Brachiopoda and Ostracoda of the 

Cobleskill Limestone (Upper 

Silurian) of Central New York

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PROFESSIONAL PAPER 730
Brachiopoda and Ostracoda of the 

Cobleskill Limestone (Upper 

Silurian) of Central New York

By JEAN M. BERDAN

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PROFESSIONAL PAPER 730

Descriptions and illustrations of 12 species of 

brachiopods (including one new species \ and 

2$ species of ostracodes (including four new 

genera and 14. new species \

UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE, WASHINGTON : 1972
UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR 

ROGERS C. B. MORTON, Secretary

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 

V. E. McKelvey, Director

Library of Congress catalog-card No. 70-189150

For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office

Washington, D.C. 20402 - Price 31 (paper cover)

Stock Number 2401-2056
CONTENTS

Abstract_ _ _______________________________________

Introduction.______________________________________

Previous work__________________________________

Acknowledgments.-.-- __________________________

Scope of the report____________________________

List of localities.____-_---_--__-_---___-___-________

Paleoecology_ ________-__--_-__-_-_-___-____________

Age and correlation.__-_-______-_---__--__-_________

Systematic paleontology.____________________________

Phylum Brachiopoda__-_-_-____-__-_-__-_____-__

Class Inarticulata...________________________

Genus Craniops HalL_______________

Class Articulata.___________________________

Genus Leptostrophia Hall and Clarke.- 

Genus Morinorhynchus Havlfc"ek______

Genus Eccentricosta Berdan__________

Genus Machaeraria Cooper._________

Genus Microsphaeridiorhynchus Sartenaer.__________________________

Genus Lanceomyonia Havlic"ek_ _______

Genus Protathyris Kozlowski_________

Genus Howellella KozlowskL_________

Phylum Arthropoda.____________________________

Class Crustacea.___________________________

Subclass Ostracoda.______-_-____-_--___

Genus Leperditia Rouault-__________

Genus Garniella Martinsson________

Genus Migmatella n. gen___________

Genus Dibolbina Ulrich and Bassler__

Page 

1 

1 

1 

3 

3 

5

9

10

10

10

10

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

18

21

21

21

21

22

22

23

Systematic paleontology Continued

Phyllum Arthropoda Continued

Class Crustacea Continued

Subclass Ostracoda Continued

Genus Hammariella Martinsson_____

Genus Kloedeniopsis n. gen__________

Genus Tikiopsis n. gen ______________

Genus Welleriopsis Swartz and Whitmore. _________--__-___-_____--__

Kirkbyellid?, gen. and sp. indet______

Hollinid?, gen. and sp. indet_________

Genus Leiocyamus Martinsson________

Genus Primitiopsis Jones ____________

Genus Hattiella Ulrich______________

Genus Dizygopleura Ulrich and Bassler. 

Genus Kloedenella Ulrich and Bassler, _ 

Genus Eukloedenella Ulrich and BassGenus Marginia Polenova.__________

Genus Bonneprimites Swartz and Whitmore. _-_-_-__--_------_---_---_-

Genus Thlipsuropsis Swartz and Whitmore. ___________________________

Genus Thlipsurella Swartz___________

Genus Cytherellina Jones and Holl____

Genus Nunculina n. gen.____________

References cited. 

Index..________

Page

24

24

27

28

29

29

29

30

30

31

37

37

38

38

38

39

39

40

41

45

ILLUSTRATIONS

[Plates follow index]

PLATE 1. Morinorhynchus?, Craniops, Eccentricosta, and Leptostrophia.

2. Lanceomyonia?, Machaeraria?, Microsphaeridiorhynchus, Protathyris, and 

Howellella.

3. "Kloedenia," Kloedeniopsis, Welleriopsis?, Tikiopsis, and Leperditia.

4. Hammariella, Garniella, Migmatella, and Dibolbina.

a. Dizygopleura.

6. Thlipsurella, Thlipsuropsis, Nunculina, hollinid?, kirkbyellid?, Halliellaf,

Marginia?, Cytherellina, Eukloedenella?, Bonneprimites?, Leiocyamus,

Kloedenella, and Primitiopsis?.
IV CONTENTS

Page

FIGURE 1. Index map showing generalized outcrop belt of Cobleskill Limestone and 

approximately equivalent formations in New York State showing 

fossil localities________________________________________________ 4

2-5. Diagrams showing:

2. Nine transverse sections of Lanceomyonia? duribarin.. sp_________ 15

3. Twelve transverse sections of Protathyris sulcata.. ______________ 17

4. Twelve transverse sections of Protathyris nucleolata. - ___________ 19

5. Inferred cross sections of three groups of North American beyrichiaceans_ ___ ______________________________________________ 25

6. Scatter diagram showing length versus height of Dizygopleura hallii. _____ 32

7. Scatter diagram showing length versus height of Dizygopleura monostigma

n. sp_________________________________________________________ 35

8. Drawing showing interior of left valve of Cytherellina crepiduloides n. sp_ 40

9. Drawings showing transverse sections of Nunculina striatopuncta n. sp___ 41

TABLE

TABLE 1. Distribution of brachiopods and ostracodes from the Cobleskill Limestone 

(Upper Silurian) of central New York____________________________
BRACHIOPODA AND OSTRACODA OF THE COBLESKILL 

LIMESTONE (UPPER SILURIAN) OF CENTRAL NEW YORK

By JEAN M. BERDAN

ABSTRACT

The Cobleskill Limestone is a thin unit that extends across 

New York from the westernmost part of Albany County on the 

east to Seneca County on the west. It is considered to be not 

younger than latest Silurian (Pridoli) in age, largely because it 

contains the coral Gystlhalysites. The fauna belong to the 

Eccentricosta, Zone of the Appalachians, known elsewhere in 

West Virginia, Virginia, Maryland, Pennsylvania, New Jersey, 

eastern New York, and Maine. Twelve brachiopods are described 

and illustrated, of which one species is new. Twenty-five ostracodes are also described and illustrated, of which four genera 

and 14 species are new. Kloedeniopsis n. gen. includes some of the 

ostracodes formerly called Eloedenia in North America. Three 

o,stracode genera G-arnieUa, Hammariella, Leiocyamus 

previously known only from the Baltic province in Europe are 

reported from North America for the first time.

INTRODUCTION

The Cobleskill Limestone is the youngest f ossilif erous 

formation of unquestioned Silurian age in central New 

York, and as such, its fauna, though small, is of exceptional interest. It is a thin unit which extends from West 

Township in Albany County (Goldring, 1935, p. 78) 

on the east to Seneca Falls in Seneca County on the 

west, a distance of about 130 miles. According to Rickard (1962, p. 26), its maximum thickness is about 15 

feet, but at the type locality near Cobleskill Creek, 

along the road between Braymansville and Howes Cave 

in Schoharie County, it is only 9 feet thick. In the eastern part of the outcrop belt the Cobleskill rests unconformably upon the Brayman Shale of Silurian age 

(Rickard, 1962, p. 26), but west of Deck in Herkimer 

County the Oxbow Dolomite of Late Silurian age appears beneath it. Throughout its extent the Cobleskill 

is overlain by the Chrysler Limestone of Silurian and 

Devonian age.

Lithologically the Cobleskill varies from an impure 

crinoidal limestone to a fine-grained dark-gray aphanitic 

limestone to buff-colored or drab dolomite. Limestone is 

more common in the eastern part of the outcrop belt, 

although even in Schoharie County it tends to be dolomitic. West of Clockville in Madison County the formation is largely dolomite (Rickard, 1962, p. 26) except 

for an area of limestone at Aurelius Station, Frontenac 

Island, and Seneca Falls in Cayuga County. Fossils are 

most abundant in the limestone, and especially in the 

crinoidal limestone, which is commonly associated with 

biostromal beds of corals.

PREVIOUS WORK

The stratigraphy of the Cobleskill Limestone has 

been more thoroughly studied than its fauna, probably 

in part because the dolomitic nature of the rock makes it 

difficult to extract satisfactory specimens of fossils, and 

in part because the more dolomitic parts of the formation have very few fossils. Hall (1852, p. 321-322) called 

it the "coralline limestone" and described it as "* * * 

a thin mass of limestone, characterized by an immense 

number of corals, chiefly favosites * * * which forms 

a band so distinct from any other limestone that it has 

been for many years known by this name." He considered it the eastern extension of the Niagara (Lockport) Limestone of Middle Silurian age, but recognized that the fauna was not exactly the same and so 

described and illustrated the fossils separately (Hall, 

1852, p. 322-338, pis. 72-78). According to Hartnagel 

(1903, p. 1113-1114), Clarke (in Merrill, 1902, p. r42) 

was the first to use the name Cobleskill for the "coralline limestone" of Hall and other geologists, but he did 

not discuss the formation or designate a type section. 

The most thorough stratigraphic study of the Cobleskill was made by Hartnagel (1903), who demonstrated 

for the first time that the Cobleskill was not the equivalent of the Lockport, but considerably younger, and 

published lists of fossils from the Cobleskill at 12 localities in Schoharie County and three localities in the 

vicinity of Union Springs in Cayuga County.

Grabau (1906, p. 104-111) redescribed the Cobleskill Limestone in the Schoharie and Cobleskill areas, 

and illustrated the more common fossils. In addition, 

local details of the stratigraphy and descriptions of lo-
calities are given in New York State Museum Bulletins 

for the following quadrangles: Auburn-Genoa (Luther, 

1910), Skaneateles (Smith, 1935), Tully (Clarke and 

Luther, 1905), Syracuse (Hopkins, 1914), Richfield 

Springs (Rickard and Zenger, 1964), and Berne (Goldring, 1935).

Recently, Rickard (1962, p. 23-27) has redescribed 

and redefined the type section of the Cobleskill at 

Howes Cave and described its occurrence and lithology 

across the State from Schoharie County to Seneca 

Falls, Seneca County, the westernmost exposure of undoubted Cobleskill. Rickard subdivided the Cobleskill 

at its type section into two parts, a lower massive unit 

and an upper, thin-bedded, more fossiliferous unit. In 

the upper unit, he included fossiliferous beds as high 

as a break 9 feet above the base of the formation. This 

redescription increases its thickness over the 6 feet 

given by Grabau (1906, p. 106) and includes all the 

markedly fossiliferous beds there in the Cobleskill.

The fauna of the Cobleskill has not been described as 

a unit since Hall (1852, p. 322-338, pis. 72-78) described 

and illustrated 30 species, all from Schoharie, N.Y. Of 

these 30 species, three were corals, two stromatoporoids, 

nine brachiopods, five pelecypods, six gastropods, three 

cephalopods, one trilobite, and one ostracode. Hartnagel (1903, p. 1126-1128) listed, but did not describe, 

60 species for Schoharie County as a whole. These were 

grouped as follows: five corals; two stromatoporoids, 

one form identified as Ohaetetes, which may be either 

a favositicl coral or a bryozoan; four bryozoans; one crinoid; 12 brachiopods; eight pelecypods; six gastropods; 

nine cephalopods; two worms not including Tentaculites ; six trilobites; and four ostracodes, two of which 

were lumped as "Beyrichia, 2 species." Grabau (1906, p. 

317) added one horn coral to Hartnagel's list, to make a 

total of 61 species.

Hartnagel (1903, p. 1132-1133) also listed 30 species 

from the Cobleskill at Frontenac Island, in Cayuga 

Lake off Union Springs. Of these 30 species, 16 also appear in the list for Schoharie County. However, four and 

a possible fifth, are species normally confined to the 

Manlius Limestone of Eearly Devonian age in other 

parts of the State; as indicated previously (Berdan, 

1964, p. B10-B11), these specimens were probably either 

from a mixed collection or were misidentified, as they 

have not been found elsewhere in the Cobleskill nor 

have they been found in later collections from Frontenac Island. In addition, four of the other 10 species 

listed by Hartnagel for this locality also occur in the 

Akron Dolomite (Upper Silurian) of the Buffalo 'area.

Flower (1947, p. 252; 1948, p. 6-7) described two new 

species of cephalopods from the Cobleskill at Schoharie, 

N.Y., listed the cephalopod genera (1947, p. 250) and

indicated (1948, p. 3-4) that the trochoceroids described 

by Hall (1852) as Trochoceras gebhardii and T. turbinata should be reassigned to Mitroceras and 

Foersteoceras, respectively.

The only ostracode described originally as coming 

from the Cobleskill is Leperditia jonesi Hall, 1859, 

which is believed to be a junior synonym of L. scalaris 

(Jones, 1858a, b). The latter is probably from the 

Bertie Limestone (Upper Silurian) at Williamsville, 

N.Y. However, at least one species, Dizygopleura hallii 

(Jones, 1890), which has been listed by Bassler and Kellett (1934, p. 66) and Warthin (1937, card 58) as coming -from the Manlius Limestone (Lower Devonian), 

actually comes from the Cobleskill, as indicated by fossils on the same slab as the holotype (BMNH In 35128) 

in the British Museum (Natural History) collections. 

The holotype of Dizygopleura clarkei (Jones, 1892), 

here considered a junior synonym of D. hallii, also 

comes from the Cobleskill as discussed on page 33.

Howell (1947) described two new "varieties" of 

spiriferid brachiopods, Howellella vanuxemi hartnageli and H. octocostata humilis, from the Cobleskill 

Limestone of the Schoharie area and Frontenac Island. 

He also identified several Cobleskill specimens as 

Howellella keyserensis (Swartz, 1923). The types of 

Howell's varieties have not been examined, but his illustrations (Howell, 1947, pi. 2) show them to be more 

coarsely plicate than any of the specimens studied for 

the present report.

In addition to papers directly concerned with the 

Cobleskill on a stratigraphic or paleontologic basis, 

there are several reports on related formations in which 

fossils are described which also occur in the Cobleskill. 

To the west, Grabau (1900, p. 363-373) discussed, described and illustrated the fauna of the "Manlius Limestone," now the Akron Dolomite (Upper Silurian), of 

Erie County, N.Y.; he listed 12 species from the 

Akron one plant, one coral, six brachiopods, two gastropods, one cephalopod, and one ostracode. Although 

he noted the similarity of this fauna to that of the 

"Coralline limestone" in the eastern part of the state 

(Grabau, 1900, p. 352), he failed to recognize that this 

suggested an equivalence in age (Berdan, 1964, p. 

B6-B7), a possibility which was left for Hartnagel 

(1903, p. 1138-1141) to discuss.

To the southeast, Weller (1903) described the fauna 

of the Decker Limestone (Upper Silurian) of New 

Jersey, which contains several species that also 

occur in the Cobleskill. He listed 48 species from 

the Decker, from the following groups: six 

corals, three bryozoans, 20 brachiopods, six 

pelecypods, five trilobites, and eight ostracodes. Weller (1903, p. 74) noted that 32 of the 48 species had not 

been described except from the Decker; of the remain-
INTRODUCTION

ing 16 species, six are characteristic of the Cobleskill, 

and most of the other species are either long ranging or 

doubtfully identified. He therefore concluded that the 

Decker and Cobleskill should be correlated.

Swartz and WMtmore (1956, p. 1039-1041) described 

and illustrated 17 species of ostracodes and one brachiopod from the Decker Limestone in the Nearpass section 

on Wallpack Ridge, in northern New Jersey.

Recently, Hoar and Bowen (1967) discussed the stratigraphy of the Rondout (Upper Silurian and Lower 

Devonian) of the Hudson Valley and described from 

it 14 brachiopods, one coral, and one bryozoan. The 

Rondout, as revised by Rickard (1962, p. 29-31), includes beds equivalent to the Cobleskill in the Hudson 

Valley, and many of the brachiopods described by Hoar 

and Bowen (1967) also occur in the type Cobleskill.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

This study was begun under the guidance of Prof. 

C. O. Dunbar of Yale University, whose advice and assistance is gratefully acknowledged. I am deeply indebted to the following for the loan of type specimens 

and various other assistance: Dr. Rousseau H. Flower 

and the late Dr. Winifred Goldring, formerly of the 

New York State Museum; Drs. John G. Broughton, 

Donald W. Fisher, and Lawrence V. Rickard, and 

Mr. Clinton F. Kilf oyle of the New York State Museum 

and Science Service; Mr. Meredith Johnson, former 

state geologist of New Jersey; and Dr. G. Arthur 

Cooper and the late Dr. R. S. Bassler of the U.S. 

National Museum. Especial thanks are due Prof. 

F. M. Swartz of Pennsylvania State University, who 

generously made his ostracode collection available for 

study. W. A. Oliver, Jr., of the U.S. Geological Survey, 

kindly provided locality data and samples from localities not visited by me.

The writer is particularly grateful to Mr. R. M. 

Logie, who not only gave permission for the study of his 

collections, but also made available his field notebooks, 

sections, and unpublished manuscript.

