Urbanization and Its Eifect 

on the Temperature of the 

Streams on Long Island, 

New York

By EDWARD J. PLUHOWSKI

HYDROLOGY AND SOME EFFECTS OF URBANIZATION ON 

LONG ISLAND, NEW YORK

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PROFESSIONAL PAPER 627-D

Thermal patterns of jive streams on 

Long Island, N. Y., are defined and 

analyzed

UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE, WASHINGTON : 1970
UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR 

WALTER J. HICKEL, Secretary

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 

William T. Pecora, Director

Library of Congress catalog-card No. 73-607326

For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office 

Washington, D.C. 20402 - Price $1.25 (paper cover)
CONTENTS

Symbols. -_--______-__--_-______-__-______-__-_-__-

Abstract..._ _-_--_---_-_-___-_--___-_______________

Introduction.______________________________________

Background, purpose, and scope of the water-budget 

study-__--_--__-_-__---____-___-________-___

Purpose and scope of this report._________________

Acknowledgments___ _ _________________________

Review of the literature.________________________

Reservoir effects.___________________________

Environment its relation to stream temperature. _ ___________________________________

Temperature prediction____________________

Geography__ _ ____________________________________

Climate.__________________________________________

Meteorologic controls.__________________________

Urbanization and its effect on climate.____________

Hydrology.________________________________________

Streams and ponds____________________________

Ground-water temperature.______________________

Stream temperatures their relation to air and 

ground-water temperatures.__________________

Descriptions of the study streams.____________________

Selection criteria______________________________

East Meadow Brook.___________________________

Sampawams Creek...___________________________

Champlin Greek._______________________________

Connetquot River______________________________

Swan River____________________________________

Page 

v

Dl 

1

1

2

3

3

3

3

4

4

4

4

5

7

7

8

9

9

10

13

17

19

22

Instrumentation -..________-_.___-___--_--------_-_.

Analyses of temperature surveys._____________________

Temperature survey 1, November 15-21, 1966_... 

Temperature survey 2, January 25-31, 1967______

Temperature survey 3, April 19-25, 1967._________

Temperature survey 4, June 7-13, 1967....________

Temperature survey 5, August 24-30, 1967_______

Some ecological observations_____________________

Temperature patterns some unusual types..______

Energy-budget studies._____________________________

The energy-budget equation___-_-_-___-----_--_-

Evaluation of energy-budget components.__--_-__- 

Solar radiation.____________________________

Atmospheric radiation._______________________

Forest radiation.____________-_--__-.__-_---

Stream back radiation.-________-___-_-_-____

Evaporation. ______________________________

Convective heat flux________________________

Conduction.______-____-_____-------_--___-

Advected heat________________-_-_---____-__

Energy budget applied to Connetquot River.______

Summary and conclusions__ _________________________

References cited______________________---_------_-__

Summary of meteorologic data and oi hourly stream temperatures ___________________________--__--_--_-_-

Index___________-_-_____-______-_-------------_---

Page

D26

28

30

31

34

39

41

46

46

48

49

50

50

51

52

52

52

53

53

53

53

57

59

61

109

ILLUSTRATIONS

Page 

FIGURE 1. Map showing location and general geographic features of Long Island, N.Y____________________________ D2

2. Map showing location of streams studied in this report-____________--_---_--__---------------------- 5

3. Map showing air temperature during the period 0400-0735 hours, November 22, 1966___________________ 6

4. Photographs showing outlets of West Lake, East Meadow Brook and Swan Lake at Swan River.________ 7

5. Graphs showing comparison of monthly and daily temperature of Sampawams and Champlin Creeks with

temperature of air and ground water._____________----_-_------_------------------------------ 9

6. Map showing measurement sites and forested and urbanized areas adjacent to East Meadow Brook________ 11

7. Sketches showing general relationship of forest cover to shade index.______--______----------------_-- 14

8. Diagram and map showing shading index and environmental features of East Meadow Brook.___________ 15

9. Map showing measurement sites and forested and urbanized areas adjacent to Sampawams Creek..______ 16

10. Photographs showing sites of former Hawleys Lake, November 1966, and the gaging station, August 1967_ 17

11. Diagram and map showing shading index and environmental features of Sampawams Creek.____________ 18

12. Map showing measurement sites and forested and urbanized areas adjacent to Champlin Creek.__ _______ 19

13. Diagram and map showing shading index and environmental features of Champlin Creek..-------------- 20

14. Map showing measurement sites and forested areas adjacent to Connetquot River________---_-----_---- 21

15. Profiles, mean discharge at selected sites, and average seepage rates (pickup) for Connetquot River and

East Meadow Brook.__________-___________________________________-______-___---------------- 23

16. Diagram and map showing shading index and environmental features of Connetquot River. ____-__--___- 24

17. Map showing measurement sites and forested and urbanized areas adjacent to Swan River ._________-- 25

Hi
IV CONTENTS

Page 

FIGURE 18. Profiles, mean annual discharge at selected sites, and average seepage rates (pickup) for Swar River and

Sampawams and Champlin Creeks__-_-___--__-------_---_--__---_---_---_-------_---_---_---_-_ D26

19. Diagram and map showing shading index and environmental features of Swan River.___________________ 27

20. Photographs of Swan River below Barton Avenue showing street runoff and stormflow from an off-channel

recharge basin________________________________________________________________________________ 28

21. Photographs showing thermograph pipe-well installations at East Meadow Brook, site 4 and site 5; at

Champlin Creek,site 5. _______________________________________________________________________ 29

22-31 Graphs showing:

22. Stream temperatures at selected study sites on Swan River and Connetquot River, January 31,1967. 33

23. Stream temperatures at selected study sites on Swan River and Champlin Creek, April 25, 1967_ _ 35

24. Range of daily temperature at selected sites on Swan River during the period June 7-13, 1967_ _ 36

25. Variability of daily temperature at selected sites on Champlin Creek and East Meadow Brook-___ 37

26. Relation of diurnal range of temperature to forest cover in the upper reaches of Connetquot River,

August 13-17, 1968__________________________________________ _ _________________ 38

27. Seasonal variation of daily temperature fluctuations at Veterans Highway (site 1), Connetquot

River_____________________________.._______________..._____ 38

28. Stream temperatures at selected study sites on Connetquot River and Champlin Creek, June 12,

1967__---_._--__--__--__-----._-_..---_-.--_-----_-----------_.----------__-__-_._- 40

29. Mean temperature for five study streams during the June and January 1967 temperature surveys. 42

30. Stream temperatures at selected study sites on East Meadow Brook and Connetquot River,

August 25, 1967________________________________________________ 44

31. Concurrent stream-temperature differences between site 4 (gaging station) and site 5 (Montauk

Highway) at Sampawams Creek_____--____________________________________ __________ 46

32. Photographs showing aquatic vegetation in the channel at Swan River between sites 3 and 4, and at East

Branch of East Meadow Brook._______________________________________________________________ 47

33. Photographs of thermograph traces at Swan River, site 5, for selected periods during June and July 1967____ 48

34. Photographs of thermograph traces at Sampawams Creek, site 4, for selected periods during January 1959

and May 1960____.__________.___-_._-_--__-.__________.__________.____ 48

35. Sketch showing principal energy components in the heat balance of Long Island streams________-_--__- 49

36. Photographs showing energy-budget instrumentation at Connetquot River.__________________________ 50

37-39. Graphs showing:

37. Ground-water temperature gradient beneath Islip Boulevard and Poplar Street at Champlin Creek,

September 1959______--__--__-___--________-_-______-_-__---____________________ 54

38. Predicted and observed temperatures at Connetquot River (site 5), June 7-11, 1967-___________ 56

39. Predicted and observed temperatures at Connetquot River (site 5), August 13-17, 196P__________ 56

TABLES

	Page. 

TABLE 1. Summary of physical and hydrologic data for five study streams..------------------------------------ DlO

2. Mean temperatures for five study streams, November 15-21, 1966_______________--__-____-___-__-__-- 30

3. Two-way analysis of variance applied to the November 15-21, 1966, water-temperature survey.----.----- 31

4. Mean temperatures for five study streams, January 25-31, 1967_____-___--__-_--_-__--_-_-__--------- 32

5. Two-way analysis of variance applied to the January 25-31, 1967, water-temperature survey- ____________ 34

6. Mean temperature and average daily temperature range for five study streams, April 19-25, 1S67________ 34

7. Two-way analysis of variance applied to the April 19-25, 1967, water-temperature survey__.__-__-_-__- 39

8. Mean temperature and average daily temperature range for five study streams, June 7-13, 1967_-------- 39

9. Two-way analysis of variance applied to the June 7-13, 1967, water-temperature survey..--------------- 41

10. Mean temperature and average daily temperature range for five study streams, August 24-30- 1967_-__- 43

11. Temperatures at Swan River at East Patchogue, August 26, 1967__________-__________._-__--------- 45

12. Two-way analysis of variance applied to the August 24-30, 1967, water-temperature survey._____-_-----_ 45

13. Summary of solar-radiation data for Mineola, Brookhaven, and the Connetquot River study sites--------- 51

14. Energy-budget computations for Connetquot River near Oakdale, N.Y., for the period June 7-13, 1967__ 55

15. Energy flux to the reach between temperature sites 3 and 5, Connetquot River, June 7-11, 1967 _______ 57
CONTENTS

SYMBOLS

v

a Empirical parameter

b Empirical parameter

Cb Empirical parameter

E Evaporation

F Forest cover

e,ea Vapor pressure of air

0 , e«, Saturation vapor pressure of water-surface temperature

e£ Vapor pressure of air 8 meters above the surface

K Thermal conductivity of the bed material

k Empirical parameter

/ Heat-conversion constant

L Latent heat of vaporization

ly Langley, 1 gram calorie cm~2

I Length of reach

n Cloud cover

P Atmospheric pressure

Q Stream discharge

Qa Atmospheric radiation

Qao Clear-sky atmospheric radiation

Qar Reflected atmospheric radiation

Qtw Long-wave radiation emitted from the water surface

Qe Evaporative heat flux

Qf Forest radiation

Qfh Fluid-friction heat

Qfr

Qin

Qnet

Qout

Qr

Qs

AQ

R

s

T

Ta

T I gw

To 

t, At 

U

Us 

z

e

Reflected forest radiation

Advected heat from ground water

Convective heat loss to or gain from the atmosphere

Energy conducted to or from the streambed

Advected heat conducted into reach by streamflow

Net radiation

Advected heat conveyed out of reach by streamflow

Reflected solar radiation

Solar radiation

Net change in stored energy

Bowen ratio

Water-surface slope

Absolute air temperature

Air temperature

Ground-water temperature

Water temperature

A unit of time

Average wind velocity

Average wind velocity 8 meters above the surface

Depth below stream

Emissivity

Specific weight of water

Density of evaporated water

Stephan-Boltzman constant

HYDROLOGY AND SOME EFFECTS OF URBANIZATION ON LONG ISLAND, NEW YORK

URBANIZATION AND ITS EFFECT ON THE TEMPERATURE 

OF STREAMS ON LONG ISLAND, NEW YORK

By EDWARD 3. PLUHOWSKI

ABSTRACT

To isolate and evaluate the effect of man-imposed changes 

on stream temperature, the thermal patterns of five streams on 

Long Island, N.Y. are defined and analyzed. Included is a control stream (Connetquot River), the upper part of which is 

virtually in its natural state. Urban development on the remaining four drainage basins ranges from slight at Swan River to 

nearly complete at East Meadow Brook. All five streams are 

similar in most other aspects, owing to fairly uniform geologic 

and climatic conditions.

Modifications of the natural environment of streams due to 

man's activities have increased average stream temperatures 

in summer by as much as 5°-8°C (Celsius, or centigrade). 

Concurrent temperature differences between sites along the 

same stream of as much as S°-10°C have been observed in summer on days of high solar output. These large temperature differences are ascribed to a variety of urban factors, including 

the introduction of ponds and lakes, clearcutting of vegetation 

from streambanks, increased storm runoff to streams, and a reduction in the amount of ground-water inflow. By way of contrast, winter stream temperatures in man-affected reaches 

average about 1.5°-3°C lower than in unaffected reaches. During the spring and fall, changes in thermal patterns due to 

man's activities are minimal and barely identifiable. Analysis of 

variance tests indicate that the observed temperature patterns 

among the five study streams are significantly different during 

the summer.

The introduction of large quantities of storm water into 

watercourses from urbanized areas in Nassau County and southwestern Suffolk County may, under some meteorologic conditions, sharply alter stream-temperature 'patterns. Mixing of relatively large quantities of storm-water runoff with streiamfiow 

during August 25 and 26, 1967, raised temperatures 5.5°C at 

an upstream site on East Meadow Brook and 8.5°C at Swan 

River. The impact of stormfiow on thermal patterns diminishes 

downstream as the ratio of direct runoff to total streamflow 

decreases.

On-site observations at Connetquot River show that shading 

along this stream may reduce incoming solar radiation by as 

much as 70 percent. Wide seasonal variations in the ratio of 

actual solar energy absorbed to maximum possible were observed 

at three sites under varying degrees of forest cover. Energybudget analyses on Connetquot River shows that short-wave 

(solar) radiation and ground-water seepage are among the most 

important heat sources controlling the thermal patterns in Long

Island streams. These particular energy sources are also mos* 

amendable to change due to man's activities. Modifications in 

the natural environments of streams may be assessed by the 

energy-budget techniques that were used to predict temperature 

changes at Connetquot River.

INTRODUCTION

BACKGROUND, PURPOSE, AND SCOPE OF THE 

WATER-BUDGET STUDY

Long Island, which extends from the southeastern 

part of the mainland of New York State eastward about 

120 miles into the Atlantic Ocean, has a total area of 

about 1,400 square miles (fig. 1). Two boroughs of New 

York City (Kings and Queens Counties) occupy 

slightly less than 200 square miles of the western par'; 

of the island, and have a combined population of more 

than 4.5 million people. Nassau and Suffolk Counties 

have areas of about 290 and 920 square miles, respectively, and had a combined population of about 2.3 million people in 1965.

Although the New York City part of Long Island 

derives most of its water supply from upstate surfacewater sources, Nassau and Suffolk Counties derive their 

entire water supply from wells tapping the underlying 

ground-water reservoir. Because of present large demands on the local ground-water system, particularly in 

Nassau and Suffolk Counties, and because of the prospect of increased demands as Long Island continues to 

rapidly develop, knowledge about the hydrologic 

system with special emphasis on water conservation 

and management is a matter of vital concern to the 

present population and to the millions of people who 

will depend on the island's water resources in the 

future.

Considerable information is available about the 

water resources of Long Island as a result of studies 

made during more than 30 years by the U.S. Geological 

Survey in cooperation with New York State and county

Dl
D2 HYDROLOGY AND SOME EFFECTS OF URBANIZATION ON LONG ISLAND, NEW YORK

74° 73° 72°

,ct^

5 0 5 10 15 20 MILES

ii i ii I l I I I

FIGURE 1. Location and general geographic features of Long Island.

agencies. Although those studies meet many of the 

needs for information on specific problems and areas 

of Long Island, better quantitative information about 

the islandwide hydrologic system, and the relations 

between the various components of the system, is needed 

for water-management purposes.

The major objectives of the water-budget study are 

(1) to summarize and interpret pertinent existing information about the hydrologic system of Long Island 

and (2) to fill several gaps in the knowledge of the 

hydrologic system. The results of these studies are being 

published in a series of coordinated reports. The present report, which was supported entirely with Federal 

funds, was not prepared as part of the water-budget 

study. However, it is included as a chapter in this 

series because the subject matter compliments and expands on information- presented in the water-budget 

study.

PURPOSE AND SCOPE OF THIS REPORT

Man's tendency to cluster in urban environments, 

particularly during the past several decades, is probably the single most important factor governing the 

regimen of streams in recent geologic history. Widespread alterations in the natural environment have 

sharply reduced the infiltration capacity of soils, thereby 

increasing storm runoff to streams in many urban 

areas. Not only has the volume of runoff increased, 

but there has been a reduction in the arrival time of 

runoff to watercourses. The combination of these factors has generated sharply higher flood peaks in most 

streams that drain urban areas. In addition, man has 

greatly increased the sediment load that streams must 

carry. Sediment yields of streams in urban environments have often increased twentyfold above natural

conditions shortly after the arrival of bulldozers and 

draglines.

The water quality of streams has been altered 

further by the discharge of pollutants into watercourses. In particular, the thermal patterns of many 

streams have undergone wide changes with the advent 

of powerplants and large dams. Owing to the rather 

obvious dangers of heated water to the ecology of 

streams, increased attention has been given recently to 

the problem of thermal pollution. Fr,r less obvious, 

but nevertheless real, are the effects on stream-temperature patterns of such factors as storm runoff, clearcutting of vegetation adjacent to rivers, relocation of 

channels, and the construction of recreation ponds and 

lakes.

This report analyzes man's impact on the temperature patterns of five streams on Long Island, N.Y. Connetquot River near Oakdale was selected as a control 

because of its unique unaltered environment. The remaining drainage basins have been sulvjected to varying degrees of urban development, ranging from slight 

(Swan River) to nearly complete (East Meadow 

Brook). Statistical comparisons employing analysis 

of variance procedures were used to determine the 

extent of the man-induced temperature changes.

A second objective of the report is to define the 

principal energy-budget components controlling stream 

temperature. A study of the heat flux to Connetquot 

River was prepared along with estimates of the effect 

of urbanization on the various energy-budget elements. 

The effect of altered natural temperature patterns on 

stream ecology was dealt with in general terms no 

attempt was made to relate the consequences of thermal 

changes on the development of specific plants or 

animals.
TEMPERATURE OF THE STREAMS ON LONG ISLAND, NEW YORK

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

The author should like to express his gratitude to 

Mr. E. M. Brown of the Meteorology Group at Brookhaven National Laboratory who provided climatic and 

solar radiation data; to Mr. Sam Cross of the Suffolk 

County Department of Public Works at Yaphank, 

N.Y., who supplied highly detailed aerial photographs 

of all study sites in the county; and to Mr. William 

Titus of the Nassau County Agricultural Extension 

Service, Mineola, N.Y., who identified many of the 

trees and shrubs in the study basins. The author's son 

John periodically helped in the data collection program.

Luna B. Leopold, O. Lehn Franke, William W. Emmett, Philip Cohen, John C. Geyer, and M. Gordon 

Wolman reviewed the manuscript, and the author is 

indebted to them for their advice, comments, and suggestions. Gerald E. Seaburn provided aerial photographs and maps of central Nassau County which 

were especially helpful in defining urbanization in 

the East Meadow Brook basin.

REVIEW OF THE LITERATURE

RESERVOIR EFFECTS

Moore (1967) states that the major factors governing 

the effect of reservoirs on downstream water temperatures include the volume and depth of impounded 

water, the depth from which water is withdrawn, and 

the amount of release as compared to the natural or 

unregulated flow. The seasonal effect of impoundments 

on downstream temperatures was outlined in general 

terms by Sylvester (1963) who related the relative size 

of impoundments to downstream effects. He observed 

that large and deep impoundments will decrease downstream water temperatures in the summer and increase 

them in winter, if withdrawals are made below the 

thermocline of the impounded upstream waters. 

Pluhowski (1961) found exactly the opposite effect in 

a stream on Long Island affected by numerous shallow 

ponds. July temperatures were about 3°C higher than 

those observed in a nearby stream that had far fewer 

ponded reaches. January temperatures, on the other 

hand, were about 1.5 °C lower in the ponded stream. 

In a study of stream-temperature patterns in the upper 

Delaware Eiver basin of New York, Williams (1968) 

found that releases from New York City's Cannonsville 

Reservoir caused a drop in temperature during the 

summer of 14.5°C, 8.1 miles downstream, and 4.5°C, 

44.3 miles downstream. Releases from Pepacton Reservoir have caused a drop of 11 °C, 31 miles downstream, 

and of 3°C, 59.4 miles downstream. The use of reservoirs 

as water management tools to control stream temperatures was described by Moore (1968) who attributed 

higher water temperatures below Bonneville Dam on 

the Columbia River to operations of the Hanford 

Atomic Energy Plant at Richland, Wash. Owing to a 

cooperative intragency arrangement, releases of cooler 

water from two large upstream impoundments materially reduced the thermal pollution originating from 

the atomic plant. Jaske and Goebel (1967) state thr,t 

the erection of low-head reservoirs on the main stem 

of the Columbia River has not produced significant 

change in the average temperature of the river.

ENVIRONMENT ITS RELATION TO STREAM 

TEMPERATURE

The effect of climate on stream temperatures wr,s 

illustrated by Collins (1925) who concluded that tH 

mean monthly temperature of a stream at any place is 

generally within a few degrees of the mean monthly 

air temperature when the air temperature is above 

freezing.

The maximum water temperature in any of the 

warmer months is usually from 1° to 3°C higher than 

the mean monthly water temperature. During July, 

Mangan (1946) concluded that both air and wate** 

temperatures in Pennsylvania are usually at their maximum and mean water temperature may exceed the mean 

air temperature by as much as 4°C. The maximum daihr 

water temperature during July will generally average 

3°-4°C above the mean monthly water temperature fcr 

that month.

Geiger (1965) quotes the work of Eckel and Reuter 

to show the effect of river depth on summer temperature variations. Predicted temperature changes were 

based on the solution of a series of differential equation s 

for four sets of inflow temperatures and river depths. 

At the greatest river depth, 300 cm (centimeters), the 

maximum daily temperature fluctuation is only about 

2°C, whereas at the shallowest depth, 30 cm, the 

corresponding range of daily temperature was coirputed to be about 10°C. Eckel also found that rivers 

of the eastern Alps did not achieve equilibrium terrperature even after flowing 100-400 km (kilometers) 

from their sources. On the other hand, Macan (1958) 

found that small streams warm up and reach equilibrium in very short distances from their sources and 

that their average temperature is not greatly different 

from that of the air.

Orientation was discovered to have an important 

bearing on the temperature of a stream (Moore, 1967). 

Temperatures in Oregon streams oriented east-weft 

were observed to be 2°-4°C warmer during the summer 

than in similar streams with north-south orientatior. 

Doubtless this discrepancy was associated with differ-
D4 HYDROLOGY AND SOME EFFECTS OF URBANIZATION ON LONG ISLAND, NEW YORK

ences in absorbed solar radiation for, as Geiger (1965) 

shows, east-west oriented streams receive from 7 to 19 

percent more sunshine than do north-south streams.

The importance of shading on stream-temperature 

patterns was illustrated by Macan (1958) who found 

that temperatures in a small stream that he studied in 

England fell nearly 4° C after the stream passed 

through a tunnel slightly longer than 100 meters. He 

also found temperatures to be 1.6° C lower at the end of 

a heavily wooded reach than at an upstream site in 

an open field. A reduction of 5°-6° C in the temperature of a small spring-fed stream in Wisconsin during 

a summer afternoon was effected by shortening the 

channel 67 percent and routing the water through a 

heavily shaded stand of willow (Stoeckeler and Voskuil, 

1959).

TEMPERATURE PREDICTION

Several researchers have attempted to evaluate the 

temperature field below sites of heavy thermal pollution. The bulk of such studies have been concerned with 

the dissipation of heat below powerplants. Messenger 

(1963) applied the energy-budget concept to the West 

Branch Susquehanna River at Showville, Pa. Working 

with a 2-i-hour prediction period in a 5-mile reach, he 

found that the predicted temperatures were 2° C above 

observed temperatures. Heated discharge into the 

Tittabawassee River, at Midland, Midi., was studied by 

Velz and Gannon (1960) who computed temperature 

profiles for a 23-mile reach of the river. These predictions were then compared with observed temperatures 

over the 5-day study period at sites located 4 and 16 

miles below the point of entry of the heated discharge. 

The predictions were within 2.5° C of mean daily observed temperature for each day of the study period 

at the 4-mile site. Seaders and Delay (1966) applied the 

energy-budget equation to Umpqua River of Oregon. 

They based their predictions on heat changes during 

periods of 5- to 7-hours' duration averaged over 10-day 

time spans. The method was tested under field conditions in August 1963 on Coast Fork of the Williamette 

River below Dorena Dam. Analysis of the data revealed 

poor correlation between predicted and measured 

stream temperatures at night (Seaders and Slotta, 

1966).

Duttweiler and others (1961) found the equilibriumtemperature-theory method superior to the energybudget analysis for prediction, owing to the simplicity 

of the former approach. Duttweiler (1963) developed 

a mathematical model to predict temperatures below a 

heat source by first estimating equilibrium temperatures, then computing the initial temperature increment 

due to thermal loading and reducing the increment 

exponentially downstream. A mathematical model employing the energy-budget and equilibrium-temperature 

theories was developed by Edinger and Geyer (1965). 

Although a number of stream-temperature studies 

have been completed and substantial progress made in 

the field of temperature prediction, much more needs to 

be done, particularly with respect to increasing the accuracy of some of the terms in the energy budget. Very 

little has been accomplished to explain some of the effect 

of man's interference with the natural landscape on 

stream-temperature regimen.

GEOGRAPHY

All five study streams flow in a general southward 

direction draining much of south-central Nassau County 

and southwestern Suffolk County, N.Y. (fig. 2). East 

Meadow Brook in Nassau County, tH westernmost 

stream, is only about 7 miles east of the New York City 

line and is within 25 miles of Manhattan. This stream 

drains part of the town of Hempstead, which had an 

estimated population in excess of 825,000 people in January 1967. The basin has undergone a very rapid population growth since 1940 when the town's population 

was 406,000.

Swan River at East Patchogue is the easternmost 

stream and lies albout 33 miles from East Meadow Brook. 

Connetquot River near Oakdale, about 25 miles east of 

East Meadow Brook, was selected as a control 'because 

it flows through natural environment within a sportsman's club for practically its entire length. Champlin 

Creek at Islip and Sampawams Creek at Babylon drain 

areas undergoing rapid urbanization; these streams 'are, 

respectively, 19 and 14 miles east of East Meadow 

Brook. All streams, except for East Merdow Brook, are 

in Suffolk County.

CLIMATE

METEOROLOGIC CONTROLS

The climate of the study area may b^st be described 

as a modified continental type. Despite its close proximity to tihe ocean, Long Island's climate is controlled by 

continental air masses, owing to the prevailing west to 

east circulation in the upper atmosphere. The ocean's 

effect on weather systems over the island is, nevertheless, 

of considerable importance. Moisture laden storms 

spawned in the Gulf of Mexico or off the southeastern 

coast of the United States occasionally yield copious 

quantities of precipitation. Average annual precipitation is fairly uniform over the area,, ranging from 

slightly less than 42 inches over north-central Nassau 

County to 48-50 inches near Lake Ronkonkoma. The 

heaviest precipitation falls along the low-lying hills 

formed by the Ronkonkoma terminal moraine. Precipitation is well-distributed throughout tH year with the
TEMPERATURE OF THE STREAMS ON LONG ISLAND, NEW YORK

74° 73° 72°

D5

	EXPLANATION

1 East Meadow Brook

2 Sampawams Creek

3 Champ/in Creek

4 Connefquof River

5 Swan River

5 0 5 10 15 20 MILES

I i i i i I I I I I

FIGURE 2. Location of streams studied in this report.

heaviest generally falling in August (4-5 in.), and the 

least 'amount, in November (2-3 in.).

Mean annual temperatures on Long Island range from 

from 54° F in New York City to 50° F or slightly less 

in the cooler areas away from the coasts. The coldest 

month is February (28°-32° F) and the warmest, July 

(70°-75° F). Maritime influences on the air-temperature 

patterns of Long Island may be very pronounced under 

favorable meteorologic conditions. For example, maximum daily readings as high as 106° F have been recorded in New York City; however, temperatures very 

rarely reach 90° F along the barrier beaches or on the 

eastern end of Long Island. The moderating influence of the ocean is also exhibited in the early morning hours, when, under clear skies, temperature contrasts 

of as much as 15°-20° F are not uncommon between 

coastal and the colder interior part of the island. The 

large early morning thermal contrasts commonly observed under clear sky conditions are virtually eliminated under cloudy skies. Heavy continuous cloud layers 

effectively reduce net radiational losses from the ground 

by sharply limiting the outflow of terrestrial radiation.

Evaporation is a cooling process which, under favorable meteorologic conditions, may be a significant factor 

in reducing water-surface temperatures. As might be 

anticipated, evaporation losses are greatest on Long 

Island in summer and least in winter. Total annual 

evaporation from the land-pan at Mineola averages 

about 48 inches. Evaporation during the summer (JuneAugust) averages about 21 inches, whereas only about 3 

inches is evaporated during the winter (DecemberFebruary). The amount of water one might expect to 

lose in a lake is estimated to be about 3-i inches, obtained 

by applying the standard coefficient of 0.7 to the observed evaporation from the land-pan. The acturl 

amount lost by streams is less than 34 inches, owing to 

the shelter from the sun's rays provided by trees, reduced wind velocities near streams, and the generally 

lower temperatures in streams during periods of high 

evaporation.

URBANIZATION AND ITS EFFECT ON CLIMATE

Superimposed on changes in the climate of Long 

Island induced by physical proximity to the ocean is 

the "city effect'" created by New York City and its outlying metropolitan areas. By producing and disposing 

of enormous quantities of heat energy to the atmosphere, 

urban "heat-islands" are created around the industrialized cores of cities. Chandler (1965), by making 

numerous temperature traverses through London, England, illustrated a very well defined heat island at th^ 

core of that city.

To help define the combined effect of urban and physical environments on the temperature patterns of Long 

Island, the author made a temperature traverse on 

November 22, 1966, beginning at 0400 hours in New 

York City and ending at 0730 hours at the Sampawarrr 

Creek gaging station (fig. 3). With the exception of 

four observations, all readings were obtained manually 

by attaching a thermistor probe outside the rear window 

of an automobile. All windows of the vehicle were sealed 

with heavy tape to insure that little or no heat escaped 

from the interior of the automobile past the sensing 

element. Continuous air-temperature records were available at the four sites not visited by the author. Th°, 

continuous records indicate that temperatures shown 

in figure 3 were within 2°F of the minimum for the da;r 

in the western part of the traverse area and just about
D6 HYDROLOGY AND SOME EFFECTS OF URBANIZATION ON LONG ISLAND, NEW YOFK

41° 00' 45'

MANHATTAN

COUNTY 

(NEW YORK

CITY ) 37 

0400

064of\ ^)

EXPLANATION

31 a,Tempera'ure, Fahrenheit 

0600,Time, in hours

15 MILES

FIGURE 3. Air temperature during the period 0400-0735 hours, November 22,1966.

at the minimum in eastern sections. Thus, figure 3, in 

effect depicts a synoptic thermal field for the region 

surveyed.

Temperatures in Brooklyn and Queens are 3°-ll°F 

higher than in neighboring Nassau County and as much 

as 20°F higher than in the colder parts of Suffolk 

County. Adjusting for time differences, it seems that 

temperatures in the urban heat island were about 3° 

7°F higher than in suburban areas on the morning of 

the survey. Of perhaps greater importance is the very 

sharp thermal gradient between coastal areas of Suffolk County and some of the interior observation sites. 

For example, at 0630 hours at the Swan Eiver gaging 

station the observed temperature was 32°F, but just a 

few miles inland, air temperatures as low as 19°F were 

observed, producing a 13°F differential. At Connetquot 

Eiver the difference between temperatures at the mouth 

and source was 9°F. Such large air-temperature differences due to natural environmental controls could 

conceivably have a significant effect on the watertemperature patterns of both streams. It does not seem 

that the urbanized areas of Nassau County or Suffolk 

County have much effect on air temperatures. In general, temperature patterns appear very similar in both 

counties, so that there is little evidence of artificial 

heating.

In addition to affecting air temperature, cities tend to 

have increased cloudiness, fog, and precipitation, owing 

to the availability of condensation nuclei in the atmosphere. Landsberg (1958) reports both lower wind speed

and solar radiation in cities. Chandler (1967) states that 

relative humidities in towns are nearly always less than 

in nearby rural areas. Variations in relative humidity 

are, of course, a function of temperature as well as the 

vapor content of the air. In general, the thermal control 

is strongest, and patterns of relative luimidity usually 

show a close inverse relationship with temperature.

The influence of urban areas on evaporation is difficult 

to assess because evaporation is a function of many 

meteorologic parameters. Reduced wind speeds and 

solar radiation in cities tend to lower evaporation. On 

the other hand, lower relative humidities and higher 

nighttime air temperatures will tend to increase evaporation. Overall, evaporation in cities probably is somewhat less than that in the outlying rural areas.

Relative to the study area, it is doubtful that urban 

influence on climate is a significant factor in the heat 

budget of the streams. The climatic regimen of the East 

Meadow Brook basin in suburban Nassau County is 

little different from the four study basins 111 neighboring 

Suffolk County. Of greater significance is the microclimatic influence of the ocean, which seems to be of 

particular importance in the Connetquot River and 

Swan River basins. As previously noted, under certain early morning meteorologic situations, large airtemperature gradients are established between the nearshore and inland parts of both basins (fig. 3). However, 

averaged over a period of 1 week or ro, it is doubtful 

that the local climatic vagaries introduced by location 

with respect to the coast could have more than a minor
TEMPERATURE OF THE STREAMS ON LONG ISLAND, NEW YORK D7

influence on the stream-temperature patterns of the five 

study streams. Thus, significant differences found 

among temperature patterns of the study streams cannot 

be ascribed to climatic variations.

HYDROLOGY 

STREAMS AND PONDS

Surface-water resources have played a significant role 

in the growth of Long Island since it was first settled. 

In the 19th century many gristmills and sawmills were 

constructed using low head dams to develop power. A 

gristmill, built near the mouth of Connetquot River in 

1860, still stands today at its original site. When steam 

and electric power came into use, gristmills and sawmills 

were abandoned, and now the principal use of streams 

and ponds is for recreation.

In the early 1900's, New York City constructed a 

complex water-gathering system which involved every 

major stream in southern Nassau County. Water-supply 

reservoirs were constructed, and a large conveyance 

tunnel was built to connect all reservoirs with the city's 

distribution system. A similar proposal to tap the waters 

of Suffolk County was defeated by foresighted local 

planners who envisioned the day when this invaluable 

resource might be required for local use. The East 

Meadow Ponds situated on East Meadow Brook are 

part of the New York water-supply system. Use of the 

Long Island system has largely been curtailed in recent 

years, although the watershed was pressed into service 

during the 1949-50 and 1962-66 drought periods.

In addition to the reservoirs created by New York 

City, recreation ponds were built along the lower reaches 

of practically every sizable stream on the island. The 

method of construction involves building a stoplog dam 

which may be used to raise or lower pond levels. Low 

earthfill dams are constructed on the flanks of the stoplog dam to complete the structure. Examples illustrating 

these construction features are shown in figure 4. The 

mean depths of most ponds is generally less than 5 feet. 

Several natural lakes are found in the central and northern parts of Long Island.

Throughout most of their lengths, streams on Long 

Island are ground-water drains which, under natural 

conditions, receive less than 5 percent of their flow from 

surface runoff. Losing watercourses are confined to 

streams which have impoundments large enough to reverse local ground-water gradients. Such conditions are 

most prevalent along the upper reaches of streams, particularly during periods of drought when the regional 

water table is low. At such times it is very likely that 

lake levels may rise above the height of the local groundwater table, thereby causing surface water to return to 

the ground-water reservoir.

FIGURE 4. Outlets of West Lake, East Meadow Brook (upper) 

and Swan Lake at Swan River (lower).

The importance of ground water to the regimen of 

streams on the island is shown by flow-duration curves. 

These curves inevitably "flatten" at low discharges, indicating substantial accretions of ground water to the
D8 HYDROLOGY AND SOME EFFECTS OF URBANIZATION ON LONG ISLAND, NEW YORK

stream. With the advent of rapid urbanization, large 

quantities of storm water have been discharged into 

some streams. Sharply higher flood peaks are being reported from three of the five study streams. The total 

volume of direct runoff contributed to streams has risen 

sharply in some cases as much as fivefold.

Under natural conditions, highly permeable surficial 

deposits and generally low relief on Long Island combine to maintain the percentage contribution of storm 

runoff to total streamflow at very low levels (about 3 

percent). A raindrop that falls a few feet from a stream 

channel would most likely percolate directly into the 

ground (if not first evaporated), eventually reaching 

the stream as ground-water inflow. Accordingly, there is 

usually only a casual relation at best between basin size 

and the magnitude of runoff in streams draining the 

basin. A more meaningful index of stream discharge 

on Long Island may be obtained by considering groundwater contributing areas. In this report the magnitude 

of ground-water inflow was obtained by making discharge measurements of streamflow at five sites on each 

of the study streams. These measurements were obtained 

during dry-weather periods, so that each reflects base 

flow conditions. Accordingly, no storm runoff is included, and the amount of ground-water inflow 

(pickup) between sites is obtained by subtracting measured discharge at the upstream site from that obtained 

at the downstream site.

Aside from the construction of ponds anc^ storm-sewer 

outfalls, man has further altered the environment of 

streams by clearcutting trees and shrubs fifom streambanks. Much of this work is done in connection with 

home and road construction. Occasionally, the longterm effects of such changes on a stream's environment 

are modified by replanting of trees for beautification or 

shade. Parts of several streams in Nassau County have 

been placed underground in man-made tunnels. Several 

streams have been relocated in places and made to flow 

through concrete lined channels because of local drainage problems. A declining water table has completely 

dried up several streams in southwestern Nassau County. 

Moreover, dwindling outflow from the ground-water 

reservoir has markedly reduced the total volume of runoff in several streams in the more highly urbanized 

parts of Long Island. Last, but by no means least, the 

esthetic value of practically all watercourses has been 

reduced by debris and litter cast into streams by careless individuals.

GROUND-WATER TEMPERATURE

Collins (1925, p. 98) states that for practical purposes ground water Obtained at any depth from 20 to 

200 feet will have a uniform temperature ranging from

about 1.5° to 3° C above the mean annual temperature. 

This statement is not corroborated by data obtained 

from several shallow wells adjacent to Sampawams 

Creek and Champlin Creek. Temperature data from 

wells indicate that under forest cover mean annual temperatures ranged from 0° to 1.5° C below the mean annual air temperature at nearby Babylon, N.Y. All wells 

are screened in the upper glacial aquifer at depths ranging from 3 to 60 feet below land surface. Only under 

residential environments did the average annual groundwater temperature exceed that of the air, and then only 

by a maximum of 1.1° C in one well screened 16 feet 

below land surface. Greater shading of the ground and 

therefore less absorbed solar radiation results in lower 

ground-water temperatures in the forested environment 

(Pluhowski and Kantrowitz, 1963).

Both the maximum and mean annual ground-water 

temperatures decrease with depth to a level of at least 

60 feet below land surface. At some depth between 60- 

200 feet a reversal of this trend occurs, for De Luca and 

others (1965) have indicated that ground-waiter temperatures increase about 0.6° C for each 60-100 feet of 

depth below about 200 feet. Minimum temperatures 

are lowest at the water table, but they rise rapidly with 

depth. The range of yearly temperatures at the 60-foot 

depth is only about 1.5° C; however, this increases to 

nearly 11° C when the depth to water is 10 feet or less. 

The time of occurrence of high and low temperature of 

ground water lags behind that of the air by 1-2 months 

at Shallow depths and 3-4 months at the 60-foot level. 

Daily temperature fluctuations rarely occur within the 

ground-water reservoir. Such changes 'are usually limited to shallow aquifers where the depth to water is 10 

feet or less.

STREAM TEMPERATURES THEIR RELATION TO AIR 

AND GROUND-WATER TEMPERATURES

As might be anticipated, stream-temperature fluctuations are greater than those in nearby ground-water 

bodies, but they normally exhibit less variability than 

concurrent air-temperature observations. This is particularly true of Long Island streams that normally received large accretions of ground water a factor tending to stabilize daily and seasonal stream-temperature 

changes. The relationships among air, stream, and 

ground-water temperatures are illustrated in figure 5. 

Highest and lowest stream temperatures at both 

Sampawams and Champlin Creeks occur in the same 

months as the highest and lowest air temperatures, 

whereas the insulating effect of soil cover causes extremes of ground-water temperature to lag by about 2 

months.
TEMPERATURE OF THE STREAMS ON LONG ISLAND, NEW YORK.

30

20 

15 

10

EXPLANATION 

Monthly mean ground-water temperature, Sampawams 

~ Creek gage, January 1959 to November 1960

^ Stre 

E3 Ja

£3 Stre 

E3 Nc

B

Air 

Ja

B

 Mea 

-Mea

-Mea

- 

1

L

am tempera 

nuary 1959

am tempera 

wember 195

temperature 

nuary 1959

n maximum 

n monthly te 

n minimum

i

^

iture, Sampav 

to November

ture, Champl 

8 to Novemb 

Babylon, N.\ 

to November

daily temper 

mperature 

daily temper

-iI

H

^

vams C 

1960

in Cree 

er 196 

f

1960 

ature

ature

I

reek g

k gage 

0

i

'

|_j

age,

i

V' tet i

1

P ^

I

 ^ i'/ i

-

H

^

i

n

;" 

^

^§i *y/ ^

1

r.

p*i

^

^

^

r

^

m

H

January February March April May June July August September October November December

FIGUEE 5. Comparison of monthly and daily temperature of Sampawams and Champlin Creeks with temperature of air arrl

ground water.

Daily air temperatures at Babylon varied from 8° to 

11°C on the average throughout the year; tem1 eratures in both streams fluctuated 1°-2°C cliurnally 

cUiring the winter, but in May this increased to 3°G 

ft Sampawams Creek and to -i.5°G at Champlin Creek. 

].To daily change in temperature was detected in the 

ground-water data.

Seasonal temperature fluctuations folloAv a similar 

pattern air temperatures exhibit the largest variation, 

sind ground-water temperature, the least. Although winter air temperatures averaged near freezing, stream 

temperatures remained above <i°C, reflecting warmth 

rdded to the stream by ground-water inflow which, in 

1 "inter, normally ranges from 7° to 10°C. In summer, air 

temperatures were generally between 20°-26°C; however, stream temperatures were about 6°C cooler. Lower 

pimmertime stream temperatures are due primarily to 

s^epage from the ground-water reservoir that entered 

the streams at temperatures near 15°C. Obviously, 

ground-water inflow must be considered in any evaluation of stream-temperature patterns on Long Island.

The mean annual stream temperature of Champlin 

Creek is 12.2°C; Sampawams Creek is slightly warmer, 

averaging 12.8°C over a 2-year period (1959-60). The 

temperature in both streams averaged above the mean

daily air temperature of 11.6°C for the period recorded 

at Babylon.

DESCRIPTIONS OF THE STUDY STREAMS 

SELECTION CRITERIA

The need for a basis of comparison or a "control" is, 

without doubt, the most important criterion of any 

study concerned with man-induced modifications of the 

hydrologic cycle. Accordingly, one of the first objectives of this study was to find a stream that v^as 

relatively unaffected by man, but, which also was comparable in size and in other characteristics to the 

remaining selected for analysis. The author was indeed 

fortunate to find such a stream, Connetquot River, which 

almost ideally fits the requirements of a control needed 

for this study. Although affected by artificial ponds in 

its lo\ver reaches, Connetquot River is almost entirely 

free of man-made detention ponds in its upper and 

middle reaches. Moreover, the river is one of the largest 

streams on Long Island, so that the size criterion could 

be met only by selecting a segment of the stream rather 

than the entire river. For virtually its entire length, the 

Connetquot River flows through natural cover that extends at least 1,000 feet on either side of the strerm.
D10 HYDROLOGY AND SOME EFFECTS OF URBANIZATION ON LONG ISLAND, NEW YORK

This heavily forested land has been a natural preserve 

since the turn of the century.

After choosing a control stream, the next step was to 

select for intensive study, four additional streams under 

varying degrees of urbanization. For the purposes of 

this report, urbanization is defined as any man-made 

change either in the drainage area of a stream or along 

the stream itself. Thus, activities such as the building 

of dams, channel relocation, and stripping of vegetation 

along stream channels are considered to be urban activities as well as home construction, sewering operations, 

and street paving. The streams had to be reasonably 

close together so that a man could visit each one at least 

once daily. Three streams west of Connetquot Kiver 

namely, East Meadow Brook, Sampawams Creek, and 

Champlin Creek, and one to the east, Swan Eiver, were 

selected for analysis. Although no two of the streams 

are exactly alike, owing principally to varying intensity 

of development, they are sufficiently similar so that 

meaningful comparisons of their hydrologic characteristics could be made. By way of illustration, all have approximately similar geologic, climatic, and topographic

characteristics, thereby reducing the effects of these important factors on temperature regimen.

To obtain sufficient definition of the thermal patterns, 

five sites were chosen for detailed study along each 

stream. Thus, a total of 25 sites (five, streams with five 

study sites on each) were analyzed under a wide variety 

of man-made changes in the natural environment. A 

compilation of pertinent physical dr-ta relating to the 

study streams is presented in table 1.

EAST MEADOW BROOK

The perennial part of this stream begins at the foot 

of a diversion dam about 1,000 feet above Jerusalem 

Avenue (fig. 6). East Meadow Brook drains a large 

part of central Nassau County which is heavily residential but which has some light industry, particularly in the area north of Hempstead Turnpike. The 

combined population of the six villages flanking the 

stream south of Hempstead Turnpike was 145,000 in 

1960. This basin is, by far, the mos": urbanized of all 

study streams.

TABLE 1. Summary of physical and hydrologic data for five study streams

From:

2 Spur Drive N. (site I)...... ........

3 Beech St. (site 2)... ................

4 Islip Blvd. (siteS).............-....

£ Gaging Sta. (site 4) ...............

Location

To:

Champlin Creek at Islip

"Raooh Qt fcitft 9^

mile (above 

tidewater)

2. 82-2. 33

1. 82-1. 31 

1.31- .85 

. 85- . 40

Channel

Mean 

width 

(ft)

4 

6 

9 

13

0)

Area arei c 

(sq ft) (acres) do-* 

e:

10,000 0.9 

16,000 ...._-_.--

22, 000 1. 6 

26,000 6.7 

(i) 28?

lean dis- Average 

barge at shading 

wmstream index 

nd (cfs)

0.3

0.7 

2.8 

4.7 

5.0

4.5

4.P 

4 

2.5 

1.5

Connetquot River near Oakdale

1 Source.......... _ ...............

2 Veterans Hwy. (site l) ... ....

3 Site 2.. ...........................

4 Sites.............................

5 Site 4... ...... ..-............. ,

............ Site 2,.....-. . ..... ........... ..... ....

....... _ __ Site 3.............................. ..._......

 ---... . Site 4-.......................:...-.-..........

4. 34-3. 79 

3. 79-3. 36 

3.36-2.86 

2. 86-2. 37 

2.37-1.92

10 

40 

30 

40 

65

30,000 2.8 

104,000 ..........

87,000 ..........

93*000 ..........

185,000 ........--

1.4 

3.4 

7.1 

12.2 

16.8

4. f 

4. r 

3.' 

4.C 

2.'

East Meadow Brook at Freeport

1

2

3

4

5W

5E

1

2

3

4

5

1

2

3

4

5

Source..-..---...--.........

Jerusalem Ave. (site 1).....

Site 2. ....................

Site 3_...._ ..................

Gaging Sta. (site 4) ....._....

Hunter Ave. (site 1) __ ...

Sunrise Hwy. (site 2)... ....

Wyandanch Ave. (site 3) .

Source- ---.-__..__-....-....

Circle Drive N. (site 1).... ..

Barton Ave. (site 2).........

Sunrise Hwy. (site 3)........

Rose St. (site 4)... .

.. -..- ..._.._ Site 2. ........ ..-_._. ....-...-.......-..

.-... .-._-_.__ Sites. -..-.-._....-..-...-.-.-- - ...--..

..---....-......... Sunrise Hwy. (site 5W). ......... .............

Sampawams Creek at Babylon

Swan River at East Patchogue

................... Rose St. (site 4) .... .... ...

................... Gaging Sta. (site 5) ...... .--.-- .......

3. 12-2. 94

2. 94-2. 22

2. 22-1. 51

1. 51- . 85

. 85- . 19

. 85- . 19

2. 23-1. 56

1. 09- . 62

. 62- . 00

1.82-1.53

1. 53-1. 02

1. 02- . 55

. 55- . 10

5

15

12

15

13

15

13

11

16

19

25

3

7

9

12

5,000

35,000

27,000

48,000

20,000

17,000

16,000

25,000

27,000

37,000

78,000

3,000 _.

8,000

24,000 ..

29,000 ..

3.2

56

67

2.2

76

134

13

35

7.7

6.9

1.6

137

0.63

1.79

2.92

3.95

2.6

3.9

1.8

2.7

5.2

6.3

8.3

0.1

.6

4.7

8.6

10.0

3..'

3

4

1.,

1..

4

3.

3.

3..

2.

4..

4

4

3.

1.

Completely ponded.
TEMPERATURE OF THE STREAMS ON LONG ISLAND, NEW YORK

73° 35'

Dll

40°42'30" 

40° 40

Stream-gagmg station HEMPSTEAD 

N1267

FIGUEE 6. Measurement sites and forested and urbanized areas adjacent to East Meadow Brook.

378-970 O 70 2
D12 HYDROLOGY AND SOME EFFECTS OF URBANIZATION ON LONG ISLAND, NEW YORK

STREAMFLOW CHARACTERISTICS

The surface drainage area is about 31 square miles 

measured at the gaging station (temperature site 4); 

mean annual discharge at the gaging station is 16.6 

cfs (cubic feet per second) (1937-66). The channel 

is straight and there are only a few short tributaries. 

The stream enters West Lake a short distance below 

the gaging station. West Lake and East Lake are the 

principal units of the group of ponds known as the 

East Meadow Ponds (fig. 6). Both lakes have separate 

outlets dividing the stream into two branches below 

the Long Island Railroad. The average gradient of the 

stream is 2 feet per 1,000 feet (fig. 15).

As might be expected, covering the basin with buildings and paved areas has produced some large changes 

in the volume of direct runoff to the stream. Seaburn 

(1969) computed the increase in direct runoff to the 

stream as follows:

Average annual

direct runoff 

Period (acre-feet)

1987-43_____________________________ 920

1944-51_____________________________ 1,170

1952-59_____________________________ 2, 200

1960-62_____________________________ 3, 400

The overall increase in the volume of direct runoff 

from the initial (1937-43) to the final period is 270 

percent.

Five discharge measurements were made at each 

temperature site to evaluate ground-water inflow to 

the stream. These measurements were obtained during 

base flow conditions that is, during dry weather periods to minimize the effect of direct runoff. The average 

flow was then computed and plotted as shown in figure 

15. Ground-water seepage is less than 0.5 cfs per 1,000 

feet of channel above the gaging station and about 0.8 

cfs per 1,000 feet below the station.

MODIFICATIONS PRODUCED BY MAN

With a few exceptions, almost every reach of this 

stream has been, at some time or other, altered to some 

degree by man. The first major change occurred at the 

turn of the century with the construction of the East 

Meadow Ponds by New York City as part of its effort 

to obtain new supplies of wy ater. The principal units 

in this system of ponds are East Lake (surface area, 

134 acres) and West Lake (76 acres). Along with the 

construction of the lakes (fig. 4), the channels downstream were straightened to increase the conveyance 

capacity of the stream. Two other large ponds were 

built sometime later, namely, Mullener Pond (56 acres) 

and Smith Pond (67 acres), providing a total pondedwater surface area of 333 acres exposed to the sun's

rays compared to the natural stream surface area of 

only 9 acres.

Construction and the recent widening of Meadowbrook State Parkway has led to channel realinement 

and clearcutting of trees along several reaches. In addition to the removal of trees and shrub^ along the banks, 

most realined channels have been widened beyond 

their original widths so that the proportion of surface 

area to volume of water in the reach may be increased 

sharply locally. The reaches most affected by highway construction include virtually the entire stream 

above Smith Pond and a short reach just above the 

gaging station. About the only reach that appears to 

have been untouched by highway construction or the 

creation of ponds is that below Smith Pond to a point 

about 1,000 feet above the gaging station.

Numerous storm drains ranging in size from 12 to 36 

inches in diameter are utilized to convey storm drainage to East Meadow Brook from the urbanized areas 

shown in figure 6. The sharply higher volume of storm 

runoff entering the stream has affected not only peak 

discharges but stream-temperature regimen as well. 

Additionally, a 54-inch culvert (fig. 8) just below East 

Lake is situated somewhat below the regional water 

table. As a result, a small, but steady f ow of cool ground 

water issues from the culvert at all times. This flow, as 

will be shown below, has altered temperature patterns 

in the East Branch of the stream. There is no indication of any thermal pollution entering the stream 

from industries or homes.

Aside from these direct effects on the stream's environment, a general lowering of the water table has 

occurred in the basin owing to excessive pumping and 

the loss of recharge. Sawyer (1963) estimated the loss 

of recharge at 63,000 gallons per day during the period 

1952-60. Franke (1968) estimates that ground-water 

levels in the interstream areas of southwestern Nassau 

County have declined an average of 10 feet relative to 

similar areas in Suffolk County. He attributes about 

7 feet of this decline to sewering. Although East Meadow Brook flows somewhat to the east of the sewered 

area, substantial declines in ground-water levels must 

have occurred near the stream, owing to the widespread 

regional lowering of water levels along the western 

periphery of the basin.

SHADING

One of the principal factors affecting the energybalance of any stream is the amount of shade provided 

by its banks or by trees, shrubs, or man-made structures. 

To delineate the relative amounts of shading along such 

streams, the author subjectively classified reaches according to five possible degrees of shade. A solid forest
TEMPERATURE OF THE STREAMS ON LONG ISLAND, NEW YORK 113

canopy (in summer) over any particular reach was 

ranked as "heavy" shade; or, quantitatively, one might 

estimate that less than 20 percent of the total incoming 

?olar radiation penetrates to such a reach. On the other 

end of the scale, reaches estimated to receive 80-100 

percent of possible incoming solar radiation were said 

io have little or no shade effect. To compute an overall 

rverage stream shade index, open reaches were classifed by the number 1, whereas heavily forested reaches

-'-ere ranked 5; other shade gradations were subjectively 

ranked accordingly (fig. 7). On this basis the overall 

shade index for East Meadow Brook is 2.9 as computed 

from figure 8, lowest of any of the study streams. It 

ehould be stressed that shading was estimated during the 

summer when all deciduous trees were at full leaf. 

Shading indices in winter would be at least one unit 

] ower than that shown for all shade classifications given, 

except for ponded reaches where no greater penetration 

<f solar energy could occur.

As illustrated in figure 8, the only reaches with greater 

f han 60 percent shade is that in the vicinity of temperaf.ure site 3 and in the East and West Branches of the 

rtream. Shading of the West Branch below Sunrise 

lighway was 100 percent because the stream was recently placed in a cement box culvert in that particular

 ^ach. This stream presently receives far more radiation 

Tom the sun than it would have under natural condi4 ions which are closely simulated in the reach below 

Smith Pond.

SAMPAWAMS CREEK

The source of this stream was just below Southern 

State Parkway (fig. 9) throughout the 12-month study 

period which began November 1966. During the early 

1960's, the source of the stream was about 1 mile above 

"he Guggenheim Lakes at a point nearly 6,000 feet above 

^he present (1968) source. The unprecedented drought

*;hat began in 1962 dropped ground-water levels to such 

an extent that the lakes become nearly dry and have not 

yet recovered to their normal levels.

