act; specifically, the composite price

of domestic crude oil is set at $7.66 per barrel

beginning February 1976. This price ceiling is

permitted to rise at 10 % per year. Furthermore,

stripper oil and tertiary oil is not controlled.

4. Elimination of the $2-per barrel crude oil

import fee beginning in January 1976. 5. The

price of imported oil is assumed to be $13.40,

$13.98, and $14.73 for the years, 1976,1977, and

1978 respectively. The short-term projections are

periodically revised to incorporate observed

weather conditions and actual values of

macroeconomic and other explanatory variables as

they become available.

SHUTDOWN INOPERABLE CRUDE OIL REFINING CAPACITY: That

portion of refinery capacity not in operation and

in such a state of readiness so as to require more

than 90 days to be made available.
469

SHUTDOWN OPERABLE CRUDE OIL REFINING CAPACITY: That

portion of refinery capacity not in operation but

in such a state of readiness that it can be made

available, in a maximum time of 90 (lays.

SIZE OF ROOMINESS (AUTOMOBILE): Refers to the

volumetric capacity of the automboile for

passengers and luggage and is specified by a

combination of interior dimensions.

STAKE: One of a number of vertical posts fitting into

sockets or staples on the edge of the platform of

a vehicle, as to retain the load. This type

vehicle is used mainly in the transport of

pulpwood and timber.

STANDARD METROPOLITAN STATISTICAL AREA (SMSA): A

county containing a central city of 50,000 or more

plus continuous counties that are socially and

economically integrated with the central city.

STANDARD SIZE CAR: An automobile industry designation

which usually consists of cars with a wheelbase of

greater than or equal to 119 inches.

STATE PRIMARY SYSTEM: Highways that have been so

officially designated by States. They encompass

the principal intercounty, intercity and

interstate roads of all states.

STATE SECONDARY ROADS: Reported mileage in the tables

for the states (taken from the Highway Statistics

1970 Bulletin) that have designated both a primary

and a secondary system.

STATION WAGON (ON TRUCK CHASSIS): A truck having an

enclosed body of paneled design with several rows

of folding or removable seats behind the driver,

similar to an automobile station wagon.
470

STIRLING ENGINE: An external-combustion engine that

has pistons that move up and down in cylinders.

It uses a fixed volume of a working fluid that

constantly flows back and forth between a hot top

space and a cold bottom space in a cylinder, and

relies on continuous external combustion of a fuel

that supplies heat to the working fluid through

the upper wall of a cylinder. The theoretical

efficiency of the Stirling engine is substatially

higher than that of diesel and other

internal-combustion engines. These engines have a

lower emission of harmful exhaust gases, noise

level, and fuel consumption than that of gasoline

engines, and no oil consumption; however, the cost

of the engine is the major factor in its use at

present.

STOCKS: Represents the amount of crude oil (including

lease condensate), natural gas plant liquids, and

petroleum products held by refining, pipeline, and

bulk terminal companies in refinery and bulk

terminal storage facilities, in pipelines (full)

and working tanks, and in tankers and barges. All

Stocks are corrected to 15 C(60 F) less bottom

settlings and water. Excluded are oil of foreign

orgin in transit or held in bonded storage which

have not yet been entered for consumption. All

stocks are reported on a custody basis regardless

of ownership of the oils. Domestic oils in

transit, except by pipeline, are reported by their

destination. Oils received and held on

consignments are reported by the consignee and not

the consignor.

SUBCOMPACT-SIZE CAR: An automobile industry

designation usually consisting of cars with a

wheelbase of less than or equal to a hundred

inches. After 1975 these are included in the

SMALL category.

SUPPLEMENTAL AIR CARRIER: Cne of a class of air

carriers now holding certificates, issued by the

Civil Aeronautics Board (CAB) , authorizing them to

perform passenger and cargo charter services

supplementing the scheduled service of the

certificated route air carriers. Supplemental air

carriers are often referred to as "nonskeds,"

i.e., nonscheduled carriers.
471

SUPPLY, NEW: Represents the sum, in any given period,

of domestic production of crude oil, lease

condensate, and natural gas plant liquids; imports

of crude oil, unfinished oil, and refined

products; and any hydrocarbons and hydrogen used

as refinery input.

SYNCRUDE: Synthetic crude oil suitable for use as a

refinery feedstock and for petrochemical

production.

SYNTHETIC FUEL: A fuel which does not exist in

nature, but which must be manufactured or

synthesized. Generably, synthetic fuels are

derived from other forms of fossil fuels that are

less convenient for consumer use. Synthetic

liquid fuels are produced from coal, shale, and

tar sands.

SYSTEM OPTIMIZATION (TRANSPORTATION PROPULSION) :

Improvements in engine displacement/inertia weight

combinations and combustion limitations for

alternate fuels.

TANK BARGES: Flat barges that travel on inland

waterways, having no engines, and must be pulled

by a towboat. They usually carry fluid such as

oil.

TAR SANDS: Geologic deposits of sand and clay which

are heavily impregnated with oil.

TAXI FLEET: Licensed cabs engaged in the

transportation of people with cars.

TERTIARY CRUDE OIL: That crude oil which is (1)

produced as a result of qualifying teritary

recovery techniques, and (2) incremental to the

amount of crude oil which could feasibly have been

produced from the property in question through

other than qualifying tertiary recovery methods.

TON-BILE (AIRCRAFT): One short ton (2,000 pounds)

transported one statute mile (5,280 feet).

Ton-miles are computed by multiplying the aircraft

miles flown on each inter-airport hop by the

number of tons carried on that hop.
472

TON-MILES (TRUCK): The transportation of one short

ton (2,000 lb) of freight a distance of one mile

generates a one ton-mile.

TOTAL ENERGY: See gross energy.

TOTAL OPERABLE CRUDE OIL REFINING CAPACITY: Includes

both operating and shutdown operable capacities.

TOTAL VEHICLE MILES OPERATED: Sum of all passenger

vehicle miles operated in line (regular) service,

special (charter) service, and nonrevenue service.

When vehicles are operated in trains, each

vehicle is counted separately, an eight-vehicle

train operating for one mile equals eight

vehicle-miles.

TOWBOATS: Diesel powered vessels used in inland

waterways to push flotilla of barges.

TRAIN-MILE (RAILROAD): A complete train moved one

mile.

TRANSPORTATION BILL: Indicates what the nation pays

for transportation. For commercial

transportation, it is the sum of the revenues of

the operators. For private transportation, it is

the sum of costs associated with ownership and

operation.

TRANSPORTATION EFFICIENCY: The development, design,

construction, and operation of more efficient

transport systems. The technology focuses on

autos, trucks, planes, trains, pipelines, and

ships, as well as the power systems involved.

TRANSPORTATION SECTOR: Consists of both private and

public passenger and freight transportation as

well as government transportation, including

military operations.

TURBINE-POWERED AIRCRAFT: Includes aircraft with

either turbojet, turbofan, turboprop, or

turboshaft engines.
473

TURBOJET: Aircraft operated by jet engines

incorporating a turbine-driven air compressor to

take in and compress the air for the combustion of

fuel, the gases of combustion (or the heated air)

expelled being used both to rotate the turbine an

d to create a thrust-producing jet.

TURBOPROP: Aircraft in which the main propulsive

force is supplied by a gas turbine driven

conventional propeller. Additional propulsive

force may be supplied from the discharged turbine

exhaust gas.

U.S. CIVIL AIR CARRIER FLEET: Three types of

aircraft, certificated, supplemental, and

commercial, operating under certificates of public

convenience and necessity. These certificates,

issued by the Civil Aeronautics Board, authorize

the performance of scheduled air transportation

over specified routes and a limited amount of

nonscheduled operations.

UPPER-TIER CRUDE OIL: Effective February 1, 1976:

the total number of barrels of domestic crude oil

produced and sold in a specific month, less the

property's base production control level for that

month and less the current cumulative deficiency

since February 1, 1976; and crude oil produced

from a stripper well lease.

URBAN STREETS: Streets within urban boundaries.

UTILITY: Firms operating as a service company in a

community (primarily electrical, telephone, gas,

and related services).

VAN: A vehicle used to carry bulky loads that must be

sheltered from the weather. They are used of late

as reacreational vehicles and for van pooling in

commuting.
474

VAPOR LOCK: Partial or complete interruption of the

flow of fuel to the carbuertor, caused by the

formation of bubbles of vapor in the feeding

system.

VEHTCLE YEARS: The equivalent total years of

operation of an agency's fleet. It is calculated

by summing the total months of actual operation of

all vehicles (or vehicles of a specific type) and

dividing by 12.

VEHICLE-MILE (ALSO REFERRED TO AS VEHICLE-MILES

TRAVELED): One vehicle traveling one mile. Total

vehicle-miles, thus, gives the total mileage

traveled by all vehicles.

VOLATILIZATION: The process of converting a chemical

substance from a liquid or solid state to a

gaseous or vapor state. In the internal

combustion engine, this occurs when gasoline is

injected into the cylinder and mixed with air just

prior to ignition.

WELL: A hole drilled for the purpose of finding or

producing crude oil or natural gas or providing

services related to the production of crude oil or

natural gas. Wells are classified as oil wells,

gas wells, dry holes, stratigraphic tests or

service wells. This is a standard definition of

the American Petroleum Institute.

WHOLESALE PRICE INDEX: Adjusts wholesale nominal

prices to real terms by an average weight which is

determined by the base year prices of a basket of

wholesale goods.

WHOLESALE PURCHASER-CONSUMER: Any firm that is an

ultimate consumer, that as part of its normal

business practices, purchases or obtains a refined

petroleum product from a supplier and receives

delivery of that product into a storage tank

substantially under the control of that firm at a

fixed location and which either (a) purchased or

obtained more than 20,000 gallons of that product

for its own use in agricultural production in any

completed calendar year subsequent to 1971; or (b)

pruchased or obtained more than 84,000 gallons of

that product in any completed calendar year

subsequent to 1971.
475

WHOLESALE PIPCHASER-RESELLER: Any company that

purchases, receives through transfer, or otherwise

obtains a refined petroleum product and resells or

otherwise transfers it to other purchasers without

substantially changing its form.

Keyword Index

*** A ***

AGE

Automobile

vehicle miles traveled 97 Passenger Car vehicle miles traveled 97 Population

female 398 male 398 sex 404

Resident Population

projections 397 Truck 50 Vehiclehousehold ownership 100, 104, 99

AIR

Aircraft Improvement

projections 217

Aircraft Statistics 127 Cargo

(See Freight Transport)

Certificated Route

energy intensity 194b

operating characteristics 194b passenger transport 194b passenger/freight carrier 194b

Energy Demand

projections 246b, 247a

Energy Efficiency 191

aircraft characteristics 190, 193

aircraft operational measures 216a

aircraft type 190, 193

feel consumption 193 new technologies 216b

operational measures 216b passenger miles traveled 193

Energy Intensity

aircraft characteristics 190 aircraft type 190

operating characteristics 194b

operating conditions 194a passenger miles traveled 194a, 205 passenger transport 194a, 194b

passenger/freight carrier 194b ton miles 205

Energy intensity

trip characteristics 194a

Energy Use

department of defense 173

domestic air carrier 171, 172 freight transport 205

general aviation 171, 172 intercity traffic 205 international air carrier 171, 172 passenger transport 205 projections 181 Facilities 119, 120 Federal Expenditures

trandtation facilities 271

Flights

annual scheduled flights 119

Freight Transport

aircraft type 195, 196a energy intensity 195 energy ese 196a fuel type 195

operating characteristics 195, 196a trip characteristics 195 trip lenght 196a Feel Consmption

air cao.er 170

aircr type 177

doest' civil aviation 178 fuel type 170, 178

general aviation 170 trip length 177 Feel Cost

fuel type 358 Intercity Distance

circuity factor ratio 34

Intercity Freight Transport

ton miles 30

Intercity Traffic

intercity distance 34 travel characteristics 106a

479

KEYWORD INDEX

Number Vehicles

air carrier type 18

general aviation 18

use 20

yearly 20

Passenger Miles Traveled

general aviation 27

intercity traffic 205

projections 246a, 247b

yearly 27

Research And Development Outlays 301

Ton Miles

aircraft type 29

yearly 29

Traffic

hub 119

Travel

number trips 126a

passenger miles traveled 126a trip purpose 126a

Travel Characteristics

household income 126b number trips 126b passenger miles traveled 126b trip purpose 126b

Trips

circuity 192 energy efficiency 192

length 192 Vehicle Miles Traveled air carrier type 26

aircraft type 24

freight transport 24 general aviation 24, 26 passenger transport 24

use type 24

yearly 26

AIR CARRIER

Activityannual scheduled flights 119

Certificated

vehicle miles traveled 26

Certificated Route carrier type 120

domestic freight 120 domestic passenger 120 operating characteristics 194b passenger miles traveled 194b passenger transport 194b passenger/freight carrier 194b Congressional Committee Jurisdictions 292

Energy Use domestic 171, 172 international 171, 172

Fleet aircraft type 123 composition 123 Fuel Consumption 127

fuel type 170

general aviation 170

Hours Flown 127 Number Vehicles use 20 yearly 20 Passenger Miles Traveled yearly 27

Supplemental

individual carrier 120 vehicle miles traveled 26

Ton iles

yearly 29

AIR POLLUTION

Emission Levels 284b

Emission Standards carbon monoxide 284b

hydrocarbons 284b oxides of nitrogen 284b Percent Reduction 284b AIRCRAFT Energy Efficiency

aircraft characteristics 190, 191 aircraft type 190 new technology 216b operational measures 216a, 216b trip length 191 Energy Intensity

aircraft characteristics 190, 190
480 KEYWORD INDEX

Fleet comparison 127 fuel consumption 127 hours flown 127 Freight Transport

aircraft type 195, 196a

energy intensity 195

energy use 196a

fuel type 195

operating characteristics 195, 196a

trip characteristics 195

trip length 196a

Fuel Consumption

aircraft type 177

trip length 177

Improvement

projections 217

Research and Development Data 302, 303 AIRLINE

(see Air)

AIRPLANE

(see Air)

(See Air) AIRPORTFederal Expenditures

transportation facilities 271

AIRPORT CONSTRUCTION

Congressional Committee Jurisdictions 292 AIRNAY

Domestic Intercity Freight Transport

ton miles 31

Federal Expenditures

transportation facilities 271

Intercity Mileage 33

Intercity Traffic

passenger miles traveled 28

ALTERNATE FUEL

Automobile Consumption fuel type 383 selection factors 383

Automobile Modifications 387

Fuel Type

selection factors 383

ALTERNATE FUELS

Energy Supply 381

Fuel Consumption

emissions 386

Gasoline Blends 385

Processing

shale oil 388

Refining

characteristics 384

disposable solids 384

Tar Sand

reserves 382

AMBULANCE Fleet federal government motor vehicle 44 AMTRAK

Intercity Routes 131b ASPHALTYield

crude oil 341a, 341b AUTOMOBILE (See Also PASSENGER CAR)

(See PASSENGER VEHICLE)

Alternate Fuels

emissions 386

projections 379

Commuting Characteristics home to work 113

Cost constant dollar 69

current dollar 69

yearly 69

Cost/Mile

federal highway administration report 70

hertz report 70

Domestic

vehicle sales 56, 60

Electric

battery characteristics 313a

driving cycle 308b energy use 313b fleet operation 311 operation cost 312

operation range 313b

Electric vehicle

production 59

Energy 276 Energy Demand

projections 242b, 243a

Energy Intensity

fuel type 187

operating intensity 187 vehicle characteristics 187

Energy Policy 274 Energy Use 171, 172

projections 181

Environmental Protection Agency's classification

425b

Equipment energy related 57

factory installation 57

Fleet

business involved 45 federal government motor vehicle 44 Fleet Fuel Economy

improvements 209a petroleum conservation 209a Fuel Consumption 276

emissions 386 speed effect 213

tune-up effect 213 type of fuel 386 vehicle miles traveled 209b vehicle operating characteristiccs 213

vehicle type 170

yearly 175a

Fuel Economy

city 186b highway 186b implementations 188 miles/gallon 185 model year 186a, 186b weight class 186a, 186b Gasoline Taxes 274

Household Household Ownership characteristics 89

Import

vehicle sales 60

In Use 39

Intercity Distance

circuity factor ratio 34

Intercity Traffic passenger miles traveled 28 travelcharacteristics 106a Miles Driven 96 Miles Per Gallon

gasoline tax 274

rebate 274

modifications

alternate fuel consumption 387

Number

United States.fleet 240a, 241a

lumber Passengers

household characteristics 307b

type driver 307b

lumber Vehicles

federal government 18

local government 18

nongovernment 18

registered 41

state government 18

yearly 20

Operation

daily driving 306, 307a

parking 307a

trip length 306, 307a

urban 307a

Operation cost

cost/mile 70

suburban based 71, 72

Ownership 61 determinants 83, 86, 90 household characteristics 83, 86, 90 purchased new 83 size classification 85 two-car household 86

vehicle size combinations 87

vehicle type 86

Vehicle/household 83

vehicles/household 90 Purchased cost 79
determinants 84 new 79, 84

projections 84

size classification 84, 85

used 79

Rebate 274 Replacement

vehicle size 85

Salesgasoline prices 61

import 61 market segment 61 model type 48 new 61

size classification 61, 61 State Taxes

type taxes 267

Travelsurvival rate 97

vehicle age 97 weighted yearly rate 97

Trip Length

daily driving 306 urban 306 Trips rural areas 109 season 110, 111

trip length 109, 110, 111 trip purpose 109, 111

urban areas 109 Vehicle Riles Traveled 93

highway 94 population size 101

projections 238b, 239a, 242a, 243b rural areas 102, 109 rural road 103

survival rate 97 trip characteristics 101

trip length 109 trip purpose 109 urban areas 102, 109 urban road 103 vehicle age 97 weighted yearly travel 97 yearly 97 Vehicle Registration 38

number vehicles 40

privately owned 41

publicly owned 41

Vehicle Sales monthly 60

yearly 56, 60 Vehicle Scrappage

percent operating vehicles 65 percent vehicle registration 65 lard's Classification 425a AUTOMOBILE INEFFICIENCY TAI AND REBATE PROGRAM National Energy Plan Carter Administration 276 fuel consumption 276

projections 276

*** B ***

BARGE

Energy Intensity

freight transport 202 inland waterway 202 Transportation Cost petroleum transport 329

BICYCLE

Commuting Characteristics

home to work 113 Domestic Production

yearly 149

Import

yearly 149 In Useyearly 149

BOAT

(See MARINE VESSEL)

BUDGET

Energy Research and Development Administration 299 Family

level of living 419

481

WORD INDEX

BUREAU OF MINES Fuel Consumption

estimated discrepancies 168

BUS

Commuting Characteristics

home to work 113

Congressional Committee Jurisdiction 292

Domestic

vehicle sales 64

Electric Vehicle

production 59

Energy Intensity

fuel type 187

trip characteristics 187

vehicle characteristics 187

Energy Use

vehicle type 171, 172

Fleet

federal government motor vehicle 44

Fuel Consumption

fuel type 170

vehicle type 170

yearly 175a

Fuel Consumption Annual Average

by year 175b

Intercity

number vehicles 20

Intercity Distance

circuity factor ratio 34

Intercity Traffic

passenger miles traveled 28

Number Vehicles

intercity vehicle 18

local vehicle 18

registered 41 school 18

Sales

gross vehicle weight 63

State Taxes

type tax 267

Urban Bass Transit System

number systems 115a

number vehicles 115b, 115b

operating vehicles 115b

ridership 116a

vehicle miles traveled 116b

Vehicle Riles Traveled

commercial 93 highway 94 rural areas 102 school 93 urban areas 102 Vehicle Registration 38

number vehicles 40

privately owned 41

publicly owned 41

Vehicle Sales gross vehicle weight 62, 64

yearly 62, 64

BUSINESS

Rotor Vehicle Fleet 45

*** C ***

CARPING TRAILER

Factory Unit Shipment 58

CANOE

Number Vessels 137 CARBON MONOXIDE Emission Standards 284b Pollution Levels(gpm) 284b

CARGO

(See FREIGHT) CARPOOLING

Commuting Characteristics home to work 113 CARTER ADMINISTRATION National Energy Plan

impact 276 CENSUS DIVISION Refrigerated Van miles traveled 55 registrated weight 55 CENSUS REGIONS 428

Geographic Divisions 426
CIVIL AERONAUTICS BOARD

Transportation Regulatory

responsibilities 289

CIVIL AVIATION

Congressional Committee Jurisdictions 292

COAL 381

Consumption 160

consuming sector 161

transportation sector 167

Cost

rail fuel 358

Electricity Production 339

Energy Production

world production 159

yearly 159

Energy Use

world use 159

year 159

Fuel Consumption 162

Refining

crude/ton 384

raw material 384

waste solids 384

Taxes

country 269

U.S. Sources 323a

Uses 323a

Utility Production 339

COKE

Consumption

consuming sector 161

Yield

crude oil 341a, 341b

COMMERCIAL

Electricity

cost 362b

Energy Use 323a

income change 163

percent change 163

petroleum 164b

petroleum products 164b

resource type 161

Fuel Cost

electricity 362a

Incomepercent change 163

Petroleum Consumption

product type 165

Petroleum Demand 325a

Sources

uses 323b

COMMUTING

Home To Vork

characteristics 112, 113

travel mode 113

Truck Utilization

intracity traffic 114

COMPONENTS

Family Consumption 419

National Employment

transportation 412

transportation related industry 412 Personal Consumption Expenditure 419

Transportation Costs 419

CONGRESSIONAL BUDGET OFFICE National Energy Plan

impact 276

CONGRESSIONAL COMMITTEES

Jurisdiction Over Transportation 292 Transportation Legislation 292

CONSERATION

Bus 280

Energy Policy And Conservation Act

carpooling 278

fuel economy standards 278

government fleet fuel economy 278

miles per gallon 278

public transit 278

state energy conservation plans 278

traffic laws 278

vanpooling 278 National Energy Plan

Automobile Inefficiency Tax And Rebate

Program 276

Truck 280 CONSERVATION PROGRAMS

Voluntary Track and Bus Fuel Economy Program

482 KEYWORD INDEX

CONSUMER PRICE INDEX

Gasoline 420

Motor Vehicle 420

CONSUMER PRICES

Purchase Power Of Dollar 421

COST

Automobile 79

constant dollar 69

current dollar 69

Automobile Operation

cost/mile 70

depreciation 71, 72

gasoline 71, 72 insurance 71, 72 suburban based 71, 72

up keep 71, 72 Crude Oil 357

domestic 356

imported 356

Crude Petroleum

domestic 354

Domestic Crude Petroleum

wellhead price 355

Electricity 363 annual growth rate 362a

class customer 362a

commercial 362b

household 362b

industry 362b monthly bill 361

residential 362b

Fuel

crude petroleum 354

diesel fuel 357

fuel type 358

gasoline 357

transport mode 358

Fuel oil 363, 364 Gasoline 363, 364 full service outlets 359

gasoline type 359, 360a, 360b

projections 236b, 237b suburban based automobile 71, 72 Home Heating 364 Natural Gas 363

Operation

electric vehicle 312

Passenger Car 79

Petroleum Transport

barge 329

pipeline 329

rail 329

tanker 329

truck 329

CRUDE OIL

Composite refiner acquisition cost 356

Cost 357

domestic 356

imported 356

Domestic

price at wellhead 357

refiner acquisition cost 356

Importcountry 349

domestic production 347

refiner acquisition cost 356

Pipeline Transport

energy intensity 204

Production 370

domestic 336a, 336b eastern hemisphere 335b

petroleum reserves 367

western hemisphere 335a

world 335a

Refined Product Yield 341a, 341b

Refiner Purchase Price 357

Reserves 370

states 368

Sources

uses 323b

Transport

transport mode 328 CRUDE PETROLEUM

Pipeline Mileage

pipeline diameter 144
483 KEYWORD INDEX

*** D **"

DEFENSE HIGHWAY

National System

road status 37

DEMAND REGIONS

Federal Energy Administration 428

DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

Energy Conservation

functions transferred 298

resources transferred 298

DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE

Energy Conservation

functions transferred 298

resources transferred 298

DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE

Energy Conservation

functions transferred 298

resources transferred 298

Energy Use

transport mode 173

Fuel Consumption

estimated discrepancies 168

DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY

Budget Outlays 298

Employment 298

Functions Transferred 298

Organizational Chart 296

Resources Transferred 298

DEPARTMENT OF HOUSING AND URBAN DEVELOPMENT

Energy Conservation

functions transferred 298

resources transferred 298

DEPARTMENT OF INTERIOR

Energy Conservation

functions transferred 29

resources transferred 298

Pipeline Regulation

modal specific studies 293 DEPARTMENT OF LABOR

Pipeline Regulation

modal specific studies 293 DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION

Conservation Programs

voluntary Truck and Bus Fuel Economy Program

280

Pipeline Regulation

modal specific studies 293

DIESEL

Cost 357, 358

DIESEL OIL

Consumption mass transit vehicle 179

passenger transport 179

DISTILLATE FUEL

Consumption Estimates 168 DISTILLATE FUEL OIL

Yield

crude oil 341a, 341b

DOMESTIC

Automobile

vehicle sales 60

Bus

vehicle sales 64

Motor vehicle

sales 48

Passenger Car

vehicle sales 60

Production

crude oil 347

Truck

vehicle sales 64

DOMESTIC AIRWAY

Intercity Freight Transport

ton miles 31

DOMESTIC CIVIL AVIATION

Fuel Consumption

fuel type 178

DOMESTIC INDUSTRY

Employment

transportation 412

transportation related industry 412

Wages And Salary

industry 410

type 410

DRIVER

Daily Driving 306

Primary Driver 306

Secondary Driver 306

DRIVERS

Miles Driven

driver age 98

sex 98

motor Vehicle

household characteristics 307b

urban automobile 307b

r E ~

EARNINGS

(See WAGES AND SALARY

See INCOME)

ECONOMIC COMPONENTS

Consumer Price Index

gasoline 420

motor vehicles 420

Family Income 414a, 414b

Household Income

household size 416b

metropolitan status 415

region 415

Household Income; residence type 415

Mean Income

household size 416b

Median Income

household size 416b

National Employment

transportation 413

transportation related industry 413

National Income

industry 409, 410

Of Gross National Product 407, 408

Of Personal Consumption Expenditure

transportation by type 418

Per Capita Income

metropolitan status 415

region 415

residence type 415

Personal Consumption Expenditure

by type 417

Product Accounts

industry 410

Purchase Power Of Dollar 421

ECONOMIC DEFLATOR

Consumer Price Index 420 Purchase Power Of Dollar 421

ECONOMIC DETERMINANTS

Consumer Price Index

gasoline 420

motor vehicles 420

Employment

transportation 412, 413

transportation business 413

transportation related industry 412, 413

Gross National Prouduct

malor components 407, 408

Household Income metropolitan status 415

region 415

residence type 415

Incomefamily 414a, 414b

metropolitan status 415

region 415

residence type 415

size of household 416b

Mean Income

size of household 416b

Median Income size of household 416b National Income

industry 409

Per Capita Income metropolitan status 415

region 415

residence type 415 Personal Consumption Expenditure

by type 417, 419
family consumption by type 419

transportation 419

transportation by type 418

Purchase Power Of Dollar 421

Wages And Salary

industry 410

ECONOMIC IMPACTS

Transportation Energy Conservation Network

Scenarios 182

ECONOMIC INDICATORS

Percen Change

consuming sector 163

ECONOMIC SECTOR

Consumer Price Index

gasoline 420

motor vehicles 420

Family Income 414a, 414b

Transportation

employment 412, 413 Transportation Related Industry

employment 412, 413

Wages And Salary

industry 409, 410

ECONOMY

Motor Vehicle

speed effect 214 ELECTRIC AND HYBRID VEHICLE P.L. 94-413

congressional policy 279

Energy Research and Development

Administration demonstrations 279 Energy Research and Development

Administration responsibilities 279 ELECTRIC VEHICLE

Automobile fleet operation 311 vehicle type 311

Battery Characteristics

projected 313a

Driveing Cycle 308b

Energy Use 313b Operation Cost prokected 312

Production

vehicle type 59 Van fleet operation 311

road test 310 vehicle type 310, 311

ELECTRICITY Consumption

consuming sector 161 mass transit vehicle 179 passenger transport 179

transportation sector 167

Cost 363

annual growth rate 362a areas 361

class customer 362a class of customer 362b commercial 362a household 362a

industry 362a

specified kilowatt hours 361 Cost Retail rates 362b Generation

petroleum consumption 164b petroleum products consumed 164b Monthly Bill areas 361

specified Kilowatt hours 361 Production 337 energy resources 339

EMISSION 384 Improvement emission type 212b

speed 212b

tune up effect 212b Tailpipe Exhaust

type fuel consumed 386 EMISSION STANDARDS Carbon Monoxide 284b

Comparison

country 286

type emission 286 Hydrocarbons 284b Implementation

petroleum conservation 285

484 KEYWORD INDEX

Level II

petroleum conservation 285

Level III

petroleum conservation 285 Oxides Of Nitrogen 284b

EMPLOYMENT

Industry

agriculture 411

communication 411 construction 411

finance 411

government 411 manufacturing 411

mining 411

service 411

trade 411 transportation 411

utility 411

Industry type 411

Projections 416a

Transportation

industry 412

mode 412, 412

motor vehicle related business 413 type 412, 412

Transportation Related Industries

industry 412

mode 412

type 412

ENERGY

(See Also FUEL)

Air

aircraft type 193

Electricity

cost 361

electricity production 339

monthly bill 361 Functions transferred department of energy 298

Research and Development Expenditures 303 Research Development And Demonstration

foreign country 304

major thrust 304 Resources Transferred

department of energy 298

Use electric vehicle 313b transportation 175b

ENERGY BUDGET

FY 1978

advanced reactor and fuel cycle concepts 300 energy conservation 300 fossil energy 300

fusion energy 300 geothermal energy 300 light water reactors 300

solar heating and cooling 300

ENERGY CONSERVATION Automobile Fleet Fuel Economy 209a gasoline consumption 209b vehicle mileage reduction 209b Conservation Techniques 214 Driving Pattern 211b

Fuel Consumption

speed 212a tune up effect 212a Transportation

projections 232b, 233b

Transportation Energy Conservation Network Scnarios selected elements 182 Vehicle Operating Characteristics 214 ENERGY DEMAND

Air

projections 246b, 247a

Automobile

projections 242b, 243a

Freight Transport

projections 250b, 251a, 252b, 253a rail 248B, 249A truck 244b, 245a

Marine

projections 250b, 251a Pipeline

Projections 252b, 253a

Rail

projections 2488, 249A
485 KEYWORD INDEX

Transportation

projections 232a, 232b, 233b Truck projections 244b, 245a ENERGY EFFICIENCY Air aircraft characteristics 191, 193

aircraft type 190

fuel consumption 193 passenger miles traveled 193 trip length 191

Aircraft

operational measures 216a, 216a Aircraft Improvements 217

Automobile

National Energy Plan 276 rebate program 276

Freight Transport

truck 189b

Rail

improvement procedures 218

Truck

weight class 189b ENERGY IMPACTS Transportation Energy Conservation Network Scenarios 182 ENERGY INTENSITY Air

aircraft characteristics 190 aircraft type 190, 194a

freight transport 196b operating characteristics 194b operating conditions 194a

passenger miles traveled 194a, 194b passenger transport 194a, 194b passenger/freight carrier 194b

Energy Use freight transport 205 passenger transport 205 Freight Transport

aircraft type 195 fuel type 195

gasoline 204 heavy crude 204 kerosene 204

light crude 204

marine 202 natural gas 203 oil 20 operating characteristics 195

projections 195 rail 200a, 200b trip characteristics 195 truck 189a, 189b Fuel Type

vehicle type 187

Intercity Traffic

air 205 bus 205 freight transport 205

passenger transport 205

rail 205

Marine

freight transport 202 inland waterways 202 Operating Characteristics

aircraft type 196a Operating Intensity

automobile 187 bus 187 Passenger Miles Traveled automobile 205 bus 205 intercity traffic 205

motorcycle 205

rail; ENERGY INTENSITY; Passenger Miles

Traveled, urban areas 205 Passenger Transport

rail 197a

Pipeline natural gas 203 oil 204 Rail

energy use 197b

freight transport 200a, 200b

freight type 198, 199

fuel type 197a

operating characteristics 197a, 197b, 200a,

200b passenger miles traveled 197b passenger train 197b passenger transport 197a, 197b

ton miles 197b trip characteristics 197a, 201

vehicle miles traveled 197b

vehicle type 198

yrban systems 201

Trip Characteristics 187 Truck

278

ACTION

operating characteristics 184b weight class 189a, 189b Vehicle Characteristics 187