In conclusion, I would like to thank my assistants, 

especially Mrs. Marija Balanc, who patiently tolerated 

tedious hours of picking and preparing ostracodes.

SCOPE OF THE REPORT

This report is based on part of a dissertation submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy at Yale in 

1949. The original manuscript described fossils from the 

Manlius Limestone as well as from the Cobleskill Limestone ; these fossils were obtained from collections made 

by R. M. Logie during the summers of 1931-33. Logie, 

as a graduate student at Yale, had studied the stratigraphy of the "Manlius Group" of darke and Luther 

(1905), which included the Cobleskill, Chrysler, and

Manlius Limestones. His unpublished manuscript, 

notes, and collections were used in the preparation of 

the present report. The Chrysler Limestone, which lies 

between the Cobleskill and the Manlius, is virtually 

unfossiliferous. The faunal studies of the original dissertation were therefore concerned with the latter two 

limestones. It soon became apparent that whereas some 

of the collections considered Manlius by Logie strongly 

resembled the Coeymans Limestone (Lower Devonian) 

in both lithology and fauna, the Cobleskill fauna differed markedly from both the typical Manlius and the 

Coeymans (Berdan, 1964, p. B15-B16). Rickard 

(1962), by detailed stratigraphic tracing, has demonstrated that the Manlius and Coeymans interfinger, and 

therefore it seems obvious that the Manlius and Coeymans faunas should be studied together. Hence it has 

seemed desirable to extract the descriptions of the 

Cobleskill fossils and present them as a separate unit.

Work was concentrated on the brachiopods and ostracodes because these groups are among the more abundant elements of the fauna, both in number of species 

and in number of individuals. Also, in general, they are 

the best preserved. The next most important group is 

probably the corals, which are reasonably well preserved at some localities but tend to be spotty in their 

distribution. Although the number of coral species is 

not great, they are being studied by W. A. Oliver, Jr., 

because the association is quite interesting. Gastropods 

and pelecypods are rather common, but almost always 

poorly preserved. Cephalopods and trilobites are scarce, 

and good specimens are rare. Bryozoa, tentaculites, and 

stromatoporoids are present but unstudied. Conodonts 

are also present but undescribed.

In the dissertation as originally submitted, 11 species 

of brachiopods and 12 of ostracodes were described and 

illustrated. In this report, the number has risen to 12 

species of brachiopods and 25 of ostracodes. Although 

this change is due in part to the increasing specialization in ostracodes on the part of the author, it is also due 

to the difficulty of collecting a complete sample of a 

fauna composed of microfossils. Whereas it is unlikely 

that many more species of brachiopods will be found in 

the Cobleskill, it is certain that additional ostracodes 

will be found in the future. Tantalizing fragments of 

undescribed species turn up in almost every new 

collection.

Most of the brachiopods from the Cobleskill have been 

previously described by Hall (1852, 1859), Vanuxem 

(1842),Grabau (1900), Weller (1900,1903), and Schuchert (1903a), but these fossils are currently reassigned 

to other genera (Berdan, 1964, p. B15; Hoar and 

Bowen, 1967; Bowen, 1967). The brachiopods described 

herein do not include Atrypa "reticularis" and Leptaena
BRACHIOPODA AND OSTRACODA OF COBLE SKILL LIMESTONE, CENTRAL NEW YORK

"rhomboidalis" both of which were reported by Hartnagel (1903, p. 1126-1127) from the Cobleskill of Schoharie County, because they were not found in the collections studied for the present report. In contrast, only 

seven of the 25 taxa of ostracodes included in this paper 

have been previously described; and of these seven species, five have not been previously reported from the 

Cobleskill. This discrepancy may reflect the lack of adequate microscopes and specialists in the early years of 

the century when most of the taxonomic work was done 

on the fossils from this formation. Hartnagel and others 

recognized the abundance of ostracodes in the Cobleskill 

but lacked the equipment and background to describe 

them.

This report is based on collections from the Cobleskill outcrop belt from 12 localities extending from the 

Seneca Falls T^-minute quadrangle in the west to 

the Schoharie T^-minute quadrangle in the east. These 

localities are shown in figure 1. Collections were made at

seven of these localities by R. M. Logie, and these were 

prepared and studied in the laboratory by me. The 

most fossiliferous localities as indicated by Logie's 

collections were re-collected, and four additional localities were visited and collections made. The westernmost locality, at Seneca Falls, has not been seen by me, 

but material collected by W. A. Oliver, Jr., has been 

studied. The places from which collections were made 

are described in the "List of localities" (p. 5), and collection numbers are given to indicate how many collections were made from each locality. The geographic 

distribution of described species is shown in table 1. 

The collections generally were not made with stratigraphic control within the Cobleskill Limestone because the formation is thin, and at most localities the 

section is not complete. However, to judge from places 

where most of the formation is exposed, the fauna does 

not appear to change vertically. 

Although the Cobleskill Limestone is fairly f ossiliff*«»h,«\ I ^uur^ | ^j f

*"°^A I I <f ( GA I

 1 -IL.NEwj[ORK__|ctJ___|

T PENNSYLVANI

EXPLANATION

Outcrop of Cobleskill Limestone

Outcrop of approximately equivalent formations;

Akron Dolomite in western New York and part of

Rondout Limestone in eastern New York

FIGUBE 1. Generalized outcrop belt of Cobleskill Limestone and approximately equivalent formations in New York State

showing fossil localities. Modified from Rickard (1969, pi. 10).
INTRODUCTION

erous, it is difficult to extract good specimens. Much 

of the limestone is aphanitic and breaks through rather 

than around the fossils, and in the more dolomitic 

parts of the formation the fossils are generally poorly 

preserved. Only one locality (fig. 1, loc. 3, Aurelius 

Station, USGS 3395-SD) has been found where the 

brachiopods are partially silicified, and here the ostracodes are so poorly silicified that they cannot be determined from residues, although excellent specimens may 

be broken out of the rock. Most of the brachiopods and 

many of the ostracodes were prepared mechanically 

with rock nippers, needles, and vibratools. However, 

one locality, at Spring Street, Schoharie (fig. 1, loc. 

11), has yielded free specimens, and most of the illustrated ostracodes have come from this place. Many of 

these species have been found at other localities, and 

as those that occur elsewhere usually are the most 

abundant species in the Schoharie collections, it seems 

reasonable to assume that the association of ostracodes 

at Schoharie is representative of the Gobleskill at 

other localities across the State, even though the less 

common species may have been found only at Schoharie. 

Two collections were originally made from Schoharie 

by Logie, and because of the ease of preparing the ostracodes from this locality five additional collections from 

here were made by me at later dates.

Because of the number and variety of ostracodes 

found at the Spring Street locality it seems desirable 

to discuss it more fully than possible in the "List of 

localities." According to K. M. Logie's field notes, dated 

September 7, 1932, this locality is the same as Brown's 

quarry, described by Hartnagel (1903, p. 1120-1121) 

and Grabau (1906, p. 106-107, 236-237) as being a 

quarter of -a mile southeast of the Schoharie Post 

Office, in the hollow between the cemetery and the road 

leading east from the post office. Hartnagel (1903, 

p. 1120) listed the fossils from this locality and mentioned that the faunas from the different layers vary 

somewhat. In 1932, Logie described the collections he 

made as coming from the north edge of the road and 

just below it, a quarter of a mile east of the Schoharie 

Post Office, Cromer's place. He noted that there was 

hardly any vestige of quarrying left, and the spot is no 

longer called "Brown's quarry," that name being used 

for another quarry. By 1946, the post office had been 

moved to the northern end of the village of Schoharie, 

so that the earlier locality descriptions are no longer 

applicable. Collections made by me in 1950 (USGS 

3393-SD), 1964 (USGS 7283-SD), 1967 (USGS 8062- 

SD, USGS 8063-SD), and 1968 (USGS 8439-SD) 

were all from ledges and the dirt beneath them on the 

south side of the road; that is, not precisely the same 

spot as R. M. Logie's collections. One collection made

in 1967 (USGS 8064-SD) was made from the north 

side of the road. By 1967 the section was very badly 

overgrown, and some of the outcrops on the north side 

of the road had been covered by bulldozing for a small 

dam. The Brayman Shale (Upper Silurian) reported 

by Hartnagel (1903), Grabau (1906), and Logie is 

apparently no longer exposed.

Hartnagel (1903, p. 1121) described three units at 

this locality that he considered to belong to the Cobleskill, as follows: 3 feet, 10 inches of limestone at the 

base, 1 foot, 4 inches of limestone (marble layer), and 

10 inches of thin-bedded, somewhat arenaceous limestone. It is difficult now to recognize here any of these 

subdivisions. USGS collection 8063-SD may have come 

from Hartnagel's "marble layer," as it was obtained 

from a highly crinoidal limestone and the dirt just 

beneath it. On the other hand, Logie's original collection YPM 5244/146 may have come from the thin sandy 

layers at the top of the Cobleskill which Hartnagel 

(1903) stated to have abundant Machaerarial lamellata, as that species is abundant in Logie's collection. 

These thin sandy layers are apparently no longer exposed, although the overlying Chrysler Limestone is 

exposed in ledges farther up the road.

Ostracodes from the various collections from this locality were obtained primarily by boiling, washing, and 

picking the dirt, but a few were extracted mechanically. 

Specimens in the rock are commonly better preserved 

than those in the dirt, especially with regard to fine surface ornamentation, and thus they supplement the more 

abundant but slightly corroded free specimens. It 

should be noted that the free specimens are commonly 

somewhat compressed or crushed; thus, although an 

effort was made to select only uncrushed specimens for 

measurement, there may be an element of error, especially in the measurements of height.

Examination of specimens in the bedrock is also a useful check against the dirt collections that might have 

been contaminated by material from higher formations. 

Dirt from collection USGS 8062-SD was found to contain silicified ostracodes from the overlying Coeymans 

and Kalkberg Limestones as well as specimens from the 

Cobleskill. Described specimens from this collection 

were extracted from rock.

LIST OF LOCALITIES

The following fossil localities are shown in figure 1.

1. Abandoned quarry just north of house at end of private road at and just southwest of the city limits 

of Seneca Falls, Seneca Falls 71/2-minute quadrangle, Seneca County. USGS 6084-SD, W. A. 

Oliver, Jr., collector. McQuan's quarry of Hartnagel (1903, p. 1137).

447-769 O - 72 - 2
6 BRACHIOPODA AND OSTRACODA OF COBLESKILL LIMESTONE, CENTRAL NEW YORK

2. Frontenac Island, in Cayuga Lake west of Union 

Springs, from southeast end of island, Stromatopora beds, Union Springs T1/^ -minute quadrangle, Cayuga County. USGS 3389-SD, J. M. 

Berdan collector. See Hartnagel (1903, p. 1130- 

1134).

3. About 0.6 of a mile east of Aurelius Station on New 

York Route 326, Cayuga T1/^-minute quadrangle, 

Cayuga County. YPM 5244/1.56, R. M. Logie 

collector; YPM 5244/14, R. M. Logie collector; 

USGS 3395-SD, north side of Route 326, J. M. 

Berdan collector.

4. Prospect Hill, at base of microwave tower, 2.7 miles 

airline west of Franklin Springs, Clinton T1/^- 

minute quadrangle, Oneida County. USGS 5207- 

SD, J. M. Berdan collector.

5. Roadcut about 1 mile north of Oriskany Falls on 

Route 12B, Oriskany Falls 7i/£-miniite quadrangle, Oneida County. YPM 5244/88, R. M. 

Logie collector.

6. Cut on side road to west and above New York State 

Route 315, 0.5 mile south of Forge Hollow, Oriskany Falls 71/£-minute quadrangle, Oneida 

County. YPM 5244/90, R, M. Logie collector.

7. In the hillside on the southwest side of highway, 

above crossroads 1.1 miles southeast of Jerusalem 

Hill crossroads, West Winfield 7 V£-minute quadrangle, Herkimer County. YPM 5244/108, R. M. 

Logie collector. This locality is probably near 

YPM 2594, C. E. Beecher collector, from "Jerusalem Hill, N.Y." See Hartnagel (1903, p. 1167- 

1169).

8. About 200 feet west of the village of Howes Cave on 

north side of road between Howes Cave and Braymanville, Cobleskill 7^-minute quadrangle, 

Schoharie County. Type section of Cobleskill. 

USGS 8065-SD, J. M. Berdan collector. About 4 

feet below top of formation. See Hartnagel (1903, 

p. 1114-1115, 1124), Grabau (1906, p. 106) and 

Rickard (1962, p. 23).

9. At head of the shorter of the two streams between 

Central Bridge and Howes Cave, Schoharie 7i/£- 

minute quadrangle, Schoharie County. YPM 

5244/143, R. M. Logie collector. See Hartnagel 

(1903, p. 1124-1125) and Grabau (1906, p. 106).

10. Ledges in pasture near dirt road branching off to 

north from road between Central Bridge and 

Howes Cave, 1.5 miles west-southwest of Central 

Bridge, Schoharie 7y2 -minute quadrangle, Schoharie County. USGS 7198-SD, J. M. Berdan collector. See Hartnagel (1903, p. 1125).

11. Spring Street, Schoharie, N.Y.; first terrace going 

east up hill before fork in road, about 800 feet

east of intersection with main street, across hollow south of St. Paul's Cemetery, Schoharie 7^- 

minute quadrangle, Schoharie County. YPM 

5244/146, on the north edge of the road and just 

below it, Cromer's place, R. M. Logie collector; 

YPM 5244/147, 400-500 feet south of Spring 

Street, R. M. Logie collector; USGS 3393-SD, 

south side of Spring Street, J. M. Berdan collector ; USGS 7283-SD, dirt under ledges on south 

side of Spring Street, J. M. Berdan collector; 

USGS 8062-SD, dirt and thin-bedded limestone, 

south side of Spring Street, about 15-17 feet 

above top of small dam north of road, J. M. Berdan collector; USGS 8063-SD and USGS 8439- 

SD, crinoidal limestone and dirt beneath it, south 

side of Spring Street about 12 feet above top of 

dam, J. M. Berdan collector; USGS 8064-SD, 

about same level, north side of Spring Street, 

J. M. Berdan collector. See Hartnagel (1903, p. 

1120-1121) and Grabau (1906, p. 106, 236-237). 

12. About one-third of a mile southwest of Shutter 

Corners, Schoharie 7 y2 -minute quadrangle, Schoharie County. YPM 5244/150, R. M. Logie collector. Also about 0.4 of a mile south of Shutter 

Corners, ledges in pasture south of road, Schoharie 7i/2-minute quadrangle. USGS 3390-SD, 

J. M. Berdan collector. See Hartnagel (1903, p. 

1116-1119) and Grabau (1906, p. 107).

PALEOECOLOGY

As this report was designed primarily as a systematic 

study of two groups of Cobleskill fossils, it is not possible to make firmly based statements about the overall 

paleoecology of the fauna. However, some observations 

concerning fossil occurrences may be made and some 

tentative conclusions drawn from them. As indicated in 

figure 1, the fossils studied came from three general 

areas in the Cobleskill outcrop belt: (1) A western area 

near the north end of Cayuga Lake, (2) a central area 

south and west of Utica, and (3) an eastern area in Schoharie County. Table 1 shows the occurrences of species 

at the localities in these areas, arranged from west to 

east. Table 1 indicates certain differences between the 

western and eastern assemblages; for example, Protathyris sulcata has not been found in any of the eastern 

collections, apparently being replaced by Protathyris 

nucleolata, and Machaerarial lamellata has not been 

found in the western collections. On the other hand, 

Eccentricosta jerseyensis is found in the eastern and 

central collections, and although not found in recent 

collections from the western localities, it was reported 

by Hartnagel (1903, p. 1133) from Frontenac Island. It 

seems probable that the differences in distribution of
PALEOEOOLOGY

some of the brachiopods and ostracodes were due to 

differences in the paleoenvironment, rather than to deposition of the Cobleskill as a time-transgressive 

formation.

The Cobleskill in the western area contains biostromes 

that are largely composed of stromatoporoids together 

with associated horn corals. Nonbiostromal beds are of 

two types: hard dark-blue-gray aphanitic limestone, 

which breaks with a conchoidal fracture and softer drab 

buff-weathering thin-bedded magnesian limestone. At 

Aurelius Station (fig. 1, loc. 3), Protathyris sulcata and 

Leperditia scalaris are most abundant in the aphanitic 

limestone, and MicrosphaeridiorhyTicJius litchfieldensis 

and Howellella are more common in the drab buffweathering beds. Both ostracodes and brachiopods occur in interstices of the biostromal beds, but are commonly broken and difficult to identify. There is some 

indication, however, that Protathyris nucleolata tends 

to replace P. sulcata in the biostromes. The association

of P. sulcata, Leperditia scalaris, and Kloedeniopsis 

hartnageli in aphanitic limestone is found as far east 

as Forge Hollow (fig. 1, loc. 6) but has not been found 

in the easternmost exposures of Cobleskill.

