3

Resource Assessment of the 

Springfield, Herrin, Danville, and 

Baker Coals in the Illinois Basin

Edited by J.R. Hatch and R.H. Affolter

U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1625–D

Prepared in cooperation with the Illinois State Geological Survey, 

Indiana Geological Survey, and Kentucky Geological Survey

U.S. Department of the Interior

U.S. Geological Survey
 

 3

U.S. Department of the Interior

Gale A. Norton, Secretary

U.S. Geological Survey

Charles G. Groat, Director

Version 1.0, 2002

For sale by U.S. Geological Survey, Information Services

Box 25286, Federal Center

Denver, CO 80225

This publication is also available online at

http://www.usgs.gov

Any use of trade, product, or firm names in this publication

is for descriptive purposes only and does not

imply endorsement by the U.S. Government

Published in the Central Region, Denver, Colorado

Manuscript approved for publication March 28, 2002

Graphics by Christopher French

Photocomposition by Norma J. Maes and William Sowers

Edited by Diane E. Lane
 

 3

Volume Contents

Disc 1

Letters designate chapters within Professional Paper 1625–D; to access each chapter, 

click on its title

A. Executive Summary

By J.R. Hatch and R.H. Affolter

B. Introduction

By J.R. Hatch and R.H. Affolter

C. Geologic Overview

By J.R. Hatch and R.H. Affolter

D. Resource Assessment

Edited by J.R. Hatch and R.H. Affolter

E. Characterization of the Quality of Coals from the Illinois Basin

By R.H. Affolter and J.R. Hatch

Disc 2

ArcView Project for the Assessment of the Springfield, Herrin, Danville, and Baker Coals 

in the Illinois Basin

By G.L. Gunther, K.K. Like, R.H. Affolter, J.R. Hatch, C.L. Connolly, C.G. Treworgy, 

W.A. Andrews, and G.A. Weisenfluh
Chapter A

Executive Summary

By J.R. Hatch and R.H. Affolter

Chapter A of

Resource Assessment of the Springfield, Herrin, Danville, and 

Baker Coals in the Illinois Basin

Edited by J.R. Hatch and R.H. Affolter

U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1625–D

U.S. Department of the Interior

U.S. Geological Survey

National Coal

Resource

Assessment

Click here to return to Disc 1 

Volume Table of Contents
AII

Contents

Introduction .......................................................................................................................................... A1

Geologic Framework ........................................................................................................................... 1

Stratigraphy ................................................................................................................................. 1

Structure ...................................................................................................................................... 5

Descriptions of the Springfield, Herrin, Danville, and Baker Coals ................................... 5

Springfield Coal (III. No. 5, Ind. V, W. Ky. No. 9) ........................................................... 5

Herrin Coal (III. No 6, W. Ky. No 11) ................................................................................ 5

Danville Coal (III. No 7, Ind. VII) and Baker Coal (W. Ky. No 13) ............................... 5

Coal Resource Assessment ............................................................................................................... 8

Coal Production ......................................................................................................................... 8

Previous Coal Resource Assessments ................................................................................... 8

Remaining Coal Resources........................................................................................................ 12

Coal Availability and Recoverability ....................................................................................... 15

Coal Quality .......................................................................................................................................... 17

Conclusions........................................................................................................................................... 19

References Cited.................................................................................................................................. 20

Figures

1. Map showing extent of the Illinois Basin as defined by the outcrop 

 or subcrop of the Pennsylvanian rocks in Illinois, 

 Indiana, and Kentucky ..................................................................................... A2

2. Stratigraphic chart of the Pennsylvanian System in the Illinois Basin, 

showing major coal members........................................................................................... 3

3. Generalized north-south cross section of the 

Pennsylvanian System in Illinois ...................................................................................... 4

4–5. Maps showing:

4. Locations of the major structural features in the Illinois Basin

and depth to the Springfield Coal .......................................................................... 6

5. Major structural features of the western Kentucky coal field.......................... 7

6. Generalized north-south cross section through western Kentucky ..................... 8

7–9. Maps showing:

7. Thickness of the Springfield Coal in Illinois, Indiana, 

and western Kentucky ............................................................................................ 9

8. Thickness of the Herrin Coal in Illinois, Indiana,

and western Kentucky ............................................................................................. 10

9. Thickness of the Danville Coal in Illinois and Indiana, and the 

Baker coal in western Kentucky ............................................................................ 11
 AIII

10–11. Graphs showing:

10. Annual coal production in Illinois, Indiana, and western Kentucky

between 1890 and 1998 ............................................................................................ 12

11. Range in percent uncertainty (at the 90 percent confidence level)

for coal resource reliability categories from Illinois, Indiana, 

and western Kentucky ............................................................................................. 13

12–14. Histograms showing:

12. Remaining, identified coal resources of the Springfield, Herrin, and 

Danville-Baker Coals in Illinois, Indiana, and 

western Kentucky, summarized by thickness ...................................................... 15

13. Remaining, identified coal resources of the Springfield, Herrin, and 

Danville-Baker Coals in Illinois, Indiana, and

western Kentucky at depths of less than 150 ft ................................................... 16

14. Remaining, identified coal resources of the Springfield, Herrin, and 

Danville-Baker Coals in Illinois, Indiana, and western Kentucky

at depths of greater than 150 ft............................................................................... 16

15–16. Charts summarizing:

15. Coal availability for 41 representative 7.5-minute quadrangles in 

Illinois, Indiana, and western Kentucky ................................................................ 18

16. Coal recoverability for 16 representative 7.5-minute quadrangles in

Illinois, Indiana, and western Kentucky ................................................................ 18

Tables

1. Previous estimates of remaining coal resources for the Springfield, 

Herrin, and Danville-Baker Coals in Illinois, Indiana, and

western Kentucky ..................................................................................................... A13

2. Estimated remaining identified resources of the Springfield, 

Herrin, and Danville-Baker Coals in Illinois, Indiana, and

western Kentucky .................................................................................................... 14

3. Summary of coal availability for 19 representative 7.5-minute

 quadrangles in Illinois, 10 quadrangles in Indiana, and 

12 quadrangles in western Kentucky .................................................................... 17

4. Summary of coal recoverability for eight representative 7.5-minute

quadrangles in Illinois, three quadrangles in Indiana, and 

five quadrangles in western Kentucky.................................................................. 17

5. Means and ranges of ash yields, heat of combustion, and total 

 sulfur contents for the Springfield, Herrin, and Danville-Baker Coals

in the Illinois Basin.................................................................................................... 19

6. Means and ranges of arsenic, mercury, and lead contents for the

Springfield, Herrin, and Danville-Baker Coals in the Illinois Basin .................. 19 
A1

Introduction

The goal of this resource assessment of Illinois Basin coals 

is to provide an overview of the geologic setting, distribution, 

resources, and quality of Pennsylvanian-age coals in the basin as 

part of the U.S. Geological Survey's National Coal Resource 

Assessment Project (NCRA). The area of coal-bearing rocks in the 

Illinois Basin (fig. 1) comprises 36,800 square miles in Illinois, 

6,500 square miles in southwestern Indiana, and 6,400 square 

miles in western Kentucky. This area is also referred to as the 

“Eastern Region of the Interior Coal Province” (Trumbull, 1960). 

This assessment differs from previous coal assessments in that (1) 

the major emphasis is placed on coals that are most likely to be 

mined over the next few decades, and (2) data are being collected 

and stored in digital formats that can be updated as new information becomes available (Gluskoter and others, 1996). Most past, 

current, and expected future coal production in the Illinois Basin 

is from the Springfield, Herrin, Danville, and Baker Coals.

The main products of this assessment are digital databases 

that contain all publicly available point-source data on thickness, 

depth, and coal quality for the Springfield, Herrin, Danville, and 

Baker Coals. Regional and statewide maps have been prepared 

from these databases that depict coal extent, thickness, elevation 

(structure), mined-out areas, areas where the coal may potentially 

be mined at the surface or underground, and geographic distribution of ash, sulfur, and major, minor, and trace-element contents. 

Also prepared from these databases are summaries of proximate, 

ultimate, and major, minor, and trace-element analyses, and estimates of the uncertainty in calculations of the remaining coal 

resources. These databases and other proprietary databases managed by the State geological surveys of Illinois, Indiana, and Kentucky were used to calculate the remaining resources for the 

Springfield, Herrin, Danville, and Baker Coals.

This Illinois Basin coal assessment was completed in cooperation with multidisciplinary groups of scientists, technicians, 

and computer specialists from the U.S. Geological Survey, Illinois State Geological Survey, Indiana Geological Survey, and 

Kentucky Geological Survey. These three State surveys make up 

the Illinois Basin Consortium (IBC).

Geologic Framework

Stratigraphy

The coal-bearing rocks in the Illinois Basin are of Pennsylvanian age and were deposited between about 325 and 290 million 

years before the present. The Pennsylvanian rocks are divided into 

the Raccoon Creek Group, Carbondale Group or Formation, and 

the McLeansboro Group (fig. 2). The Pennsylvanian rocks reach 

a maximum thickness of nearly 2,500 ft in southeastern Illinois 

and generally thin toward the north, northwest, and northeast (fig. 

3). The lower stratigraphic units pinch out to the north and northwest, and in much of western and northern Illinois the lower most 

formations are thin or absent (Hopkins and Simon, 1975). Typically, 90–95 percent of the Pennsylvanian section consists of clastic rocks. In the lower part of the section, quartzose, pebbly 

sandstones commonly make up 60 percent of the total thickness, 

with most of the remainder made up of siltstone and shale containing less than 1 percent limestone. Sandstone makes up 25 percent of the total thickness in the middle and upper parts of the 

section, and shale and claystone form 65–70 percent of the upper 

parts of the section. In general, 5–10 percent of the upper twothirds of the section is limestone (Hopkins and Simon, 1975).

In Illinois and western Kentucky, the Raccoon Creek Group 

is divided into the Caseyville and Tradewater Formations (fig. 2). 

In southern Illinois and western Kentucky, the Caseyville Formation contains several thin, lenticular coals. Tradewater Formation 

coals in Illinois and western Kentucky are thicker and more continuous than coals in the underlying Caseyville Formation. In 

western Kentucky, the Tradewater Formation contains more than 

20 mined coals. In Indiana, the Raccoon Creek Group consists of 

the Mansfield, Brazil, and Staunton Formations. As many as 12 

coals are present in the Mansfield Formation. Thicknesses of these 

coals are highly variable over short distances. Generally, the Brazil Formation includes four named coals, and the Staunton Formation, as many as eight coals. The Seelyville Coal Member, at 

the top of the Staunton Formation in Indiana, is the only coal that 

has been traced regionally (Mastalerz and Shaffer, 2000).

The Carbondale Formation (Illinois and Kentucky) or 

Group (Indiana) consists of numerous named members, many of 

which possess remarkable lateral persistence in thickness and 

lithologic character. The Carbondale Formation or Group contains the principal economic coals in the Illinois Basin, including 

the Davis, Dekoven, Colchester, Survant, Springfield, and Herrin 

Coals (Hopkins and Simon, 1975; Greb and others, 1992; Mastalerz and Shaffer, 2000). In Indiana, the Dugger Formation of the 

Carbondale Group contains the Hymera and Danville Coal Members (fig. 2).

In Illinois, the Danville Coal Member is the only economically important coal in the McLeansboro Group. McLeansboro 

Group coals above the Danville in Illinois and Indiana are not as 

thick nor as extensive as the coals in the underlying Carbondale 

Formation or Group (Hopkins and Simon, 1975; Mastalerz and 

Shaffer, 2000). In western Kentucky, the McLeansboro Group 

contains three important commercial coals, the Paradise, Baker, 

and Coiltown coals (Greb and others, 1992) (fig. 2).

_______________________

1

U.S. Geological Survey, Mail Stop 939, Box 25046, Denver, CO 80225

Executive Summary

By J. R. Hatch1 and R. H. Affolter1
A2 Resource Assessment of the Springfield, Herrin, Danville, and Baker Coals in the Illinois Basin 

50 

50 

Saint Louis Greater Chicago Area Davenport Dubuque Owensboro Louisville

Terre Haute

Bloomington

Indianapolis

South Bend

MICHIGAN LAKE MICHIGAN

INDIANA

KENTUCKY

ILLINOIS

ILLINOIS

WISCONSIN

IOWA

MISSOURI

Gary

TENNESSEE

90 ̊00' W 88 ̊00' W 86 ̊00' W

41 ̊00' N39 ̊00' N37 ̊00' N

Figure 1. Map showing extent of the Illinois Basin as defined by the outcrop or subcrop of the Pennsylvanian rocks in Illinois, Indiana, and Kentucky. Th

regional shapefiles contained in the Illinois Basin ArcView project (Gunther and others, this publication).
Executive Summary A3

Illinois Ind

Western Kentucky

Mattoon Fm.

Bond Fm.

Patoka Fm.

M

B

P

Mattoon Fm.

Bond Fm.

Patoka Fm.

Sh

Danville (No. 7)JamestownHerrin (No. 6)Springfield (No. 5)

Houchin Creek (No. 4)

SurvantColchester (No. 2)DekovenDavis

Da

HyHe

Sp

Ho

Su

Co

Se

MinUpLowMaBluPin

St. 

Herrin (No. 11)Springfield (No. 9)

Houchin Creek (No. 8b)

Survant (No. 8)ColchesterDekoven (No. 7) Davis (No. 6)Baker (No. 13)Paradise (No. 12)BancroftDunbar/Lead CreekElm LickAberdeenDeanfieldAmos and FosterHawesville

Shelburn Fm. Tradewater Fm. Caseyville

Fm.

Dugger Fm. Petersburg

Fm. Linton Fm. Brazil

Fm. Mansfield Fm.

Shelburn Fm. Tradewater Fm. Caseyville

Fm.

Carbonda

Carbondale Fm.

le Fm.

Upper

Missourian

Virgilian

Desmoinesian

Middle

PENNSYLVANIAN

Atokan

Lower

Morrowan

Raccoon Creek Gp.

Carbondale Gp.

McLeansboro Gp.

McLeansboro Gp.

McLeansboro Gp. Raccoon Creek Gp.

Raccoon Creek Gp.

MurphysboroRock Island (No. 1)

Coiltown (No. 14)

Sh

Mining City/Lewisport/Mannington (No. 4)

Staunton

Fm.

Figure 2. Stratigraphic chart of the Pennsylvanian System in the Illinois Basin, showing major coal members. Modified from Mastalerz and Har

and others (1992, fig. 22). Fm., Formation; Gp., Group; ---, problematic coal correlations.
A4 Resource Assessment of the Springfield, Herrin, Danville, and Baker Coals in the Illinois Basin

Base of Pennsylvanian System

Colchester Coal

Springfield Coal

Top of bedrock

Carthage Limesto n e

Danville Coal

H

Davis Coal

N

S

INDEX MAP

Quaternary System

Bond and Mattoon Formations

Shelburn and Patoka FormationsCarbondale Formation

Caseyville and Tradewater Formations

Pennsylvanian System

EXPLANATION

0 25 Miles

Well locations

North

Figure 3. Generalized north-south cross section of the Pennsylvanian System in Illinois. This section illustrates the thickening of the Pennsy

ward across the basin (provided by C.P. Korose and C.G. Treworgy, Illinois State Geological Survey).
Executive Summary A5

Structure

The major structural features within the Illinois Basin are the 

La Salle anticlinal belt, the DuQuoin monocline, and the Cottage 

Grove–Rough Creek fault system; these structures bound the 

Fairfield Basin in southeastern Illinois (fig. 4) (Buschbach and 

Kolata, 1991). In Illinois and Indiana, the major coal beds crop out 

along the margins of the basin and generally dip to depths of more 

than 1,000 ft at the center of the Fairfield Basin, as shown for the 

Springfield Coal in figure 4. In western Kentucky, structures 

affecting the coal bearing rocks are different on either side of the 

east-west trending Rough Creek fault system (figs. 5 and 6). 

North of the Rough Creek fault system, the rocks dip gently to the 

west at about 15–20 ft/mi, in general conformity with the broad 

north-south, asymmetrical syncline that generally characterizes 

the structure of the Illinois Basin. South of the Rough Creek fault 

system the structure is characterized by east-west oriented 

synclines (Webster and Moorman synclines) that have much 

steeper dips. Along the axes of these southern synclinal structures, 

and within some graben structures, depths to the coals lower in the 

Carbondale Formation can exceed 1,500 ft.

Descriptions of the Springfield, Herrin, Danville, and 

Baker Coals

Springfield Coal (III. No. 5, Ind. V, W. Ky. No. 9)

The Springfield Coal is the most extensively mined coal in 

the Illinois Basin. In Illinois, this coal has a usual thickness of 

between 4.5 and 6 ft in most areas where it has been mined (fig. 

7) (Damberger, 2000). In Indiana, the Springfield generally averages about 5 ft thick, but coal thicknesses of as much as 13 ft have 

been reported. Mined coal thickness is between 3 and 7.4 ft (Mastalerz and Shaffer, 2000). Within the Moorman syncline of western Kentucky, the Springfield Coal is 5–6 ft in thickness, but thins 

to less than 4 ft toward the east and northeast of the Rough Creek 

fault system (Greb and others, 1992; Chesnut and others, 2000).

The types of roof rocks over the Springfield Coal are variable. Over much of its extent, the Springfield is normally overlain by black, fissile shale that is 6–24 in. thick. However, in a 4- 

to 10-mi-wide area extending across southwestern Indiana and 

southeastern Illinois a delta distributary system (the Galatia 

channel system, see fig. 4) was contemporaneous with the 

swamps depositing the peat that formed the coal. Within this 

belt, the coal is absent or irregularly developed and is overlain by 

the gray, silty Dykersburg Shale Member of the Carbondale Formation (Illinois and Kentucky) or the Dugger Formation (Indiana) (Hopkins, 1968; Hopkins and Simon, 1975). Adjacent to the 

channel system, the coal is relatively thick (from 5 to 10 ft) and is 

more commonly split by shale partings. Where the Dykersburg 

Shale Member is greater than about 20 ft thick, the coal commonly is relatively low in sulfur (1.5–3 percent; Cady, 1935; 

Damberger, 2000).

Herrin Coal (Ill. No. 6, W. Ky. No. 11)

In Illinois, the Herrin Coal averages more than 6 ft thick over 

extensive areas and locally reaches 15 ft thick (Hopkins and 

Simon, 1975) (fig. 8). It is thinner and irregular in thickness in 

much of central and southeastern Illinois. The Herrin Coal is neither well developed nor mined in Indiana (fig. 8). In the southwestern-most Indiana counties, the Herrin varies from about 2 to 

5 ft thick. To the north and east in Indiana, the Herrin is thin or 

absent (Mastalerz and Shaffer, 2000). In western Kentucky, the 

Herrin Coal occurs in two geographically distinct bodies (fig. 8). 

The thickest of these bodies is in a narrow belt along the southern 

edge of the coal field, where the Herrin Coal is as much as 10 ft 

thick. The second body of coal is north of the Rough Creek fault 

system (fault location shown in fig. 6). Here, the Herrin coal is 

thin (<2.4 ft) or absent (Greb and others, 1992; Weisenfluh and 

others, 1998; Chesnut and others, 2000).

The types of roof rocks overlying the Herrin Coal are also 

variable. Over much of its extent in Illinois, the Herrin Coal is normally overlain by as much as 4 ft of black, fissile shale of the Anna 

Shale or the Brereton Limestone Members of the Carbondale Formation. However, in parts of southern and central Illinois a delta 

distributary system (the Walshville channel system) was contemporaneous with the swamps depositing the peat that formed the 

coal. Within this belt, the coal is cut out by a channel sandstone as 

much as 1 mi wide and 60–80 ft thick or it is irregularly developed 

and overlain by the silty gray Energy Shale Member of the Carbondale Formation, which is as much as 100 ft thick (Allgaier and 

Hopkins, 1975; Nelson, 1983). Adjacent to this distributary channel system, the coal is relatively thick (from 5 to 10 ft) and is more 

commonly split by shale partings. Where the Energy Shale Member is thick, the coal often has a relatively low sulfur content (0.5–

2.5 percent; Cady, 1935; Damberger, 2000).

The lower part of the Herrin Coal contains a prominent 

claystone parting (the “blue band”) that normally is 1–3 in. thick 

(Hopkins and Simon, 1975). The blue band may have been 

deposited by a basin-wide flooding event (Nelson, 1983). The 

blue band and other partings and splits thicken along a trend 

associated with the contemporaneous Walshville channel.

Danville Coal (Ill. No. 7, Ind. VII) and Baker Coal (W. 

Ky. No. 13)

In east-central Illinois, the Danville Coal is as much as 6 ft 

thick and has been extensively mined (fig. 9). Recent exploration 

of the Danville has reportedly identified resources of relatively 

low-sulfur coal in east-central Illinois, to the west of the mined 

area, that is mineable underground (Damberger, 2000). In most of 

the rest of the state, the Danville Coal is thin, generally from a 

few inches to less than 3 ft thick (Hopkins and Simon, 1975). In 

Indiana, the Danville Coal ranges from 0.2 to 6.5 ft thick, averaging 4.3 ft in the northern Indiana counties and 2.1 ft in the south 

(fig. 9) (Mastalerz and Shaffer, 2000) 

In western Kentucky, the Baker coal is a complex, multiplebench zone in which mineable coals are separated by rock partings (Weisenfluh and others, 1998). The Danville in southern 

Indiana is correlative with an upper bench of the Baker coal in 

western Kentucky. The lower benches of the Baker coal in Kentucky are the mined benches near the Indiana border, but the 

mineable Baker coal as mapped elsewhere in western Kentucky 

may include this upper bench (Danville) in some places (W. A. 

Andrews, written commun., 1999). Development of thick coal 

bodies in the Baker coal is typically found in areas where the 
A6 Resource Assessment of the Springfield, Herrin, Danville, and Baker Coals in the Illinois Basin

La Salle

Anticlinal

Belt

Fairfield

Basin

DuQuoin

Monocline Cottage Grove - Rough Creek Fault System Saint Louis

Greater Chicago Area Davenport

Dubuque

Owensboro

Louisville

Terre Haute

Bloomington

Indianapolis

South Bend

MICHIGAN LAKE MICHIGAN

INDIANA

KENTUCKY

ILLINOIS

ILLINOIS

WISCONSIN

IOWA

MISSOURI

Gary

TENNESSEE

90 ̊00' W 88 ̊00' W 86 ̊00' W

41 ̊00' N39 ̊00' N37 ̊00' N

50 

5

Figure 4. Map showing locations of the major structural features in the Illinois Basin and depth to the Springfield Coal. Structure locations are from Busc

field Coal reaches depths of 1,000 ft or greater in the Fairfield Basin, in southeastern Illinois, and in the Webster and Moorman synclines, in western Kentillustration was modified from regional shapefiles contained in the Illinois Basin ArcView project (Gunther and others, this publication).
Executive Summary A7

INDE

CityState River, Fault

Sprin

16 

16 

Owensboro

INDIANA

Evansville

KENTUCKY

ILLINOIS

Rough Creek Fault

System

Moorman

 Syncline

Webster Syncline

Central Faults

Pennyrile Fault System

A

A'

37 ̊00' N36 ̊00' N

88 ̊00' W 87 ̊00' W

IL

Figure 5. Map showing major structural features of the western Kentucky coal field. Modified from Cobb and others (1985) and Greb and others (1992). Sec

of the cross section shown in figure 6.
A8 Resource Assessment of the Springfield, Herrin, Danville, and Baker Coals in the Illinois Basin

underlying Herrin and Paradise Coals are thin or absent (Greb 

and others, 1992; Weisenfluh and others, 1998). Two distinct bodies of thicker Baker coal are well documented, one south of the 

Rough Creek fault system and one north (fig. 9). Because of the 

close stratigraphic relationship between the Danville and Baker 

Coals, resources and quality for these coals are summarized 

together.

Coal Resource Assessment

Coal Production

Coal was first reported in what is now Illinois by FrenchCanadian explorers who noted an outcrop along the Illinois River 

on a map made in the 1670’s. Coal production began in Illinois in 

the early 1800’s. In Indiana, coal was first discovered along the 

Wabash River in 1736; by 1832 coal was being advertised for sale, 

and in 1837 the first coal company was officially incorporated. The 

first recorded coal production in western Kentucky was in 1820.

Annual coal production from Illinois, Indiana, and western 

Kentucky between 1890 and 1998 is shown in figure 10. Coal production from the basin through time, in general, was related to the 

overall increasing demand for power generation. At the same time, 

specific events have had both short- and long-term effects on coal 

development. These include industrial development and railroad 

expansion between 1890 and the late 1920’s, the Depression of the 

1930’s, World War II, competition from expanded oil and gas 

usage, the conversion of railroad locomotives from coal to dieselelectric power following World War II, and an increased demand 

for electrical utility coal in the 1960’s and 1970’s. A maximum of 

about 148 million tons was produced from the Illinois Basin in 

1984. Since about 1990 production has dropped. This decrease 

in the demand for Illinois Basin coal has primarily been a result of 

the enactment and implementation of Phase I restrictions of the 

1990 Amendments to the Clean Air Act and increasing price competition from western low-sulfur coals (U.S. Energy Information 

Administration, 1998). During 1998, coal production from the 

Illinois Basin was about 112 million short tons (U.S. Energy Information Administration, 2000).

Previous Coal Resource Assessments

Since 1899, a number of assessments of the original and 

remaining coal resources, coal compositions, and recoverable 

coal reserves in the Illinois Basin have been completed. The early 

assessments in Illinois include those of DeWolf (1908) and 

Bement (1910), and for Indiana, Ashley (1899) and Campbell and 

Leverett (1913). For Illinois, comprehensive coal resource 

assessments include those of Cady (1952), Hopkins and Simon 

(1974), Treworgy and others (1978), Treworgy and Bargh (1982), 

Treworgy and others (1997), and Damberger (2000). For Indiana, they include Spencer (1953) and for western Kentucky, 

Smith and Brant (1980) and Weisenfluh and others (1998).

As listed in table 1, these previous coal resource estimates 

all show that the Springfield, Herrin, Danville, and Baker Coals 

contain most of the remaining coal resources in the Illinois Basin. 

Cady (1952) estimated that the combined remaining resources for 

the Springfield, Herrin, and Danville Coals in Illinois were about 

79 percent of the total for the state. Hopkins and Simon (1974) 

estimated that 78 percent of the total was from these coals; Treworgy and others (1978) estimated 60 percent of Illinois surfacemineable resources were from these coals; Treworgy and Bargh 

(1982) estimated 82 percent of Illinois deep-mineable coals were 

from these coals; and Damberger (2000) showed that 80 percent 

of the total was from these coals. For Spencer’s (1953) Indiana 

assessment, the combined resources estimated for the Springfield 

and Danville Coals were 49 percent of the total resources estimated for the state, and for the Smith and Brant (1980) assessment for western Kentucky, the remaining resources estimated 

for the Springfield, Herrin, and Baker Coals were 43 percent of 

Figure 6. Generalized north-south cross section (A–A’ ) through western Kentucky. The approximate location of cross section A–A’ is shown 

in figure 5. Figure provided by S.F. Greb.

North

FEET Ohio River

+1,000

SEA LEVEL

-1,000

-2,000

-3,000

South

FEET

+1,000

SEA LEVEL

-1,000

-2,000

-3,000

SCALE

MOORMAN SYNCLINE

PENNYRILE 

FAULT SYSTEM

ROUGH CREEK 

FAULT SYSTEM

EXPLANATION

Carbondale Formation

Caseyville Formation

Tradewater Formation

Bond and Mattoon Formations Raccoon Creek Group

Shelburn Formation

Patoka Formation

McLeansboro Group

A A'

0 5 MILES
Executive Summary A9

50 

5

Saint Louis

Davenport

Dubuque

Owensboro

Louisville

Terre Haute

Bloomington

Indianapolis

South Bend

LAKE MICHIGAN MICHIGAN

INDIANA

KENTUCKY

ILLINOIS

ILLINOIS

WISCONSIN

IOWA

MISSOURI

TENNESSEE

Greater Chicago Area

Gary

Galatia Channel

Henderson Channel

90 ̊00' W 88 ̊00' W 86 ̊00' W

41 ̊00' N39 ̊00' N37 ̊00' N

Figure 7. Map showing thickness of the Springfield Coal in Illinois, Indiana, and western Kentucky. This illustration was modified from regional shapefi

ArcView project (Gunther and others, this publication).
A10 Resource Assessment of the Springfield, Herrin, Danville, and Baker Coals in the Illinois Basin 

50 

5

Saint Louis

Davenport

Dubuque

Owensboro

Louisville

Terre Haute

Bloomington

Indianapolis

South Bend

LAKE MICHIGAN MICHIGAN

INDIANA

KENTUCKY

ILLINOIS

ILLINOIS

WISCONSIN

IOWA

MISSOURI

TENNESSEE

Greater Chicago Area

Gary

Walshville

Channel

90 ̊00' W 88 ̊00' W 86 ̊00' W

41 ̊00' N39 ̊00' N37 ̊00' N

Figure 8. Map showing thickness of the Herrin Coal in Illinois, Indiana, and western Kentucky. This illustration was modified from regional shapefiles con

project (Gunther and others, this publication).
Executive Summary A11

50 

5

Saint Louis

Davenport

Dubuque

Owensboro

Louisville

Terre Haute

Bloomington

Indianapolis

South Bend

LAKE MICHIGAN MICHIGAN

INDIANA

KENTUCKY

ILLINOIS

ILLINOIS

WISCONSIN

IOWA

MISSOURI

TENNESSEE

Greater Chicago Area

Gary

90 ̊00' W 88 ̊00' W 86 ̊00' W

41 ̊00' N39 ̊00' N37 ̊00' N

Figure 9. Map showing thickness of the Danville Coal in Illinois and Indiana, and the Baker coal in western Kentucky. This illustration was modified fro

the Illinois Basin ArcView project (Gunther and others, this publication).
A12 Resource Assessment of the Springfield, Herrin, Danville, and Baker Coals in the Illinois Basin

the total. This Kentucky estimate assumes that half the combined 

estimate for the Herrin and Paradise coals (8.4 billion short tons) 

is from the Herrin coal.

Remaining Coal Resources 

For this assessment, estimated remaining coal resources are 

categorized by coal bed, state, mining area, county, overburden 

thickness (0–150 ft and >150 ft), coal thickness (>14–28 in., 

>28–42 in., and >42 in.), and reliability of estimate. For Illinois 

and Indiana, reliability categories are I–A (0–0.5 mi from a data 

point), I–B (>0.5–2 mi), and II–A (>2–4 mi). For western Kentucky, the categories are measured (0–0.25 mi), indicated (>0.25–

0.75 mi), inferred (>0.75–3.0 mi), and hypothetical (>3 mi).

For this assessment, Schuenemeyer and others (as reported 

in “Confidence Limits for Resource Estimates of Illinois Basin 

Coals” in chapter D of this publication) determined the uncertainties of coal resource estimates for the Springfield, Herrin, 

Danville, and Baker Coals. Figure 11 shows that in Illinois and 

Indiana, estimated percent error (±) ranges from <1 to 2 percent 

for category I–A and from 2 to 6 percent for category I–B. For 

category II–A in Illinois, percent error ranges from 4 to 9 percent, whereas for category II–A in Indiana, percent error is 

much higher, 40 percent for the Danville and 37 percent for the 

Springfield. For western Kentucky, estimated percent error for 

measured resources ranges from <1 to 2 percent; indicated, 

from 2 to 5 percent; inferred, from 5 to 16 percent: and hypothetical, from 34 to 77 percent. For Illinois and Indiana, estimated percent errors for the combined reliability categories 

I–A, I–B, and II–A range from 3 to 6 percent. For western 

Kentucky, estimated percent errors for the combined reliability 

categories measured, indicated, inferred, and hypothetical range 

from 5 to 15 percent.

Detailed listings of the remaining identified resources are in 

appendixes 1–3 of chapter D of this publication. These listings 

are summarized here in table 2, this chapter. For the Springfield 

and Herrin resource data summarized in table 2, a large majority 

0

20

40

60

80

100

1890 1910 1930 1950 1970 1990

Year

Million Short Tons

Illinois

Indiana

Western Kentucky

Figure 10. Graph showing annual coal production (million short tons) in Illinois, Indiana, and western Kentucky between 1890 and 1998. Data 

are from Carey and Hiett (2000), U.S. Energy Information Administration (2000), and Illinois Department of Mines and Minerals (1994).
Executive Summary A13

Remaining resources (billion short tons) 

Reference Springfield 

Coal 

Herrin 

Coal 

DanvilleBaker Coals Total coal 

resource 

Illinois 

Cady (1952) 38.5 62.6 7.8 137 

Hopkins and Simon (1974) 42.6 65.8 7.6 148 

Treworgy and others (1978) and 

Treworgy and Bargh (1982) 

56.0 70.1 10.5 167 

Damberger (2000) 61.7 78.9 17.8 199 

Indiana 

Spencer (1953) 13.8 ND 3.7 36 

Western Kentucky 

Smith and Brant (1980) 9.4 8.4 3.1 39 

Weisenfluh and others (1998) 8.0 2.6 3.6 ND 

Table 1. Previous estimates of remaining coal resources (billion short tons) for the Springfield, Herrin, and Danville-Baker Coals 

in Illinois, Indiana, and western Kentucky. 

[The Danville Coal is recognized in Illinois and Indiana; the Baker coal is recognized in western Kentucky. Smith and Brant’s (1980) resource 

estimate for the Herrin coal in western Kentucky includes resource estimates for the Paradise coal. This table is derived from tables 1–7, chapter 

D, this publication. ND, not determined.]

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

Percent Uncertainty

combined

hypothetical

Western Kentucky

indicated

measured

combined

Indiana

II-A

I-A

combined

Illinois

II-A

I-A

Reliability Category

inferred

I-B

I-B

Figure 11. Graph showing range in percent uncertainty (at the 90 percent confidence level) for coal resource reliability categories for Illinois 

(range for three coals), Indiana (range for two coals), and western Kentucky (range for three coals). I–A resources are within 0.5 mi of a data 

point; I–B resources, >0.5–2 mi; and II–A resources, >2–4 mi. Measured resources are within 0.25 mi of a data point; indicated resources, 

>0.25–0.75 mi; inferred resources, >0.75–3 mi; and hypothetical resources, >3 mi.
A14 Resource Assessment of the Springfield, Herrin, Danville, and Baker Coals in the Illinois Basin Table 2. Estimated remaining identified resources (million short tons) of the Springfield, Herrin, and Danville-Baker Coals in Illinois, Indiana, and weste

[The Danville Coal is recognized in Illinois and Indiana; the Baker coal is recognized in western Kentucky. Identified resources include reliability categories I–A, I–B, a

measured, indicated, and inferred for Kentucky. Resources are listed by mining area in Illinois and by state and are categorized by overburden thickness (coal depth) and rounded to two significant figures, or to the nearest one hundred million tons for values greater than ten billion short tons. Columns may not sum exactly due to rounding10, chapter D, this publication. NC, resources not calculated because coal was generally not greater than 14 in. thick.] Remaining, identified resources (million short tons) Coal Springfield Coal Herrin Coal Danville-Ba

Mining area depth Coal thickness (inches) Coal thickness (inches) Coal thickne

or State (feet) >14-28 >28-42 >42 All >14-28 >28-42 >42 All >14-28 >28-42 

Northern 0-150 0 0 37 37 77 140 170 390 290 340 

Illinois >150 0 2,200 2,500 4,700 0 330 62 390 570 950 

Subtotal 0 2,200 2,500 4,700 77 470 230 780 850 1,300 

Western 0–150 380 450 1,200 2,000 15 470 2,000 2,500 430 200 

Illinois >150 0 68 480 550 0 130 320 450 0 150 

Subtotal 380 520 1,700 2,600 15 600 2,300 2,900 430 350 

West-central 0–150 0 0 1,100 1,100 98 600 300 990 0 0 

Illinois >150 0 2,400 15,600 18,000 0 2,800 23,400 26,100 18 1,300 

Subtotal 0 2,400 16,700 19,100 98 3,400 23,700 27,200 18 1,300 

East-central 0–150 17 9 13 39 81 56 470 610 57 350 

Illinois >150 0 1,700 3,700 5,400 0 2,200 5,200 7,400 0 2,500 

Subtotal 17 1,700 3,700 5,500 81 2,300 5,700 8,000 57 2,800 

Southwestern 0–150 12 98 250 360 2 17 2,400 2,500 NC NC 

Illinois >150 0 89 300 380 0 150 11,200 11,300 NC NC 

Subtotal 12 190 550 740 2 170 13,600 13,800 NC NC 

Southeastern 0–150 0 4 370 370 3 47 580 630 120 4 

Illinois >150 0 5,400 23,200 28,600 0 4,900 20,800 25,700 0 2,700 

Subtotal 0 5,400 23,600 29,000 3 4,900 21,400 26,300 120 2,700 

Illinois total 0–150 410 560 3,000 4,000 280 1,300 5,900 7,600 910 880 

>150 0 11,900 45,800 57,700 0 10,500 60,900 71,400 590 7,600 

Subtotal 410 12,500 48,800 61,700 280 11,800 66,800 78,900 1,500 8,500 

Indiana total 0–150 25 280 1,800 2,100 NC NC NC NC 210 840 

>150 150 1,500 8,400 10,100 NC NC NC NC 1,200 2,900 

Subtotal 180 1,800 10,200 12,100 NC NC NC NC 1,400 3,700 

Western 0–150 1 17 960 980 47 74 430 550 310 360 

Kentucky total >150 9 180 5,800 6,000 140 460 1,500 2,100 580 500 

Subtotal 10 200 6,800 7,000 180 530 1,900 2,600 890 870 

Illinois 0–150 430 860 5,700 7,000 320 1,400 6,300 8,100 1,400 2,100 

Basin total >150 160 13,500 60,000 73,700 140 11,000 62,400 73,500 2,300 11,000 

Total 590 14,400 65,700 80,700 460 12,400 68,700 81,600 3,700 13,100 
Executive Summary A15

(81 and 84 percent, respectively) of the identified (reliability categories I–A + I–B + II–A or measured + indicated + inferred) 

coal resources are in relatively thick coals (>42 in.) (fig. 12). 

Coals greater than 42 in. thick are the coals that are most likely 

to be mined. For the combined Danville and Baker Coals, only 

39 percent of the identified resources are in relatively thick coal.

The quantities of identified resources in coals greater than 

42 in. thick, and at depths of less than 150 ft (potentially mineable at the surface) are summarized by coal and by mining area 

in table 2. These data are illustrated in figure 13. For the Springfield Coal, the mining areas having the largest identified 

resources of coal in these categories are western Illinois (1.2 billion short tons), west-central Illinois (1.1 billion short tons), and 

southwestern Indiana (1.8 billion short tons). For the Herrin 

Coal, such mining areas are western Illinois (2.0 billion short 

tons) and southwestern Illinois (2.4 billion short tons), and for 

the Danville and Baker Coals, east-central Illinois (450 million 

short tons) and southwestern Indiana (500 million short tons). 

For the Springfield, Herrin, Danville, and Baker Coals in the 

Illinois Basin, identified coal resources in beds greater than 42 

in. thick and at depths less than 150 ft are about 13.4 billion 

short tons.

The quantities of identified resources in coals greater than 

42 in. thick and at depths of greater than 150 ft (potentially mineable underground) are also listed by coal and by mining area in 

table 2. These data are shown in figure 14. For the Springfield 

Coal, the mining areas having the largest identified coal 

resources in these categories are west-central Illinois (15.6 billion short tons), southeastern Illinois (23.2 billion short tons), 

southwestern Indiana (8.4 billion short tons), and western Kentucky (5.8 billion short tons). For the Herrin Coal, such mining 

areas are west-central Illinois (23.4 billion short tons), southwestern Illinois (11.2 billion short tons), and southeastern Illinois (20.8 billion short tons). For the Danville and Baker Coals, 

such mining areas are on the east side of the basin in east-central 

Illinois (3.9 billion short tons), southeastern Illinois (1.5 billion 

short tons), southwestern Indiana (670 million short tons), and 

western Kentucky (1.3 billion short tons). For the Springfield, 

Herrin, Danville, and Baker Coals in the Illinois Basin, identified 

coal resources in beds greater than 42 in. thick and at depths 

greater than 150 ft are about 132 billion short tons.

Coal Availability and Recoverability

Coal resources available for mining are significantly less 

than estimates of coal in the ground because some resources are 

unavailable due to surface or subsurface land-use and technological restrictions (Carter and Gardner, 1989; Eggleston and others, 

1990; Carter and others, 1995). Estimates of recoverable 

resources are based on the available coal resources, the current 

state of mining technology, present and near-future market conditions, and the impact of Phase I restrictions of the 1990 Amendments to the Clean Air Act (Plis and others, 1993; Rohrbacher 

and others, 1993; Suffredini and others, 1994; U.S. Bureau of 

Mines, Intermountain Field Operations Center, 1995). Coal 

resources actually recoverable during mining are less than the 

available coal resources.

Results from the availability and recoverability studies in the 

Illinois Basin have shown that only part of the original coal 

resources within the quadrangles studied is available for 

development. For 19 representative quadrangles in Illinois, 46 percent (4.6 billion short tons) of the original coal resource is still 

0

10,000

20,000

30,000

40,000

50,000

60,000

70,000

80,000

Springfield Coal Herrin Coal Danville-Baker Coals 

Million Short Tons

>14 to 28 

>28 to 42 

>42

Thickness, in inches

Figure 12. Histogram showing remaining, identified coal resources (million short tons) of the Springfield, Herrin, and Danville-Baker Coals 

in Illinois, Indiana, and western Kentucky, summarized by thickness. Identified resources include reliability categories IA, IB, and IIA in Illinois and Indiana, and measured, indicated, and inferred in western Kentucky. Data are from table 1, this chapter, and tables 8–10, chapter D, 

this publication.
A16 Resource Assessment of the Springfield, Herrin, Danville, and Baker Coals in the Illinois Basin

0

500

1,000

1,500

2,000

2,500

3,000

3,500

Northern

Illinois

Western

Illinois

West-central

Illinois

East-central

Illinois

Southwestern

Illinois

Southeastern

Illinois

Indiana Western

Kentucky

Mining Area

Million Short Tons

Danville-Baker Coals

Herrin Coal

Springfield Coal

Figure 13. Histogram showing remaining, identified coal resources (>42 in. thick, million short tons) of the Springfield, Herrin, and DanvilleBaker Coals in Illinois, Indiana, and western Kentucky at depths of less than 150 ft. Identified resources include reliability categories IA, IB, 

and IIA in Illinois and Indiana and measured, indicated, and inferred in western Kentucky. Data are from table 1, this chapter, and tables 8–

10, chapter D, this publication.

Danville-Baker Coals

Herrin Coal

Springfield Coal

0

10,000

20,000

30,000

40,000

50,000

Northern

Illinois

Western

Illinois

West-central

Illinois

East-central

Illinois

Southwestern

Illinois

Southeastern

Illinois

Indiana Western

Kentucky

Mining Area

Million Short Tons

Figure 14. Histogram showing remaining, identified coal resources (>42 in. thick, million short tons) of the Springfield, Herrin, and Danville-Baker 

Coals in Illinois, Indiana, and western Kentucky at depths of greater than 150 ft. Identified resources include reliability categories IA, IB, and IIA in 

Illinois and Indiana and measured, indicated, and inferred in western Kentucky. Data are from table 1, this chapter, and tables 8–10, chapter D, this 

publication.
Executive Summary A17

available; for 10 quadrangles in southwestern Indiana, 57 percent 

(3.3 billion short tons) is available; and for 12 quadrangles in western Kentucky, 53 percent (2.7 billion short tons) is available (table 

3). For all 41 Illinois Basin quadrangles studied for coal availability (fig. 15), about 51 percent of the coal is still available. Studies 

of coal recoverability show that even less of the original resource 

is actually recoverable and only a small percentage of the original 

coal resources is economically recoverable (table 4). For eight representative quadrangles in Illinois, 13 percent (900 million short 

tons) of the original coal resource is currently economically recoverable; for three quadrangles in southwestern Indiana, 7 percent 

(170 million short tons) is economically recoverable, and for five 

quadrangles in western Kentucky, less than 0.01 percent (7 million 

short tons) is economically recoverable. For all 16 Illinois Basin 

quadrangles studied for coal recoverability (fig. 16), only about 9 

percent of the coal is economically recoverable in today’s market. 

See “Availability and Recoverability of Illinois Basin Coals,” 

chapter D of this publication, for details of, and references for, 

studies of Illinois Basin coal availability and coal recoverability.

Coal Quality

A primary purpose of this assessment of coals in the Illinois 

Basin was to tabulate, summarize, and graphically display the 

available coal-quality information and to show geographic distributions of the analytical chemistry results. The assembled data 

sets were summarized for the entire basin and by state for the 

Springfield, Herrin, Danville, and Baker Coals, and for other 

coals from the Raccoon Creek Group, Carbondale Formation or 

Group, and the McLeansboro Group (see chapter E, of this publication, including appendixes 1–8).

Most chemical analyses of Illinois Basin coals that were 

compiled and summarized for this assessment have been previously published. The most significant of the previously published 

reports on coal quality in Illinois are those by Cady (1935 and 

1948, proximate and ultimate analyses, Btu/lb), Gluskoter and 

Simon (1968, sulfur analyses), and Gluskoter and others (1977, 

proximate and ultimate analyses, Btu/lb, and major, minor, and 

trace-element analyses). For Indiana coals, published reports are 

those by Hasenmueller and Miller (1992, proximate and ultimate 

analyses, Btu/lb), Oman and others (1992, proximate and ultimate analyses, Btu/lb, and major, minor, and trace-element analyses), Hassenmueller (1994, proximate and ultimate analyses, 

Btu/lb), and Mastalerz and Harper (1998, proximate analyses, 

Btu/lb, and sulfur content). For western Kentucky coal, published reports are those by Cobb and others (1985, proximate 

analyses, Btu/lb, and sulfur content) and Currens (1986, proximate analyses, Btu/lb, and sulfur content).

Summaries of ash yield, calorific value, sulfur, arsenic, mercury, and lead contents for the Springfield, Herrin, and DanvilleCoal resources (billion short tons) 

Illinois Indiana W. Kentucky Total 

Original resource 10.0 5.8 5.1 20.9 

Mined-out resources 0.7 0.7 1.0 2.4 

Land-use restrictions 0.8 0.3 0.2 1.3 

Technological restrictions 3.9 1.5 1.3 6.7 

Available resources 4.6 3.3 2.7 10.6 

Coal resources (billion short tons) 

Illinois Indiana W. Kentucky Total 

Original resource 7.1 2.4 2.8 12.2 

Mined-out resources 0.7 0.3 0.5 1.5 

Restrictions to mining 2.3 0.8 0.6 3.7 

Losses in mining 1.4 0.5 0.6 2.5 

Uneconomic resources 1.7 0.6 1.0 3.3 

Economic resources 0.9 0.2 <0.1 1.1 

Table 3. Summary of coal availability (billion short tons) for 19 representative 7.5-minute quadrangles 

in Illinois, 10 quadrangles in Indiana, and 12 quadrangles in western Kentucky. 

[Resource values are rounded to two significant figures. Columns may not sum exactly due to rounding.]

Table 4. Summary of coal recoverability (billion short tons) for eight representative 7.5-minute quadrangles in Illinois, three quadrangles in Indiana, and five quadrangles in western Kentucky. 

[Resource values are rounded to two significant figures. Columns may not sum exactly due to rounding.]
A18 Resource Assessment of the Springfield, Herrin, Danville, and Baker Coals in the Illinois Basin

Baker Coals are listed in tables 5 and 6, respectively (data are 

from chapter E, this publication, including appendixes 1–8). 

Mean ash yields are similar for the Springfield Coal (11.2 percent), Herrin Coal (10.9 percent) and Danville-Baker Coals (11.9 

percent) (table 5). Ash yields vary both vertically and laterally 

within the coals and result from changes in the mineral matter 

composition. Studies of mineral matter in Illinois Basin coals 

(Gluskoter, 1965, 1967, 1975; Rao and Gluskoter, 1973; and Harvey and others, 1983), show that the distributions and compositions of minerals within the coals are dependent on many geologic 

and geochemical factors, including the chemical composition of 

original plants in the peat swamp, amounts and compositions of 

the various detrital, diagenetic, and epigenetic minerals, and the 

temperature and pressures during burial.

Mean calorific values are similar for the Springfield Coal 

(11,280 Btu/lb), Herrin Coal (11,170 Btu/lb), and Danville-Baker 

Coals (10,920 Btu/lb) (table 5). Calorific value of coal generally 

increases from the northwestern part of the Illinois Basin toward 

the southeast (Damberger, 1971). In western Kentucky, calorific 

value increases from east to west (Greb and others, 1992, fig. 7). 

The coal rank in much of the northern part of the basin in Illinois 

and Indiana is high-volatile-C bituminous coal (Cady, 1935, 

1948; Damberger, 1971). In a small area in southeastern Illinois 

and western Kentucky, coal rank reaches high-volatile-A bituminous coal. These differences in rank were most likely caused by 

increased depths of burial. However, it has been suggested (Damberger, 1971) that the increased rank in the southeastern part of 

the basin may, in part, result from an increased heat flow related 

to possible plutonic intrusions.

Mean sulfur contents are similar for the Springfield Coal (3.5 

percent), Herrin Coal (3.0 percent), and Danville-Baker Coals (2.9 

percent) (table 5). Sulfur content of coal in the Illinois Basin has 

been related to the type of roof rocks that directly overlie the coal. 

The coal that is overlain by marine rocks (for example, black shale 

or limestone) tends to contain greater than 2.5 percent sulfur. The 

marine water is the proposed primary source for the sulfur incorporated in the coal. Coal near the Galatia sandstone channel in the 

Springfield Coal in Illinois and Indiana (see fig. 7) and the Walshville sandstone channel in the Herrin Coal in Illinois (see fig. 8) is, 

in many places, overlain by nonmarine gray shale more than 20 ft 

thick. These gray shale units may represent river splay deposits. 

Where overlain by these thick gray shales, the coal commonly is 

relatively low in sulfur (less than 2.5 percent). The thick gray shale 

presumably isolates the precursor peat from the later incursions of 

marine waters (Gluskoter and Simon, 1968).

Mean contents for many trace elements in the Springfield, 

Herrin, and Danville-Baker Coals are also similar (table 6). Mean 

content of arsenic for these coals ranges from 5.8 to 19 ppm; mercury, from 0.11 to 0.12 ppm; and lead, from 13 to 18 ppm. The distributions and chemical forms of the major, minor, and trace 

elements in the coals are, like the mineral distributions, dependent 

on many geologic and geochemical factors. For example, most 

zinc and cadmium in Illinois Basin coals are found in sphalerite 

(ZnS). This sphalerite was introduced into the coals millions of 

years after peat deposition by hydrothermal fluid-flow systems in 

operation at the end of the Permian (Hatch and others, 1976; 

Whelan and others, 1988; Rowan and others, in press). Other 

investigations of the distributions and chemical form of elements 

in Illinois Basin coals are those by Gluskoter and Rees (1964, 

6.7 billion

short tons

1.3 billion

short tons

2.4 billion

short tons

10.6 billion

short tons

Mined-out resource

Land-use restrictions

Technological restrictions

Available resource

EXPLANATION

Figure 15. Chart summarizing coal availability for 41 representative 7.5-minute quadrangles in Illinois (19 quadrangles), Indiana (10 quadrangles), and western Kentucky (12 

quadrangles). Total original resource for the 40 quadrangles 

was 20.9 billion short tons. See table 3, this chapter, for data.

Mined-out resource

Uneconomic resource

Restrictions to mining

Losses in mining

Economic resource

EXPLANATION

1.1 billion

short tons

1.5 billion

short tons

3.7 billion

short tons

2.5 billion

short tons

3.3 billion

short tons

Figure 16. Chart summarizing coal recoverability for 16 

representative 7.5-minute quadrangles in Illinois (8 quadrangles), Indiana (3 quadrangles), and western Kentucky (5 

quadrangles). Total original resource for the 16 quadrangles 

was 12.2 billion short tons. See table 4, this chapter, for data.
Executive Summary A19

chlorine), Bohor and Gluskoter (1973, boron in illite), Gluskoter 

and Lindahl (1973, cadmium), Cobb and others (1979, zinc), and 

Harvey and others (1983, spatial distributions of selected elements 

and mineral matter for the Herrin and Springfield Coals).

Conclusions

This assessment of the remaining coal resources in the Illinois Basin and availability and recoverability of these resources 

shows that

1. Identified remaining resources for the Springfield Coal 

in coal greater than 42 in. thick and at depths less than 

150 ft (potentially mineable at the surface), are about 

5.7 billion short tons; for the Herrin Coal, 6.3 billion 

short tons; and for the Danville-Baker Coals, 1.4 billion 

short tons.

2. Identified remaining resources for the Springfield Coal 

in coal greater than 42 in. thick and at depths greater 

than 150 ft (potentially mineable underground) are 

about 60 billion short tons; for the Herrin Coal, 62.4 

billion short tons; and for the Danville-Baker Coals, 9.2 

billion short tons.

3. Coal resources available for mining are significantly 

less than estimates of coal in the ground because 

resources are unavailable due to surface or subsurface 

land-use and technological restrictions. Even less of 

the original resource is actually recoverable, and only a 

small percentage of the original coal resources is economically recoverable. Summaries of studies of 16 Illinois Basin quadrangles show that only about 9 percent 

of the coal in the ground is economically recoverable in 

today’s market.

Summaries of coal quality for the Springfield, Herrin, and 

Danville-Baker Coals in the Illinois Basin show many 

similarities:

1. Mean ash yields are similar (Springfield Coal, 11.2 percent; Herrin Coal, 10.9 percent; and Danville-Baker 

Coals, 11.9 percent.

2. Mean calorific values are similar (Springfield Coal, 

11,280 Btu/lb; Herrin Coal, 11,170 Btu/lb; and Danville-Baker Coals, 10,920 Btu/lb). Calorific value of 

coal generally increases from the northwestern part of 

the Illinois Basin toward the southeast. In western 

Kentucky, calorific value increases from east to west.

3. Mean sulfur contents are similar (Springfield Coal, 3.5 

percent; Herrin Coal 3.0 percent; and Danville-Baker 

Coals, 2.9 percent). Where coal is overlain by nonmarine gray shale more than 20 ft thick, the coal commonly contains <2.5 percent sulfur.

Coal 

Arsenic 

(ppm) 

Mercury 

(ppm) 

Lead 

(ppm) 

Mean Range Mean Range Mean Range 

Danville-Baker Coals 19 0.50–70 

(n = 39) 

0.11 <0.01–0.32 

(n = 39) 

18 <1.5–70 

(n = 39) 

Herrin Coal 6 <0.2–140 

(n = 216) 

0.12 <0.01–0.70 

(n = 206) 

18 <0.02–350 

(n = 226) 

Springfield Coal 12 0.27–130 

(n = 145) 

0.12 <0.01–1.2 

(n = 123) 

13 <0.49–110 

(n = 124) 

Table 5. Means and ranges of ash yields (percent), calorific value (Btu/lb), and total sulfur contents (percent) for the Springfield, 

Herrin, and Danville-Baker Coals in the Illinois Basin. 

[Summary data are from tables 4–6, appendix 1, chapter E, this publication, and are on a whole-coal, as-received basis; n, number of analyses.]

Table 6. Means and ranges of arsenic, mercury, and lead contents (parts per million) for the Springfield, Herrin, and Danville-Baker 

Coals in the Illinois Basin. 

[Summary data are from tables 4–6, appendix 3, chapter E, this publication, and are on a whole-coal, as-received basis; n, number of analyses.]

Coal 

Ash yield 

(percent)

Calorific value 

(Btu/pound)

Total sulfur

(percent) 

Mean Range Mean Range Mean Range 

Danville-Baker Coals 11.9 4.4–44.2 

(n = 334)

10,920 5,800–12,990 

(n = 295)

2.9 0.3–9.7 

(n = 335)

Herrin Coal 10.9 2.4–43.6 

(n = 2,542)

11,170 5,770–13,420 

(n = 2,390)

3.0 0.3–14.5 

(n = 2,517)

Springfield Coal 11.2 2.8–49.7 

(n = 1,832)

11,280 4,810–13,910 

(n = 1,770)

3.5 0.5–19.5 

(n = 1,830)
A20 Resource Assessment of the Springfield, Herrin, Danville, and Baker Coals in the Illinois Basin

4. Mean contents of trace elements of environmental concern are similar. Mean contents of arsenic for the 

Springfield, Herrin, and Danville-Baker Coals range 

from 5.8 to 19 ppm; mercury, from 0.11 to 0.12 ppm; 

and lead, from 13 to 18 ppm.

References Cited

Allgaier, G.J., and Hopkins, M.E., 1975, Reserves of the Herrin (No. 6) Coal 

in the Fairfield Basin in southeastern Illinois: Illinois State Geological 

Survey Circular 489, 31 p.

Ashley, G.H., 1899, The coal deposits of Indiana: Indiana Department of 

Geology and Natural Resources Annual Report 23, p. 1–1573.

Bement, A., 1910, The Illinois coal field: Illinois State Geological Survey 

Bulletin 16, p. 182–202.

Bohor, B.F., and Gluskoter, H.J., 1973, Boron in illite as a paleosalinity 

indicator of Illinois coals: Journal of Sedimentary Petrology, v. 43, 

no. 4, p. 945–956.

Buschbach, T.C., and Kolata, D.R., 1991, Regional setting of Illinois Basin, 

in Leighton, M.W., Kolata, D.R., Oltz, D.F., and Eidel, J.J., eds., Interior 

cratonic basins: American Association of Petroleum Geologists 

Memoir 51, p. 29–55.

Cady, G.H., 1935, Classification and selection of Illinois coals: Illinois 

State Geological Survey Bulletin 62, 354 p.

Cady, G.H., 1948, Analysis of Illinois coals: Supplement to Illinois State 

Geological Survey Bulletin 62, 77 p.

Cady, G.H., 1952, Mineable coal reserves of Illinois: Illinois State Geological Survey Bulletin 78, 138 p.

Campbell, M.R., and Leverett, F., 1913, Coal reserves of the United States, 

in Coal resources of the World: Toronto, Canada, Morang and Co., v. 

2, p. 525–540.

Carey, D.I., and Hiett, J.K., 2000, Kentucky Coal Production, 1790–1999. 

Accessed January 2, 2001at URL http://www.uky.edu/KGS/coal/

webcoal/pages/kycoaltitle.html

Carter, M.D., and Gardner, N.K., 1989, An assessment of coal resources 

available for development, central Appalachian region: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 89–362, 52 p.

Carter, M.D., Rohrbacher, T.J., Weisenfluh, G.A., Fedorko, N., Axon, A.G., 

Treworgy, C.G., Cetin, H., Teeters, D.D., Geroyan, R.I., Sites, R.S., and 

Gardner, N.K., 1995, Federal and State coal availability/recoverability studies in Eastern United States—A new approach to coal 

resource assessment, in Carter, L.M.H., ed., Energy and the environmentApplication of geosciences to decision-making: U.S. Geological Survey Circular 1108, p. 48–50.

Chesnut, D.R., Jr., Weisenfluh, G.A., Greb, S.F., Eble, C.F., and Andrews, 

R.E., 2000, Coal geology of Kentucky, in 2000 Keystone Coal Industry 

Manual: Chicago, Ill., Primedia Intertec, p. 587–603.

Cobb, J.C., Brant, R.A., Currens, J.C., and Williamson, A.D., 1985, Kentucky coal: Kentucky Geological Survey Series XI, Reprint 20, 17 p. 

Cobb, J.C., Masters, J.M., Treworgy, C.G., and Helfinstine, R.J., 1979, 

Abundance and recovery of sphalerite and fine coal from mine 

wastes in Illinois: Illinois State Geological Survey Illinois Mineral 

Notes 71, 11 p.

Currens, J.C., 1986, Coal-quality data for the western Kentucky coal field: 

Kentucky Geological Survey Open-File Report, Series XI, 40 p.

Damberger, H.H., 1971, Coalification pattern of the Illinois Basin: Economic Geology, v. 66, no. 3, p. 488–495.

Damberger, H.H., 2000, Coal geology of Illinois, in 2000 Keystone Coal 

Industry Manual: Chicago, Ill., Primedia Intertec, p. 562–573.

DeWolf, F.W., 1908, Coal resources of Illinois: American Institute of Mining and Metallurgical Engineers Bulletin, v. 24, p. 1103–1112.

Eggleston, J.R., Carter, M.D., and Cobb, J.C., 1990, Coal resources available for developmentA methodology and pilot study: U.S. Geological Survey Circular 1055, 15 p.

Gluskoter, H.J., 1965, Electric low temperature ashing of bituminous coal: 

Fuel, v. 44, no. 4, p. 285–291.

Gluskoter, H.J., 1967, Clay minerals in Illinois coals: Journal of Sedimentary Petrology, v. 37, no. 1, p. 205–214.

Gluskoter, H.J., 1975, Mineral matter and trace elements in coal, in Babu, 

S.P., ed., Trace elements in fuel: American Chemical Society 

Advances in Chemistry Series, no. 141, p. 1–22.

Gluskoter, H.J., Flores, R.M., Hatch, J.R., Kirschbaum, M.A., Ruppert, L.F., 

and Warwick, P.D., 1996, Assessing the coal resources of the United 

States: U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet 157–96, 8 p.

Gluskoter, H.J., and Lindahl, P.C., 1973, CadmiumMode of occurrence 

in Illinois coals: Science, v. 181, no. 4096, p. 264–266.

Gluskoter, H.J., and Rees, O.W., 1964, Chlorine in Illinois coal: Illinois 

Geological Survey Circular 372, 23 p.

Gluskoter, H.J., Ruch, R.R., Miller, W.G., Cahill, R.A., Dreher, G.B., and 

Kuhn, J.K., 1977, Trace elements in coalOccurrences and distribution: Illinois State Geological Survey Circular 499, 154 p.

Gluskoter, H.J., and Simon, J.A., 1968, Sulfur in Illinois coals: Illinois State 

Geological Survey Circular 432, 28 p.

Greb, S.F., Williams, D.A., and Williamson, A.D., 1992, Geology and 

stratigraphy of the western Kentucky coal field: Kentucky Geological 

Survey Bulletin 1, Series XI, 77 p.

Harvey, R.D., Cahill, R.A., Chou, C.L., and Steele, J.D., 1983, Mineral matter and trace elements in the Herrin and Springfield CoalsIllinois 

Basin coal field: Illinois State Geological Survey Contract/Grant 

Report 1983–4, 162 p.

Hasenmueller, W.A., 1994, The quality of Indiana’s coal resources: Indiana Geological Survey Occasional Paper 63, 45 p.

Hasenmueller, W.A., and Miller, L.V., 1992, The Indiana coal analysis 

database: Indiana Geological Survey Computer Database 1, 13 p., 3 

data diskettes.

Hatch, J.R., Gluskoter, H.J., and Lindahl, P.C., 1976, Sphalerite in coals 

from the Illinois Basin: Economic Geology, v. 71, no. 3, p. 613–624.

Hopkins, M.E., 1968, Harrisburg (No. 5) Coal reserves of southeastern Illinois: Illinois State Geological Survey Circular 431, 25 p.

Hopkins, M.E., and Simon, J.A., 1974, Coal resources of Illinois: Illinois 

State Geological Survey Illinois Minerals Note 53, 24 p.

Hopkins, M.E., and Simon, J.A., 1975, Pennsylvanian System, in Handbook of Illinois Stratigraphy: Illinois State Geological Survey Bulletin 

95, p. 163–210

Illinois Department of Mines and Minerals, 1994, 1993, Annual statistical 

report: Springfield, Ill., Illinois Department of Natural Resources, 

Office of Mines and Minerals, 29 p.

Jacobson, R.J., Trask, C.B., Ault, C.H., Carr, D.D., Gray, H.H., Hasenmeuller, W.A., Williams, D., and Williamson, A.D., 1985, Unifying 

nomenclature in the Pennsylvanian System of the Illinois Basin: 

Transactions of the Illinois Academy of Science, v. 78, number 1–2, 

p. 1–11.

Mastalerz, Maria, and Harper, Denver, 1998, Coal in IndianaA geologic 

overview: Indiana Geological Survey Special Report 60, 45 p.
Executive Summary A21

Mastalerz, Maria, and Shaffer, K.R., 2000, Coal geology of Indiana, in 2000 

Keystone Coal Industry Manual: Chicago, Ill., Primedia Intertec, p. 

574–579.

Nelson, W.J., 1983, Geologic disturbances in coal seams: Illinois State 

Geological Survey Circular 530, 47 p.

Oman, C.L., Hassenmueller, W.H., and Bragg, L.J., 1992, Indiana coal and 

associated rock samples collected from 1975 to 1977: U.S. Geological Survey Open-file Report 93–0111, 133 p. 

Plis, M.N., Rohrbacher, T.J., and Teeters, D.D., 1993, COALVAL—A prefeasibility software package for evaluating coal properties using 

Lotus 1-2-3, release 2.2: U.S. Bureau of Mines Information Circular 

9348, 93 p.

Rao, C.P., and Gluskoter, H.J., 1973, Occurrences and distribution of 

minerals in Illinois coals: Illinois State Geological Survey Circular 

476, 56 p.

Rohrbacher, T.J., Teeters, D.D., Sullivan, G.L., and Osmonson, L.M., 1993, 

Coal resource recoverability—A methodology: U.S. Bureau of Mines 

Information Circular 9368, 48 p.

Rowan, E.L., Goldhaber, M.G., and Hatch, J.R., in press, The role of 

regional fluid flow in the Illinois Basin's thermal history— Constraints from fluid inclusions and the maturity of Pennsylvanian 

coals: American Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin, 35 p.

Smith, G.E., and Brant, R.A., 1980, Western Kentucky coal resources: Lexington, Ky., University of Kentucky Institute for Mining and Minerals 

Research, Energy Resource Series, 148 p.

Spencer, F.D., 1953, Coal resources of Indiana: United States Geological 

Survey Circular 266, 42 p.

Suffredini, C.D., Plis, M.N., Rohrbacher, T.J., and Teeters, D.D., 1994, 

COALVAL 2.0A prefeasibility software package for evaluating coal 

properties using Lotus 1-2-3, release 3.1: U.S. Bureau of Mines Open 

File Report 35–94, 198 p. 

Treworgy, C.G., and Bargh, M.H., 1982, Deep-minable coal resources of 

Illinois: Illinois State Geological Survey Circular 527, 62 p.

Treworgy, C.G., Bengal, L.E., and Dingwell, A.G., 1978, Reserves and 

resources of surface-minable coal in Illinois: Illinois State Geological Survey Circular 504, 44 p.

Treworgy, C.G., Prussen, E.I., Justice, M.A., Chenoweth, C.A., Bargh, 

M.H., Jacobson, R.J., and Damberger, H.H., 1997, Illinois coal 

resource assessment and database developmentFinal report: Illinois State Geological Survey Open File Series 1997–4, 105 p.

Trumbull, James, 1960, Coal fields of the United States, exclusive of 

AlaskaSheet 1: U.S. Geological Survey Map, scale 1:5,000,000.

U.S. Bureau of Mines, Intermountain Field Operations Center, 1995, Coal 

recoverability and coal reserve analysis, Appalachian and Illinois 

Basins, 1994: U.S. Bureau of Mines Open File Report 02–95, 41 p.

U.S. Energy Information Administration, 1998, Coal Industry Annual, 1997 

Executive Summary: Accessed January 26, 1999 at URL http://

www.eia.doe.gov

U.S. Energy Information Administration, 2000, U.S. coal production by 

State, 1989, 1994–1998: Accessed September 20, 2000 at URL http://

www.eia.doe.gov

Weisenfluh, G.A., Andrews, W.A., and Hiett, K.K., 1998, Availability of coal 

resources for the development of coalWestern Kentucky summary report: Kentucky Geological Survey Interim Report for U.S. 

Department of Interior Grant 14–08–001–A0896, 32 p.

Whelan, J.F., Cobb, J.C., and Rye, R.O., 1988, Stable isotope geochemistry 

of sphalerite and other mineral matter in coal beds of the Illinois and 

Forest City basins: Economic Geology, v. 83, p. 990–1007. 
Chapter B

Introduction 

By J.R. Hatch and R.H. Affolter

Chapter B of

Resource Assessment of the Springfield, Herrin, Danville, and 

Baker Coals in the Illinois Basin

Edited by J.R. Hatch and R.H. Affolter

U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1625–D

U.S. Department of the Interior

U.S. Geological Survey

National Coal

Resource

Assessment

Click here to return to Disc 1 

Volume Table of Contents
BII

Contents

Acknowledgments ............................................................................................................................... B3

References Cited.................................................................................................................................. 3

Figures

1. Map showing extent of the Illinois Basin as defined by the outcrop 

 or subcrop of the Pennsylvanian rocks in Illinois, 

 Indiana, and Kentucky ..................................................................................... B2

2. Map showing location of the Illinois Basin study area in the United States 

 in relation to other areas assessed during the National Coal Resource 

 Assessment Project ........................................................................................ 3
B1

Introduction

By J. R. Hatch1 and R. H. Affolter1

In the Illinois Basin, coal-bearing rocks of Pennsylvanian 

age underlie most of Illinois (36,800 mi2), and parts of southwestern Indiana (6,500 mi2

) and northwestern Kentucky (6,400 

mi2) (fig. 1). Rocks of Pennsylvanian age were formed between 

about 325 and 290 million years before present.

Coal was first reported in what is now Illinois by FrenchCanadian explorers who noted an outcrop along the Illinois River 

on a map they made in the 1670’s. In Illinois, coal production 

began in the early 1800’s (U.S. Energy Information Administration, 1998). In Indiana, coal was first discovered along the 

Wabash River in 1736. In 1832, coal was being advertised for 

sale; in 1837, the first coal company was officially incorporated, 

and by 1840, coal was being shipped on flatboats on the Wabash 

and other rivers. The first recorded coal production in western 

Kentucky was in 1820 in Henderson and Muhlenburg Counties, 

and W. W. Mather (1839) mentioned several surface mines and 

local openings in western Kentucky in his “Report on the Geological Reconnaissance of Kentucky.”

From these early beginnings, coal mining in the Illinois 

Basin has made a significant contribution to the Nation’s economy. From 1890 to 1998, about 5.6 billion short tons of coal were 

produced from Illinois, about 2.5 billion short tons from western 

Kentucky, and about 2.1 billion short tons from Indiana (U.S. 

Energy Information Administration, 1998; Carey and Hiett, 2000; 

U.S. Energy Information Administration, 2000; Weisenfluh and 

others, 1998). During 2000, coal production from the Illinois 

Basin was about 88 million short tons (Freme, 2001).

During the last 100 years, a number of assessments of the 

original and remaining coal resources, coal compositions, and 

recoverable coal reserves in the Illinois Basin have been completed. For Illinois, the most significant of the coal-quantity 

assessments include those of DeWolf (1908), Cady (1952), Hopkins and Simon (1974), Treworgy and others (1978), Treworgy 

and Bargh (1982), and Treworgy and others (1997). For Indiana, 

significant coal quantity assessments are those of Ashley (1899), 

Campbell (1913), and Spencer (1953). For western Kentucky, 

they include Smith and Brant (1980) and Weisenfluh and others 

(1998). Assessments of coal quality for Illinois include Cady 

(1935, 1948), Gluskoter and Simon (1968), and Gluskoter and 

others (1977); for Indiana, Hasenmueller and Miller (1992), Hassenmueller (1994), Oman and others (1992), and Mastalerz and 

Harper (1998); and for western Kentucky, Cobb and others (1985) 

and Currens (1986).

The goal of the current coal assessment in the Illinois Basin 

is to provide an overview of the geologic setting, coal distribution, 

and estimates of the quantity, quality, and recoverability of the 

remaining coal resources. These estimates are important to 

(1) utilities and other major users of coal who need to determine what quantity and quality of coal is mineable at 

current prices, 

(2) state and county governments who must plan for the 

infrastructure necessary to support coal mining (for 

example, roads, housing, and schools),

(3) companies that provide services to the mining industry 

(for example, railroads),

(4) federal and state regulators concerned with the environmental impacts of coal mining and utilization (for 

example, reclamation, atmospheric emissions, and coal 

combustion waste disposal) (Treworgy and Bargh, 

1982).

This assessment is part of the U.S. Geological Survey's 

National Coal Resource Assessment Program (NCRA). Other 

areas studied as part of this program include the Colorado Plateau, Northern Rocky Mountains and Great Plains, Northern and 

Central Appalachian Basin, and Gulf Coast Coal Regions of the 

United States (fig. 2). This assessment is different from previous 

coal assessments in that the major emphasis is placed on coals 

that are most likely to provide energy over the next few decades 

(Gluskoter and others, 1996).

The objectives of this coal resource assessment in the Illinois Basin are to

(1) Compile the information needed to assess the coals that 

are most likely to be mined in the next 10–20 years. For 

the Illinois Basin, most past, current, and expected 

future coal production will be from the Springfield, Herrin, Danville, and Baker Coals.

(2) Create publicly available digital databases for the 

assessed coals that can be rapidly accessed and analyzed to provide information for decision-making by 

government, industry, and the public. These digital 

databases will contain all publicly available pointsource data on thickness, depth, and coal-quality for the 

basin. These databases can be updated as new information becomes available.

(3) Produce digital state- and basin-wide maps for the 

Springfield, Herrin, Danville, and Baker Coals, depicting thickness, elevation (structure), mined-out areas, 

and areas where the coals potentially may be stripped or 

recovered from underground mines. These maps can be 

used as a basis to show where coal mining may be 

restricted because of land use, industrial, social, or environmental factors.

(4) Provide (a) reviews of Illinois Basin coal production history and previous coal assessments, (b) descriptions of 

coal assessment methodologies, and (c) an update of 

estimates of the remaining coal resources for the Springfield, Herrin, Danville, and Baker Coals in the basin. 1

U.S. Geological Survey, Mail Stop 939, Box 25046, Denver, CO 80225
B2 Resource Assessment of the Springfield, Herrin, Danville, and Baker Coals in the Illinois Basin 

50 

50 

Saint Louis Greater Chicago Area Davenport Dubuque Owensboro Louisville

Terre Haute

Bloomington

Indianapolis

South Bend

MICHIGAN LAKE MICHIGAN

INDIANA

KENTUCKY

ILLINOIS

ILLINOIS

WISCONSIN

IOWA

MISSOURI

Gary

TENNESSEE

90 ̊00' W 88 ̊00' W 86 ̊00' W

41 ̊00' N39 ̊00' N37 ̊00' N

Figure 1. Map showing extent of the Illinois Basin as defined by the outcrop or subcrop of the Pennsylvanian rocks in Illinois, Indiana, and Kentucky. Th

regional shapefiles contained in the Illinois Basin ArcView project (Gunther and others, this publication).
Introduction B3

Acknowledgments

The Illinois Basin assessment was completed in cooperation with groups of multidisciplinary scientists, technicians, and 

computer specialists from the U.S. Geological Survey, Illinois 

State Geological Survey, Indiana Geological Survey, and 

Kentucky Geological Survey. These three state surveys make 

up the Illinois Basin Consortium (IBC), which was created to 

coordinate and complement geologic studies within the basin. 

Trade and company names used in this report are for descriptive 

purposes only and do not imply endorsement by the U.S. Geological Survey.

References Cited

Ashley, G.H., 1899, The coal deposits of Indiana: Indiana Department of 

Geology and Natural Resources Annual Report 23, p. 1–1573.

Cady, G.H., 1935, Classification and selection of Illinois coals: Illinois 

State Geological Survey Bulletin 62, 354 p.

Cady, G.H., 1948, Analysis of Illinois Coals: Illinois State Geological 

Survey Bulletin 62, Supplement, 77 p.

Cady, G.H., 1952, Minable coal reserves of Illinois: Illinois State Geological Survey Bulletin 78, 138 p.

Campbell, M.R., 1913, The coal reserves of the United States, in Coal 

resources of the World, International Geological Congress XII, 

Canada: Toronto, Canada, Morang and Co., v. 2, p. 525–539.

Carey, D.I., and Hiett, J.K., 2000, Kentucky coal production, 1790–1999. 

Accessed January 2, 2001, at URL http://www.uky.edu/KGS/coal/

webcoal/pages/kycoaltitle.html

Cobb, J.C., Brant, R.A., Currens, J.C., and Williamson, A.D., 1985, Kentucky coal: Kentucky Geological Survey, Series XI, Reprint 20, 17 p.

Currens, J.C., 1986, Coal-quality data for the western Kentucky coalfield: 

Kentucky Geological Survey, Series XI, Open-File Report, 40 p.

DeWolf, F.W., 1908, Coal resources of Illinois: American Institute of Mining and Metallurgical Engineers Bulletin, v. 24, p. 1103–1112.

Freme, F.L., 2001, U.S. coal supply and demand—2000 review: U.S. Energy Information Administration, 8 p. Accessed October 12, 2001, at 

URL http://www.eia.doe.gov

Gluskoter, H.J., Flores, R.M., Hatch, J.R., Kirschbaum, M.A., Ruppert, L.F., 

and Warwick, P.D., 1996, Assessing the coal resources of the United 

States: U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet 157–96, 8 p. 

Gluskoter, H.J., Ruch, R.R., Miller, W.G., Cahill, R.A., Dreher, G.B., and 

Kuhn, J.K., 1977, Trace elements in coal—Occurrences and distribution: Illinois State Geological Survey Circular 499, 154 p.

Gluskoter, H.J., and Simon, J.A., 1968, Sulfur in Illinois coals: Illinois State 

Geological Survey Circular 432, 28 p.

Hasenmueller, W.A., 1994, The quality of Indiana’s coal resources: Indiana Geological Survey Occasional Paper 63, 45 p.

Hasenmueller, W.A., and Miller, L.V., 1992, The Indiana coal analysis 

database: Indiana Geological Survey Computer Database 1, 13 p., 3 

data diskettes.

Hopkins, M.E., and Simon, J.A., 1974, Coal resources of Illinois: Illinois 

Minerals Note 53, 24 p.

Gulf Coast

Northern Rocky Mountains

and Northern Great Plains

Basin

Colorado

Plateau

Illinois Basin

Appalachian

Figure 2. Map showing location of the Illinois Basin study area in the United States in relation to other areas assessed during the National Coal 

Resource Assessment Project.
B4 Resource Assessment of the Springfield, Herrin, Danville, and Baker Coals in the Illinois Basin

Mather, W.W., 1839, Report on the geological reconnaissance of Kentucky, made in 1838: Journal of the Senate of the Commonwealth of 

Kentucky 1839, p. 253–292 [reprinted 1988, Kentucky Geological 

Survey, series XI, Reprint 25].

Mastalerz, Maria, and Harper, Denver, 1998, Coal in Indiana—A geologic 

overview: Indiana Geological Survey Special Report 60, 45 p.

Oman, C.L., Hassenmueller, W.H., and Bragg, L.J., 1992, Indiana coal and 

associated rock samples collected from 1975 to 1977: U.S. Geological Survey Open-file Report 93–0111, 133 p. 

Smith, G.E., and Brant, R.A., 1980, Western Kentucky coal resources: 

Lexington, Ky., Kentucky Geological Survey and Institute for Mining 

and Minerals Research, University of Kentucky, Energy Resource 

Series, 148 p.

Spencer, F.D., 1953, Coal resources of Indiana: U.S. Geological Survey 

Circular 266, 42 p.

Treworgy, C.G., and Bargh, M.H., 1982, Deep-minable coal resources of 

Illinois: Illinois State Geological Survey Circular 527, 62 p.

Treworgy, C.G., Bengal, L.E., and Dingwell, A.G., 1978, Reserves and 

resources of surface-minable coal in Illinois: Illinois State Geological Survey Circular 504, 44 p.

Treworgy, C.G., Prussen, E.I., Justice, M.A., Chenoweth, C.A., Bargh, 

M.H., Jacobson, R.J., and Damberger, H.H., 1997, Illinois coal 

resource assessment and database development —Final report: 

Illinois State Geological Survey Open File Series 1997–4, 105 p.

U.S. Energy Information Administration, 1998, Coal industry annual 

1997—Executive Summary. Accessed January 26, 1999, at URL 

http://www.eia.doe.gov

U.S. Energy Information Administration, 2000, U.S. Coal Production by 

State—1989, 1994–1998. Accessed September 20, 2000, at URL 

http://www.eia.doe.gov

Weisenfluh, G.A., Andrews, W.A., and Hiett, J.K., 1998, Availability of coal 

resources for the development of coal, western Kentucky summary 

report: Lexington, Ky., Kentucky Geological Survey, Interim Report 

for U.S. Department of Interior Grant 14–08–0001–A0896, 32 p.
Chapter C

Geologic Overview 

By J.R. Hatch and R.H. Affolter

Chapter C of

Resource Assessment of the Springfield, Herrin, Danville, and 

Baker Coals in the Illinois Basin

Edited by J.R. Hatch and R.H. Affolter

U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1625–D

U.S. Department of the Interior

U.S. Geological Survey

National Coal

Resource

Assessment

Click here to return to Disc 1 

Volume Table of Contents
CII

Contents

Coal Formation ..................................................................................................................................... C1

Plant Material ............................................................................................................................. 1

Phases of Coal Formation ......................................................................................................... 1

Stratigraphic Framework of the Illinois Basin Coals ..................................................................... 1

Raccoon Creek Group ............................................................................................................... 4

Carbondale Formation or Group ............................................................................................... 6

McLeansboro Group................................................................................................................... 6

Structural Setting ............................................................................................................................... 6

Descriptions of the Springfield, Herrin, Danville, and Baker Coals ............................................. 9

Springfield Coal (Ill. No. 5; Ind. V; W. Ky. No. 9) ..................................................................... 9

Herrin Coal (Ill. No. 6, W. Ky. No. 11)........................................................................................ 9

Danville Coal (Ill. No. 7, Ind. VII) and Baker Coal (W. Ky. No. 13)........................................ 12

Other Illinois Basin Coals.................................................................................................................... 16

Raccoon Creek Group ................................................................................................................ 16

Tradewater Formation —Illinois...................................................................................... 16

Rock Island Coal Member (Ill. No. 1).................................................................... 16

Murphysboro Coal Member................................................................................... 16

Tradewater Formation—Kentucky.................................................................................. 16

Hawesville Coal ....................................................................................................... 16

Amos and Foster Coals........................................................................................... 16

Deanfield Coal.......................................................................................................... 16

Aberdeen Coal ......................................................................................................... 16

Elm Lick Coal ............................................................................................................ 16

Dunbar and Lead Creek Coals............................................................................... 16

Mannington, Mining City, and Lewisport Coals (W. Ky. No. 4) ........................ 17

Bancroft Coal ........................................................................................................... 17

Mansfield Formation—Indiana........................................................................................ 17

St. Meinrad Coal Member...................................................................................... 17

Blue Creek Coal Member ....................................................................................... 17

Mariah Hill Coal Member ....................................................................................... 17

Brazil Formation—Indiana................................................................................................ 17

Lower Block Coal Member .................................................................................... 17

Upper Block Coal Member..................................................................................... 17

Minshall and Buffaloville Coal Members ............................................................ 17

Carbondale Formation or Group ............................................................................................... 18

Davis, Dekoven, and Seelyville Coals (Ind. Ill; W. Ky. No. 6 and No. 7)..................... 18

Colchester Coal (Ill. No. 2, Ind. Illa) ................................................................................. 18

Survant Coal (Ind. IV; W. Ky No. 8) .................................................................................. 18

Houchin Creek Coal (Summum, Ill. No. 4, Ind. IVa, W. Ky. No.8b).............................. 19
 CIII

McLeansboro Group ................................................................................................................... 19

Jamestown and Hymera Coal Members and 

Paradise Coal (Ind. VI; W. Ky. No. 12)................................................................... 19

Coiltown Coal (W. Ky. No 14) ............................................................................................ 19

References Cited .................................................................................................................................. 19 

Figures

1. Stratigraphic chart of the Pennsylvanian System in the 

Illinois Basin, showing major coal members....................................................... C2

2. Generalized north-south cross section of the 

Pennsylvanian System in Illinois....................................................................................... 3

3–5. Maps showing:

3. Mining areas of the Illinois Basin and extent of coal-bearing rocks

in Illinois, Indiana, and western Kentucky............................................................ 5

4. Locations of the major structural features in the Illinois Basin

and depth to the Springfield Coal........................................................................... 7

5. Major structural features of the western Kentucky coal field .......................... 8

6. Generalized north-south cross section through western Kentucky...................... 9

7–11. Maps showing:

7. Thickness of the Springfield Coal in Illinois, Indiana, 

and western Kentucky ............................................................................................ 10

8. Sulfur contents of the Springfield Coal in Illinois ................................................ 11

9. Thickness of the Herrin Coal in Illinois, Indiana,

and western Kentucky ............................................................................................. 13

10. Sulfur contents of the Herrin Coal in Illinois......................................................... 14

11. Thickness of the Danville Coal in Illinois and Indiana, and the 

Baker coal in western Kentucky ............................................................................ 15
C1

This overview of the geology of the coal-bearing rocks in 

the Illinois Basin is made up of five parts:

(1) brief summary of the processes of coal formation, 

(2) discussion of the stratigraphic framework of the Pennsylvanian rocks, 

(3) characterization of the Illinois Basin structural setting,

(4) descriptions of the mining history, geology, and quality 

of the Springfield, Herrin, Danville, and Baker Coals, 

and

(5) brief descriptions of other economic coals in the Illinois 

Basin.