ENERGY POLICY Gasoline Tax 274 Rebate 274 ENERGY POLICY AND CONSERVATION ACT (EPCA)

Eligibility Requirements 278 Fuel Consumption

carpools 278

fuel economy standards 278 government Fleet standards 278 public transit 278 state energy conservation plans

vanpools 278 ENERGY PRODUCTION Fuel Source

world production 159 year 159

ENERGY RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT ADMINISTRI Budget Authority 299 Budget Outlays 299

Budget Request 299 Electric And Hybrid Vehicle

driving cycle 308b Electric And Hybrid Vehicle Program

demonstrations 279

performance standards 279

public law 94-413 279

responsibilities 279

Energy Conservation

functions transferred 298

resources transferred 298 See Also Department of Energy

ENERGY RESOURCES

Consumption

commercial 161

consuming sector 161, 165

fuel type 160

househead 161

industry 161

transportation 161

type resource 165 Crude Oil

refined product yield 341b Electricity Production resource type 339 Energy Consumption 162 Energy Production

fuel type 159 world production 159 yearly 159

Energy Use coal 159 hydropower and geothermal 159 natural gas 159

nuclear power 159

petroleum 159 world use 159 Freight Transport

pipe diameter 144 pipeline 146 pipeline mileage 144 Import 347 petroleum 348a, 348b Mineral

consumption 337

Natural Gas Pipeline energy intensity 203 pipe diameter 203 Oil

domestic production 326

import 326
supply 326

Petroleum consumption 164a demand 325a production 325a

supply 325a

uses 323b Petroleum U.S. Sources 323b

Production

crude oil 335a, 336a, 336b, 347, 370 domestic 336b

electricity 337

hydrocarbons 336b hydropower 337

mineral 337 natural gasoline 336b nuclaer power 337

oil 336a

Reserves

crude oil 370

Supply

oil 326, 369 petroleum 325b

U.S. Sources 323a, 323b

Uses 323a, 323b

ENERGY STATISTICS

Energy Intensity

automobile 187 bus 187 ENERGY SUPPLIES

Coal 381

Fast Breeder 381 Fusion 381

Gasoline 381 Geothermal 381

Nuclear 381

Petroleum 381 Solar 381 Syncrude 381 ENERGY USE Air aircraft type 171, 172

energy intensity 194a

freight transport 195

operating characteristics 194a

passenger miles traveled 194a

Commercial resource type 161 Department Of Defense

transport mode 173

Direct 181

Electric Van

vehicle type 310

Energy Efficiency

improvement procedures 218 rail 218

Energy Intensity

rail 199

Energy Resources

consuming sector 161

Enginesfuel type 385

Estimated Discrepancies

information source 168 Figure Comparison

information source 169 Freight Transport 17 Freight transport 171, 172

Freight Transport air 196b

energy efficiency 189b

energy intensity 189b

truck 189a

Fuel Source

world use 159

year 159 Gross Consumption

coal 162 energy resources 162 fossil fuel 162

hydropower 162

natural gas-dry 162

nuclear power 162

petroleum 162

yearly 162

Highway 17

vehicle type 171, 172

486 KEYWORD INDEX

Household

resource type 161

Indirect 181

Industry resource type 161

Marinedomestic 171, 172

foreign 171, 172

great lakes 180a Marine Transport

coastal 180a fishing 180a inland waterways 180a

ocean 180a offshore 180a pleasure craft 18Da Mass Transit

fuel type 179

yearly 179

Nonhighway 17

Operating Characteristics

aircraft type 196a

Parcent Change

consuming sector 163 Passenger Transport 17, 171, 172

rail 197a Petroleum 338b

commercial 164b

consuming sector 164a electrical generation 164b

household 164b

industry 164b

transportation 164b

Pipeline natural gas 171, 172

oil 171, 172

Production

petroleum 338b

Projections

mode type 181 Transportation Energy Conservation Network 181

Rail

freight transport 200a, 200b

freight type 198

operating characteristics 197b

passenger transport 197b

trip charactersitics 201 urban systems 201 vehicle type 171, 172, 197b, 198

Resource type 160

Transportation 166 resource type 161

Transportation Energy Conservation Network Scenarios

impact 182 selected elements 182

Transportation Sector

resource type 167

Type Resource

consuming sector 165 ENGINESConversions fuel used 387 Energy Consumption fuel type 385 Fuel Consumption

engine type 385

Fuel Type

emissions 386 Tailpipe Exhaust Emissions 386 ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS

Transportation Energy Conservation Network Scenarois 182

ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY

Automobile Classification 425b

Conservation Programs

Voluntary Truck and Bus Fuel Economy Program

280

Pipeline Regulation modal specific studies 293 EQUIPMENT

Automobile energy related 57

factory installation 57

Electrical research and development data 303
487 KEYWORD INDEX

Rotor Vehicle

energy related 57 factory installation 57 Research and.Development Data 302 research and development data 303 Truck energy related 57

factory installation 57 ESTIATES Consumer Price Index

gasoline 420 motor vehicles 420 Employment

industry type 411 motor vehicle related business 413

transportation 412, 413 transportation related industries 412 Family Income 414a, 414b Gross National Product

exports 407, 408 government purchases 407, 408

investments 407, 408 personal consumption 407, 408

personal consumption expenditure 419

personal consumption expenditures 417

transportation 407, 408

Household Income

household status 415 mean 416b

median 416b

metropolitan status 415

region 415 Households by metropolitan status 403 by region 403 by type of residence 403 National Income 410

economic sector 409

industry 409

Per Capita Income

household status 415

metropolitan status 415

region 415 Personal Consumption Expenditure

transportation 418 Population In Households

by metropolitan status 403

by region 403

by type of residence 403

Population Per Household

by metropolitan status 403

by region 403

by type of residence 403

Purchase Power Of Dollar 421 Wages And Salary

economic sector 410

industry 410

EXPORT

Component Of Gross National Product 407, 408

Estimates Of Gross National Product 407, 408 MINERALS PROCESSED 346

RAW 346

Petroleum 325a

eec F *C*

FAMILY CONSUMPTION

Economic Determinants Of Cost 419

Family Income 414a, 414b

Transportation Component 419

FAILT INCOME 414a, 414b

Household Income 416b

FEDERAL AGENCIES

Pipeline Regulation modal specific studies 293 FEDERAL EMISSION STANDARDS Carbon Honoxide 284b Hydrocarbons 284b Oxides Of Nitrogen 284b FEDERAL ENERGY ADMINISTRATION Conservation Programs 280 Demand Regions 428 Energy Conservation

functions transferred 298

resources transferred 298

Pipeline Regulation

modal specific studies 293

Voluntary Truck and Bus Fuel Economy Program 280

FEDERAL EXPENDITURES

Transportation Facilities

air 271

highways 271

water 271

FEDERAL GOVERNMENT

Fleet Inventory 44

Vehicle Inventory 44

FEDERAL HIGHWAY ADMINISTRATION

Report

automobile cost/mile 70

passenger vehicle 39 FEDERAL MARITIME COMMISSION

Transportation Regulation

responsibilities 289

FEDERAL POWER COMMISSION

Energy Conservation

functions transferred 298

resources transferred 298

Pipeline Regulation

modal specific studies 293

FEDERAL REGULATORY AGENCIES

Transportation

responsibilities 289

FEDERAL STANDARDS

Safety 287

FEDERAL TAXES

Motor Vehicle

type tax 266

vehicle service 266

vehicle type 266 Transportation

type tax 263

FERIGHT TRANSPORT

Air

trip length 196a

Rail

summary statistics 132

FISHERIES

Congressional Committee Jurisdiction 292

FLEET

Air Carrier 127

aircraft type 123 composition 123 Aircraft

comparison 127 general aviation 127 hours flown 127 Aircraft Fleet

fuel consumption 127 Aircraft;

military 127

Automobile

business involved 45 fuel consumption 209a, 209b

fuel economy 185, 209a, 209b gasoline consumption 209a, 209b petroleum conservation 209a, 209b vehicle mileage reduction 209b

vehicle miles traveled 209a, 242a, 243b

Federal Government Motor Vehicle

characteristics 44 inventory summary 44 Marine Vessel

number vessels 138 ownership status 138 vessel type 138 weight 138 Rotor Vehicle

business involved 45 Passenger Vehicle

in operation 43 number vehicles 40, 41, 43 vehicle age 43 vehicle registration 40, 41 Sales

model type 48 Truck

business involved 45

distribution 53 fleet size 53

in operation 50 size classification 53
488 KEYWORD INDEX

stock 52

vehicle age 50

vehicle characteristics 52

vehicle type 53

United States

projected number automobiles 240a, 241a

FLEET OPERATION

Electric Vehicle

automobile 311

van 311

vehicle type 311

FOSSIL ENERGY RESOURCES

Consumption

fuel type 162

FOSSIL FUEL

Consumption 160

Fuel Consumption 162

FREIGHT

Truck

fuel consumption annual average 175b

FREIGHT FORWARDERS

Congressional committee Jurisdictions 292

FREIGHT TRANSPORT

Air

aircraft type 195, 196a

energy use 196a

operating characteristics 195, 196a

projection 195

trip characteristics 195

Commodities mode type 32

ton miles 32 tons 32

type commodity 32

Crude oil

pipeline 330a

projections 330a

transport mode 328

Energy Demand

projections 250b, 251a

rail 248B, 249A

truck 244b, 245a

Energy Intensity

energy use 199

freight transport 199

freight type 199

passenger/freight carrier 196b

Energy Resources

natural gas 146

pipe diameter 144

pipeline mileage 144

Energy Use 17

transport mode 171, 172

Fuel Consumption

fuel type 170

mode type 170

speed effect 213

truck 175a, 213

vehicle type 170 Intercity Traffic

marine 290 mode type 30, 31 motor vehicles 290 pipeline 290 rail 290 ton miles 30, 31 Marineenergy demand 250b, 251a

energy intensity 202

Marine Vessel

domestic commerce 139 foreign commerce 139

haul 139 ton miles 139 tons 139 traffic type 139

Marine Vessels

energy use 180a

number vessels 180a transportation type 180a Natural Gas energy intensity 203 pipe diameter 203 ton miles 203 Oil Pipeline

energy intensity 204 gasoline 204

heavy crude 204 kerosene 204

light crude 204

pipe diameter 204

ton miles 204

Petroleum Products pipeline 330b

projections 330b

transport mode 328

Pipeline

energy demand 252b, 253a

natural gas 331

synthetic gas 331

ton miles traveled 252a, 253b

Rail

capacity 132

energy demand 248B, 249A

energy intensity 198, 200a, 200b

intercity traffic 131a

mainlines 131a

operating characteristics 200a, 200b ton miles 132

ton miles traveled 248a, 249b

Ton Miles

air 29

intercity traffic 290

marine 29

mode type 29

oil pipeline 29

pipeline 29

projections 238a, 239b

rail 29

truck 29 vehicle type 290

Ton Miles Traveled projection 250a, 251b

truck 244a, 245b

Transportation Cost

petroleum transport 329 Truck

energy demand 244b, 245a

fuel type 189a ton miles 244a, 245b trip characteristics 189a

use type 51a

Vehicle Miles Traveled 17, 24

highway 93 truck type 93 FREIGHT VEHICLE Airport Statistics 120, 120 Distribution use type S1a yearly 51a

Electric

production 59 Energy Use truck 181 Fuel Cost

full service outlets 359

gasoline type 359

Marine

ownership status 138 vessel type 138 weight 138 Marine Vessel

tons 136

vessel type 136

Number Vehicles 17

air 18

highway 18, 20

marine 18, 20

rail 18, 20

registered 40, 41

truck 18

vehicle type 18

Rail energy efficiency 218

energy use 218

improvement procedures 218 operating characteristics 200a, 200b summary statistics 132 Refrigerated Van census division 55

miles driven 55 registrated weight 55 Retail Sales

truck 62
489 KEYWORD INDEX

Salesgross vehicle weight 63, 64 truck 56

Scrappage

yearly 65 Truckfuel economy 215 use type 51b vehicle size class 51b Vehicle Kiles Traveled rural areas 102 truck 102 urban areas 102 Vehicle Registration

continent/selected countries 38

privately owned 41

publicly owned 41 vehicle type 40

FUEL

Ammonia

selection factors 383

Bituminous Coal And Lignite

consumption 169

Coal

electricity production 339

energy production 159

energy use 159

taxes 269

Coal Liquids

selection factors 383

Cost

air 358

aviation 358

crude oil 356, 357 crude petroleum 354

diesel 357

electricity 362b, 363

fuel oil 363, 364 fuel type 358, 358

gasoline 236b, 237b, 357, 359, 360a, 363, 364 gasoline type 360b home heating 364 marine vessels 358 natural gas 363

petroleum 355

rail 358

transport mode 358

Distillate Fuel

consumption estimates 168

Domestic Crude Petroleum

wellhead price 355

Electricity

cost 361

electricity production 339 Energy Consumption 162 Ethanol

selection factors 383

Gas

electricity production 339 Geothermal

energy production 159

energy use 159

Higher oxy Compounds

selection factors 383 Hydrazine

selection factors 383

Hydrogen

selection factors 383 Hydropower electricity production 339

energy production 159

energy use 159

methane

selection factors 383

Hethanol

engine conversions 387

selection factors 383 Natural Gas

consumption 169

energy production 159

energy use 159

Nuclear Power

electricity production 339 energy production 159

energy use 159

Oil

electricity production 339

Petroleum

consumption 164a, 169 cost 355

energy production 159 energy use 159

wellhead price 355 Residual Fuel Oil

consumption estimates 168

Shale Liquids

selection factors 383

Taxes

country 269

fuel type 268, 269

state 268

Utility Electricity

consumption 169 FUEL CONSERVATION

Automobile Fleet Fuel Economy dollar savings 209a

gasoline consumption 209a

improvement 209a

Projected

safety level II standards 288

FUEL CONSUMPTION

Air

aircraft characteristics 190, 191

aircraft type 177, 190, 193

energy efficiency 190, 193

energy intensity 190, 195 freight transport 195

fuel type 170

passenger miles traveled 193

trip length 177, 191 vehicle type 170 Aircraft Fleet 127 Automobile 175a fuel economy 185 Bus 175a

voluntary Truck and Bus Fuel Economy Program 280

Carpools 278

Diesel Fuel

energy efficiency 189b

freight transport 189b

truck 189b Domestic Civil Aviation fuel type 178

projections 178

Energy Intensity 187

rail 198

Energy Items 162

Energy Policy And Conservation Act 278 Engine Emissions

gasoline consumption 386 methanol consumption 386

Engines

fuel type 385

Fuel Economy 188

Fuel Economy Information Program

impact 281

Fuel Economy Standards 278

automobile 276

Fuel Efficiency

automobile 276 rebate program 276

Gasoline

automobile fleet 209b

daily average/month 176

energy efficiency 189b

freight transport 189b

improvements 210

miles driven 210 truck 189b

Government Fleet Fuel Economy 278 Highway

fuel type 170 vehicle type 170 Inefficiency Tax 276

Marinefuel type 170 vehicle type 170 Marine Vessel recreational 137

vessel type 137 Notor Fuel

population 174 region 174
490 KEYWORD INDEI

National Energy Plan

impacts 277

National Energy Policy

projections 276

Petroleum 338a, 338a

automobile fleet 209b

Pipeline

natural gas 170

Projections - M.P.G. Carter Administration 276

Congressional Budget Office 276

Stanford University Study 276

Projections

Carter Administration 277

Congressional Budget Office 277

Stanford University 277

Public Transit 278

Rail energy efficiency 218

freight transport 200a, 200b

fuel type 170

improvement procedures 218

passenger transport 197a vehicle type 170

Savings 277

Speed Effect

automobile 213

truck 213

tune-up aide 213 vehicle operating characteristics 213

State Energy Conservation Plans 278

Tailpipe Emissions

gasoline consumption 386

methanol consumption 386 Transporta tion

petroleum 166

Trips

vehicle miles traveled 211a

Truck 175a

freight transport 189a

Voluntary Truck and Bus Fuel Economy Program

280

Tune-Up

speed 212a

Vanpools 278

Vehicle Miles Traveled

projections 242a, 243b

Vehicle Operation Characteristics 214

FUEL COSUMPTION

Reduction

national energy plan 275 FUEL ECONOMY

Alternate Fuels

gasoline engines 385

Automobile

city 186b

highway 186b

model year 186a, 186b weight class 186a, 186b

Automobile Fleet

miles/gallon 185

vehicle miles traveled 209b

Bus

Department of Transportation 280

Environmental Protection Agency 280 Federal Energy Administration 280

industry 280

Voluntary Truck and Bus Fuel Economy Program

280

Driving Pattern

miles/gallon 211b

Emission Standards

petroleum conservation 285 Improvement

truck 215 Improvements

dollar savings 209a gasoline consumption 209a, 209b

miles driven 210

miles per gallon 210 vehicle miles traveled 209a, 209b Motor Vehicle

air conditioning used 214 tune-up 214 Motor Vehicle Implementations 188

Truck

Department of Transportation 280

Environmental Protection Agency 280

Federal Energy Administration 280

industry 280

Voluntary Truck and Bus Fuel Economy Program

280

Tune-Up

speed 212a

Vehicle Miles Traveled

fuel consumption 210

Vehicle Operation Speed

air conditioning used 214

tune-up 214

FUEL ECONOMY INFORMATION PROGRAM

EPA/FEA Study 281

Impact 281

FUEL ECONOMY STANDARDS

Energy Policy And Conservation Act 278

Mandatory

fleet average 278

passenger automobiles 278

Miles Per Gallon

by year 278

Model Year 278

FUEL EFFICIENCY

(See FUEL ECONOMY)

FUEL OIL

Cost 363

retail price 364

Residual

retail price 364

FUELS

Marine

point of purchase 180b

Synthetic

projections 379, 380

refining 384

*** G ***

GAS

Electricity Production 339

Utility Production 339 GAS UTILITY INDUSTRY

Main Mileage 146

Pipeline Mileage 146

Pipeline Type

distribution main 146 field and gathering 146

transmission 146

GASOLINE Blend

energy consumption 385

engine conversion 387

Consumer Price Index 420

Consumption

automobile fleet 209b

automobile fleet fuel economy 209a

domec stic civil aviation 178 energy intensity 187 freight transport 170, 189b

mass transit vehicle 179

miles driven 210 mode type 170

national energy plan 275 passenger transport 179

passenger type 170

truck 189b

vehicle type 170

Cost 357, 358, 363

gasoline type 360a, 360b retail price 364

suburban based automobile 71, 72

Domestic 381 Import 381

Motor

consumption 176 Natural

domestic production 336b

Pipeline Transport

energy intensity 204 Price

projections 236b, 237b

Pump Price 360a Real Price 360b

Regularaverage price/year 61
491 KEYWORD INDEX

Selling Price

full service outlets 359

regions 359

Taxes 274

fuel type 268

GENERAL AVIATION

Fuel Consumption 127

fuel type 170

Hours Flown 127

Number Vehicles

yearly 20

Passenger Riles Traveled

yearly 27

Vehicle Riles Traveled 26

GEOGRAPHIC REGIONS

United States 426 GEOTHERMAL

Energy Production world production 159

year 159

Energy Use

world use GEOTHERAL; Energy Use, year 159

GNP

(SEE GROSS NATIONAL PRODUCT)

GOVERNMENT PURCHASES Component Of Gross National Product 407, 408 Estimates Of Gross National Product 407, 408 GROSS NATIONAL PRODUCT

Deflator consumer price index 420 purchase power of dollar 421

Export

estimates 407, 4C8 Government Purchases estimates 407, 408 Investment estimates 407, 408 Percent Change energy use 163 energy use sector 163 Person Consumptional Expenditure

family budget 419 Personal Consumption

estimates 407, 408 Personal Consumption Expenditure

estimates 417, 419

family consumption 419 food 419 food and tobacco 417

housing 417, 419

other 417 taxes 419

transportation 417, 418, 419 Projections 234b, 235b Transportation

estimates 407, 4C8 GROSS VEHICLE WEIGHT Marine vessels ownership status 138

FCC H *CC

HARBORSCongressional Committee Jurisdiction 292

Federal Expenditures

transportation facilities 271

HERTZ

Report

automobile cost/mile 70

RIGHEAT

Automobile

fuel consumption 170

Bus

fuel consumption 170

fuel consumption annual average 175b

Defense Highway

national system 37

Energy Use

automobile 171, 172 bus 171, 172

department of defense 173 freight transport 17 intercity traveled 205

motorcycle 171, 172

passenger miles traveled 205

passengger transport 17

truck 171, 172

urba 205

Federal Expenditures

transportation facilities 271

Freight Transport

fuel consumption 170

ton miles 29, 32

tons 32

Fuel Coneumption

bus 175a

Fuel Consumption

automobile 175a

fuel type 170

population 174

region 174

truck 175a

vehicle type 170

Fuel Economy

automobile 186a, 186b

automobile fleet 185

driving pattern 211b

speed 212a

tune up 212a

Intercity Freight Transport

ton miles 31

Intercity Mileage 33

Interstate

national system 37

Miles Driven

automobile 96

household characteristics 82

regional variations 82

Motor Vehicle

freight 40 fuel cost 359

passenger 40

Motorcycle

fuel consumption 170

Number Registered

freight 40

passenger 40

Number Trips

automobile 110, 111

season 110, 111

trip length 110, 111

Number Vehicles

automobile 18 bus 18

freight vehicle 17, 18

motorcycle 18 passenger vehicle 17, 18

vehicle type 18, 20

yearly 20

Passenger Car

fuel consumption 170

Passenger Miles Traveled

yearly 27

Passenger Transport

fuel consumption 170

Personal Passenger

fuel consumption annual average 175b

Refrigerated Van

census division 55

miles driven 55

registrated weight 55

Research And Development Outlays 301

Ton Riles

truck 29

Towing

Nonmotorized recreation vehicle 108b

Travel(see VEHICLE RILES TRAVELED)

Truck

fuel consumotion annual average 175b

fuel consumption 170

miles driven 55 refrigerated van 55 registered weight 55 Truck Miles

empty capacity miles 95

empty vehicle 95 truck type 95 Vehicle iles Traveled automobile 102, 103, 110

Vehicle miles Traveled

automobile 111
Vehicle Miles Traveled

automobile 96, 97

bus 102

empty truck capacity miles 95

empty truck miles 95

freight transport 17, 24

freight vehicle 102

Vehicle MIles Traveled

fuel consumption 211a

Vehicle Miles Traveled

government use 24

household characteristics 105

household variations 82

intercity traffic 24

intracity traffic 24

motor vehicle 93

number trips 105, 110, 111

passenger transport 17, 24

passenger vehicle 102

recreation vehicle 10Ra

regional variations 82

rural 102

rural areas 105

rural road 103

season 110, 111

survival rate 97

trip length 110

Vehicle Miles traveled

trip length 111

Vehicle Miles Traveled

truck 102

truck type 95

urban 102

urban areas 105

urban road 103

vehicle age 97

weighted yearly travel 97

yearly 103, 97

Vehicle Sales

bus 62

truck 62

Vehicle Scrappage

automobile 65

percent operating vehicles 65

percent vehicle registration 65

truck 65

HIGHWAY TRUST FUND DISBURSEMENTS 270

HIGHWAY TRUST FUND RECEIPTS 270

HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES

Jurisdiction Over Transportation 292

HOUSEBOAT

Exposure Length 137

Fuel Consumption 137

Number Vessels 137

HOUSEHOLD

Automobile Ownership household characteristics 87

population size 105

rural areas 105

urban areas 105

vehicle miles traveled 105

vehicle size combination 87 vehicle trips 105

Automobile Purchases

new 79

used 79

Electricity

cost 362b

Energy Use 323a

income change 163

percent change 163

petroleum 164a, 164b

petroleum products 164b

resource type 161

Fuel Cost

electricity 362a

Heating oil retail price 364

Income

air travel 126b

family income 416b metropolitan status 415

motor vehicle distribution 100

percent change 163

region 415

residence type 415

size of household 416b

492 KEYWORD INDEX

vehicle age 100

vehicle miles traveled 100

vehicle ownership characteristics 100

Motor Vehicle Operator 307b

Motor Vehicle Ownership

age-head of household 80 characteristics 104, 89, 99

determinants 86, 90

household characteristics 105, 80, 81, 83, 90

household income A0, 1

income determinant 100

miles driven 81

purchased new 83

region 80

residence 80

rural areas 105

type vehicle 86

urban areas 105 vehicle miles traveled 105

vehicles/household 86, 90

Motor Vehicle Usage

income determinant 100

population size 101

rural areas 101

trip purpose 101

urban areas 101

vehicle miles traveled 101

Number

by region 403

by residence 403

by type 403 Passenger Car Usage

population size 101

rural areas 101

trip purpose 101

urban areas 101 vehicle miles traveled 101

Personal Transportation

characteristics 104

Persons Per 403

Petroleum Consumption

product type 165

Petroleum Demand 325a

Population 403

Sources

uses 323b

TRips

home to work 112 Trips

length 104

number/household 104

Vehicle Miles Traveled

household characteristics 105

rural areas 105

urban areas 105

Vehicles/Household

vehicleage 99

HOUSEHOLD RESIDENCE

By Region 403

By Type 403

HYBRID VEHICLE RESEARCH

(See ELECTRIC AND HYBRID VEHICLE)

HYDROCARBON

Emission Standards 284b

Pollution Levels(gpm) 284b

Production

domestic 336b

HYDROPOWER

Consumption 160

consuming sector 161

Electricity Production 337, 339

Energy Consumption 162

Energy Production

world production 159

yearly 159

Energy Use

world use 159

year 159

Mineral Energy Resource

production 337

U.S. Soruces 323a

Uses 323a

Utility Production 339
** I ***

IMPACTTransportation Energy Conservation economic 182

energy 182

environmental 182

IMPORT

Automobile

vehicle sales 60 Bicycle

number/year 149 Crude Oil 347

country 349

Gasoline 381 Metals 3455

Minerals 3455 processed 346

raw 346

Motor Vehicle

sales 48

sales/year 61

Oil crude 326

refined 326

Passenger Car

vehicle sales 60

Petroleum 325a, 381

monthly 348a, 348b INBOARD BOAT Exposure Length 137 Fuel Consumption 137 Number Vessels 137 INCOMEFamily 414a, 414b Household air travel 126b

motor vehicle ownership 80 vehicle usage characteristics 100 Metropolitan Status 415 Per Capita 416a

Projections 416a Region 415 Residence Type 415

Size OfeHousehold

mean 416b median 1416b

INDEI Consumer Price Index gasoline 420 motor vehicles 420 Purchase Power of Dollar 421 I NDUSRTY

Energy Use

petroleum 164a INDUSTRY Conservation Programs

Voluntary Truck and Bus Fuel Economy Program 2 80

Electricity cost 362b Employment industry type 411

Energy Use 323a percent change 163

petroleum 164b

petroleum products 164b production change 163 resource type 161 Fuel Cost

electricity 362a

Petroleum Consumption

product type 165

Production percent change 163

Research and Development Data energy abatement 303 funds 302

pollution2abatement expenditures 303 Sources

uses 323b

Synthetic Fuel

rpojections 380

INFLATABLE BOAT

Number Vessels 137

493

D INDEX

INFORMATION DIFFUSION

Government Programs

Voluntary Truck and Bus Fuel Economy Program

280

INLAND WATERWAY

Intercity Freight Transport

ton miles 30, 31 Intercity Mileage 33

Intercity Traffic

passenger miles traveled 28

Navigable

channel status 135

INTERCITY BUS

Number vehicles

yearly 20

INTERCITY DISTANCE

AAA Route

circuity factor ratio 34

Air ATA Range

circuity factor ratio 34

Mode Type

circuity factor ratio 34

INTERCITY MILEAGE

Transportation Networks

airway 33

highway 33

inland waterways 33

natural gas pipeline 33

oil pipeline 33

rail 33

utility mains 33

INTERCITY TRAFFIC

Freight Transport

airways 30

domestic airways 31

inland waterways 30, 31

mode type 31

oil pipeline 30

pipeline 31 rail 30

ton miles 30

truck 30, 31

Intercity Distance

circuity factor 34 Intercity Mileage

airway 33 natural gas pipeline 33

oil pipeline 33

rail 33

transportation network 33 utility main 33

Marine Transport energy use 180a

freight tons 180a number vessels 180a

transportation type 180a

Mode Type

travel characteristics 106a

Passenger Miles Traveled air 205 airway 28

automobile 28 bus 205, 28

inland2waterways 28 motor vehicle 28 mototcycle 205

rail 205, 28 Rail

mainlines 131a

routes 131b Ton Miles

marine 290 motor vehicles 290

pipeline 290 rail 290 truck 205 Trip Characteristics

destination regions 106b vehicle Miles Traveled freight transport 215

passenger transport2415 rail 24

INTERSTATE

National System road status 37

INTERSTATE COMMERCECOMMISSION Energy Conservation functions transferred 298
494

KEYWORD INDEX

resources transferred 298

Transportation Regulation

responsibilities 289

INTRA URBAN

(See BASS TRANSIT)

INTRACITY TRAFFIC

Fuel Economy

automobile 186b

Truck Utilization

commuting 114

Vehicle iles Traveled

freight transport 24

highway 24 passenger transport 24

INTRACITY TRAVEL

Rome To Work

characteristics 112

INVESTMENT

Component Of Gross National Product 407, 408

Estimates Of Gross National Product 407, 408

eec J c

JET FUEL

Consumption domestic civil aviation

Yield crude oil 341a, 341b

178

*e K ee:

KAYAK

Number Vessels 137

KEROSENE Cost aviation fuel 358

Pipeline Transport energy intensity 204

Yield

crude oil 341a, 341b

*CC L ***

LICENSED DRIVERS

Sex

age 404

LOCAL TRANSIT

Number Vehicles

yearly 20

Vehicle Miles Traveled 26

LUBRICANTS

Yield

crude oil 341a, 341b

acee N ee

MACHINERY Research and Development Data 302

MANUFACTURING

Employment tr 413

transportation 413

transportation related industry 413

MARINE

Energy Demand

projections 250b, 251a

Energy Intensity

freight transport 202

inland waterways 202

Energy Use department of defense 173

domestic 171, 172

foeign 171, 172

Freight Transport

projections 250b, 251a

Inland Waterway

channel status 135

intercity mileage 33

navigable 135

Intercity Freight Traffic

ton miles 30

Intercity Freight Transport 31

Intercity Traffic

passenger miles traveled 29

Number Vehicles

Inland Water 18

oceangoing 18

Passenger Riles Traveled

yearly 27

Ton miles

federally regulated 290

nonfederally regulated 290

yearly 29

Ton Miles Traveled

projections 250a, 251b

MARINE FUEL

Purchase Point

domestic 180b

foreign 180b

MARINE TRANSPORT

Transportation Type

energy use 180a

freight tons 180a

number vessels 180a

MARINE VESSEL

Country Ownership

eight 138

Energy Use

projections 181

Freight Transport

domestic commerce 139

foreign commerce 139

ton miles 139 tons 136, 139

traffic type 139

vessel type 136

Freight Vehicle

number vessels 138

vessel type 138

weight 138

Fuel Consumption

fuel type 170

Fuel Cost

fuel type 358

Government Owned eight 138

Number Vehicles vehicle type 20

yearly 20

Passenger Vehicle

number vessels 138

ownership status 138

vessel type 138

weight 138

Privately Owned 138

Recreational

exposure length 137

fuel consumption 137

number vessels 137

vessel type 137

MASS TRANSIT

Energy Use

fuel type 179

yearly 179

Research And Development Outlay 301

Urban

energy intensity 201

number systems 115a number vehicles 115b

operating vehicles 115b

revenue vehicles 115b

ridership 116a

vehicle miles traveled 116b

MERCHANT MARINE

Congressional Committee Jurisdictions 292

METALS

Import

consumption 345

foreign sources 345

METHANOL

Energy Consumption

engine type 385

Engine Conversion 387

Synthetic Fuel

projections 380

METROPOLITAN STATUS

Household Income

household status 415
495

KEYWORD INDEX

region 415

Household Residency

by region 403 Household Size

by region 403 Household Status by region 403 Incomehousehold status 415

region 415

migration 400a, 400b Per Capita Income household status 415

region 415 MIGRATION By Region 400b

Metropolitan Status 400a, 400b MILESDrivenhousehold characteristics 81 MILES DRIVEN