Biostromal beds are apparently lacking in the central group of localities, and the Cobleskill in this area 

tends to be more dolomitic than it is either to the east or 

west. The collection from Orisbany Falls (fig. 1, loc. 5) 

is of interest because although the ubiquitous ostracodes 

Leperditia scalaris and Kloedeniopsis hartnageli are 

present, they are associated with small gastropods 

rather than with brachiopods. Otherwise the faunal 

associations in this area seem to be intermediate between those to the west and those to the east.

The eastern localities, like the western localities, have 

biostromal beds but the type of biostrome is different. 

At Shutter Corners (fig. 1, loc. 12) and west of Central 

Bridge (fig. 1, loc. 10), the biostromes are largely composed of colonial corals, rather than stromatoporoids.

TABLE 1. Distribution of brachiopods and ostracodes from the Cobleskill Limestone (Upper Silurian) of central New York

[Locality numbers refer to those in fig. 1 and in the "List of Localities"]

Locality

Western Central

1

Brachiopoda

M orinorhynchus? interstriatus (Hall)._ __ _ X

Eccentricosta jersey ensis (Weller) _______

Machaeraria? lamellata (Hall)___. ______

Machaeraria cf. M. deckerensis (Weller) _

Microsphaeridiorhynchus litchfieldensis (Schuchert) .

Howellella corallinensis corallinensis (Grabau)____ X 

corallinensis eriensis (Grabau)

nucleolata (Hall)___ ____ __ _______ X

2345

X - - -

X V V

x

v

X V

? V

v v v

X V

X X -_---_---__.

6 7

. x x 

_______ x

.--_--- X

. X X 

v

.--__-_ X

Eastern

8 9 10

X

______ X ------

XXX

? X X

x

11

X

X

X -

X

X

X

12

X

X

X

X 

X 

X

X

X X

Ostracodes

Leperditia scalaris (Jones) ___________________________ X X X X X X

Garniella concentrica n. sp_____-___-_--___________-______-_______--__----_---_----_ X

Migmatella martinssoni n. gen., n. sp_ ______-__-_-___---_--------_---_-------_--_--- X

Dibolbina reticruminata n. sp_ __________________________-____-_______-___-_--_------__---_----_----_-----

Hammariella warthini n. sp______________________________________________________________________________

Kloedeniopsis hartnageli n. gen., n. sp_________________ X X X X X X X ----------

barretti (Weller)___________________________________________________________________ X ----------

Tikiopsis denticulata n. gen., n. sp_____-_____________-_______-___-__---_---___------____---__------- X

Welleriopsis? pustulosa n. sp________________________-_____--___-_-__-___--_-_----_______--__-------_---

Leiocyamus punctatus n. sp__-_-___--__-____-____________-____-___-______--_-----_- X X ------ X

A_____________________ _ __ ___ _________________________________________________

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X

X 

X

X 

X

sp.

X

X X X X X

sp. B.._________________________________________________

Halliella? sp_________________________________________________

Dizygopleura hallii (Jones)-__--___-___-____-_---___-_--_-__-X

monostigma n. sp____________________________.______________-____-_-_--_--___---_---_--_----_----_--

viafontinalis n. sp_________________________-___________________--_______-____--__--_-----_--_----_-_

costata Ulrich and Bassler___________________________________________________________________________

Kloedenella sp_________________________________________________ x X X ___--__-------_---__--

Eukloedenella? weldae n. sp__________________________________-_______-_-_-___--__---__.--------___--_- X

Bonneprimitesl breviformis Swartz and Whitmore.._________________-__-____--__----_---_----_--------------

Thlipsuropsis inaequalis (Ulrich and Bassler)______________________________________________________________

Thlipsurella parva n. sp_______________________ X ______________-_--__--__----_---_-_-_--_----_--- X

Cytherellina crepiduloides n. sp___________________________ X _--_---__---__--_-----_-_---_------- X

Nunculina striatopuncta n. gen., n. sp_____________________._____--____-----_--_-__ X __----_-_--_-__-

X 

X

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X

X

X

X 

X 

X 

X

X 

X
8 BRACHIOPODA AND OSTRACODA OF COBLESKILL LIMESTONE, CENTRAL NEW YORK

and may have been responsible for Hall's (1852) name 

of "Coralline limestone" for the Cobleskill. In addition, 

at these and other localities, especially Spring Street at 

Schoharie (fig. 1, loc. 11), the Oobleskill contains considerable amounts of pelmatozoan debris, especially pieces 

of stem which may be 1 cm long or longer. Some beds 

are largely composed of this material and could be considered "crinoidal" limestone, but in others the pelmatozoan debris is sparsely and randomly distributed in a 

fine-grained matrix, as at the type section of the Cobleskill at Howes Cave (fig. 1, loc. 8). At first glance, the 

more "crinoidal" beds might be taken for calcareous 

sands deposited in a high-energy environment; but the 

presence of unbroken pieces of pelmatozoan stem, complete brachiopods and complete carapaces of ostracodes, 

together with fine-grained matrix in the interstices of 

even the most "crinoidal" rock, suggests that these beds 

represent plantations of crinoids or cystoids which disintegrated in place and were only slightly winnowed by 

wave or current action. Hyman (1955, p. 117-118) has 

discussed the relationship of various small crustaceans 

with living crinoids, and although none of those she 

mentioned were ostracodes, it seems possible that some 

of the large ostracodes found in the Cobleskill, such as 

Tikiopsis denticulata, may have been associated with the 

pelmatozoans, as they appear to be restricted to the beds 

of pelmatozoan debris.

Hoar and Bowen (1967, p. 10-13) and Harper (1968) 

have described the facies changes and discussed the 

paleoenvironment of the Eondout Formation of the 

Hudson Valley, part of which is the temporal equivalent of the Cobleskill Limestone. They have suggested 

that the thin-bedded dolomitic facies was deposited on 

subaerially exposed mudflats behind reefs and banks 

which developed parallel to a north-south-trending 

shoreline not far to the east. The reefs and banks are 

now represented by a limestone facies containing corals 

and stromatoporoids. The amount of limestone in the 

formation increases to the southwest, away from the 

shoreline, and is greatest in the vicinity of Accord (Port 

Jackson). According to Goldring (1935, p. 78), the 

easternmost exposure of the Cobleskill, east of West 

Township, contains stromatoporoids. This locality is 

nearly due north of Accord, and might suggest a facies 

similar to that of the Glasco Member of the Eondout 

at Accord, with implied similar depth of water and distance from shore. The localities near Schoharie, on the 

other hand, contain coral biostromes and beds of 

pelmatozoan debris and suggest slightly deeper water. 

The more dolomitic central localities and the western 

stromatoporoid biostromes may indicate a shoaling 

toward the west. The general picture, therefore, is of a 

broad, shallow sea or bay with a slightly asymmetric

bottom profile, being slightly deeper to the east. The 

presence of pelmatozoans and corals suggests that the 

salinity on the reefs and banks was nearly that of 

normal sea water and that circulation was not restricted. 

It is not certain whether the absence of the Cobleskill 

east of West Township is due to nondeposition on a 

shallow bar, or erosion prior to deposition of the 

Thacher Member of the Manlius Limestone, but the 

stromatoporoid beds at West Township suggest the 

latter.

AGE AND CORRELATION

The Cobleskill Limestone of Central New York is 

generally considered to be the stratigraphic equivalent 

of the lower part of the Eondout Limestone of eastern 

New York, the Decker Limestone of New Jersey, and 

the Eccentricosta Zone of the Keyser Limestone of 

Pennsylvania, Maryland, and West Virginia (Eickard, 

1962; Berdan, 1964). Weller (1903, p. 74-75) noted 

that Barrett (1878) was the first to recognize the similarity between fossils in what is now the Decker Limestone at the Nearpass quarries in northern New Jersey 

and those from the "Coralline limestone" at Schoharie. 

Schuchert (1903a, p. 417) commented on the resemblance of his "Manlius" formation in Maryland, which 

would be the lower part of the Keyser, to the "Coralline 

limestone" in central New York. Hartnagel (1903) discussed the position of the Cobleskill equivalent in the 

Hudson Valley. Although there is little question about 

the general equivalence of the Eccentricosta Zone in the 

Appalachians, details still remain to be worked out. 

For example, Hartnagel (1903, p. 1141-1152) considered the "Middle ledge" of the cement miners in the 

Hudson Valley, now the Glasco Member of the Eondout 

Limestone, to be the Cobleskill equivalent, and so called 

it Cobleskill in his paper. Hoar and Bowen (1967, p. 

14), however, believe the Cobleskill to be the equivalent of the Wilbur, Eosendale, and Glasco Members 

not just the Glasco. Whether the Cobleskill represents 

all or only part of the Eccentricosta Zone will have to be 

determined by a more detailed study of all groups of 

fossils within it as related to measured sections.

Eecently Hoar and Bowen (1967, p. 15-17) and 

Bowen (1967, p. 11-16) have summarized the evidence 

of the brachiopods for general correlations, and have 

provided range charts for the Eondout and Keyser, respectively. To date, the ranges of ostracodes in the 

Keyser, Decker, and Rondout are too poorly known to 

make them useful for any precise correlation. Ulrich 

and Bassler (1913) described 29 species of the Keyser 

ostracodes of which 12 are from the Eccentricosta Zone, 

but ranges within the zone are not well defined, and 

even random sampling indicates that there are many
SYSTEMATIC PALEONTOLOGY 9

more species to be described. Weller (1903, p. 252-257) 

described eight species (one based on a female of one 

of his other species) from the Decker at the Nearpass 

section, New Jersey, most of which came from the top 

5 feet of the formation. Swartz and Whitmore (1956) 

added to the ostracode fauna from the same locality by 

describing 10 new species, all but three of which also 

came from the upper part of the formation. The ostracodes of the Rondout are imdescribed. Of the described 

ostracodes from the Keyser and Decker, only four have 

been found in the Cobleskill; these are Kloedeniopsis 

~barretti, Dizygopleura costata, Bonneprimitesl ~breviformis, and Thlipsuropsis inaequalis. In addition, 

Leperditia scalaris from the Cobleskill has been reported from the Decker.

The few ostracodes in common between the Cobleskill 

and the Decker and Keyser might be interpreted as due 

either to differences in facies, or to lack of exact contemporaneity, or to both. Further detailed collecting 

through measured sections may help to determine which 

ostracodes are controlled by facies and which are widespread, short ranging, and therefore useful biostratigraphically. The need for such collecting is shown by a 

random sample from the Decker at Shawnee on Delaware, Pa. (USGS collection 6060-SD), which contains 

Dizygopleum costata, Leiocyamus sp., and Migmatella 

sp. all forms that have not previously been known 

from the Decker and that are the same as or close to 

species from the Cobleskill. This collection also contains 

Limbinarial. muricata (Ulrich and Bassler, 1923), a 

distinctive ostracode that occurs at the top of the 

Tonoloway Limestone (Upper Silurian) and in the base 

of the Keyser in Maryland, in the Wilbur Member of 

the Rondout in the Hudson Valley, and also in the 

Hardwood Mountain Formation (Upper Silurian) in 

Maine, but has not as yet been found in the Cobleskill. 

The Hardwood Mountain also contains a species of the 

brachiopod Eccentricosta and the ostracodes DiboTbina 

sp. and Dizygopleura sp. aff. D. costata, which suggests 

that it may be close to the Cobleskill in age, although 

some of its other ostracodes would indicate that it is 

slightly older.

Hartnagel (1903, p. 1138-1141) correlated the "Bullhead" limestone (now Akron Dolomite) of the Buffalo 

region in western New York with the Cobleskill Limestone of central New York on the basis of the fauna 

described by Grabau (1900). Rickard (1962, p. 25) has 

reviewed the literature on the Akron, and concluded 

that the relationship between it and the Cobleskill is 

as yet uncertain. However, the resemblance between 

the Akron fauna as described by Grabau (1900) and 

that of the Cobleskill is so strong that it would seem 

that the burden of proof would be on those who suggest that the two formations are not equivalent. In 

particular, the presence of Protathyris sulcata and the 

cephalopod Mitroceras gebhardii (Hall, 1852) in both 

formations seems most suggestive. However, the fauna 

of the Akron should be restudied to confirm the identifications and to determine whether any additional species can be found. Other than Leperditia scalaris, no 

ostracodes have been reported from the Akron, but because of the dolomitic character of the rock they may 

not have been preserved.

A. J. Boucot (written commun., 1967) has remarked 

that the brachiopods of the Eccentricosta Zone, are endemic in character and cannot be directly correlated 

with the standard European section. The presence of 

Cystihalysites in the Cobleskill and other formations 

of this zone indicates that the Cobleskill is not younger 

than Silurian, and it has been considered by Berry and 

Boucot (1970, p. 33) to be Pridoli in age.

The larger beyrichiid ostracodes, like the brachiopods, seem to be endemic in character and restricted to 

the Appalachian faunal province, although a related 

genus, Welleriella Abushik, 1968, occurs in the Lower 

Devonian (Ivane horizon) of Podolia. However, it is 

interesting that among the smaller ostracodes there 

are three genera Hammariella Martinsson, 1962, 

Garniella Martinsson, 1962, and Leiocyamus Martinsson, 1956 which have not previously been described 

from North America but which occur in the Baltic 

province. Perhaps eventually the ostracodes will be of 

more use in intercontinental correlation.

SYSTEMATIC PALEONTOLOGY

Suprageneric classification of the brachiopods in the 

present report is based on the "Treatise on Invertebrate 

Paleontology, Part H, Brachiopoda 1 and 2" edited by 

Moore (1965). Suprageneric classification of the ostracodes is based in part on the "Treatise on Invertebrate 

Paleontology, Part Q, Arthropoda 3" edited by Moore 

(1961), but the beyrichiid genera are classified according to Martinsson (1962).

The terms used herein for morphologic features of 

the brachiopods are largely those used in the "Treatise 

on Invertebrate Paleontology, Part H, Brachiopoda 1." 

Morphologic terminology for the ostracodes is based on 

the "Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology, Part Q, 

Arthropoda 3," with the exception of terms used for 

the beyrichiids which follow those proposed by Martinsson (1962) andHenningsmoen (1965). The terminology 

used in Moore (1961) and that of Martinsson (1962) 

are not in conflict except for expressions referring to the 

lobation of beyrichiid valves. Note, for example, that 

the "preadductorial node" of Martinsson (1962, p. 64) 

corresponds to "L2" of Moore (1961), the "adductorial
10 BRACHIOPODA AND OSTRACODA OF COBLESKILL LIMESTONE, CENTRAL NEW YORK

sulcus" of Martinsson is "S2" of Moore (1961), and so 

forth. Because Martinsson's terms have been widely 

employed by students of beyrichiids it has seemed desirable to use them here rather than to adhere to Moore's 

(1961) terminology for the sake of consistency.

Brachiopods were measured with vernier calipers, 

and ostracodes were measured with a micrometer ocular 

in a zoom microscope set at a factor of X 2.

Abbreviations used for institutions from which collection or specimen numbers are cited are as follows: 

American Museum of Natural History, AMNH; British Museum (Natural History), BMNH; New York 

State Museum, N YSM; U.S. Geological Survey, USGS; 

U.S. National Museum, USNM; and Yale Peabody 

Museum, YPM.

Phylum BRACHIOPODA

Class INARTICULATA

Order LINGULIDA Waagen, 1885

Superfamily LINGULACEA Menke, 1828

Family CRANIOPSIDAE Williams, 1963

Genus CRANIOPS Hall, 1859

Craniops ovata (Hall) 

Plate 1, figures 6, 7

Pholidops ovatus Hall, 1859, p. 490, pi. 103-B, figs. 7a, b; Hall 

and Clarke, 1892, p. 157, 159, pi. 41, figs. 22, 23; Weller, 

1903, p. 226, pi. 20, figs. 27-29, p. 300.

Pholidops ovata Hall. Schuchert in Schuchert and Maynard, 

1913, p. 294, pi. 53, figs. 10-12.

Description. Shell biconvex; outline oval, apices eccentric along long axis of valves. Surface ornamented 

by as many as eight growth varices eccentric about 

apices. Pedicle valve more convex than brachial valve, 

internal pedicle valve has a muscle platform composed 

of two prominent calluses with a low depression between 

them, united anteriorly. Brachial valve has similar 

muscle platform but median depression is deeper and 

extends anteriorly so that platform may appear 

bilobate.

A wide valve (pi. 1, fig. 7) is 2.3 mm long and 2.0 

mm wide. A narrower valve is 2.4 mm long and 2.0 mm 

wide.