Sampawams Creek drains about 23 square miles in 

southwestern Suffolk County. Much of the basin is residential particularly areas flanking the perennial part 

of the stream. The creek flows nearly due south and has 

no tributaries of any consequence. Mean annual discharge at the gaging station (temperature site 4) is 9.6

-}fs (1944-66). The mean gradient of the stream is 2.2 

feet per 1,000 feet.

STREAMFLOW CHARACTERISTICS

Sampawams Creek has shown sharply increasing 

rates of storm runoff in recent years much the same as 

East Meadow Brook. The bulk of this direct runoff

originates from a large area north of Hunter Avenue 

(fig. 9). Further increases in storm runoff are anticipated as areas north of Southern State Parkway continue to come under development.

Ground-water pickup below Southern State Parkway 

ranges from about 0.6 cfs per 1,000 feet of channel 

length in the reach between the gaging station p.nd 

Wyandanch Avenue to 1.3 cfs per 1,000 feet between 

Sunrise Highway and Wyandanch Avenue (fig. 18). 

These rates of inflow are somewhat lower than those 

observed in stream draining less urbanized environments. Although no tangible evidence is available, the 

lower rates of ground-water seepage to Sampawams 

Creek suggests a general lowering of the water table 

due, in part, to urbanization. The low ground-water 

inflow in the reach between the gaging station p.ncl 

Wyandanch Avenue may be the direct result of pumping near the right bank of the stream. Although the bnlk 

of the pumped water is derived from the Magothy 

aquifer, some direct loss of water from the stream may 

result during periods of heavy withdrawal.

MODIFICATIONS PRODUCED BY MAN

Throughout the study period, extensive modifications 

were being made to parts of the middle and lower 

reaches of Sampawams Creek, owing to a road construction project. The roadbed of the new highway has sliced 

through the basin, radically changing the stream environment locally. By way of illustration, Hawleys 

Lake, just above temperature-site 5, was completely destroyed (fig. 10); the channel in the immediate vicinity 

of the gaging station has been diverted (fig. 10) ; part 

of a small pond between sites 2 and 3 was filled in, and 

much of the channel near site 2 was completely rebuilt 

and stripped of vegetation. In addition to these changes, 

the new road went through the center of a small pond 

above Sunrise Highway. Despite the active road construction, parts of the stream below Sunrise Highway 

escaped with little or no change.

Numerous culverts discharge storm water directly 

into the stream. An additional source of direct runoff 

will shortly be provided by the new road which will 

dump storm water into the stream. Moreover, the possibility exists that HaAvleys Lake will be rebuilt as part 

of a park site for the village of Babylon.

SHADING

Based on a field survey made in August 1967, the overall shade index of the stream was 3.2 at that time. Most 

upper reaches are in fairly heavy shade (fig. 11), but 

ponding and clearcutting of trees has reduced natural 

vegetative cover rather sharply elsewhere along the 

stream. Fairly good cover remains in the vicinity of site
D14 HYDROLOGY AND SOME EFFECTS OF URBANIZATION ON LONG ISLAND, NEW YORK

SHADE INDEX: 1 to 2 

0-25 PERCENT FOREST COVER

Shading generally restricted 

to early morning and 

late afternoon

SHADE INDEX: 2 to 3 

25-50 PERCENT FOREST COVER

Some sunshine penetration 

in morning and evening. 

Considerable sunshine 

between 1000 and 

1400 hours

SHADE INDEX: 3 to 4 

50-75 PERCENT FOREST COVER 

Very little sunshine penetration 

in morning or late afternoon. 

Some sunshine between 1000 

and 1400 hours

SHADE INDEX: 4 to 5

GREATER THAN 75 PERCENT 

FOREST COVER

Very little sun pene 

tration even at 

noon

FIGUKE 7. General relationship of forest cover to shade index.
TEMPERATURE OF THE STREAMS ON LONG ISLAND, NEW YORK

EXPLANATION

-i -/ Source (beginning of perennial stream, October 1967)

Stream-temperature site 

and number

D15

SHADE INDEX 

(percentage shaded) -Mullener Pond

Surface area, 56 acres. A very shallow 

pond probably created by construction of 

Southern State Parkway

Channel relocated during parkway construction. 

Vegetation stripped along right bank; streambanks stabilized by riprap

"Smith Pond

Surface area, 67 acres. Shallow 

pond used for recreation

LITTLE OR NO SHADE 

0-20

Stream flowing in 

an underground 

conduit

Considerable natural cover consisting of 

deciduous trees and shrubs. Trees are 

principally sugar maple, red maple, gum, 

and pin oak. Predominant shrubs are 

pokeweed, clethra, and beggars lice

Reach above site 4 relocated and stripped of 

vegetation for a distance of about 1,000 feet

East Meadow Ponds (East and West Lakes) 

Surface area, 212 acres. Part of New York 

City's Long Island aqueduct system. Built 

in early 1900's

54-inch-diameter storm drain contributes

steady discharge of ground water to stream

NOTE. Numerous culverts having 14- to 48-inch 

diameters discharge storm water to the 

stream during periods of high flow. The 

bulk of this flow enters from the east; however, 

several large culverts discharge stormflows 

from the west directly into the stream above 

the outlet to Smith Pond

FIGURE 8. Shading index and environmental features of East Meadow Brook.
DIG HYDROLOGY AND SOME EFFECTS OF URBANIZATION ON LONG ISLAND, NEW YORK

40°42'30"

EXPLANATION

Approximate position 

Water-temperature site O f a new roacj

and number constructed during 

Continuous records the study period

Water-temperature site

and number 

Manual observations only

Stream-gaging station 

0 S1807

Ground-water observation we 

and number

Area contributing direct 

runoff to stream

Wooded area

Perennial stream

Ephemeral stream

Guggenheim Lakes 

never filled during study period)

State P(cW y

 Source Oct. 1967

WEST ISLIP

1 MILE I XW 

J // A Haw leys Lake (destroyed prior to study)

FIGURE 9. Measurement sites and forested and urbanized areas adjacent to Sampawanis Cre^k.
TEMPERATURE OF THE STREAMS ON LONG ISLAND, NEW YORK D17

FIGURE 10. Sites of former Hawleys Lake, November 1966 

(upper) and the gaging station, August 1967 (lower).

3, which, so far, has escaped the effects of the 'bulldozer. 

Shading, under natural conditions, is provided by 30- to 

40-foot-high sugar maple, sweet gum, and pin oak trees, 

which are the dominant tree species adjacent to the 

creek.

CHAMPLIN CREEK

This stream rises about half a mile above Spur Drive 

North (temperature-site 1), as indicated in figure 12. 

Much of the flow in the reach above Spur Drive North 

is effluent discharge from the Central Islip State Hospital. The outfall for the hospital is located just a short 

distance below the source as shown in figure 13. The 

stream meanders through much of its upper part; however, below Beech Street the channel is nearly straight. 

Established residential areas flank the lower parts of 

Champlin Creek, but parts of the basin above Islip 

Boulevard are, as yet, undeveloped. The Champlin 

Creek basin ranks as the third most urbanized basin of 

the five study streams.

STREAMFLOW CHARACTERISTICS

Mean annual discharge of the gaging station (site 4) 

is 7.3 cfs (1948-66). Mean annual discharge at the 

mouth of Champlin Creek is about 10 cfs, lowest of 

any of the five study streams. The impact of urbanization on peak discharges has not been as great at Champlin Creek as it has been on streams nearer to New York 

City. Some increase in flood volume has occurred since 

the gaging station was first established, but effect of 

the increased storm runoff has, to date, been minor.

The pattern of ground-water inflow is rather striking as shown in figure 18. Pickup rates increase rapidly 

from the source to the middle reaches of the stream; 

thereafter, they fall to about 0.7 cfs per 1,000 feet of 

channel and stabilize at that level. The increased pickup 

is probably related to steep water-table gradients found 

near Islip Boulevard. Thus, the bulk of the increased 

ground-water outflow is due to a greater lateral inflow 

of water from the shallow' aquifer flanking the stream. 

This particular pickup regime that is, maximum 

seepage rates midway between mouth and source is 

found in other streams on Long Island where man's 

activities have not yet significantly modified streamflow 

patterns.

MODIFICATIONS PRODUCED BY MAN

Much of the storm runoff entering Champlin Creek 

does so at Islip Boulevard where a 36-inch culvert discharges runoff from a large section of Islip Terrace. 

The extension of Southern State Parkway which crosses 

the stream just below site 1 has increased storm runoff. However, the effect of this project on the stream's 

immediate environment has not been nearly so great 

as at Sampawarns Creek where the centerline of a newly 

built road nearly parallels the thread of the stream.

Effluent from the sedimentation tanks of Central 

Islip State Hospital is channeled into a series of infiltration beds located about 3,000 feet northeast of site 1. 

Owing to the lack of observational data, the effect of 

this sewage on regional ground-water levels is difficult 

to assess. The flow-through volume of the plant is about 

1.3 million gallons per day. However, the water level 

in an observation well midway between temperature 

site 1 and the sewage lagoons appears to be at a normal 

altitude for the general area.

Only two small ponds are above the stream-gaging 

station. Knapps Lake, 282 acres just below the gage, is 

a large man-made lake used for recreation. Two smaller 

lakes are situated between Montauk Highway and the 

head of tidewater.
D18 HYDROLOGY AND SOME EFFECTS OF URBANIZATION ON LONG ISLAND, NEW YORK

win highway culverts EXPLANATION 

3

V

Stream-temperature site 

and number

SHADE INDEX 

(percentage shaded)

>Two shallow recreation ponds.Combined surface 

area, 1 3.3 acres

>Two 42- by 30-inch culverts discharging 

storm runoff

HEAVY 

80-100

LITTLE OR NO SHADE 

0-20

Twin

highway \ 

culverts 

-^50- by 30-inch 

storm-water culvert

Natural vegetation, consisting of sugar maple, willow,

and sweet gum trees, is largely unaffected by 

'-development along this reach

^-Sunrise Ponds 

Surface area:

Upper pond, 1 8.8 acres 

Lower pond, prior to road construction, 

40 acres; lower pond, during study 

period, 15 acres

Entire reoch stripped of vegetation owing 

to road construction

I^Wyandanch Pond

Surface area: Prior to road construction, 

21.5 acres; during study period, 17.5 acres

Small quantity of heated waste water from 

a commercial laundry enters the stream 

from the west

-~ Approximate location of o recently constructed 

roadbed

-Hawleys Lake

Surface area: Prior to road construction, 

57 acres; during study period, 7 acres

FIGURE 11. Shading index and environmental features of Sampawams Creek.
TEMPERATURE OF THE STREAMS ON LONG ISLAND, NEW YORK L19

EXPLANATION

Water-temperature site

and number 

Continuous records

Water-temperature site

and number 

Manual observations only

Stream-gaging station 

0B-4

Ground-water observation well 

and number

Areas contributing direct 

runoff to stream

Wooded area 

Perennial stream

TERRACE

EAST ISLIP

FIGUBE 12. Measurement sites and forested and urbanized areas adjacent to Champlin Creek.

SHADING

The overall shade index for Champlin Creek is 3.6. 

Deciduous trees are the predominant source of shade. 

However, some pine trees as much as 40 feet in height 

$ re found along the upper reaches of the stream. 

Despite the residential nature of much of the reach between Islip Boulevard and the gaging station, a fair 

amount of shade is apparent (fig. 13). The homes in 

this area are at least 20 years old, and many of the 

cwners have planted fast-growing willow trees adjacent 

to the stream. These trees are now full grown, so that 

i hey yield considerable shade.

CONNETQUOT RIVER

Throughout the study period (November 19^?6- 

October 1967) the source of Connetquot River was just 

south of the Long Island Railroad (fig. 14). The river 

flows southwest initially, it then makes a large bencf to 

the southeast near its midpoint emptying into tidewater at the main stem gaging station on Sunrise Highway. To avoid distortion of natural water-temperature 

patterns caused by ponding along the lower reaches' of 

the river and to meet the size criterion referred to on 

page D9, studies were limited to only the upper half 

of this relatively large stream. Throughout its enf.ire
D20 HYDROLOGY AND SOME EFFECTS OF URBANIZATION ON LONG ISLAND, NEW YORK

EXPLANATION

V 3

Stream-temperature site 

and number

SHADE INDEX 

(percentage shaded)

30-inch-diameter culvert which discharges 

slightly heated waste water from Central 

Islip Hospital powerplant as well as storm 

water

Very shallow pond, formerly used as a duck pond. 

 Y Surface area, 0.9 acre

Some development, particularly along right bank; 

slight effect on natural cover which consists 

of pitch pine, white oak, sugar maple, 

.and birch trees

24-inch-diameter 

/ storm drains

LITTLE OR NO SHADE 

0-20

/24-inch-diameter 

storm drains

-36-inch-diameter storm droin which 

continuously discharges a small 

amount of ground water (Islip Blvd.)

Natural caver thinned by homeowners whose 

property extends to the stream

small priva 

Surfo

te recreation pond 

area, 6.8 acres

Ef24-inch-diameter storm drains

Knapps Lake

Surfac

nly,larg

rea, 165 acres. Recreation use 

lely private

: 42-inch-diameter storm drain

1 MILE 

I

 Lakes

FIGURE 13. Shading index and environmental features of Champlin Creek.
TEMPERATURE OF THE STREAMS ON LONG ISLAND, NEW YORK

73°10'

D21

EXPLANATION

Water-temperature site

and number 

Continuous records

Water-temperature site

and number 

Manual observations only

Stream-gaging station

+ '

Solar radiation site

and number 

Intermittent records

Wooded area 

Perennial stream 

Ephemeral stream

1 MILE

J

s?# &'~

J>? ,/,' ^J fo?>' r* jto K-:-riJ ^'Ji^^j

*> »-<^ "5? ' * *£*H) ***

 >" ^s'-.'.-o Southside

# -^' .^sp0r t, men

OAKDALE

FIGURE 14. Measurement sites and forested areas adjacent to Connetquot River.
D22 HYDROLOGY AND SOME EFFECTS OF URBANIZATION ON LONG ISLAND, NEW YORK

length, the river flows through heavy stands of natural 

vegetation in a private hunting and fishing preserve. 

Some representative views along the stream may be seen 

in figure 36.

STREAMFLOW CHARACTERISTICS

Discharge at the head of tidewater is 38.8 cfs (1943- 

66) or over twice the flow of the second largest study 

stream (Swan Kiver). Mean discharge at temperature 

site 5 was just over 16 cfs during the study period, a 

figure more in line with discharge at the other four 

study streams. The surface drainage area above the head 

of tidewater is about 24 square miles.

Owing to the natural environment of this basin, very 

little water reaches the stream as direct runoff. For 

example, the ratio of storm-water discharge to total 

discharge was computed to be 2.9 percent at the gaging 

station. This figure compares with nearly twice that 

amount (5.7 percent) at Sampawams Creek. Overbank 

flooding is very rare anywhere along the stream because of the attenuated flood hydrographs. It is likely 

that much of the direct runoff represents rain falling 

directly on the water surface and on the streambanks.

Ground-water seepage into the stream is heavy along 

the middle reaches of the river (fig. 15). Bates of inflow 

as much as 2 cfs per 1,000 feet of channel length are 

common between sites 3 and 5. The pickup (seepage) 

pattern is similar to that of Champlin Creek, Swan 

Kiver, and, to a lesser extent, Sampawams Creek.

MODIFICATIONS PRODUCED BY MAN

Aside from Veterans Highway, there have been no 

significant environmental changes anywhere along the 

stream above site 5. Stormflow of relatively small volume enters the stream at the Veterans Highway overpass. Some stormflow may enter ephemeral reaches 

of the river above the Long Island Railroad; such 

accretions are small, however.

Many years ago, the left bank of the stream above 

site 5 was stripped of some of its vegetation for a distance of about 1,000 feet. No other significant modifications to the stream's environmental are known to the 

author.

SHADING

The overall shade index for the stream above site 5 

is 3.8, highest of any of the study streams. Much of the 

upper part of the stream is about 80 percent shaded 

(fig. 16). Shading gradually decreases in the downstream direction, principally because the river becomes 

wider and thereby allows more sunlight to penetrate 

to the stream.

SWAN RIVER

Swan Kiver has the shortest overall length of any oJ 

the five study streams. Perennial flow begins just upstream of Circle Drive North (fig. IT) about 1,000 feel 

below Woodside Avenue. The length of the perennial 

reach is just over 2 miles. Despite its short length, the 

stream ranks second in quantity of flow discharged tc 

tidewater. The basin currently (1968) represents the 

eastern boundary of urban development which began in 

western Nassau County in the 1920's. The perennial flow 

channel has a mean gradient of about 2.3 feet per 1,000 

feet. There are no tributaries of any consequence. The 

river has a surface drainage area of about 8.8 square 

miles.

STREAMFLOW CHARACTEPISTICS

Flow patterns of this stream are characterized by 

heavy ground-water inflow in its middle reaches (fig. 

18). Swan River flows through a well-developed valley 

so that the elevation of its channel is probably well 

below that of the water table flanking the stream. As a 

result, steep water-table gradients exist, generating 

greater-than-normal lateral ground-water discharge. 

Artificially high water-surface levels created by Swan 

Lake, on the other hand, are doubtless responsible for 

the sharp drop in ground-water pickup in the reach 

between Rose Street and the gaging station.

MODIFICATIONS PRODUCEE BY MAN

Swan Lake, (fig. 4) was built prior to the establishment of the gaging station in 1946. The lake, impounded 

behind an earthfill dam with a timber flume outlet, has 

a surface area of 137 acres. The only other ponded area 

on the stream is that above Barton Avenue where a 

small pond of less than 4 acres was created by the 

Barton Avenue roadbed.

Residential building activity adjacent to the stream 

is confined north of Barton Avenue where several developments have been constructed in tr°. past few years. 

Several off-channel recharge basins have been built near 

sites 1 and 2 (fig. 19) to facilitate storm-water removal 

from these newly created urban areas. The basins are 

dry, except following periods of heavy rainfall when, 

as shown in the lower part, of figure 20, they may contribute substantial flood runoff to the stream. Direct 

runoff from paved streets may also contribute to flood 

flows, as indicated in the upper view of figure 20. The 

only other residential area contributing direct runoff 

to the stream is found north of Rose Street. Homes in 

this area are at least 20 years old, and locally, little 

or no construction is currently in progress.
TEMPERATURE OF THE STREAMS ON LONG ISLAND, NEW YORK

CONNETQUOT RIVER

D23

6 8 10 12 14 16 18 

DISTANCE, ABOVE TIDEWATER, IN THOUSANDS OF FEET

20 22 24

30-i 

28-

26-

24 

22-

20-

16-

14-

12-

10-

8-

6-

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2-

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MEAN OF FIVE DISCHARGE MEASUREMENTS

(October 1966-August 1967)

?;

X

X

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s/

Y,

7~,

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1 AVERAGE SEEPAGE RATE 1

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-Temperature sil 

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STREAM PROFILE ~ 

60-i o|

40 

20 

n 

MULLENER => £

SMITH POND °o

 - 

1 1 ' 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

6 8 10 12 14 16 18 

DISTANCE, ABOVE TIDEWATER, IN THOUSANDS OF FEET

20 22 24

12 | 

10 

8 

6 

4 

0 

2.0 

1.5 

1.0 

0.5 

n

MEAN OF FIVE DISCHARGE MEASUREMENTS 

(October 1966-August 1967)

7

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_ _ AVERAGE SEEPAGE RATE 

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FIGURE 15. Profiles, mean discharge at selected sites, and average seepage rates (pickup) for Connetquot River and East Meadow

Brook.
D24 HYDROLOGY AND SOME EFFECTS OF URBANIZATION ON LONG ISLAND, NEW YORK

EXPLANATION

Stream-temperature site 

and number

SHADE INDEX 

(percentage shaded)

MODERATE 

40-60

':.. * Poor drainage above temperature-site 1 

causes swampy conditions and a 

relatively large effective stream width

These sewers represent the only source of 

direct runoff to the stream resulting from 

man's activities. They drain Veterans 

Highway and contribute relatively small 

quantities of discharge even under very 

heavy rainfall situations

Throughout its entire length, the Connetquct River 

flows within the property of the Southsic'e Sportsmen Club. The area has escaped development 

except for the limited stretch where it in*ersects Veterans Highway. Thus, it is one of the 

Few remaining areas on Long Island of any substantial size still in its natural state. Exce'lent trout 

fishing is maintained by stocking with fhh supplied 

from the club hatchery, located about 3,000 feet 

below temperature-site 5. Mixed decic'uous stands, 

30 to 50 feet high, flank the stream. Pitch Pine 

is dominant in areas away from the streim

Shrubs, such as speckled alder and orrow-wood, 

are commonly found growing to heights of 

10 to 15 feet along the banks

Some trees removed from left bank 

5

FIGURE 16. Shading index and environmental features of Connetquot River.
TEMPERATURE OF THE STREAMS ON LONG ISLAND, NEW YORK

73°00'

D25

EXPLANATION

Water-temperature site and number 

Continuous records

Water-temperature site and number 

Manual observations only

Stream-gaging station

Areas contributing direct 

runoff to stream

Wooded area

Perennial stream

Ephemeral stream

1 MILE 

I

s?p§? ?$£c.%l £3- \|01#^L Q &.?&} ~.«~&J^/\ 3rJ.*:L

.^f *&:&

FIGUKE 17. Measurement sites and forested and urbanized areas adjacent to Swan River.
D26 HYDROLOGY AND SOME EFFECTS OF URBANIZATION ON LONG ISLAND, NEW YORK

STREAM PROFILE

SAMPAWAMS CREEK

STREAM PROFILE

6 8 10 12 14 

, ABOVE TIDEWATER, IN THOUSANDS OF FEET DISTANCE, ABOVE TIDEWATER, IN THOIT4NDS OF FEET

14 |

12-

10 

8-

6-

4 1 2-

2 0-,

1 5 1

1 0 

0 5 

^

'--.

|

If !

P

[

^Ii °

: | /

7i e / ;

/ 3

/ " / o

< 5

/ ;

c/

MEAN ANNUAL DISCHARGE p- 14 , MEAN ANNUAL DISCHARGE

J 171 . m

J -, 

0 j-

?|

^

P

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II Is

<C a Q. 1 

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AVERAGE SEEPAGE RATE a. "- "

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CHAMPLIN GREEK §

R

M pi

i |i si g | s

1 5 || |l 55 1

I! 4 1 §!1 " 5 g AVERAGE SEEPAGE RATE ^

2 4 6 8 10 12 14 

DISTANCE, ABOVE TIDEWATER, IN THOUSANDS OF FEET

-

^ <

 g J

MEAN ANNUAL DISCHARGE

; \ | 0 

: " P « ? a

5 |- o a. Y\ 5^ t2

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-' 5 -x ffi °- o: ? 

/ " ^ i (7] =|

^ ^ "t^l TM

j_

cc

Q_

0

Q_

AVERAGE SEEPAGE RATE

FIGURE 18. Profiles, mean annual discharge at selected sites, and average seepage rates (pickup) for Swan River and

Sampawams and Champlin Creeks.

Although the effects of urban activity on stream characteristics have been minimal in this basin to date, it 

is clear that the recently developed residential areas 

will, if they have not already done so, significantly alter 

the volume of flood runoff to the stream. Swan Eiver 

is ranked fourth among the five study streams in degree 

of urban development.

SHADING

The overall shade index as computed from data 

portrayed in figure 19 is 3.0. Only two reaches are still 

in their natural state a short stretch below the source 

and practically the entire reach between temperature 

sites 2 and 3. Shading is provided mainly by red and 

sugar maples and, in residential areas, by willows and 

other shade trees. Too, much shading is also derived 

from heavy growths of shrubs along the banks, which 

often attain heights of 6-8 feet, Noteworthy breaks in 

natural stream cover are readily apparent near Barton 

Avenue and throughout the reach between sites 4 and 5.

INSTRUMENTATIC N

Clearly, one of the most important, considerations in 

any temperature study is the quality and dependability 

of the temperature sensing instruments. Ideally, such 

instruments should be compact, rugged, portable, and 

above all, they should be capable of maintaining their 

calibration over extended periods of time. The telethermometer, a remote reading instrument, was selected 

as the basic spot temperature measuring device. This 

instrument is powered by flashlight batteries housed in 

a small console. Using extension leads, the instrument 

(accurate to within 0.5° C) can easily be adapted for 

use in obtaining ground-water temperatures in standard 2-inch-diameter observation wells.

Ryan 8-day Model D water-proof thermographs were 

used at all continuous recording locations except one. 

These instruments have a bimetallic coil sensing element with a clock-wind drive, and they record on a 

pressure sensitive strip chart. They are Qi/2 inches in
TEMPERATURE OF THE STREAMS ON LONG ISLAND, NEW YORK 

EXPLANATION

t>

Off-channel recharge 

(detention) basin

V3

Stream-temperature site 

and number

SHADE INDEX 

(percentage shaded)

D27

LITTLE OR NO SHADE 

0-20

Small swampy area above Barton Ave., 3.9 acres

Natural cover, which consists principally of sugar 

maple and red maple, is largely unaffected 

by development along this reach

14-inch-diameter storm sewer

Some of natural cover removed from left bank 

by private landowners

Swan Lake

Surface area, 137 acres. Recreation 

only (private)

^ 24-inch-dtameter storm sewer

FIGURE 19. Shading index and environmental features of Swan River.

378-970 O >70 3
D28 HYDROLOGY AND SOME EFFECTS OF URBANIZATION ON LONG ISLAND, NEW YORK

FIGURE 20. Views of Swan River below Barton Avenue showing 

street runoff (upper) and stormflow from an off-channel 

recharge basin (lower).

height, 314 inches in diameter, weigh 4 pounds, and are 

accurate to within 0.5° C. The small diameter of the 

Ryan recorder is narrow enough to permit housing the 

unit in 4-inch pipe casings. At exposed sites subject 

to vandalism, the recorders were placed in 4-inch pipe 

w7ells fabricated and fastened with steel straps to concrete abutments as shown in figure 21.

The only non-Ryan thermograph used in the study 

wras a Bendix-Friez three-element recorder installed 

initially at the Sampawams Creek gaging station but 

subsequently moved to the Swran River gage. This 

clock-wind drive instrument was used to record simultaneously air and stream temperatures. It produced 

excellent reliable records.

Two Belfort pyranometers were used for recording 

solar radiation in energy-budget studies performed at 

Connetquot River. One instrument was placed in the 

Rockaway Road recharge basin in Mineola to obtain

observations of unimpeded solar radiation; the othe 

was placed on a portable platform that was set up i: 

the stream. In addition to these installations, continuou 

records of short-wave and net radiation were obtaine< 

from the Meteorology Group at the Brookhaven N"a 

tional Laboratory. The Brookhaven short-wave radia 

tion data were obtained from an Eppley pyranome 

ter, and the net-radiation data, from a Suomi-typ 

radiometer.

A minimum-maximum thermometer was hung f ron 

the north side of a tree near the stream to obtain dail; 

air-temperature extremes. Sling psychrometers wer 

used for relative humidity determinations. For wine 

movement, a totalizing anenometer was attached to th 

same platform that supports the solar radiation instru 

ment (fig. 36).

Supplemental data available to the author includec 

daily land-pan evaporation data as well as continuou 

rainfall and temperature data from the Geologica 

Survey's cooperative weather station at the Rockawa; 

Road recharge basin. Streamflow measurements wer 

made wy ith a pygmy meter.

ANALYSES OF TEMPERATURE SURVEYS

The plan of attack followed by the author to asses 

man's impact on water-temperature patterns consistei 

of obtaining the synoptic temperature fields in all fiv 

study streams over 7-day periods. It was felt that ; 

1-week study period would be the minimum time spai 

needed to obtain a fair variety of meteorologic situ 

ations. To identify seasonal modifications in water 

temperature patterns, five temperature surveys wrer 

made at selected intervals over a 1-year period. Th 

dates of these runs are as follows:

Survey Period

1_______________________. Nov. 15-21,1966.

2_______________________. Jan. 25-31,1967.

3________________________. Apr. 19-25, 1967.

4_______________________. June 7-13, 1967.

5_______________________. Aug. 24-30,1967.

Ideally, the best method of delineating the some 

times subtle changes in stream-temperature pattern 

resulting from urbanization would be one employing 

continuous temperature recorders at each study sit< 

However, this approach was deemed impractical, owinj 

to need for pipe-well installations to prevent vandalisr 

at nearly all exposed sites. As an alternative, manua 

spot temperature readings were obtained at each of th 

five study sites on every stream used in the analysis 

At least one continuous recorder was in operation o: 

each of the study streams. Estimates of daily maximur 

and minimum temperature at each site were obtaine' 

by correlating temperatures at nonrecording sites wit. 

those registered by thermographs.
TEMPERATURE OF THE STREAMS ON LONG ISLAND, NEW YORK D29

FIGURE 21. ^Thermograph pipe-well installations at East Meadow 

Brook, site 4 (upper left) and site 5 (lower left) ; at Champlin 

Creek, site 5 (above).
D30 HYDROLOGY AND SOME EFFECTS OF URBANIZATION ON LONG ISLAND, NEW YORK

Stream temperatures across any section orthogonal 

to the direction of flow generally varied within close 

limits. Owing to the turbulent conditions in most 

reaches, mixing is complete and temperature differences of more than 0.3 °C are uncommon. Accordingly, 

on most reaches, recording instruments may be placed 

anywhere in the channel, and representative observations are assured. Occasionally, temperatures may differ by as much as 1°C across a section, owing to some 

local anomaly. For example, temperature differences at 

the East Meadow Brook, site 4, pipe-well installation 

occasionally deviated by 0.5°-1°C above or below 

temperatures observed at midstream. This is due primarily to the concrete control dam just downstream 

which causes ponding of water at the pipe well creating, 

in turn, sluggish flow conditions. As a result, lateral 

mixing with the active flow in midstream is sharply 

reduced. Such thermal anomalies are largely eliminated, however, by making all calibration temperature 

observations in the active flow part of the cross section. 

A similar situation exists at the Champlin Creek thermograph installation (site 4). Here, too, all calibration 

check temperature readings were obtained at midstream to correct for the local thermal anomaly. Aside 

from these two instances, thorough mixing insured a 

uniform temperature distribution across the stream at 

each of the other sites.

The remainder of this chapter is devoted to presenting a description of each temperature survey, highlighting significant thermal contrasts among the various sites and, whenever possible, identifying the causes 

of the discrepancies.

TEMPERATURE SURVEY 1, NOVEMBER 15-21, 1966 

WEATHER

A frontal passage in the early morning hours of November 15 heralded the onset of generally fair, cool 

weather for the 15th and 16th. As the fair-weather producing high pressure system moved over Long Island 

to a position off the eastern coast of the United States 

on the 16th, a broad southwesterly flow of air was 

generated over the area. The resulting influx of warm 

moist air from the Gulf of Mexico caused a rise in 

air temperatures beginning on the 16th which culminated on the 18th when air temperatures were about 

10° F above seasonal levels. A trough of low pressure 

triggered showers over the project area on the 18th. 

Eapid clearing set in on the 19th. Much cooler weather 

prevailed on the 20th and 21st as the new surge of cold 

Canadian air overspread the area. Skies were nearly 

completely clear during the last 2 days of the survey 

with air temperatures averaging 5°-10° F below the 

normal levels of 42°-46° F. The summary of data on

page D62-D68 contains meteorologic data for the study 

period.

SYNOPTIC STREAM-TEMPERATURE PATTERNS

Spring and fall represent transition periods with 

temperature patterns somewhere between warm and 

cold season extremes. During these seasons, such important stream-temperature controls as air temperature and solar radiation are seldom far from their longterm annual means. Accordingly, one might anticipate 

that any distortions of the natural seasonal temperature 

patterns of a stream due to man's activities are likely 

to be at a minimum in the spring and fall and at a 

maximum during the summer and winter.

Data obtained during this survey tend to bear out 

this point. For example, the average temperature of the 

five streams given in table 2 ranges from 9.8° C at East 

Meadow Brook to 8.4° C at Champlin Creek, or a range 

of just 1.4° C for the November 1966 survey. Mean 

temperatures among the 25 sites do, of course, exhibit 

greater variability. The highest mean temperature was 

recorded at site 5E on East Meadow Brook (11.6° C), 

and the lowest, at site 1 on Champlin Creek (6.6° C). 

The high temperature at East Meadow Brook was due 

in large measure to the discharge of a steady flow of 

ground water from a large culvert below the 

outlet of East Lake. This inflow, at times, accounts 

for as much as 50 percent of the flow past site 5E (fig. 

6). At the time of the survey, ground-water inflow was 

about 12° C or .about 3° C higher than the temperature 

of the overflow from the upstream reservoir. Ground 

water is normally warmer than the surface-water bodies 

into which it discharges during the cooler parts of the 

year, whereas the reverse is true during the warm season. Fairly heavy forest cover, low discharge, and sluggish flow conditions are the principal environmental 

and physical factors governing water temperatures at 

site 1 on Ohamplin Creek. This 'combination of factors 

reduces the importance of solar radiation and the heatstorage capacity of the stream in controlling stream 

temperatures while amplifying the importance of air

TABLE 2. Mean temperatures, in degrees Celsius, for five study 

streams, November 16-21, 1966

Stream

Temperature site East Meadow Sampawams

Brook Creek

Champlin 

Creek

Connetquot 

River

Swan 

Elver

1

2

3

4

5

8. 8

10.4

9.0

9.2

1 11. 6

9.5

8.5

8.7

9. 2

9.4

6.6

7.3

10. 6

9.4

8. 2

8.7

8.5

8.9

9. 1

8. 3

7.4

9.2

9.9

10. 3

7. 7

» Recorded at site 5E (fig. 6).
TEMPERATURE OF THE STREAMS ON LONG ISLAND, NEW YORK D31

temperatures in controlling; of stream temperatures. Accordingly, stream temperatures at site 1 were very close 

'.o mean air temperatures (4.5°-5.5° C) during the 

survey.

A statistical analysis using a two-way analysis of 

variance was employed to test for possible significant 

variations in the data presented in table 2. The results 

of this analysis are presented in table 3.

'"""ABLE 3. Two-way analysis of variance applied to the November 

15-21, 1966, water-temperature survey

Source of variation Sum of Degrees of Mean Variance 

squares freedom square ratio

Among sites._____________ 5. 29 4

Among streams-_-_-______ 5. 39 4

----------------- 18.55 16

1. 32

1. 35

1. 16

1. 14

1. 16

Total____ _________ 29.23 24

The F-ratio for significance at the 95 percent level 

Tvith 4 and 16 degrees of freedom (df) is 3.01. Thus, as 

vas anticipated, the differences in mean water tempera- 

' ures obtained during this survey are not significant. In 

other words, the observed differences could have been 

obtained by chance so that they cannot be ascribed, 

specifically, to any particular factor or combination of 

factors.

Despite the relatively stable temperature patterns of 

he streams, a few anomalies do exist. The drop of 

2.6° C between sites -i and 5 on Swan River suggests 

that Swan Lake just below site -i may have caused the 

cooling trend. The sharp rise in temperatures between 

sites 1 and 3 on Champlin Creek (4.0° C) and Swan 

^viver (2.5° C) are doubtless due to heavy ground-water 

i nflows between the sites. Other comparisons are possible, but these are best illustrated in subsequent thermal 

i Tirveys.

The summary of data on page D97-D98 contains 

"ourly temperature records for the five continuous 

thermographs used in this survey.

TEMPERATURE SURVEY 2, JANUARY 25-31, 1967 

WEATHER

Air temperatures throughout the period were characterized by a pronounced downward trend. Uiiseasonally warm temperatures on January 24 set numerous 

ligh-temperature records for the date throughout the 

sland. The trend toward cooler weather set in early 

on the 25th when cool moist maritime air overspread 

I he area. Despite the influx of cooler air temperatures 

on the 25th and 26th, temperatures averaged nearly 

20° F above the seasonal normal of 30°-33° F. A rapidly 

deepening low pressure system in the Ohio River valley 

moved just south of Long Island on the 27th, inducing

a flow of strong northeast winds and triggering light 

to moderate rainfall. Air temperatures during the precipitation period were mostly in the upper 30's and 

low 40's. Colder, and somewhat drier, air began to move 

into the area in the wake of the low pressure system 

during the early morning hours of the 28th. Temperatures fell below freezing by noon on the 28th for the 

first time in nearly a week. A weak center of high p^essure moved southeastward out of the Great Lakes tf.rea 

on the 29th, bringing with it clearing, but cold, weather. 

Temperatures fell into the low 20's and upper teens 

during the morning hours of the 29th and 30th. The 

survey period ended with a slight warming trend that 

set in during the afternoon of the 31st. Air temperatures 

during the last 3-days of the study period averaged 

30-70 F below seasonal levels.

SYNOPTIC STREAM-TEMPERATURE PATTERNS

111 response to the abnormally warm weather at the 

beginning of this survey, stream temperatures initially 

were more nearly representative of fall rather than 

winter. Mean-daily water temperatures averaged rear 

10° C on both January 25 and 26, but a gradual decline 

began on the 27th. Mean-daily temperatures were at 

their lowest levels on the 30th and 31st when they 

ranged from 1° C at site 2 on Champlin Creek to 

8.6° C at site 3 on the same stream.

As indicated in table 4, the range of mean temperatures among the five sites at Connetquot River, the control stream, was 0.8° C. The range of temperatures in 

all other streams is at least twice that amount, v^ith 

the largest observed on Champlin Creek (4.1° C). The 

relatively large range in temperature of Champlin 

Creek occurred between two successive sites (2, 3), and 

was due to a combination of two factors. Average 

streamflow at site 2 (Beech St.) was only 0.5 cfs, r.nd, 

as shown in figure 13, above Beech Street the stream 

flows through heavily wooded areas. Low streamflow 

results in a very large exposed surface area compered 

with the volume of water in most natural reaches. With 

air temperatures colder than water temperatures, l^at 

is quickly lost by the stream and water temperatures 

fall rapidly. Despite the fact that many of the trees 

were devoid of leaves, some shade is provided by tree 

trunks and limbs, and by shrubs lining the channel. 

Thus, natural vegetation tends to reduce the incoming 

heat from the sun, preventing any substantial recovery 

in temperature during the day. The second factor responsible for the large temperature variation between 

the sites is the heavy inflow of ground-water common to 

the reach. Discharge at Islip Boulevard was 2.1 cf? or 

four times the flow at Beech Street. The bulk of this 

flow seeped into the stream at temperatures ranging 

from 10° to 11° C.
D32 HYDROLOGY AND SOME EFFECTS OF URBANIZATION ON LONG ISLAND, NEW YORK

TABLE 4. Mean temperatures, in degrees Celsius, for five study 

streams, January 25-31, 1967

Stream Temperature site East Meadow Sampawams Champlin Connetquot Swan 

Brook Creek Creek River River

1

2

3

4

5

7.3

7.6

6. 2

6.9

1 8. 8

25. 0

7. 7

5.9

7.4

7.8

7.4

5.8

5.0

9. 1

8.0

6. 3

7.0

7.3

7.6

7.8

7. 0

5.2

6.2

8.7

9.0

6. 1

1 Recorded at site 5E.

2 Recorded at site 5W (fig. 6).

It should be stressed that the recorded difference in 

temperature of 4.1° G between Beech Street and Islip 

Boulevard is a 7-day mean daily mean temperature 

differences between these sites of as much as the 7.4° C 

observed on the final day of the survey are not uncommon in winter. Clearly, any reduction of ground-water 

inflow during the winter will result in a drop in stream 

temperature along this reach. Moreover, the loss of 

warm ground-water inflow will affect the temperature 

patterns of all downstream reaches.

The effect of removing natural shade and constructing ponds on winter thermal patterns is illustrated in 

figure 22. As shown in the upper left graph of figure 22, 

on January 31,1967, temperatures were moderately cold, 

and clear skies in the morning were followed by a rapid 

increase in cloudiness during the early afternoon. 

Strong radiational heating occurred through much of 

the day despite the nearly complete afternoon cloud 

cover. Stream temperatures rose rapidly beginning at 

1000 hours at Connetquot River. The general shapes of 

the temperature curves at all three sites are very similar, 

owing to the undisturbed natural conditions along the 

stream. The thermal patterns observed along SwT an 

River, on the other hand, are very different. Although 

thermal fluctuations at Barton Avenue (fig. 17) are 

similar to those of the control stream, the overall range 

in temperature is about 2° G larger. Minimum temperatures at the gaging station (site 5) were fully 5.5° C 

lower than at Rose Street (site 4). Temperature fluctuations at both Rose Street and the gaging station were 

much less than at Barton Avenue. Moreover, the time 

of occurrence of the maximum temperature at site 5 was 

at 2200 hours, or about 5 hours later than at either 

Barton Avenue on Rose Street.

Reaches upstream from both sites 2 and 5 on Swan 

River are affected by ponds of widely differing sizes. 

There is a small shallow pond (average depth, 0.5 ft.) 

above Barton Avenue and a much larger body of water 

(Swan Lake, average depth, about 3 ft.) above the 

gaging station. The heat-storage capacity of the shallow 

pond is small in relation to its surface area, so that the

pond is subject to large heat losses at night, and it gains 

heat rapidly during the day, especially if the sun is 

strong. Swan Lake, on the other hand, requires a considerable amount of heat to produce even a modest temperature rise, owing to its relatively large volume. Furthermore, time is needed to redistribute the heat absorbed at 

the surface of the lake, which may account for the maximum temperature time lag at site 5. Tv us, the net effect 

of these ponds on daily-temperature fluctuations is (1) 

to amplify temperature changes for the shallow pond 

and (2) to attenuate temperature fluctuations below 

the much larger pond. The Rose Street site is subject to 

heavy accretions of ground water in reaches just upstream (fig. 18). Clearly, ground-water inflow not only 

raises cold-season water temperatures, but it also has a 

pronounced tendency to attenuate daily-temperature 

fluctuations.

The tendency of ponds of all but the smallest sizes 

to depress average stream temperatures in winter is 

also shown in table 4. By way of illustration, there were 

declines of 1.4° G and 1.9° G at East Meadow Brook in 

the reaches between sites 2 and 3, and 4 and 5W (fig. 6), 

respectively. The apparent anomaly in the reach between sites 4 and 5E ( + 1.9° C) is due entirely to the 

heavy accretion of warm ground-water inflow issuing 

from a storm-water culvert. A drop cf 1.7° C between 

sites 4 and 5 at Champlin Creek and 2.9° C between the 

same points at Swan River are the result of relatively 

large ponds situated between the temperature sites. 

Slight increases in temperature were observed, on the 

other hand, between sites 1 and 2 on both East Meadow 

Brook and Swan River where shallow ponds of less 

than 1 foot in average depth have been created. Under 

certain meteorologic conditions, temperature downstream from the larger ponds may H 5°-7° C lower 

than concurrent temperatures just upstream.

As previously noted, virtually all nipn-made ponds on 

Long Island have timber stoplog control dams, and 

there is no way of releasing water from the ponds 

except over the top of the highest plank in the dam. 

Some leakage does, of course, occur between the planks, 

but this flow is usually small compared with that 

coming over the top of the dam. Releases from the 

middle and lower levels of ponds would tend to raise 

winter stream temperatures somewhat. However, in 

view of the relatively small volume of water stored in 

even the longest ponds on Long Island, it is doubtful 

whether the higher downstream temperatures would 

amount to much more than 0.5°-1° G.

The light to moderate rainfall that fell throughout 

the study area during the afternoon of January 27 was 

quickly absorbed and retained by drought-parched 

soils. Runoff to the streams was, therefore, much less
TEMPERATURE, IN DEGREES CELSIUS
D34 HYDROLOGY AND SOME EFFECTS OF URBANIZATION ON LONG ISLAND, NEW YORK

than might be expected from a rainfall of 0.5-1.0 inch, 

which much of the area experienced. The continuous 

record obtained at site 4 (fig. 6) on East Meadow 

Brook did, however, show a drop in stream temperatures of about 1° C during the rain period. Much of 

this drop in temperature can be attributed to incoming 

storm runoff, which was 3°-4° C colder than ambient 

stream temperatures.

The results of an analysis of variance test of significance are given in table 5.

TABLE 5. Two-way analysis of variance applied to the January 

25-31, 1967, water-temperature survey

Source of variation Sum of Degrees of Mean Variance 

squares freedom square ratio

Among sites _ _ _

Among streams.

Error. ______________

Total________.

.---. 9.25

.-.__ .98

..___ 20.11

._-_. 30.34

4

4

16

24 _

2.31

.24

1. 26. _.

1. 83

19

NOTE. Temperatures observed at site 5W on East Meadow Brook are not included 

in this analysis.

The variance ratios indicate that, statistically, the 

observed differences in temperature are not significant. 

The relatively large variance ratio found among the 

sites is due principally to the tendency to encounter 

heavy ground-water inflow in the middle reaches of 

Long Island watercourses. This inflow, in turn, raises 

water temperature in these reaches in winter relative to 

temperatures observed in the lower and upper reaches 

of most streams.

Nine continuous thermographs were used in this survey, and the hourly temperatures observed at each are 

shown in the summary of data on page D98-D100.

TEMPERATURE SURVEY 3, APRIL 19-25, 1967 

WEATHER

Unstable cyclonic circuation around a storm off New 

England produced generally cloudy cool weather on 

April 19. A high pressure cell moving southeastward 

out of eastern Canada resulted in a rapid clearing 

trend and seasonable temperatures on the 20th. Cloudiness gradually increased during the next 2 days, as 

a complex low-pressure system over the Great Lakes 

drifted eastward to the St. Lawrence Eiver valley on 

the 22d. Despite the rather intense storm center, only 

light showers were reported over Long Island on the 

22cl. With the passage of the storm, clear cool weather 

returned the following day. A poorly organized, but 

intensifying low-pressure system moved eastward to a 

position south of Long Island on the 24th. This storm 

system pumped cold moist air from the ocean, triggering light continuous rainfall during the forenoon and

early afternoon of the 24th. Air temperatures fell far 

below seasonal levels during the rair period, reaching 

the low thirties near midday in parts of the island. 

Eapid clearing set in early on the 25th as the storm 

center moved out into the ocean. See summary of data 

on page D76-D82 for a tabulation of pertinent meteorologic data, during the survey period.

SYNOPTIC STREAM-TEMPERATUPE PATTERNS

Mean temperatures among the 25 sites studied during 

this survey were, by far, the most uniform of any of 

the five temperature surveys. Somewhat paradoxically, 

the average range of daily temperatures during the 

April run were among the largest of any temperature 

survey. Mean daily site temperatures, as given in table 6, 

were within 2.4° C of each other, vrhereas the mean 

range of daily temperatures varied from 2.0°C at 

site 5E 011 East Meadow Brook to 7.6°C at site 2 on 

Swan Eiver.

TABLE 6. Mean temperature and averaoe daily temperature 

range (figures in parentheses'), in degrees Celsius, for five study 

streams, April 19-25, 1967

Stream

Temperature site East Meadow Sampawams Champlin

Brook Creek Creek

Connetquot 

River

Swan 

River

1

2

3

4

5

11. 0

(5.0)

11. 9

(6.6)

n, 6

(4.2)

12. 0

(5.0)

1 11. 6

(2.0)

11.9

(4.3)

12. 1

(3.6)

n. 7

(3.1)

11. 9

(3.1)

13. 0

(4.4)

12. 8

(7.1)

11.3

(5.6)

11. 1

(3.7)

12. 0

(4.9)

11.7

(2.8)

11. 1

(7.0)

11. 0

(6.6)

10. 9

(5.8)

11. 1

(5.9)

11. 4

(5.4)

10.6

(4.8)

12.4

(7.6)

11. 0

(4.3)

11. 7

(4.7)

11.0

(2.6)

1 Recorded at site 5E (fig. 6).

The amount of temperature fluctuation which a given 

reach will undergo during any particular day is a 

function of the weather, the amourt of surface area 

exposed to solar radiation, the volune of water stored 

in the reach, and the quantity of advected heat above 

the study site. Of great importance in determining 

diurnal temperature fluctuations is amount of solar 

radiation that is absorbed by the reach. Under natural 

conditions, stream-temperature fluctrations on a cloudv 

dull day are not likely to be very large. On the other 

hand, diurnal fluctuations may be surprisingly large 

under cloudless skies in the spring or early summe^ 

when the intensity of solar radiation is high. To illustrate this point, the temperature patterns of selecte/ 

sites on two study streams are plotted in figure 23 foT 

April 25, 1967, a nearly cloudless day. Shortly afte' 

sunrise, temperatures at the upstream sites of bort 

streams began a rapid rise which terminated at 14C'
TEMPERATURE, IN DEGREES CELSIUS
D36 HYDROLOGY AND SOME EFFECTS OF URBANIZATION ON LONG ISLAND, NEW YORK

hours. The range of temperatures was 11.6°C at site 1 

on Champlin Creek, and 13.9 °C at site 2 on Swan 

River, far more than the average for the study period 

as given in table 6. Clearcutting of trees and a shallow 

impoundment just above Barson Avenue at Swan River 

increased the effect of absorbed radiation on temperature to near optimal levels. The daily temperature patterns quickly attenuate downstream at Swan River 

because of (1) the relatively larger discharges, (2) the 

stabilizing effects of substantial quantities of ground 

water entering the stream at nnif orm temperature above 

Sunrise Highway, and (3) the substantial heat-storage 

capacity of Swan Lake just upstream from the gaging 

station.

The effect of ponding on diurnal-temperature fluctuations between adjacent sites along Swan River is 

illustrated in figure 24. Site 2 at Barton Avenue just 

below a very shallow pond normally exhibits diurnaltemperature changes up to twice the amplitude of that 

at site 1. The situation between sites 4 and 5 (dashed 

lines on the graph) of the same stream is exactly the 

opposite. Ponding by the relatively large lake above 

the gaging station sharply attenuates daily-temperature 

fluctuations along the reach. A similar dampening of 

daily temperatures between site 4 and 5 on Champlin 

Creek is portrayed by the dashed lines in figure 25. 

In this graph, solar intensity in langleys per day 

(1 langley is equal to 1 gram calorie per square centimeter) is plotted against standard deviation of hourly 

temperature which was computed over daily time spans. 

This latter statistic gives an index of variability the

GAGING STATION ISite 5) 

(Mean depth 3ftl

400 500 600 

SOLAR RADIATION IN LANGLEYS PER DAY

FIGURE 24. Range of daily temperature at selected sites on 

Swan River during the period June 7-13, 1967.

higher the standard deviation the greater the dailytemperature change. The reduced range in daily temperature between sites 4 and 5E on East Meadow Brook 

is due to a combination of ponding and the additional 

stabilizing effect of substantial quantities of groundwater being discharged from a storm sewer between the 

sites.

The cause of the large temperature fluctuation at 

site 1 on Champlin Creek (fig. 23) ir not immediately 

apparent. Although discharge at this point averages 

only about 1 cfs, a factor favoring lar^e thermal variations, the upstream reach is heavily forested, which 

tends to reduce diurnal temperature changes. However, 

deciduous trees are the dominant form of vegetation, 

so that a considerable amount of sunlight penetrates to 

the stream prior to the appearance of leaves. Thus, the 

ability of natural cover to dampen daily temperatures 

is, under these circumstances, something less than 

optimal.

As shown in figure 23, the range in temperature at 

the Champlin Creek gaging station is somewhat larger 

than at the next upstream site (Islip Plvd.) principally 

because of a small pond (fig. 13) between the sites. 

Aside from this one instance, there is a general decrease 

in daily-temperature change in the downstream direction along the stream this same pattern is exhibited at 

Connetquot River (table 6). Owing to the short lengths 

of all Long Island streams, it is not possible to state 

positively that, under natural conditions, dailytemperature changes will decline in the downstream 

direction. However, this statement appears reasonable, 

since most streams undergo proportionately larger 

increases in volume of water stored than in surface area 

gain in the downstream direction. Therefore, substantial heat-storage capacity is gained in the lower reaches 

of streams, a factor which tends to dampen short-period 

thermal variations.

To assess the effect of forest cover on diurnal fluctuations, five thermographs were installed at each of the 

Connetquot River temperature sites. The study period 

covered a 5-day span (Aug. 13-17, 1968). Calibration 

checks were made on each instrument at least once 

daily in order to correct for possible instrument "drift." 

Shading indices for each reach are average values of a 

series of observations spaced about 275 feet apart along 

the length of the stream. Connetquot River was selected 

because there is no significant pondage above the "at 

bridge" (site 5) location, thereby eliminating the effect 

of this important factor on stream-temperature 

fluctuations.

The mean daily range of temperature was about 

4.5°-5° C along the heavily forested upper reaches of 

the stream (fig. 26). Although othe^ factors, such a£
TEMPERATURE OF THE STREAMS ON LONG ISLAND, NEW YORK D37

3.0

2 - 5

2.0

1.5

1.0

0.5

0.0

EAST MEADOW BROOK 

GAGING STATION (Site 4)

CHAMPLIN CREEK 

GAGING STATION (Site 4)

EAST MEADOW BROOK 

SUNRISE HWY (Site 5E)

CHAMPLIN CREEK 

MONTAUK HWY (Site 5)

300 400 500 600 

SOLAR RADIATION, IN LANGLEYS PER DAY

700

FIGURE 25. Variability of daily temperature at selected sites on Champlin Creek and East Meadow Brook.

the surface area-to-volume ratio, tend to complicate the 

analysis, there is a definite increase in daily-temperature 

fluctuation as the shade effect of bank vegetation 

diminishes. For example, based on the trend line in 

figure 26, the mean range of daily stream temperatures 

increased by about 1.7° C as the shade index decreased 

from 4.2 to 2.8.

The heat-flux factor most affected by variable forest 

cover is solar radiation. Daytime, especially afternoon 

stream temperatures are likely to be altered with 

changes in forest cover. Therefore, the bulk of the increase in the diurnal range of stream temperatures due 

to varying vegetative cover is reflected in the daily 

maxima. Accordingly, by extending the trend line in 

figure 26, it may be stated that clearcutting of all vegetation in the heavily forested reaches of the Connetquot

River would increase maximum daily temperatures by 

as much as 3.5° C during the summer.

The seasonal relationships between diurnal temperature fluctuations and the intensity of solar radiation, expressed in langleys per day, are shown in 

figure 27. From this graph it is apparent that a strong 

seasonal effect exists which governs diurnal streamtemperature fluctuations. Under a similar radiation 

input, the temperature response may be four times 

greater in winter and in the early spring as it is during 

the summer. These wide variations are due almost entirely to the shade provided by the forest canop7. In 

summer, under full leaf development, forest cover is 

very effective in intercepting solar energy before it 

reaches the stream. Therefore, temperature fluctuations 

are not nearly so large as in the early spring when the
D38 HYDROLOGY AND SOME EFFECTS OF URBANIZATION ON LONG ISLAND, NEW YOPK

8

CO

5

CO

_J

LJJ 

U

CO

LJJ 

LJJ 

&.

O 

LJJ

Q

O 

Z 

< 6

LJJ 

Ou

Q

Z

Site 3 /

Site 5

54321 

SHADE INDEX

FIGURE 26. Relation of diurnal range of temperature to forest 

cover in the upper reaches of Connetquot River, August 13-17, 

1968.

trees are bare. This same general relationship holds for 

all other forested reaches in this study.