Coal Formation

Coal is a readily combustible rock containing more than 50 

percent by weight and more than 70 percent by volume of carbonaceous material, formed from compaction of variously altered 

plant remains similar to those of peaty deposits (Schopf, 1956). 

The original plant materials that became coal accumulated in 

mires. Mires are an ecosystem where the groundwater table is 

near (wetland) or slightly above (bogs, fens, swamps) the mineral 

soil, and the vegetation present produces organic matter (peat) at 

a rate faster than degradation processes can decompose it (Flores, 

1993). The layers of organic matter that accumulated in mires 

were subsequently buried beneath other sediments. These layers 

were gradually compressed and chemically transformed by 

microbial action, heat, and pressure to form lignite and coal 

(Schopf, 1956).

Plant Material

Many factors control plant growth, accumulation, and preservation in peat-forming environments. These include nutrients, 

topography, subsidence rates, hydrology, and climate. Climatic 

factors, in particular, influence rates of plant growth and decomposition, swamp types, and formation of peat. In modern settings, 

tropical and subtropical climates are more favorable than temperate-zone climates for growth of forest swamps having densities of 

large trees (Mastalerz and Harper, 1998).

In the tropical Pennsylvanian forest swamps, the flora was 

dominated by tree forms and herbaceous plants of five major 

groups—lycopods, ferns, pteridosperms, cordaites and sphenopsids—of lower vascular plants (Francis, 1954; Van Krevelen, 

1961; Phillips and others, 1976). Lycopod trees were the predominant form of vegetation. Sphenopsids (horse-tails) such as 

Calamities and pteridosperms (primitive conifers) were also 

abundant. The tree forms were mostly composed of periderm 

(barklike tissue), which became the major constituents of most 

coals. The plant materials contributing to the peats also included 

foliage, spores, pollen, stems, and rootlets.

Phases of Coal Formation

There are two main phases in the formation of coals: peatification and coalification. Microbial activity is the main process 

that alters organic matter during the peatification and early coalification, whereas increased temperatures and pressures are the 

main factors later in coalification. The change in organic matter 

with increasing temperature and burial is called maturation. For 

coal, the term “rank” is used to describe various levels of maturation. In order of increasing rank, the main stages of humic coal 

formation are: peat, lignite, subbituminous coal, bituminous coal, 

and anthracite (Parr, 1928; Francis, 1954; Van Krevelen, 1961).

Stratigraphic Framework of the 

Illinois Basin Coals

In the Illinois Basin, coal-bearing rocks are of Pennsylvanian 

age and were formed between about 325 and 290 million years 

before present. Rocks representing all series in the Pennsylvanian 

system (Morrowan, Atokan, Desmoinesian, Missourian, and 

Virgilian) are present in the Illinois Basin. Stratigraphic correlations of the Pennsylvanian rocks and coals in Illinois, Indiana, and 

western Kentucky are shown in figure 1. Each coal shown in figure 

1 is referred to by a geographic place name, which is usually that 

of a locality close to the area where the coal was first described. 

Until recently, the important coals were also commonly referred 

to by number: the lower the number, the older the coal. The Pennsylvanian rocks reach a maximum thickness of nearly 2,500 ft in 

southeastern Illinois and generally thin toward the north, northwest, and northeast (fig. 2). This thinning primarily occurs in the 

lower stratigraphic units (formations in the Raccoon Creek Group) 

and in much of western and northern Illinois, these lowermost formations are thin or absent (Hopkins and Simon, 1975). 

Typically, 90–95 percent of the Pennsylvanian section consists of clastic sedimentary rocks. For the Morrowan rocks 

(Caseyville Formation in Illinois and western Kentucky and lower 

part of the Mansfield Formation in Indiana), quartzose, pebbly 

sandstone commonly makes up 50–75 percent of the total thickness, with most of the remainder made up of siltstone and silty 

shale. The Morrowan rocks contain less than 1 percent limestone 

and thin, lenticular coals (Hopkins and Simon, 1975; Nelson and 

others, 1991). The Atokan rocks (lower and middle parts of the 

Tradewater Formation in Illinois and western Kentucky, and the 

upper part of the Mansfield Formation and Brazil Formation in 

Indiana) consist largely of lenticular sandstone intertonguing with 

Geologic Overview

By J. R. Hatch1 and R. H. Affolter1

_______________________

1

U.S. Geological Survey, Mail Stop 939, Box 25046, Denver, CO 80225
C2 Resource Assessment of the Springfield, Herrin, Danville, and Baker Coals in the Illinois Basin

Figure 1. Stratigraphic chart of the Pennsylvanian System in the Illinois Basin, showing major coal members. Modified from Mastalerz and Ha

Greb and others (1992, fig. 22). Fm., Formation; Gp., Group; --- , problematic coal correlations.

Illinois Ind

Western Kentucky

Mattoon Fm.

Bond Fm.

Patoka Fm.

Mat

Bo

Pa

Mattoon Fm.

Bond Fm.

Patoka Fm.

She

Danville (No. 7)JamestownHerrin (No. 6)Springfield (No. 5)

Houchin Creek (No. 4)

SurvantColchester (No. 2)DekovenDavis

Dan

HymHerr

Spri

Hou

Surv

Colc

See

MinsUppLowMarBlue Pinn

St. M

Herrin (No. 11)Springfield (No. 9)

Houchin Creek (No. 8b)

Survant (No. 8)ColchesterDekoven (No. 7) Davis (No. 6)Baker (No. 13)Paradise (No. 12)BancroftDunbar/Lead CreekElm LickAberdeenDeanfieldAmos and FosterHawesville

Shelburn Fm. Tradewater Fm. Caseyville

Fm.

Dugger Fm. Petersburg

Fm. Linton Fm. Brazil

Fm. Mansfield Fm.

Shelburn Fm. Tradewater Fm. Caseyville

Fm.

Carbonda

Carbondale Fm.

le Fm.

Upper

Missourian

Virgilian

Desmoinesian

Middle

PENNSYLVANIAN

Atokan

Lower

Morrowan

Raccoon Creek Gp.

Carbondale Gp.

McLeansboro Gp.

McLeansboro Gp.

McLeansboro Gp. Raccoon Creek Gp.

Raccoon Creek Gp.

Murphysboro

Rock Island (No. 1)

Coiltown (No. 14)

Sha

Mining City/Lewisport/Mannington (No. 4)

Staunton

Fm.
Geologic Overview C3

Base of Pennsylvanian System

Colchester Coal

Springfield Coal

Top of bedrock

Carthage Limesto n e

Danville Coal

H

Davis Coal

N

S

INDEX MAP

Quaternary System

Bond and Mattoon Formations

Shelburn and Patoka FormationsCarbondale Formation

Caseyville and Tradewater Formations

Pennsylvanian System

EXPLANATION

0 25 Miles

Well locations

North

Figure 2. Generalized north-south cross section of the Pennsylvanian System in Illinois. This section illustrates the thickening of the Penn

southward across the basin (provided by C.P. Korose and C.G. Treworgy, Illinois State Geological Survey).
C4 Resource Assessment of the Springfield, Herrin, Danville, and Baker Coals in the Illinois Basin

gray shale and siltstone, sandstone being a less predominant 

lithology than in the underlying Morrowan rocks. Atokan coals in 

the Illinois Basin are generally thicker and more continuous compared to coals lower in the section (Hopkins and Simon, 1975; 

Nelson and others, 1991).

Desmoinesian strata consist principally of medium- to darkgray shale and siltstone, along with lesser quantities of subgraywacke. Numerous highly persistent beds of mineable coal, 

limestone, and marine black shale are present, particularly in the 

Carbondale Formation or Group (Nelson and others, 1991). The 

Desmoinesian rocks contain greater than 96 percent of the 

remaining coal resources in Illinois (Cady, 1952; Hopkins and 

Simon, 1974; Treworgy and others, 1978; Treworgy and Bargh, 

1982), 98 percent in Indiana (Spencer, 1953), and about 80 percent in western Kentucky (Smith and Brant, 1980).

Rock types in the Missourian and Virgilian strata are similar 

to those in the Desmoinesian, except that they contain a greater 

proportion of limestone and less coal. Coals in this part of the section are not as thick (most less than 1 ft thick), nor as extensive as 

those coals lower in the section (Hopkins and Simon, 1975; Nelson and others, 1991, Mastalerz and Shaffer, 2000). 

In the Illinois Basin, the Pennsylvanian rocks are divided into 

the Raccoon Creek Group, the Carbondale Group or Formation, 

and the McLeansboro Group. The Raccoon Creek Group, Carbondale Formation, and McLeansboro Group are defined the same in 

Illinois and western Kentucky (Jacobson and others, 1985). However, stratigraphic definitions accepted in these two states differ 

from those in Indiana (see fig. 1). The main differences are that 

(1) The Raccoon Creek Group in Illinois and western Kentucky is divided into the Caseyville and Tradewater 

Formations. The Raccoon Creek Group in Indiana consists of the Mansfield, Brazil, and Staunton Formations.

(2) The Carbondale Formation is recognized in Illinois and 

Kentucky; the Carbondale Group is recognized in Indiana. In Indiana, the Carbondale Group is divided into 

the Linton, Petersburg, and Dugger Formations. 

(3) In Indiana, the Seelyville Coal Member is at the top of 

the Staunton Formation of the Raccoon Creek Group. 

In Illinois and western Kentucky, the Seelyville Coal 

and equivalents are in the Carbondale Formation.

(4) The base of the McLeansboro Group and the base of 

the Shelburn Formation in Illinois and Kentucky are at 

the top of the Herrin Coal. In Indiana, the base of the 

Shelburn Formation is located at the top of the Danville 

Coal Member.

(5) In Illinois and western Kentucky, the Springfield Coal is 

in the Carbondale Formation; in Indiana, it is in the PetersburgFormation. In Illinois and western Kentucky, the Herrin Coal is in the Carbondale Formation; in Indiana, it is 

in the Dugger Formation. In Illinois, the Danville Coal 

Member is in the Shelburn Formation of the McLeansboro 

Group; in Indiana, it is in the Dugger Formation of the Carbondale Group. In western Kentucky, the Baker coal is in 

the Shelburn Formation of the McLeansboro Group. 

(6) In Illinois (Hopkins and Simon, 1975) and Indiana (Mastalerz and Harper, 1998), the Springfield, Herrin, and 

Danville Coal Members, as well as most other coals, are 

formally recognized stratigraphic members. In western 

Kentucky, coals are not given that same status (for example, Baker coal) (Greb and others, 1992). For this 

assessment report, when discussing coals in a given 

state, we will follow the stratigraphic nomenclature previously established for that state. When referring to a 

coal, or coals, in an area that includes parts of states with 

different stratigraphic nomenclatures, we will list the 

coal name as the “Springfield Coal” or “Herrin Coal.”

Figure 3 shows the mining areas of the Illinois basin and the 

extent of coal-bearing rocks in Illinois, Indiana, and western Kentucky. The mining areas in Illinois are from Damberger (2000, fig. 

1) and, in general, are based on historic mining districts.

Raccoon Creek Group

In Illinois and western Kentucky, the Raccoon Creek Group 

is divided into the Caseyville and Tradewater Formations. In 

southern Illinois and western Kentucky, the Caseyville Formation 

is between 100 and 600 ft thick and contains several thin, lenticular coals, the most persistent of which is the Nolin coal in Grayson and Edmonson Counties, Ky. The Tradewater Formation has 

a maximum thickness of 650–700 ft in southern Illinois, but in 

western Illinois, it is generally less than 100 ft thick (Hopkins and 

Simon, 1975). In western Kentucky, the Tradewater Formation is 

400–600 ft thick (Greb and others, 1992). Tradewater Formation 

coals in Illinois and western Kentucky are thicker and more continuous compared to coals in the Caseyville Formation. In Illinois, coals mined from the Tradewater Formation include the 

Rock Island and Murphysboro Coal Members. In western Kentucky, the Tradewater Formation contains more than 20 mined 

coals (Greb and others, 1992). The most extensive of these mined 

coals are the Mannington, Mining City, and Lewisport coals, near 

the top of the formation. These three coals are thought to be continuous. Likewise, the Dunbar and Lead Creek coals lower in the 

section are thought to be continuous. Other, more localized, 

Tradewater Formation coals in western Kentucky include the 

Bancroft coal, in the western half of the coal field; Amos, Foster, 

and Aberdeen coals, in the southeastern part of the coal field; and 

Hawesville, Deanfield, and Elm Lick coals, in the northeastern 

part of the coal field (Greb and others, 1992, fig. 22). 

In Indiana, the Raccoon Creek Group consists of three formations. In ascending order, these are the Mansfield Formation 

(50–400 ft thick), the Brazil Formation (40–90 ft thick), and the 

Staunton Formation (75–125 ft thick.). As many as twelve coals 

are present in the Mansfield Formation, and at least five coals have 

been given formal stratigraphic names (St. Meinrad, Pinnick, 

Blue Creek, Mariah Hill, and Shady Lane Coal Members) (fig. 1). 

Thicknesses of coals in the Mansfield Formation are highly variable over short distances, and only two or three of these coals may 

be present at any one location (Mastalerz and Shaffer, 2000). 

Generally, the Brazil Formation includes four named coals, the 

Lower Block, Upper Block, Minshall, and Buffaloville Coal 

Members. The last two named coals are thought to be lateral 

equivalents. Raccoon Creek Group coals in Indiana that have been 

mined in the last decade include the St. Meinrad, Blue Creek, and 

Mariah Hill Coal Members of the Mansfield Formation, and the 

Lower Block, Upper Block, and Minshall or Buffaloville Coal 

Members of the Brazil Formation. As many as eight coals occur 

within the Staunton Formation. The Seelyville Coal Member, at 

the top of the formation, is the only coal that has been traced 
Geologic Overview C5

Saint Louis

Greater Chicago Area Davenport

Dubuque

Owensboro

Louisville

Terre Haute

Bloomington

Indianapolis

South Bend

MICHIGAN LAKE MICHIGAN

INDIANA

KENTUCKY

ILLINOIS

ILLINOIS

WISCONSIN

IOWA

MISSOURI

Gary

TENNESSEE

90 ̊00' W 88 ̊00' W 86 ̊00' W

41 ̊00' N39 ̊00' N37 ̊00' N

50 

50 

Figure 3. Map showing mining areas of the Illinois Basin and extent of coal-bearing rocks in Illinois, Indiana, and western Kentucky. The mining areas i

fig. 1). This illustration was modified from regional shapefiles contained in the Illinois Basin ArcView project (Gunther and others, this publication).
C6 Resource Assessment of the Springfield, Herrin, Danville, and Baker Coals in the Illinois Basin

regionally (Mastalerz and Shaffer, 2000). The Seelyville Coal 

Member in Indiana is correlative with the Davis and Dekoven Coal 

Members (Carbondale Formation) in southern Illinois, the Seelyville Coal Member (Carbondale Formation) in east-central Illinois, and the Davis and Dekoven coals (Carbondale Formation) in 

western Kentucky.

Carbondale Formation or Group

The Carbondale Formation varies from more than 400 ft thick 

in southern Illinois to less than 150 ft in western and northeastern 

Illinois (Hopkins and Simon, 1975). In western Kentucky, the Carbondale Formation is more than 400 ft thick in the western part of 

the coal field, maintains a fairly consistent thickness over most of 

the area, then thins rapidly on the eastern flanks of the basin to a 

minimum thickness of 195 ft (Gildersleeve, 1975). In Indiana, the 

Carbondale Group consists of the Linton Formation (43–162 ft 

thick), the Petersburg Formation (70–190 ft thick), and the Dugger 

Formation (73–185 ft thick) (Mastalerz and Shaffer, 2000).

The Carbondale Formation or Group consists of a large number of named members, many of which possess remarkable lateral 

persistence in thickness and lithologic character. In the sandstone 

and gray silty shale units, however, rapid lateral changes are common. Gray shale is the most abundant rock type; with most of the 

thick gray shale units being either delta front or pro-delta deposits 

(Hopkins and Simon, 1975). The Carbondale Formation or Group 

contains the principal economic coals in the Illinois Basin, including the Davis, Dekoven, Colchester, Survant, Springfield, and Herrin Coals (Hopkins and Simon, 1975; Greb and others, 1992; 

Mastalerz and Shaffer, 2000).

The Hymera and Danville Coal Members of the Dugger Formation (Carbondale Group) in Indiana are correlative with the 

Jamestown and Danville Coal Members of the McLeansboro 

Group in Illinois and with the Paradise and Baker coals of the 

McLeansboro Group in western Kentucky.

McLeansboro Group

The McLeansboro Group in the Illinois Basin is divided into 

the Shelburn, Patoka, Bond, and Mattoon Formations. The Shelburn and Patoka Formations together vary from more than 450 ft 

thick in southern Illinois to less than 125 ft thick along the LaSalle 

Anticlinal Belt in east-central Illinois (fig. 4), and they average 

about 350 ft thick. The Bond Formation varies from more than 300 

ft thick in southern Illinois to less than 150 ft thick in eastern Illinois; the average is about 250 ft thick. A maximum of slightly more 

than 600 ft of the Mattoon Formation is preserved in southeastern 

Illinois. In Illinois, the top of the Mattoon Formation is an erosional surface (Hopkins and Simon, 1975). In Indiana, the Shelburn Formation is 50–250 ft thick, the Patoka Formation is 100–

310 ft thick, and the Bond Formation is 150–250 ft thick. In Indiana, about 150 ft of the lowest part of the Mattoon Formation is 

preserved (Mastalerz and Shaffer, 2000). In western Kentucky, the 

Shelburn Formation is 155–245 ft thick, the Patoka Formation is 

235–325 ft thick, the Bond Formation is 310–390 ft thick, and the 

Mattoon Formation is 1,100 ft thick (Greb and others, 1992).

Economically important McLeansboro Group coals include 

the Danville Coal Member in east-central Illinois and the Paradise, Baker, and Coiltown coals (Shelburn Formation) in western 

Kentucky. Above the Danville in Illinois and Indiana, coals in the 

McLeansboro Group are not as thick, nor as extensive as the coals 

in the underlying Carbondale Formation or Group (Hopkins and 

Simon, 1975; Mastalerz and Shaffer, 2000). Most McLeansboro 

Group coals are less than 1 foot thick, although some coals locally 

are as much as 4 ft thick (Hopkins and Simon, 1975; Mastalerz 

and Harper, 1998). In western Kentucky, coal has also been produced from the No. 15 coal (Patoka Formation) and from the Lisman coal (Bond Formation) (Greb and others, 1992).

Structural Setting

The major structural features within the Illinois and Indiana 

parts of the Illinois Basin are the La Salle anticlinal belt, the 

DuQuoin monocline, and the Cottage Grove fault system. In Illinois, these structures bound the Fairfield Basin (fig. 4) (Buschbach and Kolata, 1991). In Illinois and Indiana, the major coal 

beds crop out along the margins of the basin and generally dip 

basinward to depths of more than 1,000 ft subsurface at the center 

of the Fairfield Basin in southeastern Illinois as shown for the 

Springfield Coal in figure 4. The La Salle anticlinal belt flanks the 

Fairfield Basin to the northeast and consists of sub-parallel northsouth-trending anticlines that extend north-northwestward from 

Lawrence County, Ill., for a distance of about 180 mi. For much 

of its length, the western side of the La Salle anticlinal belt is 

bounded by a pronounced monoclinal fold that rises above the 

basin floor as much as 2,000 ft. The DuQuoin monocline trends 

north-south along the western edge of the Fairfield Basin. The 

steep side of the monocline dips to the east. Its western flank 

forms the relatively shallow Sparta shelf, which is the southern 

part of the larger Western shelf. The Cottage Grove and Rough 

Creek fault systems mark the southern margin of the Fairfield 

Basin. The Rough Creek fault system consists of multiple highangle, normal faults that form a series of narrow horsts and grabens, trending roughly east to west. At its western end in southern 

Illinois, the Rough Creek fault system turns abruptly southwestward. The Cottage Grove fault system is a right-lateral wrench 

fault (Nelson and Lumm, 1984) that extends westward across 

much of southern Illinois, from Gallatin to Jackson Counties, a 

distance of about 70 mi. This complex structure is as much as 10 

mi wide (Buschbach and Kolata, 1991).

In western Kentucky, the structure of the coal fields is distinctly different on either side of the east-west trending Rough 

Creek fault system (figs. 5 and 6). North of the Rough Creek fault 

system, the rocks dip gently to the west at about 15–20 ft/mi, in 

general conformity with the broad north-south, asymmetrical syncline that generally characterizes the structure of the Illinois Basin. 

South of the Rough Creek fault system, the structure is characterized by east-west-oriented synclines having much steeper dips. 

Within the Moorman syncline, southeast of the Central fault system (fig. 5), dips range between 50 and 65 ft/mi. Northwest of the 

Central fault system, in the Webster syncline and the Eagle Valley 

syncline in southern Gallatin County, in southeastern Illinois, dips 

are as great as 250 ft/mi. Along the axis of these southern synclinal 

structures and within some graben structures, depth to the lower 

Carbondale Formation coals can exceed 1,500 ft. Both the northern and southern structural areas are modified by a number of 

northeast-trending graben structures, many having considerable 

displacement (Greb and others, 1992).
Geologic Overview C7

La

Salle

Anticlinal

Belt

Fairfield

Basin

DuQuoin

Monocline

Cottage Grove - Rough Creek Fault System

Saint Louis

Greater Chicago Area Davenport

Dubuque

Owensboro

Louisville

Terre Haute

Bloomington

Indianapolis

South Bend

MICHIGAN LAKE MICHIGAN

INDIANA

KENTUCKY

ILLINOIS

ILLINOIS

WISCONSIN

IOWA

MISSOURI

Gary

TENNESSEE

90 ̊00' W 88 ̊00' W 86 ̊00' W

41 ̊00' N39 ̊00' N37 ̊00' N

50 

50 

Figure 4. Map showing locations of the major structural features in the Illinois Basin and depth to the Springfield Coal. Structure locations are from Bus

Springfield Coal reaches depths of 1,000 ft or greater in the Fairfield Basin, in southeastern Illinois, and in the Webster and Moorman synclines, in western This illustration was modified from regional shapefiles contained in the Illinois Basin ArcView project (Gunther and others, this publication).
C8 Resource Assessment of the Springfield, Herrin, Danville, and Baker Coals in the Illinois Basin 

INDE

City State RiveFault Sprin

16 

16 

Owensboro INDIANA Evansville KENTUCKY ILLINOIS

Rough Creek

Fault Syste

m

Moorman

 Syncline

Webster

 Syncline

Central Faults

Pennyrile

Fault

System

A

A'

37 ̊00' N36 ̊00' N

88 ̊00' W 87 ̊00' W

IL

Figure 5. Map showing the major structural features of the western Kentucky coal field. Modified from Cobb and others (1985) and Greb and others (199

location of the cross section shown in figure 6.
Geologic Overview C9

North

Ohio River FEET

+1,000

SEA LEVEL

-1,000

-2,000

-3,000

South

FEET

+1,000

SEA LEVEL

-1,000

-2,000

-3,000

SCALE

MOORMAN SYNCLINE PENNYRILE 

FAULT SYSTEM

ROUGH CREEK 

FAULT SYSTEM

EXPLANATION

Carbondale Formation

Caseyville Formation

Tradewater Formation

Bond and Mattoon Formations Raccoon Creek Group

Shelburn Formation

Patoka Formation

McLeansboro Group

A A'

0 5 MILES

Figure 6. Generalized north-south cross section through western Kentucky. The approximate location of cross section A–A’ is shown on 

figure 5. Figure provided by S.F. Greb.

Descriptions of the Springfield, Herrin, 

Danville, and Baker Coals

The Springfield, Herrin, Danville, and Baker Coals are the 

primary focus of this assessment of Illinois Basin coal resources 

because most past, current, and expected future coal production 

has been and will be from these coals.

Springfield Coal (Ill. No. 5; Ind. V; W. Ky. No. 9)

In Illinois, the Springfield Coal Member has a usual thickness of between 4.5 and 6 ft in most areas where it has been 

mined (Damberger, 2000) (fig. 7). In Indiana, the Springfield 

Coal Member generally averages about 5 ft thick, but coal thicknesses as much as 13 ft have been reported. Mined coal thickness 

averages between 3.0 and 7.4 ft (Mastalerz and Shaffer, 2000). 

Within the Moorman syncline of western Kentucky, the Springfield coal ranges from 5 to 6 ft in thickness, but thins to less than 

4 ft toward the east and northeast of the Rough Creek fault system 

(Greb and others, 1992; Chesnut and others, 2000). 

The lithologies of roof rocks overlying the Springfield Coal 

are variable. Over much of its extent, the Springfield is normally 

overlain by black, fissile shale that is 6–24 in. thick. However, in 

a 4- to 10-mi-wide area extending from Gibson County, Ind., to 

Saline County, Ill., a delta distributary system (Galatia channel 

system, see fig. 7) was contemporaneous with the swamps depositing the peat that formed the coal. Within this belt, the coal is 

absent or irregularly developed and is overlain by the gray, silty 

Dykersburg Shale Member of the Carbondale Formation (Illinois 

and Kentucky) or Dugger Formation (Indiana) (Hopkins, 1968; 

Hopkins and Simon, 1975). Adjacent to the channel system, the 

coal is relatively thick (from 5 to 10 ft) and is more commonly split 

by shale partings. Where the Dykersburg Shale Member is greater 

than about 20 ft in thickness, the coal commonly is relatively low 

in sulfur (1.5–3 percent, fig. 8, Cady, 1935; and Damberger, 2000). 

In Henderson and Webster Counties, in western Kentucky, the 

interval of the Springfield coal is replaced by the Henderson channel, a south-southwest-oriented feature less than 1.5 mi wide (fig. 

7). This channel appears to be a result of contemporaneous sedimentation, but evidence of post-depositional erosion has been 

found (Beard and Williamson, 1979).

One of the characteristics of the Springfield in western and 

west-central Illinois is the occurrence of fairly numerous claystone dikes ("horsebacks"), which may cut through the coal seam 

from top to bottom as well as through its roof strata. These irregularities may seriously influence the purity of the coal and 

strength of the roof strata (Damberger, 2000).

Cady (1952) estimated remaining resources for the Springfield Coal Member in Illinois at 38.5 billion short tons; Hopkins 

and Simon (1974) estimated 42.6 billion short tons, whereas Damberger (2000) listed 61.7 billion short tons. For the Springfield 

Coal Member in Indiana, Spencer (1953) estimated 13.7 billion 

short tons, and for the Springfield coal in western Kentucky, Smith 

and Brant (1980) estimated 9.4 billion short tons.

Calorific value (as-received basis) for the Springfield Coal 

Member in northern, western, and west-central Illinois ranges 

from 10,100 to 11,100 Btu/lb, in east-central and southwestern 

Illinois, from 11,000 to 11,800 Btu/lb, and in southeastern Illinois, 

from 11,900 to 12,700 Btu/lb. Ash content of the Springfield in 

Illinois generally ranges from 8 to 12 percent and sulfur content 

from 3 to 5 percent (Damberger, 2000). Average calorific value 

(as-received basis) for the Springfield in Indiana is about 11,300 

Btu/lb, ash content 10.4 percent, and sulfur content 3.3 percent 

(modified from Mastalerz and Harper, 1998, table 3). Average calorific value (as-received basis) for the Springfield coal in western 

Kentucky is 11,700 Btu/lb, ash content 10.5 percent, and sulfur 

content 3.3 percent (Cobb and others, 1985, table 5; Greb and others, 1992, table 1).

Herrin Coal (Ill. No. 6, W. Ky. No. 11)

In Illinois, the Herrin Coal Member averages more than 6 ft 

thick over extensive areas and locally reaches 15 ft thick (Hopkins 
C10 Resource Assessment of the Springfield, Herrin, Danville, and Baker Coals in the Illinois Basin 

50 

Saint Louis

Davenport

Dubuque

Owensboro

Louisville

Terre Haute

Bloomington

Indianapolis

South Bend

LAKE MICHIGAN MICHIGAN

INDIANA

KENTUCKY

ILLINOIS

ILLINOIS

WISCONSIN

IOWA

MISSOURI

TENNESSEE

Greater Chicago Area

Gary

Galatia Channel

Henderson Channel

90 ̊00' W 88 ̊00' W 86 ̊00' W

41 ̊00' N39 ̊00' N37 ̊00' N

Figure 7. Map showing thickness of the Springfield Coal in Illinois, Indiana, and western Kentucky. This illustration was modified from regional shapefi

ArcView project (Gunther and others, this publication).
Geologic Overview C11

50 

50 

Saint Louis

Greater Chicago Area Davenport

Dubuque

Owensboro

Louisville

Terre Haute

Bloomington

Indianapolis

South Bend

MICHIGAN LAKE MICHIGAN

INDIANA

KENTUCKY

ILLINOIS

ILLINOIS

WISCONSIN

IOWA

MISSOURI

Gary

TENNESSEE

90 ̊00' W 88 ̊00' W 86 ̊00' W

41 ̊00' N39 ̊00' N37 ̊00' N

Figure 8. Map showing sulfur contents of the Springfield Coal in Illinois. This figure illustrates the areas of lower sulfur coal associated with the Galatia 

fig. 7 for location of Galatia channel). Figure provided by C.P. Korose and C.G. Treworgy, Illinois State Geological Survey.
C12 Resource Assessment of the Springfield, Herrin, Danville, and Baker Coals in the Illinois Basin

and Simon, 1975) (fig. 9). It is thinner and more irregular in thickness in much of central Illinois and in southeastern Illinois, in Saline 

and Gallatin Counties. The Herrin Coal is not well developed in 

Indiana. There, the Herrin coal varies from about 2 to 5 ft in thickness in Posy County, southwestern Gibson County, and western 

Vanderburgh County and is present as a thin coal at shallow depths 

in Warrick County. To the north and east in Indiana, the coal is thin 

or absent (Mastalerz and Shaffer, 2000). In western Kentucky, the 

Herrin coal occurs in two geographically distinct bodies (fig. 9). 

The thickest of these bodies is in a narrow belt along the southern 

edge of the coal field in Union, Webster, Hopkins, and Muhlenburg 

Counties, where the Herrin is as much as 10 ft thick. The second 

body of coal is north of the Rough Creek fault system (see fig. 6). 

Here, the Herrin coal is thin (<2.4 ft) or absent (Greb and others, 

1992; Weisenfluh and others, 1998; Chesnut and others, 2000). 

The roof rocks overlying the Herrin Coal are also lithologically variable. Over much of its extent in Illinois, the coal is normally overlain by the Anna Shale Member or the Brereton 

Limestone Member of the Carbondale Formation. However, in 

parts of southern and central Illinois, a delta distributary system 

(Walshville channel system) was contemporaneous with the 

swamps depositing the peat that formed the Herrin. Within this 

belt, the coal is cut out by a channel sandstone as much as a 1 mi 

wide and 60–80 ft thick, or is irregularly developed and overlain 

by the silty, gray Energy Shale Member of the Carbondale Formation, which is as much as 100 ft thick (Allgaier and Hopkins, 

1975; Nelson, 1983). Adjacent to this distributary system, the coal 

is relatively thick (from 5 to 10 ft) and is more commonly split by 

shale partings. Where the Energy Shale Member is thick, the sulfur content of the coal is relatively low in many places (0.5–2.5 percent) (fig. 10). The Energy Shale overlies the coal in four areas: 

(1) the Franklin-Williamson-Jefferson County area of southeastern Illinois (known as the "Quality Circle" area); (2) northern St. 

Clair County and adjacent Madison and Clinton Counties, in 

southwestern Illinois; (3) eastern Macoupin County and adjacent 

Montgomery and Christian Counties, in west-central Illinois; and 

4) southern Vermillion County, in east-central Illinois. The “Quality Circle” area of relatively low sulfur and thick coal in the Franklin-Williamson-Jefferson County area extends for approximately 

250 square miles; however, most of the "Quality Circle" has been 

mined out (Hopkins and Simon, 1975; Damberger, 2000). 

The lower part of the Herrin Coal contains a prominent claystone parting (the “blue band”) that normally is 1–3 in. thick 

(Hopkins and Simon, 1975). The blue band may have been 

deposited by basin-wide flooding (Nelson, 1983). The blue band 

and other partings and splits thicken along a trend associated with 

the contemporaneous Walshville channel (fig. 9).

Cady (1952) estimated remaining resources for the Herrin 

Coal Member in Illinois at 62.2 billion short tons, Hopkins and 

Simon (1974) estimated 65.8 billion short tons, whereas Damberger (2000) listed 78.9 billion short tons. For western Kentucky, Smith and Brant (1980) estimated remaining combined 

resources for the Herrin coal and overlying Paradise coal at 8.4 

billion short tons.

In western and west-central Illinois, calorific value (asreceived basis) for the Herrin Coal Member ranges from 9,700 to 

10,900 Btu/lb, in east-central and southwestern Illinois, from 

10,000 to 11,300 Btu/lb, and in northern Illinois, from 10,500 to 

11,400 Btu/lb. Ash content of the Herrin in Illinois generally 

ranges from 7 to 13 percent. For most of northern, western, and 

west-central Illinois, sulfur contents range from 3 to 5 percent, 

whereas in southwestern and east-central Illinois, sulfur contents 

range from 1 to 4 percent (Damberger, 2000). In western Kentucky, calorific value (as-received basis) for the Herrin coal averages 12,100 Btu/lb, ash content is 9.7 percent, and sulfur content 

is 4.0 percent (Cobb and others, 1985, table 5; Greb and others, 

1992, table 1).

Danville Coal (Ill. No. 7, Ind. VII) and 

Baker Coal (W. Ky. No. 13)

In east-central Illinois, the Danville Coal Member is as 

much as 6 ft thick in parts of Vermilion County (fig. 11). In most 

of the rest of the state, the Danville is thin, generally from a few 

inches to less than 3 ft thick (Hopkins and Simon, 1975). In Indiana, the Danville ranges from 0.2 to 6.5 ft in thickness, averaging 

4.3 ft in the northern Indiana counties and 2.1 ft in the south (fig. 

11) (Mastalerz and Shaffer, 2000). 

In western Kentucky, the Baker coal is a complex, multiplebench zone consisting of mineable coals separated by rock partings (Weisenfluh and others, 1998). The Danville Coal Member 

in southern Indiana is correlative with an upper bench of the 

Baker coal in western Kentucky. The lower benches of the Baker 

coal in Kentucky are the mined benches near the Indiana border, 

but the mineable Baker coal as mapped elsewhere in western 

Kentucky may include this upper bench (Danville) in some places 

(W. A. Andrews, written commun., 1999). Development of thick 

coal bodies in the Baker coal is typically found in areas where the 

underlying Herrin and Paradise coals are thin or absent (Greb and 

others, 1992; Weisenfluh and others, 1998). Two distinct bodies 

of thicker Baker coal are well documented; one south of the 

Rough Creek fault system and one north (fig. 11). Each coal body 

is either bisected or bounded by contemporaneous or post-depositional paleo-channels that split or entirely replace the coal 

(Weisenfluh and others, 1998).

Cady (1952) estimated remaining resources for the Danville 

Coal Member in Illinois at 7.8 billion short tons; Hopkins and 

Simon estimated 7.6 billion short tons, and Damberger (2000) 

listed 17.8 billion short tons. For the Danville Coal Member in 

Indiana, Spencer (1953) estimated 13.7 billion short tons, and for 

the Baker coal in western Kentucky, Smith and Brant (1980) estimated 3.1 billion short tons.

Calorific value (as-received basis) of the Danville Coal 

Member in northern Illinois ranges from 9,600 to 10, 300 Btu/lb, 

ash content from 12 to 15 percent and sulfur content from 3 to 4 

percent. In east-central Illinois, calorific value (as-received 

basis) ranges from 10,500 to 11, 300 Btu/lb, ash content from 9 to 

11 percent, and sulfur content is about 3 percent (Damberger, 

2000). Average calorific value (as-received basis) of the Danville 

in Indiana is 11,000 Btu/lb, ash content 11.1 percent, and sulfur 

content 2.5 percent (modified from Mastalerz and Harper, 1998, 

table 3). Limited analyses of the Baker coal in western Kentucky 

indicate an average calorific value (as received basis) of 10,970 

Btu/lb, an ash content of 15.3 percent, and a sulfur content of 3.5 

percent (Cobb and others, 1985; Greb and others, 1992).
Geologic Overview C13

50 

50 

Saint Louis

Davenport

Dubuque

Owensboro

Louisville

Terre Haute

Bloomington

Indianapolis

South Bend

LAKE MICHIGAN MICHIGAN

INDIANA

KENTUCKY

ILLINOIS

ILLINOIS

WISCONSIN

IOWA

MISSOURI

TENNESSEE

Greater Chicago Area

Gary

Walshville

Channel

90 ̊00' W 88 ̊00' W 86 ̊00' W

41 ̊00' N39 ̊00' N37 ̊00' N

Figure 9. Map showing thickness of the Herrin Coal in Illinois, Indiana, and western Kentucky. This illustration was modified from regional shapefiles con

project (Gunther and others, this publication).
C14 Resource Assessment of the Springfield, Herrin, Danville, and Baker Coals in the Illinois Basin 

50 

50 

Saint Louis

Greater Chicago Area Davenport

Dubuque

Owensboro

Louisville

Terre Haute

Bloomington

Indianapolis

South Bend

MICHIGAN LAKE MICHIGAN

INDIANA

KENTUCKY

ILLINOIS

ILLINOIS

WISCONSIN

IOWA

MISSOURI

Gary

TENNESSEE

90 ̊00' W 88 ̊00' W 86 ̊00' W

41 ̊00' N39 ̊00' N37 ̊00' N

Figure 10. Map showing sulfur contents of the Herrin Coal in Illinois. This figure illustrates the areas of lower sulfur coal associated with the Walshville 

Illinois (see fig. 9 for location of Walshville channel). Figure provided by C.P. Korose and C.G. Treworgy, Illinois State Geological Survey.
Geologic Overview C15

50 

50 

Saint Louis

Davenport

Dubuque

Owensboro

Louisville

Terre Haute

Bloomington

Indianapolis

South Bend

LAKE MICHIGAN MICHIGAN

INDIANA

KENTUCKY

ILLINOIS

ILLINOIS

WISCONSIN

IOWA

MISSOURI

TENNESSEE

Greater Chicago Area

Gary

90 ̊00' W 88 ̊00' W 86 ̊00' W

41 ̊00' N39 ̊00' N37 ̊00' N

Figure 11. Map showing thickness of the Danville Coal in Illinois and Indiana and the Baker coal in western Kentucky. This illustration was modified fro

the Illinois Basin ArcView project (Gunther and others, this publication).
C16 Resource Assessment of the Springfield, Herrin, Danville, and Baker Coals in the Illinois Basin

Other Illinois Basin Coals

In addition to the Springfield, Herrin, Danville, and Baker 

Coals, many other coals in the Raccoon Creek Group, Carbondale Group or Formation, and McLeansboro Group have been 

previously mined. Cumulative production from these other coals, 

however, has been much less than production from the four principal coals that are the focus of this assessment. Brief descriptions of these other coals are included here for completeness.

Raccoon Creek Group

Tradewater Formation—Illinois

Rock Island Coal Member (Ill. No. 1)

Production from this coal has come from western Illinois. 

In each mined location, this coal has been found to lie in narrow 

troughs, where coal thickness commonly ranges from 4 to 5 ft. 

It is correlated with the Litchfield and Assumption Coal Members of the Tradewater Formation in west-central Illinois (Montgomery and Christian Counties, respectively) (Damberger, 

2000). Cady (1952) estimated remaining resources at 262 million short tons for the Rock Island Coal Member and 1.3 billion 

short tons for the Litchfield and Assumption Coal Members. 

Damberger (2000) listed a combined estimate of 1.55 billion 

short tons for the three coals. For the Rock Island in western Illinois, typical calorific value (as-received basis) ranges from 

10,400 to 11,200 Btu/lb, ash content from 7 to 10 percent; and 

sulfur content from 3 to 6 percent (Damberger, 2000).

Murphysboro Coal Member

This coal is found only in Jackson and Perry Counties and in 

western Williamson County, in southwestern Illinois, where the 

coal ranges from about 1 to 7 ft in thickness. Near the town of 

Murphysboro, the coal, which was reported to have very low ash 

and sulfur contents, was used for making coke. Here, the coal 

occurs beneath thick, nonmarine, silty, gray shales that are related 

to a channel now filled with sandstone. Although the thicker coal 

near Murphysboro is largely mined out, additional areas of thick 

coal, ranging in thickness from 1.5 to 7.5 ft, have been found in 

north-central Jackson County and in Perry County (Damberger, 

2000). Cady (1952) estimated remaining resources for the Murphysboro Coal Member at 392 million short tons. For the Murphysboro in southwestern Illinois, calorific value (as-received 

basis) ranges from 12,200 to 12,700 Btu/lb and ash contents from 

5 to 11 percent. Sulfur contents range from 0.6 to 2.0 percent 

west of the DuQuoin monocline and from 3 to 5 percent east of 

the DuQuoin monocline (Damberger, 2000).

Tradewater Formation—Kentucky

Hawesville Coal

This coal is distributed in lenticular patches that reach thicknesses of 5 ft in Hancock County, Ky., although thicknesses of 3 

ft or less are more common. Where the coal is thick, it commonly 

contains a 6-in.-thick pyritic parting and may be cut out by sandstone. The Hawesville coal was one of the most heavily mined 

coals in western Kentucky before the Civil War (Greb and others, 

1992). Smith and Brant (1980) estimated the remaining resources 

for the Hawesville coal to be 72 million short tons.

Amos and Foster Coals

In the southeastern part of the western Kentucky coal field, 

this coal zone may contain as many as four coals in an interval 40 

ft thick. The coals are cut out in many places by 10- to 40-ftthick, cross-bedded sandstone units. The Foster coal has been 

reported to be as much as 4 ft thick in Butler County, Ky., where 

it is extensively mined. The Amos coal is a low-sulfur (1.2 percent), low-ash (3.9 percent) coal and is the most persistent of the 

four coals. The Foster coal has higher average sulfur content (2.7 

percent) and ash content (7.7 percent) (Williams and others, 

1990; Greb and others, 1992). Smith and Brant (1980) estimated 

the remaining resources for the combined Amos and Foster coals 

to be 23 million short tons.

Deanfield Coal

This coal is about 50 ft above the Hawesville coal. In Hancock County, Ky., it is as thick as 4 ft (Greb and others, 1992). 

Smith and Brant (1980) estimated the remaining resources for the 

Deanfield coal to be 290 million short tons.

Aberdeen Coal

In Butler County, Ky., this coal occurs 90–100 ft above the 

Foster coal. Here, the Aberdeen coal is 0–2.5 ft thick and overlain 

(and in some areas cut out) by the Aberdeen Sandstone Member 

of the Tradewater Formation. Smith and Brant (1980) estimated 

the remaining resources for the Aberdeen coal to be 39 million 

short tons.

Elm Lick Coal

This coal is probably limited geographically to Ohio and 

Butler Counties, Ky., where the coal generally ranges from 0 to 

3.5 ft in thickness. This coal may contain partings as much as 1.5 

ft thick, and is commonly truncated or cut out by a thick sandstone 

(Johnson, 1971a,b). Thick Elm Lick coal (greater than 3.5 ft) 

occurs in a thin belt that extends from Hartford in Ohio County, 

southeast to the Ohio-Butler-Grayson County line (Greb and others, 1992). Smith and Brant (1980) estimated the remaining 

resources for the Elm Lick coal to be 69 million short tons.

Dunbar and Lead Creek Coals

Unpublished studies correlate the Lead Creek coal with the 

Dunbar coal (Greb and others, 1992). In Hancock County, Ky., 

the Lead Creek coal is generally thin but may be thicker than 4 ft. 

Farther south, in Butler and Warren Counties, Ky., the Dunbar 

coal is as thick as 3.7 ft (Shawe, 1968). The Lead Creek and 

Dunbar coals commonly contain 5–8 percent sulfur and 11–18 

percent ash. However, in northwestern Butler County and southeastern Daviess County, the Dunbar coal locally is a low-ash 

(3.5–4.3 percent) and low-sulfur (0.8–1.8 percent) coal (Hower 

and others, 1982). Smith and Brant (1980) estimated the remaining resources for the Lead Creek coal to be 223 short million tons 

but did not estimate resources for the Dunbar coal.
Geologic Overview C17

Mannington, Mining City, and 

Lewisport Coals (W. Ky. No. 4)

These three coals were correlated by Williams and others 

(1982). In the northeastern part of the western Kentucky coal 

field, the Lewisport coal ranges from 0 to 4.5 ft in thickness and 

may be split by as much as 5 ft of shale. In the southeastern part 

of the coal field (Butler County), the Mining City coal is as thick 

as 4.5 ft. In the western part of the coal field, the Mannington 

coal is generally between 3 and 4 ft thick. Although these coals 

can be correlated across the western Kentucky coal field, the 

thickness of the coal is quite variable (Shepard, 1980; Baynard 

and Hower, 1984). Mean calorific value (as-received) for the 

Mannington, Mining City, and Lewisport coals is 11,900 Btu/lb, 

ash content is 10 percent, and sulfur content is 3.0 percent (Cobb 

and others, 1985). Smith and Brant (1980) estimated the 

remaining resources for the combined Mannington, Mining City, 

and Lewisport coals to be 6.8 billion short tons. Between 1980 

and 1990, combined average annual production from the Mannington, Mining City, and Lewisport coals was about 1,500,000 

short tons.

Bancroft Coal

This coal occurs about 100 ft above the western Kentucky 

No. 4 coal in Muhlenburg County, in the south-central part of the 

coal field. Smith and Brant (1980) estimated the remaining 

resources for the Bancroft coal to be 113 million short tons.

Mansfield Formation—Indiana

Spencer (1953) estimated remaining resources of 340 million short tons for all coals in the Mansfield Formation in southwestern Indiana

St. Meinrad Coal Member

This coal is semi-blocky and contains numerous thin partings throughout much of its extent. It is highly variable in thickness, ranging from 0.1 to 5.0 ft. Mined thickness averages about 

3.5 ft (Mastalerz and Shaffer, 2000).

Blue Creek Coal Member

This coal is extremely variable in thickness and quality. It 

splits into two benches in some localities. The coal is replaced by 

black, fissile shale throughout much of its extent. Mined thickness averages about 2.5 ft (Mastalerz and Shaffer, 2000). For the 

Blue Creek, calorific value (as-received basis) averages 11,300 

Btu/lb, ash content 6.6 percent, and sulfur content 1.5 percent 

(modified from Mastalerz and Harper, 1998, table 3).

Mariah Hill Coal Member

This coal is moderately bright and semi-blocky, and it 

ranges from 2 to 4 ft thick where it is best developed. Mined 

thickness averages about 3.0 ft (Mastalerz and Shaffer, 2000). 

For the Mariah Hill, calorific value (as-received basis) averages 

11,100 Btu/lb, ash content 9.7 percent, and sulfur content 1.5 

percent (modified from Mastalerz and Harper, 1998, table 3).

Brazil Formation—Indiana

Lower Block Coal Member

The Lower Block Coal Member typically consists of a moderately dull banded, slabby coal having two conspicuous sets of 

cleats that cause it to break out in large blocks. The bed is absent 

or unidentifiable north of southern Park County, Ind. The Lower 

Block Coal Member, and its probable equivalent south of Green 

County, Ind., has been mined mostly from small surface mines 

during the last decade. The Lower Block Coal Member ranges 

from 0.7 to 5.8 ft in thickness, having a maximum thickness near 

the centers of small basins. Mined thickness averages about 3.5 

ft in the northern counties. South of Green County, the Lower 

Block averages about 3 ft thick where mined. Spencer (1953) 

estimated remaining resources for the Lower Block Coal Member 

at 74 million short tons (Mastalerz and Shaffer, 2000). For the 

Lower Block, calorific value (as-received basis) averages 10,900 

Btu/lb, ash content 9.5 percent, and sulfur content 1.5 percent 

(modified from Mastalerz and Harper, 1998, table 3).

Upper Block Coal Member

This coal is typically a moderately dull banded, semi-splint 

coal having two sets of cleats that cause it to break out in blocks. 

A band of fusain, usually about 1.5 ft above the base, divides the 

coal into two benches. The Upper Block Coal Member and its 

probable equivalent south of Green County, Ind., have been 

mined mostly in small surface mines during the last decade. In 

the northern counties, mined thickness of the coal varies from 1.4 

to 5 ft, averaging about 4 ft. South of Greene County, the coal in 

the Upper Block position averages about 3 ft where mined, with 

a range of 2 to 4 ft (Mastalerz and Shaffer, 2000). Spencer (1953) 

estimated remaining resources for the Upper Block Coal Member 

at 81 million short tons. For the Upper Block, calorific value (asreceived basis) averages 10,800 Btu/lb, ash content 8.1 percent, 

and sulfur content 1.4 percent (modified from Mastalerz and 

Harper, 1998, table 3).

Minshall and Buffaloville Coal Members

These coal members are thought to be a single continuous 

bed. The name “Minshall Coal Member” is applied in Clay, 

Fountain, Greene, Owen, and Parke Counties, Ind., whereas 

“Buffaloville Coal Member” is applied farther south, in Daviess, 

Dubois, Spencer, and Warrick Counties, Ind. In Clay County, 

the Minshall is typically a bright- to dull-banded pyritiferous 

coal with a pyritiferous shale or limestone roof and gray, carbonaceous plastic underclay. The Buffaloville is a blocky coal 

with a black shale, calcareous black shale, or argillaceous limestone roof and an underclay as much as 3 ft thick. During the 

past decade, the Minshall and Buffaloville have been mined 

mostly at small surface mines, where they range from less than 

1 ft to more than 6 ft in thickness. Mined thicknesses average 

from slightly more than 2 ft in the southern counties to almost 

4.5 ft in some northern counties (Mastalerz and Shaffer, 2000). 

Spencer (1953) estimated remaining resources for the Minshall 

Coal Member at 158 million short tons. For the Minshall and 

Buffaloville Coal Members, calorific value (as-received basis) 
C18 Resource Assessment of the Springfield, Herrin, Danville, and Baker Coals in the Illinois Basin

averages 11,100 Btu/lb, ash content 10.7 percent, and sulfur 

content 3.3 percent (modified from Mastalerz and Harper, 1998, 

table 3).

Carbondale Formation or Group

Davis, Dekoven, and Seelyville Coals 

(Ind. III; W. Ky. No. 6 and No. 7)

The Davis, Dekoven, and Seelyville Coals occur within the 

same coal zone. In Illinois and western Kentucky, the Davis and 

Dekoven Coals are near the base of the Carbondale Formation. In 

Indiana, the Seelyville Coal Member is near the top of the Staunton Formation. In Illinois, the Davis and Dekoven are commonly 

10–25 ft apart and the beds are usually co-produced in surface 

mines. Resources, most too deep for strip mining, are known to 

occur in Franklin, Williamson, Saline, and Gallatin Counties, in 

southern Illinois. These beds have been extensively mined at the 

surface in parts of southern Saline County, eastern Williamson 

County, and Gallatin County. Where mined, the Davis Coal 

Member has an average thickness of 3.5–4 ft, whereas the Dekoven Coal Member has an average thickness of 3–3.5 ft (Damberger, 2000). The Davis and Dekoven have been correlated with 

the Seelyville Coal Member in east-central Illinois (Jacobson, 

1987). In an area of approximately 1,900 square miles in 10 

counties of east-central Illinois the Seelyville may be 3.5–9 ft 

thick (Treworgy, 1981). Very little is known about coal structure 

and coal quality in this area. One or more shale partings can be 

inferred in many places from the geophysical logs.

In Indiana, the Seelyville Coal Member has been mined in 

surface operations in Clay, Davies, Greene, Pike, Sullivan, and 

Warrick Counties during the last 15 years. Mined thickness in 

Indiana averages about 6 ft in the northern counties and about 3 ft 

in the southern counties (Mastalerz and Shaffer, 2000).

Although the Davis coal is widespread in western Kentucky, 

it has been intensively mined only in the southern part of Union 

County. An interval of relatively thick coal extends across the 

northern part of Union and Henderson Counties and into the 

western edge of Daviess County (Greb and others, 1992). The 

Dekoven coal is 3 ft thick in western Union County but thins 

southeastward along the outcrop.

Cady (1952) estimated remaining resources for the Davis 

Coal Member in Illinois at 3.4 billion short tons, Hopkins and 

Simon (1974) estimated 3.4 billion short tons, and Damberger 

(2000) listed 3.6 billion short tons. For the Dekoven Coal Member, 

Cady (1952) estimated 2.5 billion short tons, Hopkins and Simon 

(1974) estimated 2.5 billion short tons, and Damberger (2000) 

listed 2.7 billion short tons. Damberger (2000) listed remaining 

resources for the Seelyville Coal Member in Illinois at 10 billion 

short tons. Spencer (1953) estimated remaining resources for the 

Seelyville in Indiana at 5.9 billion short tons. Smith and Brant 

(1980) estimated the remaining resources for the Davis coal in 

western Kentucky to be 7.5 billion short tons, and for the Dekoven 

coal they estimated 290 million short tons. A combined total 

resource estimate for the Davis, Dekoven, and Seelyville Coals 

from the three states would be about 30 billion short tons.

For the Davis Coal Member in southern Illinois, calorific 

value ranges from 12,500 to 12,800 Btu/lb (moist, mineral-matter-free basis), ash content from 8 to 11 percent (as-received 

basis), and sulfur contents from 3 to 4 percent (as-received basis). 

For the Dekoven Coal Member, calorific value (as-received basis) 

ranges from 11,900 to 12,700 Btu/lb, ash content from 8 to 13 

percent, and sulfur content from 3 to 5 percent (Damberger, 

2000). ). For the Seelyville Coal Member in Indiana, calorific 

value (as-received basis) averages 11,200 Btu/lb, ash content 

13.1 percent, and sulfur content 4.5 percent (modified from Mastalerz and Harper, 1998, table 3). For the Davis coal in western 

Kentucky, calorific value (as-received basis) averages 12,300 

Btu/lb, ash content 8.2 percent, and sulfur content 2.9 percent 

(Greb and others, 1992). 

Colchester Coal (Ill. No. 2, Ind. Illa)

In Illinois, the Colchester Coal Member is in the Carbondale 

Formation; in Indiana, it is part of the Linton Formation. In Illinois, the Colchester has been mined principally in northern and 

western Illinois. The coal is 2.5–3.5 ft thick in northern Illinois; 

2.5 to 3.3 ft in Henry County in the northern part of western Illinois 

and 1.5–2.5 ft in the southern part of western Illinois. Throughout 

most of the rest of Illinois, where present, it appears to range from 

a few inches to less than 2 ft thick. Currently, the Colchester is 

being mined only in western Illinois (Damberger, 2000). In Indiana, the Colchester is generally thin, varying from 0.1 ft to more 

than 4 ft in thickness. There, it has been mined only in a few small 

surface mines. In Indiana, the roof of the coal is typically black, 

fissile shale, 1–7 ft thick (Mastalerz and Shaffer, 2000).

Cady (1952) estimated remaining resources for the Colchester Coal Member in Illinois at 17.5 billion short tons, Hopkins 

and Simon (1974) estimated 20.9 billion short tons, and Damberger (2000) listed 16.6 billion short tons. No coal resource estimates have been made for the Colchester in Indiana. For the 

Colchester Coal Member in northern and western Illinois, calorific value (as-received basis) ranges from 10,500 to 11,700 Btu/

lb, ash content from 3 to 11 percent, and sulfur content from 1 to 

5 percent (Damberger, 2000). For the Colchester in Indiana, calorific value (as-received basis) averages about 10,800 Btu/lb, ash 

content 11.6 percent, and sulfur content 3.7 percent (modified 

from Mastalerz and Harper, 1998, table 3). 

Survant Coal (Ind. IV; W. Ky. No. 8)

In Indiana, the Survant Coal Member is in the Linton Formation; in western Kentucky, the Survant coal is in the Carbondale Formation. In Indiana, it is best developed in Greene and 

Vigo Counties, where it generally carries a medial parting as 

much as a few feet thick. The upper part of the coal is variously 

black fissile shale, a canneloid coal, or a banded coal. The roof is 

typically gray shale or sandstone. Thickness of the coal in Indiana varies from 0.2 to 8 ft; mined thicknesses vary from 2 to 6.5 

ft. In the last 10 years, the coal has been mined in Pike, Greene, 

Warrick, and Clay Counties, Ind. (Mastalerz and Shaffer, 2000). 

In western Kentucky, the Survant coal is one of the least persistent Carbondale Formation coals and is usually less than 3 ft 

thick. It is cut out in many places by overlying channel sandstones. In western Kentucky, the coal commonly occurs in two 

benches separated by as much as 10 ft of shale and siltstone 

(Greb and others, 1992).

Spencer (1953) estimated remaining resources for the Survant Coal Member in Indiana at 3.9 billion short tons. For western 
Geologic Overview C19

Kentucky, Smith and Brant (1980) estimated the remaining 

resources for the Survant coal to be 116 million short tons. For the 

Survant in Indiana, calorific value (as-received basis) averages 

about 11,200 Btu/lb, ash content 9.9 percent, and sulfur content 

2.7 percent (modified from Mastalerz and Harper, 1998, table 3). 

Houchin Creek Coal (Summum, Ill. No. 4, 

Ind. IVa, W. Ky. No.8b)

The Houchin Creek Coal is one of the most widely traceable 

coal horizons in Illinois, Indiana, and western Kentucky (Hopkins and Simon, 1975). In Illinois, the Houchin Creek Coal 

Member is in the Carbondale Formation, whereas in Indiana it is 

in the Petersburg Formation. It is normally overlain by the black, 

fissile Excello Shale Member of the Carbondale Formation (Illinois and Kentucky) or Petersburg Formation (Indiana). Where 

present, the Houchin Creek is usually within 25 ft of the base of 

the Springfield Coal. The coal, however, is usually not of mineable thickness (Damberger, 2000). In western Kentucky, the 

Houchin Creek coal consists of less than 2 ft of impure coal overlain by black shale that ranges from 2 to 6 ft in thickness. The 

Houchin Creek has been mined in western Illinois (Knox and 

Fulton Counties), west-central Illinois (Greene and Jersey Counties), southeastern Illinois (Saline County), and, most recently, in 

northern Illinois (Kankakee and Grundy Counties), where it was 

mined in conjunction with the Colchester Coal Member. In Indiana, the Houchin Creek Coal Member has been mined in small 

surface operations in Pike, Clay, Vigo, and Spencer Counties 

(Mastalerz and Shaffer, 2000).

Cady (1952) estimated resources for the Houchin Creek 

Coal Member in Illinois at 182 million short tons; Hopkins and 

Simon (1974) estimated 260 million short tons. Damberger 

(2000) did not list resource estimates for this coal. Spencer 

(1953) estimated remaining resources for the Houchin Creek 

Coal Member in Indiana at 108 million short tons. Smith and 

Brant (1980) did not estimate resources for the Houchin Creek 

coal in western Kentucky. For the Houchin Creek in western Illinois, calorific value (as-received basis) ranges from 10,800 to 

11,300 Btu/lb, ash content from 7 to 9 percent, and sulfur content 

from 3 to 4 percent (Damberger, 2000).

McLeansboro Group

Jamestown and Hymera Coal Members and

Paradise Coal (Ind. VI; W. Ky. No. 12)

The Jamestown Coal Member in Illinois, Hymera Coal 

Member in Indiana, and Paradise coal in western Kentucky are 

equivalent (Hopkins and Simon, 1975; Greb and others, 1992). 

In Illinois and western Kentucky, the Jamestown Coal Member 

and the Paradise coal are within the Shelburn Formation. In Indiana, the Hymera Coal Member is in the Dugger Formation of the 

Carbondale Group. The Jamestown is a widespread but thin coal 

in southern Illinois.

For Illinois, Cady (1952) estimated resources for the 

Jamestown Coal Member at 600 million short tons; Damberger 

(2000) listed 3.6 billion short tons. For the Hymera Coal Member 

in Indiana, Spencer (1953) estimated 3.7 billion short tons. For 

western Kentucky, Smith and Brant (1980) estimated remaining 

combined resources for the Paradise coal and the underlying Herrin coal at 8.4 billion short tons. Average calorific value (asreceived basis) for the Hymera in Indiana is about 10,800 Btu/lb, 

ash content is 12.7 percent, and sulfur content is 2.9 percent 

(modified from Mastalerz and Harper, 1998, table 3). Analyses 

of the Paradise coal in western Kentucky indicate an average calorific value (as-received basis) of 11,900 Btu/lb, ash content of 

9.7 percent, and sulfur content of 2.0 percent (Cobb and others, 

1985; Greb and others, 1992).

Coiltown Coal (W. Ky. No.14)

The Coiltown coal is not persistent in western Kentucky, 

but where present this coal tends to be one of the thickest beds. 

In eastern Hopkins County, a coal thickness as much as 151 in. 

was reported, making the Coiltown coal the thickest coal in 

western Kentucky. Where the Coiltown coal is thick, it often 

contains abundant partings (as much as 12 in. thick) and may be 

cut out by thick sandstone units (Palmer, 1972; Greb and others, 

1992). Smith and Brant (1980) estimated remaining resources 

for the Coiltown coal at 1.2 billion short tons. Analyses of the 

Coiltown coal indicate an average calorific value (as received 

basis) of about 11,860 Btu/lb, ash content of 8.7 percent, and 

sulfur content of 3.2 percent (Cobb and others, 1985; Greb and 

others, 1992).

References Cited

Allgaier, G.J., and Hopkins, M.E., 1975, Reserves of the Herrin (No. 6) Coal 

in the Fairfield Basin in southeastern Illinois: Illinois State Geological 

Survey Circular 489, 31 p.

Baynard, D.N., and Hower, J.C., 1984, Depositional settings of the coalbearing upper Tradewater Formation in western Kentucky, with 

emphasis on the Mannington (No. 4) coal zone, in Part 2 of Petrographic characterization of Kentucky coals—Final Report: Lexington, Ky., University of Kentucky Institute for Mining and Minerals 

Research, 90 p.

Beard, J.G., and Williamson, A.D., 1979, A Pennsylvanian channel in 

Henderson and Webster Counties, Kentucky: Kentucky Geological 

Survey Series XI, Information Circular 1, 12 p.

Buschbach, T.C., and Kolata, D.R., 1991, Regional setting of Illinois Basin, 

in Leighton, M.W., Kolata, D.R., Oltz, D.F., and Eidel, J.J., eds., Interior 

cratonic basins: American Association of Petroleum Geologists 

Memoir 51, p. 29–55.

Cady, G.H., 1935, Classification and selection of Illinois coals: Illinois 

State Geological Survey Bulletin 62, 354 p. 

Cady, G.H., 1952, Mineable coal reserves of Illinois: Illinois State Geological Survey Bulletin 78, 138 p.

Chesnut, D.R., Jr., Weisenfluh, G.A., Greb, S.F., Eble, C.F., and Andrews, 

R.E., 2000, Coal geology of Kentucky, in 2000 Keystone Coal Industry 

Manual: Chicago, Ill., Primedia Intertec, p. 587–603.

Cobb, J.C., Brant, R.A., Currens, J.C., and Williamson, A.D., 1985, Kentucky coal: Kentucky Geological Survey Series XI, Reprint 20, 17 p.

Damberger, H.H., 2000, Coal geology of Illinois, in 2000 Keystone Coal 

Industry Manual: Chicago, Ill., Primedia Intertec, p. 562–573.

Flores, R.M., 1993, Coal-bed and related depositional environments in 

methane gas producing sequences, in Law, B.E., and Rice, D.D., 

eds., Hydrocarbons from coal: American Association of Petroleum 

Geologists Studies in Geology, No. 38, p. 13–38.
C20 Resource Assessment of the Springfield, Herrin, Danville, and Baker Coals in the Illinois Basin

Francis, Wilfrid, 1954, Coal—Its formation and composition: London, 

Edward Arnold Ltd., 567 p.

Gildersleeve, Benjamin, 1975, Geologic map of the Cromwell quadrangle, 

Butler and Ohio Counties, Kentucky: U.S. Geological Survey Geologic Quadrangle Map GQ–1250, scale 1:24,000.

Greb, S.F., Williams, D.A., and Williamson, A.D., 1992, Geology and 

stratigraphy of the western Kentucky coal field: Kentucky Geological 

Survey Bulletin 1, Series XI, 77 p.

Hopkins, M.E., 1968, Harrisburg (No. 5) Coal reserves of southeastern Illinois: Illinois State Geological Survey Circular 431, 25 p.

Hopkins, M.E., and Simon, J.A., 1974, Coal resources of Illinois: Illinois 

Minerals Note 53, 24 p.

Hopkins, M.E., and Simon, J.A., 1975, Pennsylvanian System, in Willman, 

H.B., Atherton, E., Bushbach, T.C., Collinson, Charles, Frye, J.C., Hopkins, M.E., Lineback J.A., and Simon, J.A., eds., Handbook of Illinois 

stratigraphy: Illinois State Geological Survey Bulletin 95, p. 163–201.

Hower, J.C., Koppenaal, D.W., Gong, Z., Wild, G.D., and Trinkle, E.J., 1982, 

Characterization of coals from western Kentucky—Gil series boreholes with emphasis on Tradewater and Lower Carbondale Formations: University of Kentucky Institute for Mining and Minerals 

Research Open-File Report 1, 45 p.

Jacobson, R.J., 1987, Stratigraphic correlations of the Seelyville, Dekoven, and Davis Coals of Illinois, Indiana, and western Kentucky: Illinois State Geological Survey Circular 539, 27 p.

Jacobson, R.J., Trask, C.B., Ault, C.H., Carr, D.D., Gray, H.H., Hasenmeuller, W.A., Williams, Dave, and Williamson, A.D., 1985, Unifying 

Nomenclature in the Pennsylvanian System of the Illinois Basin: 

Transactions of the Illinois Academy of Science, v. 78, p. 1–11 [Illinois State Geological Survey Reprint 1985K].

Johnson, W.D., 1971a, Geologic map of the Horton quadrangle, Ohio 

County, Kentucky: U.S. Geological Survey Geologic Quadrangle Map 

GQ–915, scale 1:24,000.

Johnson, W.D., 1971b, Geologic map of the Rosine quadrangle, western 

Kentucky: U.S. Geological Survey Geologic Quadrangle Map GQ–

928, scale 1:24,000.

Mastalerz, Maria, and Harper, Denver, 1998, Coal in Indiana—A geologic 

overview: Indiana Geological Survey Special Report 60, 45 p.

Mastalerz, Maria, and Shaffer, K.R., 2000, Coal geology of Indiana, in 2000 

Keystone Coal Industry Manual: Chicago, Ill., Primedia Intertec, p. 

574–579.

Nelson, W.J., 1983, Geologic disturbances in coal seams: Illinois State 

Geological Survey Circular 530, 47 p.

Nelson, W.J., and Lumm, D.K., 1984, Structural geology of southeastern 

Illinois and vicinity: Illinois State Geological Survey Contract/Grant 

Report 1984–2 and U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission NUREG/CR–

4036, 127 p.

Nelson, W.J., Trask, C.B., Jacobson, R.J., Damberger, H.H., Willamson, 

A.D., and Williams, D.A., 1991, Absaroka Sequence—Pennsylvanian 

and Permian Systems, in Leighton, M.W., Kolata, D.R., Oltz, D.F., and 

Eidel, J.J., eds., Interior cratonic basins: American Association of 

Petroleum Geologists Memoir 51, p. 143–164.

Palmer, J.E., 1972, Geologic map of the Central City East quadrangle, 

Muhlenberg and Ohio Counties, Kentucky: U.S. Geological Survey 

Geologic Quadrangle Map GQ–1031, scale 1:24,000.

Parr, S.W., 1928, The classification of coal: University of Illinois Engineering Experiment Station, Bulletin 180, 11 p.

Phillips, T.L., Avcin, M.J., and Berggren, D.J., 1976, Fossil peat of the Illinois 

Basin: Illinois State Geological Survey Educational Series 11, 39 p.

Schopf, J.M., 1956, A definition of coal: Economic Geology, v. 51, no. 6, p. 

521–527.

Shawe, F.R., 1968, Geologic map of the Riverside quadrangle, Butler and 

Warren Counties, Kentucky: U.S. Geological Survey Geologic Quadrangle Map GQ–736, scale 1:24,000.

Shepard, J.L., 1980, Sedimentology of a Pennsylvanian, coal-bearing, 

cratonic delta, upper Tradewater Formation, western Kentucky: 

Urbana, University of Illinois, M.S. thesis, 109 p.

Smith, G.E., and Brant, R.A., 1980, Western Kentucky coal resources: Lexington, Ky., University of Kentucky Institute for Mining and Minerals 

Research, Energy Resource Series, 148 p.

Spencer, F.D., 1953, Coal resources of Indiana: U.S. Geological Survey 

Circular 266, 42 p.

Treworgy, C.G., 1981, The Seelyville Coal—A major unexploited seam 

in Illinois: Illinois State Geological Survey Illinois Mineral Notes 80, 

11 p.

Van Krevelen, D.W., 1961, Coal typology—Chemistry-Physics-Constitution: Amsterdam, Elsevier Publishing Company, 514 p.

Williams, D.A., Helfrich, C.T., Hower, J.C., Fiene, F.L., Bland, A.E., and 

Koppenaal, D.W., 1990, Amos and Foster coals—Low-ash and lowsulfur coals of western Kentucky: Kentucky Geological Survey 

Report of Investigations 5, Series XI, 34 p.

Williams, D.A., Williamson, A.D., and Beard, J.G., 1982, Stratigraphic 

framework of coal-bearing rocks in the western Kentucky coal 

field: Kentucky Geological Survey Information Circular 8, Series XI, 

201 p.

Weisenfluh, G.A., Andrews, W.A., and Hiett, J.K., 1998, Availability of coal 

resources for the development of coal, western Kentucky summary 

report: Kentucky Geological Survey Interim Report for U.S. Department of Interior Grant 14–08–0001–A0896, 32 p.
Chapter D

Resource Assessment 

Edited by J.R. Hatch and R.H. Affolter

Chapter D of

Resource Assessment of the Springfield, Herrin, Danville, and 

Baker Coals in the Illinois Basin

Edited by J.R. Hatch and R.H. Affolter

U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1625–D

U.S. Department of the Interior

U.S. Geological Survey

National Coal

Resource

Assessment

Click here to return to Disc 1 

Volume Table of Contents
DII

Contents

Introduction, by J.R. Hatch and R.H. Affolter................................................................................... D1

Illinois Basin Coal Production, by J.R. Hatch and R.H. Affolter.................................................... 2

Springfield, Herrin, Danville, and Baker Coals ...................................................................... 2

Coal Production from Surface and Underground Mines ..................................................... 2

References Cited—Coal Production........................................................................................ 3

Previous Resource Assessments of Illinois Basin Coals, by 

J.R. Hatch and R.H. Affolter .......................................................................................................... 9

Illinois ............................................................................................................................................ 9

Indiana .......................................................................................................................................... 10

Western Kentucky....................................................................................................................... 11

Summary....................................................................................................................................... 12

References Cited—Previous Assessments............................................................................ 12

General................................................................................................................................. 12

Illinois ................................................................................................................................... 13

Indiana ................................................................................................................................. 14

Western Kentucky.............................................................................................................. 15

Remaining Resources of the Springfield, Herrin, Danville, and 

Baker Coals, by J.R. Hatch, C.L. Connolly, C.G. Treworgy, 

W.A. Andrews, G.A. Weisenfluh, and R.H. Affolter .................................................................... 17

Methodology ................................................................................................................................ 17

Resource Categories .................................................................................................................. 17

Thickness............................................................................................................................. 17

Overburden.......................................................................................................................... 17

Reliability ............................................................................................................................. 17

Data Analysis ............................................................................................................................... 17

Illinois ................................................................................................................................... 17

Indiana ................................................................................................................................. 17

Western Kentucky.............................................................................................................. 18

Coal Resource Assessment Results ........................................................................................ 18

References Cited—Remaining Resources ............................................................................. 18

Confidence Limits for Resource Estimates of Illinois Basin Coals, by 

J.H. Schuenemeyer, H.C. Power, and J.R. Hatch ....................................................................... 29

Methodology ................................................................................................................................ 29

Results........................................................................................................................................... 29

Discussion .................................................................................................................................... 29

Reference Cited—Confidence Limits ...................................................................................... 29

DII
 Availability and Recoverability of Illinois Basin Coals, by 

L.M. Osmonson, C.G. Treworgy, C.L. Connolly, W.A. Andrews, 

G.A. Weisenfluh, M.D. Carter, and J.R. Hatch ............................................................................. D34

Introduction .................................................................................................................................. 34

Coal Availability............................................................................................................................ 34

Results.................................................................................................................................. 34

Illinois......................................................................................................................... 34

Indiana....................................................................................................................... 34

Western Kentucky ................................................................................................... 35

Coal Recoverability ..................................................................................................................... 35

Results.................................................................................................................................. 35

Illinois......................................................................................................................... 35

Indiana....................................................................................................................... 35

Western Kentucky ................................................................................................... 35

Summary ....................................................................................................................................... 35

References Cited—Coal Availability and Recoverability ..................................................... 44

General................................................................................................................................. 44

Illinois ................................................................................................................................... 44

Indiana.................................................................................................................................. 44 Western Kentucky .............................................................................................................. 45

Appendixes

1. Estimated remaining resources of the Springfield Coal in

Illinois, Indiana, and western Kentucky .................................................................. 47 

2. Estimated remaining resources of the 

Herrin Coal in Illinois and western Kentucky ......................................................... 54

3. Estimated remaining resources of the Danville Coal in 

Illinois and Indiana, and the Baker coal in western Kentucky............................ 61

Figures

1. Graph showing annual coal production (million short tons) in Illinois, 

Indiana, and western Kentucky between 1890 and 1998...................................... D3

2–4. Maps showing mined-out areas: ......................................................................................

2. Springfield Coal in Illinois, Indiana, and Kentucky................................................. 4

3. Herrin Coal in Illinois, Indiana, and Kentucky ......................................................... 5

4. Danville Coal Member in Illinois and Indiana, and the

Baker coal in Kentucky...............................................................................

6

5. Graph showing annual coal production (million short tons) from the 

Springfield, Herrin, and Danville Coal Members in Illinois between 1890 and 1997 7

6. Graph showing annual coal production (million short tons) from 

underground and surface mines in western Kentucky between 1922 and 1998 ...... 8

7. Map showing mining areas of the Illinois Basin and the 

extent of coal-bearing rocks in Illinois, Indiana, and western Kentucky................... 19

8. Histogram showing remaining, identified coal resources (million short tons) 

of the Springfield, Herrin, and Danville-Baker Coals in Illinois, Indiana, and 

western Kentucky, summarized by thickness ..................................................... 20

9. Histogram showing remaining, identified coal resources 

(>42 in. thick, million short tons) of the Springfield Coal in 

Illinois, Indiana, and western Kentucky, summarized by 

mining area and by overburden thickness (coal depth)....................................... 20

10. Map showing thickness of the Springfield Coal in 

Illinois, Indiana, and western Kentucky........................................................................... 21

11. Histogram showing remaining, identified coal resources 

(>42 in. thick, million short tons) of the Herrin Coal in Illinois and 

western Kentucky, summarized by mining area and by 

overburden thickness (coal depth) .................................................................... 22

DIII
DII

12. Map showing thickness of the Herrin Coal in 

Illinois, Indiana, and western Kentucky .......................................................................... D23

13. Histogram showing remaining, identified coal resources 

(>42 in. thick, million short tons) of the Danville Coal Member in 

Illinois and Indiana, and the Baker coal in western Kentucky, 

summarized by mining area and by overburden thickness (coal depth)................... 24

14. Map showing thickness of the Danville Coal Member in Illinois and 

Indiana, and the Baker coal in western Kentucky .............................................. 25

15. Graph showing range in percent uncertainty 

(at the 90 percent confidence level) for coal resource reliability

 categories from Illinois, Indiana, and western Kentucky.................................... 33

16. Map showing land use that can limit coal mining in the

 Seelyville 7.5-minute quadrangle, Indiana......................................................... 36

17. Diagram illustrating some of the technological restrictions on mining................. 37

18. Map of the Illinois Basin showing county boundaries and locations of the

7.5-minute quadrangles studied for coal availability and coal recoverability........ 38

19–27. Charts:

19. Results from coal availability studies for 19 representative 

7.5-minute quadrangles in Illinois ........................................................................... 39

20. Effects of restrictions on available coal resources for the Danville, 

Davis, Herrin, Seelyville, and Springfield Coal Members in 

19 representative 7.5-minute quadrangles in Illinois........................................... 39

21. Results from coal availability studies for 10 representative

7.5-minute quadrangles in Indiana......................................................................... 40

22. Effects of restrictions on available coal resources for the Danville,

Hymera, Seelyville, Springfield, and Survant Coal Members in 

10 representative 7.5-minute quadrangles in Indiana ......................................... 40

23. Results from coal availability studies for 12 representative 

7.5-minute quadrangles in western Kentucky...................................................... 41

24. Effects of restrictions on available coal resources for the Baker, 

Davis, Herrin, Paradise, and Springfield coals in 12 representative 

7.5-minute quadrangles in western Kentucky...................................................... 41

25. Results from coal availability and coal recoverability studies for

eight 7.5-minute quadrangles in Illinois................................................................ 42

26. Results from coal availability and coal recoverability studies for 

three 7.5-minute quadrangles in Indiana .............................................................. 42

27. Results from coal availability and coal recoverability studies for

five 7.5-minute quadrangles in western Kentucky .............................................. 43

Tables

1. Estimated remaining resources of the principal coals in

 Illinois (Cady, 1952)............................................................................................................. D9

2. Estimated remaining resources of the principal coals in

 Illinois (Hopkins and Simon, 1974)................................................................................... 9

3. Estimated resources of surface-mineable and 

deep-mineable coal for the principal coals in Illinois................................................... 10

4–7. Estimated remaining resources:

4. Principal coals in Illinois ............................................................................................ 10

5. Principal coals in Indiana as of January 1, 1951 .................................................... 11

6. Principal coals in western Kentucky as of January 1, 1976 ................................. 11

7. Springfield, Herrin, and Baker coals in 

western Kentucky as of August 15, 1998................................................................. 11

8–10. Summary of estimated remaining, identified resources:

8. Springfield Coal in Illinois, Indiana, and western Kentucky................................. 26

9. Herrin Coal in Illinois and western Kentucky.......................................................... 27

DIV
 

10. Danville Coal in Illinois and Indiana, and 

the Baker coal in western Kentucky ...................................................................... D28

11–18. Estimates of uncertainty of coal resource estimates:

11. Springfield Coal Member in Illinois......................................................................... 30

12. Herrin Coal Member in Illinois................................................................................. 30

13. Danville Coal Member in Illinois.............................................................................. 30

14. Springfield Coal Member in Indiana ....................................................................... 31

15. Danville Coal Member in Indiana ............................................................................ 31

16. Springfield coal in western Kentucky..................................................................... 31

17. Herrin coal in western Kentucky............................................................................. 32

18. Baker coal in western Kentucky ............................................................................. 32

DV
Resource Assessment D1

Introduction

By J.R. Hatch1 and R.H. Affolter1

A primary goal of the current coal assessment in the Illinois 

Basin is to provide an update of estimates of the quantity and 

recoverability of the remaining coal resources. To accomplish 

this goal, in this chapter we

(1) review the history of coal production in the basin,

(2) summarize the results of the previous Illinois Basin coal 

assessments efforts,

(3) detail the methodologies used to calculate the remaining 

resources,

(4) present the resource calculations for the Springfield, 

Herrin, Danville, and Baker Coals categorized by coal, 

state, mining area, county, coal depth, coal thickness, 

and geologic reliability category,

(5) apply a recently developed methodology for determining 

the uncertainty of the resource calculations for the 

assessed coals, and

(6) briefly discuss the results of the many coal availability 

and coal recoverability assessment studies completed for 

areas within the basin.

Resource Assessment

Edited by J.R. Hatch1 and R.H. Affolter1

_______________________

1

U.S. Geological Survey, Mail Stop 939, Box 25046, Denver, CO 80225
D2 Resource Assessment of the Springfield, Herrin, Danville, and Baker Coals in the Illinois Basin

Illinois Basin Coal Production

By J.R. Hatch1 and R.H. Affolter1

Coal production began in Illinois in the early 1800’s. In 

Indiana, coal was being advertised for sale by 1832, and the first 

coal company was officially incorporated in 1837. The first 

recorded coal production in western Kentucky was in 1820, in 

Henderson and Muhlenburg Counties. Since these early beginnings, coal production from the basin, in general, was related to 

the overall increasing demand for power generation. At the same 

time, specific events have had both short- and long-term effects 

on coal development, and these include socio-political, technological, and market factors.

The annual coal production from Illinois, Indiana, and western Kentucky between 1890 and 1998 is shown in figure 1. 

Between 1890 and the late 1920’s, coal production in all three 

states rose significantly, spurred by industrial development and 

railroad expansion. Coal production reached 89 million short tons 

in Illinois in 1918, 31 million short tons in Indiana, also in 1918, 

and 20 million short tons in western Kentucky in 1927. Production then declined markedly during the Great Depression of the 

1930’s (fig. 1). Production increased to meet the demands of 

World War II, but later decreased due to competition from oil and 

gas and the conversion of railroad locomotives from coal to diesel-electric power. In the 1960’s and early 1970’s, increased production resulted from an increased demand to meet the needs of a 

growing number of coal-fired power plants. A maximum of about 

148 million tons was produced from the Illinois Basin in 1984.

