SOUTHWEST RESEARCH INSTITUTE ®

6220 CULEBRA ROAD i POST OFFICE DRAWER 28510 i SAN ANTONIO, TEXAS, USA 78228-0510 i (210) 684-5111 i WWW.SWRI.ORG 

HTTP://ENGINEANDVEHICLE .SWRI.ORG

ENGINE, EMISSIONS, AND VEHICLE RESEARCH DIVISION ISO 9001 CERTIFIED

FAX: (210) 522-3950 ISO 14001 Certified 

SAN ANTONIO, TEXAS 

HOUSTON, TEXAS i WASHINGTON, DC 

August 15, 2009 

Brian H. West 

Fuels, Engines, and Emissions Research Center 

Oak Ridge National Laboratory 

NTRC Building 

2360 Cherahala Boulevard 

Knoxville, TN 37932 

Subject: Monthly Progress Report No. 10 for the Period July 1, through July 31, 2009; for the 

program, "Catalyst Screening and Durability for Intermediate Ethanol Blends," UTBattelle/Oak Ridge National Laboratory Subcontract No. 4000071456, SwRI Project 

03.14530. 

1.0 INTRODUCTION 

 The objective of this project is to help quantify emissions system durability of E15 and 

E20 on the US fleet. Specifically, this project will study the effects of ethanol blends on openloop stoichiometry and resulting catalyst and oxygen sensor temperatures. This project will also 

generate valuable data on vehicle emissions and performance. 

Vehicles selected for this study will include a wide range of manufacturers across several 

model years. Some of the vehicles that will be tested include vehicles that have been identified 

as having leaner and hotter operation on ethanol blends than on gasoline when in wide-open 

throttle (WOT) open-loop operation. Other vehicles will be tested because of their large 

numbers in the in-use vehicle fleet. New vehicles with unknown open-loop fuel control at WOT 

may also be selected. 

 In this project, SwRI will age vehicles and emission control systems operating on three 

levels of ethanol blended fuels (E10, E15, and E20) and compare emissions and vehicle 

performance to similar vehicles operating on the base gasoline (E0). Vehicle service 

accumulation and emissions testing are to be performed on multiple sets of matched vehicles. 

For each matched set, vehicles are to be aged and emissions tested on the four fuel blends (E0, 

E10, E15, and E20). Emissions testing will be performed at three added service accumulation 

levels: 0 miles (start of service accumulation), between 25,000 and 50,000 miles (mid service 

accumulation level), and at the end of the vehicle’s full-useful life (nominally 120,000 miles). 
Brian West 

Oak Ridge National Laboratory 

August 15, 2009 

Page 2 of 6 

2.0 PROGRESS FOR THE PERIOD JULY 1-31, 2009 

2.1 Honda Accords 

 Honda Accord vehicles ORHA0, ORHA15, and ORHA20 completed service 

accumulation to “full-useful life” (nominally 120,000 miles as measured on the odometer of the 

highest mileage vehicle). Honda Accord ORHA10B previously completed 50,000 miles of 

service accumulation. 

Honda Accord vehicle ORHA10B underwent 50,000-mile Federal Test Procedure (FTP) 

emissions testing with project fuels during this reporting period. Federal Test Procedure 

emissions data at 50,000 test miles for all the Accords run on the E0, E10, E15, and E20 

emissions test fuels are provided in Table 1. 

 Long-term fuel trim data, along with lubricating oil change interval history, and engine 

fault codes and comments are provided in Appendix A for Honda Accord ORHA10B and the 

Chevrolet Silverado and Nissan Altima vehicle sets. Graphs of vehicle oil consumption are 

provided in Appendix B. 

TABLE 1. 2007 HONDA ACCORD EMISSIONS TESTS 

Service Accumulation Level: 50k Miles 

FTP Composite Emissions, g/mi 

Test 

Ref. 