Light rainfall on April 24, 1967, generated sufficient 

runoff to permit a study of the effect of storm runoff 

on stream-temperature patterns. As previously noted, 

the rain fell at a time when air temperatures were far 

below seasonal levels. If, under saturated atmospheric 

conditions, it is assumed that the temperature of precipitation is equal to the wet-bulb temperature, it may 

be inferred that the temperature of the rainfall on 

April 24, 1967, was equivalent to ambient air temperature, since relative humidity during the rain period 

was nearly 100 percent. The temperature of the runoff

200 300 400 500 

SOLAR RADIATION, IN LANGLEYS PER DAY

FIGURE 27. Seasonal variation of daily-temperature fluctuations at Veterans Highway (site 1), Coirnetquot River.

generated on the 24th was close to that of the precipitation (1.5°-3° C). Stream temperatures ranged from 

7° to 10° C so that a "cold" runoff situation existed 

that is, runoff entering the streams generally lowered 

stream temperatures.

Throughout the rainfall period, little or no change in 

stream temperature was observed on tin- control stream. 

The thermograph at site 1 on the Conr?.tquot Biver recorded a temperature decline of less than 0.5° C, which 

was due to runoff from Veterans Highway being discharged by a culvert just above the thermograph. There 

was no discernible change in stream temperature at 

sites 3 and 5. Temperatures at site 1 on East Meadow 

Brook (the most urbanized study basin) dropped nearly 

3° C, owing to heavy incoming street runoff; much 

smaller declines were observed at site 1, above which 

there is little direct runoff to the stream. Temperatures 

at site 5 on both Champlin Creek and Swan Eiver fell 

2.2° C and 3.3° C, respectively, owing to a combination
TEMPERATURE OF THE STREAMS ON LONG ISLAND, NEW YORK D39

of storm runoff and direct contact of cold precipitation with the extensive surface-water areas of upstream 

'akes.

As in the two previous surveys, there were no statis- 

^ically significant differences in average temperatures 

among streams or sites (table 7).

TABLE 7. Two-way analysis of variance applied to the April 

19-25, 1967, water-temperature survey

Source of variation Sum of Degrees of Mean Variance 

squares freedom square ratio

Among sites_-_ __ ___

Among streams. _ ___

Error __ _ _._ _ ___

Total _ _ __ __

-.__ 0.94

..__ 3.10

_..- 4.68

__.. 8.72

4

4

16

24 _

0.23

.77

.29 _.

0.79

2.66

NOTE. Temperatures observed at site 5W on East Meadow Brook are not included 

in this analysis.

TEMPERATURE SURVEY 4, JUNE 7-13, 1967 

WEATHER

A nearly stationary frontal system across upper New 

York State induced a broad southwesterly flow of air 

over Long Island for almost the entire study period. A 

succession of clear to partly cloudy days began just prior 

to the survey period and extended through June 12. Air 

temperatures were near seasonal levels on the 7th, but 

they gradually increased until the 12th when 90 °F reading were common over western Long Island in areas 

away from the coast. This early season heat wave represented some of the warmest weather of a summer noted 

for its cool cloudy wet weather. It was not until the 

early morning hours of the 13th when the front slipped 

south of Long Island that any real change in weather 

occurred. But even with this development, the only significant weather change was a drop in temperature to 

near-normal levels and some increase in cloudiness. 

Little or no rainfall fell during the survey period. See 

summary of data on page D83-D89 for a tabulation of 

pertinent meteorologic data.

SYNOPTIC STREAM-TEMPERATURE PATTERNS

The fine warm weather presented an excellent opportunity to study summer stream temperatures averaged 

above 20°C at several sites, as shown in table 8. Average temperatures among the 25 sites ranged from 

13.9°C. at site 3 at Swan River to 22.5°C at site 2 at 

Sampawams Creek.

Temperature patterns for Oonnetquot River and 

Champlin Creek, typical of sunny warm-weather situations, are illustrated in figure 28. The absorption of 

solar energy was near the maximum possible at all sites 

owing to the clear-sky conditions. In response to the 

flood of heat energy, temperatures at all sites rose

TABLE 8. Mean temperature and average daily temperature 

range (figures in parentheses), in degrees Celsius, for five study 

streams, June 7-13, 1967

Stream Temperature site East Meadow Sampawams

Brook Creek

Champlin 

Creek

Connetquot 

Biver

Swan 

River

1

2

3

4

5

17.0

(7.3)

21. 1

(9.8)

21.9

(7.8)

20.0

(6.3) 

1 17.4

(3.6)

17.8

(6.1)

22. 5

(6.0)

20.7

(5.8)

20.7

(5.6) 

20.7

(8.8)

20.6

(4.4)

16.8

(5.4)

15.3

(3.6)

17.2

(5. 1 

22.3

(2.5)

15.3

(6.5)

15.6

(6.1)

15.7

(5.7)

15.9

(5.8) 

15.9

(6.1)

14.4

(4: 1)

If. 6

(7.5)

If. 9

(S*. 9)

14,9

(*. 5) 

2C. 4

(5T.8)

1 Recorded at site 5E (fig. 6).

sharply beginning about 0800 hours. Temperature patterns along the control stream were once again, all very 

similar. The range of temperature was 5° C at site 3 and 

nearly 7° C at sites 1 and 5 on Connetquot River. Strikingly dissimilar patterns were recorded at Champlin 

Creek. The high temperatures at site 1 are primarily the 

result of warm effluent from the Central Islip State Hospital (fig. 13). The cooling effect of heavy ground-water 

inflow is readily apparent in the temperature-time plot 

for Islip Boulevard (fig. 28). Temperatures at that 

point were 5°-7° C below concurrent temperatures at 

sites 1 and 5. Temperatures at the gaging station fell 

between the extreme values of sites just upstream and 

downstream; however, a much larger temperature fluctuation is apparent. Shallow ponds and the removal of 

natural vegetation upstream from the gaging station 

contributed to rapid rise of temperatures at site 4 during 

the day. The warm temperatures at site 5, particularly 

at night, are due to the large heat capacity of Knapps 

Lake and the relatively slow release of that heat tc the 

atmosphere at night.

Without exception, temperature increases of nore 

than about 1° C in the data given in table 8 between successive sites in the downstream direction are due to the 

exposure of large water surfaces to the sun's radiation. 

Much of the sharp rise between sites 1 and 2 on East 

Meadow Brook and Sampawams Creek is due tc the 

creation of shallow ponds and stripping of natural c^ver 

from the banks of both streams. From the Connetquot 

River data it may be inferred that, under natural conditions, maximiun temperature differentials of only 

0.5°-1.5° C can be expected between any two measuring 

sites. The extreme variation of mean temperature for 

the study period among sites on the four urban affected 

streams ranges from 4.7° C at Sampawams Cree1^ to 

7.0° C at Champlin Creek. Concurrent temperature differentials between sites of nearly 8.5° C were observed
D40 HYDROLOGY AND SOME EFFECTS OF URBANIZATION ON LONG ISLAND, NEW YOPK

DISTANCE, IN MILES, ABOVE HEAD OF TIDEWATER 

CONNETQUOT RIVER

DISTANCE, IN MILES, ABOVE HEAD OF TIDEWATER 

CHAMPLIN CREEK

FIGURE 28. Stream temperatures at selected study sites on Connetquot River and Champlin Creek, Jun« 12,1967.
TEMPERATURE OF THE STREAMS ON LONG ISLAND, NEW YORK D41

at Champlin Creek during this survey, and under natural conditions this differential would have been, at 

most, only about 2° C.

A comparison of the range of daily temperatures 

during June with those observed in April shows that the 

most urban-affected streams, East Meadow Brook and 

Sampawams Creek, had larger daily temperature 

changes in June; but that the remaining streams experienced either about the same daily fluctuation, or 

slightly higher diurnal changes during April. Assuming 

all other factors to be equal, owing to longer days the 

amount of solar radiation absorbed in June would be 

greater than that absorbed in April. In natural or nearnatural environments, however, the increase in shading 

between April and June seems to more than counteract 

the increase in available solar energy. The role of natural cover, however, is reduced sharply where such 

activities as clearcutting of trees, relocation of natural 

channels, and pond construction have occurred, as at 

'>oth East Meadow Brook and Sampawams Creek. 

Therefore, the effect of shade differences stemming from 

^egetal cover on daily water-temperature patterns is 

rharply reduced in urban settings, and the number of 

.ours of sunshine becomes the dominant factor control- 

'ing diurnal temperature changes.

The overall seasonal temperature differences among 

":he study streams are portrayed in figure 29. The spread 

(shaded areas) between the temperatures obtained 

during these surveys (Jan. 25-31 and June 7-13, 1967) 

provides an index of the actual winter-summer range 

of temperature. Temperatures at Connetquot River are 

very stable from reach-to-reach and seasonal differences 

r,re only about 8°C. Widely varying temperature pat-

 'ens are noted at most other streams. The distortions in 

'his plot of seasonal temperature fluctuations among the

rarious sites is, of course, due to man-made alterations 

:; n the natural environment of the affected streams. 

." luch of the thermal variation in the Champlin Creek 

and Swan River plots is related to the increased absorp- 

' ion of solar energy caused by man's activities. Another 

?,ss obvious factor that doubtless has contributed to increasing the seasonal spread of temperatures is reduced 

ground-water inflow to East Meadow Brook and, to a 

>,sser extent, to Sampawams Creek. The low rate of 

lickup in both these streams (figs. 15, 18) suggests that 

a depletion of ground-water inflow due to urbanization 

] as taken place. The reduction of inflow from the 

ground-water reservoir, by itself, would decrease winter 

temperatures and increase summer temperatures of all 

! .ffected streams. That such thermal changes have occurred at East Meadow Brook is beyond question, but 

r.ssessing the extent of the overall change due to reduced 

reepage is a very difficult matter. This is particularly

true because no seepage studies were conducted prior to 

urban development, so that the loss of pickup (groundwater inflow) cannot be evaluated with any great decree 

of accuracy.

Results of a statistical analysis applied to the data in 

table 8 are summarized in table 9.

TABLE 9. Two-way analysis of variance applied to the June 7-13, 

1967, water-temperature survey

Source of variation Sum of Degrees of Mean Variance 

squares freedom square ratio

Among sites.__________ 19.33 4 4.83

Among streams. _________ 81. 48 4 20. 37

Error___________._______ 78.54 16 4.90

0. 98 

»4. 16

Total______.____ 179.35 24

1 Significant at the 95-percent level.

NOTE. Sum of squares determined after first subtracting 10.0 from all values 

in Table 8. Temperatures observed at site 5W on East Meadow Brook are rot included in this analysis.

The hypothesis underlying this test is that there is 

no real difference among the sites and streams that is, 

the observed differences were due to chance. For the degrees of freedom available, a variance ratio exceeding 

3.01 is significant at the 95-percent level. Thus, the temperature differences among the streams is considered 

real and is attributed to man's activity.

Thirteen continuous thermographs were used in this 

survey, and the hourly temperatures observed at each 

are given in the summary of data on page D104-D105.

TEMPERATURE SURVEY 5, AUGUST 24-30, 1967 

WEATHER

A stationary front over southern Virginia on 

August 24 drifted slowly northward during the next 2 

days, causing rainfall on Long Island by the 25th. Moderate to heavy shower activity was widespread on the 

morning of the 25th, and intense rainfall fell on the 

East Meadow Brook basin late the same night. Rainfall 

amounts averaged 2 inches or more on the 25th in all 

parts of the study area. Unsettled weather continued 

through the 27th when a high pressure area began drifting eastward from the lower Mississippi Valley. Fine 

late summer weather prevailed from August 28-30 as a 

result of the eastward moving high-pressure system. 

Pertinent meteorologic data for this survey are given 

in the summary of data on page D90-D96.

SYNOPTIC STREAM-TEMPERATURE PATTERNS

With the possible exception of the last few days 

of this survey, weather conditions were sharply different 

from the June study period. Runoff generated by the 

heavy precipitation during the early and middle periods
D42 HYDROLOGY AND SOME EFFECTS OF URBANIZATION ON LONG ISLAND, NEW YORK

25

EAST MEADOW BROOK

10

CHAMPLIN CREEK CONNETQUOT RIVER

10

25

^ 20

15

10

SWAN RIVER

Z

u 

O

25

20

15

10

FIGURE 29. Mean temperature for five study streams during the June (upper curves) and January (lower curves) 1967

temperature surveys.
TEMPERATURE OF THE STREAMS ON LONG ISLAND, NEW YORK D43

of this survey provided a unique opportunity to study 

the effect of storm runoff on stream-temperature patterns. Overall, water temperatures during this survey 

were 1.5°-2°C cooler than during the June study period 

as shown in table 10. Daily-temperature fluctuations 

were down sharply from those of June, owing to the 

shorter days, but more importantly, to the generally 

cloudy conditions during the August survey. Temperatures of the control stream were remarkably uniform as 

shown by the range of temperatures (0.2° C) among the 

five sites.

TABLE 10. Mean temperature and average daily temperature range 

(figures in parentheses), in degrees Celsius, for five study streams, 

August 24-80, 1967

Stream Temperature site East Meadow Sampawams

Brook Creek

Champlin 

Creek

Connetquot 

River

Swan 

River

18.4

(2.2)

20.3

(3.4)

20.4

(2.0)

19. 3

(2.3)

19.3

(1.4)

18. 1

(2.7)

18.4

(2.6)

18.0

(1.9)

17.9

(2.0)

18.0

(2.6)

20.4

(2.2)

17.4

(2.2)

15.2

(1.8)

16.0

(2.1)

19. 5

(1.8)

13. 7

(1.8)

13. 6

(2.2)

13.7

(2.0)

13.8

(2.2)

13.8

(2.7)

14.9

(3.3)

16. 3

(5.0)

13.5

(2.1)

13.8

(2.7)

18.3

(1.6)

» Recorded at site 5E (fig. 6).

The effect of storm runoff on stream-temperature 

patterns is portrayed in figure 30. As shown in the upper 

left section of the figure, cloudiness was complete during August 25, 1967, and heavy intense rainfall beginning just before 0400 hours gradually tapered off during 

the forenoon, stopping around 1400 hours. Another intense burst of rain lasting about 1 hour began at 2100 

hours. Air temperatures were near 60° F during the 

early morning and then rose slowly, leveling off near 

60° F (lower left part of fig. 30). Mean daily discharge 

at the East Meadow Brook gaging station was 3.7 cfs 

on August 24, but this rose to 95 cfs on the 25th, a 2,500 

percent increase. Discharge at the Connetquot River 

gaging stations was 29 cfs on August 24, and 42 cfs on 

the 25th, a 70 percent increase.

Stream temperatures at Connetquot River (control 

stream) showed little change throughout August 25. A 

slight rise in temperature at site 1 was probably due to 

incoming stormflow from Veterans Highway. Overall, it is apparent that under natural conditions the 

heavy rainfall on the 25th had very little effect on the 

temperature patterns of Connetquot River. The situation at East Meadow Brook is very different. Temperatures at Jerusalem Avenue (site 1) started to rise 

shortly after the rain began. This was doubtless due to 

street runoff which entered the stream at temperatures

378-970 O 70 4

ranging from 1° to 2°C above ambient air temperatMres. 

Stream temperatures continued to rise throughout the 

day in response to the slowly rising air temperatures. 

A sharp increase in stream temperature occurred just 

prior to 2200 hours in response to an intense rain shower 

at that time. Temperatures continued to rise at thir site 

for several hours beyond midnight of the 25th, reaching 

a peak of nearly 21°C during the early morning hours 

of the 26th. Thus, the effect of storm runoff altered temperatures by as much as 5.5°C at this upstream site.

Temperature changes at the East Meadow Brook 

gaging station (site 4), on the other hand, showed little 

apparent response to the heavy runoff. There were two 

slight rises due to rapidly rising discharges, but no 

definite trend is discernible. Temperatures at site 5E 

show a fairly sharp rise of nearly 3.5°C between 0400 

and 1200 hours. Much of this rise can be ascribed to a 

flushing action of the East Meadow Ponds (fig. 6) 

which contained a large quantity of warm water. Increased inflow simply displaced much of the water in 

residence in the lakes, and the movement of this water 

past the thermograph resulted in the sharp rise in temperatures at site 5E.

The extent to which direct runoff may alter streamtemperature patterns depends on such factors as the 

difference in temperature between the incoming runoff 

and the stream, the quantity of runoff entering the 

stream and its magnitude relative to streamflow, and 

the existence man-made "improvements" which may 

create anomalous temperature patterns as at site 5E 

on East Meadow Brook. The temperature of the incoming runoff is a function principally of (1) the temperature of the precipitation that is generating over1 and 

runoff, (2) ground temperature, and (3) the distance 

and time required to convey runoff to the stream.

Under natural conditions little, if any, runoff is generated much beyond the banks of Long Island streams. 

Accordingly, only item 1 is of any consequence in 

altering temperatures of nonurbanized streams under 

wet-weather conditions. Since the bulk of the "ruroff" 

which reaches natural streams on Long Island is precipitation falling directly on the stream itself, the ratio 

of total stormflow to total base flow (dry-weather flow) 

is normally much less~than unity. Stream temperatures 

are, therefore, seldom changed by much more than 

a few degrees during rainy periods. As a basin becomes 

urbanized, progressively greater amounts of runoff are 

conveyed to streams. In the highly urbanized East 

Meadow Brook basin the volume of storm runoff past 

the gaging station is more than twice the amount received from ground water for storms yielding 1.5 inches 

or more of rain (G. Et. Seaburn, oral commun., 1968). 

Clearly, if the temperature difference between the base
D44 HYDROLOGY AND SOME EFFECTS OF URBANIZATION ON LONG ISLAND, NEW YORK

t ; ^ ^X'a -" ' '. J^&**° &

>f^°

Jvv

i i i r

DISTANCE, IN MILES, ABOVE HEAD OF TIDEWATER 

EAST MEADOW BROOK

L/

/ \^o A/

DISTANCE, IN MILES, ABOVE HEAD OF TIDEWATER 

CONNE7OUOT RIVER

FIGURE 30. Stream temperatures at selectetd study sites on East Meadow Brook and Connetquot River, Aurust 25, 1967.
TEMPERATURE OF THE STREAMS ON LONG ISLAND, NEW YORK

f ow past the gaging station and the storm runoff is 

' arge, then significant stream-temperature changes will 

result.

The heavy shower activity on August 26,1967, is used 

to illustrate the magnitude of the temperature changes 

that may occur when large thermal differences exist 

between incoming street runoff and the stream itself. 

This discussion is limited to Swan River where the time 

of travel of stormflow to the stream is fairly constant 

from source to mouth, thereby minimizing the effects 

cf item 3 on stream temperature. Pertinent data are 

given in table 11.

TABLE 11. Temperatures, in degrees Celsius, at Swan River at 

East Patchogue, August 26, 1967

Time (hours, e.s.t.)

Circle Barton Sunrise Gaging 

Drive Avenue Highway Station 

North (site 2) (site 3) (site 5) 

(site 1)

1300 (prior to storm) _ __ .

1 '30 (at or near peak 

discharge) _________ __.

~r crease due to storm 

runoff _ ________ _ ____.

13

22

-1-0

14

22

1 Q

12

16

+ 4

16

18

4-9

Air temperatures were near 21° C at the time of the 

slower which yielded about 0.75 inch. Because the relat : ve humidity was near 100 percent throughout the 

period of rain which fell from 1315 to 1500 hours, the 

temperature of the precipitation is also assumed to 

t ave been about 21° C. Street runoff entering the stream 

averaged about 23° C slightly higher than the precipitation, owing to heat gained from warm street surfaces.

An overflowing off-channel recharge basin above 

Circle Drive North (site 1) poured relatively large 

cnantities of warm street runoff into Swan River from 

an 18-acre housing development just west of the stream 

(fig. 17). The resultant mixture of storm runoff (23° C) 

and base flow (13° C) produced a temperature of 22° C 

a 4; site 1, 9° C above prestorm levels. A similar situation 

existed at Barton Avenue (site 2) where runoff from a 

£0-acre housing tract entered the stream above the 

temperature site. The ratio of storm runoff to base flow 

c'ecreased sharply downstream from site 2, owing to 

Havy ground-water inflow. Accordingly, the effect of 

t\e warm storm runoff on stream temperatures at sites 

2 and 5 is much less than at the upstream sites. Despite 

riuch heavier rainfall on August 25,1967, little watertemperature change occurred on that date because both 

stream and overland runoff temperatures were very 

similar.

The analysis of variance of mean temperatures recorded during the August survey (table 12) shows that 

t^e variance ratio associated with thermal differences 

nnong streams, by chance is much smaller than 0.01

(one chance in a hundred). Much of the variability in 

the analysis is due to the high temperatures at East 

Meadow Brook relative to the temperatures recordec1 at 

Connetquot River and Swan River. The high ratio of 

storm runoff to ground-water inflow at Bast Meadow 

Brook and, to a, lesser extent, at Sampawams Creek, 

during the study period doubtless aided in raising temperatures in both streams. However, because the average 

pickup rate at East Meadow Brook was only 0.4 cf s per 

1,000 feet of channel compared with 1.6 cfs per 1,000 

feet at Connetquot River and 1.1 cfs per 1,000 feet at 

Swan River, it is clear that the decrease of relatively 

cool ground-water inflow due to man's activities also 

contributed to the high summer temperatures 'at East 

Meadow Brook.

TABLE 12. Two-way analysis of variance applied to the Angus 

24-80, 1967, water-temperature survey

Source of variation Sum of Degrees of Mean Variance 

squares freedom square ratio

Among sites. _. _____

Error__ _________

Total__-___._

_____ 9.99

_____ 107.42

_____ 28.31

_____ 145.72

4

4

16

24 .

2. 50

26.86

1 77

1.41

1 15. 2

1 Significant at the 99-percent level.

NOTE. Sum of squares determined after first subtracting 10.0 from all values in 

table 10. Temperatures observed at site 5W on East Meadow Brook are not included 

in this analysis.

As previously noted, Hawleys Lake on Sampawams 

Creek between the gaging station (site 4) and Montauk 

Highway (site 5) was destroyed prior to the first 

thermal survey (fig. 9). As part of another study, the 

author gathered temperature data along the stream 

during 1959-60. By selecting days from the current survey that were similar with respect to type of weather 

and season and comparing them with days from the 

earlier study, it was possible to evaluate the effect of the 

lake on thermal patterns. For example, the hourly temperature differences between sites 4 and 5 are plotted in 

figure 31. Where the histogram lies above the 0-mr,rk 

along the ordinate, temperatures at site 5 (below the 

lake) were warmer than at site 4 (above the lake); the 

reverse is true where the histogram lies 'below the 0- 

mark. A histogram of concurrent temperature differences on August 13, 1959, when the lake was intact, 

shows that stream temperatures run nearly 3°C higher 

at site 5 than at site 4 during the late afternoon. On 

August 29, 1967, a clay meteorologically very similar, 

temperatures at site 5 were only about 0.5°C higher during the late afternoon than concurrent temperatures at 

the gaging station. No significant thermal differences 

'between the days were observed during the predawn 

hours during either survey.
D46 HYDROLOGY AND SOME EFFECTS OF URBANIZATION ON LONG ISLAND, NEW YORK

2.5- 

2.0

1.5 

1.0 

0.5-

0

-0.5-

 Tf-,

2.5- 

2.0- 

1.0- 

0.5- 

0

-0.5-

-1.5 

AUGUST 13, 1959

(Lake in existence)

AUGUST 29,1967 

(Lake gone)

JANUARY 20, 1960 

(Lake in existence)

JANUARY 30, 1967 

(Lake gone)

TIME, IN HOURS

FIGURE 31. Concurrent stream temperature differences between 

site, -4 (gaging station) and. site 5 (Montauk Highway) at 

Sampawams Creek. Negative or positive values indicate that 

site 5 is colder ( ) or warmer (+) than site 4.

The situation in winter is reversed prior to the destruction of the lake, temperatures were 0.5°-1°C colder 

at site 5 than at the gaging station, as indicated by a 

comparison of concurrent temperature differentials on 

January 20, 1960, and January 30, 1967, again 2 days 

which were meteorologically quite similar. Clearly, the 

destruction of Hawleys Lake has reduced the annual 

range of temperature downstream by lowering temperatures in summer and raising them in winter.

Kecords of 13 continuous recorders used during this 

survey are tabulated in the summary of data on page 

D106-D108.

SOME ECOLOGICAL OBSERVATIONS

To even the casual observer, it is readily apparent 

that there are certain distinct differences in the varieties 

of fish and aquatic vegetation found among the study 

streams. Trout inhabit Connetquot Eiver, the middle 

reaches of Swan Kiver, and Champlir Creek. Carp may 

be seen in the lower reaches of Champlin Creek and East 

Meadow Brook. Filmy colonies of blue-green algae 

abound in many reaches along East Meadow Brook, 

Champlin Creek, and Sampawams Creek. In short, 

there appears to be a direct relationship between types 

of aquatic growths and fish life on the one hand and 

stream-temperature regimen on the other. Trout are 

found principally along reaches that maintain relatively uniform temperatures throughout the year that 

is, along reaches where ground-water inflow is large. 

Carp, sun fish, and bluegill are found in the larger lakes 

and in reaches downstream from the la kes.

The numerous clumps of water cress observed in many 

sections of the Connetquot Kiver and in other reaches 

characterized by heavy ground-water inflow are seldom 

seen in East Meadow Brook or Sampawams Creek, both 

of which have been extensively affected by urbanization. 

An abrupt change in the types of aquatic growths found 

along East Meadow Brook is apparent in the vicinity of 

an area where a concentrated flow of ground water enters the stream at all times. Heavy growths of eelgrass 

shown in the lower part of figure ?2, are commonly 

found in the East Branch below a culvert that continuously discharges ground water. Moderate temperatures found throughout the year in the East Branch are 

likely of critical importance to the survival of the eelgrass which is not found elsewhere in the streams.

Another form of aquatic growth that is dominant in 

the heavy ground-water fed reach between sites 3 and 

4 on Swan Kiver is pictured in the upper part of figure 

32. These dark-green aquatic growths thrive in the cool 

even-temperature waters common to this channel. This 

particular growth provides excellent cover for trout 

and other fish found in the middle part of Swan River. 

In contrast to the lush aquatic growths founds in eventemperature reaches, little vegetation is seen during the 

summer in such high-temperature reaches as that between sites 1 and 3 on East Meadow Brook, near site 2 

on Sampawams Creek, and above site 2 on Champlin 

Creek. The dominant growth in these channels is a 

slimy pond scum that accumulates in stagnant pools.

TEMPERATURE PATTERNS SOME UNUSUAL TYPES

During the course of this investigation several unusual thermograph traces were recorded, two of which 

are portrayed in figure 33. The thermograph record
TEMPERATURE OF THE STREAMS ON LONG ISLAND, NEW YORK D47

(middle trace) shown in the upper part of the figure was 

obtained at site 5 just below Swan Lake on Swan River 

during a period of strong winds. These pulses span a 

5° F (2.8° C) range of temperature during the afternoon hours of June 8 and 10, which coincides with the 

period of peak wind velocities. The normal mixing patterns of the lake were disturbed so that streams of alternately cool and warm waters passed over the outlet 

weir, and these sharply changing temperature patterns 

were large enough to be recorded by the sensitive Friez 

recorder in the gage house.

The effect of warm storm runoff entering the stream 

above the Swan Eiver gaging station is illustrated in 

the lower part of figure 33. The actual volume of storm 

inflow relative to streamflow is very small, so that only 

slight temporary changes occurred.

Local regulation caused by the withdrawal of streamflow above the Sampawams Creek gaging station resulted in the unusual downward temperature drops 

recorded at the gage as shown in the upper part of 

figure 34. In this instance, relatively warm streamflow 

was removed by an upstream pumping station, thereby 

decreasing temperatures by momentarily increasing the 

importance of ground-water inflow in controlling 

stream temperatures in the reach between the pumping 

station and the gaging station. Since ground-water was 

entering the stream at temperatures close to 50°F 

(10° C), an immediate drop in temperature was recorded at the gaging station. Temperatures quickly recovered when pumping stopped.

A fairly rare event in thermal studies of Long Island 

streams are temperatures at or near freezing. Such an 

event occurred at Sampawams Creek on January 5,1959, 

during a period of very cold weather accompanied by 

very strong northwest winds. Normally, turbulent mixing is quite complete, so that incoming ground-water 

seepage is thoroughly diffused with streamflow soon 

after the ground water enters the stream. Owing to the 

large differential between stream and ground-water 

temperatures on this date (about 15° F) and the strong 

downchannel winds, mixing was incomplete at the 

gaging station; this showed as a wide band on the 

thermograph record, suggesting rapid temperature 

changes of 3°-°F (fig. 34, lower).

An opportunity to study the effect of a heavy snowfall on stream temperatures was provided by the storm 

of November 30, 1967, which deposited 4-5 inches of 

snow on the study area, beginning during the afternoon 

of that date and ending early on December 1. Four continuous recorders were in operation during the period 

one each at the East and West Branches of East Meadow 

Brook and two at Swan River. Temperatures began to 

drop shortly after the snow began falling and continued

FIGTJEE 32. Aquatic vegetation in the channel at Swan River 

between sites 3 and 4 (upper) and at East Branch of East 

Meadow Brook (lower).

to fall gradually until the end of the storm. Total temperature declines ranged from 1° C at East Branch of 

East Meadow Brook to 2.8° C at site 5 on Swan River.
D48 HYDROLOGY AND SOME EFFECTS OF URBANIZATION ON LONG ISLAND, NEW YORK

65

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FIGTIEE 33. Thermograph traces at Swan River, site 5, for 

selected periods during June and July 1967. Chart temperatures, in degrees Fahrenheit.

Air temperatures during the snow period were at, or 

slightly below, freezing, and little or no direct runoff 

was generated during the snowfall. The drop in temperature probably was the result of a chilling effect created 

when the snow hit relatively warm-water surfaces. This 

probability is strongly suggested by the close correspondence of the beginning and ending of the temperature decline in the streams and the period of actual 

snowfall.

An examination of previous temperature records at 

Champlin Creek indicates a similar situation at the 

gaging station (site 4). For example, a drop in stream 

temperatures of nearly 4.5° C occurred at that station 

during a blizzard which began December 11, 1960, and 

which ended the following day. This very sharp drop 

in stream temperature occurred during the period of 

snowfall only, and despite the fact that air temperatures 

following the storm were colder than during the storm, 

no further decline in stream temperatures took place.

rtt'

ffr -fiftf* Srfe. Oat /«

4-

FIGURE 34. Thermograph traces at Sampawams Creek, site 4 

for selected periods during January 1959 and May 1960. Chari 

temperature, in degrees Fahrenheit.

ENERGY-BUDGET STUDIES

One of the objectives of this report is to analyze th< 

various factors that govern stream-temperature pattern; 

so that the most important controlling influences can b< 

identified. To accomplish this task, the energy-budgel 

technique is utilized to identify the most significan 

components in the heat balance of Long Island streams 

To test the validity of this approach, predicted daily 

temperature patterns based on the flux of energy to '<. 

selected stream were compared with observed tempera 

ture data.

The energy-budget concept is usually applied t< 

streams by dividing the stream into a series of reaches 

It is helpful to think of the reach as a "free body" ii 

 space, exchanging energy with the sky and atmospher 

above, the riverbed and the ground-water reservoir be
TEMPERATURE OF THE STREAMS ON LONG ISLAND, NEW YORK D49

low, the riverbanks along the sides, and the river itself 

at each end. Along the top surface of the free body, 

energy exchange is in the form of long-wave and shortwave radiation (incoming and outgoing), convection 

(transfer of sensible heat), mass transfer (evaporation 

or condensation), and advection (precipitation or lateral 

runoff). Along the bottom and sides, the exchange is by 

fluid friction, conduction, or advection (ground-water 

inflow or outflow). At the upstream end of the reach, 

heat enters with the inflow water and leaves with the 

outflow at the lower end of the reach.

Mathematical analysis of such a system may be simplified if the reach and period of study are selected so 

that 

1. Precipitation is negligible.

2. There are no heat additions due to man's activities.

3. Complete mixing occurs so that lateral and vertical 

temperature variations are small.

To conform with these limitations and to evaluate 

thermal patterns under natural conditions, Connetquot 

River was selected for study during June 7-11, 1967, a 

period when little or no precipitation fell on the basin.

THE ENERGY-BUDGET EQUATION

The various factors affecting the heat balance of

streams are illustrated schematically in figure 35 where

Qs =incoming short-wave solar radiation (direct

and diffuse);

Qa=atmospheric radiation (long wave); 

Q/=reflected solar radiation; 

Qar=reflected atmospheric radiation; 

Qfr reflected forest radiation; 

Qfiw^back radiation from the water surface (long

wave);

Qe energy used by evaporation; 

Qft =energy gained or lost by convection; 

QA6=heat conducted to the streambed and banks; 

QgM =heat entering the reach from the groundwater reservoir; 

Qm=heat content of streamflow entering the reach;

and

Qout=heat content of streamflow leaving the reach. 

Missing from the above are energy contributions 

from biological and chemical processes. The amount of 

heat added to the stream from these sources is assumed 

to be minor so that they can be disregarded. The 

increase in temperature in the downstream direction 

due to fluid friction may be computed as follows:

o QuS i /i\

^Lfh j b) \*-J

where

<2/ft=frictional heat added to the stream, owing

to boundary roughness; 

Q=discharge (cfs);

a= specific weight of water (62.4 Ib ft~3);

s slope of the reach;

1= length of the reach; and 

J=a constant (778 ft-lb Btu"1).

From the equation above, it is estimated that 32,500 

Btu are added to the reach between temperature sites 

1 and 3 on the Connetquot River over the 3-hour 

period required for water to flow between the sites. 

This amount of heat will raise temperatures in the 

reach by less than 0.01°C, a temperature differential 

too small to be detected by the instrumentation used 

in this study. Accordingly, temperature changes due to 

fluid friction were also disregarded in the heat-flux 

analysis.

Energy enters the reach from the following sources:

IllfloW=Qf+0B +&+&» + Qln. (2)

Energy leaves the reach in the following ways:

OutfloW= QT+ Qar + QfT + Q6M + Qe+ Qh*+ Qouf (3)

The net quantity of heat added to the reach (AQ) is :

AQ= Inflow- Outflow, (4) 

or

&u,), (5)

where the bracketed terms have been grouped for 

convenience.

From equation 5 it is possible to compute the difference in stream temperature at the outlet section relative to that at the inflow section at the end of whatever 

time period is used in the analysis.

FIGURE 35. Principal energy components in the heat balance of 

Long Island streams.
D50 HYDROLOGY AND SOME EFFECTS OF URBANIZATION ON LONG ISLAND, NEW YORK

FIGURE 36. Energy-budget instrumentation at Connequot River. 

Upper, Solar site 1; Lower, solar site 2; center, solar site 3.

The heat delivered to, or removed from, the study 

reach by flow in the stream itself (QiD Qout) or by the 

ground-water reservoir (Qev>) is, for any given temperature, a direct function of stream discharge or the rate of 

ground-water inflow to the reach. Thus, the flow of 

water is a means of conveying heat to or from the 

reach. For example, doubling the inflow (Q,n) to a 

reach with no temperature change also doubles the 

quantity of heat added to the reach. Another group of 

terms, the first three bracketed items on the right-hand 

side of equation 5, represent the energy absorbed by the 

stream from solar, atmospheric, and vegetative sources, 

respectively. In other words, the energy that is actually 

entering the stream from these sources is equal to the 

amount impinging on the water surface less the amount 

that is reflected back to the atmosphere. Convective 

heat flux (Qh) is considered positive that is, toward 

the stream because the air was warmer than the stream 

throughout the June 7-11, 1967, study period.

EVALUATION OF ENERGY-BUDGET COMPONENTS 

SOLAR RADIATION

The importance of solar radiation in governing 

stream-temperature patterns was stressed repeatedly in 

previous sections of this report. Pyranometers are used 

to measure the total short-wave radiation from the sun 

and sky incident on a horizontal surface at the ground. 

Standard installation procedures at most weather stations require that solar-radiation instruments be free 

of any shading effects from trees, buildings, or other 

nearby obstructions.

Because Connetquot Eiver is heavily shaded particularly in its upper reaches, it was deemed desirable to 

obtain some index of the actual amount of solar radiation that penetrates to the stream. Accordingly, three 

reaches considered representative of a heavily forested 

situation (solar site 1), moderate to heavy forest cover 

(solar site 2), and a moderate forest cover (solar site 

3) were selected for study. These sites correspond to a 

shading index of 5 in figure 16 at solar site 1, an index of 

4 at solar site 2, and an index of 3 at solar site 3. Locations of the solar sites are given in figure 12, and photographs of the sites and instrumentation are shown in 

figure 36. Channel widths are about 15 feet at solar site 1, 

25 feet at solar site 2, and 40 feet at solar site 3.

The effect of shading from natural vegetation on 

solar radiation at the three sites is summarized in table 

13. Owing to the heavy natural cover throughout the 

Connetquot River basin, it was not feasible to obtain 

direct measurements of unobstructed solar radiation at 

the study sites. However, by placing one recorder at the 

Rockaway Road recharge basin in Mineola, 25 miles
TEMPERATURE OF THE STREAMS ON LONG ISLAND, NEW YORK 

TABLE 13. Summary of solar-radiation data for Mineola, Brookhaven, and the Connetquot River sites

D51

Mar ^tte

(1)

1 

2 

3

1

2 

3

1 

2 

3

1 

2 

3

1

Mean-daily solar radiation in langleys: for the indicated periods

Dates 

(2)

Jan. 30, 31, 1967___. _____________

Jan. 28, 29, 1967_____ ____________

Jan. 25, 26, 1967 __ _____________

Apr. 21-23, 1967____. ____________

Apr. 16-18, 1968_.__.____________

Apr. 19, 20, 1967----_-__-_______

Apr. 24-26, 1967__.__ ____________

June 9-11, 1967_ _______________

June 7, 8, 1967-_________________

June 12-14, 1967___-__-.________

Aug. 26-28, 1967________________

Aug. 22-24, 1967_ ______________

Aug. 29, 30, 1967 _______________

Nov. 28, 29, 1967-__-___-_______

Mineola 

(3)

-____.__ 235

________ 148

-.____-_ 135

________ 466

________ 452

________ 436

________ 408

________ 600

________ 664

__-_-_-_ 527

________ 275

________ 277

________ 504

________ 204

Brookhaven 

(4)

244 

130 

135

464 

502 

386 

411

599 

671 

523

260 

328

484

Connetquot 

River 

estimated

(5)

240 

137 

135

465 

502 

429 

410

599 

669 

525

266 

308 

492

204

Connetquot 

River 

observed

(6)

148 

96 

104

343 

389 

384 

401

254 

531 

443

78 

162 

338

86

Ratio = 

Connetquot River observed

Connetquot River 

unobstructed

(7)

0. 62 

.70

.77

.74

.77 

.90 

. 98

.42 

.79

.84

. 29 

.53 

. 69

. 42

NOTK. Radiation data in column 5 are estimated unobstructed horizon values for Connetquot River based on data from Mineola and Brookhaven (cols. 3,4).

*-^st of the basin, and having access to the Eppley 

"rT ranometer data from Brookhaven, about 16 miles to 

]-3 east of the basin, it was possible to obtain fairly 

accurate estimates of solar energy received at the study 

s ; tes by interpolating between the two stations. This was 

] e procedure used for estimating unobstructed radiaion at the solar sites in most instances. Occasionally, 

musual cloud conditions at either Brookhaven or 

Mneola resulted in a wide variation of recorded solar 

nergy between the two sites. Under such circumstances 

i ^eference was given to one record or the other in mak- 

: rg the estimates, depending upon the observations at 

Connetquot River. If, for example, the observed radiaJon at any of the three Connetquot River sites was 

r uch larger than that observed at Mineola (or Brook- 

" aven), it was assumed that sky conditions at Mineola 

(or Brookhaven) were significantly different from those 

i.'', Connetquot River. Under these circumstances the 

a lomalous record was not used to estimate unobstructed 

"adiation at the solar sites, and full weight was given 

V> the remaining unaffected record.

As shown in table 13, there is a wide variation in the 

"^tio of observed radiation to estimated unobstructed 

~adiation (col. 7) both among the sites during any par-

*: : oular period and seasonally at each site. Peak radia4-5 on penetration occurred in April, and the minimum 

a nount was recorded during August. Despite the fact 

fiat the trees were bare in January as well as April, a 

greater percentage of the total solar energy reached the 

s' ream during April. This undoubtedly is due to the 

Hgher solar altitudes attained in April much of the

radiation at lower altitudes was probably blocked by 

the thick stand of shrubs along the banks. With the 

appearance of leaves, the increased shading quickly reduces the incoming solar energy so that by late sumirer 

less than one-third of the sun's energy reaches the 

stream at solar site 1.

During the June study period, solar site 3 received 

twice as much radiant energy as did solar site 1, but 

there was only a slight reduction between sites 2 and 3. 

Clearly, any energy-budget analysis of streams must 

take into account shading provided by natural vegetation. Changes in this important factor in the energy 

budget of the magnitude shown in table 13 is bound to 

have an important effect on the budget. It must be 

stressed that values shown in table 13, although accurate for the specific sites, are merely indices of the 

radiation reaching any particular reach. Too, the Connetquot River is a fairly small stream relative to many 

other watercourses in the country, and it is likely tl at 

a much higher proportion of the available solar energy 

will reach most other streams.

ATMOSPHERIC RADIATION

Atmospheric radiation may be measured indirectly 

by the use of two radiometers, one to measure total 

(long-wave and short-wave) radiation and the other to 

record short-wave radiation only. Subtracting the first 

value from the second will yield the radiation flux from 

the atmosphere. Results, accurate within 10 percent, 

are obtained by use of the Brunt (1932) equation:
D52 HYDROLOGY AND SOME EFFECTS OF URBANIZATION ON LONG ISLAND, NEW YORK

(6)

where

Qao=clear-sky radiation;

 =emissivity of the atmosphere;

<r =Stephan-Boltzman constant;

T = absolute temperature of the air near the 

ground;

e Vapor pressure of the air near the ground; 

and a and b are empirical constants.

Atmospheric emissivity is assumed to be 0.87. Values 

of the empirical coefficients are estimated to be a=0.61, 

and 6 = 0.05 close to the median values of 22 evaluations 

as computed by Sellers (1965). Vapor pressure may be 

determined with the aid of a sling psychrometer 

observations obtained at Connetquot River were then 

correlated with the continuous records at Kennedy 

International Airport. By this method it was feasible 

to obtain estimates of vapor pressure for any time of 

the day at the study stream.

Atmospheric radiation calculated from equation 6 

is clear-sky radiation. Since water vapor is the most 

important source of long-wave radiation in the atmosphere, it is obvious that a greater downward flux of 

atmospheric radiation may be expected under cloudy 

skies than under clear skies. Geiger (1965) suggests 

the following equation to evaluate atmospheric radiation under cloudy skies:

where

n =

k =

(7)

clear-sky atmospheric radiation; 

cloud-cover expression in tenths (complete

cloud cover=1.0); and 

a function of the type of cloud cover which

varies as follows:

Claud type k

Cirrus_________________________________________ 0. 04

Cirro-stratus. __________________________________ . 08

Alto-cumulus____ _______ ________________________ . 17

Alto-stratus_-_-________________________________ . 20

Cumulus. _____________________________________ . 20

Stratus_-_---___-______________________________ . 24

FOREST RADIATION

Somewhat analogous to the radiation from clouds is 

the radiation from the forest canopy. A solid canopy 

approximates a black body (e=1.0) in the long-wave 

part of the spectrum, absorbing and emitting all possible radiation. The effective leaf temperature can be 

equated to ambient air temperature. Field estimates of 

effective forest cover are required to estimate the part 

of the incoming long-wave radiation that can be 

ascribed to vegetal cover. Forest radiation to the stream 

is computed as follows:

(8)

where

e=1.0;

cr=Stephan-Boltzman constant; and 

T= absolute temperature of the air near the 

ground.

The reflectivity of the water surface is estimated to 

average 5 percent with respect to solar (short-wave) 

radiation and 3 percent relative to long-wave radiation 

(Harbeck and others, 1958). Thus, 95 percent of the 

incident solar radiation and 97 percent of the incoming 

atmospheric and forest radiation are assumed to be 

absorbed by the streams.

STREAM BACK RADIATION

Countering the downward fluxes of energy from the 

sun, atmosphere, and forest, is the long-wave radiation 

emitted by the stream itself. Long-wave radiation 

emitted from the stream ($&«,) was computed according 

to the Stephan-Boltzman law for black-body radiation, 

with an emissivity factor of 0.97 for water (Anderson, 

1954).

EVAPORATION

The evaporation of water is a cooling process, since 

heat is removed from the stream during the transition 

from the liquid to the vapor state. For each gram oJ 

water evaporated at 10°C, about 592 calories are 

removed from the parent water body. The rate oj 

evaporation depends on numerous fs.ctors, such as ah 

and stream temperature, vapor pressure gradient across 

the air-stream interface, wind velocity, solar radiation 

turbulence in the stream and the relative humidity oi 

the overlying air. There is no way to measure directlj 

the loss of heat due to the vaporization process. Manj 

empirical formulas have been evolved, principally foi 

lakes, which permit fairly accurate determinations o1 

evaporation. The Dalton-type equation given below 

formed the basis for the empirical re^tionship derivec 

at Lake Hefner (Marciano and Harbeck, 1954):

-57=6.25X10-*J78 (eo 

where

E= centimeters per unit time; 

U&= average wind velocity 8 meters above th(

water surface in knots; 

e0= vapor pressure of saturated air at the tern

perature of the water surface; and 

es vapor pressure of the ambient air 8 meters

above the water surface (mb).

The heat lost by evaporation may then be computed 

as follows:
TEMPERATURE OF THE STREAMS ON LONG ISLAND, NEW YORK

Qe=ELP, (10)

*here

Qe=evaporative flux (cal/cm2/unit time);

E= centimeters per unit time;

L=latent heat of vaporization of the evaporated

water; and 

p=density of evaporated water (g/cm3).

CONVECTIVE HEAT FLUX

Convective heat exchanges occur at the stream 

 TI rface. The transfer of sensible heat to or from the 

^tream is largely a function of the temperature gradient 

y.tween the stream and the overlying air mass. Bowen 

7926) related the convective flux to evaporative heat 

o'S as follows:

(11)

ere

R=The Bowen ratio;

Qe =evaporation heat flux (cal/cm2/\mit time); and 

Qf,=convective heat flux (cal/cm2/unit time) 

The Bowen ratio, expressed algebraically is:

n _ ri6

(-M) 

(e 0 -ea) 1,000 (12)

tere

<76 =0.61;

T0=water-surf ace temperature (°C);

jTa =air temperature (°C);

e0 saturation vapor pressure at water-surface

temperature (mb);

ea =vapor pressure of the air (mb); and 

p = atmospheric pressure, (mb);

CONDUCTION

Heat is gained or lost through the streambed, dex,nding on the direction of the heat flux in the material 

T deriving the stream, the intensity of the thermal 

:radient, and the thermal conductivity of the bed mae4al. This may be written as

There

jrp

(13)

= conduction (cal/cm2/unit time) to or from the 

streambed ;

-j = temperature gradient in the bed material

(°C/cm) ; and 

K= thermal conductivity of the bed material

(cal/cm/sec/°C).

A study was made of the ground-water temperature 

field at Champlin Creek where extensive data on the 

thermal patterns beneath the stream are available. 

Champlin Creek is only about 5 miles east of Connetquot Eiver, so that it was assumed that temperature 

patterns beneath Connetquot Kiver are virtually the 

same as those at Champlin Creek. A drilling unit was 

set up at two sites along Champlin Creek (Islip Boulevard and Poplar Street), and temperatures were obtained at 1-foot intervals to depths of 7 feet beneath 

the streambed. The results of this study are illustrated 

in figure 37. There is a sharp drop in temperature for 

the first 2 feet beneath the bed at both sites. Thereafter, 

the decline is very gradual probably down to a depth 

of at least 60 feet. The gradual rise in temperature from 

well B-center to the sharp break in the temperature 

curve probably reflects the influence of warm groundwater moving laterally toward the stream from the 

interstream areas. The sharp increase in temperature 

above the 2-foot depth, on the other hand, reflects the 

conductive heat flux from the stream to the underlying 

material. Based on these observations, and long-term 

records for the B-center well, mean ground-water temperature is estimated to be 10° C 2 feet beneath the b^,d 

of Connetquot River. The thermal gradient beneath the 

stream was then computed by subtracting 10°C from 

equilibrium stream temperature.

ADVECTED HEAT

The heat conveyed into, and out of, the study reach 

by the stream itself was determined by measuring inflow and outflow discharge with a current meter and 

utilizing thermographs for water-temperature data. 

The average stream temperature at both ends of the 

reach was computed for selected increments of a dr,y. 

The difference between average stream temperature and 

an arbitrary base temperature was then multiplied by 

the volume of water entering or leaving the reach and 

the specific heat of water to provide a measure of heat 

inflow or outflow. Subtracting heat flow out of the 

reach from that entering indicates the amount of heat 

being advected to or from the reach.

Discharge measurements were also used to compute 

ground-water inflow (pickup) to the stream. The effective temperature of incoming ground water was estimated to be the average between the temperature at 

2 feet below the streambed (10°C) and the predawn 

equilibrium temperature of streamflow.

ENERGY BUDGET APPLIED TO CONNETQUOT RIVPR

The energy-evaluation techniques described above 

were used on the reach of the Connetquot River between sites 3-5 (fig. 12). The flow-through time of
D54 HYDROLOGY AND SOME EFFECTS OF URBANIZATION ON LONG ISLAND, NEW YORK

Z 7

x"

I 

a.

a 8

Range of annual temperature

56 Y57 -

58

Islip Boulevard observation

Well B CENTER 

(At Beech Street)

All readings made manually with an 

expanded-scale mercury thermometer 

after pumping for a minimum period of 

5 minutes at each observation dept u

9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23

TEMPERATURE, IN DEGREES CELSIUS

FIGURE 37. Ground-water temperature gradient beneath Islip Boulevard and Poplar Street at Champlin Creek, September 1959.

water between these sites is about 4-5 hours as determined by time-of-travel studies. Eight-hour time periods were used in temperature prediction, 0800-1600, 

1600-2400, and 0000-0800 hours. The beginning of the 

first period represents the time that minimum temperatures are normally observed, whereas maximum temperatures usually occur shortly after the beginning of 

the second time period. To minimize the effects of anomolous meteorologic situations, only averages over the 

entire temperature survey period (June 7-11, 1967) 

were used in this analysis. Computations were started 

by calculating the average stream temperature at 0800 

hours at the upper end of the study reach. After computing the net radiation flux to the reach for each of the 

three time periods, a prediction of the increase or decrease in temperature at the lower end of the reach was 

made and subsequently comparec1 with observed 

temperature.

The procedure is best illustrated by an example. Table 

14 summarizes the various steps needed to perform 

the energy-budget computations as outlined in this report. This particular series of heat-flux computations 

is for the time period 0800-1600 hours. The surface 

area and volume of the reach shown in table 14 (item 1) 

were obtained from cross sections of width and depth 

made during the study period. Average stream temperature jn the reach during this particular 8-hour period 

was determined from temperatures at site 4 midway 

between the upper and lower ends of the reach (fig. 14),
TEMPERATURE OF THE STREAMS ON LONG ISLAND, NEW YORK D55

"ABLE 14. Energy-budget computations for Connetquot River 

near Oakdale, N.Y., for the period June 7-11, 1967

[1 ly (langley) = 1 gram calorie cm-2] 

^ream reach (1) :

Beginning at site 3, river mile.. ..-.-.........-....-...-...-.-.--..-.... 2.86

Ending at site 5, river mile. .............................................. 1.92

Surface area . ................................................... .0. 259X108 cm"

Volume... .................................................... ..-6. 394X109 cm«

"Y-ne (2) : Hour................................................................. 0800-1600

..................................................... Ya.. 8

._-----.._..._...._____._......_.___.____._.._..-.___cfs-- 8.1

At site 5.. .......---.. ........................................... ...cfe.. 18.7

-tream temperature (4) :

Initial (site 3 at 0800 hr).. ............................... ............° C.. 12.8

Average for reach during study period.. ............................ ° C.. 16.5

; c ar radiation (5) : Q, (reduced 5 percent to include albedo lasses) ....................... ly . . 330

1'Tiospheric radiation (6) :

(incoming long-wave radiation)

To, air temperature .....-----_-.-. -.-.-.-...-.-.--..-._.-.---..0 C.- 24. 5

Relative humidity ..--.--.---------------..---.--.-....--- . .percent. - 60

e a , vapor pressure of air. - - .-...-..---........... -------------..mb.- 18.4

t, emissivity. _--_.-------__--____------_-_.__._-_-.-..--------.-.-._.- 0. 87

. ...

'^charge (3):

8

00, clear-sky radiation. ----------................................ly.. 221

Direction for cloud cover........................................ly._ -f 8

Qar, reflected atmospheric radiation...---..-.--.----..-.---.--..-ly.- 7

Qo, absorbed atmospheric radiation----..-..-.-..----.---..----.-.ly.. 222 

\ -«5st radiation (7):

t, emissivity..---.---.----.-----------------.-.-.--.--.--.--------.-.-.--- 1.0

Q/, incoming forest radiation-.....................................-..ly.. 306

Qfr, reflected forest radiation..........................._......._.ly.. 9

Q/, absorbed forest radiation.. --.-.----....-.-...-.---.--.-...-_.--...ly. - 297 

n"oming long-wave radiation (8): 

~f -Mation absorbed by stream from atmosphere and forest)

F,forest cover......-.---..---..--..-..-...---..-..-...-.--..-.-.-.-.....- 0.55

Atmospheric component (0.45X222 ly)................................ly.. 100

Forest component (0.55X297 ly)......................................ly.. 163

Total incoming long-wave radiation..............................ly.. 263

" itgoing long-wave radiation (9):

(radiation from stream to atmosphere):

f, emissivity.---..----..--------.----------.--_...............__.. 0.97

Qbw, backradiation......-.-..-......-..-..-.-........ -..---....ly.. 266

>aporation (10):

U, average wind speed..--......-.----.----.....-......-.--.-...--_mph.. 4.5

e w, vapor pressure of water......................................... .mb.. 18.8

Q,, evaporative heat flux.............................................ly.. 2

'ciduction (11):

(at streambed):

T, u , ground-water temperature below stream-.-..-.-.-.----.--.. °C.- 10

Q*6, conductive heat flux....-..---------............-.--..-....._ly.. 12

Yivection (12):

(at air-water interface):

P, atmospheric pressure............--...--...-.....-.-.....-..._mb._ 1018

Qh, convective heat flux....... _----.-----.--____ ____-.----.---_.-ly_- 27

b^ected energy (13):

(incoming energy from upstream reach):

Base temperature.__ _-_-_-.--._-_---_----__-___-._----_---__._°C.- 10

Average temperature of incoming streamflow...-._.------..---.- °C.. 16. 5

Inflow to study reach-_................................. 229,000 cm3 sec-'

Q, n , heat entering reach.......-....-...--.-.--.-.. ...-.--.-.- 42.9X109 cal

Temperature of ground-water entering reach_.---.....-..-.... °C.. 11.7

Ground-water inflow...................................... 300,000 cm3 sec-'

Q»ir, heat from ground-water reservoir..._.................... 14.7X109 cal

(Outgoing energy):

Average temperature of outgoing streamflow_..-...--.--.--... °C.. 16.2 

Discharge from reach...................................... 530,000 cm3 sec- 1

Qout, heat leaving reach........................................ 94.6X108 cal

'< at-flux summary (14):

Net heat flux to stream....__.________-____.--__________._.._________.ly-_ 340

(includes all energy sources except advected heat) 

Heat added to stream (340 lyXsurface area)....................... 87.94X109 cal

Q; n , heat entering reach........................................... 42.94X10' cal

Qgw , heat entering reach from ground-water reservoir............ 14.70X10° cal

Subtotal...--...............-.-.-.-.-.........---.-.-.-....-. 145.58X10» cal

Qout, heat leaving reach......................................... 94.55X109 cal

Net heat change_______________..._____..___.__._.________ +51.03X10* cal

'r-dicted temperature (15):

(downstream section at 1600 hr):

Temperature change due to heat gain__._........_._._._____._0 C.. +8.0

Final temperature --_-.-_-_-_---.-_-.-.._________________.__ _° C__ 20.8 ">~-narks (16):

A positive heat flux indicates incoming energy to the reach, whereas a negative heat flux denotes a loss of energy.