Discussion. Eowell (in Moore, 1965, p. H273) indicates that Craniops shows a scar of attachment on the 

pedicle valve. Schuchert (in Schuchert and Maynard, 

1913, p. 294) described a "cementation scar" on the 

pedicle valve of Craniops ovata from the lower part of 

the Keyser Limestone in Maryland. The specimens 

from the Cobleskill here described are too poorly preserved to determine the presence or absence of this scar, 

as in most specimens the apex is eroded.

Craniops ovata was originally described by Hall 

(1859, p. 490) from the "shaly limestone of the Helderberg group" (New Scotland Limestone) in Albany 

County, N.Y. Although no specimens from the New

Scotland of Albany County were available for comparison, the Cobleskill specimens have been compared 

with specimens from the Kalkberg Limestone beneath 

the New Scotland at Schoharie, N.Y.; no significant 

differences were apparent.

Size of sample. Ten single valves and five complete 

but crushed shells were available for study.

Occurrence. All specimens of Craniops ovata 

studied from the Cobleskill came from collections from 

Schoharie, N.Y. (YPM 5244/146, USGS 3393-SD, 

USGS T283-SD, USGS 8063-SD).

Class ARTICULATA

Order STROPHOMEJTIDA Opik, 1934

Suborder STROPHOMENIDINA Opik, 1934

Superfamily STROPHOMENACEA King, 1846

Family STROPHEODONTIDAE Caster, 1939

Subfamily LEPTOSTROPHIINAE Caster, 1939

Genus LEPTOSTROPHIA Hall and Clarke, 1892

Leptostrophia bipartita (Hall) 

Plate 1, figures 12-14

Leptaena, bipartita Hall, 1852, p. 326, pi. 74, fig. 6. 

StropJiomena bipartita (Hall). Hall, 1859, p. 82. 

Stropheodonta Upartita (Hall). Weller, 1903, p. 226, pi. 20, figs.

1-5. 

Stropheodonta (Leptostropliia) bipartita (Hall). Schuchert,

1903b, p. 165; Maynard in Schuchert and Maynard,

1913, p. 316, pi. 57, figs. 17,18.

Leptostrophia bipartita bipartita (Hall). Bowen, 1967, p. 31. 

Strophodonta textilis Hall, 1852, p. 327, pi. 74, fig. 6. 

Stropheodonta (Leptostrophia) textilis (Hall). Hall and Clarke,

1892, p. 288. 

Leptaena , Hall, 1852, pi. 74, fig. 3.

Description. Shell planoconvex; outline semielliptical, slightly wider than long. Hinge produced into 

blunt auricles; hingeline denticulate to two-thirds 

length from delthyrium. Cardinal area of pedicle valve 

relatively high; delthyrium not completely closed; 

lunate aperture between pseudodeltidium and 

chilidium.

Ornamentation consists of fine angular lirae crossed 

by closely spaced filae giving reticulate appearance. 

Lirae straight, nodose in many specimens, and warped 

around surface irregularities of shell; increase both by 

implantation and bifurcation, fasciculate in some specimens.

Pedicle valve has leptostrophiid diductor muscle scars 

bounded by strong posterolateral callus ridges. Dental 

lamellae lacking.

Brachial valve has large, erect cardinal process resting on tripartite callus platform. Lateral callus buttresses best developed parallel to hinge line, but fan 

forward to the adductor scars. Adductor scars feebly 

impressed and narrow; median buttress narrow and low. 

Two inconspicuous nodes on either side of and posterior
SYSTEMATIC PALEONTOLOGY 11

to the cardinal process may represent socket plates. 

Cliilidium large and covers base of cardinal process.

A representative specimen is 2.9 cm wide and 2.4 

cm long. A smaller specimen is 1.8 cm wide and 1.7 cm 

long.

Discussion. Hall (1852, p. 326-327) originally described two species, Leptaena bipartita and Strophodonta tesetilis, from the Cobleskill Limestone, the 

former on the basis of a poorly preserved pedicle 

interior and the latter from a specimen preserving some 

of the characteristic surface ornamentation described 

above. Subsequent work has shown that shells with the 

internal characters of Hall's Leptaena bipartite/, have 

the surface ornamentation of his Strophodonta tewtilis. 

Consequently the two names are considered synonymous, and the first has been used because it has page 

precedence.

Barrett (1878, p. 372) described /Strophodonta nearpassi as comparable to the figures on Hall's (1852) 

plates and having the surface ornamentation of Strophodonta textilis. Prouty and Swartz (1923, p. 426-427) 

have used Barrett's name "nearpassi" as a varietal form 

of Leptostrophia bipartita for those shells in which the 

radial ornamentation is curved toward the hinge line, 

rather than being straight as in the types of Hall's 

species. Bowen (1967, p. 30-31) and Hoar and Bowen 

(1967, p. 19-20) consider Leptostrophia bipartita nearpassi a subspecies of Leptostrophia bipartita.

Unfortunately the material studied is mostly fragmentary and poorly preserved. The description of the 

interior of the brachial valve is based on a specimen of 

L. bipartita nearpassi (YPM 23795) from near Glenerie, in the Hudson Valley, as no well-preserved brachial 

interiors were available from central New York. One 

specimen of a pedicle valve from Schoharie was calcined to show the posterolateral ridges bounding the 

diductor scars. In this specimen, the posterolateral 

ridges subtend an angle of about 90°, whereas the type 

specimens in the New York State Museum at Albany 

indicate that the angle is about 60°. Whether the specimen from Schoharie is aberrant, or whether it represents a distinct species cannot be determined from the 

material at hand.

Size of sample. More than 10 fragmentary specimens were available for study.

Occurrence. Leptostrophia bipartita has been found 

in collections from Shutter Corners (YPM 5244/150, 

USGS 3390-SD), Howes Cave (YPM 5244/143), Jerusalem Hill (YPM 2594), Glenerie, N.Y. (YPM 5244/ 

3.145), and Aurelius Station (YPM 5244/14), but does 

not appear to be common. Leptostrophia bipartita nearpassi occurs in beds of Late Silurian age from the Hudson Valley, and has been reported from New Jersey

(Weller, 1903, p. 226), Maryland (Schuchert and Maynard, 1913, p. 316), Pennsylvania (Reeside, 1917, p. 

201), and West Virginia and Virginia (Swartz, 1929, 

p. 35).

Superfamily DAVIDSONIACEA King, 1850

Family CHIIIDIOPSIDAE Boucot, 1959 

Genus MOBJNOKHYNCHUS Havlicek, 1965

Morinorhynchus? interstriatus (Hall) 

Plate 1, figures 1-5

Orthis interstriata Hall, 1852, p. 326, pi. 74, figs. 1, 2. 

Orthothetes interstriatus (Hall). Schuchert, 1897, p. 297 ; Weller,

1903, p. 229, pi. 20, figs. 8, 9; Schuchert, 1903, p. 165;

Grabau, 1906, p. 109, fig. 8. 

Schuchertella interstriata (Hall). Grabau and Shimer, 1909,

p. 228, fig. 227; Grabau in Grabau and Sherzer, 1910, p.

121-123, pi. 17, figs. 4, 5, pi. 32, figs. la-c. 

"Schellwienella" interstriata (Hall). Berdan, 1964, p. B15. 

Orthothetes hydraulicus Whitfield. Grabau, 1900, p. 365, pi. 22,

figs, la-c; 1901, p. 184, fig. 92.

Description. Shell planoconvex to weakly biconvex, 

semielliptical in outline; cardinal angles blunt or 

rounded; greatest width anterior to hingeline. Ventral 

interarea small, apsacline; dorsal interarea linear. Delthyrium nearly closed by convex pseudodeltidium; low 

perideltidial area extends about one-fourth of length 

from pseudodeltidium to cardinal angle. Notothyrium 

plugged by base of cardinal process; no chilidial plates 

seen. Pedicle beak relatively prominent; brachial beak 

very subdued.

Ornamentation consists of angular costellae curving toward posterolateral margins of shell and increasing by intercalation. Costellae crossed by fine filae.

Pedicle valve contains moderately prominent teeth 

supported by short dental lamellae that subtend an arc 

of about 65°. No muscle scars observed.

Brachial valve has small bilobed cardinal process 

to which relatively ponderous brachiophores are attached anterolaterally. Brachiophores connected to 

palintrope by horizontal socket plates (pi. 1, fig. 3). 

Shell thin; external ornamentation impressed on inner 

surfaces. No muscle scars observed.

Shell small. Figured specimen (pi. 1, fig. 2) is 0.85 of 

a cm long and 1.1 cm wide. A fragmentary specimen 

is 1.5 cm long and 2.0 cm wide.

Discussion. This small planoconvex to concavoconvex species resembles Morinorhynchus dalmanelUformis Havlicek, 1965 the type species of Morinorhynchus in having a convex pseudodeltidium, dental 

lamellae, and rounded cardinal angles. However, 

Havlicek (1965, p. 292) stated that Morinorhynchus 

has a well-developed dorsal interarea and discrete chilidial plates, and because M. ? interstriata has a linear 

dorsal interarea and no chilidial plates have been ot>-
12 BRACHIOPODA AND OSTRACODA OF COBLESKILL LIMESTONE, CENTRAL NEW YORK

served, the species is only questionably assigned to 

Morinorhynchus. Havlicek (1967, p. 192) considered 

that Morinorhynchus was related to Fardenia Lament, 

1935. Fardenia was originally described as having an 

open delthyrium (Lament, 1935, p. 310-311), but 

Boucot (1959, p. 26) and Havlicek (1965, p. 291) later 

stated that it has a small apical pseudodeltidium. 

Havlicek (1967, p. 192) further noted that the character 

of the brachiophores differs in the two genera. Thus 

there appears to be a valid distinction between the Late 

Ordovician-Early Silurian genus Fardenia and the Late 

Silurian genus Morinorhynchus.

The Keyser species Schuchertella prolifica Schuchert, 

1913, superficially resembles M\ interstriata, except for 

its larger size, but lacks dental lamellae (Bowen, 1967, 

p. 28) and is not congeneric.

Size of sample. Eleven specimens, many of which 

were fragmentary, were available for study.

Occurrence. Morinorhynchus^. interstriatus has 

been found in the Cobleskill in collections made from 

Schoharie (YPM 5244/146), between Central Bridge 

and Howes Cave (YPM 5244/143), at Jerusalem Hill 

(YPM 2594), near Forge Hollow (YPM 5244/90), at 

Prospect Hill (USGS 5207-SD), at Aurelius Station 

(YPM 5244/14), and at Seneca Falls (USGS 6084- 

SD). It is also found in the Akron Dolomite in the 

Buffalo area. It has been reported from New Jersey 

by Weller (1903, p. 229). Eeeside (1917, p. 201) tentatively identified it from the Keyser Limestone of Pennsylvania, but it does not seem to occur farther south.

Suborder CHONETIDItfA Muir-Wood, 1955 

Superfamily CHONETACEA Brown, 1862

Family CHONETIDAE Brown, 1862 

Genus ECCENTRICOSTA Berdan, 1963

Eccentricosta jerseyensis (Weller) 

Plate 1, figures 8-11

Chonetes jerseyensis Weller, 1900, p. 8; 1903, p. 230-231, pi. 20, 

figs. 11-16; Maynard in Schuchert and Maynard, 1913, 

p. 338, pi. 61, figs. 17-19.

Eccentricosta jerseyensis (Weller). Berdan, 1963, p. 254-256; 

Hoar and Bowen, 1967, p. 18-19; Bowen, 1967, p. 26-27.

Description. Shell concavoconvex; depth of curvature about one-eighth length of shell. Outline semielliptical; maximum width about halfway between 

anterior and posterior margins, not at hinge. Cardinal 

angles rounded. Wider than long; length about twothirds width. Cardinal area relatively high; beaks of 

both valves low. Six to seven spines on each side of beak 

of pedicle valve, set perpendicular to hinge line; these 

increase in size toward posterolateral angles of shell.

Ornamentation consists of coarse subangular costae 

increasing both by implantation and bifurcation; in 

some specimens they anastomose. Costae curved toward

anterior margin of shell, originating from point behind 

beak so that hinge line appears to cut them. Very fine 

filae cross radial ornament but are easily eroded and not 

visible on many specimens.

Pedicle valve contains short, thick, low median myophragm flanked on either side by two posterolateral 

ridges that presumably mark the posterior boundaries 

of the diductor muscle scars. Inner surface of valve 

costellate; costellae marked by impressions of papillae. 

Dental lamellae lacking.

Brachial valve contains small sessile bilobed cardinal 

process, each lobe projecting posteriorly, in contact with 

inner edge of other lobe, forming a small spoon-shaped 

structure. Cardinal process rests upon a low tripartite 

callus platform with short median buttress; lateral buttresses form well-developed ridges that parallel the 

hinge line and bound the dental sockets anteriorly. 

Crural bases small, rest upon the lateral callus buttresses, and make an angle of about 30° with the hinge 

line. Two thin myophragms extend about one-fifth of 

distance from hinge line to anterior margin. Muscle 

scars absent or lightly impressed, surface ornamentation visible on interior of valves.

A representative specimen is 1.2 cm long and 1.7 cm 

wide.

Discussion. Eccentricosta jerseyensis is /ery abundant at some localities; and, paradoxically, it is difficult to find well-preserved specimens, for where it is 

present the species tends to occur in shell beds that contain many individuals, most of which are incomplete. 

Because of its distinctive ornamentation, however, the 

species can be recognized from small fragments of shell; 

this characteristic, combined with its restricted vertical 

range in the middle Appalachians, makes E. jerseyensis 

a useful guide fossil. Its presence in central New York, 

the type area of the Cobleskill Limestone, has been one 

of the chief reasons for correlating this formation with 

the Decker Limestone of New Jersey and the lower part 

of the Keyser Limestone of Maryland. Specimens from 

central New York seem to have somewhat more irregular costae than the type specimen. Specimens from Shutter Corners (USGS 3390-SD) were calcined, which 

showed that they have hollow cardinal spines.

Size of sample. More than 15 specimens were available for study.

Occurrence. This species has been found in collections from Shutter Corners (YPM 5244/150, USGS 

3390-SD), Jerusalem Hill (YPM 2594), and Aurelius 

Station (YPM 5244/14). In Pennsylvania and New 

Jersey it occurs through approximately 50 feet of limestone and sandstone (Swartz and Swartz, 1941, pi. 1), 

but in New York it is restricted to the Cobleskill Limestone, which has a maximum thickness of 15 feet. In
SYSTEMATIC PALEONTOLOGY 13

Maryland and Virginia it is a zone fossil for the lower 

part of the Keyser Limestone (Bowen, 1967).

Order RHYNCHONELLIDA Kuhn, 1949

Superfamily RHYNCHONELLACEA Gray, 1848

Family RHYNCHOTREMATIDAE Schuchert, 1913

Subfamily ORTHORHYNCHTJLINAE Cooper, 1956

Genus MACHAERARIA Cooper, 1955

Machaeraria? lamellata (Hall) 

Plate 2, figures 9-16

Atrypa lamellata Hall, 1852, p. 329, pi. 74, fig. 11.

Atrypa"! lamellata Hall. Weller, 1903, p. 237, pi. 21, figs. 23-29.

Rhynchonella lamellata (Hall). Hall, 1859, p. 78; Schuchert, 

1897, p. 359; 1903, p. 167.

CamarotoecMa lamellata (Hall). Grabau, 1906, p. 109, fig. 13; 

Grabau and Shimer, 1909, p. 286, fig. 349; Maynard in 

Schuchert and Maynard, 1913, p. 352, pi. 63, figs. 9, 10,

StenoscMsma lamellata (Hall). Swartz, 1939, p. 84.

Machaerarial lamellata (Hall). Hoar and Bowen, 1967, p. 31-32.

Description. Shell small, subquadrate in adults, subtrigonal to subcircular in young specimens. In adults, 

length about four-fifths width. Pedicle beak low, tightly 

curved over brachial beak, which penetrates delthyrium. 

Foramen apparently open. Brachial valve slightly more 

convex than pedicle valve, with prominent fold starting 

at about one-third of length of shell and greatly elevated anteriorly. Complementary sulcus on pedicle 

valve; anterior margin of pedicle valve produced as 

linguiform extension into fold.

Shell surface covered with angular plicae that extend 

from beak to anterior margin; three on fold, two in 

sulcus, and six to seven on each lateral slope. Plicae 

crossed by conspicuous concentric lamellae, present even 

on juvenile specimens, showing on abraded specimens 

as nodes on radial ornament.

Pedicle valve with thin dental lamellae enclosing 

angle of about 60°. Muscle scars too feebly impressed 

to be distinguishable.