Vehicle 

No. Test No. Fuel THC CO NOX

Fuel 

Economy, 

mi/gal 

1 OR-HA00-1-F-E0-50k-T1 0.044 0.183 0.023 26.6 

2 ORHA0 OR-HA00-1-F-E0-50k-T2 E0 0.046 0.176 0.026 26.4 

3 OR-HA10B-1-F-E0-50k-T1 0.041 0.359 0.022 27.6 

4 OR-HA10B-1-F-E0-50k-T4 E0 0.026 0.217 0.016 27.4 

5 OR-HA10B-1-F-E10-50k-T1 0.026 0.191 0.019 27.4 

6 

ORHA10B 

OR-HA10B-1-F-E10-50k-T2 E10 0.029 0.206 0.029 27.1 

7 OR-HA15-1-F-E0-50k-T1 0.026 0.191 0.016 26.4 

8 OR-HA15-1-F-E0-50k-T2 E0 0.033 0.185 0.021 26.1 

9 OR-HA15-1-F-E15-50k-T1 0.037 0.173 0.022 26.7 

10 

ORHA15 

OR-HA15-1-F-E15-50k-T2 E15 0.028 0.134 0.025 26.0 

11 OR-HA20-1-F-E0-50k-T1 0.032 0.243 0.020 26.7 

12 OR-HA20-1-F-E0-50k-T2 E0 0.028 0.186 0.023 26.6 

13 OR-HA20-1-F-E20-50k-T2 0.026 0.124 0.025 26.8 

14 

ORHA20 

OR-HA20-1-F-E20-50k-T3 E20 0.026 0.154 0.023 26.2 

2.2 Chevrolet Silverados 

 The Chevrolet Silverado vehicle set previously completed 50,000 miles of service 

accumulation. During this reporting period, emissions testing was performed on the Silverado 

vehicle set using the E0, E10, E15, and E20 emissions test fuels. Federal Test Procedure 

emissions data at 50,000 test miles for the Silverado vehicle set is given Table 2. 
Brian West 

Oak Ridge National Laboratory 

August 15, 2009 

Page 3 of 6 

TABLE 2. 2006 CHEVROLET SILVERADO EMISSIONS TESTS 

Service Accumulation Level: 50k Miles 

FTP Composite Emissions, g/mi 

Test 

Ref. 

Vehicle 

No. Test No. Fuel THC CO NOX

Fuel 

Economy, 

mi/gal 

1 OR-CS00-1-F-E0-50k-T1 0.085 0.613 0.051 16.2 

2 

ORCS0 

OR-CS00-1-F-E0-50k-T4 

E0 

0.070 0.736 0.042 16.3 

3 OR-CS10-1-F-E0-50k-T1 0.043 0.673 0.025 16.5 

4 OR-CS10-1-F-E0-50k-T2 

E0 

0.033 0.605 0.020 16.4 

5 OR-CS10-1-F-E10-50k-T1 0.079 0.910 0.048 15.9 

6 

ORCS10 

OR-CS10-1-F-E10-50k-T3 E10 0.070 0.736 0.044 15.9 

7 OR-CS15-1-F-E0-50k-T1 0.045 0.653 0.020 16.9 

8 OR-CS15-1-F-E0-50k-T2 

E0 

0.049 0.694 0.025 16.8 

9 OR-CS15-1-F-E15-50k-T1 0.086 0.850 0.046 16.0 

10 

ORCS15 

OR-CS15-1-F-E15-50k-T3 E15 0.060 0.742 0.035 16.0 

11 OR-CS20-1-F-E0-50k-T3 0.040 0.507 0.022 16.7 

12 OR-CS20-1-F-E0-50k-T4 

E0 

0.037 0.462 0.022 17.0 

13 OR-CS20-1-F-E20-50k-T1 0.081 0.538 0.036 15.8 

14 

ORCS20 

OR-CS20-1-F-E20-50k-T2 E20 0.079 0.546 0.037 15.8 

 The Silverado vehicle set has returned to the SwRI Mileage Accumulation 

Dynamometers. Service accumulation to full-useful life is expected to continue into September. 

2.3 Nissan Altimas 

 The Nissan Altima vehicle set continued its service accumulation on the SwRI Mileage 

Accumulation Dynamometers this reporting period. The Altima vehicle set is scheduled for 

emissions testing in August. 

2.4 Dodge Caravans and Ford Tauruses 

 The Dodge Caravan vehicle set began zero-mile emissions testing this reporting period, 

but testing was stopped when it was determined that incorrect dynamometer coefficients were 

selected. Emissions testing will resume following the determination of the correct coefficients. 

One of the Dodge Caravans exhibited higher NOx emissions than expected. Possible causes 

were (and continue to be) investigated, and a summary will be compiled for the next progress 

report. 