Since about 1990, coal production from the Illinois Basin 

has dropped, primarily a result of the enactment and implementation of Phase I restrictions of the 1990 Amendment to the Clean 

Air Act and increasing price competition from western low-sulfur 

coals (U.S. Energy Information Administration, 1998; Carey and 

Hiett, 2000). Average coal production from the Illinois Basin was 

about 138 million short tons between 1988 and 1992, about 116 

million short tons between 1993 and 1997, and about 112 million 

short tons in 1998. From 1890 to 1998, about 5.6 billion short 

tons of coal were produced in Illinois, about 2.5 billion short tons 

in western Kentucky, and about 2.1 billion short tons in Indiana. 

(U.S. Energy Information Administration, 1998, 2000; Carey and 

Hiett, 2000).

Springfield, Herrin, Danville, and Baker Coals

The Springfield Coal has been the most extensively mined 

coal in the Illinois Basin. The Springfield was mined at the surface in western Illinois and is the only coal mined in west-central 

Illinois. It is the most important coal in southeastern Illinois and 

has been mined in southwestern Illinois (Damberger, 2000). The 

Springfield has been mined in both surface and underground 

mines in nine counties in Indiana and eight counties in western 

Kentucky (fig. 2).

The Herrin Coal Member has been the most extensively 

mined coal in Illinois and has been mined in western, west-central, 

southern, east-central, and northern Illinois (Damberger, 2000). 

The Herrin is neither well developed nor mined in Indiana. Mining 

activity in the Herrin coal in western Kentucky is centered along 

the southern edge of the field (fig. 3).

The Danville Coal Member has been mined in east-central 

Illinois and in the adjacent counties in Indiana. Most of the historical mining of the Baker coal has been by surface methods 

along the southern and eastern margins of the coal field (Weisenfluh and others, 1998) (fig. 4).

The annual coal production (million short tons) from the 

Springfield, Herrin, and Danville Coals in Illinois between 1890 

and 1997 is shown in figure 5. The data shown in figure 5 were compiled by C.G. Treworgy and C.A. Chenoweth from coal production 

data from the Illinois Department of Mines and Minerals (written 

commun., 1998). Figure 5 shows that most of the historical Illinois 

coal production has been from the Herrin Coal and that most of the 

decrease in coal production in Illinois during the last five years has 

been primarily a result of decreased Herrin Coal production.

Coal Production from Surface and 

Underground Mines

Data comparing coal production from surface mines with 

production from underground mines in western Kentucky are 

shown in figure 6. Surface mining methods were introduced in 

this area in 1922, and production from surface mines exceeded 

underground production in 1957. From 1957 to 1985, production 

from surface mining was greater than that from underground 

mining, a maximum of about 33 million tons being produced by 

surface mining in 1972 (Weisenfluh and others, 1997; Carey and 

Hiett, 2000). Since 1972, coal production from surface mining 

has consistently diminished; in 1998, only about 8.0 million short 

tons (22 percent of total) was produced by this method. In 1998, 

27.9 million short tons (78 percent of total) was produced from 

underground mines in western Kentucky (U.S. Energy Information Administration, 2000; Carey and Hiett, 2000).

The history of coal production from surface mines as compared to production from underground mines is similar in Illinois. 

Annual production from underground mines in Illinois reached a 

peak of 47 million short tons in 1992, and surface-mine production 

peaked at almost 35 million tons in 1969 (Illinois Department of 

Mines and Minerals, 1994). In 1998, nearly 89 percent (35.2 million tons) of Illinois coal production was from underground mines, 

whereas only about 11 percent (4.7 million tons) was produced 

from surface mines). Reasons for the significant decline in production from surface mines in Illinois and western Kentucky 

include stricter reclamation requirements and the depletion of 

low-cost reserves, as well as the 1990 Amendment to the Clean Air 

Act and increased price competition from western low-sulfur 

coals (Treworgy and others, 1997; Weisenfluh and others, 1997).

In Indiana, in contrast to decreases in production from surface 

mines in Illinois and western Kentucky, nearly 33.4 million short 

tons (91 percent of total) was produced from surface mines in 

1998, compared to only 3.4 million short tons (9.3 percent of total) 

produced from underground mines (U.S. Energy Information 

Administration, 2000; Sanda, 2000a). Coal production in Indiana 

has actually increased since 1995, with production of 36.8 million 

tons being produced in 1998 (fig. 1) (U.S. Energy Information 

_______________________

1

U.S. Geological Survey, Mail Stop 939, Box 25046, Denver, CO 80225
Resource Assessment D3

0

20

40

60

80

100

1890 1910 1930 1950 1970 1990

Year

Million Short Tons

Illinois

Indiana

Western Kentucky

Figure 1. Graph showing annual coal production (million short tons) in Illinois, Indiana, and western Kentucky between 1890 and 1998. Data are 

from Carey and Hiett (2000), U.S. Energy Information Administration (2000), and Illinois Department of Mines and Minerals (1994).

Administration, 2000).This increase in production has primarily 

been from coals that are relatively low in sulfur (Danville, Upper 

and Lower Block, Minshall and Buffaloville Coal Members 

(Blunck and Carpenter, 1997; Sanda, 2000b).

References Cited—Coal Production

Blunck, D.R., and Carpenter, J.A., 1997, Directory of coal mines and producers in Indiana1997: Bloomington, Ind., Indiana Geological Survey, 134 p.

Carey, D.I., and Hiett, J.K., 2000, Kentucky Coal Production, 1790–1999. 

Accessed January 2, 2001,at URL http://www.uky.edu/KGS/coal/

webcoal/pages/kycoaltitle.html

Damberger, H.H., 2000, Coal geology of Illinois, in 2000 Keystone Coal 

Industry Manual: Chicago, Ill., Primedia Intertec, p. 562–573.

Illinois Department of Mines and Minerals, 1994, 1993 Illinois Department 

of Mines and Minerals Annual Statistical Report, 29 p.

Sanda, A.P., ed., 2000a, Industry Statistics, in 2000 Keystone Coal Industry Manual: Chicago, Ill., Primedia Intertec, p. 13–28.

Sanda, A.P., ed., 2000b, Indiana coal mine directory, in 2000 Keystone 

Coal Industry Manual: Chicago, Ill., Primedia Intertec, p. 325–331.

Treworgy, C.G., Prussen, E.I., Justice, M.A., Chenoweth, C.A., Bargh, 

M.H., Jacobson, R.J., and Damberger, H.H., 1997, Illinois coal 

resource assessment and database developmentFinal report: Illinois State Geological Survey Open File Series 1997–4, 105 p.

U.S. Energy Information Administration, 1998, Coal Industry Annual 1997 

Executive Summary. Accessed January 26, 1999, at URL http://

www.eia.doe.gov

U.S. Energy Information Administration, 2000, U.S. coal production by 

State,1989, 1994–1998. Accessed September 20, 2000, at URL , http:/

/www.eia.doe.gov

Weisenfluh, G.A., Andrews, W.A., and Hiett, J.K., 1998, Availability of coal 

resources for the development of coal, western Kentucky summary 

report: Kentucky Geological Survey, Interim Report for U.S. Department of Interior Grant 14–08–0001–A0896, 32 p.

Weisenfluh, G.A., Cobb, J.C., Ferm, J.C., and Ruthven, C.L., 1997, Kentucky’s coal industry—Trends and future opportunities: Lexington, 

Ky., Kentucky Geological Survey, 10 p.
D4 Resource Assessment of the Springfield, Herrin, Danville, and Baker Coals in the Illinois Basin

Figure 2. Map showing mined-out areas of the Springfield Coal in Illinois, Indiana, and Kentucky. This illustration was modified from regional shapefiles 

ArcView project (Gunther and others, this publication).

50 

50 

Saint Louis

Greater Chicago Area Davenport

Dubuque

Owensboro

Louisville

Terre Haute

Bloomington

Indianapolis

South Bend

MICHIGAN LAKE MICHIGAN

INDIANA

KENTUCKY

ILLINOIS

ILLINOIS

WISCONSIN

IOWA

MISSOURI

Gary

TENNESSEE

90 ̊00' W 88 ̊00' W 86 ̊00' W

41 ̊00' N39 ̊00' N37 ̊00' N
Resource Assessment D5 Figure 3. Map showing mined-out areas of the Herrin Coal in Illinois, Indiana, and Kentucky. This illustration was modified from regional shapefiles cont

project (Gunther and others, this publication).

50 

50 

Saint Louis

Greater Chicago Area Davenport

Dubuque

Owensboro

Louisville

Terre Haute

Bloomington

Indianapolis

South Bend

MICHIGAN LAKE MICHIGAN

INDIANA

KENTUCKY

ILLINOIS

ILLINOIS

WISCONSIN

IOWA

MISSOURI

Gary

TENNESSEE

90 ̊00' W 88 ̊00' W 86 ̊00' W

41 ̊00' N39 ̊00' N37 ̊00' N

I
D6 Resource Assessment of the Springfield, Herrin, Danville, and Baker Coals in the Illinois Basin

Figure 4. Map showing mined-out areas of the Danville Coal Member in Illinois and Indiana, and the Baker coal in Kentucky. This illustration was modified 

in the Illinois Basin ArcView project (Gunther and others, this publication).

50 

5

Saint Louis

Greater Chicago Area Davenport

Dubuque

Owensboro

Louisville

Terre Haute

Bloomington

Indianapolis

South Bend

MICHIGAN LAKE MICHIGAN

INDIANA

KENTUCKY

ILLINOIS

ILLINOIS

WISCONSIN

IOWA

MISSOURI

Gary

TENNESSEE

90 ̊00' W 88 ̊00' W 86 ̊00' W

41 ̊00' N39 ̊00' N37 ̊00' N
Resource Assessment D7

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

1890 1910 1930 1950 1970 1990

Production Year

Million Short Tons

Herrin Coal

Springfield Coal

Danville Coal

Figure 5. Graph showing annual coal production (million short tons) from the Springfield, Herrin, and Danville Coal Members in Illinois between 

1890 and 1997. No data were available for 1902. These data were compiled by C.G. Treworgy and C.A. Chenoweth (written commun., 1998) from 

coal production data from the Illinois Department of Mines and Minerals .
D8 Resource Assessment of the Springfield, Herrin, Danville, and Baker Coals in the Illinois Basin

0

10

20

30

40

1920 1940 1960 1980 2000

Year

Million Short Tons

Underground Mines

Surface Mines

Figure 6. Graph showing annual coal production (million short tons) from underground and surface mines in western Kentucky between 1922 and 

1998. Data are from Carey and Hiett (2000). No data were available for 1929.
Resource Assessment D9

Previous Resource Assessments of Illinois 

Basin Coals

By J.R. Hatch1 and R.H. Affolter1

Since 1899, a number of assessments of the original, 

remaining, and recoverable coal resources in the Illinois Basin 

have been completed. For Illinois, the assessments are those of 

DeWolf (1908), Bement, 1910, Cady (1952), Hopkins and Simon 

(1974), Treworgy and others (1978), Treworgy and Bargh (1982), 

and Treworgy and others (1997). For Indiana, they are those of 

Ashley (1899), Campbell and Leverett (1913), Spencer (1953), 

and Wier (1973). For western Kentucky they are those of Smith 

and Brant (1980) and Weisenfluh and others (1998). For the 1974 

U.S. Geological Survey national coal resource assessment, Averitt (1975) reported the resource estimates of Hopkins and Simon 

(1974) for Illinois, Wier (1973) for Indiana, and Huddle and others (1963, p. 177) for western Kentucky.

Illinois

For Illinois, DeWolf (1908) estimated that there was about 

137 billion short tons (both surface and deep mineable) in deposits greater than 24 in. thick. Bement (1910) estimated about 201 

billion short tons by measuring the extent of the coal-bearing 

areas on a map at a scale of one inch equals two miles (1:63,360), 

then combining these measurements with the known or estimated 

thickness of the coals. Cady (1952) provided the first comprehensive assessment of the coal reserves in Illinois, estimating about 

137.3 billion short tons of remaining coal in 20 different coals. 

Cady’s (1952) estimate was categorized by county, coal bed, 

thickness (≥28 in.) and by reliability category (I–A: proved, 0–

0.5 mi from a data point; I–B: probable, >0.5–2 mi; II–A: 

strongly indicated, >2–4 mi; and II–B: weakly indicated, >4 mi). 

About 74 percent of Cady’s (1952) estimated 137.3 billion short 

tons was associated with two coals, the Herrin and HarrisburgSpringfield Coal Members; 98 percent was associated with seven 

coals (see table 1).

Hopkins and Simon (1974) updated the assessment of the 

coal resources of Illinois. They estimated about 148.2 billion short 

tons of remaining coal in eight identified coals and a miscellaneous 

coals category. Their estimate includes coal 28 in. thick or greater 

in all classes of reliability. About 73 percent of this total is associated with two coals, the Springfield–Harrisburg and the Herrin 

Coal Members; 96 percent of the resource is in six coals (table 2). 

Hopkins and Simon (1974) also estimated the percentage of each 

resource category that was strippable (> 28 in. thick and < 150 ft 

of overburden) for each county and the amounts of relatively low 

sulfur (<2.5 percent) coal for the Springfield-Harrisburg and Herrin. For the Springfield-Harrisburg Coal Member, low-sulfur 

reserves were estimated at about 2.7 billion short tons, and for the 

Herrin Coal Member, about 2.1 billion tons.

Treworgy and others (1978) estimated surface-mineable 

coal resources of 20.4 billion short tons for 14 different coals in 

Illinois. Treworgy and Bargh (1982) estimated deep-mineable 

resources of 161 billion short tons for 13 different coals. Surfacemineable coal is that which is less than 150 ft in depth and equal 

to or greater than 28 in. thick (Treworgy and others, 1978). Deepmineable coal is that which is greater than 150 ft in depth and 

equal to or greater than 28 in. thick (Treworgy and Bargh, 1982). 

Estimated resources of surface-mineable and deep-mineable coal 

for the six principal coals in Illinois (from Treworgy and others, 

1978; and Treworgy and Bargh, 1982) are listed in table 3.

Damberger (2000) listed remaining resources (as of January 1996) in Illinois by county and for nine different coals. He 

estimated the total remaining identified resource at about 199 

billion short tons. About 71 percent of this total is associated 

with two coals, the Herrin and Springfield Coal Members, and 

91 percent with six coals (table 4). Of the 199 billion short tons 

of coal estimated for Illinois, 22.4 billion short tons are identified as surface-mineable (Damberger, 2000). The resource numbers for the Springfield, Herrin, and Danville Coal Members 

listed by Damberger (2000) are the same numbers used for the 

current assessment.

In addition to the above listed state-wide coal resource assessments for Illinois, many additional reports provide coal occurrence 

maps and summaries of coal resources on a quad- rangle, county, 

mining district, or regional scale. Information in these reports was 

_______________________

1

U.S. Geological Survey, Mail Stop 939, Box 25046, Denver, CO 80225

Coal Billion 

short tons 

Percent 

of total 

Danville (Sparland) Coal 7.8 5.7 

Herrin Coal 62.6 45.6 

Harrisburg (Springfield) Coal 38.5 28.0 

LaSalle (Colchester) Coal 17.5 12.7 

Dekoven Coal 2.5 1.8 

Indiana III Coal 1.8 1.3 

Davis-Wiley Coal 3.4 2.5 

Other coals 3.2 2.3

Total 137.3 100.0 

Table 1. Estimated remaining resources of the principal coals in Illinois 

(Cady, 1952).

[Columns may not sum exactly due to independent rounding.]

Coal Billion 

short tons

Percent 

of total 

Danville Coal 7.6 5.1 

Herrin Coal 65.8 44.4 

Springfield-Harrisburg Coal 42.6 28.7 

Colchester Coal 20.8 14.0 

Dekoven Coal 2.5 1.7 

Davis Coal 3.4 2.3 

Other coals 5.5 3.7

Total 148.2 100.0 

Table 2. Estimated remaining resources of the principal coals in Illinois 

(Hopkins and Simon, 1974).

[Columns may not sum exactly due to independent rounding.]
D10 Resource Assessment of the Springfield, Herrin, Danville, and Baker Coals in the Illinois Basin

used to compile the above-listed statewide assessments and 

summaries. The following is a partial listing of these reports (in 

chronological order):

Cady, 1915, District 1 (Longwall District), northern Illinois

Kay, 1915, District VII, southwestern Illinois

Kay and White, 1915, District VIII, Vermilion and Edgar 

Counties

Cady, 1916, District VI, Jefferson, Franklin, and Williamson 

Counties

Cady, 1917, District II, Jackson County

Cady, 1919a, District V, Saline and Gallatin Counties

Cady, 1919b, Hennepin and LaSalle quadrangles, LaSalle 

and Bureau Counties

Cady, 1921, District IV, west-central Illinois

Culver, 1925, District III, western Illinois

Willman and Payne, 1942, Marseilles, Ottawa, and Streator 

quadrangles, LaSalle, Livingston, and Grundy Counties

Cady and others, 1951, Clay, Edwards, Gallatin, Hamilton, 

and Richland Counties

DuBois, 1951, Shelby and Moultrie Counties and parts of 

Effingham and Fayette Counties

Harrison, 1951, White County

Cady and others, 1955, Wabash County

Williams and Rolley, 1955, Jasper County

Potter, 1956, Crawford and Lawrence Counties

Smith, 1957, Part 1—Gallatin, Hardin, Johnson, Pope, 

Saline, and Williamson Counties

Wanless, 1957, Beardstown, Glasford, Havanna, and Vermont 

quadrangles, Brown, Cass, Fulton, and Peoria Counties

Smith, 1958, Part 2—Jackson, Monroe, Perry, Randolph 

and St. Clair Counties

Clegg, 1959, Douglas, Coles, and Cumberland Counties

Clegg, 1961, Sangamon, Macon, and Menard Counties and 

parts of Christian and Logan Counties

Smith, 1961, Part 3—Madison, Macoupin, Jersey, Greene, 

Scott, Morgan, and Cass Counties

Smith and Berggren, 1963, Part 5A—Fulton, Henry, Knox, 

Peoria, Stark, and Tazewell Counties and parts of 

Bureau, Marshall, Mercer, and Warren Counties

Reinertsen, 1964, Part 4—Adams, Brown, Calhoun, Hancock, McDonough, Pike, and Schuyler Counties and 

southern parts of Henderson and Warren Counties

Clegg, 1965, Clark and Edgar Counties

Smith, 1968, Part 6—LaSalle, Livingston, Kankakee, Will, 

and Putnam Counties and parts of Bureau and Marshall 

Counties

Searight and Smith, 1969, Part 5B—Mercer, Rock Island, 

and Warren Counties and parts of Henderson and Henry 

Counties

Clegg, 1972, DeWitt, McLean, and Piatt Counties

Allgaier and Hopkins, 1975, Fairfield basin in southeastern 

Illinois

Jacobson and Bengal, 1981, Part 7—Vermilion and Edgar 

Counties

Nance and Treworgy, 1981, Part 8—Central and southern 

counties

Jacobson, 1983, Jackson and Perry Counties

Treworgy and Bargh, 1984, statewide coal maps

Jacobson, 1985, Grundy, LaSalle, and Livingston Counties

Nelson, 1987, Christian, Macoupin, Montgomery, and Sangamon Counties

Jacobson, 1993, Gallatin and Saline Counties

Indiana

Ashley (1899) estimated coal resources of Indiana to be 

about 47 billion short tons. Campbell and Leverett (1913), 

assuming a larger tonnage per acre-foot of coal, revised that 

Surface mineable Deep mineable

Coal Billion 

short tons 

Percent 

of total 

Billion 

short tons 

Percent 

of total 

Danville Coal 1.4 6.9 10.2 6.3 

Herrin Coal 6.9 33.8 67.0 41.6 

Springfield Coal 4.0 19.6 54.8 34.0 

Colchester Coal 7.2 35.3 9.0 5.6 

Dekoven Coal <0.1 <0.5 2.3 1.4 

Davis Coal <0.1 <0.5 2.6 1.6 

Other coals 0.8 3.9 15.0 9.3 

Total 20.4 100.0 160.9 99.8 

Table 3. Estimated resources of surface-mineable and deep-mineable coal for the principal 

coals in Illinois (Treworgy and others, 1978; Treworgy and Bargh, 1982). 

[Columns may not sum exactly due to independent rounding.]

Coal Billion 

short tons 

Percent 

of total 

Danville Coal 17.8 8.9 

Herrin Coal 78.9 39.6 

Springfield Coal 61.7 31.0 

Colchester Coal 16.6 8.3 

Dekoven Coal 2.7 1.4 

Davis Coal 3.5 1.8 

Other coals 17.8 8.9

Total 199.0 100.0 

Table 4. Estimated remaining resources of the principal coals in 

Illinois (Damberger, 2000). 

[Columns may not sum exactly due to independent rounding.]
Resource Assessment D11

estimate to about 53 billion short tons. The first comprehensive 

coal resource assessment for Indiana is that of Spencer (1953), 

who estimated remaining resources (as of January 1, 1951) at 

35.8 billion short tons for 17 different coals. About 31 billion 

short tons (86 percent) of this total was associated with five beds 

(table 5). Wier (1973), updating Spencer (1953), estimated 

remaining resources as of January 1, 1965, at 33.2 billion tons.

In addition to the above-listed state-wide coal resource 

assessments for Indiana, other reports summarize coal resources 

on a quadrangle, county, mining district, or regional scale. Information in many of these reports was used to compile later, statewide summaries. The following is a partial listing of these 

reports in chronological order:

Indiana Geological Survey, 1950, Jasonville quadrangle, 

Greene and Sullivan Counties

Indiana Geological Survey, 1951, Linton quadrangle, 

Greene and Sullivan Counties

Wier, 1952, Vigo County

Wier and Stanley, 1953, Pike County

Friedman, 1954a, Gibson County

Friedman, 1954b, Vanderburgh County

Indiana Geological Survey, 1954a, Dugger quadrangle, Sullivan County

Indiana Geological Survey, 1954b, Hymera quadrangle, 

Sullivan County

Indiana Geological Survey, 1954c, Coal City quadrangle, 

Greene, Clay, and Owen Counties

Hutchison and Hamilton, 1956, Clay County

Indiana Geological Survey, 1958, Seelyville quadrangle, 

Vigo County

Hutchison, 1958, Warrick County

Indiana Geological Survey, 1959, Coal City quadrangle, 

Greene, Clay, and Owen Counties

Indiana Geological Survey, 1960, Switz City quadrangle, 

Greene County

Indiana Geological Survey, 1961, Terre Haute and Dennison 

quadrangles, Vigo County

Hutchison, 1961, Fountain and Warren Counties and the 

northernmost part of Vermillion County

Hutchison, 1964, Dubois County

Hutchison, 1967, Martin County

Powell and Wier, 1967, Knox County

Powell. 1968, Parke County and southern Vermillion County

Hutchison, 1971a, Perry County

Hutchison, 1971b, Daviess County

Hutchison, 1976, Parke and Putnam Counties

Hill, 1980, Putnam County

Tanner, and others, 1981a, southwestern Gibson County

Tanner and others, 1981b, northern Posey County

Tanner and others, 1981c, southern Posey County

Hutchison and Hasenmueller, 1988, Greene County

Friedman, 1989, Clinton area, west-central Indiana

Hasenmueller, 1993, Owen County

Callis, 1994, Spencer County

Callis and Rupp, 1994, Daviess County

Eggert, 1994, Gibson County

Harper and Eggert, 1995, Knox County

Ault, 1997, Posey County

Conolly and Buciak, 1997, Pike County

Western Kentucky

For western Kentucky, a comprehensive coal resource estimate was provided by Smith and Brant (1980), who estimated 

remaining coal resource at about 38.6 billion short tons for 33 

different coals. About 36.4 billion short tons (94 percent) of the 

total was associated with seven coals (table 6).

As part of a discussion of the availability of coal resources 

in western Kentucky, Weisenfluh and others (1998) estimated 

the remaining resources for the Springfield, Herrin, and Baker 

coals (table 7). They did not estimate resources for the ManCoal Billion 

short tons 

Percent 

of total 

Danville Coal 3.7 10.4 

Hymera Coal 3.7 10.3 

Springfield Coal 13.8 38.5 

Survant Coal 3.9 10.9 

Seelyville Coal 5.9 16.4 

Other coals 4.8 13.4

Total 35.8 100.0 

Table 6. Estimated remaining resources of the principal coals in 

western Kentucky as of January 1, 1976 (Smith and Brant, 1980). 

[Smith and Brant (1980) reported results for the Herrin and Paradise coals 

together; the Mannington, Mining City, and Lewisport coals are thought to be 

continuous and are reported as one coal. Columns may not sum exactly due to 

independent rounding.]

Coal Billion 

short tons 

Percent 

of total 

Coiltown coal 1.2 3.2 

Baker coal 3.1 8.1 

Herrin and Paradise coals 8.4 21.7 

Springfield coal 9.4 24.3 

Davis coal 7.5 19.3 

Mannington, Mining City, 

and Lewisport coals 

6.5 16.9 

Other coals 2.5 6.5 

Total 38.6 100.0 

Table 5. Estimated remaining resources of the principal coals in 

Indiana as of January 1, 1951 (Spencer, 1953). 

[Columns may not sum exactly due to independent rounding.]

Coal Billion 

short tons

Baker coal 3.6 

Herrin coal 2.6 

Springfield coal 8.0 

Table 7. Estimated remaining resources of the 

Springfield, Herrin, and Baker coals in western 

Kentucky as of August 15, 1998 (Weisenfluh and others, 1998).
D12 Resource Assessment of the Springfield, Herrin, Danville, and Baker Coals in the Illinois Basin

nington—Mining City—Lewisport, Davis, Paradise, or Coiltown 

coals in western Kentucky.

In addition to the coal resource assessments of Smith and 

Brant (1980) and Weisenfluh and others (1998), there are additional reports providing coal occurrence maps and summaries of 

coal resources on a quadrangle, county, or regional scale. The 

following is a partial listing of these reports in chronological 

order:

Walker and others, 1951, Henderson quadrangle, Henderson 

County

Cathey, 1955, Newburgh quadrangle, Henderson County

Mullins and others, 1963, parts of Butler, Edmonson, Grayson, Muhlenberg and Warren Counties

Hodgson, 1963, upper Tradewater River area, western Kentucky

Mullins and others, 1965, northwestern Kentucky (primarily 

Union, Henderson, and Webster Counties)

As part of a cooperative program between the U.S. Geological Survey and the Kentucky Geological Survey, geologic quadrangle maps were produced for all of western Kentucky. This 

quadrangle mapping program, completed in 1978, served as a 

basis for producing coal distribution maps and for calculating 

coal resources. The following 34 geologic quadrangle maps 

show the outcrops for the Springfield, Herrin and (or) Baker coals 

in western Kentucky:

Amos, 1970, Blackford quadrangle, Crittenden, Webster, 

and Union Counties

Fairer and Norris, 1972, Curdsville quadrangle, Henderson, 

Daviess, and McLean Counties

Franklin, 1967, Coiltown quadrangle, Hopkins County

Franklin, 1969, Nebo quadrangle, Webster and Hopkins 

Counties

Franklin, 1973, Millport quadrangle, Muhlenberg and Hopkins Counties

Gildersleeve, 1975, Cromwell quadrangle, Butler and Ohio 

Counties

Goudarzi, 1968, Hartford quadrangle, Ohio County

Goudarzi, 1969, Equality quadrangle, Ohio, McLean, and 

Muhlenberg Counties

Goudarzi, 1971, Panther quadrangle, Daviess County

Goudarzi and Smith, 1971, part of the Owensboro West 

quadrangle, Daviess County

Hansen, 1972, Drakesboro quadrangle, Muhlenberg County

Hansen, 1974, Rochester quadrangle, Muhlenberg, Ohio, 

and Butler Counties

Hansen and Smith, 1978, Livermore quadrangle, McLean, 

and Muhlenberg Counties

Johnson, 1971, Horton quadrangle, Ohio County

Johnson, 1972, Reed quadrangle, Henderson and Daviess 

Counties

Johnson, 1973a, Evansville South quadrangle, Henderson 

County

Johnson, 1973b, Spottsville quadrangle, Henderson County

Johnson and Smith, 1972a, Utica quadrangle, Daviess, 

McLean, and Ohio Counties

Johnson and Smith, 1972b, Glenville quadrangle, McLean 

and Daviess Counties

Johnson and Smith, 1975, Calhoun quadrangle, Daviess, 

McLean, and Webster Counties

Kehn, 1963, Madisonville East quadrangle, Hopkins and 

Muhlenberg Counties

Kehn, 1964, Madisonville West quadrangle, Hopkins 

County

Kehn, 1966a, Providence quadrangle, Webster, Crittenden, 

and Hopkins Counties

Kehn, 1966b, Dawson Springs quadrangle, Hopkins, Caldwel,l and Christian Counties

Kehn, 1968, Graham quadrangle, Muhlenberg, Hopkins, 

and Christian Counties

Kehn, 1971, Greenville quadrangle, Muhlenberg County

Kehn, 1974a, Dekoven and Saline Mines quadrangles, Crittenden, and Union Counties

Kehn, 1974b, Paradise quadrangle, Muhlenberg and Ohio 

Counties

Kehn, 1975, Sturgis quadrangle, Union and Crittenden 

Counties

Palmer, 1966, Dalton quadrangle, Caldwell, Hopkins, Crittenden and Webster Counties

Palmer, 1967, Saint Charles quadrangle, Hopkins and Christian Counties

Palmer, 1968, Nortonville quadrangle, Hopkins and Christian Counties

Palmer, 1969, Central City West quadrangle, Muhlenberg 

and Ohio Counties

Palmer, 1972, Central City East quadrangle, Muhlenberg 

and Ohio Counties

Summary

These earlier coal resource estimates all show that the 

Springfield, Herrin, Danville, and Baker Coals contain most of 

the remaining coal resources in the Illinois Basin. The combined 

remaining resources estimated by Cady (1952) for the Springfield, Herrin, and Danville Coal Members were about 79 percent 

of the total estimated for all of Illinois. The combined remaining 

resources estimated by Hopkins and Simon (1974) were about 78 

percent of the total coal resource; the estimates by Treworgy and 

others (1978) and Treworgy and Bargh (1982) were 82 percent of 

the total coal resource; and the estimates by Damberger (2000) 

were 80 percent of the total coal resources of Illinois. For Indiana, the combined resource estimate for the Springfield and Danville Coal Members by Spencer (1953) represents 49 percent of 

the total resource estimate, and for western Kentucky the combined resource estimate for the Springfield, Herrin, and Baker 

coals by Smith and Brant (1980) represents 54 percent of the total 

coal resources estimated.

References Cited—Previous Assessments

General

Averitt, Paul, 1975, Coal resources of the United States, January 1, 1974: 

U.S. Geological Survey Bulletin 1412, 131 p.
Resource Assessment D13

Illinois

Allgaier, G.J., and Hopkins, M.E., 1975, Reserves of the Herrin (No. 6) Coal 

in the Fairfield Basin in southeastern Illinois: Illinois State Geological 

Survey Circular 489, 31 p.

Bement, A., 1910, The Illinois coal field: Illinois State Geological Survey 

Bulletin 16, p. 182–202.

Cady, G.H., 1915, Coal resources of District 1 (Longwall): Illinois State 

Geological Survey, Illinois Coal Mining Investigations Bulletin 10, 149 

p.

Cady, G.H., 1916, Coal resources of District VI: Illinois State Geological 

Survey, Illinois Coal Mining Investigations Bulletin 15, 94 p.

Cady, G.H., 1917, Coal resources of District II (Jackson County): Illinois 

State Geological Survey, Illinois Coal Mining Investigations Bulletin 

16, 53 p.

Cady, G.H., 1919a, Coal resources of District V, Saline and Gallatin Counties: Illinois State Geological Survey, Illinois Coal Mining Investigations Bulletin 19, 135 p.

Cady, G.H., 1919b, Geology and mineral resources of the Hennepin and 

LaSalle quadrangles: Illinois State Geological Survey Bulletin 37, 136 p.

Cady, G.H., 1921, Coal resources of District IV: Illinois State Geological 

Survey, Illinois Coal Mining Investigations Bulletin 26, 247 p.

Cady, G.H., 1952, Mineable coal reserves of Illinois: Illinois State Geological Survey Bulletin 78, 138 p.

Cady, G.H., Lowenstam, H.A., Smith, H.L., Pullen, H.W., Rolley, M.B., and 

Sevier, R., 1951, Subsurface geology and coal resources of the 

Pennsylvanian in certain counties of the Illinois Basin: Illinois State 

Geological Survey Report of Investigations 148, p. 9–25.

Cady, G.H., Rolley, M.B., Karstrom, A., Parker, M.A., and Hopkins, M.E., 

1955, Subsurface geology and coal resources of the Pennsylvanian 

System in Wabash County: Illinois State Geological Survey Report of 

Investigations 183, 24 p.

Clegg, K.E., 1959, Subsurface geology and coal resources of the Pennsylvanian System in Douglas, Coles, and Cumberland Counties, Illinois: 

Illinois State Geological Survey Circular 271, 16 p.

Clegg, K.E., 1961, Subsurface geology and coal resources of the Pennsylvanian System in Sangamon, Macon, Menard, and parts of Christian 

and Logan Counties: Illinois State Geological Survey Circular 312, 28 p.

Clegg, K.E., 1965, Subsurface geology and coal resources of the Pennsylvanian System in Clark and Edgar Counties, Illinois: Illinois State 

Geological Survey Circular 380, 28 p.

Clegg, K.E., 1972, Subsurface geology and coal resources of the Pennsylvanian System in DeWitt, McLean, and Piatt Counties, Illinois: Illinois 

State Geological Survey Circular 473, 25 p.

Culver, H.E., 1925, Coal resources of District III (western Illinois): Illinois 

State Geological Survey Illinois Coal Mining Investigations Bulletin 

29, 128 p.

Damberger, H.H., 2000, Coal geology of Illinois, in 2000 Keystone Coal 

Industry Manual: Chicago, Ill., Primedia Intertec, p. 562–573.

DeWolf, F.W., 1908, Coal resources of Illinois: American Institute of Mining and Metallurgical Engineers Bulletin, v. 24, p. 1103–1112.

DuBois, E.P., 1951, Geology and coal resources of a part of the Pennsylvanian System in Shelby, Moultrie, and portions of Effingham and 

Fayette Counties: Illinois State Geological Survey Report of Investigations 156, 32 p.

Harrison, J.A., 1951, Subsurface geology and coal resources of the Pennsylvanian System in White County, Illinois: Illinois State Geological 

Survey Report of Investigations 153, 40 p.

Hopkins, M.E., and Simon, J.A., 1974, Coal resources of Illinois: Illinois 

State Geological Survey, Illinois Minerals Note 53, 24 p.

Jacobson, R.J., 1983, Murphysboro Coal, Jackson and Perry Counties, 

Illinois—Resources with low- to medium-sulfur potential: Illinois 

State Geological Survey, Illinois Mineral Note 85, 19 p.

Jacobson, R.J., 1985, Coal resources of Grundy, LaSalle, and Livingston 

Counties, Illinois: Illinois State Geological Survey Circular 536, 58 p.

Jacobson, R.J., 1993, Coal resources of the Dekoven and Davis Members 

(Carbondale Formation) in Gallatin and Saline Counties, southeastern Illinois: Illinois State Geological Survey Circular 551, 41 p.

Jacobson, R.J., and Bengal, L.E., 1981, Strippable coal resources of Illinois, Part 7  Vermilion and Edgar Counties: Illinois State Geological Survey Circular 521, 24 p.

Kay, F.H., 1915, Resources of District VII: Illinois State Geological Survey, 

Illinois Coal Mining Investigations Bulletin 11, 233 p.

Kay, F.H., and White, K.D., 1915, Coal resources of District VIII (Danville): 

Illinois State Geological Survey, Illinois Coal Mining Investigations 

Bulletin 14, 69 p.

Nance, R.B., and Treworgy, C.G., 1981, Strippable coal resources of Illinois, Part 8  Central and southern counties: Illinois State Geological Survey Circular 515, 32 p.

Nelson, W.J., 1987, The Hornsby district of low-sulfur Herrin Coal in central Illinois (Christian, Macoupin, Montgomery, and Sangamon 

Counties): Illinois State Geological Survey Circular 540, 40 p.

Potter, P.E., 1956, Subsurface geology and coal resources of the Pennsylvanian System in Crawford and Lawrence Counties, Illinois: Illinois 

State Geological Survey Report of Investigations 193, 17 p. 

Reinertsen, D.L., 1964, Strippable coal reserves of Illinois, Part 4 

Adams, Brown, Calhoun, Hancock, McDonough, Pikes, Schuyler, 

and southern parts of Henderson and Warren Counties: Illinois State 

Geological Survey Circular 374, 32 p.

Searight, T.K., and Smith, W.H., 1969, Strippable coal reserves of Illinois, 

Part 5B  Mercer, Rock Island, Warren and parts of Henderson and 

Henry Counties: Illinois State Geological Survey Circular 439, 22 p.

Smith, W.H., 1957, Strippable coal reserves of Illinois, Part 1  Gallatin, 

Hardin, Johnson, Pope, Saline, and Williamson Counties: Illinois 

State Geological Survey, Circular 228, 39 p.

Smith, W.H., 1958, Strippable coal reserves of Illinois, Part 2  Jackson, 

Monroe, Perry, Randolph, and St. Clair Counties: Illinois State Geological Survey Circular 260, 35 p.

Smith, W.H., 1961, Strippable coal reserves of Illinois, Part 3  Madison, 

Macoupin, Jersey, Greene, Scott, Morgan, and Cass Counties: Illinois State Geological Survey Circular 311, 40 p.

Smith, W.H., 1968, Strippable coal reserves of Illinois, Part 6  LaSalle, 

Livingston, Kankakee, Will, Putnam, and parts of Bureau and Marshall Counties: Illinois State Geological Survey Circular 419, 29 p.

Smith, W.H., and Berggren, D.J., 1963, Strippable coal reserves of Illinois, 

Part 5A  Fulton, Henry, Knox, Peoria, Stark, Tazewell, and parts of 

Bureau, Marshall, Mercer, and Warren Counties: Illinois State Geological Survey Circular 348, 59 p.

Treworgy, C.G., and Bargh, M.H., 1982, Deep-minable coal resources of 

Illinois: Illinois State Geological Survey Circular 527, 62 p.

Treworgy, C.G., Bengal, L.E., and Dingwell, A.G., 1978, Reserves and 

resources of surface-minable coal in Illinois: Illinois State Geological Survey Circular 504, 44 p.

Treworgy, C.G., and Bargh, M.H., 1984, Coal resources of Illinois: Illinois 

State Geological Survey [5 multicolor statewide 1:500,000-scale wall 

maps].
D14 Resource Assessment of the Springfield, Herrin, Danville, and Baker Coals in the Illinois Basin

Treworgy, C.G., Prussen, E.I., Justice, M.A., Chenoweth, C.A., Bargh, 

M.H., Jacobson, R.J., and Damberger, H.H., 1997, Illinois coal 

resource assessment and database developmentFinal report: Illinois State Geological Survey Open File Series 1997–4, 105 p.

Wanless, H.R., 1957, Geology and mineral resources of the Beardstown, 

Glasford, Havanna, and Vermont quadrangles: Illinois State Geological Survey Bulletin 82, 233 p.

Williams, F.E., and Rolley, M.B., 1955, Subsurface geology and coal 

resources of the Pennsylvanian System in Jasper County: Illinois 

State Geological Survey Report of Investigations 181, 14 p.

Willman, H.B., and Payne, J.N., 1942, Geology and mineral resources of 

the Marseilles, Ottawa, and Streator quadrangles: Illinois State Geological Survey Bulletin 66, 388 p.

Indiana

Ashley, G.H., 1899, The coal deposits of Indiana: Indiana Department of 

Geology and Natural Resources Annual Report 23, p. 1–1573.

Ault, C.H., 1997, Map of Posey County, Indiana, showing structure on the 

Springfield Coal Member of the Petersburg Formation (Pennsylvanian): Indiana Geological Survey Miscellaneous Map, MM60, scale 

1:24,000

Callis, J.G., 1994, Spencer County, IndianaA GIS-based coal resource 

evaluation: Unpublished report prepared for the United States Geological Survey National Coal Resources Data System, 35 p.

Callis, J.G., and Rupp, J.A., 1994, Coal resources of Daviess County, IndianaA GIS-based resource assessment: Indiana Geological Survey Open-File Studies OFS94–10, 46 p.

Campbell, M.R., and Leverett, F., 1913, Coal reserves of the United States, 

in Coal resources of the World: Toronto, Canada, Morang and Co., v. 

2, p. 525–540.

Conolly, C.L., and Buciak, M.A., 1997, Coal resources of Pike County, Indiana: Indiana Geological Survey Open-File Studies OFS94–10, 43 p.

Eggert, D.L., 1994, Coal resources of Gibson County, Indiana: Indiana 

Geological Survey Special Report 50, 36 p.

Friedman, S.A., 1954a, Distribution, structure, and mined areas of coals in 

Gibson County, Indiana: Indiana Geological Survey Preliminary Coal 

Map PCM04, scale of 1 inch equals approximately 2 miles.

Friedman, S.A., 1954b, Distribution, structure, and mined areas of coals in 

Vanderburgh County, Indiana: Indiana Geological Survey Preliminary Coal Map PCM05, scale of 1 inch equals approximately 2 miles.

Friedman, S.A., 1989, Geology and coal deposits of the Clinton area, 

West-central Indiana: Indiana Geological Survey Special Reports 

SR42, 50 p.

Harper, Denver, and Eggert, D.L., 1995, Coal mining in Knox County, Indiana: Indiana Geological Survey Special Reports SR54, 23 p.

Hasenmueller, W.A., 1993, Distribution, structure, and mined areas of 

coals in Owen County, Indiana: Indiana Geological Survey Preliminary Coal Map PCM18, scale of 1 inch equals approximately 2 miles.

Hill, J.R., 1980, Outcrop and mined areas of coals in Putnam County, Indiana: Indiana Geological Survey Preliminary Coal Map PCM16, scale 

of 1 inch equals approximately 2 miles.

Hutchison, H.C., 1958, Distribution, structure, and mined areas of coals in 

Warrick County, Indiana: Indiana Geological Survey Preliminary 

Coal Map PCM07, scale of 1 inch equals approximately 2 miles.

Hutchison, H.C., 1961, Distribution, structure, and mined areas of coals in 

Fountain and Warren Counties and the northernmost part of Vermillion County, Indiana: Indiana Geological Survey Preliminary Coal 

Map PCM09, scale of 1 inch equals approximately 2 miles.

Hutchison, H.C., 1964, Distribution, structure, and mined areas of coals in 

Dubois County, Indiana: Indiana Geological Survey Preliminary Coal 

Map PCM10, scale of 1 inch equals approximately 2 miles.

Hutchison, H.C., 1967, Distribution, structure, and mined areas of coals in 

Martin County, Indiana: Indiana Geological Survey Preliminary Coal 

Map PCM11, scale of 1 inch equals approximately 2 miles.

Hutchison, H.C., 1971a, Distribution, structure, and mined areas of coals 

in Perry County, Indiana: Indiana Geological Survey Preliminary Coal 

Map PCM14, scale of 1 inch equals approximately 2 miles.

Hutchison, H.C., 1971b, Distribution, structure, and mined areas of coals 

in Daviess County, Indiana: Indiana Geological Survey Preliminary 

Coal Map PCM15, scale of 1 inch equals approximately 2 miles.

Hutchison, H.C., 1976, Geology of the Catlin-Mansfield area, Parke and 

Putnam Counties, Indiana: Indiana Geological Survey Bulletin B54, 

57 p.

Hutchison, H.C., and Hamilton, J.L., 1956, Distribution, structure, and 

mined areas of coals in Clay County, Indiana: Indiana Geological 

Survey Preliminary Coal Map PCM06, scale of 1 inch equals approximately 2 miles.

Hutchison, H.C., and Hasenmueller, W.A., 1988, Distribution, structure, 

and mined areas of coals in Greene County, Indiana: Indiana Geological Survey Preliminary Coal Map PCM17, scale of 1 inch equals 

approximately 2 miles.

Indiana Geological Survey, 1950, Geology and coal deposits of the Jasonville quadrangle, Greene and Sullivan Counties, Indiana: Indiana Geological Survey Coal Investigations Map CIM C1, scale 

1:24,000.

Indiana Geological Survey, 1951, Geology and coal deposits of the Linton 

quadrangle, Greene and Sullivan Counties, Indiana: Indiana Geological Survey Coal Investigations Map CIM C9, scale 1:24,000.

Indiana Geological Survey, 1954a, Geology and coal deposits of the Dugger quadrangle, Sullivan County, Indiana: Indiana Geological Survey 

Coal Investigations Map CIM C11, scale 1:24,000.

Indiana Geological Survey, 1954b, Geology and coal deposits of the Hymera quadrangle, Sullivan County, Indiana: Indiana Geological Survey 

Coal Investigations Map CIM C16, scale 1:24,000.

Indiana Geological Survey, 1954c, Geology and coal deposits of the Coal 

City quadrangle, Greene, Clay, and Owen Counties, Indiana: Indiana 

Geological Survey Coal Investigations Map CIM C17, scale 1:24,000.

Indiana Geological Survey, 1958, Geology and coal deposits of the Seelyville quadrangle, Vigo County, Indiana: Indiana Geological Survey 

Coal Investigations Map CIM C27, scale 1:24,000.

Indiana Geological Survey, 1959, Geology and coal deposits of the Coal 

City quadrangle, Greene, Clay, and Owen Counties, Indiana: Indiana 

Geological Survey Coal Investigations Map CIM C28, scale 1:24,000.

Indiana Geological Survey, 1960, Geology and coal deposits of the Switz 

City quadrangle, Greene County, Indiana: Indiana Geological Survey 

Coal Investigations Map CIM C41, scale 1:24,000.

Indiana Geological Survey, 1961, Geology and coal deposits of the Terre 

Haute and Dennison quadrangles, Vigo County, Indiana: Indiana 

Geological Survey Coal Investigations Map CIM C44, scale 1:24,000.

Powell, R.L., 1968, Distribution, structure, and mined areas of coals in 

Parke County and southern Vermillion County, Indiana: Indiana Geological Survey Preliminary Coal Map PCM13, scale of 1 inch equals 

approximately 2 miles.

Powell, R.L., and Wier, C.E., 1967, Distribution, structure, and mined 

areas of coals in Knox County, Indiana: Indiana Geological Survey 

Preliminary Coal Map PCM12, scale of 1 inch equals approximately 

2 miles.
Resource Assessment D15

Spencer, F.D., 1953, Coal resources of Indiana: United States Geological 

Survey Circular 266, 42 p.

Tanner, G.F., Stellavato, J.N., and Mackey, J.C., 1981a, Map of southwestern Gibson County, Indiana, showing structure on Springfield 

Coal Member (V) of the Petersburg Formation (Pennsylvanian): Indiana Geological Survey Miscellaneous Map MM32, scale of 2 inches 

equals 1 mile.

Tanner, G.F., Stellavato, J.N., and Mackey, J.C., 1981b, Map of northern 

Posey County, Indiana, showing structure on Springfield Coal Member (V) of the Petersburg Formation (Pennsylvanian): Indiana Geological Survey Miscellaneous Map MM33, scale of 2 inches equals 

1 mile.

Tanner, G.F., Stellavato, J.N., and Mackey, J.C., 1981c, Map of southern 

Posey County, Indiana, showing structure on Springfield Coal Member (V) of the Petersburg Formation (Pennsylvanian): Indiana Geological Survey Miscellaneous Map MM34, scale of 2 inches equals 

1 mile.

Wier, C.E., 1952, Distribution, structure, and mined areas of coals in Vigo 

County, Indiana: Indiana Geological Survey Preliminary Coal Map 

PCM01, scale of 1 inch equals approximately 2 miles.

Wier, C.E., 1973, Coal resources of Indiana: Indiana Geological Survey 

Bulletin 42–I, 40 p.

Wier, C.E., and Stanley, J.T., 1953, Distribution, structure, and mined 

areas of coals in Pike County, Indiana: Indiana Geological Survey 

Preliminary Coal Map PCM03, scale of 1 inch equals approximately 

2 miles.

Western Kentucky

Amos, D.H., 1970, Geologic map of the Blackford quadrangle, western 

Kentucky: U.S. Geological Survey Geologic Quadrangle Map GQ–

873, scale 1:24,000.

Cathey, J.B., 1955, Geology and mineral resources of the Newburgh 

quadrangle, Kentucky: Kentucky Geological Survey Bulletin 15, 

Series 9, 51 p.

Fairer, G.M., and Norris, R.L., 1972, Geologic map of the Curdsville quadrangle, western Kentucky: U.S. Geological Survey Geologic Quadrangle Map GQ–1039, scale 1:24,000.

Franklin, G.J., 1967, Geologic map of the Coiltown quadrangle, Hopkins 

County, Kentucky: U.S. Geological Survey Geologic Quadrangle Map 

GQ–629, scale 1:24,000.

Franklin, G.J., 1969, Geologic map of the Nebo quadrangle, Webster and 

Hopkins Counties, Kentucky: U.S. Geological Survey Geologic Quadrangle Map GQ–777, scale 1:24,000.

Franklin, G.J., 1973, Geologic map of the Millport quadrangle, Muhlenberg and Hopkins Counties, Kentucky: U.S. Geological Survey Geologic Quadrangle Map GQ–1050, scale 1:24,000.

Gildersleeve, Benjamin, 1975, Geologic map of the Cromwell quadrangle, 

Butler and Ohio Counties, Kentucky: U.S. Geological Survey Geologic Quadrangle Map GQ–1250, scale 1:24,000.

Goudarzi, G.H., 1968, Geologic map of the Hartford quadrangle, Ohio 

County, Kentucky: U.S. Geological Survey Geologic Quadrangle Map 

GQ–741, scale 1:24,000.

Goudarzi, G.H., 1969, Geologic map of the Equality quadrangle, western 

Kentucky: U.S. Geological Survey Geologic Quadrangle Map GQ–

815, scale 1:24,000.

Goudarzi, G.H., 1971, Geologic map of the Panther quadrangle, Daviess 

County, Kentucky: U.S. Geological Survey Geologic Quadrangle Map 

GQ–866, scale 1:24,000.

Goudarzi, G.H., and Smith, A.E., 1971, Geologic map of part of the Owensboro West quadrangle, Daviess County, Kentucky: U.S. Geological 

Survey Geologic Quadrangle Map GQ–890, scale 1:24,000.

Hansen, D.E., 1972, Geologic map of the Drakesboro quadrangle, 

Muhlenberg County, Kentucky: U.S. Geological Survey Geologic 

Quadrangle Map GQ–934, scale 1:24,000.

Hansen, D.E., 1974, Geologic map of the Rochester quadrangle, western 

Kentucky: U.S. Geological Survey Geologic Quadrangle Map GQ–

1171, scale 1:24,000.

Hansen, D.E., and Smith, A.E., 1978, Geologic map of the Livermore quadrangle, western Kentucky: U.S. Geological Survey Geologic Quadrangle Map GQ–1467, scale 1:24,000.

Hodgson, D.L., 1963, Coal reserves in the upper Tradewater River area, 

western Kentucky: Tennessee Valley Authority, F64P4, 24 p.

Huddle, J.W., Lyons, E.J., Smith, H.L., and Ferm, J.C., 1963, Coal reserves 

of eastern Kentucky: U.S. Geological Survey Bulletin 1120, 247 p.

Johnson, W.D., 1971, Geologic map of the Horton quadrangle, Ohio County, Kentucky: U.S. Geological Survey Geologic Quadrangle Map GQ–

915, scale 1:24,000.

Johnson, W.D., 1972, Geologic map of the Reed quadrangle, KentuckyIndiana: U.S. Geological Survey Geologic Quadrangle Map GQ–1038, 

scale 1:24,000.

Johnson, W.D., 1973a, Geologic map of part of the Evansville South quadrangle, Henderson County, Kentucky: U.S. Geological Survey Geologic Quadrangle Map GQ–1089, scale 1:24,000.

Johnson, W.D., 1973b, Geologic map of the Spottsville quadrangle, Henderson County, Kentucky: U.S. Geological Survey Geologic Quadrangle Map GQ–1090, scale 1:24,000.

Johnson, W.D., and Smith, A.E., 1972a, Geologic map of the Utica quadrangle, western Kentucky: U.S. Geological Survey Geologic Quadrangle Map GQ–995, scale 1:24,000.

Johnson, W.D., and Smith, A.E., 1972b, Geologic map of the Glenville 

quadrangle, McLean and Daviess Counties, Kentucky: U.S. Geological Survey Geologic Quadrangle Map GQ–1046, scale 1:24,000.

Johnson, W.D., and Smith, A.E., 1975, Geologic map of the Calhoun quadrangle, western Kentucky: U.S. Geological Survey Geologic Quadrangle Map GQ–1239, scale 1:24,000.

Kehn, T.M., 1963, Geology of the Madisonville East quadrangle, Kentucky: 

U.S. Geological Survey Geologic Quadrangle Map GQ–252, scale 

1:24,000.

Kehn, T.M., 1964, Geology of the Madisonville West quadrangle, Kentucky: U.S. Geological Survey Geologic Quadrangle Map GQ–346, 

scale 1:24,000.

Kehn, T.M., 1966a, Geologic map of the Providence quadrangle, western 

Kentucky: U.S. Geological Survey Geologic Quadrangle Map GQ–

491, scale 1:2,000.

Kehn, T.M., 1966b, Geologic map of the Dawson Springs quadrangle, 

western Kentucky: U.S. Geological Survey Geologic Quadrangle 

Map GQ–573, scale 1:24,000.

Kehn, T.M., 1968, Geologic map of the Graham quadrangle, western Kentucky: U.S. Geological Survey Geologic Quadrangle Map GQ–765, 

scale 1:24,000.

Kehn, T.M., 1971, Geologic map of the Greenville quadrangle, Muhlenberg County, Kentucky: U.S. Geological Survey Geologic Quadrangle 

Map GQ–907, scale 1:24,000.

Kehn, T.M., 1974a, Geologic map of parts of the Dekoven and Saline 

Mines quadrangles, Crittenden and Union Counties, Kentucky: U.S. 

Geological Survey Geologic Quadrangle Map GQ–1147, scale 

1:24,000.
D16 Resource Assessment of the Springfield, Herrin, Danville, and Baker Coals in the Illinois Basin

Kehn, T.M., 1974b, Geologic map of the Paradise quadrangle, Muhlenberg and Ohio Counties, Kentucky: U.S. Geological Survey Geologic 

Quadrangle Map GQ–1173, scale 1:24,000.

Kehn, T.M., 1975, Geologic map of the Sturgis quadrangle, western Kentucky: U.S. Geological Survey Geologic Quadrangle Map GQ–1273, 

scale 1:24,000.

Mullins, A.T., Hodgson, D., Avery, G.G., and Wilson, E.N., 1963, Coal 

reserves in portions of Butler, Edmonson, Grayson, Muhlenberg and 

Warren Counties, Kentucky: Kentucky Geological Survey Information Circular 11, Series 10, 29 p.

Mullins, A.T., Lounsbury, R.E., and Hodgson, D.L., 1965, Coal Reserves in 

northwestern Kentucky, Tennessee Valley Authority, Office of 

Power, 28 p.

Palmer, J.E., 1966, Geologic map of the Dalton quadrangle, western Kentucky: U.S. Geological Survey Geologic Quadrangle Map GQ–490, 

scale 1:24,000.

Palmer, J.E., 1967, Geologic map of the Saint Charles quadrangle, Hopkins and Christian Counties, Kentucky: U.S. Geological Survey Geologic Quadrangle Map GQ–674, scale 1:24,000.

Palmer, J.E., 1968, Geologic map of the Nortonville quadrangle, Hopkins 

and Christian Counties, Kentucky: U.S. Geological Survey Geologic 

Quadrangle Map GQ–762, scale 1:24,000.

Palmer, J.E., 1969, Geologic map of the Central City West quadrangle, 

Muhlenberg and Ohio Counties, Kentucky: U.S. Geological Survey 

Geologic Quadrangle Map GQ–831, scale 1:24,000.

Palmer, J.E., 1972, Geologic map of the Central City East quadrangle, 

Muhlenberg and Ohio Counties, Kentucky: U.S. Geological Survey 

Geologic Quadrangle Map GQ–1031, scale 1:24,000.

Smith, G.E., and Brant, R.A., 1980, Western Kentucky coal resources: Lexington, Ky., University of Kentucky Institute for Mining and Minerals 

Research, Energy Resource Series, 148 p.

Walker, F.H., Puryear, R.D., and Cathey, J.B., 1951, Geology and mineral 

resources of the Henderson quadrangle, Kentucky: Kentucky Geological Survey Bulletin 7, Series 9, 32 p.

Weisenfluh, G.A., Andrews, W.A., and Hiett, J.K., 1998, Availability of coal 

resources for the development of coal, western Kentucky summary 

report: Kentucky Geological Survey, Interim Report for U.S. Department of Interior Grant 14–08–0001–A0896, 32 p.
Resource Assessment D17

Remaining Resources of the Springfield, 

Herrin, Danville, and Baker Coals

By J.R. Hatch,1 C.L. Connolly,2 C.G. Treworgy,3 W.A. Andrews,4

G.A. Weisenfluh,4 and R.H. Affolter1

Methodology

A Geographic Information System (GIS) was used to estimate volumes of coal resources from information on coal distribution and coal thickness. This approach allows for the digital 

storage of information obtained from drill hole cores and logs, coal 

outcrop maps, and maps showing areas where coal has been mined 

out, and it permits comparisons of calculations made from one map 

with those made from others (Weisenfluh and others, 1998). Data 

from descriptions of exploration drill holes, geophysical logs, outcrop measurements, and mine maps included stratigraphic position, coal bed thickness, thickness of rock partings if present, and 

elevation. Outcrop data were digitized from 1:24,000-scale geologic quadrangle maps. Maps showing mined-out areas in Illinois 

were preserved through a cooperative effort between the U.S. 

Bureau of Mines, the Illinois Office of Mines and Minerals, and the 

Illinois State Geological Survey. These include maps from more 

than 2,100 underground and 400 surface mines. Maps showing 

mined-out areas for western Kentucky were obtained from the 

Kentucky Department of Mines and Minerals; for Indiana, maps 

were provided by the Indiana Bureau of Mines and Mining Safety. 

Resource Categories

Thickness

Wood and others (1983) defined the standard USGS procedures for estimating coal resources as including coal thickness 

greater than 14 in.; and categorized thickness in multiples of 14 

in. between 14 and 42 in., and in multiples of 42 in. between 42 

and 168 in. For this assessment of coal resources in Illinois, 

Indiana, and western Kentucky, only three categories were used: 

>14 to 28 in., >28 to 42 in., and >42 in. This categorization is 

based on historical mining practices in the Illinois Basin and on 

the assumptions that coal less than 28 in. thick is generally not 

mineable by underground methods and that coal less than 42 in. 

thick is not economically mineable by underground methods at 

this time.

Overburden

Resources and reserves are divided into categories based on 

the coal mining method (surface or underground) most likely to 

be used. Given current mining practices, an overburden of less 

than150 ft was used to estimate resources amenable to surface 

mining, and overburden between 150 and 1,500 ft was used to 

estimate resources amenable to underground mining. It should be 

noted that, in practice, maximum overburden thickness for surface mining is generally determined by a ratio of overburden to 

coal thickness. The footage limits stated above were used to provide estimates of surface-mineable and deep-mineable areas for 

purposes of the present study.

Reliability

The USGS standard reliability categories are “measured,” 

“indicated,” “inferred,” and “hypothetical.” Measured resources 

are within 0.25 mi of a data point; indicated resources, between 

0.25 and 0.75 mi; inferred resources, between 0.75 and 3.0 mi; 

and hypothetical resources, greater than 3 mi (Wood and others, 

1983). These categories were used for the coal resources from 

western Kentucky. Because of the considerable lateral continuity 

of the Springfield, Herrin, and Danville Coals, coal resources in 

Illinois and Indiana were categorized according to the I–A, I–B, 

II–A and II–B class system originally defined by Cady (1952) 

and modified by Treworgy and Bargh (1982) to include oil test 

geophysical logs as accepted data points for class II–A. In this 

system, I–A (proved) resources are within 0.5 mi of a data point, 

I–B (probable) resources between 0.5 and 2 mi, II–A (strongly 

indicated) resources between 2 and 4 mi, and II–B (weakly indicated) resources beyond 4 mi from a data point. The I–A category is approximately equivalent to the USGS “measured” 

category, I–B to the USGS “indicated” category, and II–A to the 

USGS “inferred” category (Treworgy and others, 1997).

Data Analysis

Illinois

The following steps were taken to calculate coal resources in 

Illinois (Treworgy and others, 1997):

1. Thickness, depth, and elevation contours for each bed 

were created from the selected data points by using 

Earthvision, version 3 (Dynamic Graphics Inc., 

Alameda, CA).

2. These computer-generated contour maps were converted from the grid format of the contouring software 

to a format used by GIS software (ArcInfo version 7.04 

by Environmental Systems Research Institute, Redlands, CA).

3. The GIS software was used to create reliability zones, 

which were then merged with maps of bed thickness, 

depth, and mined areas.

4. Tonnages were calculated from the merged layers by 

assuming 1 acre-foot of bituminous coal = 1,800 short 

tons of coal.

Indiana

The following steps were taken to calculate coal resources in 

Indiana (C. L. Connolly, written commun., 2000):

1. ArcInfo was used to create a 200-m resolution floatingpoint grid of coal thickness in inches.

_______________________

1

U.S. Geological Survey, Mail Stop 939, Box 25046, Denver, CO 80225–0046

2

Indiana Geological Survey, Indiana University, 611 N. Walnut Grove, 

Bloomington, IN 47405–2208

3

Illinois State Geological Survey, Natural Resources Building, 615 E. Peabody Drive, Champaign, IL 61820 4

Kentucky Geological Survey, 228 Mining and Minerals Bldg., University of 

Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506–0107
D18 Resource Assessment of the Springfield, Herrin, Danville, and Baker Coals in the Illinois Basin

2. The floating-point grid was reclassified to create a grid 

in which the coal thickness values correspond to 7-in. 

contour intervals.

3. The reclassified grid was converted to a polygon 

coverage.

4. The 7-in. contour interval coal thickness coverage was 

combined with coverages for surface mines, underground mines, reliability circles (I–A, II–A, and I–B), 

and coal depth (0–150 ft and >150 ft).

5. The tonnage in each polygon was calculated by using 

the conversion constants of 1,800 short tons of coal/

(acre–feet of coal), and 4,046.9 m2/acre.

Western Kentucky

The GIS software utilized for resource calculations was 

GRASS (Geographic Resources Analysis Support System), a 

U.S. Government software package developed primarily by the 

U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, the U.S. Soil Conservation Service, and the USGS. GRASS is a raster-based GIS, which 

means that map data are rendered as matrices of equal-sized 

cells. Maps stored in a GRASS database must be oriented to a 

particular coordinate system. In order to utilize map information 

for calculations, the original vector data (points, lines, areas) 

must be converted to raster (gridded) data files. Following map 

and file preparation, the USGS program “resources” used 

GRASS commands to calculate areas (in square meters) for all 

resource categories (original, mined-out, and remaining). These 

data were then converted to acres, and coal tonnages were calculated by using the conversions constants of 1,800 short tons of 

coal /(acre-feet of coal), and 4,047 m2

/acre (Weisenfluh and 

others, 1998).

Coal Resource Assessment Results

Estimated remaining coal resources (million short tons) for 

the Springfield, Herrin, Danville, and Baker Coals are listed in 

appendixes 1–3 (at the end of chapter D). Resources are categorized on the basis of coal bed, state, mining area (in Illinois), 

county, overburden thickness (0–150 ft and >150 ft), coal thickness (>14–28 in., >28-42 in., and >42 in.), and reliability of estimate (Illinois and Indiana: I–A, 0–0.5 mi from a data point; I–B, 

>0.5–2 mi; II–A, >2–4 mi. Western Kentucky: measured, 0–0.25 

mi; indicated, >0.25–0.75 mi; inferred, >0.75–3.0 mi; and hypothetical, >3 mi). Figure 7 shows the mining areas of the Illinois 

Basin. The mining areas in Illinois are from Damberger (2000, 

fig. 1) and, in general, are based on historic mining districts. Each 

of these areas in Illinois is comparable in size to the coal-producing areas of Indiana and western Kentucky.

Identified coal resources are those resources in categories I–

A + I–B + II–A, or measured + indicated + inferred. Summaries 

of the remaining identified coal resources estimates (million short 

tons) for the Springfield, Herrin, Danville, and Baker Coals as 

listed in appendixes 1–3 are listed in tables 8–10 by mining area, 

coal thickness interval (>14–28 in., >28–42 in., and >42 in.), and 

overburden thickness (0–150 ft and >150 ft). Histograms in 

figure 8 show the distribution of remaining identified coal 

resources by coal and by thickness interval. Histograms in figures 9–11 show the remaining identified coal resources in beds 

greater than 42 in. thick, summarized by mining area and by coal 

depth (0–150 ft and >150 ft).

Figure 8 shows that the large majority (81 and 84 percent, 

respectively) of the identified coal resources for the Springfield 

and Herrin Coals are in relatively thick (>42 in.) coal, whereas, 

for the Danville and Baker Coals, only 39 percent of the identified 

resources are in coals >42 in. thick. For the Springfield Coal (fig. 

9), the mining areas having the largest amount of remaining identified resources include west-central Illinois (19 billion short 

tons), southeastern Illinois (29 billion short tons), and Indiana (12 

billion short tons). In these areas, the Springfield Coal is generally greater than 42 in. thick (fig. 10). For the Herrin Coal (fig. 

11), the mining areas having the greatest amount of remaining 

identified resources include west-central Illinois (27 billion short 

tons), southwestern Illinois (14 billion short tons), and southeastern Illinois (26 billion short tons). In these areas, the Herrin Coal 

is also generally greater than 42 in. thick (fig. 12). For the Danville and Baker Coals (fig. 13), the mining areas having the largest remaining identified resources are on the east side of the 

Illinois basin in east-central Illinois (7.3 billion short tons), southeastern Illinois (4.4 short billion tons), and Indiana (6.3 billion 

short tons). As shown in figure 14, these mining areas are where 

Danville and Baker Coals reach their greatest thickness.

For the Springfield Coal, the mining areas having the largest 

remaining identified resources in coals >42 in. thick and at depths 

0—150 ft (table 8 and fig. 9) include western Illinois (1.2 billion 

short tons), west-central Illinois (1.1 billion short tons), and Indiana (1.8 billion short tons). For the Herrin Coal (table 9 and fig. 

10), areas having such resources are western Illinois (1.9 billion 

short tons) and southwestern Illinois (2.4 billion short tons), and 

for the Danville and Baker Coals (table 10 and fig. 11), such areas 

are in east-central Illinois (450 million short tons) and Indiana 

(500 million short tons).

References Cited—Remaining Resources

Cady, G.H., 1952, Mineable coal reserves of Illinois: Illinois State Geological Survey Bulletin 78, 138 p.

Damberger, H.H., 2000, Coal geology of Illinois, in 2000 Keystone Coal 

Industry Manual: Chicago, Ill., Primedia Intertec, p. 562–573.

Treworgy, C.G., and Bargh, M.H., 1982, Deep-minable coal resources of 

Illinois: Illinois State Geological Survey Circular 527, 62 p.

Treworgy, C.G., Prussen, E.I., Justice, M.A., Chenoweth, C.A., Bargh, 

M.H., Jacobson, R.J., and Damberger, H.H., 1997, Illinois coal 

resource assessment and database developmentFinal report: Illinois State Geological Survey Open File Series 1997–4, 105 p

Weisenfluh, G.A., Andrews, W.A., and Hiett, K.K., 1998, Availability of coal 

resources for the development of coalWestern Kentucky summary report: Kentucky Geological Survey Interim Report for U.S. 

Department of Interior Grant 14–08–001–A0896, 32 p.

Wood, G.H., Jr., Kehn, T.M., Carter, M.D., and Culbertson, W.C., 1983, Coal 

resource classification system of the U.S. Geological Survey: U.S. 

Geological Survey Circular 891, 65 p.
Resource Assessment D19

Saint Louis

Greater Chicago Area Davenport

Dubuque

Owensboro

Louisville

Terre Haute

Bloomington

Indianapolis

South Bend

MICHIGAN LAKE MICHIGAN

INDIANA

KENTUCKY

ILLINOIS

ILLINOIS

WISCONSIN

IOWA

MISSOURI

Gary

TENNESSEE

90 ̊00' W 88 ̊00' W 86 ̊00' W

41 ̊00' N39 ̊00' N37 ̊00' N

50 

50 

Figure 7. Map showing mining areas of the Illinois Basin and the extent of coal-bearing rocks in Illinois, Indiana, and western Kentucky. The six mining a(2000, fig. 1). This illustration was modified from regional shapefiles contained in the Illinois Basin ArcView project (Gunther and others, this publication).
D20 Resource Assessment of the Springfield, Herrin, Danville, and Baker Coals in the Illinois Basin

0

10,000

20,000

30,000

40,000

50,000

60,000

70,000

80,000

Springfield Coal Herrin Coal Danville-Baker Coals 

Million Short Tons

>14 to 28 

>28 to 42 

>42

Thickness, in inches

Figure 8. Histogram showing remaining, identified coal resources (million short tons) of the Springfield, Herrin, and Danville-Baker Coals in 

Illinois, Indiana, and western Kentucky, summarized by thickness. Identified resources include categories I–A, I–B, and II–A in Illinois and 

Indiana, and measured, indicated, and inferred in western Kentucky.

0

5,000

10,000

15,000

20,000

25,000

Northern

Illinois

Western

Illinois

West-central

Illinois

East-central

Illinois

Southwestern

Illinois

Southeastern

Illinois

Indiana Western

Kentucky

Mining Area 

Million Short Tons

0 to 150 

>150 

Thickness of

overburden, in feet

Figure 9. Histogram showing remaining, identified coal resources (>42 in. thick, million short tons) of the Springfield Coal in Illinois, Indiana, 

and western Kentucky, summarized by mining area and by overburden thickness (coal depth). Data are from table 8. Identified resources 

include categories I–A, I–B, and II–A in Illinois and Indiana, and measured, indicated, and inferred in western Kentucky.
Resource Assessment D21

50 

5

Saint Louis

Davenport

Dubuque

Owensboro

Louisville

Terre Haute

Bloomington

Indianapolis

South Bend

LAKE MICHIGAN MICHIGAN

INDIANA

KENTUCKY

ILLINOIS

ILLINOIS

WISCONSIN

IOWA

MISSOURI

TENNESSEE

Greater Chicago Area

Gary

Galatia Channel

Henderson Channel

90 ̊00' W 88 ̊00' W 86 ̊00' W

41 ̊00' N39 ̊00' N37 ̊00' N

Figure 10. Map showing thickness of the Springfield Coal in Illinois, Indiana, and western Kentucky. This illustration was modified from regional shape

ArcView project (Gunther and others, this publication).
D22 Resource Assessment of the Springfield, Herrin, Danville, and Baker Coals in the Illinois Basin

0

5,000

10,000

15,000

20,000

25,000

Northern

Illinois

Western

Illinois

West-central

Illinois

East-central

Illinois

Southwestern

Illinois

Southeastern

Illinois

Western

Kentucky

Mining Area 

Million Short Tons

0 - 150 

>150 

Thickness of

overburden, in feet

Figure 11. Histogram showing remaining, identified coal resources (>42 in. thick, million short tons) of the Herrin Coal in Illinois and western 

Kentucky, summarized by mining area and by overburden thickness (coal depth). Data are from table 9. Identified resources include categories I–A, I–B, and II–A in Illinois and Indiana, and measured, indicated, and inferred in western Kentucky.
Resource Assessment D23

50 

50 

Saint Louis

Davenport

Dubuque

Owensboro

Louisville

Terre Haute

Bloomington

Indianapolis

South Bend

LAKE MICHIGAN MICHIGAN

INDIANA

KENTUCKY

ILLINOIS

ILLINOIS

WISCONSIN

IOWA

MISSOURI

TENNESSEE

Greater Chicago Area

Gary

Walshville

Channel

90 ̊00' W 88 ̊00' W 86 ̊00' W

41 ̊00' N39 ̊00' N37 ̊00' N

Figure 12. Map showing thickness of the Herrin Coal in Illinois, Indiana, and western Kentucky. This illustration was modified from regional shapefiles con

project (Gunther and others, this publication).
D24 Resource Assessment of the Springfield, Herrin, Danville, and Baker Coals in the Illinois Basin

0 - 150 

>150 

Thickness of

overburden, in feet

0

1,000

2,000

3,000

4,000

Northern

Illinois

Western

Illinois

West-central

Illinois

East-central

Illinois

Southwestern

Illinois

Southeastern

Illinois

Western

Kentucky

Mining Area 

Million Short Tons

Figure 13. Histogram showing remaining, identified coal resources (>42 in. thick, million short tons) of the Danville Coal Member in Illinois 

and Indiana, and the Baker coal in western Kentucky, summarized by mining area and by overburden thickness (coal depth). Data are from 

table 10. Identified resources include categories I–A, I–B, and II–A in Illinois and Indiana, and measured, indicated, and inferred in western 

Kentucky.
Resource Assessment D25

50 

5

Saint Louis

Davenport

Dubuque

Owensboro

Louisville

Terre Haute

Bloomington

Indianapolis

South Bend

LAKE MICHIGAN MICHIGAN

INDIANA

KENTUCKY

ILLINOIS

ILLINOIS

WISCONSIN

IOWA

MISSOURI

TENNESSEE

Greater Chicago Area

Gary

90 ̊00' W 88 ̊00' W 86 ̊00' W

41 ̊00' N39 ̊00' N37 ̊00' N

Figure 14. Map showing thickness of the Danville Coal Member in Illinois and Indiana, and the Baker coal in western Kentucky. This illustration was motained in the Illinois Basin ArcView project (Gunther and others, this publication).
D26 Resource Assessment of the Springfield, Herrin, Danville, and Baker Coals in the Illinois Basin

Remaining, identified resources (million short tons) 

Coal thickness (inches)

Mining 

area 

Coal 

depth 

(feet) >14-28 >28-42 >42 All 

Northern 0 – 150 0 0 37 37 

Illinois > 150 0 2,200 2,500 4,700

Subtotal 0 2,200 2,500 4,700

Western 0 – 150 380 450 1,200 2,000

Illinois > 150 0 68 480 550 

Subtotal 380 520 1,700 2,600

West-central 0 – 150 0 0 1,100 1,100

Illinois > 150 0 2,400 15,600 18,000 

Subtotal 0 2,400 16,700 19,100 

East-central 0 – 150 17 9 13 39 

Illinois > 150 0 1,700 3,700 5,400

Subtotal 17 1,700 3,700 5,500

Southwestern 0 – 150 12 98 250 370 

Illinois > 150 0 89 300 380 

Subtotal 12 190 550 740 

Southeastern 0 – 150 0 4 370 370 

Illinois > 150 0 5,400 23,200 28,600 

Subtotal 0 5,400 23,600 29,000 

Illinois 0 – 150 410 560 3,000 4,000

> 150 0 11,900 45,800 57,700 

Subtotal 410 12,400 48,800 61,700 

Indiana 0 – 150 25 280 1,800 2,100

> 150 150 1,500 8,400 10,100 

Subtotal 180 1,700 10,200 12,100 

Western 0 – 150 1 17 960 990 

Kentucky > 150 9 180 5,800 6,000

Subtotal 10 200 6,800 7,000

Illinois 0 – 150 430 860 5,700 7,000

Basin > 150 160 13,500 60,000 73,700 

Total 590 14,400 65,700 80,700 

Table 8. Summary of estimated remaining, identified resources of the Springfield Coal in Illinois, 

Indiana, and western Kentucky. 

[Data are from appendix 1. Identified resources include geologic reliability categories I–A, I–B, and II–A for Illinois 

and Indiana, and measured, indicated, and inferred for Kentucky. Resources are listed by mining area and are categorized by overburden thickness (coal depth) and coal thickness. Resource numbers are rounded to two significant 

figures, or to the nearest one hundred million short tons for resources greater than ten billion short tons. Columns may 

not sum exactly due to rounding.]
Resource Assessment D27

Remaining, identified resources (million short tons) 

Coal thickness (inches)

Mining 

area

Coal 

depth 

(feet) >14-28 >28-42 >42 All 

Northern 0 – 150 77 140 170 390 

Illinois > 150 0 330 62 390 

Subtotal 77 470 230 780 

Western 0 – 150 15 470 2,000 2,500

Illinois > 150 0 130 320 450 

Subtotal 15 600 2,300 2,900

West-central 0 – 150 98 600 300 990 

Illinois > 150 0 2,800 23,400 26,100 

Subtotal 98 3,400 23,700 27,100 

East-central 0 – 150 81 56 470 610 

Illinois > 150 0 2,200 5,200 7,400

Subtotal 81 2,300 5,700 8,000

Southwestern 0 – 150 2 17 2,400 2,400

Illinois > 150 0 150 11,200 11,300 

Subtotal 2 170 13,600 13,800 

Southeastern 0 – 150 3 47 580 630 

Illinois > 150 0 4,900 20,800 25,700 

Subtotal 3 4,900 21,400 26,300 

Illinois 0 – 150 280 1,300 5,900 7,600

> 150 0 10,500 60,900 71,400 

Subtotal 280 11,800 66,800 78,900 

Western 0 – 150 47 74 430 550 

Kentucky > 150 140 460 1,500 2,100

Subtotal 180 530 1,900 2,600

Illinois 0 – 150 320 1,400 6,300 8,100

Basin > 150 140 11,000 62,400 73,500 

Total 460 12,400 68,700 81,600 

Table 9. Summary of estimated remaining, identified resources of the Herrin Coal in Illinois and western 

Kentucky. 

[Data are from appendix 2. Identified resources include geologic reliability categories I–A, I–B, and II–A for Illinois 

and measured, indicated, and inferred for western Kentucky. Resources are listed by mining area and are categorized 

by overburden thickness (coal depth) and coal thickness. Resource numbers are rounded to two significant figures, or 

to the nearest one hundred million short tons for resources greater than ten billion short tons. Columns may not sum 

exactly due to rounding.]
D28 Resource Assessment of the Springfield, Herrin, Danville, and Baker Coals in the Illinois Basin

Remaining, identified resources (million short tons) 

Coal thickness (inches)

Mining 

area

Coal 

depth 

(feet) >14-28 >28-42 >42 All 

Northern 0 – 150 290 340 190 810 

Illinois > 150 570 950 1,300 2,800

Subtotal 850 1,300 1,500 3,600

Western 0 – 150 430 200 0 630 

Illinois > 150 0 150 37 190 

Subtotal 430 350 37 820 

West-central 0 – 150 0 0 0 0 

Illinois > 150 18 1,300 450 1,800

Subtotal 18 1,300 450 1,800

East-central 0 – 150 57 350 450 850 

Illinois > 150 0 2,500 3,900 6,400

Subtotal 57 2,800 4,400 7,300

Southeastern 0 – 150 120 4 0 120 

Illinois > 150 0 2,700 1,500 4,200

Subtotal 120 2,700 1,500 4,300

Illinois 0 – 150 900 880 630 2,400

> 150 590 7,600 7,300 15,500 

Subtotal 1,500 8,500 8,000 17,900 

Indiana 0 – 150 210 840 500 1,600

> 150 1,200 2,900 670 4,700

Subtotal 1,400 3,700 1,200 6,300

Western 0 – 150 310 360 260 930 

Kentucky > 150 580 500 1,300 2,400

Subtotal 890 870 1,600 3,400

Illinois 0 – 150 1,400 2,100 1,400 4,900

Basin > 150 2,300 11,000 9,200 22,500 

Total 3,700 13,100 10,600 27,400 

Table 10. Summary of estimated remaining, identified resources of the Danville Coal in Illinois and 

Indiana, and the Baker coal in western Kentucky. 

[Data are from appendix 3. Identified resources include geologic reliability categories I–A, I–B, and II–A for Illinois 

and Indiana, and measured, indicated, and inferred for Kentucky. Resources are listed by mining area and are categorized by overburden thickness (coal depth) and coal thickness. Resource numbers are rounded to two significant 

figures, or to the nearest one hundred million short tons for resources greater than ten billion short tons. Columns 

may not sum exactly due to rounding.]
Resource Assessment D29

Confidence Limits for Resource Estimates of 

Illinois Basin Coals

By J.H. Schuenemeyer,1 H.C. Power,2 and J.R. Hatch1

Methodology

As part of the current USGS coal resource assessment, a 

geostatistical procedure has been developed (Schuenemeyer and 

Power, 2000) to estimate the uncertainty of coal resource calculations for the geological reliability categories used in the Illinois 

Basin The procedure of Schuenemeyer and Power (2000) 

involves trend removal, an examination of spatial correlation, 

computation of a sample variogram, and fitting a semi-variogram 

model. In the Illinois Basin, the data consist of spatially clustered 

coal-thickness measurements from coal beds that cover areas 

from 853 to 14,050 mi2. The number of drill holes is generally 

proportional to areal extent. This model provides standard deviations for the uncertainty estimates. The minimum number of 

sample points for each reliability category was estimated (called 

a pseudo n) by dividing the area measured by the area determined 

by the maximum distance for a category (as examples, 0.5 mi for 

I–A, 0.25 mi for indicated). Measurement errors in coal bed 

thickness were then obtained from the fitted model. From this 

information, approximate estimates of uncertainty (confidence 

interval) for each reliability category were computed. A complete explanation of this procedure (with examples) is in Schuenemeyer and Powers (2000). 

Results

Based on the above outlined procedure, volumes of the 

Springfield, Herrin, Danville, and Baker Coals were calculated at 

a 90-percent confidence interval on the volume (total resource in 

million short tons) of coal with measurement error for each geological reliability category used in the Illinois Basin. For Illinois 

and Indiana, resources are reported by categories of I–A (0–0.5 

mi from a data point), I–B (>0.5–2 mi), and II–A (>2–4 mi). 

Resources in western Kentucky are reported by categories of 

measured (0–0.25 mi from a data point), indicated (0.25–0.75 

mi), inferred (0.75–3.0 mi), and hypothetical (>3.0 mi). 

Although the state resource estimates listed in appendixes 1–3 

and summarized in tables 8–10 were computed by using both the 

available public and proprietary data, only the publicly available 

data from each state were used to make the uncertainty calculations. The number of publicly available data points ranged from 

16,325 for the Herrin Coal Member in Illinois to 653 for the Herrin coal in western Kentucky. If both the public and proprietary 

data points were to be used for the calculations, the estimates of 

uncertainty would most likely be less.

Summaries of the calculations of confidence intervals for 

geological reliability categories for the Springfield, Herrin, and 

Danville Coal Members in Illinois are shown in tables 11—13; for 

the Springfield and Danville Coal Members in Indiana, tables 14 

and 15; and for the Springfield, Herrin, and Baker coals in western Kentucky, tables 16—18. Because of the generally low variability in coal thickness for the Springfield, Herrin, Danville, and 

Baker Coals in the Illinois Basin, estimates of uncertainty are also 

low. Ranges of the estimated percent errors for the various reliability categories from tables 11—18 are shown in figure 15.