Brachial valve with discrete cardinal plates separated 

by narrow trough containing thin, bladelike cardinal 

process. Posterolateral margins of cardinal plates project over deep, narrow dental sockets. Cardinal plates 

triangular, apparently bearing relatively long, curved 

crura. Low median ridge presumably divides muscle 

field, of which there is no other indication.

A representative specimen is 0.8 of a cm long, 0.9 of a 

cm wide, and 0.5 of a cm thick. Free brachial valve of 

large specimen (pi. 2, fig. 16) is 0.9 of a cm long and 

1.1 cm wide.

Discussion. This species becomes more transverse as 

it increases in size, developing from a small flat shell 

with a subcircular outline (pi. 2, fig. 9) into a subquadrate form in which the width is greater than the 

length. However, at all stages of growth it is marked 

by the prominent imbricating lamellae which give it its

name. Machaeraria? lamellata is close to the type species 

of Machaeraria, M. formosa (Hall), in its possession 

of a divided hinge plate and a small linear cardinal 

process in the brachial valve, also in its transverse form 

and the structure of the pedicle valve. However, it apparently differs in lacking support plates under the 

crura.

Size of sample. More than 25 specimens were available for study.

Occurrence. Machaeraria? lamellata is common in 

collections from Schoharie (YPM 5244/146, USGS 

3393-SD) and the vicinity of Howes Cave (USGS 

8065-SD, YPM 5244/143, USGS 7198-SD) but has not 

been found in collections from farther west in New 

York, although it is associated with such species as 

Microsphaeridiorhynchus litchfieldensis and Howellella 

corallinensis that do occur in the western part of the 

State. It has been found in the Eondout Formation of 

eastern New York (Hoar and Bowen, 1967, p. 31-32) 

and the Decker Limestone of New Jersey (Weller, 1903, 

p. 237). M.? lamellata has also been reported from the 

Keyser Limestone of Pennsylvania, Maryland and Virginia and from the underlying Tonoloway Limestone, 

although Hoar and Bowen (1967, p. 31) noted that 

specimens from these formations differ from those in 

the Decker, Eondout, and Cobleskill in having only one 

plication in the sulcus and two on the fold.

Machaeraria sp. cf. M. deckerensis (Weller)

Rhynchonella deckerensis Weller, 1903, p. 234. 

Stenoschisma deokerensis (Weller), Maynard in Schuchert and 

Maynard, 1913, p. 349.

Original description. Shell subtriangular, wider 

than long, the posterolateral margins sloping from the 

beak, where they form an angle of from 95 to 115 degrees, in nearly straight lines to a point a little posterior 

to the middle of the shell; the lateral and front margins 

regularly rounded. The pedicle valve is usually a little 

less convex than the opposite one; its beak is prominent, 

arched, but not strongly incurved; the sinus is rather 

abrupt, not reaching quite to the beak. The surface of 

the brachial valve curves gently to the margins, except 

toward the front, where the mesial fold is rather 

abruptly elevated. The surface of each valve is marked 

by from twenty to twenty-four simple, angular plications, of which two or three, somewhat coarser than the 

remainder, are depressed in the median sinus, with a 

corresponding number elevated in the fold of the 

brachial valve.

The dimensions of a rather large specimen are: 

length, 15 mm; width, 19.5 mm; thickness, 10 mm 

(Weller, 1903, p. 234).

447-769 O - 72 - 3
14 BRACHIOPODA AND OSTRACODA OF COBLESKILL LIMESTONE, CENTRAL NEW YORK

Discussion. Several fragmentary and distorted 

specimens of a large rhynchonellid from Shutter Corners have been referred provisionally to this species because of their large size, transverse outline, and numerous angular plications. Serial sections of one of the less 

deformed shells showed that the cardinal plates were 

discrete and were separated by a trough containing a 

cardinal process, as in M. lamellata. None of the specimens was sufficiently well preserved to be suitable for 

illustration or positive identification. Only three specimens were found, all from the same locality, Shutter 

Corners, N.Y. (YPM 5244/150, USGS 3390-SD).

Family TRIGONTRHYNCHIIDAE McLaren, 1965 

Genus MICROSPHAERIDIORHYNCHUS Sartenaer, 1970

Microsphaeridiorhynchus litchfieldensis (Schuchert) 

Plate 2, figures 17-29

Rhynctionella? litchfieldensis Schuchert, 1903b, p. 167. 

Camarotoecliia litchfieldensis (Schuchert). Grabau, 1906, p. 100,

fig. 14; Maynard (in Schuchert and Maynard), 1913, p.

353, pi. 63, figs. 11-14; Reeside, 1917, p. 201; Swartz,

F. M., 1929, p. 36. 

Cupularostrum? litchfieldensis (Schuchert). Hoar and Bowen,

1967, p. 27-28, pi. 2, figs. 26-31. 

Ciipularostrum litchfieldensis (Schuchert). Bowen, 1967, p. 55-

57, pi. 7, figs. 25, 26, 28-33. 

Microspliaeridiorliynchus litchfieldensis (Schuchert). Sartenaer,

1970, p. 27-29.

Atrypa sp. Hall, 1852, p. 330, pi. 74, figs. 11, 12. 

fRhynchonella agglomerata Weller, 1903, p. 234-235, pi. 21, figs.

5-11. 

Camarotoecliia neglecta Hall. Hartnagel, 1903, p. 1128, 1150.

Description. Shell small, subtrigonal to subpentagonal in outline, greatest width halfway between 

beak and anterior margin. Length and width nearly 

equal, length about nine-tenths width. Posterolateral 

slopes almost straight, making an angle of about 95° 

with each other. Pedicle beak overhangs, and brachial 

beak penetrates delthyrium. Brachial valve slightly 

more convex than pedicle valve, with well-defined fold 

in anterior half of shell. Complementary sulcus in pedicle valve. Angular plicae extend from beaks to anterior 

and lateral margins of shell, covering entire surface except for very small areas on posterolateral slopes of 

pedicle valve. Normally four plicae on fold, three in 

sulcus, and six or seven on each lateral slope.

Brachial valve contains small septalium on median 

septum which extends about half length of shell. Cardinal plates tend to unite over crural cavity and form 

subpentagonal plate to inner face of which are attached 

slender, up-curved crura. Dental sockets small, noncrenulate, partly hidden by posterior sides of cardinal 

plates (pi. 2, fig. 17). Cardinal plates not completely 

fused, and are always discrete posteriorly, leaving opening into crural cavity.

Pedicle valve contains thin dental lamellae. Muscle 

scars too lightly impressed to be visible.

A representative specimen (pi. 2, figs. 22-25) is 0.82 

of a cm long, 0.89 of a cm wide and 0.5 of a cm thick. 

A larger specimen is 1.1 cm long, 1.1 cm wide, and 0.7 

of a cm thick. Fragmentary specimens indicate that the 

species grows larger, but none have been suitable for 

measurement.

Discussion. Sartenaer (1970, p. 27-29) has recently 

designated Rhynchonellal litchfieldensis Schuchert, 

1903, the type species of his new genus Microsphaeridiorhynchus, in which only the type species is included. 

He has removed this species from Gupularostrum 

Sartenaer, 1961, because, among other differences, the 

sockets are simple and not crenulated, and he considers 

it not to belong in Ancillotoechia Havlicek, 1959, because the ventral beak is less projecting and there is no 

median longitudinal crest on the anterior part of the 

plate over the septalium (Sartenaer, 1970, p. 28). M. 

litchfieldensis has a superficial resemblance to Iberirhynchia santaluciensis Drot and Westbroek, 1966, but 

as described by Drot and Westbroek (1966), Ilerirhynchia has more massive internal structures in both 

valves. Schuchert (1903b, p. 167) originally described 

M. litchfieldensis as follows:

This species is one of a group represented in the Rochester 

shales by #.(?) neglecta and in the Helderbergian by R.(l) 

transversa. It differs from the former in having more plications 

with the fold and sinus narrower and less pronounced. It is more 

closely related to R.( ?) transversa, but never attains the size of 

this species, nor is the fold and sinus so broad.

A form found with typical M. litchfieldensis in some 

collections is about half its size, subtrigonal in outline, 

and lacks a fold and sulcus. This may be the juvenile 

form of M. litchfieldensis, as the fold and sulcus are 

present on only the anterior half of mature specimens, 

and all other shell features of this form are consistent 

with this interpretation.

Size of sample. More than eight specimens were 

available for study.

Occurrence. Microsphaeridiorhynchus litchfieldensis was first described from the Cobleskill Limestone at 

Schoharie and has been found in collections YPM 5244/ 

146, USGS 3393-SD, and several others. It has also 

been found in collections from Shutter Corners (YPM 

5244/150), Howes Cave (USGS 8065-SD), Central 

Bridge (YPM 5244/143, USGS 7198-SD), Jerusalem 

Hill (YPM 2594), and Aurelius Station (YPM 5244/ 

14). Hartnagel (1903, p. 1128) identified it as Camarotoechia neglecta and stated that it occurred in the Wilbur Member (Upper Silurian) of the Kondout in the 

Hudson Valley. It has also been reported from the 

Kosendale and Glasco Members of the Kondout in east-
SYSTEMATIC PALEONTOLOGY 15

ern New York (Hoar and Bowen, 1967, p. 27-28), the 

Decker Limestone of New Jersey (Weller, 1903, p. 234), 

and the lower part of the Keyser Limestone in Pennsylvania (Reeside, 1917, p. 188, 190, 201), Maryland 

(Schuchert and Maynard, 1913, p. 353; Bowen, 1967, 

p. 55-57), and Virginia and West Virginia (Swartz, 

1929, p. 36). In Pennsylvania it is reported as also 

occurring in the Tonoloway Limestone.

Family UNCINULIDAE Rzonsnitskaya, 1956 

Genus LANCEOMYONIA Havlicek, 1960

Laneeomyonia? dunbari n. sp. 

Plate 2, figures 1-8; figure 2

Description. Shell small, subpentagonal in outline; 

width and length about equal; thickness nearly threequarters of width. Pedicle valve shallow, with low sulcus 

in anterior third, and with linguiform projection into 

brachial valve at nearly right angle to posterior part of 

shell. Brachial valve inflated, with low fold corresponding to sulcus. Pedicle beak erect, exposing triangular 

delthyrium partly penetrated by brachial beak. Pseudoarea present, formed by break in slope between upper 

surface of umbonal region and concave ventral cardinal 

slopes. Anterior third of shell ornamented by low, 

rounded ribs with linear interspaces, three in sulcus, 

four on fold, and three or four on each lateral slope.

Pedicle valve contains short but well-developed 

dental lamellae, and low median carina which presumably divides muscle field. No other indications of muscle 

field observed.

Brachial valve contains small septalium. Posterolateral margins of hinge plates appear to extend as 

flanges over dental sockets. At anterior margin of septalium hinge plates form narrow bridge over crural 

cavity.

The holotype (pi. 2, figs. 5-8) is 0.8 of a cm in both 

length and width, and 0.6 of a cm in thickness.

Holotype. YPM 23798.

Discussion. This small species was originally 

thought to belong in Sphaerirhynchia Cooper and 

Muir-Wood, 1951, but differs from that genus in having 

ribs only on the anterior part of the shell. It appears to 

be closer to Lanceomyonia Havlicek, 1960, but differs 

from that genus in its small size, and in apparently possessing a small plate bridging the septalium (fig. 2). 

However, the only specimen available for sectioning was 

an immature individual, so the structure of the septalium cannot be stated with complete assurance. Because of the paucity of specimens, the species cannot as 

yet be assigned to a genus with assurance, and is only 

provisionally placed in Lanceomyonia.

An extremely inflated specimen (pi. 2, figs. 1-4), 

which is considerably smaller than the type, shows the 

two-cycle growth pattern considered diagnostic by Havlicek (1961, p. 110-111) of the subfamily Hebetoechiinae. This particular specimen may represent another 

species, or may be a dwarfed specimen of L. ? dunbari ; 

the material at hand is not adequate to determine which.

Size of sample. This species is not common, the description being based on one complete specimen, the immature specimen, and several fragmentary individuals.

o.i 0.2 0.4 0.45 0.65

X k

0.7 0.8 1.0 1.2

FIGURE 2. Nine transverse sections of Lanceomyonia? dunbari n. sp. Sections from beak toward 

anterior showing small cruralium, crura, and dental lamellae. Specimen from Aurelius 

Station (YPM colln. 5244/14). Length before sectioning 6.2 mm; measurements in millimeters from pedicle valve beak.
16 BRACHIOPODA AND OSTRACODA OF COBLESKILL LIMESTONE, CENTRAL NEW YORK

Several juvenile specimens have been found which are 

almost completely flat, lack a fold and sulcus, and have 

only faint plications on the anterior margins.

Occurrence. The species is widely distributed and 

has been found in collections from Frontenac Island 

(USGS 3389-SD), Aurelius Station (YPM 5244/14), 

Howes Cave (USGS 8065-SD), and Shutter Corners 

(YPM 5244/150).

Order SPIRIFEBIDA Waagen, 1883

Suborder ATHYBIDIDINA Boucot, Johnson, and Staton, 1964 

Superfamily ATHYBIDACEA, M'Coy, 1844

Family ATHYBIDIDAE M'Coy, 1844 

Subfamily PROTATHYBIDINAE, Boucot, Johnson, and Staton,

1964 

Genus PROTATHYBIS Kozlowski, 1929

Protathyris sulcata (Vanuxem) 

Plate 2, figures 30-35; figure 3

Atrypa sulcata Vanuxem, 1842, p. 112, fig. 5.

Merista sulcata (Vanuxem). Miller, 1877, p. 115.

Whitfieldella sulcata (Vanuxem). Grabau, 1900, p. 367, pi. 22,

figs. 2a-d. Grabau, in Grabau and Sherzer, 1910, p. 156-157,

pi. 32, figs. 2a-d. 

Merista Msulcata Hall, 1859, p. 253.

Description. Small, subovate in outline; width onehalf to three-quarters of length; both valves inflated. 

Height of both valves equal to or slightly greater than 

width, the posterior third being most inflated. Pedicle 

beak prominent, commonly curving over and concealing delthyrium. Brachial beak low, penetrates the delthyrium, which appears to be open. Both valves sulcate; 

pedicle valve with subangular sulcus extending from 

plane perpendicular to hinge line to anterior margin; 

brachial valve with linear depression extending from 

umbo to anterior margin.

Surface smooth except for concentric growth lines.

Pedicle valve contains thin, rather short dental lamellae. Muscle scars too feebly impressed to be recognizable.

Brachial valve contains concave cardinal plate 

pierced at apex by visceral foramen. Posterior end of 

cardinal plate bounded by dental sockets is triangular, 

anterior part of plate apparently extends beyond dental 

sockets. Crura arise from lateral components of cardinal plate. Median septum lacking (fig. 3), muscle scars 

too feebly impressed to be seen.

Jugum not observed in specimens studied. Large 

specimens have five to six volutions in the brachidium.

A figured specimen (pi. 2, figs. 30-33) measures 0.64 

of a cm in width, 0.82 of a cm in length, and 0.64 of a 

cm in height.

Discussion.. Kozlowski (1929, p. 223) based his 

genus Protathyris primarily on the character of the 

jugum. Unfortunately, no specimens of P. sulcata or of 

the following species, P. nucleolata, have been found in 

which the jugum is preserved. However, the thin dental

lamellae in the pedicle valve, the character of the hinge 

plate, and the absence of a median septum in the brachial valve all agree with Protathyris as described by 

Kozlowski.

Grabau (in Grabau and Sherzer, 1910, p. 148) assumed that Hindella had a median septum as described 

by Hall and Clarke (1894) and he proposed the genus 

Greenfieldia for shells resembling Whitfieldella exterternally but lacking a median septum in the brachial 

valve. The jugum of Greenfieldia whitfieldi, the type 

species, is not known, however, and the types have not 

been restudied. It is possible that if the jugum of Greenfieldia were found, it would be similar to that of Protathyris, and G-reenfieldia would replace Protathyris 

because it has priority. Under these circumstances, it 

might be considered logical to put P. sulcata and P. 

nucleolata into Greenfieldia rather than Protathyris. 

However, Grabau (in Grabau and Sherzer, 1910, p. 151- 

152, 156-157) described specimens which he considered 

P. sulcata and others which he compared with P. nucleolata, and he placed both species in Whitfieldella. Apparently, therefore, they did not agree with his concept 

of Greenfieldia.

Externally Protathyris sulcata bears a strong resemblance to Terebratula didyma Dalman, 1828, which 

Kozlowski (1929, p. 227-230) redescribed and assigned 

to Protathyris. Recently, however, Rubel and Modzalevskaya (1967) have restudied this species and made it 

the type of the new genus Didymothyris on the basis 

of a distinctive structure, the pedicle fulcrum, in the 

beak of the pedicle valve. Silicified specimens of Protathyris sulcata have been examined by me to see whether 

such a structure is present in the Cobleskill material, 

and because no indications of a pedicle fulcrum have 

been found, the species remains in Protathyris.