 The Taurus vehicle set completed its exhaust manifold instrumentation, and the 

manifolds have been re-installed on the engines. The Ford Taurus emissions testing began in 

July and is scheduled to finish in August. The Ford Taurus vehicle set is now scheduled to 

complete emissions testing before the Dodge Caravan vehicle set. Ford Taurus vehicle 

emissions tests on E0 fuel are provided in Table 3. The vehicle exhaust emissions look good and 

no engine fault codes were set. 
Brian West 

Oak Ridge National Laboratory 

August 15, 2009 

Page 4 of 6 

TABLE 3. 2008 FORD TAURUS EMISSIONS TESTS WITH E0 FUEL 

Service Accumulation Level: 0k Miles 

FTP Composite Emissions, g/mi 

Test 

Ref. 

Vehicle 

No. Test No. Fuel THC CO NOX

Fuel 

Economy, 

mi/gal 

1 OR-FT00-1-F-E0-0k-T1 0.027 0.517 0.002 20.2 

2 

ORFT0 

OR-FT00-1-F-E0-0k-T3 

E0 

0.030 0.591 0.003 20.4 

3 OR-FT10-1-F-E0-0k-T2 0.027 0.303 0.005 20.7 

4 

ORFT10 

OR-FT10-1-F-E0-0k-T5 

E0 

0.021 0.273 0.003 19.9 

5 OR-FT15-1-F-E0-0k-T1 0.024 0.337 0.003 20.5 

6 

ORFT15 

OR-FT15-1-F-E0-0k-T2 

E0 

0.012 0.229 0.001 20.8 

7 OR-FT20-1-F-E0-0k-T1 0.028 0.509 0.003 20.3 

8 

ORFT20 

OR-FT20-1-F-E0-0k-T2 

E0 

0.031 0.518 0.003 20.3 

2.5 Vehicle Procurement – Chevrolet Cobalts 

 The Oak Ridge program manager directed SwRI to locate and purchase three 2006 

Chevrolet Cobalt test vehicles with 2.2L four cylinder engines. The specifications of the first 

Cobalt vehicle located and authorized for purchase are given in Appendix C. 

2.6 Mileage Accumulation Fuel 

 Another batch of fuel grade ethanol was purchased, analyzed, and approved for use in the 

program. The ninth tanker truck of E0 gasoline was also purchased and approved for the 

program. Analytical results for recent fuel blends and the second batch of ethanol are included in 

Appendix D. 

 There is a concern that E0 fuel will not be available at the terminal currently being used 

for E0 fuel procurement. This topic was discussed at the June project review meeting. SwRI 

will work with Oak Ridge and CRC to identify other fuel terminals, preferably close to San 

Antonio, that would have E0 fuel available for purchase for the remainder of the program. 

2.7 Data Format and Processing 

 Data format and data processing activities have continued. The development of a 

methodology for determining the limit of detection (LOD) and the limit of quantification (LOQ) 

for alcohols and aldehyde measurements was established for this program this past reporting 

period. This proposed methodology was sent to regulatory stakeholders for review. The focus 

of this new methodology development was to determine how to properly address collection 

media interferences in the measurement process when the exhaust emission samples themselves 

are at levels similar the interferences. This concern has become more pronounced over the past 

several years as vehicles emit lower levels of emissions. 
Brian West 

Oak Ridge National Laboratory 

August 15, 2009 

Page 5 of 6 

 As a result of the new data processing methodology, alcohol and aldehyde data reported 

in the progress reports to date will be re-processed. A new emissions test workbook has been 

developed, and it will calculate fuel economy using a carbon balance method which is better for 

calculating fuel economy with ethanol fuel blends than the standard CFR method used for 

vehicle emissions calculations with certification gasoline. 

3.0 WORK PLANNED FOR THE NEXT REPORTING PERIOD 

 Honda Accords ORHA0, ORHA15, and ORHA20 will begin 120,000-mile, full-useful 

life (FUL) emissions testing in August. Honda Accord ORHA10B will continue service 

accumulation into September, and then it will be scheduled for FUL emissions testing. 

 The Chevrolet Silverado vehicle set is scheduled to finish service accumulation to FUL in 

September. The Nissan Altima vehicle set is expected to finish its service accumulation to 

50,000 test miles and begin emissions testing in August. The remainder of the Altima set’s 

service accumulation to FUL will be scheduled following successful completion of the emissions 

testing. 

 Emission tests will continue on the Ford Tauruses in August. The dynamometer 

coefficients for the Dodge caravans will be determined, and the emissions concern with one of 

the Caravans will be investigated. After resolution, vehicle emissions tests will be scheduled. 