Solar energy was apportioned among the 8-hour 

><>riods according to the hourly distribution of solar 

Tdiation as recorded by the Eppley pyranometer at 

Brookhaven. Owing to the heavy shade along parts of 

lie stream, the unobstructed radiation recorded at

Brookhaven could not be applied directly to Connetquot Kiver. On-site radiation data obtained from the 

three solar sites were used as an index of incoming solar 

radiation. On the basis of these data, it is estimated that 

about 60 percent of the sun's energy penetrated to the 

reach during the study period. Included in the 330 lar gley figure shown in item 5 of table 14 is a 5-percent 

loss caused by the reflectivity of water (item 6).

After computing forest long-wave radiation, it 1^- 

came necessary to combine the actual long-wave contribution to the stream from both forest and s^y 

radiation. As indicated in item 8, forest cover is 0.55 for 

the reach. Accordingly, the amount of energy from bcth 

forest and sky radiation was apportioned as shown in 

item 8, yielding 263 langleys as the total incoming lorgwave radiation during the 8-hour period.

The energy flux that is directed toward the reach is 

considered positive in this paper and that directed away 

is negative. As shown in item 9, long-wave radiation 

from the stream represents a sizable "negative" flux 

(266 ly).

Evaporation (item 10) was computed using a formula 

suggested by Delay and Seaders (1963) for use in 

streams, which, when expressed to yield a result in 

langleys per unit time becomes

Qe=Q.15U(ew -ea)t, (14) 

where

Qe=evaporative energy flux, in langleys per unit

time;

?7=wind speed, in knots; 

ew saturation vapor pressure at water-surface

temperature, in millibars; 

ea=vapor pressure of the air, in millibars; and 

t=& unit of time.

Heat gain or loss by convection (item 12) across the 

air-water interface was computed by use of equation 11. 

The transfer of sensible heat through the streamed 

was computed using equation 13 with a value of thermal 

conductivity of 3.94X 10~3 cal cm" 1 sec" 1 "C" 1 for watersaturated sands and gravel mixtures.

Advected heat (item 13) was calculated as previously 

outlined. In computing heat advected into the reach 

from ground-water inflow, the temperature of the 

ground-water as it enters the stream is estimated to be 

11.7°C or the mean of 10°C (ambient ground-water 

temperature at a depth of 2 feet below the stream) and 

13.4°C (equilibrium stream temperature at dawn).

In item 14, all energy sources are entered and algebraically summed to yield the net inflow or outflow of he^t 

to the reach. The predicted water-temperature change 

at the outlet section is then a function of the heat gain 

or loss and the volume of water heated.
D56 HYDROLOGY AND SOME EFFECTS OF URBANIZATION ON LONG ISLAND, NEW YORK

The results of these calculations are plotted in figure 

38. Temperature predictions are for the end section of 

the reach which correspond to temperature site 5. Good 

results (within 2°C) between actual and predicted temperatures were obtained. This study serves to emphasize 

the importance of on-site instrumentation in energybudget studies of all but perhaps the largest rivers. It 

would be almost impossible to obtain an accurate temperature-prediction model without such 

instrumentation.

Predicted temperature

CONNETQUOT RIVER

v"at bridge" 

(Temperature site 5)

Observed temperature

12

0800 1600 2400 

TIME, IN HOURS

0800

FIGURE 38. Predicted and observed temperatures of site 5. Connetquot River, June 7-11,1967.

A net radiometer was employed to improve temperature predictions during a survey made on August 13-17, 

1968. The net radiometer measures the difference between the incoming short-wave and long-wave radiation 

and the outgoing long-wave and reflected short-wave 

radiation parts of the electromagnetic spectrum. 

Specifically, net radiometers measure the following 

fluxes of the heat budget:

&.t= (Q,~ Qr) + (Qa~ Qar) + (Qf~ Qfr) ~ &.. (15]

Missing from the above are the conductive, convective, evaporative, and advected heat flows. Th( 

conduction, convection, and evaporation components o: 

the heat budget must be estimated by empirica 

formulations, whereas the advectei-heat items ar< 

computed by discharge and water-temperature meas 

urements. During the June 7-11, 1967, predictioi 

period, all items on the right side of equation 15 wer< 

estimated by empirical formulas except Qs, which was 

measured with a pyranometer. The net radiometer was 

attached to a microvolt recorder during the Augusi 

1968 study period to provide a continuous record o^ 

net heat flux. The radiometer was set up at solar sites ] 

and 3 to span the range of forest cover conditions founc 

in the reach.

Predicted temperatures using the net radiometer were 

within 1.3 °C of observed readings, whereas predictions 

based wholly on empirical formulas were as much as 

3°C higher than observed values (fig. 39). The predicted

Predicted temperature from 

empirical formu las

. /Predicted temperature 

\ . i using net radiometer

\ and errpirical formulas_ 

» \

CONNETQUOT RIVER

bridge 

(Temperature site 5)

Observed temperature

0800 1600 2400 

TIME, IN HOURS

08C

FIGURE 39. Predicted and observed temperatures at site 5, Coi 

netquot River, August 13-17, 1968.
TEMPERATURE OF THE STREAMS ON LONG ISLAND, NEW YORK D57

temperatures were, with one exception, higher than 

observed in both the June 1967 and August 1968 study 

periods. This indicates that the estimate of forest cover 

may have been too low that is, shading is even greater 

than estimated by the writer.

Additional refinements in temperature predictions 

radiometer which would be carried from point-to-point 

may be obtained by the concurrent use of a portable net 

along the reach. The net heat flux from numerous cross 

sections along the reach could be obtained and correlated 

Tvith the continuous recording unit. Such a procedure 

would permit a better estimate of the heat flow to the 

entire reach.

To evaluate which of the various fluxes has the greatest bearing on stream-temperature patterns, a compila- 

^ion. of all energy-budget components, exclusive of 

advected heat terms, was prepared for the study reach 

(table 15). From this summary it is obvious that energy 

Tains or losses from the evaporative, convective, and 

conductive heat fluxes are of considerably less importance relative to the solar, atmospheric and back-radiation terms. Because of low stream temperatures, the 

evaporative term, which depends in large measure on 

'he vapor-pressure gradient between the stream and 

''tie overlying air mass, was often close to zero during 

4 "his study period and little evaporation occurred. This 

situation should reverse in winter when the relatively 

 yarm stream will tend to lose fairly large quantities 

of heat to the colder air through the evaporative process.

'""ABLE 15. Energy flux, in langleys, to the reach between temperature sites 3 and 5, Connetquot River, June 7-11, 1967

Energy-budget component

Period, in hours

0000 to 

0800

0800 to 

1600

1600 to 

2400

Polar radiation (Qs) _______________ 42 330 36

Incoming long-wave radiation

(Q/+Qa)------------_-------- 235 263 244

Outgoing back radiation (Q 6u,)______ 254 266 266

Evaporation (Q e)______________.__ 3 2 9

Convection (Q h )---.-------------- 6 27 7

Conduction to streambed (QA&)_____ 6 12 12

7 T et radiation exclusive of advectedheat + 26 +340

The terrestrial energy components consisting of atmospheric and stream radiation although large, are 

Tery conservative that is, they are seldom greatly 

nodified by man's activities. However, the quantity of 

heat reaching a stream from the sun can be, and is, 

greatly altered by urban development. Streams can 

r asily be stripped of much of their natural cover, or they 

may be completely enclosed. On the one hand, solar

radiation is sharply increased, resulting in higher maximum daily temperatures under certain weather conditions, and on the other, it is reduced to zero, thereby 

attenuating both diurnal- and seasonal-temperature 

variation. Clearly, solar radiation, a highly variable 

heat source of relatively large magnitude, is of paramount importance in determining the thermal patterns 

of streams.

Changes in the amount of advected heat from the 

ground-water reservoir to streams is a major caus-j of 

thermal change (p. D41). The relatively large, constant heat flow from the ground-water system tendr to 

stabilize seasonal- and diurnal-temperature fluctuations. 

It is estimated that a 50-percent decrease in groundwater inflow to Connetquot River would result in a 3°- 

5°C rise in temperature during the summer and a 

similar drop in temperature in winter. The effect of excessive declines in ground-water inflow to streams may 

cause even greater changes in the range of daily temperatures. Since ground water is cooler than streamflow in 

summer, energy derived from the advection of gronnd 

water to the stream may be considered "negative" hep.t 

positive heat contributions are made to streams during 

the winter.

SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS

Long Island streams may be characterized as having 

low "thermal inertia''' that is, they possess only a small 

capacity for heat storage. Accordingly, nearly all Long 

Island streams tend to respond rapidly to heat inputs. 

In particular, the incoming energy from solar radiation 

under clear skies is relatively large when compared to 

the heat-storage capacity of the streams. On days- of 

high solar radiation, large diurnal-temperature fluctuations may be observed in many streams. Moreover, 

under natural conditions, maximum temperatures tend 

to occur at nearly the same time everywhere along the 

streams. Urbanization predisposes stream-temperature 

patterns to significant change both seasonally and diurnally, owing to ease with which solar energy to a 

stream may be altered by man's activities. This fact, 

coupled with the normally low thermal inertia exhibited 

in Long Island streams, makes stream-temperature patterns in the area particularly vulnerable to landscape 

changes by man.

The streams whose temperature patterns were intensively studied in this report are listed below in 

descending order of urban development within tl Qir 

basins:

1. East Meadow Brook near Freeport.

2. Sampawams Creek near Babylon.

3. Champlin Creek near Islip.

4. Swan Kiver at East Patchogue.

5. Connetquot Kiver near Oakdale.
D58 HYDROLOGY AND SOME EFFECTS OF URBANIZATION ON LONG ISLAND, NEW YORK

Connetquot River, one of the largest streams on Long 

Island, flows through a heavily forested preserve for 

practically its entire length. Above a point near midlength, the river is virtually free of any man-made 

changes in its natural environment; accordingly, this 

part of the stream was selected as a "control." It is assumed that the thermal regimen of the upper Connetquot River, in essence, reflects natural-temperature 

patterns similar to those that would have been observed 

in nearly all other streams were it not for man's 

interference.

All five study streams were selected so as to be comparable with one another in all respects except with 

regard to the degree of urban development. The study 

basins are very similar with reference to topography, 

flow direction, overall channel length, geologic and climatic environment, and natural-vegetation cover. Thus, 

the effect of these factors on stream temperatures has 

been minimized. Because only one factor varies significantly, statistical analyses of the temperature data 

reveal the extent to which the variable element (urban 

change) affects temperature regimen.

Considerable diurnal- and seasonal-temperature stability is a characterictic of most Long Island streams 

that are unaffected by man. This stability, or the uniformity of temperature, is due in large measure to the 

normally large outflow of ground water to streams.

Shading, provided by a variety of deciduous trees, 

including sugar and red maples, beech, and pin oak, is 

another factor contributing to the temperature stability 

of natural streams. Shade is not only significant in helping to attenuate seasonal temperatures, but it is of 

paramount importance in reducing daily-temperature 

fluctuations. By shielding surface waters from the 

highly variable short-wave (solar) radiation component of the energy budget, forest vegetation effectively 

diverts large quantities of incoming energy away from 

the streams.

A third, but somewhat less critical factor in thermal 

pattern of streams, is the increasing volume of storm 

runoff to which all urban streams are subjected. The precise effect that a given volume of storm runoff will have 

on the temperature regimen of downstream reaches is 

a function, among other factors, of the relative volume 

of storm runoff to streamflow, the ambient temperature 

differences between the two, and whether the storm runoff enters the stream as a concentrated mass or whether 

it, is distributed along the channel.

Five temperature surveys spaced about 2 months 

apart were used to assess the extent to which man has 

modified the temperature patterns of Long Island 

streams. Some salient points brought out by these surveys are that:

1. Under natural conditions exhibited at the control 

stream, temperature patterns frcm reach to reach 

are very similar in shape under a wide variety of 

weather regimes.

2. Lakes and ponds have a strong impact on downstream-temperature patterns. Diurnal-temperature 

fluctuations in reaches below lakes and ponds are 

largely a function of the mean depth of the lake. 

Very shallow ponds (average depfh, less than 1 ft.) 

tend to amplify diurnal fluctuations, whereas 

deeper bodies of water attenuate downstream dailytemperature changes.

3. Pumpage of ground water in southwestern Nassau 

County and the loss of recharge due to paving and 

home construction have lowered temperatures in 

winter at East Meadow Brook and Sampawams 

Creek and raised them in summer.

4. Variations in average temperature among the 25 

study sites were statistically significant only in 

summer that is, the observed A^rriations were not 

likely due to chance but rather to some fundamental difference among the sites.

5. The basic effect of most man-made changes is to 

raise temperatures in summer and lower them in 

winter that is, the seasonal variation of temperature is increased.

6. Diurnal-temperature fluctuations are principally a 

function of the absorbed solar energy the greater 

the absorbed solar energy on any particular day the 

greater will be the range in daily-stream temperature.

7. Under natural conditions, diurnal fluctuations are 

greatest in the spring and early summer preceding 

the period of maximum solar energy from 1 to 

2 months.

8. The impact of man's activity on stream-temperature 

patterns are small during the spring and fall.

9. Concomitant temperature differerces between sites

on the same stream of 5°-7°C were observed in

winter and 8°-10°C in summer, owing principally

to environmental modifications along the stream

An energy-budget analysis was made along the uppei

reaches of the Connetquot River durir <* June 7-11,1967

to evaluate the relative importance of the numerous heat

sources and sinks controlling the thermal regimen oJ

Long Island streams. Records of solar radiation ob

tained during the temperature surveys shows that this

component of the heat balance is greatly affected bj

vegetation. In heavily forested reaches the ratio oJ

actual observed radiation at the stream's surface tc

maximum possible ranged from 0.75 in April to 0.29 ir

August. Even a fairly open reach (forest cover, about

25 percent) showed a 30 percent reduction in the
TEMPERATURE OF THE STREAMS ON LONG ISLAND, NEW YORK D50

~ount of solar energy reaching its surface in August. 

v?,h wide variations in solar energy in both time and 

oace amplify the need for on-site instrumentation in 

[] heat-balance studies of small streams.

Of the numerous factors affecting stream temperaires, the most important include:

1.. Short-wave solar energy.

2. Atmospheric long-wave energy.

3. Back long-wave radiation from the stream.

4. Advected heat from the ground-water reservoir.

5. Advected heat from direct (street) runoff where 

such runoff is a significant part of the streamflow.

"terns (2) and (3) are highly stable, so that they are 

nly slightly affected by urbanization. Item (1) is easily 

Itered by a number of man's activities, particularly 

y the direct loss of recharge or through excessive withmwals from the ground-water reservoir. In addition, 

n introduction of advected heat from storm sewers 

i'em 5) can, under certain meteorologic conditions, 

irterially change the energy budget of all streams.

Changes in the natural-temperature patterns of 

,]-earns due to man's activity can often be modified by 

rlntaining as much shade as possible. Clearly, every 

Tort should be made to ensure that vegetation along 

le banks of streams is not removed. Wherever practiible, multiple outlets to ponds could be installed as a 

nans of regulating downstream temperatures. Addirnally, it may be feasible to intercept ground water 

Y installing drainage tiles just below lakes and to use 

i^ ground water to cool downstream reaches in sumor and warm them in winter.

REFERENCES CITED

r Person, E. R., 1954, Energy-budget studies, in Water-loss 

investigations Lake Hefner studies, technical report: 

U.S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 269, p. 71-119.

i^ven, I. S., 1926, The ratio of heat losses by conduction and by 

evaporation from any water surface: Physical Rev. v. 27, 

p. 779-787.

pint, P., 1932, Notes on radiation in the atmosphere: Quart. 

Jour. Royal Meteorol. Soc., v. 58, p. 389-420.

: -mdler, T. J., 1965, The climate of London : London, Hutchinson, Ltd., 292 p.

 1967, Absolute and relative humidities in towns: Am. 

Meteorol. Soc. Bull., v. 48, p. 394-399.

flins, W. D., 1925, Temperature of water for industrial use: 

U.S. Geol. Survey Water Supply Paper 520-F, p. 97-104.

;'ay, W. H., and Seaders, John, 1963, Temperature studies on 

the Umpqua River, Oregon, in Water temperature influences, effects, and control: Proc. 12th Pacific Northwest 

Symposium on Water Pollution Research, Federal Water 

Pollution Control Adni. p. 57-75.

ittweiler, D. W., 1963, A mathematical model of stream temperature: Johns Hopkins Univ., Baltimore, Md., School 

Eng. Sci., dissert.

378-970 O 70 5

Duttweiler, D. W., and others, 1961, Heat dissipation in flowing 

streams: Johns Hopkins Univ., Baltimore, Md., Rept. 

1960-61 Advanced Seminar, 80 p.

Edinger, J. E., and Geyer, John C., 1965, Heat exchange in 

the environment: Cooling water studies of Edison Electr'c 

Int., EEI Pub. 49, 253 p.

DeLuca, F. A., and others, 1965, Chloride content and tempe~- 

ature of the waters of Nassau County, Long Island, Ne^ 

York: New York Conservation Dept Bull. 55, 35 p.

Franke, C. L., 1968. Double-mass-curve analysis of the effect 

of sewering on ground-water levels on Long Island, Ne^ 

York, in Geological 'Survey research, 1968: U.S. GeOl. Survey Prof. Paper 600-B, p. B205-B209.

Geiger, Rudolf, 1965, The climate near the ground: Cambridge, 

Mass., Harvard Univ. Press, 611 p.

Harbeck, G. E., Jr., and others, 1958, Water-loss investigations : 

Lake Mead Studies: U.S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 298 

100 p.

Jaske, R. T., and Goebel, J. B., 1967, Effects of dam construction 

on temperatures of the Columbia River: Jour. Am. Wate^ 

Works Assoc., v. 59, No. 8, p. 935-942.

Landsberg, Helmut, 1958, Physical Climatology: Du Bois, Pa., 

Gray Publishing Co., 446 p.

Macan, T. T., 1958, The temperature of a small stony streair : 

Hydrobiologia, v. 12, no. 2, p. 89-106.

Mangan, J. W., 1946, Temperatures of natural waters in Pennsylvania : Commonwealth of Pennsylvania, Dept. Forest 

and Water Rept, 222 p.

Marciano, J. J., and Harbeck, G. E., 1954, Mass-transfer studies 

in Water-loss investigations Lake Hefner studies, technical report: U.S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 269, p. 46-71.

Messenger, Harry, 1963, Dissipation of heat from a thermally 

loaded stream in Short papers in geology and hydrology: 

U.S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 475-C, p. C175-C178.

Moore, A. M., 1967, Correlation and analysis of water-tempe~- 

ature data for Oregon streams: U.S. Geol. Survey Wate~- 

Supply Paper 1819-K, 53 p.

 1968, Water temperatures in the lower Columbia River:

U.S. Geol. Survey Circ. 551,45 p.

Pluhowski, E. J., 1961, Variation in temperature of two streajrs 

on Long Island, New York, in Geological Survey research 

1961: U.S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 424-D, p. D55-D58.

Pluhowski, E. J., and Kantrowitz, I. H., 1963, Influence of landsurface conditions on ground-water temperatures in southwestern Suffolk County, Long Island, New York, in Short 

papers in geology and hydrology: U.S. Geol. Survey Prof. 

Paper 475-B, p. B186-B188.

Sawyer, R. M., 1963, Effect of urbanization on storm discharp* 

and ground-water recharge in Nassau County, New York, 

in Short papers in geology and hydrology: U.S. Geol. Su~- 

vey Prof. Paper 475-C, p. C185-C187.

Seaburn, G. E., 1969, Effects of urban development on direct 

runoff to East Meadow Brook, Nassau County, Long Island, New York: U.S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 627-B, 14 

p. 11970].

Seaders, John, and Delay, W. H., 1966, Predicting temperatures 

in rivers and reservoirs: Jour. Sanitary Eng. Am. Soc. Civil 

Engineers, v. 92, no. SA1, p. 115-134.

Seaders, John, and Slotta, L. S., 1966, Factors influencing stream 

temperatures a progress rept: U.S. Public Health Service, 

Div. Water Supply and Pollution, 38 p.

Sellers, W. D., 1965, Physical climatology: Chicago. 111., Chicafo 

Univ. Press, 272 p.
D60 HYDROLOGY AND SOME EFFECTS OF URBANIZATION ON LONG ISLAND, NEW YORK

Stoeckeler, J. EL, and Voskuil, G. J., 1959, Water temperature 

reduction in shortened spring channels of southwestern 

Wisconsin trout streams: Am. Fisheries Soc. Trans., v. 88.

Sylvester, R. O., 1963, Effects of water uses and impoundments 

on water temperature, in Water temperature influences, 

effects and control, Proc. 12th Pacific Northwest Symposium 

on Water Pollution Research: Federal Water Pollution 

Control Adm., p. 6-27.

Velz, C. J., and Gannon, J. J., 1960, Forecasting heat loss 

ponds and streams: Jour. Water Pollution Control Fede] 

tion, April.

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stream water temperatures in the upper Delaware Rr 

Basin, in Geological Survey research, 1968 U.S. G 

Survey Prof. Paper 600-B, p. B195-B199.
SUMMARY OF METEOROLOGIC DATA AND 

OF HOURLY STREAM TEMPERATURES
D62 HYDROLOGY AND SOME EFFECTS OF URBANIZATION ON LONG ISLAND, NEW YORK

Compilation of meteorologic data, November 15-21, 1966

Sky cover given in tenths (cols. 4,5). Positive values in cols. 9 and 10 indicate a downward radiation flux. Negative net-radiation values indicate a resultant ground-to-sk 

data are in degrees Fahrenheit. Radiation data "are expressed in langleys.

lux. Connetquot River temperatures were obtained near solar site 3. A summation of data is given for a complete 24-hr period beginning 000" hr on the indicated date 

tive humidity (col.Ji) is given inpercent. Precipitation is in inches as measured in the liquid state. "Ken." denotes Kennedy International Airport. All temperatui

November 15, 1966

Temperature of air (° F) Sky cover Relative

Hour Kennedy Mineola Kennedy Project area Kennedy 

(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6)

!_____. 44 37 0 ____________ 56

o

3______ 

4 __ __ 42 35 0 -_______-_-_ 58

5 _ __ .

6 - - -__- ---_--_ _ _ __ _ __ __- _-_ .

7___ __ 41 35 1 1 55

8 1 ----------

9 3

10___ 45 43 8 5 47

11 _ _____ 3 _________ _-

12__. -

13____- 48 46 3 2 41

14 __ .___--.____---_-_----------_--_------- 2 

15__ ___-_.-----_---------_-----_-__.__---- 1 ----______-.

16 __ -. 48 46 2 1 34

17

18.._ 

19____- 44 42 3 _ 42

20__ 

21___ -- _

22___._ 39 38 0 _._.__--_-__ 48

23_._ _ _ -

24

Location 

Air temperatures (°F) :

East Patchogue..-- ____________ ______ __._ ___.

Kennedy International Airport. __ _ _ ________ ______ ______ _ .

Total radiation:

Brookhaven. _ _ _ ___ __ _ ___ _ _____________ _____ ______

Mineola_ ______ ___________ _ ___________ _____

Wind movement: 

Mineola_ __ ___ _ __ ___ __ _ ____________ ___________ .

Evaporation : Mineola_ __ _ ____ _______ _ _ _ _ _ ___________ _ _______ __.

Ridiation, Brookhaven

Brookhaven Kennedy Silar Net 

(7) (8) (9) (10)

0 12 ____________ -8.1

_____________________________________ -a 4

_____________________________________ -8.4

____________ 10 ________ _ _ -8.4

_____________________________________ -9.0

_____________________________________ -7. 2

____________ 6 0.1 -9.0

.---_________---_________ 5.4 -5.4

.__--_______-__-.-_______ 17.6 3.6

__--___-____ 12 216 14.4

_________________________ 32.4 19.2

. _ _ _ _ _ ___ _ 3". 9 24.6

____________ 10 3?. 0 24.0

.-__ ______ __________ 30.6 19.8

.----_---_ __ _--.__ __ 22.0 13.2

____________ 15 11.5 3.6

_________________________ 1.8 -8.4

.----___-__------._____-_ .1 -9.0

____________ 7 ____________ -9.0

-9.0

.__-_________-___-_______---__.-_____ -8. 4

____________ 10 ____________ -8.4

____________________________________ -7. 8

____________________________________ -7. 8

Departure 

Maximum Minimum from normal 

._________._-_-_--_ 47 30 _________

._ _ 49 36 -

___________________ 48 35 -

Type Langleys 

_ _ __ __ _____ Direct______ __ ___ 22

___________________ Net________________ -

_______ Direct____ _ _ ____ ____

___-____-____-__-______do------_-____-__-_-____

Total miles 

.......................... ... ......... 6

Inches 

0. 0
TEMPERATURE OF THE STREAMS ON LONG ISLAND, NEW YORK 

Compilation of meteorologic data, November 15-21, 1966 Continued

November 16, 1966

Temperature of air (°F) Sky cover Relative

Kennedy Mineola Kennedy Project area Kennedy 

(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6)

36 35 0 _.-__..._._. 59

I

! ______ ___________ _____________________ ____.

L_ -__ 36 30 3 _-_-__-____. 64 ___.

L __ _ 33 30 0 0 75

J_-- 0 _---__-___-.

L 0 ___________

L0_____ 45 46 5 1 54

L __ __ _________ __ ___________________ ___ ______ _ ._ ____________

L2_ __ __ _ ____ _ ____ ___ ___________ _ ____ _--____ ____-__..

L3 __ _- 51 51 9 ___ _ --_-_. 59

L4__- __--- _ _--_ _------__- _ ----- ----- 8 _____ ___.

L5___ 10 _---._-___-.

13_____ 51 50 10 10 71

L7 -

P _------_ ____ __ __ __

19----. 50 50 10 ____________ 74

n ---_-_--_____ ;;i _ __ . _ _- - .

:;2_____ 49 49 10 ____________ 80 ;;3__ -------------------------------------------------------------- r*

Location 

'' ir temperatures (° F) :

Total radiation:

'Tind movement:

Connetquot River (solar site ) ____ __________________ ___ _

Evaporation : Mineola __________ _____ _______________ _ _______________ .

Precipitation, Wind (knots) , Radiation, Brookhaven

Solar 

(7) (8) (9)

0 7 -__-__._____

_ _ _ _-_-_ __ 4 _.__ ___ _

____________ 5 0. 1

._-_________-_-_____-____ 6.3

. _ ___ ______ ___ _ _ _ 16. 2

____________ 5 25.9

._________---__-_________ 32.0

. _ 34.6

____________ 9 29.8

.__________-_____-_-_-_._ 21.3

._-__-_____-___-_---_-_.. 15.2

____________ 14 5.4

._---__________-_________ 1.4

__---_--____ 12 _______ _ __

____________ 7 ____________

Maximum Minimum 

___________________ 50 19

-_-_-_____-----_-__ 52 31

___________________ 51 28

lype 

_______ -_______-_- Direet_ ______ ___

._-_____-__-_______ Net_____________.__

. _____ _ __ ____ _ Direct. _____ ___

._______- ----______-___-do-___-_______-

Net 

(10)

-7.8 

-7.8 

-7.8 

-7.2 

-7. 2 

-6. 6

-6. 6 

-3.0 

6.0 

15. 6 

21. 6 

24. 6

21. 6 

15. 0 

6. 6 

-1.2 

-3.6 

-3.6

-3.6 

-3. 6 

-4. 2 

-3. 6 

-3. 6 

-3. 0

Depart ire 

from normal

-4 

-5

Langleys 

188 

27

Total ir.ttes 

89

Inch's 

0.03
D64 HYDROLOGY AND SOME EFFECTS OF URBANIZATION ON LONG ISLAND, NEW YORK 

Compilation of meteorologic data, November 15-21,1966 Continued

November 17, 1966

Temperature of air (° F) Sky cover Relative

Kennedy Mineola Kennedy Project area Kennedy 

(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6)

1 48 48 8 ____________ 80

g

4 48 47 10 _ ____---__ 86

5 ____________________--------__----_.__----------------------

7 48 47 9 5 89

8 ____________________________________ 4 ____________

9 _---_______-____--------_---__- 3 ____________

10 53 53 4 1 77

11 _____________-_---_-_-_-___-__________--_------._---_-_---_-

12 _______------__---_-_---______________---_-------____-----..

13 56 58 10 10 67

14 ____________________________________ 10 ____________

15 ___-_---_--__-_---__________________ 10 ____________

16 53 56 10 10 80

17 ____________________________________________________________

18 ___________________________________________________________

19 50 48 10 ____________ 96

20 -_--------------__-_--_-_________-______________-_____-____-

21 ____________________________________________________________

22 53 51 10 ____________ 74

23 ____________________________________________________________

24 ____________________________________________________________

Location

Air temperatures (°F) : 

Brookhaven__ __ _ _________ ___ ____ _ _ _ ______ __ _______

Connetquot River ___ _ __ ________________ _ _ __ ___________

East Patchogue... _ __ __ ______ _ _ _____ _ _____ _ _____ _

Kennedy International Airport. _____ _ ____ __ __________________

Mineola_ _ _ _ __ ___ _____ _ ____ __ _ _________ __ __ __ __

Total radiation: 

Brookhaven__ ______ ______ _____ _____ _____ ___

Brookhaven. __ __ _ _____ ____ __ __________________________ .

Mineola_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ __ ____ __ ________________ ___ __.

Connetquot River (solar site )_.___ _________ ____ ____ _________

Wind movement: 

Mineola__ __________________

Connetquot River (solar site ) ___ ___ _ ____ _ ______ __

Evaporation : Mineola_________ _ _ ____ _ _______ _ _ ____

Precipitation, Wind (knots), Radiation, Brookhaven

Solar Net 

(7) (8) (3) (10)

0 8 ____________ -3.6

_____________________________________ -3. 6

_____________________________________ -4. 8

____________ 7 ____________ -1.8

_____________________________________ -1. 2

_____________________________________ -3. 0

_-____.-_-_- 7 ____________ -3.0

_________________________ 1.8 -.6

_________________________ 9.6 2.4

____________ 9 2C.4 10.8

_________________________ 29-2 21.0

.___ _._ _ __ _ _ -.__ _ 32.6 22.8

___ __ ... 8 29, 2 21. 0

.__-______.________--_-_- 198 13.2

. __ __ ______________ 135 6.6

____________ 9 4.0 -1.2

_________________________ .7 -4.2

_____________________________________ -4. 2

____________ 5 --_--_______ -5.4

_____________________________________ -2.4

__-_____-_________--__-_----________ -1. 8

____________ 6 _____ _ ____ -3.6

____________________________________ -1. 8

_____________________________________ -1. 2

Departure Maximum Minimum from normal 

___________________ 60 46 __________

___________________ 58 47 +7

.-___--______._____ 59 47 +8

Type Langleys 

. ........... __ _ _ Direct. ____ _ ____ 161

.__ __ ___________ Net _ _ __ _ _ 50

._ ________________ Direct______ __ _____ _______

___________ _______-_-__do-__________-__-____-__-

Total miles 

5Q

Inches 

........................... ... ________ 0.02
TEMPERATURE OF THE STREAMS ON LONG ISLAND, NEW YORK 

Compilation of meteorologlc data, November 15-21,1966 Continued

DC5

November 18, 1966

Temperature of air (°F) Sky cover Relative

"'our Kennedy Mineola Kennedy Project area Kennedy 

(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6)

1 52 52 10 ___ _ _ _ 83

2 _ ___ - - - - -- --- - --- ---

3 _________._._____ _ ._ _ -._.-_ .

4 50 52 10 _______ _ 96

5 ________________-_-_---__---_____-_____--____-_____-__----_-

6 --- ----- _ -_ _ _____ .

7 52 50 10 ____________ 86

8 ________----_-----------------_----- 10 _-_____--__.

9 ______ _ _ ___-______-____---____-_ 10 ____________

10 55 53 9 10 77 

11 ________________--___--__----_-__--_ 10 ____________

12 __ --__ _ -__- _ __ --_- _----_ __ __ _

13 57 57 9 ____________ 87

14 ____________________________________ 10 ____________

15 _____-_--_---_---------------------_ 10 ____________

16 55 55 10 ___ _ _ __ 86

17

18 _ ------ - ------ _ _ _ -___

19 57 57 10 ____________ 78

20 _ _________________________________________________________

21 ______________---_-----___-__-_____-_______-____________-___

22 56 58 10 _ _________ 80

24 ______________ __

Location 

i - temperatures (° F) :

East Patchogue.___ _ _ _______ ______ __ ___ _ __ ________ _

Kennedy International Airport ________ __ ____ _________

Mineola__ _____ ____ _ ______ _______ _ __ ____________ _ __.

r t,al radiation : 

Brookhaven. ______ _____ __ ___________________ _____ ____ ____

Brookhaven. _______ __ ____ _ _ _______ _ _________________ _ _ Mineola__ ____ ____ __ ______ ______ _____ __________ _

cnnetquot River

1 nd movement: 

Mineola__ _ ________ _ _____ _ __ _ ___ _ _____ _ _____

irnnetquot River 

(solar site )_____ ______ _ _______ _________________________

I 1 ~aporation : 

Mineola _ _ _____ __ _ _______ _ ______ ______ ________

Radiation, Brookhaven

Brookhaven Kennedy Solar Net 

(7) (8) (9) (10)

____ __ _____ 6 ____________ -1.8

____________________________________ -4. 2

_____________________________________ -3. 0

____________ 3 ____________ -4.2

____________________________________ -5.4

..______--____--________--___________ -4.8

_--_____-___ 9 _____ _ ____ -3.6

_________________________ 0.1 -3.6

. 05 __. _ ___ __ .7 -5.4

.05 6 1. 4 - 1. 8 

._-_____--__-____________ 11.7 3.0

________________________ 16.2 8.4

____________ 9 15.4 13.2

_-_____--_____-________- 15.4 10.8

._--_____-_____-_________ 6.1 5.4

.04 4 1. 8 .6

________-__---._________ .4 -.6

-____--_______-___._ _ _____________ -3. 0

____________ 8 ____________ -3.0

____________________________________ -3. 6

_____________________________________ -4. 8

__-____-.___ 12 ____________ -5.4

____________________________________ -a 6

 5 4

Depart _r? 

Maximum Minimum from normil 

___ _______________ 59 50 _ _ ___ _

58 50 +9

_ _ ______________ 59 50 +11

Type Langleys 

_________ ____ __ Direct________ __ 69

________ _ ________ Net___._ ____ _____ -29

_______________________do__________--.__--__-_-

Total miles 

______________________________________ 176

Inches

___ _ _ __________ ____ _ ___ __ a 09
D66 HYDROLOGY AND SOME EFFECTS OF URBANIZATION ON LONG ISLAND, NEW YORK 

Compilation of metcorologic data, November 15-21,1966 Continued

November 19, 1966

Temperature, of air (°F) Sky cover Relative

Hour Kennedy Mineola Kennedy Project area Kennedy

(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6)

1 56 59 8 ____________ 78

2 ______ ______

3 _______________________ _ __________________________________

4 49 49 10 ____________ 48

5 _ _ -__ _ _ _ ____ _______ ____ ______ ___.

6 ____________________________________________________________

7 45 44 10 _ _ _ _ _ 51

8 __________________ __ ______---.____ 10 ____________

9 ___. _ _______________ ___ -_-_-_-_____ _ __________________

10 44 42 10 9 51

11 ____________________________________ 7 ____________

12 __ ________ _ _ ____ 2 _ _ __ _ .

13 45 44 4 _ _ __ _ 44

14 ____ _____________ _ _____________________________________

15 _____ _ _________ ___ ______________ 0 ____________

16 45 42 1 0 37

17 ____________________________________________________________

18 ________ _ ___________ ___ __________________ _ ____________

19 39 37 0 39

20 _______-_--__._____ _____ ___ __ ____________________ __ __.

21 ___________ ___ ____________________________________________

22 36 35 0 __ __ _ _ _ 42

23 ________________________________ _ _________________________

24 _____ _____________________________________________________

Air temperatures (°F) :

Brookhaven __ _________ __ _ __________ ___ ________ _ ________

Connetquot River __ _ __ _ _____ ___ _____ ___ _ _ ___ _______

East Patchogue _ _ ____ _ _ _ _ _ _ __________ _______ _ _ _

Kennedy International Airport __________ _ ______ _ _ _ _ _ _ ___

Mineola_ _ ___ ____ ____ __ _____ ______ _ _ _________ __ ______

Total radiation:

Brookhaven. __ ___ _ _ _ ______ ______ _ ___ _ _ _ _ ________ __

Brookhaven. _ _ _ ___ __ _ _ ____ _ _ ___ _ _ ____ _ __________

Mineola. _ _ __________ ______ ___________ __ ___ __________ __

Connetquot River (solar site )__ ____ _ _ __ _ _ __ ____ ___ __

Wind movement:

Mineola ____ _______ __ _ ______ __ _ ______ _ ___ _______

Connetquot River (solar site )__ ______ _ ________ _ __________

Evaporation:

Mineola_ ____ __________________ ___ _______ ___

Radiation, Brookhaven

Brookhaven Kennedy Solar Net

(7) (8) (9) (10)

0 14 __ ____ -5.4

________________________ _______ ___ -7. 2

. _ _ ____ ____ ____ _ __ _ _ -5.4

____________ 19 ____________ -5.4

___________________________ _ _ __ _ -5. 4

_____-_____.__--__ __ _______________ -4.2

____________ 20 ____ _____ -3.0

_____________ _ ___ ___ _ 1.8 -1.2

_________________________ 6.3 3.0

__ _ ___ 18 10. 1 6.0

_________________________ 15.9 13.2

._ __ __________ __ 28.7 18.6

-__ _ --_-__ 18 28.7 18.0

._ _ --__-__-.___________ 27.9 16.8

_ _ _______ _ __ _ 19. 1 8. 4

____________ 15 8.6 1.2

. ___ __ _ _ _ _ _ .9 8. 4

.-_--_ _ ____________ ____ _ _ _ __ -9.0

. ------_ _ -_--_______.___ ____ __ -9. 0

... _ __________ _ __________________ -9. 0

____________ 12 _________ _ -9.0

_________ _ --___---_-_-_-_______.__ -8.4

.____ _ -_-_-_________ __ ___________ -8.4

Departure

Maximum Minimum from norma

___________________ 56 34 _________

_________ _ ___ __ 57 34 4

.___ __ _ _____ 59 34 4

Type Langleys

_____ _ _ _ ______ Direct__ _____ 1^

__________________ Net________________ -.

. _______ _____ Direct. ____ ___________

_-_--__--______________do__ _______ ___ -._____.

Total miles

1(

Inches

______________________________________ 0. (
TEMPERATURE OF THE STREAMS ON LONG ISLAND, NEW YORK 

Compilation of metcoroJogic data, November 15-21, 1966 Continued

November 20, 1966

Temperature of air (°F) Sky cover Relative

Hour Kennedy Mineola Kennedy Project area Kennedy 

(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6)

1 33 32 0 ____________ 52

2 _______________-_--__-_-------------_---------_-----_----_-.

3

4 32 30 0 _____ _____ 54

5 - -

6 _ __ ____ _ _ _ --_ _ _________ ___ _ _ _____.__.

7 30 28 0 __ ____ . 61

9 -_______-__---_------_-_--------- 0 ---____.___.

10 36 34 0 0 50

11 ____________________________________ 0 ____________

12 _____ _ _______ __- ______ ----- 0 _____ ___ _.

13 42 40 0 1 41

14 __ _-__._ ___ _________________ ___ ________ _ _

15 ___________-_---_--____-___-----_-_________________________.

16 42 41 1 ____________ 40

17

18 ______-_-_____-------_---_-_-_-_____________________________

19 36 29 0 ____________ 57

20 _ ---_ _ _ ----- __-_-._ ---._

21

22 34 26 0 _ _ __ ___ 62

23 _ --_-. _____ _ _ _ ______________

24 _-_____-_----___---____-____-__--___________________________

Location

\ - temperatures (° F) : 

Brookhaven- _ _________ __ ____ _ _ ____ _______

Connetquot River __ __ ____ ________ ____

East Patchogue______ __ _ _ _ ________ _________

Kennedy International Airport ______ _____ ______

Mineola _ _____ _ ________________ ________

>tal radiation: 

Brookhaven. ___ _ __ _ _ ___________ _

Brookhaven__ __________ _ _ _ __________ __________

Mineola _ _ __________ ___

Connetquot River (solar site ) ____________________

*7;nd movement: 

Mineola __ _ _ _ _ _____ ___ _ _ ___________ _______

Connetquot River (solar site ). __ _______

" 'aporation: 

Mineola ___ _ ___________ ____ ______

Radiation, Brookhaven

Brookhaven Kennedy Solar Net 

(7) (8) (9) (10)

0 14 ____________ -8.4

_ __ _- 8 4

________________ _ __________________ -8.4

____________ 10 ____________ -8.4

 9 0

_____________________________________ -9. 0

__-_--_____ 8 _ 9. 0

_________________________ 4.0 -7.8

_________________________ 15.1 -.6

____________ 11 25.2 9.6

.______________--_---__-- 32.4 19.2

_________________________ 35.6 24.0

____________ 4 35.1 24.0

.-___._________---_______ 30.6 18.6

_________________________ 20.7 10.2

7 a 7 _ ft

_________________________ 1.6 -8.4

_________________________ _ _________ -8.4

____________ 5 ____________ -8.4

_ 70

_____________________________________ -7. 8

___-___--._. 5 ____________ -7.2

_____________________________________ -7. 2

__-_-__________--____-________-_-_-- -6. 6

Departure 

Maximum Minimum from normal

Af\ 1 K.

4.3 2Q Q

__________________ 41 25 -10

Type Langleys 

____-----._.______ Direct_____________ 210

__________________ Net_______________ -26

TVrp.pl"

._ _____ _ _ __ __.__do-______________________

Total miles 

______________________________________ 13

Inches 

______________________________________ 0. 01
D68 HYDROLOGY AND SOME EFFECTS OF URBANIZATION ON LONG ISLAND, NEW YORK 

Compilation of meteorologic data, November 15-21, 1966 Continued

November 21, 1966

Temperature of air (°F) Sky cover Relative

Hour Kennedy Mineola Kennedy Project area Kennedy 

(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6)

1 34 24 0 ___ _ __. 67

2 ___ ._ __ . ____ --. ____ __ - _ _______ . ..

3 __--___ _ __________________________________________________

4 32 24 0 ____________ 72

5 ____________--------_--__--__-_-_-__------_-_--_-----_-----.

6 ___________________________________________________________

7 32 24 0 -. . _ _ _ 79

« 0

9 _-_______-__---_____-_---_-.._------ 0 _____..___..

10 42 42 0 0 53

11 ____________________-________________-__-_______-----_-----.

12 _________ _ __________________ _ _________________-__-_---..

13 48 46 0 0 32

14 - ------

15 ---------- __ __-----________-__________-________--_-__.___.

16 48 45 0 ___ __ . 32

17 _- ---

18 --________--_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_--_-_-_---------_------------_-.

19 37 34 0 -___. _---- 55

20 ___-.___---_______-_-__ __ _______-__-___-_________----____-.

21 --_-__-_--______------_---_-__-_------__--_-__---__-__-----.

22 36 29 0 ____________ 57

23 ______________-------__________--__---__-_____-_-__---_----.

24 ----- ___ -----__--__.__-_---__-------___.___-_-.__-_--__--.

Location

Air temperatures (°F) : 

Brookhaven__ ___ __ __-_ ___ _ __ _ _ _----____----_ _ _______

Kennedy International Airport _ _ ______ ________ .__ _ __ ____.

Mineola- _ _ _ _____ ____ __ ____ _ _ _____________ _ __ ___.

Total radiation:

Brookhaven. _ _ _ _ _____ _ _ __ ___ --_-__ _ _ __ ____ ___.

Connetquot River (solar site ) _ _________________________ _ _ _.

Wind movement: 

Mineola__ _ _ ______ __ ___________ _ _ _ ____ __ _____ _-____.

Connetquot River (solar site )_ __________ ____ _ ____ _--__-__.

Evaporation: 

Mineola, __ __ _____ _ _ _ _ ___ _ ______ __ ______ ____ _.

Precipitation, Wind (knots), Ridiation, Brookhaven

Solar Net 

(7) (8) (9) (10)

0 5 ____________ -6.6

.__----___--.-_____- _ ___ _ ________ -6. 6

_____________________________________ -7. 2

____________ 5 ____________ -7.2

.__-___-_-------_.___________________ -7.2

._____----_----_-.___________________ -7. 2

____________ 6 ______ ___ -7.2

._____---_-_-_.__________ 6.5 -5.4

_________________________ 17.8 2.4

____________ 7 24.1 13.8

31.3 19.8

._____--_-__---_.________ 35.3 24.0

_____--_---. 6 35.1 22.8

_________________________ 29.7 17.4

_____________ _ _________ 20.7 7.8

____________ 6 9.0 -3.0

_________________________ .9 -7.8

_____________________________________ -7. 8

____________ 6 ____________ -7.8

_____________________________________ -7. 8

_____________________________________ -7.2

______----._ 6 ____________ -7.2

.____________-----___________-_-_---. -7.2

._____---_--------___-----_--_-___-_. -7.2

Departure 

Maximum Minimum from normal

.____-__---_.______ 47 17 --_._--__

._______---__-___-_ 50 30 -

... _ _____________ 47 24 -

Typ-, Langleys 

. __ _ _ ___ ..__ Direct,. __ _ _ _ 21

.__________-_-_-_-_ Net ___-__-___.__ -1

.-___-_-_--_-_-__--____do---_ --_ --_-__

Total miles 

.__ _ _ _ ------______ _ ___-----_-_.__ 3

Inches 

0.0
TEMPERATURE OF THE STREAMS ON LONG ISLAND, NEW YORK 139

Compilation of meteorologic data, January 25-81, 1967

: "ry cover given in tenths (cols. 4, 5). Positive values in cols. 9 and 10 indicate a downward radiation flux. Negative net-radiation values indicate a resultant ground-to«ky 

flux. Connetquot River temperatures were obtained near solar site 3. A summation of data is given for a complete 24-hr period beginning 0001 hr on the indicated 

dates.

Vlative humidity (col. 6) is given in percent. Precipitation is in inches as measured in the liquid state. "Ken." denotes Kennedy International Airport. All temperature 

data are in degrees Fahrenheit. Radiation data are expressed in langleys. Land-pan evaporation readings suspended during the winter.

January 25, 1967

Temperature of air (° F) Sky cover Relative

Hour Kennedy Mineola Kennedy Project area Kennedy

(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6)

'.._____ 48 48 9 ___________ 93

j

.______ ___ . 46 47 10 ____________ 96

> __ ____

7 .._____ 45 44 8 _.____-___.. 96

}

*____ _______ _______ ____ 8 ____.._._._

T __ _ 47 47 10 9 89

V __ .._______.___-------_---__-_-_-------. 9 ___________

V.__ 52 56 8 9 83

V-._ __ _ ___ _ _ _ _ ________ _______ 10 ___________

'" ____ __ _______ _ __________ _ _ ______ 10 ______ ____

v_____ 47 52 6 ____________ 96

 r>

1 N _ ___ 44 46 10 ---.-_______ 100

 >0___ -.._ _ - _____ __ _ ___ _ 2"

2;: __ 40 43 7 _____ _ ____ 100

 >3_ __ _._ __ _ __ ________ ____ __ ____ __ _____ __ _ ______

24. _____________________________________________________ _ ______

Location

A xr temperatures (° F) :

Kennedy International Airport- ______ ______ ___ ___ _________ _

Mineola- _ _ __ __ ______ _ _ _____ _ _ ______ ______ _ __ __

T^tal radiation:

Brookhaven___ _____ _ ________ ___ _ ____ __ _ ___ ___________

Brookhaven__ ________ ____ ___________________ __ ________ __

Mineola_ _ ______ _ _ __ ___ _________ _ ___ ________ _

Connetquot River (solar site 3) _ __ _ ________ __ __ __ _____

Radiation, Brookhaven

Brookhaven Kennedy Solar

(7) (8) (9)

0 5 ____________

___ _ ______ 5 ____________

____________ 7 ____ _ _____

_______--_---_-_--_-_____ 0.9

________.-____--_-_______ 6.8

____________ 11 18.9

_ _ _____________________ 21.6

_______________ _ _______ 26.1

____________ 9 25.6

29. 2

_________________________ 20.7

____________ 7 9.0

-________--__-------___-. 1.4

__ 5

______-__--_ 3 ____________

Maximum Minimum

___--___----._-___- 57 41

-____-_--_---.--_-- 55 43

___ __ ____________ 52 43

_-_______-__------. 53 38

______--_-----._--- 57 42

Type

__ ____ ______ __ Direct ___ ____

______-_-_--.__-___ Net.... .

. ___________ _ _ Direct ___----_-__

._ _ _ .__ _______ _ __ do___ _ _ __- _

Net

(10)

1.2

1.2

.6

1.2

1.2

0

0

-.6

2.4

11.4

15.6

19. 2

18.6

22.2

14.4

4.2

.6 -.6

-1.2

-1. 2

-1. 2

-1.8

-1.2

-1.8

Departure

from normal

+ 14

+ 19

Langleys

160

104

142

106
D70 HYDROLOGY AND SOME EFFECTS OF URBANIZATION ON LONG ISLAND, NEW YORK 

Compilation of meteorologic data, January 25-81, 1967 Continued

January 26, 1967

Temperature of air (°F) Sky cover Relative

Hour Kennedy Mineola Kennedy Project area Kennedy

(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6)

1 39 40 5 ________---. 100

2 _________-__-______-__------------------------------------_

3 ____________-___--_--__-----------------------------------_

4 39 38 5 ________ _ _ 100

5 _____________---____-_------------------_----------------_-

6 __________________-____--------------_-_----------------_--

7 41 39 5 _..__--_____ 96

8 _________-_-___--_--__-----------___ 10 ___________

9 _________-_____------------------_-_ 10 ___________

10 51 49 10 10 90

11 _____--.---- _ ________-----_______________-__-__-----_---_

12 ____________________________________ 9 ___________

13 59 57 6 5 65

14 _________________--____------------__--_-----------------_-

15 _- ___ _ ____ ----- _ _ ________ 5 __- _ -___.

16 55 55 8 ____________ 67

17 _____-_-----------_-__-------_------_-------------------_--

18 _____--__-_-_-__--_-_------_---------_--_-----------------_

19 49 50 10 ____________ 71

20 ___________________________________________________________

21 ___________________________________________________________

22 44 44 3 ____________ 71

23 _____-_____-____--_____---___--_________-_--__-____________

24 ______-_____-____-__-___-_-___-___-______--___--___-_______

Location

Air temperatures (° F) :

Kennedy International Airport __ _ _ _ ______ ______ _ _____ _

Mineola __ _ ___ _____________ __ _____________ _ ___ _

Total radiation:

Brookhaven__ _ _ ________ _ __ ________ ____ _ _ __ _ ____ _

Brookhaven. _ _____ _______ _ _ _ _ _____ ___ _ _ _ _ _ ____

Mineola. _ _ __ ______ _ __ _ _ _ _ ___ _ ___ __ __ ________

Connetquot River (solar site 3) ______ __ _ ______________________

Radiation. Brookhaven

Brookhaven Kennedy Solar

(7) (8) (3)

0 3 _________ _

______ __ 5

---_--______ 4 ____________

_________________________ C. 2

_________________________ 2.0

_____ _ __ 6 2. 7

.-____ _ 7. 2

_________________________ IS. 5

___ ________ 10 2C. 2

_________________________ 27.2

._ ___ _____ _ _ _ ___ _ 22. 3

____________ 10 11.5

_________________________ 2.5

_____ 9

____________ 10 ____________

Maximum Minimum

___________________ 58 36

___________________ 59 32

___________________ 56 39

___________________ 60 38

___________________ 57 37

Type

____________ ____ _ Direct __ __ __

___________________ Net________________

______ _______ ____ Direct _____ ___

__ _ ___________________do_. _ ________

Net

(10)

-3. 0

-3.0

-3. 0

-3. 6

-4. 2

-4. 2

-3. 6

-1.8

2.4

3. 6

6. 6

12. 0

16. 8

22. 2

15. 0

6.6

-1. 2

0

0

-. 6

-1. 8

-1.8

-3. 0

-4. 8

Departure

from normal

+ 1<

+ lf

Langleys

lOt

4f

12*

10(
TEMPERATURE OF THE STREAMS ON LONG ISLAND, NEW YORK 

Compilation of meteoroloffic data, January 25-31, 1967 Continued

171

J anuary 27, 1967

Temperature of air (°F) Sky cover Relative

Hour Kennedy Mineola Kennedy Project area Kennedy

(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6)

1 42 43 9 __ _ _ -_ 68

2 ______--________--__-_--_------------_--__-------------____

3

4 43 43 10 -. _ ---_ _ 71

5 _______

6 ___________--__---_-----__--__--__--_---------_-_---__._--_

7 43 42 10 --____--___. 73

8 ----____--. _ ______________________ 10 __--_____-_

9 ______--_---_-_----------------_---- 10 --______-.-.

10 42 42 10 10 86

11 ____________ __ ___________ _ ______ 10 __-.--_____.

12 ______________--____--__--____-___-_--__--_-__-__________-_

13 41 41 10 10 93

14 ______----_-------------_.------__-- 10 ____________

15 _--_--_-__--___-------_-_--__--__._ 10 ____________

16 40 40 10 10 93

17 _ _ ______--______-_--______-------- 10 __._--_____.

18 _____ __ -. _ ___ _ -.__--___ _ ______________ _ _____----.

19 41 40 10 -__-___.---- 93

20 ___________________________________________________________

22 40 39 10 ______----_- 96

23 _ _ _ ---_ _______ ____ ___ -_. _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _

24 --_______-_____-_______________-______-_________---------__.

Location

A ir temperature (°F) :

Kennedy International Airport ____________ ________ ____ ______

Mineola. __ _ _________ __________ ____ ____.