Discussion

For the Springfield, Herrin, and Danville Coal Members in 

Illinois and the Springfield and Danville Coal Members in Indiana, estimated percent error for reliability category I–A ranges 

from <1 to 2 percent; for reliability category I–B it ranges from 

2 to 6 percent (fig. 15). For category II–A in Illinois, estimated percent error ranges from 4 to 9 percent, whereas for 

category II–A in Indiana, percent error is much higher, 37 percent for the Springfield and 40 percent for the Danville. For 

the Springfield, Herrin, and Baker coals in western Kentucky, 

estimated percent error for the measured resources ranges from 

<1 to 2 percent; for indicated resources, 2 to 5 percent; for 

inferred resources, 5 to 16 percent; and for hypothetical 

resources, 34 to 77 percent. For the combined categories I–A, 

I–B, and II–A for Illinois and Indiana, estimated percent error 

ranges from 3 to 6 percent. For the combined measured, indicated, inferred, and hypothetical resources in western Kentucky, estimated percent error ranges from 5 to 15 percent.

As shown in figure 15, the uncertainty (<1 to 2 percent) for 

category I–A resources as used in Illinois and Indiana is comparable to the uncertainty (<1 to 2 percent) for measured resources 

as used in western Kentucky. Similarly, the uncertainty (2 to 6 

percent) for I–B resources in Illinois and Indiana is comparable to 

the uncertainty (2 to 5 percent) for indicated resources in western 

Kentucky, and the uncertainty (4 to 9 percent) for II–A resources 

in Illinois is similar to, although not as high as, the uncertainty (5 

to 16 percent) for inferred resources in western Kentucky. In contrast, the uncertainty (37 to 40 percent) for II–A resources in Indiana is similar to the range of uncertainty (34 to 77 percent) for 

hypothetical resources in western Kentucky.

These studies show that in addition to “distance from a data 

point,” other geologic characteristics (for example, variability in 

coal thickness) of the coal have to be understood if resource reliability categories for a coal are to be comparable to those 

assigned to other coals in the basin or in other basins.

Reference Cited—Confidence Limits

Schuenemeyer, J.H., and Power, H.C., 2000, Uncertainty estimation for 

resource assessmentAn application to coal: Mathematical Geology, v. 32, p. 521–541.

_______________________ 1

U.S. Geological Survey, Mail Stop 939, Box 25046, Denver, CO 80225

2

University of South Carolina, Department of Geography, Columbia, SC 29208
D30 Resource Assessment of the Springfield, Herrin, Danville, and Baker Coals in the Illinois Basin

Parameter Reliability Category 

I-A I-B II-A Entire area

Area (acres) 705,000 2,501,000 5,255,000 8,462,000 

Percent of area 8 30 62 100 

Pseudo n* = minimum number of points in area 1403 311 163 NA 

Half interval width (90% confidence interval) 48 419 1,337 1,805 

Percent error (half interval width / volume) x 100 <1 2 4 3 

Lower 90% confidence bound (million short tons) 5,960 19,100 34,500 59,600 

Volume (million short tons) 6,000 19,600 35,800 61,400 

Upper 90% confidence bound (million short tons) 6,050 20,000 37,200 63,200 

Table 11. Estimates of uncertainty (calculated with measurement error) of coal resource estimates for the 

Springfield Coal Member in Illinois. 

[To show detail, resources are reported in million short tons to three significant figures. Resources will not sum due to 

independent rounding. I–A resources are within 0.5 mi of a data point; I–B resources, >0.5–2 mi; and II–A resources, >2–

4 mi. Number of publicly available data points = 10,630. NA, not applicable.]

Parameter Reliability Category 

I-A I-B II-A Entire area

Area (acres) 254,000 1,247,000 1,520,000 3,021,000 

Percent of area 8 41 50 100 

Pseudo n* = minimum number of points in area 505 155 47 NA 

Half interval width (90% confidence interval) 37 332 732 1,100 

Percent error (half interval width / volume) x 100 2 4 9 6 

Lower 90% confidence bound (million short tons) 1,810 7,180 7,720 16,700 

Volume (million short tons) 1,850 7,510 8,450 17,800 

Upper 90% confidence bound (million short tons) 1,890 7,840 9,180 18,900 

Table 13. Estimates of uncertainty (calculated with measurement error) of coal resource estimates for the 

Danville Coal Member in Illinois.

[To show detail, resources are reported in million short tons to three significant figures. Resources will not sum due to 

independent rounding. I–A resources are within 0.5 mi of a data point; I–B resources, >0.5–2 mi; and II–A resources, >2–

4 mi. Number of publicly available data points = 6,465. NA, not applicable.]

Parameter Reliability Category 

I-A I-B II-A Entire area

Area (acres) 1,749,000 3,637,000 3,604,000 8,989,000 

Percent of area 19 41 40 100 

Pseudo n* = minimum number of points in area 3,479 452 112 NA 

Half interval width (90% confidence interval) 100 610 1,290 2,000 

Percent error (half interval width / volume) x 100 <1 2 5 3 

Lower 90% confidence bound (million short tons) 19,100 33,800 24,100 76,900 

Volume (million short tons) 19,200 34,400 25,400 78,900 

Upper 90% confidence bound (million short tons) 19,300 35,000 26,700 80,900 

Table 12. Estimates of uncertainty (calculated with measurement error) of coal resource estimates for the 

Herrin Coal Member in Illinois.

[To show detail, resources are reported in million short tons to three significant figures. Resources will not sum due to 

independent rounding. I–A resources are within 0.5 mi of a data point; I–B resources, >0.5–2 mi; and II–A resources, >2–4 

mi. Number of publicly available data points = 16,325. NA, not applicable.]
Resource Assessment D31

Parameter Reliability Category 

I-A I-B II-A Entire area

Area (acres) 1,031,000 705,000 68,600 1,805,000 

Percent of area 57 39 4 100 

Pseudo n* = minimum number of points in area 2051 88 2 NA 

Half interval width (90% confidence interval) 74 280 177 531 

Percent error (half interval width / volume) x 100 1 6 37 5 

Lower 90% confidence bound (million short tons) 6,610 4,460 296 11,400 

Volume (million short tons) 6,680 4,740 473 11,900 

Upper 90% confidence bound (million short tons) 6,750 5,020 649 12,400 

Table 14. Estimates of uncertainty (calculated with measurement error) of coal resource estimates for the 

Springfield Coal Member in Indiana. 

[To show detail, resources are reported in million short tons to three significant figures. Resources will not sum due to 

independent rounding. I–A resources are within 0.5 mi of a data point; I–B resources, >0.5–2 mi; and II–A resources, >2–4 

mi. Number of publicly available data points = 4,842. NA, not applicable.]

Parameter Reliability Category 

I-A I-B II-A Entire area

Area (acres) 707,000 571,000 55,900 1,334,000 

Percent of area 53 43 4 100 

Pseudo n* = minimum number of points in area 1407 71 2 NA 

Half interval width (90% confidence interval) 35 142 96 273 

Percent error (half interval width / volume) x 100 1 5 40 4 

Lower 90% confidence bound (million short tons) 3,280 2,550 145 5,980 

Volume (million short tons) 3,320 2,690 241 6,250 

Upper 90% confidence bound (million short tons) 3,350 2,830 337 6,520 

Table 15. Estimates of uncertainty (calculated with measurement error) of coal resource estimates for the 

Danville Coal Member in Indiana.

[To show detail, resources are reported in million short tons to three significant figures. Resources will not sum due to 

independent rounding. I–A resources are within 0.5 mi of a data point; I–B resources, >0.5–2 mi; and II–A resources, >2–4 

mi. Number of publicly available data points = 3,088. NA, not applicable.]

Parameter Reliability Category 

Measured Indicated Inferred 

Hypothetical Entire area

Area (acres) 198,000 379,000 566,000 73,800 1,218,000 

Percent of area 16 31 47 6 100 

Pseudo n* = minimum number of points in area 1576 335 31 1 NA 

Half interval width (90% confidence interval) 8 33 181 176 399 

Percent error (half interval width / volume) x 100 <1 2 5 34 5 

Lower 90% confidence bound (million short tons) 1,050 2,200 3,520 347 7,110 

Volume (million short tons) 1,060 2,230 3,700 524 7,510 

Upper 90% confidence bound (million short tons) 1,070 2,270 3,880 700 7,910 

Table 16. Estimates of uncertainty (calculated with measurement error) of coal resource estimates for the Springfield coal 

in western Kentucky.

[To show detail, resources are reported in million short tons to three significant figures. Resources will not sum due to independent rounding. Measured resources are within 0.25 mi of a data point; indicated resources, >0.25–0.75 mi; inferred resources, >0.75–3 mi; and hypothetical resources, >3 mi. Number of publicly available data points = 984. NA = not applicable.]
D32 Resource Assessment of the Springfield, Herrin, Danville, and Baker Coals in the Illinois Basin

Parameter Reliability Category 

Measured Indicated Inferred 

Hypothetical Entire area

Area (acres) 104,000 167,000 231,000 43,900 546,000 

Percent of area 19 31 42 8 100 

Pseudo n* = minimum number of points in area 829 148 13 1 NA 

Half interval width (90% confidence interval) 8 37 193 132 371 

Percent error (half interval width / volume) x 100 2 4 15 45 13 

Lower 90% confidence bound (million short tons) 463 799 1,110 160 2,540 

Volume (million short tons) 471 836 1,310 293 2,910 

Upper 90% confidence bound (million short tons) 480 873 1,500 425 3,280 

Table 17. Estimates of uncertainty (calculated with measurement error) of coal resource estimates for the Herrin coal in 

western Kentucky.

[To show detail, resources are reported in million short tons to three significant figures. Resources will not sum due to independent rounding. 

Measured resources are within 0.25 mi of a data point; indicated resources, >0.25–0.75 mi; inferred resources, >0.75–3 mi; and hypothetical 

resources, >3 mi. Number of publicly available data points = 650. NA, not applicable.]

Parameter Reliability Category 

Measured Indicated Inferred 

Hypothetical Entire area

Area (acres) 120,000 212,000 334,000 66,100 733,000 

Percent of area 16 29 46 9 100 

Pseudo n* = minimum number of points in area 956 188 18 1 NA 

Half interval width (90% confidence interval) 10 49.0 256 218 533 

Percent error (half interval width / volume) x 100 2 5 16 77 15 

Lower 90% confidence bound (million short tons) 621 1,060 1,360 64 3,100 

Volume (million short tons) 631 1,110 1,610 282 3,640 

Upper 90% confidence bound (million short tons) 642 1,160 1,870 500 4,170 

Table 18. Estimates of uncertainty (calculated with measurement error) of coal resource estimates for the Baker coal in 

western Kentucky.

[To show detail, resources are reported in million short tons to three significant figures. Resources will not sum due to independent rounding. Measured resources are within 0.25 mi of a data point; indicated resources, >0.25–0.75 mi; inferred resources, >0.75–3 mi; and hypothetical resources, >3 mi. Number of publicly available data points = 2,343. NA, not applicable.]
Resource Assessment D33

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

Percent Uncertainty

combined

hypothetical

Western Kentucky

indicated

measured

combined

Indiana

II-A

I-A

combined

Illinois

II-A

I-A

Reliability Category

inferred

I-B

I-B

Figure 15. Graph showing range in percent uncertainty (at the 90 percent confidence level) for coal resource reliability categories from Illinois 

(range for three coals), Indiana (range for two coals), and western Kentucky (range for three coals). I–A resources are within 0.5 mi of a data 

point; I–B resources, >0.5–2 mi; and II–A resources, >2–4 mi. Measured resources are within 0.25 mi of a data point; indicated resources, >0.25–

0.75 mi; inferred resources, >0.75–3 mi; and hypothetical resources, >3 mi.
D34 Resource Assessment of the Springfield, Herrin, Danville, and Baker Coals in the Illinois Basin

Availability and Recoverability of Illinois 

Basin Coals

By L.M. Osmonson,1 C.G. Treworgy,2 C.L. Connolly,3

W.A. Andrews,4 G.A. Weisenfluh,4 M.D. Carter,1 and J. R. Hatch1

Introduction

Coal Availability, a cooperative program between the USGS 

and various State geological surveys, has been assessing coal 

resources within various coal regions to determine how much is 

potentially available for mining (Carter and Gardner, 1989; Eggleston and others, 1990; Carter and others, 1995). The coal 

resource available for mining is significantly less than estimates 

of coal in the ground because resources are unavailable due to 

land-use and technological restrictions. The Coal Recoverability 

Program of the USGS and the former U.S. Bureau of Mines 

addresses the technological, economic, and environmental 

restrictions that may affect the extractability of coal. Coal recoverability considerations modify the available coal resource estimates to reflect the current state of mining technology, present 

and near-future market conditions, and the impact of 1990 

Amendment to the Clean Air Act (Plis and others, 1993; Rohrbacher and others, 1993; Suffredini and others, 1994; Staff, U.S. 

Bureau of Mines, Intermountain Field Operations Center, 1995).

Coal Availability

Availability of coal resources for an area is determined by 

calculating the original, in-place resource and then subtracting (a) 

the coal resources that have already been mined, (b) coal 

resources that are restricted by land-use considerations, and (c) 

coal resources that are restricted by technological considerations. 

Land-use restrictions apply to areas through which, or under 

which, mining is prohibited, either by law, or because of potential 

legal liabilities. Such restrictions to coal mining include

(1) Cities, towns, rural dwellings and buildings, cemeteries

(2) Rivers, lakes, reservoirs, major streams

(3) Major highways and rail lines, airports

(4) Power lines, pipelines, oil and gas wells

(5) National or State forests, parks, protected wildlife areas, 

recreation sites

An example of how land-use restrictions can limit coal mining on a quadrangle scale is shown in figure 16 for the Seelyville 

7.5-minute quadrangle, Indiana (modified from Connolly and 

Krueger, 1997a).

Technological restrictions are mainly due to a geologic setting of the coal that affects the ability to physically extract the 

coal. Some of the restrictions affect only surface mining operations, some affect only underground mining operations, and some 

apply to both. Technological restrictions to coal mining include

(1) Coal depth and thickness (too deep or too thin)

(2) Mine barriers (needed between separate mines)

(3) Adjacent coal beds (overlie or underlie too closely)

(4) Structural problems (faulting or areas of weak rock)

(5) Overburden (unstable or too thin)

(6) Oil and gas wells (nonmineable buffers required around 

active wells)

A diagram illustrating some of the technological restrictions 

to coal mining is shown in figure 17 (modified from Axon, 1996).

In the Illinois Basin, coal availability studies have been completed for forty-one 7.5-minute quadrangles (nineteen in Illinois, 

ten in Indiana, and twelve in western Kentucky; fig. 18). Coal 

recoverability studies have been completed for 16 of the 41 quadrangles (eight in Illinois, three in Indiana, and five in western 

Kentucky). The quadrangles studied were selected on the basis of 

likely differences in both land use and technological restrictions 

and the availability of data, which permitted a variety of coal 

resource scenarios to be analyzed. For example, each quadrangle 

has its own unique combination of in-place coal resource size, 

current and (or) previous mining activity, geologic structure, cultural development, and land-management regulations. These 41 

quadrangles also represent an average sampling of the potential 

coal resource development within each state, as well as throughout the Illinois Basin.

Results

Illinois

Coal availability studies for 19 representative 7.5-minute 

quadrangles in Illinois have been completed (Treworgy, Chenoweth, and Bargh, 1995; Jacobson and others, 1996; Treworgy, 

Chenoweth, and Jacobson, 1996; Treworgy, Chenoweth, and Justice, 1996; Treworgy and others, 1994, 1995, 1997, and 1998). 

Results of these studies are summarized in figures 19 and 20. 

Figure 19 shows that the original coal resources for all coals studied in the 19 quadrangles was about 10 billion short tons and that 

the remaining available coal is about 4.6 billion short tons (46 

percent of the original coal resource). Figure 20 illustrates the 

amount of original resource, how much of the resource has been 

mined-out, or is not available because of land-use and technological restrictions, and the amounts of available coal for the Danville, Davis, Herrin, Seelyville, and Springfield Coal Members, 

the coals that have the largest estimated original resources in 

these 19 quadrangles. Figure 20 shows that

(1) Mining has been mainly from the Springfield and Herrin; 

production from the other three coals has been minimal.

(2) For all five coals, technological restrictions are the primary factors affecting the amounts of available coal.

(3) Technological and land-use restrictions leave little of the 

Danville available for future mining.

Indiana

Coal availability studies for 10 representative 7.5-minute 

quadrangles in Indiana have been completed (Cetin and others, 

_______________________ 1

U.S. Geological Survey, Mail Stop 939, Box 25046, Denver, CO 80225–0046

2

Indiana Geological Survey, Indiana University, 611 N. Walnut Grove, 

Bloomington, IN 47405–2208

3

Illinois State Geological Survey, Natural Resources Building, 615 E. Peabody Drive,Champaign, IL 61820 4

Kentucky Geological Survey, 228 Mining and Minerals Bldg.,University of 

Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506–0107
Resource Assessment D35

1994, 1995; Conolly and Cetin, 1995, 1996; Cetin and Conolly, 

1996a,b; Conolly and others, 1996; and Conolly and Krueger, 

1997a,b, 1998). Results of these studies are summarized in figures 21 and 22. Figure 21 shows that the original coal resource 

for all coals studied in the 10 quadrangles was about 5.8 billion 

short tons and that the remaining available coal is about 3.3 billion short tons (57 percent of the original coal resource). Figure 

22 illustrates the amount of original resource, how much of the 

resource has been mined out or is not available because of landuse and technological restrictions, and the amounts of available 

coal for the Danville, Hymera, Seelyville, Springfield, and Survant Coal Members, the coals that have the largest estimated 

original resources in these 10 quadrangles. Figure 22 shows that

(1) Mining has been primarily from the Springfield and 

Hymera, with lesser production from the Danville, 

Seelyville, and Survant Coal Members.

(2) For the Springfield, previous mining is the primary factor affecting coal availability; for the other four coals, 

technological restrictions are the primary factors.

Western Kentucky

Coal availability studies for 12 representative 7.5-minute 

quadrangles have been completed in western Kentucky (Weisenfluh and others, 1998). Results of this study are summarized in 

figures 23 and 24. Figure 23 shows that the original coal resource 

for all coals studied was about 5.1 billion short tons and that the 

remaining available coal is about 2.7 billion short tons (53 percent of the original coal resource). Figure 24 illustrates the 

amounts of original resource, how much of the resource has been 

mined-out, or is not available because of land-use and technological restrictions, and the amounts of available coal for the Baker, 

Davis, Herrin, Paradise, and Springfield coals, the coals that have 

the largest estimated original resources in these 12 quadrangles. 

Figure 24 shows that

(1) Mining has been primarily from the Springfield coal, 

with lesser production from the Baker, Herrin and Paradise coals, and minimal production from the Davis coal.

(2) For the Springfield coal, mined-out coal is the largest 

factor affecting coal availability, but for the other four 

coals, technological restrictions are the primary factors.

Coal Recoverability

Recoverability of coal resources for an area is determined by 

subtracting from the available coal resource the resources that 

cannot be removed during mining because of mine barriers, areas 

having an unstable mine roof or floor, areas where the mining 

slope would be too steep, and the resources that are lost during 

the cleaning process. The definition of available coal resources in 

calculating coal recoverability is a bit different than the definition 

as discussed in the above paragraphs. For coal recoverability, 

available coal includes partings within the coal because the partings cannot be removed during the mining process. The economically recoverable coal is the recoverable coal resource minus the 

recoverable resource that cannot be mined at a profit. The economics of coal mining vary and depend upon the mine location, 

characteristics of the coal, mined coal quality, mining method, 

shipping costs, and taxes.

In the Illinois Basin, coal recoverability studies have been 

completed for sixteen of the forty-one 7.5-minute quadrangles 

where coal availability studies have been completed. Eight of 

these are in Illinois, three are in Indiana, and five are in western 

Kentucky; quadrangle locations are shown in figure 18. These 

coal recoverability studies demonstrate that only a small percentage (from less than 1 percent to about 13 percent) of the original 

coal resource is economically mineable in today’s coal market.

Results

Illinois

Coal recoverability studies for eight quadrangles in Illinois 

have been completed (Sullivan, 1995; DST and Associates 

unpublished contract studies, 1998a–c, 1999a–d). Results of 

these studies (illustrated in fig. 25) show that of the 7.1 billion 

short tons of original coal resource in place, only about 900 million short tons of coal can potentially be mined at a profit. This 

900 million short tons is about 13 percent of the original coal 

resource.

Indiana

Coal recoverability studies for three quadrangles in Indiana 

have been completed (DST and Associates, 1998d,e, and 1999e). 

Results of these studies (illustrated in fig. 26) show that of the 2.4 

billion short tons of original coal resource in place, only about 

170 million short tons of coal can potentially be mined at a profit. 

This 170 million short tons is about 7 percent of the original coal 

resource.

Western Kentucky

Coal recoverability studies for five quadrangles in western 

Kentucky have been completed (Scott, 1997). Results of these 

studies (illustrated in figure 27) show that of the 2.8 billion short 

tons of original coal resource in place, only about 7 million short 

tons of coal can potentially be mined at a profit. This 7 million 

short tons is less than 1 percent of the original coal resource.

Summary

In summary, coal availability and coal recoverability studies 

in the Illinois Basin show that only a part of the original coal 

resources within the 7.5-minute quadrangles studied is available 

for development (46 percent of the resources for 19 quadrangles 

in Illinois, 57 percent for 10 quadrangles in Indiana, and 53 percent for 12 quadrangles in western Kentucky). Even less of the 

original resource is actually recoverable, and only a small percentage of the original coal resource is economically recoverable 

(13 percent of the resource for eight Illinois quadrangles, 7 percent for three Indiana quadrangles, and less than 1 percent for five 

quadrangles in western Kentucky).
D36 Resource Assessment of the Springfield, Herrin, Danville, and Baker Coals in the Illinois Basin

House

Town

Church

Cemetery

Airport

Primary road

Railroad

Pipeline

Powerline

Stream

Terre Haute

Hulman

Regional

Airport

Seelyville

Riley

0 2 KILOMETERS

0 1

1

2 MILES

SCALE

EXPLANATION

39 ̊30' 39 ̊30'

39 ̊ 22' 30"

-87 ̊ 22' 30"

-87 ̊ 22' 30"

-87 ̊ 15'

-87 ̊ 15'

39 ̊ 22' 30"

Figure 16. Map showing land use that can limit coal mining in the Seelyville 7.5-minute quadrangle, Indiana (modified from Conolly and Krueger, 

1997a).
Resource Assessment D37

Coal available for underground mining

Coal restricted from underground mining

Coal mined out (underground mine)

Rock other than coal

Coal mine

 

 

 

 

Restricted from mining

within 75 ft (horizontal)

of an oil or gas well

Restricted from mining

within 100 ft (horizontal)

of a pre-existing mine

Minimum overburden

thickness 100 ft

Available for

mining

Available for

mining

Available for

mining

75 ft 100 ft 75 ft

100 ft

Coal beds separated by

interburden < 40 ft

40 ft

EXPLANATION

Coal beds separated by

interburden > 40 ft

Restricted from mining

interburden too thin

(< 40 ft)

Restricted from mining within

40 ft (vertical) of a pre-existing mine

Minimum mineable

thickness 28 in.

Restricted from mining because

coal too thin (< 28 in.)

Figure 17. Diagram illustrating some of the technological restrictions on mining (modified from Axon, 1996).
D38 Resource Assessment of the Springfield, Herrin, Danville, and Baker Coals in the Illinois Basin

Figure 18. Map of the Illinois Basin showing county boundaries and locations of the 7.5-minute quadrangles studied for coal availability and coal 

100 0 

SCALE

Coal avaiCoal avairecoverabMiddle aPennsylvLower Pe

EXPLANA

R E

I

92 ̊00' W 88 ̊00' W 86 ̊00' W 90 ̊00' W

41 ̊00' N39 ̊00' N37 ̊00' N

KEWANEE NORTH

PRINCEVILLE

PEORIA WEST

MIDDLETON

ROODHOUSE EAST

ATWATER

NOKOMIS

CENTER POINT SEELYVILLE

SNYDER

WEST UNION

DUGGER

NEWTON

AUGUSTA

TALLULA

ILLINOIS

COLLINSVILLE

MASCOUTAH

PINCKNEYVILLE

GALATIA

SPRINGERTON

ALBION SOUTH

SWITZ CITY

WHEATLAND

ALFORDSVILLE GLENDALE

OAKLAND CITY

PRINCETON

MOUNT CARMEL

MILLPORT

SACRAMENTO

SUTHERLAND

PROVIDENCE

BLACKFORD

STURGIS

NEBO

PANTHER

ROBARDS

BORDLEY

CURDSVILLE

SANTA CLAUS

HENDERSON

INDIANA

WISCONSIN

MISSOURI

MICHIGAN IOWA

KENTUCKY

I
Resource Assessment D39

3.9 billion

short tons

800 million

short tons

700 million

short tons

4.6 billion

short tons

Mined-out resource

Land-use restrictions

Technological restrictions

Available resource

EXPLANATION

0

500

1,000

1,500

2,000

2,500

3,000

3,500

Danville

Coal 

Davis

Coal

Herrin

Coal 

Seelyville

Coal

Springfield

Coal

Million Short Tons

Technological restrictions Land-use restrictions Mined-out resource Available resource

EXPLANATION

Figure 20. Chart comparing effects of restrictions on available coal resources for the Danville, Davis, Herrin, Seelyville, and Springfield 

Coal Members in 19 representative 7.5-minute quadrangles in Illinois.

Figure 19. Chart showing results from coal availability studies for 19 

representative 7.5-minute quadrangles in Illinois.
D40 Resource Assessment of the Springfield, Herrin, Danville, and Baker Coals in the Illinois Basin

3.3 billion

short tons

700 million

short tons

300 million

short tons

1.5 billion

short tons

Mined-out resource

Land-use restrictions

Technological restrictions

Available resource

EXPLANATION

0

200

400

600

800

1,000

1,200

Million Short Tons

Danville

Coal 

Hymera

Coal

Seelyville

Coal

Springfield

Coal

Survant

Coal

Technological restrictions Land-use restrictions Mined-out resource Available resource

EXPLANATION

Figure 21. Chart showing results from coal availability studies 

for 10 representative 7.5-minute quadrangles in Indiana.

Figure 22. Chart comparing effects of restrictions on available coal resources for the Danville, Hymera, Seelyville, Springfield, and Survant Coal Members in 10 representative 7.5-minute quadrangles in Indiana.
Resource Assessment D41

2.7 billion

short tons

1.0 billion

short tons

100 million

short tons

1.3 billion

short tons

Mined-out resource

Land-use restrictions

Technological restrictions

Available resource

EXPLANATION

0

500

1,000

1,500

2,000

2,500

Baker

coal

Davis

coal 

Herrin

coal 

Paradise

coal

Springfield

coal

Million Short Tons

Technological restrictions Land-use restrictions Mined-out resource Available resource

EXPLANATION

Figure 23. Chart showing results from coal availability studies for 

12 representative 7.5-minute quadrangles in western Kentucky.

Figure 24. Chart comparing effects of restrictions on available coal resources for the Baker, Davis, Herrin, Paradise, and Springfield coals 

in 12 representative 7.5-minute quadrangles in western Kentucky.
D42 Resource Assessment of the Springfield, Herrin, Danville, and Baker Coals in the Illinois Basin

COAL

RESOURCE EXCLUSIONS

Original

Remaining

Available

Recoverable

Economic

None

Mined-Out

Land/Technical

 Restrictions

Future Mining/

 Process Losses

Uneconomic

MILLION SHORT TONS

7,060

6,370

4,030

2,590

900

690

1,440

1,690

2,340

Figure 25. Chart showing results from coal availability and coal recoverability studies for eight 7.5-minute quadrangles in Illinois.

COAL

RESOURCE EXCLUSIONS

Original

Remaining

Available

Recoverable

Economic

None

Mined-Out

Land/Technical

 Restrictions

Future Mining/

 Process Losses

Uneconomic

MILLION SHORT TONS

2,350

2,090 260

1,300

780

170

790

520

610

Figure 26. Chart showing results from coal availability and coal recoverability studies for three 7.5-minute quadrangles in Indiana.
Resource Assessment D43

COAL

RESOURCE EXCLUSIONS

Original

Remaining

Available

Recoverable

Economic

None

Mined-Out

Land/Technical

 Restrictions

Future Mining/

 Process Losses

Uneconomic

MILLION SHORT TONS

2,770

1,660

1,030

530

580

630

1,023

7

2,240

Figure 27. Chart showing results from coal availability and coal recoverability studies for five 7.5-minute quadrangles in western Kentucky.
D44 Resource Assessment of the Springfield, Herrin, Danville, and Baker Coals in the Illinois Basin

References Cited—Coal Availability and

Recoverability

General

Axon, A.G., 1996, Available coal resources of the Betheseda 7.5-minute 

quadrangle, Belmont County, Ohio: Ohio Division of Geological Survey Report of Investigations No. 145, 27 p.

Carter, M.D., and Gardner, N.K., 1989, An assessment of coal resources 

available for development, central Appalachian region: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 89–362, 52 p.

Carter, M.D., Rohrbacher, T.J., Weisenfluh, G.A., Fedorko, N., Axon, A.G., 

Treworgy, C.G., Cetin, H., Teeters, D.D., Geroyan, R.I., Sites, R.S., and 

Gardner, N.K., 1995, Federal and State coal availability/recoverability studies in the Eastern United States; a new approach to coal 

resource assessment, in Carter, L.M.H., ed. Energy and the environmentApplication of geosciences to decision-making: U.S. Geological Survey Circular 1108, p. 48–50.

Eggleston, J.R., Carter, M.D., and Cobb, J.C., 1990, Coal resources available for developmentA methodology and pilot study: U.S. Geological Survey Circular 1055, 15 p.

Plis, M.N., Rohrbacher, T.J., and Teeters, D.D., 1993, COALVAL—A prefeasibility software package for evaluating coal properties using 

Lotus 1–2–3, release 2.2: U.S. Bureau of Mines Information Circular 

9348, 93 p.

Rohrbacher, T.J., Teeters, D.D., Sullivan, G.L., and Osmonson, L.M., 1993, 

Coal resource recoverability—A methodology: U.S. Bureau of Mines 

Information Circular 9368, 48 p.

Staff, U.S. Bureau of Mines, Intermountain Field Operations Center, 1995, 

Coal recoverability and coal reserve analysis, Appalachian and Illinois Basins, 1994: U.S. Bureau of Mines Open File Report 02–95, 41 p.

Suffredini, C.D., Plis, M.N., Rohrbacher, T.J., and Teeters, D.D., 1994, 

COALVAL 2.0A pre-feasibility software package for evaluating 

coal properties using Lotus 1–2–3, release 3.1: U.S. Bureau of Mines 

Open File Report 35–94, 198 p. 

Illinois

DST and Associates, 1998a, Coal recoverability and coal reserve analysis, Illinois Basin, Atwater quadrangle, Illinois: Unpublished report 

prepared for the U.S. Geological Survey (contract number 1434–CR–

97–CN–40294), 4 p.

DST and Associates, 1998b, Coal recoverability and coal reserve analysis, Illinois Basin, Collinsville Quadrangle, Illinois: Unpublished 

report prepared for the U.S. Geological Survey (contract number 

1434–CR–97–CN–40294), 5 p.

DST and Associates, 1998c, Coal recoverability and coal reserve analysis, Illinois Basin, Newton Quadrangle, Illinois: Unpublished report 

prepared for the U.S. Geological Survey (contract number 1434–CR–

97–CN–40294), 6 p.

DST and Associates, 1999a, Coal recoverability and coal reserve analysis, Illinois Basin, Galatia Quadrangle, Illinois: Unpublished report 

prepared for the U.S. Geological Survey (contract number 1434–CR–

97–CN–40294), 5 p.

DST and Associates, 1999b, Coal recoverability and coal reserve analysis, Illinois Basin, Mount Carmel Quadrangle, Illinois: Unpublished 

report prepared for the U.S. Geological Survey (contract number 

1434–CR–97–CN–40294), 5 p.

DST and Associates, 1999c, Coal recoverability and coal reserve analysis, Illinois Basin, Nokomis Quadrangle, Illinois: Unpublished report 

prepared for the U.S. Geological Survey (contract number 1434–CR–

97–CN–40294), 5 p.

DST and Associates, 1999d, Coal recoverability and coal reserve analysis, Illinois Basin, Princeville Quadrangle, Illinois: Unpublished 

report prepared for the U.S. Geological Survey (contract number 

1434–CR–97–CN–40294), 5 p.

Jacobson, R.J., Treworgy, C.G., Chenoweth, C., and Bargh, M.H., 1996, 

Availability of coal resources in IllinoisMt. Carmel quadrangle, 

southeastern Illinois: Illinois State Geological Survey Illinois Minerals 114, 39 p.

Sullivan, G.L., 1995, Middletown, Illinois quadrangle, in Staff, U.S. Bureau 

of Mines, Intermountain Field Operations Center, Coal recoverability 

and coal reserve analysis, Appalachian and Illinois Basins, 1994: 

U.S. Bureau of Mines Open-File Report 02–95, p. 34–37.

Treworgy, C.G., Chenoweth, C.A., and Bargh, M.H., 1995, Availability of 

coal resources for mining in IllinoisGalatia quadrangle, Saline 

County, southern Illinois: Illinois State Geological Survey Illinois 

Minerals 113, 38 p.

Treworgy, C.G., Chenoweth, C.A., and Jacobson, R.J., 1996, Availability of 

coal resources for mining in IllinoisNewton and Princeville quadrangles, Jasper, Peoria, and Stark Counties: Illinois State Geological 

Survey Open-File Series 1996–3, 38 p.

Treworgy, C.G., Chenoweth, C.A., and Justice, M.A., 1996, Availability of 

coal resources for mining in IllinoisAtwater, Collinsville, and 

Nokomis quadrangles, Christian, Macoupin, Madison, Montgomery, 

and St. Clair Counties: Illinois State Geological Survey Open-File 

Series 1992–2, 33 p.

Treworgy, C.G., Chenoweth, C.A., McBeth, J.L., and Korose, C.P., 1997, 

Availability of coal resources for Mining in IllinoisAugusta, 

Kewanee North, Mascoutah, Pinckneyville, and Roodhouse East 

quadrangles, Adams, Brown, Greene, Henry, Perry, Schuyler, and 

St. Clair Counties: Illinois State Geological Survey Open-File Series 

1997–10, 72 p.

Treworgy, C.G., Coats, G.K., and Bargh, M.H., 1994, Availability of coal 

resources for mining in IllinoisMiddletown quadrangle, Central 

Illinois: Illinois State Geological Survey Circular 554, 48 p.

Treworgy, C.G., Jacobson, R.J., Chenoweth, C., Bargh, M.H., 1995, Constraints on the availability of coal for mining in Illinois: Society for 

Mining, Metallurgy, and Exploration, Inc., Preprint No. 95–58, 7 p.

Treworgy, C.G., McBeth, J.L., Chenoweth, C.A., Korose, C.P., and North, 

D.L., 1998, Availability of coal resources for mining in IllinoisAlbion 

South, Peoria West, Snyder–West Union, Springerton, and Tallula 

quadrangles, Clark, Edwards, Hamilton, Menard, Peoria, Sangamon, 

and White Counties: Illinois State Geological Survey Open-File 

Series 1998–1, 92 p.

Indiana

Cetin, H., and Conolly, C.L., 1996a, The coal availability study in Indiana—

Dugger 7.5-minute quadrangle: Indiana Geological Survey OpenFile Studies OFS96–11, 80 p.

Cetin, H., and Conolly, C.L., 1996b, The coal availability study in IndianaOakland City 7.5-minute quadrangle: Indiana Geological Survey Open-File Studies OFS96–19, 71 p.

Cetin, H., Conolly, C.L., and Rupp, J.A., 1994, The coal availability study in 

IndianaAlfordsville 7.5-minute quadrangle: Indiana Geological 

Survey Open-File Studies OFS94–08, 70 p.

Cetin, H., Conolly, C.L., and Rupp, J.A., 1995, The coal availability study in 

IndianaCenter Point 7.5-minute quadrangle: Indiana Geological 

Survey Open-File Studies OFS95–02, 48 p.
Resource Assessment D45

Conolly, C.L., and Cetin, H., 1995, The coal availability study in IndianaSanta Claus 7.5-minute quadrangle: Indiana Geological Survey Open-File Studies OFS95–04, 83 p.

Conolly, C.L., and Cetin, H., 1996, The coal availability study in Indiana−

Glendale 7.5-minute quadrangle: Indiana Geological Survey OpenFile Studies OFS96–05, 49 p.

Conolly, C.L., and Krueger, A.J., 1997a, The coal availability study in IndianaSeelyville 7.5-minute quadrangle: Indiana Geological Survey 

Open-File Studies OFS97–01, 54 p.

Conolly, C.L., and Krueger, A.J., 1997b, The coal availability study in IndianaPrinceton 7.5-minute quadrangle: Indiana Geological Survey 

Open-File Studies OFS97–11, 55 p.

Conolly, C.L., and Krueger, A.J., 1998 The coal availability study in IndianaSwitz City 7.5-minute quadrangle: Indiana Geological Survey 

Open-File Studies OFS97–01, 35 p.

Conolly, C.L., Krueger, A.J., and Buciak, M.A., 1996, The coal availability 

study in IndianaWheatland 7.5-minute quadrangle: Indiana Geological Survey Open-File Studies OFS96–17, 46 p.

DST and Associates, 1998d, Coal recoverability and coal reserve analysis, Illinois Basin, Princeton quadrangle, Indiana: Unpublished 

report prepared for the U.S. Geological Survey (contract number 

1434–CR–97–CN–40294), 5 p.

DST and Associates, 1998e, Coal recoverability and coal reserve analysis, Illinois Basin, Switz City quadrangle, Indiana: Unpublished report 

prepared for the U.S. Geological Survey (contract number 1434–CR–

97–CN–40294), 5 p.

DST and Associates, 1999e, Coal recoverability and coal reserve analysis, Illinois Basin, Wheatland quadrangle, Indiana: Unpublished 

report prepared for the U.S. Geological Survey (contract number 

1434–CR–97–CN–40294), 5 p.

Western Kentucky

Scott, D.C., 1997, Coal recoverability and coal reserve analysis, Illinois 

Basin, Western Kentucky coal field, 1997: Unpublished contract 

report prepared for the U.S. Geological Survey through the Kentucky 

Geological Survey, 34 p.

Weisenfluh, G.A., Andrews, W.A., and Hiett, J.K., 1998, Availability of coal 

resources for the development of coal, western Kentucky summary 

report: Kentucky Geological Survey, Interim Report for U.S. Department of Interior Grant 14–08–0001–A0896, 32 p.
 Appendixes 1–3
Resource Assessment D47

Remaining resources (million short tons) 

I-A I-B II-A Total 

Coal thickness (inches) Coal thickness (inches) Coal thickness (inches) Coal thickness (inc

County Coal 

depth 

(feet) >14-28 >28-42 >42 All >14-28 >28-42 >42 All >14-28 >28-42 >42 All >14-28 >28-42 >4

Northern Illinois 

McLean >150 0 6 13 19 0 75 90 170 0 1,800 1,900 3,700 0 1,900 2,00

Tazewell 0–150 0 0 0 0 0 0 30 30 0 0 8 8 0 0 3

>150 0 1 50 51 0 0 150 150 0 0 220 220 0 1 42

Subtotal 0 1 50 51 0 0 180 180 0 0 230 230 0 1 46

Woodford >150 0 0 0 0 0 46 0 46 0 210 0 210 0 260 

Northern 0–150 0 0 63 0 0 0 30 30 0 0 8 8 0 0 3

Illinois >150 0 7 0 70 0 120 240 360 0 2,000 2,200 4,200 0 2,200 2,50

Total 0 7 63 70 0 120 270 390 0 2,000 2,200 4,200 0 2,200 2,50

Western Illinois 

Fulton 0–150 0 0 0 0 0 0 580 580 0 0 0 0 0 0 58

>150 0 0 0 0 0 0 80 80 0 0 0 0 0 0 8

Subtotal 0 0 0 0 0 0 660 660 0 0 0 0 0 0 66

Knox 0-150 0 0 0 0 190 170 99 460 150 12 0 160 340 180 9

Peoria 0–150 0 0 0 0 0 140 440 590 31 120 0 150 31 260 44

>150 0 0 0 0 0 0 400 400 0 68 0 68 0 68 40

Subtotal 0 0 0 0 0 140 840 980 31 190 0 220 31 330 84

Schuyler 0-150 0 0 0 0 1 10 86 96 9 0 0 9 9 10 8

Warren 0-150 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 Western 0–150 0 0 0 0 190 330 1,200 1,700 190 130 0 320 380 450 1,20

Illinois >150 0 0 0 0 0 0 480 480 0 68 0 68 0 68 48

Total 0 0 0 0 190 330 1,700 2,200 190 200 0 390 380 520 1,70

Appendix 1. Estimated remaining resources of the Springfield Coal in Illinois, Indiana, and western Kentucky. [Resources are listed by mining area and county and are categorized by geologic reliability (I–A, 0–0.5 mi from a data point; I–B, >0.5–2 mi; II–A, >2–4 mmi; indicated, >0.25–0.75 mi; inferred, >0.75–3.0 mi; and hypothetical, >3 mi), coal thickness, and overburden thickness (coal depth). Resource numbers significant figures, or to the nearest one hundred million short tons for numbers greater than ten billion short tons. Columns may not sum exactly due to ro
D48 Resource Assessment of the Springfield, Herrin, Danville, and Baker Coals in the Illinois Basin Remaining resources (million short tons) I-A I-B II-A Total Coal thickness (inches) Coal thickness (inches) Coal thickness (inches) Coal thickness (inc

County Coal depth (feet) >14-28 >28-42 >42 All >14-28 >28-42 >42 All >14-28 >28-42 >42 All >14-28 >28-42 >4

West-central Illinois Christian >150 0 3 61 64 0 38 510 550 0 15 610 620 0 56 1,20

DeWitt >150 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 32 1,500 1,500 0 32 1,50Effingham >150 0 3 46 49 0 3 380 390 0 310 1,400 1,800 0 310 1,90Fayette >150 0 1 4 6 0 39 81 120 0 1,100 1,100 2,200 0 1,200 1,10Logan >150 0 0 170 170 0 0 1,300 1,300 0 0 1,100 1,100 0 0 2,60Macon >150 0 3 87 91 0 19 460 480 0 120 870 990 0 140 1,40Mason >150 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 8 8 0 0 Menard 0–150 0 0 0 0 0 0 510 510 0 0 180 180 0 0 68

>150 0 0 170 170 0 0 560 560 0 0 78 78 0 0 81

Subtotal 0 0 170 170 0 0 1,200 1,200 0 0 250 250 0 0 1,50

Piatt >150 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 240 1,100 1,300 0 240 1,10

Sangamon 0–150 0 0 0 0 0 0 280 280 0 0 160 160 0 0 43

>150 0 2 620 620 0 31 1,300 1,300 0 46 640 680 0 80 2,60

Subtotal 0 2 620 620 0 31 1,600 1,600 0 46 790 840 0 80 3,00

Shelby >150 0 0 13 13 0 1 79 79 0 410 1,500 1,900 0 410 1,60

West-central 0–150 0 0 0 0 0 0 790 790 0 0 340 340 0 0 1,10

Illinois >150 0 12 1,200 1,200 0 130 4,600 4,700 0 2,300 9,800 12,100 0 2,400 15,60

Total 0 12 1,200 1,200 0 130 5,400 5,500 0 2,300 10,100 12,400 0 2,400 16,70

Appendix 1. Estimated remaining resources of the Springfield Coal in Illinois, Indiana, and western Kentucky—Continued. 
Resource Assessment D49

Remaining resources (million short tons) 

I-A I-B II-A Total 

Coal thickness (inches) Coal thickness (inches) Coal thickness (inches) Coal thickness (in

County Coal 

depth 

(feet) >14-28 >28-42 >42 All >14-28 >28-42 >42 All >14-28 >28-42 >42 All >14-28 >28-42 >4

East-central Illinois 

Clark 0–150 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 5 0 10 4 5 

>150 0 38 210 250 0 110 510 620 0 420 360 780 0 570 1,10

Subtotal 0 38 210 250 0 110 510 620 4 430 360 790 4 570 1,10

Coles 0–150 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 

>150 0 0 25 25 0 33 200 230 0 440 380 820 0 480 60

Subtotal 0 0 25 25 1 33 200 230 0 440 380 820 1 480 60

Cumberland >150 0 11 230 240 0 52 540 600 0 110 550 660 0 170 1,30

Douglas 0–150 2 0 0 2 5 0 0 5 0 0 0 0 8 0 

>150 0 10 3 13 0 66 34 100 0 99 250 350 0 170 29

Subtotal 2 10 3 15 5 66 34 110 0 99 250 350 8 170 29

Edgar 0–150 1 2 6 10 2 1 7 10 0 0 0 0 4 3 1

>150 0 22 95 120 0 130 190 320 0 180 130 320 0 330 42

Subtotal 1 24 100 130 2 130 200 330 0 180 130 320 4 340 43

East-central 0–150 3 2 6 12 8 1 7 16 5 5 0 11 17 9 1

Illinois >150 0 81 560 650 0 390 1,500 1,900 0 1,200 1,700 2,900 0 1,700 3,70

Total 3 83 570 660 8 390 1,500 1,900 5 1,300 1,700 2,900 17 1,700 3,70

Southwestern Illinois 

Jackson 0–150 0 0 0 0 0 0 96 97 0 0 0 0 0 0 9

>150 0 0 56 56 0 0 85 85 0 0 6 6 0 0 15

Subtotal 0 0 56 56 0 0 180 180 0 0 6 6 0 0 24

Perry 0–150 0 0 0 0 0 25 64 89 0 0 19 19 0 25 8

>150 0 0 19 19 0 4 130 130 0 62 0 62 0 66 15

Subtotal 0 0 19 19 0 29 190 220 0 62 19 81 0 90 23

Randolph 0–150 0 0 0 0 12 57 70 140 0 15 0 15 12 73 7

>150 0 0 0 0 0 23 1 24 0 0 0 0 0 23 

Subtotal 0 0 0 0 12 80 71 160 0 15 0 15 12 96 7

Southwestern 0–150 0 0 0 0 12 82 230 330 0 15 19 34 12 98 25

Illinois >150 0 0 70 70 0 27 220 240 0 62 6 68 0 89 30

Total 0 0 70 70 12 110 450 570 0 77 25 100 12 190 55

Appendix 1. Estimated remaining resources of the Springfield Coal in Illinois, Indiana, and western Kentucky—Continued. 
D50 Resource Assessment of the Springfield, Herrin, Danville, and Baker Coals in the Illinois Basin Remaining resources (million short tons) I-A I-B II-A Total Coal thickness (inches) Coal thickness (inches) Coal thickness (inches) Coal thickness (inc

County Coal depth (feet) >14-28 >28-42 >42 All >14-28 >28-42 >42 All >14-28 >28-42 >42 All >14-28 >28-42 >4

Southeastern Illinois Clay >150 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 340 1,700 2,000 0 340 1,70

Crawford >150 0 33 10 43 0 350 21 380 0 600 260 860 0 990 29Edwards >150 0 1 28 29 0 10 140 150 0 270 670 940 0 280 84Franklin >150 0 38 640 680 0 62 1,300 1,300 0 2 54 56 0 100 2,00Gallatin 0–150 0 0 1 1 0 3 99 100 0 0 0 0 0 3 10

>150 0 2 520 520 0 7 570 580 0 2 66 68 0 11 1,15

Subtotal 0 2 520 520 0 10 670 680 0 2 66 68 0 14 1,30

Hamilton >150 0 3 680 680 0 22 1,100 1,100 0 3 640 640 0 28 2,40

Jasper >150 0 27 250 280 0 150 980 1,100 0 410 320 730 0 580 1,60Jefferson >150 0 16 300 320 0 28 880 900 0 75 1,600 1,700 0 120 2,80Lawrence >150 0 25 97 120 0 150 280 430 0 430 520 950 0 610 89Marion >150 0 0 24 24 0 6 220 220 0 410 1,800 2,200 0 420 2,10Richland >150 0 0 20 20 0 5 150 160 0 190 1,300 1,500 0 200 1,50Saline 0–150 0 0 0 0 0 0 90 90 0 0 0 0 0 0 9

>150 0 8 500 510 0 4 220 230 0 0 0 0 0 12 72

Subtotal 0 8 500 510 0 4 310 320 0 0 0 0 0 12 81

Wabash >150 0 0 100 100 0 27 320 350 0 190 450 640 0 220 88

Wayne >150 0 0 40 40 0 48 170 210 0 1,000 1,700 2,700 0 1,100 1,90White >150 0 3 270 270 0 61 1,100 1,100 0 310 700 1,000 0 370 2,00Williamson 0–150 0 0 1 1 0 1 180 180 0 0 0 0 0 1 18

>150 0 6 380 390 0 42 280 320 0 0 0 0 0 49 66

Subtotal 0 6 380 390 0 43 460 500 0 0 0 0 0 50 84

Southeastern 0–150 0 0 2 2 0 4 370 370 0 0 0 0 0 4 37

Illinois >150 0 160 3,900 4,000 0 970 7,600 8,600 0 4,300 11,700 16,000 0 5,400 23,20

Total 0 160 3,900 4,000 0 980 8,000 9,000 0 4,300 11,700 16,000 0 5,400 23,60

Appendix 1. Estimated remaining resources of the Springfield Coal in Illinois, Indiana, and western Kentucky—Continued. 
Resource Assessment D51

Remaining resources (million short tons) 

I-A I-B II-A Total 

Coal thickness (inches) Coal thickness (inches) Coal thickness (inches) Coal thickness (inch

County Coal 

depth 

(feet) >14-28 >28-42 >42 All >14-28 >28-42 >42 All >14-28 >28-42 >42 All >14-28 >28-42 >42 

Indiana 

Clay 0–150 0 0 11 11 0 0 9 9 0 0 0 0 0 0 20 

>150 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Subtotal 0 0 11 11 0 0 9 9 0 0 0 0 0 0 20 

Daviess 0–150 2 10 56 68 3 6 20 28 0 0 0 0 5 16 76 

>150 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Subtotal 2 10 56 68 3 6 20 28 0 0 0 0 5 16 76 

Gibson 0–150 0 1 110 110 0 0 18 18 0 0 0 0 0 1 130 

>150 3 60 1,700 1,800 0 24 520 550 0 0 0 0 3 83 2,200 

Subtotal 3 60 1,800 1,900 0 24 540 570 0 0 0 0 3 73 2,400 

Greene 0–150 3 8 58 69 1 2 38 41 0 0 0 0 4 10 96 

>150 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 

Subtotal 3 8 58 69 1 2 40 43 0 0 0 0 4 10 98 

Knox 0–150 1 27 97 120 0 17 40 57 0 0 0 0 1 44 140 

>150 27 280 710 1,000 6 210 560 780 0 7 17 24 33 500 1,300 

Subtotal 28 310 810 1,100 6 230 600 840 0 7 17 24 34 540 1,400 

Pike 0–150 2 17 240 260 0 21 110 130 0 2 0 2 2 40 350 

>150 0 7 80 87 0 6 150 160 0 0 5 5 0 13 240 

Subtotal 2 24 320 350 0 27 270 290 0 2 5 7 2 53 590 

Posey 0–150 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

>150 0 85 800 890 0 19 990 1,000 0 0 110 110 0 100 1,900 

Subtotal 0 85 800 890 0 19 990 1,000 0 0 110 110 0 100 1,900 

Appendix 1. Estimated remaining resources of the Springfield Coal in Illinois, Indiana, and western Kentucky—Continued. 
D52 Resource Assessment of the Springfield, Herrin, Danville, and Baker Coals in the Illinois Basin Remaining resources (million short tons) I-A I-B II-A Total Coal thickness (inches) Coal thickness (inches) Coal thickness (inches) Coal thickness (in

County Coal depth (feet) >14-28 >28-42 >42 All >14-28 >28-42 >42 All >14-28 >28-42 >42 All >14-28 >28-42 >4

Indiana – continued Sullivan 0–150 5 15 75 95 3 43 63 110 0 4 3 7 8 62 14

>150 74 260 510 840 35 230 390 650 0 2 5 7 110 490 89

Subtotal 80 270 580 930 38 280 450 760 0 6 8 14 120 560 1,00

Vanderburgh 0–150 0 0 0 0 0 0 16 16 0 0 22 22 0 0 3

>150 0 15 230 50 0 33 400 430 0 3 290 290 0 50 92

Subtotal 0 15 230 250 0 33 420 450 0 3 310 310 0 50 96

Vermillion 0–150 1 1 45 46 1 5 54 60 0 1 3 4 1 7 10

>150 0 7 53 60 0 6 88 94 0 0 0 0 0 12 14

Subtotal 1 7 98 110 1 11 140 150 0 1 3 4 1 19 24

Vigo 0–150 2 41 71 110 1 31 85 120 0 4 1 4 3 75 16

>150 7 110 260 370 0 110 190 310 0 0 0 0 7 220 45

Subtotal 9 150 330 490 1 140 280 420 0 4 1 4 10 290 61

Warrick 0–150 1 17 390 410 0 7 140 150 0 0 0 0 1 25 53

>150 1 3 190 200 0 2 170 170 0 0 1 1 2 5 37

Subtotal 3 20 590 610 0 10 310 320 0 0 1 1 3 30 90

Indiana 0–150 17 140 1,200 1,300 8 130 590 740 0 11 28 39 25 280 1,80

>150 110 830 4,500 5,500 41 640 3,500 4,200 0 11 430 440 155 1,500 8,40

Total 130 960 5,700 6,800 49 770 4,100 4,900 0 22 460 480 180 1,700 10,20

Appendix 1. Estimated remaining resources of the Springfield Coal in Illinois, Indiana, and western Kentucky—Continued. 
Resource Assessment D53

Remaining resources (million short tons) 

Measured Indicated Inferred Hypothetical 

Coal thickness (inches) Coal thickness (inches) Coal thickness (inches) Coal thickness (inches) C

County Coal 

depth 

(feet) >14-28 >28-42 >42 All >14-28 >28-42 >42 All >14-28 >28-42 >42 All >14-28 >28-42 >42 All >1

Western Kentucky

Daviess 0–150 0 2 38 39 0 2 50 52 0 0 23 23 0 0 21 21 

>150 0 1 39 40 0 1 39 40 0 0 27 27 0 0 0 0 

Subtotal 0 3 76 80 0 3 89 92 0 0 50 50 0 0 21 21 

Henderson 0–150 0 1 40 40 0 2 100 100 0 0 190 190 0 0 9 9 

>150 0 2 170 170 1 5 380 390 1 14 680 700 0 0 230 230 

Subtotal 0 3 210 210 1 7 480 490 1 14 870 880 0 0 240 240 

Hopkins 0–150 0 0 32 32 0 0 57 57 0 0 78 78 0 0 1 1 

>150 0 1 97 99 0 3 310 310 0 7 560 570 0 0 92 92 

Subtotal 0 1 130 130 0 3 370 370 0 7 640 640 0 0 93 93 

McLean 0–150 0 1 17 18 0 0 33 34 1 6 60 66 0 1 11 12 

>150 1 31 140 170 0 37 240 280 0 20 320 340 0 3 5 8 

Subtotal 1 32 150 190 1 37 270 310 1 26 380 410 0 4 16 20 

Muhlenberg 0–150 0 0 19 19 0 0 28 28 0 0 66 66 0 0 1 1 

>150 0 2 73 75 0 2 180 180 0 0 190 190 0 0 3 3 

Subtotal 0 2 92 94 0 2 200 210 0 0 260 260 0 0 4 4 

Ohio 0–150 0 0 12 12 0 1 28 28 0 2 57 60 0 0 0 0 

>150 0 1 3 4 0 3 18 21 0 3 160 160 0 0 3 3 

Subtotal 0 1 15 16 0 4 50 50 0 5 210 220 0 0 3 3 

Union 0–150 0 0 3 3 0 0 3 3 0 0 4 4 0 0 0 0 

>150 0 2 140 140 1 4 370 370 0 2 710 720 0 0 120 120 

Subtotal 0 2 140 140 1 4 370 380 0 2 720 720 0 0 120 120 

Webster 0–150 0 0 1 1 0 0 6 6 0 0 23 23 0 0 0 0 

>150 1 7 190 200 2 14 320 340 0 22 470 490 0 0 24 24 

Subtotal 1 7 190 200 2 14 330 340 0 22 490 510 0 0 24 24 

Western 0–150 0 3 160 170 0 5 300 310 1 9 500 510 0 1 43 44 

Kentucky >150 3 47 840 890 4 68 1,900 1,900 1 67 3,100 3,200 0 3 480 480 

Total 3 51 1,000 1,100 5 73 2,200 2,200 2 76 3,600 3,700 0 4 520 520 

Appendix 1. Estimated remaining resources of the Springfield Coal in Illinois, Indiana, and western Kentucky—Continued. 
D54 Resource Assessment of the Springfield, Herrin, Danville, and Baker Coals in the Illinois Basin Remaining resources (million short tons) I-A I-B II-A Tota

Coal thickness (inches) Coal thickness (inches) Coal thickness (inches) Coal thicknes

County Coal depth (feet) >14-28 >28-42 >42 All >14-28 >28-42 >42 All >14-28 >28-42 >42 All >14-28 >28-42 

Northern Illinois Grundy 0-150 0 0 0 0 4 6 33 43 2 0 0 2 5 6 

LaSalle 0–150 0 2 50 52 29 30 24 82 16 1 0 17 46 33 

>150 0 0 0 0 0 99 30 130 0 3 0 3 0 100 

Subtotal 0 2 50 52 29 130 53 210 16 4 0 20 46 130 

Livingston 0–150 0 1 28 29 16 31 27 74 10 4 6 20 26 35 

>150 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 35 4 40 0 35 

Subtotal 0 1 28 29 16 31 27 74 10 39 11 60 26 70 

Putnam >150 0 11 8 19 0 39 20 59 0 0 0 0 0 50 

Tazewell 0–150 0 0 0 0 0 60 4 63 0 10 0 10 0 69 

>150 0 6 0 6 0 48 0 48 0 89 0 90 0 143 

Subtotal 0 6 0 6 0 110 4 110 0 99 0 99 0 210 

Northern 0–150 0 3 78 81 49 130 86 260 28 15 6 49 77 140 

Illinois >150 0 18 8 25 0 150 50 200 0 130 5 130 0 330 

Total 0 21 85 110 49 270 140 460 28 140 11 180 77 470 

Appendix 2. Estimated remaining resources of the Herrin Coal in Illinois and western Kentucky. [Resources are listed by mining area and county and are categorized by geologic reliability (I–A, 0–0.5 mi from a data point; I–B, >0.5–2 mi; II–A, >mi; indicated, >0.25–0.75 mi; inferred, >0.75–3.0 mi; and hypothetical, >3 mi), coal thickness, and overburden thickness (coal depth). Resource numsignificant figures, or to the nearest one hundred million short tons for numbers greater than ten billion short tons. Columns may not sum exactly du
Resource Assessment D55

Remaining resources (million short tons) 

I-A I-B II-A Total 

Coal thickness (inches) Coal thickness (inches) Coal thickness (inches) Coal thickness (in

County Coal 

depth 

(feet) >14-28 >28-42 >42 All >14-28 >28-42 >42 All >14-28 >28-42 >42 All >14-28 >28-42 >4

Western Illinois 

Bureau 0–150 0 0 0 0 0 0 170 170 0 0 100 100 0 0 27

>150 0 28 130 160 0 87 150 230 0 7 9 17 0 120 29

Subtotal 0 28 130 160 0 87 320 410 0 7 110 120 0 120 56

Fulton 0–150 0 0 0 0 0 5 240 240 0 0 0 0 0 5 24

>150 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Subtotal 0 0 0 0 0 5 240 250 0 0 0 0 0 5 24

Henry 0-150 0 0 0 0 0 61 130 190 0 0 59 59 0 61 19

Knox 0-150 0 0 0 0 0 190 27 210 0 0 0 0 0 190 2Marshall >150 0 0 0 0 0 7 0 7 0 0 0 0 0 7 

Peoria 0-150 0 0 0 0 5 180 670 850 6 43 130 180 11 220 80

Stark 0–150 0 0 0 0 0 6 220 230 4 0 210 210 4 6 43

>150 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 27 27 0 0 2

Subtotal 0 0 0 0 0 6 220 230 4 0 240 240 4 6 46

Western 0–150 0 0 0 0 5 430 1,500 1,900 10 43 500 550 15 470 2,00

Illinois >150 0 28 130 160 0 94 150 240 0 7 37 44 0 130 32

Total 0 28 130 160 5 524 1,600 2,100 10 50 540 590 15 600 2,30

Appendix 2. Estimated remaining resources of the Herrin Coal in Illinois and western Kentucky—Continued. 
D56 Resource Assessment of the Springfield, Herrin, Danville, and Baker Coals in the Illinois Basin Remaining resources (million short tons) I-A I-B II-A Total Coal thickness (inches) Coal thickness (inches) Coal thickness (inches) Coal thickness (inch

County Coal depth (feet) >14-28 >28-42 >42 All >14-28 >28-42 >42 All >14-28 >28-42 >42 All >14-28 >28-42 >42 

West-central Illinois Bond >150 0 3 880 890 0 7 1,400 1,400 0 0 210 210 0 10 2,500 

Christian >150 0 3 1,100 1,100 0 22 1,700 1,700 0 110 510 620 0 130 3,300 Effingham >150 0 0 60 60 0 0 450 450 0 260 740 1,000 0 260 1,200 Fayette >150 0 0 230 230 0 9 1,600 1,600 0 110 1,700 1,800 0 110 3,500 Greene 0-150 0 0 0 0 2 54 20 75 6 14 0 21 8 68 20 

Jersey 0-150 0 0 0 0 10 22 20 53 7 0 0 702 18 22 20 Logan >150 0 94 200 300 0 94 270 360 0 5 60 66 0 190 530 

Macon >150 0 4 2 6 0 43 40 83 0 220 72 290 0 260 110 Macoupin 0–150 6 3 75 84 23 24 130 180 34 0 43 77 63 27 250 

>150 0 16 1,300 1,300 0 100 1,800 1,900 0 180 16 200 0 300 3,200 

Subtotal 6 19 1,400 1,400 23 130 2,000 2,100 34 180 60 280 63 330 3,400 

Montgomery >150 0 41 2,200 2,200 0 9 1,600 1,600 0 0 23 23 0 49 3,800 Morgan 0–150 0 0 0 0 3 85 7 96 0 390 0 390 3 480 7 

>150 0 0 4 4 0 30 32 62 0 180 51 230 0 210 87 

Subtotal 0 0 4 4 3 110 39 160 0 570 51 620 3 680 94 

Moultrie >150 0 0 19 19 0 50 190 240 0 440 370 800 0 490 580 Sangamon >150 0 18 940 960 0 94 710 810 0 150 59 210 0 270 1,700 Scott 0-150 0 0 0 0 6 0 0 6 0 0 0 0 6 0 0 

Shelby > 150 0 1 400 400 0 12 1,300 1,300 0 480 1,100 1,600 0 490 2,800 

West-central 0–150 6 3 75 84 45 180 180 410 47 410 43 500 98 600 300 

Illinois >150 0 180 7,300 7,500 0 470 11,000 11,500 0 2,100 5,000 7,100 0 2,800 23,400 

Total 6 180 7,400 7,600 45 650 11,200 11,900 47 2,500 5,000 7,600 98 3,400 23,700 

Appendix 2. Estimated remaining resources of the Herrin Coal in Illinois and western Kentucky—Continued. 
Resource Assessment D57

Remaining resources (million short tons) 

I-A I-B II-A Total 

Coal thickness (inches) Coal thickness (inches) Coal thickness (inches) Coal thickness (in

County Coal 

depth 

(feet) >14-28 >28-42 >42 All >14-28 >28-42 >42 All >14-28 >28-42 >42 All >14-28 >28-42 >

East-central Illinois 

Champaign >150 0 0 21 21 0 0 130 130 0 4 43 47 0 4 2

Clark 0–150 0 0 0 0 1 5 2 9 8 6 0 13 9 11 

>150 0 43 6 49 0 140 17 160 0 180 7 190 0 370 

Subtotal 0 43 7 49 1 150 19 170 8 190 7 200 9 380 

Coles 0–150 0 0 4 4 1 0 0 2 1 0 0 1 3 0 

>150 0 21 60 81 0 150 94 250 0 560 170 730 0 730 3

Subtotal 0 21 64 85 1 150 94 250 1 560 170 740 3 730 3

Cumberland >150 0 5 290 300 0 46 800 850 0 81 560 640 0 130 1,7Douglas 0–150 0 0 77 77 4 4 88 96 1 0 4 6 5 4 1

>150 0 11 360 380 0 31 390 420 0 110 160 270 0 150 9

Subtotal 0 11 440 450 4 35 470 510 1 110 170 270 5 150 1,1

Edgar 0–150 4 2 53 60 12 15 57 83 3 1 0 4 18 17 1

>150 0 41 160 200 0 230 300 530 0 370 210 580 0 640 6

Subtotal 4 43 210 260 12 240 360 620 3 370 210 580 18 650 7

Vermilion 0–150 0 0 0 0 27 13 180 230 19 10 0 29 46 23 1

>150 0 62 580 640 0 150 600 750 0 22 190 210 0 230 1,4

Subtotal 0 62 580 640 27 160 790 980 19 32 190 240 46 250 1,6

East-central 0–150 4 2 140 140 46 37 330 410 31 17 4 52 81 56 4

Illinois >150 0 180 1,500 1,700 0 750 2,300 3,100 0 1,300 1,400 2,700 0 2,200 5,2

Total 4 190 1,600 1,800 46 790 2,700 3,500 31 1,300 1,400 2,700 81 2,300 5,7

Appendix 2. Estimated remaining resources of the Herrin Coal in Illinois and western Kentucky—Continued. 
D58 Resource Assessment of the Springfield, Herrin, Danville, and Baker Coals in the Illinois Basin Remaining resources (million short tons) I-A I-B II-A Total Coal thickness (inches) Coal thickness (inches) Coal thickness (inches) Coal thickness (inc

County Coal depth (feet) >14-28 >28-42 >42 All >14-28 >28-42 >42 All >14-28 >28-42 >42 All >14-28 >28-42 >4

Southwestern Illinois Clinton >150 0 1 890 890 0 5 2,000 2,000 0 5 300 310 0 11 3,20

Jackson 0-150 0 0 0 0 0 0 80 79 0 0 0 0 0 0 8

Madison 0–150 0 0 0 0 0 16 391 410 2 0 56 58 2 16 45

>150 0 10 420 430 0 36 390 970 0 48 310 350 0 94 1,70

Subtotal 0 10 420 430 0 52 1,300 1,400 2 48 360 410 2 110 2,10

Monroe 0-150 0 0 0 0 0 0 7 7 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Perry 0–150 0 0 0 0 0 0 600 600 0 0 0 0 0 0 61

>150 0 0 1,200 1,200 0 0 42 42 0 0 0 0 0 0 1,30

Subtotal 0 0 1,200 1,200 0 0 660 660 0 0 0 0 0 0 1,90

Randolph 0–150 0 0 0 0 0 0 180 180 0 0 0 0 0 0 18

>150 0 0 82 82 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 8

Subtotal 0 0 82 82 0 0 180 180 0 0 0 0 0 0 26

St. Clair 0–150 0 0 0 0 0 1 1,100 1,100 0 0 0 0 0 1 1,10

>150 0 2 200 200 0 23 950 970 0 16 16 32 0 41 1,20

Subtotal 0 2 200 200 0 24 2,000 2,100 0 16 16 32 0 42 26

Washington 0–150 0 0 0 0 0 0 9 9 0 0 0 0 0 0 

>150 0 4 2,200 2,200 0 1 1,400 1,400 0 0 130 130 0 4 3,80

Subtotal 0 4 2,200 2,200 0 1 1,400 1,400 0 0 130 130 0 4 3,80

Southwestern 0–150 0 0 0 0 0 17 2,400 2,400 2 0 56 58 2 17 2,40

Illinois >150 0 17 5,100 5,100 0 64 5,400 5,400 0 69 750 820 0 150 11,20

Total 0 17 5,100 5,100 0 81 7,700 7,800 2 69 810 880 2 170 13,60

Appendix 2. Estimated remaining resources of the Herrin Coal in Illinois and western Kentucky—Continued. 
Resource Assessment D59

Remaining resources (million short tons) 

I-A I-B II-A Total 

Coal thickness (inches) Coal thickness (inches) Coal thickness (inches) Coal thickness (inch

County Coal 

depth 

(feet) >14-28 >28-42 >42 All >14-28 >28-42 >42 All >14-28 >28-42 >42 All >14-28 >28-42 >42 

Southeastern Illinois

Clay >150 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 590 1,500 2,100 0 590 170 

Crawford >150 0 1 2 3 0 36 1 37 0 230 93 330 0 270 96 Edwards >150 0 5 30 35 0 47 130 170 0 250 460 720 0 310 620 Franklin >150 0 0 990 990 0 0 410 410 0 0 0 0 0 0 1,400 Gallatin 0–150 2 13 18 33 1 25 120 140 0 0 0 0 3 38 140 

>150 0 79 190 270 0 98 310 410 0 10 75 85 0 190 580 

Subtotal 2 92 210 300 1 120 430 550 0 10 75 85 3 220 710 

Hamilton >150 0 5 680 690 0 22 1,300 1,400 0 33 520 550 0 60 2,500 

Jasper >150 0 0 400 400 0 1 1,500 1,500 0 62 890 960 0 63 2,800 Jefferson >150 0 6 630 640 0 13 960 970 0 210 810 1,000 0 230 2,400 Lawrence >150 0 8 15 23 0 140 140 280 0 380 130 510 0 530 290 Marion >150 0 1 91 93 0 18 200 210 0 960 600 1,500 0 980 890 Richland >150 0 0 24 24 0 0 180 180 0 77 1,500 1,600 0 77 1,800 Saline 0–150 0 0 0 0 0 8 210 210 0 0 0 0 0 8 210 

>150 0 7 590 590 0 21 390 410 0 0 0 0 0 28 980 

Subtotal 0 7 590 590 0 30 600 620 0 0 0 0 0 37 1,200 

Wabash >150 0 23 81 100 0 130 180 310 0 300 180 480 0 460 440 

Wayne >150 0 0 38 38 0 32 130 130 0 910 1,800 2,700 0 940 1,900 White >150 0 13 180 190 0 85 1,300 1,400 0 38 740 780 0 140 2,300 Williamson 0–150 0 0 0 0 0 0 240 240 0 0 0 0 0 0 240 

>150 0 1 330 330 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 330 

Subtotal 0 1 330 330 0 0 240 240 0 0 0 0 0 1 560 

Southeastern 0–150 2 13 18 33 1 34 560 600 0 0 0 0 3 47 580 

Illinois >150 0 150 4,300 4,400 0 640 7,300 7,900 0 4,080 9,300 13,400 0 4,900 20,800 

Total 2 160 4,300 4,400 1 680 7,800 8,500 0 4,080 9,300 13,400 3 4,900 21,400 

Appendix 2. Estimated remaining resources of the Herrin Coal in Illinois and western Kentucky—Continued. 
D60 Resource Assessment of the Springfield, Herrin, Danville, and Baker Coals in the Illinois Basin Remaining resources (million short tons) Measured Indicated Inferred Hypothetical 

Coal thickness (inches) Coal thickness (inches) Coal thickness (inches) Coal thickness (inches) 

County Coal depth (feet) >14-28 >28-42 >42 All >14-28 >28-42 >42 All >14-28 >28-42 >42 All >14-28 >28-42 >42 All >14

Western Kentucky Daviess 0–150 3 1 0 3 5 0 0 6 4 1 0 5 0 0 0 0 

>150 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Subtotal 3 1 0 3 5 0 0 5 5 1 0 5 0 0 0 0 

Henderson 0–150 5 1 0 5 11 1 0 12 9 1 0 10 0 0 0 0 

>150 1 3 3 7 5 11 10 27 28 100 130 250 14 6 140 160 

Subtotal 6 3 3 13 17 12 10 39 37 100 130 260 15 6 140 160 

Hopkins 0–150 1 1 23 25 1 2 31 34 0 1 19 20 0 0 0 0 

>150 3 4 60 67 8 21 120 150 6 18 140 160 0 0 0 0 

Subtotal 4 5 82 92 10 23 150 180 6 18 160 180 0 0 0 0 

McLean 0–150 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

>150 11 1 9 27 14 9 10 32 11 9 2 22 0 0 0 0 

Subtotal 11 8 9 28 14 9 10 32 11 9 2 22 0 0 0 0 

Muhlenberg 0–150 0 3 42 46 0 7 53 60 0 2 65 97 0 6 16 22 

>150 0 9 27 36 0 18 45 63 0 14 48 62 0 0 4 5 

Subtotal 0 13 70 82 0 25 98 120 0 17 140 160 0 6 20 27 

Ohio 0–150 1 3 1 5 2 7 7 15 3 28 110 140 2 5 13 20 

>150 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 10 10 22 1 0 0 1 

Subtotal 1 3 1 5 2 7 7 15 5 38 120 160 3 5 13 21 

Union 0–150 0 2 17 19 1 7 22 30 0 4 5 9 0 0 0 0 

>150 6 35 160 210 10 100 270 380 11 71 410 490 2 4 81 87 

Subtotal 6 38 180 230 11 110 290 410 11 75 420 500 2 4 81 87 

Webster 0–150 0 1 4 5 0 1 3 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

>150 6 5 8 19 8 9 10 27 4 4 0 8 0 0 0 0 

Subtotal 6 6 11 24 8 10 13 31 4 4 0 9 0 0 0 0 

Western 0–150 9 13 87 110 20 25 120 160 17 37 230 280 3 11 28 42 

Kentucky >150 29 64 270 360 46 170 460 680 63 230 740 1,000 17 11 220 250 

Total 38 77 360 470 66 190 580 840 80 260 960 1,300 20 22 250 290 2

Appendix 2. Estimated remaining resources of the Herrin Coal in Illinois and western Kentucky—Continued. 
Resource Assessment D61

Remaining resources (million short tons) 

I-A I-B II-A Total 

Coal thickness (inches) Coal thickness (inches) Coal thickness (inches) Coal thickness (in

County Coal 

depth 

(feet) >14-28 >28-42 >42 All >14-28 >28-42 >42 All >14-28 >28-42 >42 All >14-28 >28-42 >

Northern Illinois 

LaSalle 0–150 0 1 10 12 0 12 13 26 21 38 16 76 21 52 

>150 0 5 19 24 1 180 170 350 0 45 19 64 1 230 2

Subtotal 0 6 29 35 2 190 180 370 21 83 35 140 23 280 2

Livingston 0–150 0 0 0 0 32 28 33 93 230 200 70 500 260 220 1

>150 0 0 0 0 0 36 180 220 0 350 680 1,000 0 390 8

Subtotal 0 0 0 0 32 64 210 310 230 550 750 1,500 260 610 9

Marshall 0–150 0 0 0 0 0 69 47 120 0 0 0 0 0 69 

>150 2 14 0 15 16 65 0 81 150 0 0 150 170 79 

Subtotal 2 14 0 15 16 130 47 200 150 0 0 150 170 150 

McLean >150 0 9 13 22 0 110 93 200 360 0 0 360 360 120 1

Putnam >150 0 40 27 67 0 87 53 140 0 0 12 12 0 130 Tazewell 0-150 0 0 0 0 5 0 0 5 0 0 0 0 5 0 

Woodford >150 0 3 0 3 27 0 0 27 9 0 0 9 37 3 

Northern 0–150 0 1 10 12 37 110 93 240 250 240 86 570 290 340 1

Illinois >150 2 70 59 130 44 480 500 1,000 510 390 710 1,600 570 950 1,3

Total 2 71 69 140 81 590 590 1,300 760 630 800 2,200 850 1,300 1,5

Appendix 3. Estimated remaining resources of the Danville Coal in Illinois and Indiana, and the Baker coal in western Kentucky. [Resources are listed by mining area and county and are categorized by geologic reliability (I–A, 0–0.5 mi from a data point; I–B, >0.5–2 mi; II–A, >2–4 mi; indicated, >0.25–0.75 mi; inferred, >0.75–3.0 mi; and hypothetical, >3 mi), coal thickness, and overburden thickness (coal depth). Resource numbers significant figures, or to the nearest one hundred million short tons for numbers greater than ten billion short tons. Columns may not sum exactly due to r
D62 Resource Assessment of the Springfield, Herrin, Danville, and Baker Coals in the Illinois Basin Remaining resources (million short tons) I-A I-B II-A Total Coal thickness (inches) Coal thickness (inches) Coal thickness (inches) Coal thickness (in

County Coal depth (feet) >14-28 >28-42 >42 All >14-28 >28-42 >42 All >14-28 >28-42 >42 All >14-28 >28-42 >4

Western Illinois Bureau 0–150 0 0 0 0 12 62 0 73 100 7 0 110 110 70 

>150 0 42 4 46 0 110 33 150 0 0 0 0 0 150 3

Subtotal 0 42 4 46 12 170 33 220 100 7 0 110 110 220 3

Fulton 0-150 0 0 0 0 42 0 0 42 15 0 0 15 57 0 

Henry 0-150 0 0 0 0 0 57 0 57 0 0 0 0 0 57 Knox 0-150 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 Peoria 0-150 0 0 0 0 190 40 0 230 43 0 0 43 240 40 Stark 0-150 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 26 30 0 56 26 30 Western 0–150 0 0 0 0 250 160 0 400 180 37 0 220 430 200 

Illinois >150 0 42 4 46 0 110 33 150 0 0 0 0 0 150 3

Total 0 42 4 46 250 270 33 550 180 37 0 220 430 350 3

West-central Illinois

Christian >150 0 21 9 30 0 31 0 31 0 0 0 0 0 53 

Effingham >150 0 6 4 10 0 140 190 330 0 620 240 860 0 770 43Fayette >150 0 31 0 31 0 280 0 280 0 0 0 0 0 310 Macoupin >150 1 4 0 5 9 0 0 9 0 0 0 0 11 4 Montgomery >150 2 10 0 12 5 35 0 40 0 0 0 0 7 44 Shelby >150 0 18 4 22 0 110 0 110 0 0 0 0 0 130 West-central 0–150 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Illinois >150 3 89 17 110 15 600 190 800 0 620 240 860 18 1,300 45

Total 3 89 17 110 15 600 190 800 0 620 240 860 18 1,300 45

Appendix 3. Estimated remaining resources of the Danville Coal in Illinois and Indiana, and the Baker coal in western Kentucky—Conti
Resource Assessment D63

Remaining resources (million short tons) 

I-A I-B II-A Total 

Coal thickness (inches) Coal thickness (inches) Coal thickness (inches) Coal thickness (in

County Coal 

depth 

(feet) >14-28 >28-42 >42 All >14-28 >28-42 >42 All >14-28 >28-42 >42 All >14-28 >28-42 >

East-central Illinois 

Champaign >150 0 1 10 11 0 7 19 26 0 0 67 67 0 8 

Clark 0–150 0 1 4 5 1 2 5 8 23 51 32 110 25 54 

>150 0 62 90 150 0 190 480 670 0 350 310 670 0 600 8

Subtotal 0 64 93 160 1 190 490 680 23 400 350 770 25 660 9

Coles 0–150 0 0 0 0 5 2 0 7 15 120 0 130 20 120 

>150 0 2 0 2 0 130 110 240 0 520 240 770 0 650 3

Subtotal 0 2 0 2 5 130 110 250 15 640 240 900 20 770 3

Cumberland 0–150 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 

>150 0 11 17 28 0 220 240 450 0 240 170 410 0 470 4

Subtotal 0 11 17 28 0 220 240 450 1 240 170 410 1 470 4

Edgar 0–150 0 1 23 24 4 43 65 110 1 46 7 54 5 90 

>150 0 52 120 170 0 230 440 680 0 370 200 570 0 660 7

Subtotal 0 53 140 200 4 280 510 790 1 420 210 630 5 750 8

Vermilion 0–150 6 64 300 370 0 0 7 7 0 18 0 18 6 82 3

>150 0 77 590 660 0 27 780 800 0 6 48 54 0 110 1,4

Subtotal 6 140 890 1,000 0 27 780 810 0 24 48 72 6 190 1,7

East-central 0–150 6 66 330 400 10 48 77 130 39 230 39 310 57 350 4

Illinois >150 0 210 820 1,000 0 800 2,100 2,900 0 1,500 1,000 2,500 0 2,500 3,9

Total 6 270 1,100 1,400 10 850 2,200 3,000 39 1,700 1,100 2,800 57 2,800 4,4

Southeastern Illinois

Crawford >150 0 31 8 38 0 260 140 400 0 480 290 770 0 780 4

Jasper >150 0 23 32 55 0 540 400 940 0 210 29 240 0 780 4Lawrence >150 0 28 6 34 0 180 270 450 0 410 240 650 0 610 5Richland >150 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 520 130 650 0 520 1Saline 0-150 0 0 0 0 68 1 0 69 0 0 0 0 68 1 

Williamson 0-150 0 0 0 0 53 3 0 56 0 0 0 0 53 3 Southeastern 0–150 0 0 0 0 120 4 0 120 0 0 0 0 120 4 

Illinois >150 0 82 46 130 0 980 810 1,800 0 1,600 690 2,300 0 2,700 1,5

Total 0 82 46 130 120 980 810 1,900 0 1,600 690 2,300 120 2,700 1,5

Appendix 3. Estimated remaining resources of the Danville Coal in Illinois and Indiana, and the Baker coal in western Kentucky—Contin
D64 Resource Assessment of the Springfield, Herrin, Danville, and Baker Coals in the Illinois Basin Remaining resources (million short tons) I-A I-B II-A Total Coal thickness (inches) Coal thickness (inches) Coal thickness (inches) Coal thickness (inc

County Coal depth (feet) >14-28 >28-42 >42 All >14-28 >28-42 >42 All >14-28 >28-42 >42 All >14-28 >28-42 >4

Indiana Gibson 0–150 49 82 17 150 13 33 4 49 0 0 0 0 61 110 2

>150 230 360 70 660 130 210 22 360 0 0 0 0 360 580 9

Subtotal 280 440 87 810 140 240 25 410 0 0 0 0 420 690 11

Knox 0–150 15 80 60 150 8 92 28 130 0 16 0 16 23 190 8

>150 73 380 190 640 32 300 120 440 0 8 0 9 110 680 30

Subtotal 88 460 250 790 40 390 150 570 0 24 0 24 130 870 39

Pike 0–150 4 6 0 10 4 36 6 46 3 30 5 38 10 72 1

>150 1 5 0 6 2 19 0 21 0 0 0 0 2 25 

Subtotal 5 12 0 17 5 55 6 67 3 30 5 38 12 97 1

Posey 0–150 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

>150 92 450 11 550 220 380 1 600 40 18 0 57 350 850 1

Subtotal 92 450 11 550 220 380 1 600 40 18 0 57 350 850 1

Sullivan 0–150 22 130 86 230 19 87 25 130 0 0 0 0 41 210 11

>150 87 230 120 440 75 270 30 370 0 2 0 2 160 500 15

Subtotal 110 360 210 670 94 350 55 500 0 2 0 2 200 710 26

Vanderburgh 0–150 4 1 1 6 11 8 1 19 13 27 0 40 27 36 

>150 42 16 0 58 77 60 0 140 32 44 0 76 150 120 

Subtotal 46 17 1 63 88 69 1 160 45 71 0 120 180 160 

Vermillion 0–150 0 1 27 27 0 0 9 9 0 0 1 1 0 1 3

>150 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Subtotal 0 1 27 27 0 0 9 9 0 0 1 1 0 1 3

Vigo 0–150 5 77 130 210 2 82 110 190 0 0 0 0 6 160 23

>150 10 21 53 83 10 86 65 160 0 1 0 1 20 110 12

Subtotal 14 98 180 290 11 170 170 350 0 1 0 1 26 270 35

Warrick 0–150 24 49 4 77 13 10 1 24 1 0 0 1 38 60 

>150 2 4 0 6 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 2 4 

Subtotal 26 53 4 83 13 11 1 25 1 0 0 1 40 64 

Indiana 0–150 120 430 320 870 70 350 180 600 16 73 7 96 210 840 50

>150 540 1,500 440 2,400 540 1,300 230 2,100 72 73 0 140 1,200 2,900 67

Total 660 1,900 760 3,300 610 1,700 410 2,700 88 150 7 240 1,400 3,700 1,20

Appendix 3. Estimated remaining resources of the Danville Coal in Illinois and Indiana, and the Baker coal in western Kentucky—Contin
Resource Assessment D65

Remaining resources (million short tons) 

Measured Indicated Inferred Hypothetical 

Coal thickness (inches) Coal thickness (inches) Coal thickness (inches) Coal thickness (inches) C

County Coal 

depth 

(feet) >14-28 >28-42 >42 All >14-28 >28-42 >42 All >14-28 >28-42 >42 All >14-28 >28-42 >42 All >14-

Western Kentucky

Daviess 0–150 3 0 0 3 4 0 0 4 3 6 1 10 1 0 0 1 

>150 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 3 0 3 4 7 0 0 0 0 

Subtotal 3 0 0 3 5 1 1 7 3 10 5 17 1 0 0 1 

Henderson 0–150 14 19 29 62 44 47 71 160 67 82 80 230 27 8 8 43 1

>150 1 4 17 22 3 15 70 89 19 82 210 310 35 41 28 110 

Subtotal 15 22 46 84 47 62 140 250 86 160 290 540 63 49 36 150 2

Hopkins 0–150 18 5 15 38 21 7 9 37 11 1 1 12 0 0 0 0 

>150 22 25 50 97 43 35 120 190 110 55 77 240 22 21 0 43 1

Subtotal 40 30 65 130 64 43 130 230 120 55 78 250 22 21 0 43 2

McLean 0–150 5 5 2 12 9 11 2 22 15 20 1 36 1 0 0 1 

>150 27 25 17 60 44 38 19 100 71 39 21 130 0 0 0 0 1

Subtotal 32 21 19 72 53 49 21 120 86 59 22 170 1 0 0 1 1

Muhlenberg 0–150 7 3 3 13 15 6 0 22 33 26 0 59 2 13 0 15 

>150 15 5 1 21 30 6 3 39 27 6 0 33 0 0 0 0 

Subtotal 22 8 4 34 44 12 3 60 60 32 0 93 2 13 0 15 1

Ohio 0–150 0 3 2 5 1 8 3 12 20 74 7 100 1 25 2 28 

>150 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 13 5 22 0 6 0 7 

Subtotal 0 3 2 5 1 9 3 12 24 87 12 120 1 31 3 35 

Union 0–150 1 2 1 4 3 2 0 5 4 2 0 6 0 0 0 0 

>150 25 22 5 52 54 22 5 80 45 10 1 56 19 0 0 19 1

Subtotal 27 24 6 56 57 24 5 86 49 12 1 61 19 0 0 19 1

Webster 0–150 1 2 14 16 1 3 23 26 6 26 3 36 2 1 0 2 

>150 10 25 190 230 18 36 260 310 20 51 260 330 3 7 6 17 

Subtotal 10 27 200 240 18 39 280 340 26 77 260 370 5 8 6 19 

Western 0–150 50 40 65 150 97 85 110 290 160 240 92 490 34 47 10 91 3

Kentucky >150 100 96 280 480 190 150 470 820 290 260 580 1,100 80 77 35 190 6

Total 150 130 350 630 290 240 580 1,100 450 500 670 1,600 110 120 45 280 1,0

Appendix 3. Estimated remaining resources of the Danville Coal in Illinois and Indiana, and the Baker coal in western Kentucky—Continued. 
Chapter E

Characterization of the Quality

of Coals from the Illinois Basin 

By R.H. Affolter and J.R. Hatch

Chapter E of

Resource Assessment of the Springfield, Herrin, Danville, and 

Baker Coals in the Illinois Basin

Edited by J.R. Hatch and R.H. Affolter

U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1625–D

U.S. Department of the Interior

U.S. Geological Survey

National Coal

Resource

Assessment

Click here to return to Disc 1 

Volume Table of Contents
EII

Contents

Introduction .......................................................................................................................................... E1

Acknowledgments and Products .................................................................................................... 1

Geologic Framework............................................................................................................................ 1

Stratigraphic Nomenclature............................................................................................................... 1

Methods................................................................................................................................................. 4

U.S. Geological Survey............................................................................................................... 4

Illinois State Geological Survey................................................................................................ 4

Indiana Geological Survey......................................................................................................... 5

Kentucky Geological Survey ..................................................................................................... 5

Explanation of Data Selected for the Illinois Basin Assessment ................................................. 6

Importance of Coal Quality ................................................................................................................. 8

Coal Quality in the Illinois Basin ........................................................................................................ 11

Ash Yield ....................................................................................................................................... 11

Sulfur ............................................................................................................................................. 15

Calorific Value.............................................................................................................................. 15

Element Composition ........................................................................................................................... 19

Conclusion ............................................................................................................................................ 19

References Cited.................................................................................................................................. 23

Appendixes

1. Summary descriptive statistics of proximate and ultimate analyses,

calorific values, forms-of-sulfur analyses, and ash-fusion temperatures for all 

assessed and nonassessed coals in the Illinois Basin........................................ E27

2. Summary descriptive statistics of proximate and ultimate analyses, calorific 

values, forms-of-sulfur analyses, and ash-fusion temperatures for all assessed 

and nonassessed coals in the Illinois Basin as analyzed by the Illinois State 

Geological Survey, Indiana Geological Survey, Kentucky Geological Survey,

 and U.S. Geological Survey ............................................................................................... 39

3. Summary descriptive statistics of ash yields and contents of selected elements 

for all assessed and nonassessed coals in the Illinois Basin .................................... 64

 4. Summary descriptive statistics of ash yields and contents of selected elements 

 for all assessed and nonassessed coals in the Illinois Basin as analyzed by

 the Illinois State Geological Survey, Indiana Gelogical Survey, Kentucky

 Geological Survey, and U.S. Geological Survey ............................................................ 76

 5. Minimum, maximum, percentile, and median values of ash yield, sulfur content, 

calorific value, and elements of environmental concern for assessed and 

nonassessed coals, grouped by assessed coal or stratigraphic unit in the

Illinois Basin ........................................................................................................................ 97

 6. Histograms of ash yield, sulfur content, calorific value, and elements of

environmental concern for the Springfield, Herrin, and Danville-Baker Coals 

in the Illinois Basin.............................................................................................................. 114

 7. Graduated symbol maps for ash yield, sulfur content, calorific value, and 

elements of environmental concern for the Springfield, Herrin, and 

Danville-Baker Coals in the Illinois Basin....................................................................... 163

 8. Explanation of chemical data columns in the U.S. Geological Survey,
 EIII

Indiana Geological Survey, Kentucky Geological Survey, and Illinois State 

Geological Survey’s coal database files created for the resource assessment 

of the Springfield, Herrin, Danville, and Baker Coals in the Illinois Basin ................. 203

Figures

1. Map showing location of the Illinois Basin study area in the United States in 

relation to other areas assessed during the National Coal Resource 

Assessment Project.......................................................................................... E2

2. Stratigraphic chart of the Pennsylvanian System in the Illinois Basin, showing 

major coal members ........................................................................................................... 3

3. Flow diagram of analytical procedures used through September 1990 for the 

analysis of coal samples from the Illinois Basin assessment...................................... 8

4. Map showing localities of Pennsylvanian samples from assessed coals in the 

Illinois Basin for which chemical data are available ................................................... 9

 5. Map showing localities of Pennsylvanian samples from nonassessed coals in 

 the Illinois Basin for which chemical data are available ............................................. 10

6–11. Graduated-symbol maps:

6. Ash yield of the Danville-Baker Coals in the Illinois Basin ................................ 12

7. Ash yield of the Herrin Coal in the Illinois Basin.................................................. 13

8. Ash yield of the Springfield Coal in the Illinois Basin ......................................... 14

 9. Sulfur content of the Danville-Baker Coals in the Illinois Basin........................ 16

 10. Sulfur content of the Herrin Coal in the Illinois Basin ......................................... 17

 11. Sulfur content of the Springfield Coal in the Illinois Basin................................. 18

 12. Diagram showing distribution of sulfate, organic, and pyritic sulfur from 

 the assessed Pennsylvanian Springfield, Herrin, and Danville-Baker Coals 

 in the Illinois Basin .............................................................................................................. 19

 13–15. Graduated-symbol maps:

 13. Calorific values of the Danville-Baker Coals in 

 the Illinois Basin .................................................................................................................. 20

 14. Calorific values of the Herrin Coal in 

 the Illinois Basin .................................................................................................................. 21

 15. Calorific values of the Springfield Coal in 

 the Illinois Basin .................................................................................................................. 22

Tables

 1. State, coal-bearing stratigraphic unit, coal name of assessed coals, 

 number of samples, data source, and name of ASCII file containing chemical 

 data from coal samples for the Illinois Basin coal assessment .................................. E5

 2. State, coal-bearing stratigraphic unit, coal names of nonassessed coals, 

 number of samples, data source, and name of ASCII file containing chemical 

 data from coal samples for the Illinois Basin coal assessment .................................. 6

 3. Data source, number of samples analyzed, name of ASCII file containing 

 chemical data, State, coal-bearing stratigraphic unit, and coal names of 

 assessed coals for the regional summaries from the Illinois Basin coal 

 assessment........................................................................................................................... 7

 4. Mean content of elements of environmental concern (1990 Clean Air Act 

 Amendment) for coals from the Illinois Basin coal assessment ................................. 23

 5. Comparison of the mean content of elements of environmental concern 

 (1990 Clean Air Act Amendment) for the Illinois Basin assessed coals 

 (Danville, Baker, Herrin, and Springfield Coals only) with coals from the

 Appalachian Basin, Colorado Plateau coal assessment area, Gulf Coast, 

 and Western United States Tertiary coal ........................................................................ 23 
E1

Introduction

The goal of the Illinois Basin Coal Assessment Project is to 

provide an overview of the geologic setting, distribution, 

resources, and quality of Pennsylvanian coal in the Illinois Basin. 