 The vehicle search will continue for the Chevrolet Cobalts. When the Cobalts arrive, 

they will undergo vehicle check-in procedures and instrumentation. 

 Vehicle emissions data processing for new tests will incorporate the use of the newly 

developed data calculation and archiving workbook. This workbook will calculate vehicle fuel 

economy using the carbon balance method. The previously generated data sets will be reprocessed and put in the new workbook form. 

 SwRI will work with Oak Ridge and CRC to determine a source of E0 fuel as an 

alternative to the current supplying terminal. It is possible that the current terminal will be 

transitioning to ethanol-containing gasoline by the end of 2009. 

 A date for the next project review meeting in San Antonio will be determined. This 

meeting will be targeted for early November. 
Brian West 

Oak Ridge National Laboratory 

August 15, 2009 

Page 6 of 6 

4.0 CONCLUSION 

 If you have any questions regarding this project report, please contact Marty Heimrich at 

(210) 522-3022 or by e-mail at mheimrich@swri.org. 

Prepared by: Reviewed by: 

 

Martin J. Heimrich Jeff J. White 

Manager Director 

Department of Emissions Research Department of Emissions Research 

 and Development and Development 

/sat 

cc: Brent Shoffner, SwRI 

 Kevin Brunner, SwRI 

This report shall not be reproduced, except in full, without the written approval of Southwest Research Institute®. 

Results and discussion given in this report relate only to the test items described in this report. 
APPENDIX A 

LONG-TERM FUEL TRIM MEASUREMENTS 

OIL CHANGE INTERVAL HISTORY 

ENGINE FAULT CODES AND COMMENTS

Vehicles

Honda Accord ORHA10B 

Nissan Altimas 

Chevrolet Silverados
 A-1 LONG TERM FUEL TRIM Date Odometer Test Fuel Average Drive Engine codes? 

32,281 Min. Max. Min. Max. Min. Max. As-received (Initial) 4/6/2009 32,281 0 As-recd -15.6 -16.4 -15.6 -16.4 -14.8 -16.4 -15.80 No As-received after oil change 4/6/2009 32,281 0 As-recd -12.5 -12.5 -11.7 -12.5 -10.9 -10.9 -11.70 No Oil Change 1 5/12/2009 39,595 7,314 E10 -3.9 -3.9 -3.1 -3.1 -3.1 -3.1 -3.50 No Oil Change 2 5/21/2009 47,088 14,807 E10 -3.9 -3.1 -3.9 -3.9 -3.1 -3.1 -3.30 No Oil Change 3 5/29/2009 54,643 22,362 E10 0.0 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.53 No Oil Change 4 6/5/2009 61,943 29,662 E10 3.9 4.6 2.3 3.1 1.5 2.3 3.08 No Oil Change 5 6/15/2009 69,237 36,956 E10 -5.4 -5.4 -5.4 -5.4 -5.4 -5.4 -5.40 No Oil Change 6 6/23/2009 76,475 44,194 E10 -1.5 -0.7 -0.7 0.0 -1.5 -0.7 -1.10 No Oil Change 7 7/30/2009 83,790 51,509 E10 0 0 0 0 0.7 0.7 0.35 No ORHA10B Idle in Drive Idle in Park Idle in Drive
 A-2

2008 Nissan AltimaLong Term fuel Trim

Date Odometer Test Fuel

Average 

Drive

Engine 

codes? 

19,284 Min. Max. Min. Max. Min. Max.

As Received 2/10/2009 19,264 As-recd As-recd -2.3 -2.3 -2.3 -2.3 -2.3 -2.3 -2.30 NoOil Change 1 5/26/2009 26,784 7,500 E0 -7.8 -7.8 -7.0 -7.0 -7.8 -7.8 -7.80 NoOil Change 2 6/6/2009 34,284 15,000 E0 -9.3 -9.3 -7.0 -7.0 -7.0 -7.0 -8.15 NoOil Change 3 6/15/2009 41,784 22,500 E0 -7.0 -7.0 -8.5 -7.0 -8.5 -8.5 -7.75 NoOil Change 4 6/24/2009 49,284 30,000 E0 -5.4 -5.4 -5.4 -5.4 -5.4 -5.4 -5.40 No

P15code 

Oil Change 5 7/2/2009 56,784 37,500 E0 -9.3 -9.3 -8.5 -8.5 -8.5 -9.3 -9.10 No IncluOil Change 6 7/9/2009 64,284 45,000 E0 -9.3 -9.3 -9.3 -9.3 -9.3 -9.3 -9.30 No Inclu

Date Odometer Test Fuel

Average 

Drive

Engine 

codes? 