Total radiation :

Brookhaven_. ______ _ _ ____ ______ ___________ ____ _ _ __.

Brookhaven. ______ __ ___ _ _ ___ ______ __ _______ _ ____.

Mineola _ ___ .__ ___ _ ___ _ _______ _ _ _ ______ ___.

Connetquot River (solar site 2) ___ ____ ____ _____

Brookhaven

(7)

0. 14

.09

. 09

.22

. 01

.30

.04

. 05

. 10

.04

. 02

Radiation, Brookhaven 

Wind (knots),

Kennedy Solar Net

(8) (9) (10)

11 ____________ -1.8

.--_-- _ __________ __ _ 0

--_ ____ _-____--____._ 0

14 ____________ -.6

_______________________ .6

._-.__ _______________ .6

13 ____________ -1.8

.----_-- _ .-___-- _ ___ .6

____________ 1.6 1.2

20 2. 9 2. 4

____________ 3.8 3.0

.__.__------ 3.6 2.4

97 ^9 94.

-______-_-. 1.9 -1.2

_--____--__ 4.0 1.2

28 2. 2 0

___________ .2 -.6

._-____.________-------- -1.2

18 __ -__- -- -. 6

._________-_________---- -.6

________________________ -.6

13 -_-___-.__-- 0

___________-------_---_ 0

_____---------_ _____ 0

Departure

Maximum Minimum from normal

_____ 42 37 __________

43 38 ___. _ -__

44 38 __________

_____ 44 38 +9

43 39 + 10

Type Langleys

. --. - Direct _ __ __ _ _ 23

Net 5

.__ _ Direct _ _____ _ _ _ 21

__________do_ -__---_ 21
D72 HYDROLOGY AND SOME EFFECTS OF URBANIZATION ON LONG ISLAND, NEW YORK 

Compilation of meteorologic data, January 25-31, 1967 Continued

January 28, 1%7

Temperature of air (°F) Sky cover Relative

Hour Kennedy Mineola Kennedy Project area Kennedy

(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6)

1 40 39 10 _ __--- --__ 93

2 -- _ -_-._--._-_------------.--------- _-._-_-_- _.._--

3 _____________-__--__--___---___--_-_----__----------_---_--

4 39 39 10 . _ _ _ .-- 93

5 ______ _ . _ ._.______.. __ _.._ - __ _ .

6 _________-___--_------------____-_--____-_------------_-_--

7 36 36 8 ..___-_-_.__ 76

8 ____________---_------_-------_-- 10 ___________

9 ______________--__-_______--___-__--_---__--_-------_-----_

10 34 34 10 9 70

11 ____________________________________ 8 __.___.__ .

12 _____________---_--__-_---_-_--__-----_--_--_-___--_--- .

13 33 34 6 __.._.___-_- 67

14 __ _ ___ - _ ---. _- - _ - ___ -_._-- . .__- ______

15 7

16 32 33 8 5 61

17 _____________--__---___-_---_-___--_--__-___--___--__--____

18 _____---___----___-___--___-__----_-------_-_-____--__--_-_

19 32 32 7 _-____-_ 56

20 ___________________________________________________________

21 ----- _ ____-_-_---___--__------------_---_-_----_--____-_-

22 31 32 5 _._.--__---- 59

23 -_-_.,-___-___-___--__--__-_-________-_______------------___

24 __ .-_ _ ___ -. ___ _ ___ __ _ .__ _ __. _ -_ ____ __.

Air temperatures (°F) :

Brookhaven____ __ _ -_______-_-___ ______ _______ ___ ___ __.

Connetquot River. __ __ _ _________ __________

East Patchogue__ ____ _ _ _ _ _________ _______ _.

Kennedy International Airport _______ _____________

Mineola_ _ _______ _ ________ _____ __________

Total radiation:

Brookhaven__ _______ _ __________ _______ __ __ ____ _____ .

Brookhaven. ___ _______ ______ _ _______ ___ ____ _ _____ _ . Mineola __ ___________ ____________ _ _ __ _ .

Connetquot River (solar site 2) _____ _______ _____________________

Ridiation, Brookhaven

Brookhaven Kennedy Silar

(7) 18) (9)

0.01 9 _ _____ ___

.01 ________________________

_---_-______ 17 _.-- __ ____

_____.____-- 18

______ __--_____.__- 1.1

____________ 16 6.5

____-__-_-__-_-_____-___. 16.9

_______--__---.__----__-- 16.6

._--__-----_ 23 15.1

___-___-__---______-.____ 11.8

._---____________-_______ 7.9

_--____-__-- 20 6.1

_________________________ 1.8

. _ _ __ _____ .2

_--__.___--- 15 ____________

____________ 17 __-__-___.--

Maximum Minimum

. _ .__ _________ _ 38 29

._---_---_-_-_-____ 38 29

._-_-__--_--_______ 38 29

___________ _ _____ 40 28

____________ ____ 39 29

Type

. _ .__ ___________ Direct_____ __ __

.__-___-___--___-__ Net_._ _____________

________________ __ Direct ____ __ _ _

.__-___-_-_____------._ _do_ ___ __.

Net

(10)

0

0

0

0

-.6

-.6

-1. 2

-1.8

-1. 2

3.6

11.4

12.0

13. 2

10. 8

6. 0

3.6

0

-4.2

-4.8

-3.6

-3.0

-1.8

-1.8

-1.8

Departure

from normal

+

+

Langleys

8

3

12

9
TEMPERATURE OF THE STREAMS ON LONG ISLAND, NEW YORK 

Compilation of meteorologic data, January 25-31, 1967 Continued

D73

January 29, 1967

Temperature of air (° F) Sky cover Relative

Hour Kennedy Mineola Kennedy Project area Kennedy

(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6)

1 29 29 10 85

2 _.. _ ___-____-__-_-----_-_-----_-------_---__--__-_- __ ...

3 _______________-____--_______-___-___-_-_--__---_-__--_____

4 29 29 10 _._ _ .__._. 85

5 _____--____-_----__---_----_--_-_---__--_-_-_--------__-_-_.

6 . _ __-_----_---_-----_-------_----__-_-_-__-------__-_--__.

7 28 27 8 ____________ 89

8 _-_-__-__---_-------_- -_-_-_-_-_---_____----_--_------_--_.

9 _____________-_-_-_-_-_-_-----___--_ 10 ____________

10 24 25 10 _ _________ 71

11 ______.____.___-__-__-_______--__-__ 4 ____________

12 ____ -_ ____ ___ -_ _____ 2 _______

13 26 26 6 3 58

14 ____________________________________ 3 ____________

15 _________-_-___-_--__-_-----_-- ---_------_---------____-__

16 25 25 8 _-_._-______ 53

17 ___________-_-__---__---_-------_-_-----_-__----_-_____-___-

18 ____-______-_-_----__-_-_-_____-_--__---_-__-_-__-_________.

19 25 25 7 _____ ____ 55

20 _____-___-_-_-_----__-_-_---_-_-_--__---_-__-______________.

21 _

22 27 27 5 ____________ 59

23 _____-___--__------__-_-_--______.___________--__-_________.

24 ____________________________________________________________

Location

\ir temperatures (°F) :

Brookhaven. _ _ _ ___ _ ____ ___ _ _ __ ___ ______ _ _ _________

Connetquot River _ _____ _ _______ ___ _______ __ _ ___ ___ __.

East Patchogue. ____ _ ___ _ _____ ___ _______ _ ________ _ _

Kennedy International Airport ___ _____ ___ ___ _ _ ___ _______

Mineola__ _____________ __ ____ ____ ____________ _ _________

"otal radiation:

Brookhaven. _ ________________ ______ ____ _________ _ __ ___ __

Brookhaven. ____ ________ _____ _____ _ _____ __ ___ ____ _____ _ Mineola _ __ ___ _ _ _ _ ___ _ _ _ _______ ____ ___ _______

Connetquot River (solar site 2) ___ _ ___ __________ _______ ___

Radiation

Brookhaven Kennedy Solar

(7) (8) (9)

0. 01 14

.01 ________ ____ ___ _ ._

.02 _______________________

_--__-___-._ 12 ____ ___ _

____________ 14 ___________

_________________________ 2.0

._--__---_---_--. ___ .__ 12.6

_ _______ 22 23. 8

._--__--__--_-_-______.__ 20.7

.___ _ _ __ ________ _ __ 27.0

_ _________ 20 36.4

._-_____-_.___ ___ ______ 25.6

______________ _ ________ 20.2

____________ 23 6.8

_____-____-____-____._-_ 1.8

_____ _ ____ 16 ____ _ _ _

_ __ _ ___ 18 __ _____ _

, Brookhaven

Net

(10)

-1.8

-1.8

-3.0

-3.0

-4. 8

-7.2

-4. £

-3. C

-1. £

4.2

6. C

13. F

18.0

15. f

7. r

0

-3. e

-6. e

-5.4

-3. 6

-3.6

-4. 8

-8.4

-9.0

Departure

Maximum Minimum from normal

._ _ ________ _ ___ 29

._-_________-_-.__- 29

.___-__.______-___- 29

._________-____-__. 30

______________ ___ 30

Type

. _______ ___ _____ Direct _ _ __ ___

___________________ Net.___. ________

. _ __ _______ _ _ Direct_____ _____

_____________ _____ ____do____

21 __________

23 __________

24 ___ __

23 -5

24 -4

Langleys

177

-11

164

90
D74 HYDROLOGY AND SOME EFFECTS OF URBANIZATION ON LONG ISLAND, NEW YORK 

Compilation of meteorologic data, January 25-31, 1961 Continued

January 30, 1967

Temperature o

Hour Kennedy

(1) (2)

1 27

2 _ ____ _ ___.

3 _ ._ __ - _ .

4 25

5 _______

6 _ _ ______ .

7 24

8 _ _ _ __ .

9 _ _ ___ ___.

10 27

11 _____ ____ .

12 _ __ _ _ _ .

13 33

14 _ ___________

15 ______________

16 34

17 _. _ ___ _ -.

18 ______________

19 30

20 ______________

21 _ ___ _ _ .

22 27

23 ______ _.

24 _ __ _ .

Location

Air temperatures (°F) :

Brookhaven _ _

Connetquot River.

East Patchogue _

: air (° F) Sky cover Relative

Mineola Kennedy Project area Kennedy

(3) (4) (5) (6)

26 4 ___ _ ______ 55

25 0 _ _ _______ 58

25 0 ______ 60

______________________ 0 ____________

0 ____________

27 0 0 53

______________________ 0 ___________

________ __ _ _ 0 _ __ _____ .

33 0 0 42

_ ____ _ ______ 0 _ _ ____ _.

__ _ ____ _ ____ _ 0 __ _ _ ___ _

33 0 0 35

30 0 _______ 31

27 0 ____________ 37

Radiation

Brookhaven Kennedy Solar

(7) (8) (9)

0 17 ____ _ ____

_______ 20 _ _ _ _.

_ _ _ ____ 18

._ ____ _ ____ __ _ 3.2

._ _ ___ _ ________ 14. 8

_ ___ ___ 19 25. 8

.___ ___ _ ___ ___ _ _ 35.6

.___ _ ____ _ _____ 47.7

__ _ _ _ _ 17 49. 0

.__ _ _ ___ _ _ _ 38.7

. _ ___ ____ _ _ _ _ 29.7

__ _ _ _ 16 21.6

.__- _ ___ _ _______ 5.0

. _ _ __ __ _ .4

____________ 15 __ __ _____

____ _ ____ 16 __ _ _ .

, Brookhaven

Net

(10)

-9. 0

-9. 0

-8.4

-9. 0

-7.8

-8.4

-8.4

-7.8

-.6

10. 2

19.8

27.6

29.4

25.8

18.6

7.8

-3.6

-9.0

-10.2

-10.2

- 10. 2

-9. 0

-9. 0

-9.0

Departure

Maximum Minimum from normal

Kennedy International Airport__ __ _ _ ____.

Mineola__

Total radiation:

Brookhaven _ _ _.

Brookhaven__ __ . Mineola__

Connetquot River (solar site !)__ _ ______ _ __ __

.__ ________ ___ __ 36

___________________ 35

_______ ______ _ __ 36

___________________ 35

.____ _ ______ ___ 34

Type

_ __ _ _ Direct _ _

___________________ Net____________-

Direct

._______--_________-_-__do_-_---___-

22 __

23 ___ __ __

24 _____ __

23 -:

25 -:

Langleys

27.

. _ ]

27(

15?
TEMPERATURE OF THE STREAMS ON LONG ISLAND, NEW YORK 

Compilation of meteorologic data, January 25-31, 1961 Continued

D75

January 31, 1967

Temperature of air (° F) Sky cover Relative

Hour Kennedy Mineola Kennedy Project area Kennedy

(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6)

1 22 22 0 _ ____ ___ 50

2 __. _ ____________-_-----_--_-_-----_---_-_---____-_ ___ ...

3 _____-_._____-_____-___-_-_-__----_-_--_-__-___--___---__._.

4 20 20 0 --____ _ ___ 57

5 ____--_.____-_---_-_-_----__-_--_-__-_-__-__-__-_______----.

6 _---_-_---__---____---------------------_---__----------_--.

7 19 21 0 0 65

8 __ --______ -_---- -_--_-- 0 ..__...._...

9 _____---__-__-_--__.-___----__------ 0 ..--_.____-.

10 28 27 2 0 53

11 ____________________________________ 2 ____________

12 ________________________________-__----__-______-_____--_--.

13 32 34 10 8 59

14 _____,_____,_____________-_-__----_- 9 ____--___._.

15 _.__.._-___-.____-___--- 10 10 -____-___-_.

16 32 32 10 10 61

17 __--_ _ -_--___-_--_--_--__-___-_--------- _ -_-_.____--_-_.

18 _ - ____ _ -. . _ -_ _____ - _____ _ .-- _ ___ .

19 34 33 10 _______ _ 70

20 _-___---__-____-___-______________-----____________________.

21 ..______.___________-_-_----_-______---_--__--_-_______-__-.

22 31 32 10 ______ _ 96

23 ___________________-__-------_--_--__-_______-_-________-__.

24 _______-__________--__-__-_______-___--_-_-_ _ _.___...____.

Location

.' ir temperatures (°F) :

Kennedy International Airport. _____ ____ _______ _ _____________

Mineola- > _______ ______ ____ _ ____ _ ___ ____ ______ _ _____

'""otal radiation:

Brookhaven_. ___ _____ _______ ______ ___ _ _ _______ ___ _ _

Brookhaven____ __ __________ ___ __ __ __ ___ ___ _ _ _____

Mineola_ _ _____________ ___ _ _ _ _ ___ _ ____ _ _ _______

Connetquot River (solar site 1) _ _________ _____ ____ _____ _ _

Radiation

Brookhaven Kennedy Solar

(7) (8) (9)

____________ 8 ___________

____________ 5

_ ____ __ 5 __ 

.__ _ ___________________ 2.2

. __ ___ __ ._ _____ 14.4

____________ 6 25.6

_________________________ 35.6

_________________________ 40. 0

_ __ -_--_-. 7 40.0

_________________________ 30. 2

_________________________ 18.0

____________ 7 9.4

_________________________ 2.7

10 ___________

0.02 3

.03 _______________________

, Brookhaven

Net

(10)

-9. 0

-10.2

-9.0

-9.0

-9.0

-9.0

-8.4-

-7.8

-3. 0

9. P

19. 2

25. f

27. e

18. f

10. 2

1. 2

-3. f

-4. f

-3. 0

-1. 2

-1. 2

-4. 2

-1. 2

-4. 2

Departure

Maximum Minimum from normal

.______-_-____-____ 37

___________________ 36

_____-__--______-. 36

__________________ 36

__________________ 38

Type

... __ ____ ___ _. Direct- ________

.__ _______________ Net _ _____ ___

______ ___ _ __ _ Direct __ __ _ __

______-_--__-______ -___do-_-------

12 __________

11 ____ ____

20 __________

18 -5

17 -3

Langle'is

218

14

200

137

378-970 O 70-
D76 HYDROLOGY AND SOME EFFECTS OF URBANIZATION ON LONG ISLAND, NEW YOHK

Compilation of meteorologic data, April 19-25, 1967

Sky cover given in tenths (cols. 4, 5). Positive values in cols. 9 and 10 indicate a downward radiation flux. Negative net-radiation values indicate a resultant ground-to-sky 

flux. Connetquot River temperatures were obtained near solar site 3. A summation of data is given for a complete 24-hr period beginning 0001 hr on the indicated dates.

Relative humidity (col. 6) is given in percent. Precipitation is in inches as measured in the liquid state. "Ken." denotes Kennedy International Airport. All temperature 

data are in degrees Fahrenheit. Radiation data are expressed in langleys.

April 19,1967

Temperature of air (° F) Sky cover

Hour Kennedy Mineola Kennedy Project area

(1) (2) (3) (4) (5)

1 46 47 6 10

2 _._..______.___.-.__------_---_----- 10

3 _____________-____--------_-----------_--------_

4 46 43 10 _ __ _ ___

5 _____________--__-_-------_-----------------_--_

6 _._._-_._____ _ _. _ ___________________________

7 42 40 10 10

8 _.._..-_-__.._-._--_-_-----_________ 10

9 ______._________.____-_-__...____-__ 10

10 45 44 10 10

11 ____________________________________ 10

12 _.___._______._...___.____.......___ 10

13 50 50 10 10

14 _______________________ _ ___________ 10

15 ____________________________________ 10

16 51 50 10 10

17 ________________________________________________

18 ________________________________________________

19 46 45 10

20 _____________----__--------___-_----_-----_---__.

21 ________________________________________________

22 45 44 7 _-.-_-__.___

23 _____--__________--_-_-____-__-----_-___-_______

24 ___...________-_____.____-_____.________-_-_--._.

Location

Air temperatures (°F) :

Brookhaven. ___ _ __ _ ____ ___ _ ______________ __.

Connetquot River ___ __ _ _____________

East Patchogue__ __ ______________ _ _ ___ _______

Kennedy International Airport ____ _ _ ______________

Mineola. _ _ _____ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ ____ _ ____________

Total radiation:

Brookhaven___ ________ _ ___ ___ ___ _ ______ ___.

Brookhaven... _______ _ ______ _____ _ ___ ______

Mineola __ _ _ ______ _ ___ _ ___ _____________

Connetquot River (solar site 2) _ __ _ _ _________ _.

Wind movement:

Mineola_ ______ ___________________ ___________ ___.

Connetquot River (solar site 2) ___________ _ _ ____ _

Evaporation : Mineola. ___ _ ___ _ ___ _ _ _ _ _ __ _____ ___ ___.

Relative Rad'.tion, Brookhaven

Kennedy Brookhaven Kennedy Solar

(6) (7) (8) (9)

71 0 15 ____________

71 ____________ 15 ____________

__________ _ _______________________ 0.9

83 ____________ 15 4.5

_______ ___ _______ _____ __ 12.2

-______-__-_--_--___-__-_-_-__-_---_ 12. 6

68 ____________ 12 27.4

____________________________________ 31.6

_____________________________________ 19.4

61 __-_-____-__ 26 18.4

._ _ ____ __ _ _ _ ___ _ _ _ _ 12.6

____________________________________ 14. 8

61 ____________ 15 12.6

____________________________________ 5. 4

. _ _ __ _ _ . _____ _______ _ 2.2

71 ____________ 20 .7

65 ____________ 20 _-___-_-____

Maximum Minimum

.______--_-----_-____-____-_._ 50 40

_______-___-----___________-__ 52 40

______________________________ 54 41

______________________________ 53 41

51 40

Type

- - _ _ Direct

______________________________ Net________________

._ ___ ___ __ _ .__ _____ _ Direct ___ __ _

_ _ _ _ _ _ __do

Net

(10)

-1.2

-1.2

-3.0

-3.0

-3. 0

-1.2

2.4

10. 2

10. 8

24. 6

26.4

15. 6

15.6

10. 8

13. 2

10.2

4.2

.6

-. 6

-3.0

-3.6

-5.4

-7. 2

-4.8

Departure

from normal

-3

-5

Langleys

175

107

250

229

Total miles

95

Inches

0. 15
TEMPERATURE OF THE STREAMS ON LONG ISLAND, NEW YORK 

Compilation of meteorologic data, April 19-25, 1961 Continued

D77

April 20, 1967

Temperature of air (°F) Sky cover

Hour Kennedy Mlneola Kennedy Project area

(1) (2) (3) (4) (5)

1 44 44 0 ____________

2 ____________________________________ _ _ ____ _ _

3 __________________ _ ____ _ __ _ ______ _ ____ _ _

4 43 43 1 -____-._____

5 _______-___-__-__----------------_-------------

6 _____________ _ ______________________ _ _______

7 47 46 0 1

8 ___-_--_-_-_-_-__-___-----_---______ 1

9 ____________________________________ 1

10 54 50 0 0

11 _____ _ ________________ ___ -_-___. 0

12 -__.___--___________-_.---_-_-_-_--- 0

13 62 60 3 0

14 __.-___-___---_-_--______-----_----_ 0

15 .____---_-_____-___-__--_-__ _ _____ 0

16 64 63 0 0

17 ___--_.- _ _________.------_________ 0

18 __._---_-- _ -_____-----.- __ _____ _ ___________

19 58 58 7 ____________

20 ______-_________--_-.-_-_-__ _ __________________

21 -._ _--__-________-----_--_----________--___--__.

22 53 50 3 ____________

23 _-_____--___------_---___-_-_-_-____-___________.

24 _________________________________________________

Location

Mr temperatures (°F) :

Brookhaven___ ______ _______ _ _ __ . __ _________

Connetquot River_____ ___________ _____..

East Patchogue ____ ____ __ _ ____ _ _ _ ___ ____.

Kennedy International Airport __ ____ _ ______

Mineola____ ___ _ _ ___ __ _____ _ _ _ _ _ ___ ___.

T'otal radiation :

Brookhaven_____ ____ _______ _ _______ _ _______ _.

Brookhaven___ __ __._ _____________ _ ___ _ __. _.

Mineola___ _ __ ____________ ________ __

Connetquot River (solar site 2) _____ _____ ____________

"*! ind movement:

Mineola_____-____ ___ _ ______ _________ _ ______

Connetquot River (solar site 2)---- __- _________________

Ih^aporation:

Mineola- _______ _ _ __________ _ _ ______ _______ __

Relative Radiation, Brookhaven

Kennedy Brookhaven Kennedy Solar

(6) (7) (8) (9)

65 0 13 _______

68 ____________ 10 .__ ____ ___

.___-_______-__-_-______-_-_______._ 2. 2

61 ____________ 6 14.8

._________________-_-_-_--_-_-_-_-_- 32. 0

.-_-___________-____-________-__--._ 49. 5

45 ____________ 12 62.6

____________________________________ 70. 6

_____________________________________ 73.8

29 _______ _ __ 12 73.8

____________________________________ 68. 4

.___-________--._______._-_-________ 58. 5

24 ___. _ _____ 18 45.4

____________________________________ 28.4

.__--___.__ _ _____ _ __________ _ _ 12. 2

24 ____________ 16 1.4

32 _-_._____.__ 9 ________ _ _

Maximum Minimum

______________________________ 61 41

.___-______-_---___.-_.--_-___ 64 39

.-_-___.___._.-._.___.._______ 59 40

._-_-_______---...____________ 65 40

._-_. _ _____________ _ _ _ __ 63 42

Type

_________ ___ _____ __ ___ _ Direct______ _ _

.___-__________.____-___--_.__ Net________________

___________ ____ __ _____ ____ Direct_____________

______ ___ ___ __do

Net

(10)

-4.8

-7.2

-7.8

-7.8

-7.2

-5.4

6.0

18. 0

33.0

47. 4

55.8

60. 0

60.0

56.4

45.6

33. 0

18.0

3.6

-7.8

-9. 0

-8.4

-7.8

-7.8

-7.8

Departure

from normal

+ 2

+ 2

Langleys

594

348

624

540

Total miles

98

Inches

0. 32
D78 HYDROLOGY AND SOME EFFECTS OF URBANIZATION ON LONG ISLAND, NEW YORK

Compilation of meteorologic data, April 19-35, 1967 Continued

April 21, 1967

Temperature of air (°F) Sky cover Relative

Hour Kennedy Mineola Kennedy Project area Kennedy

(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6)

1 47 43 2 ....__..___. 44

2 __.___..___..___-----.__________.__.._..______.____-___-_...

3 ______--_--_-____-__-_---_-_____-________________-__-______-

4 43 43 5 ____________ 53

5 ______-_--__-_------__-___---___-__-______________--__-___-.

6 _

7 46 45 8 __--__.-____ 44

8 ____________________________________ 8 ____________

9 ____________________________________ 2 ___-__--._--

10 53 54 8 1 31

11 -_-___-_______--___-___-__-.________ 2 __--__-.___-

12 ____________________________________ 3 __--__-___-.

13 48 52 9 6 44

14 ____________________________________ 7 ____________

15 _ ___ _____ __ __ ______ _ __ _ 8 __ -_ __ .

16 48 48 10 10 46

17 ____________________________________________________________

18 -_-_--_-----____-_--___--_____________-________-__-___.____-

19 46 47 10 ____________ 74

20 ---___-__-_--_--__-_____-_---__________-___-__--______-_-__.

21

22 47 47 10 ____________ 89

23 ____________________________________________________________

24 ----_-_-_-_____-__---_---___-__________________--_____.____-

Location

Air temperatures (°F) :

Kennedy International Airport, ___ _ _______ __ _________ ___

Mineola ___ __ __ _ _ ______ _____ _ _ _ _ _____ _ _ _ __ ____

Total radiation:

Brookhaven___ _ ___ ________ ________ _________ ____________ _

Brookhaven____ _ _______ _ _ _ _ _____ _______ _ _ _ _ ____

Mineola _ _ _ _________ ___ __ _ _ _ _ ___ ___________ __

Connetquot River (solar site 1) _____ ___ _ _ _ _ ___ ___ __ __ __

Wind movement:

Mineola _ ______ _____________ _____ _ _ _ ____ _____ __ __.

Connetquot River (solar site 1) _ ____ _ _____ __________ _ ___

Evaporation : Mineola- _ _ _____ _____________ ___ __________ ________________

Rf.diation, Brookhaven Precipitation, Wind (knots), 

Brookhaven Kennedy Sclar

(7) (8) (3)

0 10 ____________

6

.____-_________-___-___-_ 3.6

____________ 7 9.4

.__-___---_----_-_-___-__ 28.8

_________________________ 52.2

11 65.2

.______-___-___-___._____ 72.4

_________________________ 68.4

____________ 12 65.6

._______-___-_-_-__--_-__ 48.6

.__-_-_--__--__- ________ 44. 6

____________ 14 21.2

._________--___-__-___-_- 11.0

.__-___---_-_--.__-_-_-_- 5.4

____________ 9 .7

____________ 3 ____________

Maximum Minimum

... ... ____________ 55 30

__-___-_----_----_ 59 33

__________________ 59 41

______-_-_-_-_---_ 53 42

______-_____--___. 55 42

Typ?

_______ ___ Direct ____ _

._-__------_-_---_. Net_______________.

.___ _____ _ _ _ Direct ___ __ _ .

____________.______--__do.-_- ____ _.

Net

(10)

-7.8

-7.2

-7.2

-4. 2

-4.8

-. 6

5.4

18.6

34. 2

47.4

55. 8

55. 8

45. 6

37.2

36. 0

15.0

6. 6

1.2

-3.0

-1.8

-1. 2

-.6

-. 6

-1.2

Departure

from normal

 J

 i

Langleys4?'

31:

4£38'

Total miles1'

Inches

0.1
TEMPERATURE OF THE STREAMS ON LONG ISLAND, NEW YORK 

Compilation of meteorologic data, April 19-25, 1961 Continued

D79

April 22, 1967

Temperature of air (°F) Sky cover Relative

Hour Kennedy Mineola Kennedy Project area Kennedy

(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6)

1 48 47 10 ______ 89

2 --__-_--_---_---------_----_ _ ---__-_--._____--__--_______.

g

4 46 47 10 _ _ --__--_- 100

5 __--___--_----_-----_______________ _ ..--._..___-_.___.__..

6 --_.___-__-------_---__.---____-----__..___...--___-_ _ _...

7 46 46 10 __ . _ . 96

8 ___..._.._----_-----..-_.___--_.____ 10 ___-.______.

9 _.__..__________--___________.._---- 9 ____________

10 52 53 9 8 96

11 --___.----_-___________-.._____.____ 10 ..------_-__

12 ___________-.____.____-._.__-_------ 10 ._._._____-.

13 64 66 10 10 81

14 -._. _ ________________ __ _..__--_- 9 --..-_-___..

15 _____..._._-_-----------.__-_-___.-_ 7 _-__--_.__--

16 69 74 3 3 61

17 ___________________________________ ________________________

18 __ _ _ _ _ __________ __ ____ . ----___ _

19 71 73 5 ____________ 29

20 ___________________ _ ______________________________________

21 _____ _ --__--__-_--_________ _ _______________ _ __________

22 62 63 1 . _ _ __ 35

23 __ __ _ _ _ _ ___________________________________________

24

i - temperatures (°F) :

Brookhaven.- ____ _____ _ _ _ ______ _ _ _ _ _ _____________

Connetquot River _ _ ___________ ______

East Patchogue _ _ _ __ _ _ ._ __ ___ _____ ___

Kennedy International Airport. __ _ ________

Mineola_ __ _ _ _ ___ ___ _____ _ _ _____ _ _______

> tal radiation :

Brookhaven-- __ ________________ _____ ___

Brookhaven__ _______ ________ __ __ ___ _ _ __

Mineola_ _ ___ ___________

Connetquot River (solar site !)____ __ ___ ______

Tl;nd movement:

Mineola_ _ ____ ________

Connetquot River (solar site 1)___ __ _ _____ _ _ _ ____

>-aporation:

Mineola. ____ _ ______ _ _____ _ ________

Radiation, Brookhaven

Brookhaven Kennedy Solar

(7) (8) (9)

0 3 ____________

_ _ ______-- 7 -___.____ _

.______-___--____----_--- 0.4

____________ 6 2.2

________________________ 4. i

___________-____-------- 11.7

_ ____ __ 8 36. 9

_-__--_-___-_____-----__ 40.5

.______--_-_-____-.__---- 43.2

_____-__---- 15 40.5

________------______---- 14.4

__________-_--______---- 32.0

--____._---- 12 39.2

.______ _______- 22.5

_____________.---------- 7.2

____________ 17 .4

18

Maximum Minimum

__________________ 67 45

__________________ 64 46

__________________ 53 46

__________________ 71 45

__________________ 75 46

Type

_____ Direct____ __ _____

__________________ Net _____________

_____ _____ Direct. ____ _____

_____________________ __do-__-_____--__

Net

(10)

-1.2

-1.2

-1.2

-1. 2

-.6

0

1.2

2. 4

6.6

26. 4

35.4

38.4

36.6

11.4

27.6

30.6

15.6

. 6

-8.4

-7.8

-8.4

-9.0

-9.0

-8.4

Departure

from normal

+ 7

+ 9

Langleys

?95

176

?39

220

Total mUes

76

Inches

0. 38
D80 HYDROLOGY AND SOME EFFECTS OF URBANIZATION ON LONG ISLAND, NEW YORK 

Compilation of meteorologic data, April 19-25, 1967 Continued

April 23, 1967

Temperature of air (° F) Sky cover Relative

Hour Kennedy Mineola Kennedy Project area Kennedy

(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6)

1 52 49 3 _-_- _ _____ 45

2 _ __ _ ____ ______ ___ _ __________________ .-_.

3 _____._________--_--.--- _ -_--____--.___ _ ______----_---_.

4 47 46 2 __ ________ 46

5 ___________________________________ _ ____-___----___--_-_-.

6 ____._________-____--_-___---_-_____________________--.-_-_.

7 48 45 5 _ _________ 44

8 _..____________-----._______________ 2 ___________

9 ____________________________________ 2 ___---_____.

10 49 48 5 1 44

11 _____________ _ ____________________ 1 ____________

12 ___ __ ___ _ _

13 48 48 8 __ __-__-_. 44

14 _-_____-______-_-_._ _ _____________ 2 ____________

15 __.-__ _ _ _ __________ _ __________ 3 ______--.__.

16 55 54 3 ---_-__-_-__ 34

17 ___________ _ ______ _ _____________________________________

18 _________ ____ ___ _ _ ____ ______ _ _______________________

19 51 51 0 ____________ 38

20 _______ __ _ __ ._ __ - __ ____-.__ __ ________________________

21 ____________________________________________________________ 22 46 40 0 ____________ 46

23 __ _ __ ___ __ _ _ _ ___ _ _ _

24 ____________________________________________________________

Location

Air temperatures (°F) :

Brookhaven___ ________________

Connetquot River __ _______ _ _ _ ________ _ ________ __ __.

East Patchogue. ____________________ _____

Kennedy International Airport. __ ______

Mineola _____ _____ __ __ ___ _

Total radiation:

Brookhaven. _____________ _ _ _ _ _ _

Brookhaven__ _ _ ______

Mineola _ ___________ _

Connetquot River (solar site !)_________ ___

Wind movement:

Mineola. __ ______________________

Connetquot River (solar site !)__ _________ ___ _______ ___________

Evaporation :

Mineola__ ______ _ ____

Radiation, Brookhaven

Brookhaven Kennedy Solar

(7) (8) (9)

0 20 _ ____ _____

____---_--_. 17 _____ ___ __

_________________________ 1.8

____________ 12 14.0

_________________________ 31. 1

_________________________ 47.7

____________ 18 61.6

.___----------_-_-_--_.-- 71.1

___________ _ ___________ 75.6

._____-----_ 19 75.6

______ ___ _______ _____ 72.0

.______--__--______-_---- 54.9

____________ 20 41.8

.______---______-_--____- 3? 3

.____-_-_________-_-._--_ 1C, 2

_ _ _ _ 12 3. 2

Maximum Minimum

___________________ 56 28

___________________ 57 30

._____-__.____-____ 56 46

.___----__-__-_.___ 56 42

.______-_----__-_- 55 36

Type

__ __ ___ ________ Direct- _ __ ______

.-______-_-__-_____ Net________________

.____ ____ _ ______ Direct ____ _ _

_--_-____-_-_____-___-_do---_-_-_-____

Net

(10)

-8.4

-9. 0

-9.2

-8.4

-8.4

-6. 6

3. 6

18.0

32.4

45. 6

55. 8

61. 8

64.2

59. 4

42.0

30. 0

22. 8

7. 2

-6. 6

-9. 0

-9.0

-8.4

-7.8

-7.8

Departure

from normal

 I

 (

Langleys

60(

34^

575

42(

lotal miles

Inches

0. 25
TEMPERATURE OF THE STREAMS ON LONG ISLAND, NEW YORK 

Compilation of meteorologic data, April 19-25, 1967 Continued

D81

April 24, 1967

Temperature of air (°F) Sky cover Relative

Hour Kennedy Mineola Kennedy Project area Kennedy

(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6)

1 43 34 5 ___ _ . __ 60

2 _ ___ __ __ _________ _ _ _ _______ _ ______

3 _________-_______----_-__-_ ___ ___________________________

4 44 41 10 _ _ _ _ _ 58

5 _________--_-__----_--_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_---__-_-_---________

6 ___-___--__---__

7 43 42 10 ____________ 60

8 ____________________________________ 10 ___________

9 ______--_-__ _ ---.______________ _ 10 ___--______.

10 37 34 10 10 96

11 _____________________ _ ____________ 10 ___________

12 ____ _ _________ ___ _______________ 10 ---_-______

13 37 37 10 10 96

14 __________________ _ _______________ 10 ____________

15 ________ __ __________ _ _______ _ _ 10 ___________

16 45 44 9 __ __ 58

17 __

18 _ __ _ _ _ _ --_-_ _ ____ _ _ _ _ _ ______ ____.

19 43 43 6 ____________ 56

20 ____________________________________________________________

21

22 41 40 6 ____________ 65

23 __ _ _____________ _ . _ __________________ _ ____.___.____.

24 ________ __ __________________________________________

Location

1 ir temperatures (°F) :

Brookhaven _ __ _____ ____ ___ _ _ __________ __ _ _ _ _

Connetquot River __ _ ________ ___ _ ___ _ _ _

East Patchogue __ __________ ___ ____ _ _ _ ____ ________

Kennedy International Airport_ _______ _ ___ _ __ _ _ __

Mineola___ ___________ _ _ _ _ ___ _____ _ _

Total radiation :

Brookhaven _ _ _ ______ __ _____ ___ _ _ _____ ________

Brookhaven _ _ _ _ _ ___ _ ______________ _____ _ _

Mineola __ _ _ _ _ ___ _ __________

Connetquot River (solar site 3) ________ _

\'7ind movement:

Mineola ____ ___________

Connetquot River (solar site 3) ______ _ _ _

F vaporation : Mineola______ _ _ _ ___ ___ _ _ ___ _

Radiation, Brookhaven

Brookhaven Kennedy Solar

(7) (8) (9)

___ _ ______ 5 _____ _______

_ ____ __ 5 _ __ __ _

_ _ _ ___ 10 1. 4

.02 ____________ 1.8

.02 ____________ 4.0

. 15 16 3. 2

.11 ____________ 3.6

.07 ____________ 3.6

.05 11 4. 0

.03 __ _ _______ 5.4

.04 ____________ 9.0

. 02 15 18. 0

. Trace ___ _ ______ 20. 7

.___ _ __________________ 1.3

____________ 11 .4

____________ 18 ____________

Maximum Minimum

___________________ 43 33

._ _ ______________ 43 27

_____________________________ 38

___________________ 45 34

._____-____-______. 45 34

Type

.___ _ _ _ ____ _ _ Direct__________ __

___________________ Net ----__-_-__--

______ _____ Direct- _ ____ _ _

____________________ ____do_____________

Net

(10)

-7.P

_ 4_ 2

-1. F

-1.F

-1. F

-.e

o. e

-3.0

0

 1. 2

_ p

.e

2. A

3. 0

5. 4

10.2

11.4

-1. f

-3. f

-3. f

-3. f

-3. 0

-l.f

-4. F

Departi're

from normal

-12

-13

Langle;is

77

-11

99

82

Total mfles

29

Inches?

C. 06
D82 HYDROLOGY AND SOME EFFECTS OF URBANIZATION ON LONG ISLAND, NEW YORK 

Compilation of meteorologic data, April 19-25, 1967 Continued

April 25, 1967

Temperature of air (°F) Sky cover Relative

Hour Kennedy Mineola Kennedy Project area Kennedy

(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6)

1 41 40 4 _____ _ _.__ 65

2 _ __ ____ .__ -_. _ _ .

3 _____--__-_-_---_----__-_______________________--_______---.

4 40 39 0 ____________ 61

5 _______--_-__--__-------_________-___________-_.--_____-_._.

6 ____________________________________________________________

7 40 39 0 0 57

8 ____________________________________ 0 _.____.____.

9 _______-__-______-----__--______-___ 0 ____________

10 46 43 0 0 37

11 ___________________________________ 0 ____________

12 ____________________________________ 0 ____________

13 50 48 0 0 31

14 _____-_-_----------____-____________ 0 ____________

15 ____________________________________ 0 ____________

16 53 52 0 0 30

17 ______-_-___-_------___-._____________-_____________________

18 ____________________________________________________________

19 49 48 0 ____________ 33

20 ____________ _ _____________________________________________

21 ___________________ _ ____________________________ ______

22 46 46 0 ____________ 37

23 ____________________________________________________________

24 --__----_-------------_--.-_________-____________- _____

Location

Air temperatures (°F) :

Brookhaven_________________ _____ _ _ _ _ _____ ___ ___ ___ ___

Connetquot River _ ______ _ _ ___ __ _____ _____

East Patchogue _ _ ________________________

Kennedy International Airport ___ _ _ ____________ ___

Mineola_ _ ___ _ _ _ __ _ _______ ______ _____ ___ _

Total radiation:

Brookhaven __ __ __ ______ _ ___ _______ _ _ ___

Brookhaven____ __ _ ___ ___ ___ _

Mineola_ _____________

Connetquot River (solar site 3) __ ________ ______

Wind movement:

Mineola _ _ _ ___ _ ________

Connetquot River (solar site 3) _ _______ _ _____________

Evaporation :

Mineola __________________ _ ________

Radiation, Brookhaven

Brookhaven Kennedy So'ar

(7) (8) (9)

Trace 17 __ _____ ...

0.01 ________________________

.07

____________ 15 ____________

_________________________ 3 2

____________ 16 21.6

_________________________ 35 1

_________________________ 50.4

____________ 23 65.7

_________________________ 74.7

_________________________ 77.0

____________ 15 76.5

_________________________ 71.8

.______.____-_-_-_-______ 632

____________ 13 490

_____________---_-____._ 31.0

_________________________ 13 5

____________ 20 1.8

____________ 10 ____________

Maximum Minimum

52 27

.__ ___ ______ _ __ 56 27

__________________ 49 36

___________________ 54 37

___________________ 52 38

Type

....... ______ _ _ Direet_____ ___ ___

___________________ Net________________

______ _ Direct _ __ ______

. _ ____________ do__ __________

Net

(10)

-1.8

-3.6

-7. 8

-9. 0

 O. Tc

-7.2

2.4

17.4

33. 0

46. 2

56. 4

61. 8

62.4

57. 6

48. 0

36. 0

21. 0

6. 0

-7.3

-9. 0

-8. 4

-8.4

-7.8

-7.8

Departure

from normal

-6

-£

Langleys

634

361

641

63C

Total miles

68

Inches
TEMPERATURE OP THE STREAMS ON LONG ISLAND, NEW YORK D83

Compilation of meteorologic data, June 7 13, 1967

S"" y cover given in tenths (cols. 4, 5). Positive values in cols. 9 and 10 indicate a downward radiation flux. Negative net-radiation values indicate a resultant ground-t>sky 

flux. Connetquot River temperatures were obtained near solar site 3. A summation of data is given for a complete 24-hr period beginning 0001 hr on the indicated dates.

relative humidity (col. 6) is given in percent. Precipitation is in inches as measured in the liquid state. "Ken." denotes Kennedy International Airport. All temperature 

data are in degrees Fahrenheit. Radiation data are expressed in langleys.

June 7, 1967

Temperature of air (°F.) Sky cover Relative

Hour Kennedy Miueola Kennedy Project area Kennedy

(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6)

1 59 59 2 _ _ _ _____ 84

2 _______ ____ _ _____ ___ _

3 ____________________________________________________________

4 57 54 2 ______ _ ___ 90

5

6

7 64 70 2 0 81

8 _ _ _ ___ ______ _ __ __ _ _ --__.-- 0 ______________

9 ____________________________________ 0 ____________

10 68 73 1 0 73

11 ____________________________________ 0 ____________

12 __________________ _ ____-_-___.____ 0 __ ________

13 70 75 0 0 64

14 _ _________________________________ 0 ____________

15 ______-_-___--__-_____-_--_-_.______ 0 ____________

16 69 73 5 ____________ 66

17 ___________________________________________________________

18 ____________________________________________________________

19 63 63 7 ___ __ 87

20 _---____--__--___-__---___--____._____-____________________.

21 ____________________________________________________________

22 60 62 0 _ ___ __ _ 90

23 ____________________________________________________ _______

24 ____________________________________________________________

Air temperatures (°F) :

East Patchogue __ _______________ ______ _ _ ___ __.

Kennedy International Airport ___________ _____ ____

Mineola__ ______ _______ _____________ _________

Total radiation:

Brookhaven_____ _ _ ______ ___ ___ ___ __ ______ _____

Brookhaven___ __________ _ _______ _____

Mineola ______ ___ _ ______ _ ___________

Connetquot River (solar site 2) _ _ ________ _ _ ___ _ ____ _.

Tind movement:

Mineola. _ _ ____ ______ ______ _____

Connetquot River (solar site 2)___ ____ ____ _ ____ ______ _ _

Evaporation : Mineola__ ________________

Radiation, Brookhaven

Brookhaven Kennedy Solar

(7) (8) (9)

0 5 _ _ ____ _

____________ 6 ____________

.__-__-___--_---.________ 0.4

_________________________ 8.6

___ ___ ____ 7 23.8

.__ _ -_____._-___-______ 41.8

_________________________ 58.0

____________ 10 69.8

.____ -__--__---___-__-_ 76.5

_________________________ 79.7

____________ 17 79.2

._____--___-___--__-_-___ 74.7

_________________________ 67.0

____________ 18 53. 1

.____-____--__---__-___._ 36.9

._____-____-__---__----__ 18.9

____________ 16 6.2

._ _ ____________________ .9

_____-.__--_ 12 ____________

Maximum Minimum

___________________ 77 51

.__.__________--___ 80 50

___________________ 68 61

___________________ 72 55

__________________ 78 53

Type

______ ____ Direct. _ ___ _____

__________________ Net______- _________

___________ ___ _ Direct- ____ _

._-_______-__-__.__-___ _do-___-----___-

Net

(10)

-7.2

-7.2

-7.2

-6. 6

-5.4

-1.2

10. 2

24.0

37. 2

49. 8

58.8

66. 0

65.4

61. 8

52.8

38. 4

24. 0

10. 2

-1. 2

-7.8

-7.8

-7.8

-7.2

-7.2

Departure

from normal

-4

 1

Langliys

695

425

698

559

Total miles

96

12. 6

Inch°t

0. 30
D84 HYDROLOGY AND SOME EFFECTS OF URBANIZATION ON LONG ISLAND, NEW YORK 

Compilation of meteorologic data, June 7-J3, 1967 Continued

Jane 8, 1967

Temperature of air (°F) Sky cover Relative

Hour Kennedy Mineola Kennedy Project area Kennedy

(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6)

1 61 61 2 ____ _ _ 84

2 _ ___ ______ __ _ _ __ ____ __ _ __ ___ _ _____ .

3 ____________________________________________________________

4 59 58 8 ____________ 90

5 ____________________________________________________________

6 ____________________________________ 2 ____________

7 65 65 5 1 78

8 ____________________________________ 2 ____________

9 ____________________________________ 3 ____________

10 75 78 5 3 58

11 ____________________________________ 3 ____________

12 __ __ __ _ ____ __ _ ___ _ ___ 3 __ __ _ _ .

13 69 78 7 4 68

14 ____________________________________ 4 ____________

15 ____________________________________ 6 ____________

16 69 73 7 ____________ 66

17 ____________________________________________________________

18 ----- _ ---_----___------.__________________________________

19 64 65 8 ____________ 73

20 ------------_-----_--_______________________________________

21 _____________________________ _ _____

22 62 63 3 _ _ _ __ _ 81

23 __ -__ __ _ __ _

24 _____________________________

Location

Air temperatures (°F) :

Brookhaven. _______________

Connetquot River __ ____

East Patchogue. __ _ _____________________ _ _ _ _______

Kennedy International Airport ______ _ _ Mineola_ , _ __________ _ _ _ _ _ ___

Total radiation :

Brookhaven __ ______ __________ _______ _ ___

Brookhaven___ __________ _____ ____ _____

Mineola_ ______________ _ ___ _____ _

Connetquot River (solar site 2) ______

Wind movement:

Mineola ___ _____ ___________

Connetquot River (solar site 2) _ ___ _

Evaporation:

Mineola- ____________ ___________

Radiation

Brookhaven Kennedy Solir

(7) (8) (9N

0 6 ___________

____________ 6 ___________

_________________________ 0.4

________________________ 7.2

____________ 9 21.2

.________________---_-___ 37.8

.___________-_-__-_____-_ 51.8

____________ 8 64.8

_________________________ 72.0

.________-___----_-_--_-. 73.3

____________ 11 74.2

.______--____-_--___-___. 68.8

_________________________ 63.4

____________ 18 52.2

._____________-_-_-___-._ 34.2

________________________ 19.4

.___-__-____ 18 5.0

.___ ___ _ _ ___ _ ___ .4

____________ 8 ___________

, Brookhaven

Net

(10)

-6.6

-6.6

-5.4

-5.4

-4. 8

-1. 8

13. 2

21. 0

33. 6

48. 6

58. 8

61. 8

63.0

57.6

50.4

38.4

24. 6

10. 2

0

-5.4

-6. 6

-6.6

-6. 6

-6. 6

Departure

Maximum Minimum from normal

.--_-_-____-_--____ 80

.________--_----_-_ 80

.______-_-_-_--__-- 70

___________________ 77

.______---_--______ 84

Type

.____ _______ _ _ _ Direct ___ _____

___________________ Net________-.___

. __ ___ ________ _ Direct ____ _ __

_do__ _____ _

58 __________

58 __________

61 __________

57 -1

57 +4

Langleys

646

419

630

503

Total miles

83

10. 6

Inches

0.31
TEMPERATURE OF THE STREAMS ON LONG ISLAND, NEW YORK 

Compilation of meteorologic data, June 1-13, 1961 Continued

DP5

June 9, 1967

Temperature of air (° F) Sky cover Relative

.'"our Kennedy Mineola Kennedy Project area Kennedy

(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6)

1 58 61 3 _ _ _______ 90

2 ______________ _____

3 _ ______

4 58 58 4 ___________ 90

5 __ __________ _____ ______ _ ____

6 __________-_____--_-__-.______ __ ___ 5 ____________

7 64 65 8 5 78

8 -_-__. _ ______________________ _ __ 1 ____________

9 _______ _ . _. 1

:0 69 76 6 1 71

'1 __ _ _ ---. _ ________ _ _____ __ _ 1 ____________

'2 2

'3 76 76 6 3 66

'4 _____---_-.__ _ ________________ __ 3 _____ _ ___.

5 ____________________________________ 5 ____________

*6 69 73 6 ____ _ ___ 68

\1 _____________________________________________________________

'8 _-_--_ _ _________________ _ ___________ _ _________________

'9 64 67 6 ____________ 78

20 _ _ -_-_-_-_____-_____ ___ _________________________________

21

22 61 64 3 ____________ 84

24 ___ ___ _ ________ _ _. _ ____ _ ___ ___ ________________

Location

i:~ temperatures (°F) :

Brookhaven. __ _ ___ ______ ________________

Connetquot River _______ __ ____________

East Patchogue__ _____ _ _ ______ ____ __

Kennedy International Airport ____ ___ ______ ____ _ ________ .

Mineola_ _______ _ _ _ ___ ______ _ ______ _ _ ____ _ _ _

c *al radiation :

Brookhaven. _ ______ ____ _ _ __ __ _ _____________ ___ ___

Brookhaven_______ ____ ___________________

Mineola. __ ___ __ _ ___ __ _ __________ _ _ _ __________

Connetquot River (solar site 1) _ __ ______ _____ _______ __

7:nd movement:

Mineola _ _____________________ _________________ _ __________

Connetquot River (solar site 1) _____________

Evaporation:

Mineola _ _ ____________ _ _______ _____

Radiation, Brookhaven

Brookhaven Kennedy Solar

(7) (8) (9)

0 6 ____________

____ _ _ _ 6 _____

._ _ ________ _ _________ 0.4

.__--____-__________.____ 8.6

_ _________ 8 22.5

. _ _ ___ _ _ _ _ __ 39. 2

_________________________ 56.2

____________ 9 66.2

._____ ---_-____________ 72.4

______ ______ _ 76. 0

____________ 15 75.6

68.8

.__-__--_________--._____ 62.6

____________ 20 50.8

______________ ___ ______ 35.1

_________________________ 18.4

____________ 18 5.4

._____-________-_-_-___._ .4

____________ 13 ___-_-_____.

Maximum Minimum

___________________ 78 58

___________________ 77 57

__________________ 70 62

___________________ 71 57

.____-_.-__________ 78 57

Type

_____ . __ _ ___ _ Direct- ______

__________________ Net _ _____________

______ _ _ ____ Direct- _____ _ _

_______ ________________do---__ ________

Net

(10)

-6.6

-6. 6

-6.6

-6.6

-4.8

0

12. 0

24.0

36. 0

48.6

57. 6

62.4

61.8

57. 6

48. 6

37.2

24. 0

10. 2

-.6

-5.4

-5.4

-4.8

-4. 8

-4.8

Departure

from normal

 o

+ 1

Langleys

659

423

656 2^5

Total miles

96

32, 8

Inches

0. 30
D86 HYDROLOGY AND SOME EFFECTS OF URBANIZATION ON LONG ISLAND, NEW YORK 

Compilation of meteorolooic data, June 1->1S, 1961 Continued

June 10, 1967

Temperature of air (°F) Sky cover Relative

Hour Kennedy Mineola Kennedy Project area Kennedy

(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6)

1 60 61 4 ____________ 87

2

3 ____________-_--__-___--_______-_________--______--__---___.

4 59 59 1 _ _ ___ ____ 87

5 _______--___-__-__-__-_-_-_____-_____________--__--__--___--

6 ____________________________________________________________

7 68 69 5 7 68

8 ____________________________________ 7 ___________

9 ____________________________________ 7 __-__-_____.

10 74 78 7 ____________ 62

11 ____________________________________________________________

12 ____________________________________ 1 ___________

13 71 85 8 3 68

14

15 _____-_--_-__---_-_-_______-__________-_______-____________-

16 69 76 8 ____________ 71

17 _--__----_-__-___--__--____._______________________________-

18 ___________________________________________________________

19 66 68 10 ____________ 78

20 --__---_----_--_-___-____-____-_____________________________

21 _--_---_----_---__-____-__________________________________..

21 ___________________________________________________________

22 64 67 10 ____________ 81

23 ___________________________________________________________

24 ---_-_--___________-______-____________ ___________________

Location

Air temperatures (°F) :

Brookhaven. ______ _ _ _ ______ _____ __ ____ ____ _______

Connetquot River _ __ ____ _ _____ _____ _

East Patchogue.. ______ _______ _________

Kennedy International Airport _______

Mineola.. _ ___________ _____ _______________ __

Total radiation:

Brookhaven. __ __ _ ________ _____ _ ______

Brookhaven. ___________ __

Mineola_ _ _ ____ ___

Connetquot River (solar site !)______ _ ______ _ _ ___ _ _

Wind movement:

Mineola_ _ ___________ _______

Connetquot River (solar site 1) _ _______

Evaporation:

Mineola__ _________ ______________

Radiation, Brookhaven

Brookhaven Kennedy Silar

(7) (8) (9)

0 7 ____________

______ 5 _ __ ______

_-___-___-__-_--__-_-_-_ 0.4

_________________________ 7.2

_____---____ 8 19.5

._____-.____________-___- 34.6

_________________________ 46.4

____________ 10 57.2

_________________________ 67.1

_________________________ 71. 1

_. _________ 12 50. 4

________________________ 56. 2

._-_-_-___-_____-__-_____ 60.8

____________ 13 50.4

._-__--____-_________- _ ?4.2

_________________________ 17.6

_.__ _ _ ___ 14 5. 4

.__ __ ___ ___ ____ _____ . 4

____ __ 3 ___ ._ ___

Maximum Minimum

.____-________-___- 85 62

__________________ 84 60

__________________ 71 63

._________-__--_--_ 78 59

.____________-_---_ 85 59

Type

__ __ ___________ Direct ___ _ ___

_---____-___-_.___ Net____--__-___-___

____ __ __ __ Direct- ___ ___ _

.-___-______-______ ____do - -_ 

Net

(10)

-4. 8

-4.8

-4.8

-4.8

-3.6

1. 2

13.2

21.6

33.6

45.0

54.6

60. 0

34. 2

47.4

47.4

34.2

19.2

6.6

-1.8

-3.6

-4.2

-4.2

-4.2

-4.2

Departure

from normal

+

Langleys5"

57

56

2f

Total miles

45

18.