This assessment is part of the U.S. Geological Survey's National 

Coal Resource Assessment Program (NCRA), which includes, 

along with the Illinois Basin, the Colorado Plateau, the Northern 

Rocky Mountains and Northern Great Plains region, the Appalachian Basin, and the Gulf Coast region of the United States (fig. 

1). Such studies are of considerable significance because environmental mandates and concerns relating to coal development have 

become increasingly important to the National interest. 

This assessment is different from previous U.S. Geological 

Survey coal assessments in that the major emphasis is placed on 

coals that are most likely to be major sources of energy over the 

next few decades (Gluskoter and others, 1996). Another major 

difference is that data are being collected and stored in a digital 

format that can be updated as new information becomes available. In the future, environmental considerations may eventually 

control which coals will be mined and will determine what preventative procedures will be implemented in order to reduce sulfur and possibly trace element emissions from coal-burning 

power plants. It is also expected that in the future, emphasis will 

be placed on coal combustion products and the challenges of disposal and utilization of these products. Therefore, this coal-quality assessment includes not only information on ash, sulfur, and 

calorific content, but also information on the major-, minor-, and 

trace-element content of these coals. Characterization of coal 

quality is an important aspect of the assessment program in that it 

provides a synthesis and analysis of data that will influence future 

utilization of this valuable resource. 

Acknowledgments and Products

The Illinois Basin coal assessment was completed in cooperation with multidisciplinary groups of scientists, technicians, 

and computer specialists from the U.S. Geological Survey 

(USGS), the Indiana Geological Survey (IGS), the Kentucky 

Geological Survey (KGS), and the Illinois State Geological Survey (ISGS). Together, these three state surveys make up the Illinois Basin Consortium (IBC). The main products of this 

assessment are digital databases that contain all publicly available point-source data on thickness, depth, and coal quality for 

the Springfield, Herrin, Danville, and Baker Coals, which are the 

major mined coals in the basin. From this database, statewide 

maps have been prepared that depict thickness, elevation (structure), mined-out areas, and extents of the principal areas where 

the coals may potentially be mined at the surface or recovered 

from underground. This information is available as digital products accessible in a variety of interpretive and interactive forms 

(see the ArcView section of this publication).

Geologic Framework

The Illinois Basin coal assessment area includes parts of Illinois, southwestern Indiana, and western Kentucky, containing the 

largest reserve base of bituminous coal of any basin in the United 

States. Coal production in 2000 was about 88.4 million short tons 

(Freme, 2001). However, this production level is declining (down 

from 104 million short tons in 1999) and is expected to decline 

further as electric utilities switch from high-sulfur Illinois Basin 

coal to low-sulfur western coal. Assessments of the original and 

remaining coal resources, coal compositions, and recoverable 

coal reserves in the Illinois Basin have at least a 100-year history. 

The last major coal assessment by the U.S. Geological Survey 

was done in 1974 (Averitt, 1975).

Coal-bearing rocks in the Illinois Basin are part of the Eastern Region of the Interior Coal Province (Trumball, 1960). These 

rocks are of Pennsylvanian age and were formed between about 

325 and 290 million years ago. In the Illinois Basin, the Pennsylvanian rocks are divided into the Raccoon Creek Group, the Carbondale Group or Formation, and the McLeansboro Group. 

Correlations of these strata across Illinois, southwestern Indiana, 

and western Kentucky are shown in figure 2. 

Stratigraphic Nomenclature

The Raccoon Creek Group, Carbondale Formation, and 

McLeansboro Group are defined the same in Illinois and western 

Kentucky (Jacobson and others, 1985), but are defined differently 

in Indiana (see fig. 2). The main differences are 

 (1) The Raccoon Creek Group in Illinois and western 

Kentucky is divided into the Caseyville and Trade-

 water Formations. The Raccoon Creek Group in

 Indiana consists of the Mansfield, Brazil, and 

 Staunton Formations.

(2) The Carbondale Formation is recognized in Illinois and 

Kentucky. The Carbondale Group is recognized in 

Indiana, where it is divided into the Linton, Petersburg, 

and Dugger Formations. 

(3) In Indiana, the Seelyville Coal Member is at the top of 

the Staunton Formation of the Raccoon Group, whereas 

in Illinois and western Kentucky the Seelyville Coal 

and equivalents are in the Carbondale Formation.

Characterization of the Quality of Coals from the 

Illinois Basin

 R.H. Affolter1 and J.R. Hatch1

1

U.S. Geological Survey, Mail Stop 939, Box 25046, Denver, CO 80225

By
E2 Resource Assessment of the Springfield, Herrin, Danville, and Baker Coals in the Illinois Basin

Gulf Coast

Northern Rocky Mountains

and Northern Great Plains

Basin

Colorado

Plateau

Illinois Basin

Appalachian

Figure 1. Map showing location of the Illinois Basin study area in the United States in relation to other areas assessed during the National Coal 

Resource Assessment Project. 

 (4) The base of the McLeansboro Group and the base of 

the Shelburn Formation in Illinois and Kentucky are at 

the top of the Herrin Coal. The base of the Shelburn 

Formation is at the top of the Danville Coal Member in 

Indiana.

(5) The Springfield Coal is in the Carbondale Formation in 

Illinois and western Kentucky and in the Petersburg 

Formation in Indiana. The Herrin Coal is in the Carbondale Formation in Illinois and western Kentucky 

and in the Dugger Formation in Indiana; however, the 

Herrin Coal Member is neither well developed nor 

mined in Indiana. The Danville Coal Member is in the 

Shelburn Formation of the McLeansboro Group in Illinois and in the Dugger Formation of the Carbondale 

Group in Indiana. The Baker coal is in the Shelburn 

Formation of the McLeansboro Group in western Kentucky. 

 (6) In Illinois (Hopkins and Simon, 1975) and Indiana 

(Mastalerz and Harper, 1998), the Springfield, Herrin, 

and Danville Coal Members, as well as most other 

coals, are formally recognized stratigraphic members. 

In western Kentucky, coals are not given that same status (for example, the Baker coal) (Greb and others, 

1992). For this assessment report, when discussing 

coals in a given State we will follow the stratigraphic 

nomenclature previously established for that State. 

When referring to a coal, or coals, in an area that 

includes parts of States having different stratigraphic 

nomenclatures, we will list the coal name as the Springfield Coal, Herrin Coal, Danville Coal, or Baker Coal. 

When summarizing and comparing the chemistry of the 

coals, we have chosen to combine the Danville and 

Baker Coals (Danville-Baker) as stratigraphically 

equivalent units and also to list them as separate coals 

for each State.

The primary focus of this chapter is the chemical composition of coals from the Springfield Coal (Illinois No. 5, western 

Kentucky No. 9, Indiana V), the Herrin Coal (Illinois No. 6, western Kentucky No. 11), the Danville Coal (Illinois No. 7, Indiana 

VII), and the Baker coal (western Kentucky No. 13). The Springfield and Herrin Coals are in the Carbondale Formation or Group 

in all three States. The Danville-Baker Coals are within the 

McLeansboro Group in Illinois and western Kentucky but within 

the Carbondale Group in southwestern Indiana. The chemical 
 Coal quality in the Illinois Basin E3

Illinois Ind

Western Kentucky

Mattoon Fm.

Bond Fm.

Patoka Fm.

Ma

Bo

Pa

Mattoon Fm.

Bond Fm.

Patoka Fm.

She

Danville (No. 7)JamestownHerrin (No. 6)Springfield (No. 5)

Houchin Creek (No. 4)

SurvantColchester (No. 2)DekovenDavis

Dan

HymHerr

Spri

Hou

Surv

Colc

See

MinsUppLow

Mar

Blue 

Pinn

St. M

Herrin (No. 11)Springfield (No. 9)

Houchin Creek (No. 8b)

Survant (No. 8)ColchesterDekoven (No. 7) Davis (No. 6)Baker (No. 13)Paradise (No. 12)BancroftDunbar/Lead CreekElm LickAberdeenDeanfieldAmos and FosterHawesville

Shelburn Fm. Tradewater Fm. Caseyville

Fm.

Dugger Fm. Petersburg

Fm. Linton Fm. Brazil

Fm. Mansfield Fm.

Shelburn Fm. Tradewater Fm. Caseyville

Fm.

Carb

Carbondale Fm.

ondale Fm.

Upper

Missourian

Virgilian

Desmoinesian

Middle

PENNSYLVANIAN

Atokan

Lower

Morrowan

Raccoon Creek Gp.

Carbondale Gp.

McLeansboro Gp.

McLeansboro Gp.

McLeansboro Gp. Raccoon Creek Gp.

Raccoon Creek Gp.

Murphysboro

Rock Island (No. 1)

Coiltown (No. 14)

Sha

Mining City/Lewisport/Mannington (No. 4)

Staunton

Fm.

Figure 2. Stratigraphic chart of the Pennsylvanian system in the Illinois Basin, showing major coal members. Modified from Mastalerz and Ha

(1998, fig. 2) and Greb and others (1992, fig. 22). Fm., Formation; Gp, Group; - - -, problematic coal correlations.
E4 Resource Assessment of the Springfield, Herrin, Danville, and Baker Coals in the Illinois Basin

compositions of nonassessed coals from the McLeansboro 

Group, Carbondale Group or Formation, and Raccoon Creek 

Group from southwestern Indiana and western Kentucky have 

also been summarized. These additional analyses are included in 

summary charts or tables in the appendixes to provide an overall 

view of the quality and characterization of all coal (assessed and 

nonassessed) from the Illinois Basin. 

Methods

Proximate and ultimate analyses, calorific value, forms-ofsulfur analyses, and ash-fusion temperatures for this study were 

provided by the USGS, ISGS, IGS, and KGS. Major-, minor-, 

and trace-element analyses were supplied by the USGS, ISGS, 

and only selected elements by the KGS. For assessed coals, table 

1 summarizes the data by State, coal-bearing stratigraphic unit, 

coal name of assessed coals, number of samples, data source, and 

name of ASCII file used to create the ArcView State views for the 

Springfield, Herrin, Danville, and Baker Coals. Table 2 summarizes the same information for nonassessed beds from the Raccoon Creek Group, Carbondale Group or Formation, and 

McLeansboro Group. Table 3 shows the data source, number of 

samples analyzed, name of ASCII file containing chemical data, 

State, coal-bearing stratigraphic unit, and coal names used to create the ArcView regional views for the Springfield, Herrin, Danville, and Baker Coals.

Because the data for this study were received from multiple 

sources, it is important to document the individual techniques and 

methods as well as what the data represent. Following is a brief 

summary of the methods used by the various sources.

U.S. Geological Survey

Since 1971 the USGS has maintained a program to evaluate 

the chemical composition of coal in the United States. This has 

been accomplished through a cooperative effort in the collection 

of coal samples by many different workers from State and Federal agencies, the coal mining industry, and various colleges and 

universities. The goals were to (1) provide baseline chemical and 

geologic data through the evaluation of site-specific, proposed or 

future surface and underground mining and future reclamation 

areas, and (2) store this information in digital form (Affolter and 

Hatch, 1995).

The USGS USCHEM coal-quality database is a geologic 

database in that it represents the quality of the coal as it is found 

in the ground, and it represents only single coals. Information on 

coal-mine products or washed coals that are directly utilized by 

utilities was not available. A complete description of the 

USCHEM database, along with a discussion of its weaknesses 

and strengths, was given by Finkelman and others (1994, table 7). 

Despite its limitations, the USCHEM database is one of the few 

comprehensive and publicly available sources of proximate and 

ultimate analyses, forms of sulfur, calorific values, and major-, 

minor-, and trace-element content of United States coals. Documentation and chemical analyses for coal samples processed 

during the USGS’s collection program are available to the public 

in more than 40 published reports (Finkelman and others, 1991).

Ash yields were determined and major-, minor-, and traceelement contents were analyzed by USGS laboratories in Denver, 

Colo., and Reston, Va. Detailed descriptions of analytical methods are given by Swanson and Huffman (1976), Baedecker 

(1987), and Golightly and Simon (1989); figure 3 is a flow diagram of procedures used for the analysis of Illinois Basin coal 

samples (modified from Finkelman and others, 1994). Proximate 

and ultimate analyses, calorific value, and forms of sulfur were 

determined by commercial and government laboratories according to ASTM standards (American Society for Testing and Materials, 1999a). The raw analytical data are stored digitally in the 

USGS USCHEM Coal Quality Database. All chemical data are 

either on an as-received or whole-coal basis. The samples, primarily face-channel or bench mine samples, are representative of the 

coals in general and were carefully selected to provide an accurate view of the overall coal quality throughout the basin.

Some analytical data for the Illinois Basin were previously 

published by Swanson and others (1976), Zubovic and others 

(1979, 1980), and Oman and others (1992). Some of the data are 

also available digitally on the USGS COALQUAL database 

(Bragg and others, 1998) and the National Geochemical database: PLUTO Geochemical database for the United States (Baedecker and others, 1998).

Samples selected from the USCHEM database for the purpose of the present study were of Pennsylvanian age, with less 

than 50 percent ash yield, and were all within the Illinois Basin 

study area in Illinois, southwestern Indiana, and western Kentucky. All samples were edited for geographical and chemical 

information and were updated to reflect any changes. The resulting data therefore represent a modified subset of the USCHEM 

database. These data sets are listed in tables 1–3 and are stored on 

disc 2 of this CD-ROM as ASCII text files ilhechmu.txt, 

indachmu.txt, inspchmu.txt, incgchmu.txt, inrgchmu.txt, 

kyspchmu.txt, kydachmu.txt, kyhechmu.txt, kymgchmu.txt, 

kyrgchmu.txt, kycgchmu.txt, and uschmu.txt. In ArcView these 

text files were added as tables, the tables were added as event 

themes, and the themes were converted into shapefiles. A data 

dictionary explaining all the fields within this database is 

included in appendix 8 of this chapter and as uschmtm.pdf on 

disc 2 in the ArcView regional views. In the ArcView project, the 

data dictionary is linked to the individual ArcView geochemical 

shapefiles. 

Illinois State Geological Survey

Chemical data from Illinois coals are primarily from facechannel samples collected in active or abandoned mines. Files for 

the Springfield, Herrin, and Danville Coals (il_loc.dif, 

il_prox.dif, il_ult.dif, il_misc.dif, il_rem.dif, and il_trace.dif) 

were supplied by Colin Treworgy of the ISGS, merged into one 

file and edited for content. Each analysis in the Illinois coal database has a unique 12-character identifier called LABNO (laboratory number). The first character in the item LABNO is a letter 

assigned by the ISGS indicating the laboratory that analyzed the 

sample. All chemical data are either on a dry basis or dry, wholecoal basis. Publications by Cady (1935, 1948), Rees (1966), 
 Coal quality in the Illinois Basin E5

State Stratigraphic unit Coal name

No. of

samples 

Data

source File name

Shelburn Formation Danville (No. 7) 170 ISGS1 Ildachms.txt

77 USGS2 Herrin (No. 6) Ilhechmu.txt

2,330 ISGS Ilhechms.txt

Illinois 

Carbondale Formation 

Springfield (No. 5) 1,171 ISGS Ilspchms.txt

115 IGS3 Dugger Formation Danville (VII) Indachms.txt

19 USGS Indachmu.txt

336 IGS Inspchms.txt

Indiana 

Petersburg Formation Springfield (V) 

49 USGS Inspchmu.txt

Baker 19 KGS4 Shelburn Formation Kydachms.txt

Baker (No. 13) 15 USGS Kydachmu.txt

Herrin 121 KGS Kyhechms.txt

Herrin (No. 11) 20 USGS Kyhechmu.txt

Springfield 259 KGS Kyspchms.txt

Kentucky

Carbondale Formation 

Springfield (No. 9) 31 USGS Kyspchmu.txt

1

Illinois State Geological Survey

2

U.S. Geological Survey

3

Indiana Geological Survey 4

Kentucky Geological Survey

Table 1. State, coal-bearing stratigraphic unit, coal name of assessed coals, number of samples, data source, and name of 

ASCII file containing chemical data from coal samples for the Illinois Basin coal assessment.

Gluskoter and others (1977), and Harvey and others (1983, 1985) 

document and list in detail the analytical procedures used by the 

Illinois State Geological Survey for most coal samples. 

Samples from this ISGS file were retrieved if they contained 

less than 50 percent ash yield and were within the Illinois part of 

the Illinois Basin study area. All samples were edited for geographical and chemical information and were updated to reflect 

any changes. The resulting data set is therefore a modified subset 

of the ISGS chemical database. These data sets are listed in tables 

1 and 3 and stored on disc 2 of on this CD-ROM as ASCII text 

files ildachms.txt, ilhechms.txt, ilspchems.txt, and ilchms.txt. In 

ArcView the text files were added as tables, the tables were added 

as event themes, and the themes were converted into shapefiles. A 

data dictionary explaining all the fields within this database is 

included in appendix 8 and as ilchmtm.pdf on disc 2 in the ArcView regional views. This data dictionary is linked to the individual ArcView geochemical shapefiles. 

Indiana Geological Survey

Samples from Indiana were collected by the IGS, primarily 

from face-channels in mines, with some mine tipple and grab 

samples where no other samples were available. These data were 

selected from "The Indiana Coal Analysis Database; Computer 

database 1" by Hasenmueller and Miller (1992). Some of these 

data were also published by Hasenmueller (1994) and Mastalerz 

and Harper (1998). All analyses were done according to ASTM 

standards (American Society for Testing and Materials, 1999a). 

Some of these analyses were performed on sample splits received 

from the USGS that were analyzed by several different laboratories, therefore resulting in slightly different analytical results. 

Also, some location descriptions have been updated. 

Text files from Hasenmueller and Miller’s 1992 report 

(igschm1l, igschm1c, igschm1r, igschm2l, igschm2c, igschm2r, 

igschm3l, igschm3c, igschm3r) were merged and modified. 

Samples from this merged file were retrieved if they contained 

less than 50 percent ash yield and were collected within the southwestern Indiana part of the Illinois Basin study area. All samples 

were edited for geological and chemical information and were 

updated to reflect any changes. This resulting data set is therefore 

a modified subset of the coal analysis database published by 

Hasenmueller and Miller (1992). The data are listed in tables 1–3 

and stored as ASCII text files indachms.txt, inspchms.txt, 

incgchms.txt, inrgchms.txt, and inchms.txt on disc 2 of this CDROM. In ArcView, the text files were added as tables, the tables 

were added as event themes, and the themes were converted into 

shapefiles. All chemical data are on an as-received basis and contain no major-, minor-, or trace-element data. A data dictionary 

explaining all the fields within this database is included in appendix 8 and as inchmtm.pdf on disc 2 in the ArcView regional views. 

In the ArcView project the data dictionary is linked to the individual ArcView geochemical shapefiles. 

Kentucky Geological Survey

Samples from Kentucky are primarily from face channels in 

mines and were collected either by the KGS or by the USGS. 

Files (wky1.xls, wky2.xls, wky3.xls, and wky4.xls) were supplied by Cortland Eble of the KGS, merged into one file, and then 

edited for content. Samples from this merged file were retrieved 
E6 Resource Assessment of the Springfield, Herrin, Danville, and Baker Coals in the Illinois Basin

State Stratigraphic unit Coal names 

No. of 

samples 

Data

source 

File

name

Indiana Carbondale Group Bucktown, Colchester, Houchin Creek, 

Hymera, Survant, unnamed Dugger, and 

unnamed Linton. 

Bucktown V-B, Colchester, Houchin Creek 

IV-A, Hymera VI, Survant IV. 

313 

44 

IGS1

USGS2 

Incgchms.txt

Incgchmu.txt

Raccoon Creek Group Blue Creek, Buffaloville, French Lick, 

Lower Block, Mariah Hill, Minshall,

Pinnick, Seelyville, St. Meinrad, unnamed 

Brazil, unnamed Mansfield, unnamed 

Staunton, Upper Block 

Blue Creek, Buffaloville, Lower Block,

Mariah Hill, Seelyville III, St. Meinrad,

unnamed Brazil, unnamed Mansfield,

unnamed Staunton, Upper Block 

586 

106 

IGS 

USGS

Inrgchms.txt

Inrgchmu.txt

Kentucky Carbondale Formation Briar Hill, Dekoven, No. 6, No. 7, No. 8,

No. 8B, Schultztown

No. 6, No. 7, No. 8, No. 8B

42 

42 

KGS3

USGS

Kycgchms.txt

Kycgchmu.txt

Raccoon Creek Group Aberdeen, Amos, Amos Rider, Bancroft, 

Bell, Deanfield, Dunbar, Elm Lick B, Elm 

Lick C, Foster, Main Nolin, No. 4A, No. 5 

Amos, Deanfield, Dunbar, Elm Lick, Elm 

Lick Zone, Empire, Foster, Hawesville, 

Lead Creek, No. 1B, No. 4, No. 4A, No. 5,

Nolin

87 

43 

KGS

USGS

Kyrgchms.txt

Kyrgchmu.txt

McLeansboro Group Coiltown, No. 12, No. 13B split 

No. 12, No. 14

57 

25 

KGS

USGS

Kymgchms.txt

Kymgchmu.txt

1

Indiana Geological Survey 2

U.S. Geological Survey

3

Kentucky Geological Survey

Table 2. State, coal-bearing stratigraphic unit, coal names of nonassessed coals, number of samples, data source, and name of ASCII 

file containing chemical data from coal samples for the Illinois Basin coal assessment.

if they contained less than 50 percent ash yield and were collected 

within the western Kentucky part of the Illinois Basin study area. 

All samples were edited for geographical and chemical information and were updated to reflect any changes. The resulting data 

set is therefore a modified subset of the KGS's chemical database. 

All chemical data are on a dry basis or a dry, whole-coal basis and 

contain proximate and ultimate analyses, calorific values, and 

only selected major-, minor-, and trace element data; forms of 

sulfur or ash-fusion temperature data are not included. All proximate and ultimate analyses were done according to ASTM standards (American Society for Testing and Materials, 1999a). Some 

of the data may consist of duplicate analyses from the USGS that 

were analyzed by different methods. There is limited published 

information on the specific analytical methods that were used to 

determine KGS coal quality data. Some data were published by 

Currens (1986), and additional information about the samples 

may be obtained from the KGS. 

Data acquired on Kentucky coals are listed in tables 1–3 and 

stored as ASCII text files kyspchms.txt, kyhechms.txt, 

kydachms.txt, kycgchms.txt, kyrgchms.txt, kymgchms.txt, and 

kychms.txt on disc 2 of this CD-ROM. In ArcView, the text files 

were added as tables, the tables were added as event themes, and 

the themes were converted into shapefiles. A data dictionary 

explaining all the fields within this database is included in 

appendix 8 and as kychmtm.pdf on disc 2 in the ArcView 

regional views. In the ArcView project, the data dictionary is 

linked to the individual ArcView geochemical shapefiles. 

Explanation of Data Selected for the Illinois 

Basin Assessment

The chemical information on the Illinois Basin coals presented in this report is a compilation of data that were collected 

during the last 30–50 years by the USGS, ISGS, IGS, and KGS. 

The coal-quality data are primarily from samples of the Springfield, Herrin, Danville, and Baker Coals (assessed coals), with 

additional samples of coals (nonassessed) from the Raccoon 

Creek Group, the Carbondale Group or Formation, and the 

McLeansboro Group. Figure 4 shows the sample localities for 
 Coal quality in the Illinois Basin E7

Data

source 

No. of

samples File name State Stratigraphic unit Coal name

ISGS1

3,671 Ilchms.txt Illinois Shelburn Formation 

Carbondale Formation 

Danville (No. 7)

Herrin (No. 6) 

Springfield (No. 5)

IGS2

451 Inchms.txt Indiana Dugger Formation 

Petersburg Formation 

Danville (VII) 

Springfield (V) 

KGS3

399 Kychms.txt Kentucky Shelburn Formation 

Carbondale Formation 

Baker 

Herrin 

Springfield

USGS4

211 Uschmu.txt Indiana 

Kentucky

Illinois 

Kentucky

Indiana 

Kentucky

Dugger Formation 

Shelburn Formation 

Carbondale Formation 

Carbondale Formation 

Petersburg Formation 

Carbondale Formation 

Danville (VII) 

Baker (No. 13) 

Herrin (No. 6) 

Herrin (No. 11) 

Springfield (V) 

Springfield (No. 9)

1

 Illinois State Geological Survey

2

 Indiana Geological Survey

3

 Kentucky Geological Survey

4

 U.S. Geological Survey

the assessed coals in the Illinois Basin, and figure 5 shows the 

sample localities for nonassessed coals in the Illinois Basin that 

have been chemically analyzed.

Chemical data for this study were derived from many different sources; hence, they may reflect variations in the quality of 

analytical results. Analytical procedures have changed through 

time, with improved detection limits being made possible by new 

and more precise analytical methods. Because of differences in 

the precision of various analytical techniques and for consistency, 

the analytical values in the trace-element summary tables are 

reported to only two significant figures for most elements. Mercury and cadmium are reported to no more than two decimal 

places, and antimony and selenium to only one decimal place. 

Proximate and ultimate analyses and total sulfur are reported to 

one decimal place. Calorific values are reported to the nearest 10 

Btu, ash-fusion temperatures to the nearest 5° F., and forms of 

sulfur to two decimal places. Also for consistency and meaningful comparison of the chemical composition of these coals, all 

proximate and ultimate analyses, calorific value, forms of sulfur, 

and ash-fusion temperatures were calculated to an as-received 

basis by formula ASTM D3180 (American Society for Testing 

and Materials, 1999b) (see appendixes 1 and 2). All elements 

were calculated to an as-received, whole-coal basis and are presented in percent or as parts per million (see appendixes 3 and 4). 

Because some of these coals show a wide range in values, the 

mean is not always the best estimate of the average value. Therefore, we have also included the median, which is a better measure 

of the central tendency when values have large ranges and (or) 

nonnormal data distributions.

A common problem in statistical summaries of trace-element data arises when element values are below the limits of 

analytical detection. This results in a censored distribution. To 

compute unbiased estimates of censored data for the summary 

statistics in this report (tables in appendixes 1–4), we adopted the 

protocol of reducing all “ less than” values by 50 percent before 

summary statistics were generated. For example, a reported value 

of 4.0L was changed to 2.0L, which was then used to calculate 

basic statistics.

The uneven geographic distribution of sample localities precludes a thorough and detailed analysis of all coals within the Illinois Basin assessment area. For comparison across the basin, 

representative coal samples were carefully selected and restricted 

to samples containing less than 50 percent ash yield (Wood and 

others, 1983). Samples were also carefully selected in order to 

provide a regional and State view of the quality for each coal. In 

order to adequately characterize these coals, some chemical comparisons were made among individual Illinois Basin coals and 

also among these coals and other major coals of Pennsylvanian, 

Cretaceous, and Tertiary ages that make up most of the marketable coal in the United States. Comparison with these other coals 

allowed us to evaluate and contrast the quality of Illinois Basin 

coal with other coal mined in the United States.

Appendix 1 consists of 11 tables that show the number of 

samples and summary statistics for the proximate and ultimate 

analyses, calorific value, forms-of-sulfur analyses, and ashfusion temperatures for all coals in the Illinois Basin, presented 

on a regional basis; appendix 2 consists of 24 tables that show 

similar data for all coals in the Illinois Basin on a statewide basis. 

Appendix 3 consists of 11 tables that show the number of samples 

and summary statistics for ash yield and 38 elements in all coals 

in the Illinois Basin, on a regional basis; appendix 4 consists of 20 

tables that show similar data for all coals in the Illinois Basin, 

Table 3. Data source, number of samples analyzed, name of ASCII file containing chemical data, State, coalbearing stratigraphic unit, and coal names of assessed coals for the regional summaries from the Illinois Basin 

coal assessment.
E8 Resource Assessment of the Springfield, Herrin, Danville, and Baker Coals in the Illinois Basin

Raw coal as received (about

 7 kg broken to 0.3 cm)

Remaining coal air-dried

(following procedures conducted at

USGS as described in Golightly and

 Simon, 1989)

About 600 g of coal split

out for standard coal analysis

and crushed to -20 mesh

Ultimate and proximate analyses

(following ASTM

designations, D-___, shown at

each procedure)

Sample crushed to -60 mesh and then

ground in vertical Braun pulverizer

using ceramic plates set to pass

100 mesh

About 3 kg of

crushed coal

split out for

petrologic

analysis

About 2 kg of

crushed coal

split out for

storage

Raw ground coal

Ground coal (25 to 75 g) ashed at

525°C and percent ash calculated

Coal ash

Wet chemical analysis X-ray

fluorescence

Neutron

Activation Hg (flameless atomic

 absorption)

F (specific ion

 electrode)

Cl

P

As

Br

Ce

Co

Cr

Cs

Eu

Hf

La

Lu

Rb

Sb

Sc

Se

Sm

Ta

Tb

Th

U

W

Yb

Proximate analysis

(D-3172 through

D-3175)

Percent moisture

volatile matter,

fixed carbon, and

ash

Ultimate

analysis

(D-3176

through

D-3179)

Moisture

C

H

O

N

S (total)

Equilibrium

moisture

(D-1412)

Apparent specific gravity

(D-167, modified)

Sulfur form

(D-2492)

S (sulfate)

S (pyritic)

S (organic)

Hardgrove

grindability

index

(D-409)

Calorific value

(D-2015)

Btu per pound

(Kcal per kg)

Free swelling

index

(D-720)

Fusibility of ash

(D-1857)

Optical emission spectrographic

analysis with automated plate

reader. The following 32

elements are reported when found

Wet chemical

analysis

(atomic

absorption)

Cd

Cu

Li

Mg

Mn

Na

Pb

Zn

Ag

Au

B

Ba

Be

Bi

Dy

Er

Ga

Gd

Ge

Ho

In

Ir

Mo

Nb

Nd

Ni

Os

Pd

Pr

Pt

Re

Rh

Ru

Sn

Sr

Tl

Tm

V

Y

Zr

X-ray fluorescence analysis

Al2O3

CaO

Fe2O3

K2O

SiO2

SO3

TiO2

Figure 3. Flow diagram of analytical procedures used through September 1990 for the analysis of coal samples from the Illinois Basin assessment. Modified from Finkelman and others (1994). ASTM, American Society for Testing and Materials, 

1999; USGS, United States Geological Survey.

presented on a statewide basis. Tables 1–3 list all ASCII text 

database file names for all coal samples that were used in this 

study. These files contain all the original (as received from the 

individual States) compositional data reported on the basis in 

which they were received and contains correct significant figures. 

Qualified data in these files are indicated by L (less than), B (not 

determined), N (not detected), or G (greater than). 

Importance of Coal Quality

Hatch and Swanson (1977) suggested four general reasons 

why coal-quality data are necessary for the proper assessment and 

utilization of coal:

 (1) Evaluation of environmental impacts of mining of 

coal
 Coal 

quality in the Illinois Basin E9

50 

50 

Saint Louis

Greater Chicago Area Davenport

Dubuque

Owensboro

Louisville

Terre Haute

Bloomington

Indianapolis

South Bend

MICHIGAN LAKE MICHIGAN

INDIANA

KENTUCKY

ILLINOIS

ILLINOIS

WISCONSIN

IOWA

MISSOURI

Gary

TENNESSEE

90 ̊00' W 88 ̊00' W 86 ̊00' W

41 ̊00' N39 ̊00' N37 ̊00' N

Figure 4. Localities of Pennsylvanian samples from assessed coals in the Illinois Basin for which chemical data are available.
E10 Resource Assessment of the Springfield, Herrin, Danville, and Baker Coals in the Illinois Basin 

50 

50 

Saint Louis

Greater Chicago Area Davenport

Dubuque

Louisville

Bloomington

Indianapolis

South Bend

MICHIGAN LAKE MICHIGAN

INDIANA

KENTUCKY

ILLINOIS

ILLINOIS

WISCONSIN

IOWA

MISSOURI

Gary

TENNES

SEE

90 ̊00' W 88 ̊00' W 86 ̊00' W

41 ̊00' N39 ̊00' N37 ̊00' N

Owensboro

Terre Haute

Figure 5. Localities of Pennsylvanian samples from nonassessed coals in the Illinois Basin for which chemical data are available.
 Coal quality in the Illinois Basin E11

(2) Evaluation of the best and most effective technological 

use of coal (for example, combustion, liquefaction, 

gasification)

(3) Determination of the potential economic benefits of the 

extraction of elements such as germanium, selenium, 

uranium, vanadium, and zinc from the coal

(4) Development of geologic and geochemical models for 

the interpretation and prediction of coal quality and for 

relating these factors to the stratigraphic and 

sedimentological framework

Health issues related to increased utilization of coal, either 

as a result of mining or combustion, are also important factors. 

Current coal-quality issues related to coal combustion are now 

focusing on the release of particulate matter, sulfur, and trace elements, as well as acid-rain and greenhouse-gas effects. The quality of the coal mined and burned impacts air and water quality. It 

also affects disposal of the solid waste (fly ash desulfurization 

sludge, washing plant sludge, and bottom ash), recovery of economic coal combustion products (CCP’s), and power plant efficiency.

With emphasis on elements of environmental concern as 

indicated in the 1990 Clean Air Act Amendment (U.S. Statutes at 

Large, 1990, Public Law 101–549), there has been concern about 

the possible health effects of increased coal utilization. This 

Clean Air Act Amendment has identified several potentially hazardous air pollutants, including antimony, arsenic, beryllium, 

cadmium, cobalt, lead, manganese, mercury, nickel, selenium, 

and uranium. Because coal-quality data are an essential component of the USGS resource classification system (Wood and others, 1983), and because utilization of coal may be regulated by its 

possible effect on the environment, any evaluation of future coal 

resource potential must and should consider quality as well as 

quantity.

Coal Quality in the Illinois Basin

The main purpose of this coal-quality study is to list and 

summarize coal chemical information from the Illinois Basin, 

illustrating regional trends, and to graphically display the information. Summary tables of regional data (Illinois Basin) and 

individual State data were compiled. These tables are supplemented with range plots and histograms that compare ash, sulfur, 

calorific values, and contents of potentially hazardous air pollutants (antimony, arsenic, beryllium, cadmium, chromium, cobalt, 

lead, manganese, mercury, nickel, selenium, thorium, and uranium). Most of the chemical data listed and summarized for this 

coal assessment have been previously published and discussed by 

various authors over the last 30 years.

Appendix 5 consists of diagrams showing minimum, maximum, and median values for ash yield, sulfur content, and calorific value for the Danville-Baker, Herrin, and Springfield Coals. 

Also included for comparison are the McLeansboro Group, Carbondale Group or Formation, and Raccoon Creek Group Coals. 

In summarizing and comparing coals on a regional basis, we have 

chosen to treat the combined Danville and Baker Coals as stratigraphically equivalent coals; they are therefore summarized 

together as the Danville-Baker Coals. Appendix 6 consists of frequency histograms for ash yield, sulfur content, calorific value, 

and elements of environmental concern for the Danville-Baker, 

Herrin, and Springfield Coals from the Illinois Basin. Appendix 

7 consists of graduated-symbol maps for ash yield, sulfur, calorific value, and elements of environmental concern for samples 

of assessed coal from the Illinois Basin. 

Ash Yield

On a regional basis, the assessed coals can be characterized 

by mean ash yield of 11.9 percent for the Danville-Baker Coals 

(range 4.2–44.2 percent, fig. 6), 10.9 percent for the Herrin Coal 

(range 2.4–43.6 percent, fig. 7), and 11.2 percent for the Springfield Coal (range 2.8–49.7 percent, fig. 8). The mean for these 

assessed coals is 11.1 percent. Nonassessed coals can be characterized regionally by mean ash yields of 10 percent for coal in the 

Raccoon Creek Group (range 1.5–48.7 percent), 12.8 percent for 

coal from the nonassessed Carbondale Group or Formation 

(range 3.6–48.5 percent), and 14.1 percent for coal from the 

McLeansboro Group (range 6.0–28.7 percent). The mean for 

these nonassessed coals is 11.2 percent, which is essentially the 

same as the ash yield for the assessed coals.

Ash yield is variable within individual coals, both vertically 

and laterally, and the variability is probably the result of changes 

in the amounts and composition of the mineral matter in the 

coals. The mineralogical composition of Illinois Basin coal has 

been extensively studied by Gluskoter (1965,1967b, 1975), Rao 

and Gluskoter (1973), and Ward (1977). Based on low-temperature ash techniques on selected coals, the mineralogical composition (Damberger, 1999) of these coals is characterized by clay 

minerals (Herrin 9.4 percent, Springfield 7.0 percent), quartz 

(Herrin 2.4 percent, Springfield 2.4 percent), pyrite (Herrin 3.4 

percent, Springfield 3.9 percent), and calcite (Herrin 1.3 percent, 

Springfield 1.6 percent). 

Studies of other minerals and elements present in Illinois 

Basin coals have been reported by Gluskoter and Rees (1964) 

(chlorine), Gluskoter (1967a) (chlorine), Gluskoter and Ruch 

(1971) (chlorine and sodium), Bohor and Gluskoter (1973) 

(boron in illite), and Harvey and others (1983) (detailed studies 

on the spatial distribution of selected trace-element and mineralmatter associations within the Herrin and Springfield Coals in 

the Illinois Basin). Most zinc and cadmium in Illinois Basin 

coals are found in sphalerite (ZnS) and have been reported by 

Gluskoter and Lindahl (1973) (cadmium), Gluskoter and others 

(1973) (zinc), Hatch and others (1976) (zinc in sphalerite), Cobb 

and others (1979) (zinc in sphalerite), and Cobb and others 

(1980) (zinc and cadmium in sphalerite). 

These studies show that the distributions and compositions 

of minerals within Illinois coals are dependent on many geologic 

and geochemical factors, including the chemical composition of 

original plants in the peat swamp, amounts and compositions of 

the various detrital, diagenetic, and epigenetic minerals, and the 

temperature and pressures during burial. For example, most zinc 

and cadmium in Illinois Basin coals are found in sphalerite 

(ZnS). This sphalerite was introduced into the coals millions of 

years after peat deposition by hydrothermal fluid-flow systems 

that were in operation at the end of the Permian (Hatch and others, 1976; Whelan and others, 1988).
E12 Resource Assessment of the Springfield, Herrin, Danville, and Baker Coals in the Illinois Basin 

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Figure 6. Graduated-symbol map for ash yield (percent, as-received basis) of the Danville-Baker Coals in the Illinois Basin.
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Figure 7. Graduated-symbol map for ash yield (percent, as-received basis) of the Herrin Coal in the Illinois Basin.
E14 Resource Assessment of the Springfield, Herrin, Danville, and Baker Coals in the Illinois Basin 

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Figure 8. Graduated-symbol map for ash yield (percent, as-received basis) of the Springfield Coal in the Illinois Basin.
 Coal quality in the Illinois Basin E15

One of the characteristics of the Springfield in western Illinois and in the Springfield area (Sangamon, Logan, and Menard 

Counties of west-central Illinois) is the occurrence of a relatively 

high number of claystone dikes (“horsebacks”). These dikes cut 

through the coal seam from top to bottom as well as its roof strata 

and therefore may seriously influence the ash and sulfur content 

of the coal and strength of the roof strata.

Sulfur

On a regional basis, the assessed coals can be characterized 

by mean sulfur content of 2.9 percent for the Danville-Baker 

Coals (range 0.3–9.7 percent, fig. 9), 3.0 percent for the Herrin 

Coal (range 0.3–14.5 percent, fig. 10), and 3.5 percent for the 

Springfield Coal (range 0.5–19.5 percent, fig. 11). The mean is 

3.2 percent. Nonassessed coals are characterized regionally by 

mean sulfur content of 2.9 percent for coal from the Raccoon 

Creek Group (range 0.1–30.1 percent), 3.2 percent for coal from 

the nonassessed Carbondale Group or Formation (range 0.3–

28.1 percent), and 3.7 for coal from the McLeansboro Group 

(range 1.7–8.0 percent). The mean is 3.0 percent, which is similar to the sulfur content of the assessed coals.

Sulfur content has been related to the type of roof rocks that 

directly overlie the coal. Most of the coals that are overlain by 

marine rocks, such as black shales or limestone, tend to have 

higher sulfur content, greater than 2.5 percent. Coals that are 

overlain by nonmarine gray shales more than 20 ft thick usually 

contain less than 2.5 percent sulfur (Gluskoter and Simon, 

1968). Lower sulfur content in the Herrin and Springfield Coals 

has been reported for samples located near various sandstone 

channels (for example, the Walshville channel in the Herrin and 

the Galatia channel in the Springfield) that may be related to fluvial splay deposits (Harvey and others, 1983). 

In the Illinois Basin, the Springfield Coal is normally overlain by a 6- to 24-in.-thick, black, fissile shale. However, in a 4- 

to 10-mi-wide area extending from Gibson County, Ind., to 

Saline County, Ill., a delta distributary system was active during 

deposition of peats that formed the Springfield Coal. Within this 

belt, the coal is absent or irregularly developed and is overlain by 

the gray, silty Dykersburg Shale Member of the Carbondale Formation (Illinois and Kentucky) or by the Dugger Formation 

(Indiana) (Hopkins, 1968). In this area, the Springfield Coal is 

from 5 to 10 ft thick and commonly split by shale partings. 

Where the Dykersburg Shale Member is thicker than about 20 ft, 

the coal typically is relatively low in sulfur (1.5–3 percent) 

(Cady, 1935; Damberger, 1999).

The Herrin Coal of the Dugger Formation (Indiana) or the 

Carbondale Formation (Illinois and western Kentucky) is normally overlain by as much as 4 ft of black, fissile shale (Anna 

Shale Member, Dugger Formation in Indiana, Carbondale Formation in Illinois and western Kentucky) or limestone (Brereton 

Limestone Member of the Dugger Formation in Indiana, Carbondale Formation in Illinois and western Kentucky). However, 

in parts of southern and central Illinois a delta distributary 

system (Walshville channel system) was active during deposition of peats that formed the Herrin Coal. Within this belt, the 

coal is eroded by a channel sandstone as much as 1 mi wide and 

60–80 ft thick, or was irregularly developed and overlain by the 

silty, gray Energy Shale Member of the Carbondale Formation, 

which is as much as 100 ft thick (Allgaier and Hopkins, 1975; 

Nelson, 1983). Where the Energy Shale Member is thick, the 

coal commonly is relatively low in sulfur. The thick Energy 

Shale Member overlies the Herrin Coal in four areas: (1) the 

Franklin-Williamson-Jefferson County area of southeastern Illinois (known as the “Quality Circle” area); (2) northern St. Clair 

County and adjacent Madison and Clinton Counties, in southwestern Illinois; (3) eastern Macoupin County and adjacent 

Montgomery and Christian Counties, in west-central Illinois; 

and (4) southern Vermillion County, in east-central Illinois.

The sulfur content of the assessed Illinois Basin coals, 

which is mostly in the form of pyrite or organic sulfur (fig. 12 

and appendixes 1 and 2), is relatively high as compared to other 

United States coals. The sulfur content of most United States 

coals was primarily dependent on pH-controlled levels of bacterial activity in the ancestral peat swamps (Cecil and others, 

1982). This bacterial activity, along with the general presence of 

marine shales and carbonates overlying the coal, probably 

accounts for the high sulfur content of many of the Illinois Basin 

coals. Sulfur content might also be controlled by the location of 

the peat swamp. Affolter and Stricker (1989) suggested that the 

activity of sulfate-reducing bacteria in peat is related to temperature, as indicated by the paleolatitude of the peat swamp, and 

could affect the sulfur content. A comparison of paleolatitudes as 

calculated from paleomagnetic poles and sulfur contents of 

United States coals, indicates that the higher the latitude in which 

a peat swamp developed, the lower the mean sulfur content of the 

resulting coal deposit. For example, low-sulfur coals such as 

those in Cretaceous rocks of the Colorado Plateau formed at 

higher paleolatitudes (lat >35°), whereas higher sulfur coals such 

as those in the Pennsylvanian of the Illinois Basin formed at low 

paleolatitudes (lat 0°–15°). 

Calorific Value

On a regional basis, the assessed coals of the Illinois Basin 

can be characterized by mean calorific values of 10,920 Btu/lb 

for the Danville-Baker Coals (range 5,800–12,990 Btu/lb, fig. 

13), 11,170 Btu/lb for the Herrin Coal (range 5,770–13,420 Btu/

lb, fig. 14), and 11,280 Btu/lb for the Springfield Coal (range 

4,810–3,910 Btu/lb, fig. 15). The mean is 11,200 Btu/lb for these 

assessed coals. The nonassessed coals are characterized regionally by mean calorific values of 10,920 Btu/lb for coals from the 

nonassessed Carbondale Group or Formation (range 5,440–

13,200 Btu/lb), 11,190 Btu/lb for coals from the Raccoon Creek 

Group (range 4,540–13,620 Btu/lb), and 11,260 Btu/lb for coals 

from the McLeansboro Group (range 9,080–12,660 Btu/lb). The 

mean is 11,110 Btu/lb for these nonassessed coals.

Calorific values generally increase from the northwestern 

part of the coal basin to the southeastern part (Cady, 1935, 1948; 

Damberger, 1971). In western Kentucky, calorific value 

increases from east to west (Greb and others, 1992). The coal 

rank in much of the northern part of the basin in Illinois and 

Indiana is high-volatile-C bituminous coal (Cady, 1935, 1948; 

Damberger, 1971). In a small area in southeastern Illinois and 

western Kentucky, coal rank reaches high-volatile-A bituminous 

coal. These differences in rank were most likely caused by 
E16 Resource Assessment of the Springfield, Herrin, Danville, and Baker Coals in the Illinois Basin 

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Figure 9. Graduated-symbol map for sulfur content (percent, as-received basis) of the Danville-Baker Coals in the Illinois Basin.
 Coal 

quality in the Illinois Basin E17

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Figure 10. Graduated-symbol map for sulfur content (percent, as-received basis) of the Herrin Coal in the Illinois Basin.
E18 Resource Assessment of the Springfield, Herrin, Danville, and Baker Coals in the Illinois Basin 

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Figure 11. Graduated-symbol map for sulfur content (percent, as-received basis) of the Springfield Coal in the Illinois Basin.
 Coal quality in the Illinois Basin E19

Organic

Sulfate Pyritic

Figure 12. Diagram showing distribution of sulfate, organic, and pyritic 

sulfur from the assessed Pennsylvanian Springfield, Herrin, and DanvilleBaker Coals in the Illinois Basin. 

increased depths of burial. The southward increase was caused 

by increasing depth of burial during the coalification process. 

However, in the southeastern part of the Illinois Basin, many of 

the coals are relatively shallow and it has been suggested by 

Damberger (1971) that the increase in calorific value in that area 

may be attributed to increased heat flow related to possible plutonic intrusions.

Element Composition

Table 4 lists the mean content of elements of environmental 

concern (1990 Clean Air Act Amendment) for assessed and nonassessed coals from the Illinois Basin. Table 5 compares the 

mean content of these elements of environmental concern from 

the Illinois Basin with selected summaries of coal from the 

Appalachian Basin, Colorado Plateau, Gulf Coast, and Tertiary 

regions of the Western United States. Appendix 7 consists of 

graduated-symbol maps for each element of environmental concern in the assessed coals of the Illinois Basin. Appendix 5 consists of range plots of minimum, maximum, and mean contents 

of elements of environmental concern for all of the assessed and 

nonassessed coals. Comparison of elements of environmental 

concern in the Illinois Basin coals with other coal regions within 

the United States shows that (1) contents of antimony, arsenic, 

cadmium, chromium, lead, nickel, selenium, and uranium are 

generally higher in Illinois Basin coals when compared to either 

Colorado Plateau Cretaceous coals or western Tertiary coals; (2) 

contents of antimony, cadmium, chromium, nickel, and uranium 

in Illinois Basin coals are similar to Appalachian Basin 

Pennsylvanian age coals; and (3) contents of beryllium, chromium, cobalt, lead, manganese, mercury, selenium, and uranium 

are generally lower in Illinois Basin coals as compared to Gulf 

Coast coals. 

Conclusion

Differences in the quality of coal result from variations in 

the total and relative amounts of detrital and authigenic minerals, 

the elemental composition of these minerals, and the total and 

relative amounts of any organically bound elements. The chemical form and distribution of a given element are dependent on the 

geological history of the coal. A partial listing of the factors that 

might influence element distributions includes (1) chemical composition of the original plant community in the peat swamp; (2) 

amounts and compositions of the various detrital, diagenetic, and 

epigenetic minerals; (3) chemical characteristics of the ground 

waters that come in contact with the coal bed; (4) temperature 

and pressures during burial; and (5) extent of chemical weathering. As yet, many of these factors have not been fully evaluated in 

detail for many of the Illinois Basin assessed coals. Thus, the currently available databases are considered inadequate to provide a 

complete characterization of coal quality throughout the basin.

Currently, the databases represent only a generalized view 

of Illinois Basin coal quality, based on a limited number of samples. Many of the samples are more than 30 years old and represent coal that has already been mined.

In order to better predict potential environmental impacts 

resulting from the increased utilization of coal from the region, it 

will be necessary to identify the modes of occurrence of the various elements within the coal and the nature of the coal combustion products. Accomplishing this would involve collecting 

additional samples from mines, power plants, and many other 

localities to obtain essential mineralogical and related data. 

More than 92 percent of the United States’ yearly production of coal is consumed in the production of electricity by utilities (U.S. Energy Information Administration, 2001). 

Coal quality, composition of stack emissions, and coal combustion byproducts have become major environmental concerns 

as the rate of coal utilization increases, especially with regard to 

meeting the requirements of the 1990 Clean Air Act Amendment. 

With increasing emphasis on environmental issues, information 

on the quality of coal (which includes ash yield, sulfur content, 

calorific value, and major-, minor-, and trace-element content) 

has become almost as important as information on the quantity of 

the resource. 

The future of coal utilization in the Illinois Basin therefore 

depends on a careful evaluation of coal distribution, resources, 

coal quality, mining methods, beneficiation costs, transportation, 

coal combustion byproducts, and waste disposal. Almost 84 percent of low-sulfur coal and 61 percent of medium-sulfur coal is 

found in coal fields in the Western United States. Seventy-one 

percent of the high-sulfur coal in the United States is from the 

Interior region (U.S. Energy Information Administration, 1999). 

Since 1990, production in the Illinois Basin has dropped. This 

decrease in the demand has primarily been a result of the enactment and implementation of the 1990 Clean Air Act Amendment 

and increasing price competition from Western United States 

coal. Because Illinois Basin assessment coals are high in sulfur, 

and high in many of the elements of environmental concern, 

these coals may play a much smaller role in supplying future 

United States energy needs unless technological advances can 
E20 Resource Assessment of the Springfield, Herrin, Danville, and Baker Coals in the Illinois Basin 

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Figure 13. Graduated-symbol map for calorific values (Btu/lb, as-received basis) of the Danville-Baker Coals in the Illinois Basin.
 Coal 

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Figure 14. Graduated-symbol map for calorific values (Btu/lb, as-received basis) of the Herrin Coal in the Illinois Basin.
E22 Resource Assessment of the Springfield, Herrin, Danville, and Baker Coals in the Illinois Basin 

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Figure 15. Graduated-symbol map for calorific values (Btu/lb, as-received basis) of the Springfield Coal in the Illinois Basin.
 Coal quality in the Illinois Basin E23

Coal name or

coal-bearing unit As Be Cd Co Cr Hg Mn Ni Pb Sb Se Th U 

Danville 12 3.2 0.40 6.3 19 0.10 55 24 17 2.3 1.3 2.5 1.3 

Baker 27 2.2 0.19 5.2 19 0.13 62 36 20 1.5 1.8 2.0 2.5 

Danville and Baker 19 2.7 0.30 5.6 19 0.11 59 31 18 1.9 1.5 2.2 1.9 

Herrin 5.8 1.6 1.3 4.0 19 0.12 58 17 18 0.8 2.1 2.1 2.0 

Springfield 12 1.9 0.60 3.6 16 0.12 43 12 13 1.1 2.5 1.7 2.6 

Carbondale Group or Formation 34 3.5 0.45 7.1 20 0.14 51 28 27 1.5 3.3 2.1 3.3 

Raccoon Creek Group 20 3.7 0.35 9.2 15 0.12 17 38 24 1.6 3.7 2.2 1.8 

McLeansboro Group 9.5 2.2 0.14 5.3 20 0.08 56 20 7.7 0.7 2.1 2.1 1.6 

Assessed coals 9.5 1.8 0.99 4.0 18 0.12 52 16 16 1.0 2.2 2.0 2.2 

Non-assessed coals 23 3.4 0.35 7.9 17 0.12 35 31 23 1.4 3.4 2.2 2.2 

All coals in Illinois Basin 15 2.5 0.70 5.6 17 0.12 45 22 19 1.2 2.7 2.1 2.2 

Element 

Illinois Basin 

Assessment

(Danville, Baker,

Herrin, and 

Springfield Coals)

Mean

Appalachian 

Basin 

Pennsylvanian 

Mean1 

Colorado Plateau 

Coal Assessment 

Area

Cretaceous

Mean2 

Gulf Coast 

Tertiary

Mean1 

Western United 

States Tertiary

Mean3 

(n=580) (n=4,700) (n=1,265) (n=200) (n=520)

Antimony 1.0 1.4 0.5 1.0 0.6 

Arsenic 9.4 35 1.6 10 7.4 

Beryllium 1.8 2.5 1.2 2.4 1.1 

Cadmium 0.99 0.10 0.10 0.55 0.10 

Chromium 18 17 4.5 24 10 

Cobalt 4.0 7.2 1.5 7.2 3.5 

Lead 16 8.4 6.5 21 4.2 

Manganese 52 29 22 150 60 

Mercury 0.12 0.21 0.06 0.22 0.12 

Nickel 16 17 3.7 13 4.6 

Selenium 2.2 3.5 1.2 5.7 0.7 

Uranium 2.2 1.7 1.3 23 1.7 

1

Finkelman and others, 1994 2

Affolter, 2000

3

Summarized from Affolter and Hatch, 1993

Table 4. Mean content of elements of environmental concern (1990 Clean Air Act Amendment) for coals from the Illinois Basin coal assessment.

[All elements are in parts per million (ppm), on a whole-coal basis. Element contents are reported to two significant figures for most elements. However, mercury 

and cadmium are reported to two decimal places and antimony and selenium are reported to one decimal place. A common problem in statistical summaries of 

trace-element data arises when element values are below the limits of analytical detection. This results in a censored distribution. To compute unbiased estimates of 

the means for censored data, we adopted the protocol of reducing all "less than" values by 50 percent before summary statistics were generated.]

Table 5. Comparison of the mean content of elements of environmental concern (1990 Clean Air Act Amendment) for the Illinois 

Basin assessed coals (Danville, Baker, Herrin, and Springfield Coals only) with coals from the Appalachian Basin, Colorado Plateau 

coal assessment area, Gulf Coast, and Western United States Tertiary coal. 

[All elements are in parts per million (ppm), on a whole-coal basis.]

make them more economically and environmentally competitive 

with low-sulfur western coal.

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v. 5, no. 7, p. 637.

Gluskoter, H.J., and Rees, O.W., 1964, Chlorine in Illinois coal: Illinois 

Geological Survey Circular 372, 23 p.

Gluskoter, H.J., and Ruch, R.R.,1971, Chlorine and sodium in Illinois coals 

as determined by neutron activation analyses: Fuel, v. 50, no. 1, p. 

65–76.

Gluskoter, H.J., Ruch, R.R, Miller, W.G., Cahill, R.A., Dreher, G.B., and 

Kuhn, J.K.,1977, Trace elements in coal—Occurrence and distribution: Illinois State Geological Survey Circular 499, 154 p.

Gluskoter, H.J., and Simon, J.A., 1968, Sulfur in Illinois coals: Illinois State 

Geological Survey Circular 432, 28 p.

Golightly, D.W., and Simon, F.O., 1989, Methods for sampling and inorganic analysis of coal: U.S. Geological Survey Bulletin 1823, 72 p.

Greb, S. F., Williams, D. A., and Williamson, A. D., 1992, Geology and 

stratigraphy of the western Kentucky coal field: Kentucky Geological 

Survey Bulletin 1, Series XI, 77 p.

Harvey, R. D., Cahill, R.A., Chou, C.L., and Steele, J.D., 1983, Mineral matter and trace elements in the Herrin and Springfield Coals—Illinois 

Basin coal field: Illinois State Geological Survey Contract/Grant 

Report 1983–4, 162 p.

Harvey, R.D., Kar, Aravinda, Bargh, M.H., and Kohlenberger, L.B., 1985, 

Information system on chemistry of Illinois coal: Illinois State Geological Survey Contract/Grant Report 1985–5, 20 p.

Hatch, J.R., Gluskoter, H.J., and Lindahl, P.C., 1976, Sphalerite in coals 

from the Illinois Basin: Economic Geology, v. 71, no. 3, p. 613–624.

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coals, in Murray, D.K., ed., Geology of Rocky Mountain coal—A symposium: Colorado Geological Survey Resource Series 1, p. 143–164.

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 Coal quality in the Illinois Basin E25

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database—Computer database 1: Bloomington, Indiana Geological 

Survey, 13 p., 3 data diskettes.

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stratigraphy: Illinois State Geological Survey Bulletin 95, p.163–201.

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nomenclature in the Pennsylvanian System of the Illinois Basin: 

Transactions of the Illinois Academy of Science, v. 78, nos. 1–2, p.1–

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overview: Indiana Geological Survey Special Report 60, 45 p.

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associated rock samples collected from 1975 to 1977: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 93–0111, 133 p. 

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for determining chemical composition of coal: U.S. Geological Survey Circular 735, 11 p.

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and evaluation of coal samples in 1975: U.S. Geological Survey 

Open-File Report 76–468, 503 p.

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U.S. Statutes at Large, 1990, Public Law 101–549. Provisions for attainment and maintenance of national ambient air quality standards. 

101st Congress, 2nd Session, 104, Part 4, p. 2353–3358.

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Coal Member in the Illinois Basin: Illinois State Geological Survey 

Circular 498, 35 p.

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of sphalerite and other mineral matter in coal beds of the Illinois and 

Forest City basins: Economic Geology, v. 83, p. 990–1007. 

Wood, G.H., Jr., Kehn, T.M., Carter, M.D., and Culbertson, W.C., 1983, Coal 

resource classification system of the U.S. Geological Survey: U.S. 

Geological Survey Circular 891, 63 p.

Zubovic, Peter, Oman, C.L., Bragg, L.J., Coleman, S.L., Rega, N.H., LeMaster, M.E., Rose, H.J., Golightly, D.W., and Puskas, J., 1980, Chemical 

analysis of 659 coal samples from the Eastern United States: U.S. 

Geological Survey Open-File Report 80–2003, 513 p.

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K.M., Simon, F.O., Rowe, J.J., Medlin, J.H., and Walker, F.E., 1979, 

Chemical analysis of 617 coal samples from the Eastern United 

States: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 79–665, 452 p.
Appendix 1. Summary descriptive statistics of proximate 

and ultimate analyses, calorific values, forms-of-sulfur analyses, 

and ash-fusion temperatures for all assessed and nonassessed 

coals in the Illinois Basin.
 Coal quality in the Illinois Basin E27 

Number of Range Standard

samples Mean Median Minimum Maximum deviation 

Proximate and ultimate analyses

Moisture 4,711 10.5 10.4 0.5 34.7 3.7 

Volatile

matter 4,392 35.1 35.1 17.7 56.7 2.9 

Fixed 

carbon 4,392 43.4 42.9 14.0 62.7 4.8 

Ash 4,708 11.1 10.4 2.4 49.7 4.0 

Hydrogen 2,062 4.6 4.4 2.7 7.1 0.7 

Carbon 2,070 61.8 62.1 28.0 77.8 5.3 

Nitrogen 2,055 1.2 1.2 0.3 2.7 0.2 

Oxygen 2,054 9.6 7.7 0.2 42.2 4.7 

Sulfur 4,682 3.2 3.3 0.3 19.5 1.5 

Calorific value 

Btu/lb 4,455 11,200 11,250 4,810 13,910 910 

Forms of sulfur

Sulfate 1,548 0.09 0.04 0.01 2.02 0.17

Pyritic 1,888 1.74 1.67 0.02 18.28 1.16

Organic 1,891 1.49 1.56 0.16 5.11 0.60

Ash-fusion temperatures ( ̊F)

Initial 

deformation 1,214 2,055 2,015 1,680 2,800G 165 

Softening 

temperature 1,290 2,135 2,095 1,820 2,995G 173 

Fluid 

temperature 1,213 2,245 2,230 1,845 2,910G 181 

Table 1. Number of samples, mean, median, range, and standard deviation of proximate and ultimate analyses, calorific value, forms-of-sulfur analyses, and ash-fusion temperatures for all assessed coals (Danville, 

Baker, Herrin, and Springfield) in the Illinois Basin.

[All values are reported on an as-received basis and are in percent, except calorific value (Btu/lb) and ash-fusion temperatures (°F). G, 

greater than value shown.]
 E28 Resource Assessment of the Springfield, Herrin, Danville, and Baker Coals in the Illinois Basin 

Number of Range Standard

samples Mean Median Minimum Maximum deviation 

Proximate and ultimate analyses

Moisture 300 12.2 12.7 1.9 28.2 3.5 

Volatile

matter 291 35.6 35.8 25.2 56.7 3.5 

Fixed 

carbon 291 40.4 39.7 20.4 52.3 3.9 

Ash 300 11.8 10.7 4.2 44.2 4.5 

Hydrogen 136 5.3 5.5 3.3 6.3 0.7 

Carbon 139 60.5 61.2 36.9 69.5 4.7 

Nitrogen 134 1.3 1.3 0.7 1.9 0.2 

Oxygen 134 15.4 17.3 4.0 24.4 5.6 

Sulfur 301 2.9 3.0 0.3 9.7 1.3 

Calorific value 

Btu/lb 261 10,820 11,020 5,800 12,630 840 

Forms of sulfur

Sulfate 65 0.16 0.08 0.01 1.68 0.25

Pyritic 74 1.51 1.36 0.03 6.01 1.06

Organic 74 1.13 1.17 0.22 2.17 0.43

Ash-fusion temperatures ( ̊F)

Initial 

deformation 118 2,100 2,045 1,822 2,745 183 

Softening 

temperature 135 2,230 2,200 1,905 2,800G 200 

Fluid 

temperature 118 2,350 2,335 1,935 2,800G 206 

Table 2. Number of samples, mean, median, range, and standard deviation of proximate and ultimate 

analyses, calorific value, forms-of-sulfur analyses, and ash-fusion temperatures for the Danville Coal in the 

Illinois Basin.

[All values are reported on an as-received basis and are in percent, except calorific value (Btu/lb) and ash-fusion temperatures (°F). 

G, greater than value shown.]
 Coal quality in the Illinois Basin E29 

Number of Range Standard

samples Mean Median Minimum Maximum deviation 

Proximate and ultimate analyses

Moisture 34 6.7 6.6 3.4 10.8 1.4 

Volatile

matter 34 34.8 35.4 25.7 40.8 3.2 

Fixed 

carbon 34 45.9 46.2 34.5 54.7 4.2 

Ash 34 12.7 11.7 6.5 27.6 4.4 

Hydrogen 34 4.7 4.7 3.1 5.6 0.6 

Carbon 34 64.8 65.9 52.7 72.7 4.8 

Nitrogen 34 1.4 1.4 0.9 1.7 0.2 

Oxygen 34 9.1 7.7 3.1 18.1 4.4 

Sulfur 34 3.7 3.8 1.5 7.7 1.5 

Calorific value 

Btu/lb 34 11,670 12,070 9,300 12,990 880 

Forms of sulfur

Sulfate 15 0.15 0.13 0.01 0.45 0.12

Pyritic 15 2.25 2.67 0.69 3.72 0.94

Organic 15 1.36 1.24 0.57 2.04 0.46

Ash-fusion temperatures ( ̊F)

Initial 

deformation 15 2,080 2,030 1,930 2,610 169 

Softening 

temperature 15 2,140 2,080 2,030 2,710 176 

Fluid 

temperature 15 2,310 2,260 2,080 2,800 194 

Table 3. Number of samples, mean, median, range, and standard deviation of proximate and ultimate 

analyses, calorific value, forms-of-sulfur analyses, and ash-fusion temperatures for the Baker coal in the 

Illinois Basin.

[All values are reported on an as-received basis and are in percent, except calorific value (Btu/lb) and ash-fusion temperatures (°F).]
 E30 Resource Assessment of the Springfield, Herrin, Danville, and Baker Coals in the Illinois Basin 

Number of Range Standard

samples Mean Median Minimum Maximum deviation 

Proximate and ultimate analyses

Moisture 334 11.7 12.3 1.9 28.2 3.8 

Volatile

matter 325 35.6 35.8 25.2 56.7 3.5 

Fixed 

carbon 325 40.9 40.0 20.4 54.7 4.3 

Ash 334 11.9 10.8 4.2 44.2 4.5 

Hydrogen 170 5.2 5.3 3.1 6.3 0.7 

Carbon 173 61.4 61.9 36.9 72.7 5.0 

Nitrogen 168 1.3 1.3 0.7 1.9 0.2 

Oxygen 168 14.1 15.8 3.1 24.4 5.9 

Sulfur 335 2.9 3.0 0.3 9.7 1.4 

Calorific value 

Btu/lb 295 10,920 11,060 5,800 12,990 880 

Forms of sulfur

Sulfate 80 0.16 0.09 0.01 1.68 0.23

Pyritic 89 1.63 1.49 0.03 6.01 1.07

Organic 89 1.17 1.24 0.22 2.17 0.44

Ash-fusion temperatures ( ̊F)

Initial 

deformation 133 2,095 2,040 1,820 2,745 181 

Softening 

temperature 150 2,220 2,175 1,905 2,800G 199 

Fluid 

temperature 133 2,340 2,330 1,935 2,800G 204 

Table 4. Number of samples, mean, median, range, and standard deviation of proximate and ultimate 

analyses, calorific value, forms-of-sulfur analyses, and ash-fusion temperatures for the Danville-Baker 

Coals in the Illinois Basin.

[All values are reported on an as-received basis and are in percent, except calorific value (Btu/lb) and ash-fusion temperatures (°F). 

G, greater than value shown.]
 Coal quality in the Illinois Basin E31 

Number of Range Standard

samples Mean Median Minimum Maximum deviation 

Proximate and ultimate analyses

Moisture 2,545 10.7 10.6 1.2 22.2 3.4 

Volatile

matter 2,375 34.8 34.8 19.5 45.2 2.8 

Fixed 

carbon 2,375 43.7 43.2 25.3 58.5 4.6 

Ash 2,542 10.9 10.3 2.4 43.6 3.6 

Hydrogen 939 4.3 4.3 2.9 5.9 0.4 

Carbon 939 61.5 61.4 41.4 73.6 5.4 

Nitrogen 935 1.2 1.2 0.3 2.7 0.2 

Oxygen 935 8.2 7.6 2.3 20.5 2.6 

Sulfur 2,517 3.0 3.2 0.3 14.5 1.5 

Calorific value 

Btu/lb 2,390 11,170 11,170 5,770 13,420 830 

Forms of sulfur

Sulfate 860 0.09 0.04 0.01 2.02 0.17

Pyritic 1,108 1.62 1.61 0.02 8.48 1.08

Organic 1,110 1.46 1.52 0.16 5.08 0.64

Ash-fusion temperatures ( ̊F)

Initial 

deformation 531 2,100 2,060 1,680 2,800G 170 

Softening 

temperature 534 2,160 2,140 1,820 2,995G 163 

Fluid 

temperature 530 2,280 2,270 1,860 2,910G 160 

Table 5. Number of samples, mean, median, range, and standard deviation of proximate and ultimate 

analyses, calorific value, forms-of-sulfur analyses, and ash-fusion temperatures for the Herrin Coal in the 

Illinois Basin.

[All values are reported on an as-received basis and are in percent, except calorific value (Btu/lb) and ash-fusion temperatures (°F). 

G, greater than value shown.]
 E32 Resource Assessment of the Springfield, Herrin, Danville, and Baker Coals in the Illinois Basin 

Number of Range Standard

samples Mean Median Minimum Maximum deviation 

Proximate and ultimate analyses

Moisture 1,832 10.0 9.3 0.5 34.7 4.0 

Volatile

matter 1,692 35.5 35.5 17.7 55.0 2.9 

Fixed 

carbon 1,692 43.3 43.2 14.0 62.7 5.0 

Ash 1,832 11.2 10.4 2.8 49.7 4.4 

Hydrogen 953 4.7 4.5 2.7 7.1 0.7 

Carbon 958 62.2 62.9 28.0 77.8 5.3 

Nitrogen 952 1.2 1.2 0.3 2.2 0.2 

Oxygen 951 10.2 7.6 0.2 42.2 5.4 

Sulfur 1,830 3.5 3.4 0.5 19.5 1.4 

Calorific value 

Btu/lb 1,770 11,280 11,430 4,810 13,910 990 

Forms of sulfur

Sulfate 608 0.09 0.04 0.01 1.28 0.15

Pyritic 691 1.96 1.77 0.06 18.28 1.25

Organic 692 1.58 1.65 0.29 5.11 0.52

Ash-fusion temperatures ( ̊F)

Initial 

deformation 550 2,000 1,970 1,795 2,800G 139 

Softening 

temperature 606 2,090 2,050 1,835 2,910G 162 

Fluid 

temperature 550 2,185 2,150 1,845 2,910G 176 

Table 6. Number of samples, mean, median, range, and standard deviation of proximate and ultimate 

analyses, calorific value, forms-of-sulfur analyses, and ash-fusion temperatures for the Springfield Coal in 

the Illinois Basin.

[All values are reported on an as-received basis and are in percent, except calorific value (Btu/lb) and ash-fusion temperatures (°F). 

G, greater than value shown.]
 Coal quality in the Illinois Basin E33 

Number of Range Standard

samples Mean Median Minimum Maximum deviation 

Proximate and ultimate analyses

Moisture 1,285 10.5 10.2 0.7 52.8 5.1 

Volatile

matter 1,278 35.5 35.7 16.5 54.0 3.6 

Fixed 

carbon 1,278 42.8 43.1 7.9 59.8 5.7 

Ash 1,285 11.2 9.8 1.5 48.7 6.4 

Hydrogen 1,012 5.2 5.4 1.7 8.2 0.8 

Carbon 1,042 62.1 62.8 24.0 82.9 6.6 

Nitrogen 1,006 1.3 1.3 0.4 2.5 0.2 

Oxygen 1,001 15.7 16.1 2.0 51.2 6.1 

Sulfur 1,315 3.0 2.8 0.1 30.1 2.1 

Calorific value 

Btu/lb 1,282 11,110 11,310 4,540 13,620 1,220 

Forms of sulfur

Sulfate 270 0.25 0.15 0.01 2.31 0.28

Pyritic 270 1.85 1.52 0.03 12.10 1.54

Organic 271 1.28 1.17 0.05 5.78 0.77

Ash-fusion temperatures ( ̊F)

Initial 

deformation 846 2,120 2,025 1,760 2,860G 252 

Softening 

temperature 951 2,240 2,160 1,810 2,910G 239 

Fluid 

temperature 846 2,340 2,315 1,900 2,910G 223 

Table 7. Number of samples, mean, median, range, and standard deviation of proximate and ultimate 

analyses, calorific value, forms-of-sulfur analyses, and ash-fusion temperatures for all nonassessed 

coals in the Illinois Basin.

[All values are reported on an as-received basis and are in percent, except calorific value (Btu/lb) and ash-fusion temperatures 

(°F). G, greater than value shown.]
 E34 Resource Assessment of the Springfield, Herrin, Danville, and Baker Coals in the Illinois Basin 

Number of Range Standard

samples Mean Median Minimum Maximum deviation 

Proximate and ultimate analyses

Moisture 82 7.3 7.5 3.8 12.6 1.1 

Volatile

matter 82 35.0 34.7 29.7 38.5 2.2 

Fixed 

carbon 82 43.7 43.2 34.0 50.6 3.8 

Ash 82 14.1 13.7 6.0 28.7 4.4 

Hydrogen 82 4.4 4.3 3.0 5.5 0.6 

Carbon 82 62.5 62.7 50.6 70.1 3.9 

Nitrogen 82 1.3 1.3 0.7 1.6 0.2 

Oxygen 82 8.9 7.8 2.1 20.5 3.8 

Sulfur 82 3.7 3.5 1.7 8.0 1.2 

Calorific value 

Btu/lb 82 11,260 11,320 9,080 12,660 710 

Forms of sulfur

Sulfate 24 0.13 0.08 0.01 0.70 0.17

Pyritic 24 1.83 1.69 0.84 4.04 0.89

Organic 24 1.42 1.51 0.50 1.92 0.43

Ash-fusion temperatures ( ̊F)

Initial 

deformation 25 2,145 2,115 1,905 2,615 153 

Softening 

temperature 25 2,240 2,190 2,015 2,710 153 

Fluid 

temperature 25 2,380 2,340 2,130 2,800 172 

Table 8. Number of samples, mean, median, range, and standard deviation of proximate and ultimate 

analyses, calorific value, forms-of-sulfur analyses, and ash-fusion temperatures for all nonassessed coals 

from the McLeansboro Group in the Illinois Basin.