Driver Age 98 fuel consumption 210

Household Characteristics 82 Regional Variation 82 Sex 98 NILES PER GALLON

Fuel Economy Standards Energy Policyand Conservation Act 278 model Year 278

MINERALS Import

consumption 345 foreign sources 345 PROCESSED

EXPORT 346 IMPORT 346 RAN

EXPORT 346 IMPORT 346 MISSILES Research and Development Data 302, 303 MOTOR CARRIER

Freight Transport

commodities 32 ton miles 32 tons 32 MOTOR FUEL

Consumption

population 174 region 174 Per Capita Use 174 Yield

crude oil 341a, 341b MOTOR HOMES

Factory Unit Shipment 58

MOTOR VEHICLE 17

(See VEHICLE)

Annual Mileage Class

number vehicles 99

vehicle age 99

vehicle/household 99

Automobile

distance driven 306, 307a

electric 311, 313a

number passengers 307b

purchased 79 type driver 306, 307b

Automobile operation

parking 307a urban 307a

Cost

automobile 69

Distribution

household income 100

Domestic

fleet sales 48

retail sales 48

Electric

automobile 313b

battery characteristics 313a

energy use 313b

fleet operation 311

operation cost 312 van road test 310 Emission Standards comparison 286

country 286

type emission 286 Energy Intensity

automobile 187 bus 187 Environmental Protection Agency's Classification

425b

Equipment

energy related 57

factory installation 57 Federal Government fleet inventory 44, 44 Federal Taxes type tax 266

type vehicle service 266

vehicle type 266

Fleet

business involved 45 federal government motor vehicle 44 Fuel Consumption

air conditioning used 214

tune-up effect 214

vehicle type 175a

yearly 175a

Fuel Consumption Annual Average

by type 175b

by year 175b

Fuel Cost

full service outlets 359 gasoline type 359

Fuel Economy

conservation technique effect 214

driving pattern 211b

fuel consumption 210 implementations 188 improvements 210 operation characteristics 214 tune-up 212a Household Household ownership

automobile 89 characteristics 89 Household Ownership

age-head of household 80 automobile 90

household income 80 region 80 residence 80 truck 89 In operation

vehicle age 43 Intercity Traffic

passenger miles traveled 28 Miles Driven 96 New consumer price index 420 Number Vehi 18 Number Vehicles

air 18 annual mileage class 99 freight vehicle 17

freight vehicles 40 highway 17, 18, 20 in operation 50 local transit 20 marine 18, 20 passenger vehicle 17, 18

passenger vehicles 40 rail 18, 20 registered 40, 41

vehicle age 99 Ownership

automobile 86, 87 determinants 83, 86, 90 household characteristics 104, 80, 81, 83 household income 81 miles driven 81 purchased new 83 regional variation 82 rural areas 104 urban areas 104 vehicle age 104 vehicle miles traveled 104 vehicles/household 83 Purchased determinants 84 size classification 84, 85

Recreation Vehicle

nonmotorized 108b
towing method 108b

vehicle miles traveled 108a

Recreational

factory unit shipment 58

Registration

automobile 38

bus 38

continent/selected countries 38

population 38

truck 38

Research and Development Data 302, 303

Retail Sales

bus 62

truck 62

Rural Areas

household characteristics 104

Sales

automobile 56

bus 64

fleet 48

gross vehicle weight 63

model type 48

retail 48

truck 56, 64

Scrappage

automobile 65

truck 65

Ton Miles

federally regulated 290

nonfederally regulated 290

Truck

in operation 50

vehicle age 50

Urban Areas

household characteristics 104

Urban Mass Transit System

number vehicles 115b

operating vehicles 115b

Used

consumer price index 420

Van

electric 311

fleet operation 311

Vehicle Age

household income 100

personal transportation 104

Vehicle Miles Traveled

automobile 93

bus 93

highway 94

household income 100

trip characteristics 109

truck 93

Vehicle Registration

freight vehicle 40, 411

passenger vehicle 40, 411

privately owned 411

publicly owned 41 vehicle type 40

Vehicle Sales

monthly 60

yearly 60

Ward's Classification 425a

MOTOR VEHICLE

Cost/Mile 70

Number Vehicles

air 20

Ownership

household characteristics 82

number owned 82

MOTORCYCLE

Fuel Consumption 17C

Number Vehicles 18

Number Vehilces

yearly 20

Vehicle Miles Traveled

highway 93

Vehicle Registration

number vehicles 40

*** N **

NATIONAL EMISSION STANDARDS

Carbon Monoxide 284b

Hydrocarbons 284b

Oxides Of Nitrogen 284b

496 KEYWORD INDEX

NATIONAL EMPLOYMENT

Projections 416a

NATIONAL ENERGY PLAN

Carter Administration 277

Congressional Budget Office

projections 277

Fuel Consumption

projections 276, 277

reduction 275

Gas Guzzler Tax

automobile 276

Gasoline Consumption

rreduction 275

ImpactCarter Administration 276

Congressional Budget Office 276

Stanford University Study 276

Inefficiency Tax

automobiles 276

Rebate Program

automobile 276

fuel efficiency 276

Standby Gasoline Tax

impact 277

Stanford University

projections 277

NATIONAL INCOME

Employment

industry type 411

transportation 412, 413

transportation related business 413

transportation related industry 412, 413

Family Income 414a, 414b

Households

household size 416b

metropolitan status 415

region 415 residence type 415

Industry

agriculture 409, 410 communication 409, 410

construction 410

finance 409, 410

government 409, 410 manufacturing 409, 410

mining 409, 410 services 409, 410 trade 409, 410

transportation 409, 410

utility 409 wages and salary 410

Projections

per capita 416a Wages And Salary

industry 410 sector 410

NATIONAL TRAVEL SURVEY

Travel Regions 429 NATIONWIDE PERSONAL TRANSPORTATION STUDY

Summary Statistics 104

NATURAL GAS

Consumption 160

consuming sector 161

transportation sector 167

Cost 363

Energy Production

world production 159

year 159

Energy Use

world use 159

year 159

Pipeline

energy intensity 203

intercity mileage 33

pipe diameter 203

U.S. Sources 323a

Uses 323a

NATURAL GAS LIQUIDS

Sources

uses 323b

NATURAL GAS-DRY

Energy Consumption 162

NATURAL GASOLINE

Prod uction

domestic 336b

NAVIGATION

Congressional Committee Jurisdiction 292
497 KEYWORD INDEX

NEW TECHNOLOGIES

Electric And Hybrid Vehicle

congressional policy 279 demonstrations 279 Energy Research and Development

Administration 279 performance standards 279

public law 94-413 279

Energy Efficiency aircraft 216b

NEW TECHNOLOGY

Aircraft Improvement 217

Implementations

fuel economy 188

NUCLEAR 381 NUCLEAR POWER Consumption 160

consuming sector 161

Electricity Production 337, 339

Energy Consumption 162

Energy Production

world production 159

year 159

Energy Resource Production 337

Energy Use

world use 159 year 159

Mineral Energy Resource Production 337

U.S. Sources 323a

Uses 323a

Utility Production 339 Number Vehicles, nonhighway 17

ee* # 

OIL

Demand

years supply 369

Electricity Production 339

Pipeline

energy intensity 204

intercity freight transport 30

intercity mileage 33

pipe diameter 2041

ton miles 204

Production

domestic 336a

Refining

crude/ton 384 raw material 384

waste solids 384 Reserves 368

Shaleprocessing 388

Supply

domestic 326 import 326 number years 369 reserves 369 Utility Production 339

ORGANIZATIONS

American Public Transit Association energy use estimates 169 Bureau Of Hines

energy use estimates 169

fuel consumption discrepancy estimates 168

Conaes

energy demand 246b, 247a, 248B, 249A

marine energy demand 250b, 251a marine ton miles 250a, 251b

projected energy demand 232a, 232b, 233b,

242b, 243a

projected fuel cost 236b, 237b

projected passenger miles traveled 236a,

237a

projected ton miles traveled 238a, 239b

projected vehicle miles traveled 238b, 239a ton miles traveled 244a, 245b, 248a, 249b vehicle miles traveled 242a, 243b Department Of Defense fuel consumption discrepancy estimates 168

Department of Transportation

energy demand 244b, 245a Department Of Transportation energy demand 246b, 247a, 248B, 249A

passenger miles traveled 246a, 247h

projected energy co 232b, 233h

projected energy demand 232a, 232b, 23h

projected fuel cost 236b, 237b

projected gross national product 234h, 235b

projected number automobiles 24a, 241a

projected vehicle miles traveled 23b, 23 9

a

ton miles 244a, 245b

ton miles traveled 248a, 249b vehicle miles traveled 242a, 243h

Energy Research And Development Administration

projected energy demand 212a

Federal Aviation Administration

energy demand 246b, 247a

energy use estimates 169

passenger miles traveled 246a, 247h

Federal Highway Administration

energy use estimates 169

Ford

projected energy demand 212a, 232b, 233b

Gay

energy use estimates 169 Interstate Commerce Commission

energy use estimates 169

Jack Faucett Associates

energy demand 244b, 245a, 246b, 247a, 2488,

249A

marine energy network 250h, 251a

marine ton miles 250a, 251b

pipeline ton miles 252a, 23h

projected energy demand 232a, 232b, 233h,

242b, 243a

projected fuel cost 236b, 237b

projected gross national product 234b, ?35h

projected miles traveled 238b, 239a

projected number automobiles 240a, 241a

projected passenger miles traveled 236a,

237a

projected ton miles traveled 238a, 239b

ton miles 244a, 245b

ton miles traveled 248a, 249b

vehicle miles traveled 242a, 243b

Hopps II

projected energy demand 232a, 232b, 233b,

242b, 243a

Stanford Research Institute

energy demand 244b, 245a, 246b, 247a, 2488,

249A

passenger miles traveled 246a, 247b

projected energy conservation 232b, 233b

projected energy demand 232a, 232b, 233b

projected fuel cost 236b, 237b

projected gross national product 234b, 235b

projected number automobiles 240a, 241a

projected ton miles traveled 238a, 239b

projected vehicle miles traveled 238b, 239a

ton miles 244a, 245b

ton miles traveled 248a, 249b

vehicle miles traveled 242a, 243b

Transportation Energy Conservation Division

energy demand 244b, 245a, 246b, 247a, 2488,

249A, 252b, 253a

marine energy demand 250b, 251a

marine ton miles 250a, 251b

passenger miles traveled 246a, 247b

pipeline ton miles 252a, 253b

projected energy conservation 232b, 233b

projected energy demand 232a, 232b, 233b,

242b, 243a

projected fuel cost 236b, 237b

projected gross national product 234b, 235b

projected number automobiles 240a, 241a

projected passenger miles traveled 236a,

237a projected ton miles traveled 238a, 239b

projected vehicle miles traveled 238b, 239a

ton miles 244a, 245b

ton miles traveled 248a, 249b

vehicle miles traveled 242a, 243b

Transportation Energy Conservation Retwork

energy demand 244b, 245a, 246b, 247a, 248B,

249A, 252b, 253a

marine energy demand 250b, 251a

marine ton miles 250a, 251b

passenger miles traveled 246a, 247b

pipeline ton miles 252a, 253b projected energy conservation 232b, 233b
498 KEYWIPD I

projected energy demand 232a, 232b, 233b,

242b, 243a

projected fuel cost 236b, 237b

projected gross national product 234b, 235b

projected number automobiles 240a, 241a

projected passenger miles traveled 236a,

237a

projected ton miles traveled 238a, 239b

projected vehicle miles traveled 234b, 239a

ton miles 244a, 245b

ton miles traveled 248a, 249b

vehicle miles traveled 242a, 243b

Trends And Choices

vehicle miles taveled 242a, 243b

Wharton

projected miles traveled 238b, 239a

projected number automobiles 240a, 241a

OUTBOARD BOAT

Exposure Length 137

Fuel Consumption 137

Number Vessels 137

OXIDES OF NITROGEN

Emission Standards 284b

Pollution Levels(gpm) 284b

ace p cc

PASSENGER

Bus

fuel consumption annual average 175b

Personal

fuel consumption annual average 175b

PASSENGER CAR

Cost

constant dollar 69

current dollar 69

Cost/Mile 70

Federal Emission Standards

carbon monoxide 284b

hydrocarbons 284b

oxides of nitrogen 284b

Number Vehicles 18

registered 41

ownership

vehicle size combinations 87

Purchased

cost 79

new 79

used 79

Vehicle Miles Traveled

(see AUTOMOBILE)

highway 94

population size 101

rural household 101

trip purpose 101

urban household 101

Vehicle Registration

privately owned 41

publicly owned 41

PASSENGER MILES TRAVELED

Air

air carrier 27

energy efficiency 193

energy intensity 194a

energy use 194a

fuel consumption 193

general aviation 27

number trips 126a

operating characteristics 194a, 194b

passenger/freight carrier 194b

projections 246a, 247b

trip purpose 126a, 126b

Highway 27

intercity bus 27

Household Income 126b

Intercity Traffic

automobile 205

bus 205

mode type 28

rail 205

Marine

domestic 27

number trips 126b

Projections 236a, 237a

Rail 27

energy intensity 197b, 201

trip characteristics 201

urban energy use 201

Urban Areas

automobile 205

bus 205

energy intensity 205

motorcycle 205

rail 205

PASSENGER TRANSPORT

Air

aircraft type 194a

energy intensity 194a

household income 126b

number trips 126a, 126b

operating characteristics 194a, 194b

passenger miles traveled 126a, 126b, 194a,

194b

passenger/freight carrier 194b

trip characteristics 194a

trip purpose 126a, 126b

Automobile

number passenger 307b type driver 307b

Commuting Characteristics

home to work 113

Energy Use 17

transport mode 171, 172

Fuel Consumption

air 178

automobile 175a, 213

bus 175a

domestic civil aviation 178

fuel type 170

highway 211a

mode type 170

speed effect 213

vehicle type 170

Fuel Economy

automobile 185, 186a, 186b

highway 186b

intracity traffic 186b

Intercity Distance

circuity factor ratios 34

Intercity Traffic

air 106a

automobile 106a

passenger miles traveled 28

trip characteristics 106a

truck 106a

Marine Vessels

energy use 180a

number vessels 180a

transportation type 180a

Mass Transit

energy use 179

Passenger Miles Traveled

air 246a, 247b

air carrier 27

mode type 27

projections 236a, 237a

Rail

capacity 132

energy intensity 197a, 201

energy use 201

fuel type 197a

intercity routes 131b

intercity traffic 131a

mainlines 131a

operating characteristics 197 a

passenger miles traveled 201

summary statistics 132

trip characteristics 197a, 201

urban 201

vehicle miles traveled 201

Urban Areas

energy intensity 205

energy use 205

Urban Mass Transit System

number systems 115a

revenue passengers 116a

vehicle miles traveled 116b

vehicle type 116b

Urban Mass Transport System

ridership 116a

Vehicle Miles Traveled 17

air (See VEHICLE MILES TRAVELED)
499 KEYWORD INDEX

automobile 103, 97 bus 93 highway 103, 211a, 93, 97

highway (See VEHICLE MILES TRAVELED)

motorcycle '93

passenger car 103, 93

rail (See VEHICLE MILES TRAVELED) 24 rural road 103 survival rate 97 travel characteristics 103

urban road 103

vehicle age 97

vehicle type 93 weighted yearly travel 97 yearly 97

PASSENGER VEHICLE

Airport Statistics 120 Automobile

Automobile Inefficiency Tax 276 fuel consumption 276 gasoline savings projections 276

household characteristics 83

household ownership 89, 89, 90 ownership determinants 83, 85 purchased 79, 83, 84, 85

vehicle age 97 vehicle miles traveled 97 weighted yearly travel 97 Automobile Inefficiency Tax 277 Bicycle

domestic production 149 import 149 Carpooling 278 Cost automobile 69 Cost/mile 70 Diesel Powered 279 Domestic

vehicle sales 60

Electric

production 59 Electric And Hybrid Vehicle Research

demonstrations 279 Energy Research and Development

Administration 279 performance standards 279 public law 94-413 279

responsibilities 279 Energy Intensity

automobile 187 Energy Use air 181 automobile 181 projections 181, 277

rail 181 Fleet Average Fuel Economy 278 Fuel Cost

full service outlets 359

gasoline type 359 Fuel Economy Standards

model year 278 MPG 278

Gasoline Powered 279 Import

vehicle sales 60

In Operation

vehicle age 43

In-Use

Federal Highway Administration Report 39

R. L. Polk and Co. Report 39 Marine

number vessels 138

ownership status 138 vessel type 138

weight 138

Number Trips

automobile 110, 111 season 110, 111 trip length 110, 111 Number Vehicles 17

air 18

air carrier 18 annual mileage class 99

automobile 18 bus 18 highway 18, 20

marine 18, 20

motorcycle 18

rail 18, 20

registered 40, 41

taxi 18

vehicle age 99

vehicle type 18 Ownership

automobile 87 household characteristics 81

household income 81

miles driven 81

vehicle size combinations 87 Rail

energy intensity 197b, 201

operating characteristics 197b

summary statistics 132

urban systems 201

Recreation Vehicle

nonmotorized 108b

towing method 10hb

vehicle miles traveled 108a

Retail Sales

bus 62

Sales

automobile 56

gross vehicle weight 63

truck 64

Scrappage

yearly 65

Standby Gasoline Tax 277

Truck

household ownership 89 Urban Mass Transit System

number systems 115b

operating vehicles 115b

vehicle type 115b

Vanpooling 278

Vehicle Miles Traveled 93

automobile 102, 109

bus 102

rural areas 102

season 111

trip characteristics 109

urban areas 102

Vehicle Registration

continent/selected countries 38

privately owned 41

publicly owned 41

vehicle type 40

Vehicle Sales

automobile 60

monthly 60

yearly 60

Vehilce Miles Traveled

automobile 111

PERFORMANCE STANDARDS

Electric And Hybrid Vehicle

Energy Research and Development

Administration 279

Energy Research and Development Administration

electric and hybrid vehicle 279

P.L. 94-413 279

PERSON MILES TRAVELED

(See Passenger Miles Traveled)

PERSON TRIPS

(See Trips)

PERSONAL CONSUMPTION EXPENDITURE

By Type

food and tobacco 417

housing 417

other 417

transportation 417

Component Of Gross National Product 407, 408

Estimates 418

by type 417, 419

Estimates Gross National Product 407, 408

Family Consumption

food 419

housing 419 transportation 419

taxes 419

Transportation

by transportation category 418

PERSONAL PASSENGER

Fuel Consumption Annual Average

by year 175b
PERSONAL RAPID TRANSIT

(See MASS TRANSIT)

PERSONS PER HOUSEHOLD

By Housing Type 403

By Metropolitan Status 403

By Region 403

P ETROL FU N

Conservation

emission standards level II 285

emission standards level III 285

projected 288

safety level II standards 288

Consumption

by year 175b

commercial 164b

consuming sector 161, 1i5

department of defense 173

electrical generation 164b

household 164a, 164b

industry 164a, 164b

monthly 324

product type 165

transportation 164a, 164b, 166

transportation sector 167

yearly 324

Crude

cost 354

Demandconsuming sectors 325a

Domestic 381

Domestic Crude

cost 355

wellhead price 355

Domestic Production 323b

monthly 324

yearly 324

Energy Consumption 162

Energy Production

world production 159

yearly 159

Energy Use

world use 159

year 159

Fuel Consumption 162

Import 381

monthly 324, 348a, 34b

yearly 324

Inventory

monthly 324

yearly 324

Net Imports 323b

Posted Price

producing countries 353

Price

monthly 324

yearly 324

Production

percent consumption 338a, 338b

Refining

research and development data 303

Refining Operations 340

Reserves crude oil production 367

estimates 367

producing countries 367

Supply

exports 325a

import 325a

producing conutries 325a

supply components 325b

U.S. Sources 323a, 323b

Uses 323a, 323b

PETROLEUM ADMINISTRATION FOR DEFENSE DISTRICTS

East Coast 427

Gulf Coast 427

Midwest 427

Pacific Coast 427

Rocky Mountain 427

PETROLEUM CONSERVATION

Automobile Fleet Fuel Economy 209a

gasoline consumption 209b

PETROLEUM PRODUCTS

Consumption

commercial 164b

electrical generation 164b

household 164b

industry 164b

500 KEYWORD TNDEX

monthly 324

transportation 164b

yearly 324

Domestic Production

monthly 324

yearly 324

Import

monthly 324

yearly 324

Inventory

monthly 324

yearly 324

Pipeline Mileage

pipe diameter 144

Price

monthly 324

yearly 324

Transport

oipline 330b

transport mode 328

PIPELINE

Congressional Committee Jurisdiction 292

Crude Petroleum

pipe diameter 144

pipeline mileage 144

Energy Demand

projections 252b, 253a

Freight Transport

commodities 32

crude oil 328, 330a

natural gas 331

Petroleum products 328, 330b

synthetic gas 331

tons 32

Fuel Consumption

natural gas 170

Intercity Freight Transport

ton miles 30, 31

Mileage

gas utility industry 146

yearly 146

Natural Gas

compostion 146 distribution 146

energy intensity 203

energy use 171, 172

field and gathering 146

intercity mileage 33

pipe diameter 203

ton miles 203

transmission 146

Oil

energy intensity 204

energy use 171, 172

intercity freight transport 30

intercity mileage 33

pipe diameter 204

ton miles 204, 290

Petroleum Products

pipe diameter 144

pipeline mileage 144

Pipe Diameter 144

Pipeline Mileage 144

Ton Miles

federally regulated 290

nonfederally regulated 290

yearly 29

Ton Miles Traveled

projections 252a, 253b

Transportation Cost

petroleum transport 329

PIPELINE COMPOSTION

Natural Gas Pipeline

plastic 146

steel 146

POLLUTION

Research and Development Expenditures 303

POPULATION

Age

sex 398

By Region 399

Census Regions

geographic division 426

Estimates 401a, 401b

By age 402

In Households

by region 403
501

KEYWORD INDEX

by type 403

Licensed Drivers

age 404 sex 404 Migration 400a By region 400b Projections 401a, 401b By age 402

Resident

projection by age 397

projection by division 397 projection by sex 397

Size Determinant

motor vehicle usage 101

vehicle Registration

continent/selected countries 38 POPULATION CHANGE

Age sex 398 By Region 399, 400b Metropolitan Status 400a, 400b Migration 400a, 400b POPULATION ESTIMATES 401a, 401b

Age sex 398 By Age 402 By Region 399 Licensed Drivers age 404 sex 404

PRICE (See Cost)

PRODUCT ACCOUNTS Consumer Price Index

gasoline 420 motor vehicles 420 Employment

industry type 411 transportation 412, 413 transportation related business 413 transportation related industry 412, 413 Family Income 414a, 414b Wages And Salary

industry 410 sector 410 PRODUCTION Bicycle

yearly 149 Electric Vehicle

vehicle type 59

PROJECTION - M.P.G. Fuel Consumption - Automobiles

Congressional Budget Office 276

PROJECTIONS

Aircraft Improvement 217 Alternate Fuels motor vehicle consumption 379 Automobile Purchase determinants 84

Automobile Purchased

size classification 84 Automobile Replacement 85

Battery Characteristics

electric vehicle 313a

Conaes

energy conservation 232b, 233b

energy demand 248B, 249A

fuel cost 236b, 237b passenger miles traveled 236a, 237a

ton miles traveled 238a, 239b

vehicle miles traveled 238b, 239a Cost gasoline 236b, 237b Department Of Transportation energy conservation 232b, 233b

energy demand 232a, 248B, 249A

fuel cost 236b, 237b

gross national product 234b, 235b

number automobiles 240a, 241a

vehicle miles traveled 238b, 239a

Employment 416a Energy Conservation

transportation 232b, 233b

Energy Demand

air 246b, 247a

automobile 242b, 243a

Conaes 232a, 242b, 243a, 244h, 241, 246b,

247a

Department of Transportation 244b, 245a,

246b, 247a

'nergy Research and Development

Administration 232a

Federal Aviation Administration 246h, 247

Ford 232a

freight transport 244b, 245a, 250h, 251a

Jack Faucett Associates 232a, 242b, 243a,

244b, 245a, 246b, 247a

marine 250b, 251a Mopps II 232a, 242b, 243a

pipeline 252b, 253a

rail 248B, 249A

Stanford Research Institute 232a, 244b,

245a, 246b, 247a

transportation 232a

Transportation Energy Conservation division

232a, 242b, 243a, 244b, 245a, 246b, 247a

Transportation Energy Conservation Network

242b, 243a, 244b, 245a, 246b, 247a

Trends and choices 232a

truck 244b, 245a

Energy Intensity

freight transport 198

rail 198

truck 189a

Energy Research And Development Administration

energy conservation 232b, 233b

energy demand 232b, 233b

Energy Use

energy resources 160

transportation 166

Transportation Energy Conservation Network

181

truck 189a

Ford

energy conservation 232b, 213b

energy demand 232b, 233b

Freight Transport

air 195

crude oil 330a

energy demand 252b, 253a

petroleum products 330b Fuel Consumption

domestic civil aviation 178

transportation 166

truck 189a

Fuel Economy

automobile fleet 185

Gross Nation Product 234b, 235b

Income

per capita 416a

Jack Faucett Associates

energy conservation 232b, 233b

energy demand 248B, 249A

fuel cost 236b, 237b

gross national product 234b, 235b

number automobiles 240a, 241a

passenger miles traveled 236a, 237a

pipeline ton miles 252a, 253h

ton miles traveled 238a, 239b

vehicle miles traveled 238b, 239a

Mopps II

energy demand 232b, 233b

Number Automobiles

United States fleet 240a, 241a

operation Cost

electric vehicle 312

Passenger Miles Traveled 236a, 237a

air 246a, 247b

conaes 246a, 247b

department of transportation 246a, 247b

federal aviation administration 246a, 247b

stanford research institute 246a, 247b

transportation energy conservation division

246a, 247b

transportation energy conservation network

246a, 247b

Petroleum Conservation

transportation 166

Population 401a, 401b

By age 402

Rail

energy demand 2488, 249A
502 KEYWORD INDEX

Resident

division 397

Resident Population

age 397

sex 397

Stanford Research Institute

energy conservation 232b, 233b

energy demand 248B, 249A

fuel cost 236b, 237b

gross national product 234b, 235h

number automobiles 240a, 241a

ton miles traveled 238a, 239b

vehicle miles traveled 238b, 239a

Synthetic Fuel

implementations 380

Ton Miles Traveled

Conaes 244a, 245b, 248a, 249b

Department of Transportation 244a, 245b,

248a, 249b

freight transport 238a, 239b, 244a, 245b

Jack Faucett Associates 244a, 245b, 248a,

249b

marine 250a, 251b

rail 248a, 249b

Stanford Research Institute 244a, 245b,

248a, 249b

Transportation Energy Conservation Division

248a, 249b

Transportation Energy Conservation Network

244a, 245b, 248a, 249b

Transportation Energy Conservation Division

energy conservation 232b, 233b

energy demand 232a, 2488, 249A, 252b, 253a

fuel cost 236b, 237b

gross national product 234b, 235b

number automobiles 240a, 241a

passenger miles traveled 236a, 237a

pipeline ton miles 252a, 253b

ton miles traveled 238a, 239b

vehicle miles traveled 238b, 239a

Transportation Energy Conservation Network

energy conservation 232b, 233b

energy demand 2488, 249A

fuel cost 236b, 237b

gross national product 234b, 235b

number automobiles 240a, 241a

passenger miles traveled 236a, 237a

pipeline ton miles 252a, 253b

ton miles traveled 238a, 239b

vehcile miles traveled 238b, 239a

Trends And Choices

energy conservation 232b, 233b

energy demand 232b, 233b

passenger miles traveled 236a, 237a

pipeline ton miles 252a, 253b

ton miles traveled 238a, 239b

Vehicle Miles Traveled 242a, 243b

automobile 238b, 239a, 242a, 243b

conaes 242a, 243b

department of transportation 242a, 243b

jack faucett associates 242a, 243b

stanford research institute 242a, 243b

transportation energy conservation division

242a, 243b

transportation energy conservation network

242a, 243b

trends and choices 242a, 243b

Wharton

number automobiles 240a, 241a

vehicle miles traveled 238b, 239a

PROJECTIONS - M.P.G. Fuel Consumption - Automobiles

Carter Administration 276

Fuel Consumption

Stanford University Study 276

PROJECTIONS1 Mopps II, energy conservation 232b, 233b

PROPANE GAS

Consumption mass transit vehicle 179

passenger transport 179

PUBLIC TRANSPORTATION

Commuting Characteristics

home to work 113

PUBLICATIONS

Trends And Choices

projected energy conservation 232b, 233b

projected energy demand 232b, 233b

projected passenger miles traveled 236a,

237a

projected ton miles traveled 238a, 239b

projected vehicle miles traveled 242a, 243b

PURC8AS? POWER OF DCLLAP 421

PURCHASED INTERCITY TRANSPORTATION

Component Of Personal Consumption Expenditure estimates by type 418

PURCHASED LOCAL TRANSPORTATION

Component Of Personal Consumption ?xpenditure

estimates by type 418

*** R i**

R.L. POLK AND CO.

