1 

### Davenport

- Moline

- Rock Island, IL

- IA

Area Designation for the

2012 Primary Annual PM 2.5 

### National Ambient Air Quality Standard

Technical Support Document

Summary

In accordance with Section 107(d) of the Clean Air Act (CAA), the EPA must promulgate designations for all areas of the country. In particular, the EPA must identify as “nonattainment” those areas that are violating a National Ambient Air Quality Standard (NAAQS) or contributing to a violation of the NAAQS in a nearby area. Additionally, through the designation process, the EPA identifies areas that are meeting the NAAQS and those areas without sufficient data for the Agency to make a determination. The EPA uses a designation category of

“ unclassifiable/attainment ” for areas where air quality monitoring data indicate attainment of the NAAQS and for areas that do not have monitors but for which the EPA has reason to believe are likely to be in attainment and are not contributing to nearby violations. The EPA reserves the category of “ unclassifiable ” for areas where the EPA cannot determine based on available information whether the area is meeting or not meeting the NAAQS or where the EPA has not determined that the area contributes to a nearby violation. The EPA must complete this process within 2 years of promulgating a new of revised NAAQS, or may do so within 3 years under circumstances not relevant to these designations. 1

This technical support document (TSD) describes the basis for EPA’s decision to designate th e Scott County portion of the Davenport area in Iowa as unclassifiable/attainment and the Rock Island, Henry, and Mercer County portions of the Davenport area in Illinois as unclassifiable for the 2012 primary annual fine particle NAAQS (2012 annual PM 2.5 NAAQS). 2

Consistent with section 107(d), states were required to submit area designation recommendations

to the EPA for the 2012 annual PM 2.5 NAAQS no later than 1 year following promulgation of the standard, or by December 13, 2013. On December 12, 2013, Illinois recommended that Rock Island, Henry and Mercer Counties be designated as unclassifiable/attainment for the 2012

annual PM 2.5 NAAQS, based on air quality data from 2010 to 2012. On April 30 , 201 4 , Iowa recommended a designation of unclassifiable/attainment for Scott County.

After considering these recommendations and based on EPA’s technical analysis as described in this TSD, the EPA is designat ing Scott County in Iowa as “unclassifiable/attainment” and Rock Island, Henry, and Mercer Counties in Illinois as “unclassifiable” for the 2012 annual PM 2.5

1 Section 107(d) of th e CAA requires the EPA to complete the initial designation process within 2 years of promulgation of a new or revised NAAQS, unless the Administrator has insufficient information to make initial designation decisions in the 2

- year time frame. In such circumstances, the EPA may take up to 1 additional year to make initial area designation decisions (i.e., no later than 3 years after promulgation of the standard).

2 On December 14, 2012, the EPA promulgated a revised primary annual PM 2.5 NAAQS (78 FR 3086, January 15, 2013). In that action, the EPA revised the primary annual PM 2.5 standard, strengthening it from 15.0 micrograms per cubic meter (μg/m 3 ) to 12.0 μg/m 3

.2

standards. These designations for the four counties in the Davenport area are listed in T able 1.

The EPA must designate an area nonattainment if it has an air quality monitoring site 3 that is violating the standard or if it has sources of emissions that are contributing to a violation of the NAAQS in a nearby area. No monitoring data indicate nonattainment of the 2012 annual PM 2.5 standards in the Davenport area.

A recent EPA

- conducted technical systems audit of the weighing of PM 2.5 samples in Illinois revealed that the Cook County Department of Environmental Control, which weighs all of the

f ilters in Illinois’ monitoring network, did not have appropriate equipment for determining whether the laboratory conditions met the temperature and humidity criteria in 40 CFR 50 Appendix L for proper conditioning of filters, and the instantaneous tempera ture and humidity information suggested that many of the weighings failed to meet these criteria. 4 As a result, the EPA believes that no monitoring site in Illinois has sufficient valid data to support a determination of either nonattainment or attainment, and therefore, the EPA cannot rely directly upon analysis/recommendations the states performed/provided which partially rely upon this invalid monitoring data. Thus, the EPA cannot determine whether any area in Illinois is meeting or not meeting the NAAQS

.