Size of sample. More than 10 specimens were available for study.

Occurrence. This very distinctive brachiopod was 

originally described by Vanuxem (1842, p. 112) as occurring in the "Waterlime Group of Manlius," for 

which reason it was later discussed by Grabau (1900, 

p. 352) as a "typical Manlius limestone species * * *. 

It is not represented in the Coralline limestone." As 

Schuchert (1903b, p. 169) later pointed out, however, 

Vanuxem (1842, p. Ill) included in his "Waterlime 

Group" everything between the base of the Cobleskill 

Limestone and the top of the Jamesville Member of the 

Manlius Limestone. Although Vanuxem did not mention the exact bed in which his "Atrypa sulcata" occurs, 

it is not associated with the fossils from the higher 

beds. Actually, Protathyris sulcata appears to be confined to the Cobleskill. It has been described from the 

Akron Dolomite by Grabau (1900, p. 367) and has
SYSTEMATIC PALEONTOLOGY 17

n n

FIGURE 3 Twelve transverse sections of Protathyris sulcata (Vanuxein) showing character of hinge plate 

and absence of median septum in brachial valve. Specimen from Aurelius Station (YPM colln. 

5244/1.56). Length before sectioning measured from beak of brachial valve, 9.3 mm ; measurements in 

millimeters from beak of brachial valve.
18 BRACHIOPODA AND OSTRACODA OF COBLESKILL LIMESTONE, CENTRAL NEW YORK

been reported as far east as Litchfield, N.Y., by Schuchert (1903b, p. 167). The specimens in the collections 

studied come from Aurelius Station (YPM 5244/14:; 

YPM 5244/1.56; USGS 3395-SD), Prospect Hill 

(USGS 5207-SD), and Forge Hollow (YPM 5244/90). 

In most collections it is associated with Howellella 

corallinensis eriensis and Morinorhynchusl interstriatus but is not very common anywhere.

Protathyris nucleolata (Hall) 

Plate 2, figures 3&-40; figure 4

Atrypa nucleolata Hall, 1852, p. 328, pi. 74, figs. lOa-m.

Merista nucleolata (Hall). Hall, 1859, p. 78.

IMeristella nucleolata (Hall). Whitfield, 1882, p. 321, pi. 25,

tfig. 5. 

Whitfieldella"! nucleolata (Hall). Schucliert, 1897, p. 461; 1903b,

p. 166. 

Whitfieldella cf. rotundata (Whitfield). Grabau, 1900, p. 368, pi.

22, figs. 3a, to. 

Whitfieldella cf. nucleolata (Hall). Grabau in Grabau and Sherzer, 1910, p. 151-152, pi. 32, figs. 3a, b. 

"iWhitfieldella sulcata (Vanuxem). Williams, 1919, p. 89, pi. 27,

figs. 4, 5,

Description. Small, subcircular to subpentagonal in 

outline; width and length nearly equal, but former 

slightly greater. Anterior margin semicircular, but beak 

of pedicle valve extended so that posterolateral slopes 

are nearly straight, joining at an angle of about 100°. 

Valves nearly equally convex. Pedicle beak curves over 

and conceals delthyrium, brachial beak penetrates delthyrium. No distinct cardinal area. Pedicle valve with 

shallow, poorly defined sulcus in anterior part; brachial 

valve smooth or with low depression.

Surface smooth except for growth lines.

Pedicle valve with thin dental lamellae extending 

about one-fifth length of shell. No muscle scars observed.

Brachial valve with cardinal plate similar to that of 

P. sulcata except that visceral foramen appears larger 

and anterior part appears to extend farther forward 

(ng. 4).

Brachidium not observed in material at hand.

One figured specimen (pi. 2, figs. 36-39) is 0.9 of a 

cm in width, 0.8 of a cm in length, and 0.6 of a cm in 

thickness. Fragmentary specimens indicate that the 

species grew nearly twice as large but none are complete enough to measure.

Discussion. This species is similar to Protathyris 

minuta (Maynard, in Schuchert and Maynard, 1913) 

from the Keyser Limestone, as redescribed by Bowen 

(1967, p. 36-37). However, P. minuta is smaller and 

more elongate; P. nucleolata has a subcircular outline 

even in juvenile specimens. Hindellal (Greenfieldia) 

congregata Swartz, 1923 from the Tonoloway Limestone resembles P. nucleolata in external appearance, 

but is reported to have a "low raised median line" 

(Prouty and Swartz, 1923, p. 460) or a myophragm 

(Bowen, 1967, p. 37) in the brachial valve.

Protathyris nucleolata apparently has a wider geographic distribution than P. sulcata, but is coextensive 

with it over the western and central part of New York. 

As far as relative abundance is concerned, the two species are more or less complementary, P. nucleolata being 

rare in the western part of the State and P. sulcata 

being rare in the east.

'Size of sample, More than 10 specimens were available for study.

Occurrence. This species has been found in collections from Seneca Falls (USGS 6084-SD), Frontenac 

Island (USGS 3389-SD), Aurelius Station (YPM 

5244/14), Jerusalem Hill (YPM 2594; YPM 5244/ 

108), Schoharie (YPM 5244/146; USGS 3393-SD), 

and Shutter Corners (USGS 3390-SD). The species 

was originally described by Hall (1852, p. 328) from 

the Cobleskill Limestone at Schoharie. Subsequently it 

has been reported from equivalent horizons in Maryland (Schuchert and Maynard, 1913, p. 441, pi. 73, figs.

37-40), New Jersey (Weller, 1903, p. 241, pi. 21, figs.

38-40), and questionably from Pennsylvania (Keeside, 

1917, p. 202). Grabau (in Grabau and Sherzer, 1910, 

p. 151) recorded its presence in the Akron Dolomite of 

western New York.

Suborder SPIRIFERIDINA Waagen, 1883

Superfamily SPIRIFERACEA King, 1846

Family DELTHYRIDIDAE Waagen, 1883

Subfamily ACROSPIRIFERINAE Termier and Termier, 1949

Genus HOWELLELLA Kozlowski, 1946

Howellella corallinensis corallinensis (Grabau) 

Plate 2, figure 49

Spirifer crispus Hisinger. Hall, 1852, p. 328, pi. 74, figs. 9a-h. 

Spirifer crispus var. corallinensis Grabau, 1900, p. 352. 

Spirifer modestus var. corallinensis Schuchert, 1903b, p. 166. 

Spirifer corallinensis Grabau, 1903, p. 1042, fig. 6. 

Howellella keyserensis (Swartz) [part]. Howell, 1947, pi. 3, 

fig. 4.

Description. Shell small; outline subrhombic; cardinal angles rounded. Length between three-fourths and 

four-fifths of width in adult shells. Pedicle area small; 

pedicle beak curving quite far over it. Delthyrium large, 

open, with conspicuous deltidial plates that flare outward from delthyrium, except at apex, which is closed 

by an arcuate plate. Brachial beak and area low and 

inconspicuous.

Sulcus broad, shallow, and subangular in crosssection. Fold low, rounded, with slight depression on its 

crest in many specimens.

Kibs lacking, or indicated only by two faint linear 

depressions on each lateral slope of pedicle valve.
SYiSTEMATIC PALEONTOLOGY 19

o.i 0.3 0.6 0.7

J

0.75 0.8 0.9 0.95

1.0 1.10 1.11

FIGURE 4. Twelve transverse sections of Protathyris micleolata (Hall) showing character of 

hinge plate and absence of median septum in brachial valve. Specimen from Schoharie, 

N.Y. (YPM colln. 5244/146). Length before sectioning, 6.6 mm; measurements in millimeters from beak of pedicle valve.

Surface ornamentation consists of very small spinules 

on concentric growth varices; exfoliated shells appear 

completely smooth and varices not shown.

Pedicle valve contains dental lamellae extending 

about one-fourth of length of valve and, in most specimens, a low sharp median carina extending about half 

the length. Muscle scars not impressed and not recognizable as such.

Brachial valve contains small bilobed cardinal process. Crura supported by crural lamellae which extend 

about one-sixth the length and rest on floor of valve 

between dental sockets. Crural lamellae are perpendicular to floor for about half their height, where they are 

deflected laterally to connect with socket plates.

The holotype is 1.1 cm wide and 0.9 of a cm long. A 

large specimen is 1.3 cm wide and 0.9 of a cm long and 

an average specimen is 1.0 cm wide and 0.8 of a cm 

long.

Discussion. The holotype of this species (AMNH 

1771/4) is an exfoliated specimen that shows two distinct ribs 011 either side of the fold of the brachial valve, 

but the pedicle valve is smooth. Unlike some others of 

its genus, this small species shows no growth varices on 

exfoliated specimens.

Internally, H. coraUinensis possesses the characters 

diagnostic of the genus Howellella. Although not observed in any of the specimens examined, the crura are 

probably attached to the crural lamellae at the junction 

of the vertical and diagonal components.

This species was described by Grabau (1900, p. 352) 

as a variety of "Spirifer" crispus (Hisinger). In a later 

paper, Grabau (1903, p. 1042) raised it to species rank 

and indicated that the type was the specimen figured 

as "£." crispus by Hall (1852, pi. 74, figs. 9d-f). Schuchert (1903b, p. 166) referred it to a variety of Howellella modesta (Hall, 1857) of the Maryland "Manlius"
20 BRACHIOPODA AND OSTRACODA OF COBLESKILL LIMESTONE, CENTRAL NEW YORK

(now Keyser) Limestone, a similarity which Grabau 

had already noted. Most subsequent writers have considered H. corallinensis as a distinct species; but Swartz 

(1939, p. 385), Bowen (1967, p. 48), and Hoar and 

Bowen (1967, p. 26) have again suggested that both 

Howellella corallinensis and H, eriensis should be considered as varieties of the Maryland forms Howellella 

modesta and H. modesta plicata (Maynard, 1913). 

Though they stated that further study of the types of 

these varieties is necessary.

The problem of this group of nearly smooth species of 

Howellella involves not only the study of the types, but 

also examination of large suites of specimens. There is 

undoubtedly a very close relationship among all four 

forms, but comparison of the types shows that H. 

modesta not only shows less evidence of plication and a 

more feebly developed fold and sulcus than either of 

the New York species, but it also is less transverse. The 

holotype of H. modesta plicata is a far larger shell than 

either of the New York species and is distinctly plicate, 

as its name implies; but as the plications are not pronounced on the umbo, it would probably be difficult to 

distinguish a juvenile specimen of this species from 

mature H. corallinensis. H. corallinensis differs from 

H. eriensis only in the degree of plication and the depth 

and shape of the sulcus. These characters do not appear 

to be constant in large suites of specimens; consequently, H. eriensis is here considered a subspecies of 

H. corallinensis. The latter is here considered a distinct 

species because of the differences between it and the type 

of H. modesta and because the specimens illustrated by 

Bowen (1967, pi. 6, figs. 21-28) suggest a relatively 

longer and thicker shell that has well-developed muscle 

scars. If these differences should prove to be due to 

paleoecological causes, it would be necessary to place H. 

corallinensis in synonymy with H. modesta.

The most obvious distinction among the four species 

of nearly smooth Howellella, two in New York and two 

in Maryland, is the degree of ribbing. If it is eventually 

demonstrated that H. corallinensis and H. modesta are 

the same, the name H. modesta has priority and must 

be used for all the nearly completely smooth species. 

However, if H. modesta plicata and H. eriensis also appear to represent the same form, H. eriensis has priority, and the Maryland forms should be referred to 

this subspecies.

Size of sample. More than eight specimens wer^ 

available for study.

Ocurrence. Hoioellella corallinensis corallinensis 

was described from the Cobleskill Limestone at Schoharie and has been found in collection YPM 5244/146. 

It also occurs in collections from Shutter Corners 

(YPM 5244/150), Central Bridge (YPM 5244/143),

Jerusalem Hill (YPM 2594), Aurelius Station (YPM 

5244/14), questionably from Frontenac Island (USGS 

3389-SD), and from Seneca Falls (USGS 6084-SD).

Howellella corallinensis eriensis (Grabau) 

Plate 2, figures 41-48

Spirifer eriensis Grabau, 1900, p. 366, pi. 21, figs. 2a, b; Grabau, 

1901, p. 199, fig. 119; Schuchert, 1903b, p. 166; Grabau, 

1903, p. 1043, fig. 7; Grabau, 1906, p. 109, fig. 11; Grabau 

and Sherzer, 1910, p. 133, pi. 31, figs. 2a, b; Grabau and 

Shimer, 1909, p. 320, fig. 404; Maynard in Schuchert and 

Maynard, 1913, p. 404, pi. 69, fig. 7; Swartz, F. M., 1939, 

p. 385.

Howellella keyserensis (Swartz) [part]. Howell, 1947, p. 6-7, 

pi. 3, figs. 3, 5-7.

Description. Shell subquadrate; cardinal angles 

rounded. Adult shells wider than long; length about 

three-quarters of width. Pedicle beak extended over 

relatively small cardinal area. Delthyrium large, open, 

bordered by flaring deltidial plates. Brachial beak low.

Sulcus moderately deep, broad, subangular in cross 

section, expanding rapidly toward anterior. Fold low 

and rounded. Three to four very subdued but distinct, 

rounded ribs on each lateral slope, separated by linear 

interspaces.

Surface ornamentation consists of small spinules in 

concentric bands. Growth varices may be conspicuous.

Interiors of both valves like typical H. corallinensis.

The type specimen is 1.0 cm wide and 0.8 of a cm 

long; a larger specimen is 1.3 cm wide and 1.0 cm 

long.

Discussion. The principal differences between H. 

corallinensis and the subspecies eriensis are the deeper, 

more angular sulcus and more distinct ribs of the latter. 

It was upon these characters that Grabau (1900, p. 366) 

based his species, though he noted at the time that a 

very close relationship must exist between the two 

forms. At the time that the new species was proposed, 

Grabau (1900, p. 351) believed that the Cobleskill Limestone at Schoharie and the Akron (Bullhead) Dolomiteat Williamsville were of different ages. When the two 

formations were later correlated, the two forms were 

left as distinct species because of the apparent differences between them.

A suite of specimens from Aurelius Station, N.Y., 

which is near the western limit of the Cobleskill and 

about halfway between Williamsville and Schoharie, 

contains forms which are gradational between the forms 

with a smooth shell and a shallow sulcus, representing 

H. corallinensis, and forms with ribbed shells and deep 

sulci, representing H. eriensis. A smooth shell with a 

deep sulcus is relatively common. As the two forms are 

identical in all other respects, both in size and shape 

and internal characters, H. eriensis is here considered
SYSTEMATIC PALEONTOLOGY 21

a subspecies of H. corattinensis. Specimens with the 

characters of H. eriensis tend to have growth lamellae, 

unlike H. corallinensis, but this character seems to be 

subject to considerable individual variation and is probably not diagnostic.

Grabau (1903, p. 1044-1046) recognized the existence 

of intermediate forms between PI. corallinensis and H. 

eriensis and suggested that the latter developed out of 

the former by an increasing tendency toward plication. 

He gave as evidence the fact that juvenile specimens 

of H. eriensis have the characters of H. corallinensis. 

This interpretation seems reasonable, and as H. corallinensis has page precedence, H. eriensis is here placed 

in a subspecific category.

Swartz (1939, p. 385) has suggested that "Spirifer" 

modestus var. plicatus Maynard should be put into 

synonymy with H. eriensis, the latter being perhaps a 

subspecies of H. modestus. Further study of the species 

from the Keyser Limestone may resolve this problem.

Size of sample. More than 15 specimens, most of 

which are from Aurelius Station, were available for 

study.

Occurrence. Howellella corallinesis eriensis was described from the Akron Dolomite of western New York 

and is most common in that area, although it has also 

been found in collections from the Cobleskill Limestone 

at Frontenac Island (USGS 3389-SD), Aurelius Station (YPM 5244/14; YPM 5244/1.56; USGS 3395- 

SD), Prospect Hill (USGS 5207-SD), Forge Hollow 

(YPM 5244/90), and Jerusalem Hill (YPM 2594).

Phylum ARTHROPODA

Class CRUSTACEA

Subclass OSTRACODA

Order LEPERDITICOPIDA Scott, 1961

Family LEPERDITIIDAE Jones, 1856

Genus LEPERDITIA Rouault, 1851

Leperditia scalaris (Jones) 

Plate 3, figures 31-34

Leperditia gibbera scalaris Jones, 1858a, p. 250, pi. 10, figs. 10, 

11; Jones, 1858b, p. 834, fig. 698.