[All values are reported on an as-received basis and are in percent, except calorific value (Btu/lb) and ash-fusion temperatures (°F).]
 Coal quality in the Illinois Basin E35 

Number of Range Standard

samples Mean Median Minimum Maximum deviation 

Proximate and ultimate analyses

Moisture 425 9.9 10.1 0.8 37.1 4.7 

Volatile

matter 420 35.9 36.2 19.7 44.3 3.4 

Fixed 

carbon 420 41.4 41.7 8.5 59.8 5.0 

Ash 425 12.8 10.9 3.6 48.5 6.5 

Hydrogen 348 5.2 5.3 1.7 6.8 0.7 

Carbon 355 60.6 61.7 24.0 73.6 6.3 

Nitrogen 342 1.3 1.3 0.4 2.1 0.2 

Oxygen 340 15.6 16.6 2.0 32.0 5.3 

Sulfur 432 3.2 2.9 0.3 28.1 2.2 

Calorific value 

Btu/lb 425 10,920 11,170 5,440 13,200 1,150 

Forms of sulfur

Sulfate 91 0.28 0.18 0.01 1.08 0.28

Pyritic 91 2.17 1.79 0.30 12.10 1.65

Organic 91 1.45 1.33 0.26 5.78 0.82

Ash-fusion temperatures ( ̊F)

Initial 

deformation 280 2,050 2,000 1,780 2,800G 183 

Softening 

temperature 322 2,175 2,115 1,900 2,800G 185 

Fluid 

temperature 280 2,285 2,250 1,930 2,805G 187 

Table 9. Number of samples, mean, median, range, and standard deviation of proximate and ultimate 

analyses, calorific value, forms-of-sulfur analyses, and ash-fusion temperatures for all nonassessed 

coals from the Carbondale Group or Formation in the Illinois Basin.

[All values are reported on an as-received basis and are in percent, except calorific value (Btu/lb) and ash-fusion temperatures (°F). 

G, greater than value shown.]
 E36 Resource Assessment of the Springfield, Herrin, Danville, and Baker Coals in the Illinois Basin 

Number of Range Standard

samples Mean Median Minimum Maximum deviation 

Proximate and ultimate analyses

Moisture 778 11.3 11.0 0.7 52.8 5.4 

Volatile

matter 776 35.4 35.5 16.5 54.0 3.9 

Fixed 

carbon 776 43.4 44.1 7.9 58.7 6.2 

Ash 778 10.0 8.4 1.5 48.7 6.2 

Hydrogen 582 5.4 5.5 2.4 8.2 0.7 

Carbon 605 63.0 63.6 27.7 82.9 6.9 

Nitrogen 582 1.3 1.3 0.6 2.5 0.2 

Oxygen 579 16.6 16.6 4.3 51.2 6.2 

Sulfur 801 2.9 2.5 0.1 30.1 2.2 

Calorific value 

Btu/lb 775 11,190 11,400 4,540 13,620 1,290 

Forms of sulfur

Sulfate 155 0.26 0.15 0.01 2.31 0.29

Pyritic 155 1.66 1.26 0.03 7.46 1.53

Organic 156 1.16 0.90 0.05 5.43 0.76

Ash-fusion temperatures ( ̊F)

Initial 

deformation 541 2,150 2,040 1,760 2,860G 278 

Softening 

temperature 604 2,275 2,200 1,810 2,910G 260 

Fluid 

temperature 541 2,370 2,360 1,900 2,910G 237 

Table 10. Number of samples, mean, median, range, and standard deviation of proximate and ultimate 

analyses, calorific value, forms-of-sulfur analyses, and ash-fusion temperatures for all nonassessed 

coals from the Raccoon Creek Group in the Illinois Basin.

[All values are reported on an as-received basis and are in percent, except calorific value (Btu/lb) and ash-fusion temperatures 

(°F). G, greater than value shown.]
 Coal quality in the Illinois Basin E37 

Number of Range Standard

samples Mean Median Minimum Maximum deviation 

Proximate and ultimate analyses

Moisture 5,996 10.5 10.4 0.5 52.8 4.0 

Volatile

matter 5,670 35.2 35.2 16.5 56.7 3.1 

Fixed 

carbon 5,670 43.2 43.0 7.9 62.7 5.0 

Ash 5,993 11.1 10.3 1.5 49.7 4.6 

Hydrogen 3,074 4.8 4.6 1.7 8.2 0.8 

Carbon 3,112 61.9 62.5 24.0 82.9 5.8 

Nitrogen 3,061 1.2 1.3 0.3 2.7 0.2 

Oxygen 3,055 11.6 8.6 0.2 51.2 5.9 

Sulfur 5,997 3.1 3.2 0.1 30.1 1.6 

Calorific value 

Btu/lb 5,737 11,180 11,270 4,540 13,910 990 

Forms of sulfur

Sulfate 1,818 0.12 0.04 0.01 2.31 0.19

Pyritic 2,158 1.76 1.66 0.02 18.28 1.21

Organic 2,162 1.46 1.53 0.05 5.78 0.63

Ash-fusion temperatures ( ̊F)

Initial 

deformation 2,060 2,080 2,020 1,680 2,860G 207 

Softening 

temperature 2,241 2,180 2,120 1,810 2,995G 210 

Fluid 

temperature 2,059 2,285 2,260 1,845 2,910G 205 

Table 11. Number of samples, mean, median, range, and standard deviation of proximate and ultimate 

analyses, calorific value, forms-of-sulfur analyses, and ash-fusion temperatures for all coals (assessed 

and nonassessed) in the Illinois Basin.

[All values are reported on an as-received basis and are in percent, except calorific value (Btu/lb) and ash-fusion temperatures (°F). 

G, greater than value shown.]
Appendix 2. Summary descriptive statistics of proximate 

and ultimate analyses, calorific values, forms-of-sulfur 

analyses, and ash-fusion temperatures for all assessed and 

nonassessed coals in the Illinois Basin as analyzed by the 

Illinois State Geological Survey, Indiana Geological Survey, 

Kentucky Geological Survey, and U.S. Geological Survey
Coal quality in the Illinois Basin E39

Number of Range Standard

samples Mean Median Minimum Maximum deviation 

Proximate and ultimate analyses

Moisture 170 13.4 13.4 5.3 25.0 2.7 

Volatile

matter 162 35.9 36.7 25.2 44.5 3.4 

Fixed 

carbon 162 38.6 38.8 26.5 48.4 2.8 

Ash 170 12.2 11.0 4.3 44.2 4.4 

Hydrogen 31 4.5 4.3 3.6 5.9 0.6 

Carbon 31 60.2 61.3 52.7 67.6 4.0 

Nitrogen 31 1.1 1.1 0.7 1.4 0.2 

Oxygen 31 6.6 6.8 4.0 8.6 1.1 

Sulfur 168 3.1 3.1 0.3 9.7 1.2 

Calorific value 

Btu/lb 131 10,670 11,030 5,800 12,190 870 

Forms of sulfur

Sulfate 40 0.07 0.04 0.01 0.26 0.07

Pyritic 49 1.63 1.50 0.03 6.01 1.14

Organic 49 1.19 1.25 0.26 2.17 0.40

Ash-fusion temperatures ( ̊F)

Initial 

deformation 20 2,075 2,010 1,920 2,330 120 

Softening 

temperature 20 2,185 2,080 1,935 2,570 197 

Fluid 

temperature 20 2,400 2,360 2,005 2,770 231 

Table 1. Number of samples, mean, median, range, and standard deviation of proximate and ultimate 

analyses, calorific value, forms-of-sulfur analyses, and ash-fusion temperatures for the Danville Coal 

Member in Illinois as analyzed by the Illinois State Geological Survey.

[All values are reported on an as-received basis and are in percent, except calorific value (Btu/lb) and ash-fusion temperatures (°F).]
E40 Resource Assessment of the Springfield, Herrin, Danville, and Baker Coals in the Illinois Basin

Number of Range Standard

samples Mean Median Minimum Maximum deviation 

Proximate and ultimate analyses

Moisture 115 10.9 10.9 1.9 28.2 4.2 

Volatile

matter 114 35.5 35.6 26.0 56.7 3.8 

Fixed 

carbon 114 42.2 42.1 20.4 51.1 3.9 

Ash 115 11.3 10.3 4.2 39.7 4.6 

Hydrogen 90 5.5 5.6 3.3 6.3 0.5 

Carbon 90 60.9 61.2 41.3 69.5 4.0 

Nitrogen 88 1.4 1.3 1.1 1.9 0.1 

Oxygen 88 18.1 18.7 9.4 24.4 3.5 

Sulfur 115 2.5 2.6 0.4 6.7 1.3 

Calorific value 

Btu/lb 115 10,970 10,970 7,400 12,630 790 

Forms of sulfur

Sulfate 10 0.27 0.09 0.05 1.68 0.50

Pyritic 10 1.35 1.15 0.61 2.74 0.70

Organic 10 0.99 0.84 0.39 1.82 0.44

Ash-fusion temperatures ( ̊F)

Initial 

deformation 84 2,095 2,045 1,820 2,600 192 

Softening 

temperature 101 2,240 2,230 1,905 2,710G 200 

Fluid 

temperature 84 2,340 2,340 1,935 2,720G 198 

Table 2. Number of samples, mean, median, range, and standard deviation of proximate and ultimate 

analyses, calorific value, forms-of-sulfur analyses, and ash-fusion temperatures for the Danville Coal Member in Indiana as analyzed by the Indiana Geological Survey.

[All values are reported on an as-received basis and are in percent, except calorific value (Btu/lb) and ash-fusion temperatures (°F). 

G, greater than value shown.]
Coal quality in the Illinois Basin E41

Number of Range Standard

samples Mean Median Minimum Maximum deviation 

Proximate and ultimate analyses

Moisture 15 10.1 9.5 6.2 15.0 2.2 

Volatile

matter 15 33.8 33.1 28.4 37.2 2.5 

Fixed 

carbon 15 44.7 44.8 35.0 52.3 4.9 

Ash 15 11.5 10.8 6.4 21.5 4.4 

Hydrogen 15 5.5 5.5 5.1 6.1 0.3 

Carbon 18 59.0 61.8 36.9 68.1 7.9 

Nitrogen 15 1.2 1.1 0.8 1.5 0.2 

Oxygen 15 17.6 17.2 13.6 21.5 1.9 

Sulfur 18 2.7 2.6 0.3 7.6 1.8 

Calorific value 

Btu/lb 15 11,020 11,140 9,350 11,990 730 

Forms of sulfur

Sulfate 15 0.31 0.40 0.01 0.62 0.22

Pyritic 15 1.21 0.85 0.09 3.14 0.95

Organic 15 1.05 1.11 0.22 1.80 0.49

Ash-fusion temperatures ( ̊F)

Initial 

deformation 14 2,135 2,115 1,900 2,745 207 

Softening 

temperature 14 2,225 2,155 1,960 2,800G 215 

Fluid 

temperature 14 2,325 2,315 1,995 2,800G 218 

Table 3. Number of samples, mean, median, range, and standard deviation of proximate and ultimate 

analyses, calorific value, forms-of-sulfur analyses, and ash-fusion temperatures for the Danville Coal 

Member in Indiana as analyzed by the U.S. Geological Survey.

[All values are reported on an as-received basis and are in percent, except calorific value (Btu/lb) and ash-fusion temperatures (°F). 

G, greater than value shown.]
E42 Resource Assessment of the Springfield, Herrin, Danville, and Baker Coals in the Illinois Basin

Number of Range Standard

samples Mean Median Minimum Maximum deviation 

Proximate and ultimate analyses

Moisture 19 6.6 6.6 5.2 8.0 0.5 

Volatile

matter 19 33.8 34.1 25.7 37.3 3.0 

Fixed 

carbon 19 46.5 46.7 34.5 54.7 4.8 

Ash 19 13.2 11.6 6.5 27.6 5.4 

Hydrogen 19 4.3 4.5 3.1 4.7 0.4 

Carbon 19 65.3 66.7 52.7 72.7 5.7 

Nitrogen 19 1.4 1.4 0.9 1.7 0.2 

Oxygen 19 5.7 5.5 3.1 8.4 1.6 

Sulfur 19 3.6 3.6 1.5 7.7 1.6 

Calorific value 

Btu/lb 19 11,740 12,150 9,300 12,990 1,050 

Forms of sulfur

Sulfate --- --- --- --- --- --- 

Pyritic --- --- --- --- --- --- 

Organic --- --- --- --- --- --- 

Ash-fusion temperatures ( ̊F)

Initial 

deformation --- --- --- --- --- --- 

Softening 

temperature --- --- --- --- --- --- 

Fluid 

temperature --- --- --- --- --- --- 

Table 4. Number of samples, mean, median, range, and standard deviation of proximate and ultimate 

analyses, calorific value, forms-of-sulfur analyses, and ash-fusion temperatures for the Baker coal in 

Kentucky as analyzed by the Kentucky Geological Survey.

[All values are reported on an as-received basis and are in percent, except calorific value (Btu/lb) and ash-fusion temperatures (°F). 

G, greater than value shown.]
Coal quality in the Illinois Basin E43

Number of Range Standard

samples Mean Median Minimum Maximum deviation 

Proximate and ultimate analyses

Moisture 15 6.9 6.7 3.4 10.8 2.1 

Volatile

matter 15 36.0 35.8 31.3 40.8 3.0 

Fixed 

carbon 15 45.1 44.1 40.0 50.5 3.1 

Ash 15 12.0 11.7 7.9 17.9 2.7 

Hydrogen 15 5.2 5.2 4.8 5.6 0.2 

Carbon 15 64.2 64.8 58.6 70.3 3.4 

Nitrogen 15 1.4 1.4 1.2 1.7 0.1 

Oxygen 15 13.5 13.0 10.2 18.1 2.3 

Sulfur 15 3.7 4.2 1.6 5.8 1.2 

Calorific value 

Btu/lb 15 11,590 11,510 10,410 12,660 640 

Forms of sulfur

Sulfate 15 0.15 0.13 0.01 0.45 0.12

Pyritic 15 2.25 2.67 0.69 3.72 0.94

Organic 15 1.36 1.24 0.57 2.04 0.46

Ash-fusion temperatures ( ̊F)

Initial 

deformation 15 2,080 2,030 1,930 2,610 169 

Softening 

temperature 15 2,140 2,080 2,030 2,710 176 

Fluid 

temperature 15 2,310 2,260 2,080 2,800 194 

Table 5. Number of samples, mean, median, range, and standard deviation of proximate and ultimate 

analyses, calorific value, forms-of-sulfur analyses, and ash-fusion temperatures for the Baker coal in Kentucky as analyzed by the U.S. Geological Survey.

[All values are reported on an as-received basis and are in percent, except calorific value (Btu/lb) and ash-fusion temperatures (°F). 

G, greater than value shown.]
E44 Resource Assessment of the Springfield, Herrin, Danville, and Baker Coals in the Illinois Basin

Number of Range Standard

samples Mean Median Minimum Maximum deviation 

Proximate and ultimate analyses

Moisture 2,330 11.1 11.0 1.2 22.2 3.2 

Volatile

matter 2,160 34.6 34.6 19.5 45.2 2.8 

Fixed 

carbon 2,160 43.4 42.6 25.3 58.2 4.6 

Ash 2,327 10.9 10.4 2.7 43.6 3.6 

Hydrogen 780 4.2 4.2 3.0 5.5 0.3 

Carbon 780 60.8 60.5 41.4 73.6 5.2 

Nitrogen 776 1.2 1.1 0.3 2.7 0.2 

Oxygen 776 7.5 7.5 3.5 12.2 1.0 

Sulfur 2,302 2.9 3.2 0.3 14.5 1.5 

Calorific value 

Btu/lb 2,176 11,100 11,120 5,770 13,420 800 

Forms of sulfur

Sulfate 776 0.07 0.03 0.01 2.02 0.12

Pyritic 1,014 1.63 1.64 0.04 8.48 1.07

Organic 1,016 1.43 1.48 0.16 3.35 0.62

Ash-fusion temperatures ( ̊F)

Initial 

deformation 437 2,110 2,080 1,680 2,700 168 

Softening 

temperature 440 2,165 2,150 1,820 2,995 161 

Fluid 

temperature 436 2,290 2,290 1,880 2,700 151 

Table 6. Number of samples, mean, median, range, and standard deviation of proximate and ultimate analyses, calorific value, forms-of-sulfur analyses, and ash-fusion temperatures for the Herrin Coal Member in 

Illinois as analyzed by the Illinois State Geological Survey.

[All values are reported on an as-received basis and are in percent, except calorific value (Btu/lb) and ash-fusion temperatures (°F).]
Coal quality in the Illinois Basin E45

Number of Range Standard

samples Mean Median Minimum Maximum deviation 

Proximate and ultimate analyses

Moisture 74 6.4 5.8 3.1 12.1 2.5 

Volatile

matter 74 34.8 34.9 27.3 40.9 2.6 

Fixed 

carbon 74 48.1 48.3 40.1 58.5 3.9 

Ash 74 10.7 10.2 2.4 24.3 4.1 

Hydrogen 74 5.1 5.2 4.2 5.9 0.3 

Carbon 74 64.6 65.2 55.1 73.6 4.9 

Nitrogen 74 1.2 1.2 0.5 1.6 0.2 

Oxygen 74 14.9 14.5 10.0 20.5 2.7 

Sulfur 74 3.4 3.1 0.5 8.7 1.6 

Calorific value 

Btu/lb 73 11,500 11,500 9,780 13,090 870 

Forms of sulfur

Sulfate 64 0.33 0.20 0.01 1.71 0.37

Pyritic 74 1.39 1.09 0.02 7.51 1.24

Organic 74 1.76 1.81 0.34 5.08 0.81

Ash-fusion temperatures ( ̊F)

Initial 

deformation 74 2,060 2,035 1,780 2,800G 168 

Softening 

temperature 74 2,130 2,125 1,820 2,910G 174 

Fluid 

temperature 74 2,210 2,175 1,860 2,910G 191 

Table 7. Number of samples, mean, median, range, and standard deviation of proximate and ultimate 

analyses, calorific value, forms-of-sulfur analyses, and ash-fusion temperatures for the Herrin Coal 

Member in Illinois as analyzed by the U.S. Geological Survey.

[All values are reported on an as-received basis and are in percent, except calorific value (Btu/lb) and ash-fusion temperatures (°F). 

G, greater than value shown.]
E46 Resource Assessment of the Springfield, Herrin, Danville, and Baker Coals in the Illinois Basin

Number of Range Standard

samples Mean Median Minimum Maximum deviation 

Proximate and ultimate analyses

Moisture 121 6.5 6.5 3.8 9.4 0.9 

Volatile

matter 121 37.4 37.4 32.2 42.5 2.1 

Fixed 

carbon 121 45.7 45.7 35.8 52.9 3.4 

Ash 121 10.5 9.8 5.3 24.1 3.6 

Hydrogen 65 4.3 4.3 2.9 5.0 0.5 

Carbon 65 65.0 65.8 47.8 71.0 4.4 

Nitrogen 65 1.2 1.3 0.7 1.7 0.2 

Oxygen 65 7.3 7.8 2.3 16.7 2.4 

Sulfur 121 3.8 3.8 1.0 7.0 1.1 

Calorific value 

Btu/lb 121 11,990 12,070 9,540 13,100 690 

Forms of sulfur

Sulfate --- --- --- --- --- --- 

Pyritic --- --- --- --- --- --- 

Organic --- --- --- --- --- --- 

Ash-fusion temperatures ( ̊F)

Initial 

deformation --- --- --- --- --- --- 

Softening 

temperature --- --- --- --- --- --- 

Fluid 

temperature --- --- --- --- --- --- 

Table 8. Number of samples, mean, median, range, and standard deviation of proximate and ultimate analyses, calorific value, forms-of-sulfur analyses, and ash-fusion temperatures for the Herrin coal in Kentucky as 

analyzed by the Kentucky Geological Survey.

[All values are reported on an as-received basis and are in percent, except calorific value (Btu/lb) and ash-fusion temperatures (°F). Leaders (---) indicate no data.]
Coal quality in the Illinois Basin E47

Number of Range Standard

samples Mean Median Minimum Maximum deviation 

Proximate and ultimate analyses

Moisture 20 6.0 6.2 2.3 9.7 2.0 

Volatile

matter 20 37.9 37.7 30.4 42.7 2.9 

Fixed 

carbon 20 47.0 47.3 40.7 51.3 3.3 

Ash 20 9.0 7.5 5.3 24.8 4.9 

Hydrogen 20 5.4 5.5 4.3 5.8 0.3 

Carbon 20 67.3 68.6 53.5 73.3 4.7 

Nitrogen 20 1.4 1.4 1.2 1.5 0.1 

Oxygen 20 13.3 13.5 8.7 16.8 2.2 

Sulfur 20 3.6 3.6 2.9 5.0 0.6 

Calorific value 

Btu/lb 20 12,240 12,540 9,710 13,390 850 

Forms of sulfur

Sulfate 20 0.09 0.07 0.01 0.26 0.09

Pyritic 20 1.83 1.65 0.77 3.56 0.77

Organic 20 1.69 1.85 0.51 2.40 0.48

Ash-fusion temperatures ( ̊F)

Initial 

deformation 20 2,040 2,015 1,925 2,770 175 

Softening 

temperature 20 2,125 2,085 2,030 2,800G 163 

Fluid 

temperature 20 2,250 2,225 2,125 2,800G 139 

Table 9. Number of samples, mean, median, range, and standard deviation of proximate and ultimate 

analyses, calorific value, forms-of-sulfur analyses, and ash-fusion temperatures for the Herrin coal in Kentucky as analyzed by the U.S. Geological Survey.

[All values are reported on an as-received basis and are in percent, except calorific value (Btu/lb) and ash-fusion temperatures (°F). 

G, greater than value shown.]
E48 Resource Assessment of the Springfield, Herrin, Danville, and Baker Coals in the Illinois Basin

Number of Range Standard

samples Mean Median Minimum Maximum deviation 

Proximate and ultimate analyses

Moisture 1,171 10.7 10.5 0.9 24.2 4.2 

Volatile

matter 1,032 34.7 34.8 22.4 41.1 2.4 

Fixed 

carbon 1,032 43.0 41.8 25.0 60.7 5.4 

Ash 1,171 11.7 10.7 2.8 43.5 4.6 

Hydrogen 472 4.3 4.2 2.7 5.5 0.4 

Carbon 472 61.2 60.0 38.3 77.8 5.4 

Nitrogen 472 1.2 1.2 0.3 2.2 0.2 

Oxygen 472 6.5 6.7 0.2 12.8 1.3 

Sulfur 1,163 3.5 3.4 0.6 17.7 1.5 

Calorific value 

Btu/lb 1,109 11,140 10,980 4,810 13,910 1,070 

Forms of sulfur

Sulfate 505 0.06 0.03 0.01 1.18 0.09

Pyritic 584 2.01 1.79 0.11 18.28 1.29

Organic 585 1.57 1.65 0.29 5.11 0.50

Ash-fusion temperatures ( ̊F)

Initial 

deformation 257 1,990 1,970 1,800 2,500 96 

Softening 

temperature 257 2,030 2,010 1,835 2,550 102 

Fluid 

temperature 257 2,130 2,105 1,845 2,700 139 

Table 10. Number of samples, mean, median, range, and standard deviation of proximate and ultimate 

analyses, calorific value, forms-of-sulfur analyses, and ash-fusion temperatures for the Springfield Coal 

Member in Illinois as analyzed by the Illinois State Geological Survey.

[All values are reported on an as-received basis and are in percent, except calorific value (Btu/lb) and ash-fusion temperatures (°F).]
Coal quality in the Illinois Basin E49

Number of Range Standard

samples Mean Median Minimum Maximum deviation 

Proximate and ultimate analyses

Moisture 336 9.9 10.2 0.5 34.7 4.0 

Volatile

matter 335 37.0 37.3 17.7 55.0 3.9 

Fixed 

carbon 335 42.1 42.2 14.0 62.7 4.9 

Ash 336 10.9 9.7 4.3 49.7 5.3 

Hydrogen 274 5.5 5.6 3.1 7.1 0.5 

Carbon 273 62.0 62.9 34.7 72.5 5.3 

Nitrogen 273 1.3 1.3 0.7 1.9 0.2 

Oxygen 272 16.9 16.9 2.9 42.2 3.9 

Sulfur 336 3.3 3.3 0.6 7.4 1.3 

Calorific value 

Btu/lb 336 11,210 11,400 6,020 13,400 920 

Forms of sulfur

Sulfate 37 0.20 0.12 0.01 1.19 0.24

Pyritic 41 1.51 1.25 0.20 4.66 1.07

Organic 41 1.55 1.46 0.50 3.92 0.74

Ash-fusion temperatures ( ̊F)

Initial 

deformation 237 2,001 1,959 1,795 2,700G 167 

Softening 

temperature 293 2,130 2,080 1,860 2,810G 186 

Fluid 

temperature 237 2,234 2,200 1,924 2,720G 194 

Table 11. Number of samples, mean, median, range, and standard deviation of proximate and ultimate 

analyses, calorific value, forms-of-sulfur analyses, and ash-fusion temperatures for the Springfield Coal 

Member in Indiana as analyzed by the Indiana Geological Survey.

[All values are reported on an as-received basis and are in percent, except calorific value (Btu/lb) and ash-fusion temperatures (°F). 

G, greater than value shown.]
E50 Resource Assessment of the Springfield, Herrin, Danville, and Baker Coals in the Illinois Basin

Number of Range Standard

samples Mean Median Minimum Maximum deviation 

Proximate and ultimate analyses

Moisture 35 8.8 8.9 4.6 15.3 2.2 

Volatile

matter 35 36.1 35.8 22.8 42.8 4.1 

Fixed 

carbon 35 46.1 46.6 38.7 57.7 3.7 

Ash 35 9.0 8.9 4.2 12.5 1.9 

Hydrogen 35 5.5 5.5 5.1 5.9 0.2 

Carbon 41 62.0 64.2 28.0 68.6 7.9 

Nitrogen 35 1.2 1.2 0.9 1.6 0.2 

Oxygen 35 16.3 16.5 12.0 22.9 2.4 

Sulfur 41 4.2 3.4 0.5 19.5 3.3 

Calorific value 

Btu/lb 35 11,603 11,590 10,800 12,460 377 

Forms of sulfur

Sulfate 35 0.29 0.15 0.01 1.28 0.34

Pyritic 35 1.51 1.42 0.06 3.41 0.83

Organic 35 1.68 1.73 0.42 2.65 0.50

Ash-fusion temperatures ( ̊F)

Initial 

deformation 25 2,105 2,035 1,865 2,800 236 

Softening 

temperature 25 2,205 2,145 1,935 2,910G 238 

Fluid 

temperature 25 2,280 2,255 1,985 2,910G 235 

Table 12. Number of samples, mean, median, range, and standard deviation of proximate and ultimate 

analyses, calorific value, forms-of-sulfur analyses, and ash-fusion temperatures for the Springfield Coal 

Member in Indiana as analyzed by the U.S. Geological Survey.

[All values are reported on an as-received basis and are in percent, except calorific value (Btu/lb) and ash-fusion temperatures (°F). G, 

greater than value shown.]
Coal quality in the Illinois Basin E51

Number of Range Standard

samples Mean Median Minimum Maximum deviation 

Proximate and ultimate analyses

Moisture 259 7.9 7.9 1.8 12.2 1.7 

Volatile

matter 259 36.2 36.4 31.6 41.4 1.5 

Fixed 

carbon 259 45.7 45.5 40.0 52.1 2.3 

Ash 259 10.2 10.1 5.0 16.4 1.6 

Hydrogen 141 4.2 4.3 3.2 4.8 0.4 

Carbon 141 65.2 65.4 50.5 72.6 2.4 

Nitrogen 141 1.3 1.3 0.8 1.7 0.2 

Oxygen 141 7.1 7.2 2.6 19.9 2.0 

Sulfur 259 3.5 3.5 2.1 6.2 0.7 

Calorific value 

Btu/lb 259 11,870 11,820 10,820 13,250 480 

Forms of sulfur

Sulfate --- --- --- --- --- --- 

Pyritic --- --- --- --- --- --- 

Organic --- --- --- --- --- --- 

Ash-fusion temperatures ( ̊F)

Initial 

deformation --- --- --- --- --- --- 

Softening 

temperature --- --- --- --- --- --- 

Fluid 

temperature --- --- --- --- --- --- 

Table 13. Number of samples, mean, median, range, and standard deviation of proximate and ultimate 

analyses, calorific value, forms-of-sulfur analyses, and ash-fusion temperatures for the Springfield coal in 

Kentucky as analyzed by the Kentucky Geological Survey.

[All values are reported on an as-received basis and are in percent, except calorific value (Btu/lb) and ash-fusion temperatures (°F). 

Leaders (---) indicate no data.]
E52 Resource Assessment of the Springfield, Herrin, Danville, and Baker Coals in the Illinois Basin

Number of Range Standard

samples Mean Median Minimum Maximum deviation 

Proximate and ultimate analyses

Moisture 31 7.2 7.0 2.5 12.4 2.2 

Volatile

matter 31 36.9 36.9 34.7 39.8 1.3 

Fixed 

carbon 31 45.3 45.2 40.8 49.9 2.5 

Ash 31 10.5 10.7 6.7 15.2 2.4 

Hydrogen 31 5.3 5.3 4.8 5.7 0.2 

Carbon 31 65.2 65.4 59.8 70.2 2.8 

Nitrogen 31 1.4 1.4 1.0 1.6 0.1 

Oxygen 31 13.6 13.5 7.6 20.3 2.7 

Sulfur 31 3.9 3.7 2.5 8.0 1.1 

Calorific value 

Btu/lb 31 11,840 11,930 10,820 12,770 530 

Forms of sulfur

Sulfate 31 0.12 0.06 0.01 0.53 0.13

Pyritic 31 2.09 1.90 0.71 4.10 0.85

Organic 31 1.74 1.67 1.08 3.94 0.52

Ash-fusion temperatures ( ̊F)

Initial 

deformation 31 2,015 2,015 1,910 2,220 69 

Softening 

temperature 31 2,100 2,105 1,950 2,250 77 

Fluid 

temperature 31 2,205 2,205 2,050 2,360 78 

Table 14. Number of samples, mean, median, range, and standard deviation of proximate and ultimate 

analyses, calorific value, forms-of-sulfur analyses, and ash-fusion temperatures for the Springfield coal in 

Kentucky as analyzed by the U.S. Geological Survey.

[All values are reported on an as-received basis and are in percent, except calorific value (Btu/lb) and ash-fusion temperatures (°F).]
Coal quality in the Illinois Basin E53

Number of Range Standard

samples Mean Median Minimum Maximum deviation 

Proximate and ultimate analyses

Moisture 57 7.5 7.5 7.5 7.5 0.0 

Volatile

matter 57 34.6 34.4 29.8 38.2 2.1 

Fixed 

carbon 57 43.2 43.0 34.0 50.6 4.0 

Ash 57 14.7 14.6 6.0 28.7 4.4 

Hydrogen 57 4.0 4.1 3.0 4.7 0.4 

Carbon 57 62.0 62.2 51.8 69.9 3.9 

Nitrogen 57 1.3 1.3 0.7 1.6 0.2 

Oxygen 57 6.7 7.0 2.1 12.5 2.0 

Sulfur 57 3.8 3.6 1.7 8.0 1.3 

Calorific value 

Btu/lb 57 11,150 11,200 9,300 12,620 710 

Forms of sulfur

Sulfate --- --- --- --- --- --- 

Pyritic --- --- --- --- --- --- 

Organic --- --- --- --- --- --- 

Ash-fusion temperatures ( ̊F)

Initial 

deformation --- --- --- --- --- --- 

Softening 

temperature --- --- --- --- --- --- 

Fluid 

temperature --- --- --- --- --- --- 

Table 15. Number of samples, mean, median, range, and standard deviation of proximate and ultimate 

analyses, calorific value, forms-of-sulfur analyses, and ash-fusion temperatures for nonassessed coals 

from the McLeansboro Group in Kentucky as analyzed by the Kentucky Geological Survey.

[All values are reported on an as-received basis and are in percent, except calorific value (Btu/lb) and ash-fusion temperatures (°F). 

Leaders (---) indicate no data.]
E54 Resource Assessment of the Springfield, Herrin, Danville, and Baker Coals in the Illinois Basin

Number of Range Standard

samples Mean Median Minimum Maximum deviation 

Proximate and ultimate analyses

Moisture 25 6.7 7.0 3.8 12.6 1.9 

Volatile

matter 25 35.8 36.6 29.7 38.5 2.3 

Fixed 

carbon 25 44.9 45.3 38.7 50.1 3.0 

Ash 25 12.5 12.8 6.0 24.4 3.8 

Hydrogen 25 5.2 5.2 4.6 5.5 0.2 

Carbon 25 63.7 64.3 50.6 70.1 3.6 

Nitrogen 25 1.4 1.4 1.2 1.6 0.1 

Oxygen 25 13.8 13.4 11.1 20.5 2.0 

Sulfur 25 3.4 3.2 1.8 5.7 1.0 

Calorific value 

Btu/lb 25 11,530 11,530 9,080 12,660 660 

Forms of sulfur

Sulfate 24 0.13 0.08 0.01 0.70 0.17

Pyritic 24 1.83 1.69 0.84 4.04 0.89

Organic 24 1.42 1.51 0.50 1.92 0.43

Ash-fusion temperatures ( ̊F)

Initial 

deformation 25 2,145 2,115 1,905 2,615 153 

Softening 

temperature 25 2,240 2,190 2,015 2,710 153 

Fluid 

temperature 25 2,380 2,340 2,130 2,800 172 

Table 16. Number of samples, mean, median, range, and standard deviation of proximate and ultimate 

analyses, calorific value, forms-of-sulfur analyses, and ash-fusion temperatures for nonassessed coals from 

the McLeansboro Group in Kentucky as analyzed by the U.S. Geological Survey.

[All values are reported on an as-received basis and are in percent, except calorific value (Btu/lb) and ash-fusion temperatures (°F).]
Coal quality in the Illinois Basin E55

Number of Range Standard

samples Mean Median Minimum Maximum deviation 

Proximate and ultimate analyses

Moisture 312 10.8 11.3 0.8 37.1 5.0 

Volatile

matter 307 35.8 36.2 19.7 43.4 3.5 

Fixed 

carbon 307 40.9 41.4 8.5 59.8 5.0 

Ash 312 12.5 10.5 4.7 48.5 6.6 

Hydrogen 235 5.4 5.5 3.1 6.8 0.6 

Carbon 235 60.2 61.4 32.2 73.6 5.7 

Nitrogen 229 1.3 1.3 0.9 2.1 0.2 

Oxygen 228 17.6 18.1 6.2 32.0 4.5 

Sulfur 312 2.8 2.5 0.3 11.1 1.6 

Calorific value 

Btu/lb 312 10,800 11,100 5,440 13,200 1,170 

Forms of sulfur

Sulfate 20 0.28 0.21 0.02 1.02 0.28

Pyritic 20 1.77 1.61 0.59 3.80 0.92

Organic 20 1.55 1.24 0.68 5.78 1.21

Ash-fusion temperatures ( ̊F)

Initial 

deformation 212 2,045 1,980 1,800 2,700G 191 

Softening 

temperature 254 2,180 2,120 1,900 2,770G 193 

Fluid 

temperature 212 2,295 2,260 1,930 2,805G 193 

Table 17. Number of samples, mean, median, range, and standard deviation of proximate and ultimate 

analyses, calorific value, forms-of-sulfur analyses, and ash-fusion temperatures for nonassessed coals 

from the Carbondale Group in Indiana as analyzed by the Indiana Geological Survey.

[All values are reported on an as-received basis and are in percent, except calorific value (Btu/lb) and ash-fusion temperatures (°F). 

G, greater than value shown.]
E56 Resource Assessment of the Springfield, Herrin, Danville, and Baker Coals in the Illinois Basin

Number of Range Standard

samples Mean Median Minimum Maximum deviation 

Proximate and ultimate analyses

Moisture 29 9.0 9.1 2.8 15.6 2.6 

Volatile

matter 29 34.6 34.8 25.0 40.7 3.2 

Fixed 

carbon 29 44.4 44.7 27.3 52.7 4.5 

Ash 29 12.0 10.5 6.3 44.9 7.1 

Hydrogen 29 5.4 5.4 3.5 6.1 0.5 

Carbon 36 59.4 61.5 24.0 69.6 9.1 

Nitrogen 29 1.2 1.3 0.5 1.5 0.2 

Oxygen 29 16.6 17.1 9.8 21.6 2.5 

Sulfur 36 4.1 3.2 1.2 28.1 4.4 

Calorific value 

Btu/lb 29 11,070 11,090 6,930 12,330 960 

Forms of sulfur

Sulfate 29 0.46 0.49 0.02 1.08 0.32

Pyritic 29 1.62 1.48 0.34 3.34 0.78

Organic 29 1.06 1.09 0.26 1.92 0.46

Ash-fusion temperatures ( ̊F)

Initial 

deformation 26 2,090 2,030 1,885 2,800G 214 

Softening 

temperature 26 2,180 2,120 1,985 2,800G 201 

Fluid 

temperature 26 2,255 2,195 2,020 2,800G 199 

Table 18. Number of samples, mean, median, range, and standard deviation of proximate and ultimate 

analyses, calorific value, forms-of-sulfur analyses, and ash-fusion temperatures for nonassessed coals 

from the Carbondale Group in Indiana as analyzed by the U.S. Geological Survey.

[All values are reported on an as-received basis and are in percent, except calorific value (Btu/lb) and ash-fusion temperatures (°F). 

G, greater than value shown.]
Coal quality in the Illinois Basin E57

Number of Range Standard

samples Mean Median Minimum Maximum deviation 

Proximate and ultimate analyses

Moisture 42 7.5 7.5 7.5 7.5 0.0 

Volatile

matter 42 36.0 36.0 26.2 42.5 3.2 

Fixed 

carbon 42 41.5 41.1 30.4 53.1 4.9 

Ash 42 15.0 13.8 3.6 30.9 6.4 

Hydrogen 42 4.1 4.2 1.7 4.8 0.6 

Carbon 42 60.9 62.1 47.0 69.7 5.8 

Nitrogen 42 1.2 1.3 0.4 1.5 0.2 

Oxygen 41 7.6 7.2 2.0 17.7 3.3 

Sulfur 42 3.9 3.9 1.8 8.2 1.4 

Calorific value 

Btu/lb 42 11,070 11,270 8,410 12,570 1,010 

Forms of sulfur

Sulfate --- --- --- --- --- --- 

Pyritic --- --- --- --- --- --- 

Organic --- --- --- --- --- --- 

Ash-fusion temperatures ( ̊F)

Initial 

deformation --- --- --- --- --- --- 

Softening 

temperature --- --- --- --- --- --- 

Fluid 

temperature --- --- --- --- --- --- 

Table 19. Number of samples, mean, median, range, and standard deviation of proximate and ultimate 

analyses, calorific value, forms-of-sulfur analyses, and ash-fusion temperatures for nonassessed coals 

from the Carbondale Formation in Kentucky as analyzed by the Kentucky Geological Survey.

[All values are reported on an as-received basis and are in percent, except calorific value (Btu/lb) and ash-fusion temperatures (°F). 

Leaders (---) indicate no data.]
E58 Resource Assessment of the Springfield, Herrin, Danville, and Baker Coals in the Illinois Basin

Number of Range Standard

samples Mean Median Minimum Maximum deviation 

Proximate and ultimate analyses

Moisture 42 6.1 6.3 2.4 16.3 2.4 

Volatile

matter 42 37.6 37.4 32.1 44.3 2.8 

Fixed 

carbon 42 42.9 42.9 33.2 52.2 4.1 

Ash 42 13.4 12.3 6.1 27.1 5.1 

Hydrogen 42 5.2 5.3 4.0 5.8 0.4 

Carbon 42 63.3 63.7 45.5 73.6 6.2 

Nitrogen 42 1.4 1.4 1.0 1.6 0.2 

Oxygen 42 12.2 12.1 6.5 25.3 2.8 

Sulfur 42 4.6 4.0 1.4 15.9 2.6 

Calorific value 

Btu/lb 42 11,590 11,630 8,950 13,200 1,010 

Forms of sulfur

Sulfate 42 0.16 0.11 0.01 0.64 0.15

Pyritic 42 2.74 2.24 0.30 12.10 2.13

Organic 42 1.66 1.58 0.64 4.37 0.70

Ash-fusion temperatures ( ̊F)

Initial 

deformation 42 2,065 2,035 1,930 2,440 101 

Softening 

temperature 42 2,130 2,105 2,000 2,530 113 

Fluid 

temperature 42 2,255 2,225 2,070 2,650 139 

Table 20. Number of samples, mean, median, range, and standard deviation of proximate and ultimate 

analyses, calorific value, forms-of-sulfur analyses, and ash-fusion temperatures for nonassessed coals 

from the Carbondale Formation in Kentucky as analyzed by the U.S. Geological Survey.

[All values are reported on an as-received basis and are in percent, except calorific value (Btu/lb) and ash-fusion temperatures (°F).]
Coal quality in the Illinois Basin E59

Number of Range Standard

samples Mean Median Minimum Maximum deviation 

Proximate and ultimate analyses

Moisture 586 12.0 12.1 0.7 52.8 5.8 

Volatile

Matter 584 35.3 35.2 16.5 54.0 3.9 

Fixed 

carbon 584 42.2 42.9 7.9 58.7 6.1 

Ash 586 10.5 8.7 1.7 48.7 6.4 

Hydrogen 390 5.6 5.7 2.4 8.2 0.6 

Carbon 390 61.8 62.8 30.2 75.7 6.3 

Nitrogen 390 1.3 1.3 0.7 1.8 0.2 

Oxygen 387 18.3 17.8 5.7 51.2 5.8 

Sulfur 586 2.9 2.6 0.1 14.1 2.0 

Calorific value 

Btu/lb 583 10,980 11,290 4,540 13,540 1,300 

Forms of sulfur

Sulfate 50 0.34 0.27 0.02 2.31 0.37

Pyritic 50 1.76 1.13 0.15 7.46 1.79

Organic 51 1.43 1.32 0.05 5.43 1.00

Ash-fusion temperatures ( ̊F)

Initial 

deformation 444 2,135 2,020 1,760 2,860G 275 

Softening 

temperature 507 2,265 2,200 1,810 2,895G 256 

Fluid 

temperature 444 2,360 2,360 1,900 2,895G 231 

Table 21. Number of samples, mean, median, range, and standard deviation of proximate and ultimate 

analyses, calorific value, forms-of-sulfur analyses, and ash-fusion temperatures for nonassessed coals 

from the Raccoon Creek Group in Indiana as analyzed by the Indiana Geological Survey.

[All values are reported on an as-received basis and are in percent, except calorific value (Btu/lb) and ash-fusion temperatures (°F). 

G, greater than value shown.]
E60 Resource Assessment of the Springfield, Herrin, Danville, and Baker Coals in the Illinois Basin

Number of Range Standard

samples Mean Median Minimum Maximum deviation 

Proximate and ultimate analyses

Moisture 62 10.9 11.0 2.1 21.4 3.8 

Volatile

matter 62 33.9 34.3 22.4 43.5 4.2 

Fixed 

carbon 62 46.7 47.3 39.2 57.8 4.0 

Ash 62 8.5 8.1 2.0 15.0 3.1 

Hydrogen 62 5.6 5.6 4.8 6.3 0.3 

Carbon 85 62.2 63.3 27.7 82.9 8.0 

Nitrogen 62 1.1 1.2 0.6 1.6 0.2 

Oxygen 62 18.4 18.2 7.9 31.3 4.0 

Sulfur 85 3.1 2.5 0.4 30.1 3.5 

Calorific value 

Btu/lb 62 11,360 11,405 9,020 13,010 730 

Forms of sulfur

Sulfate 62 0.29 0.26 0.01 0.92 0.26

Pyritic 62 1.70 1.24 0.06 6.10 1.50

Organic 62 1.09 0.93 0.15 2.15 0.53

Ash-fusion temperatures ( ̊F)

Initial 

deformation 54 2,215 2,065 1,895 2,800G 289 

Softening 

temperature 54 2,305 2,205 1,960 2,910G 291 

Fluid 

temperature 54 2,390 2,340 2,000 2,910G 276 

Table 22. Number of samples, mean, median, range, and standard deviation of proximate and ultimate 

analyses, calorific value, forms-of-sulfur analyses, and ash-fusion temperatures for nonassessed coals from 

the Raccoon Creek Group in Indiana as analyzed by the U.S. Geological Survey.

[All values are reported on an as-received basis and are in percent, except calorific value (Btu/lb) and ash-fusion temperatures (°F). G, 

greater than value shown.]
Coal quality in the Illinois Basin E61

Number of Range Standard

samples Mean Median Minimum Maximum deviation 

Proximate and ultimate analyses

Moisture 87 7.5 7.5 7.5 7.5 0.0 

Volatile

matter 87 36.5 36.1 24.2 44.9 3.5 

Fixed 

carbon 87 46.9 47.0 24.4 55.9 5.5 

Ash 87 9.1 7.6 1.5 43.9 6.9 

Hydrogen 87 4.2 4.2 2.4 5.1 0.5 

Carbon 87 67.1 68.6 35.9 75.7 7.2 

Nitrogen 87 1.3 1.4 0.6 1.8 0.3 

Oxygen 87 8.3 8.1 4.3 12.8 1.7 

Sulfur 87 2.6 2.4 0.6 7.3 1.6 

Calorific value 

Btu/lb 87 11,960 12,310 6,180 13,620 1,270 

Forms of sulfur

Sulfate --- --- --- --- --- --- 

Pyritic --- --- --- --- --- --- 

Organic --- --- --- --- --- --- 

Ash-fusion temperatures ( ̊F)

Initial 

deformation --- --- --- --- --- --- 

Softening 

temperature --- --- --- --- --- --- 

Fluid 

temperature --- --- --- --- --- --- 

Table 23. Number of samples, mean, median, range, and standard deviation of proximate and ultimate 

analyses, calorific value, forms-of-sulfur analyses, and ash-fusion temperatures for nonassessed coals 

from the Raccoon Creek Group in Kentucky as analyzed by the Kentucky Geological Survey.

[All values are reported on an as-received basis and are in percent, except calorific value (Btu/lb) and ash-fusion temperatures (°F). 

Leaders (---) indicate no data.]
E62 Resource Assessment of the Springfield, Herrin, Danville, and Baker Coals in the Illinois Basin

Number of Range Standard

samples Mean Median Minimum Maximum deviation 

Proximate and ultimate analyses

Moisture 43 8.9 8.7 4.1 15.2 2.5 

Volatile

matter 43 36.5 36.3 30.7 42.6 2.6 

Fixed 

carbon 43 47.7 47.4 40.4 53.5 3.3 

Ash 43 6.8 6.4 1.5 13.9 3.4 

Hydrogen 43 5.6 5.7 4.7 6.1 0.3 

Carbon 43 67.9 69.0 60.6 74.4 3.5 

Nitrogen 43 1.5 1.4 1.1 2.5 0.2 

Oxygen 43 15.6 15.5 10.4 21.4 2.8 

Sulfur 43 2.5 2.2 0.5 8.1 1.8 

Calorific value 

Btu/lb 43 12,220 12,340 10,970 13,330 570 

Forms of sulfur

Sulfate 43 0.11 0.05 0.01 0.45 0.13

Pyritic 43 1.49 1.40 0.03 4.57 1.23

Organic 43 0.95 0.72 0.34 3.13 0.63

Ash-fusion temperatures ( ̊F)

Initial 

deformation 43 2,240 2,120 1,915 2,800G 270 

Softening 

temperature 43 2,325 2,205 2,030 2,800G 262 

Fluid 

temperature 43 2,430 2,350 2,080 2,800G 239 

Table 24. Number of samples, mean, median, range, and standard deviation of proximate and ultimate 

analyses, calorific value, forms-of-sulfur analyses, and ash-fusion temperatures for nonassessed coals 

from the Raccoon Creek Group in Kentucky as analyzed by the U.S. Geological Survey.

[All values are reported on an as-received basis and are in percent, except calorific value (Btu/lb) and ash-fusion temperatures (°F). 

G, greater than value shown.]
E63 Resource Assessment of the Springfield, Herrin, Danville, and Baker Coals in the Illinois Basin

Appendix 3. Summary descriptive statistics of ash yields and 

contents of selected elements for all assessed and nonassessed 

coals in the Illinois Basin.
E64 Resource Assessment of the Springfield, Herrin, Danville, and Baker 

Number of Range Standard

samples Mean Median Minimum Maximum deviation 

Percent 

Ash 211 12.4 11.0 2.8 47.0 6.7 

Si 574 2.2 1.9 0.018 13 1.2 

Al 574 1.1 0.93 0.17 5.8 0.57

Ca 574 0.52 0.40 0.015 11 0.62

Mg 575 0.054 0.043 0.0044L 0.47 0.043 

Na 587 0.053 0.038 0.0018 0.42 0.049 

K 592 0.18 0.15 0.003L 1.4 0.13

Fe 574 2.0 1.7 0.096 27 1.5 

Ti 574 0.058 0.051 0.004L 0.37 0.03

 Parts per million 

As 400 9.4 4.4 0.20L 140 15 

B 352 99 89 5.7L 390 48 

Ba 332 100 35 5.5 2,500 280 

Be 389 1.8 1.5 0.36L 8.5 1.1 

Cd 370 0.99 0.16 0.01L 54 4.2 

Co 566 4.0 3.3 0.78 17 2.3 

Cr 568 18 14 2.8L 190 16 

Cu 355 11 8.6 2.7 77 8.3 

F 345 71 52 10L 600 75 

Ge 338 7.8 5.8 0.045L 63 8.1 

Hg 368 0.12 0.09 0.01L 1.2 0.11

La 316 5.8 5.0 0.84L 31 4.2 

Li 284 11 7.3 0.94L 89 13 

Mn 558 52 36 0.58 1,200 64 

Mo 335 7.6 5.0 0.16L 190 12 

Nb 210 1.8 1.6 0.26L 12 1.4 

Ni 580 16 12 1.0 190 15 

P 399 90 45 2.8L 2,200 160 

Pb 389 16 6.3 0.019L 350 30 

Sb 399 0.9 0.6 0.1 15 1.4 

Sc 313 2.7 2.3 0.38 16 1.5 

Se 380 2.2 1.8 0.4L 13 1.6 

Sr 332 33 23 2.7L 980 60 

Th 334 2.0 1.5 0.3L 17 1.7 

U 351 2.2 1.2 0.15L 26 3.1 

V 358 24 19 1.2 130 19 

Y 211 5.6 4.9 1.1 27 3.3 

Yb 299 0.55 0.5 0.065L 3.2 0.33

Zn 373 170 36 3.7 4,500 510 

Zr 346 26 20 0.51L 270 24 

Table 1. Number of samples, mean, median, range, and standard deviation of ash yield and contents of 

elements for all assessed coals (Springfield, Herrin, Danville, and Baker Coals) in the Illinois Basin. 

[All analyses are in percent or parts per million and are reported on an as-received, whole-coal basis. L, less than value shown. A 

common problem in statistical summaries of trace-element data arises when element values are below the limits of analytical detection. This results in a censored distribution. To compute unbiased estimates of the means for censored data, we adopted the protocol 

of reducing all "less than" values by 50 percent before summary statistics were generated.]
Coal quality in the Illinois Basin E65

Number of Range Standard

samples Mean Median Minimum Maximum deviation 

Percent 

Ash 19 16.2 13.0 6.7 47.0 11 

Si 22 3.3 2.2 1.4 13 2.7 

Al 22 1.6 1.1 0.55 5.8 1.2 

Ca 22 0.37 0.33 0.029 1.2 0.34

Mg 22 0.12 0.079 0.029 0.47 0.10

Na 22 0.075 0.058 0.013 0.24 0.061 

K 22 0.35 0.23 0.11 1.4 0.33

Fe 22 2.0 1.7 0.2.0 7.5 1.5 

Ti 22 0.089 0.062 0.044 0.37 0.073 

 Parts per million 

As 22 12 10 0.50 43 10 

B 22 110 110 31 190G 40 

Ba 21 67 46 20 290 62 

Be 22 3.2 3.2 1.2 6.0 1.2 

Cd 22 0.40 0.12 0.01L 4.5 0.98

Co 22 6.3 6.2 2.5 12 2.5 

Cr 22 19 17 9.5 46 9.5 

Cu 22 10 9.9 5.5 24 4.0 

F 22 110 66 22 450 120 

Ge 22 12 14 1.1L 19 5.5 

Hg 22 0.10 0.09 0.01 0.32 0.07

La 21 8.7 6.5 3.0 26 5.8 

Li 21 19 10 5.5 89 20 

Mn 22 55 48 10 230 48 

Mo 21 2.6 2.3 0.16L 10 2.1 

Nb 19 2.9 2.1 0.61L 12 2.5 

Ni 22 24 27 5.5 48 15 

P --- --- --- --- --- --- 

Pb 22 17 13 1.5L 48 15 

Sb 22 2.3 1.5 0.2 15 3.2 

Sc 21 3.9 3.2 1.9 8.9 1.8 

Se 22 1.3 1.2 0.7 2.1 0.4 

Sr 21 35 31 13 130 26 

Th 20 2.5 1.8 1.0 8.3 1.7 

U 21 1.3 1.4 0.35L 3.5 0.73

V 22 25 20 10 85 17 

Y 19 6.8 6.4 3.3 18 3.5 

Yb 21 0.70 0.60 0.27 1.6 0.39

Zn 22 250 36 8.2 3,300 710 

Zr 21 49 29 13 270 61 

Table 2. Number of samples, mean, median, range, and standard deviation of ash yield and contents of 

elements for the Danville Coal Member in Illinois and Indiana. 

[All analyses are in percent or parts per million and are reported on an as-received, whole-coal basis. L, less than value shown. G, 

greater than value shown. A common problem in statistical summaries of trace-element data arises when element values are below

the limits of analytical detection. This results in a censored distribution. To compute unbiased estimates of the means for censored 

data, we adopted the protocol of reducing all "less than" values by 50 percent before summary statistics were generated. Leaders 

(---) indicate statistics could not be calculated owing to no data or to an insufficient number of analyses above the lower detection 

limit.]
E66 Resource Assessment of the Springfield, Herrin, Danville, and Baker Coals in the Illinois Basin

Table 3. Number of samples, mean, median, range, and standard deviation of ash yield and contents of 

elements for the Baker coal in western Kentucky. 

[All analyses are in percent or parts per million and are reported on an as-received, whole-coal basis. L, less than value shown. A 

common problem in statistical summaries of trace-element data arises when element values are below the limits of analytical detection. This results in a censored distribution. To compute unbiased estimates of the means for censored data, we adopted the protocol 

of reducing all "less than" values by 50 percent before summary statistics were generated.]

Number of Range Standard

samples Mean Median Minimum Maximum deviation 

Percent 

Ash 15 13.1 13.0 7.7 20.0 3.2 

Si 34 2.2 1.9 1.3 6.6 1.0 

Al 34 1.3 1.1 0.63 4.4 0.7 

Ca 34 0.47 0.27 0.044 1.6 0.45

Mg 34 0.063 0.049 0.019 0.19 0.04

Na 33 0.041 0.039 0.0047 0.12 0.025 

K 34 0.21 0.17 0.065 0.87 0.16

Fe 34 2.6 2.5 0.65 5.7 1.3 

Ti 34 0.061 0.051 0.033 0.18 0.03

 Parts per million 

As 17 27 22 4.6 70 19 

B 15 77 75 52 110 15 

Ba 15 87 43 17 400 120 

Be 17 2.2 2.1 1.6 3.7 0.52

Cd 17 0.19 0.12 0.02 0.55 0.16

Co 33 5.2 4.0 2.0 17 3.3 

Cr 33 19 17 9.5 50 7.4 

Cu 15 16 14 8.8 46 9.2 

F 15 94 60 10L 300 86 

Ge 15 18 14 4.6 52 13 

Hg 17 0.13 0.07 0.02L 0.32 0.11

La 15 7.4 6.3 2.0 22 5.4 

Li 15 12 11 2.9 24 7.1 

Mn 33 62 36 5.8 240 53 

Mo 7 4.6 3.6 1.8 10 2.8 

Nb 15 2.0 2.0 0.77 3.6 0.77

Ni 33 36 31 4.6 120 25 

P 31 170 100 22L 740 180 

Pb 17 20 15 4.7 70 18 

Sb 17 1.5 1.4 0.2 3.7 1.0 

Sc 15 4.4 4.2 2.7 7.1 1.0 

Se 17 1.8 1.9 0.8 3.0 0.8 

Sr 15 65 38 15 200 57 

Th 17 2.0 1.9 1.0 3.3 0.72

U 17 2.5 2.1 0.94 7.0 1.5 

V 15 26 25 14 70 13 

Y 15 7.9 6.5 3.5 18 4.3 

Yb 15 0.99 0.8 0.58 2.8 0.57

Zn 15 56 39 13 130 39 

Zr 15 25 24 7.7 39 8.4 
Coal quality in the Illinois Basin E67

Number of Range Standard

samples Mean Median Minimum Maximum deviation 

Percent 

Ash 34 14.8 13.0 6.7 47.0 8.3 

Si 56 2.7 2.1 1.3 13 1.9 

Al 56 1.4 1.1 0.55 5.8 0.95

Ca 56 0.43 0.27 0.029 1.6 0.41

Mg 56 0.083 0.061 0.019 0.47 0.076 

Na 55 0.055 0.044 0.0047 0.24 0.046 

K 56 0.27 0.19 0.065 1.4 0.25

Fe 56 2.4 2.2 0.2.0 7.5 1.4 

Ti 56 0.072 0.055 0.033 0.37 0.053 

 Parts per million 

As 39 19 14 0.50 70 16 

B 37 97 93 31 190G 36 

Ba 36 75 45 17 400 90 

Be 39 2.7 2.4 1.2 6.0 1.1 

Cd 39 0.31 0.12 0.01L 4.5 0.74

Co 55 5.6 5.3 2.0 17 3.0 

Cr 55 19 17 9.5 50 8.2 

Cu 37 12 11 5.5 46 7.1 

F 37 100 60 10L 450 110 

Ge 37 14 14 1.1L 52 9.7 

Hg 39 0.11 0.09 0.01L 0.32 0.09

La 36 8.2 6.4 2.0 26 5.6 

Li 36 16 11 2.9 89 16 

Mn 55 59 39 5.8 240 51 

Mo 28 3.1 2.5 0.16L 10 2.4 

Nb 34 2.5 2.0 0.61L 12 2.0 

Ni 55 31 30 4.6 120 22 

P 34 160 96 15L 740 180 

Pb 39 18 14 1.5L 70 16 

Sb 39 1.9 1.4 0.2 15 2.5 

Sc 36 4.1 3.8 1.9 8.9 1.6 

Se 39 1.5 1.3 0.7 3.0 0.7 

Sr 36 48 33 13 200 44 

Th 37 2.2 1.8 1.0 8.3 1.4 

U 38 1.9 1.4 0.35L 7.0 1.3 

V 37 25 21 10 85 16 

Y 34 7.3 6.5 3.3 18 3.8 

Yb 36 0.82 0.7 0.27 2.8 0.49

Zn 37 170 37 8.2 3,300 550 

Zr 36 39 28 7.7 270 48 

Table 4. Number of samples, mean, median, range, and standard deviation of ash yield and contents of 

elements for the Danville-Baker Coals in the Illinois Basin. 

[All analyses are in percent or parts per million and are reported on an as-received, whole-coal basis. L, less than value shown. G, 

greater than value shown. A common problem in statistical summaries of trace-element data arises when element values are below

the limits of analytical detection. This results in a censored distribution. To compute unbiased estimates of the means for censored 

data, we adopted the protocol of reducing all "less than" values by 50 percent before summary statistics were generated.]
E68 Resource Assessment of the Springfield, Herrin, Danville, and Baker Coals in the Illinois Basin

Number of Range Standard

samples Mean Median Minimum Maximum deviation 

Percent 

Ash 97 11.7 11.0 2.8 46.0 5.9 

Si 269 2.3 1.9 0.46 9.3 1.2 

Al 269 1.1 1.0 0.29 4.2 0.54

Ca 269 0.55 0.42 0.02 11 0.77

Mg 270 0.055 0.045 0.0044L 0.31 0.04

Na 270 0.071 0.054 0.0019 0.42 0.059 

K 269 0.17 0.15 0.003L 0.75 0.098 

Fe 269 1.8 1.6 0.096 11 1.2 

Ti 269 0.06 0.054 0.004L 0.20 0.029 

 Parts per million 

As 216 5.8 3.0 0.2L 140 12 

B 207 110 97 22 390 54 

Ba 201 120 36 5.5 2,000 300 

Be 226 1.6 1.3 0.36 8.5 1.1 

Cd 209 1.3 0.14 0.02L 54 5.5 

Co 267 4.0 3.2 0.78 17 2.4 

Cr 268 19 15 2.8 190 21 

Cu 209 10 9.0 2.7 58 6.7 

F 199 66 51 10L 570 65 

Ge 196 6.4 3.3 0.045L 63 8.5 

Hg 206 0.12 0.10 0.01L 0.70 0.09

La 176 5.3 4.5 0.84L 28 3.8 

Li 158 12 7.6 0.94L 80 13 

Mn 256 58 39 1.6 1,200 85 

Mo 206 8.4 5.2 0.42L 190 15 

Nb 97 1.7 1.4 0.28L 10 1.4 

Ni 275 17 13 1.0 190 17 

P 182 110 46 2.8L 2,200 210 

Pb 226 18 5.4 0.019L 350 36 

Sb 216 0.8 0.4 0.1 7.6 1.0 

Sc 190 2.5 2.3 0.38 16 1.4 

Se 214 2.1 1.7 0.4L 13 1.5 

Sr 201 33 24 2.7L 980 73 

Th 196 2.1 1.6 0.35L 17 1.8 

U 203 2.0 0.92 0.15L 26 3.5 

V 213 22 18 1.2 110 15 

Y 97 5.2 4.5 1.1 27 3.7 

Yb 178 0.5 0.45 0.065L 3.2 0.28

Zn 209 200 39 3.7 4,500 600 

Zr 203 25 19 0.51L 110 19 

Table 5. Number of samples, mean, median, range, and standard deviation of ash yield and contents of 

elements for the Herrin Coal in the Illinois Basin. 

[All analyses are in percent or parts per million and are reported on an as-received, whole-coal basis. L, less than value shown. A 

common problem in statistical summaries of trace-element data arises when element values are below the limits of analytical detection. This results in a censored distribution. To compute unbiased estimates of the means for censored data, we adopted the protocol 

of reducing all "less than" values by 50 percent before summary statistics were generated.]
Coal quality in the Illinois Basin E69

Number of Range Standard

samples Mean Median Minimum Maximum deviation 

Percent 

Ash 80 12.1 10.0 5.5 46.0 6.7 

Si 249 1.9 1.9 0.018 9.0 0.73

Al 249 0.94 0.88 0.17 5.8 0.45

Ca 249 0.5 0.4.0 0.015 3.9 0.46

Mg 249 0.047 0.04 0.0047L 0.31 0.03

Na 262 0.033 0.027 0.0018 0.2 0.026 

K 267 0.16 0.15 0.004 1.3 0.11

Fe 249 2.0 1.8 0.25 27 1.9 

Ti 249 0.052 0.049 0.022 0.26 0.021 

 Parts per million 

As 145 12 5.9 0.27 130 18 

B 108 85 81.5 5.7L 210 35 

Ba 95 73 26 8.3 2,500 280 

Be 124 1.9 1.7 0.44 6.0 0.9.0 

Cd 122 0.61 0.20 0.02L 9.0 1.1 

Co 244 3.6 3.3 0.90 12 1.7 

Cr 245 16 13 3.1 86 9.8 

Cu 109 10 7.4 3.5 77 11 

F 109 71 50 10L 600 77 

Ge 105 8.0 7.2 0.43L 38 5.1 

Hg 123 0.12 0.09 0.01L 1.2 0.13

La 104 5.9 5.0 1.8 31 4.0 

Li 90 8.9 5.8 2.3L 89 11 

Mn 247 43 34 0.58 210 34 

Mo 101 7.3 5.4 0.76L 46 7.1 

Nb 79 1.8 1.6 0.26L 4.6 0.94

Ni 250 12 10 1.8 41 6.6 

P 183 54 39 4.2L 740 75 

Pb 124 13 5.7 0.49L 110 20 

Sb 144 1.1 0.8 0.1 13 1.2 

Sc 87 2.4 2.1 0.47 12 1.5 

Se 127 2.5 2.0 0.9L 13 1.8 

Sr 95 26 18 3.4 160 25 

Th 101 1.7 1.3 0.30 10 1.3 

U 110 2.6 1.6 0.17L 15 2.7 

V 108 28 19 3.2 130 24 

Y 80 5.3 4.8 1.2 13 2.2 

Yb 85 0.53 0.48 0.19L 1.9 0.27

Zn 127 110 33 6.5 3,300 310 

Zr 107 23 17 1.8L 130 18 

Table 6. Number of samples, mean, median, range, and standard deviation of ash yield and contents of 

elements for the Springfield Coal in the Illinois Basin.

[All analyses are in percent or parts per million and are reported on an as-received, whole-coal basis. L, less than value shown. A 

common problem in statistical summaries of trace-element data arises when element values are below the limits of analytical detection. This results in a censored distribution. To compute unbiased estimates of the means for censored data, we adopted the protocol 

of reducing all "less than" values by 50 percent before summary statistics were generated.]
E70 Resource Assessment of the Springfield, Herrin, Danville, and Baker Coals in the Illinois Basin

Number of Range Standard

samples Mean Median Minimum Maximum deviation 

Percent 

Ash 260 12.4 10.0 1.5 48.0 8.5 

Si 437 2.3 1.8 0.019 13 2.0 

Al 437 1.3 1.0 0.11 7.8 1.1 

Ca 435 0.23 0.065 0.0093 3.5 0.39

Mg 446 0.065 0.04 0.002L 4.6 0.22

Na 417 0.034 0.019 0.001L 0.28 0.042 

K 436 0.21 0.14 0.007 1.3 0.21

Fe 437 2.2 1.9 0.0093 25 2.1 

Ti 437 0.068 0.054 0.002 0.46 0.058 

 Parts per million 

As 298 23 11 0.30L 950 60 

B 259 81 77 12 210 38 

Ba 260 44 24 1.9 560 60 

Be 302 3.4 3.3 0.25 9.2 1.4 

Cd 298 0.35 0.11 0.01L 6.2 0.81

Co 402 7.8 5.5 0.20 110 9.4 

Cr 411 17 15 3.0L 86 12 

Cu 260 17 13 2.1L 140 16 

F 260 82 56 10L 780 84 

Ge 258 13 12 0.31L 59 9.3 

Hg 290 0.12 0.07 0.01L 2.4 0.18

La 253 9.6 6.7 0.97 72 10 

Li 260 17 8.9 0.67L 210 25 

Mn 403 35 22 1.0 360 42 

Mo 234 3.5 1.9 0.16L 56 6.0 

Nb 256 2.3 1.7 0.051L 14 2.1 

Ni 411 31 25 3.3 190 25 

P 236 140 69 5.6L 6,700 450 

Pb 298 23 16 0.37L 230 26 

Sb 298 1.4 1.0 0.1L 13 1.6 

Sc 260 3.9 3.3 0.39 18 2.6 

Se 298 3.4 2.8 0.5L 14 2.2 

Sr 260 54 26 1.3 490 72 

Th 290 2.2 1.6 0.15L 18 2.1 

U 302 2.2 1.3 0.055L 17 2.3 

V 260 23 17 0.60 98 20 

Y 255 8.4 6.7 0.96L 64 6.9 

Yb 249 0.91 0.7 0.15L 8.1 0.77

Zn 260 80 30 1.8 2,600 230 

Zr 260 25 16 0.83L 210 26 

Table 7. Number of samples, mean, median, range, and standard deviation of ash yield and contents 

of elements for all nonassessed coals in the Illinois Basin. 

[All analyses are in percent or parts per million and are reported on an as-received, whole-coal basis. L, less than value shown. 

A common problem in statistical summaries of trace-element data arises when element values are below the limits of analytical 

detection. This results in a censored distribution. To compute unbiased estimates of the means for censored data, we adopted the 

protocol of reducing all "less than" values by 50 percent before summary statistics were generated.]
Coal quality in the Illinois Basin E71

Number of Range Standard

samples Mean Median Minimum Maximum deviation 

Percent 

Ash 25 13.6 14.0 8.1 26.0 3.9 

Si 82 2.9 3.0 0.028 5.9 1.2 

Al 82 1.5 1.5 0.67 2.8 0.45

Ca 82 0.27 0.15 0.037 2.4 0.34

Mg 82 0.073 0.07 0.015 0.29 0.042 

Na 74 0.038 0.022 0.006 0.17 0.035 

K 82 0.29 0.29 0.065 0.81 0.13

Fe 82 2.3 2.1 0.0093 6.4 1.2 

Ti 82 0.081 0.082 0.031 0.14 0.025 

 Parts per million 

As 44 9.5 3.5 0.30L 65 13 

B 25 86 84 55 130 18 

Ba 25 40 35 8.9 98 22 

Be 48 2.2 2.0 1.1 5.5 0.96

Cd 44 0.14 0.09 0.03 0.65 0.13

Co 76 5.3 4.2 1.6 19 3.2 

Cr 81 20 18 7.8 40 7.2 

Cu 25 14 10 6.7 50 9.6 

F 25 97 86 33 260 49 

Ge 25 4.8 4.0 1.7 14 3.1 

Hg 43 0.09 0.05 0.01L 0.33 0.09

La 25 8.1 7.0 2.8 21 4.8 

Li 25 14 11 6.6 39 7.5 

Mn 81 56 41 7.5 360 64 

Mo 25 3.1 2.0 0.42 14 3.2 

Nb 25 1.8 1.7 0.52 5.4 1.1 

Ni 81 20 15 3.6 75 14 

P 64 160 110 10L 1,300 180 

Pb 44 7.7 5.2 2.2 49 7.6 

Sb 44 0.7 0.3 0.1 3.6 1.0 

Sc 25 3.3 3.0 1.9 7.9 1.1 

Se 44 2.1 2.1 0.7 3.5 0.6 

Sr 25 44 33 14 150 33 

Th 44 2.1 2.0 1.0 5.1 0.76

U 48 1.6 0.98 0.35 7.4 1.3 

V 25 21 17 9.8 57 10 

Y 25 6.0 5.8 2.0 20 3.8 

Yb 25 0.70 0.64 0.32 1.4 0.28

Zn 25 39 32 13 140 30 

Zr 25 16 14 5.5 41 9.3 

Table 8. Number of samples, mean, median, range, and standard deviation of ash yield and contents of 

elements for all nonassessed coals from the McLeansboro Group in the Illinois Basin. 

[All analyses are in percent or parts per million and are reported on an as-received, whole-coal basis. L, less than value shown. A 

common problem in statistical summaries of trace-element data arises when element values are below the limits of analytical detection. This results in a censored distribution. To compute unbiased estimates of the means for censored data, we adopted the protocol 

of reducing all "less than" values by 50 percent before summary statistics were generated.]
E72 Resource Assessment of the Springfield, Herrin, Danville, and Baker Coals in the Illinois Basin

Number of Range Standard

samples Mean Median Minimum Maximum deviation 

Percent 

Ash 86 14.3 12.0 5.4 48.0 7.6 

Si 128 2.6 2.2 0.34 12 1.7 

Al 128 1.4 1.2 0.15 6.4 0.88

Ca 127 0.4 0.18 0.023 3.5 0.56

Mg 128 0.11 0.055 0.009 4.6 0.40

Na 124 0.043 0.033 0.0028 0.22 0.035 

K 128 0.25 0.19 0.027 1.2 0.20

Fe 128 2.8 2.5 0.32 25 2.6 

Ti 128 0.071 0.063 0.005 0.33 0.045 

 Parts per million 

As 90 34 14 0.50L 950 100 

B 86 89 88 13 190G 36 

Ba 86 41 30 7.5 170 33 

Be 90 3.5 3.3 1.2 7.3 1.3 

Cd 90 0.45 0.11 0.01L 6.2 1.0 

Co 121 7.1 5.4 1.1 110 11 

Cr 121 20 17 4.1 86 12 

Cu 86 16 14 4.4 96 12 

F 86 98 60 10L 780 110 

Ge 86 14 13 0.31L 59 11 

Hg 90 0.14 0.08 0.01L 2.4 0.26

La 84 7.5 5.4 1.0 55 7.1 

Li 86 16 9.4 0.76 210 24 

Mn 120 51 37 1.1 220 42 

Mo 67 6.2 3.0 0.46L 56 9.7 

Nb 86 2.6 2.4 0.39L 8.6 1.5 

Ni 121 28 24 3.3 190 23 

P 74 210 83 20L 6,700 770 

Pb 90 27 17 0.46L 230 35 

Sb 90 1.5 1.0 0.1L 7.1 1.6 

Sc 86 4.2 3.5 0.70 18 2.6 

Se 90 3.3 2.7 0.5L 12 2.1 

Sr 86 43 25 8.4 300 45 

Th 88 2.1 1.7 0.20L 15 1.8 

U 90 3.3 2.1 0.44L 13 2.9 

V 86 26 23 3.8 84 17 

Y 86 8.9 7.0 0.96L 64 7.7 

Yb 83 1.1 0.80 0.20L 8.1 1.1 

Zn 86 69 25 1.8 1,100 150 

Zr 86 28 24 3.9 140 21 

Table 9. Number of samples, mean, median, range, and standard deviation of ash yield and contents of 

elements for all nonassessed coals from the Carbondale Group or Formation in the Illinois Basin. 

[All analyses are in percent or parts per million and are reported on an as-received, whole-coal basis. L, less than value shown. G, 

greater than value shown. A common problem in statistical summaries of trace-element data arises when element values are below

the limits of analytical detection. This results in a censored distribution. To compute unbiased estimates of the means for censored 

data, we adopted the protocol of reducing all "less than" values by 50 percent before summary statistics were generated.]
Coal quality in the Illinois Basin E73

Number of Range Standard

samples Mean Median Minimum Maximum deviation 

Percent 

Ash 149 11.2 8.1 1.5 48.0 9.3 

Si 227 2.0 1.2 0.019 13 2.3 

Al 227 1.2 0.75 0.11 7.8 1.3 

Ca 226 0.11 0.046 0.0093 1.2 0.20

Mg 236 0.04 0.023 0.002L 0.35 0.049 

Na 219 0.028 0.011 0.001L 0.28 0.047 

K 226 0.16 0.081 0.007 1.3 0.22

Fe 227 1.9 1.5 0.068 24 2.0 

Ti 227 0.061 0.04 0.002 0.46 0.071 

 Parts per million 

As 164 20 11 0.40 180 28 

B 148 75 70 12 210 41 

Ba 149 46 16 1.9 560 74 

Be 164 3.7 3.5 0.25 9.2 1.4 

Cd 164 0.35 0.12 0.01L 4.7 0.79

Co 205 9.2 7.0 0.20 110 10 

Cr 209 15 11 3.0L 65 13 

Cu 149 19 14 2.1L 140 19 

F 149 70 49 10L 420 71 

Ge 147 14 13 0.82L 39 8.5 

Hg 157 0.12 0.07 0.01L 1.2 0.14

La 144 11 7.9 0.97 72 12 

Li 149 18 8.0 0.67L 140 27 

Mn 202 17 11 1.0 94 16 

Mo 142 2.4 1.6 0.16L 25 3.0 

Nb 145 2.2 1.4 0.051L 14 2.4 

Ni 209 38 30 4.4 170 27 

P 98 79 42 5.6L 520 97 

Pb 164 24 19 0.37L 190 22 

Sb 164 1.5 1.1 0.1L 13 1.7 

Sc 149 3.8 3.1 0.39 13 2.7 

Se 164 3.7 3.3 0.6L 14 2.4 

Sr 149 61 27 1.3 490 87 

Th 158 2.2 1.4 0.15L 18 2.5 

U 164 1.8 1.2 0.055L 17 2.0 

V 149 22 14 0.60 98 22 

Y 144 8.6 6.6 1.5 41 6.7 

Yb 141 0.84 0.70 0.15L 4.1 0.60

Zn 149 94 31 5.5 2,600 280 

Zr 149 24 13 0.83 210 30 

Table 10. Number of samples, mean, median, range, and standard deviation of ash yield and contents 

of elements for all nonassessed coals from the Raccoon Creek Group in the Illinois Basin.

[All analyses are in percent or parts per million and are reported on an as-received, whole-coal basis. L, less than value shown. 

A common problem in statistical summaries of trace-element data arises when element values are below the limits of analytical 

detection. This results in a censored distribution. To compute unbiased estimates of the means for censored data, we adopted the 

protocol of reducing all "less than" values by 50 percent before summary statistics were generated.]
E74 Resource Assessment of the Springfield, Herrin, Danville, and Baker Coals in the Illinois Basin

Number of Range Standard

samples Mean Median Minimum Maximum deviation 

Percent 

Ash 471 12.4 10.0 1.5 48.0 7.7 

Si 1011 2.2 1.9 0.018 13 1.6 

Al 1011 1.2 0.96 0.11 7.8 0.85

Ca 1009 0.39 0.24 0.0093 11 0.55

Mg 1021 0.059 0.042 0.002L 4.6 0.15

Na 1004 0.045 0.03 0.001L 0.42 0.047 

K 1028 0.19 0.15 0.003L 1.4 0.17

Fe 1011 2.1 1.8 0.0093L 27 1.8 

Ti 1011 0.062 0.052 0.002L 0.46 0.044 

 Parts per million 

As 698 15 5.9 0.20L 950 41 

B 611 91 84 5.7L 390 45 

Ba 592 76 31 1.9 2,500 220 

Be 691 2.5 2.2 0.25L 9.2 1.5 

Cd 668 0.71 0.13 0.01L 54 3.2 

Co 968 5.6 3.9 0.20 110 6.6 

Cr 979 17 14 2.8L 190 14 

Cu 615 14 10 2.1L 140 13 

F 605 76 54 10L 780 79 

Ge 596 10 7.5 0.045L 63 9.0 

Hg 658 0.12 0.08 0.01L 2.4 0.15

La 569 7.5 5.2 0.84L 72 7.7 

Li 544 14 8.1 0.67L 210 20 

Mn 961 45 29 0.58 1,200 57 

Mo 569 5.9 3.3 0.16L 190 10 

Nb 466 2.1 1.7 0.051L 14 1.8 

Ni 991 22 15 1.0 190 21 

P 635 110 49 2.8L 6,700 300 

Pb 687 19 9.8 0.019L 350 29 

Sb 697 1.2 0.7 0.1L 15 1.5 

Sc 573 3.2 2.6 0.38 18 2.2 

Se 678 2.7 2.1 0.4L 14 2.0 

Sr 592 42 24 1.3L 980 66 

Th 624 2.1 1.5 0.15L 18 1.9 

U 653 2.2 1.3 0.055L 26 2.8 

V 618 24 18 0.60 130 19 

Y 466 7.1 5.8 0.96L 64 5.7 

Yb 548 0.71 0.58 0.065L 8.1 0.6 

Zn 633 130 33 1.8 4,500 420 

Zr 606 25 18 0.51L 270 25 

Table 11. Number of samples, mean, median, range, and standard deviation of ash yield and contents of 

elements for all coals (assessed and nonassessed) in the Illinois Basin. 

[All analyses are in percent or parts per million and are reported on an as-received, whole-coal basis. L, less than value shown. A 

common problem in statistical summaries of trace-element data arises when element values are below the limits of analytical detection. This results in a censored distribution. To compute unbiased estimates of the means for censored data, we adopted the protocol 

of reducing all "less than" values by 50 percent before summary statistics were generated.]
Coal quality in the Illinois Basin E75

Appendix 4. Summary descriptive statistics of ash yields and 

contents of selected elements for all assessed and nonassessed coals in the Illinois Basin as analyzed by the Illinois 

State Geological Survey, Indiana Geological Survey, Kentucky 

Geological Survey, and U.S. Geological Survey.
E76 Resource Assessment of the Springfield, Herrin, Danville, and Baker Coals in the Illinois Basin

Number of Range Standard

samples Mean Median Minimum Maximum deviation 

Percent 

Ash 170 12.2 11.0 4.3 44.2 4.4 

Si 3 1.9 1.9 1.7 2.0 0.15

Al 3 0.82 0.91 0.55 1.0 0.24

Ca 3 0.78 0.73 0.72 0.88 0.09

Mg 3 0.10 0.10 0.044 0.16 0.058 

Na 3 0.073 0.072 0.072 0.075 0.0017 

K 3 0.16 0.16 0.15 0.18 0.015 

Fe 3 1.7 1.7 1.3 2.0 0.35

Ti 3 0.047 0.046 0.044 0.052 0.0042 

 Parts per million 

As 3 4.6 5.1 2.8 6.0 1.7 

B 3 110 95 90 130 22 

Ba --- --- --- --- --- --- 

Be 3 1.3 1.3 1.2 1.5 0.15

Cd --- --- --- --- --- --- 

Co 3 3.6 3.5 2.5 4.8 1.2 

Cr 3 12 10 10 16 3.5 

Cu 3 6.8 7.0 5.5 7.8 1.2 

F 3 39 39 36 41 2.5 

Ge 3 6.7 6.6 4.8 8.7 2.0 

Hg 3 0.09 0.09 0.07 0.11 0.02

La --- --- --- --- --- --- 

Li --- --- --- --- --- --- 

Mn 3 73 73 67 80 6.5 

Mo 3 6.1 4.4 3.9 10 3.4 

Nb --- --- --- --- --- --- 

Ni 3 7.9 6.1 5.5 12 3.6 

P --- --- --- --- --- --- 

Pb --- --- --- --- --- --- 

Sb 3 1.1 1.4 0.4 1.5 0.6 

Sc --- --- --- --- --- --- 

Se 3 1.3 1.0 0.8 2.1 0.7 

Sr --- --- --- --- --- --- 

Th --- --- --- --- --- --- 

U --- --- --- --- --- --- 

V 3 14 11 10 22 6.7 

Y --- --- --- --- --- --- 

Yb --- --- --- --- --- --- 

Zn 3 17 8.7 8.2 33 14 

Zr --- --- --- --- --- --- 

Table 1. Number of samples, mean, median, range, and standard deviation of ash yield and contents of 

elements for the Danville Coal Member in Illinois as analyzed by the Illinois State Geological Survey.