Report

passenger vehicle 39

RAIL

Energy Demand

projections 248B, 24QA

Energy Efficiency

improvement procedures 218

Energy Intensity

freight transport 199

freight type 198, 199

operating characteristics 197b

passenger miles traveled 197b

passenger transport 197b

vehicle miles traveled 197b

vehicle type 198

Energy Use

projections 181

vehicle type 171, 172

Freight

fuel consumption 170

fuel type 170

vehicle type 170

Freight Transport

capacity 132

commodites 32

energy intensity 200a, 200b

mainlines 131a

operating characteristics 200a, 200b

summary statistics 132

ton miles 132, 32 tons 32

trip characteristics 200a, 200b

vehicle type 200a, 200b

Fuel Consumption

fuel type 170

vehicle type 170

Fuel Cost

fuel type 358

Intercity Freight Transport

ton miles 30, 31

Intercity Mileage 33

Intercity Traffic

mainlines 131a

passenger miles traveled 28

Number Vehicles car type 18

freight vehicle 18

passenger vehicles 18

rail type 18

vehicle type 20

yearly 20

Passenger

intercity distance 34

Passenger Miles Traveled

yearly 27

Passenger Transport

capacity 132

energy intensity 205

energy use 205

fuel consumption 170

fuel type 170

intercity routes 131b

intercity traffic 205

mainlines 131a

passenger miles traveled 205

summary statistics 132

urban areas 205

vehicle type 170

Research And Development Outlays 301

Ton Miles

federally regulated 290
nonfederally regulated 290

yearly 29

Ton Miles Traveled

projections 248a, 249b

Transportation Cost

petroleum transport 329, 329

Urban Rass Transit System

number systems 115a number vehicles 115b operating vehicles 115b ridership 116a

vehicle miles trailed 116b

vehicle type 116a

Urban Systems

energy intensity "O1

Vehicle Miles Traveled

freight transport 24, 26

intercity traffic 24 passenger transport 24, 26 RAILROADS Congressional Committee Jurisdiction 292

Freight Transport crude oil 328 petroleum products 328 RECREATION Vehicle

camping trailer 58 factory unit shipped 58

motor home 58 travel trailer 58

truck camper 58 RECREATION VEHICLE

Marine Vessel

exposure length 137 fuel consumption 137 number vessels 137 vessel type 137 Nonmotorized

towing method 108b

vehicle type 108b

Vehicle Riles Traveled

average miles 108a vehicle type 108a REFINED PRODUCTS Shale Oil 388

REFINING

Petroleum operations 340 REGIONAL Housing 403

Population 399, 400b, 403

REGISTRATION

(See MOTOR VEHICLE)

Rotor vehicle

automobile 38 bus 38

continent/selected countries 38 population 38

truck 38

RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT DATA

Funds

application 302 source 302 Industrial Expenditures energy abatement 303 pollution abatement 303

Industry 302

RESEARCH AND DEVELOPENT OUTLAY Transportation

air 301

general 301 highway 301

rail 301

urban mass transit 301

water 301

RESEARCH DEVELOPMENT AND DEMONSTRATION

Energy

foreign country 304

major thrust 304

RESERVES

Crude Oil

state 368

RESIDENTIAL

Electricity

cost 362b

Fuel Cost

electricity 362a RESIDUAL FUEL OIL

Consumption Estimates 168

503 KEYWORD INDEX

Yield

crude oil 341a, 341b

RETAIL TRADE

Employment

transportation 413

transportation related business 413

transportation related industry 413

REVENUE PASSENGER

Urban Mass Transit System

ridership 116a

ROWBOAT

Exposure length 137

Fuel Consumption 137

Number Vessels 137

RURAL

Travel Characteristics

number trips 105

vehicle miles traveled 105

Vehicle Miles Traveled

automobile 102, 103

bus 102

freight vehicle 102

passenger vehicle 102

truck 102

yearly 103

a". # S **

SAFETY

Federal Standars 287

Standards

federal 287

SAFETY LEVEL II STANDARD

Impact

projected fuel conservation 288

SAILBOAT

Exposure Length 137

Fuel Consumption 137

Number Vessels 137

SCRAPPAGE

Percent Of Yearly Registration

truck 65

Percent Operating Vehicles

automobile 65 Percent operating vehicles

truck 65

Percent Vehicle Registration

automobile 65 SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

Energy Conservation

functions transferred 298

resources transferred 298

SEDAN

Fleet

federal government motor vehicle 44

SENATE

Jurisdiction Over Transportation 292

SERVICES

Employment

transportation 413

transportation related business 413

transportation related industry 413

SHALE

Refining

crude/ton 384

raw material 384

waste solids 384

SHALE OIL

Processing 388

STANDARDS

Federal

safety 287 STANDBY GASOLINE TAX

National Energy Plan

impacts 277

Projected Impacts

Congressional Budget Office 277

Stanford University 277

Projections

Carter Administration 277

STANFORD UNIVERSITY STUDY

National Energy Plan

fuel consumption 276

impact 276

STATE TAXES

Fuel

fuel type 268
504 KEYWORD INDEX

Motor Vehicle Type

motor fuel tax 267

property tax 267

Registration fee 267

road-user tax 267

type tax 267

STATION WAGON

Fleet

federal government motor vehicle 44

SUBSIDIES

Congressional Committee Jurisdictions 292

SUBWAYCommuting Characteristics

home to work 113

SYNCRUDE 381

SYNTHETIC FUEL

Methanol 380

Projections 380

SYNTHETIC GAS

Transport

pipeline 331

*** T * 

TANKER

Transportation Cost

petroleum transport 329

TAR SAND

Refining

crude/ton 384

raw material 384

waste solids 384

Reserves

amount 382

locations 382

TAXES

Automobile 274

Corporate Taxes 264b

Excise 263

vehicle type 266

Excise Taxes 264b

Federal

transportation 263, 264a, 266

type tax 266

type vehicle service 266

vehicle type 266

Fuel

country 269

fuel type 268, 269

gasoline 268

percent retail price 269

state 268

vehicle type 266

Gasoline 274

Highway Use

vehicle type 266

Income

corporate 263

individual 263

Income taxes 264b

Profit 263

Rebate 274

Sources

Federal Transportation Tax 264b

State Transportation tax 264b

State

see STATE TAXES 267

transportation 264a

TON MILES

Air 195, 196a

energy intensity 196b

Air Carrier

yearly 29

Freight Transport

intercity traffic 30

mode of transport 30

projection 250a, 251b

projections 238a, 239b, 244a, 245b, 248a,

249b

Intercity Freight Transport

domestic waterways 31

inland waterways 31

pipeline 31

rail 31

truck 31

Marine

energy intensity 202

federally regulated 290

non-federally regulated 290

projection 250a, 251b

yearly 29

Marine Vessel

domestic commerce 139

foreign commerce 139

Motor Vehicle

federally regulated 290

non-federally regulated 290

Natural Gas Pipeline

energy intensity 203

pipe diameter 203

Pipeline

federally regulated 290

non-federally regulated 290

projections 252a, 253b

yearly 29

Rail

energy intensity 197b, 198, 200a, 200b

federally regulated 290

freight transport 132

non-federally regulated 290

projections 248a, 249b

yearly 29

Truck 189a

energy efficiency 189b

projections 244a, 245b

yearly 29

TRANSPORTATION

By Sector

manufacturing 413

retail trade 413

services 413

wholesale trade 413

Component Of Family Consumption 419

Component Of Gross National Product 407, 408

Component Of National Income

mode 409

type 409

Component Of Personal Consumption Expenditure

417, 418, 419

purchased intercity transportation 418

purchased local transportation 418

user-operated transportation 418

Consumer Price Index

gasoline 420

motor vehicles 420

Employment

mode 412, 412

related industry 412 sector 412

selected business 413

type 412

Energy Conservation

projections 232b, 233b

Energy Demand

projections 232a, 232b, 233b

Energy Use 166, 323a

percent change 163

petroleum 164a, 164b

petroleum products 164b

resource type 161

Equipment Manufacturing

employment 412, 413

Estimates Of Gross National Product 407, 408

Executive Branch Responsibilities

Corps of Engineers 291

Department of Mousing and Urban Development

291

Department of Interior 291

Department of State 291

General Service Administration 291

Maritime Administratltion 291

Military Airlift Command 291

Military Sealift Command 291

military Traffic Management Command 291

National Transportation Safety Board 291

Post Office Department 291

president 291

U.S. Travel Service 291

Federal Regulatory Agencies

responsibilities 289

Federal Tax Sources 264b

Federal Taxes 264a
505 KEYNORD INDEX

Fuel Consumption Annual Average

by vehicle type 175b

by year 175b

Industry Research and Development Data 302

Jurisdiction

congressional committees 292

Manufacturing

employment 413 Petroleum Consumption 166 product type 165

Petroleum Demand 325a Related Industry

employment 412, 413

Research And Development Outlay

air 301

general 301

highway 301

rail 301

urban mass transport 301 water 301 Retail Trade employment 413

Service

employment 413 Sourcesuses 323b State Tax Sources 264b State Taxes 264a

Taxesfederal 263

ages And Salary

mode 410

type 410 Wholesale Trade

employment 413

TRANSPORTATION COST

Petroleum Transport 329

TRANSPORTATION ENERGY CONSERVATION DIVISION

Organizational Chart 430

TRANSPORTATION ENERGY CONSERVATION NETWORK

Energy Use

projections 181 TRANSPORTATION ENERGY CONSERVATION NETWORK SCENARIOS Impact 182

Selected Elements 182 TRANSPORTATION FACILITIES Federal Expenditures

air 271 highway 271 water 271 TRANSPORTATION INDUSTRY Employment 411 TRANSPORTATION NETWORK Intercity Mileage

airway 33

highway 33

inland waterway 33

natural gas pipeline 33

oil pipeline 33

rail 33 utility main 33 TRANSPORTATION SECTOR Energy Use

mode type 181

projections 181

resource type 167

TRAVEL

Air

circuity 192

energy efficiency 192, 193

Intercity Traffic

air 106a

automobile 106a

travel characteristics 106a

truck 106a

Regionsnational travel survey 429

Vehicle Miles Traveled

automobile 94 bus 93, 94 freight transport 93 highway 93, 94 motor vehicle 94 motorcycle 93 passenger car 93

passenger transport 93

truck 93, 94

TRAVEL CHARACTERISTICS

Air

household income 126a, 126b

number trips 126a, 126b

passenger miles traveled 126a, 126h

scheduled flights 119

trip purpose 126a, 126b

Highway

annual mileage class 99

automobile 103, 97

driver age 98

driver sex 98

household characteristics 104, 99

household income determinant 100

miles driven 82, 98

passenger car 103, 97

recreation vehicle 108a

rural areas 109

rural road 103

trip length 109

trip purpose 101

urban areas 109

urban road 103

vehicle miles traveled 101, 105, 109

Household

household characteristics 105

number trips 105

Intercity Routes

rail 131a, 131b

Miles Driven

driver age 98

driver sex 98

Number Trips

automobile 110, 111

season 110, 111

trip length 110

tripslength 111

Passenger Miles Traveled

air 126b

Trip Characteristics

destination region 106b

Trip Distribution

destination region 107

regio of orgin 107

Truck Miles

empty capacity miles 95

empty vehicle 95

truck type 95

Vehicle Miles Traveled

automobile 110, 111 household characteristics 104

regional variation 82

rural areas 109

season 110, 111

trip purpose 109

truck 95

urban areas 109

TRAVEL TRAILER

Factory Unit Shipment 58

TRENDS AND CHOICES

Projections

pipeline ton miles 252a, 253b

TRIP LENGTH

Automobile

daily driving 307a

TRIPS

Air

characteristics 195

energy efficiency 192

fuel consumption 177

household income 126b

length 177, 195

number trips 126b

passenger miles traveled 126b

trip purpose 126b

Automobile

rural areas 109

season 110, 111

trip length 109, 110, 111

trip purpose 111

urban areas 109

vehicle miles traveled 109

Characteristics

rural household 101

urban household 101

Freight Transport

energy intensity 189a
506 KEYWORD INDEX

Home To Work

characteristics 113

travel mode 113

Intercity Traffic

air 106a

automobile 106a

travel characteristics 106a

truck 106a

Intracity

characteristics 112

Length

aircraft characteristics 191

automobile 187

bus 187

daily driving 306

energy intensity 187

Passenger iles Traveled

number trips 126a

trip purpose 126a

Rail energy intensity 197a

length 197a

operating characteristics 197a

vehicle type 197a

Region Of Orgin

destination region 107

Trip Characteristics

destination region 106b

intercity traffic 106b

miles/trip 106b

nights/trip 106b

persons/trip 106b

Truck

energy intensity 189a

freight transport 189a

Urban

daily driving 306

length 306

Vehicle Miles Traveled

fuel consumption 211a

population size 105

rural areas 105

rural household 101

urban areas 105

urban household 101

vehicle trips 105

TROLLEY COACH

Urban Mass Transit System

number vehicles 115b

operating vehicles 115b

ridership 116a

vehicle miles traveled 116b

TRUCK

Commuting Characteristics

home to work 113

Congressional Committee Jurisdiction 292

Distribution

fleet size 53

ssize classification 53

vehicle characteristics 53

vehicle type 53

Domestic

vehicle sales 56, 64

Electric

fleet operation 311

Electric Vehicle

production 59

Energy Demand

projections 244b, 245a

Energy Efficiency

operating characteristics 189b

weight class 189b

Energy Intensity

energy use 189a

fuel type 189a

operating characteristics 189b

ton miles 189a

trip characteristics 189a

use 189a

weight class 189b

Energy Use 171, 172

projections 181

Equipment

energy related 57

factory installation 57

Fleet

business involved 45

federal government motor vehicle 44

Freight Transport

commodities 32

crude oil 328

energy demand 244b, 245a

petroleum products 328

ton miles 32

tons 32

Fuel Consumption

fuel type 170

speed effect 213

tune-up improvement 213

vehicle operating characteristics 213

vehicle type 170

yearly 175a

Fuel Consumption Annual Average

by year 175b

Fuel Economy

improvements 215

truck class 215

Household Household Ownership

characteristics A9

In Operation

vehicle age 50

Intercity Freight Transport

ton miles 30, 31

Intercity Traffic

travel characteristics 106a

Light Weight

four wheel drive 54

Number Vehicles

commercial vehicle 18

federal government 18

fleet size 53

four wheel drive 54

in operation 50

light weight 54

private vehicle 18

registered 41

size classification 53

vehicle type 18, 53

yearly 20

Refrigerated Van

census division 55

miles driven 55

registered weight 55

Sales

gross vehicle weight 63

State Taxes

type tax 267

Type Vehicle 267

Stock

annual miles 52

body type 52

fleet size 52

fuel type used 52

operation range 52

size class 52

vehicle characteristics 52

vehicle type 52

Ton Miles

projections 244a, 245b

yearly 29

Transportation Cost

petroleum transport 329

Utilization

agriculture 51a

construction 51a

hire 51a

manufacturing 51a

personal transportation 51a

retail trade 51a

urban commuting 114

use type 51a, 51b

utilities and services 51a vehicle size class 51b wholesale trade Sla

Van

electric 310

Vehicle Miles Traveled 93

empty capacity miles 95

empty truck miles 95

highway 94

rural areas 102

truck type 95

urban areas 102

Vehicle Registration 38
507 KEYWORD INDEX

number vehicles 40 privately owned 41 publicly owned 41 Vehicle Sales gross vehicle weight 62, 64 vehicle type 56

yearly 56, 62, 64

Vehicle Scrappage

percent operating vehicles 65 percent vehicle registration 65

Vehicle Size Class

agriculture 51b

construction 51b

forestry 51b

hire 51b

mining 51b

personal transportation 51b

retail trade 51b

use type 51b

utilities and services 51b wholesale trade 51b

TRUCK CAMPER

Factory Unit Shipment 58

TUNE UP

Emission Improvement emission type 212b

speed 212b

Fuel Economy

speed 212a

*** U #**

URBAN

Automobile number passengers 307b

type driver 307b

Automobile Operation

daily driving 306, 307a

trip length 306

Commuting

truck 114

lass Transit

ridership 116a

vehicle miles traveled 116b

vehicle type 116a

Mass Transit System

number systems 115a

number vehicles 115b

operating vehicles 115b

Rail Systems

energy intensity 201

trip characteristics 201

Travel Characteristics

number trips 105

vehicle miles traveled 105

vehicle Miles Traveled

automobile 102, 103

bus 102

freight vehicle 102

passenger vehicle 102

truck 102

yearly 103

URBAN TRANSIT

(See MASS TRANSIT)

USER-OPERATED TRANSPORTATION

Component of Personal Consumption Expenditure

estimates by type 418

UTILITIES Energy Use 323a

Petroleum Demand 325a

Sources

uses 323b UTILITY MAIN

Intercity Mileage 33 UTILITY PRODUCTION

Electricity

energy resources 339

*** V ***

VAN

Electricfleet operation 311

road test 310

vehicle type 310

Refrigerated

miles driven 55

registrated weight 55

VEHICLE MILES TRAVELED

Air

air carrier type 26

aircraft type 24

freight transport 24

general aviation 24, 26

passenger transport 24

use type 24

yearly 26

Automobile 96

(see AUTOMOBILE) 97

projections 238b, 239a

rural areas 109

trip length 109

trip purpose 109

urban areas 109

vehicle trips 105

Automobile Fleet

fuel consumption 209b

fuel economy 209h

gasoline consumption 209b

petroleum conservation 209b

vehicle mileage reduction 209b

Automobile Fleet Fuel Economy

dollar savings 209a

gasoline consumption 209a

Automobile ownership

population size 105

rural 105

urban 105

Freight Transport 17

Freight vehicle

refrigerated van 55

Fuel Economy

improvements 210

Highway 17, 93, 96

automobile 103, 26, 97

bus 26

driver age 98

driver sex 98

freight transport 24, 26

government use 24

intercity traffic 24

intracity traffic 24

miles driven 97, 98

motorcycle 26

passenger car 103, 26

passenger transport 24, 26

rural road 103

survival rate 97

truck 26

urban road 103

vehicle age 97

vehicle type 24, 93

weighted yearly travel 97

yearly 26

Household 82

Household Characteristics

income determinant 100

Local Transit 26

Nonhighway 17

Passenger Car

population size 101

rural household 101

trip purpose 101

urban household 101

Passenger Transport 17

Personal Transportation

rural areas 104

urban areas 104

Petroleum Conservation

automobile fleet fuel economy 209a

Projections 242a, 243b Rail

energy intensity 201

energy use 201

feright vehicles 200a

freight transport 24, 26

intercity traffic 24

local transit 24

passenger transport 24, 26

trip characteristics 201
urban 201

yearly 26

Rail freight transport 200b

Recreation Vehicle

average miles 108a

vehicle type 108a

Regional Variation 82

Rural Areas

automobile 102

bus 102

freight vehicle 102

passenger vehicle 102

truck 102

Trips

fuel consumption 211a

Truck

refrigerated van 55

Urban Areas

automobile 102

bus 102

freight vehicle 102

passenger vehicle 102

truck 102

Urban Mass Transit system bus 116b

rail 116b

trolley coach 116b

vehicle type 116

VEHICLE SALES

(See MOTOR VEHICLE)

Automobile

yearly 56

Bus 63

gross vehicle weight 64

yearly 64

Domestic

vehicle sales 56

Truck 63

gross vehicle weight 64

vehicle type 56

yearly 56, 64

VOLUNTARY PROGRAMS

Conservation 280

Technology Devlopment and Diffusion 280

VOLUNTARY TRUCK AND BUS FUEL ECONOMY PROGRAM

Participants

Department of Transportation 280

Environmental Protection Agency 280

Federal Energy Administration 280

industry 280 trade associations 280

Program Objectives 280

*** r **.

WAGES AND SALARY

(See INCOME)

Family Income 414a, 414b

Industry

agriculture 410 communication 410 construction 410 finance 410 government 410 manufacturing 410

mining 410 services 410

trade 410

transportation 410 utility 410

WARD'S

Automobile Classification 425a WATER

(See MARINE) Federal Expenditures

transportation facilities 271

Research And Development outlays 301

WATER CARRIERS

Freight Transport

crude oil 328

petroleum products 328 WATERBORNE COMMERCE

Traffic Type domestic commerce 139

foreign commerce 139

508 KEYWORD INDEX

haul 139

ton miles 139

tons 139

WATERWAY

Domestic

Congressional Committee Jurisdictions 292

Federal Expenditures

transportation facilities 271

Inland

Congressional Committee Jurisdictions 292

WAX

Yield

crude oil 341a, 341b

WHOLESALE TRADE

Employment

transportation 413

transportation related business 413

transportation related industry 413
Permuted Title Index

Notations:

# indicates the beginning of the title

* indicates the end of the title

511

TITLF INDEX

and Development Expenditures for Enery and Pollution Abateemnt by Industry 1974-1976* Industrial Research 303 #Refiner Acqusition cost of Crude Petroleum* 156 Measures Enacted by the Energy Policy and Conservation Act, Public Law 94-163, December 22, 1975* Conservation 278 Hybrid Vehicle Research, Development and Demonstration Act, Public Law 94-413* Elements of the Electric and 279 #Electric end Hybrid Vehicle R,D and D ACT* 279 #Comparison of Active Aircraft Fleet to Hours Flown and Fuel Consumed* 127 #Petroleum Administration for Defense Districts* 427 Regions of the United States Used by the Federal Energy Administration* #Demand 428 tAverage Annual Automcbile Person-Miles Driven by Age and Sex* 98 #Distribution of the Total Population, by Age and Sex: April 1, 1970 and July 1, 1976* 398 #Passenger Cars in Use by Age of Car* 43 #Percent of Cars Purchased New, by Age of Household Head, Income and Number of Cars Owned* 83 of Vehicles by Average Annual Mileage Class and Average Age of Vehicle by Number of Cars in Household and 99 of Licensed Drivers by Sex and Percentage in Each Age Group - 1975* #Distribution 404 *U.S. Population by Five-Year Age Groups, 1950 Through 2000* 402

#Trucks In Use by Age* 50 of Passenger Automobiles as a Function of Passenger Car Age* *Tearly Travel 97 Estimates of the Resident Population of the U.S. by Age, Region, and Division: July 1, 1976 *Preliminary 397 Estimates of the Resident Population of the U.S. by Age, Region, and Division: July 1, 1976* #Preliminary 397 #Federal Transportation Regulatory Agencies and Their Responsibilities 289 #Cperating Energy Intensity for Air Cargo* 196b 1982* #Composition of United States Air Carrier Fleet by Type of Aircraft: December 1966- 123 #Airport Statistics and Certificated and Supplemental Air Carriers by Individual Carrier, 1975* 120

# Air Energy Demand* 246b,2 4

7a # Air Flights and Facilities* 119 # Air Travel* 126b #Revenue Passenger-Miles -Traveled by Air* 246a,247b #Cost of Fuel for Air, Truck, Railroad and Marine Vessels* 358 #Operating Conditions and Energy Intensity for Selected Aircraft and Services 1974-75* 196a # Aircraft Energy Efficiency vs Available Passenger* 193

Aircraft* I Aircraft Energy Efficiency Vs Stage Length for Various 191 #operational Measures to Improve Aircraft Energy Efficiency* 216a #Comparison of Active Aircraft Fleet to Hours Flown and Fuel Consumed* 127 # Aircraft Fuel Use Distribution, August 1976* 177

#Operating Conditions and Energy Intensity for Selected Aircraft 1974-75* 194a #Aircraft Energy Efficiency Vs Stage Length for Various Aircraft* 191 #Energy Efficiency of Various Aircraft* 190

#Efficiency Projections for New Aircraft* 217

#Energy Intensity for Cargo Aircraft, 1974-1980* 195 of United States Air Carrier Fleet by Type of Aircraft: December 1966-1982' Composition 123

a Airline Travel, 1972* 126a # Airplane Energy Conservation* 216 #City Pair Airplane Energy Efficiencies, Including Circuity* 192 #Physical and Technological Changes to Improve Airplane Energy Efficiency* 216b Air Carriers by Individual Carrier, 1975* Airport Statistics and certificated and Supplemental 120 #Average Annual Automobile Person-Miles Driven by Age and Sex* 98 1973* #Average Annual Federal Taxes on Selected Motor Vehicle Types, 266

#Average Annual Fuel Consumption by Type of Highway Vehicle* 175b #Total Annual Fuel Consumption by Type of Vehicle* 175a

Customer, 1960 Through 1975* tAverage Annual Growth Rates in Electricity Prices by Class of 362a #Selected Vehicle Usage Characteristics by Annual Income of the Household* 100

lumber of #Percent Distribution of Vehicles by Average Annual Mileage Class and Average Age of Vehicle by 99 #Registered Weight of Insulated Refrigerated Vans and Annual Miles Driven by Census Region* 54 Census Region, 1972* #Registered Weight and Annual Miles Driven of Insulated Refrigerated Vans by 55

#Comparison of Annual Miles Driven Per Automobile* 96 Individual Purpose and Population Size*#Distribution of Annual Passenger Car Vehicle Miles Per Household by 101 States: 1960-1974* #Average Annual Percent Change for Regions by Metropolitan 400b * aAverage Annual State Taxes on Selected Motor Vehicle Types, 1973 267

:eight* # Annual Track and Bus Factory Sales by Gross Vehicle 63 #Distribution of the Total Population, by Age and Sex: April 1, 1970 and July 1, 1976* 398 and Premium Gasoline at Full Service Retail Outlets, April 1977* Areas Selling Prices for Leaded, Unleaded 359 Mills for Specified Kilowatt Hours of Electricity by Area, May, 1977* INet Monthly 361 to Work for 21 Standard Metropolitan Statistical Areas (SMSA's), 1975* #Major Mode of Transportation 113 Gasoline at Full Service Retail #Average Selected Areas Selling Prices for Leaded, Unleased and Premium 359 Program* #Excerpts from the Joint FEA/EPA Study Assessing the Impact of the Fuel Economy Information 281 #Aircraft Fuel Use Distribution, August 1976* 177

#Petroleum Conservation Through Improvement in Auto Fuel Economy (MPG)* 209a fron the Imposition of the National Energy Plan- Auto Inefficiency Tax and Rebate Program* Resulting 276 Trucks, 1970* # Auto Ownership Characteristics of Households Owning 89 #Estimated Automobile and Truck Scrappage* 65 Emissions Standards* International Automobile Emissions Standards Relative to U.S. 286 #Total Automobile Energy Demand* 242b,243b #Electric Automobile Energy Use* 313b

#Average Fuel Economy for Automobile Fleet and New Cars* 185 Mcdel Tear* I Automobile Fuel Economy for Various Weight Classes by 186a # Automobile Miles-Per-Gallon* 238 b,239a #Conditional Distribution of Automobile ownership (%)* 90 IMaximum Reported Number of Automobile Passengers on the Survey Day* 307b aAverage Annual Automobile Person-Miles Driven by Age and Sex* 98

#Cost of Operating a 1974 Automobile Suburban Based Operation* 72 1975* Automobile Travel: Urban vs Rural Roads, 1950 Through 103

#Average Automobile Trip Length by Purpose of Trip and Season* 111 #Percentage of Automobile Trips by Season and Trip Length* 110
512

TTTLE INDEX

Miles) and Place of Residence* Percent of Automobile Trips for all Trip Purposes by Trip Length ( 109

* Automobile Vehicle-Miles Traveled* 242a,243b

*Comparison of Annual Miles Driven Per Automobile* 96

(Cost of Operating a Surban-Based Automobile* 71

Intensity* REnergy Intensity for Automobiles and Buses Compared with Operating Energy 187

(Yearly Travel of Passenger Automobiles as a Function of Passenger Car Age* 97

(Number of Automobiles in Total U.S. Fleet* 240a,241a

Fifth Percentile Daily Range Requirements of Urban Automobiles with Off-Street Parking* *Ninety- 307a

Since 1975* ( Autumn 1976 Urban Family Budgets and Percent Change 419

(Aircraft Energy Efficiency vs Available Passenger 193

of Vehicles by Average Annual Milage Class and Average Age of Vehicle by Number of Cars in Household 99

and Sex* ( Average Annual Automobile Person-Miles Driven by Age 98 Types, 1973, ( Average Annual Federal Taxes on Selected Motor Vehicle 266

Vehicle* ( Average Annual Fuel Consumption by Type of Highway 175b

Class of Customer, 1960 Thrcugh 1975* M Average Annual Growth Rates in Electricity Prices by 362a by Number of Cars #Percent Distribution of Vehicles by Average Annual Mileage Class and Average Age of vehicle 99

Metropolitan Status: 1960-1574, 8 Average Annual Percent Change for Regions by 400b Types, 1973*t Average Annual State Taxes on Selected Motor Vehicle 267

Season* * Average Automobile Trip Length by Purpose of Trip and 111

or More: 1972, 1974, and 1915* # Average Characteristics of Travel Involving 100 Miles 106a

#Daily Average Consumption of Motor Gasoline by Month* 176

( Average Fuel Economy for Automobile Fleet and New Cars* 185

of the U.S.: Ton Miles and Tons by Type of Traffic and Average Haul* Riaterborne Commerce 139

1963 Through 1975" ( Average Miles Traveled by Type of Highway Motor Vehicle 94

( Average Miles Traveled Per Recreational Vehicle, 1974* 108a

Dollars* 8 Average Price of New Cars in Current and Constant 1975 69

1960 Through 1975* t Average Retail Electricity Rates by Class of Customer, 362b

Unleased and Premium Gasoline at Full Service Retail R Average Selected Areas Selling Prices for Leaded, 359 1975* (Characteristics of Average Trip by Region of Destination: 1972, 1974, and 106b

Reporting Sources* (Effect of Avialable DOD Figures for 1973 on Discrepancies in 168

Estimated Fuel Consumed by United States Domestic Civil Aviation* 0 178

(Percentage Yields of the Major Refined Products from a Barrel of Crude Oil in the U.S.* 341b

#Yield from a Barrel of Crude Oil* 341a

(Transportation Energy Conservation Network Base Case Projections - Total Energy Used by the 181 BTransportation Energy Demand - Base Case Projections* 232a

(Electric Vehicle Projected Battery Characteristics* 313a

Characteristics and Disposable Solids for a 100,000 bbl/day U.S. Refinery* (Raw Material 384 (U.S. Manufactured and Imported Bicycles* 149

Area, May, 1977* #Net Monthly Bills for Specified Kilowatt Hours of Electricity by 361

and Estimated Fuel Consumption* (Number of Boats Used for Recreation, Length of Exposure by Type 137 (Transportation Responsibilities Within the Executive Branch* 291

(Highway/Nonhighway and Passenger/Freight Breakdowns Within the Transportation Sector* 17

# Btu Per Ton Miles Estimates for Railroad Freight* 198 #ERDA's FY 1978 Budget Request* 299 (FY 1978 Energy Budget* 300

(Autumn 1976 Urban Family Budgets and Percent Change Since 1975* 419

RAnnual Truck and Bus Factory Sales by Gross Vehicle Weight* 63 RVoluntry Truck and Bus Fuel Economy Program* 280

(U.S. Motor Truck and Bus Retail Sales' 62

of the Joint Industry - Government VOLUNTARY TRUCK AND BUS FUEL ECONOMY PROGRAM* (Characteristics 280

(Factory Sales of Trucks and Buses by Gross Vehicle Weight, Pounds* 64

#Energy Intensity for Automobiles and Buses Compared with Operating Energy Intensity* 187

#Motor Vehicle Fleets in the U.S. by Type of Business* 45 and Establishments for Selected Motor Vehicle-Related Businesses: 1967 and 1972* (Employment 413 # Calculated Energy Intensity of Urban Rail System* 201

(Privately and Publicly Cwned Registered Vehicles by Calendar Year, 1960-1975* 41a

(Privately and Publicly Owned Registered Vehicles by Calendar Year, 1960-1975* 41

Region, 1975* (Mean and Per Capita Household Income by Type of Residence and 415 #Per Capita Income and Employment Projections* 416a

(Regional Total and Per Capita Motor-Fuel Use for 1976* 174

(Choice of Smaller Car for Two-Car Households (1)* 86

of Passenger Automobiles as a Function of Passenger Car Age* (Yearly Travel 97

RChoice of Smaller Car for Two- Car Households (%)* 86 (Vehicle size Combinations of Two- Car Households, 1970* 87

(Motor Vehicle Factory Sales from Domestic Car Manufacturers* 56

Percent of Vehicle-Miles of Travel and Vehicle Trips by Car Ownership and Place of Residence* 0 105 #Size Loyalty Between New Car Purchase and Projected Replacement* 85 (Percent New Car Registrations by Market Segment* 61 (Passenger Car Retail Sales* 60

and Population Size* (Distribution of Annual Passenger Car Vehicle Miles Per Household by Individual Purpose 101

(Cost Per Mile for a Standard 1976 Model Car* 70 #Passenger Cars in Use by Age of Car* 43

(Energy Intensity for Cargo Aircraft, 1974-1980* 195

Energy Intensity for Certificated Route Passenger/ Cargo Carriers* #Passenger Operating 194b Operating Energy Intensity for Air Cargo* 196b

(Composition of United States Air Carrier Fleet by Type of Aircraft: December 1966-1982* 123

and Supplemental Air Carriers by Individual Carrier, 1975* (Airport Statistics and Certificated 120 Statistics and Certificated and Supplemental Air Carriers by Individual Carrier, 1975* (Airport 120

Energy Intensity for Certificated Route Passenger/Cargo Carriers* Passenger Operating 194b

of Federally Regulated and Not Federally Regulated Carriers, 1974* Intercity Ton-Miles 290

(Effect of Speed on Fuel Consumption Rates: Cars and Trucks* 213

(Average Price of New Cars in Current and Constant 1975 Dollars* 69
513

TITLE INDEX

mileage Class and Average Age of Vehicle by Number of Cars in Household and Mileage Class* by Average Annual 99 (Passenger Cars in Use by Age of Car* 43

Reasons for Size (Expected Characteristics of New Cars to be Purchased Between June 1976 and 1981 and 84

#Passenger Cars In-Use' 19 New, by Age of Household Head, Income and Number of Cars Owned* (Percent of Cars Purchased 83

and Number of Cars Owned* *Percent of Cars Purchased New, by Age of Household Head, Income 83

!Average Fuel Economy for Automobile Fleet and New Cars* 185

,Tax/Reate Schedule for New Cars* 274

(Household Purchases of New and Used Passenger Cars, 1968 Through 1974* 79

(Consumer Price Indexes, 1950-1975, by Categories* 420

Insulated Refrigerated Vans and Annual Miles Driven by Census Region* (Registered Weight of 54