Leperditia scalaris Jones. Grabau, 1900, p. 371, pi. 22, figs. 6a-d; 

1901, p. 219, fig. 150; 1906, p. Ill; Grabau and Shimer, 

1910, p. 340, fig. 1655; Grabau and Sherzer, 1910, p. 59, 

202, 213, pi. 32, figs. 6a-d; Williams, 1919, p. 86; Swartz, 

1939, pi. 1, figs. 15a-c; Shimer and Shrock, 1944, pi. 280, 

figs. 5-8; Swartz, 1949, p. 312-313, pi. 65, figs. 3-10.

ILeperditia jonesi Hall, 1859, p. 372.

Description. Lateral outline postplete; hinge line 

about two-thirds of the total length of the shell. Cardinal angles obtuse; posterior and ventral margins 

smoothly curved; anterodorsal margin straight. Longitudinal outline of shell a smooth curve, not inflated 

medially. Maximum thickness nearly median in dorsal 

view and dorsomedian in end view. Maximum length 

is along an axis at angle to hinge line, extending from

the junction of the anterodorsal and ventral margins 

to the midpoint of the posterior margin. Maximum 

height in posterior third of shell.

Anterior and posterior margins have low, indistinct, 

flattened border. Ventral surface of the overlapping 

right valve is smoothly rounded in end view, ventral 

surface of overlapped left valve has smooth flange 

bordered by a narrow ridge marking the overlap of the 

right valve. Hinge taxodont. Rather prominent eye 

tubercles are in the anterior third of the carapace. The 

shell surface between the eye tubercle and anterodorsal 

cardinal angle tends to be uneven. Muscle scars in anterodorsal quarter of shell; adductor large, oval, with 

its long axis perpendicular to the hinge line, composed 

of 60-70 individual muscle flecks. Adductor is close to, 

but below and posterior to, chevron-shaped scar beneath 

eye tubercle. Chevron scar gently curved on anterior 

limb; posterior limb extends in a nearly straight line 

posterodorsally and merges with a line of small accessory scars which extend toward hinge line at a steep 

angle, where there are other small accessory scars. Pronounced swelling in posterodorsal third of left valve 

just below hinge line. Shell surface smooth or slightly 

punctate; in naturally or artifically corroded specimens 

it may appear slightly pustulose. In such specimens, 

canals radiating from the adductor scar may be seen 

on the external surface.

The dimensions of the largest figured specimen are 

13.5 mm in length and 7.6 mm in height.

Discussion. This species is characterized by the 

flattened anterior and posterior borders. Swartz (1949, 

p. 313) has suggested that the specimens of L. scalaris 

he illustrated from the Decker Limestone might possibly 

represent another species because the angulation of the 

anterior margin that he observed on his material was 

not illustrated by Jones. However, to judge from the 

Cobleskill and Akron specimens, this feature does not 

seem to be constant, and is not considered to be of specific 

value. Swartz (1949, pi. 65, figs. 9, 10) illustrated the 

muscle-scar pattern of L. scalaris on specimens from the 

Decker, and the Cobleskill specimens agree well with his 

illustrations except that the posterior limb of the chevron scar is more extended dorsally to merge with the 

small dorsal scars. In most of the Cobleskill material, 

the chevron scar is difficult to see in reflected light, although the adductor scar may be seen as a swelling on 

the surface of the shell. However, the chevron scar is 

more apt to be visible on internal molds.

Hall (1859, p. 372) described Leperditia jonesi from 

the Cobleskill of Schoharie County as a pustulose form, 

and separated it from L. alta (Conrad, 1842) from the 

Manlius Limestone (Lower Devonian) on the basis of its 

pustulose ornamentation. However, as corroded speci447-769 O - 72 - 4
22 BRACHIOPODA AND OSTRACODA OF COBLE SKILL LIMESTONE, CENTRAL NEW YORK

mens of L. scalaris appear pustulose, it seems probable 

that Hall's material was merely badly weathered L. 

scalaris. The type of L. jonesi has not been examined, but 

the species is questionably placed in synonymy with L. 

scalaris.

Size of sample. More than 10 valves were available 

for study, but no complete carapaces have been found.

Occurrence. Leperditia scalaris has been found in 

collections from Frontenac Island (USGS 3389-SD), 

Aurelius Station (YPM 5244/14, USGS 3395-SD), 

Prospect Hill (USGS 5207-SD), Oriskany Falls (YPM 

5244/88), Forge Hollow (YPM 5244/90), and Jerusalem Hill (YPM 2594). Although Hall (1859) described 

Leperditia jonesi from Schoharie, only one indeterminable leperditiid was found in the collections from that 

locality.

Order PALAEOCOPIDA Henningsmoen, 1953

Suborder BEYRICHICOPINA Scott, 1961 

Superfamily BEYRICHIACEA Matthew, 1886

Family BEYRICHIIDAE Matthew, 1886

Subfamily TREPOSELLINAE Henningsmoen, 1954

Genus GARNIELLA Martinsson, 1962

Garniella concentrica n. sp. 

Plate 4, figures 9^12

Description. Lateral outline amplete; dorsal margin straight. Free margin semicircular; greatest height 

from six-tenths to seven-tenths of length. Anterior cardinal angle obtuse; posterior cardinal angle nearly 90°. 

Valves essentially unisulcate, sulcus broad and deep, 

with vertical,walls and subrectangular ventral termination. Sulcus nearly median, subvertical; ventral end 

slightly curved anteriorly. Sulcus extends about twothirds the height of the valve. Velum flat to slightly 

concave upward in lateral view, apparently tubulous, 

extending entirely around free margin.

Valve surfaces coarsely reticulate except for velum 

and median sulcus. Eeticulation arranged roughly concentrically around the sulcus and parallel to the free 

margin. Although the preadductorial lobe is not developed as a distinct structure, its position is indicated 

by the pattern of the reticulation. Below the adductorial 

sulcus, and bounding it ventrally, the reticulations are 

accentuated to form a slight crista, which is paralleled 

by another separated by one row of reticulations, which 

are depressed into a distinct groove.

Heteromorph has anteroventral crumina ornamented 

by four cristae, which extend from the posterior to the 

anterior end of the crumina parallel to the free margin.

The dimensions of the figured specimen are 1.10 mm 

in length and 0.70 of a mm in height. Another tecnomorph is 1.25 mm long and 0.70 of a mm high.

Types. Holotype, USNM162309; paratypes, USNM 

162308, YPM 23820, YPM 23821.

Discussion. Although the only heteromorphic specimen is badly crushed (pi. 4, fig. 11), the cristate crumina 

definitely places this species in Garniella Martinsson, 

1962. It differs from all described species of Garniella, 

except G. biseriata Martinsson, 1962, in having the 

cristae extending to the anterior end of the crumina. 

From G. biseriata it differs in having a larger number 

of cristae and a much larger fused anterior and median 

lobe. This species is not common in the Cobleskill, but 

is quite distinctive. This is the first occurrence of the 

genus in the Eastern United States.

Size of sample. Seven specimens were available for 

study, of which one was a crushed heteromorphic 

carapace.

Occurrence. Garniella concentrica has been found 

in collections from Schoharie (YPM 5244/146, USGS 

3393-SD, USGS 7283-SD, USGS 8063-SD) and Jerusalem Hill (YPM 2594).

Subfamily AMFHITOXOTIDINAE Martinsson, 1962 

Genus MIGMATELIA n. gen.

Type species. Migmatella martinssoni n. sp.

Species included. Only the type species.

Diagnosis. Trilobate amphitoxotidine beyrichiids 

with velum reduced in heteromorphs to velar bend except on left valve, where a velar remnant protrudes as 

a spur posterior to the crumina. Trace of velum on ventral surface of crumina makes scar which is convex toward the plane of commissure of valves. No torus in 

either tecnomorphs or heteromorphs. Tecnomorphs 

have obscurely tubulous velum restricted posteriorly 

on left valve, more restricted on right valve. Lobes 

emaciated, cuspate, and cristate in tecnomorphs, not 

cristate in heteromorphs.

Discussion. This genus is closely related to Martinsson's three genera Juviella, Lophoctenella, and 

Cryptolopholobus especially the latter, which it resembles in having cristate lobes in the tecnomorph but 

not in the heteromorph. However, it differs from all 

three genera in having a more restricted velum and in 

lacking a torus. The preservation of the specimens studied is not good enough to determine whether a denticulate crest is present on the velum as in LopJioctenella 

and Cryptolopholobus. The name Migmatella, is derived 

from the Greek word "migma," mixture, because the 

genus partakes of some but not all of the characters of 

Martinsson's three genera.

StratigrapJiic range. At present, Migmatella. is 

known only from beds of Late Silurian age 'in eastern 

North America. The genus is present in the Decker 

Limestone in Pennsylvania, but as yet not enough wellpreserved specimens have been obtained to determine 

whether they represent M. martinssoni or a new species.
SYSTEMATIC PALEONTOLOGY 23

Migmatella martinssoni n. sp. 

Plate 4, figures 13-22

Description. Lateral outline preplete; lobes narrow 

and sulci wide, giving carapace an emaciated appearance. Adductorial sulcus broad and deep, extending twothirds of distance from dorsal margin to velum. Prenodal sulcus broad and deep, extending about one-third of 

distance from dorsal margin to velum. There is a large 

and pronounced anteroventral depression beneath the 

preadductorial lobe of the tecnomorphs. All lobes are 

cuspate and protrude over the hinge line. In teciiomorphs, the preadductorial lobe is narrow, nearly isolated, and subovate; the anterior lobe is thin, as is the 

syllobium. All lobes in the tecnomorphs are bordered by 

cristae, which do not occur on the heteromorphs. The 

general pattern of lobation looks like a slightly distorted W. The velum on the tecnomorphs is wider on the 

left valve than on the right valve, but is relatively narrow on both, and although tubulous, the tubules are not 

readily seen. On heteromorphs, the velum is reduced to 

a velar bend except for a blunt spur beneath the syllobium of the left valve and a velar trace across the 

ventral surface of the crumina. The crumina is subglobular in outline.

The ornamentation on the specimens studied is not 

will preserved, but the tecnomorphs are apparently 

reticulate between the cristae on the lobes; the heteromorphs are apparently slightly reticulate.

The dimensions of the holotype heteromorph are 1.30 

mm in length and 0.65 of a mm in height. A tecnomorpli is 1.10 mm in length and 0.80 of a mm in height.

Types. Holotype, USNM 162314; paratypes, USNM 

162310-162313, YPM 23822-YPM 23824.

Discussion. Although there are marked differences 

between the tecnomorphs and heteromorphs, such as the 

cristate lobes of the former, it is improbable that more 

than one species is present as no other amphitoxotidines 

in any of the collections resemble either the tecnomorphs or heteromorphs of M. martinssoni. The species 

is named in honor of Anders Martinsson, who has clarified the systematics of the Beyrichiidae.

Size of sample. This species is based upon 23 specimens, of which three are tecnomorphic carapaces and 

one is a heteromorphic carapace.

Occurrence. Seventeen of the 23 specimens came 

from collections from Schoharie, N.Y. (USGS 3393- 

SD, USGS 7283-SD, USGS 8063-SD and YPM 5244/ 

146). One small tecnomorph came from Shutter Corners, N.Y. (USGS 3390-SD). One heteromorph and one 

tecnomorph have been found in a collection from Howes 

Cave, N.Y. (USGS 8065-SD), and one heteromorph 

has been found near Central Bridge, N.Y. (USGS

7198-SD). Two additional specimens came from a collection made by C. E. Beecher from Jerusalem Hill,

N.Y. (YPM 2594).

Genus DIBOLBINA Ulrich and Bassler, 1923

Dibolbina reticruminata n. sp.

Plate 4, figures 23-28

Description. Lateral outline amplete; height from 

dorsum to velum only about one-third of length. Syllobium broad, inflated and subtriangular in lateral 

view. Adductorial sulcus deep, narrow, slanted anteriorly. Preadductorial lobe is a small round knob, poorly 

defined by anterior sulcus, which is very shallow and indistinct. Velum very wide, flaring away from contact 

margin at a high angle; it is nearly at right angles to 

the plane of commissure. Velum distinctly tubulous. 

Crumina large, ovate; velum continues across it as a 

distinct tubulous crest. Distinct torus below velum does 

not cross crumina. Surface smooth, except for crumina 

of heteromorph, which is finely punctate, the punctae 

being arranged in parallel lines so that they appear as 

fine striae.

The dimensions of a tecnomorph (incomplete) are 

1.15 mm in length and 0.37 of a mm in height. The holotype heteromorph is 1.55 mm in length and 0.5 of a mm 

in height to velum. The width across the crumina of the 

holotype is 1.3 mm.

Types. Holotype, YPM 23826; paratypes, YPM 

23825, USNM 162315-162317.

Discussion. The lobation of this species is so similar 

to that of Dibolbina cristata Ulrich and Bassler, 1923, 

and D. producta Ulrich and Bassler, 1923, that there is 

little doubt about the generic assignment. From D. cristata it differs in lacking the fine crista on the syllobium, 

and from D. producta in having a deeper adductorial 

sulcus and a more pronounced preadductorial lobe. It 

lacks, as does D. producta, the basal crest outlining the 

velum which is present in D. cristata. The ventral morphology of the cruminae of D. producta and D. cristata 

is not as yet known. The syntypes of D. cristata, the 

type species of Dibolbina, include one heteromorphic 

valve, figured by Kesling (in Kesling and Wagner 

1956, pi. 4, fig. 13), but the crumina is crushed, and it is 

not possible to prepare it to show the ventral side. Until 

topotype material of D. cristata is available for study, 

it is assumed that the crumina of D. reticruminata is 

representative of the genus. In this connection, note 

that, unlike the related genus Berolinella Martinsson, 

1962, the torus in Dibolbina does not cross the crumina.

Size of sample. Eight specimens, of which three 

were complete heteromorphic carapaces, and several 

fragments were available for study. Because of the long
24 BRACHIOPODA AND OSTRACODA OF COBLE SKILL LIMESTONE, CENTRAL NEW YORK

hinge line and deep median sulcus, this species is difficult to recover unbroken.

Occurrence. With the exception of one tecnomorph 

from the collection at Shutter Corners (USGS 3390- 

SD), all specimens were found in collections from 

Schoharie (YPM 5244/146, USGS 7283-SD, USGS 

8062-SD).

Genus HAMMARJELLA Martinsson, 1962

Hammariella warthini n. sp.

Plate 4, figures 1-8

Description. Lateral outline preplete; anterior lobe 

broad, with low cusp; preadductorial lobe ovate to subpyriform, not extending to dorsal margin; syllobium 

broad, low, without cusps. Prenodal sulcus broad but 

fairly shallow; adductorial sulcus deep and wide. There 

is an anteroventral depression beneath the preadductorial lobe of tecnomorphs. Striated velum in tecnomorphs 

extends in a smooth curve from about midheight on 

anterior end to about midheight on posterior end. Heteromorph has ovate crumina that is not crossed by either 

velum or torus. Velum of heteromorph extends from 

about midheight to crumina posteriorly and is represented only by a velar bend anteriorly. Surface of valves 

very finely punctate; crumina finely striate over entire 

surface. Velum in some specimens with fine concentric 

striations.

The dimensions of a tecnomorph are 1.25 mm in 

length and 0.85 of a mm in height including the velum. 

A heteromorph is 1.35 mm in length and 1.0 mm in 

height including the crumina.

Types. Holotype, USNM 162304; paratypes USNM 

162302, USNM 162303, USNM 162305-162307, YPM 

23819.

Discussion. This species differs from the type of the 

genus, Hammariella pulchrivelata Martinsson, 1962, in 

having a narrower velum that extends closer to the 

hinge line. Furthermore, Hammariella pulchrivelata 

has the velum abruptly truncated posteriorly, whereas 

in H. warthini the velum curves smoothly into the surface of the valve. However, the lack of either torus or 

velum crossing the crumina and the restricted velum, 

lacking anterior to the crumina, suggest that this species belongs in Hammariella.

According to Martinsson (1967, p. 360, 369-370), 

H. pulchrivelata is characteristic of a zone in the lower 

part of the Ludlow in the Baltic region. It is interesting 

that H. warthini, the first species of Hammariella to be 

reported from North America, occurs in beds which are 

considerably younger.

Size of sample. Four tecnomorphic left valves and 

four heteromorphic valves, two right and two left, were

available for study. None are unbroken, but the morphology of the species can be determined from examining all of them.

Occurrence. Hammariella warthini has been found 

only in collections from Schoharie (USGS 7283-SD, 

USGS 8062-SD).

Subfamily BEYBICHIIM'AE Matthew, 1886 

Genus KLOEDENIOPSIS n. gen.

Type species. Kloedeniopsis hartnageli n. sp.

Species included. 