Table 1. Illinois’ and Iowa’s Recommended Designations and EPA’s Designations for the Davenport Area for the 2012 annual PM 2.5 NAAQS

Area of Analysis Illinois’ and Iowa’s

Unclassifiable/attainment
Recommendations EPA’s Designation s

Davenport

- Moline

Rock Island, IL

- IA Illinois: Rock Island, Henry and Mercer
Counties Iowa: Scott County Illinois: Rock Island

– Unclassifiable Henry

– Unclassifiable
Mercer

− Unclassifiable Iowa: Scott County

– Unclassifiable/attainment

Illinois’ recommendations for other counties in the state outside of the Davenport area are

addressed in a separate TSD. 5 The EPA agrees with Iowa’s recommendations that all counties

3 In accordance with 40 CFR 50 Appendix N, PM 2.5 measurements from the primary monitor and suitable collocated
PM 2.5 FRM, FEM or ARMs may be used in a “combined site data record” to establish a PM 2.5 design value to determine whether the NAAQS is met or not met at a particular PM 2.5 monitoring site.

4 Memorandum from Liz P. Naess, Air Quality Assessment Division, US EPA Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards, to EPA Docket EPA

- HQ

- OAR

- 2012

- 0918, Air Quality Designations for the 2012 PM 2.5 Standards, titled,

“ Data Issues in Illinois Affecting Air Quality Designations for the 2012 PM 2.5 National Ambient Air Quality
Standards. ”

5 Technical Support Document, December 2 014, titled, “Illinois Unclassifiable Area Designations for the 2012 Primary Annual PM2.5 National Ambient Air Quality Standards, ” prepared by US EPA.3

and portions of counties in Iowa should be designated as “unclassifiable/ attainment,” including those in the Davenport area

. 6

Technical Analysis for Davenport

- Moline

- Rock Island, IA

- IL

The Davenport

- Moline

- Rock Island, IA

- IL MSA includes Rock Island, Henry and Mercer

C ounties in Illinois and Scott County in Iowa. Both Illinois and Iowa recommended a designation of unclassifiable/attainment for the ir counties within this area. The core of the urban area of Davenport , where the majority of the emissions and emissions activities are located,

consists of Scott County

, I owa and Rock Island County , I llinois

. As explained above, the EPA is designat ing all of Illinois unclassifiable. However, the EPA evaluat ed whether the Iowa portion of the Davenport

- Moline

- Rock Island, IA

- IL MSA could be contributing to a potential violation of the NAAQS in the Illinois portion of this MSA. As part of this analysis , the EPA considered

information relevant to a five factor analysis for the Iowa portion of the MSA. Below is a

discussion of the factor

- related information gener ally considered for evaluating appropriate

boundaries for a nonattainment area . These factors include: Air Quality Data; Emissions and
Emissions

- related Data; Meteorology; Geography/Topography; and Jurisdictional Boundaries.

For the first factor, the EPA considers air quality information for the area. As shown in Figure 1,

t he Iowa portion of the Davenport area currently has four PM 2.5 monitors located in Scott County

, Iowa . All four monitors have complete and valid data showi ng attainment of the 2012

PM 2.5 NAAQ S

, with 2011

- 2013 design values ranging from 10.2 to 10.7 μg/m 3

. As noted above, although the monitor located in Rock Island County, Illinois does not have current, reliable

monitor ing data , this monitor has historically measured annual values below the Scott County

, Iowa monitors (see historical design value trend chart in Figure 2 )

, suggesting that it is unlikely there is a current violation of the NAAQS in the area. However, given the questions concerni ng the validity of the monitor data the EPA cannot exclusively rely on this fact , but this information

can add to the weight of evidence supporting the EPA’s conclusions regarding appropriate designations for the area

. Table 2 shows the recent design value history for the four valid, attaining monitors located in Scott County , Iowa

.