Annual Miles Driven of Insulated Refrigerated Vans by Census Region, 1972* (Registered Weight and 55 # Census Regions and Geographic Divisions of the U.S.* 426 Individual Carrier, 1975* (Airport Statistics and Certificated and Supplemental Air carriers by 120

(Passenger Operating Energy Intensity for Certificated Route Passenger/Cargo Carriers* 194b

Energy Conservation Division Organization Chart* *Transportation 430 N Choice of Smaller Car for Two-Car Households ()* 86 (Intercity Distances and Circuity Factors for Selected City Pairs* 34

#City Pair Airplane Energy Efficiencies, Including Circuity* 192

Circuity' # City Pair Airplane Energy Efficiencies, Including 192

(Intercity Distances and Circuity Factors for Selected City Pairs* 34

Weight Class* # City/Highway Combined Fuel Economy by Model Year and 186b *Estimated Fuel Consumed by United States Domestic Civil Aviation* 178

Distribution of Vehicles by Average Annual Mileage Class and Average Age of Vehicle by Number of Cars in 99

(Average Annual Growth Rates in Electricity Prices by Class of Customer, 1960 Through 1975* 362a

(Average Retail Electricity Rates by Class of Customer, 1960 Through 1975* 362b

Highway Combined Fuel Econcay by Model Year and Weight Class* #City/ 186b

of Vehicle by Number of Cars in Household and Mileage Class* by Average Annual Mileage Class and Average Age 99

Operating Energy Efficiency and Intensity by Weight Class, 1972* STruck 189b #Automobile Fuel Economy for Various Weight Classes by Model Year* 186a

(Ward's Classification* 425a

#EPA's Classification* 425b #Vehicle Size Combinations of Two-Car Households, 1970* 87

(Necessary Modifications to the Internal Combustion Engine Due to the Use of Methanol Fuels* 387

Traffic and Average Haul* SWaterborne Commerce of the U.S.: Ton Miles and Tons by Type of 139

#Congressional Committees Having Jurisdiction Over Transportation* 292

(Percent Distribution by Mode cf Transportation for Commodities Shipped by Manufacturers, 1972* 32

Efficiency* (Effect of Common Conservation Techniques on Vehicle Fuel 214

#Use of Trucks in Urban Commuting* 114

#Gross National Product by Major Component, 1965-1976* 407,408 of Aircraft: December 1966-1982* # Composition of United States Air Carrier Fleet by Type 123 # Conditional Distribution of Automobile Ownership ()* 90

Transportation* # Congressional Committees Having Jurisdiction Over 292

Conservation Measures Enacted by the Energy Policy and Conservation Act, Public Law 94-163, December 22, 1975* 278

(Transportation Energy Demand - Conservation Case Projections* 232b,233

(Transportation Energy Conservation Division Organization Chart* 430

Conservation Act, Public Law (Selected Transportation Conservation Measures Enacted by the Energy Policy and 278

Energy Used by the (Transportation Energy Conservation Network Base Case Projections - Total 181

(Selected Findings cf the Transportation Energy Conservation Network Scenarios* 182

(Effect of Common Conservation Techniques on Vehicle Fuel Efficiency* 214

MPG)* #Petroleum Conservation Through Improvement in Auto Fuel Economy ( 209a

Traveled (VMT)* #Petroleum Conservation Through Reduction in Motor Vehicle Miles 209b (Airplane Energy Conservation* 216

Smedian Household Income in Constant and 1975 Current Dollars for the United States* 414a

(Median and Mean Household Income in Current and Constant Dollars 1967 to 1975* 414b

(Average Price of New Cars in Current and Constant 1975 Dollars* 69

Improvement in Fuel Economy and the (Changes in Gallons Consumed by a Vehicle as a Function of the Percent 210 (Estimated Fuel Consumed by United States Domestic Civil Aviation* 178

of Active Aircraft Fleet to Hours Flown and Fuel Consnmed* (Comparison 127 # Consumer Price Indexes, 1950 to 1976* 420

t Consumer Price Indexes, 1950-1975, by Categories* 420

Changes in Consumer Prices of Energy Items, 1966 to 1976* 363

(Cost of a Gallon of Crude Oil from Well to Consner* 357

Consumption and Revelant Economic Indicators by Final Consuming Sector, 1950 to 1976* Changes in Energy 163 #Consumption of Energy Resources by Major Sources and Consuming Sectors, 1971 Through 1976* 161

Consuming Sector, 1950 to (Percent Changes in Energy Consumption and Revelant Economic Indicators by Final 163

Sector: 1975* #Petroleum Consumption by Major Product and Major Consumption 165 #Fuel Consumption by Mode of Transportation* 170

#Petroleum Consumption by Sector* 164a

#Petroleum Consumption by Sector, 1950 Through 1976* 164b

(Average Annual Fuel Consumption by Type of Highway Vehicle* 175b

#Total Annual Fuel Consumption by Type of Vehicle* 175a

Engines, Maximum Power* (Decrease of Energy Consumption in Comparison to Production Gasoline 385

Consuming Sectors, 1971 Through 1976* # Consumption of Energy Resources by Major Sources and 161

Through 1976* #U.S. Total Gross Consumption of Energy Resources by Major Sources, 1950 162 Daily Average Consumption of Motor Gasoline by Month* 176

1976* (Personal Consmption Expenditures by Transportation Sector, 1965- 418

Through 1976* (Personal Consumption Expenditures by Type of Product 1965 417

(Effect of Speed on Fuel Consumption Rates: Cars and Trucks* 213

"Petroleum Consumption by Major Product and Major Consumption Sector: 1975* 165

#U.S. Energy Resource Consumption* 160

U.S. Petroleum Production and Consumption* 338b

*U.S. Petroleum Production as Percent of Consumption* 338a

(Distribution of Trip Mileage and Fuel Consumption* 211a

Length of Exposure by Type and Estimated Fuel Consumption* #umber of Boats Used for Recreation, 137

Mileage for Transpcrtation Networks Within the Continental U.S., 1960 Through 1975* #Intercity 33
514

TITLE INDEX

4 Cost of a Gallon of Crude oil from Well to Consumer* 357 tpefiner Acqusition Cost of Crude Petroleum* 356

# Cost of Fuel for Air, Truck, Railroad and Marine Vessels 358

oil* #Comparison of Cost of Gasoline, Home Heating Oil, and Residual Fuel 364

* Cost of Operating a Surban-Based Automobile* 71

Operatior.* # Cost of Operating a 1974 Automobile Suburban Based 72

# Cost Per Mile for a Standard 1976 Model Car* 70

#Range of Petroleum Transportation Costs* 329

#Electric Vehicle Projected Costs* 312

#Estimates of Petroleum Reserves in Principal Producing Countries and Crude Oil Production in 1975* 367

#United States Imports of Crude Cil by Selected Source Countries* 349

#Posted Price of Petroleum by Major Producing Countries* 353

Schedule* *Maximum Credible Implementation Scenario Synfuel Production 380 1970" # Crude and Product Pipeline Mileage by Pipe Diameter, 144 #Method of Transporting Crude Oil and Petroleum Products, 1974* 328

#United States Imports of Crude Oil by Selected Source Countries* 349 *Cost of a Gallon of Crude oil from Well to Consumer* 357

Yields of the Major Refined Products from a Barrel of Crude Oil in the U.S.* #Percentage 341b

#U.S. Crude Oil Imports as Percent of Domestic Production* 347 Petroleum Reserves in Principal Prcducing Countries and Crude Oil Production in 1975* #Estimates of 367 #World Crude oil Production* 335b

* # Crude Oil Production, U.S. Western Hemisphere, and World 335a

#U.S. Crude oil Reserves and Production* 370

Year* #Proved Crude oil Reserves by States as of January 1 of Given 368 #Yield from a Rarrel of Crude Oil* 341a #8T.S. Dcestic Production of Crude oil, Natural Gasoline, and Other Hydrocarbons* 336b

#Pipeline Transfers of Crude oil, 1975 and 1990* 330a #Domestic Crude Petroleum at the Wellhead* 355

#Domestic Crude Petroleum Price at the Wellhead 354

#Refiner Acqusition Cost of Crude Petroleum* 356 LIQUIDS* # CRUDE PETROLEUM, PETROLEUM PRODUCTS, AND NATURAL GAS 324 of Implementing Safety Level II Standards in 195 on Cumulative Fuel Savings5 #Impact 288 of Level II and Level III Emissions Standards on Cumulative Petroleum Savings* from Implementation 285 #Median and Mean Household Income in Current and Constant Dollars 1967 to 1975* 414b #Average Price of New Cars in Current and Constant 1975 Dollars* 69 #Median Household Income in Constant and 1975 Current Dollars for the United States* 414a .Average Retail Electricity Rates by Class of Customer, 1960 Through 1975* 362b

Annual Growth Rates in Electricity Prices by Class of Customer, 1960 Through 1975* #Average 362a *Comparison of Total Energy Use Using Various Sources, C 1973* 169

#Electric and Hybrid Vehicle R,D and D ACT* 279

#Transportation Planning and R & D Outlay U.S. Government* 301

# Daily Average consumption cf Motor Gasoline by Month* 176 #Distribution of Daily Driving* 306

Street Parking* .Ninety-Fifth Percentile Daily Range Requirements of Urban Automobiles with Off- 307a Characteristics and Disposable Solids for a 100,000 bbl/ day U.S. Refinery5 Raw Material 384 Reported Number of Automobile Passengers on the Survey Day* IMaximum 307b

of Operating Urban Mass Transit Systems in the U.S. ( DEC 31, 1975)* Number 115a of United States Air Carrier Fleet by Type of Aircraft: December 1966-1982 #Composition 123 Energy Policy and Conservation Act, Public Law 94-163, December 22, 1975* Conservation Measures Enacted by the 278 Production Gasoline Engines, Maimum Power* # Decrease of Energy Consumption in Comparison to 385 #Petroleum Administration for Defense Districts* 427

#Department of Defense Energy Use by Transportation Bode FT 1973* 173

#The National System of Interstate and Defense Highways, September 30, 1976* 37

#Transportation Energy Demand - Base Case Projections* 232a Transportation Energy Demand - Conservation Case Projections* 232b,233b

Energy Administration* # Demand Regions of the United States Used by the Federal 428

#Petroleum Supply- Demand Relationships, 1966 Through 1975* 325b

#Petroleum Supply- Demand Relationships, 1975* 325a #Total Automobile Energy Demand* 242b,243b

#Air Energy Demande 246b,247a #Pipeline Energy Demand* 252b,253a #Total Marine Energy Demand* 250b,251a

#Total Rail Energy Demand* 248 b,24i #Truck Energy Demand* 244b,245a

#Major Energy Research, Development and Demonstration in Other Nations* 304

Electric and Hybrid Vehicle Research, Development and Demonstration Act, Public Law 94-413* Elements of the 279 FY 1973* # Department of Defense Energy Use by Transportation Mode 173 #Organization of the Department of Energy* 296 #Functions and Resources to be Transferred to the Department of Energy* 298 of all Person-Trips by Region of Origin and Region of Destination, 1975, 1974, and 1972* #Distribution 107 #Characteristics of Average Trip by Region of Destination: 1972, 1974, and 1975* 106b

#Crude and Product Pipeline Mileage by Pipe Diameter, 1970* 144 #Highway Trust Fund Receipts and Disbursements* 270 #Effect of Avialable DOD Figures for 1973 on Discrepancies in Reporting Sources* 168

#Raw Material Characteristics and Disposable Solids for a 100,000 bbl/day U.S. Refinery* 384 #Intercity Distances and Circuity Factors for Selected City Pairs* 34

Shipped by Manufacturers, 1972* #Percent Distribution by Mode of Transportation for Commodities 32 #Percent Distribution by Size of Truck and Major Use, 1972* 51b and Region of Destination, 1975, 1974, and 1972" # Distribution of all Person-Trips by Region of Origin 107

April 1, 1970 and July 1, 1976" * Distribution of the Total Population, by Age and Sex: 398 Household by Individual Purpose and Population Size* # Distribution of Annual Passenger Car Vehicle Miles Per 101 #Conditional Distribution of Automobile ownership ()* 90

1 Distribution of Daily Driving* 306 Transport* 1 Distribution of Intercity Freight Movement by Type of 31

in Each Age Group - 1975* # Distribution of Licensed Drivers by Sex and Percentage 404 * Distribution of Trip Mileage and Fuel Consumption* 211a
515

TITLE INDEX

#Percent

#Percent Class and Average Age of Vehicle by Number of #Percent

#Aircraft Fuel Use

#Petroleum Administration for Defense #Transportation Energy Conservation

the Resident Population of the U.S. by Age, Region, and #Census Regions and Geographic

Sources* #Effect of Avialable

#Purchasing Power of the #Median Household Income in Constant and 1975 Current

and Mean Household Income in Current and Constant #Average Price of New Cars in Current and Constant 1975

#United States Oil Supply

#Motor Vehicle Factory Sales from

#Estimated Fuel Consumed by United States

#United States Other Hydrocarbons* #U.S. *U.S. Crude Oil Imports as Percent of

#Average Annual Automobile Person-Miles

Weight of Insulated Refrigerated vans and Annual Miles

Variations in Number of Motor Vehicles Owned and Miles 1972* #Registered Weight and Annual Miles

#Number of Motor Vehicles Owned and Miles #Comparison of Annual Miles

in Fuel Economy and the Number of Miles It is

#Distribution of Licensed

#Influence of *Test Schedule for Repeatable

$Distribution of Daily 1976#Percent Changes in Energy Consumption and Revelant

Petroleum Conservation Through Improvement in Auto Fuel

as a Function of the Percent Improvement in Fuel

#City/Righway Combined Fuel

#Average Fuel

#Automobile Fuel

#Fuel

#Fuel ITruck Fuel

#Fuel Joint PEA/EPA Study Assessing the Impact of the Fuel

IVoluntry Truck and Bus Fuel

#Influence of Driving Pattern on Fuel

Industry - Government VOLUNTARY TRUCK AND BUS FUEL

Demonstration Act, Public Law #Selected Elements of the

#Performance of Road - Tested

#Estimated

#Fleet Operations:

Mnet monthly Bills for Specified Kilowatt Hours of

#Production of

1975* #Average Annual Growth Rates in

1975* #Average Retail

#Production of Mineral Energy Resources and

#Federal #Percentage of

Impacts from Implementation of Level II and Level III * #International Automobile

Automobile Emissions Standards Relative to U.S.

of Gasoline and Methanol-Engine and Tailpipe Exhaust Vehicle-Related Businesses: 1967 and 1972 

#U.S. #Per Capita Income and

System 1976* #Empty Truck Miles and

Interstate Highway System 1976* Public #Selected Transportation Conservation Measures

Industrial Research and Development Expenditures for Demand Regions of the United States Used by the Federal

#FY 1978 #Transportation Total Energy Used by the Transportation #Transportation #Selected Findings cf the Transportation

NAirplane

Final Consuming Sector, 1950 to 1976UPercent Changes in Engines, Maximum Power* #Decrease of

#Transportation #Transportation

#Total Automobile #Truck

Distribution of Trucks by Major Use* Distribution of Trucks* Distribution of Vehicles by Average Annual Mileage

Distribution, August 1976* Districts*

Division Organization Chart* Division: July 1, 1976* #Preliminary Estimates of Divisions of the U.S.*

DOD Figures for 1973 on Discrepancies in Reporting Dollar: 1950 to 1976*

Dollars for the United States*

Dollars 1967 to 1975* UMedian Dollars*

Domestic and Imported*

Domestic Car Manufacturers*

Domestic Civil Aviation*

Domestic Crude Petroleum at the Wellhead* Domestic Crude Petroleum Price at the Wellhead* Domestic Oil Production*

Domestic Production of Crude Oil, Natural Gasoline, and Domestic Production*

Driven by Age and Sex*

Driven by Census Region* #Registered Driven by Households, fall 1974* URegional Driven of Insulated Refrigerated Vans by Census Region,

Driven per Household by Selected Household Driven Per Automobile*

Driven*Vehicle as a Function of the Percent Improvement

Drivers by Sex and Percentage in Each Age Group - 1975*

Driving Pattern on Fuel Economy*

Driving Pattern*

Driving*

Economic Indicators by Final Consuming Sector, 1950 to Economy (MPG)* N

Economy and the Number of Miles It is Driven* a Vehicle Economy by Model Year and Weight Class*

Economy for Automobile Fleet and New Cars*

Economy for Various Weight Classes by Model Year*

Economy Changes by Manufacturer: 1976 and 1977*

Economy Improvement After Tune-up*

Economy Improvements*

Economy Information Program*

Economy Information Program* #Excerpts from the Economy Program*

Economy*

ECONOMY PROGRAM* #Characteristics of the Joint

Electric and Hybrid Vehicle R,D and D ACT*

Electric and Hybrid Vehicle Research, Development and

Electric Automobile Energy Use*

Electric Vans*

Electric Vehicle Production, 1977*

Electric Vehicle Projected Battery Characteristics*

Electric Vehicle Projected Costs'

Electric Vehicles*

Electricity by Area, May, 1977*

Electricity by Primary Energy Source, 1972-1977*

Electricity Prices by Class of Customer, 1960 Through

Electricity Rates by Class of Customer, 1960 Through

Electricity*

Emission Standards*

Emissions Improvement After Tune-up*

Emissions Standards on Cumulative Petroleum Savings* of

Emissions Standards Relative to U.S. Emissions Standards

Emissions Standards* MInternational

Emissions* #Comparison

Employment and Establishments for Selected Motor

Employment by Industry, 1965 Through 1976*

Employment in Transportation and Related Industries*

Employment Projections*

Empty Truck Capacity Miles on the Interstate Highway

Empty Truck Miles and Empty Truck Capacity Miles on the

Enacted by the Energy Policy and Conservation Act,

Energy and Pollution Abatement by Industry 1974-1976*

Energy Administration* 

Energy Budget*

Energy Conservation Division Organization Chart*

Energy Conservation Network Base Case Projections 

Energy Conservation Network Scenarios*

Energy Conservation*

Energy Consumption and Revelant Economic Indicators by

Energy Consumption in Comparison to Production Gasoline

Energy Demand - Base Case Projections*

Energy Demand - Conservation Case Projections*

Energy Demand*

Energy Demand*

51a

53

99

177

427

430

397

426

168

421

4 14a

414b

69

326

56

178

355

354

336a

336b

347

98

54

82

55

81

96

210

404

211b

308b

306

163

209a

210

186b

185

186a

188

212a

215

281

281

280

211b

280

279

279

3 13b

310

59

313a

312

311

361

339

362a

362b

337

284b

212b

285

286

286

386

413

411

412

416a

95

95

278

303

428

300

430

181

182

216

163

385

232a

232b, 233b

242b, 243b 244b, 245a
516

TITLE INDEX

t-otal Marine Energy Demand' 250b,251a N'otal Rail Energy Demand' 248b, 249a

(Pipeline Energy Demand' 252b, 253a

#Air Energy Demand' 246b,2478 (City Pair Airplane Energy Efficiencies, Including Circuity* 192

#Truck Operating Energy Efficiency and Intensity by Weight Class, 1972 189b

# Energy Efficiency of Various Aircraft* 190

(Aircraft Energy Efficiency vs Available Passenger* 193

(Rail Energy Efficiency Improvements' 218 (Aircraft Energy Efficiency Vs Stage Length for Various Aircraft* 191

(Physical and Technological Changes to Improve Airplane Energy Efficiency' 216b

operational Measures to Improve Aircraft Energy Efficiency* 216a

# Energy Intensity by Transportation Mode* 205 operating Energy Intensity for Air Cargo* 196b

with Operating Energy Intensity' # Energy Intensity for Automobiles and Buses Compared 187

( Energy Intensity for Cargo Aircraft, 1974-1980' 195

Carriers' (Passenger Operating Energy Intensity for Certificated Route Passenger/Cargo 194b

# Energy Intensity for Loaded Freight Trains, 1974-1980' 200a 4 Energy Intensity for Oil Pipelines* 204

# Energy Intensity for Passenger Trains, 1974 to 1980' 197a (Operating Energy Intensity for Railroad Freight' 200b

1974-752 #operating Conditions and Energy Intensity for Selected Aircraft and Services 196a (Operating Conditions and Energy Intensity for Selected Aircraft 1974-75' 194a

# Energy Intensity for Trucks, 1974 to 1980* 189a ( Energy Intensity of Natural Gas Pipelines' 203

#Operating Energy Intensity of Passenger Trains, 1970 through 1974* 197b (Calculated Energy Intensity of Urban Rail System' 201

#Rail Energy Intensity Measures, 1972' 199

(Inland Waterway Energy Intensity' 202 for Automobiles and Buses compared with Operating Energy Intensity' SEnergy Intensity 187 Changes in Consumer Prices of Energy Items, 1966 to 1976' 363

Savings Resulting from the Imposition of the National Energy Plan Standby Gasoline Tax* #Projected Gasoline 277 (National Energy Plan* 275 Savings Resulting fron the Imposition of the National Energy Plan-Auto Inefficiency Tax and Rebate Program' 276

Transportation Conservation Measures Enacted by the Energy Policy and Conservation Act, Public Law 94-163, 278 (Factory Installation of Energy Related Eguipment' 57

Nations' Bajor Energy Research, Development and Demonstration in Other 304

#U.S. Energy Resource Consumption' 160 (Production of Mineral Energy Resources and Electricity* 337

Sectors, 1971 Through 1976* (Consumption of Energy Resources by Major Sources and Consuming 161 #U.S. Total Gross Consumption of Energy Resources by Major Sources, 1950 Through 1976' 162

(Production of Electricity by Primary Energy Source, 1972-1977* 339

#U.S. Sources and Uses of Major Energy Sources, 1950 Through 1975* 323a #U.S. Energy Supplies' 381

#World Energy Use and Production,1960 Through 1973' 159

# Energy Use by Mass Transit Passenger Vehicles' 179 #Cepartment of Defense Energy Use by Transportation Bode F! 1973' 173

Industry, 1974' (Productivity and Energy Use Summary of the Marine Transportation 180a #Comparison of Total Energy Use Using Various Sources, CT 1973' 169 Electric Automobile Energy Use* 313b

Conservation Network Base Case Projections - Total Energy Used by the Transportation Sector* Energy 181

a Energy Used by Mode of Transport, 1965 Through 1975' 171,172 Through 1976* # Energy Used by Source: Transportation Sector, 1950 167 # Energy Used by Transportation* 166 (Organization of the Department of Energy' 296

and Resources to be Transferred to the Department of Energy* #Functions 298 (Comparison of Gasoline and Methanol- Engine and Tailpipe Exhaust Emissions* 386

(Necessary Modifications to the Internal Combustion Engine Due to the Use of Methanol Fuels* 387

Energy Consumption in Comparison to Production Gasoline Engines, Maximum Power* (Decrease of 385 Information Program' *Excerpts from the Joint FEA/ EPA Study Assessing the Impact of the Fuel Economy 281 ( EPA's Classification* 425b

(Factory Installation of Energy Related Equipment* 57 # ERDA's FT 1978 Budget Request 299

Businesses: 1967 and 1972* (Employment and Establishments for Selected otor Vehicle-Related 413

# Estimated Automobile and Truck Scrappage* 65

# Estimated Electric Vehicle Production, 1977' 59 Aviation' # Estimated Fuel Consumed by United States Domestic Civil 178 Used for Recreation, length of Exposure by Type and Estimated Fuel Consumption* #Number of Boats 137

2025' # Estimates and Projections of Total Population: 1970 to 401b

(Population Estimates and Projections' 401a #Btu Per Ton Miles Estimates for Railroad Freight' 198

Age, Region, and Division: July 1, 1976* APreliminary Estimates of the Resident Population of the U.S. by 397 Countries and crude oil Production in 1975' 9 Estimates of Petroleum Reserves in Principal Producing 367 Impact of the Fuel Economy Information Program' # Excerpts from the Joint PEA/EPA Study Assessing the 281 (Transportation Responsibilities Within the Executive Branch* 291

Comparison of Gasoline and Methancl-Engine and Tailpipe Exhaust Emissions* A 386 Between June 1976 and 1981 and Reasons for Size # Expected Characteristics of New Cars to be Purchased 84 (Personal Consumption Expenditures by Transportation Sector, 1965-1976* 418 (Personal Consumption Expenditures by Type of Product 1965 Through 1976* 417

Industry #Total Industrial Research and Development Expenditures for Energy and Pollution Abatement by 303 (Federal and State Expenditures for Transportation Facilities* 271 *U.S. Imports and Exports of Raw and Processed Minerals' 346

(Number of Boats Used for Recreation, Length of Exposure by Type and Estimated Fuel Consumption* 137 #Air Flights and Facilities' 119
517

TITLE INDEX

#Federal and State Expenditures for Transportation Facilities* 271 t Factory Installation of Energy Related Equipment* 57 #Annual Truck and Bus Factory Sales by Gross Vehicle Weight* 63 #Motor Vehicle Factory Sales from Domestic Car Manufacturers* 56

Height, Pounds* a Factory Sales of Trucks and Buses by Gross Vehicle 64

t Factory Unit Shipments of Recreational Vehicles* 58

of Motor Vehicles Owned and Miles Driven by Households, fall 1974* #Regional Variations in Number 82

per Household by Selected Household Characteristics, Fall 1974* of Motor Vehicles Owned and Miles Driven 81

#Autumn 1976 Urban Family Budgets and Percent Change Since 1975* 419

Information Program* #Excerpts from the Joint FEA/EPA Study Assessing the Impact of the Fuel Economy 281

Facilities* N Federal and State Expenditures for Transportation 271 #Percentage of Federal and State Taxes Derived from Transportation* 264a * Federal and State Transportation Tax Sources* 264b

t Federal Emission Standards* 284b

#Demand Regions of the United States Used by the Federal Energy Administration* 428

Fleet Inventory Summary and Selected Characteristics of Federal Government Motor Vehicles, 1975* t 44 R Federal Standards to Improve Safety* 287 "Average Annual Federal Taxes on Selected Motor Vehicle Types, 1973* 266

t Federal Taxes Derived from Transportation, 1950-1975* 263

Responsibilities* I Federal Transportation Regulatory Agencies and Their 289

Carriers, 1974* tIntercity Ton-Miles of Federally Regulated and Not Federally Regulated 290

tIntercity Ton-Wiles of Federally Regulated and Not Federally Regulated Carriers, 1974* 290

Automobiles with Off-Street Parking* #Ninety- Fifth Percentile Daily Range Reguirements of Urban 307a #Effect of Avialable DOD Figures for 1973 on Discrepancies in Reporting Sources* 168

Energy Consumption and Revelant Economic Indicators by Final Consuming Sector, 1950 to 1976*Percent Changes in 163

Network Scenarios* #Selected Findings of the Transportation Energy Conservation 182 tAverage Fuel Economy for Automobile Fleet and New Cars* 185

#Composition of United States Air Carrier Fleet by Type of Aircraft: December 1966-1982* 123

#Comparison of Active Aircraft Fleet to Hours Flown and Fuel Consumed* 127 Federal Government Motor Vehicles, 1975* t Fleet Inventory Summary and Selected Characteristics of 44 * Fleet Operations: Electric Vehicles* 311

#Comparison of Retail Sales and Fleet Sales by Vehicle Type, 1976 Model Year* 48

#Number of Automobiles in Total D.S. Fleet* 240a,241a #Motor Vehicle Fleets in the U.S. by Type of Business* 45

#Air Flights and Facilities* 119

#Comparison of Active Aircraft Fleet to Hours Flown and Fuel Consumed* 127

#United States Railroad Mainlines for Freight and Passenger Operations* 131a

#Summary Statistics for Freight and Passenger Trains, 1965-75* 132

#Number of Vessels Operated for the Transportation of Freight in the United States for the Years 1970 Through 136

NHighway/Nonhighway and Passenger/ Freight Breakdowns Within the Transportation Sector 17 Intercity Freight Movement by Mode, 1950-1975* 30

#Distribution of Intercity Freight Wovement by Type of Transport* 31

t Freight Ton-Wiles, 1960 Through 1975* 29

#Energy Intensity for Loaded Freight Trains, 1974-1980* 200a

#Btu Per Ton Miles Estimates for Railroad Freight* 198

#Operating Energy Intensity for Railroad Freight* 200b

t Freight-Ton miles* 236b,237b

Inefficiency Tax #Projected Gasoline Savings Resulting from the Imposition of the National Energy Plan-Auto 276 #Taxes on Fuel as Percent of the Retail Price* 269 #Cost of Fuel for Air, Truck, Railroad and Marine Vessels* 358

#Estimated Fuel Consumed by United States Domestic Civil Aviation* 178

#Comparison of Active Aircraft Fleet to Hours Flown and Fuel Consumed* 127

t Fuel Consumption by Node of Transportation* 170

tAverage Annual Fuel Consumption by Type of Highway Vehicle* 175b

*Total Annual Fuel Consumption by Type of Vehicle* 175a

#Effect of Speed on Fuel Consumption Rates: Cars and Trucks* 213 #Distribution of Trip Mileage and Fuel Consumption* 211a

Recreation, Length of Exposure by Type and Estimated Fuel Consumption* #Number of Boats Used for 137 #Petroleum Conservation Through Improvement in Auto Fuel Economy (MPG)* 209a

a vehicle as a Function of the Percent Improvement in Fuel Economy and the Number of Miles It is Driven* by 210 #City/Highway Combined Fuel Economy by Nodel Year and Weight Class* 186b tAverage Fuel Economy for Automobile Fleet and New Cars* 185

#Automobile Fuel Economy for Various Weight Classes by Model Year* 186a

N Feel Economy Changes by Manufacturer: 1976 and 1977* 188 # Fuel Economy Improvement After Tune-up* 212a #Truck Fuel Economy Improvements* 215

t Fuel Economy Information Program* 281

the Joint FEA/EPA Study Assessing the Impact of the Fuel Economy Information Program* #Excerpts from 281 #Voluntry Truck and Bus Fuel Economy Program* 280

#Influence of Driving Pattern on Fuel Economy* 211b

#Effect of Common Conservation Technigues on Vehicle Fuel Efficiency* 214

of Cost of Gasoline, Home Heating Oil, and Residual Fuel Oil* #Comparison 364

Safety Level II Standards in 1985 on Cumulative Fuel Savings* #Impact of Implementing 288

* Fuel Taxes* 268

#Regional Total and Per Capita Motor- Feel Use for 1976* 174

#Aircraft Fuel Use Distribution, August 1976* 177 #Point of Purchase of Marine Fuel, 1974* 180b

the Joint Industry - Government VOLUNTARY TRUCK AND BUS FUEL ECONOMY PROGRAM* #Characteristics of 280 # Fuels and Selection Factors Considered* 383

#Predictions of Synthetically Derived Fuels* 379

Internal Combustion Engine Due to the Use of Methanol Fuels* #Necessary Modifications to the 387

Prices for Leaded, Unleased and Premium Gasoline at Full Service Retail Outlets* Selected Areas Selling 359 Prices for Leaded, Unleaded and Premium Gasoline at Full Service Retail Cutlets, April 1977* Areas Selling 359

the #Changes in Gallons Consumed by a Vehicle as a Function of the Percent Improvement in Fuel Economy and 210 #Yearly Travel of Passenger Automobiles as a Function of Passenger Car Age 97
518

TITLE INDEX

Department of Fnergy. * Functions and Resources to be Transferred to the 298 (Highway Trust Fund Receipts and Disbursements* 270

Department of Defense Energy Use by Transportation Mode FT 1973* # 173 #ERDA's FT 1978 Budget Request* 299 # FY 1978 Energy Budget 300

#Cost of a Gallon of Crude oil from Well to Consumer. 357 #Projected Price Per Gallon of Gasoline* 238a,239b

#Automobile Miles-Per- Gallon* 238b,239a

Percent Improvement in Fuel Economy and the #Changes in Gallons Consumed by a Vehicle as a Function of the 210

Energy Intensity of Natural Gas Pipelines* 203

Type, 1950-1975 # Gas Utility Industry Miles of Pipline and Main, by 146 (Pipeline Transfers of Natural and Synthetic Gas, 1975 and 1990* 331