Inches

0. T
TEMPERATURE OF THE STREAMS ON LONG ISLAND, NEW YORK 

Compilation of meteorologic data, June 1^13, 1961 Continued

D87

June 11, 1967

Temperature of air (° F) Sky cover Relative

Hour Kennedy Mineola Kennedy Project area Kennedy

(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6)

1 65 66 8 ____________ 81

2 ___________________________________________________________

3

4 65 63 7 ____________ 84

5 ___-_-___---_---__---_-_---_---_-_-------_--___-__-_______-

6 ______________ --_---_--__--__--__--__-______-_____________

7 65 70 5 0 78

8 __--______--__--__---_-__-__-_-_-__. 0 _.-_____-__.

9 _____-_-__-_----__---____-__-_--__-. 0 ____________

10 77 82 2 0 58

11 ____________________________________________________________

12 ___________________________________________________________

13 72 85 6 ____________ 71

14 __ _-_ _______ _ _ -..- --- _ __ _ _ _ _ ___ ___ _.

15 ____________________________________________________________

16 68 75 3 ____________ 78

17 ___-__--__-___--__---_--__________-_____-__________________

18 ____ _ ______ ____ ____

19 64 71 0 ___ ___ ___ 81

20 -_---_ _____ _______________ _____

21 _____---__-_-_--_-_-._________-_____ _ _ __ _______________

22 62 66 8 -_--________ 87

23 -_-------_-___--_---._________-____________________________.

24 -__-___ __ _____ _ _ ___ __ ___ _ _____

Location

rr temperatures (°F) :

Brookhaven_____ _ _ _______________ _ _ _ __ __ ___ _

Connetquot River_ _ _______________ ____ __ ___

East Patchogue__ __________ __ ____ __ ______ ____ ___ __ _ .

Kennedy International Airport _________________

Mineola. ___ _________ ___ ___ ______

">tal radiation:

Brookhaven _ _______ _ ___ __ _ __ __ _ _______ _____ _

Brookhaven_____ ________ ______ _____ ___

Mineola__ _ _____ _ ___ ___ ________ __ ___

Connetquot River (solar site 1) _ _______________________ ____

r ind movement:

Mineola.___ __________________ __________ __ . _ __

Connetquot River (solar site 1) _ _____________________ _ _ _

1 ^aporation :

Mineola_ _________ __ __ ___________ _ __________ __

Radiation

Brookhaven Kennedy Solar

(7) (8) (9)

0 7 ___________

____________ 6 ___________

_________________________ 0.4

_________________________ 5.4

____________ 5 17. 1

_________________________ 31.1

_________________________ 45.9

____________ 7 57.1

_________________________ 64.4

. _ _ ___ __ __ __ __ 66. 6

____________ 11 66.6

_________________________ 64.4

_________________________ 57.6

____________ 15 44.6

_________________________ 23.4

_________________________ a9

____________ 16 4.5

_________________________ .4

____________ 8 ___________

, Brookhaven

Net

(10)

-4. 2

_ -3.6

_ -3.6

-3. 6

-1.8

3. 0

12. 0

22. 8

34. 2

44. 4

52. 2

55. 8

54. 6

51. 0

42. 6

31. 8

10. 8

2. 4

-1.8

-4. 8

. -5.4

-5. 4

-5. 4

-6.6

Departure

Maximum Minimum from normal

.__-_-___-_---__-__ 89

___________________ 86

70

___________________ 77

.________---___-___ 89

Type

.____ _ ___ Direct. _ ____

.____-_-_-_--_-__._ Net______---___-

___ __._ _ Direct___ ______

_________ __ ___ ______do_______ _-

62 __________

56 --._____--

64 __________

61 0

63 +8

Langleys

559

371

585

_ _ 242

Total miles

29

15.3

Inches

0. 28
D88 HYDROLOGY AND SOME EFFECTS OF URBANIZATION ON LONG ISLAND, NEW YORK

Compilation of meteorologic data, June 7 13, 1967 Continued

June 12, 1967

Temperature of air (° F) Sky cover Relative

Hour Kennedy Mineola Kennedy Project area Kennedy

(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6)

1 60 63 3 __ .. ___ . 87

2 . _ -_.._ _ -_---_------....___..._-. _ ___________________

3 _ __ . ___ _ ____ __ _ ___ __ _ _ __ . 4 60 60 3 _._._.-__.._ 90

5 __ _ . ______ _ ____ __ ___ _ ___ _ _ _____ _ _____

6 ____________________________________ 0 ______ _ __.

7 64 68 2 0 84

8 ______.__-__---__---____________- 0 ___________

9 ___________--------_---_______-_____ 0 ___________

10 73 81 0 0 71

11 ____________________________________ 0 ___________

12 ____________________________________ 0 ___________

13 73 87 0 0 71

14 _____________ _ -___-_-____________--_____-_____--___-____-

15 ___________________________________________________________

16 73 81 0 ____________ 71

17 ___________________________________________________________

18 __ _ ___ _-__--.___________ _ _ _ --____._____________--_.

 1 f\ ^r\ ^c r\ T"i

20 ____ ___ __. _ . _ ___________________ _ ______---__-_. _ _.

21 _____ _______ __ ____ _ ___ __ _________ -__ ______ _

22 70 73 4 ____________ 68

23 _--_____-__. _ ___________________ _ _ _ _______-____---.__

24 _________ _ _ _ _ ____ __ __ __________________________ _

Location

Air temperatures (° F) :

East Patchogue __ __ -_----___- -__.__ ___ ____ _ __ .___ ____.

Kennedy International Airport _ _____ _________________ _ _-_.___

Mineola ____ ____ ___________ ___________ _________ ___________

Total radiation:

Brookhaven _ __ __ __ _____ _______ _ _______ ___ ______ ____.

Brookhaven_______ __________ _ ___ _______________ _____ __ _.

Mineola. ______ _____ _______________ _ _ ________ ____________

Connetquot River (solar site 3)____ __ _ _________ ____ . _____ __.

Wind movement:

Mineola_ ___ ___ _ _______ ___ __________ _ _____ _ _ ._______.

Connetquot River (solar site 3) __ ___________________ _____ ____.

Evaporation : Mineola. ______ ____________________ _ _ _ _______________ ____.

Radiation, Brookhaven

Brookhaven Kennedy Solar

(7) (8) (9)

0 8 ____________

__ __---.__ 6 -_--. _ __._

_________________________ 0.4

_________________________ 7.6

____________ 8 21.6

_________________________ 37.8

.__-_____--______-_______ 53.1

---___-_-___ 10 63.9

_________________________ 70.6

________________ _ ______ 73.4

____________ 14 73.8

_________________________ 69.3

____________ _ __________ 59.4

____________ 14 49.0

_________________________ 32.8

_________________________ 17.6

10 o a

_________________________ .4

3

Maximum Minimum

................... 85 64

-_-_______-_____--_ 84 59

___________________ 75 64

____________ _ __._ 77 59

__________________ 88 59

Type

.......... ________ Direct __ _ _______

. _ ______ ___ _ Net __ ___ _________

_______ ______ ____ Direct _ __ __ ___

____________ _.__________do ___________

Net

(10)

-6.6

-6.6

-5. 4

-5. 4

-4.2

3.0

10. 8

21.6

36.0

46.2

55.8

61.2

61.8

57. 6

48. 0

36. 0

22.8

10.2

1 Q

-4.8

-4. 2

-5. 4

-5.4

-5.4

Departure

from normai

+

Langleys

65

41

6(

5(

Total mttes

42

27.

Inches

o. ;
TEMPERATURE OF THE STREAMS ON LONG ISLAND, NEW YORK 

Compilation of meteorotogic data, June 7-13, 1967 Continued

D89

June 13, 1967

Temperature of air (° F) Sky cover Relative

Hour Kennedy Mineola Kennedy Project area Kennedy

(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6)

1 68 68 5 ____________ 76

2 __________-__---_--_-_---_---___--_-__--_-_-_-_--__-_______

3 __-______--__-----_-_-----____------__---______-_______-___

4 65 66 4 ____________ 84

5 __.______--__-._ _ ___ _ _ _ __ _ _ ___ ____________________

6 ___ __ __-_ ----- --__-_ _ -__ _ ______ ___ ____ _ --_-_

7 60 60 10 10 93

8 ________________ _ _____________ __ 10 ____________

9 9

10 65 73 9 9 75

11 ____________________________________ 9 ___________

12 ______________________ ___ _________ 8 ____________

13 66 71 ________ __ 10 70

14 ____________ _ _____________________ 10 ____________

15 _--_---__--_-_____--________________ 10 ____________

16 62 68 10 10 75

17 __________________________________________________ _______

18 _________________ _ ______________________ _______ _

19 59 63 10 _ _ _ _ ____ 75

20 ____________ __ __________ __ ______________ __ _____ _ _ __

21 ___________________________ _ ____________ _ _ _

22 58 61 10 _ __ ___ 81

23 ______________________________ _ _________ _______ _ _ __

24 ______________________________________ ___ _ __. _

Location

Air temperatures (°F) :

Brookhaven _ _ ________ ____ _____ ____ _ __

Connetquot River _ ______________ _ ___

East Patchogue_ _ _____ ________ _____

Kennedy International Airport. __ ______ _ ____ __ __

Mineola__ ______________ __

Total radiation:

Brookhaven____ ___ ___ _ ___

Brookhaven___ ___ ____ _ __________

Mineola___ ___________

Connetquot River (solar site 3) ___ _____ _ ___

Tind movement:

Mineola _____

Connetquot River (solar site 3) __ _______ _ _ _ ___ ___

Evaporation:

Mineola____ _____ _ ________

Radiation, Brookhaven

Brookhaven Kennedy Solar

(7) (8) (9)

0 2 ____ _ ___

_ ___ ______ 6 ____________

.___ _ ___________ _ ____ 0.9

____________ 13 5.4

_________________________ 12.2

_________________________ 14.8

____________ 11 36.9

._________--_--_-_-_-____ 67.5

_________________________ 37.8

____ _ __ 13 32. 0

_________________________ 32.0

__ _ 26.4

____________ 17 21.2

.____-____-__-__._-______ 16.6

_______ _ __ _ __________ 9.4

____ _ __ 14 2.2

.__ _ ______________ _ __ .4

____________ 11 _____ ____ _

Maximum Minimum

_ __ __ __ __ 72 54

__________________ 73 59

__________________ 65 58

__________________ 71 58

__________________ 73 58

Type

_________ _ _ __ _ Direct_____ _ _ _ _

__________________ Net___-_. __________

__ ________ _ ___ Direct _ __ _

_ _ _ do_ _ ___ __ _

Net

(10)

-5.4

-4.8

-1.8

-1. 2

-1.2

.6

4.2

8.4

12.0

30.6

54.0

30.6

26.4

27.6

21.6

17.4

13. 2

6.6

.6

-1.8

-3. 6

-4.2

-4.2

-1. 8

Departure

from normal

-5

-3

Langliys

316

224

458

352

Total miles

40

24.5

Inch 

0. 18
D90 HYDROLOGY AND SOME EFFECTS OF URBANIZATION ON LONG ISLAND, NEW YORK

Compilation of meteorologic data, August 24-30, 1967

Sky cover given in tenths (cols. 4 5). Positive values in cols. 9 and 10 indicate a downward radiation flux. Negative net-radiation values_ indicate a resultant ground-to-sky flux 

Connetquot River temperatures were obtained near solar site 3. A summation of data is given for a complete 24-hr period beginning 0001 hr qi the indicated dates.

Relative humidity (col. 6) is given in percent. Precipitation is in inches as measured in the liquid state. "Ken" denotes Kennedy International Ai-port. All temperature dat! 

are in. degrees Fahrenheit. Radiation data are expressed in langleys.

August 24, 1967

Temperature of air (°F) Sky cover Relative

Hour Kennedy Mineola Kennedy Project area Kennedy

(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6)

1 59 59 2 ____________ 84

2 _______________--.-___-___________-__________---___.___----.

3 _______________-_-_----________-_-_-______-___--______--__-.

4 59 59 4 ____________ 87

5 __ -__ _ _ ___----_ ___ ___ _ _ _____ _ _ ----- .

6 ____________________________________ 10 -________.-.

7 62 63 9 10 67

8 ____________________________________ 10 ____________

9 _ _ _ _ _______ ____ _ ___ _ ____ 10 __ ____ _ .

10 66 66 10 10 65

11 ________________-__----______.___-_- 10 __-_.____-_.

12 ____________________________________ 10 ____________

13 67 67 10 10 63

14 ____________________________________ 10 ____________

15 _______-_-____-__-_---____________-_ 10 ____________

16 61 61 10 10 88

17 ____________________________________________________________

18 ___________________________________________________________

19 59 60 10 ______ __ 90

20 ___________________________________________________________

21 ____________________________________________________________

22 59 59 10 ___ _______ 93

23 _-----_.--______-______-_-______________-__________________.

24 ____________________________________________________________

Location

Air temperatures (°F) :

East Patchogue. _ ___________________ ____ ____ _____________

Kennedy International Airport- ______ _____ _____________ _ ______

Mineola_ __ ________ ________________________________ ____ _____

Total radiation:

Brookhaven___ ___ _____ ___ _ __ __ _ __ ______ _________

Brookhaven _________ ________ _ __ _ ______ ________ _.

Mineola _____ ___________ _ _ ____ _____

Connetquot River (solar site 2) __ _____ _ ____ ______ ___________

Wind movement:

Connetquot River (solar site 2)______ ___ __ __________ ______

Evaporation : Mineola _____ ___ _____ _____ ___ ___ _ ___ ______

Radiation, Brookhaven

Brookhaven Kennedy So'ar

(7) (8) (9)

5

--___-__-__- 5 ____________

.______-______---__._____ C. 4

--__.____-_- 8 F. 4

.--_______--_----____--__ 1L4

._____--___-__-________-_ 2?. 8

____________ 12 2?. 4

._--_____----_---_-__---. 32.8

_________________________ 36.4

_______ __ 8 3f. 2

.____._______________--_- 3?. 8

_____ ______ 2?. 0

____.__-__-- 8 ie. e

._-___--___-_---_-------_ £.9

0.02 ____________ 4,5

.01 10 .9

Trace _ _ _ _ ______ _______ _

Trace _______ _____ ___ ____ _

Trace 8 ____________

Trace __ ________________ _ _

.01 ________________________

Maximum Minimum

___________________ 69 50

______ __ 66 50

___________________ 64 59

.__._-______---____ 68 58

___________________ 68 59

Type

.___ ____ ___ _____ Direct- _ __ __ _

.__-_.____-__-_____ Net____ ____________

.__ ___ _ _____ Direct _ _____

______________ __________do_- -----------

Net

(10)

-6. 6

-5. 4

-4.8

-4.2

-4. 2

-3. 0

2. 4

11. 4

15. 6

15. 6

22. 8

24. 6

25. 8

21.6

15. 0

9. 6

4.2

.6

-3.6

-3.0

-3.6

-5.4

-3. 0

-1.8

Departure

from normal

-i:

_ j

Langleys

28(

12:

20'

11^

Total miles

Inches

0. 0£
TEMPERATURE OF THE STREAMS ON LONG ISLAND, NEW YORK 

Compilation of meteorologic data, August 24-30,1961 Continued

August 25, 1967

Temperature of air (°F) Sky cover

Kennedy Mineola Kennedy Project area

(1) (2) (3) (4) (5)

1 60 60 10 __ _ _ ---_

2

3 ______-__-_-_-_----------------_--------- -----

4 58 58 10 ____________

5 ____-____-_---____-----------------------------_.

6 ________-__--------------------_--- 10

7 60 60 10 10

8 _________--_-____-__------------_--- 10

9 __________--__-_---_------------_--- 10

10 62 62 10 10

11 ____________________________________ 10

12 ____________________________________ 10

13 65 65 10 10

14 ____________________________________ 10

15 _ _ __ _ _ ____ _ ____ _ __ _ 10

16 67 66 10 10

17 __________-_---------------_-___---------------_.

18 __________-__-_-_-_______________-------.______.

19 66 66 10 ____________

20 _________ _ _______--_-_-_________-----__________

21 ________-______-_-______-_---_----_____-------__-

22 68 66 10 _ _ __ __ _

23 ________________________________ __ _____________

24 __ _ _

Location

A'r temperatures (°F) :

Brookhaven. _ _ _ ___ __ _______ _ ___________________

Connetquot River _____ ______________

East Patchogue __ ________ __ _ _________ _._ ___.

Kennedy International Airport ____ _ _ _______ ___ __

Mineola. _ _________ _____ _ ___________

Total radiation: 

Brookhaven _ ______ _ _ __ _____ ___ ____ _ ______

Brookhaven__ _ ___ ______ ________ ____ _ __ _ _ __

Mineola __ _____ _______ _ ____ _ __ ___________

Connetquot River (solar site 2) _ ______ __ ________ .

n "ind movement:

Mineola __ _ _ _______ _ _ _ _ __ ____ _________

Connetquot River (solar site 2) _ ___ __ __ ___________

"S'^aporation:

Mineola_ ___ _ _ _ _ __ _____ _ ______ _ _ _____ ____

Relative Precipitation

Kennedy

(6) (7)

93 0. 01

____________ .01

.______._-__ .01

96 .01

________ ___ Trace _ _

.____ _ _ _ Trace__ __

97 .20

____________ .80

____________ .60

93 . 13

____________ .01

____________ .01

97 . 07

.-__-__ .13

._______-_._ .08

93 .01

____________ .01

____________ .01

97 Trace.. _ ...

_ __ __ ___ Trace ____

____________ .02

97 .02

____________ .01

Wind (knots), Radiation, Brookhaven

Solar

(8) (9)

7 ____________

8 ____________

9 0. 9

____________ 1.4

____________ 2.2

9 5. 0

____________ 12. 2

____________ 8.6

10 12. 2

____________ 9.0

_--.__-_____ 7.2

11 7.6

____________ 4.0

____________ 2.2

9 .4

4 ___ _ ____

Maximum Minimum

______ 64 57

______ 65 59

______ 65 61

______ 68 58

______ 66 58

Type

_ __ _ Direct. _____________

--.___ Net..__-_._________

____ Direct.. _____

-__________do.-_--____-__-

Net

(10)

-1.8

-1. 2

-1. 2

- . 6

- .6

0

.6

.6

1. 2

3.0

6. 6

4. 2

6.0

4. 2

3. 6

3.6

2.4

.6

0

0

0

0

0

0

Departure

from normal

-11

- 8

Langleys 

73

31

63

42

Total miles

1 8. 9

0. 00

1 (Aug. 24, 25.)

378-970 O 70-
D92 HYDROLOGY AND SOME EFFECTS OF URBANIZATION ON DONG ISLAND, NEW YORK 

Compilation of meteorologic data, August 24-30,1967 Continued

August 26, 1967

Temperature of air (°F) Sky cover Relative

Hour Kennedy Mineola Kennedy Project area Kennedy

(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6)

1 66 66 10 ___ _ _ 97

2 _._______.._-...-----------.-_--_-_-----_---.___---_-------.

3 _._____..._..._.._____..__-__._--_-_._._._--______._---_---.

4 64 65 10 ._.____...__ 100

5 ---__ _ -_ ___ _ _ -- ____ - _ ____ . - -.-_.__- ...

6 _____ _______________________ ______ 10 ___.___---..

7 64 64 10 10 100

8 _.______-_---._-_-_-___-__-_____-_-. 10 ____________

9 .__-___.___ _ -_---___--_-_-____-_-. 10 ____________

10 67 66 10 10 97

11 ____________________________________ 10 _.___..____.

12 __---___---_-___----_--_---._.___ _ 10 ____________

13 69 69 10 10 93

14 .___-_.._--_-_..__-_.._._.-_____.___ 10 ____________

15 __-_-___--_--____--_____-_-__.___--. 10 _.______.._.

16 70 68 10 10 93

17 ____________________________________ 10 _...____....

18 ___________________________________________________________

19 69 69 10 ____ _ 97

20 ___._______._.___..._.____-..______._...____._..__...._____.

21

22 69 70 10 ____________ 100

23 _----_-_-----_-__-____________-________________________-___.

24 ____________________________________________________________

Location

Air temperatures (°F) :

Brookhaven _ _______ ________________ ___ _____

Connetquot River. . ___ _ ___

East Patchogue _ __ ______ ________ __ _ ____ ______

Kennedy International Airport _ _ _________ __ _ ___ ____ __

Mineola_ _ __________

Total radiation:

Brookhaven. _ _____ _ _

Brookhaven_____ ____________ ______ ____ ___ _____ _ ___

Mineola. _ _ _ _ _______

Connetquot River (solar site !)__ _ _ _ __ _____ _ __ _ _ ______

Wind movement:

Mineola___ _ ____ _____

Connetquot River (solar site 1)_ ___ _____ ____ __ ___

Evaporation :

Mineola. ___________ _ _ _ _________ ______ _ _________ __ _____

Radiation, Brookhaven

Brookhaven Kennedy Sohr Net

(V) (8) (9^ (10)

____________ 5 ____________ 0

_____________________________________ 0

__________________________ _____ ___ 0

____________ 4 ____________ 0

_____________________________________ 0

______________________ _ _________ _ 0

____________ 4 1.8 1.2

._____--___---___-_---.__ 108 3.0

_________________________ 16,2 8.4

__ _ ___ ___ 3 15. 8 7. 8

_________________________ 15,3 7.8

. ____ _ ___ _ _ ___ _ 17.6 10.2

0. 02 11 10. 8 6. 0

.24 ____________ 4.0 0

.30 ____________ 3,2 1.2

. 06 4 15, 8 7. 2

.01 ______ _ ___ 8.3 3.0

________________________ 2.2 .6

____________ 7 .40

.__-__--___---____-----__-_-_--__--__ 0

._____-___-_-_-______--__------_-_-_. 0

____________ 5 _______ __ _ 0

0

____________________________________ .6

Departure

Maximum Minimum from normal

___________________ 70 64 __________

.______-_-___-_____ 70 64 __________

______-_____-____-----__---. 65 __________

.______-___--_-.___ 70 64 -6

__________________ 70 64 -4

Type Langleys

______ _ Direct ___ _ __ __ 122

.______--__-__-.___ Net_-__-__----_-__ 57

_ ______ _ ___ _ Direct_____ _ _____ 95

_____________ ________--_do __ _________ 31

Total miles

-_-__ _ ____ l 46

Inches

_______________________________________ 0. 00

(Aug. 25, 26)
TEMPERATURE OF THE STREAMS ON LONG ISLAND, NEW YORK 

Compilation of meteorologic data, August 24-30,1967 Continued

D93

August 27, 1967

Temperature of air (°F) Sky cover Relative

"Tour Kennedy Mineola Kennedy Project area Kennedy

(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6)

1 70 69 10 _..__...__.. 97

2 _.___.-._..--..._--_-__ __ ___....._-_-_._...______.-______..

3 ___.___._____._._._..__-___.___...----___ ___ ______________

4 69 69 10 _ _____ --. 97

5 _________________ _ ________________________________________

6 ____________________________________________________________

7 70 70 10 ____________ 93

8 ____________________________________________________________

9 ____________________________________________________________

10 75 78 7 ____________ 87

11 _____---___--_______--_-_-___--_----__-_. _ ________________

12 _____-_-____-____---___--___. __ ____-____--___-_-__________.

13 71 77 10 ____________ 97

14 _______________________________________________ __ _._______.

15 _________ _ -____-_____---__-_-___-----_-_____________-____.

16 71 75 10 _.__ _ _____ 100

17 _____-__-. _ _______________________________________________

18 _ ___ _ _-_ ____ ____ . -_ __ _ _ __ __ _

19 69 70 10 __ _ __ 97

20 ___________ __ ______________________________________________

21 ____________________________________________________________

22 70 71 10 --._________ 93

23 ____________________________________________________________

24 _____________________________________ __ ____________________

Location

i - temperatures (°F) :

Brookhaven _______ __________ _____ _____ ______ _______ __.

Connetquot River _ ____ ______ __ _ ___ ___ _ _ __ _ ______ _ .

East Patchogue _ ___________ ___ _______________

Kennedy International Airport __ _ ______ _________

Mineola____ ____ _________ ____________ ________

r tal radiation :

Brookhaven___ _____ ____ ______ ________________ .

Brookhaven. __ _ _ _ .__ __ ____________ ______ _ ___ ___ _____

Mineola ______________ ______ ___ _________ _____

Connetquot River (solar site !)__ __________ ______ _ ___ _ __

'ind movement:

Mineola__ __. _ _ _ __ __ ____ ____ ____________ _ _____ _ ___

Connetquot River (solar site !)______ _____ __ __ _____ ____

" T aporation :

Mineola_ _____ _____ ___ ____ __________

Radiation

Brookhaven Kennedy Solar

(7) (8) (9)

____________ 10 ___________

____________ 5 _-__--.____

0.03

. 10 -_----__--__-_--_______

.07 7 6. 3

. 01 ___ ____ 11. 2

.01 ____________ 21.2

__---____-__ 8 20.7

.__---_____--__-_-_______ 29.2

.__--_____-.__---_ _ ____ 33.3

___ _ _ _ 8 32. 8

_________________________ 25.6

_________________________ 25.0

_ ._ __ _ 9 13. 0

.-_-_-____--___---___-___ 6.8

. ____ _ ._____--_-______ 3. 2

____________ 7 .4

____________ 11 ___________

, Brookhaven

Net

(10)

0.6

0

0

-. 6

0

-.6

3.0

5.4

11.4

13. 2

19. 8

26.4

21. 0

19.2

17.4

10. 2

4.2

1.2

0

0

0

-. 6

0

0

Departure

Maximum Minimum from normtl

.___--_____-___-___ 76

___________________ 75

72

.__-_-___._________ 75

.___-__________--__ 79

Type

. . ____ _ _ ___ __ Direct. ______ _

___________________ Net . 

______ __ ______ Direct. ______ __

______ _____ ___ _ __._do_ ______

70 

69 __________

68 __________

68 -1

65 J-l

Langleys

229

152

304

66

Total miles

4

1 18.S

Inches

0.23

1 (Aug. 26, 27).
D94 HYDROLOGY AND SOME EFFECTS OF URBANIZATION ON LONG ISLAND, NEW TrORK 

Compilation of meteorologic data, August 24-30, 1967 Continued

August 28, 1967

Temperature of air (°F) Sky cover Relative

Hour Kennedy Mineola Kennedy Project area Kennedy

(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6)

1 70 70 10 ________ _ _ 90

2 ____________________________________________________________

3 ___-_---_._ _ ____-_____________-____-_______--_____---__--.

4 70 70 9 _ ._ _ 90

5 _____--___--__-__-_-_-__-_-_____-____________-___--_--_-_--.

6 _ _ -_

7 69 69 9 10 93

8 _ _- _ _ _ 8 __ -_

9 ____________________________________ 7 _--____-___

10 74 73 10 5 74

11 ____________________________________ 6 ____________

12 ____________________________________ 4 ___________

13 77 78 8 4 56

14 ____________________________________ 3 __-____-_-_.

15 ____________________________________ 2 __-__-____..

16 75 77 8 ____________ 54

17 ____________________________________________________________

18 ____________________________________________________________

19 70 72 5 _--___-_-___ 61

20 ____________________________________________________________

21 ________________________________ _______ ___________________

22 68 67 4 ____________ 73

23 ____________________________________________________________

24 _____ _ _____ _ ________________________ ___________________

Locution

Air temperatures (°F) :

Brookhaven__ ___________ _______ _ ___ _ ____ _ ___ _ _ .

Connetquot River______ _ ____ ___________ ______ ___.

East Patchogue. __ _____ ____ _ _ _______ _____ ___ _ .

Kennedy International Airport. __ ___ ____ __ _ ___.

Mineola_-_ __ ____ _.__ _______ _____ _ _ ___ ______ ____

Total radiation:

Brookhaven_______ _______ _ _______ _ ___ ___ ___ ____ _ _ Mineola _______________ _________ ___ ___ ____

Connetquot River (solar site !)__ _______ __ ____ _ __ __.

Wind movement:

Mineola. _ ______ ____ __ _ ____ ___ ____________________ __.

Connetquot River (solar site !)__ ___________ _ __ _ __ _____ _

Evaporation :

Mineola. ______ _ __ ________________ ________ ___.

Radiation, Brookhaven

Brookhaven Kennedy Solar Net

(7) (8) (9) (10)

0 10 _ _ _ _ -0. 6

.___-___-_- _ _ _--_----_--___.______ -.6

_____________________________________ 0

____________ 8 ____________ 0

_____________________________________ -1. 8

_________________________ __ _________ -1. 2

-_---_-_---. 7 ____________ 4.2

_____________________________________ 6. 0

.___ ___ _ _ ______ __ __ ___ 13.2

____________ 7 ____________ 37.8

.___-_-_--_-__--_-.__ _ __-___-___ _ 50.4

_____________________________________ 55. 8

__-____--_-_ 13 ____________ 57.6

_____________________________________ 51. 0

._________--__-____-__-____-____ ___ 44. 4

____________ 12 ____________ 30.6

.__-_-__--_-__--__-__---__---___-_.__ 10. 8

._____-__--_ _ _____________ __ __ _ 2. 4

____________ 12 ___ ___ ____ -6.6

.__-__-_----_-_____-_-_-.- ___ ______ -7. 2

____________________________________ -7. 2

_____-___--_ 9 ___--_-._ _ -7.2

.__-__---__-_-__-__------__----_-.-__ -7.2

.-_-__-___-__---___-_--_________---._ -7.2

Departure

Maximum Minimum from norma

_____-___--__-____ 81 59 _________

.__-._-___--__--__- 79 58 --_-_-._.

__-__-___-___-_-_--_-_--_-_- 66 _-_-___-.

_____-_-_--__-_-__ 78 67

_____-___--__-_-__ 79 65 +

Type Langleys

- ____ ___ ____ _ Direct_-____- _____ _ _ __ .

___________________ Net________________ 3:

_ ____ ___ -___ _ Direct____ ________ 4'

______ __________________do--_---_----_ i;

Total mile'

_________-____---_--_-___-_-__--_----- 35

___________-_____-__-__-_-____-__----- 12.

Inches

__________-__________----_-__---.--_-- 0.
TEMPERATURE OF THE STREAMS ON LONG ISLAND, NEW YORK 

Compilation of meteorologic data, August 24-30,1967 Continued

E95

August 29, 1967

Temperature of air (°F) Sky cover Relative

Kennedy Mineola Kennedy Project area Kennedy

(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6)

1 67 64 8 ____________ 73

2 _____ _ _ ___ ____.----__-_--_-_--____-_____--__ _ _____.__.

3 _______________-___-__---___------__-_-____--..---_-_--_--__.

4 64 64 0 ____________ 81

5 ____________________________________________________________

6 ____________________________________ 0 ____________

7 66 66 0 0 76

8 ____________________________________ 0 ____________

9 ______ __ _ __ --____-.-- _ -__--___ 0 __ ___ _ _.

10 74 73 0 0 58

11 _______________________________ _ __ 1

12 ___ _ _ -____-_______-_-_.____ __ _ 3 ____________

13 80 77 8 5 47

14 _______ _ _________________________ 7 ____________

15 __ -__ ___ _______________ _ _ ___ 8 ____________

16 79 81 7 ____________ 62

17 ___--__----___---_____-__-_________________________________.

18 __ ______ _ ________________________ _ ____________________

19 72 74 2 _. ___ _____ 82

20 _ _ _ ____ -_-__-_____ _ ________ __ ___________ _

21 _ ___________ ___ ______________________________________

22 70 68 0 _ _________ 87

23 _________ __ _ _ ____________________ _ __ _ ____

24 _ _ _______ ________________ _ _______

Location

iir temperatures (°F):

Brookhaven__ __ _____________ ___ _ _ _ __ ___

Connetquot River _ __ ___________ ___

East Patchogue ___ ____ _______ _______

Kennedy International Airport___ ____ ____ __ _ _

Mineola- __ __ _ ____ ____ ________ __ _ _ _______ __

'otal radiation:

Brookhaven ___ _ _ ___ ___ ___ ____

Brookhaven_____ _ _______ _ _

Mineola- _ _ _ _ ____________ ___ ___ _ __ ___

Connetquot River (solar site 3) _ __ __ _

Sind movement:

Mineola- _______ ______ __________ ___ _ _ _

Connetquot River (solar site 3)__ _ ___

]" Taporation:

Mineola- _ __ ___ _ _ ______ _ _________ _

Precipitation, Wind (knots) , Radiation, Brookhaven

Solar D Net

(7) (8) (9) (10)

0 7 ____________ -5.4

.___ __- _ __- ____ _ ____ _______ -5. 4

._____-_--__._ _ _ ____ -___ _ _ __ _ -5. 4

____________ 5 ____________ -5.4

_____________________________________ -6. 6

_____________________________________ -4. 8

4 ____ _____ 0

._______--___--____--___---__-__-__ 14.4

_____________________________________ 27. 6

4 ____ _ _ _ 41. 4

.______--__________. _ ___ _ .__ __ _ 52. 2

.___ _ ___________ ___ _ ________ _ 58. 2

_____-_-_-__ 4 ________ __ 55.2

.____--_-_--_--_-- _ ____ _ .---_ _ _ 37. 2

._____----__. _ _________________ __ 34. 2

____________ 4 ____________ 21.6

.______---_-___-_._-__ _ _ _______ 14. 4

.____---_-_-_----_-_-____--_. _ _ __ .6

____________ 4 _______ __ -5.4

... _ ______ _ _ _ _ _ _________ ___ -5. 4

____________________________________ -5. 4

____________ 5 ____________ -4.8

.____.__ _ ______________________ __ -6. 6

.________-__________-____--__---__-__ -6. 6

Departure

Maximum Minimum from normal

__________________ 80 55 ______ __

__-__-----___.____ 79 53 __._._-_--

______--___---__-_ 70 63 __-. __ -.__

__________________ 80 62 -2

__________________ 81 63 +1

Type Langleyt

__________________ Net _ _____________ 290

____-----___-____. Direct __ __________ 520

________________ _ ____do-___- _ _____ S30

Total miles

______________________________________ 17. 6

Inches
D96 HYDROLOGY AND SOME EFFECTS OF URBANIZATION ON LONG ISLAND, NEW YORK 

Compilation of meteorologic data, August 24-30,1967 Continued

August 30. 1967

Temperature of air (°F) Sky cover Relative

Hour Kennedy Mineola Kennedy Project area Kennedy

(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6)

1 67 65 0 ____________ 90

2 _ _ _ _ __________---__-_.__ __ ____________________________

3 ________-__-_____--_-_-____________-_____________--_---_--_

4 66 62 0 -_-____.____ 93

5 ____________________________________________________________

6 ___________________________________ 0 ____________

7 68 64 0 0 84

8 __--_-_-_-_-_-_-_---_-_-_-_-_-_-_.__ 0 ____________

9 ____________________________________ 0 ____________

10 73 80 2 0 84

11 _________--_-_-__ _ _ _ ___ _ ______ 0 ____________

12 _ -.__ _ -___-__--___._______ _ ___ 0

13 77 83 2 0 79

14 __________ _ _ -__ ____ _ 0 __ __ _ .

15 ____________________________________ 0 _----__.___.

16 75 78 2 0 82

17 _---___-_-_-_-_-_-__--_-_-_-_--___-_______-__-_-______----_.

18 ____________________________________________________________

1 Q 79 79 9 C7

20 _______ _ ___ ___________ __ _ ____ __ ._.

21 ___________________________________________ _ _____________

22 70 70 0 ____________ 87

23 _--.____ _ _________ ___ ________ _ ________________________

24 __-__-__-_.______ ______ ____________________ _____________

Location

Air temperatures (° F) :

Brookhaven. ____ ___________ _ ______ _____ ____________________

Connetquot River. ________ ________ _______ __ _ ________ _ _

East Patchogue___ _____________ _ __

Kennedy International Airport _ ________ _______________ ____ __

Mineola_ ___________________

Total radiation:

Brookhaven___ _ ___________ ____ _____

Brookhaven______ _______

Mineola. __ _ _______ __.

Connetquot River (solar site 3) _ __ ____ _ _______

Wind movement:

Mineola- ______ _ ___________ ______ ________ _ __________

Connetquot River (solar site 3)_____ ___ ____ ___

Evaporation : Mineola. ___ _______ ___ __________ ___ ___ _ ______ ______ ___

radiation, Brookhaven

Brookhaven Kennedy Solar Net

(7) (8) (9) (10)

0 7 ____________ -6.6

_____________________________________ -6. 6

_____________________________________ -5.4

_ __ _ _ 7 ---. ____ -4.4

_____________________________________ -4. 8

0.4 -4.2

____________ 5 7.2 .6

.-____--__-_----______.__ 22.0 17.4

_________________________ ?«*, 4 29.5

____________ 6 4-7.7 40

_________________________ £6.7 49.5

._______---_-_-_____-_-_. 60. 3 52.5

____________ 11 eo. 3 53

._____-_-_-_________-_-_. f 4. 0 45.5

._____-_-____--__-_._--_- 44.6 37.5

____________ 17 ?2. 0 24

.____-___--____________-. 18.0 12

._____-_---_------_-__--_ 6.3 .5

19 Q A. t\

.................................... -5

 6

_____ __ _ _ 10 ---_ _ _ _ -7

_____-___-_-__-_-_-------------_---_ -7

__ rj

Departure

Maximum Minimum from normai

.................. 82 58 ---_-_-.-

__________________ 80 55 _________

_____---._________ 75 62 _________

__________________ 78 65 -

__________________ 83 61 +

Type Langleys

Direct __ _ 44

_____---_-_-__-_-_ Net__ _ ___________ 29

_ __ _____________ Direct____ ___ ____ 48

_ ___ _____ do. __ _ 34

Total miles

_ _ ... _ ___ _ ___ _ __ i 77

______________________________________ 24.

Inches

-____-_---________-___-______________. i 0. 4

(Aug. 29, 30.)
TEMPERATURE OF THE STREAMS ON LONG ISLAND, NEW YORK D97

Hourly stream-temperature data 

recording stations,

Tour

East Meadow 

Brook, site 4 

gaging station

, in degrees Celsius, at 

November 15-21, 1966

Sampawams Champlin 

Creek, site 4 Creek, site 4 

gaging station gaging station

Connetquot 

River, site 1 

Veterans 

Highway

continuous

Swan River, 

site 5 

gaging 

station

November 15, 1966

1 

2 

3 

4 

5 

6

7 

8 

9 

10 

11 

12

13 

14 

15 

16 

17 

18

19 

20 

21 

22 

23 

24

7.8 

7.4 

7.4 

7.2 

7.2 

6.9

6.9 

6.8 

6.8 

6.9 

7.3 

8.1

8.9 

10.0 

10.3 

10.6 

10.3 

9.4

9.2 

9.0 

8.4 

8.1

7.9

7.7

9.1

8.9 

8.9 

8.8 

8.4 

8.4

8.0 

8.1 

8.3 

8.9 

9.4 

10.2

10.8 

11.1 

10.8 

10.4 

10.6 

10.3

10.0 

9.9 

9.6 

9.3 

9.2 

8.9

8.3 

8.1

7.8 

7.5 

7.5 

7.5

7.5 

7.5 

7.5 

8.3 

9.2 

9.4

9.7 

10.0 

10.0 

10.3 

10.0 

10.0

9.7 

9.7 

9.4 

9.2 

8.9 

8.6

7.5 

7.2 

7.2 

7.2 

6.9 

6.9

6.9 

6.7 

6.7 

6.9 

7.2 

7.5

7.8 

8.9 

9.7 

10.0 

10.0 

9.4

9.2 

8.9 

8.6 

8.3 

8.1 

7.8

8.1

7.8

7.5

7.5

7.2

7.2

7.2

7.2

7.2

7.2

7.2

7.2

November 16, 1966

1

2 

3 

4 

5 

6

7 

8 

9 

10 

11 

12

13 

14 

15 

16 

17 

18

19 

20 

21 

22 

23 

24

7.5 

7.2 

7.1 

6.8 

6.7 

6.7

6.6 

6.1 

7.2 

8.1 

9.0 

9.7

10.3 

10.6 

10.6 

10.6 

10.4 

10.4

10.1 

10.0 

9.9 

9.8 

9.7 

9.7

8.3

7.8 

7.5 

7.5 

7.4 

7.2

7.1 

7.2 

7.6 

8.2 

8.9 

9.6

10.0 

10.0 

9.9 

9.9 

9.7 

9.6

9.4 

9.4 

9.3 

9.4 

9.3 

9.3

8.1 

7.8 

7.8 

7.5 

7.3 

7.2

7.2 

7.1 

7.2 

7.5 

8.1 

9.0

9.3 

9.9 

10.1 

10.3 

10.4 

10.5

10.6 

10.6 

10.5 

10.4 

10.3 

10.3

7.5 

7.3 

7.2 

7.1 

6.9 

6.7

6.7 

6.6

6.6 

6.7

7.2

7.7

8.8 

9.4

9.9 

10.1

10.3 

10.3

10.2 

10.2

10.1 

10.1

10.0 

9 9

7.5

7.5

7.4

7.2

6.9

6.6

7.1

7.2

7.3

7.5

7.6

7.7

November 17, 1966

1 

2 

3 

4 

5 

6

7 

8 

9

'0 

'I

"2

M a

"7 

"8

19 

20 

21 

22 

23 

24

9.7 

9.6 

9.6 

9.5 

9.6 

9.6

9.6 

9.6 

9.7 

10.1 

11.0 

11.5

11.9 

12.2 

12.2 

12.3 

12.3 

12.1

11.9 

11.7 

11.6 

11.3 

11.3 

11.3

9.1 

9.1 

9.0 

8.9 

8.9 

9.0

9.0 

9.1 

9.4 

9.7 

10.1 

10.7

11.1 

11.3 

11.4 

11.4 

11.3 

11.1

10.9 

10.9 

10.8 

10.8 

10.7 

10.6

10.0 

10.0 

9.9 

9.9 

9.9 

9.9

9.9 

9.9 

10.0 

10.2 

10.4 

10.9

11.4 

11.8 

12.1 

12.2 

12.4 

12.3

12.2 

12.1 

12.1 

11.8 

11.7 

11.6

9.9 

9 8

9.8 

9.8

9.7 

9.7

9.6 

9.6

9.6 

9 6

9.6

9 7

10.0 

11.1

11.9 

11 9

11.9 

11.7

11.4

n

o

11.1 in &

10.7 

10.6

7.9

7.9

8.1

8.1

8.3

8.6

9.1

9.2

9.4

9.7

10.0

10.0

Hourly stream-temperature data, in degrees 

recording stations, November 15-21,

Hour

East Meadow 

Brook, site 4 

gaging station

Sampawams 

Creek, site 4 

gaging station

Champlin 

Creek, site 4 

gaging station

Celsius, at continuous 

1966 Continued

Connetquot 

River, site 1 

Veterans 

Highway

Swan River, 

site 5 

gaging 

station

November 18, 1966

1 

2 

3 

4

5 

6

7 

8 

9 

10 

11 

12

13 

14 

15 

16 

17 

18

19 

20 

21 

22 

23 

24

11.2 

11.2 

11.1 

11.1 

11.1 

11.0

11.0 

11.0 

11.0 

11.1 

11.1 

11.3

11.7 

12.2 

12.8 

12.9 

12.8 

12.8

12.7 

12.5 

12.4 

12.3 

12.2 

12.1

10.4 

10.3 

10.2 

10.2 

10.1 

10.1

10.1 

10.2 

10.3 

10.6 

10.9 

11.1

11.4 

11.3 

11.2 

11.2 

11.2 

11.1

11.1 

11.1 

11.1 

11.0 

10.9 

10.8

11.4 

11.4 

11.3 

11.3 

11.3 

11.2

11.2 

11.2 

11.2 

11.3 

11.4 

11.5

11.6 

11.9 

12.1 

12.3 

12.4 

12.5

12.5 

12.5 

12.4 

12.4 

12.2 

12.1

10.4 

10.3 

10.1 

10.1 

9.9 

9.9

9.8 

9.7 

9.6 

9.4 

9.6 

10.0

10.6 

11.1 

11.6 

11.7 

11.7 

11.8

11.8 

11.7 

11.6 

11.4 

11.2 

11.1

10.0

10.0

10.0

10.0

10.0

10.0

10.1

10.4

10.7

10.8

10.8

10.8

November 19, 1966

1 

2 

3 

4

5 

6

7 

8 

9 

10 

11 

12

13 

14 

15 

16 

17 

18

19 

20 

21 

20 

23 

24

11.9 

11.7 

11.4 

11.0 

10.8 

10.4

10.1 

9.8 

9.4 

9.4 

9.4 

9.6

9.9 

10.1 

10.3 

10.3 

10.2 

10.1

9.7 

9.1 

8.6 

8.1

7.8 

7.5

10.8 

10.6 

10.4 

10.1 

10.2 

10.1

9.8 

9.6 

9.4 

9.7 

9.8 

9.9

10.1 

10.3 

10.1 

9.7 

9.3 

9.1

8.9 

8.8 

8.5 

8.2 

8.0 

7.8

11.9 

11.8 

11.5 

11.4 

11.2 

10.8

10.4 

10.3 

10.1 

10.0 

9.9 

9.9

10.1 

10.2 

10.3 

10.3 

10.2 

9.8

9.4 

9.2 

8.7 

8.3 

8.2 

7.6

11.1 

10.8 

10.6 

10.3 

10.0 

9.8

9.5 

9.3 

9.0 

8.9 

9.1 

9.4

10.0 

10.0 

10.0 

9.7

9.4 

9.2

9.2 

9.0

8.9 

8.6

8.3 

8.1

10.3

10.0

9.9

9.7

9.2

8.6

8.3

8.1

7.8

7.8

7.5

7.2

November 20, 1966

1 

2 

3 

4 

5 

6

7 

8 

9 

10 

11 

12

13 

14 

15 

16 

17 

18

19 

20 

21 

22 

23 

24

7.3 

7.1

6.9 

6.8 

6.7 

6.4

6.3 

6.2 

6.2 

6.3 

6.7 

7.3

8.2 

9.2 

9.6 

9.8 

9.8 

9.7

9.2 

8.8 

8.4 

8.1 

7.5 

7.3

7.5 

7.5 

7.3 

7.3 

7.3 

7.2

7.2 

7.3 

7.6 

8.1 

8.6 

9.1

9.3 

9.3 

9.1 

8.9 

8.6 

8.3

8.1 

8.0 

7.8 

7.7 

7.4 

7.3

7.5 

7.4 

7.1 

6.9 

6.8 

6.8

6.7 

6.6 

6.6 

6.7 

7.2 

8.1

8.4 

8.9 

9.0 

9.2 

9.2 

9.0

8.8 

8.6

8.3 

7.9 

7.5 

7.2

7.8 

7.3

6.9 

6.7

6.4 

6.3

6.3 

6.1

6.0

 5 Q

6.0 ai

6.7

7.8

8.3

8 4

8.3 

8.1

7.9 

7.5

7.2 

7.0

6.8 

6.7

6.9

6.4

6.1

5.6

5.3

5.0

5.3

5.8

6.1

6.1

5.8

5.6
D98 HYDROLOGY AND SOME EFFECTS OF URBANIZATION ON LONG ISLAND, NEW YORK

Hourly stream-temperature data, in degrees 

recording stations, November 15-21,

Hour

East Meadow 

Brook, site 4 

gaging station

Sampawams 

Creek, site 4 

gaging station

Champlin 

Creek, site 4 

gaging station

Celsius, at continuous 

1966 Continued

Connetquot 

River, site 1 

Veterans 

Highway

Swan River, 

site 5 

gaging 

station

November 21, 1966

1 

2 

3 

4 

5 

6

7 

8 

9 

10 

11 

12

6.9 

6.7 

6.6 

6.4 

6.3 

6.1

6.1

5.9 

5.8 

5.8 

6.2 

6.9

7.2 

7.2 

7.1 

6.9 

6.8 

6.7

6.7 

6.7 

6.8 

7.2 

7.8 

8.3

6.9 

6.7 

6.4 

6.1 

6.1 

6.0

6.0 

5.8 

5.8 

6.0 

6.7 

8.3

6.4 

6.0 

5.8 

5.6 

5.3 

5.1

4.9 

4.7 

4.9 

5.0 

6.4 

6.9

5.3

5.0

5.0

4.7

4.4

4.4

Hourly stream-temperature data, in degrees 

recording stations, November 15-21,

Hour

13

14 

15 

16 

17

18

19 

20 

21 

22 

23 

24

East Meadow 

Brook, site 4 

gaging station

7.8 

8.3 

8.6 

8.7 

8.6 

8.4

8.1 

7.6 

6.9 

6.2 

5.8 

5.4

Sampawams Champlin 

Creek, site 4 Creek, site 4 

gaging station gaging station

November 21,

8.7 

9.0 

8.9 

8.7 

8.4 

8.2

7.9 

7.7 

7.5 

7.3 

7.2 

7.1

Celsius, at continuous 

1936 Continued

Connetquot 

Ri^er, site 1 

Veterans 

Highway

Swan River, 

site 5 

gaging 

station

1966 Continued

8.6 

9.2 

9.3 

9.4 

9.4 

9.0

8.4 

8.1 

7.8 

7.3 

7.2 

6.9

7.2 

7.5 

7.2 

6.8 

6.4 

6.1

5.8 

5.6 

5.3 

5.0 

4.5 

4.2

5.0

5.3

5.6

5.6

5.6

5.3

Hourly stream-temperature data, in degrees Celsius, at continuous recording stations, January 25 31, 1967

Hour

East Meadow 

Brook, site 4 

gaging station

Sampawams 

Creek, site 4 

gaging station

Champlin Creek

Site 3 Islip 

Boulevard

Site 4 gaging 

station

Site 1 Veterans 

Highway

Connetquot River 

Site3 Site 5 "at 

bridge"

Swan River

Site 3 Sunrise 

Highway

Site 5 gaging 

station

January 25,1967

1

2

3 

4

5 

6

7 

8

9 

10

11 

12

13 

14

15 

16

17 

18

19 

20

21 

22

23 

24

9.3 

9.3

9.2 

9.1

9.0 

9.0

8.9 

8.9

9.0 

9.0

9.1

9.6

9.7 

10.3

10.9 

11.3

11.3 

11.3

11.3 

11.1

11.1 

10.9

10.7 

10.3

10.7 

10.6

10.6 

10.6

10.4 

10.3

10.1 

10.0

9.8 

9.4

9.8 

10.0

10.3 

11.1

11.8 

11.9

11.8

U o

11.7 

11.6

11.6 

11.3

11.1 

10.8

10.6 

10.6

10.6 

10.3

10.3 

10.3

10.3

10.0 

10.0

10.6 in R

11.2 

11.1

11.0 in R

10.7 

10.6

10.4 in °.

10.0 

9 9

9.9

9

0

11.0

10.6 

10.6

10.6 

10.6

10.4

W Q

10.1 

10.1

10.1

1 A O

10.6 

in R

11.1

11.4

11.4 

11.4

11.4

11.4

11.4 

11.1

10.8

10.0 

10. 0

10.0 

10.0

10.0

10.0

9.9 

9.9

10.3 

in R

11.4 

11 9

12.2

19 9

12.2 

11 9

11.7

U 9

10.9

10.6 

in °.

10.3 

10.2

10.2 

10.2

10.2 

10.2

10.2 

10.1

10.0 

10.0

10.8 

11.1

12.2 

12.4

12.5 

12.5

12.4

19 9

11.7 

11.4

10.9

10.6 

10.5

9.8 

9.7

9.5 

9.4

9.3

9.2

9.0 

8.8

8.7 

8.6

9.2 

9.7

10.6 

11.0

11.4 

11.4

11.4 

11.4

11.1 

10.7

10.4 

10.2

10.0 

9 7

10.8 

10.8

10.8 

10.8

10.8 

10.8

10.8 

10.7

10.6 

10.6

10.7 

10.8

11.0 

11.4

11.9

12.2

12.2 

12.1

11.8 

11.6

11.3

11.2

11.1 

10.9

10.6

10.4

10.4

10.1

10.0

10.0

10.3

10.6

10.6

10.6

10.6

10.6

January 26,1967

1

2

3

4

5 

6

7 

8

9 

10

11

12

13 

14

15 

16

17

10

19 

20

21

22

23 

24

10.0 

9 8

9.4

9 9

9.1

8.8

8.6 

8.9

8.2

Q 1

8.2

Q 9

8.7 

9 6

10.1 

10.7

10.8

m fi

10.8 

10.8

10.7 

10.6

10.2 

9.9

10.3

9.8 

9 6

9.4

Q °.

9.2

Q 9

9.2 

90

9.3

9

0

10.0 

10.8

11.4

11.4

11.4 

11.4

11.4

U o

11.1

10.8

10.6 

10.1

9.8 

9.7

9.7 

9 7

9.7 

9 7

9.7 

9 7

9.7 

9 7

9.9 

10.1

10.6 

in 8

11.1 

11.0

10.8 

10.4

10.3 

10.1

9.9

9 7

9.6 

9.6

10.3 

10.0

9.7 

9 6

9.4 

9 3

9.2 

9 1

9.1 

9 1

9.2 

9.4

10.1

11.1 

11.4

11.4 

11.4

11.4 

11.4

11.4 

11.1

10.8 

10.3

10.2 

9 9

9.6 

9.3

9.2 

8 9

8.6 

8.3

8.3

Q Q

8.7

9 9

10.3 

11.4

11.9

12 2

11.8

11.1

10.8 

10.6

9.7 

9.3

8.9 

8.3

10.3

9 9

9.6

9

0

8.9 

8.7

8.6 

8.5

8.5

Q K

8.9 

9 4

9.9 

in °.