19,524 Min. Max. Min. Max. Min. Max.

As-Received 2/10/2009 19,518 As-recd As-recd -5.4 -5.4 -5.4 -5.4 -5.4 -5.4 -5.40 NoOil Change 1 6/1/2009 27,024 7,500 E10 -0.7 -0.7 -1.5 -1.5 -0.7 -0.7 -0.70 NoOil Change 2 6/9/2009 34,524 15,000 E10 -1.5 -1.5 -1.5 -1.5 -1.5 -1.5 -1.50 NoOil Change 3 6/17/2009 42,024 22,500 E10 -2.3 -2.3 -3.1 -3.1 -2.3 -2.3 -2.30 NoOil Change 4 6/27/2009 49,524 30,000 E10 -5.4 -5.4 -3.9 -3.9 -5.4 -5.4 -5.40 No IncluOil Change 5 7/6/2009 57,024 37,500 E10 -3.1 -3.1 -3.1 -3.1 -3.1 -3.1 -3.10 No IncluOil Change 6 7/14/2009 64,524 45,000 E10 -2.3 -2.3 -3.9 -3.9 -2.3 -2.3 -2.30 No Inclu

Date Odometer Test Fuel

Average 

Drive

Engine 

codes? 

9,950 Min. Max. Min. Max. Min. Max.

As-Received 2/10/2009 9,935 As-recd As-recd -5.4 -5.4 -5.4 -5.4 -5.4 -5.4 -5.40 NoOil Change 1 6/9/2009 17,450 7,500 E15 -0.7 -0.7 0.0 0.0 -0.7 -0.7 -0.70 NoOil Change 2 6/19/2009 24,950 15,000 E15 0.0 0.0 0.0 3.9 3.9 3.9 1.95 NoOil Change 3 6/29/2009 32,450 22,500 E15 3.1 3.1 3.1 3.1 -1.5 -1.5 0.80 No IncluOil Change 4 7/10/2009 39,950 30,000 E15 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.70 No IncluOil Change 5 7/20/2009 47,450 37,500 E15 -3.1 -3.1 -3.1 -3.1 -3.1 -3.1 -3.10 No Inclu

Date Odometer Test Fuel

Average 

Drive

Engine 

codes? 

10,307 Min. Max. Min. Max. Min. Max.

As-Received 2/10/2009 10,296 As-recd As-recd -8.5 -8.5 -8.5 -8.5 -8.5 -8.5 -8.50 NoOil Change 1 6/12/2009 17,807 7,500 E20 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.00 NoOil Change 2 6/20/2009 25,307 15,000 E20 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.00 NoOil Change 3 6/29/2009 32,807 22,500 E20 -0.7 -0.7 -0.7 -0.7 -0.7 -0.7 -0.70 No IncluOil Change 4 7/8/2009 40,307 30,000 E20 -0.7 -0.7 -0.7 -0.7 -0.7 -0.7 -0.70 No Inclu

Inclu

Idle in DriveIdle in Drive Idle in Park Idle in Drive

ORNA20

Idle in DriveIdle in Drive

Idle in ParkIdle in ParkIdle in Park

ORNA10

Idle in Drive

ORNA15

Idle in Drive

Idle in Drive

ORNA0
 A-3 Chevrolet Silverado Long Term Fuel Trim 27,606 Average Drive Engine Codes 

Date Odometer Test Miles Min. Max. Min. Max. Min. Max. Min. Max. Min. Max. Min. Max. As received 12/17/2008 27,606 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 -3.0 -3.0 -3.0 -3.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.00 No After Emmisions 2/23/2009 27,819 213 1.0 1.0 0.0 0.0 -4.0 -4.0 -4.0 -4.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.25 No Oil Change 1 3/30/2009 39,679 12,073 2.3 2.3 2.3 2.3 2.3 2.3 2.3 2.3 2.3 2.3 2.3 2.3 2.30 No Oil Change 2 4/13/2009 52,669 25,063 -0.7 -0.7 -0.7 -0.7 -0.7 -0.7 -0.7 -0.7 -0.7 -0.7 -0.7 -0.7 -0.70 No Oil Change 3 4/27/2009 65,566 37,960 -0.7 -0.7 -0.7 -0.7 -0.7 -0.7 -0.7 -0.7 -0.7 -0.7 -0.7 -0.7 -0.70 No Oil Change 4 7/15/2009 78,259 50,653 -1.5 -1.5 -2.3 -2.3 -1.5 -1.5 -2.3 -2.3 -1.5 -1.5 -2.3 -2.3 -1.90 No Code P0724 TCC/Br