6 Unless a state or tribe has specifically identified jurisdictional boundaries in their area recommendat ions, when determining “remainder of the state,” the EPA will use Federal Information Processing Standard (FIPS) codes maintained by the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), which are used to identify counties and county equivalents (e.g. , parishes, boroughs) of the United States and its unincorporated territories (e.g., American Samoa, Guam, Northern Mariana Islands, Puerto Rico, and the US Virgin Islands). Available on EPA’s Envirofacts
website at http://www.epa.gov/envirofw/html/codes/s tate.html

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Table 2 . Air Quality Data collected at Regulatory Monitors in Davenport (all DV levels in μg/m 3 )

State County Monitor ID State

Rec ommended

Nonattainment ? PM 2.5 Annual

Design Value

2009

- 2011 PM 2.5 Annual

Design Value

2010

- 2012 PM 2.5 Annual

Design Value

2011

- 2013

Iowa Scott 191630015 No 11.4 11.0 10.2

Iowa Scott 191630018 No 11.5 11.2 10.4

Iowa Scott 191630020 No 11.3 10.7

Iowa Scott 191630019 No 10.6

Historically

, the Davenport area has not violated any annual PM 2.5 standard s , and thus the EPA

has not previously established a nonattainment boundary for this area. In the absence of a previously established nonattainment boundary, the EPA has considered relevant information to assess the possibility of contribution to a potential violation of the NAAQS in the Illinois portion

of the MSA , and whether that contribution is likely to be significantly different from the

contribution to the valid

, attaining monitors in Scott County

. Figure 1 shows the Davenport area MSA along with the locations of area monitors. The valid monitors in Scott County, Iowa are shown with blue dots, while the location of the inv a lid Rock Island, Illinois monitor is depi cted by a n orange star

.

Figure 1. Map of MSA Boundary for Davenport with monitor locations5

Note: Rock Island PM 2.5 monitor 171613002 location is show n as a star in Figure 1.

Figure 2. Davenport PM 2.5 Design Value Trends 2003

- 2013 (μg/m 3 )

Note: Monitor ID 171613002

– All recent design values at this site in Illinois are invalid

.

Recent population data for the Davenport area indicate similar population in Illinois and Iowa, with 2010 Rock Island County population of 147,612 and 2010 Scott C ounty population of 165,781

. While Henry and Mercer Counties in Illinois have an additional population of 66,850 combined, the population density in these counties is much less than the two core counties of

Rock Island and Scott. Table 3 shows Davenport ar ea population and population density for both
2000 and 2010.

Table 3. Population Growth and Population Density.

State County FIPS

Code Population

2000 Population

2010 % Change

from 2000 Land Area

(Sq. Miles) Population

Density (per Sq. Mile)

IL Henry 17073 51,020 50,424

- 1.2% 823.2 61.3

IL Mercer 17131 16,957 16,428

- 3.1% 561.0 29.3

IL Rock Island 17161 149,374 147,612

- 1.2% 426.8 345.9

IA Scott 19163 158,668 165,781 4.5% 457.9 362.0

Several industrial facilities are located in the Davenport area : the MidAmerican Energy

Riverside Station (located in the eastern portion of Scott C ounty near the Mississippi R iver)

, Alcoa (located east of monitors in Scott County and east

- northeast of the Rock Island County

monitor ), Lafarge North America , Inc. (loca ted in the Southwest portion of Scott County and to

the south west of all area monitors ), and John Deere Harvester Works (located in Rock Island County south of the MidAmerican Energy plant noted above and generally east of all area

monitors )

. Figure 3 shows the location of these point sources in relation to the monitor ing site locations (blue dots represent the valid

, attaining Scott County, Iowa monitors, while the orange 9.0 10.0 11.0 12.0 13.0 14.0 15.0 16.0

2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013



### Design Value Trends 2003

- 2013

191630015 191630018 191630019

191630020 171613002 NAAQS6

star represents the Rock Island , Illinois monitor with invalid data). Ta ble 4 summarizes the 2011 reported emissions from these point sources. Emissions from each of these stationary sources is relatively low, with the highest being approximately 1,511 tons per year of NO x and 3,694 tons per year of SO 2 from the MidAmerican En ergy Riverside Station.