11.9 

11 9

11.7

n

o

10.9 

10.6

10.0 

9.6

9.2 

8.5

9.6 

9.2

8.9 

8.6

8.2 

7.9

7.7 

7.6

7.4 

7.4

7.6

8

1

9.2 

10.0

10.7 

11.1

11.1 

11.0

10.9 

10.6

10.3

9.6

9.2 

8.6

10.8 

10.7

10.5 

10.2

10.1

9.9

9.9 

10.0

10.0 

10.0

10.1 

10.5

11.0 

11.7

12.2 

12.4

12.5 

12.2

11.9 

11.4

11.1 

10.6

10.3 

10.0

10.4

10.2

10.1

10.0

9. 9

9.9

10.3

10.6

10.6

10.4

10.3

10.1
TEMPERATURE OF THE STREAMS ON LONG ISLAND, NEW YORK I?09 

Hourly stream-temperature data, in degrees Celsius, at continuous recording stations, January 25 31, 1967 Continued

East Meadow 

Tour Brook, site 4 

gaging station

Sampawams 

Creek, site 4 

gaging station

Champlin Creek

Site 3 Tslip 

Boulevard

Site 4 gaging 

station

Connetquot River

Site 1 Veterans 

Highway

Site3 Site 5 "at 

bridge"

Swan River

Sitfi 3 Sunrise 

Highway

Site 5 gagng 

station

January 27, 1967

1 

2 

3 

4 

5 

6

7 

8 

9 

10 

11 

12

13 

14 

15 

16 

17 

18

19 

20 

21 

22 

23 

24

9.3 

8.9 

8.7 

8.4 

8.2 

8.1

7.9 

7.9 

7.9 

7.9 

7.9 

7.9

7.9 

7.9 

7.9 

7.9 

7.8 

7.8

7.7 

7.4 

7.3 

7.1 

6.9 

6.9

9.7 

9.6 

9.2 

9.1 

8.9 

8.8

8.7 

8.6 

8.5 

8.4 

8.3 

8.3

8.2 

8.2 

8.1 

8.0 

8.0 

8.0

8.0 

8.0 

8.0 

8.0 

8.0 

8.0

9.6 

9.4 

9.3 

9.2 

9.1 

8.9

8.8 

8.7 

8.7 

8.7 

8.7 

8.6

8.6 

8.6 

8.6 

8.6 

8.6 

8.5

8.5 

8.5 

8.5 

8.5 

8.5 

8.5

10.1 

9.6 

9.4 

9.4 

9.3 

9.2

9.1 

9.1 

9.0 

9.0 

9.0 

9.0

9.0 

9.0 

9.0 

9.0 

8.9 

8.6

8.4 

8.2 

7.9 

7.8 

7.8 

7.8

7.8 

7.6 

7.4 

7.3 

7.3 

7.2

7.2 

7.2 

7.2 

7.2 

7.2 

7.2

7.2 

7.2 

7.2 

7.2 

6.9 

6.9

6.7 

6.5 

6.5 

6.5 

6.4 

6.4

8.3 

8.3 

8.3 

8.3 

8.3 

8.2

8.2 

8.2 

8.2 

8.1 

8.1 

8.1

8.0 

7.9 

7.9 

7.8 

7.7 

7.5

7.4 

7.4 

7.4 

7.4 

7.4 

7.4

8.2 

8.1

7.8 

7.8 

7.8 

7.8

7.8 

7.8 

7.7 

7.7 

7.7 

7.7

7.7 

7.7 

7.7 

7.7 

7.6 

7.5

7.4 

7.4 

7.3 

7.3 

7.3 

7.3

9.4 

9.1 

9.3 

9.2 

9.1 

8.9

8.9 

8.9 

8.9 

8.9 

8.8 

8.8

8.7 

8.7 

8.7 

8.4 

8.3 

8.3

8.2 

8.0 

7.7 

7.7

7.7 

7.7

9.7

9.4

9.2

8.3

7.8

7.8

7.5

7.2

6.7

6.7

6.7

6.7

January 28, 1967

1

2

3 

4

5 

6

7 

8

9 

10

11 

12

13 

14

15 

16

17 

18

19 

20

21 

22

23 

24

6.8 

6.8

6.8 

6.8

6.7 

6.7

6.6 

6.4

6.3 

6.3

6.4

7.2

7.7 

7.9

8.1

8.2

8.2 

8.0

7.4 

7.1

6.7 

6.2

6.0 

5.8

8.0 

8.0

8.0 

8.0

8.0 

8.0

8.0 

7.8

7.8 

7.8

7.8 

7.8

7.8 

7.8

7.8 

7.8

7.8 

7.8

7.7 

7.4

7.4 

7.3

7.1

6 Q

8.5 

8.5

8.5 

8.5

8.5 

8.5

8.5 

8.5

8.5 

8.5

8.6 

9.0

9.3 

9.4

9.4 

9.4

9.2 

8.9

8.6 

8.4

8.4 

8.4

8.4

8 4

7.8 

7.8

7.8 

7.8

7.8 

7.8

7.8 

7.8

7.8 

7.8

7.8 

7.8

7.8 

7.8

7.8 

7.8

7.8 

7.8

7.8 

7.8

7.5

7.2

7.2

fi Q

6.4 

6.4

6.4 

6.5

6.5 

6.5

6.6 

6.6

6.5 

6.4

6.4 

6.4

6.5

6.9

6.9 

6.9

6.7 

6.3

5.8 

5.4

5.1 

5.0

4.8

A Q

7.4 

7.4

7.6 

7.6

7.6 

7.6

7.6 

7.6

7.6 

7.6

7.7 

7.7

8.0 

8.3

8.4 

8.3

8.2 

7.7

6.9 

6.8

6.6 

6.4

6.4 

6.4

7.3 

7.3

7.3 

7.3

7.3 

7.4

7.4

7.4

7.4 

7.3

7.3 

7.3

7.5 

7.6

7.7 

7.7

7.4 

7.1

6.6 

6.2

5.9 

5.8

5.8 

5.7

7.8 

7.8

7.8 

7.8

7.8 

7.8

7.8 

7.8

7.8 

7.8

7.8 

7.9

8.0 

8.3

8.3 

8.3

8.3 

8.3

8.0 

7.8

7.7 

7.6

7.5

7

K

6.7

6.6

6.4

6.4

6.1

6.1

6.4

6.4

5.8

5.6

5.3

4.7

January 29, 1967

1 

o

3 

4

5 

6

7 

8

9 

10

11 

12

13 

14

15 

16

17 

18

19 

20

21

22

23 

24

5.7 

5.6

5.4 

5.1

5.0 

5.0

4.9 

4.9

4.9 

4.9

5.0 

5.3

5.7 

6.1

6.3 

6.4

6.4 

6.3

5.7 

5.0

4.4 

4.1

3.9 

3.7

6.8 

6.7

6.6 

6.6

6.4 

6.4

6.3 

6.2

6.1 

6.1

6.2 

6.4

6.7 

6.9

7.1 

7.2

7.2 

7.1

7.0 

6.9

6.8 

6.7

6.0

5.8

8.3 

8.2

8.2 

8.1

8.1 

8.1

8.1 

81

8.1 

8.1

8.1

ft d.

8.9 

9.0

9.0 

9 0

8.2

7 Si

7.5 

7.5

7.4 

7.3

7.3

7.2

6.9 

6.7

6.6 

6.4

6.4 

6.4

6.3 

6.3

6.3 

6 2

6.2 

6.3

6.4

6.7

6.8 

6 9

6.9

fi Q

6.9 

6.7

6.4

5

0

5.7

4.5 

4.4

4.4 

4.4

4.3 

4.3

4.2

A O

4.2

4 9

4.4

4.7

5.3

e 7

6.0

5

0

5.1 

4.4

3.9

q 7

3.4

3

0

3.2

3 1

6.1

6.0

6.0 

5.9

5.8

5

0

5.8

5

0

5.8

S

O

6.4

fi Q

7.5 

7.4

7.2 

6 9

5.8 

5.3

4.9

4.7 

15

4.3 

42

5.6

5.4

5.3 

5.2

5.2 

5.2

5.2 

5.2

5.2

>! 9

5.3

 1 R

5.7

5.8

5.8 

5.6

5.4

A Q

4.4 

4.1

3.9

3 7

3.6 

3.4

7.4 

7.4

7.3 

7.2

7.2

7.2

7.0

7.0

7.0 

7.1

7.1 

7.1

7.2 

7.3

7.3 

7.4

7.4

7 1

6.9 

6.5

6.4 

6.4

6.3 

6.3

4.7

4.4

4.2

3.9

3.6

3.6

4.2

4.2

3.6

3.6

3.3

2.8
D100 HYDROLOGY AND SOME EFFECTS OF URBANIZATION ON LONG ISLAND, NEW YORK

Hourly stream-temperature data, in degrees Celsius, at continuous recording stations, January 25-31, 1967 Continued

Hour

East Meadow 

Brook, site 4 

gaging station

Creek, site 4 

gaging station

Champlin Creek

Site 3 Islip 

Boulevard

Connetquot River

Site 4 gaging Site 1 Veterans 

station Highway

Site3 Site 5 "at 

bridge"

Swan River

Site 3 Sunrise 

Higt way

Site 5 gaging 

station

January 30, 1967

1

2 

3 

4 

5 

6

7 

8 

9 

10 

11 

12

13 

14 

15 

16 

17 

18

19 

20 

21 

22 

23 

24

3.4 

3.1 

3.0

2.9 

2.8 

2.8

2.7 

2.6 

2.6 

2.8 

3.3 

4.2

4.8 

5.5 

6.1 

6.3 

6.3 

5.9

5.4 

4.7 

4.2 

3.7 

3.4 

3.2

5.6 

5.6 

5.3 

5.3 

5.3 

5.3

5.2 

5.1 

5.0 

5.0 

5.1 

5.2

5.3 

5.7 

6.4 

6.7 

6.4 

6.2

6.1 

6.0 

5.6 

5.4 

5.3 

5.0

7.1 

7.1 

7.1 

7.1 

7.1 

7.1

7.1 

7.1 

7.1 

7.1

7.8 

8.8

9.3 

9.6 

9.7 

9.6 

8.9 

8.3

8.0 

7.8 

7.7 

7.6 

7.6 

7.5

5.3 

5.1 

5.1 

5.1 

5.1 

5.1

5.1 

5.1 

5.1 

5.1 

5.2 

5.3

5.9 

6.1 

6.5 

6.5 

6.5 

6.5

6.5 

6.5 

6.5 

6.4 

6.3 

6.1

2.8 

2.7 

2.7 

2.6 

2.6 

2.6

2.6 

2.5 

2.5 

2.5 

2.9 

3.7

5.0 

6.4 

6.7 

6.7 

6.1 

5.3

4.9 

4.2 

4.1 

3.9 

3.8 

3.6

3.9 

3.8 

3.8 

3.7 

3.7 

3.6

3.4 

3.3 

3.3 

3.6 

4.8 

6.0

6.9 

7.3 

7.3 

6.8 

6.1 

5.6

5.0 

4.6 

4.4 

4.3 

4.2 

4.0

3.3 

3.3 

3.3 

3.3 

3.3 

3.3

3.3 

3.3 

3.3 

3.7 

4.4 

5.3

5.8 

6.4 

6.9 

6.9 

6.8 

6.4

5.8 

5.7 

5.4 

5.1 

4.8 

4.6

6.2 

6.2

6.2 

6.2 

6.2 

6.2

6.2 

6.2 

6.2 

6.2 

6. 2 

6.4

6.8 

7.4 

7.8 

?.l 

8.1 

7.9

7.8 

7.4

7.1 

7.1 

6.9 

6.9

2.2

1.9

1.4

1.1

.6

1.4

2.2

2.8

2.8

2.2

1.7

2.5

January 31, 1967

1 

2 

3 

4 

5 

6

7 

8 

9 

10 

11 

12

13 

14 

15 

16 

17 

18

19 

20 

21 

22 

23 

24

3.1

2.9 

2.8 

2.7 

2.6 

2.4

2.3 

2.2 

2.1 

2.1 

2.5 

3.3

4.3 

5.2 

5.7 

6.0 

6.3 

6.3

6.2 

5.9 

5.7 

5.4 

5.3 

5.0

4.7 

4.4 

4.2 

3.9 

3.9 

3.6

3.3 

3.3 

3.3 

3.3 

3.6 

4.4

5.6 

6.7 

6.9 

6.9 

6.7 

6.7

6.6 

6.5 

6.4 

6.4 

6.4 

6.4

7.5 

7.5 

7.3 

7.3

7.2 

7.2

7.2 

7.1 

7.1 

7.1 

7.8 

8.9

9.7 

10.0 

10.0 

9.9 

9.7 

9.0

8.9 

8.8 

8.8 

8.8 

8.6 

8.4

6.6

5.9 

5.8 

5.8 

5.7 

5.7

5.6 

5.6 

5.4 

5.4 

5.4 

6.0

6.5 

6.9

7.2 

7.6 

7.8 

7.8

7.8 

7.8 

7.8 

7.8 

7.8 

7.8

3.5 

3.6 

3.5 

3.5 

3.4 

3.4

3.1 

3.1 

3.1 

3.2 

3.6 

4.4

5.6 

6.7 

7.2 

7.1 

6.9 

6.3

6.2 

6.1

5.8 

5.8 

5.7 

5.4

3.9 

3.7 

3.6 

3.4 

3.3 

3.3

3.2 

3.2 

3.3 

3.6 

4.6 

5.9

6.9 

7.5

7.5 

7.4 

6.9 

6.4

6.1 

6.0 

6.0 

5.9 

5.6 

5.4

4.4 

4.1 

3.8 

3.6 

3.4 

3.3

3.1 

3.1 

3.1 

3.2 

3.8 

4.7

5.8 

6.7 

7.5 

7.7 

7.7 

7.6

7.3 

7.1 

6.8 

6.6 

6.3 

6.1

6.9 

6.8 

6.8 

6.7

6.7 

6.6

6.5 

6.4

6.4 

6.6

7.2 

7.5

7.8 

S.I

8.3 

f.6

8.6 

8.4

8.3 

» 1

8.1

7.8

7.8 

7.8

1.4

1.9

1.1

1.1

1.4

1.9

2.8

3.3

3.9

3.9

4.2

4.2
TEMPERATURE OF THE STREAMS ON LONG ISLAND, NEW YORK 

Hourly stream-temperature data, in degrees Celsius, at continuous recording stations, April 19-25, 1967

D101

East Meadow Brook

Four Site 1, 

Jerusalem 

Avenue

Site 4, 

gaging 

station

Site 5E, 

Sunrise 

Highway

Sampawams 

Creek 

Site 4 

gaging 

station

Champlin Creek

Site 1, 

Spur 

Drive 

North

Site 3, 

Islip 

Boulevard

Site 4 

gaging 

station

Site 5, 

Montauk 

Highway

Connetquot River

Site 1, 

Veterans 

Highway

Site3

SiteS "at 

bridge"

Swan River

Site 3, 

Sunrise 

Highway

SiteS 

gagin? 

station

April 19, 1967

1 8.9 

2 8.9 

3 8.9 

4 8.9 

5 8.8 

6 8.7

7 8.6 

8 8.6 

9 8.6 

10 8.6 

11 8.7 

12 9.2

13 9.7 

14 10. 6 

15 10. 8 

16 10. 9 

17 10. 8 

18 10. 5

19 9.9 

20 9.7 

21 9.2 

22 8.9 

23 8.7 

24 8.6

9.6 

9.4 

9.3 

9.2 

9.1 

9.0

8.9 

8.9 

8.9 

8.9 

9.1 

9.5

10.4 

10.9 

11.2 

11.4 

11.4 

11.4

11.1 

11.0 

10.6 

10.2 

9.9 

9.7

10.0 

9.9 

9.9 

9.9 

9.9 

9.' 9

9.9 

9.9 

9.9 

10.0 

10.4 

10.7

11.1 

11.2 

11.2 

11.2 

11.1 

11.0

10.8 

10.6 

10.3 

10.1 

10.1 

10.1

10.0 

9.9 

9.8 

9.7 

9.7 

9.6

9.6 

9.6 

9.6 

9.6 

9.6 

9.8

10.2 

10.6 

10.9 

11.2 

11.1 

11.1

11.1 

11.0 

11.0 

10.8 

10.8 

10.6

9.4 

9.2 

9.0 

8.9 

8.9 

8.9

8.9 

8.9 

9.4 

10.0 

10.6 

11.1

11.4 

11.7 

12.2 

12.2 

11.9 

11.7

11.4 

11.1 

10.6 

10.0 

9.4 

9.2

10.7 

10.7 

10.6 

10.6 

10.6 

10.3

10.3 

10.4 

10.4 

10.6 

10.9 

11.1

11.5 

11.6 

11.6 

11.6 

11.6 

11.4

11.1 

10.8 

10.6 

10.4 

10.3 

10.0

11.1 

11.0 

10.8 

10.8 

10.8 

10.4

10.3 

10.3 

10.3 

10.4 

10.7 

11.1

11.6 

11.9 

12.0 

12.0 

12.0 

11.9

11.8 

11.7 

11.1 

10.8 

10.6 

10.3

10.3 

10.1 

10.0 

9.9 

9.9 

9.6

9.4 

9.4 

9.4 

9.4 

9.4 

9.6

9.8 

10.0 

10.2 

10.2 

10.2 

10.2

10.1 

10.0 

9.9 

9.7 

9.4 

9.3

8.1

7.9 

7.9 

7.8 

7.8 

7.8

7.8 

7.8 

7.8 

7.8 

8.3 

8.9

10.0 

11.9 

11.9 

12.2 

12.2 

11.7

10.8 

10.0 

9.4 

8.9 

8.4 

8.1

9.4 

9.2 

9.2 

9.1 

9.1 

8.9

8.9 

8.9 

8.9 

8.9 

9.2 

10.0

10.8 

11.7 

11.7 

11.7 

11.4 

11.1

10.6 

10.0 

9.6 

9.2 

8.9 

8.6

9.4 

9.4 

9.4 

9.4 

9.4 

9.4

9.4 

9.4 

9.4 

9.4 

9.7 

10.0

10.6 

11.1 

11.7 

11.7 

11.7 

11.4

11.4 

11.1 

11.1 

10.3 

10.0 

9.7

10.0 

10.0

10.0 

10.0

10.0 

10.0

10.0 

10.0

10.0 

10.0

10.3 

10.8

11.4 

11.7

11.7 

11.4

11.1 

10.8

10.6 

10.1

9.7 

9.4

9.3

9.2

10. e

10.3

10.0

10.0

9.4

9.4

9.8

10.0

10.3

10.0

9.7

9.4

April 20, 1967

1 8.3 

2 8.3 

3 8.3 

4 8.3 

5 8.2 

6 8.3

7 8.3 

8 8.3 

9 8.6 

10 9.7 

11 11.4 

12 12. 8

13 13. 9 

14 14. 9 

15 15. 3 

16 15. 6 

17 15. 6 

18 14. 7

19 13. 7 

20 12.0 

21 10. 7 

22 10.1 

23 9.9 

24 9.6

1 9.1 

2 9.1 

3 9.0 

4 8.9 

5 8.7 

6 8.7

7 8.7 

8 8.8 

9 10.0 

10 10. 8 

11 12. 0 

12 12. 9

13 14. 0 

14 14.3 

15 14.4 

16 14. 4 

17 13. 6 

18 12. 5

19 11. 9 

20 11. 3 

21 10. 8 

22 10.8 

23 10. 7 

24 10.7

9.7 

9.4 

9 2 

9.'o 

9.0 

8.7

8.6 

8.6 

8.7 

9.0 

10.3 

11.7

13.4 

14.6 

15.9 

16.2 

16.3 

16.3

16.1 

15.6 

14.7 

13.6 

13.2 

12.4

11.7 

11.2 

10.7 

10.6 

10.3 

10.1

10.0 

10.0 

10.0 

10.6 

11.6 

13.1

14.4 

15.0 

15.6 

15.7 

15.7 

15.6

15.0 

14.4 

13.6 

12.9 

12.8 

12.5

10.1 

10.1 

10.0 

10.0 

10.0 

10.0

10.0 

10.0 

10.1 

10.2 

10.7 

11.6

12.1 

12.6 

12.8 

12.9 

12.9 

12.7

12.2 

11.9 

11.6 

11.4 

11.3 

11.1

11.1 

10.9 

10.8 

10.7 

10.7 

10.6

10.5 

10.5 

10.5 

10.7 

12.0 

12.6

12.9 

12.9 

13.1 

13.1

12.9 

12.7

12.2 

12.1 

11.9 

11.8 

11.7 

11.6

10.4 

10.3 

10.0 

9.9 

9.8 

9.7

9.7 

9.7 

10.3 

10.8 

11.4 

12.2

13.1 

13.9 

14.2 

14.3 

14.3 

14.2

14.2 

14.1 

13.8 

13.1 

12.8 

12.5

12.2 

12.0 

11.9 

11.7 

11.6 

11.4

11.4 

11.4 

11.4 

11.7 

12.1 

12.8

13.4 

13.9 

14.3 

14.3 

14.2 

14.1

14,0 

13.8 

13.7 

13.4 

13.3 

13.1

8.9 

8.8 

8.6 

8.5 

8.4 

8.3

8.3 

8.3 

8.9 

11.7 

13.9 

15.6

17.2 

19.4 

20.0 

19.4 

18.9 

18.3

16.9 

15.6 

14.2 

13.1 

12.2 

11.7

11.1 

10.8 

10.3 

10.0 

9.7 

9.6

9.4 

9.4 

9.7 

10.8 

13 9 

15.' 3

16.7 

18.3 

18.9 

18.9 

18.6 

17.8

16.9 

16.1 

15.0 

14.2 

13.6 

13.5

9.8 

9.7 

9.6 

9.6 

9.4 

9.4

9.4 

9.6 

10.3 

11.7 

12.8 

13.9

15.0 

15.3 

15.3 

15.0 

14.2 

13.3

12.5 

11.9 

11.1 

10.8 

10.6 

10.3

April 21,

10.3 

10.2 

10.0 

9.8 

9.8 

9.8

9.7 

9.8 

10.0 

10.6 

11.7 

12.5

13.3 

14.0 

14.2 

14.2 

13.9 

13.3

12.8 

12.2 

11.9 

11.4 

11.4 

11.3

10.0 

9.7 

9.6 

9.5 

9.4 

9.3

9.3 

9.3 

10.3 

11.4 

12.8 

14.4

15.3 

16.1 

16.7 

16.9 

16.7 

16.4

15.6 

14.7 

13.9 

12.8 

12.2 

11.7

1967

11.2 

10.9 

10.7 

10.3 

10.0 

10.0

10.0 

10.0 

10.6 

11.7 

12.8 

13.9

14.7 

15.4 

15.8 

15.8 

15.4 

14.9

14.4 

13.4 

13.1 

12.7 

12.5 

11.9

9.7 

8.9 

8.8 

8.7 

8.7 

8.6

8.6 

8.6 

8.6 

9.2 

10.3 

11.1

11.9 

12.5 

13.1 

13.5 

13.6 

13.6

13.5 

13.4 

13.3 

13.1 

12.9 

12.8

12.8 

12.5 

12.2 

12.1 

11.9 

11.9

11.8 

11.7 

11.7 

11.8 

12.2 

12.8

13.4 

13.9 

14.1 

14.2 

14.2 

14.2

14.2 

14.2 

14.2 

14.2 

13.8 

13.8

8.0 

8.0 

7.7 

7.3 

7.3 

7.3

7.2 

7.2 

7.5 

8.1 

9.4 

11.4

13.6 

16.1 

17.8 

18.1 

16.1 

14.4

12.8 

11.7 

10.6 

10.0 

9.2 

8.6

8.3 

8.2 

7.9 

7.7 

7.3 

7.3

7.3 

7.3 

8.1 

9.2 

11.1 

12.8

14.2 

15.6 

16.1 

15.6 

14.4 

12.2

11.1 

10.6 

10.0 

9.9 

9.7 

9.6

8.3 

8.1

7.9 

7.8 

7.8 

7.8

7.8 

7.8 

8.1 

8.9 

11.1 

13.3

15.6 

16.1 

16.1 

15.6 

14.7 

14.2

13.3 

12.5 

11.4 

10.6 

10.0 

9.4

8.9 

8.6 

8.5 

8.3 

8.2 

8.1

8.0 

8.0 

8.6 

10.0 

12.2 

13.9

15.3 

15.6 

15.6 

15.0 

13.9 

12.8

12.2 

11.7 

11.1 

10.6 

9.9 

9.7

9.4

9.2 

8.9 

8.8 

8.7 

8.6

8.4 

8.4 

8.9 

9.2 

10.6 

12.2

13.9 

15.6 

16.1 

16.7 

16.7 

16.1

15.6 

14.7 

13.3 

11.9 

11.1 

10.6

10. 0 

9.6 

9.2 

9.1 

8.9 

8.8

8.7 

8.7 

8.9 

9.4 

11.1 

12.5

13.9 

15.0 

15.6 

15.6 

15.0 

14.4

14.2 

13.9 

13.3 

12.5 

11.4 

11.1

9.2 

9.1

9.0 

8.9

8.9 

8.9

8.9 

8.9

9.2 

10.0

11.9 

13.3

14.4 

15.0

15.3 

15.0

14.4 

13.3

12.2 

11 4

10.8 

10.3

9.7 

9.4

9.2 

9.0

8.9 

8.8

8.7 

8.7

8.9 

8.9

9.2

9 A

11.1

12.5

13.3 

14.2

14.3 

14.3

13.6 

12.8

11.7 

11.4

10.8 

10. 6

10.4 

10.4

8.8

8.3

8.2

8.2

8.8

10.0

11.4

12.2

12.8

12.5

12.2

11.7

11.7

11.3

11.1

11.1

11.3

11.7

11.9

12.2

12. S

12.5

12.4

12.3
D102 HYDROLOGY AND SOME EFFECTS OF URBANIZATION ON LONG ISLAND, NEW YORK

Hourly stream-temperature data, in degrees Celsius, at continuous recording stations, April 19-25, 1967 Continued

East Meadow Brook

Hour Site 1, 

Jerusalem 

Avenue

Site 4, 

gaging 

station

Site 5E, 

Sunrise 

Highway

Sampawams 

Creek 

Site 4 

gaging 

station

Champlin Creek

Site 1, 

Spur 

Drive

North

Site 3, 

Islip 

Boulevard

Site 4 

gaging 

station

Site 5, 

Montauk 

Highway

Connetquot Elver

Site 1, 

Veterans 

Highway

Site3

Site5 "at 

bridge"

Swan Elver

Site 3, 

Sunrise 

Highway

Site5 

gaging 

station

April 22, 1967

1 10.6 

2 10.6 

3 10.6 

4 10.6 

5 10.6 

6 10.6

7 10.6 

8 10.6 

9 10.6 

10 10. 9 

11 12. 1 

12 13. 2

13 14.4 

14 15. 0 

15 15. 4 

16 15. 6 

17 15. 6 

18 15. 3

19 14. 4 

20 13. 3 

21 12. 5 

22 11. 9 

23 11. 7 

24 11.3

1 11.3 

2 11.1 

3 10.4 

4 10.0 

5 9.7 

6 9.4

7 9.2 

8 9.2 

9 9.3 

10 10. 0 

11 11.4 

12 12.8

13 13. 8 

14 14. 2 

15 14. 3 

16 14. 3 

17 14. 3 

18 13. 9

19 13. 3 

20 12. 2 

21 11. 4 

22 10. 7 

23 10. 3 

24 10. 0

12.2 

12.2 

12.0 

11.9 

11.9 

11.8

11.8 

11.7 

11.7 

11.7 

11.9 

13.1

13.9 

14.7 

15.3 

15.8 

16.3 

16.4

16.4 

16.3 

15.8 

15.0 

14.4 

13.9

13.3 

12.8 

12.2 

11.7 

11.1 

10.6

10.4 

10.4 

10.4 

10.8 

11.7 

12.8

14.2 

14.7 

15.0 

15.1 

15.3 

15.3

15.0 

13.9 

13.1 

12.2 

11.7 

11.1

11.6 

11.6 

11.6 

11.6 

11.6 

11.6

11.6 

11.6 

11.6 

11.6 

11.8 

12.1

12.6 

12.7 

12.8 

12.9 

13.0 

13.0

12.9 

12.8 

12.5 

12.5 

12.3 

12.2

12.2 

12.1 

11.9 

11.7 

11.4 

11.3

11.2 

11.2 

11.2 

11.7 

12.2 

12.8

13.2 

13.3 

13.3 

13.3 

13.3 

13.2

12.8 

12.5 

12.2 

11.9 

11.8 

11.7

12.9 

12.7 

12.4 

12.4 

12.3 

12.3

12.2 

12.2 

12.3 

12.3 

12.4 

12.7

12.9 

13.3 

13.6 

14.0 

14.2 

14.3

14.2 

14.1 

14.1 

14.0 

13.9 

13.7

13.4 

13.2 

12.8 

12.6 

12.3 

12.1

11.9 

11.9 

11.9 

11.9 

12.2 

12.9

13.6 

14.2 

14.8 

14.9 

14.8 

14.7

14.5 

13.9 

13.6 

13.1 

12.8 

12.4

13.4 

13.3 

13.2 

13.1 

13.1 

13.1

13.1 

13.1 

13.1 

13.1 

13.6 

13.9

14.4 

14.7 

15.0 

15.6 

16.4 

16.4

15.8 

15.3 

14.7 

14.2 

13.6 

13.1

12.2 

11.7 

11.1 

10.6 

10.2 

10.0

9.7 

9.7 

10.3 

12.2 

14.4 

16.7

17.5 

17.5 

17.6 

17.4 

16.7 

15.3

14.2 

13.1 

12.2 

11.1 

10.3 

9.7

11.2 

11.2 

11.2 

11.1 

11.1 

11.1

11.1 

11.1 

11.1 

11.2 

11.3 

11.3

11.4 

11.7 

11.7 

12.0 

12.0 

11.9

11.9 

11.7 

11.4 

11.1 

10.8 

10.7

April 23,

10.6 

10.1 

9.9 

9.7 

9.4 

9.2

9.2 

9.3 

9.4 

11.1 

12.8 

13.9

14.3 

14.6 

14.6 

14.6 

13.9 

13.3

12.1 

11.4 

10.8 

9.7 

9.4 

8.9

11.9 

11.9 

11.8 

11.7 

11.7 

11.6

11.6 

11.5 

11.5 

11.5 

11.5 

11.9

12.5 

12.8 

13.2 

13.6 

13.8 

14.2

14.2 

13.9 

13.6 

13.2 

12.8 

12.3

1967

11.7 

11.3 

11.0 

10.7 

10.3 

10.1

10.1 

10.2 

10.3 

11.9 

13.1 

14.2

15.0 

15.4 

15.8 

15.9 

15.2 

14.4

13.3 

12.5 

11.9 

11.4 

10.8 

10.3

13.8 

13.6 

13.6 

13.6 

13.6 

13.5

13.4 

13.4 

13.4 

13.3 

13.3 

13.3

13.3 

13.3 

13.3 

13.3 

13.4 

13.4

13.4 

13.4 

13.3 

13.3 

13.2 

13.2

13.1 

12.8 

12.4 

12.2 

11.9 

11.9

11.7 

11.7 

11.7 

11.7 

11.7 

12.1

12.4 

12.6 

12.9 

13.1 

13.1 

13.1

13.0 

12.9 

12.9 

12.8 

12.8 

12.7

9.6 

9.4 

9.3 

9.3 

9.3 

9.3

9.3 

9.3 

9.6 

10.3 

11.1 

11.7

12.8 

13.6 

14.2 

14.7 

14.7 

14.4

13.6 

12.2 

11.1 

10.6 

10.1 

9.9

9.9 

9.6 

9.0 

8.6 

8.3 

8.1

7.9 

7.8 

8.1 

8.9 

10.0 

11.9

13.6 

14.7 

15.6 

15.8 

13.9 

12.8

11.7 

11.1 

10.3 

10.0 

8.9 

8.3

9.7 

9.7 

9.7 

9.7 

9.7 

9.7

9.7 

9.7 

9.7 

10.0 

10.3 

11.1

12.2 

13.1 

13.9 

13.9 

13.9 

13.6

13.3 

12.2 

11.7 

11.1 

10.6 

10.3

10.0 

9.7 

9.4 

8.9 

8.6 

8.3

8.1 

8.1 

8.3 

9.4 

11.1 

13.3

15.0 

15.6 

15.8 

15.6 

13.6 

12.9

12.2 

11.7 

10.6 

10.0 

8.9 

8.3

10.9 

10.8 

10.8 

10.8 

10.7 

10.6

10.4 

10.4 

10.4 

10.6 

10.8 

11.1

11.7 

12.2 

13.1 

13.6 

13.9 

13.9

13.6 

13.3 

12.9 

12.2 

11.8 

11.4

11.1 

10.7 

10.3 

10.0 

9.7 

9.3

9.2 

9.1 

9.2 

9.4 

10.3 

11.9

13.3 

15.0 

16.1 

16.4 

15.6 

14.4

13.3 

12.2 

11.7 

11.1 

10.6 

10.0

10.4 

10.3 

10.3 

10.3 

10.3 

10.3

10.3 

10.3 

10.3 

10.4 

11.1 

11.9

12.2 

12.4 

12.4 

12.5 

12.6 

12.6

12.2 

11.7 

11.1 

10.9 

10.7 

10.6

10.6 

10.3 

10.0 

9.6

9.3 

9.1

9.1 

9.1

9.1 

9 4

10.6 

12.5

13.6 

14.4

15.0 

15.3

14.4 

13.3

11.9 

11.1

10.2

9

Q

9.2

8 Q

12.4

12.4

12.5

12.2

11.9

11.9

12.5

13.1

12.8

12.8

12.7

12.4

12.2

11.9

11.4

11.1

11.4

11.9

12.5

12.5

13.1

13.1

12.8

12.5

April 24, 1967

1 9.5 

2 9.3 

3 9.2 

4 9.2 

5 9.1 

6 9.1

7 9.1 

8 9.1 

9 9.1 

10 9.1 

11 9.1 

12 8.7

13 7.9 

14 7.3 

15 7.0 

16 6.9 

17 7.0 

18 7.1

19 7.1 

20 7.1 

21 7.2 

22 7.3 

23 7.3 

24 7. 3

11.1 

10.8 

10.6 

10.3 

10.3 

10.3

10.3 

10.3 

10.3 

10.1 

10.0 

10.0

9.7 

9.7 

9.8 

9.9 

9.9 

9.9

9.9 

9.8 

9.7 

9.6 

9.4

Q 9

11.6 

11.4 

11.4 

11.5 

11.6 

11.6

11.6 

11.5 

11.4 

11.4 

11.3 

11.3

11.4 

11.4 

11.7 

11.8 

11.9 

11.7

11.7 

11.4 

11.2 

11.0 

10.9 in &

11.7 

11.5 

11.3 

11.1 

10.9 

10.7

10.4 

10.3 

10.2 

10.1 

10.0 

9.7

9.6 

9.6 

9.6 

9.7 

9.7 

9.7

9.7 

9.7 

9.6 

9.6 

9.5 n >

8.9 

8.1 

7.7 

7.7 

7.7 

7.7

7.7 

7.8 

7.8 

7.8 

7.7 

7.7

7.7 

7.7 

7.8 

8.3 

8.9 

9.2

9.2 

9.2 

9.2 

9.1 

8.9

C Q

8.9 

8.3 

8.3 

8.3 

8.3 

8.3

8.3 

8.3 

8.3 

8.3 

8.2 

8.1

7.9 

7.9 

7.9 

8.1 

8.1 

8.2

8.2 

8.2 

8.2 

8.1 

8.1

9.7 

9.2 

8.9 

8.6 

8.3 

8.3

8.3 

8.3 

8.3 

8.3 

8.1 

7.8

7.6 

7.6 

7.6 

7.7 

7.8 

7.9

7.9 

7.9 

7.9 

7.9 

7.8

7 C

12.7 

12.5 

12.2 

12.0 

11.8 

11.6

11.4 

11.2 

10.9 

10.7 

10.4 

9.7

9.2 

9.1 

9.1 

9.1 

9.1 

9.1

9.1 

9.1 

9.1 

9.0 

9.0 

n n

7.5 

7.2 

6.9 

6.9 

6.9 

7.0

7.1 

7.1 

7.2 

7.3 

7.3 

7.1

7.1 

7.1 

7.1

7.2 

7.9 

8.2

8.2 

8.1 

7.9 

7.7 

7.5 7 a

7.8 

7.2 

7.1 

7.1 

7.1 

7.1

7.1 

7.2 

7.2 

7.3 

7.3 

7.3

7.3

7.3 

7.4 

7.5 

7.9 

8.3

8.3 

8.3 

8.3 

8.1 

7.9

7 «

9.0 

8.6 

8.2 

7.8 

7.6 

7.6

7.6

7.7 

7.8 

7.9 

7.9 

7.9

7.8 

7.8 

7.9 

7.9 

8.1 

8.3

8.4 

8.4 

8.4 

8.4 

8.3

o O

8.3 

8.1

8.1 

8.1

8.1

8 9

8.3 

8.3 .

8.3 

8.3

8.3

S 1

8.1 

8.1 

8.1 

8.3

8.5 

8.8

8.9 

8.9 

8.8 

8.7 

8.6 

8.4

12.3

11.9

11.9

11.4

10.3

9.2

8.6

9.2

9.2

8.9

8.6

8.6
TEMPERATURE OF THE STREAMS ON LONG ISLAND, NEW YORK E 103

Hourly stream-temperature data, in degrees Celsius, at continuous recording stations, April 19-25, 1967 Continued

East Meadow Brook

Hour Site 1, 

Jerusalem 

Avenue

Site 4, 

gaging 

station

Site 5E, 

Sunrise 

Highway

Sampawams 

Creek 

Site 4 

gaging 

station

Site 1, 

Spur 

Drive 

North

Champlin Creek

Site 3, Site 4 

Islip gaging 

Boulevard station

Connetquot River

Site 5, 

Montauk 

Highway

Site 1, 

Veterans 

Highway

Site 3

Swan RiveSite 5 Site 3, 

"at Sunrise 

bridge" Highway

Slid 5 

gafing 

station

April 25, 1967

1 7.3

2 7.4 

3 7.4 

4 7.4 

5 7.4 

6 7.4

7 7.4 

8 7.4 

9 7.8 

10 9.4 

11 10. 6 

12 11. 7

13 12. 8 

14 13. 3 

15 13. 9 

16 13. 9 

17 13. 6 

18 12. 8

19 11. 1 

20 10.3 

21 9.4 

22 8.9 

23 8.6 

24 8.4

8.9 

8.9 

8.8 

8.7 

8.4 

7.8

7.8 

7.9 

8.3 

9.7 

11.1 

12.8

14.2 

15.0 

15.3 

15.3 

15.2 

15.0

14.4 

13.6 

12.5 

11.9 

11.1 

10.6

10.8 

10.7 

10.6 

10.6 

10.4 

10.4

10.3 

10.3 

10.5 

10.7 

11.3 

12 2

12.5 

12.8 

12.9 

12.9 

12.8 

12.3

12.1 

11.7 

11.6 

11.3 

11.1 

11.0

9.3 

9.1 

9.1 

8.9 

8.9 

8.7

8.6 

8.6 

8.6 

8.6 

9.4 

10.3

11.4 

12.2 

13.1 

13.3 

13.2 

13.1

12.9 

12.5 

11.8 

11.4 

10.8 

10.6

Hourly stream-temperature

East Meadow Brook

Honr Site 1, 

Jerusalem 

Av«nue

Site 4, 

gaging 

station

Site 5E, 

Sunrise 

Highway

Sampawams 

Creek 

Site 4, 

gaging 

station

8.6 

8.5 

8.4 

8.3 

8.2 

7.9

7.8 

7.9 

8.3 

12.2 

15.0 

17.2

19.4 

19.4 

19.3 

19.3 

18.3 

16.1

15.0 

13.3 

12.8 

11.4 

10.6 

9.7

data in Q

Site 1, 

Spur 

Drive

North

8. 1 8. 0 

8. 0 8. 0 

8. 0 8. 0 

8. 0 7. 9 

7. 9 7. 8 

7. 8 7. 8

7.8 7.8 

7.9 7.8 

8. 0 8. 2 

8. 9 9. 4 

10.6 11.1 

11. 9 12. 8

13. 6 13. 9 

14. 0 15. 3 

14. 2 15. 8 

14. 2 16. 1 

13. 6 15. 6 

13. 3 15. 0

12. 8 13. 6 

11. 7 12. 2 

11. 1 11. 4 

10. 7 10. 6 

10. 0 10. 0 

9.4 9.4

legrees Celsius, at

Champlin Creek

Site 3, Site 4, 

Islip gaging 

Boulevard station

9.2 

8.9 

8 6 

8.6 

8.4 

8.3

8.3 

8.3 

8.3 

8.3 

8.8 

9.6

10.6

11.7 ias

13.3 

13.9 

13.9

13.9 

13.6 

13.3 

13.2 

12.8 ia2

continuous

7.2 

7.2 

7.2 

6.8 

6.7 

6.6

6.6 

6.7 

7.2 

8.9 

11.7 

13.9

16.1 

16.7 

16.9 

15.6 ias

11.7

10.3 

9.4 

8.6 

8.3

7.8 

7.2

7.8 

7.7 

7.4 

7.3 

6.9 

6.9

6.9 

6.9 

7.2 

8.9 

11.1 

13.3

15.3 

15.6 

15.6 

14.4 

13.6 

12.8

11.7 

10.8 

10.0 

8.9 

8.3 

7.8

8.3

8.2 

8.1 

8.1 

8.0 

7.9

7.8 

7.7 

7.7 

9.4 

10.6 

12.5

13.9 

15.3 

15.7 

15.6 

15.3 

14.4

13.3

12.2 

11.7 

11.4 

10.3

9.7

recording stations, June 7-13,

Connetquot River

Site 5, 

Montauk 

Highway

Site 1, 

Veterans 

Highway

Site 3

8.3 

8.3

8.2 

8.1 

8.0 

8.0

8.0 

8.0 

8.3 

9.2 

10.8 ia2

13.3 

14.2 

14.3 

14.2 

13.6 

12.2

11.1 

10.3 

9.4 

8.9 

8.6 

8.3

1967

8.1

7.8

7.5

7.8

8.3

9.4

10.3

11.4

11.9

11.7

11.7

11.4

Swan RiveSite 5, Site 3, 

"at Sunrise 

bridge" Highway

Site 5, 

gaping sta*'on

June 7, 1967

1 12.9 

2 12.7 

3 12.4 

4 12.3 

5 12.2 

6 12.2

7 12.2 

8 12.5 

9 13.3 

10 15. 0 

11 16.4 

12 17. 5

13 18.3 

14 18.8 

15 19. 0 

16 19. 0 

17 18.6 

18 17. 8

19 16. 7 

20 15.6 

21 14.7 

22 14.2 

23 13.9 

24 13.6

17.2 

16.9 

16.3 

16.1 

15.9 

15.8

15.8 

15.8 

16.4 

17.5 

19.2 

20.6

21.4 

21.9 

22.2 

22.5 

22.4 

21.9

21.3 

20.8 

20.0 

19.2 

18.6 

17.8

16.2 

16.1 

15.9 

15.8 

15.7 

15.7

15.7 

15.7 

15.8 

16.1 

17.5 

18.3

19.2 

19.6 

19.6 

19.6 

19.2 

18.7

18.1 

17.5 

16.9 

16.7 

16.5 

16.3

18.9 

18.3 

18.1 

17.8 

17.6 

17.3

17.1 

16.9 

16.9 

17.8 

19.2 

20.3

21.1 

22.2 

22.8 

23.2 

22.6 

22.9

22.7 

22.2 

21.4 

20.8 

20.0 

19.7

18.3 

18.1

17.8 

17.5 

17.3 

17.2

17.2 

17.2 

17.2 

17.2 lag

20.0

21.1 

21.9 

22.2 

22.2 

22.1 

21.8

21.4 

21.1 

20.3 

19.7 

19.4 

19.2

13. 6 16. 0 

13. 3 15. 6 

13. 2 14. 9 

13. 1 14. 4 

13. 0 14. 1

ia 9 14. i

12. 9 14. 1

ia 9 14. i

13. 3 14. 7 

14. 4 15. 6 

15. 3 16. 7 

16.4 17.5

16. 9 18. 3 

17. 2 18. 9 

17. 3 19. 3 

17. 2 19. 7 

16. 9 19. 8 

16.4 19.8

15. 8 19. 4 

15. 3 19. 3 

14. 7 18. 5 

14. 4 17. 8 

14. 2 16. 8 

13.9 16.4

21.7 

21.4 

21.1 

21.1 

20.8 

20.6

20.6 

20.3 

20.3 

20.3 

20.6 

20.8

21.1 

21.7 

22.2 

22.5 

22.8 

23.1

23.1 

2a9

22.8 

22.5 

2a2 

21.9

11.9 

11.7 

11.4 

11.1 

11.1 

10.9

10.9 

11.4 

13.9 

15.0 

16.4 

17.5

18.3 

18.6 

18.3 

17.8 

16.7 

15.6

147 

14.3 

13.6 

13.2 

13.0 

12.8

13.0 ias

12.5 ia2 lao

11.8

11.8 

11.8 

12.5 

13.9 

15.6 

17.5

18.3 

18.9 

19.2 

19.1 

18.4 

17.6

16.4 

15.8 

15.0 

14.2 

13.9 

13.6

13.6 

13.1 lag ia?

12.4 ia2 

lai

12.2 ia?

14.4 

15.6 

17.5

18.1 

18.9 

19.4 

19.4 

19.3 

19.0

18.3 

17.5 

16.4 

15.6 

14.7 

14.2

11. 9 

11.8 

11.8 

11.7 

11.6 

11.6

11.6 

11.7 

12.2 

13.9 

15.0 

15.8

16.1 

16.1 

16.1 

16.0 

15.6 

14.7

14.0 

13.6 

13.0 ias

12.4 ia2

19.4

19.2

18.9

18.9

18.9

19.4

19.8

2(1.6

2'. 1

2M

me

2(1.3
D104 HYDROLOGY AND SOME EFFECTS OF URBANIZATION ON LONG ISLAND, NEW YORK

Hourly stream-temperature data, in degrees Celsius, at continuous recording stations, June 7-1 S, 1967 Continued

East Meadow Brook

Hour Site 1, 

Jerusalem 

Avenue

Site 4, 

gaging 

station

Site 5E, 

Sunrise 

Highway

Samp a warns 

Creek 

Site 4 

gaging 

station

Champjin Creek

Site 1, 

Spur 

Drive 

North

Site 3, 

Islip 

Boulevard

Site 4 

gaging 

station

Site 5, 

Montauk 

Highway

Connetquot River

Site 1, 

Veterans 

Highway

Site 3

Site 5, "at 

bridge"

Swan River

Site 3, 

Sunrise 

Highway

Site 5, 

gaging 

station

June 8, 1967

1 13.7 

2 13.3 

3 13.2 

4 13.1 

5 13.0 

6 12.9

7 12.9 

8 13.1 

9 13.6 

10 14. 7 

11 16. 7 

12 17. 8

13 18. 9 

14 19. 7 

15 19. 9 

16 20.0 

17 19. 9 

18 19. 3

19 18. 1 

20 16.7 

21 15. 6 

22 14. 7 

23 14.2 

24 13. 9

1 13.6 

2 13.3 

3 13.1 

4 13.0 

5 12.9 

6 12.9

7 12.9 

8 12.9 

9 13.8 

10 15. 3 

11 16. 9 

12 17. 8

13 19. 2 

14 20. 1 

15 20. 3 

16 20.6 

17 20. 4 

18 19. 7

19 18. 3 

20 17.2 

21 16. 1 

22 15. 3 

23 14.8 

24 13. 7

17.2 

17.1 

16.8 

16.6 

16.3 

16.3

16.3 

16.3 

16.9 

18.1 

19.4 

20.3

21.7 

22.2

22.7 

22.8 

22.8 

22.6

21.7 

21.1 

20.0 

18.9 

18.3 

17.8

17.8 

17.5 

17.1 

16.9 

16.7 

16.6

16.5 

16.5 

16.9

17.8 

18.9 

20.0

21.1

22.2 

22.8 

23.1 

23.0 

22.5

22.1 

21.2 

20.7 

19.7 

18.9 

18.4

16.1 

15.9 

15.8 

15.8 

15.8 

15.7

15.6 

15.7 

15.8 

16.1 

17.2 

17.9

18.3 

19.0 

19.2 

19.2 

18.7 

18.3

17.6 

17.1 

16.7 

16.4 

16.3 

16.1

15.9 

15.8 

15.7 

15.6 

15.6 

15.6

15.6 

15.6 

15.6 

15.8 

16.7 

18.1

18.9 

19.2 

19.3 

19.1 

18.7 

18.1

17.8 

17.2 

16.7 

16.3 

16.1 

15.9

19.4 

18.9 

18.3 

18.1 

17.8 

17.5

17.3 

17.2 

17.3 

17.6 

18.6 

20.0

21.4 

22.5 

23.6 

23.9 

23.8 

23.4

22.8 

22.6 

21.7 

21.1 

20.6 

20.0

19.4 

19.2 

18.^ 

18.2 

17.9 

17.7

17.5 

17.4 

17.8 

18.3 

19.4 

20.6

21.4 

22.2 

22.8 

22.8 

23.2 

23.1

22.7 

22.5 

22.2 

21.1 

20.3 

19.7

18.6 

18.3 

18.1

17.8 

17.8 

17.8

17.8 

17.8 

17.9 

18.3 

19.7 

21.4

22.2 

22.7 

22.8 

22.8 

22.7 

22.3

21.9 

21.1 

20.6 

20.0 

19.7 

19.4

19.2 

18.9 

18.6 

18.3 

18.3 

18.2

18.2 

18.2 

18.2 

18.3 

19.7 

21.1

21.7 

22. 2 

22.4 

22.5 

22.6 

22.5

22.2 

21.9 

20.8 

20.0 

19.7 

19.4

13.9 

13.8 

13.6 

13.4 

13.4 

13.3

13.3 

13.3 

13.5 

14.2 

15.0 

15.8

16.7 

16.9 

17.2 

17.2 

17.0 

16.9

16.1 

15.7 

15.0 

14.7 

14.4 

14.2

June 9,

14.1 

13.9 

13.7 

13.7 

13.5 

13.5

13.4 

13.4 

13.6 

14.2 

15.3 

16.0

16.6 

16.9 

17.2 

17.2 

16.9 

16.6

16.1 

15.6 

15.0 

14.6 

14.3 

14.2

16.1 

15.6 

15.3 

15.1

14.9 

14.8

14.7 

14.7 

14.7 

15.3 

16.4 

17.8

18.3

18.9 

19.4 

19.7 

19.9 

19.9

19.7 

19.1 

18.6 

17.8 

17.1 

16.7

1967

16.2 

16.0 

15.6 

15.3 

15.1 

14.8

14.6 

14.6 

14.6 

15.3 

16.4 

17.7

18.3 

18.9 

19.4 

19.7 

20.0 

20.0

20.0 

19.4 

18.6 

17.7 

16.9 

16.4

21.9 

21.7 

21.7 

21.4 

21.2 

20.8

20.7 

20.6 

20.6 

20.6 

20.8 

21.9

22.2 

22.5 

22.8 

23.1 

23.3 

23.4

23.4 

23.4 

23.3 

23.1 

22.9 

22.8

22.8 

22.5 

22.2 

21.9 

21.7 

21.6

21.3 

21.0

20.9 

21.0 

21.4 

21.8

22.2 

22.5 

22.8 

23.1 

23.3 

23.5

23.6 

23.5 

23.3 

23.1 

v 23.1 

22.9

12.5 

12.2 

12.2 

12.1 

11.9 

11.9

12.0 

12.8 

13.9 

15.3 

16.9 

18.1

18.6 

18.6 

18.4 

17.8 

16.9 

15.8

14.9 

14.3 

13.7 

13.3 

13.1 

12.9

12.7 

12.6 

12.2 

12.2 

12.2 

12.2

12.2 

12.8 

14.7 

15.8 

17.2 

18.3

18.6 

18.6 

18.3 

17.8 

16.7 

15.6

15.0 

14.3 

13.8 

13.3 

13.2 

12.9

13.3 

13.1 

13.1

12.9 

12.8 

12.7

12.7 

12.7 

13.2 

14.4 

16.1 

17.5

18.3 

19.2 

19.2 

19.1 

18.6 

17.5

16.7 

15.6 

14.9 

14.2 

13.9 

13.6

13.5 

13.2 

13.1 

12.9 

12.8 

12.8

12.8 

12.8 

13.6 

15.3 

17.2 

18.9

19.3 

19.4 

19.4 

19.0 

18.1 

17.2

16.4 

15.6 

15.0 

14.4 

14.3 

14.0

13.9 

13.6 

13.2 

13! 0 

12.8 

12.8

12.8 

12.8 

13.1 

13.6 

15.0 

16.4

17.8 

18.9 

19.2 

19.4 

19.4 

19.2

18.6 

17.5 

16.4 

15.6 

15.0 

14.2

13.9 

13.7 

13.3 

13.2 

13.0 

12.9

12.9 

12.9 

13.6 

14.7 

15.8 

16.9

18.1 

18.9 

19.2 

19.2 

19.2 

18.9

18.6 

17.5 

16.4 

15.6 

15.1 

14.4

12.2 

12.1 

12.0 

11.9 

11.9 

no

11.9 

12.2

13.3 

14.4

15.3 

15.8

16.2 

16.2

16.1

15.8

15.3 

14.4

14.2 

13.6

13.0

19 S

12.5 

12.3

12.3 

12.2

12.1 

12.1

12.0 

12.0

12.0 

12.2

12.8 

13.9

15.0 

16.1

16.4 

16.4

16.3 

16.1

15.6 

14 9

14.3 

13.9

13.3 

13.1

12.8 

12.6

20.0

19.7

19.2

18.9

18.8

19.4

19.7

20.6

21.1

20.6

20.3

20.0

20.0

19.4

19.4

19.4

18.9

19.4

20.3

21.1

21.7

21.4

21.1

20.6

June 10, 1967

1 13.9 

2 13.6 

3 13.5 

4 13.4 

5 13.3 

6 13.3

7 13.3 

8 13.3 

9 13.5 

10 14. 7 

11 15.8 

12 17. 2

13 18. 6 

14 19. 4 

15 19. 8 

16 19. 9 

17 19. 9 

18 19. 4

19 18. 9 

20 17. 8 

21 16. 7 

22 15, 7 

23 15. 3 

24 14.7

18.0 

17.5 

17.2 

17.1 

16.9 

16.9

16.8 

16.8 

16.9 

17.5 

18.6 

20.3

21.7 

22.5 

22.8 

23.1 

23,1 

23.1

22.8 

22.2 

21.7 

20.7 

20.0 

19.4

15.8 

15.7 

15.5 

15.4 

15.4 

15.4

15.4 

15.4 

15.5 

15.7 

16.3 

17.2

18.1 

18.9 

19.1 

19.1 

18.6 

18.5

18.3 

17.9 

17.5 

17.2 

16.9 

16.8

19.4 

18.9 

18.4 

18.2 

18.1 

17.8

17.6 

17.5 

17.6 

17.8 

18.6 

20.0

21.1 

21.7 

22.5 

22.8 

23.1 

23.0

22.5 

21.9 

21.6 

21.2 

21.0 

20.6

19.2 

18.9 

18.7 

18.6 

18.4 

18.3

18.3 

18.3 

18.3 

18.3 

18.6 

19.7

20.8 

21.7 

22.2 

22.5 

23.1 

23.1

22.7 

22 7 

22.0 

21.7 

21.1 

20.6

14.2 

13.9 

13.7 

13.7 

13.6 

13.6

13.6 

13.6 

13.9 

14.4 

15.3 

16.1

16.7 

16.9 

17.1 

17.1 

16.9 

16.4

16.0 

15.3 

15.0 

14.7 

14.4 

14.2

16.1 

15.7 

15.4 

15.2 

15.0 

14.8

14.7 

14.7 

14.7 

15.3 

16.1 

17.3

18.1 

18.6 

19.3 

19.4 

19.7 

19.7

19.4 

19.0 

18.6 

17.8 

17.2 

16.7

22.8 

22.5 

21.9 

21.7 

21.5 

21.2

20.8 

20.7 

20.7 

20.7 

20.8 

21.3

21.7 

22 2 

23! 1 

23.1 

23.1 

23.2

23.2 

23.2 

23.1 

22.9 

22.8 

22.7

12.8 

12.7 

12.5 

12.3 

12.3 

12.3

12.3 

12.6 

13.3

14.7 

16.7 

17.8

18.3 

18.9 

18.6 

18.3 

17.5 

16.7

15.8 

15.0 

14.4 

13.9 

13.6 

13.3

13.8 

13.6 

13.3 

13.3 

13.2 

13.2

13.2 

13.3 

13.9 

14.7 

16.7 

17.8

18.1 

19.0 

19.0 

18.9 

18.1 

17.2

16.9 

15.8 

15.3 

14.7 

14.4 

14.2

14.2 

13.9 

13.6 

13.3 

13.2 

13.1

13.1 

13.1 

13.6 

14.4 

15.3 

16.7

18.3 

18.9 

19.3 

19.3 

19,2 

18.9

18.3

17.8 

16.7 

15.8 

15.3 

14.7

12.5 

12.4

12.2 

12.2

12.2 

12.2

12.2

12.2

13.3

13.9

14.7 

15.6

15.8 

15.9

15.9 

15.8

15.3 

14.7

14.4 

14.0

13.6 

13.2

12.9 

12.7

20.3

20.0

19.7

19.2

19.2

19.7

20.8

21.7

21.9

21.7

21.4

21.1
TEMPERATURE OF THE STREAMS ON LONG ISLAND, NEW YORK D105

Hourly stream-temperature data, in degrees Celsius, at continuous recording stations, June 7 13, 1967 Continued