#CRUDE PETROLEUM, PETROLEUM PRODUCTS, AND NATURAL GAS LIQUIDS* 324

Emissions (Comparison of Gasoline and Methanol-Engine and Tailpipe Exhaust 386 (Price of Gasoline at the Pump* 360a

Areas Selling Prices for Leaded, Unleased and Premium Gasoline at Full Service Retail Outletst Selected 359

Areas Selling Prices for Leaded, Unleaded and Premium Gasoline at Full Service Retail Outlets, April 1977* 359 #Daily Average Consumption of Motor Gasoline by Month* 176

of Energy Consumption in Comparison to Production Gasoline Engines, Maximum Power* *Decrease 385 National Energy Plan Standby Gasoline Tax #Projected Gasoline Savings Resulting from the Imposition of the 277

National Energy Plan-Auto Inefficiency Tax #Projected Gasoline Savings Resulting fron the Imposition of the 276

from the Imposition of the National Energy Plan Standby Gasoline Tax #Projected Gasoline Savings Resulting 277 #Real Price of Gasoline* 360b

#Projected Price Per Gallon of Gasoline* 238a,239b #U.S. Domestic Production cf Crude Oil, Natural Gasoline, and Other Hydrocarbons* 336b

#Comparison of Cost of Gasoline, Mome Heating Oil, and Residual Fuel Oil* 364 #Census Regions and Geographic Divisions of the U.S.* 426

Summary and Selected Characteristics of Federal Government Motor Vehicles, 1975 #Fleet Inventory 44

#Characteristics of the Joint Industry - Government VOLUNTARY TRUCK AND BUS FUEL ECONOMY PROGRAM* 280 (Transportation Planning and R & D Outlay U.S. Government* 301

1950 Through 1976* NU.S. Total Gross Consumption of Energy Resources by Major Sources, 162 # Gross National Product by Major Component, 1965-1976* 407,408

B Gross National Product Projections 234b, 235b #Oceangoing Steam and Motor Ships of 1,000 Gross Tons and Over* 138

#Annual Truck and Bus Factory Sales by Gross Vehicle Weightt 63 #Factory Sales cf Trucks and Buses by Gross Vehicle Weight, Pounds* 64

Customer, 1960 Through 1975* #Average Annual Growth Rates in Electricity Prices by Class of 362a U.S.: Ton Miles and Tons by Type of Traffic and Average Haul* (Waterborne Commerce of the 139

(Percent of Cars Purchased New, by Age of Household Head, Income and Number of Cars Owned* 83

of Home-to-Work Trips Taken by Household Heads, 1975* *Characteristics 112 #Comparison of Cost of Gasoline, Home Heating Oil, and Residual Fuel Oil* 364 #Crude Cil Production, U.S. Western Hemisphere, and World* 335a

Class* #City/ Highway Combined Fuel Economy by Model Year and Weight 186b Through 1975* # Highway Motor Vehicle Travel in the United States, 1963 93 (Average Miles Traveled by Type of Highway Motor Vehicle 1963 Through 1975* 94

by type 1963 through 1975* NNumber of Highway Motor Vehicles Registered in the United States 40 Miles and Empty Truck Capacity Miles on the Interstate Highway System 1976* #Empty Truck 95

# Highway Trust Fund Receipts and Disbursements* 270 (Average Annual Fuel Consumption by Type of Highway Vehicle m 175b

Within the Transportation Sector* # Highway/Nonhighway and Passenger/Freight Breakdowns 17

#The National System of Interstate and Defense Highways, September 30, 1976* 37 #Comparison of Cost of Gasoline, Home Heating Oil, and Residual Fuel Oil* 364

NCharacteristics of Home-to-Work Trips Taken by Household Heads, 1975* 112

#Net Monthly Bills fcr Specified Kilowatt Hours of Electricity by Area, May, 1977* 361 #Comparison of Active Aircraft Fleet to Hours Flown and Fuel Consumed* 127

Class and Average Age of Vehicle by Number of Cars in Household and Mileage Class* by Average Annual Mileage 99

(Distribution of Annual Passenger Car Vehicle Miles Per Household by Individual Purpose and Population Size* 101 (Number of Motor Vehicles owned and Miles Driven per Household by Selected Household Characteristics, Fall 81

Owned and Miles Driven per Household by Selected Household Characteristics, Fall 1974* of Motor Vehicles 81 #Percent of Cars Purchased New, by Age of Household Head, Income and Number of Cars Oned* 83 (Characteristics of Home-tc-Work Trips Taken by Household Heads, 1975* 112 #Mean and Per Capita Household Income by Type of Residence and Region, 1975* 415 for the United States* (Median Household Income in constant and 1975 Current Dollars 414a to 1975* #Median and Mean Household Income in Current and Constant Dollars 1967 414b

Characteristics, 1974* # Household ownership of Motor vehicles by Selected 80

1968 Through 1974* B Household Purchases of New and Used Passenger Cars, 79 Vehicle Usage Characteristics by Annual Income of the Household* #Selected 100

#Median and Mean Income by Size of Household, 1975* 416b

(Choice of Smaller Car for Two-Car Households (I)* 86 (Persons in Households by Place of Residence and Region, 1975* 403

#Auto Cwnership Characteristics of Households owning Trucks, 1970* 89

in Number of Motor Vehicles Owned and Miles Driven by Households, fall 1974* (Regional Variations 82 #Vehicle Size Ccmbinations of Two-Car Households, 1970* 87 #Electric and Hybrid Vehicle R,D and D ACT* 279

Act, Public Law (Selected Elements of the Electric and Hybrid Vehicle Research, Development and Demonstration 279 Production of Crude Oil, Natural Gasoline, and Other Hydrocarbons* *U.S. Domestic 336b

#Excerpts from the Joint FEA/EPA Study Assessing the Impact of the Fuel Economy Information Program* 281

1985 on Cumulative Fuel Savings* # Impact of Implementing Safety Level II Standards in 288 Emissions Standards on Cumulative Petroleum #Range of Impacts from Implementation of Level II and Level III 285 Standards on Cumulative (Range of Impacts from Implementation of Level II and Level III Emissions 285 #Maximum credible Implementation Scenario Synfuel Production Schedule' 380

Cumulative Fuel Savingst Impact of Implementing Safety Level II Standards in 1985 on 288 U.S. Manufactured and Imported Bicycles 149

#United States Oil Supply Domestic and Imported* 326

#U.S. Imports and Exports of Raw and Processed Mineralse 346 #U.S. Crude Oil Imports as Percent of Domestic Production* 347 #United States Imports of Crude oil by Selected Source Countriesm 349
519

TITLE INDEX

# Imports of Strategic Materials in the U.S. in 1976* 345 #U.S. Petroleum Imports* 348a #Total Monthly Petroleum Imports, 1975-1977* 348b Tax* #Projected Gasoline Savings Resulting from the Imposition of the National Energy Plan Standby Gasoline 277

#Projected Gasoline Savings Resulting fron the Imposition of the National Energy Plan-Auto 276 #Operational Measures to Improve Aircraft Energy Efficiency* 216a #Physical and Technological Changes to Improve Airplane Energy Efficiency* 216b "Federal Standards to Improve Safety* 287 #Per Capita Income and Employment Projections* 416a

of Cars Purchased New, by Age of Household Head, Income and Number of Cars Owned* #Percent 83 #National Income by Industry, 1965-1976* 409

#NMedian and Mean Income by Size of Household, 1975* 416b #Mean and Per Capita Household Income by Type of Residence and Region, 1975* 415

United States* #Median Household Income in Constant and 1975 Current Dollars for the 414a #Median and Mean Household Income in Current and Constant Dollars 1967 to 1975* 414b #Selected Vehicle Usage Characteristics by Annual Income of the Household* 100 #Consumer Price Indexes, 1950 to 1976* 420

#Consumer Price Indexes, 1950-1975, by Categories* 420

Changes in Energy Consumption and Revelant Economic Indicators by Final Consuming Sector, 1950 to 1976* 163 and Certificated and Supplemental Air Carriers by Individual Carrier, 1975* #Airport Statistics 120

of Annual Passenger Car Vehicle Miles Per Household by Individual Purpose and Population Size* #Distribution 101 Energy and Pollution Abatement by Industry 1974- #Total Industrial Research and Development Expenditures for 303

#Research and Development Data for Selected Industries* 302 #U.S. Employment in TransFortation and Related Industries* 412

ECONOMY PROGRAM* #Characteristics of the Joint Industry - Government VOLUNTARY TRUCK AND BUS FUEL 280

#Gas Utility Industry Miles of Pipline and Main, by Type, 1950-1975* 146

Expenditures for Energy and Pcllution Abatement by Industry 1974-1976* Industrial Research and Development 303 Images and Salaries by Industry, 1950 Through 1976* 410 #Employment by Industry, 1965 Through 1976* 411

#National Income by Industry, 1965-1976* 409 and Energy Use Summary of the Marine Transportation Industry, 1974* $Productivity 180a

fron the Imposition of the National Energy Plan-Auto Inefficiency Tax and Rebate Program* Savings Resulting 276 #Fuel Economy Information Program* 281

FEA/EPA Study Assessing the Impact of the Fuel Economy Information Program* #Excerpts from the Joint 281 " Inland Waterway Energy Intensity* 202 #Navigable Inland aterways* 135

#Factory Installation of Energy Related Equipment* 57 Census Region* tRegistered Weight of Insulated Refrigerated Vans and Annual Miles Driven by 54

#Registered Weight and Annual Miles Driven of Insulated Refrigerated Vans by Census Region, 1972* 55 #Energy Intensity by Transportation Mode* 205

#Truck Operating Energy Efficiency and Intensity by Weight Class, 1972* 189b #operating Energy Intensity for Air Cargo* 196b

Operating Energy Intensity* #Energy Intensity for Automobiles and Buses Compared with 187

#Energy Intensity for Cargo Aircraft, 1974-1980* 195 Carriers* "Passenger Operating Energy Intensity for Certificated Route Passenger/Cargo 194b #Energy Intensity for Loaded Freight Trains, 1974-1980* 200a

#Energy Intensity for Oil Pipelines* 204 #Energy Intensity for Passenger Trains, 1974 to 1980* 197a

#Operating Energy Intensity for Railroad Freight* 200b

#Operating Conditions and Energy Intensity for Selected Aircraft and Services 1974-75* 196a

#Operating Conditions and Energy Intensity for Selected Aircraft 1974-75* 194a

NEnergy Intensity for Trucks, 1974 to 1980' 189a NEnergy Intensity of Natural Gas Pipelines* 203

#Operating Energy Intensity of Passenger Trains, 1970 through 1974* 197b

#Calculated Energy Intensity of Urban Rail System* 201

#Rail Energy Intensity Measures, 1972* 199 #Inland Waterway Energy Intensity* 202

Automobiles and Buses Compared with Operating Energy Intensity* "Energy Intensity for 187 City Pairs* " Intercity Distances and Circuity Factors for Selected 34 # Intercity Freight Movement by Mode, 1950-1975* 30 #Distribution of Intercity Freight Movement by Type of Transport* 31

the Continental U.S., 1960 Through 1975' # Intercity Mileage for Transportation Networks Within 33

Through 1975* N Intercity Passenger Miles by Mode of Travel, 1960 28

* Intercity Rail Passenger Routes* 131b Federally Regulated Carriers, 1974* # Intercity Ton-Miles of Federally Regulated and Not 290

Fuels* #Necessary Modifications to the Internal Combustion Engine Due to the Use of Methanol 387

to U.S. Emissions Standards* # International Automobile Emissions Standards Relative 286 #The National System of Interstate and Defense Highways, September 30, 1976* 37

Empty Truck Miles and Empty Truck Capacity Miles on the Interstate Highway System 1976* N 95 Federal Government Motor Vehicles, 1975' #Fleet Inventory Summary and Selected Characteristics of 44

#Changes in Consumer Prices of Energy Items, 1966 to 1976* 363 #Proved Crude Cil Reserves by States as of January 1 of Given Year* 368 Economy Information Program* #Excerpts from the Joint FEA/EPA Study Assessing the Impact of the Fuel 281

FUEL ECONOMY PROGRAMS "Characteristics of the Joint Industry - Government VOLUNTARY TRUCK AND BUS 280 the Total Population, by Age and Sex: April 1, 1970 and July 1, 1976' *Distribution of 398

Population of the U.S. by Age, Region, and Division: July 1, 1976' #Preliminary Estimates of the Resident 397 the Total Population by Age and Sex: April 1, 1970 and July 1,1976' #Distribution of 398

Characteristics of New Cars to be Purchased Between June 1976 and 1981 and Reasons for Size Selections* 84 #Congressional Committees Having Jurisdiction Over Transportation* 292

#Net Monthly Bills for Specified Kilowatt Hours of Electricity by Area, May, 1977' 361 by the Energy Policy and Conservation Act, Public Law 94-163, December 22, 1975' Measures Enacted 278 Research, Development and Demonstration Act, Public Law 94-413* Elements of the Electric and Hybrid Vehicle 279 Retail #Average Selected Areas Selling Prices for Leaded, Unleased and Premium Gasoline at Full Service 359
520

TITLE INDEX

#Urban Mass Transit Passenger vehicles owned and

of Automobile Trips for all Trip Purposes by "rip #Average Automobile Trip

(Aircraft Energy Efficiency Vs Stage Ccnsumption' #Number of Boats Use for Recreation,

(Percentage of Automobile Trips by Season and Trip

Group - 1975* Distribution of

#CRUDF PETROLEUM, PETROLEUM PRODUCTS, AND NATURAL GAS

(Energy Intensity for Replacements #Siz #Gas Utility Industry Miles of Pipline and *United States Railroad #U. S.

#Fuel Economy Changes by

#Motor Vehicle Factory Sales from Domestic Car

by Mode of Transportation for Ccmodities Shipped by

#Total

#Point of Purchase of "1 (Productivity and Energy Use Summary of the

#Cost of Fuel for Air, Truck, Railroad and (Percent New Car Registrations by

1975* #Urban #Energy Use by

Number of Operating Urban

#Total Vehicle Miles Traveled by Urban

#Urban 100,000 bbl/day U.S. Refinery* #Ra

#Imports of Strategic

Production Schedule' 

in Comparison to Production Gasoline Engines, Survey Day* Residence and Region, 1975*

1967 to 1975 '#Median and

Median and

Operational

Act, Public Law (Selected Transportation Conservation

IRail Energy Intensity

Constant Dollars 1967 to 1975* 

Dollars for the United States*#

to the Internal Combustion Engine Due to the Use of (Comparison of Gasoline and

#Major Mode of Transportation to Work for 21 Standard

#Net Migration by

#Average Annual Percent Change for Regions by

#Net

#Cost Per

#Distribution of Trip

#Crude and Product Pipeline

Continental U.S., 1960 Through 1975* #Intercity (Percent Distribution of Vehicles by Average Annual

Age of Vehicle by Number of Cars in Household and Revenue PassengerHighway System 1976* #Empty Truck

(Waterborne Commerce of the U.S.: Ton

#Intercity Passenger

Regulated Carriers, 1974* #Intercity Ton-

#Gas Utility Industry

Place of Residence* (Percent of Vehicle-

#Empty Truck Miles and Empty Truck Capacity

(Average Characteristics of Travel Involving 100

#Average Annual Automobile Person- Weight of Insulated Refrigerated Vans and Annual

Variations in Number of Motor Vehicles Owned and

Region, 1972* (Registered Weight and Annual

Characteristics, #Number of Motor Vehicles Owned and #Comparison of Annual #Btu Per Ton

Percent Improvement in Fuel Economy and the Number of tDistribution of Annual Passenger Car Vehicle

Conservation Through Reduction in Motor Vehicle #Total Vehicle

Through 1975* #Average #Total Vehicle

#Average #Truck Ton- #Automobile VehicleNPassenger-

#Pipeline Ton- #Marine Ton-

#Rail Ton- #Passenger #Vehicle-

#Freight-Ton

Leased 1940-1975*

Length (Miles) and Place of Residence* #Percent

Length by Purpose of Trip and Season*

Length for Various Aircraft*

Length of Exposure by Type and Estimated Fuel

Length*

Licensed Drivers by Sex and Percentage in Each Age

LIQUIDS*

Loaded Freight Trains, 1974-1980*

Loyalty Between New Car Purchase and Projected

Main, by Type, 1950-1975*

Mainlines for Freight and Passenger Operations*

Manufactured and Imported Bicycles*

Manufacturer: 1976 and 1977*

Manufacturers'

Manufacturers, 1972* #Percent Distribution

Marine Energy Demand*

Marine Fuel, 1974*

Marine Ton-Miles Traveled* Marine Transportation Industry, 1974*

Marine Vessels*

Market Segment* Mass Transit Passenger Vehicles Owned and Leased 1940-

Mass Transit Passenger Vehicles*

Mass Transit Systems in the U.S. (DEC 31, 1975)'

Mass Transit Systems, 1975'

Mass Transportation Ridership, 1975*

Material Characteristics and Disposable Solids for a Materials in the U.S. in 1976'

Maximum Credible Implementation Scenario Synfuel Maximum Power* #Decrease of Energy Consumption

Maximum Reported Number of Automobile Passengers on the

Mean and Per Capita Household Income by Type of

Mean Household Income in Current and Constant Dollars

Mean Income by Size of Household, 1975*

Measures to Improve Aircraft Energy Efficiency*

Measures Enacted by the Energy Policy and Conservation

Measures, 1972*

Median and Mean Household Income in Current and

Median and Mean Income by Size of Household, 1975*

Median Household Income in Constant and 1975 Current

Methanol Fuels* #Necessary Modifications Methanol-Engine and Tailpipe Exhaust Emissions* Metropolitan Statistical Areas (SMSA's), 1975*

Metropolitan Status: 1960-19746

Metropolitan Status: 1960-1974

Migration by Metropolitan Status: 1960-1974*6

Mile for a Standard 1976 Model Car*

Mileage and Fuel Consumption*

Mileage by Pipe Diameter, 1970'

Mileage for Transportation Networks Within the

Mileage Class and Average Age of Vehicle by Number of

Mileage Class* Average Annual Mileage Class and Average

Miles -Traveled by Air*

Miles and Empty Truck Capacity miles on the Interstate

Miles and Tons by Type of Traffic and Average Haul* Miles by Mode of Travel, 1960 Through 1975

Miles of Federally Regulated and Not Federally Miles of Pipline and Main, by Type, 1950-1975

Miles of Travel and Vehicle Trips by Car Ownership and

Miles on the Interstate Highway System 1976'

Miles or More: 1972, 1974, and 1975'

Miles Driven by Age and Sex*

Miles Driven by Census Region' #Registered Miles Driven by Households, fall 1974 #Regional Miles Driven of Insulated Refrigerated Vans by Census Miles Driven per Household by Selected Household

Miles Driven Per Automobile*

Miles Estimates for Railroad Freight*

Miles It is Driven* by a Vehicle as a Function of the Miles Per Household by Individual Purpose and

iles Traveled (VT)* #Petroleum

Miles Traveled by Mode 1975'

Miles Traveled by Type of Highway Motor Vehicle 1963

Miles Traveled by Urban Mass Transit Systems, 1975'

Miles Traveled Per Recreational Vehicle, 19746 Miles Traveled*

Miles Traveled*

Miles Traveled* Miles Traveled*

Miles Traveled*

Miles Traveled*

Miles Traveled: 1960 through 1975'

Miles Traveled: 1960-1975'

Miles*

1 15b

109

111

191

137

110

404

324

200a

85

146

131a

149

188

56

32

250b,251a

180b

250 a,251b 180a

358

61

1 15b

179

115a

116b

116a

384

345

380

385

307b

415

414b

416b

216a

278

199

414b

416b

414a

387

386

113

400a

400b

400a

70

211a

144

33

99

99

246a8, 247b

95

139

28

290

146

105

95

106a

98

54

82

55

81

96

198

210

101

209b

24

94

116b

108a

244a,245b

242a,243b

236a, 237a 252a,253b

250a ,251b

2 48 ,249b

27

26

236b,237b
521

TITLE INDEX

Automobile Trips for all Trip Purposes by Trip Length ( Riles) and Place of Residence* $Percent of 109 #Automobile Riles-Per-Gallon 238b ,239a #Freight Ton- Miles, 1960 Through 1975* 29 #Production of Rineral Energy Resources and Electricity* 337 #U.S. Imports and Exports of Raw and Processed Minerals' 346 #Energy Used by Bode of Transport, 1965 Through 1975* 171,172 Manufacturers, 1972* #Percent Distribution by Rode of Transportation for commodities Shipped by 32

Metropolitan Statistical Areas (SMSA's), 1975' Major Bode of Transportation to Work for 21 Standard 113 #Fuel Consumption by Rode of Transportation* 170 #Intercity Passenger Miles by Bode of Travel, 1960 Through 1975* 28 *Department of Defense Energy Use by Transportation Bode FY 1973 173

#Total Vehicle Miles Traveled by Rode 1975* 24 #Energy Intensity by Transportation Bode* 205 #Intercity Freight Movement by Rode, 1950-1975* 10

#Cost Per Mile for a Standard 1976 Rodel Car* 70 (City/Highway Combined Fuel Economy by Model Year and Weight Class* 186b #Automobile Fuel Economy fcr Various Weight Classes by Model Year* 186a

of Retail Sales and Fleet Sales by Vehicle Type, 1976 Model Year* (Comparison 48 #Daily Average Consumption of motor Gasoline by Ronth* 176

Electricity by Area, Ray, 1977* *Net Monthly Bills for Specified Kilowatt Hours of 361 #Total Ronthly Petroleum Imports, 1975-1977* 348b #Daily Average Consumption of Rotor Gasoline by Month* 176 #Oceangoing Steam and Rotor Ships of 1,000 Gross Tons and Over* 138

#U.S. Rotor Truck and Bus Retail Sales* 62 Manufacturers* # Notor Vehicle Factory Sales from Domestic Car 56 # Rotor Vehicle Fleets in the U.S. by Type of Business* 45 #Petroleum Conservation Through Reduction in Rotor Vehicle Miles Traveled (vRT)* 209b #World Rotor Vehicle Registrations, 1975* 38

1975* *Highway Rotor Vehicle Travel in the United States, 1963 Through 93

# Rotor Vehicle Travel on Urban and Rural Roads, 1975* 102 #Average Annual Federal Taxes on Selected Motor Vehicle Types, 1973' 266 #Average Annual State Taxes on Selected Motor Vehicle Types, 1973* 267 #Average miles Traveled by Type of Highway Rotor Vehicle 1963 Through 1975' 94 #Employment and Establishments for Selected Rotor Vehicle-Related Businesses: 1967 and 1972' 413 #Household Ownership of Rotor Vehicles by Selected Characteristics, 1974* 80

fall 1974* NRegional variations in Number of Rotor Vehicles owned and Riles Driven by Households, 82 Selected Household Characteristics, Fall 1974Number of Rotor Vehicles Owned and Miles Driven per Household by 81 1963 through 1975* #Number of Highway Rotor Vehicles Registered in the United States by type 40 and Selected Characteristics of Federal Government Rotor Vehicles, 1975' #Fleet Inventory Summary 44 #Regional Total and Per Capita Rotor-Fuel Use for 1976' 174 #Method of Towing Non- Rotorixed Recreational Vehicles* 108b #Intercity Freight Rovement by mode, 1950-1975' 30

#Distribution of Intercity Freight Rovement by Type of Transport* 31 Conservation Through Improvement in Auto Fuel Economy ( RPG)* #Petroleum 209a Gasoline Savings Resulting from the Imposition of the National Energy Plan Standby Gasoline Tax* #Projected 277

# National Energy Plan* 275 Gasoline Savings Resulting fron the Imposition of the National Energy Plan-Auto Inefficiency Tax and Rebate 276 # National Income by Industry, 1965-1976* 409 #Gross National Product by Rajor component, 1965-1976' 407,408 #Gross National Product Projections* 234b,235b

September 30, 1976' #The National System of Interstate and Defense Highways, 37 N National Travel Survey Regions, 1974 and 1975* 429

Energy Research, Development and Demonstration in Other Nations* e"ajor 304 #Summary Statistics from the Nationwide Personal Transportation Study, 1969* 104

"Pipeline Transfers of Natural and Synthetic Gas, 1975 and 1990* 331 #Energy Intensity of Natural Gas Pipelines* 203

#U.S. Domestic Production of Crude Oil, Natural Gasoline, and Other Hydrocarbons* 336b "CRUDE PETROLEUM, PETROLEUM PRODUCTS, AND NATURAL GAS LIQUIDS* 324

# Navigable Inland Waterways* 135 " Net Rigration by Metropolitan Status: 1960-1974' 400a

Electricity by Area, Ray, 1977* # Net Monthly Bills for Specified Kilowatt Hours of 361 the Transportation #Transportation Energy Conservation Network Base Case Projections - Total Energy Used by 181 Findings of the Transportation Energy Conservation Network Scenarios* #Selected 182 #Intercity Mileage for Transportation Networks Within the Continental U.S., 1960 Through 1975* 33 Urban Automobiles with Off-Street Parking* # Ninety-Fifth Percentile Daily Range Requirements of 307a #Wethod of Towing Non-Motorized Recreational Vehicles* 108b

Transportation Sector* ,Highway/ *onhigkway and Passenger/Freight Breakdowns Within the 17 and Over* # Oceangoing Steam and Rotor Ships of 1,000 Gross Tons 138 #Rethod of Transporting Crude Oil and Petroleum Products, 1974* 328

#United States Imports of Crude Oil by Selected Source Countries* 349 #Cost of a Gallon of Crude Oil from Well to Consumer* 357 of the Major Refined Products from a Barrel of Crude Oil in the U.S.* #Percentage Yields 341b #U.S. Crude Oil Imports as Percent of Domestic Production* 347

#Energy Intensity for Oil Pipelines* 204 #Shale Oil Processing Sequence* 388 Reserves in Principal Producing Countries and Crude Oil Production in 1975' #Estimates of Petroleum 367 #World Crude Oil Production* 335b

#United States Domestic Oil Production* 336a #Crude Oil Production, U.S. Western Hemisphere, and World* 335a

#U.S. Crude Oil Reserves and Production* 370

#Proved Crude Oil Reserves by States as of January 1 of Given Year* 368

#United States Oil Supply Domestic and Imported* 326

#Yield from a Barrel of Crude Oil* 341a Cost of Gasoline, Home eating Oil, and Residual Fuel Oil' Comparison of 364

#Comparison of Cost of Gasoline, Rome Heating Oil, and Residual Fuel Oil* 364 #U.S. Domestic Production of Crude Oil, Natural Gasoline, and Other Hydrocarbons* 336b
522

TITLE INDEX

'Pipeline Transfers of Crude oil, 1975 and 1990' 330a #Number of Years Supply of all Oils in the United States* 369

United States for the Years 1970 'Humber of Vessels Operated for the Transportation of Freight in the 136

!Cost of Operating a Surban-Based Automobile' 71 'Cost of Operating a 1974 Automobile Suburban Based Operation* 72

Aircraft 1974-75* Operating Conditions and Energy Intensity for Selected 194a Aircraft and Services 1974-75*t Operating Conditions and Energy Intensity for Selected 196a

Class, 1972, !Truck Operating Energy Efficiency and Intensity by Weight 189b * Operating Energy Intensity for Air Cargo* 196b

Passenger/Cargo Carriers' #Passenger Operating Energy Intensity for Certificated Route 194b

* Operating Energy Intensity for Railroad Freights 200b

through 1974* Operating Energy Intensity of Passenger Trains, 1970 197b

Intensity for Automobiles and Buses Compared with Operating Energy Intensity* tEnergy 187 31, 1975)' !Number of Operating Urban Bass Transit Systems in the U.S. (DEC 115a

'Cost of Operating a 1974 Automobile Suburban Based Operation' 72

Efficiency' t Operational Measures to Improve Aircraft Energy 216a !Typical Petroleum Refining Operations' 340

States Railroad Mainlines for Freight and Passenger Operations* 'United 131a !Fleet Operations: Electric Vehicles' 311

t Organization of the Department of Energy* 296

#Transportation Energy Conservation Division Organization Chart* 430 'Distribution of all Perscn-Trips by Region of Origin and Region of Destination, 1975, 1974, and 1972' 107 (Transportation Planning and R ! D Outlay U.S. Government* 301

Unleased and Premium Gasoline at Full Service Retail Outlets' Selected Areas Selling Prices for Leaded, 359 Unleaded and Premium Gasoline at Full Service Retail Outlets, April 1977* Areas Selling Prices for Leaded, 359 tUrban Mass Transit Passenger Vehicles Owned and Leased 1940-1975* 115b

#Regional Variations in Number of Motor Vehicles Owned and Miles Driven by Households, fall 1974' 82

Household Characteristics, 'Number of Motor Vehicles Owned and Miles Driven per Household by Selected 81 'Privately and Publicly Owned Registered Vehicles by Calendar Year, 1960-1975* 41a

tPrivately and Publicly Owned Registered Vehicles by Calendar Year, 1960-1975* 41

by Age of Household Head, Income and Number of Cars Owned* 'Percent of Cars Purchased New, 83

#Conditional Distribution of Automobile Ownership (%)' 90 of Vehicle-Miles of Travel and Vehicle Trips by Car Ownership and Place of Residence* !Percent 105

Characteristics, 1974' !Household Ownership of Motor Vehicles by Selected 80 1970* #Auto Ownership Characteristics of Households Owning Trucks, 89 *Auto Ownership Characteristics of Households Owning Trucks, 1970' 89

!City Pair Airplane Energy Efficiencies, Including Circuity* 192 Distances and Circuity Factors for Selected City Pairs* #Intercity 34

Range Requirements of Urban Automobiles with Off-Street Parking' Iinety-Fifth Percentile Daily 307a * 'Yearly Travel of Passenger Automobiles as a Function of Passenger Car Age 97

Yearly Travel of Passenger Automobiles as a Function of Passenger Car Age* l 97

t Passenger Car Retail Sales* 60

Purpose and Population Size* #Distribution of Annual Passenger Car Vehicle Miles Per Household by Individual 101 * Passenger Cars in Use by Age of Car* 43 * Passenger Cars In-Use* 39

#Household Purchases of New and Used Passenger Cars, 1968 Through 1974* 79 #Intercity Passenger Miles by Mode of Travel, 1960 Through 1975* 28 * Passenger Miles Traveled: 1960 through 1975* 27

Route Passenger/Cargo Carriers' * Passenger Operating Energy Intensity for Certificated 194b *United States Railroad Mainlines for Freight and Passenger Operations* 131a !Intercity Rail Passenger Routes' 131b

!Summary Statistics for Freight and Passenger Trains, 1965-75* 132

#Operating Energy Intensity of Passenger Trains, 1970 through 1974' 197b tEnergy Intensity for Passenger Trains, 1974 to 1980' 197a

tUrban Mass Transit Passenger Vehicles Owned and Leased 1940-1975* 115b

tEnergy Use by Mass Transit Passenger Vehicles* 179

'Aircraft Energy Efficiency vs Available Passenger* 193 'Revenue Passenger-Miles -Traveled by Air* 246a,247b

t Passenger-Miles Traveled* 236a,237a

Operating Energy Intensity for Certificated Route Passenger/Cargo Carriers* lPassenger 194b

Sector' tHighway/Nonhighway and Passenger/Freight Breakdowns Within the Transportation 17 #Maximum Reported Number of Automobile Passengers on the Survey Day* 307b

#Influence of Driving Pattern on Fuel Economy' 211b !Test Schedule fcr Repeatable Driving Pattern* 308b

Fall 'Number of Motor Vehicles Cwned and Miles Driven per Household by Selected Household Characteristics, 81

'Comparison of Annual Miles Driven Per Automobile* 96 Region, 1975' IMean and Per Capita Household Income by Type of Residence and 415 t Per Capita Income and Employment Projections* 416a

#Regional Total and Per Capita Motor-Fuel Use for 1976* 174

!Projected Price Per Gallon of Gasoline* 239,239b

!Distribution of Annual Passenger Car Vehicle Miles Per Household by Individual Purpose and Population Size* 101 !Cost Per Mile for a Standard 1976 Model Car* 70

'Average Miles Traveled Per Recreational Vehicle, 1974* 108a 'Btu Per Ton Miles Estimates for Railroad Freight' 198