Includes check for al

Oil Change 5 7/28/2009 90,944 63,338 -0.7 -0.7 -0.7 -0.7 -0.7 -0.7 -0.7 -0.7 -0.7 -0.7 -0.7 -0.7 -0.7 NO Code P0724 TCC/Br

Includes check for al

14,350 Average Drive Engine Codes 

Date Odometer Test Miles Min. Max. Min. Max. Min. Max. Min. Max. Min. Max. Min. Max. As received 12/17/2008 14,319 -2.0 -2.0 1.0 1.0 -4.0 -4.0 0.0 0.0 -3.0 -1.0 0.0 1.0 -0.63 No After Emissions 2/23/2009 14,635 285 0.0 0.0 -1.0 -1.0 -2.0 -2.0 -3.0 -3.0 0.0 0.0 -2.0 -2.0 -0.75 Yes P0030, P0036, P005

Oil Change 1 3/27/2009 26,476 12,126 7.8 7.8 5.4 5.4 8.5 8.5 7.8 7.8 7.8 7.8 5.4 5.4 6.60 No Oil Change 2 4/9/2009 39,466 25,116 1.6 1.6 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 -0.7 -0.7 1.6 1.6 0.0 0.0 0.80 No Oil Change 3 4/22/2009 52,363 38,013 0.0 0.0 -0.7 -0.7 3.1 3.1 3.9 3.9 0.0 0.0 -0.7 -0.7 -0.35 No Oil Change 4 7/20/2009 65,056 50,706 4.7 4.7 2.3 2.3 4.7 4.7 2.3 2.3 4.7 4.7 2.3 2.3 3.50 No Code P0724 TCC/Br

Includes check for al

17,152

Average 

Drive

Engine 

Codes 

Date Odometer Test

Miles Min. Max. Min. Max. Min. Max. Min. Max. Min. Max. Min. Max.

As received 12/17/2008 17,121 0.0 0.0 2.0 2.0 -2.0 -2.0 -2.0 -2.0 -2.0 -2.0 0.0 0.0 0.00 NoAfter Emissions 12/23/2009 17,396 244 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 7.0 7.0 6.0 6.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.00 Yes P0030, P0036, P005

Oil Change 1 3/31/2009 29,410 12,258 10.1 10.1 12.5 12.5 11.7 11.7 12.5 12.5 11.7 11.7 13.2 13.2 11.88 NoOil Change 2 4/13/2009 42,400 25,248 9.3 10.1 10.1 12.5 9.3 9.3 9.3 9.3 9.3 9.3 12.5 12.5 10.70 NoOil Change 3 5/5/2009 55,297 38,145 7.8 7.8 8.6 8.6 7.8 7.8 8.6 8.6 7.8 7.8 8.6 8.6 8.20 NoOil Change 4 7/20/2009 67,990 50,838 5.5 5.5 5.5 5.5 5.5 5.5 6.3 6.3 5.5 5.5 7.8 7.8 6.08 No Includes formal chec

17,103

Average 

Drive

Engine 

Codes 

Date Odometer Test

Miles Min. Max. Min. Max. Min. Max. Min. Max. Min. Max. Min. Max.

As received 12/17/2008 17,103 -3.0 -3.0 -1.0 -1.0 -7.0 -6.0 -6.0 -6.0 -4.0 -4.0 -3.0 -3.0 -2.75 NoAfter emissions 2/25/2009 17,348 245 5.0 7.0 5.0 5.0 4.0 4.0 3.0 3.0 4.0 4.0 5.0 5.0 5.00 Yes P0030, P0036, P005