East Meadow Brook

Hour

1 

2 

3 

4 

5 

6

7 

8 

9 

10 

11 

12

13 

14 

15 

16 

17 

18

19 

20 

21 

22 

23 

24

1

2 

3 

4 

5 

6

7 

8 

9 

10 

11 

12

13 

14 

15 

16 

17 

18

19 

20 

21 

22 

23 

24

Site 1, 

Jerusalem 

Avenue

14.7 

14.3 

14.1 

13.9 

13.6 

13.6

13.6 

13.6 

13.7 

14.7 

16.4 

17.7

19.2 

20.0 

20.7 

21.0 

21.1 

20.8

20.3 

19.4 

18.3 

16.9 

16.1 

15.6

15.0 

14.4 

14.3 

14.1 

13.8 

13.7

13.7 

13.7 

13.9 

15.8 

17.2 

19.2

20.3 

21.7 

22.5 

22.8 

22.8 

22.3

21.9 

20.6 

19.2 

17.8 

16.8 

16.1

Site 4, 

gaging 

station

19.2 

18.8 

18.4 

18.2 

18.0 

17.8

17.8 

17.8 

17.8 

18.6 

19.7 

21.1

22.2 

22.8 

23.6 

23.9 

23.9 

23.5

23.1 

22.8 

21.9 

21 1 

20.3 

19.4

19.0 

18.6 

18.3 

18.0 

17.8 

17.6

17.6 

17.6

17.8 

18.7 

20.0 

21.7

23.1 

23.6 

24.3 

24.3 

24.3 

23.9

23.6 

23.3 

23.8 

21.9 

21.4 

20.8

Site 5E, 

Sunrise 

Highway

16.7 

16.6 

16.6 

16.4 

16.3 

16.3

16.2 

16.2 

16.3 

16.5 

17.5 

18.3

19.2 

19.4 

19.5 

19.5 

19.2 

18.7

18.4 

18.1 

17.6 

17.1 

16.8 

16.5

16.4 

16.3 

16.2 

16.1 

16.0 

15.9

15.8 

15.8 

15.9 

16.3 

17.2 

18.1

19.2 

19.6 

19.7 

19.7 

19.3 

18.6

18.3 

17.7 

17.2 

16.6 

16.3 

16.1

Sampawams 

Creek 

Site 4 

gaging 

station

20.3 

20.0 

19.6 

19.4 

19.2 

18.9

18.8 

18.7 

18.7 

19.3 

20.0 

21.3

21.9 

22.8 

23.3 

23.9 

23.9 

23.5

23.5 

22.8 

22.5 

22.2 

21.7 

21.1

20.8 

20.4 

19.7 

19.4 

19.2 

18.9

18.7 

18.6 

18.7 

19.4 

20.3 

21.4

22.5 

23.3 

24.2 

24.4 

24.6 

24.6

24.0 

23.4 

23.3

22.8 

22.2 

21.7

Champlin Creek

Site 1, 

Spur 

Drive 

North

19.7 

19.4 

19.2 

19.0 

18.9 

18.8

18.8 

18.8 

18.8 

18.8 

19.4 

20.6

21.9 

22.5 

23.1 

23.2 

23.2 

23.2

22.8 

22.7 

22.1 

21.7 

21.1 

20.6

20.3 

20.0 

19.7 

19.3 

19.2 

19.0

19.0 

19.0 

19.1 

19.1 

19.7 

21.4

22.2 

23.1 

23.3 

23.9 

23.9 

23.9

23.6 

23.5

22.8 

22.2 

21.7 

21.4

Site 3, 

Islip 

Boulevard

June 11,

14.1 

13.9 

13.9 

13.8 

13.7 

13.6

13.6 

13.7 

13.9 

14.4 

15.3 

16.1

16.7 

17.1 

17.1 

17.1 

16.9 

16.7

16.1 

15.6 

15.1 

14.9 

14.8 

14.6

June 12,

14.6 

14.3 

14.2 

14.0 

13.9 

13.9

13.8 

13.8 

13.9 

14.4 

15.3 

16.1

16.7 

17.2 

17.5 

17.5 

17.3 

17.1

16.7 

16.1 

15.8 

15.0 

14.7 

14.6

Site 4 

gaging 

station

1967

16.1 

15.8 

15.4 

15.2 

15.0 

14.9

14.7 

14.6 

14.7 

15.3 

16.2 

17.3

17.9 

18.6 

19.2 

19.6 

19.7 

19.7

19.4 

19.2 

18.9 

17.9 

17.4 

17.0

1967

16.7 

16.4 

15.7 

15.7 

15.6 

15.3

15.2 

15.2 

15.2 

15.6 

16.1 

17.8

18.3

19.2 

19.7 

20.3 

20.4 

20.4

20.1 

19.7 

19.4 

18.3 

17.5 

17.1

Site 5, 

Montauk 

Highway

22.6 

22.5 

22.2 

22.1 

22.0 

21.9

21.9 

21.9 

21.8 

21.9 

22.0 

22.2

22.5 

22.9 

23.1 

23.6 

23.7 

23.7

23.7 

23.7 

23.6 

23.5 

23.2 

23.1

22.8 

22.7 

22.4 

22.2 

22.0 

21.8

21.7 

21.5 

21.5 

21.5 

21.6 

22.2

22.8 

23.1 

23.6 

23.9 

24.2 

24.2

24.2 

24.2 

24.2 

24.1 

23.9 

23.6

Connetquot River

Site 1, 

Veterans 

Highway

13.0 

12.8 

12.7 

12.5 

12.4 

12.2

12.2 

12.6 

13.3 

15.0 

16.7 

17.5

18.3

18.9 

18.6 

18.1 

17.5 

16.7

15.6 

14.9 

14.4 

13.9 

13.6 

13.3

13.2 

13.1

12.9 

12.7 

12.4 

12.4

12.4 

12.8 

14.4 

15.6 

16.7 

18.1

18.9 

19.2 

18.9 

18.3 

17.8 

16.7

15.8 

15.3 

14.7 

14.2 

13.7 

13.4

SiteS

13.9 

13.6 

13.3 

13.2 

13.2 

13.2

13.2 

13.3 

13.9 

14.7 

16.1 

17.1

17.6 

17.9 

18.0 

17.9 

17.8 

17.2

16.4 

15.8 

15.1 

14.7 

14.4 

14.1

14.0 

13.9 

13.7 

13.6 

13.4 

13.3

13.3 

13.3 

13.9 

16.1 

17.5 

18.2

18.6 

18.7 

18.7 

18.6 

18.3 

17.8

17.1 

16.4 

15.8 

15.0 

14.4 

14.2

SiteS "at 

bridge"

14.4 

13.9 

13.6 

13.4 

13.3 

13.1

13.0 

13.0 

13.3 

13.9 

15.0 

16.7

17.8 

18.3 

18.9 

18.9 

18.9 

18.6

18.3 

17.8 

16.9 

16.1 

15.3 

14.7

14.4 

13.9 

13.8 

13.7 

13.4 

13.1

12.8 

12.8 

13.3 

14.4 

15.3 

16.9

18.6 

18.9 

19.4 

19.4 

19.4 

19.2

18.9 

17.8 

17.2 

16.4 

15.6 

15.0

Swan River

Site 3, 

Sunrise 

Highway

12.6 

12.5

12.3 

12.2

12.1 

12.0

12.0 

12.2

12.8 

13.9

14.4 

15.6

16.1 

16.1

16.1 

15.8

15.6 

15.1

14.6 

13.9

13.6 

13.2

13.0

12.8

12.8 

12.7

12.4

12.2 

12.2

12.2 

12.2

13.1 

14.2

15.0 

15.6

16.1 

16.4

16.4 

16.1

15.8 

15.6

14.9 

14.2

13.8 

13.3

12.9 

12.8

Site 5 

gaging 

station

21.1

20.8

20.6

20.3

20.0

20.0

21.1

21.9

22.2

21.9

21.7

21.1

20.8

20.6

20.0

19.7

19.7

20.0

21.1

21.7

22.5

22.5

22.2

22.2

June 13, 1967

1 

2 

3 

4 

5 

6

7 

8 

9 

10 

11 

12

13 

14 

15 

16 

17 

18

19 

20 

21 

22 

23 

24

15.6 

15.1 

14.9 

14.7 

14.6 

14,6

14.6 

14.6 

14.6 

14.7 

15.3 

16.4

17.2 

18.9 

20.0 

20.6 

20.6 

20.0

19.4 

18.3 

17.2 

16.1 

15.6 

15.0

20.0 

19.4 

19.2 

18.8 

18.3 

17.9

17.5 

17.5 

17.5 

17.5 

19.2 

20.8

21.6 

22 2 

22.4 

22.4 

22.4 

22.3

21.4 

20.9 

20.0 

19.4 

18.9 

18.4

15.7 

15.6 

15.5 

15.1 

15.0 

15.0

15.0 

15.0 

15.0 

15.0 

15.6 

16.7

17.5 

18.1 

18.1 

18.1 

17.5 

17.5

16.9 

16.9 

16,7 

16.1 

15.6 

15.3

21,4 

20.9 

20.6 

20.3 

20.0 

19.7

19.6 

19.4 

19.3 

19.3 

19.7 

21.0

21.9 

22.5 

22.8 

22.8 

22.7 

21.9

21.4 

21,3 

20,8 

20.3 

20,0 

19.7

21.1 

20.8 

20.6 

20.3 

20.2 

20.0

19.7 

19.6 

19.5 

19.5 

19.5 

20.0

20.6 

21.1 

21.4 

21.7 

21.9 

22.2

21.7 

21.4 

20.8 

20.6 

20.3 

20.0

14.4 

14.3 

14.2 

14.1 

13.9 

13.9

13.9 

13.9 

13.9 

13.9 

14.4 

15.3

16.1 

16.2 

16.1 

16.1 

15.8 

15.4

15.0 

14.7 

14.2 

13.9 

13,9 

13.7

16.7 

16.1 

15.8 

15.6 

15.4 

15.2

15.1 

15.0 

14.5 

14.9 

15.3 

16.4

17.2 

17.8 

18.3 

18.3 

18.3 

18.3

17.9 

17.4 

16.9 

16.7 

15.6 

15.4

23.6 

23.6 

23.2 

23.1 

23.0 

23.0

22.7 

22.5 

22.2 

22.2 

22.2 

22.8

23.1 

23.3 

23.3 

23.3 

23.3 

23.1

22,9 

22.5 

22.4 

22.2 

21.9 

21.7

13.1 

12.9 

12.8 

12.8 

12.8 

12.8

12.8 

12.8 

12.9 

13.8 

15.6 

16.4

16.7 

16.9 

16.4 

16.1 

15.6 

15.0

14.2 

13.8 

13.3 

12.8 

12.5 

12.2

14.0 

13.9 

13.7 

13.6 

13.6 

13.5

13.5 

13.5 

13.5 

13.6 

14.4 

15.6

16.5 

16.6 

16.5 

16.4 

15.9 

15.4

15.0 

14.4 

14.1 

13.8 

13.5 

13.3

14.4 

14.0 

13.7 

13.4 

13.3 

13.2

13.2 

13.2 

13.2 

13.2 

13.9 

15.0

16.1 

16.4 

16.7 

16.7 

16.5 

16.3

16.1 

15.3 

14.8 

14.2 

13.8 

13.4

12.8 

12.6

12.4 

12.3

12.3 

12.2

12.2 

12.2

12.2 

12.2

12.8 

13.6

13.9 

13.8

13.6 

13.2

13.1 

12.8

12.8 

12.5

12.5 

12.3

12.1 

11.9

22.2

21.9

21.7

21.4

21.1

21.1

21.4

21.1

20.0

19.4

18.3

18.1
D106 HYDROLOGY AND SOME EFFECTS OF URBANIZATION ON LONG ISLAND, NEW YORK

Hourly stream-temperature data, in degrees Celsius, at continuous recording stations, August 24-30, 1967

East Meadow Brook

Hour Site 1, 

Jerusalem 

Avenue

1 15.3 

2 15.0 

3 14.8 

4 14.7 

5 14.7 

6 14.7

7 14.7 

8 14.8 

9 14.9 

10 15. 0 

11 15. 1 

12 15.3

13 15. 4 

14 15. 5 

15 15. 5 

16 15. 5 

17 15. 5 

18 15. 5

19 15. 5 

20 15. 5 

21 15. 5 

22 15. 5 

23 15.4 

24 15.4

Site 4, 

gaging 

station

17.2 

16.9 

16.7 

16.6 

16.6 

16.4

16.4 

16.4 

16.5 

16.6 

16.8 

17.1

17.2 

17.3 

17.4 

17.4 

17.4 

17.3

17.2 

17.2 

17.1 

17.1 

16.7 

16.6

Site 5E, 

Sunrise 

Highway

17.0 

17.0 

17.0 

16.9 

16.9 

16.8

16.7 

16.7 

16.7 

16.7 

16.8 

16.8

16.9 

16.9 

17.0 

17.0 

17.0 

17.0

17.1 

17.1 

17.1 

17.1 

17.1 

17.1

Sampawams 

Creek 

Site 4, 

gaging 

station

16.1 

15.8 

15.6 

15.6 

15.3 

15.3

15.3 

15.3 

15.4 

15.6 

15.8 

15.8

16.1 

16.2 

16.4 

16.4 

16.1 

16.1

16.1 

16.1 

15.8 

15.8 

15.8 

15.8

Champlin Creek

Site 1, 

Spur 

Drive 

North

20.6 

20.3 

20.0 

19.7 

19.7 

19.4

19.4 

19.4 

19.7 

20.0 

20.3 

20.6

20.8 

21.1 

21.2 

21.1 

21.1 

20.8

20.8 

20.6 

20.6 

20.3 

20.3 

20.0

Site 3, 

Islip 

Boulevard

August 24,

13.6 

13.3 

13.3 

13.3 

13.3 

13.2

13.2 

13.2 

13.3 

13.3 

13.6 

13.6

13.9 

13.9 

13.9 

13.9 

13.6 

13.6

13.6 

13.6 

13.3 

13.3 

13.3 

13.3

Site 4, 

gaging 

station

1967

14.4 

14.2 

14.2 

13.9 

13.9 

13.6

13.3 

13.2 

13.2 

13.3 

13.6 

13.9

14.2 

14.4 

14.7 

14.7 

14.7 

14.7

14.4 

14.4 

14.4 

14.4 

14.4 

14.2

Site 5, 

Montauk 

Highway

10.4 

19.2 

19.2 

18.9 

18.9 

18.6

18.6 

18.6 

18.6 

18.6 

18.9 

18.9

18.9 

19.2 

19.2 

19.2 

19.2 

19.2

18.9 

18.9 

18.9 

18.9 

18.9 

18.6

Connetquot River

Site 1, 

Veterans 

Highway

12.8 

12.8 

12.5 

12.5 

12.5 

12.5

12.2 

12.2 

12.5 

12.8 

13.1 

13.3

13.3 

13.3 

13.1 

13.1 

13.1 

13.1

12.8 

12.8 

12.8 

12.8 

12.8 

12.8

Site 3

13.1 

13.1

12.8 

12.8 

12.5 

12.5

12.5 

12.5 

12.5 

12.8 

12.8 

13.1

13.1 

13.1 

13.1 

13.3 

13.3 

13.3

13.1 

13.1 

13.1 

13.1 

13.1 

13.1

Site 5, "at 

bridge"

12.8 

12.5 

12.5 

12.2 

12.2 

12.2

11.9 

11.9 

12.2 

12.5 

12.8 

13.1

13.3 

13.6 

13.9 

13.9 

13.6 

13.6

13.6 

13.3 

13.3 

13.1 

13.1 

12.8

Swan River

Site 3, 

Sunrise 

Highway

12.8 

12.8 

12.5 

12.5 

12.5 

12.0

12.0 

12.0 

12.0 

12.0 

12.5 

12.5

12.8 

12.8 

12.8 

12.8 

12.8 

12.8

12.8 

12.8

12.5 

12.5

12.5 

12.5

Site 5, 

gaging 

station

17.8

17.6

17.2

16.9

16.9

17.2

17.2

17.5

17.7

17.2

17.1

16.8

August 25, 1967

1 15.4 

2 15.4 

3 15.5 

4 15.9 

5 16.2 

6 16.5

7 16.8 

8 16.8 

9 17.1 

10 17. 2 

11 17. 6 

12 17.8

13 18.1 

14 18. 1 

15 18. 4 

16 18. 6 

17 18. 8 

18 18. 8

19 18. 9 

20 18. 9 

21 19. 2 

22 19.7 

23 19. 8 

24 19.9

16.6 

16.6 

16.5 

16.4 

16.4 

16.4

16.6 

16.8 

16.8 

16.9 

17.0 

17.1

17.1 

17.2 

17.2 

17.3 

17.3 

17.3

17.2 

17.2 

17.1 

17.1 

17.2 

17.3

17.1 

17.1 

17.0 

17.0 

17.0 

17.1

17.8 

18.3 

18.9 

19.4 

20.0 

20.0

19.7 

19.6 

19.4 

19.3 

19.2 

19.1

19.0 

18.9 

18.8 

18.8 

18.8 

18.7

15.8 

15.8 

15.8 

15.8 

15.6 

15.6

15.6 

15.6 

15.6 

15.6 

15.8 

15.8

16.1 

16.1 

16.4 

16.4 

16.4 

16.4

16.4 

16.6 

16.6 

16.6 

16.6 

16.6

19.7 

19.4 

19.2 

18.9 

18.3 

18.1

17.8 

17.8 

17.8 

17.8 

17.8 

17.8

18.1 

18.1 

18.1 

18.3 

18.3 

18.6

18.6 

18.6 

18.6 

18.9 

18.9 

19.2

13.3 

13.3 

13.3 

13.6 

14.2 

15.0

15.8 

16.4 

16.4 

16.4 

16.4 

16.4

16.4 

16.4 

16.4 

16.4 

16.4 

16.4

16.4 

16.1 

15.8 

15.7 

15.6 

15.4

14.2 

14.2 

14.2 

14.2 

14.4 

14.6

15.8 

15.8 

15.8 

15.8 

15.8 

15.8

16.1 

16.1 

16.4 

16.4 

16.7 

16.7

16.7 

16.7 

16.7 

16.6 

16.6 

16.4

18.6 

18.6 

18.6 

18.3 

18.1 

17.8

17.5 

17.2 

17.2 

17.2 

17.2 

17.2

17.2 

17.2 

17.2 

17.2 

17.2 

17.2

17.2 

17.2 

17.2 

17.2 

17.2 

17.2

12.8 

12.8 

12.8 

12.8 

13.1 

13.1

13.1 

13.3 

13.3 

13.3 

13.3 

13.6

13.6 

13.6 

13.6 

13.6 

13.6 

13.6

13.6 

13.6 

13.6 

13.6 

13.6 

13.6

13.1 

13.1 

13.1 

13.1 

13.1 

13.3

13.3 

13.3 

13.3 

13.3 

13.3 

13.3

13.3 

13.3 

13.3 

13.3 

13.3 

13.3

13.3 

13.3 

13.3 

13.3 

13.3 

13.3

12.8 

12.8 

12.8 

12.8 

12.5 

12.5

12.5 

12.5 

12.8 

12.8 

12.8 

12.8

12.8 

12.8 

12.8 

12.8 

12.8 

12.8

13.1 

13.1 

13.1 

13.1 

13.1 

13.1

12.5 

12.5 

12.5 

12.5 

12.5 

12.5

12.5 

12.5 

12.8 

12.8 

12.8 

12.8

13.1 

13.1

13.1 

13.3 

13.3 

13.3

13.1 

13.1 

13.1

19 A

12.8 

12.8

16.4

16.1

15.9

16.1

16.1

15.7

15.8

15.9

16.1

16.2

16.3

16.1

August 26, 1967

1 19.9 

2 19.9 

3 19.9 

4 19.9 

5 19.8 

6 19.8

7 19.7 

8 19.6 

9 19.6 

10 19. 6 

11 19. 6 

12 19. 6

13 20. 0 

14 20.6 

15 21. 1 

16 21. 3 

17 21. 4 

18 21. 4

19 21. 3 

20 21. 2 

21 21. 1 

22 20. 8 

23 20.7 

24 20.6

17.3 

17.7

17.9 

17.9 

18.0 

18.4

18.6 

18.7 

18.9 

18.9 

18.9 

18.9

18.9 

18.9 

18.9 

19.1 

19.2 

19.3

19.4 

19.5 

19.6 

19.6 

19.6 

19.6

18.6 

18.6 

18.6 

18.7 

18.7 

18.7

18.7 

18.6 

18.6 

18.6 

18.6 

18.6

18.6 

18.4 

18.4 

18.6 

18.7 

18.8

18.9 

19.1 

19.2 

19.2 

19.2 

19.2

16.6 

16.7 

16.9 

16.9 

16.9 

16.9

16.9 

16.9 

16.9 

16.9 

16.9 

16.9

17.2 

17.2 

17.2 

17.2 

17.2 

17.2

17.5 

17.5 

17.5 

17.5 

17.5 

17.5

19.2 

19.2 

19.2 

19.2 

19.2 

19.2

19.2 

19.2 

19.2 

19.4 

19.4 

19.7

19.8 

19.9 

19.9 

21.0 

21.0 

20.9

20.6 

20.3 

20.1 

20.0 

19.9 

19.8

15.2 

15.0 

14.9 

14.7 

14.6 

14.5

14.5 

14.5 

14.5 

14.5 

14.4 

14.4

14.4 

16.1 

17.0 

17.2 

17.1 

17.0

16.9 

16.8 

16.7 

16.6 

16.4 

16.2

16.2 

16.1

15.9 

15.8 

15.8 

15.7

15.7 

15.7 

15.7 

15.7 

15.7 

15.7

15.8 

15.8 

15.8 

16.2 

16.4 

16.5

16.5 

16.4 

16.4 

16.4 

16.4 

16.4

17.2 

17.2 

17.2 

17.2 

17.2 

17.2

17.2 

17.2 

17.3 

17.7 

17.8 

17.9

17.9 

17.8 

17.5 

17.2 

17.2 

17.3

17.3 

17.5 

17.7 

17.7 

17.7 

17 7

13.6 

13.6 

13.6 

13.6 

13.6 

13.5

13.4 

13.3 

13.3 

13.3 

13.3 

13.3

13.3 

13.3 

13.6 

13.9

14.2 

14.2

14.2 

14.2 

14.2 

14.2 

13.9 

13.0

13.3 

13.3 

13.3

12.8 

12.8 

12.8

12.8 

12.8 

12.8 

12.8 

12.8 

12.8

12.8 

12.8 

13.3 

13.3 

13.5 

13.5

13.5 

13.5 

13.5 

13.3 

13.3 

13.1

13.1 

13.1 

13.1

12.8 

12.8 

12.8

12.8 

12.8 

13.1 

13.1 

13.1 

13.1

13.3 

13.3 

13.6 

13.6 

13.6 

13.7

13.7 

13.7 

13.7 

13.7 

13.7 

13.6

12.7

19 7

12.6

19 f\

12.4

19 d

12.4 

12.4

Ii4 

12.4

12.4 

12.4

12.4 

12.5 

14.7 

15.6

15.4 

15.2

14.8 

14.3

13.9 

13.6

13.4 

13.2

16.1

16.1

16.0

15.9

16.1

15.9

15.8 

16.9 

16.4

15.8

15.8

15.9

16.1
TEMPERATURE OF THE STREAMS ON LONG ISLAND, NEW YORK

Hourly stream-temperature data, in degrees Celsius, at continous recording stations August 24-30, 1969 Continued

DJ07

East Meadow Brook

Four Site 1, 

Jerusalem 

Avenue

Site 4, 

gaging 

station

Site 5E, 

Sunrise 

Highway

Sampawams 

Creek 

Site 4 

gaging 

station

Champlin Creek

Site 1, 

Spur 

Drive 

North

Site 3, 

Is lip 

Boulevard

Site 4 

gaging 

station

Site 5, 

Montauk 

Highway

Connetquot River

Site 1, 

Veterans 

Highway

Site 3

Site 5 "at 

bridge"

Swan River

Site 3, 

Sunrise 

Highway

Site5 

gagiri' 

station

August 27, 1967

1 20.1 

2 19.9 

3 19.7 

4 19.6 

5 19.9 

6 20.1

7 20.7 

8 20.8 

9 20.9 

10 21. 1 

11 21.3 

12 21. 3

13 21. 3 

14 21. 2 

15 21. 1 

16 21. 0 

17 20.8 

18 20.7

19 20.7 

20 20.7 

21 21. 0 

22 21. 3 

23 21.4 

24 21.4

19.6 

19.6 

19.5 

19.5 

19.5 

19.4

19.4 

19.3 

19.2 

19.2 

19.3 

19.8

20.4 

21.1 

21.2 

21.3 

21.3 

21.3

21.3

21.2 

21.1 

20.9 

20.7 

20.6

19.2 

19.2 

19.2 

19.2 

19.1 

19.0

19.0 

19.1 

19.1 

19.1 

19.2 

19.4

19.6 

19.6 

19.7 

20.0 

20.0 

20.0

20.1 

20.1 

20.2 

20.2 

20.3 

20.2

17.5 

17.5 

17.5 

17.6 

17.6 

17.8

17.8 

17.8 

17.9 

17.9 

18.3 

1&9

19.2 

19.6 

19.7 

19.8 

19.8 

19.8

19.8 

19.8 

19.8 

19.8 

19.8 

19.8

19.7 

19.7 

19.7 

19.7 

19.7 

19.7

21.1 

21.2 

21.1 

21.0 

20.7 

20.7

20.7 

20.7 

20.7 

20.6 

20.6 

20.6

20.6 

20.4 

20.3 

20.3 

20.3 

20.3

16.0 

15.9 

15.7 

15.6 

15.6 

15.6

15.6 

15.7 

17.3 

17.4 

17.4 

17.4

17.4 

17.1 

16.9 

16.7 

16.4 

16.2

15.9 

15.7 

15.6 

15.6 

15.5 

15.4

16.3 

16.3 

16.3 

16.2 

16.1 

16.1

16.2 

16.2 

16.2 

16.3 

16.7 

16.9

17.2 

17.5 

17.5 

17.2 

17.2 

16.9

16.9 

16.8 

16.7 

16.7 

16.5 

16.4

17.8 

17.8 

17.8 

17.8 

17.8 

17.8

17.8 

17.8 

17.8 

17.8 

17.9 

18.3

18.7 

19.0 

19.4 

19.7 

19.9 

20.0

20.0 

20.1 

20.1 

20.1 

20.0 

20.0

13.9 

13.9 

13.9 

13.9 

13.6 

13.6

13.6 

13.6 

13.6 

13.6 

13.9 

14.2

14.4 

14.4 

14.7 

14.7 

14.7 

14.7

14.7 

14.4 

14.4 

14.4 

14.2 

14.2

13.2 

13.2 

13.2 

13.2 

13.2 

13.2

13.2 

13.2 

13.3 

13.3 

13.6 

13.9

14.2 

14.2 

14.2 

14.2 

14.1 

14.0

13.9 

13.9 

13.9 

13.8 

13.8 

13.7

13.6 

13.6 

13.6 

13.6 

13.6 

13.6

13.6 

13.6 

13.7 

13.8 

14.0 

14.2

14.4 

14.7 

14.8 

15.1 

15.1 

15.0

15.0 

15.0 

15.0 

14.8 

14.7 

14.4

13.0 

12.9 

12.9 

12.9 

13.1 

14.4

14.7 

14.7 

14.6 

14.4 

14.3 

14.2

14.2 

14.1 

14.1 

14.0 

13.9 

13.7

14.2 

14.1 

14.1 

14.0 

13.9 

13.7

16.7

16.7

17.8

16.8

17.2

17.5

17.7

18.1

18.2

18. F

18.4

is. P

August 28, 1967

1 21.5 

2 21.4 

3 21.3 

4 21.1 

5 20.6 

6 20.2

7 20.0 

8 19.9 

9 19.9 

10 20.0 

11 20.1 

12 20.3

13 20. 4 

14 20.7 

15 20. 8 

16 20. 9 

17 20.7 

18 20. 2

19 20. 0 

20 19.4 

21 19. 6 

22 18. 8 

23 18. 6 

24 18.4

1 18.4 

2 18.3 

3 18.2 

4 18.1 

5 17.9 

6 17.8

7 17.8 

8 17.8 

9 17.8 

10 18. 1 

11 18. 4 

12 18.7

13 18. 9 

14 18. 9 

15 18.9 

16 18. 8 

17 18. 7 

18 18. 4

19 18. 1 

20 17. 8 

21 17. 6 

22 17. 3 

23 17. 2 

24 17.1

20.6 

20.6 

20.6 

20.6 

20.6 

20.6

20.6 

20.6 

20.6 

20.6 

21.1 

21.7

22.3 

22.3 

22.3 

22.2 

22.2 

22.1

21.6 

21.1 

20.8 

20.6 

20.3 

20.0

19.9 

19.7 

19.6 

19.3 

19.2 

18.9

18.9 

18.9 

18.9 

19.1 

19.6 

20.3

21.2 

21.7 

22.1 

22.2 

22.2 

22.2

22.0 

21.8 

21.3 

20.8 

20.3 

20.0

20.1 

20.1 

20.1 

20.2 

20.2 

20.3

20.3 

20.3 

20.3 

20.3 

20.6 

21.1

21.1 

21.2 

21.2 

21.1 

21.1 

20.8

20.8 

20.8 

20.6 

20.6 

20.4 

20.3

20.6 

20.4 

20.3 

20.1 

20.0 

19.8

19.7 

19.7 

19.6 

19.7 

19.9 

20.3

20.6 

21.1 

21.4 

21.5 

21.5 

21.3

21.1 

20.9 

20.7 

20.6 

20.4 

20.3

19.7 

19.7 

19.6 

19.3 

19.2 

19.1

18.9 

18.9 

18.9 

19.0 

19.4 

20.0

20.6 

20.8 

21.2 

21.4 

21.4 

21.2

21.0 

20.5 

20.3 

19.8 

19.6 

19.4

19.7 

18.9 

18.6 

18.5 

18.2 

18.1

17.8 

17.8 

17.8 

17.9 

18.6 

19.2

19.7 

19.7 

19.9 

20.0 

20.0 

20.0

19.9 

19.6 

19.3 

19.2 

18.9 

18.6

20.3 

20.3 

20.3 

20.2 

20.2 

20.2

20.2 

20.3 

20.4 

20.5 

21.1 

21.7

21.9 

22.3 

22.5 

22.5 

22.3 

22.0

21.8 

21.4 

20.9 

20.7 

20.5 

20.4

20.3 

20.2 

19.9 

19.7 

19.6 

19.5

19.5 

19.4 

19.4 

19.4 

20.0 

20.8

21.2 

21.7 

21.8 

21.8 

21.8 

21.6

21.5 

21.3 

20.9 

20.7 

20.5 

20.3

15.3 

15.3 

15.3 

15.3 

15.3 

15.2

15.2 

15.2 

15.2 

15.2 

15.4 

15.6

15.9 

16.1 

16.1 

16.0 

16.0 

15.9

15.9 

15.8 

15.6 

15.3 

15.1 

15.0

August 29,

14.8 

14.7 

14.6 

14.6 

14.4 

113

14.3 

14.3 

14.3 

14.4 

14.8 

15.1

15.4 

15.6 

15.6 

15.6 

15.6 

15.6

15.5 

15.4 

15.3 

15.1 

14.9 

14.9

16.4 

16.3 

16.3 

16.1 

16.1 

16.1

16.1 

16.1 

16.1 

16.1 

16.4 

16.7

17.5 

18.3 

18.6 

18.6 

18.4 

18.1

17.5 

17.1 

16.7 

16.4 

16.1 

16.0

1967

15.7 

15.6 

15.4 

15.2 

15.1 

15.0

15.0 

15.0 

15. 0 

15.1 

15.6 

16.1

16.7 

17.5 

17.8 

17.8 

17.5 

17.2

16.9 

16.7 

16.5 

16.4 

16.2 

16.1

20.0 

20.0 

20.0 

19.9 

19.9 

19.8

19.8 

19.7 

19.6 

19.6 

19.7 

20.0

20.8 

21.7 

22.2 

22.2 

22.2 

22.2

21.9 

21.9 

21.9 

21.7 

21.7 

21.7

21.4 

21.1 

21.0 

20.8 

20.6 

20.3

20.0 

20.0 

20.0 

20.1 

20.6 

21.4

21.7 

21.7 

21.8 

21.8 

21.9 

22.0

22.0 

22.0 

21.9 

21.8 

21.7 

21.5

14.2 

14.2 

14.2 

13.9 

13.9 

13.9

13.9 

13.9 

13.9 

13.9 

14.2 

14.7

15.3 

15.6 

15.8 

15.8 

15.6 

15.6

15.3 

15.0 

14.7 

14.4 

14.2 

13.9

13.6 

13.3 

13.1

12.8 

12.8 

12.5

12. 2 

12! 2 

12.2 

12.5 

12.8 

13.3

14.2 

14.4 

15.0 

15.0 

14.4 

14.2

13.9 

13.9 

13.6 

13.3 

13.1 

12.8

13.7 

13.6 

13.6 

13.6 

13.6 

13.6

13.4 

13.4 

13.4 

13.4 

13.9 

14.7

15.8 

16.1 

16.2 

16.2 

16.1 

15.6

15.3 

14.4 

14.1 

13.7 

13.4 

13.0

12.8 

12.6 

12.5 

12.5 

12.3 

12. 2

12.1 

12.1 

12.2 

12.6 

13.1 

14.2

15.1 

15.5 

15.6 

15.5 

15.3 

14.9

14.7 

14.4 

13.6 

13.3 

13.1 

13.1

14.4 

14.3 

14.3 

14.2 

14.2 

14.2

14.1 

14.1 

13.9 

13.9 

14.2 

14.4

15.6 

16.1 

16.9 

17.2 

17.2 

16.9

16.6 

15.8 

15.3 

14.7 

14.2 

13.7

13.3 

13.1 

12.9 

12.7 

12.5 

12.3

12. 2 

12.' 2 

12.2 

12.3 

12.8 

14.2

15.0 

16.4 

16.7 

16.9 

16.9 

16.7

16.4 

15.6 

14.9 

14.3 

13.8 

13.6

13.1 

13.1 

13.0 

12.9 

12.8 

12.8

12.8 

12.8 

12.8 

13.2 

13.9 

14.7

15.3

15.4 

15.5 

15.3 

15.0 

14.7

14.2 

13.9 

13.3 

13.3 

13.1 

12.8

12.5 

12.4 

12.4 

12.3 

12.2 

12.2

12.2 

12.2

12.4 

12.8 

13.3 

13.9

14.4 

14.7 

14.7 

14.7 

14.6 

14.3

14.1 

13.8 

13.4 

13.2

13.1 

12.9

is. r

18.?

is. r

18. f

18. t

19.?

20.0

20. f

21.1

21.1

20.6

20.4

20.0

19.9

19.7

19.4

19.4

20.3

20.6

20.6

20.6

20.3

20.3

20.0
D108 HYDROLOGY AND SOME EFFECTS OF URBANIZATION ON LONG ISLAND, NEW YORK

Hourly stream-temperature data, in degrees Celsius, at continuous recording stations, August 24-30, 1967 Continued

East Meadow Brook

Hour Site 1, 

Jerusalem 

Avenue

Site 4, 

gaging 

station

Site 5E, 

Sunrise 

Highway

Sampawams 

Creek 

Site 4 

gaging 

station

Champlin Creek

Site 1, 

Spur 

Drive 

North

Site 3, 

Islip 

Boulevard

Site 4 

gaging 

station

Site 5, 

Montauk 

Highway

Connetquot River

Site 1, 

Veterans 

Highway

SiteS

Site 5 "at 

bridge"

Swan River

Site 3, 

Sunrise. 

Highway

Site 5 

gaging 

station

August 30, 1967

1 16.9 

2 16.8 

3 16.8 

4 16.7 

5 16.7 

6 16.7

7 16.7 

8 16.7 

9 16.7 

10 16. 8 

11 17. 2 

12 17. 6

13 17. 9 

14 18. 2 

15 18. 4 

16 18. 4 

17 18. 4 

18 18. 3

19 18. 1 

20 17.8 

21 17. 5 

22 17. 4 

23 17. 3 

24 17. 2

19.8 

19.7 

19.6 

19.4 

19.2 

19.1

18.9 

18.9 

19.2 

19.4 

20.0 

20.8

21.9 

22.8 

23.1 

23.1 

23.0 

22.9

22.6 

22.2 

21.7 

21.4 

21.1 

20.8

20.3 

20.2 

20.0 

20.0 

19.9 

19.7

19.7 

19.7 

19.7 

19.8 

20.0 

20.3

20.6 

20.8 

21.0 

21.1 

21.1 

21.0

20.9 

20.9 

20.8 

20.7 

20.7 

20.6

18.4 

18.2 

17.9 

17.7 

17.4 

17.1

16.9 

16.9 

16.9 

17.2 

17.8 

18.6

19.4 

20.0 

20.4 

20.6 

20.7 

20.7

20.4 

20.2 

19.8 

19.7 

19.6 

19.4

20.1 

19.9 

19.8 

19.7 

19.6 

19.4

19.3 

19.3 

19.3 

19.8 

20.6 

21.4

21.9 

22.2 

22.6 

22.8 

22.8 

22.6

22.2 

21.9 

21.5 

21.2 

20.9 

20.8

14.8 

14.7 

14.7 

14.6 

14.6 

14.4

14.4 

14.4 

14.4 

14.7 

15.0 

15.8

16.1 

16.4 

16.7 

16.7 

16.6 

16.4

16.4 

16.1 

16.0 

15.8 

15.7 

15.6

15.7 

15.4 

15.3 

15.2 

15.0 

14.9

14.9 

14.9 

14.9 

15.3 

15.8 

17.2

17.5

17.8 

17.8 

17.8 

17.5 

17.2

17.1 

17.0 

16.9 

16.8 

16.7 

16.4

21.4 

21.1 

20.8 

20.8 

20.6 

20.3

20.0 

20.0 

20.0 

20.1 

20.8 

21.7

22 2 

22.2 

22.5 

22.5 

22.5 

22.2

22.2 

22.2 

21.9 

21.9 

21.9 

21.7

12.8 

12.5 

12.2 

12.2 

11.9 

11.9

11.9 

11.9 

11.9 

12.2 

13.3 

14.4

15.0 

15.6 

15.6 

15.6 

15.3 

15.3

15.0 

15.0 

14.9 

14.4 

14.2 

13.9

12.7 

12.5 

12.3 

12 2 

12! 1 

12.0

11.9 

11.9 

11.9 

12.1 

13.6 

14.7

15.8 

16.6 

16.7 

16.6 

16.5 

16.1

16.0 

15.3 

14.8 

14.5 

14.2 

13.9

13.1 

12.8 

12.5 

12.3 

12.2 

12.2

12.1 

12.1 

12.1 

12.3 

13.3 

14.4

15.8 

16.7 

16.9 

17.3 

17.3 

16.9

16.4 

15.8 

15.3 

14.7 

14.4 

14.2

12.6 

12.4 

12.4 

12.3 

12.3 

12.2

12.2 

12.2 

12.5 

13.1 

13.6 

14.3

15.0 

15.3 

15.3 

15.3 

15.2 

14.9

14.4 

14.2 

13.8 

13.6 

13.4 

13.3

19.7

19.4

19.4

19.2

19.2

19.4

20.0

20.6

20.6

20.6

20.6

20.3
INDEX

A Page 

Acknowledgments _ - _ _ D3

Advected heat. ... - _ . __ .53, 66, 67

Air-temperature differences _ -.---........... 6

Air temperatures.---..----...-----.. 30,31,43,46,48

Alps, temperature of rivers of eastern. ........ 3

Analyses, temperature surveys. ........ _ ... 28

temperature surveys

1... ...............................

2.. ...... .............. ............

3 - . --- ...

Analysis of variance, temperature survey 1. . .

temperature survey 2..... ..... ...........

temperature survey 3.-. ..................

temperature survey ^.. ...................

temperature survey 5.--------.. ----------

Anderson, E. E., cited...--.-----.-...----...

Atmospheric radiation.... ....... __ .........

B

30

31

34

39

41

31

34

39

41

45

52

61

'abylon, N. Y., daily air temperatures....... 9

^aseflow_....... ...-...-.-............... 43

^onneville Dam.___._......._....,.._..... 3

'owen, I. S., cited........................... 53

'rookhaven National Laboratory, Meteorology Group.._............._. 28

T rooklyn, temperature............__.__ 6

^runt, D., cited...-----......--.............. 51

Canada_.--.---..-._...._.............. 34

Oannonsville Reservoir....................... 3

Champlin Creek............................. 4

annual temperature...................... 9

average temperatures, survey 1........... SO

survey 2.............................. 88

survey 3.................._......... 34

survey 4..................._........ 39

survey 5---------..-.--------------.-- 43

description............................... 17

modifications produced by man...-.--.-. 17

'jhamplin Creek, shade index.....--------.-. 19

summary of physical and hydrologic

data. ---.-.._...-------_---.... 10

temperature.............................. 8

transverse temperature differences........ SO

Chandler, T. J., cited...................... 1. 6

Climate, meteorologic controls.._............. 4

modified continental type meteorologic

controls__ _..__ _ 4

urbanization and its effect---._---.---.... 6

"?ollins, W. D., cited.......................... 3,8

Columbia River.............................. 3

Conduction........................_....... 63

Connetquot Eiver__........................ 4

average temperatures, survey 1.._...... 30

survey 2 ........._................. S2

surveys........._._.............. 34

survey 4__.__...._...._....... 39

survey 5_._....................... 43

control stream.....................__ ...2,9,58

description........................__... 19

energy-budget computations... _.. _ _. 55

energy-evaluation applied to............. 63

energy flux to the reach between temperature sites 3 and 5._.--.-.--_.__ 67 

modifications produced by man.......... 22

shade index.........................__. 22

[Italic page numbers Indicate major references]

Page

Connetquot River basin.__.._. - _D6,50 

Convection................................... 66

Convective heat flux......................... 53

D

Delaware River basin, New York............ 3

De Luca, P. A., cited.._ .._.............. 8

Descriptions of the study streams............ 9

Diurnal and seasonal-temperature stability of

most Long Island streams..-...-. 58

Diurnal fluctuations, effect of forest cover on. 36

Diurnal-temperature fluctuations..-..--.---- 34

effect of ponding on...................... 36

Duttweiler, D. W., cited___.............. 4

E

Earthfill dams......--.-------.---...-.-....- 7

East Branch, East Meadow Brook.. __..... 13

East Lake................................... 12,30

East Meadow Brook....-...-.---.---.--.----. 4

average temperatures, survey I........... 30

survey 2...............__...._.... 32

survey 4............................. 39

survey 3.........__. .....-..-.... 84

survey 5-.---------------------------. 43

description...-..-.-------...--.--.-....-. 10

modifications produced by man.......... 12

shade index.............................. 13

summary of physical and hydrologic data 10

transverse temperature differences....---. 30

East Meadow Brook basin...._._ -._ .-- 43

climatic regimen......_.--.. -......-.-. 6

East Meadow Ponds......__............. 7,12,43

Ecological observations..-.-- .-.------.--.-. 46

Edinger, J. E., cited..__................... 4

Energy-budget analysis........------_.-.-.-- 58

Energy budget applied to Connetquot River. 63

Energy-budget computations.. ..... ..... 64

Energy-budget equation, The.._...... . .. 49

Energy-budget instrumentation at Connequot

River....---....----............. 60

Energy-budget studies..-..--------.-.-.._. 48

instrumentation.......................... 56

Energy flux, to the reach between temperature

sites 3 and 5, Connetquot River.. 67

Evaluation of energy-budget components..... 50

Evaporation, heat loss..................... 62

influence of urban areas........-_----- 6

Evaporation losses........................... 5

Environment its relation to stream temperature, review of literature...-.---. 5

Forest canopy, radiation.....-- ---. . -. 5#

shade index................-... .--._. 13

Forest cover-. - --.------------------------ 67

effect on solar radiation................... 58

Forest radiation..-------------__......__. 62

Franke, C. L., cited---.-.--------------- 12

Frictional heat....---------.---------- 49

G

Gannon, J. J., cited....-----. .... ........ 4

Geiger, Rudolf, cited.-......-.---.......... 3,4

Geography........ ... ... ... ..... 4

Geyer, J. C., cited. ..-.... -.-..........- 4

Page

Goebel.J.B., cited... - - -~ ~ D3 

Great Lakes----.---..-.---..-.--.------ 34

Great Lakes area.- - ......... 31

Ground water..-._ -..-------.-------------- 69

importance to regimen of streams or

the island.--------.------------ 7

Ground-water inflow -.- . 39,41

Ground-water reservoir ................ .. 57

Ground-water temperature. ---------------- 8

Guggenheim Lakes_......-..----.-.-.-...-- 13

Hanford Atomic Energy Plant, Richlandr

Wash..--.-... --. - 3 

Harbeck, G. E., cited. _ .............-.... 52

Hawleys Lake....-.- . ... - M\ 46,48

Heat-islands around industrialized cores of

cities...-----.-------- ---- 6

Heat-storage capacity of streams ----------- 57

Hempstead, N.Y --------------------- 4

Hourly stream-temperature data, Jan. 25-31,

1967-.---.-.---.------------- 99

Hourly stream-temperature data at continuous recording stations, Apr. 19- 

25, 1967.-------- -------- 101

Aug. 24-30, 1967----------------------- 106

June7-13, 1967---..-- -------------- 106

Nov. 15-21, 1966..---.------------------ 97

Hydrology. ......-..-..- ------ --- 7

I, J, K, L

Instrumentation. . ----------- ---------- 26

Introduction..-.- . ..... .. 1

Jaske, R. T., cited..... ----------------- 3

Knapps Lake 17,39

Lake Hefner __ _ . - - 52

Lake Ronokonkoma, N.Y. ---------------- *

London, E ngland, heat island. ......-....-.-. 5

M

Macan, T. T., cited _ .. ....-. ... -----

Magothy aquifer... _ _... - 

Mangan, J. W., cited. .... ----------

Marciano, J. J., cited... . - -----------

Meadowbrook State Parkway. . . - ---------

Messenger, Harry, cited... -------------------

Meterologic data, compilation, Apr. 19-25, 

1967... ----------------------

compilation, Aug. 24-30, 1967. ------------ 90

Jan. 25-31, 1967..----------------- S9

June 7-13, 1967 .._ 83

Nov. 15-21, 1966---------------------- M

Microclimatic influence of the ocean... . . .. .. .. 6

Mineola, N.Y..... - 5

Mississippi Valley. -..-.---------------- --- 41

Moore, A. M., cited--.-.. --------------------- 3

Mullener Pond...-----. -------------------- 1*

N, O

Nassau County ...... - - - 7,22,58

water supply. -------- ...... -- 1

temperatures.---.---.----------- ----- 6

Net radiation... 57

New York City water-supply system. . - - - - 7

Ocean, microclimatic influence of. ------------ *>

Ohio River VaUey... -------------------- 31

Oregon, temperatures of streams ---------- S

D109

3,4

13

3

52

12

76
DUO INDEX

P, Q page 

Pepacton Reservoir __ . ..... __-. .. D3

Pluhowski, E. J., cited.-.-.--..-------------- 3

Ponds---...-- --------------------------------- -------------------------------- 7

effect on daily temperature fluctuations... 

Precipitation, average annual. _ .- .........

Principal energy components in heat budget of 

Long Island streams _ -----------

Purpose and scope of report. _ ___.._-_ ...

Queens, temperature... ----------------------

32

R

Radiations, atmospheric, 

from forest canopy 

from streams. _ _ _. _ 

oii-si te._ -------------

...._ 61

............... 62

............... 62

............... 66

solar....-..- --- --..--. 8, IS,SO,37,41,67

importance in governing stream-temperature patterns. -_ -__ _ 60 

Recharge basin..--...-----..-------------.- 46

Recreation ponds.........-..-......-....... 7

Relationship between types of aquatic growths 

and flsh life and stream-temperature regimen.__________ . 46

Relative to stream-temperature patterns. .. 57 

Reservoir effects, review of literature.... 3

Rockaway Road recharge basin........... 28

Runoff..--.------------------------------ 43

8

Sampawams Creek...------.-. ------------- 4,22

annual temperature.----.--- ----------- 9

average temperatures, survey 1.. ....... SO

survey 2.............................. 32

survey 3..-------.----.--- ---------- 34

survey 4.. _ .......... . .. 39

surveys...-.-------...- ...--- 43

description.....---..-.-..... .- . . IS

shade index ........................... IS

summary of physical and hydrologic data. 10

temperature. -- ............---.--... 8

Sampawams Creek gaging station._._- _. 5

Sawyer, R. M.. cited...__.__ .._.. . 12

Seaders, John, cited.------------------------- 4

Seasonal relationships between diurnal temperature fluctuations and intensity of solar radiation. -. _ ...... 37

Seasonal temperature differences_.. -. _. -. 41

Seaburn, G. E., cited . - 12,43

Shade index, Champlin Creek._ .--. . 19

Connetquot River.. __.... ..... 22

East Meadow Brook ._.... IS

Sampawams Creek _...._ . IS

Swan River............- ... ..-....... 26

Shading......-.-.----------..-.......... 32,41,68

Champlin Creek____.,__,.-...__ 19

Connetquot River... -..-.......--..-... 22

East Meadow Brook__- .. ......_.. 12

Sampawams Creek.-.------.---.... .. IS

Swan River..... .---.-.-.-- .-----.. 26

Page 

Shading indices__.__._.........._. DS6,50

Slotta, L. S., cited............................ 4

Smith Pond....--.....-.----.--------,...... 12

Solar radiation......._............ 8,13,30,37, 41, 57

effect of forest cover....-....-.-.--,..._ 68

importance in governing stream-temperature patterns.-..----------... -. 60

Solar-radiation data for, Brookhaven sites.. _. 61 

Connetquot River sites........_........ 61

Mineola sites.__.. ...._............ 61

St. Lawrence River Valley....-- - 34

Stephan-Boltzman law for black-body radiation.............................. 52

Stoeckler, J. H., cited...-- ..... ....... 4

Stoplog control dams..--- --_ _. -___ _- 7,32 

Storm runoff..----------------------------- 8,17,58

Stream back radiation........................ 62

Stream temperature, effect of forest cover. _ 36

effect of snowfall - -- - - 47

Stream-temperature controls................. 30

Stream-temperature differences. --... ..._._- 41 

Stream-temperature fluctuations.._._-._ _ 34 

Stream-temperature patterns, effect of manimposed changes__.-.--._.... 68

effect of storm runoff...-...----------...- 43

Stream temperatures... - -_- ____ . 38,39

diurnal fluctuations. ........__.-.-. 32

effect of cloudiness__....__.......... 34

effect of ground water.--.-.-.-------.---. 39

effect of heavy snowfall... _ __ ._-____ 47

effect of runoff ----- .-.. ...-.... . 43,47

effect of storm runoff...-.---------------- 34,38

factors affecting.......--.... .--........ 59

transverse to channel.--------- -------- 30

Stream temperatures their relation to air and

ground-water temperatures.-... 8

Streamflow characteristics, Champlin Creek.. 17

Connetquot River..._ .....-...-.-..-.. 22

East Meadow Brook.-..---.-----.--..---- 12

Swampawams Creek........_______ IS

Swan River.......__._....._____ 22

Streams....____._............_._....___.. 7

heat-storage capacity.---------- ...__ 67

modifications of natural environment_.. 8 

water quality........_......_--------- 2

Study streams, descriptions._._..____..._._._ 9

Suffolk County -- .. 7

temperatures......_.................... 6

water supply.----- ----.--.-------..-.-- 1

Summary and conclusions....--------......-- 67

Surface-water resources.-.------.--.-------.-. 7

Swan Lake......-.....-.-.-...-- it, 31,32,36, 47

Sylvester, R. O., cited.__...........___- 3

Synoptic stream-temperature patterns, temperature survey 1__.__.___ 30 

temperature survey 2_,......-.-...-.-. 31

temperature survey 3-..--.._........... 34

temperature survey 4........... .__. 39

temperature survey 5. ... - _.- 41

Swan River.._.._____...............

average temperatures, survey 1...........

survey 2......_.....................

surveys.... -...____.____.

survey 4..............................

survey 6..............................

description..._.------..................

modifications produced by man._.....

shade index...________...........

summary of physical a nd hydrologic dataSwan River basin..,_............

T

Temperature, ground-wat ^r__... _____. 

Temperaturefluctuation, causes.._.........

seasonal.-..---.-.-....--.--.....---......

Temperature patterns, some unnsual types. __ 

Temperature prediction, review of literature. 

Temperature predict ions.....__.__.....

Temperature sensing instruments............

Temperature survey analyses._... _____.

1-.-. .-......____.................

Page 

D4

30

32

Temperature traverse.......__..__..__.

Temperatures, at Connetquot River, site 5,

predicted and observed. _ __ 

mean annual........___ . _

Tittabawassee River, Midland, Mich.........

U,V

Urbanization, relative to stream-temperature 

patterns.-------,_..._........

Urbanization and its effect on climate. ___. 

Velz, C. J., cited..............................

Virginia..--......-..,..... ...............

Voskuil, G. J., cited..........................

10

34

9

46

4

67

26

28

30

31

41

6

67

6

Water-budget study, background, purpose, 

and scope_....___..._.._..

Water quality of streams___ __ __ _.....

Water-supply reservoirs_..._....._......

Water-temperature patterrs, man's impact on. 

Weather, average temperatures, survey 4__.

temperature survey 1. _ ___ _____.

temperature survey 2. _ ___. ____.

temperature survey 3....__...-.-.-...

temperature survey 5.______.........

Williams, O. O., cited. ...................

West Branch, East Meado-v Brook_........

West Branch Susquehanna River, Showville, 

Pa... .........................

West Lake - - _- -

7 

28 

39 

SO 

31 

34 

41

3 

IS

4

12

 U.S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE: 1970 O 378-970