#Automobile Miles- Per-Gallon' 238b,239a !Distribution of Licensed Drivers by Sex and Percentage in Each Age Group - 1975* 404 * ! Percentage of Automobile Trips by Season and Trip Length 110

! Percentage of Emissions Improvement After Tune-up* 212b

Transportation* * Percentage of Federal and State Taxes Derived from 264a

Barrel of Crude Oil in the U.S.* * Percentage Yields of the Major Refined Products from a 341b

Automobiles with Off-Street Parking' 'Ninety-Fifth Percentile Daily Range Requirements of Urban 307a

!Population Change for 5-Year Periods by Region: 1950 to 1975' 399 !Average Annual Automobile Person-Miles Driven by Age and Sex' 98

Destination, 1975, 1974, and 1972' !Distribution of all Person-Trips by Region of Origin and Region of 107 Sector, 1965-1976' 1 Personal Consumption Expenditures by Transportation 418 1965 Through 1976' * Personal Consumption Expenditures by Type of Product 417
523

TITLE INDEX

#Suaaary Statistics from the Nationwide Personal Transportation Study, 1969* 104 1975* # Persons in Households by Place of Residence and Region, 403 #Domestic Crude Petroleum at the Wellhead* 355 #Posted Price of Petroleum by Major Producing Countries* 353 # Petroleum Administration for Defense Districts* 427

Economy (MPG)* # Petroleum Conservation Through Improvement in Auto Fuel 209a Vehicle Miles Traveled (VMT)* # Petroleum Conservation Through Reduction in Motor 209b Consumption Sector: 1975* # Petroleum Consumption by Major Product and Major 165 # Petroleum Consumption by Sector* 164a # Petroleum Consumption by Sector, 1950 Through 1976* 164b #U.S. Petroleum Imports* 348a #U.S. Petroleum Imports* 348a #Total Monthly Petroleum Imports, 1975-1977* 348b #Domestic Crude Petroleum Price at the Wellhead* 354

#U.S. Petroleum Production and Consumption* 338b

#U.S. Petroleum Production as Percent of Consumption* 338a

#Method of Transporting Crude Oil and Petroleum Products, 1974* 328 #Pipeline Transfers of Petroleum Products, 1975 and 1990* 330b #Typical Petroleum Refining Operations* 340 Crude Oil Production in 1975* #Estimates of Petroleum Reserves in Principal Producing Countries and 367

II and Level III Emissicns Standards on Cumulative Petroleum Savings* Impacts from Implementation of Level 285 * # Petroleum Supply-Demand Relationships, 1966 Through 1975 325b # Petroleum Supply-Demand Relationships, 1975* 325a #Range of Petroleum Transportation Costs* 329 #Refiner Acqusition Cost of Crude Petroleum* 356 #U.S. Sources and Uses of Petroleum, 1950 Through 1975* 323b #CRUDE PETROLEUM, PETROLEUM PRODUCTS, AND NATURAL GAS LIQUIDS* 324 #CRUDE PETROLEUM, PETROLEUM PRODUCTS, AND NATURAL GAS LIQUIDS* 324

Energy Efficiency* # Physical and Technological Changes to Improve Airplane 216b #Crude and Product Pipeline Mileage by Pipe Diameter, 1970* 144

# Pipeline Energy Demand* 252b,253a #Crude and Product Pipeline Mileage by Pipe Diameter, 1970* 144

#Scope of Pipeline Regulation* 293

# Pipeline Ton-Miles Traveled* 252a,253b # Pipeline Transfers of Crude Oil, 1975 and 1990* 330a

and 1990* # Pipeline Transfers of Natural and Synthetic Gas, 1975 331 # Pipeline Transfers of Petroleum Products, 1975 and 1990* 330b

#Energy Intensity of Natural Gas Pipelines* 203

#Energy Intensity for Oil Pipelines* 204

#Gas Utility Industry Miles of Pipline and Main, by Type, 1950-1975* 146

Resulting from the Imposition of the National Energy Plan Standby Gasoline Tax* SProjected Gasoline Savings 277

#National Energy Plan* 275

Resulting fron the Imposition of the National Energy Plan-Auto Inefficiency Tax and Rebate Program* Savings 276 #Transportation Planning and R & D Outlay U.S. Government* 301

Conservation Measures Enacted by the Energy Policy and Conservation Act, Public Law 94-163, 278

Research and Development Expenditures for Energy and Pollution Abatement by Industry 1974-1976* Industrial 303

S#Distribution of the Total Population by Age and Sex: April 1, 1970 and July 1,1976 398

#U.S. Population by Five-Year Age Groups, 1950 Through 2000* 402

July 1, 1976* #Preliminary Estimates of the Resident Population of the U.S. by Age, Region, and Division: 397

1975* # Population Change for 5-Year Periods by Region: 1950 to 399

# Population Estimates and Projections* 401a

Vehicle Miles Per Household by Individual Purpose and Population Size* #Distribution of Annual Passenger Car 101

1976* #Distribution of the Total Population, by Age and Sex: April 1, 1970 and July 1, 398

#Estimates and Projections of Total Population: 1970 to 2025* 401b

# Posted Price of Petroleum by Major Producing Countries* 353

Sales of Trucks and Buses by Gross Vehicle Weight, Pounds* #Factory 64

#Purchasing Power of the Dollar: 1950 to 1976* 421

in Comparison to Production Gasoline Engines, Maximum Power* #Decrease of Energy Consumption 385

# Predictions of Synthetically Derived Fuels* 379

U.S. by Age, Region, and Division: July 1, 1976* # Preliminary Estimates of the Resident Population of the 397

Selected Areas Selling Prices for Leaded, Unleased and Premium Gasoline at Pull Service Retail Outlets*Average 359

Selected Areas Selling Prices for Leaded, Unleaded and Premium Gasoline at Full Service Retail Outlets, April 359 #Domestic Crude Petroleum Price at the Wellhead* 354 # Price of Gasoline at the Pump* 360a #Real Price of Gasoline* 360b #Average Price of New Cars in Current and Constant 1975 Dollars* 69 #Posted Price of Petroleum by Major Producing Countries* 353 #Consumer Price Indexes, 1950 to 1976* 420 #Consumer Price Indexes, 1950-1975, by Categories* 420 #Projected Price Per Gallon of Gasoline* 238a,239b

#Taxes on Fuel as Percent of the Retail Price* 269

#Average Annual Growth Rates in Electricity Prices by Class of Customer, 1960 Through 1975* 362a

Full Service Retail #Average Selected Areas Selling Prices for Leaded, Unleased and Premium Gasoline at 359 Changes in Consumer Prices of Energy Items, 1966 to 1976* 363

*Production of Electricity by Primary Energy Source, 1972-1977* 339 Calendar Year, 1960-1975* # Privately and Publicly Owned Registered Vehicles by 41

Calendar Year, 1960-1975* # Privately and Publicly Owned Registered Vehicles by 41a #U.S. Imports and Exports of Raw and Processed Minerals* 346 Transportation Industry, 1974* # Productivity and Energy Use Summary of the Marine 180a

#Percentage Yields of the Major Refined Products from a Barrel of Crude Oil in the U.S.* 341b #Method of Transporting Crude Oil and Petroleum Products, 1974* 328
524

TITLE INDEX

*Pipeline Transfers of Petroleum Products, 1975 and 1990* 330b

CRUDE PETROLEUM, PETROLEUM PRODUCTS, AND NATURAL GAS LIQUIDS* 324

,Electric Vehicle Projected Battery Characteristics* 313a

(Electric Vehicle Projected Costs* 312

Imposition of the National Energy Plan Standby * Projected Gasoline Savings Resulting from the 277

Imposition of the National Energy Plan-Auto " Projected Gasoline Savings Resulting fron the 276

" Projected Price Per Gallon of Gasoline* 238,239b ,Size Loyalty Between New Car Purchase and Projected Replacement* 85

"Transportation Energy Conservation Network Base Case Projections - Total Energy Used by the Transportation 181

Efficiency Projections for New Aircraft* 217

(Estimates and Projections of Total Population: 1970 to 2025* 401b

#Population Estimates and Projections* 401a BGross National Product Projections* 234b,235b

#Transportation Energy Demand - Conservation Case Projections* 232b,233b ,Transportation Energy Demand - Base Case Projections* 232a

BPer Capita Income and Employment Projections* 416a Given Year* N Proved Crude Oil Reserves by States as of January 1 of 368

Enacted by the Energy Policy and Conservation Act, Public Law 94-163, December 22, 1975' Measures 278

Vehicle Research, Development and Demonstration Act, Public Law 94-413* Elements of the Electric and Hybrid 279

1960-1975* #Privately and Publicly Owned Registered Vehicles by Calendar Year, 41a

1960-1975* BPrivately and Publicly Owned Registered Vehicles by Calendar Year, 41 "Price of Gasoline at the Pump* 360a

BSize Loyalty Between New Car Purchase and Projected Replacement* 85

#Point of Purchase of Marine Fuel, 1974' 180b

Size BExpected Characteristics of New Cars to be Purchased Between June 1976 and 1981 and Reasons for 84

Number of Cars Owned* #Percent of Cars Purchased New, by Age of Household Head, Income and 83 1974' (Household Purchases of New and Used Passenger Cars, 1968 Through 79 N Purchasing Power of the Dollar: 1950 to 1976* 421

Passenger Car Vehicle Miles Per Household by Individual Purpose and Populaticn Size* #Distribution of Annual 101

BAverage Automobile Trip Length by Purpose of Trip and Season* 111 BPercent of Automobile Trips for all Trip Purposes by Trip Length (Riles) and Place of Residence* 109

Transportation Planning and R 6 D Outlay U.S. Government* 301

BElectric and Hybrid vehicle R,D and D ACT* 279 *Total Rail Energy Demand* 248b,249m

" Rail Energy Efficiency Improvements* 218

B Rail Energy Intensity Measures, 1972* 199 Intercity Rail Passenger Routes* 131b

BCalculated Energy Intensity of Urban Rail System* 201

B Rail Ton-iles Traveled* 248a,249b

#Cost of Fuel for Air, Truck, Railroad and Marine Vessels* 358

BBtu Per Tcon Miles Estimates for Railroad Freight* 198

BCperating Energy Intensity for Railroad Freight* 200b BUnited States Railroad Mainlines for Freight and Passenger Operations* 131a #Average Retail Electricity Rates by Class of Customer, 1960 Through 1975* 362b

Through 1975* ,Average Annual Growth Rates in Electricity. Prices by Class of Customer, 1960 362a

BEffect of Speed on Fuel Consumption Rates: Cars and Trucks* 213

BU.S. Imports and Exports of Raw and Processed Minerals* 346

a 100,000 bbl/day U.S. Refinery* B Raw Material Characteristics and Disposable Solids for 384 B Real Price of Gasoline* 360b

New Cars to be Purchased Between June 1976 and 1981 and Reasons for Size Selections*Expected Characteristics of 84

of the National Energy Plan-Auto Inefficiency Tax and Rebate Program* Savings Resulting fron the Imposition 276 BTax/ Rebate Schedule for New Cars* 274

$Highway Trust Fund Receipts and Disbursements* 270

Fuel Consumption* #Number of Boats Used for Recreation, Length of Exposure by Type and Estimated 137 BAverage Miles Traveled Per Recreational Vehicle, 1974' 108a

BMethod of Towing Non-Motorized Recreational Vehicles* 108b BFactory Unit Shipments of Recreational Vehicles* 58

#Petroleum Conservation Through Reduction in Motor Vehicle Miles Traveled (VMT)* 209b #Percentage Yields of the Major Refined Products from a Barrel of Crude Oil in the U.S.* 341b

B Refiner Acqusition Cost of Crude Petroleum* 356

and Disposable Solids for a 100,000 bbl/day U.S. Refinery* BRaw Material Characteristics 384

#Typical Petroleum Refining Operations* 340

Region* #Registered Weight of Insulated Refrigerated Vans and Annual Miles Driven by Census 54

"Registered Weight and Annual Miles Driven of Insulated Refrigerated Vans by Census Region, 1972' 55 of all Person-Trips by Region of Origin and Region of Destination, 1975, 1974, and 1972' 107

#Characteristics of Average Trip by Region of Destination: 1972, 1974, and 1975' 106b

and 1972' BDistribution of all Person-Trips by Region of Origin and Region of Destination, 1975, 1974, 107 Refrigerated Vans and Annual Miles Driven by Census Region* #Registered Weight of Insulated 54

of the Resident Populaticn of the U.S. by Age, Region, and Division: July 1, 1976* Estimates 397

Miles Driven of Insulated Refrigerated vans by Census Region, 1972' #Registered Weight and Annual 55

#Persons in Households by Place of Residence and Region, 1975* 403 Per Capita Household Inccme by Type of Residence and Region, 1975* #Mean and 415

BPopulation Change for 5-Year Periods by Region: 1950 to 1975' 399 " Regional Total and Per Capita Rotor-Fuel Use for 1976* 174

and Miles Driven by Households, fall 1974' B Regional Variations in Number of Motor Vehicles Owned 82 #Census Regions and Geographic Divisions of the U.S.* 426 "Average Annual Percent Change for Regions by Metropolitan Status: 1960-1974* 400b Administration* #Deand Regions of the United States Used by the Federal Energy 428

#National Travel Survey Regions, 1974 and 1975* 429 1975* *Number of Highway Motor Vehicles Registered in the United States by type 1963 through 40

BPrivately and Publicly Owned Registered Vehicles by Calendar Year, 1960-1975* 41

BPrivately and Publicly owned Registered Vehicles by Calendar Year,. 1960-1975* 41a

Refrigerated Vans by Census Region, 1972* B Registered Weight and Annual Miles Driven of Insulated 55

Annual Miles Driven by Census Region* B Registered Weight of Insulated Refrigerated Vans and 54
525

TITLE INDEX

#Percent Nev Car Registrations by market Segment* 61

#World Motor Vehicle Registrations, 1975* 38

(Intercity Ton-Miles of Federally Regulated and Not Federally Regulated Carriers, 1974* 290

Ton-Miles of Federally Regulated and Not Federally Regulated Carriers, 1974* #Intercity 290 #Scope of Pipeline Regulation* 293

#Federal Transportation Regulatory Agencies and Their Responsibilitiese 289

#Petroleum Supply-Demand Relationships, 1966 Through 1975* 325b

#Petroleum Supply-Demand Relationships, 1975* 325a #Test Schedule for Repeatable Driving Patterne 308b

#Size Loyalty Between Nev Car Purchase and Projected Replacement* 85

Day* #Maximum Reported Number of Automobile Passengers on the Survey 307b

of Avialable DOD Figures for 1973 on Discrepancies in Reporting Sources tEffect 168

#ERDA's FY 1978 Budget Request* 299 # Research and Development Data for Selected Industries* 302

Pollution Abatement by Industry 1974- #Total Industrial Research and Development Expenditures for Energy and 303 * #Major Energy Research, Development and Demonstration in Other Nations 304

(Selected Elements of the Electric and Hybrid Vehicle Research, Development and Demonstration Act, Public Law 279 #U.S. Crude Oil Reserves and Production 370

#Proved Crude Oil Reserves by States as of January 1 of Given Year* 368

Production in 1975* #Estimates of Petroleum Reserves in Principal Producing Countries and Crude Oil 367 #Tar Sand Reserves* 382

(Persons in Households by Place of Residence and Region, 1975* 403

(Mean and Per Capita Household Income by Type of Residence and Region, 1975* 415

Travel and Vehicle Trips by Car Ownership and Place of Residence* #Percent of Vehicle-Miles of 105

all Trip Purposes by Trip Length (Miles) and Place of Residence* #Percent of Automobile Trips for 109

Division: July 1, 1976* #Preliminary Estimates of the Resident Population of the U.S. by Age, Region, and 397 #Comparison of Cost of Gasoline, Home Heating Oil, and Residual Fuel Oil* 364 #U.S. Energy Resource Consumption* 160

(Production of Mineral Energy Resources and Electricity 337

Through 1976* #Consumption of Energy Resources by Major Sources and Consuming Sectors, 1971 161 #U.S. Total Gross Consumption of Energy Resources by Major Sources, 1950 Through 1976* 162

#Functions and Resources to be Transferred to the Department of Energy* 298 (Transportation Responsibilities Within the Executive Branch* 291

(Federal Transportation Regulatory Agencies and Their Responsibilities 289 Through 1975* #Average Retail Electricity Rates by Class of Customer, 1960 362b

Leaded, Unleased and Premium Gasoline at Full Service Retail Outlets* Selected Areas Selling Prices for 359

Leaded, Unleaded and Premium Gasoline at Full Service Retail Outlets, April 1977* Areas Selling Prices for 359 #Taxes on Fuel as Percent of the Retail Price* 269

model Year* #Comparison of Retail Sales and Fleet Sales by Vehicle Type, 1976 48 (Passenger Car Retail Sales* 60

#U.S. Motor Truck and Bus Retail Sales* 62

1950 to 1976*#Percent Changes in Energy Consumption and Revelaat Economic Indicators by Final Consuming Sector, 163 # Revenue Passenger-Riles -Traveled by Air* 246,247b

#Urban Bass Transportation Ridership, 1975* 116a #Performance of Road - Tested Electric Vams* 310

#Automobile Travel: Urban vs Rural Roads, 1950 Through 1975* 103

#Motor Vehicle Travel on Urban and Rural Roads, 1975* 102

(Passenger Operating Energy Intensity for Certificated Route Passenger/Cargo Carriers* 194b

#Intercity Rail Passenger Routes* 131b

(Automobile Travel: Urban vs Rural Roads, 1950 Through 1975* 103

#Motor Vehicle Travel on Urban and Rural Roads, 1975* 102 #EPA' Classificatione 425b (Ward' s Classification* 425a

#ERDA' s FY 1978 Budget Request* 299

for 21 Standard Metropolitan Statistical Areas (SMSA' a), 1975* ,Major Mode of Transportation to Work 113

lumber of Operating Urban Mass Transit Systems in the U. S. (DEC 31, 1975)* 115a

#Number of Vehicles in U. S. - 1975* 18

Estimates of the Resident Population of the U. S. by Age, Region, and Division: July 1, 1976* 397

#Motor Vehicle Fleets in the U. S. by Type of Business* 45

#Imports of Strategic Materials in the U. S. in 1976* 345 #U. S. Crude Oil Imports as Percent of Domestic Production 347

#U. S. Crude Oil Reserves and Production* 370

and Other Hydrocarbons* #U. S. Domestic Production of Crude Oil, Natural Gasoline, 336b Automobile Emissions Standards Relative to U. S. Emissions Standards* #International 286 #U. S. Employment in Transportation and Related Industries* 412

CU. S. Energy Resource Consumption* 160 #U. S. Energy Suppliese 381

#Number of Automobiles in Total U. S. Fleet* 240a,241a

#Transportation Planning and R & D Outlay U. S. Government* 301 #U. S. Imports and Exports of Raw and Processed Mineralse 346

#U. S. Manufactured and Imported Bicycles* 149

#U. S. Motor Truck and Bus Retail Sales* 62 #U. S. Petroleum Imports* 348a

#U. S. Petroleum Production and Consumption* 338b

#U. S. Petroleum Production as Percent of Consumption 338a

" U. S. Population by Five-Year Age Groups, 1950 Through 2000 402

and Disposable Solids for a 100,000 bbl/day U. S. Refinery* #Raw Material Characteristics 384

Through 1975* CU. S. Sources and Uses of Major Energy Sources, 1950 323a #U. S. Sources and Uses of Petroleum, 1950 Through 1975* 323b

Sources, 1950 Through 1976* CU. S. Total Gross Consumption of Energy Resources by Major 162 (Crude Oil Production, U. S. Western Hemisphere, and World* 335a

(Census Regions and Geographic Divisions of the U. S.* 426
526

TITLE INDEX

Refined Products from a Earrel of Crude Oil in the U. S.* *Percentage Yields of the Major 341b for Transportation Networks Within the Continental U. S., 1960 Through 1975* (Intercity Mileage 33

Haul( (Waterborne Commerce of the U. S.: Ton Miles and Tons by Type of Traffic and Average 139

Savings* WImpact of Implementing Safety Level II Standards in 1985 on Cumulative Fuel 288 (Federal Standards to Improve Safety* 287 tWages and Salaries by Industry, 1950 Through 1976* 410

(Comparison of Retail Sales and Fleet Sales by Vehicle Type, 1976 Model Year* 48 (Annual Truck and Bus Factory Sales by Gross Vehicle Weight* 63

(Comparison of Retail Sales and Fleet Sales by Vehicle Type, 1976 Model Year* 48 (Motor Vehicle Factory Sales from Domestic Car Manufacturers* 56

Pounds* *Factory Sales of Trucks and Buses by Gross Vehicle Weight, 64 (U.S. Motor Truck and Bus Retail Sales* 62

(Passenger Car Retail Sales* 60 *Tar Sand Reserves* 382

Energy Plan Standby Gasoline Tax * Projected Gasoline Savings Resulting from the Imposition of the National 277

Energy Plan-Auto Inefficiency Tax (Projected Gasoline Savings Resulting fron the Imposition of the National 276 Safety Level II Standards in 1985 on Cumulative Fuel Savings* Impact of Implementing 288

Level III Emissions Standards on Cumulative Petroleum Savings* of Impacts from Implementation of Level II and 285 (Maximum credible Implementation Scenario Synfuel Production Schedule 380

of the Transportation Energy Conservation Network Scenarios* *Selected Findings 182 (Tax/Rebate Schedule for New Cars* 274

Test Schedule for Repeatable Driving Pattern* 308b

Credible Implementation Scenario Synfuel Production Schedule* Maximum 380 ( Scope of Pipeline Regulation* 293

(Estimated Automobile and Truck Scrappage* 65

(Percentage of Automobile Trips by Season and Trip Length* 110

(Average Automobile Trip Length by Purpose of Trip and Season* 111 (Petroleum Consumption by Sector* 164a Passenger/Freight Breakdowns Within the Transportation Sector* (Highway/Nonhighway and 17

Projections - Total Energy Used by the Transportation Sector* Energy Conservation Network Base Case 181 and Revelant Economic Indicators by Final Consuming Sector, 1950 to 1976* Changes in Energy Consumption 163 (Petroleum Consumption by Sector, 1950 Through 1976* 164b

(Energy Used by Scurce: Transportation Sector, 1950 Through 1976* 167

(Personal Consumption Expenditures by Transportation Sector, 1965-1976* 418

Consumption by Major Product and Major Consumption Sector: 1975* *Petroleum 165

of Energy Resources by Major Sources and Consuming Sectors, 1971 Through 1976* (Consumption 161

(Percent New Car Registrations by Market Segment* 61

operating Conditions and Energy Intensity for Selected Aircraft and Services 1974-75* 196a tOperating Conditions and Energy Intensity for Selected Aircraft 1974-75* 194a

Premium Gasoline at Full Service Retail (Average Selected Areas Selling Prices for Leaded, Unleaded and 359

Premium Gasoline at Full Service Retail OutletsiAverage Selected Areas Selling Prices for Leaded, Unleased and 359 Vehicles, 1975* (Fleet Inventory Summary and Selected Characteristics of Federal Government motor 44 and 1972* 9 Selected Characteristics of Truck Stock: 1963, 1967, 52

(Household Ownership of Motor Vehicles by Selected Characteristics, 1974* 80 (Intercity Distances and Circuity Factors for Selected City Pairs* 34

Research, Development and Demonstration Act, Public ( Selected Elements of the Electric and Hybrid Vehicle 279

Conservation Network Scenarios* ( Selected Findings of the Transportation Energy 182

Motor Vehicles Owned and Miles Driven per Household by Selected Household Characteristics, Fall 1974*Number of 81

(Research and Development Data for Selected Industries* 302

(Average Annual State Taxes on Selected Rotor Vehicle Types, 1973* 267 (Average Annual Federal Taxes on Selected Motor Vehicle Types, 1973* 266 * (Employment and Establishments for Selected Motor Vehicle-Related Businesses: 1967 and 1972 413

(United States Imports of Crude Oil by Selected Source Countries* 349

by the Energy Policy and Conservation Act, Public Law ( Selected Transportation Conservation Measures Enacted 278

of the Household* t Selected Vehicle Usage Characteristics by Annual Income 100 (Fuels and Selection Factors Considered* 383

Between June 1976 and 1981 and Reasons for Size Selections* Characteristics of New Cars to be Purchased 84

Gasoline at Full Service Retail (Average Selected Areas Selling Prices for Leaded, Unleased and Premium 359

The National System of Interstate and Defense Highways, September 30, 1976* 37

(Shale Oil Processing Sequence* 388

for Leaded, Unleased and Premium Gasoline at Full Service Retail Outlets* Selected Areas Selling Prices 359

for Leaded, Unleaded and Premium Gasoline at Full Service Retail Outlets, April 1977*Areas Selling Prices 359 and Energy Intensity for Selected Aircraft and Services 1974-75* (Operating Conditions 196a

(Distribution of Licensed Drivers by Sex and Percentage in Each Age Group - 1975* 404 Annual Automobile Person-Miles Driven by Age and Se* (Average 98 (Distribution of the Total Population, by Age and Sex: April 1, 1970 and July 1, 1976* 398

t Shale Oil Processing Sequence* 388 (Factory Unit Shipments of Recreational vehicles* 58

Distribution by Mode of Transportation for Commodities Shipped by Manufacturers, 1972* OPercent 32 (Oceangoing Steam and Motor Ships of 1,000 Gross Tons and Over* 138 (Choice of Smaller Car for Two-Car Households (5)* 86

to Work for 21 Standard Metropolitan Statistical Areas ( SMSA's), 1975* (Major Mode of Transportation 113

(Raw Material Characteristics and Disposable Solids for a 100,000 bbl/day U.S. Refinery* 384

(United States Imports of Crude Oil by Selected Source Countries* 349

(Production of Electricity by Primary Energy Source, 1972-1977* 339 (Energy Used by Source: Transportation Sector, 1950 Through 1976* 167

(Consumption of Energy Resources by Major Sources and Consuming Sectors, 1971 Through 1976* 161

1975* (U.S. Sources and Uses of Major Energy Sources, 1950 Through 323a

U.S. Sources and Uses of Petroleum, 1950 Through 1975* 323b (Federal and State Transportation Tax Sources* 264b

DOD Figures for 1973 on Discrepancies in Reporting Sources* (Effect of Avialable 168 (Comparison of Total Energy Use Using Various Sources, CY 1973* 169

(U.S. Sources and Uses of Major Energy Sources, 1950 Through 1975* 323a

S. Total Gross Consumption of Energy Resources by Major Sources, 1950 Through 1976* U. 162
527

TITLE INDEX

1977* #Net Monthly Bills for Specified Kilowatt Hours of Electricity by Area, May, 361 #Effect of Speed on Fuel Consumption Rates: Cars and Trucks* 213

#Effect of Speed on Fuel Consumption Rates: Cars and Trucks* 213

#Aircraft Energy Efficiency Vs Stage Length for Various Aircraft* 191 #Major Mode of Transportation to Work for 21 Standard Metropolitan Statistical Areas (SMSA's), 1975* 113 #Cost Per Mile for a Standard 1976 Model Car* 70

#Impact of Implementing Safety Level II Standards in 1985 on Cumulative Fuel Savings* 288 from Implementation of Level II and Level III Emissions Standards on Cumulative Petroleum Savings* of Impacts 285 #Federal Standards to Improve Safety* 287

#International Automobile Emissions Standards Relative to U.S. Emissions Standards* 286 #Federal Emission Standards* 284b

Emissions Standards Relative to U.S. Emissions Standards* #International Automobile 286 from the Imposition of the National Energy Plan Standby Gasoline Tax* Gasoline Savings Resulting 277

of Transportation to Work for 21 Standard Metropolitan Statistical Areas (SMSA's), 1975* #Major Mode 113 Carriers by Individual Carrier, 1975* #Airport Statistics and Certificated and Supplemental Air 120 #Summary Statistics for Freight and Passenger Trains, 1965-75* 132

Study, 1969* #Summary Statistics from the Nationwide Personal Transportation 104

#Net Migration by Metropolitan Status: 1960-1974* 400a

Annual Percent Change for Regions by Metropolitan Status: 1960-1974* #Average 400b #oceangoing Steam and Motor Ships of 1,000 Gross Tons and Over* 138

*Selected Characteristics of Truck Stock: 1963, 1967, and 1972* 52 #Imports of Strategic Materials in the U.S. in 1976* 345

Daily Range Requirements of Urban Automobiles with Off- Street Parking* #Ninety-Fifth Percentile 307a

#Cost of Operating a 1974 Automobile Suburban Based Operation* 72

Government Motor Vehicles, 1975* #Fleet Inventory Summary and Selected Characteristics of Federal 44

#Productivity and Energy Use Summary of the Marine Transportation Industry, 1974* 180a

1965-75* # Summary Statistics for Freight and Passenger Trains, 132 Transportation Study, 1969* # Summary Statistics from the Nationwide Personal 104 #U.S. Energy Supplies* 381 #Number of Years Supply of all Oils in the United States* 369

#United States Oil Supply Domestic and Imported* 326 #Petroleum Supply-Demand Relationships, 1966 Through 1975* 325b

#Petroleum Supply-Demand Relationships, 1975' 325a

#Cost of Operating a Surban-Based Automobile* 71 Maximum Reported Number of Automobile Passengers on the Survey Day* # 307b

#National Travel Survey Regions, 1974 and 1975* 429

#Maximum credible Implementation Scenario Synfuel Production Schedule* 380 #Pipeline Transfers of Natural and Synthetic Gas, 1975 and 1990* 331 $Predictions of Synthetically Derived Fuels* 379

30, 1976* #The National System of Interstate and Defense Highways, September 37 Empty Truck Capacity Miles on the Interstate Highway System 1976* #Empty Truck Miles and 95 #Calculated Energy Intensity of Urban Rail System* 201

#Number of Operating Urban Mass Transit Systems in the U.S. (DEC 31, 1975)' 115a #Total Vehicle Miles Traveled by Urban Mass Transit Systems, 1975* 116b #Comparison of Gasoline and Methanol-Engine and Tailpipe Exhaust Emissions* 386

#Characteristics of Home-to-Work Trips Taken by Household Heads, 1975* 112 # Tar Sand Reserves* 382

of the National Energy Plan-Auto Inefficiency Tax and Rebate Program* Resulting front the Imposition 276 #Federal and State Transportation Tax Sources* 264b

Imposition of the National Energy Plan Standby Gasoline Tax* #Projected Gasoline Savings Resulting from the 277 # Tax/Rebate Schedule for New Cars* 274

# Taxes on Fuel as Percent of the Retail Price* 269

#Average Annual Federal Taxes on Selected Motor Vehicle Types, 1973* 266

$Average Annual State Taxes on Selected Motor Vehicle Types, 1973* 267 #Percentage of Federal and State Taxes Derived from Transportation* 264a

#Federal Taxes Derived from Transportation, 1950-1975* 263 #Fuel Taxes* 268

Efficiency* #Physical and Technological Changes to Improve Airplane Energy 216b #Performance of Road - Tested Electric Vans* 310 waterbornee Commerce of the U.S.: Ton Miles and Tons by Type of Traffic and Average Haul* 139 #Btu Per Ton Miles Estimates for Railroad Freight* 198

#Freight- Ton Miles* 236b,237b

Regulated Carriers, 1974* #Intercity Ton-Miles of Federally Regulated and Not Federally 290 #Truck Ton-Miles Traveled* 244a,245b

#Rail Ton-Miles Traveled* 248a,249b IMarine Ton-Miles Traveled* 250a,251b

#Pipeline Ton-Miles Traveled* 252a,253b #Freight Ton-Miles, 1960 Through 1975* 29

oceangoing Steam and Motor Ships of 1,000 Gross Tons and Over* 138 #Waterborne Commerce of the U.S.: Ton Miles and Tons by Type of Traffic and Average Haul* 139 #Method of Towing Non-Motorized Recreational Vehicles* 108b commerce of the U.S.: Ton Miles and Tons by Type of Traffic and Average Haul* #aterborne 139

#Summary Statistics for Freight and Passenger Trains, 1965-75* 132

operating Energy Intensity of Passenger Trains, 1970 through 1974* 197b

#Energy Intensity for Passenger Trains, 1974 to 1980* 197a #Energy Intensity for Loaded Freight Trains, 1974-1980* 200a #Functions and Resources to be Transferred to the Department of Energy* 298 #Pipeline Transfers of Crude oil, 1975 and 1990* 330a