Oil Change 1 3/30/2009 29,413 12,310 11.7 11.7 9.4 9.4 11.7 11.7 9.4 9.4 11.7 11.7 9.4 9.4 10.55 NoOil Change 2 4/13/2009 42,403 25,300 11.7 11.7 9.3 9.3 11.7 11.7 9.3 9.3 11.7 11.7 10.9 10.9 10.90 NoOil Change 3 4/27/2009 55,300 38,197 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 12.0 12.0 12.0 12.0 13.0 13.0 12.0 12.0 10.75 NoOil Change 4 65,300 48,197 10.2 10.2 8.6 8.6 9.4 10.2 7.0 9.4 10.2 10.2 8.6 8.6 9.40 No

Code P0724 TCC/BrIncludes check for al

Left Bank

Idle in Drive

Right Bank Right Bank

Left Bank

Idle in Park

Right Bank Left Bank Right Bank

Idle in Drive

Left Bank

Idle in Park

Idle in DriveIdle in Drive

Left Bank

Left Bank

Idle in ParkIdle in Park

Left Bank Right Bank

Idle in Drive

Left Bank

Right Bank

Right Bank

Left Bank

Idle in Drive

Right Bank

ORCS20

Right Bank Right Bank

Idle in Drive

Left Bank Left Bank

ORCS0

ORCS10ORCS15

Left Bank Right Bank Right Bank

Idle in Drive
APPENDIX B 

OIL CONSUMPTION HISTORY GRAPHS 

Vehicle Sets

Honda Accord 

Nissan Altima 

Chevrolet Silverado 
B-1

2007 Honda Accord Oil Consumption

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

18

20

0 10,000 20,000 30,000 40,000 50,000 60,000 70,000 80,000 90,000 100,000

Test Miles

Total Oil Consumption (lbs.) 

ORHA0 ORHA10 ORHA15 ORHA20 ORHA10B

Nissan Altima Oil Consumption

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

0 5,000 10,000 15,000 20,000 25,000 30,000 35,000 40,000 45,000 50,000

Test Miles

Total Oil Consumption (lbs.) 

ORNA0 ORNA10 ORNA15 ORNA20
B-2

Chevrolet Silverado Oil Consumption

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

18

20

0 10,000 20,000 30,000 40,000 50,000 60,000 70,000 80,000 90,000 100,000

Test Miles

Total Oil Consumption (lbs.) 

ORCS0 ORCS10 ORCS15 ORCS20
APPENDIX C 

CHEVROLET COBALT VEHICLE SPECIFICATIONS 
C-1

CHEVROLET COBALT VEHICLE GROUP SPECIFICATIONS 

Item Sample Candidate 

VIN 1G1AK55F367824348 1G1AK55F367666822 

Vehicle Make Chevrolet Chevrolet 

Vehicle Model Cobalt Cobalt 

Vehicle Year 2006 2006 

Odometer Reading 47671 

Engine Family 6GMXC02.4029 6GMXV02.4029 

Evaporative Emissions Family All the same 6GMXR0105817 

Engine Displacement 2.2L 2.2L, 4 Cyl., MFI, DOHC 

Emission Type Tier 2/Bin 5 Tier 2 

Trans Axle Gear Ratio 3.63 3.63 

Open Carrier 

Flexible Fuel No No 

OEM Wheel 15" 15” 