[All analyses are in percent or parts per million and are reported on an as-received, whole-coal basis. Leaders (---) indicate statistics 

could not be calculated owing to no data or to an insufficient number of analyses above the lower detection limit.]
Coal quality in the Illinois Basin E77

Number of Range Standard

samples Mean Median Minimum Maximum deviation 

Percent 

Ash 19 16.2 13.0 6.7 47.0 11 

Si 19 3.5 2.5 1.4 13 2.8 

Al 19 1.7 1.1 0.68 5.8 1.3 

Ca 19 0.3 0.21 0.029 1.2 0.32

Mg 19 0.12 0.072 0.029 0.47 0.11

Na 19 0.075 0.051 0.013 0.24 0.066 

K 19 0.38 0.23 0.11 1.4 0.35

Fe 19 2.0 1.7 0.20 7.5 1.6 

Ti 19 0.096 0.064 0.044 0.37 0.077 

 Parts per million 

As 19 13 12 0.50 43 11 

B 19 110 110 31 190G 43 

Ba 19 67 44 20 290 65 

Be 19 3.5 3.2 2.0 6.0 1.1 

Cd 19 0.44 0.12 0.01L 4.5 1.1 

Co 19 6.7 6.7 3.0 12 2.4 

Cr 19 20 17 9.5 46 9.7 

Cu 19 11 10 6.6 24 4.0 

F 19 120 72 22 450 120 

Ge 19 13 15 1.1L 19 5.5 

Hg 19 0.10 0.09 0.01 0.32 0.08

La 19 8.9 6.5 3.0 26 6.0 

Li 19 20 12 5.5 89 21 

Mn 19 52 36 10 230 51 

Mo 18 2.0 2.2 0.16L 4.5 1.2 

Nb 19 2.9 2.1 0.61L 12 2.5 

Ni 19 26 30 5.6 48 14 

P --- --- --- --- --- --- 

Pb 19 19 14 1.5 48 15 

Sb 19 2.4 1.5 0.2 15 3.5 

Sc 19 4.0 3.3 2.1 8.9 1.9 

Se 19 1.3 1.2 0.7 2.0 0.4 

Sr 19 36 31 13 130 27 

Th 18 2.6 1.8 1.0 8.3 1.8 

U 19 1.4 1.4 0.35 3.5 0.73

V 19 26 21 11 85 18 

Y 19 6.8 6.4 3.3 18 3.5 

Yb 19 0.73 0.6 0.30 1.6 0.39

Zn 19 280 44 9.2 3,300 760 

Zr 19 52 30 13 270 63 

Table 2. Number of samples, mean, median, range, and standard deviation of ash yield and contents of 

elements for the Danville Coal Member in Indiana as analyzed by the U.S. Geological Survey.

[All analyses are in percent or parts per million and are reported on an as-received, whole-coal basis. L, less than value shown. G, 

greater than value shown. A common problem in statistical summaries of trace-element data arises when element values are below

the limits of analytical detection. This results in a censored distribution. To compute unbiased estimates of the means for censored 

data, we adopted the protocol of reducing all "less than" values by 50 percent before summary statistics were generated. Leaders 

(---) indicate statistics could not be calculated owing to no data or to an insufficient number of analyses above the lower detection 

limit.]
E78 Resource Assessment of the Springfield, Herrin, Danville, and Baker Coals in the Illinois Basin

Number of Range Standard

samples Mean Median Minimum Maximum deviation 

Percent 

Ash 19 13.2 11.6 6.5 27.6 5.4 

Si 19 2.3 1.9 1.3 6.6 1.3 

Al 19 1.4 1.1 0.70 4.4 0.88

Ca 19 0.39 0.21 0.075 1.4 0.38

Mg 19 0.062 0.04 0.019 0.19 0.049 

Na 18 0.041 0.037 0.0047 0.12 0.026 

K 19 0.22 0.15 0.065 0.87 0.20

Fe 19 2.5 2.4 0.68 5.7 1.4 

Ti 19 0.062 0.049 0.034 0.18 0.036 

 Parts per million 

As --- --- --- --- --- --- 

B --- --- --- --- --- --- 

Ba --- --- --- --- --- --- 

Be --- --- --- --- --- --- 

Cd --- --- --- --- --- --- 

Co 18 3.8 3.3 2.0 7.7 1.7 

Cr 18 21 20 11 50 8.7 

Cu --- --- --- --- --- --- 

F --- --- --- --- --- --- 

Ge --- --- --- --- --- --- 

Hg --- --- --- --- --- --- 

La --- --- --- --- --- --- 

Li --- --- --- --- --- --- 

Mn 18 56 34 5.8 140 45 

Mo --- --- --- --- --- --- 

Nb --- --- --- --- --- --- 

Ni 18 44 43 4.6 120 29 

P 19 210 130 27 740 210 

Pb --- --- --- --- --- --- 

Sb --- --- --- --- --- --- 

Sc --- --- --- --- --- --- 

Se --- --- --- --- --- --- 

Sr --- --- --- --- --- --- 

Th --- --- --- --- --- --- 

U --- --- --- --- --- --- 

V --- --- --- --- --- --- 

Y --- --- --- --- --- --- 

Yb --- --- --- --- --- --- 

Zn --- --- --- --- --- --- 

Zr --- --- --- --- --- --- 

Table 3. Number of samples, mean, median, range, and standard deviation of ash yield and contents of 

elements for the Baker coal in Kentucky as analyzed by the Kentucky Geological Survey.

[All analyses are in percent or parts per million and are reported on an as-received, whole-coal basis. Leaders (---) indicate statistics 

could not be calculated owing to no data or to an insufficient number of analyses above the lower detection limit.]
Coal quality in the Illinois Basin E79

Number of Range Standard

Samples Mean Median Minimum Maximum deviation 

Percent 

Ash 15 13.1 13.0 7.7 20.0 3.2 

Si 15 2.1 2.1 1.3 4.1 0.68

Al 15 1.2 1.1 0.63 2.2 0.40

Ca 15 0.56 0.33 0.044 1.6 0.53

Mg 15 0.064 0.053 0.03 0.11 0.026 

Na 15 0.042 0.044 0.008 0.11 0.026 

K 15 0.20 0.18 0.082 0.45 0.085 

Fe 15 2.8 2.9 0.65 5.4 1.3 

Ti 15 0.059 0.057 0.033 0.12 0.022 

 Parts per million 

As 15 28 22 4.6 70 19 

B 15 77 75 52 110 15 

Ba 15 87 43 17 400 120 

Be 15 2.2 2.1 1.7 3.7 0.53

Cd 15 0.19 0.12 0.02 0.55 0.17

Co 15 6.9 5.6 2.1 17 3.9 

Cr 15 16 16 9.5 26 4.4 

Cu 15 16 14 8.8 46 9.2 

F 15 94 60 10L 300 86 

Ge 15 18 14 4.6 52 13 

Hg 15 0.14 0.10 0.02L 0.32 0.11

La 15 7.4 6.3 2.0 22 5.4 

Li 15 12 11 2.9 24 7.1 

Mn 15 69 48 12 240 61 

Mo 7 4.6 3.6 1.8 10 2.8 

Nb 15 2.0 2.0 0.77 3.6 0.77

Ni 15 26 25 5.1 58 15 

P 12 110 81 22L 320 95 

Pb 15 21 15 4.7 70 18 

Sb 15 1.5 1.4 0.2 3.7 1.1 

Sc 15 4.4 4.2 2.7 7.1 1.0 

Se 15 1.8 1.9 0.8 3.0 0.8 

Sr 15 65 38 15 200 57 

Th 15 2.0 1.9 1.0 3.3 0.71

U 15 2.6 2.1 0.94 7.0 1.6 

V 15 26 25 14 70 13 

Y 15 7.9 6.5 3.5 18 4.3 

Yb 15 0.99 0.80 0.58 2.8 0.57

Zn 15 56 39 13 130 39 

Zr 15 25 24 7.7 39 8.4 

Table 4. Number of samples, mean, median, range, and standard deviation of ash yield and contents of 

elements for the Baker coal in Kentucky as analyzed by the U.S. Geological Survey.

[All analyses are in percent or parts per million and are reported on an as-received, whole-coal basis. L, less than value shown. A 

common problem in statistical summaries of trace-element data arises when element values are below the limits of analytical detection. This results in a censored distribution. To compute unbiased estimates of the means for censored data, we adopted the protocol 

of reducing all "less than" values by 50 percent before summary statistics were generated.]
E80 Resource Assessment of the Springfield, Herrin, Danville, and Baker Coals in the Illinois Basin

Number of Range Standard

samples Mean Median Minimum Maximum deviation 

Percent 

Ash 2,327 10.9 10.4 2.7 43.6 3.6 

Si 108 2.4 2.2 0.46 9.3 1.3 

Al 108 1.2 1.1 0.33 3.1 0.50

Ca 108 0.7 0.61 0.045 2.5 0.47

Mg 108 0.063 0.052 0.0044L 0.31 0.05

Na 114 0.083 0.081 0.009 0.42 0.069 

K 108 0.17 0.15 0.017 0.75 0.11

Fe 108 1.6 1.5 0.28 3.8 0.70

Ti 108 0.06 0.054 0.0089 0.18 0.028 

 Parts per million 

As 107 5.7 3.4 0.36 140 14 

B 110 110 99 33 280 47 

Ba 104 90 47 5.5 1,300 160 

Be 116 1.3 1.2 0.36L 3.3 0.55

Cd 100 1.6 0.17 0.04L 54 6.7 

Co 107 4.7 4.0 1.0 17 2.9 

Cr 107 18 15 5.5 54 9.0 

Cu 112 11 10 3.3 58 6.3 

F 102 64 49 13 570 71 

Ge 114 4.4 2.5 0.045L 23 4.4 

Hg 100 0.15 0.12 0.03 0.47 0.09

La 93 5.3 4.5 0.84 28 3.4 

Li 61 16 13 1.7 80 15 

Mn 100 78 61 11 270 56 

Mo 116 8.5 6.5 0.42L 45 7.5 

Nb --- --- --- --- --- --- 

Ni 114 16 14 1.8 84 10 

P 108 73 44 4.1L 740 100 

Pb 116 21 11 0.32L 170 28 

Sb 107 0.7 0.5 0.1 3.5 0.7 

Sc 93 2.4 2.3 0.89 5.8 0.92

Se 107 2.1 1.8 0.8 6.6 1.0 

Sr 104 29 25 4.2L 220 25 

Th 95 1.9 1.6 0.46 5.7 0.95

U 93 1.7 0.98 0.20L 26 3.1 

V 116 23 20 3.0 110 15 

Y --- --- --- --- --- --- 

Yb 93 0.48 0.45 0.065L 1.4 0.19

Zn 112 260 51 4.2 4,500 720 

Zr 106 28 21 2.8 110 20 

Table 5. Number of samples, mean, median, range, and standard deviation of ash yield and contents of 

elements for the Herrin Coal Member in Illinois as analyzed by the Illinois State Geological Survey.

[All analyses are in percent or parts per million and are reported on an as-received, whole-coal basis. L, less than value shown. A 

common problem in statistical summaries of trace-element data arises when element values are below the limits of analytical detection. This results in a censored distribution. To compute unbiased estimates of the means for censored data, we adopted the protocol 

of reducing all "less than" values by 50 percent before summary statistics were generated. Leaders (---) indicate statistics could not 

be calculated owing to no data or to an insufficient number of analyses above the lower detection limit.]
Coal quality in the Illinois Basin E81

Number of Range Standard

Samples Mean Median Minimum Maximum deviation 

Percent 

Ash 77 12.2 11.0 2.8 46.0 6.0 

Si 76 2.2 1.9 0.46 7.0 1.3 

Al 76 1.0 0.90 0.29 3.4 0.6 

Ca 76 0.63 0.38 0.02 11 1.3 

Mg 77 0.057 0.047 0.012 0.18 0.037 

Na 77 0.094 0.088 0.029 0.36 0.049 

K 76 0.17 0.14 0.003L 0.59 0.11

Fe 76 1.7 1.3 0.096 11 1.6 

Ti 76 0.06 0.05 0.004L 0.19 0.034 

 Parts per million 

As 77 5.3 2.8 0.20L 44 7.6 

B 77 120 110 22 390 62 

Ba 77 180 33 6.2 2,000 440 

Be 77 1.8 1.3 0.40 8.5 1.5 

Cd 77 1.5 0.14 0.02L 30 4.9 

Co 77 3.2 2.4 0.78 11 2.2 

Cr 77 18 12 2.8L 190 27 

Cu 77 9.9 8.2 2.7 30 6.0 

F 77 69 60 10L 420 59 

Ge 62 9.4 5.1 0.085L 47 11 

Hg 77 0.09 0.07 0.03 0.39 0.06

La 63 5.1 4.2 1.0L 26 3.8 

Li 77 9.7 6.7 0.94 69 12 

Mn 77 62 43 8.4 1,200 140 

Mo 77 6.4 3.3 0.56 43 8.0 

Nb 77 1.7 1.4 0.28L 10 1.5 

Ni 77 14 9.4 1.0 67 13 

P --- --- --- --- --- --- 

Pb 77 19 4.3 0.64L 350 49 

Sb 77 0.9 0.3 0.1 7.6 1.4 

Sc 77 2.5 2.1 0.38 6.2 1.2 

Se 77 2.2 1.7 0.4L 13 1.8 

Sr 77 30 25 8.3 290 32 

Th 69 2.8 2.1 0.35L 17 2.6 

U 77 1.9 0.75 0.15L 20 3.8 

V 77 20 17 1.2 86 16 

Y 77 5.5 5.0 1.1 27 3.6 

Yb 65 0.50 0.50 0.20L 1.3 0.22

Zn 77 160 26 3.7 2,600 460 

Zr 77 23 17 0.51L 110 18 

Table 6. Number of samples, mean, median, range, and standard deviation of ash yield and contents of 

elements for the Herrin Coal Member in Illinois as analyzed by the U.S. Geological Survey.

[All analyses are in percent or parts per million and are reported on an as-received, whole-coal basis. L, less than value shown. A 

common problem in statistical summaries of trace-element data arises when element values are below the limits of analytical detection. This results in a censored distribution. To compute unbiased estimates of the means for censored data, we adopted the protocol 

of reducing all "less than" values by 50 percent before summary statistics were generated. Leaders (---) indicate statistics could not 

be calculated owing to no data or to an insufficient number of analyses above the lower detection limit.]
E82 Resource Assessment of the Springfield, Herrin, Danville, and Baker Coals in the Illinois Basin

Number of Range Standard

samples Mean Median Minimum Maximum deviation 

Percent 

Ash 121 10.5 9.8 5.3 24.1 3.6 

Si 65 2.2 2.0 0.95 4.9 0.89

Al 65 1.1 1.1 0.51 2.2 0.39

Ca 65 0.30 0.21 0.028 1.2 0.27

Mg 65 0.044 0.039 0.019 0.12 0.021 

Na 59 0.033 0.026 0.0019 0.10 0.022 

K 65 0.18 0.16 0.094 0.38 0.066 

Fe 65 2.3 2.1 0.40 5.1 1.0 

Ti 65 0.061 0.056 0.032 0.14 0.022 

 Parts per million 

As 12 6.2 2.0 0.92 52 14 

B --- --- --- --- --- --- 

Ba --- --- --- --- --- --- 

Be 13 1.7 1.7 0.46 2.5 0.59

Cd 12 0.24 0.10 0.04 1.2 0.35

Co 63 4.0 3.6 1.4 9.2 1.7 

Cr 64 19 18 9.9 61 7.9 

Cu --- --- --- --- --- --- 

F --- --- --- --- --- --- 

Ge --- --- --- --- --- --- 

Hg 9 0.02 0.01 0.01 0.12 0.04

La --- --- --- --- --- --- 

Li --- --- --- --- --- --- 

Mn 59 30 27 1.6 100 20 

Mo --- --- --- --- --- --- 

Nb --- --- --- --- --- --- 

Ni 64 21 17 2.9 80 16 

P 65 180 94 2.8 2,200 310 

Pb 13 3.1 2.0 0.019 9.3 2.5 

Sb 12 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.8 0.2 

Sc --- --- --- --- --- --- 

Se 10 1.3 1.3 1.0 2.0 0.3 

Sr --- --- --- --- --- --- 

Th 12 1.2 1.2 0.95 1.5 0.18

U 13 1.9 1.8 0.83 3.8 1.0 

V --- --- --- --- --- --- 

Y --- --- --- --- --- --- 

Yb --- --- --- --- --- --- 

Zn --- --- --- --- --- --- 

Zr --- --- --- --- --- --- 

Table 7. Number of samples, mean, median, range, and standard deviation of ash yield and contents of 

elements for the Herrin coal in Kentucky as analyzed by the Kentucky Geological Survey.

[All analyses are in percent or parts per million and are reported on an as-received, whole-coal basis. Leaders (---) indicate statistics could not be calculated owing to no data or to an insufficient number of analyses above the lower detection limit.]
Coal quality in the Illinois Basin E83

Number of Range Standard

samples Mean Median Minimum Maximum deviation 

Percent 

Ash 20 10.0 7.9 5.9 26.0 5.2 

Si 20 1.9 1.5 1.0 6.2 1.3 

Al 20 0.97 0.75 0.56 4.2 0.79

Ca 20 0.22 0.17 0.025 0.84 0.22

Mg 20 0.036 0.03 0.02 0.11 0.021 

Na 20 0.025 0.023 0.005 0.055 0.017 

K 20 0.15 0.13 0.10 0.29 0.052 

Fe 20 1.8 1.5 0.43 4.2 1.0 

Ti 20 0.058 0.046 0.032 0.20 0.037 

 Parts per million 

As 20 8.6 3.0 1.3 55 13 

B 20 60 57 38 94 17 

Ba 20 33 18 7.5 190 43 

Be 20 2.0 1.5 0.39 7.9 1.7 

Cd 20 0.20 0.08 0.03 1.2 0.30

Co 20 3.6 3.0 2.1 8.8 1.7 

Cr 20 29 14 10 190 47 

Cu 20 9.5 7.0 3.5 53 10 

F 20 62 48 10L 290 58 

Ge 20 8.9 5.0 0.60 63 14 

Hg 20 0.14 0.08 0.03L 0.70 0.15

La 20 5.4 3.6 1.7 27 5.6 

Li 20 6.8 4.7 2.6 42 8.6 

Mn 20 26 21 9.4 95 21 

Mo 13 19 4.4 0.55 190G 51 

Nb 20 1.5 1.4 0.31 4.5 1.1 

Ni 20 20 7.7 2.4 190 43 

P 9 97 22 22L 440 140 

Pb 20 6.1 3.3 0.84 36 8.0 

Sb 20 0.6 0.2 0.1 5.7 1.2 

Sc 20 3.3 2.4 2.1 16 3.0 

Se 20 2.6 1.7 0.8L 11 2.7 

Sr 20 68 14 2.7 980 220 

Th 20 1.8 1.2 1.1 10 2.0 

U 20 3.3 1.7 0.37 22 5.4 

V 20 20 13 5.1 82 19 

Y 20 4.3 3.4 1.1 19 3.8 

Yb 20 0.61 0.43 0.35 3.2 0.62

Zn 20 31 23 8.8 170 36 

Zr 20 17 12 3.7 67 15 

Table 8. Number of samples, mean, median, range, and standard deviation of ash yield and contents of 

elements for the Herrin coal in Kentucky as analyzed by the U.S. Geological Survey.

[All analyses are in percent or parts per million and are reported on an as-received, whole-coal basis. L, less than value shown. G, 

greater than value shown. A common problem in statistical summaries of trace-element data arises when element values are below

the limits of analytical detection. This results in a censored distribution. To compute unbiased estimates of the means for censored 

data, we adopted the protocol of reducing all "less than" values by 50 percent before summary statistics were generated.]
E84 Resource Assessment of the Springfield, Herrin, Danville, and Baker Coals in the Illinois Basin

Number of Range Standard

samples Mean Median Minimum Maximum deviation 

Percent 

Ash 1,171 11.7 10.7 2.8 43.5 4.6 

Si 28 2.2 2.1 1.6 3.6 0.45

Al 28 1.0 0.95 0.59 2.5 0.41

Ca 28 0.77 0.69 0.22 2.1 0.47

Mg 28 0.04 0.036 0.0047L 0.16 0.031 

Na 50 0.048 0.04 0.011 0.20 0.041 

K 46 0.15 0.14 0.03 0.46 0.069 

Fe 28 1.8 1.8 0.65 3.9 0.64

Ti 28 0.055 0.056 0.028 0.094 0.013 

 Parts per million 

As 50 20 8.8 0.27 130 26 

B 28 90 82 14 180 40 

Ba 15 230 46 22 2,500 630 

Be 28 1.2 1.1 0.58 2.5 0.38

Cd 27 0.96 0.26 0.05L 6.9 1.4 

Co 32 5.1 4.7 1.7 12 2.6 

Cr 32 12 11 6.9 28 5.2 

Cu 29 9.6 8.5 4.1 30 4.9 

F 29 55 48 28 130 23 

Ge 28 5.2 4.8 0.43L 15 3.5 

Hg 28 0.13 0.11 0.03 0.47 0.10

La 33 5.4 5.3 1.8 11 2.4 

Li 10 9.7 7.8 4.4 27 6.8 

Mn 32 62 56 18 150 39 

Mo 28 7.8 6.5 1.4L 22 5.1 

Nb --- --- --- --- --- --- 

Ni 29 15 15 1.8 28 7.2 

P 28 62 46 4.2L 290 60 

Pb 29 34 27 3.6 110 30 

Sb 49 1.2 0.8 0.1 13 1.9 

Sc 15 2.2 2.4 1.3 3.4 0.62

Se 32 2.1 1.8 0.9 5.5 1.0 

Sr 15 29 23 13 59 13 

Th 15 1.5 1.3 1.1 2.9 0.50

U 15 0.95 0.94 0.46L 1.6 0.40

V 28 29 28 7.0 75 17 

Y --- --- --- --- --- --- 

Yb 15 0.41 0.38 0.19 0.57 0.094 

Zn 47 210 58 9.0 3,300 500 

Zr 27 30 22 6.5 130 25 

Table 9. Number of samples, mean, median, range, and standard deviation of ash yield and contents of 

elements for the Springfield Coal Member in Illinois as analyzed by the Illinois State Geological Survey.

[All analyses are in percent or parts per million and are reported on an as-received, whole-coal basis. L, less than value shown. A 

common problem in statistical summaries of trace-element data arises when element values are below the limits of analytical detection. This results in a censored distribution. To compute unbiased estimates of the means for censored data, we adopted the protocol of reducing all "less than" values by 50 percent before summary statistics were generated. Leaders (---) indicate statistics 

could not be calculated owing to no data or to an insufficient number of analyses above the lower detection limit.]
Coal quality in the Illinois Basin E85

Number of Range Standard

samples Mean Median Minimum Maximum deviation 

Percent 

Ash 49 12.8 9.8 5.5 46.0 8.3 

Si 49 2.1 1.7 1.0 9.0 1.4 

Al 49 1.1 0.92 0.17 5.8 0.90

Ca 49 0.37 0.24 0.015 3.9 0.58

Mg 49 0.059 0.044 0.016 0.31 0.051 

Na 49 0.033 0.028 0.006 0.1 0.02

K 49 0.22 0.15 0.004 1.3 0.22

Fe 49 2.5 1.7 0.25 27 3.9 

Ti 49 0.061 0.052 0.027 0.26 0.042 

 Parts per million 

As 49 9.7 5.0 1.4 50 11 

B 49 87 85 5.7L 210 38 

Ba 49 35 26 8.3 160 28 

Be 49 2.4 2.4 0.83 6.0 0.93

Cd 49 0.75 0.26 0.02L 9.0 1.4 

Co 41 4.4 3.6 0.90 12 2.6 

Cr 41 18 12 3.1 75 16 

Cu 49 14 7.7 4.1 77 15 

F 49 88 56 10L 600 110 

Ge 46 8.9 8.5 1.5L 38 6.2 

Hg 49 0.14 0.1 0.02 1.2 0.17

La 40 7.4 6.0 2.0 31 5.6 

Li 49 10 5.7 2.3L 89 14 

Mn 49 35 26 5.1 180 31 

Mo 48 8.0 5.3 0.76 46 9.3 

Nb 48 1.9 1.8 0.61L 4.6 1.0 

Ni 49 14 12 5,0 40 8.6 

P --- --- --- --- --- --- 

Pb 49 7.3 3.9 0.49L 60 9.8 

Sb 49 1.0 0.9 0.2 3.0 0.6 

Sc 41 2.8 2.1 0.47 12 2.1 

Se 49 3.1 2.2 0.9L 13 2.5 

Sr 49 28 17 3.4 160 32 

Th 40 2.2 1.6 0.30 10 1.9 

U 49 3.1 1.7 0.17 15 3.2 

V 49 27 17 3.2 120 24 

Y 49 6.2 6.0 1.8 13 2.2 

Yb 39 0.63 0.55 0.20L 1.9 0.35

Zn 49 51 28 6.5 300 63 

Zr 49 23 19 1.8L 69 15 

Table 10. Number of samples, mean, median, range, and standard deviation of ash yield and contents of 

elements for the Springfield Coal Member in Indiana as analyzed by the U.S. Geological Survey.

[All analyses are in percent or parts per million and are reported on an as-received, whole-coal basis. L, less than value shown. A 

common problem in statistical summaries of trace-element data arises when element values are below the limits of analytical detection. This results in a censored distribution. To compute unbiased estimates of the means for censored data, we adopted the protocol 

of reducing all "less than" values by 50 percent before summary statistics were generated. Leaders (---) indicate statistics could not 

be calculated owing to no data or to an insufficient number of analyses above the lower detection limit.]
E86 Resource Assessment of the Springfield, Herrin, Danville, and Baker Coals in the Illinois Basin

Number of Range Standard

samples Mean Median Minimum Maximum deviation 

Percent 

Ash 259 10.2 10.1 5.0 16.4 1.6 

Si 141 1.9 1.9 0.018 3.1 0.37

Al 141 0.88 0.87 0.38 1.4 0.16

Ca 141 0.47 0.41 0.028 2.0 0.33

Mg 141 0.044 0.041 0.017 0.10 0.014 

Na 132 0.028 0.025 0.0018 0.11 0.019 

K 141 0.15 0.15 0.064 0.26 0.037 

Fe 141 1.9 1.9 0.69 3.7 0.62

Ti 141 0.048 0.047 0.022 0.11 0.0097 

 Parts per million 

As 15 4.8 4.7 1.8 11 2.5 

B --- --- --- --- --- --- 

Ba --- --- --- --- --- --- 

Be 16 1.8 1.5 0.44 4.7 0.96

Cd 15 0.27 0.17 0.04 0.97 0.27

Co 140 3.2 3.3 1.5 5.2 0.80

Cr 141 16 14 4.1 86 8.8 

Cu --- --- --- --- --- --- 

F --- --- --- --- --- --- 

Ge --- --- --- --- --- --- 

Hg 15 0.02 0.02 0.01 0.03 0.01

La --- --- --- --- --- --- 

Li --- --- --- --- --- --- 

Mn 135 39 35 0.58 160 24 

Mo --- --- --- --- --- --- 

Nb --- --- --- --- --- --- 

Ni 141 10 9.6 2.2 41 5.5 

P 141 52 37 4.6 740 80 

Pb 15 3.8 2.6 1.0 9.0 2.5 

Sb 15 1.0 0.8 0.2 2.4 0.7 

Sc --- --- --- --- --- --- 

Se 15 2.0 1.9 1.2 3.6 0.7 

Sr --- --- --- --- --- --- 

Th 15 1.3 1.2 0.95 2.4 0.45

U 15 2.5 1.6 0.52 9.1 2.3 

V --- --- --- --- --- --- 

Y --- --- --- --- --- --- 

Yb --- --- --- --- --- --- 

Zn --- --- --- --- --- --- 

Zr --- --- --- --- --- --- 

Table 11. Number of samples, mean, median, range, and standard deviation of ash yield and contents of 

elements for the Springfield coal in Kentucky as analyzed by the Kentucky Geological Survey.

[All analyses are in percent or parts per million and are reported on an as-received, whole-coal basis. Leaders (---) indicate statistics 

could not be calculated owing to no data or to an insufficient number of analyses above the lower detection limit.]
Coal quality in the Illinois Basin E87

Number of Range Standard

Samples Mean Median Minimum Maximum deviation 

Percent 

Ash 31 11.1 11.0 7.3 17.0 2.8 

Si 31 1.8 1.8 1.4 2.3 0.23

Al 31 0.83 0.80 0.65 1.1 0.13

Ca 31 0.63 0.35 0.038 2.3 0.63

Mg 31 0.044 0.037 0.018 0.23 0.036 

Na 31 0.027 0.018 0.007 0.072 0.02

K 31 0.14 0.14 0.10 0.22 0.029 

Fe 31 2.2 2.0 0.75 5.8 1.0 

Ti 31 0.051 0.049 0.04 0.069 0.0071 

 Parts per million 

As 31 7.9 4.9 1.8 37 7.6 

B 31 76 71 42 130G 24 

Ba 31 58 18 9.6 1,100 190 

Be 31 1.8 1.7 0.56 3.8 0.69

Cd 31 0.26 0.14 0.04 1.4 0.31

Co 31 2.5 2.4 1.5 4.2 0.67

Cr 31 13 11 7.7 35 6.6 

Cu 31 5.9 5.8 3.5 10 1.5 

F 31 59 47 10L 260 44 

Ge 31 9.2 8.4 3.9 16 3.3 

Hg 31 0.14 0.13 0.01L 0.39 0.1 

La 31 4.4 4.0 2.8 6.8 0.93

Li 31 6.4 5.8 2.6 16 2.7 

Mn 31 54 31 2.7 210 55 

Mo 25 5.5 5.2 1.9 13 2.5 

Nb 31 1.5 1.5 0.26L 3.8 0.78

Ni 31 8.8 9.1 2.4 18 4.3 

P 14 63 59 22L 180 44 

Pb 31 5.7 4.2 0.77 17 4.3 

Sb 31 1.0 0.8 0.2 2.4 0.7 

Sc 31 2.0 1.9 1.5 3.1 0.4 

Se 31 2.4 2.1 1.1 6.3 1.2 

Sr 31 21 18 3.9 81 16 

Th 31 1.3 1.2 0.98 2.5 0.29

U 31 2.7 1.9 0.51 9.8 2.2 

V 31 30 13 5.8 130 31 

Y 31 4.0 3.9 1.2 7.8 1.5 

Yb 31 0.45 0.41 0.25 0.71 0.10

Zn 31 45 27 6.9 390 69 

Zr 31 16 15 5.1 45 8.1 

Table 12. Number of samples, mean, median, range, and standard deviation of ash yield and contents of 

elements for the Springfield coal in Kentucky as analyzed by the U.S. Geological Survey.

[All analyses are in percent or parts per million and are reported on an as-received, whole-coal basis. L, less than value shown. G, 

greater than value shown. A common problem in statistical summaries of trace-element data arises when element values are below the 

limits of analytical detection. This results in a censored distribution. To compute unbiased estimates of the means for censored data, 

we adopted the protocol of reducing all "less than" values by 50 percent before summary statistics were generated. Leaders (---) indicate statistics could not be calculated owing to no data or to an insufficient number of analyses above the lower detection limit.]
E88 Resource Assessment of the Springfield, Herrin, Danville, and Baker Coals in the Illinois Basin

Number of Range Standard

samples Mean Median Minimum Maximum deviation 

Percent 

Ash 57 14.7 14.6 6.0 28.7 4.4 

Si 57 3.0 3.0 0.028 5.9 1.3 

Al 57 1.5 1.5 0.67 2.7 0.45

Ca 57 0.27 0.13 0.037 2.4 0.36

Mg 57 0.077 0.071 0.015 0.29 0.047 

Na 49 0.041 0.031 0.0065 0.17 0.037 

K 57 0.30 0.29 0.065 0.81 0.14

Fe 57 2.4 2.1 0.0093 6.4 1.2 

Ti 57 0.081 0.081 0.031 0.14 0.025 

 Parts per million 

As 19 9.0 3.7 0.43 37 10 

B --- --- --- --- --- --- 

Ba --- --- --- --- --- --- 

Be 23 2.1 1.9 1.1 5.3 0.83

Cd 19 0.14 0.09 0.03 0.65 0.16

Co 51 5.3 4.7 1.6 15 2.6 

Cr 56 21 20 7.8 40 7.7 

Cu --- --- --- --- --- --- 

F --- --- --- --- --- --- 

Ge --- --- --- --- --- --- 

Hg 18 0.02 0.01 0.01 0.04 0.01

La --- --- --- --- --- --- 

Li --- --- --- --- --- --- 

Mn 56 60 37 7.5 360 75 

Mo --- --- --- --- --- --- 

Nb --- --- --- --- --- --- 

Ni 56 22 18 3.6 51 14 

P 57 170 110 10 1,300 190 

Pb 19 6.9 4.8 2.2 20 4.8 

Sb 19 0.8 0.3 0.1 3.3 1.0 

Sc --- --- --- --- --- --- 

Se 19 2.0 2.0 0.7 3.1 0.6 

Sr --- --- --- --- --- --- 

Th 19 2.0 2.0 1.0 3.6 0.70

U 23 1.6 0.88 0.35 7.4 1.6 

V --- --- --- --- --- --- 

Y --- --- --- --- --- --- 

Yb --- --- --- --- --- --- 

Zn --- --- --- --- --- --- 

Zr --- --- --- --- --- --- 

Table 13. Number of samples, mean, median, range, and standard deviation of ash yield and contents of 

elements for nonassessed coals from the McLeansboro Group in Kentucky as analyzed by the Kentucky 

Geological Survey.

[All analyses are in percent or parts per million and are reported on an as-received, whole-coal basis. Leaders (---) indicate statistics 

could not be calculated owing to no data or to an insufficient number of analyses above the lower detection limit.]
Coal quality in the Illinois Basin E89

Number of Range Standard

samples Mean Median Minimum Maximum deviation 

Percent 

Ash 25 13.6 14.0 8.1 26.0 3.9 

Si 25 2.8 3.0 0.94 4.9 1.1 

Al 25 1.4 1.5 0.73 2.8 0.44

Ca 25 0.27 0.18 0.054 1.4 0.29

Mg 25 0.064 0.069 0.016 0.14 0.027 

Na 25 0.03 0.019 0.006 0.15 0.032 

K 25 0.28 0.29 0.072 0.59 0.12

Fe 25 2.1 1.8 0.87 4.6 1.0 

Ti 25 0.08 0.084 0.035 0.14 0.026 

 Parts per million 

As 25 9.9 3.2 0.30L 65 15 

B 25 86 84 55 130 18 

Ba 25 40 35 8.9 98 22 

Be 25 2.3 2.1 1.1 5.5 1.1 

Cd 25 0.14 0.10 0.03 0.49 0.12

Co 25 5.3 3.7 2.5 19 4.2 

Cr 25 16 16 9.2 31 4.5 

Cu 25 14 10 6.7 50 9.6 

F 25 97 86 33 260 49 

Ge 25 4.8 4.0 1.7 14 3.1 

Hg 25 0.13 0.11 0.03L 0.33 0.09

La 25 8.1 7.0 2.8 21 4.8 

Li 25 14 11 6.6 39 7.5 

Mn 25 48 44 18 140 27 

Mo 25 3.1 2.0 0.42 14 3.2 

Nb 25 1.8 1.7 0.52 5.4 1.1 

Ni 25 16 12 5.5 75 14 

P 7 91 79 22L 260 81 

Pb 25 8.2 5.2 3.5 49 9.2 

Sb 25 0.7 0.3 0.1 3.6 1.0 

Sc 25 3.3 3.0 1.9 7.9 1.1 

Se 25 2.2 2.1 1.2 3.5 0.6 

Sr 25 44 33 14 150 33 

Th 25 2.1 2.0 1.2 5.1 0.81

U 25 1.5 0.99 0.49 4.8 1.1 

V 25 21 17 9.8 57 10 

Y 25 6.0 5.8 2.0 20 3.8 

Yb 25 0.70 0.64 0.32 1.4 0.28

Zn 25 39 32 13 140 30 

Zr 25 16 14 5.5 41 9.3 

Table 14. Number of samples, mean, median, range, and standard deviation of ash yield and contents 

of elements for nonassessed coals from the McLeansboro Group in Kentucky as analyzed by the U.S. 

Geological Survey.

[All analyses are in percent or parts per million and are reported on an as-received, whole-coal basis. L, less than value shown. 

A common problem in statistical summaries of trace-element data arises when element values are below the limits of analytical 

detection. This results in a censored distribution. To compute unbiased estimates of the means for censored data, we adopted the 

protocol of reducing all "less than" values by 50 percent before summary statistics were generated.]
E90 Resource Assessment of the Springfield, Herrin, Danville, and Baker Coals in the Illinois Basin

Number of Range Standard

samples Mean Median Minimum Maximum deviation 

Percent 

Ash 44 14.0 12.0 5.4 48.0 9.2 

Si 44 2.4 2.0 0.34 12 2.1 

Al 44 1.2 0.95 0.15 6.4 1.1 

Ca 43 0.41 0.18 0.023 3.5 0.7 

Mg 44 0.071 0.053 0.009 0.35 0.063 

Na 44 0.04 0.032 0.006 0.22 0.039 

K 44 0.23 0.15 0.027 1.2 0.24

Fe 44 2.7 2.2 0.32 25 3.6 

Ti 44 0.069 0.054 0.019 0.33 0.058 

 Parts per million 

As 44 43 14 2.4 950 140 

B 44 100 100 27 190G 41 

Ba 44 41 27 11 170 37 

Be 44 3.3 3.1 1.4 7.0 1.2 

Cd 44 0.46 0.11 0.01L 5.7 1.0 

Co 44 6.5 5.3 1.4 26 4.4 

Cr 44 16 12 4.1 72 11 

Cu 44 16 12 4.4 96 15 

F 44 100 58 10L 780 120 

Ge 44 12 9.9 0.31L 59 11 

Hg 44 0.19 0.11 0.02 2.4 0.36

La 42 7.6 4.3 1.0 55 8.9 

Li 44 17 8.5 0.76 210 33 

Mn 44 48 30 7.6 150 40 

Mo 44 4.7 2.6 0.46L 45 8.2 

Nb 44 2.4 1.9 0.39L 8.6 1.7 

Ni 44 23 21 3.3 81 16 

P --- --- --- --- --- --- 

Pb 44 30 15 0.46L 230 44 

Sb 44 1.9 1.2 0.3 7.1 1.8 

Sc 44 3.8 3.2 0.70 18 2.8 

Se 44 2.7 2.2 0.5L 11 2.1 

Sr 44 42 23 8.4 190 45 

Th 42 2.2 1.5 0.2L 15 2.5 

U 44 2.1 1.7 0.44L 7.6 1.8 

V 44 22 18 3.8 84 16 

Y 44 7.5 6.4 0.96L 64 9.2 

Yb 41 0.98 0.6 0.20L 8.1 1.3 

Zn 44 67 23 4.3 1,100 170 

Zr 44 28 24 3.9 140 23 

Table 15. Number of samples, mean, median, range, and standard deviation of ash yield and contents 

of elements for the nonassessed coals from the Carbondale Group in Indiana as analyzed by the U.S. Geological Survey.

[All analyses are in percent or parts per million and are reported on an as-received, whole-coal basis. L, less than value shown. G, 

greater than value shown. A common problem in statistical summaries of trace-element data arises when element values are below

the limits of analytical detection. This results in a censored distribution. To compute unbiased estimates of the means for censored 

data, we adopted the protocol of reducing all "less than" values by 50 percent before summary statistics were generated. Leaders 

(---) indicate statistics could not be calculated owing to no data or to an insufficient number of analyses above the lower detection 

limit.]
Coal quality in the Illinois Basin E91

Number of Range Standard

samples Mean Median Minimum Maximum deviation 

Percent 

Ash 42 15.0 13.8 3.6 30.9 6.4 

Si 42 2.9 2.5 0.75 8.6 1.7 

Al 42 1.6 1.5 0.41 4.5 0.88

Ca 42 0.29 0.12 0.037 1.9 0.38

Mg 42 0.19 0.081 0.019 4.6 0.70

Na 38 0.054 0.043 0.0028 0.15 0.038 

K 42 0.32 0.29 0.065 0.97 0.20

Fe 42 2.6 2.6 0.46 6.3 1.3 

Ti 42 0.079 0.075 0.021 0.23 0.043 

 Parts per million 

As 4 16 10 3.8 38 15 

B --- --- --- --- --- --- 

Ba --- --- --- --- --- --- 

Be 4 2.9 2.1 1.5 5.9 2.1 

Cd 4 0.33 0.26 0.08 0.71 0.28

Co 35 4.8 4.6 1.3 11 2.2 

Cr 35 24 22 5.3 55 12 

Cu --- --- --- --- --- --- 

F --- --- --- --- --- --- 

Ge --- --- --- --- --- --- 

Hg 4 0.02 0.02 0.01 0.05 0.02

La --- --- --- --- --- --- 

Li --- --- --- --- --- --- 

Mn 34 45 32 1.1 140 34 

Mo --- --- --- --- --- --- 

Nb --- --- --- --- --- --- 

Ni 35 26 24 7.4 64 14 

P 42 280 96 20 6,700 1000

Pb 4 20 18 11 35 10 

Sb 4 0.9 0.4 0.3 2.4 1.0 

Sc --- --- --- --- --- --- 

Se 4 3.1 2.6 2.0 5.1 1.4 

Sr --- --- --- --- --- --- 

Th 4 2.2 2.4 1.1 2.9 0.81

U 4 2.9 2.0 1.2 6.3 2.3 

V --- --- --- --- --- --- 

Y --- --- --- --- --- --- 

Yb --- --- --- --- --- --- 

Zn --- --- --- --- --- --- 

Zr --- --- --- --- --- --- 

Table 16. Number of samples, mean, median, range, and standard deviation of ash yield and contents of 

elements for nonassessed coals from the Carbondale Formation in Kentucky as analyzed by the Kentucky 

Geological Survey.

[All analyses are in percent or parts per million and are reported on an as-received, whole-coal basis. Leaders (---) indicate statistics 

could not be calculated owing to no data or to an insufficient number of analyses above the lower detection limit.]
E92 Resource Assessment of the Springfield, Herrin, Danville, and Baker Coals in the Illinois Basin

Number of Range Standard

samples Mean Median Minimum Maximum deviation 

Percent 

Ash 42 14.7 14.0 6.2 28.0 5.6 

Si 42 2.4 2.2 0.87 5.9 1.1 

Al 42 1.3 1.2 0.51 3.1 0.58

Ca 42 0.5 0.34 0.037 2.4 0.56

Mg 42 0.058 0.046 0.015 0.15 0.034 

Na 42 0.036 0.029 0.009 0.11 0.025 

K 42 0.21 0.18 0.051 0.52 0.11

Fe 42 3.2 2.6 0.67 12 2.2 

Ti 42 0.065 0.063 0.005 0.17 0.03

 Parts per million 

As 42 27 15 0.50L 130 30 

B 42 78 74 13 140G 25 

Ba 42 40 31 7.5 130 28 

Be 42 3.7 3.7 1.2 7.3 1.3 

Cd 42 0.45 0.11 0.02L 6.2 1.1 

Co 42 9.6 5.8 1.1 110 17 

Cr 42 20 17 9.7 86 13 

Cu 42 16 15 6.6 33 7.1 

F 42 97 65 10L 460 88 

Ge 42 16 15 1.8 41 10 

Hg 42 0.10 0.08 0.02L 0.45 0.09

La 42 7.3 6.0 2.0 28 4.7 

Li 42 15 11 2.7 46 11 

Mn 42 59 50 8.1 220 47 

Mo 23 8.9 5.3 0.96 56 12 

Nb 42 2.8 2.6 0.74 6.3 1.4 

Ni 42 34 28 3.7 190 33 

P 32 110 74 22L 810 140 

Pb 42 25 20 2.2 120 24 

Sb 42 1.2 1.0 0.1L 7.1 1.2 

Sc 42 4.7 4.2 2.0 12 2.2 

Se 42 3.9 3.3 1.7 12 2.0 

Sr 42 44 33 9.5 300 46 

Th 42 2.1 1.9 0.71 6.4 0.99

U 42 4.6 3.7 0.59 13 3.4 

V 42 31 28 7.8 82 17 

Y 42 10 9.2 5.1 34 5.5 

Yb 42 1.2 1.0 0.57 4.4 0.67

Zn 42 71 29 1.8 670 130 

Zr 42 28 24 9.9 110 18 

Table 17. Number of samples, mean, median, range, and standard deviation of ash yield and contents 

of elements for nonassessed coals from the Carbondale Formation in Kentucky as analyzed by the U.S. 

Geological Survey.

[All analyses are in percent or parts per million and are reported on an as-received, whole-coal basis. L, less than value shown. G, 

greater than value shown. A common problem in statistical summaries of trace-element data arises when element values are below

the limits of analytical detection. This results in a censored distribution. To compute unbiased estimates of the means for censored 

data, we adopted the protocol of reducing all "less than" values by 50 percent before summary statistics were generated.]
Coal quality in the Illinois Basin E93

Number of Range Standard

samples Mean Median Minimum Maximum deviation 

Percent 

Ash 106 12.7 8.9 1.7 48.0 10 

Si 105 2.5 1.5 0.40 13 2.8 

Al 105 1.5 0.89 0.14 7.8 1.7 

Ca 105 0.084 0.046 0.018 1.0 0.16

Mg 106 0.05 0.029 0.002L 0.25 0.055 

Na 106 0.036 0.012 0.002 0.28 0.06

K 104 0.20 0.085 0.007 1.3 0.28

Fe 105 1.9 1.4 0.11 24 2.5 

Ti 105 0.081 0.047 0.002 0.46 0.092 

 Parts per million 

As 106 16 9.0 0.40 95 17 

B 105 83 77 12 210 45 

Ba 106 59 23 1.9 560 85 

Be 106 3.7 3.5 0.25 9.2 1.5 

Cd 106 0.30 0.12 0.01L 3.5 0.57

Co 106 12 8.8 1.0 110 12 

Cr 106 19 13 3.1L 65 15 

Cu 106 22 16 2.1L 140 21 

F 106 79 55 10L 420 80 

Ge 104 12 13 0.82L 37 8.3 

Hg 106 0.13 0.08 0.01L 1.2 0.16

La 101 13 9.0 1.0 72 13 

Li 106 22 8.8 0.67L 140 31 

Mn 106 18 13 2.2 94 17 

Mo 106 2.4 1.6 0.16L 25 3.1 

Nb 102 2.5 1.5 0.051L 14 2.8 

Ni 106 39 31 4.4 170 30 

P --- --- --- --- --- --- 

Pb 106 23 19 0.37L 190 24 

Sb 106 1.3 1.1 0.1 7.4 1.2 

Sc 106 4.4 3.5 0.47 13 3.0 

Se 106 4.2 3.6 0.6L 14 2.6 

Sr 106 75 33 2.0 490 99 

Th 100 2.7 1.5 0.15L 18 3.0 

U 106 1.9 1.2 0.055L 17 2.2 

V 106 26 15 0.60 98 25 

Y 101 9.3 6.7 1.5 41 7.8 

Yb 98 0.92 0.70 0.15L 4.1 0.69

Zn 106 88 33 5.5 1,600 210 

Zr 106 30 14 0.83L 210 34 

Table 18. Number of samples, mean, median, range, and standard deviation of ash yield and contents of 

elements for nonassessed coals in the Raccoon Creek Group in Indiana as analyzed by the U.S. Geological 

Survey.

[All analyses are in percent or parts per million and are reported on an as-received, whole-coal basis. L, less than value shown. A 

common problem in statistical summaries of trace-element data arises when element values are below the limits of analytical detection. This results in a censored distribution. To compute unbiased estimates of the means for censored data, we adopted the protocol 

of reducing all "less than" values by 50 percent before summary statistics were generated. Leaders (---) indicate statistics could not 

be calculated owing to no data or to an insufficient number of analyses above the lower detection limit.]
E94 Resource Assessment of the Springfield, Herrin, Danville, and Baker Coals in the Illinois Basin

Number of Range Standard

samples Mean Median Minimum Maximum deviation 

Percent 

Ash 87 9.1 7.6 1.5 43.9 6.9 

Si 83 1.7 1.1 0.019 12 1.8 

Al 83 1.0 0.71 0.11 5.9 0.92

Ca 82 0.13 0.037 0.0093 1.1 0.21

Mg 87 0.036 0.019 0.0028 0.35 0.049 

Na 70 0.024 0.011 0.0019 0.17 0.028 

K 83 0.13 0.065 0.0093 1.2 0.18

Fe 83 1.8 1.6 0.093 5.4 1.3 

Ti 83 0.047 0.034 0.0037 0.29 0.044 

 Parts per million 

As 15 26 11 2.0 180 44 

B --- --- --- --- --- --- 

Ba --- --- --- --- --- --- 

Be 15 3.8 3.5 2.4 7.3 1.2 

Cd 15 0.72 0.15 0.01 4.4 1.4 

Co 56 5.3 3.7 0.20 18 4.9 

Cr 60 13 11 3.2 56 9.0 

Cu --- --- --- --- --- --- 

F --- --- --- --- --- --- 

Ge --- --- --- --- --- --- 

Hg 8 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.03 0.01

La --- --- --- --- --- --- 

Li --- --- --- --- --- --- 

Mn 53 14 9.4 1 81 15 

Mo --- --- --- --- --- --- 

Nb --- --- --- --- --- --- 

Ni 60 43 40 5.3 120 25 

P 83 79 42 5.6 520 99 

Pb 15 22 17 6.2 65 16 

Sb 15 2.4 1.4 0.2 13 3.2 

Sc --- --- --- --- --- --- 

Se 15 2.6 2.0 1.1 5.1 1.3 

Sr --- --- --- --- --- --- 

Th 15 1.2 1.0 0.48 2.7 0.70

U 15 2.0 1.2 0.76 7.8 1.9 

V --- --- --- --- --- --- 

Y --- --- --- --- --- --- 

Yb --- --- --- --- --- --- 

Zn --- --- --- --- --- --- 

Zr --- --- --- --- --- --- 

Table 19. Number of samples, mean, median, range, and standard deviation of ash yield and contents of 

elements for nonassessed coals from the Raccoon Creek Group in Kentucky as analyzed by the Kentucky 

Geological Survey.

[All analyses are in percent or parts per million and are reported on an as-received, whole-coal basis. Leaders (---) indicate statistics 

could not be calculated owing to no data or to an insufficient number of analyses above the lower detection limit.]
Coal quality in the Illinois Basin E95

Number of Range Standard

samples Mean Median Minimum Maximum deviation 

Percent 

Ash 43 7.2 6.8 1.5 15.0 3.7 

Si 39 1.2 0.98 0.41 2.8 0.61

Al 39 0.73 0.65 0.14 2.3 0.42

Ca 39 0.16 0.051 0.013 1.2 0.28

Mg 43 0.022 0.021 0.006 0.052 0.01

Na 43 0.015 0.008 0.001 0.16 0.026 

K 39 0.088 0.083 0.013 0.21 0.048 

Fe 39 1.8 1.5 0.068 6.4 1.6 

Ti 39 0.038 0.033 0.011 0.088 0.021 

 Parts per million 

As 43 29 17 1.3 170 39 

B 43 56 58 15 100G 24 

Ba 43 15 13 3.8 59 9.9 

Be 43 3.7 3.6 1.9 8.0 0.99

Cd 43 0.34 0.11 0.01L 4.7 0.92

Co 43 8.4 7.3 1.2 30 6.0 

Cr 43 8.7 7.5 3.0L 18 4.0 

Cu 43 12 12 4.8 27 5.1 

F 43 49 41 10L 160 35 

Ge 43 17 16 3.4 39 8.2 

Hg 43 0.12 0.08 0.01 0.44 0.11

La 43 5.8 4.4 0.97 20 4.6 

Li 43 7.4 4.3 1.1 30 6.9 

Mn 43 16 9.8 1.4 74 17 

Mo 36 2.2 1.5 0.37 17 2.9 

Nb 43 1.4 1.1 0.24 3.2 0.79

Ni 43 26 22 6.4 65 15 

P 15 76 22 22L 300 91 

Pb 43 26 20 1.5 90 22 

Sb 43 1.7 1.2 0.1L 13 2.1 

Sc 43 2.5 2.2 0.4 5.0 1.2 

Se 43 2.9 2.5 0.9L 8.5 1.7 

Sr 43 28 17 1.3 170 31 

Th 43 1.3 1.1 0.36L 2.7 0.65

U 43 1.7 1.2 0.17L 7.7 1.5 

V 43 12 11 3.2 30 6.4 

Y 43 6.8 6.5 3.4 14 2.6 

Yb 43 0.67 0.6 0.30 1.3 0.26

Zn 43 110 28 5.8 2,600 390 

Zr 43 11 8.4 3.2 28 7.0 

Table 20. Number of samples, mean, median, range, and standard deviation of ash yield and contents of 

elements for nonassessed coals from the Raccoon Creek Group in Kentucky as analyzed by the U.S. Geological Survey.

[All analyses are in percent or parts per million and are reported on an as-received, whole-coal basis. L, less than value shown. G, 

greater than value shown. A common problem in statistical summaries of trace-element data arises when element values are below

the limits of analytical detection. This results in a censored distribution. To compute unbiased estimates of the means for censored 

data, we adopted the protocol of reducing all "less than" values by 50 percent before summary statistics were generated.]
Appendix 5. Minimum, maximum, percentile, and median 

values of ash yield, sulfur content, calorific value, and elements 

of environmental concern for assessed and nonassessed coals, 

grouped by assessed coal or stratigraphic unit in the Illinois Basin.
Coal quality in the Illinois Basin E97

Ash Yield (as-received basis)

Percent 

Raccoon Creek Group

Carbondale Group

or Formation

McLeansboro Group

Springfield Coal

Herrin Coal

Danville-Baker Coals

0 10 20 30 40 50

Min Max

25% Median 75%

EXPLANATION

Figure 1. Minimum, maximum, percentile, and median values for ash yield (percent, as-received basis) of coals, grouped 

by assessed coal or stratigraphic unit in the Illinois Basin.
E98 Resource Assessment of the Springfield, Herrin, Danville, and Baker Coals in the Illinois Basin

Sulfur (as-received basis)

Percent 

0 4 8 12 16 20

Min Max

25% Median 75%

EXPLANATION

Raccoon Creek Group

Carbondale Group

or Formation

McLeansboro Group

Springfield Coal

Herrin Coal

Danville-Baker Coals

Figure 2. Minimum, maximum, percentile, and median values for sulfur content (percent, as-received basis) of coals, 

grouped by assessed coal or stratigraphic unit in the Illinois Basin.
Coal quality in the Illinois Basin E99

Calorific Value (as-received basis)

Btu/lb 

4000 6000 8000 10000 12000 14000

Min Max

25% Median 75%

EXPLANATION

Raccoon Creek Group

Carbondale Group

or Formation

McLeansboro Group

Springfield Coal

Herrin Coal

Danville-Baker Coals

Figure 3. Minimum, maximum, percentile, and median values for calorific value (Btu/lb, as-received basis) of coals, 

grouped by assessed coal or stratigraphic unit in the Illinois Basin.
E100 Resource Assessment of the Springfield, Herrin, Danville, and Baker Coals in the Illinois Basin

Antimony (as-received, whole-coal basis)

Parts per million

0 4 8 12 16

Min Max

25% Median 75%

EXPLANATION

Raccoon Creek Group

Carbondale Group

or Formation

McLeansboro Group

Springfield Coal

Herrin Coal

Danville-Baker Coals

Figure 4. Minimum, maximum, percentile, and median values for antimony content (parts per million, as-received, wholecoal basis) of coals, grouped by assessed coal or stratigraphic unit in the Illinois Basin.
Coal quality in the Illinois Basin E101

Arsenic (as-received, whole-coal basis)

Parts per million 

0 200 400 600 800 1000

Min Max

25% Median 75%

EXPLANATION

Raccoon Creek Group

Carbondale Group

or Formation

McLeansboro Group

Springfield Coal

Herrin Coal

Danville-Baker Coals

Figure 5. Minimum, maximum, percentile, and median values for arsenic content (parts per million, as-received, wholecoal basis) of coals, grouped by assessed coal or stratigraphic unit in the Illinois Basin.
E102 Resource Assessment of the Springfield, Herrin, Danville, and Baker Coals in the Illinois Basin

Beryllium (as-received, whole-coal basis)

Parts per million

0 2 4 6 8 10

Min Max

25% Median 75%

EXPLANATION

Raccoon Creek Group

Carbondale Group

or Formation

McLeansboro Group

Springfield Coal

Herrin Coal

Danville-Baker Coals

Figure 6. Minimum, maximum, percentile, and median values for beryllium content (parts per million, as-received, wholecoal basis) of coals, grouped by assessed coal or stratigraphic unit in the Illinois Basin.
Coal quality in the Illinois Basin E103

Cadmium (as-received, whole-coal basis)

Parts per million 

0 10 20 30 40 50 60

Min Max

25% Median 75%

EXPLANATION

Raccoon Creek Group

Carbondale Group

or Formation

McLeansboro Group

Springfield Coal

Herrin Coal

Danville-Baker Coals

Figure 7. Minimum, maximum, percentile, and median values for cadmium content (parts per million, as-received, wholecoal basis) of coals, grouped by assessed coal or stratigraphic unit in the Illinois Basin.
E104 Resource Assessment of the Springfield, Herrin, Danville, and Baker Coals in the Illinois Basin

Chromium (as-received, whole-coal basis)

Parts per million 

0 40 80 120 160 200

Min Max

25% Median 75%

EXPLANATION

Raccoon Creek Group

Carbondale Group

or Formation

McLeansboro Group

Springfield Coal

Herrin Coal

Danville-Baker Coals

Figure 8. Minimum, maximum, percentile, and median values for chromium content (parts per million, as-received, wholecoal basis) of coals, grouped by assessed coal or stratigraphic unit in the Illinois Basin.
Coal quality in the Illinois Basin E105

Cobalt (as-received, whole-coal basis)

Parts per million 

0 20 40 60 80 100 120

Min Max

25% Median 75%

EXPLANATION

Raccoon Creek Group

Carbondale Group

or Formation

McLeansboro Group

Springfield Coal

Herrin Coal

Danville-Baker Coals

Figure 9. Minimum, maximum, percentile, and median values for cobalt content (parts per million, as-received, wholecoal basis) of coals, grouped by assessed coal or stratigraphic unit in the Illinois Basin.
E106 Resource Assessment of the Springfield, Herrin, Danville, and Baker Coals in the Illinois Basin

Lead (as-received, whole-coal basis)

Parts per million 

0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350

Min Max

25% Median 75%

EXPLANATION

Raccoon Creek Group

Carbondale Group

or Formation

McLeansboro Group

Springfield Coal

Herrin Coal

Danville-Baker Coals

Figure 10. Minimum, maximum, percentile, and median values for lead content (parts per million, as-received, wholecoal basis) of coals, grouped by assessed coal or stratigraphic unit in the Illinois Basin.
Coal quality in the Illinois Basin E107

Manganese (as-received, whole-coal basis)

Parts per million 

0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200

Min Max

25% Median 75%

EXPLANATION

Raccoon Creek Group

Carbondale Group

or Formation

McLeansboro Group

Springfield Coal

Herrin Coal

Danville-Baker Coals

Figure 11. Minimum, maximum, percentile, and median values for manganese content (parts per million, as-received, 

whole-coal basis) of coals, grouped by assessed coal or stratigraphic unit in the Illinois Basin.
E108 Resource Assessment of the Springfield, Herrin, Danville, and Baker Coals in the Illinois Basin

Mercury (as-received, whole-coal basis)

Parts per million 

0.0 0.4 0.8 1.2 1.6 2.0 2.4

Min Max

25% Median 75%

EXPLANATION

Raccoon Creek Group

Carbondale Group

or Formation

McLeansboro Group

Springfield Coal

Herrin Coal

Danville-Baker Coals

Figure 12. Minimum, maximum, percentile, and median values for mercury content (parts per million, as-received, wholecoal basis) of coals, grouped by assessed coal or stratigraphic unit in the Illinois Basin.
Coal quality in the Illinois Basin E109

Nickel (as-received, whole-coal basis)

Parts per million 

0 40 80 120 160 200

Min Max

25% Median 75%

EXPLANATION

Raccoon Creek Group

Carbondale Group

or Formation

McLeansboro Group

Springfield Coal

Herrin Coal

Danville-Baker Coals

Figure 13. Minimum, maximum, percentile, and median values for nickel content (parts per million, as-received, wholecoal basis) of coals, grouped by assessed coal or stratigraphic unit in the Illinois Basin.
E110 Resource Assessment of the Springfield, Herrin, Danville, and Baker Coals in the Illinois Basin

Selenium (as-received, whole-coal basis)

Parts per million 

0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14

Min Max

25% Median 75%

EXPLANATION

Raccoon Creek Group

Carbondale Group

or Formation

McLeansboro Group

Springfield Coal

Herrin Coal

Danville-Baker Coals

Figure 14. Minimum, maximum, percentile, and median values for selenium content (parts per million, as-received, wholecoal basis) of coals, grouped by assessed coal or stratigraphic unit in the Illinois Basin.
Coal quality in the Illinois Basin E111

Thorium (as-received, whole-coal basis)

Parts per million

0 4 8 12 16 20

Min Max

25% Median 75%

EXPLANATION

Raccoon Creek Group

Carbondale Group

or Formation

McLeansboro Group

Springfield Coal

Herrin Coal

Danville-Baker Coals

Figure 15. Minimum, maximum, percentile, and median values for thorium content (parts per million, as-received, wholecoal basis) of coals, grouped by assessed coal or stratigraphic unit in the Illinois Basin.
E112 Resource Assessment of the Springfield, Herrin, Danville, and Baker Coals in the Illinois Basin

Uranium (as-received, whole-coal basis)

Parts per million

0 6 12 18 24

Min Max

25% Median 75%

EXPLANATION

Raccoon Creek Group

Carbondale Group

or Formation

McLeansboro Group

Springfield Coal

Herrin Coal

Danville-Baker Coals

Figure 16. Minimum, maximum, percentile, and median values for uranium content (parts per million, as-received, wholecoal basis) of coals, grouped by assessed coal or stratigraphic unit in the Illinois Basin.
Coal quality in the Illinois Basin E113

Appendix 6. Histograms of ash yield, sulfur content, calorific value, 

and elements of environmental concern for the Springfield, Herrin, and 

Danville-Baker Coals in the Illinois Basin.
E114 Resource Assessment of the Springfield, Herrin, Danville, and Baker Coals in the Illinois Basin

Ash Yield (as-received basis)

Danville-Baker Coals

Percent

Number of observations

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

110

120

130

140

150

(<= 5) (5,10) (10,15) (15,20) (20,25) (25,30) (30,35) (35,40) (40,45) (> 45)

Median = 10.8

n = 334

Figure 1. Histogram of ash yield (percent, as-received basis) of the Danville-Baker Coals in the Illinois Basin. Intervals on 

the x-axis are shown in parentheses.
Coal quality in the Illinois Basin E115

Sulfur (as-received basis)

Danville-Baker Coals

Percent 

Number of observations

0

8

16

24

32

40

48

56

64

72

80

88

96

104

112

120

(0,1) (1,2) (2,3) (3,4) (4,5) (5,6) (6,7) (7,8) (8,9) (9,10) (> 10)

Median = 3.0

n = 335

Figure 2. Histogram of sulfur content (percent, as-received basis) of the Danville-Baker Coals in the Illinois Basin. Intervals 

on the x-axis are shown in parentheses.
E116 Resource Assessment of the Springfield, Herrin, Danville, and Baker Coals in the Illinois Basin

Calorific Value (as-received basis)

Danville-Baker Coals

Btu/lb 

Number of observations

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

110

120

130

140

(<= 6000)

(6000,7000)

(7000,8000)

(8000,9000)

(9000,10000)

(10000,11000)

(11000,12000)

(12000,13000)

(> 13000)

Median = 11,060

n = 295

Figure 3. Histogram of calorific values (Btu/lb, as-received basis) of the Danville-Baker Coals in the Illinois Basin. Intervals 

on the x-axis are shown in parentheses
Coal quality in the Illinois Basin E117

Antimony (as-received, whole-coal basis)

Danville-Baker Coals

Parts per million 

Number of observations

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

(0,2) (2,4) (4,6) (6,8) (8,10) (10,12) (12,14) (14,16) > 16

Median = 1.4

n = 39

Figure 4. Histogram of antimony content (parts per million, as-received, whole-coal basis) of the Danville-Baker Coals in 

the Illinois Basin. Intervals on the x-axis are shown in parentheses.
E118 Resource Assessment of the Springfield, Herrin, Danville, and Baker Coals in the Illinois Basin

Arsenic (as-received, whole-coal basis)

Danville-Baker Coals

Parts per million

Number of observations

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

(0,10) (10,20) (20,30) (30,40) (40,50) (50,60) (60,70) (> 70)

Median = 14

n = 39

Figure 5. Histogram of arsenic content (parts per million, as-received, whole-coal basis) of the Danville-Baker Coals in the 

Illinois Basin. Intervals on the x-axis are shown in parentheses.
Coal quality in the Illinois Basin E119

Beryllium (as-received, whole-coal basis)

Danville-Baker Coals

Parts per million 

Number of observations

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

(<= 1) (1,1.5) (1.5,2) (2,2.5) (2.5,3) (3,3.5) (3.5,4) (4,4.5) (4.5,5) (5,5.5) (5.5,6) (> 6)

Median = 2.4

n = 39

Figure 6. Histogram of beryllium content (parts per million, as-received, whole-coal basis) of the Danville-Baker Coals in 

the Illinois Basin. Intervals on the x-axis are shown in parentheses.
E120 Resource Assessment of the Springfield, Herrin, Danville, and Baker Coals in the Illinois Basin

Cadmium (as-received, whole-coal basis)

Danville-Baker Coals

Parts per million

Number of observations

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

(0,.5) (.5,1) (1,1.5) (1.5,2) (2,2.5) (2.5,3) (3,3.5) (3.5,4) (4,4.5) (> 4.5)

Median = 0.12

n = 39

Figure 7. Histogram of cadmium content (parts per million, as-received, whole-coal basis) of the Danville-Baker Coals in 

the Illinois Basin. Intervals on the x-axis are shown in parentheses.
Coal quality in the Illinois Basin E121

Chromium (as-received, whole-coal basis)

Danville-Baker Coals

Parts per million 

Number of observations

0

5

10

15

20

(<= 10) (10,15) (15,20) (20,25) (25,30) (30,35) (35,40) (40,45) (45,50) (> 50)

Median = 17

n = 55

Figure 8. Histogram of chromium content (parts per million, as-received, whole-coal basis) of the Danville-Baker Coals in 

the Illinois Basin. Intervals on the x-axis are shown in parentheses.
E122 Resource Assessment of the Springfield, Herrin, Danville, and Baker Coals in the Illinois Basin

Cobalt (as-received, whole-coal basis)

Danville-Baker Coals

Parts per million 

Number of observations

0

5

10

15

20

(<= 2) (2,4) (4,6) (6,8) (8,10) (10,12) (12,14) (14,16) (16,18) (> 18)

Median = 5.3

n = 55

Figure 9. Histogram of cobalt content (parts per million, as-received, whole-coal basis) of the Danville-Baker Coals in the 

Illinois Basin. Intervals on the x-axis are shown in parentheses.
Coal quality in the Illinois Basin E123

Lead (as-received, whole-coal basis)

Danville-Baker Coals

Parts per million

Number of observations

0

4

8

12

16

(0,10) (10,20) (20,30) (30,40) (40,50] (50,60) (60,70) (> 70)

Median = 14

n = 39

Figure 10. Histogram of lead content (parts per million, as-received, whole-coal basis) of the Danville-Baker Coals in the 

Illinois Basin. Intervals on the x-axis are shown in parentheses.
E124 Resource Assessment of the Springfield, Herrin, Danville, and Baker Coals in the Illinois Basin

Manganese (as-received, whole-coal basis)

Danville-Baker Coals

Parts per million 

Number of observations

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

(0,20)

(20,40)

(40,60)

(60,80)

(80,100)

(100,120)

(120,140)

(140,160)

(160,180)

(180,200)

(200,220)

(220,240)

(240,260)

(> 260)

Median = 39

n = 55

Figure 11. Histogram of manganese content (parts per million, as-received, whole-coal basis) of the Danville-Baker Coals 

in the Illinois Basin. Intervals on the x-axis are shown in parentheses.
Coal quality in the Illinois Basin E125

Mercury (as-received, whole-coal basis)

Danville-Baker Coals

Parts per million

Number of observations

0

5

10

15

(0,.05) (.05,.1) (.1,.15) (.15,.2) (.2,.25) (.25,.3) (.3,.35) (> .35)

Median = 0.09

n = 39

Figure 12. Histogram of mercury content (parts per million, as-received, whole-coal basis) of the Danville-Baker Coals in 

the Illinois Basin. Intervals on the x-axis are shown in parentheses.
E126 Resource Assessment of the Springfield, Herrin, Danville, and Baker Coals in the Illinois Basin

Nickel (as-received, whole-coal basis)

Danville-Baker Coals

Parts per million 

Number of observations

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

(0,10)

(10,20)

(20,30)

(30,40)

(40,50)

(50,60)

(60,70)

(70,80)

(80,90)

(90,100)

(100,110)

(110,120)

(120,1300)

(> 130)

Median = 30

n = 55

Figure 13. Histogram of nickel content (parts per million, as-received, whole-coal basis) of the Danville-Baker Coals in the 

Illinois Basin. Intervals on the x-axis are shown in parentheses.
Coal quality in the Illinois Basin E127

Selenium (as-received, whole-coal basis)

Danville-Baker Coals

Parts per million 

Number of observations

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

(<= .6)

(.6,.8)

(.8,1.0)

(1.0,1.2)

(1.2,1.4)

(1.4,1.6)

(1.6,1.8)

(1.8,2.0)

(2.0,2.2)

(2.2,2.4)

(2.4,2.6)

(2.6,2.8)

(2.8,3.0)

(3.0,3.2)

(> 3.2)

Median = 1.3

n = 39

Figure 14. Histogram of selenium content (parts per million, as-received, whole-coal basis) of the Danville-Baker Coals in 

the Illinois Basin. Intervals on the x-axis are shown in parentheses.
E128 Resource Assessment of the Springfield, Herrin, Danville, and Baker Coals in the Illinois Basin

Thorium (as-received, whole-coal basis)

Danville-Baker Coals

Parts per million 

Number of observations

0

5

10

15

20

(<= 1) (1,2) (2,3) (3,4) (4,5) (5,6) (6,7) (7,8) (8,9) (> 9)

Median = 1.8

n = 37

Figure 15. Histogram of thorium content (parts per million, as-received, whole-coal basis) of the Danville-Baker Coals in 

the Illinois Basin. Intervals on the x-axis are shown in parentheses.
Coal quality in the Illinois Basin E129

Uranium (as-received, whole-coal basis)

Danville-Baker Coals

Parts per million

Number of observations

0

5

10

15

20

(0,1) (1,2) (2,3) (3,4) (4,5) (5,6) (6,7) (> 7)

Median = 1.8

n = 37

Figure 16. Histogram of uranium content (parts per million, as-received, whole-coal basis) of the Danville-Baker Coals in 

the Illinois Basin. Intervals on the x-axis are shown in parentheses.
E130 Resource Assessment of the Springfield, Herrin, Danville, and Baker Coals in the Illinois Basin

Ash Yield (as-received basis)

Herrin Coal

Percent 

Number of observations

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

800

900

1000

1100

1200

(0,5) (5,10) (10,15) (15,20) (20,25) (25,30) (30,35) (35,40) (40,45) (> 45)

Median = 10.3

n = 2,542

Figure 17. Histogram of ash yield (percent, as-received basis) of the Herrin Coal in the Illinois Basin. Intervals on the x-axis 

are shown in parentheses.
Coal quality in the Illinois Basin E131

Sulfur (as-received basis)

Herrin Coal

Percent 

Number of observations

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

800

900

1000

1100

1200

(0,2) (2,4) (4,6) (6,8) (8,10) (10,12) (12,14) (> 14)

Median = 3.2

n = 2,517

Figure 18. Histogram of sulfur content (percent, as-received basis) of the Herrin Coal in the Illinois Basin. Intervals on the 

x-axis are shown in parentheses.
E132 Resource Assessment of the Springfield, Herrin, Danville, and Baker Coals in the Illinois Basin

Calorific Value (as-received basis)

Herrin Coal

Btu/lb 

Number of observations

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

800

900

1000

1100

(<= 6000)

(6000,7000)

(7000,8000)

(8000,9000)

(9000,10000)

(10000,11000)

(11000,12000)

(12000,13000)

(13000,14000)

(> 14000)

Median = 11,170

n = 2,390

Figure 19. Histogram of calorific values (Btu/lb, as-received basis) of the Herrin Coal in the Illinois Basin. Intervals on the 

x-axis are shown in parentheses.
Coal quality in the Illinois Basin E133

Antimony (as-received, whole-coal basis)

Herrin Coal

Parts per million

Number of observations

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

160

180

(0,1) (1,2) (2,3) (3,4) (4,5) (5,6) (6,7) (7,8) (> 8)

Median = 0.4

n = 216

Figure 20. Histogram of antimony content (parts per million, as-received, whole-coal basis) of the Herrin Coal in the Illinois 

Basin. Intervals on the x-axis are shown in parentheses.
E134 Resource Assessment of the Springfield, Herrin, Danville, and Baker Coals in the Illinois Basin

Arsenic (as-received, whole-coal basis)

Herrin Coal

Parts per million

Number of observations

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

160

180

200

(0,20) (20,40) (40,60) (60,80) (80,100) (100,120) (120,140) (> 140)

Median = 3.0

n = 216

Figure 21. Histogram of arsenic content (parts per million, as-received, whole-coal basis) of the Herrin Coal in the Illinois 

Basin. Intervals on the x-axis are shown in parentheses.
Coal quality in the Illinois Basin E135

Beryllium (as-received, whole-coal basis)

Herrin Coal

Parts per million 

Number of observations

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

110

120

(0,1) (1,2) (2,3) (3,4) (4,5) (5,6) (6,7) (7,8) (8,9) (> 9)

Median = 1.3

n = 226

Figure 22. Histogram of beryllium content (parts per million, as-received, whole-coal basis) of the Herrin Coal in the Illinois 

Basin. Intervals on the x-axis are shown in parentheses.
E136 Resource Assessment of the Springfield, Herrin, Danville, and Baker Coals in the Illinois Basin

Cadmium (as-received, whole-coal basis)

Herrin Coal

Parts per million

Number of observations

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

160

180

200

(0,5) (5,10) (10,15) (15,20) (20,25) (25,30) (30,35) (35,40) (40,45) (45,50) (50,55) (> 55)

Median = 0.14

n = 209

Figure 23. Histogram of cadmium content (parts per million, as-received, whole-coal basis) of the Herrin Coal in the Illinois 

Basin. Intervals on the x-axis are shown in parentheses.
Coal quality in the Illinois Basin E137

Chromium (as-received, whole-coal basis)

Herrin Coal

Parts per million

Number of observations

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

160

180

200

(0,20)

(20,40)

(40,60)

(60,80)

(80,100)

(100,120)

(120,140)

(140,160)

(160,180)

(180,200)

(> 200)

Median = 15

n = 268

Figure 24. Histogram of chromium content (parts per million, as-received, whole-coal basis) of the Herrin Coal in the Illinois 

Basin. Intervals on the x-axis are shown in parentheses.
E138 Resource Assessment of the Springfield, Herrin, Danville, and Baker Coals in the Illinois Basin

Cobalt (as-received, whole-coal basis)

Herrin Coal

Parts per million 

Number of observations

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

110

120

(0,2) (2,4) (4,6) (6,8) (8,10) (10,12) (12,14) (14,16) (16,18) (> 18)

Median = 3.2

n = 267

Figure 25. Histogram of cobalt content (parts per million, as-received, whole-coal basis) of the Herrin Coal in the Illinois 

Basin. Intervals on the x-axis are shown in parentheses.
Coal quality in the Illinois Basin E139

Lead (as-received, whole-coal basis)

Herrin Coal

Parts per million

Number of observations

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

160

180

200

220

(0,50) (50,100) (100,150) (150,200) (200,250) (250,300) (300,350) (> 350)

Median = 5.4

n = 226

Figure 26. Histogram of lead content (parts per million, as-received, whole-coal basis) of the Herrin Coal in the Illinois Basin. 

Intervals on the x-axis are shown in parentheses.
E140 Resource Assessment of the Springfield, Herrin, Danville, and Baker Coals in the Illinois Basin

Manganese (as-received, whole-coal basis)

Herrin Coal

Parts per million 

Number of observations

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

160

180

200

220

(0,100)

(100,200)

(200,300)

(300,400)

(400,500)

(500,600)

(600,700)

(700,800)

(800,900)

(900,1000)

(1000,1100)

(1100,1200)

(1200,1300)

(> 1300)

Median = 39

n = 256

Figure 27. Histogram of manganese content (parts per million, as-received, whole-coal basis) of the Herrin Coal in the 

Illinois Basin. Intervals on the x-axis are shown in parentheses.
Coal quality in the Illinois Basin E141

Mercury (as-received, whole-coal basis)

Herrin Coal

Parts per million 

Number of observations

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

110

120

(0,.1) (.1,.2) (.2,.3) (.3,.4) (.4,.5) (.5,.6) (.6,.7) (> .7)

Median = 0.10

n = 206

Figure 28. Histogram of mercury content (parts per million, as-received, whole-coal basis) of the Herrin Coal in the Illinois 

Basin. Intervals on the x-axis are shown in parentheses.
E142 Resource Assessment of the Springfield, Herrin, Danville, and Baker Coals in the Illinois Basin

Nickel (as-received, whole-coal basis)

Herrin Coal

Parts per million

Number of observations

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

160

180

200

(0,20)

(20,40)

(40,60)

(60,80)

(80,100)

(100,120)

(120,140)

(140,160)

(160,180)

(180,200)

(> 200)

Median = 13

n = 275

Figure 29. Histogram of nickel content (parts per million, as-received, whole-coal basis) of the Herrin Coal in the Illinois 

Basin. Intervals on the x-axis are shown in parentheses.
Coal quality in the Illinois Basin E143

Selenium (as-received, whole-coal basis)

Herrin Coal

Parts per million 

Number of observations

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

110

120

130

140

(0,2) (2,4) (4,6) (6,8) (8,10) (10,12) (12,14) (> 14)

Median = 1.7

n = 214

Figure 30. Histogram of selenium content (parts per million, as-received, whole-coal basis) of the Herrin Coal in the Illinois 

Basin. Intervals on the x-axis are shown in parentheses.
E144 Resource Assessment of the Springfield, Herrin, Danville, and Baker Coals in the Illinois Basin

Thorium (as-received, whole-coal basis)

Herrin Coal

Parts per million 

Number of observations

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

110

120

130

(0,2) (2,4) (4,6) (6,8) (8,10) (10,12) (12,14) (14,16) (16,18) (> 18)

Median = 1.6

n = 196

Figure 31. Histogram of thorium content (parts per million, as-received, whole-coal basis) of the Herrin Coal in the Illinois 

Basin. Intervals on the x-axis are shown in parentheses.
Coal quality in the Illinois Basin E145

Uranium (as-received, whole-coal basis)

Herrin Coal

Parts per million

Number of observations

0

13

26

39

52

65

78

91

104

117

130

143

156

169

182

195

(0,5) (5,10) (10,15) (15,20) (20,25) (> 25)

Median = 0.92

n = 203

Figure 32. Histogram of uranium content (parts per million, as-received, whole-coal basis) of the Herrin Coal in the Illinois 

Basin. Intervals on the x-axis are shown in parentheses.
E146 Resource Assessment of the Springfield, Herrin, Danville, and Baker Coals in the Illinois Basin

Ash Yield (as-received basis)

Springfield Coal

Percent 

Number of observations

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

800

900

(0,5) (5,10) (10,15) (15,20) (20,25) (25,30) (30,35) (35,40) (40,45) (45,50) (> 50)

Median = 10.4

n = 1,832

Figure 33. Histogram of ash yield (percent, as-received basis) of the Springfield Coal in the Illinois Basin. Intervals on the 

x-axis are shown in parentheses.
Coal quality in the Illinois Basin E147

Sulfur (as-received basis)

Springfield Coal

Percent 

Number of observations

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

800

900

1000

1100

1200

1300

(0,2) (2,4) (4,6) (6,8) (8,10) (10,12) (12,14) (14,16) (16,18) (18,20) (> 20)

Median = 3.4

n = 1,830

Figure 34. Histogram of sulfur content (percent, as-received basis) of the Springfield Coal in the Illinois Basin. Intervals on 

the x-axis are shown in parentheses.
E148 Resource Assessment of the Springfield, Herrin, Danville, and Baker Coals in the Illinois Basin

Calorific Value (as-received basis)

Springfield Coal

Btu/lb 

Number of observations

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

450

500

550

600

650

700

(<= 4000)

(4000,5000)

(5000,6000)

(6000,7000)

(7000,8000)

(8000,9000)

(9000,10000)

(10000,11000)

(11000,12000)

(12000,13000)

(13000,14000)

(> 14000)

Median = 11,430

n = 1,770

Figure 35. Histogram of calorific values (Btu/lb, as-received basis) of the Springfield Coal in the Illinois Basin. Intervals on 

the x-axis are shown in parentheses.
Coal quality in the Illinois Basin E149

Antimony (as-received, whole-coal basis)

Springfield Coal

Parts per million 

Number of observations

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

110

120

130

(0,2) (2,4) (4,6) (6,8) (8,10) (10,12) (12,14) (> 14)

Median = 0.8

n = 144

Figure 36. Histogram of antimony content (parts per million, as-received, whole-coal basis) of the Springfield Coal in the 

Illinois Basin. Intervals on the x-axis are shown in parentheses.
E150 Resource Assessment of the Springfield, Herrin, Danville, and Baker Coals in the Illinois Basin

Arsenic (as-received, whole-coal basis)

Springfield Coal

Parts per million

Number of observations

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

110

120

130

(0,20) (20,40) (40,60) (60,80) (80,100) (100,120) (120,140) (> 140)

Median = 5.9

n = 145

Figure 37. Histogram of arsenic content (parts per million, as-received, whole-coal basis) of the Springfield Coal in the 

Illinois Basin. Intervals on the x-axis are shown in parentheses.
Coal quality in the Illinois Basin E151

Beryllium (as-received, whole-coal basis)

Springfield Coal

Parts per million 

Number of observations

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

(0,.5) (.5,1) (1,1.5) (1.5,2) (2,2.5) (2.5,3) (3,3.5) (3.5,4) (4,4.5) (4.5,5) (5,5.5) (5.5,6) (6,6.5) (> 6.5)

Median = 1.7

n = 124

Figure 38. Histogram of beryllium content (parts per million, as-received, whole-coal basis) of the Springfield Coal in the 

Illinois Basin. Intervals on the x-axis are shown in parentheses.
E152 Resource Assessment of the Springfield, Herrin, Danville, and Baker Coals in the Illinois Basin

Cadmium (as-received, whole-coal basis)

Springfield Coal

Parts per million 

Number of observations

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

(0,1) (1,2) (2,3) (3,4) (4,5) (5,6) (6,7) (7,8) (8,9) (> 9)

Median = 0.20

n = 122

Figure 39. Histogram of cadmium content (parts per million, as-received, whole-coal basis) of the Springfield Coal in the 

Illinois Basin. Intervals on the x-axis are shown in parentheses.
Coal quality in the Illinois Basin E153

Chromium (as-received, whole-coal basis)

Springfield Coal

Parts per million 

Number of observations

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

(0,10) (10,20) (20,30) (30,40) (40,50) (50,60) (60,70) (70,80) (80,90) (> 90)

Median = 13

n = 245

Figure 40. Histogram of chromium content (parts per million, as-received, whole-coal basis) of the Springfield Coal in the 

Illinois Basin. Intervals on the x-axis are shown in parentheses.
E154 Resource Assessment of the Springfield, Herrin, Danville, and Baker Coals in the Illinois Basin

Cobalt (as-received, whole-coal basis)

Springfield Coal

Parts per million 

Number of observations

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

(0,1) (1,2) (2,3) (3,4) (4,5) (5,6) (6,7) (7,8) (8,9) (9,10) (10,11) (11,12) (12,13) (> 13)

Median = 3.3

n = 244

Figure 41. Histogram of cobalt content (parts per million, as-received, whole-coal basis) of the Springfield Coal in the Illinois 

Basin. Intervals on the x-axis are shown in parentheses.
Coal quality in the Illinois Basin E155

Lead (as-received, whole-coal basis)

Springfield Coal

Parts per million 

Number of observations

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

(0,10)

(10,20)

(20,30)

(30,40)

(40,50)

(50,60)

(60,70)

(70,80)

(80,90)

(90,100)

(100,110)

(110,120)

(> 120)

Median = 5.7

n = 124

Figure 42. Histogram of lead content (parts per million, as-received, whole-coal basis) of the Springfield Coal in the Illinois 

Basin. Intervals on the x-axis are shown in parentheses.
E156 Resource Assessment of the Springfield, Herrin, Danville, and Baker Coals in the Illinois Basin

Manganese (as-received, whole-coal basis)

Springfield Coal

Parts per million

Number of observations

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

(0,20)

(20,40)

(40,60)

(60,80)

(80,100)

(100,120)

(120,140)

(140,160)

(160,180)

(180,200)

(200,220)

(> 220)

Median = 34

n = 247

Figure 43. Histogram of manganese content (parts per million, as-received, whole-coal basis) of the Springfield Coal in the 

Illinois Basin. Intervals on the x-axis are shown in parentheses.
Coal quality in the Illinois Basin E157

Mercury (as-received, whole-coal basis)

Springfield Coal

Parts per million 

Number of observations

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

(0,.1)

(.1,.2)

(.2,.3)

(.3,.4)

(.4,.5)

(.5,.6)

(.6,.7)

(.7,.8)

(.8,.9)

(.9,1.)