#Pipeline Transfers of Natural and Synthetic Gas, 1975 and 1990' 331

#Pipeline Transfers of Petroleum Products, 1975 and 1990* 330b #Urban Mass Transit Passenger Vehicles Owned and Leased 190-1975* 115b

#Energy Use by Mass Transit Passenger Vehicles* 179

#Number of Operating Urban Mass Transit Systems in the U.S. (DEC 31, 1975)* 115a #Total Vehicle Miles Traveled by Urban Mass Transit Systems, 1975* 116b

#Distribution of Intercity Freight Movement by Type of Transport* 31 #Energy Used by Mode of Transport, 1965 Through 1975' 171,172
528

Manufacture

Years 1970 Statistical

Energy Poli

Organizati

Projections

Project ions

#Prodi

1960 Throug

Responsible

Branch*

Nonhighwa

BasE

#Sui

#Percei

#Congi

Residence*

PassengerC

Conservat

1975*

#Percent

Residence*

1975, 1974,

Place of RE

1976*

Interstate

Weight Clas

TITLE INDEX

#U.S. Employment in Transportation and Related Industries* ers, 1972* tPercent Distribution by Mode of Transportation for Commodities Shipped by

Through #Number of Vessels Operated for the Transportation of Freight in the United States for the

1 Areas (SMSA's), 1975* #Major Mode of Transportation to work for 21 Standard Metropolitan cy and Conservation Act, Public RSelected Transportation Conservation Measures Enacted by the *Range of Petroleum Transportation Costs*

on Chart* t Transportation Energy Conservation Division - Total Energy Used by the Transportation t Transportation Energy Conservation Network Base Case RSelected Findings of the Transportation Energy Conservation Network Scenarios*

t Transportation Energy Demand - Base Case Projections* s+ t Transportation Energy Demand - Conservation Case

$Federal and State Expenditures for Transportation Facilities*

ctivity and Energy Use Summary of the Marine Transportation Industry, 1974*

#Department of Defense Energy Use by Transportation Mode FY 1973*

#Energy Intensity by Transportation Mode'

jh 1975* #Intercity Mileage for Transportation Networks Within the Continental U.S.,

t Transportation Planning and R S D Outlay U.S. Government

cities* #Federal Transportation Regulatory Agencies and Their

* Transportation Responsibilities Within the Executive #Urban Mass Transportation Ridership, 1975*

y and Passenger/Freight breakdowns Within the Transportation Sector* *Highway/

e Case Projections - Total Energy Used by the Transportation Sector* Energy Conservation Network

tEnergy Used by Source: Transportation Sector, 1950 Through 1976*

#Personal ConsumFtion Expenditures by Transportation Sector, 1965-1976

mmary Statistics from the Nationwide Personal Transportation Study, 1969*

#Federal and State Transportation Tax Sources*

ntage of Federal and State Taxes Derived from Transportation* tEnergy Used by Transportation*

#Fuel Consumption by Mode of Transportation*

ressional Committees Having Jurisdiction Over Transportation* #Federal Taxes Derived from Transportation, 1950-1975*

NMethod of Transporting Crude Oil and Petroleum Products, 1974* #Percent of Vehicle-Miles of Travel and Vehicle Trips by Car Ownership and Place of

#Highway Motor Vehicle Travel in the United States, 1963 Through 1975* Car Age* #Yearly Travel of Passenger Automobiles as a Function of #Motor Vehicle Travel on Urban and Rural Roads, 1975*

tAverage Characteristics of Travel Involving 100 Miles or More: 1972, 1974, and 1975 #National Travel Survey Regions, 1974 and 1975* #Air Travel*

tIntercity Passenger Miles by Mode of Travel, 1960 Through 1975*

NAirline Travel, 1972* #Automobile Travel: Urban vs Rural Roads, 1950 Through 1975*

tion Through Reduction in Motor Vehicle Miles Traveled (VMT)* #Petroleum

#Revenue Passenger-Miles - Traveled by Air*

#Total Vehicle Miles Traveled by Mode 1975* $Average Miles Traveled by Type of Highway Motor Vehicle 1963 Through

#Total Vehicle Miles Traveled by Urban Mass Transit Systems, 1975* tAverage Miles Traveled Per Recreational Vehicle, 1974*

tPassenger-Miles Traveled*

?Truck Ton-Miles Traveled*

#Autcmobile Vehicle-Miles Traveled* #Pipeline Ton-Miles Traveled*

#Rail Ton-Miles Traveled* #Marine Ton-Miles Traveled* tPassenger Miles Traveled: 1960 through 1975*

NVehicle-Miles Traveled: 1960-1975*

tAverage Automobile Trip Length by Purpose of Trip and Season*

#Characteristics of Average Trip by Region of Destination: 1972, 1974, and 1975*

of Automobile Trips for all Trip Purposes by Trip Length (Miles) and Place of Residence*

tAverage Automobile Trip Length by Purpose of Trip and Season* tPercentage of Automobile Trips by Season and Trip Length*

#Distribution of Trip Mileage and Fuel Consumption*

tPercent of Automobile Trips for all Trip Purposes by Trip Length (Miles) and Place of

percent of Vehicle-Miles cf Travel and Vehicle Trips by Car Ownership and Place of Residence*

and 1972* #Distribution of all Person- Trips by Region of Origin and Region of Destination, tPercentage of Automobile Trips by Season and Trip Length*

residence* *Percent of Automobile Trips for all Trip Purposes by Trip Length (Miles) and tCharacteristics of Home-to-Work Trips Taken by Household Heads, 1975* #Annual Truck and Bus Factory Sales by Gross Vehicle Weight*

NVoluntry Truck and Bus Fuel Economy Program* #U.S. Motor Truck and Bus Retail Sales*

#Percent Distribution by Size of Truck and Major Use, 1972*

#Empty Truck Miles and Empty Track Capacity Miles on the Interstate Highway System

t Truck Energy Demand*

N Truck Fuel Economy Improvements*

Highway System 1976' NEmpty Truck Miles and Empty Truck Capacity Miles on the

ss, 1972* t Truck Operating Energy Efficiency and Intensity by #Estimated Automobile and Truck Scrappage*

#Selected Characteristics of Track Stock: 1963, 1967, and 1972*

N Truck Ton-Miles Traveled* #Cost of Fuel for Air, Truck, Railroad and Marine Vessels*

of the Joint Industry - Government VOLUNTARY TRUCK AND BUS FUEL ECONOMY PROGRAM* tCharacteristics #Factory Sales of Trucks and Buses by Gross Vehicle Weight, Pounds* tPercent Distribution of Trucks by Major Use* #Use of Trucks in Urban Commuting*

t Trucks In Use by Age*

tPercent Distribution of Trucks*

412

32

136

113

278

329

430

181

182

232a

232b, 233b

271

180a

173

205

33

301

289

291

116a

17

181

167

418

104

264b

264a

166

170

292

263

328

105

93

97

102

106a

429

126b

28

126a

103

209b

246 a,247b

24

94

116b

108a

236a,237a

244a,245

242a,243

252a,253b

248 a,249b 250 ",251b

27

26

111

106b

109

111

110

211a

109

105

107

110

109

112

63

280

62

Sib

95

244b,245a

215

95

189b

65

52

244a,245

358

280

64

51a

114

50

53
529

TITLE INDEx

#Effect of Speed on Fuel Consuption Rates: Cars and Trucks* 213 #Auto Ownership Characteristics of Households Owning Trucks, 1970* 89 #Energy Intensity for Trucks, 1974 to 1980* 189a #Highvay Trust Fund Receipts and Disbursements* 270 #Percentage of Emissions Improvement After Tune-up* 212b #Fuel Economy Improvement After Tune-up* 212a #Wumber of Operating Urban Mass Transit Systems in the u.S. (DEC 31, 1975)* 115a #Number of Vehicles in U.S. - 1975* 18 Preliminary Estimates of the Resident Population of the U.S. by Age, Region, and Division: July 1, 1976* 397 *Motor Vehicle Fleets in the U.S. by Type of Business* 45 #Imports of Strategic Materials in the U.S. in 1976* 345 " U.S. Crude Oil Imports as Percent of Domestic Production 347 * U.S. Crude Oil Reserves and Production* 370 Gasoline, and Other Hydrocarbons* # U.S. Domestic Production of Crude Oil, Natural 336b Automobile Emissions Standards Relative to U.S. Emissions Standards* #International 286 * # U.S. Employment in Transportation and Related Industries 412 * U.S. Energy Resource Consumption* 160 * U.S. Energy Supplies* 381 #Number of Automobiles in Total U.S. Fleet* 240a,24

1a "Transportation Planning and R & D Outlay U.S. Government* 301 t U.S. Imports and Exports of Raw and Processed Minerals* 346 " U.S. Manufactured and Imported Bicycles* 149 * U.S. Motor Truck and Bus Retail Sales* 62 #U.S. Petroleum Imports* 348a

# U.S. Petroleum Production and Consumption* 338b

* U.S. Petroleum Production as Percent of Consumption* 338a 2000* # U.S. Population by Five-Tear Age Groups, 1950 Through 402 and Disposable Solids for a 100,000 bbl/day U.S. Refinery* #Raw Material Characteristics 384 Through 1975* U U.S. Sources and Uses of Major Energy Sources, 1950 323a # U.S. Sources and Uses of Petroleum, 1950 Through 1975* 323b Major Sources, 1950 Through 1976* U U.S. Total Gross Consumption of Energy Resources by 162 #Crude Oil Production, U.S. Western Hemisphere, and World* 335a #Census Regions and Geographic Divisions of the U.S.* 426 Refined Products from a Barrel of Crude Oil in the U.S.* #Percentage Yields of the Major 341b for Transportation Networks Within the Continental U.S., 1960 Through 1975* "Intercity Mileage 33 Haul* BWaterkorne Commerce of the U.S.: Ton Hiles and Tons by Type of Traffic and Average 139 #Factory Unit Shipments of Recreational Vehicles* 58 #Number of Highway Motor Vehicles Registered in the Umited States by type 1963 through 1975* 40

Operated for the Transportation of Freight in the United States for the Years 1970 Through 1975* Vessels 136 December 1966-1982* #Composition of United States Air Carrier Fleet by Type of Aircraft: 123 #Estimated Fuel Consumed by United States Domestic Civil Aviation* 178 # United States Domestic Oil Production* 336a Countries * United States Imports of Crude Oil by Selected Source 349 # United States Oil Supply Domestic and Imported* 326 Passenger Operations* " United States Railroad Mainlines for Freight and 131a #Demand Regions of the United States Used by the Federal Energy Administration* 428

#Number of Years Supply of all Oils in the United States* 369 Income in Constant and 1975 Current Dollars for the United States* #Median Household 414a #Highay Motor Vehicle Travel in the United States, 1963 Through 1975* 93 .Average Selected Areas Selling Prices for Leaded, Unleased and Premium Gasoline at Full Service Retail 359 #Motor Vehicle Travel on Urban and Rural Roads, 1975* 102 #Automobile Travel: Urban vs Rural Roads, 1950 Through 1975* 103 Uuinety-Fifth Percentile Daily Range Requirements of Urban Automobiles with Off-Street Parking* 307a #Use of Trucks in Urban Commuting* 114 #Autumn 1976 Urban Family Budgets and Percent change Since 1975* 419

#Autumn 1976 Urban Family Budgets and Percent Change Since 1975* 419 1940-1975* t Urban Mass Transit Passenger Vehicles Owned and Leased 115b #Number of Operating Urban Mass Transit Systems in the U.S. (DEC 31, 1975)* 115a #Total Vehicle Miles Traveled by Urban Mass Transit Systems, 1975* 116b t Urban Mass Transportation Ridership, 1975* 116a #Calculated Energy Intensity of Urban Rail System* 201 1950-1975* #Gas Utility Industry Miles of Pipline and Main, by Type, 146 #Registered Weight of Insulated Refrigerated Vans and Annual Miles Driven by Census Region* 54 and Annual Miles Driven of Insulated Refrigerated Vans by Census Region, 1972* #Registered Weight 55 #Performance of Road - Tested Electric Vans* 310 Fuel Economy and the #Changes in Gallons Consumed by a Vehicle as a Function of the Percent Improvement in 210 by Average Annual Mileage Class and Average Age of Vehicle by Number of Cars in Household and Mileage Class 99 #Motor Vehicle Factory Sales from Domestic Car Manufacturers* 56 #Motor Vehicle Fleets in the U.S. by Type of Business* 45 #Effect of Common Conservation Techniques on Vehicle Fuel Efficiency* 214 Population Size* #Distribution of Annual Passenger Car Vehicle Miles Per Household by Individual Purpose and 101 #Petroleum Conservation Through Reduction in Motor Vehicle Miles Traveled (VMT)* 209b

#Total Vehicle Miles Traveled by Mode 1975* 24 1975* #Total Vehicle Miles Traveled by Urban Mass Transit Systems, 116b #Estimated Electric Vehicle Production, 1977* 59 #Electric Vehicle Projected Battery Characteristics* 313a #Electric Vehicle Projected Costs* 312

#Electric and Hybrid Vehicle R,D and D ACT* 279 #World Motor Vehicle Registrations, 1975* 38 Public #Selected Elements of the Electric and Hybrid Vehicle Research, Development and Demonstration Act, 279 " Vehicle Size Combinations of Two-Car Households, 1970* 87

#Highvay Motor Vehicle Travel in the United States, 1963 Through 1975* 93
530

TITLE INDEX

#Motor Vehicle Travel on Urban and Rural Roads, 1975* 102

#Percent of Vehicle-Miles of Travel and Vehicle Trips by Car Ownership and Place of Residence* 105

#ComFarison of Retail Sales and Fleet Sales by Vehicle Type, 1976 Model Year* 48 *Average Annual State Taxes on Selected Motor Vehicle Types, 1973* 267

#Average Annual Federal Taxes on Selected Motor Vehicle Types, 1973* 266

Household* #Selected Vehicle Usage Characteristics by Annual Income of the 100

#Annual Truck and Bus Factory Sales by Gross Vehicle weight* 63

#Factory Sales cf Trucks and Buses by Gross Vehicle Weight, Pounds* 64

#Average Miles Traveled by Type of Highway Motor Vehicle 1963 Through 1975* 94

#Average Annual Fuel Consumpticn by Type of Highway Vehicle* 175b

#Total Annual Fuel Consumption by Type of Vehicle* 175a

Ownership and Place of Residence* #Percent of Vehicle-Miles of Travel and Vehicle Trips by car 105

#Automobile Vehicle-Miles Traveled* 242a,243b

# Vehicle-Miles Traveled: 1960-1975* 26

#Employment and Establishments for Selected Motor Vehicle-Related Businesses: 1967 and 1972* 413

#Average Miles Traveled Per Recreational Vehicle, 1974* 108a

Age of Vehicle by Number of #Percent Distribution of Vehicles by Average Annual Mileage Class and Average 99

#Privately and Publicly Owned Registered Vehicles by Calendar Year, 1960-1975* 41a

#Privately and Publicly Owned Registered Vehicles by Calendar Year, 1960-1975* 41

#Household Ownership of Motor Vehicles by Selected Characteristics, 1974* 80

#Number of Vehicles in U.S. - 1975* 18

#Urban Mass Transit Passenger Vehicles Owned and Leased 1940-1975* 115b

* #Regional Variations in Number of Motor Vehicles Owned and Riles Driven by Households, fall 1974 82

Selected Household Characteristics, #Number of Motor Vehicles Owned and Miles Driven per Household by 81

through 1975* #Number of Highway Motor Vehicles Registered in the United States by type 1963 40

#Method of Towing Non-Motorized Recreational Vehicles* 108b

#Fleet Operations: Electric Vehicles* 311

#Energy Use by Mass Transit Passenger Vehicles* 179

#Factory Unit Shipments of Recreational Vehicles* 58

Selected Characteristics of Federal Government Motor Vehicles, 1975* #Fleet Inventory Summary and 44

#Number of Vehicles: 1960 Through 1976* 20

the United States for the Years 1970 Through #Number of Vessels Operated for the Transportation of Freight in 136

#Cost of Fuel for Air, Truck, Railroad and Marine Vessels* 358

Through Reduction in Motor Vehicle Miles Traveled ( VRT)* #Petroleum Conservation 209b

#Characteristics of the Joint Industry - Government VOLUNTARY TRUCK AND BUS FUEL ECONOMY PROGRAR* 280

# Voluntry Truck and Bus Fuel Economy Program* 280

# Wages and Salaries by Industry, 1950 Through 1976* 410 # Ward's Classification* 425a

Type of Traffic and Average Haul* # Waterborne Commerce of the U.S.: Ton Riles and Tons by 139 #Inland Waterway Energy Intensity* 202

#Navigable Inland Waterways* 135

Refrigerated Vans by Census Region, 1972* #Registered Weight and Annual Riles Driven of Insulated 55

Driven by Census Region* #Registered Weight of Insulated Refrigerated Vans and Annual Riles 54

#City/Highway Combined Fuel Economy by Model Year and Weight Class* 186b #Truck Operating Energy Efficiency and Intensity by Weight Class, 1972* 189b

#Automobile Fuel Economy for Various Weight Classes by Model Year* 186a

#Annual Truck and Bus Factory Sales by Gross Vehicle Weight* 63

#Factory Sales of Trucks and Buses by Gross Vehicle Weight, Pounds* 64

#Domestic Crude Petroleum at the Wellhead* 355

#Domestic Crude Petroleum Price at the Wellhead* 354

#Crude Oil Production, U.S. Western Hemisphere, and World* 335a

SMSA's), 1975* #Major Mode of Transportation to Work for 21 Standard Metropolitan Statistical Areas ( 113

#Characteristics of Rome-to- Work Trips Taken by Household Heads, 1975* 112 # World Crude oil Production* . 335b # World Energy Use and Production,1960 Through 1973* 159 # World Motor Vehicle Registrations, 1975* 38 #Crude Oil Production, U.S. western Hemisphere, and World* 335a Passenger Car Age* # Yearly Travel of Passenger Automobiles as a Function of 97

#Number of Years Supply of all Oils in the United States* 369

Transportation of Freight in the United States for the Years 1970 Through 1975* of Vessels Operated for the 136

# Yield from a Barrel of Crude oil* 341a

Crude Oil in the U.S.* #Percentage Yields of the Major Refined Products from a Barrel of 341b
This page left blank intentionally.
Transportation Energy Conservation Data Book, Edition 2

Mode-Specific Cross-Reference

This cross-reference matrix was designed as a general standard for

categorizing transportation energy data and, specifically, as a guide to

modal information included in Edition 2 of the Transportation Energy

Conservation Data Book. This chart, to be used in conjunction with the

index, references pages where modal CHARACTERISTICS and DATA may be

found. For any mode, data or a specific characteristic is referenced by

the page number given in the appropriate matrix cell. For example,

"Automobile, number of vehicles" disaggregated by a characteristic-

"Vehicle size"-is represented by the appropriate page number (61) in the

respective matrix cells.

Legend

- following a page number entry indicates historical data.

+ following a page number entry indicates projected data.

t following a page number entry indicates the results of a model.

In many cases, data in a figure will be duplicated on an adjoining page.

In these cases, only the first page is noted in this cross-reference.

"Aggregated" indicates that aggregated, but not detailed, data about

individual modes are provided.

Source: The matrix was developed by Dr. Margaret F. Fels, Center

for Environmental Studies, Princeton University, August 1977.

532
533

CHARACTER ISTICS DATA

SIZE TRIP TYPE CLASSIFICATION

FQ L 8 TYPE h+ ~Q SR~8 9~ - TOT ALS + 859

TRANSPORTATION 165,176-, 165,168, 165 165, 412- 169 165,166-,167-,168 169, 182

(AGGREGATED) 263,357- 263-,357- 168 172,176-,182,232+ 233+

PASSENGER MODES 107 112 112 106-,107 38 (AGGREGATED)

AUTOMOBILE 170-,238+ 330, 8844 28-33-,10- 103-,307 113- 4-275+ ,173 44- 170-,171-,172,173, 181+ 38,44,65-,175- 307 26-,103- PERSONAL 239+359 ___ 33 __ __ __ __ ____ PASSENGER ____+,359_313+_175-,181+

PRIVATE AUTO 276+,277+ 53,279+, 385, 48,61-,72,84, 84,101, 34,106-,187 81,82,86, 80,82,86, 5-48 41-,5- 48,60-, 59,286 38,80,82 172,209.21 ,211 20-,39-,40-,41-, 79,80,81,82, 24,93,100,104, 386 339,312 386 85,8687,186-, 111,113 90,101, 90,101, 84,86, 242+,243+,276+,277+ 43-,5-,8,56-, 83,87,89,90, 105,109,111,2 187,13-,205,211 104,105, 104,105, 188 285+,288+ 59,60-,61-,79-, 99,104,105 242+,243+

109, 187 109 85,86,99,100,

104,240+,241+,279+

LIGHT TRUCK 59,299, 108,113, 106- 80 80 59 80,68,114, 300 114 59 8,8145,8-5,1 08,9

TAX 345- 172 20-,45-

MOTORCYCLE 170- {7_17 OTRTE 17-170-171-172 20-40- 2,93-_

RAIL 358- 28- 172,181+,197-,248+, 181+ 49+

OPERATING 131,170-, 131,170-, 17- 33-34,131,132- 132 412- 38 17-,171-,172 20,132 132 24,26-132

RAILROAD 197 079- ____

TEAVY TRANSIT 170-,197 113 412- 71-,171-,172,179- 20,115 24,26,116

R U S 3 5 8 - 5 9 6 2 - - ,63 - ,64 2 8 - 4 4 - 4 1 - 4 4 4 4 - 9 ,5 1 7 2, 1 7 5 - 1 8 1+ 3 8 , 4 1 - , 4 4 , 5 6 -

59,62-,63-.64-,

175-

LARGE 17- 33-,3 412- 3872-4- 2,26-93-

TRANSIT 170-,179- 170-179- 17 - 179_ 113 102 102 412- 7-2171-172,179- 20-115 ,26-93-102

SCHOOL 170- 102 102 70-171-172 20-0-j2,26-,93-,10

AIR 358- 170- 217+ 121-,126 27-,28-33-34, 127+,173 34,192 '119120,121-27- ,1i + 127+171-,172,173, 20-127+,121- 2426-125 170- 106- 125,127+,178+- 178+.181+246+,247+ 246+247+

TURBOJET 178-+' 10191193,194- 1123-,124,177 122 172,177 122,123+-,124

TRORP12,23-212 222 12122,123-,124 TURBOPROP

PSO - o 122 123-,124,771222

PROPE LLOR ) 1172,177 PROPELLOR ) 12-212123+-,124177 121-122 172,177 2-1,2+,24 ROTOR_____121-, 122,123-, 128

HELCOPTER) 122 12013+ 124 121-122 172 121-,122,123+-,124

170-,171-,172 186I

FERRY 72

RECREATIONAL 59 59 172,186 59,137

OTHER 139

PAT, GRT

DUAL MODE

BICYCLE 59 113 149 59 59,149-

FREIGHT MODES 345 345 5 AGGREGATED)

TRUCK 52-189 52-,353-, 44,51,52-,53 30- 31-,33-189, 189 44- 41-95, 44 173 44- 55 173,175-,181+,244+, 181+ 20-,38,41-,44, 24 26- 95 189 55,56-,62-,63- 290 290,412- "+ 50-,51-,52-,53, 64-,189,215 55-56-62-63

64-,65-,175-

SINGLE UNIT 170- 59,310 52-, 53-, 54-,266 102 102 59 170-,171-,172 40-,52-,53-,59, 93-,102 311 267 311

COMBINATION 170- 170- 52-,53-,266,267 102 102 70-,171-,172 40-,52-,53- 93-,102

10-52-53-1 70-17158-372- 93-,102 RAL 358- 35- 198 31-33-200, 290,412- :72,175-,178,181+, 181+ 24 26-,132-

1 90 186+

OERAT SO 132-170- 132- 170170-,171-,172 20-,132- 132 24 26-,125 RAILROAD - ~ ______- - - -

AIR '35-1170- 3-, 31-, 33- 412- 125,127+ 192 19 27+,17 -,171-,172, 181+ 20-,127+

170- 173 27+,178+- 246+ 173,178+-,181+,246+,

247+ 247+

JET 178- 1 19 1,196,196- 196 123+-,124,177 172,177 123+-,12

NCN-JE' 78-+ 123'- 12 177 172,177 123-124

WATER 170- 17-101290,412- 173 139,186 139- 170-,171-,172,173, 181+

181+,186,250+, 251+

TUANKEC D138 138 186 1 138,16

3OWBOAT1133 8 12021 20-,136-,138,186

PIPELINE -) -I I170-,171-,172,252+ PETHCLEUM 4;,pv3- 31-,33-,143-, 2 gg __I~ ~ ""13 90,12-______ 172___________ _____ _____ 2___ NATURAL GAS 20 3 33- 172

WA TE R -- 

PER VEHICLE TRI COSTS

84 499 ' 01, +5e' *-A9T5+"1 o 8

'.07'4 548.4 9- 419-'411 357- 303-

4177-419 42

236+0237+,,1,82 107 112 112

27-,28- 306,404 33-, 4-25,0s33 307 44-,94- 65- 305, 30 306,307,313+ 70-,271- 270-,420- 412-,413 44,33 37 J1 359,360

80,81,83, 84,213,238+,239+, 106-,187 187,309 187 81,82,34,96, 43-,79,83 17, 57-,213, 187,211, 101,104,105,109, 34,101,104,106, 106 266,267, 71-,72 2,8.

19, 86,90,98, 274+,278+,281,309, 97,98,99,100, 97, 99, 309 214 212,213, 110,111,113 109,110,111,113, 17 2+27+ 69-70, 25 2

100 385 101,1049240+,241+, 100,104 . 20282, 187,211,309 266, 26 386

312+ | 39312+

80,88,90 281,310,311 106- 310 108 310 54-,57-, 310 113,114 106,113,310 106- 266,267 266,267,

108 311

418- 412-

25 266,267 266,267

28- 197- 197- --- o 12- 358-

27-,132- 33-' 197,205 132- 132-,197 197,201 197 197 34,197 197 ill 409-,418- 410-,411-

131 412-

116 115 197,201,205 197,201 197,201197, 197 113 113,197 197 409-418-410-411-

116 115 201,,205 2- 201 418-

2,28- 3 0 - 44-94 0-271- 270-2 44-413 358-

2_ 44- ____ ____ 44-,94-______ _________ ____ _________-R- 5,6

2708 33_, 187,205 187 187 187 187 187 34,187 187 266,267, 410-411- 266,267

86 309,979,910, 39 28,1,1' 10o,1 191011,1, 172826'54122-.28+

116 187,205 187 187 187 17 187 113 113,187 187 301 409-,41- 410-,411-

312R 3094 312

27-,28-,125,126 120 121+ 126 33-, 205,216,217+ 106- 132 190,193 192,194- 216, 216 126 34,126,1921 1409-,418-4106-7 4 26 246+,247+8 119 19412-

222

127+

20- 197-17-

124 216

1201 24

27-228- 135

115 137

137

115

113

236+237+

29-,30-,31-,32-, 32327328 33-, 44-,189,213,215 95 189,194 189 44-52-5594- 50-65- 55,215 213 313 313 32, 270-271- 270-409- 410-,411- 44-,329,

244+,245+,290 37 327, 301 412-,413 358-

205,310,311 266,267 310 54-,57- 310 310 266,267 266,267

205 266,267 218, 266,267 266,267,

812-

30-,31-,32-,248+, 326327 33- 200-,205,218 199 200 198,199, 218, 200 200 200 6227 409- 410-,411- 329,358-

249+297-199'1412- 327,

329

29-,132- 132- 132

29-,30-,31-,125 120 127+ 33-, 190195205 195- 192,195- 192 271- 40- 410-,411- 358-

119 412-

124 1%- 195- 195,196- 1%

29-,139-,250+,251+, 19 2,2 3 3-171115 1537271-, 301- 09- 410,411-

290 19,2,2 3 3-171115 153742

3329,8358-

30-,31- 186 33- 205 136-138 202 2329

11552+213712-3-12-

32,22+,23+ 3 33, 20 321372

1 -,27 _3 33- 143- 183-, 812- 329

145 145, 203

204

This page left blank intentionally.
Transportation Energy Conservation Data Book, Edition 2

Fuel-Specific Cross-Reference

This cross-reference matrix was designed as a standard for categorizing transportaion-related fuel data not classified by mode. This chart,

to be used in conjunction with the index, is to be used as a guide for

locating fuel-specific information included in Edition 2 of the Transportation Energy Conservation Data Book.

Legend

- following a page number entry indicates historical data.

+ following a page number entry indicates projected data.

t following a page number entry indicates the results of a model.

In many cases, data in a figure will be duplicated on an adjoining page.

In these cases, only the first page is noted in this cross-reference.

For the category "Refined Products," "Diesel" includes No. I-D and No.

2-D diesel fuel, which are primarily consumed by trucks and buses.

"Home Heating Oil" is No. 2 fuel oil; No. 1 and No. 4 fuel oils, and

kerosene consumed for non-aviation purposes are omitted from this classification. "Aviation Fuels" include aviation gasoline and jet fuel

(kerosene and naptha types) used in turbojet and turboprop engines.

"Gasoline" and "motor gasoline" are assumed equivalent. "Residual

Fuels" includes No. 5 and No. 6 fuel oils, heavy (No. 4-D) diesel, and

Bunker C. fuel.

Source: This matrix was developed by Dr. Margaret F. Fels, Center for

Environmental Studies, Princeton University, August 1977.

536
CLASSIFICATION

o , 0)r

0010 ~,90)1,0

0T T os 6G A%

4, O 4)99/ 

FUEL TYPE (AGGREGATED) 304 304 163- 163-, 166-,232+,233+ 163- 163-

PETROLEUM

CRUDE

REFINED PRODUCTS'

GASOLINE

323-,324-,325-,338-

348-,381+

323-,326-,346,347-,

348-,349-,354-,356-

326-,346,348-

325-,353-,159- 325-,353-

335-,367

269

349-,367,368-

174,268,269,

359

159-,160-, 162,324-,

338-,369-

174,176-

DISTILLATE

DIESEL

HOME HEATING 269 268,269 OIL

AVIATION FUELS

RESIDUAL 269 269

161-,16

325-

4-,166-, 167-

165,169

165,168,169

165,169

165,168,169

161-, 164-, 325-

165

165

161-,164-, 325

165

165

165

161-,164-,325-

339-

164- 159-,323-,324-,325-

338-,348-,381+

143-,323-,326-,328,

335-,336-,337-,340,

341-,347-,348-,349-

367,370-

324-,353-

367,368-,369-,

370-

QI

299, 300,304, 363-

354-,355-,356-,357- 346

165 143-,326-,328,348- 346

165

165

336-,340,341-

341-

340

340

340,341- -t

238,239,268,269,

357-,359,360,364-

363-

_____I____ ______

357-,358-

268,269,364-

358-

4- t -I-_ _

165 340,341-

NATURAL GAS LIQUIDS 323-,324- 324- 161- 145,323-,324- -;9- 32

NATURAL GAS 323-,346 159- 159-,160-,162- 1E1-,167-,169 161-161-,339- 145,159-,323-,337-, 14

381+

COAL 323-,346 159-,269 269 159-,160-,162- 161-,167-,169 161- 161- 161-,339- 159-,323-,337-,381+ 26

HYDRO/NUCLEAR 323 159-,160-,162- 161-161- 161-,339-159-,323-, 337-, 381

ALTERNATIVE FUELS

SYNCRUDE

METHANOL

SHALE, TAR SANDS

ELECTRICAL ENERGY

4- '4 - 382 382

t -t I

361 161-, 167-, 169 r161- 161- 161-

379+,381+

380+,381+

380+

L ___ 

269,364-

363-

-4-

5 346,363-

9,358- 346

299, 300

361,362-

300

363-

537

DATA COST

384

384

- - - ---- t

L i r -

I

iL

Z41t

- -+ ----- + - - -

fnaAL -- I rnas wn s s rnre s® es

I

I --

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