Figure 3. Point Sources Located in the Davenport Area

Note: Rock Island PM 2.5 monitor 171613002 location is show n as a star in Figure 3.

Table 4. NEI 2011 v1 Point Source Emissions (tons/year)

State County Facility Name NH 3 NO X PM 2.5 SO 2 VOC

IL Henry ANR Pipeline Co * 0 1,007 11 0 54

IL Rock Island John Deere Harvester Works 8 172 6 978 119

IA Scott MIDAMERICAN ENERGY CO

- RIVERSIDE STATION 1 1,511 95 3,694 18

IA Scott ALCOA INC 6 159 156 5 240

IA Scott LAFARGE NORTH AMERICA, INC 5 1,605 57 1,527 130

* Located in Illinois outside the core Davenport area view in Figure 3 and not further assessed here.7

Overall emissions are similar in the Iowa and Illinois counties in the Davenport area with population

- related and mobile source emissions in the core areas at the same order of magnitude. Table 5 provides a summary of the overall direct PM 2.5 and PM 2.5 precursor emissions in 2011.

The aggregate emissions of direct PM 2.5 and precursor pollutants from the Davenport area point sources are slightly higher in Scott C ounty and comprise a significant portion of Scott County’s

NO x and SO 2 emissions

, but are from sources generally located in an area which would be no

more likely to impact the Rock Island monitor p ortion of the Davenport area than the four Scott County monitors

, based on the meteor o logical data.

Table 5. County

- Level Emissions of Directly Emitted PM 2.5 and Precursors (tons/year)

State County NH 3 NO X VOC SO 2 PM 2.5

Illinois Henry Co 2,557 4,382 2,319 60 1,720

Illinois Mercer Co 1,311 687 953 33 910

Illinois Rock Island Co 779 4,237 4,339 1,433 1,051

Illinois Rock Island Co % from single

point source in Table 4 <1% 4% <1% 68% 11%

Iowa Scott Co 1,935 7,124 5,884 5,349 2,233

Iowa Scott Co % from the three

p oint s ource s in Table 4 <1% 46% 5% 98% 17%

A review of the meteorological data for the Davenport area indicates winds most frequently from
the south , east and west with a smaller northwest component. Figure 4 shows wind roses that the EPA generated from the Davenport Municipal Airport located in the north ern portion of the urban area and the Quad City International Airport in the south ern portion of the urban area using 2009

- 2012 data from National Weather Service locations archived at the National Climate
Data Center. 7 The most frequent wind directions are from the west

- northwest, the south and the east. The least frequent winds are from the north, northeast and southwest.

Although the wind data suggest that there could be some contri bution from sources in Scott County to the Rock Island portion of the Davenport area, much of the emissions and emissions activity in Scott County

, including key point sources identified in Table 4

, comes from sources

located to the north and northeast of the monitor in Rock Island and thus the re is less likely to be

contribution from such sources

. Given these wind direction frequencies, the Scott County

sources would not likely differentially impact the Rock Island monitor (relative to the Scott County mon itors that currently indicate attainment of the 2012 PM 2.5 NAAQS by a significant margin). The historical PM 2.5 data in Figure 2 lends additional support to this notion.

7 ftp.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/noaa or http://gis.ncdc.noaa.gov/map/viewer/#app=cdo&cfg=cdo&theme=hourly&layers=1&node=gis

. Quality assurance
of the National Weather Service data is described here: http://www1.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/inventories/ish

- qc.pdf8

Figure 4 . Wind Rose s Representing the Area of Analysis for the Davenport Area.

Note: Rock Island PM 2.5 monitor 171613002 location is show n as a star in Figure 4.

Conclusion

Based on this technical analysis, the EPA agree s with Iowa’s recommendation and is designat ing Scott County

, Iowa as unclassifiable/attainment with the remaining three counties in the Illinois portion of the MSA (Rock Island, Henry and Mercer) designated as unclassifiable. The EPA i s designat ing a ll other counties in Iowa as unclassifiable/attainment as recommen ded by Iowa.