(1.,1.1)

(1.1,1.2)

(1.2,1.3)

(> 1.3)

Median = 0.09

n = 123

Figure 44. Histogram of mercury content (parts per million, as-received, whole-coal basis) of the Springfield Coal in the 

Illinois Basin. Intervals on the x-axis are shown in parentheses.
E158 Resource Assessment of the Springfield, Herrin, Danville, and Baker Coals in the Illinois Basin

Nickel (as-received, whole-coal basis)

Springfield Coal

Parts per million 

Number of observations

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

110

(0,5) (5,10) (10,15) (15,20) (20,25) (25,30) (30,35) (35,40) (> 40)

Median = 10

n = 250

Figure 45. Histogram of nickel content (parts per million, as-received, whole-coal basis) of the Springfield Coal in the 

Illinois Basin. Intervals on the x-axis are shown in parentheses.
Coal quality in the Illinois Basin E159

Figure 46. Histogram of selenium content (parts per million, as-received, whole-coal basis) of the Springfield Coal in the 

Illinois Basin. Intervals on the x-axis are shown in parentheses.

Selenium (as-received, whole-coal basis)

Springfield Coal

Parts per million 

Number of observations

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

(0,1)

(1,2)

(2,3)

(3,4)

(4,5)

(5,6)

(6,7)

(7,8)

(8,9)

(9,10)

(10,11)

(11,12)

(12,13)

(13,14)

(> 14)

Median = 2.0

n = 127
E160 Resource Assessment of the Springfield, Herrin, Danville, and Baker Coals in the Illinois Basin

Thorium (as-received, whole-coal basis)

Springfield Coal

Parts per million

Number of observations

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

(0,1) (1,2) (2,3) (3,4) (4,5) (5,6) (6,7) (7,8) (8,9) (9,10) (> 10)

Median = 1.3

n = 101

Figure 47. Histogram of thorium content (parts per million, as-received, whole-coal basis) of the Springfield Coal in the 

Illinois Basin. Intervals on the x-axis are shown in parentheses.
Coal quality in the Illinois Basin E161

Uranium (as-received, whole-coal basis)

Springfield Coal

Parts per million 

Number of observations

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

(0,2) (2,4) (4,6) (6,8) (8,10) (10,12) (12,14) (14,16) (> 16)

Median = 1.6

n = 110

Figure 48. Histogram of uranium content (parts per million, as-received, whole-coal basis) of the Springfield Coal in the 

Illinois Basin. Intervals on the x-axis are shown in parentheses.
Appendix 7. Graduated-symbol maps for ash yield, sulfur content, calorific value, and elements of environmental concern for the 

Springfield, Herrin, and Danville-Baker Coals in the Illinois Basin.
Coal quality in the Illinois Basin E163

50 

50 

Saint Louis

Greater Chicago Area Davenport

Dubuque

Owensboro

Louisville

Terre Haute

Bloomington

Indianapolis

South Bend

MICHIGAN LAKE MICHIGAN

INDIANA

KENTUCKY

ILLINOIS

ILLINOIS

WISCONSIN

IOWA

MISSOURI

Gary

TENNESSEE

90 ̊00' W 88 ̊00' W 86 ̊00' W

41 ̊00' N39 ̊00' N37 ̊00' N

Figure 1. Graduated-symbol map for ash yield (percent, as-received basis) of the Danville-Baker Coals in the Illinois Basin.
E164 Resource Assessment of the Springfield, Herrin, Danville, and Baker Coals in the Illinois Basin 

50 

50 

Saint Louis

Greater Chicago Area Davenport

Dubuque

Owensboro

Louisville

Terre Haute

Bloomington

Indianapolis

South Bend

MICHIGAN LAKE MICHIGAN

INDIANA

KENTUCKY

ILLINOIS

ILLINOIS

WISCONSIN

IOWA

MISSOURI

Gary

TENNE

SSEE

90 ̊00' W 88 ̊00' W 86 ̊00' W

41 ̊00' N39 ̊00' N37 ̊00' N

Figure 2. Graduated-symbol map for sulfur content (percent, as-received basis) of the Danville-Baker Coals in the Illinois Basin.
Coal quality in the Illinois Basin E165

50 

50 

Saint Louis

Greater Chicago Area Davenport

Dubuque

Owensboro

Louisville

Terre Haute

Bloomington

Indianapolis

South Bend

MICHIGAN LAKE MICHIGAN

INDIANA

KENTUCKY

ILLINOIS

ILLINOIS

WISCONSIN

IOWA

MISSOURI

Gary

TENNESSEE

90 ̊00' W 88 ̊00' W 86 ̊00' W

41 ̊00' N39 ̊00' N37 ̊00' N

Figure 3. Graduated-symbol map for calorific values (Btu/lb, as-received basis) of the Danville-Baker Coals in the 

Illinois Basin.
E166 Resource Assessment of the Springfield, Herrin, Danville, and Baker Coals in the Illinois Basin 

50 

50 

Saint Louis

Greater Chicago Area Davenport

Dubuque

Owensboro

Louisville

Terre Haute

Bloomington

Indianapolis

South Bend

MICHIGAN LAKE MICHIGAN

INDIANA

KENTUCKY

ILLINOIS

ILLINOIS

WISCONSIN

IOWA

MISSOURI

Gary

TENNE

SSEE

90 ̊00' W 88 ̊00' W 86 ̊00' W

41 ̊00' N39 ̊00' N37 ̊00' N

Figure 4. Graduated-symbol map for antimony content (parts per million, as-received, whole-coal basis) of the Danville-Baker Coals in the Illinois Basin.
Coal quality in the Illinois Basin E167

50 

50 

Saint Louis

Greater Chicago Area Davenport

Dubuque

Owensboro

Louisville

Terre Haute

Bloomington

Indianapolis

South Bend

MICHIGAN LAKE MICHIGAN

INDIANA

KENTUCKY

ILLINOIS

ILLINOIS

WISCONSIN

IOWA

MISSOURI

Gary

TENNESSEE

90 ̊00' W 88 ̊00' W 86 ̊00' W

41 ̊00' N39 ̊00' N37 ̊00' N

Figure 5. Graduated-symbol map for arsenic content (parts per million, as-received, whole-coal basis) of the 

Danville-Baker Coals in the Illinois Basin.
E168 Resource Assessment of the Springfield, Herrin, Danville, and Baker Coals in the Illinois Basin 

50 

50 

Saint Louis

Greater Chicago Area Davenport

Dubuque

Owensboro

Louisville

Terre Haute

Bloomington

Indianapolis

South Bend

MICHIGAN LAKE MICHIGAN

INDIANA

KENTUCKY

ILLINOIS

ILLINOIS

WISCONSIN

IOWA

MISSOURI

Gary

TENNE

SSEE

90 ̊00' W 88 ̊00' W 86 ̊00' W

41 ̊00' N39 ̊00' N37 ̊00' N

Figure 6. Graduated-symbol map for beryllium content (parts per million, as-received, whole-coal basis) of the 

Danville-Baker Coals in the Illinois Basin.
Coal quality in the Illinois Basin E169

50 

50 

Saint Louis

Greater Chicago Area Davenport

Dubuque

Owensboro

Louisville

Terre Haute

Bloomington

Indianapolis

South Bend

MICHIGAN LAKE MICHIGAN

INDIANA

KENTUCKY

ILLINOIS

ILLINOIS

WISCONSIN

IOWA

MISSOURI

Gary

TENNESSEE

90 ̊00' W 88 ̊00' W 86 ̊00' W

41 ̊00' N39 ̊00' N37 ̊00' N

Figure 7. Graduated-symbol map for cadmium content (parts per million, as-received, whole-coal basis) of the 

Danville-Baker Coals in the Illinois Basin.
E170 Resource Assessment of the Springfield, Herrin, Danville, and Baker Coals in the Illinois Basin 

50 

50 

Saint Louis

Greater Chicago Area Davenport

Dubuque

Owensboro

Louisville

Terre Haute

Bloomington

Indianapolis

South Bend

MICHIGAN LAKE MICHIGAN

INDIANA

KENTUCKY

ILLINOIS

ILLINOIS

WISCONSIN

IOWA

MISSOURI

Gary

TENNE

SSEE

90 ̊00' W 88 ̊00' W 86 ̊00' W

41 ̊00' N39 ̊00' N37 ̊00' N

Figure 8. Graduated-symbol map for chromium content (parts per million, as-received, whole-coal basis) of the 

Danville-Baker Coals in the Illinois Basin.
Coal quality in the Illinois Basin E171

50 

50 

Saint Louis

Greater Chicago Area Davenport

Dubuque

Owensboro

Louisville

Terre Haute

Bloomington

Indianapolis

South Bend

MICHIGAN LAKE MICHIGAN

INDIANA

KENTUCKY

ILLINOIS

ILLINOIS

WISCONSIN

IOWA

MISSOURI

Gary

TENNESSEE

90 ̊00' W 88 ̊00' W 86 ̊00' W

41 ̊00' N39 ̊00' N37 ̊00' N

Figure 9. Graduated-symbol map for cobalt content (parts per million, as-received, whole-coal basis) of the Danville-Baker Coals in the Illinois Basin.
E172 Resource Assessment of the Springfield, Herrin, Danville, and Baker Coals in the Illinois Basin 

50 

50 

Saint Louis

Greater Chicago Area Davenport

Dubuque

Owensboro

Louisville

Terre Haute

Bloomington

Indianapolis

South Bend

MICHIGAN LAKE MICHIGAN

INDIANA

KENTUCKY

ILLINOIS

ILLINOIS

WISCONSIN

IOWA

MISSOURI

Gary

TENNE

SSEE

90 ̊00' W 88 ̊00' W 86 ̊00' W

41 ̊00' N39 ̊00' N37 ̊00' N

Figure 10. Graduated-symbol map for lead content (parts per million, as-received, whole-coal basis) of the 

Danville-Baker Coals in the Illinois Basin.
Coal quality in the Illinois Basin E173

50 

50 

Saint Louis

Greater Chicago Area Davenport

Dubuque

Owensboro

Louisville

Terre Haute

Bloomington

Indianapolis

South Bend

MICHIGAN LAKE MICHIGAN

INDIANA

KENTUCKY

ILLINOIS

ILLINOIS

WISCONSIN

IOWA

MISSOURI

Gary

TENNESSEE

90 ̊00' W 88 ̊00' W 86 ̊00' W

41 ̊00' N39 ̊00' N37 ̊00' N

Figure 11. Graduated-symbol map for manganese content (parts per million, as-received, whole-coal basis) of the 

Danville-Baker Coals in the Illinois Basin.
E174 Resource Assessment of the Springfield, Herrin, Danville, and Baker Coals in the Illinois Basin 

50 

5

Saint Louis

Greater Chicago Area Davenport

Dubuque

Owensboro

Louisville

Terre Haute

Bloomington

Indianapolis

South Bend

MICHIGAN LAKE MICHIGAN

INDIANA

KENTUCKY

ILLINOIS

ILLINOIS

WISCONSIN

IOWA

MISSOURI

Gary

TENNESSEE 

90 ̊00' W 88 ̊00' W 86 ̊00' W

41 ̊00' N39 ̊00' N37 ̊00' N

Figure 12. Graduated-symbol map for mercury content (parts per million, as-received, whole-coal basis) of the Danville-Baker Coals in the Illinois Basin.
Coal quality in the Illinois Basin E175

50 

50 

Saint Louis

Greater Chicago Area Davenport

Dubuque

Owensboro

Louisville

Terre Haute

Bloomington

Indianapolis

South Bend

MICHIGAN LAKE MICHIGAN

INDIANA

KENTUCKY

ILLINOIS

ILLINOIS

WISCONSIN

IOWA

MISSOURI

Gary

TENNESSEE

90 ̊00' W 88 ̊00' W 86 ̊00' W

41 ̊00' N39 ̊00' N37 ̊00' N

Figure 13. Graduated-symbol map for nickel content (parts per million, as-received, whole-coal basis) of the 

Danville-Baker Coals in the Illinois Basin.
E176 Resource Assessment of the Springfield, Herrin, Danville, and Baker Coals in the Illinois Basin 

50 

50 

Saint Louis

Greater Chicago Area Davenport

Dubuque

Owensboro

Louisville

Terre Haute

Bloomington

Indianapolis

South Bend

MICHIGAN LAKE MICHIGAN

INDIANA

KENTUCKY

ILLINOIS

ILLINOIS

WISCONSIN

IOWA

MISSOURI

Gary

TENNESSEE

90 ̊00' W 88 ̊00' W 86 ̊00' W

41 ̊00' N39 ̊00' N37 ̊00' N

Figure 14. Graduated-symbol map for selenium content (parts per million, as-received, whole-coal basis) of the 

Danville-Baker Coals in the Illinois Basin.
Coal quality in the Illinois Basin E177

50 

5

Saint Louis

Greater Chicago Area Davenport

Dubuque

Owensboro

Louisville

Terre Haute

Bloomington

Indianapolis

South Bend

MICHIGAN LAKE MICHIGAN

INDIANA

KENTUCKY

ILLINOIS

ILLINOIS

WISCONSIN

IOWA

MISSOURI

Gary

TENNESSEE

90 ̊00' W 88 ̊00' W 86 ̊00' W

41 ̊00' N39 ̊00' N37 ̊00' N

Figure 15. Graduated-symbol map for thorium content (parts per million, as-received, whole-coal basis) of the Danville-Baker Co

Illinois Basin.
E178 Resource Assessment of the Springfield, Herrin, Danville, and Baker Coals in the Illinois Basin 

50 

5

Saint Louis

Greater Chicago Area Davenport

Dubuque

Owensboro

Louisville

Terre Haute

Bloomington

Indianapolis

South Bend

MICHIGAN LAKE MICHIGAN

INDIANA

KENTUCKY

ILLINOIS

ILLINOIS

WISCONSIN

IOWA

MISSOURI

Gary

TENNESSEE

90 ̊00' W 88 ̊00' W 86 ̊00' W

41 ̊00' N39 ̊00' N37 ̊00' N

Figure 16. Graduated-symbol map for uranium content (parts per million, as-received, whole-coal basis) of the 

Danville-Baker Coals in the Illinois Basin.
Coal quality in the Illinois Basin E179

50 

50 

Saint Louis

Greater Chicago Area Davenport

Dubuque

Owensboro

Louisville

Terre Haute

Bloomington

Indianapolis

South Bend

MICHIGAN LAKE MICHIGAN

INDIANA

KENTUCKY

ILLINOIS

ILLINOIS

WISCONSIN

IOWA

MISSOURI

Gary

TENNESSEE

90 ̊00' W 88 ̊00' W 86 ̊00' W

41 ̊00' N39 ̊00' N37 ̊00' N

Figure 17. Graduated-symbol map for ash yield (percent, as-received basis) of the Herrin Coal in the Illinois Basin.
E180 Resource Assessment of the Springfield, Herrin, Danville, and Baker Coals in the Illinois Basin 

50 

50 

Saint Louis

Greater Chicago Area Davenport

Dubuque

Owensboro

Louisville

Terre Haute

Bloomington

Indianapolis

South Bend

MICHIGAN LAKE MICHIGAN

INDIANA

KENTUCKY

ILLINOIS

ILLINOIS

WISCONSIN

IOWA

MISSOURI

Gary

TENNESSEE

90 ̊00' W 88 ̊00' W 86 ̊00' W

41 ̊00' N39 ̊00' N37 ̊00' N

Figure 18. Graduated-symbol map for sulfur content (percent, as-received basis) of the Herrin Coal in the Illinois Basin.
Coal quality in the Illinois Basin E181

50 

50 

Saint Louis

Greater Chicago Area Davenport

Dubuque

Owensboro

Louisville

Terre Haute

Bloomington

Indianapolis

South Bend

MICHIGAN LAKE MICHIGAN

INDIANA

KENTUCKY

ILLINOIS

ILLINOIS

WISCONSIN

IOWA

MISSOURI

Gary

TENNESSEE

90 ̊00' W 88 ̊00' W 86 ̊00' W

41 ̊00' N39 ̊00' N37 ̊00' N

Figure 19. Graduated-symbol map for calorific values (Btu/lb, as-received basis) of the Herrin Coal in the 

Illinois Basin.
E182 Resource Assessment of the Springfield, Herrin, Danville, and Baker Coals in the Illinois Basin 

50 

5

Saint Louis

Greater Chicago Area Davenport

Dubuque

Owensboro

Louisville

Terre Haute

Bloomington

Indianapolis

South Bend

MICHIGAN LAKE MICHIGAN

INDIANA

KENTUCKY

ILLINOIS

ILLINOIS

WISCONSIN

IOWA

MISSOURI

Gary

TENNESSEE

90 ̊00' W 88 ̊00' W 86 ̊00' W

41 ̊00' N39 ̊00' N37 ̊00' N

Figure 20. Graduated-symbol map for antimony content (parts per million, as-received, whole-coal basis) of the Herrin Coal in the Illinois Basin.
Coal quality in the Illinois Basin E183

50 

5

Saint Louis

Greater Chicago Area Davenport

Dubuque

Owensboro

Louisville

Terre Haute

Bloomington

Indianapolis

South Bend

MICHIGAN LAKE MICHIGAN

INDIANA

KENTUCKY

ILLINOIS

ILLINOIS

WISCONSIN

IOWA

MISSOURI

Gary

TENNESSEE

90 ̊00' W 88 ̊00' W 86 ̊00' W

41 ̊00' N39 ̊00' N37 ̊00' N

Figure 21. Graduated-symbol map for arsenic content (parts per million, as-received, whole-coal basis) of the Herrin Coal in the Illinois Basin.
E184 Resource Assessment of the Springfield, Herrin, Danville, and Baker Coals in the Illinois Basin 

50 

5

Saint Louis

Greater Chicago Area Davenport

Dubuque

Owensboro

Louisville

Terre Haute

Bloomington

Indianapolis

South Bend

MICHIGAN LAKE MICHIGAN

INDIANA

KENTUCKY

ILLINOIS

ILLINOIS

WISCONSIN

IOWA

MISSOURI

Gary

TENNESSEE

90 ̊00' W 88 ̊00' W 86 ̊00' W

41 ̊00' N39 ̊00' N37 ̊00' N

Figure 22. Graduated-symbol map for beryllium content (parts per million, as-received, whole-coal basis) of the Herrin Coal in the Illinois Basin.
Coal quality in the Illinois Basin E185

50 

50 

Saint Louis

Greater Chicago Area Davenport

Dubuque

Owensboro

Louisville

Terre Haute

Bloomington

Indianapolis

South Bend

MICHIGAN LAKE MICHIGAN

INDIANA

KENTUCKY

ILLINOIS

ILLINOIS

WISCONSIN

IOWA

MISSOURI

Gary

TENNESSEE

90 ̊00' W 88 ̊00' W 86 ̊00' W

41 ̊00' N39 ̊00' N37 ̊00' N

Figure 23. Graduated-symbol map for cadmium content (parts per million, as-received, whole-coal basis) of the Herrin Coal in the Illinois Basin.
E186 Resource Assessment of the Springfield, Herrin, Danville, and Baker Coals in the Illinois Basin 

50 

50 

Saint Louis

Greater Chicago Area Davenport

Dubuque

Owensboro

Louisville

Terre Haute

Bloomington

Indianapolis

South Bend

MICHIGAN LAKE MICHIGAN

INDIANA

KENTUCKY

ILLINOIS

ILLINOIS

WISCONSIN

IOWA

MISSOURI

Gary

TENNESSEE

90 ̊00' W 88 ̊00' W 86 ̊00' W

41 ̊00' N39 ̊00' N37 ̊00' N

Figure 24. Graduated-symbol map for chromium content (parts per million, as-received, whole-coal basis) of the Herrin Coal in the Illinois Basin.
Coal quality in the Illinois Basin E187

50 

50 

Saint Louis

Greater Chicago Area Davenport

Dubuque

Owensboro

Louisville

Terre Haute

Bloomington

Indianapolis

South Bend

MICHIGAN LAKE MICHIGAN

INDIANA

KENTUCKY

ILLINOIS

ILLINOIS

WISCONSIN

IOWA

MISSOURI

Gary

TENNESSEE

90 ̊00' W 88 ̊00' W 86 ̊00' W

41 ̊00' N39 ̊00' N37 ̊00' N

Figure 25. Graduated-symbol map for cobalt content (parts per million, as-received, whole-coal basis) of the 

Herrin Coal in the Illinois Basin.
E188 Resource Assessment of the Springfield, Herrin, Danville, and Baker Coals in the Illinois Basin 

50 

5

Saint Louis

Greater Chicago Area Davenport

Dubuque

Owensboro

Louisville

Terre Haute

Bloomington

Indianapolis

South Bend

MICHIGAN LAKE MICHIGAN

INDIANA

KENTUCKY

ILLINOIS

ILLINOIS

WISCONSIN

IOWA

MISSOURI

Gary

TENNESSEE

90 ̊00' W 88 ̊00' W 86 ̊00' W

41 ̊00' N39 ̊00' N37 ̊00' N

Figure 26. Graduated-symbol map for lead content (parts per million, as-received, whole-coal basis) of the 

Herrin Coal in the Illinois Basin.
Coal quality in the Illinois Basin E189

50 

5

Saint Louis

Greater Chicago Area Davenport

Dubuque

Owensboro

Louisville

Terre Haute

Bloomington

Indianapolis

South Bend

MICHIGAN LAKE MICHIGAN

INDIANA

KENTUCKY

ILLINOIS

ILLINOIS

WISCONSIN

IOWA

MISSOURI

Gary

TENNESSEE

90 ̊00' W 88 ̊00' W 86 ̊00' W

41 ̊00' N39 ̊00' N37 ̊00' N

Figure 27. Graduated-symbol map for manganese content (parts per million, as-received, whole-coal basis) of the 

Herrin Coal in the Illinois Basin.
E190 Resource Assessment of the Springfield, Herrin, Danville, and Baker Coals in the Illinois Basin 

50 

50 

M(

Saint Louis

Greater Chicago Area Davenport

Dubuque

Owensboro

Louisville

Terre Haute

Bloomington

Indianapolis

South Bend

MICHIGAN LAKE MICHIGAN

INDIANA

KENTUCKY

ILLINOIS

ILLINOIS

WISCONSIN

IOWA

MISSOURI

Gary

TENNESSEE

90 ̊00' W 88 ̊00' W 86 ̊00' W

41 ̊00' N39 ̊00' N37 ̊00' N

Figure 28. Graduated-symbol map for mercury content (parts per million, as-received, whole-coal basis) of the 

Herrin Coal in the Illinois Basin.
Coal quality in the Illinois Basin E191

50 

5

Saint Louis

Greater Chicago Area Davenport

Dubuque

Owensboro

Louisville

Terre Haute

Bloomington

Indianapolis

South Bend

MICHIGAN LAKE MICHIGAN

INDIANA

KENTUCKY

ILLINOIS

ILLINOIS

WISCONSIN

IOWA

MISSOURI

Gary

TENNESSEE

90 ̊00' W 88 ̊00' W 86 ̊00' W

41 ̊00' N39 ̊00' N37 ̊00' N

Figure 29. Graduated-symbol map for nickel content (parts per million, as-received, whole-coal basis) of the 

Herrin Coal in the Illinois Basin.
E192 Resource Assessment of the Springfield, Herrin, Danville, and Baker Coals in the Illinois Basin 

50 

50 

Saint Louis

Greater Chicago Area Davenport

Dubuque

Owensboro

Louisville

Terre Haute

Bloomington

Indianapolis

South Bend

MICHIGAN LAKE MICHIGAN

INDIANA

KENTUCKY

ILLINOIS

ILLINOIS

WISCONSIN

IOWA

MISSOURI

Gary

TENNESSEE

90 ̊00' W 88 ̊00' W 86 ̊00' W

41 ̊00' N39 ̊00' N37 ̊00' N

Figure 30. Graduated-symbol map for selenium content (parts per million, as-received, whole-coal basis) of the 

Herrin Coal in the Illinois Basin.
Coal quality in the Illinois Basin E193

50 

50 

Saint Louis

Greater Chicago Area Davenport

Dubuque

Owensboro

Louisville

Terre Haute

Bloomington

Indianapolis

South Bend

MICHIGAN LAKE MICHIGAN

INDIANA

KENTUCKY

ILLINOIS

ILLINOIS

WISCONSIN

IOWA

MISSOURI

Gary

TENNESSEE

90 ̊00' W 88 ̊00' W 86 ̊00' W

41 ̊00' N39 ̊00' N37 ̊00' N

Figure 31. Graduated-symbol map for thorium content (parts per million, as-received, whole-coal basis) of the 

Herrin Coal in the Illinois Basin.
E194 Resource Assessment of the Springfield, Herrin, Danville, and Baker Coals in the Illinois Basin 

H

50 

50 

U(CSR

Saint Louis

Greater Chicago Area Davenport

Dubuque

Owensboro

Louisville

Terre Haute

Bloomington

Indianapolis

South Bend

MICHIGAN LAKE MICHIGAN

INDIANA

KENTUCKY

ILLINOIS

ILLINOIS

WISCONSIN

IOWA

MISSOURI

Gary

TENNESSEE

90 ̊00' W 88 ̊00' W 86 ̊00' W

41 ̊00' N39 ̊00' N37 ̊00' N

Figure 32. Graduated-symbol map for uranium content (parts per million, as-received, whole-coal basis) of the 

Herrin Coal in the Illinois Basin.
Coal quality in the Illinois Basin E195

50 

50 

Saint Louis

Greater Chicago Area Davenport

Dubuque

Owensboro

Louisville

Terre Haute

Bloomington

Indianapolis

South Bend

MICHIGAN LAKE MICHIGAN

INDIANA

KENTUCKY

ILLINOIS

ILLINOIS

WISCONSIN

IOWA

MISSOURI

Gary

TENNESSEE

90 ̊00' W 88 ̊00' W 86 ̊00' W

41 ̊00' N39 ̊00' N37 ̊00' N

Figure 33. Graduated-symbol map for ash yield (percent, as-received basis) of the Springfield Coal in the Illinois Basin.
E196 Resource Assessment of the Springfield, Herrin, Danville, and Baker Coals in the Illinois Basin 

50 

50 

Saint Louis

Greater Chicago Area Davenport

Dubuque

Owensboro

Louisville

Terre Haute

Bloomington

Indianapolis

South Bend

MICHIGAN LAKE MICHIGAN

INDIANA

KENTUCKY

ILLINOIS

ILLINOIS

WISCONSIN

IOWA

MISSOURI

Gary

TENNES

SEE

90 ̊00' W 88 ̊00' W 86 ̊00' W

41 ̊00' N39 ̊00' N37 ̊00' N

Figure 34. Graduated-symbol map for sulfur content (percent, as-received basis) of the Springfield Coal in the 

Illinois Basin.
Coal quality in the Illinois Basin E197

50 

50 

Saint Louis

Greater Chicago Area Davenport

Dubuque

Owensboro

Louisville

Terre Haute

Bloomington

Indianapolis

South Bend

MICHIGAN LAKE MICHIGAN

INDIANA

KENTUCKY

ILLINOIS

ILLINOIS

WISCONSIN

IOWA

MISSOURI

Gary

TENNESSEE

90 ̊00' W 88 ̊00' W 86 ̊00' W

41 ̊00' N39 ̊00' N37 ̊00' N

Figure 35. Graduated-symbol map for calorific values (Btu/lb, as-received basis) of the Springfield Coal in the 

Illinois Basin.
E198 Resource Assessment of the Springfield, Herrin, Danville, and Baker Coals in the Illinois Basin 

50 

5

Saint Louis

Greater Chicago Area Davenport

Dubuque

Owensboro

Louisville

Terre Haute

Bloomington

Indianapolis

South Bend

MICHIGAN LAKE MICHIGAN

INDIANA

KENTUCKY

ILLINOIS

ILLINOIS

WISCONSIN

IOWA

MISSOURI

Gary

TENNESSEE

90 ̊00' W 88 ̊00' W 86 ̊00' W

41 ̊00' N39 ̊00' N37 ̊00' N

Figure 36. Graduated-symbol map for antimony content (parts per million, as-received, whole-coal basis) of the 

Springfield Coal in the Illinois Basin.
Coal quality in the Illinois Basin E199

50 

50 

Saint Louis

Greater Chicago Area Davenport

Dubuque

Owensboro

Louisville

Terre Haute

Bloomington

Indianapolis

South Bend

MICHIGAN LAKE MICHIGAN

INDIANA

KENTUCKY

ILLINOIS

ILLINOIS

WISCONSIN

IOWA

MISSOURI

Gary

TENNESSEE

90 ̊00' W 88 ̊00' W 86 ̊00' W

41 ̊00' N39 ̊00' N37 ̊00' N

Figure 37. Graduated-symbol map for arsenic content (parts per million, as-received, whole-coal basis) of the Springfield Coal in the Illinois Basin.
E200 Resource Assessment of the Springfield, Herrin, Danville, and Baker Coals in the Illinois Basin 

50 

50 

Saint Louis

Greater Chicago Area Davenport

Dubuque

Owensboro

Louisville

Terre Haute

Bloomington

Indianapolis

South Bend

MICHIGAN LAKE MICHIGAN

INDIANA

KENTUCKY

ILLINOIS

ILLINOIS

WISCONSIN

IOWA

MISSOURI

Gary

TENNES

SEE

90 ̊00' W 88 ̊00' W 86 ̊00' W

41 ̊00' N39 ̊00' N37 ̊00' N

Figure 38. Graduated-symbol map for beryllium content (parts per million, as-received, whole-coal basis) of the 

Springfield Coal in the Illinois Basin.
Coal quality in the Illinois Basin E201

50 

50 

Saint Louis

Greater Chicago Area Davenport

Dubuque

Owensboro

Louisville

Terre Haute

Bloomington

Indianapolis

South Bend

MICHIGAN LAKE MICHIGAN

INDIANA

KENTUCKY

ILLINOIS

ILLINOIS

WISCONSIN

IOWA

MISSOURI

Gary

TENNESSEE

90 ̊00' W 88 ̊00' W 86 ̊00' W

41 ̊00' N39 ̊00' N37 ̊00' N

Figure 39. Graduated-symbol map for cadmium content (parts per million, as-received, whole-coal basis) of the 

Springfield Coal in the Illinois Basin.
E202 Resource Assessment of the Springfield, Herrin, Danville, and Baker Coals in the Illinois Basin 

50 

50 

Saint Louis

Greater Chicago Area Davenport

Dubuque

Owensboro

Louisville

Terre Haute

Bloomington

Indianapolis

South Bend

MICHIGAN LAKE MICHIGAN

INDIANA

KENTUCKY

ILLINOIS

ILLINOIS

WISCONSIN

IOWA

MISSOURI

Gary

TENNESSEE

90 ̊00' W 88 ̊00' W 86 ̊00' W

41 ̊00' N39 ̊00' N37 ̊00' N

Figure 40. Graduated-symbol map for chromium content (parts per million, as-received, whole-coal basis) of the Springfield Coal in the Illinois Basin.
Coal quality in the Illinois Basin E203

50 

50 

Saint Louis

Greater Chicago Area Davenport

Dubuque

Owensboro

Louisville

Terre Haute

Bloomington

Indianapolis

South Bend

MICHIGAN LAKE MICHIGAN

INDIANA

KENTUCKY

ILLINOIS

ILLINOIS

WISCONSIN

IOWA

MISSOURI

Gary

TENNESSEE

90 ̊00' W 88 ̊00' W 86 ̊00' W

41 ̊00' N39 ̊00' N37 ̊00' N

Figure 41. Graduated-symbol map for cobalt content (parts per million, as-received, whole-coal basis) of the 

Springfield Coal in the Illinois Basin.
E204 Resource Assessment of the Springfield, Herrin, Danville, and Baker Coals in the Illinois Basin 

50 

5

Saint Louis

Greater Chicago Area Davenport

Dubuque

Owensboro

Louisville

Terre Haute

Bloomington

Indianapolis

South Bend

MICHIGAN LAKE MICHIGAN

INDIANA

KENTUCKY

ILLINOIS

ILLINOIS

WISCONSIN

IOWA

MISSOURI

Gary

TENNESSEE

90 ̊00' W 88 ̊00' W 86 ̊00' W

41 ̊00' N39 ̊00' N37 ̊00' N

Figure 42. Graduated-symbol map for lead content (parts per million, as-received, whole-coal basis) of the 

Springfield Coal in the Illinois Basin.
Coal quality in the Illinois Basin E205

50 

50 

Saint Louis

Greater Chicago Area Davenport

Dubuque

Owensboro

Louisville

Terre Haute

Bloomington

Indianapolis

South Bend

MICHIGAN LAKE MICHIGAN

INDIANA

KENTUCKY

ILLINOIS

ILLINOIS

WISCONSIN

IOWA

MISSOURI

Gary

TENNESSEE

90 ̊00' W 88 ̊00' W 86 ̊00' W

41 ̊00' N39 ̊00' N37 ̊00' N

Figure 43. Graduated-symbol map for manganese content (parts per million, as-received, whole-coal basis) of the 

Springfield Coal in the Illinois Basin.
E206 Resource Assessment of the Springfield, Herrin, Danville, and Baker Coals in the Illinois Basin 

50 

50 

Saint Louis

Greater Chicago Area Davenport

Dubuque

Owensboro

Louisville

Terre Haute

Bloomington

Indianapolis

South Bend

MICHIGAN LAKE MICHIGAN

INDIANA

KENTUCKY

ILLINOIS

ILLINOIS

WISCONSIN

IOWA

MISSOURI

Gary

TENNESSEE

90 ̊00' W 88 ̊00' W 86 ̊00' W

41 ̊00' N39 ̊00' N37 ̊00' N

Figure 44. Graduated-symbol map for mercury content (parts per million, as-received, whole-coal basis) of the 

Springfield Coal in the Illinois Basin.
Coal quality in the Illinois Basin E207

50 

50 

Saint Louis

Greater Chicago Area Davenport

Dubuque

Owensboro

Louisville

Terre Haute

Bloomington

Indianapolis

South Bend

MICHIGAN LAKE MICHIGAN

INDIANA

KENTUCKY

ILLINOIS

ILLINOIS

WISCONSIN

IOWA

MISSOURI

Gary

TENNESSEE

90 ̊00' W 88 ̊00' W 86 ̊00' W

41 ̊00' N39 ̊00' N37 ̊00' N

Figure 45. Graduated-symbol map for nickel content (parts per million, as-received, whole-coal basis) of the 

Springfield Coal in the Illinois Basin.
E208 Resource Assessment of the Springfield, Herrin, Danville, and Baker Coals in the Illinois Basin 

50 

50 

Saint Louis

Greater Chicago Area Davenport

Dubuque

Owensboro

Louisville

Terre Haute

Bloomington

Indianapolis

South Bend

MICHIGAN LAKE MICHIGAN

INDIANA

KENTUCKY

ILLINOIS

ILLINOIS

WISCONSIN

IOWA

MISSOURI

Gary

TENNESSEE

90 ̊00' W 88 ̊00' W 86 ̊00' W

41 ̊00' N39 ̊00' N37 ̊00' N

Figure 46. Graduated-symbol map for selenium content (parts per million, as-received, whole-coal basis) of the Springfield Coal in the Illinois Basin.
Coal quality in the Illinois Basin E209

S

50 

50 

T(CSR

Saint Louis

Greater Chicago Area Davenport

Dubuque

Owensboro

Louisville

Terre Haute

Bloomington

Indianapolis

South Bend

MICHIGAN LAKE MICHIGAN

INDIANA

KENTUCKY

ILLINOIS

ILLINOIS

WISCONSIN

IOWA

MISSOURI

Gary

TENNESSEE

90 ̊00' W 88 ̊00' W 86 ̊00' W

41 ̊00' N39 ̊00' N37 ̊00' N

I

Figure 47. Graduated-symbol map for thorium content (parts per million, as-received, whole-coal basis) of the 

Springfield Coal in the Illinois Basin.
E210 Resource Assessment of the Springfield, Herrin, Danville, and Baker Coals in the Illinois Basin 

50 

Saint Louis

Greater Chicago Area

Davenport

Dubuque

Owensboro

Louisville

Terre Haute

Bloomington

Indianapolis

South Bend

MICHIGAN LAKE MICHIGAN

INDIANA

KENTUCKY

ILLINOIS

ILLINOIS

WISCONSIN

IOWA

MISSOURI

Gary

TENNESSEE

90 ̊00' W 88 ̊00' W 86 ̊00' W

41 ̊00' N39 ̊00' N37 ̊00' N

Figure 48. Graduated-symbol map for uranium content (parts per million, as-received, whole-coal basis) of the 

Springfield Coal in the Illinois Basin.
Coal quality in the Illinois Basin E211

Appendix 8. Explanation of chemical data columns in the 

U.S. Geological Survey, Indiana Geological Survey, Kentucky 

Geological Survey, and Illinois State Geological Survey coal 

database files created for the resource assessment of the 

Springfield, Herrin, Danville, and Baker Coals in the Illinois 

Basin.
E212 Resource Assessment of the Springfield, Herrin, Danville, and Baker Coals in the Illinois Basin

Field Name Type Description

SAMPID TEXT Analysis Identification Number. 

STATE TEXT Name of State where sample was collected. 

COUNTY TEXT Name of county in State where sample was collected. 

DLAT REAL Decimal Latitude coordinate for point source location of coal sample. 

DLONG REAL Decimal Longitude coordinate for point source location of coal sample. 

CFORMATN TEXT Formation Name—Stratigraphic formation name specified by the collector of the 

sample. 

CGROUP TEXT Group Name—Stratigraphic group name specified by the collector of the sample. 

CBED TEXT Bed Name—Stratigraphic bed name specified by the collector of the sample. 

DEPTH TEXT Depth from the surface of the earth to the top of the sample if the sample is part of a 

drill core. If samples are not drill cores, but samples are benched, then depth is a 

measure from the top of the uppermost bench to the top of the next sample in the 

benched series. (Depth is measured in inches).

SAMPTHK TEXT Thickness of the sample, measured in inches. 

COMMENTS TEXT Used as a comment field to describe the mine name, the drill hole identified, or other 

miscellaneous information about the sample. 

SYSTEM TEXT System designates a fundamental unit of the sample's geologic age.

POINTID TEXT The field number assigned by the collector or submitter of the sample. 

MOISTR TEXT (as-received basis) Moisture content in percent as determined by ASTM method D3173.

Table 1. Explanation of chemical data columns in the U.S. Geological Survey’s chemical files created for the 

resource assessment of the Springfield, Herrin, Danville, and Baker Coals in the Illinois Basin.

[This is a simplified data dictionary showing Field Name, Type, and Description for all the columns in the ASCII files ilhechmu.txt, 

indachmu.txt, inspchmu.txt, incgchmu.txt, inrgchmu.txt, kyspchmu.txt, kydachmu.txt, kyhechmu.txt, kyrgchmu.txt, kycgchmu.txt, and 

uschmu.txt. These text files and this file were created by R.H. Affolter (affolter@usgs.gov) of the U.S. Geological Survey from the USGS 

USCHEM database and were used to create the ArcView chemical data shapefiles for the assessed Springfield, Herrin, Danville, and Baker 

Coals, and the nonassessed Carbondale Group or Formation, Raccoon Creek Group, and McLeansboro Group coals in the Illinois Basin. 

Column definitions were modified from Bragg and others, 1998. All columns_Q in these files are used for the qualified data values and are 

indicated by L (less than), B (not determined), N (not detected), or G (greater than). For detailed descriptions of U.S. Geological Survey 

analytical methods, see Swanson and Huffman (1976), Baedecker (1987), and Golightly and Simon (1989), or see the related metadata files 

for USGS chemical data. For limitations of the coal quality, data see Finkelman and others (1994). All columns except DLAT and DLONG 

are in text to preserve significant figures.]
Coal quality in the Illinois Basin E213

Field Name Type Description 

VOLMAT TEXT (as-received basis) Volatile matter content in percent as determined by ASTM method 

D-3175.

FIXEDC TEXT (as-received basis) Fixed Carbon content in percent as determined by ASTM method D3172. 

STDASH TEXT (as-received basis) Ash yield in percent as determined by ASTM method D-3174 (ash

obtained at 750 degrees Centigrade).

HYDRGN TEXT (as-received basis) Hydrogen content in percent as determined by ASTM method D3178. 

CARBON TEXT (as-received basis) Carbon content in percent as determined by ASTM method D-3178.

NITRGN TEXT (as-received basis) Nitrogen content in percent as determined by ASTM method D3179. 

OXYGEN TEXT (as-received basis) Oxygen content in percent as determined by ASTM method D-3176. 

SULFUR TEXT (as-received basis) Sulfur content in percent as determined by ASTM method D-3177.

BTU TEXT (as-received basis) Gross calorific value of the coal sample expressed in British 

Thermal Units (BTU/lb) as determined by ASTM method D-2015. 

SLFATE TEXT (as-received basis) Sulfate content in percent as determined by ASTM method D-2492. 

SLFPYR TEXT (as-received basis) Pyritic Sulfur content in percent as determined by ASTM method D2492. 

SLFORG TEXT (as-received basis) Organic Sulfur content in percent as determined by ASTM method 

D-2492. 

ASHDEF TEXT (as-received basis) Ash Deformation temperature in degrees Fahrenheit as determined

by ASTM method D1857 in reducing atmosphere. 

ASHSOF TEXT (as-received basis) Ash Softening temperature in degrees Fahrenheit as determined by 

ASTM method D1857 in reducing atmosphere. 

ASHFLD TEXT (as-received basis) Ash Fluid temperature in degrees Fahrenheit as determined by 

ASTM method D1857 in reducing atmosphere. 

FRESWL TEXT (as-received basis) Free-Swelling index as determined by ASTM method D-720. 

ADLOSS TEXT (as-received basis) Air-Dried loss content in percent as determined by ASTM method 

D-2013. 

GSASH TEXT Ash yield in percent as determined by USGS laboratories (ash obtained at 525 degrees

Centigrade).

Table 1. Explanation of chemical data columns in the U.S. Geological Survey’s chemical files created for the resource 

assessment of the Springfield, Herrin, Danville, and Baker Coals in the Illinois Basin—Continued.
E214 Resource Assessment of the Springfield, Herrin, Danville, and Baker Coals in the Illinois Basin

Field Name Type Description 

SI_E TEXT (as-received, whole-coal basis) Silicon (Si) content in percent converted from content 

as determined on coal ash by USGS laboratories using X-ray fluorescence analysis (ash

obtained at 525 degrees Centigrade)—May be converted from SiO2 content in percent 

which was determined by the same method. 

AL_E TEXT (as-received, whole-coal basis) Aluminum (Al) content in percent converted from 

content as determined on coal ash by USGS laboratories using X-ray fluorescence 

analysis (ash obtained at 525 degrees Centigrade)—May be converted from Al 2O3

content in percent which was determined by the same method. 

CA_E TEXT (as-received, whole-coal basis) Calcium (Ca) content in percent converted from 

content as determined on coal ash by USGS laboratories using X-ray fluorescence 

analysis (ash obtained at 525 degrees Centigrade)—May be converted from CaO 

content in percent which was determined by the same method. 

MG_E TEXT (as-received, whole-coal basis) Magnesium (Mg) content in percent converted from 

content as determined on coal ash by USGS laboratories using wet chemistry analysis

(atomic absorption: ash obtained at 525 degrees Centigrade)—May be converted from 

MgO content in percent which was determined by the same method.

NA_E TEXT (as-received, whole-coal basis) Sodium (Na) content in percent converted from content 

as determined on coal ash by USGS laboratories using wet chemistry analysis (atomic 

absorption: ash obtained at 525 degrees Centigrade)—May be converted from Na 2O 

content in percent which was determined by the same method.

K_E TEXT (as-received, whole-coal basis) Potassium (K) content in percent converted from 

content as determined on coal ash by USGS laboratories using X-ray fluorescence 

analysis (ash obtained at 525 degrees Centigrade)—May be converted from K2O 

content in percent which was determined by the same method.

FE_E TEXT (as-received, whole-coal basis) Iron (Fe) content in percent converted from content as

determined on coal ash by USGS laboratories using X-ray fluorescence analysis (ash

obtained at 525 degrees Centigrade)—May be converted from Fe2O3

 content in percent 

which was determined by the same method. 

TI_E TEXT (as-received, whole-coal basis) Titanium (Ti) content in percent converted from content 

as determined on coal ash by USGS laboratories using X-ray fluorescence analysis (ash

obtained at 525 degrees Centigrade)—May be converted from TiO2 content in percent 

which was determined by the same method.

AS_E TEXT (as-received, whole-coal basis) Arsenic (As) content in parts per million as determined

on whole-coal by USGS laboratories using either wet chemistry analysis or

Instrumental Neutron Activation Analysis (INAA). 

B_E TEXT (as-received, whole-coal basis) Boron (B) content in parts per million converted from 

content determined on coal ash by USGS laboratories using either 6-Step emission 

spectrographic analysis for older samples or automatic plate reading computer-assisted

emission spectrographic analysis (ash obtained at 525 degrees Centigrade). 

Table 1. Explanation of chemical data columns in the U.S. Geological Survey’s chemical files created for the resource 

assessment of the Springfield, Herrin, Danville, and Baker Coals in the Illinois Basin—Continued.
Coal quality in the Illinois Basin E215

Field Name Type Description 

BA_E TEXT (as-received, whole-coal basis) Barium (Ba) content in parts per million converted from 

content determined on coal ash by USGS laboratories using either 6-Step emission 

spectrographic analysis for older samples or automatic plate reading computer-assisted

emission spectrographic analysis (ash obtained at 525 degrees Centigrade). 

BE_E TEXT (as-received, whole-coal basis) Beryllium (Be) content in parts per million converted

from content determined on coal ash by USGS laboratories using either 6-Step emission 

spectrographic analysis for older samples or automatic plate reading computer-assisted

emission spectrographic analysis (ash obtained at 525 degrees Centigrade). 

CD_E TEXT (as-received, whole-coal basis) Cadmium (Cd) content in parts per million converted

from content determined on coal ash by USGS laboratories using wet chemistry 

analysis (atomic absorption—ash obtained at 525 degrees Centigrade). 

CO_E TEXT (as-received, whole-coal basis) Cobalt (Co) content in parts per million converted from 

content determined on coal ash by USGS laboratories using either semi-quantitative 6-

Step emission spectrographic analysis or automatic plate reading computer-assisted

emission spectrographic analysis (ash obtained at 525 degrees Centigrade) or on a 

whole-coal basis using Instrumental Neutron Activation Analysis (INAA). 

CR_E TEXT (as-received, whole-coal basis) Chromium (Cr) content in parts per million converted

from content determined on coal ash by USGS laboratories using either semiquantitative 6-Step emission spectrographic analysis for older samples or automatic

plate reading computer-assisted emission spectrographic analysis (ash obtained at 525 

degrees Centigrade) or on a whole-coal basis using Instrumental Neutron Activation 

Analysis. 

CU_E TEXT (as-received, whole-coal basis) Copper (Cu) content in parts per million converted from 

content determined on coal ash by USGS laboratories using wet chemistry analysis

(atomic absorption—ash obtained at 525 degrees Centigrade).

F_E TEXT (as-received, whole-coal basis) Fluorine (F) content in parts per million as determined

on whole-coal by USGS laboratories using wet chemistry analysis (ion-selective 

electrode). 

GA_E TEXT (as-received, whole-coal basis) Gallium (Ga) content in parts per million converted

from content determined on coal ash by USGS laboratories using either 6-Step emission 

spectrographic analysis for older samples or automatic plate reading computer-assisted

emission spectrographic analysis (ash obtained at 525 degrees Centigrade). 

GE_E TEXT (as-received, whole-coal basis) Germanium (Ge) content in parts per million converted

from content determined on coal ash by USGS laboratories using either 6-Step emission 

spectrographic analysis for older samples or automatic plate reading computer-assisted

emission spectrographic analysis (ash obtained at 525 degrees Centigrade). 

Table 1. Explanation of chemical data columns in the U.S. Geological Survey’s chemical files created for the resource 

assessment of the Springfield, Herrin, Danville, and Baker Coals in the Illinois Basin—Continued.
E216 Resource Assessment of the Springfield, Herrin, Danville, and Baker Coals in the Illinois Basin

Field Name Type Description 

HG_E TEXT (as-received, whole-coal basis) Mercury (Hg) content in parts per million as determined

on whole-coal by USGS laboratories using wet chemistry analysis (cold-vapor atomic

absorption). 

LA_E TEXT (as-received, whole-coal basis) Lanthanum (La) content in parts per million converted

from content determined on coal ash by USGS laboratories using either 6-Step emission 

spectrographic analysis for older samples or automatic plate reading computer-assisted

emission spectrographic analysis (ash obtained at 525 degrees Centigrade) or on a 

whole-coal basis using Instrumental Neutron Activation Analysis (INAA). 

LI_E TEXT (as-received, whole-coal basis) Lithium (Li) content in parts per million converted from 

content determined on coal ash by USGS laboratories using wet chemistry analysis

(atomic absorption—ash obtained at 525 degrees Centigrade).

MN_E TEXT (as-received, whole-coal basis) Manganese (Mn) content in parts per million converted

from content determined on coal ash by USGS laboratories using either 6-Step emission 

spectrographic analysis for older samples or automatic plate reading computer-assisted

emission spectrographic analysis (ash obtained at 525 degrees Centigrade) and later 

using wet chemistry analysis (atomic absorption on the ash). 

MO_E TEXT (as-received, whole-coal basis) Molybdenum (Mo) content in parts per million 

converted from content determined on coal ash by USGS laboratories using either 6-

Step emission spectrographic analysis for older samples or automatic plate reading 

computer-assisted emission spectrographic analysis (ash obtained at 525 degrees

Centrigrade). 

NB_E TEXT (as-received, whole-coal basis) Niobium (Nb) content in parts per million converted

from content determined on coal ash by USGS laboratories using either 6-Step emission 

spectrographic analysis for older samples or automatic plate reading computer-assisted

emission spectrographic analysis (ash obtained at 525 degrees Centrigrade). 

NI_E TEXT (as-received, whole-coal basis) Nickel (Ni) content in parts per million converted from 

content determined on coal ash by USGS laboratories using either 6-Step emission 

spectrographic analysis for older samples or automatic plate reading computer-assisted

emission spectrographic analysis (ash obtained at 525 degrees Centrigrade). 

P_E TEXT (as-received, whole-coal basis) Phosphorus (P) content in parts per million as

determined on the coal ash or whole-coal by USGS laboratories using X-ray 

fluorescence analysis (ash obtained at 525 degrees Centigrade)—May be converted

from P2

O5 content in percent which was determined by the same method. 

PB_E TEXT (as-received, whole-coal basis) Lead (Pb) content in parts per million converted from 

content determined on coal ash by USGS laboratories using wet chemistry analysis

(atomic absorption—ash obtained at 525 degrees Centigrade). 

SB_E TEXT (as-received, whole-coal basis) Antimony (Sb) content in parts per million as

determined on whole-coal by USGS laboratories using wet chemistry analysis

(Rhodamine B) or on Instrumental Neutron Activation Analysis (INAA). 

Table 1. Explanation of chemical data columns in the U.S. Geological Survey’s chemical files created for the resource 

assessment of the Springfield, Herrin, Danville, and Baker Coals in the Illinois Basin—Continued.
Coal quality in the Illinois Basin E217

Field Name Type Description 

SC_E TEXT (as-received, whole-coal basis) Scandium (Sc) content in parts per million converted

from content determined on coal ash by USGS laboratories using either 6-Step emission 

spectrographic analysis for older samples or automatic plate reading computer-assisted

emission spectrographic analysis (ash obtained at 525 degrees Centigrade) or on a 

whole-coal basis using Instrumental Neutron Activation Analysis (INAA). 

SE_E TEXT (as-received, whole-coal basis) Selenium (Se) content in parts per million as

determined on whole-coal basis by USGS laboratories using Xray-fluorescence or on a 

whole-coal basis using Instrumental Neutron Activation Analysis (INAA). 

SR_E TEXT (as-received, whole-coal basis) Strontium (Sr) content in parts per million converted

from content determined on coal ash by USGS laboratories using either 6-Step emission 

spectrographic analysis for older samples or automatic plate reading computer-assisted

emission spectrographic analysis (ash obtained at 525 degrees Centigrade). 

TH_E TEXT (as-received, whole-coal basis) Thorium (Th) content in parts per million as determined

on whole-coal basis by USGS laboratories using Delayed Neutron Analysis (DNA) for 

older samples and Instrumental Neutron Activation analysis (INAA). 

U_E TEXT (as-received, whole-coal basis) Uranium (U) content in parts per million as determined

on whole-coal basis by USGS laboratories using Delayed Neutron Analysis (DNA). 

V_E TEXT (as-received, whole-coal basis) Vanadium (V) content in parts per million converted

from content determined on coal ash by USGS laboratories using either 6-Step emission 

spectrographic analysis for older samples or automatic plate reading computer-assisted

emission spectrographic analysis (ash obtained at 525 degrees Centigrade). 

Y_E TEXT (as-received, whole-coal basis) Yttrium (Y) content in parts per million converted from 

content determined on coal ash by USGS laboratories using either 6-Step emission 

spectrographic analysis for older samples or automatic plate reading computer-assisted

emission spectrographic analysis (ash obtained at 525 degrees Centigrade). 

YB_E TEXT (as-received, whole-coal basis) Ytterbium (Yb) content in parts per million converted

from content determined on coal ash by USGS laboratories using either 6-Step emission 

spectrographic analysis for older samples or automatic plate reading computer-assisted

emission spectrographic analysis (ash obtained at 525 degrees Centigrade) or on a 

whole-coal basis using Instrumental Neutron Activation Analysis (INAA). 

ZN_E TEXT (as-received, whole-coal basis) Zinc (Zn) content in parts per million converted from 

content determined on coal ash by USGS laboratories using wet chemistry analysis

(atomic absorption ash obtained at 525 degrees Centigrade).

ZR_E TEXT (as-received, whole-coal basis) Zirconium (Zr) content in parts per million converted

from content determined on coal ash by USGS laboratories using either 6-Step emission 

spectrographic analysis for older samples or automatic plate reading omputer-assisted

emission spectrographic analysis (ash obtained at 525 degrees Centigrade).

Table 1. Explanation of chemical data columns in the U.S. Geological Survey’s chemical files created for the resource 

assessment of the Springfield, Herrin, Danville, and Baker Coals in the Illinois Basin—Continued.
E218 Resource Assessment of the Springfield, Herrin, Danville, and Baker Coals in the Illinois Basin

Field Name Type Description 

Smpnme Text Coal sample number 

Cnty Text County name

Cvltwp Text Civil township name

Clctr Text Collector(s) of coal and associated samples and the recorder(s) of sample-site

description including the sample-site stratigraphic section.

Smpsrc Text Source of the sample. 

Smptyp Text Sample type 

Moist Text Visual estimate of the moisture condition of the sample made when the sample

was collected. 

Cond Text Weathering condition of the sampled coal. Sample can be assumed to be freshly

exposed coal when this field is blank. "Weathered" indicates that the coal had a 

weathered appearance.

Strnme Text Stratigraphic name for the sampled coal bed.

Altnme Text Alternate names for the sampled coal bed, or commonly used unofficial names 

for a coal bed.

Date Text Date sample was collected and recorded in the form MM/DD/YY where MM = 

month, DD = day, and YY last two digits of year. 

Wdth Text Width of channel cut or diameter of drill core in decimal feet. 

Dpth Text Depth of channel cut in decimal feet. 

Twp Text Township number followed by "N" for north and "S" for south of Buckingham’s 

Base Line. 

Table 2. Explanation of chemical data columns in the Indiana coal analysis database files created for the 

resource assessment of the Springfield, Herrin, Danville, and Baker Coals in the Illinois Basin.

[This is a simplified data dictionary showing Field Name, Value, and Description for all the columns in the ASCII files indachms.txt, inspchms.txt, incgchms.txt, inrgchms.txt, and inchms.txt. These text files and this file were created by R.H. Affolter (affolter@usgs.gov) of the 

U.S. Geological Survey from “The Indiana coal analysis database; Computer database I,” 1992, by Walter A. Hasenmueller and Louis V. Miller, and were used to create the ArcView chemical data shape files of the Springfield, Danville, Carbondale Group, and Raccoon Creek Group 

coals for the Illinois Basin resource assessment. The purpose of this file is to briefly explain the abbreviations used in the Indiana coal analysis 

database published by the Indiana Geological Survey (IGS). Each record in this file represents a coal sample and comprises the variables defined below in the order they appear in the database. For detailed information on field names, values, and descriptions see Hasenmueller 

(whasenmu@indiana.edu) and Miller (1992). For additional information see the related metadata files for the Indiana chemical data. All columns except Lat-dd and Long-dd are in text to preserve the original numbers.]
Coal quality in the Illinois Basin E219

Field Name Type Description 

Rng Text Range number followed by "W" or "E" to designate west or east of the Second 

Principal Meridian. 

Sec Text Section number or equivalent. Three alpha characters followed by a "." indicate 

the type of land subdivision, which is followed by the two- or three-digit integer 

number of that subdivision.

Qtr Text Subdivisions of sections. Abbreviations for quarter, half, and center are separated 

by commas and listed in the normal order, i.e., smallest to the largest quarter. 

Lat-dd Real Latitude in decimal degrees. 

Long-dd Real Longitude in decimal degrees. 

Spe Text State plane easting coordinate. 

Spn Text State plane northing coordinate. 

Utme Text Universal transverse Mercator easting coordinate. 

Utmn Text Universal transverse Mercator northing coordinate. 

Quad Text U.S. Geological Survey 71/2-minute quadrangle map name. 

Comp Text Name of the company operating the mine from which a sample was collected or

the name of the company operating the drill rig that cut the core from which the 

sample was collected. 

Mine Text Name of the mine or drill hole from which a sample was collected. 

Cmnt Text Comment field.

Analdate Text Date analysis was completed and recorded in the form MM/DD/YY, where MM 

= month, DD = date, and YY = last two digits of year. 

Analyst Text Chemist who analyzed the coal sample. 

Adl Text Air dried loss.

Moar Text Moisture on the as-received basis.

Ashar Text Ash on the as-received basis.

Volar Text Volatile matter on the as-received basis.

Fixar Text Fixed carbon on the as-received basis.

Car Text Ultimate carbon on the as-received basis.

Table 2. Explanation of chemical data columns in the Indiana coal analysis database files created for the resource 

assessment of the Springfield, Herrin, Danville, and Baker Coals in the Illinois Basin—Continued.
E220 Resource Assessment of the Springfield, Herrin, Danville, and Baker Coals in the Illinois Basin

Field Name Type Description 

Har Text Ultimate hydrogen on the as-received basis.

Nar Text Ultimate nitrogen on the as-received basis.

Oar Text Ultimate oxygen on the as-received basis.

Sar Text Ultimate sulfur on the as-received basis.

Btuar Text Heating value on the as-received basis (Btu/Ib). 

S04ar Text Sulfate sulfur on the as-received basis.

Pyrar Text Pyritic sulfur on the as-received basis.

Orgar Text Organic sulfur on the as-received basis.

Ashmf Text Ash on the moisture-free basis.

Volmf Text Volatile matter on the moisture-free basis.

Fixmf Text Fixed carbon on the moisture-free basis.

Cmf Text Ultimate carbon on the moisture-free basis.

Hmf Text Ultimate hydrogen on the moisture-free basis.

Nmf Text Ultimate nitrogen on the moisture-free basis.

Omf Text Ultimate oxygen on the moisture-free basis.

Smf Text Ultimate sulfur on the moisture-free basis.

Btumf Text Heating value on the moisture-free basis (Btu/Ib). 

S04mf Text Sulfate sulfur on the moisture-free basis.

Pyrmf Text Pyritic sulfur on the moisture-free basis.

Orgmf Text Organic sulfur on the moisture-free basis.

Volmaf Text Volatile matter on the moisture and ash-free basis.

Fixmaf Text Fixed carbon on the moisture and ash-free basis.

Cmaf Text Ultimate carbon on the moisture and ash-free basis.

Hmaf Text Ultimate hydrogen on the moisture and ash-free basis.

Nmaf Text Ultimate nitrogen on the moisture and ash-free basis.

Omaf Text Ultimate oxygen on the moisture and ash-free basis.

Smaf Text Ultimate sulfur on the moisture and ash-free basis.

Table 2. Explanation of chemical data columns in the Indiana coal analysis database files created for the resource 

assessment of the Springfield, Herrin, Danville, and Baker Coals in the Illinois Basin—Continued.
Coal quality in the Illinois Basin E221

Field Name Type Description 

Btumaf Text Heating value on the moisture and ash-free basis (Btu/Ib). 

S04maf Text Sulfate sulfur on the moisture and ash-free basis.

Pyrmaf Text Pyritic sulfur on the moisture and ash-free basis.

Orgmaf Text Organic sulfur on the moisture and ash-free basis.

Agi Text Agglomerating index.

Id Text Initial deformation temperature in the fusibility of coal ash test. The temperature 

in degrees Fahrenheit at which the first rounding of the apex of the ash cone

occurs in a reducing atmosphere. 

Id + Text A plus sign in this field indicates that the sample had not yet undergone initial 

deformation at the temperature recorded in the Id field. This field is blank when

the Id temperature represents a precise measurement.

Heqw Text Height-equals-width temperature in the fusibility of coal-ash test. The 

temperature in degrees Fahrenheit at which the height of the ash cone equals its

width in a reducing atmosphere. 

Heqw + Text A plus sign in this field indicates that the sample had not yet reached the heightequals-width condition at the temperature recorded in the Heqw field. This field 

is blank when the Heqw temperature represents a precise measurement.

Heqhw Text Height equals one-half width temperature in the fusibility of coal-ash test. 

Temperature in degrees Fahrenheit at which height of ash cone equals one-half 

the width in a reducing atmosphere. 

Heqhw+ Text A plus sign in the field indicates that the sample had not yet reached the heightequals-half width condition at the temperature recorded in the Heqhw field. This

field is blank when the Heqhw temperature represents a precise measurement.

Fluid Text Fluid temperature in the fusibility of coal-ash test. Temperature in degrees

Fahrenheit at which ash becomes fluid in a reducing atmosphere. 

Fluid+ Text A plus sign in this field indicates that the sample had not yet reached a fluid 

condition at the temperature recorded in the Fluid field. This field is blank when

the Fluid temperature represents a precise measurement.

Table 2. Explanation of chemical data columns in the Indiana coal analysis database files created for the resource 

assessment of the Springfield, Herrin, Danville, and Baker Coals in the Illinois Basin—Continued.
E222 Resource Assessment of the Springfield, Herrin, Danville, and Baker Coals in the Illinois Basin

Field Name Type Description 

FOREIGN_LAB_ID TEXT Laboratory ID

ANALYZING_LAB TEXT Name of laboratory

ANALYSIS_NAME TEXT Type of analysis

ANALYSIS_TYPE TEXT Portion of bed analyzed

ANALYSIS_NUMBER TEXT Analysis number

COAL_NUMBER TEXT Coal number—Kentucky coals are arranged by group 

with the first 3 numbers representing the group and 

the last 3 digits reflecting the named coal that was 

collected. Any code with an XXX199 or XXX999 

means the coal zone was identified, but not the 

individual coal name. 

COAL_NAME TEXT Coal name 

NORTH_LATITUDE TEXT Decimal degrees north latitude 

WEST_LONGITUDE TEXT Decimal degrees west longitude

RESERVE_DISTRICT TEXT Reserve district

COUNTY_NAME TEXT County name

QUADRANGLE_NAME TEXT 7.5 minute quadrangle name

TOTAL_COAL TEXT Total coal thickness in inches

TOTAL_PARTING TEXT Total parting thickness in inches

COAL_ELEVATION TEXT Elevation of coal in feet

Si_wc TEXT (dry, whole-coal basis) silicon content in percent 

converted from SiO2 content in percent.

Al_wc TEXT (dry, whole-coal basis) aluminum content in percent 

converted from Al2O3 content in percent.

Table 3. Explanation of chemical data columns in the Kentucky coal chemistry database files created for the resource 

assessment of the Springfield, Herrin, Danville, and Baker Coals in the Illinois Basin.

[This is a simplified data dictionary showing Field Name, Type, and Description for all the columns in the ASCII files kyspchms.txt, kyhechms.txt, 

kydachms.txt, kycgchms.txt, kyrgchms.txt, kymgchms.txt, and kychms.txt. These text files and this file were created by R.H. Affolter

(affolter@usgs.gov) of the U.S. Geological Survey from selected parts of several files that were received from Cortland Eble (eble@kgs.mm.uky.edu) 

of the Kentucky Geological Survey and were used to create the ArcView chemical data shapefiles of the Springfield, Baker, Herrin, Carbondale Formation, Raccoon Creek Group, and the McLeansboro Group coals for the Illinois Basin resource assessment. For additional information, see the related 

metadata files for the Kentucky chemical data. Currently, there is no information on published reports detailing the analytical method used for this Kentucky data. For additional information about analytical methodology, contact Cortland Eble (KGS) or see the related metadata files for Kentucky chemical data. All columns except NORTH_LATITUDE and WEST_LONGITUDE are in text to preserve the original numbers.]
Coal quality in the Illinois Basin E223

Field Name Type Description 

Ca_wc TEXT (dry, whole-coal basis) calcium content in percent 

converted from CaO content in percent.

Na_wc TEXT (dry, whole-coal basis) sodium content in percent 

converted from Na2O content in percent.

Mg_wc TEXT (dry, whole-coal basis) magnesium content in percent 

converted from MgO content in percent.

Fe_wc TEXT (dry, whole-coal basis) iron content in percent 

converted from Fe2

O3 content in percent.

K_wc TEXT (dry, whole-coal basis) potassium content in percent 

converted from K2O content in percent.

Ti_wc TEXT (dry, whole-coal basis) titanium content in percent 

converted from TiO2

 content in percent.

P_wc TEXT (dry, whole-coal basis) phosphorous content in parts 

per million converted from P2O5

 content in percent.

As_wc TEXT (dry, whole-coal basis) arsenic content in parts per 

million 

Be_wc TEXT (dry, whole-coal basis) beryllium content in parts per 

million 

Cd_wc TEXT (dry, whole-coal basis) cadmium content in parts per 

million 

Co_wc TEXT (dry, whole-coal basis) cobalt content in parts per 

million 

Cr_wc TEXT (dry, whole-coal basis) chromium content in parts per 

million 

Hg_wc TEXT (dry, whole-coal basis) mercury content in parts per 

million 

Mn_wc TEXT (dry, whole-coal basis) manganese content in parts 

per million 

Ni_wc TEXT (dry, whole-coal basis) nickel content in parts per 

million 

Pb_wc TEXT (dry, whole-coal basis) lead content in parts per 

million 

Sb_wc TEXT (dry, whole-coal basis) antimony content in parts per 

million 

Table 3. Explanation of chemical data columns in the Kentucky coal chemistry database files created for the resource 

assessment of the Springfield, Herrin, Danville, and Baker Coals in the Illinois Basin—Continued.
E224 Resource Assessment of the Springfield, Herrin, Danville, and Baker Coals in the Illinois Basin

Field Name Type Description 

Se_wc TEXT (dry, whole-coal basis) selenium content in parts per 

million 

Th_wc TEXT (dry, whole-coal basis) thorium content in parts per 

million 

U_wc TEXT (dry, whole-coal basis) uranium content in parts per 

million 

TOTAL_MOISTURE TEXT (as-received basis) total moisture in percent 

DRY_ASH TEXT (dry basis) ash yield in percent 

DRY_VOLATILE_MATTER TEXT (dry basis) volatile matter content in percent 

DRY_FIXED_CARBON TEXT (dry basis) fixed carbon content in percent 

DRY_TOTAL_SULFUR TEXT (dry basis) total sulfur content in percent 

DRY_COMPLIANCE TEXT Compliance sulfur is calculated by the following 

formula: (% total S *19,500) / Calorific Value in

BTU/lb. The resulting number is in lbs S02 / MM 

DRY_BTU TEXT (dry basis) Gross calorific value of the coal sample

expressed in British Thermal Units (BTU/lb)

DRY_CARBON TEXT (dry basis) carbon content in percent 

DRY_HYDROGEN TEXT (dry basis) hydrogen content in percent 

DRY_NITROGEN TEXT (dry basis) nitrogen content in percent 

DRY_OXYGEN TEXT (dry basis) oxygen content in percent 

Table 3. Explanation of chemical data columns in the Kentucky coal chemistry database files created for the 

resource assessment of the Springfield, Herrin, Danville, and Baker Coals in the Illinois Basin—Continued.
Coal quality in the Illinois Basin E225

Field Name Type Description 

LABNO TEXT Laboratory sample number 

STATE TEXT FIPS state code

COUNTY TEXT FIPS county code

STRATCODE TEXT ISGS stratigraphic code

DLONG REAL Decimal Longitude 

DLAT REAL Decimal Latitude

THICK TEXT Thickness of sample

DEPTH TEXT Depth of sample

ELEV TEXT Elevation 

SAMPLEDATE TEXT Sample date

ANALDATE TEXT Analysis date

SAMPLETYPE TEXT Sample type

ADL TEXT Air dried loss

MOISTURE TEXT (as received) Moisture content in percent.

VOLATILE TEXT (dry basis) Volatile matter content in percent.

FIXEDC TEXT (dry basis) Fixed carbon content in percent.

ASH TEXT (dry basis) Ash yield in percent.

TOTAL-SUL TEXT (dry basis) Total sulfur content in percent.

BTU TEXT (dry basis) Btu/lb

Table 4. Explanation of chemical data columns in the Illinois State Geological Survey’s coal database files created 

for the resource assessment of the Springfield, Herrin, Danville, and Baker Coals in the Illinois Basin.

[This is a simplified data dictionary showing Field Name, Value, and Description for all the columns in the ASCII files ildachms.txt, ilhechms.txt, 

ilspchms.txt, and ilchms.txt. These text files, as well as this file, were created by R.H. Affolter (affolter@usgs.gov) of the U.S. Geological Survey 

from several files received from Colin Treworgy (colin@isgs.uiuc.edu) of the Illinois State Geological Survey and were used to create the ArcView 

chemical data shapefiles of the Springfield, Danville, and Herrin coals for the Illinois Basin resource assessment. All columns that are labeled 

column_Q were generated by R.H. Affolter and indicate the qualified values (indicated by L = less than) for selected elements. All columns except 

DLONG and DLAT are in text to preserve original numbers. For additional information see the related metadata files for Illinois chemical data.]
E226 Resource Assessment of the Springfield, Herrin, Danville, and Baker Coals in the Illinois Basin

Field Name Type Description 

CARBON TEXT (dry basis) Carbon content in percent.

HYDROGEN TEXT (dry basis) Hydrogen content in percent.

NITROGEN TEXT (dry basis) Nitrogen content in percent.

OXYGEN TEXT (dry basis) Oxygen content in percent.

ORGANIC-SUL TEXT (dry basis) Organic sulfur content in percent.

PYRITIC-SUL TEXT (dry basis) Pyritic sulfur content in percent.

SULFATE-SUL TEXT (dry basis) Sulfate sulfur content in percent.

FSI TEXT Free swelling index 

TOT-CHLOR TEXT (dry basis) Total chlorine content in percent.

AFUSION-INIT TEXT (dry basis) Initial ash fusion temperature in degrees Fahrenheit.

AFUSION-SOFT TEXT (dry basis) softening temperature in degrees Fahrenheit.

AFUSION-HEMI TEXT (dry basis) Hemi ash fusion temperature in degrees Fahrenheit.

AFUSION-FLUID TEXT (dry basis) Fluid ash fusion temperature in degrees Fahrenheit.

EQM TEXT Equilibrium moisture

COMMENT TEXT Comments 

TYPE TEXT Type of sample

MINE TEXT Mine name

SI TEXT (dry, whole-coal basis) Silicon content in percent converted from

Silicon content in parts per million.

AL TEXT (dry, whole-coal basis) Aluminum content in percent. converted from 

Aluminum content in parts per million.

FE TEXT (dry, whole-coal basis) Iron content in percent converted from Iron 

content in parts per million. 

MG TEXT (dry, whole-coal basis) Magnesium content in percent converted from 

Magnesium content in parts per million.

CA TEXT (dry, whole-coal basis) Calcium content in percent converted from 

Calcium content in parts per million.

NA TEXT (dry, whole-coal basis) Sodium content in percent converted from 

Sodium content in parts per million.

Table 4. Explanation of chemical data columns in the Illinois State Geological Survey’s coal database files 

created for the resource assessment of the Springfield, Herrin, Danville, and Baker Coals in the Illinois Basin—

Continued.
Coal quality in the Illinois Basin E227

Field Name Type Description

K TEXT (dry, whole-coal basis) Potassium content in percent converted from 

Potassium content in parts per million.

TI TEXT (dry, whole-coal basis) Titanium content in percent converted from 

Titanium content in parts per million.

P TEXT (dry, whole-coal basis) Phosphorus content in parts per million.

AS TEXT (dry, whole-coal basis) Arsenic content in parts per million. 

B TEXT (dry, whole-coal basis) Boron content in parts per million. 

BA TEXT (dry, whole-coal basis) Barium content in parts per million.

BE TEXT (dry, whole-coal basis) Beryllium content in parts per million.

CD TEXT (dry, whole-coal basis) Cadmium content in parts per million.

CO TEXT (dry, whole-coal basis) Cobalt content in parts per million. 

CR TEXT (dry, whole-coal basis) Chromium content in parts per million. 

CU TEXT (dry, whole-coal basis) Copper content in parts per million.

F TEXT (dry, whole-coal basis) Fluorine content in parts per million.

GA TEXT (dry, whole-coal basis) Gallium content in parts per million.

GE TEXT (dry, whole-coal basis) Germanium content in parts per million.

HG TEXT (dry, whole-coal basis) Mercury content in parts per million.

LA TEXT (dry, whole-coal basis) Lanthanum content in parts per million.

LI TEXT (dry, whole-coal basis) Lithium content in parts per million.

MN TEXT (dry, whole-coal basis) Manganese content in parts per million.

MO TEXT (dry, whole-coal basis) Molybdenum content in parts per million.

NI TEXT (dry, whole-coal basis) Nickel content in parts per million. 

PB TEXT (dry, whole-coal basis) Lead content in parts per million. 

SB TEXT (dry, whole-coal basis) Antimony content in parts per million. 

SC TEXT (dry, whole-coal basis) Scandium content in parts per million.

SE TEXT (dry, whole-coal basis) Selenium content in parts per million.

Table 4. Explanation of chemical data columns in the Illinois State Geological Survey’s coal database files created for 

the resource assessment of the Springfield, Herrin, Danville, and Baker Coals in the Illinois Basin—Continued.
E228 Resource Assessment of the Springfield, Herrin, Danville, and Baker Coals in the Illinois Basin

Field Name Type Description 

SR TEXT (dry, whole-coal basis) Strontium content in parts per million.

TH TEXT (dry, whole-coal basis) Thorium content in parts per million.

U TEXT (dry, whole-coal basis) Uranium content in parts per million.

V TEXT (dry, whole-coal basis) Vanadium content in parts per million. 

YB TEXT (dry, whole-coal basis) Ytterbium content in parts per million.

ZN TEXT (dry, whole-coal basis) Zinc content in parts per million. 

ZR TEXT (dry, whole-coal basis) Zirconium content in parts per million. 

GENERAL COMMENTS

The following information was received from Colin Treworgy (ISGS) and helps to clarify the Illinois State 

Geological Survey chemical data descriptions. 

Each analysis in the Illinois coal quality database has a unique 12-character identifier called LABNO (laboratory 

number). The first character in the item LABNO is a letter assigned by the ISGS indicating the laboratory that

analyzed the sample. The 11 characters following the letter are, in most cases, the identifier assigned by the original

laboratory. If the laboratory number is unknown, the company drill hole number is used. 

Letter Laboratory

A USBM analyses, prior to ISGS "C" lab numbers, old ASTM methods 

B ISGS analyses of oil field brines

C ISGS analyses of coal or coal-related material

D ISGS isotopic analyses (e.g. carbon-14) 

E AMAX MIDWEST AREA LAB analyses of coal or coal-related material

G ISGS analyses of gas 

L COALFIELD RESEARCH, INC. analyses of coal or coal-related material

M CDM-Acculabs analyses of coal or coal-related material

O ISGS analyses of oil or oil-related samples 

R ISGS analyses of rocks, soil, and other non-coal sediments 

S ISGS analyses of Devonian black shales

T COMMERCIAL TESTING & ENGINEERING analyses of coal or coal-related material

U Unknown laboratory

V SUNNYVALE MINERALS analyses of coal or coal-related material

W ISGS analyses of water 

X BLOOMINGTON EXPLORATION analyses of coal or coal-related material

Selected Stratigraphic Codes

2490 Danville Coal

2660 Herrin Coal

2790 Springfield Coal

Table 4. Explanation of chemical data columns in the Illinois State Geological Survey’s coal database files created 

for the resource assessment of the Springfield, Herrin, Danville, and Baker Coals in the Illinois Basin—Continued.
Coal quality in the Illinois Basin E229

Sampletype Codes

B Bench sample undifferentiated 

C Column

W Washed sample undifferentiated 

B Bench sample undifferentiated 

C Column

CB Composite of bench or block samples; details in remarks 

CC Composite of column samples 

FC Channel of seam; impurities > 3/8" present, but excluded

IC Channel of seam; impurities > 3/8" present in sample

PC Channel of seam; impurities > 3/8" not present 

W Washed sample undifferentiated 

B Bench sample undifferentiated 

B1 Bench sample of the first bench of the seam

B2 Bench sample of the second bench of the seam

B3 Bench sample of the third bench of the seam

B4 Bench sample of the fourth bench of the seam

B5 Bench sample of the fifth bench of the seam

B6 Bench sample of the sixth bench of the seam

B7 Bench sample of the seventh bench of the seam

B8 Bench sample of the eighth bench of the seam

BD1 Bench sample of core - first bench of seam

BD2 Bench sample of core- second bench of seam

BD3 Bench sample of core- third bench of seam

BD4 Bench sample of core- fourth bench of seam

BD5 Bench sample of core- fifth bench of seam

BF Channel of bench; impurities > 3/8" present but excluded 

BF1 Channel of bench 1; impurities > 3/8" present but excluded.

BF2 Channel of bench 2; impurities > 3/8" present but excluded.

BF3 Channel of bench 3; impurities > 3/8" present but excluded.

BF4 Channel of bench 4; impurities > 3/8" present but excluded.

BF5 Channel of bench 5; impurities > 3/8" present but excluded.

BF6 Channel of bench 6; impurities > 3/8" present but excluded 

BF7 Channel of bench 7; impurities > 3/8" present but excluded 

BI Channel of bench; impurities > 3/8" present in sample

BI1 Channel of bench 1; impurities > 3/8" present in sample

BI2 Channel of bench 2; impurities > 3/8" present in sample

BI3 Channel of bench 3; impurities > 3/8" present in sample

BI4 Channel of bench 4; impurities > 3/8" present in sample

BI5 Channel of bench 5; impurities > 3/8" present in sample

BL Blend of 2 or more different coals, details in remarks 

BP Channel of bench; impurities > 3/8" not present 

BP1 Channel of bench 1; impurities > 3/8" not present 

BP2 Channel of bench 2; impurities > 3/8" not present 

BP3 Channel of bench 3; impurities > 3/8" not present 

BP4 Channel of bench 4; impurities > 3/8" not present

BP5 Channel of bench 5; impurities > 3/8" not present 

BP6 Channel of bench 6; impurities > 3/8" not present 

BP7 Channel of bench 7; impurities > 3/8" not present 

BP8 Channel of bench 8; impurities > 3/8" not present 

BP9 Channel of bench 9; impurities > 3/8" not present 

Table 4. Explanation of chemical data columns in the Illinois State Geological Survey’s coal database files created 

for the resource assessment of the Springfield, Herrin, Danville, and Baker Coals in the Illinois Basin—Continued.
E230 Resource Assessment of the Springfield, Herrin, Danville, and Baker Coals in the Illinois Basin

Sampletype Codes

C Column

CB Composite of bench or block samples 

CC Composite of column samples 

CDC Composite of drill core samples 

CFC Composite channel samples; impurities > 3/8" present but excluded 

CGD Composite of composited samples collected on grids 

CIC Composite of channel samples; impurities > 3/8" present in sample

CPC Composite of channel samples; impurities > 3/8" not present 

D C Drill core

DC Drill core

DF Drill core of bench; impurities > 3/8" present, but excluded

DFC Drill core of seam

DI Drill core of bench; impurities > 3/8" present in sample

DIC Drill core of seam

DP Drill core of bench; impurities > 3/8" not present 

DP1 Drill core of bench 1; impurities > 3/8" not present 

DP2 Drill core of bench 2; impurities > 3/8" not present 

DP3 Drill core of bench 3; impurities > 3/8" not present 

DPC Drill core of seam

FC Channel of seam; impurities > 3/8" present, but excluded

GB Grab sample, details in remarks 

Bn Grab sample of strata 1..n (1 = top)

GD Grid sample, composite of individual samples collected on a grid

IC Channel of seam; impurities > 3/8" present in sample

LAB Laboratory generated sample, details in remarks 

PC Channel of seam; impurities > 3/8" not present 

RM Run of mine, details in remarks 

RP Run of preparation plant, details in remarks 

SP Special sample, details in remarks 

SZ A particle size fraction; feed sample noted elsewhere.

UNN Unknown type of sample, details in remarks 

W Washed sample undifferentiated 

W1 Washed sample- first bench of seam

W2 Washed sample- second bench of seam

W3 Washed sample- third bench of seam

CDS Calculated composite of sized core samples 

The following publications document the analytical procedures used for most Illinois State samples.

Rees, O. W., 1966, Chemistry, Uses and Limitations of Coal Analyses: Illinois State Geological Survey Report of

Investigations 220, 55 p. (This publication documents the proximate, ultimate, etc. analysis methodology)

Gluskoter, H. J., Ruch, R. R., Miller, W. G., Cahill, R. A., Dreher, G. B., and Kuhn, J. K., 1977, Trace Elements in

Coal: Occurrences and Distribution: Illinois State Geological Survey Circular 499, 154 p. (The appendix at

the end of this publication details element analyses methodology). 

Table 4. Explanation of chemical data columns in the Illinois State Geological Survey’s coal database files created 

for the resource assessment of the Springfield, Herrin, Danville, and Baker Coals in the Illinois Basin—Continued.