Transmission 4 Speed/Auto w/lock up -4T45E 4 speed HMD, 4T45E 

Four Wheel Drive No No 

OEM Tire Continental Touring 
APPENDIX D 

FUEL ANALYTICAL EVALUATIONS
 D-1

Denatured Ethanol

Fuel Code EM-6929 EM-7148

Bullet Sample

Description Denatured EtOH Denatured EtOH

Dated 12/5/2008 7/16/2009

Laboratory PPRD 76094 PPRD 81518

Property Test Method Test Results Test Results

Acidity, mg KOH/g ASTM D1613 0.0347 0.0282

Copper by AA, ppm ASTM D3237M <0.01 0.0

Existent Gums, mg /100 mL ASTM D381

Unwashed WT 3.0 3.0

Washed WT 1.5 0.5

API Gravity ASTM D4052 47.4 46.8

Specific Gravity ASTM D4052 0.7909 0.7936

Sulfur Content, ppm ASTM D5453 2.4 2.5

Ethanol Content, wt% ASTM D5501 93.6 97.38

EtOH, vol% 93.23 97.33

Methanol Content, wt% 0.18 0

MeOH, vol% 0.18 0

Aromatics by GC ASTM D5580

Benzene <0.1 0

Toluene 0.31 0

Ethylbenzene <0.1 0

p/m -Xylene <0.1 0

o- Xylene <0.1 0

C9 plus aromatics 0.15 0

Total Aromatics 0.46 0

Sulfate, ppm ASTM D5827 <1 3.398

Water Content, % ASTM D6304 0.73811 0.71815

Water Content, ppm 7381 7182

pHe ASTM D6423 7.75 7.42

Olefin, mass% ASTM D6550 N/A (EtoH content too high) Cancelled

Total Chloride, ppm ASTM D7319 <1

Total Sulfate, ppm 2.6

Potential Sulfate, ppm 2.0
 D-2

RE10 RE15 RE20 RE15

GA/GB Code GB-6971 GB-6972 GB-6973 GB-6972

Analytical Date 6/7/2009 5/31/2009 5/31/2009 7/13/2009

Tank 140 Tank 143 Tank 146 Tank 23

PPRD 80619 PPRD 80464 PPRD 80465 PPRD 81392

SwRI SwRI SwRI SwRI

TEST METHOD UNITS

Existent Gums, mg/ 100 mL ASTM D381 mg/100ml

Unwashed WT First Run mg/100ml

Washed WT First Run mg/100ml

Unwashed WT Second Run mg/100ml

Washed WT Second Run mg/100ml

Distillation - IBP ASTM D86 °F

5% °F

10% °F

20% °F

30% °F

40% °F

50% °F

60% °F

70% °F

80% °F

90% °F

95% °F

Distillation - EP °F

Recovery vol %

Residue vol %

Loss vol %

DIPE ASTM D5599 Vol% <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1

ETBE Vol% <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1

EtOH Vol% 10.28% 15.43% 19.93% 14.76%

iBA Vol% <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1

iPA Vol% <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1

MeOH Vol% <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1

MTBE Vol% <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1

nBA Vol% <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1

nPA Vol% <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1

sBA Vol% <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1

TAME Vol% <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1

tBA Vol% <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1

tPA Vol% <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1

Total Oxygen Weight WT% <0.1 5.66% 7.28% 5.92%

Gravity ASTM D4052 °API 57.3 56.7 56.2 56.5

Density ASTM D4052 kg/l 0.7493 0.7520 0.7537 0.7528

Density @ 15C ASTM D4052 grams/L 748.9 751.6 753.4 752.5

Sulfur ASTM D5453 ppm

SwRI Fuel Code

Analysis Location

Oak Ridge Mileage Accumulation Fuels

Test Fuel Code

Vehicle Fuel Codes

Sample Source
 D-3

RE0 RE20

GA/GB Code GA-6947 GB-6973

Analytical Date 7/20/2009 7/27/2009

Tanker 9 Tank 10

PPRD 81616 PPRD 81753

SwRI SwRI

TEST METHOD UNITS

Existent Gums, mg/ 100 mL ASTM D381 mg/100ml

Unwashed WT First Run mg/100ml 20.0

Washed WT First Run mg/100ml 0.5

Unwashed WT Second Run mg/100ml 19.5

Washed WT Second Run mg/100ml <0.5

Distillation - IBP ASTM D86 °F 95

5% °F 121

10% °F 132

20% °F 148

30% °F 167

40% °F 191

50% °F 221

60% °F 256

70% °F 291

80% °F 321

90% °F 357

95% °F 379

Distillation - EP °F 427

Recovery vol % 97.9

Residue vol % 0.8

Loss vol % 1.3

DIPE ASTM D5599 Vol% <0.1 <0.1

ETBE Vol% <0.1 <0.1

EtOH Vol% <0.1 20.39%

iBA Vol% <0.1 <0.1

iPA Vol% <0.1 <0.1

MeOH Vol% <0.1 <0.1

MTBE Vol% <0.1 <0.1

nBA Vol% <0.1 <0.1

nPA Vol% <0.1 <0.1

sBA Vol% <0.1 <0.1

TAME Vol% <0.1 <0.1

tBA Vol% <0.1 <0.1

tPA Vol% <0.1 <0.1

Total Oxygen Weight WT% <0.1 7.44%

Gravity ASTM D4052 °API 55.8 55.8

Density ASTM D4052 kg/l 0.7556 0.7554

Density @ 15C ASTM D4052 grams/L 755.3 755.1

Sulfur ASTM D5453 ppm 50.1

SwRI Fuel Code

Analysis Location

Oak Ridge Mileage Accumulation Fuels

Test Fuel Code

Vehicle Fuel Codes

Sample Source