Beyrichia barretti Weller, 1903. 

Kloedenia centricomis Ulrich and Bassler, 1908. 

Kloedenia crassipunctata Swartz and Whitmore, 1956. 

Kloedenia duplicipunctata Swartz and Whitmore, 1956. 

Kloedenia fimbriata Ulrich and Bassler, 1908. 

*Kloedeniopsis hartnageli n. sp. 

Kloedenia kokomoensis Foerste, 1909. 

Kloedenia retifera Ulrich and Bassler, 1908.

Diagnosis. Distinctly trilobate beyrichiines with 

lobes set below dorsal margin and merging smoothly 

into it. Lobes neither cuspate nor faceted, no fissus. 

Marginal structure clearly distinct from domicilium but 

forming contact margin of valves, so that in end view 

the carapace appears keeled. Lateral outline amplete in 

tecnomorphs of most species. Crumina entirely on domicilium, ovate, anteroventral, clearly defined. Crumina 

does not interrupt marginal structure but may hang below it in lateral view. Ventral surface of crumina 

smooth or finely striate. Surface of valves smooth or 

reticulate.

Discussion. The genus Kloedeniopsis is here proposed to include a group of North American beyrichiacean species in which the velar and marginal ridges 

appear to be fused into a flattened marginal rim. A narrow marginal surface is developed on the left valve, 

which completely overlaps the right valve; there is no 

canaliculus (Henningsmoen, 1965, p. 341). Kloedeniopsis 

differs from the similar genera Lophokloedenia Swartz 

and Whitmore, 1956 and Zygo'beyrichia Ulrich, 1916 in 

the character of the margin, as both of these genera 

have a velar ridge which is separated from the contact 

margin and marginal ridge so that there is a distinct 

marginal surface on each valve and a canaliculus is developed. In addition, in both of these genera the crumina of the heteromorph interrupts and displaces the 

velar ridge, whereas in Kloedeniopsis the crumina does 

not affect the marginal structure. The genus Arikloedenia Adamczak (1968, p. 72) resembles Kloedeniopsis 

in lobation, but lacks the distinct marginal structure. 

Forms illustrated as Welleriella Abushik (1968, pi. 37, 

figs. 9,10,18,19) from the Lower Devonian Ivane horizon of Podolia appear to be related to Kloedeniopsis,
SYSTEMATIC PALEONTOLOGY 25

but are not as distinctly lobate and do not have as distinct a marginal structure.

Martinsson (1962, p. 347) has suggested that most of 

the North American beyrichiid species assigned to Kloedenia Jones and Holl, 1886 do not belong in that genus. 

As redefined by Martinsson (1963, p. 41), Kloedenia s.s. 

is characterized by reduced lobation except for a prominent cristate preadductorial lobe which protrudes over 

the hinge line in lateral view and a crumina which is 

ornamented ventrally by three striate ridges and is 

assimilated with the domicilium. In contrast, the North 

American species assigned to Kloedenia have a rounded 

or globular noncristate preadductorial lobe which never 

protrudes above the hinge line in lateral view and a 

crumina which is distinctly set off from the domicilium. 

The concept of Kloedenia followed by North American 

authors is generally that of Ulrich and Bassler (1908, 

p. 300-303), who listed 21 American species originally, 

and subsequently (Ulrich and Bassler, 1923, p. 639-641) 

described six more. Later authors have added additional 

species and removed some from the genus, but at present 

there are between 25 and 30 species assigned to Kloedenia which are not congeneric with the type species, 

Kloedenia wilckensiana Jones, 1855.

Several of these species are here included in Kloedeniopsis, and others may belong to Lophokloedenia 

Swartz and Whitmore, 1956 or Welleriopsis Swartz and 

Whitmore, 1956. For example, specimens of "Kloedenia" granulata Hall, 1859, from the Coeymans Limestone of New York show a dorsal crest and node over 

the adductorial sulcus suggestive of Lophokloedenia, 

and the holotype of "Kloedenia" oculina Hall, 1859 

(NYSM 4144) appears to be a tecnomorphic specimen 

of Welleriopsis. However, several species assigned to 

Kloedenia do not agree well with any of the described 

genera. If, as is here assumed, the marginal structures 

have taxonomic significance, at least two groups may be 

recognized among these unresolved species. One such 

group is represented by "Kloedenia''' normalis Ulrich 

and Bassler, 1923 and related species. In these species the 

velar structure is subdued and is more of a bend than a 

distinct ridge or flange; it is well separated from the 

marginal structure by a marginal surface. The crumina 

of "Kloedenia" normalis is large, anteroventral, distinctly set off from the domicilium and apparently does 

not displace the velar bend. The ventral surface of 

the crumina is finely striate. The lectotype (USNM 

162287) is here designated for "Kloedenia" normalis 

as a heteromorphic left valve selected from the original 

six syntypes bearing the number USNM 82997. It is 

illustrated on plate 3, figure 1, for comparison with 

Kloedeniopsis hartnageli.

The second group of unresolved species is represented 

by "Kloedenia" montaguensis (Weller, 1903). This 

group resembles the genera Lophokloedenia and 

Zygobeyrichia in having a velar ridge which is separated from the marginal ridge so that a canaliculus is 

developed, and in having the crumina displacing the 

velar ridge. However, these unresolved species lack the 

cristate syllobium and node in the dorsal end of the 

adductorial sulcus characteristic of Lophokloedenia, 

and also lack the ventral extension of the prenodal sulcus characteristics of Zygobeyrichia. The relationship 

of "Kloedenia" montaguensis and allied forms to Lophokloedenia and Zygobeyrichia needs further detailed 

study.

A diagram of the inferred cross sections of "Kloedenia" normalis, Kloedeniopsis hartnageli, and "Kloedenia" montaguensis showing the velar and marginal 

structures discussed above is given in figure 5. A complete carapace was available only for Kloedeniopsis 

hartnageli; however, the contact margins of both valves 

of the other two species were visible and the reconstructions are believed to be correct.

The relationship of the velar to the marginal structures may prove to have some stratigraphic significance, 

as present knowledge indicates that species having the 

kind of margin shown by "Kloedenia" normalis occur 

lower in the section than those having the kind of 

margin of either "Kloedenia" montaguensis or 

Kloedeniopsis.

Martinsson (1963, p. 19) listed six genera, Bingeria 

Martinsson, 1962; Lophokloedenia Swartz and Whitmore, 1956; Welleriopsis Swartz and Whitmore, 1956; 

Pseudobeyrichia Swartz and Whitmore, 1956; Welleria 

Ulrich and Bassler, 1923; and Zygobeyrichia Ulrich, 

1916; which resemble the Kloedeniinae in having a 

long, ovate crumina more or less assimilated with the

I 

m

B

FIGURE 5. Inferred cross sections through the preadductorial 

lobe showing the relationship of the velar ridge to the marginal ridge in three groups of North American beyricihiaceans. A, "Kloedenia" normalis Ulrich and Bassler, 1923; 

B, Kloedeniopsis hartnageli n. sp; C, "Kloedenia" montaguensis (Weller, 1903) ; m, marginal ridge; v, velar ridge.
26 BRACHIOPODA AND OSTRACODA OF COBLESKILL LIMESTONE, CENTRAL NEW YORK

domicilium, but that cannot be placed in that subfamily 

as currently defined and appear to be more closely related to the Beyric'hiinae. With the exception of Bingeria, all these genera are North American. Kesling 

(1969, p. 291) has noted that Welleriopsis, Lophokloedenia, Zygobeyrichia, and Bingeria have a flangelike 

velum and with further study these might be separated 

as a new subfamily. Other genera that need investigation are Cornikloedenia Henningsmoen, 1954 and Pintopsis Copeland, 1964. The new genus Kloedeniopsis 

appears to be more closely allied to the group of genera 

discussed above than to the true beyrichiines, but is here 

placed in the Beyrichiinae pending a revision of the 

group as a whole.

The name Kloedeniopsis has been given to this genus 

because of its superficial resemblance to Kloedenia 

Jones and Holl, 1886.

The range of this genus as currently understood is 

from the Murderian Stage of Fisher (1960), or late 

Pridoli, through the Helderbergian Stage, or Gedinnian and early Siegenian; that is, from latest Silurian 

through earliest Devonian.

Kloedeniopsis hartnageli n. sp.

Plate 3, figures 2-10 

Kloedenia notata (Hall). Jones, 1890, pi. 4, figs. 22, 23.

Description. Lateral outline amplete, nearly twice 

as long as high. Lobation subdued; adductorial sulcus 

relatively shallow and narrow, extending from slightly 

more than half to slightly less than half the distance 

between the hinge line and the velar ridge. Prenodal 

sulcus shallow, short, and straight. Preadductorial lobe 

subdued, not rising far above level of valve surface in 

dorsal view, subrectangular to ovate in lateral outline. 

Syllobium broad, evenly curved, and nearly twice the 

width of the anterior lobe. Dorsal border surface very 

narrow. Velar ridge narrow, wider on left valve than 

on right valve; perilobal depression poorly developed. 

Shell surface smooth on well-preserved specimens.

Heteromorphs tend to have more ovate preadduetorial lobe. Crumina is large, ovate anteroventral swelling 

of domicilium which isolates preadductorial lobe and 

overhangs velar ridge, extending posteriorly of adductorial sulcus. Ventral surface of crumina is smooth or 

with extremely fine longitudinal striae.

The dimensions of a large tecnomorphic valve are 

2.75 mm in length and 1.50 mm in height; of a heteromorphic valve, 2.50 mm in length and 1.40 mm in 

height.

Types. Holotypes, USNM 162285; paratypes, 

USNM 162286, USNM 162286a, USNM 162286b, 

USNM 162286c, YPM 23813, YPM 23814.

Discussion. This species is characterized by its 

smooth surface and rather elongate subrectangular outline. With the exception of Kloedeniopsis kokomoensis 

(Foerste, 1909), all other species here assigned to 

Kloedeniopsis are reticulate or punctate. The holotype 

(USNM 87133) of K. kokomoensis is a coarsely silicified tecnomorphic carapace about 3 mm long, which may 

have been smooth, although the preservation is so poor 

that it is impossible to be certain. It differs from K. 

hartnageli in having a broader, more prominent preadductorial lobe and an inflated syllobium.

The specimens illustrated by Jones (1890, pi. 4, figs. 

22, 23) as Kloedenia notata (Hall, 1859) are here assigned to Kloedeniopsis hartnageli. Through the courtesy of Dr. K. H. Bate I have been able to borrow from 

the British Museum (Natural History) the slab 

(BMNH In 35128) on which is the holotype of Dizygopleura hallii (Jones, 1890), which according to Jones 

(1890, p. 14, 15) is associated with Kloedenia notata. 

This slab is considered to be from the Cobleskill Limestone for reasons given under the discussion of Dizygopleura hallii later in this paper. The slab has on one 

surface many specimens of Kloedeniopsis hartnageli, 

two of which are believed to be the specimens figured by 

Jones as Kloedenia notata. Jones (1890, p. 14,15) indicated that his specimens came from the Waterlime 

Group, which in 1890 would have included the Cobleskill Limestone, but Hall (1859, p. 380) had described 

his "Beyrichia" notata as coming from the "tentaculite 

limestone, and base of the shaly limestone of the Lower 

Helderberg group, Herkimer county," which in current 

terminology would imply that it came from the Manlius 

Limestone and the Kalkberg Limestone, respectively 

(Berdan, 1964, p. B4). Hall did not figure his specimens 

but described "Beyrichia" notata (Hall, 1859, p. 379) as 

having a finely granulose surface. It seems unlikely that 

Jones' smooth specimens from the Cobleskill are conspecific with Hall's finely granulose types from the 

Manlius or Kalkberg. The present location of Hall's 

types of "Beyrichia" notata is not known, but his description of the species could apply to any of several 

species of beyrichiid ostracodes in the Manlius 

Limestone.

Size of sample. Kloedeniopsis hartnageli is one of 

the more common species in the Cobleskill Limestone. 

More than 25 specimens were available for study.

Occurrence. This species has been found in collections from Frontenac Island (USGS 3389-SD), Aurelius Station (YPM 5200/14, USGS 3395-SD), Prospect 

Hill (USGS 5207-SD), Oriskany Falls (YPM 5244/ 

88), Forge Hollow (YPM 5244/90), Jerusalem Hill 

(YPM 2594), Howes Cave (USGS 8065-SD), Scho-
SYSTEMATIC PALEONTOLOGY 27

harie (YPM 5244/146, USGS 3393-SD, and others), 

and Shutter Corners (YPM 5244/150, USGS 3390- 

SD).

Kloedeniopsis barretti (Weller) 

Plate 3, figures 12-17

Beyrichia barretti Weller, 1903, p. 254, pi. 23, fig. 9.

Kloedenia barretti (Weller). Ulrich and Bassler, 1908, p. 301;

1913, p. 532, pi. 97, fig. 17; Bassler, 1915, p. 684. 

Zygobeyrichia barretti (Weller). Swartz and Whitmore. 1956,

p. 1072-1073, pi. 108, figs. 14-17. 

ZygobeyricMat barretti (Weller). Berdan, 1964, p. B15.

Description. Lateral outline amplete, subquadrate. 

Adductorial sulcus wide and deep, slightly inclined anteriorly, extending between one-half and two-thirds the 

distance from the hingeline to the velar ridge. Prenodal 

sulcus narrow, nearly as long as the adductorial sulcus, 

tends to swing posteriorly isolating the preadductorial 

lobe. Preadductorial lobe suboval in outline, does not 

protrude laterally far above valve surface. Velar ridge 

wide on left valve and fringed with short, widely spaced 

spinelets, narrow ventrally on right valve. Distinct 

perilobal groove separates velar ridge from domicilium. 

Surface of valves ornamented with coarse irregular 

reticulation except on velar ridge and sulci. Dorsal surface narrow.

Crumina is anteroventral expansion of domicilium 

which may or may not overhang velar ridge. Crumina 

coarsely reticulate except on ventral surface, which is 

finely striate.

Two tecnomorphs are 2.65 mm in length and 1.64 mm 

in height, and 2.50 mm in length and 1.77 mm in height, 

respectively. A heteromorph is 2.71 mm in length and 

1.70 mm in height.

Discussion. Swartz and Whitmore (1956, p. 1072- 

1073) placed this species in Zygobeyrichia and stated 

that the zygobeyrichiid ventromedian swelling and 

post-median [sic] subventral furrow are well marked. 

Their illustrations (Swartz and Whitmore, 1956, pi. 

108, figs. 14-17) of the holotype also show these features. 

However, although the very irregular flat-bottomed 

reticulation characteristic of Z. barretti is present on 

the specimens from the Cobleskill, most of them do not 

show the anteroventral furrow of Zygobeyrichia. The 

similarity in ornamentation and lobation suggests 

strongly that the Cobleskill specimens are conspecific 

with Z. barretti, but the absence of a well-developed 

zygobeyrichiid furrow raises doubts about the generic 

assignment of the species. Furthermore, the marginal 

structures of Z. barretti are those of Kloedeniopsis, not 

Zygobeyrichia as represented by Z. apicalis Ulrich, 

1916, the type species of the genus. Consequently, the 

species is here referred to Kloedeniopsis, although the

sulci of K. barretti are longer and deeper than those of 

any other species assigned to the genus.

Size of sample. This species is abundant in the 

eastern part of the Cobleskill outcrop belt. More than 

30 specimens were available for study, including more 

than 10 complete carapaces.

Occurrence. This species has been found in the 

Cobleskill Limestone in collections from Schoharie 

(USGS 3393-SD, USGS 8063-SD, YPM 5244/146) 

and Howes Cave (USGS 8065-SD) and in collections 

from the Decker Limestone of New Jersey and the 

Keyser Limestone of Maryland.

Genus TIKIOPSIS n. gen.

Type species. Tikiopsis denticulata n. sp.

Species included. Only the type species.

Diagnosis. Trilobate beyrichiines with deep sulci 

that tend to isolate preadductorial lobe. Anterior lobe 

and syllobium bluntly cuspate and may rise above dorsal margin in lateral view; preadductorial lobe set well 

below dorsal margin. Dorsal and ventral surfaces 

broad, so that complete carapace is wide and boxlike. 

Velar ridge narrow but distinct, with adnate flap or 

thickening on ventral surfaces of both valves. Heteromorph not known.

Discussion. Although few specimens are available 

and only the tecnomorph is as yet known, the type species is so distinctive that it cannot be placed in any described genus. The peculiar ventral "flap" or thickening of the ventral surface appears to be unique, as do 

also the deep sulci isolating the preadductorial lobe. 

Tikiopsis appears to be most closely related to Welleriopsis Swartz and Whitmore, 1956, but the latter has 

short sulci which do not extend more than half the 

height of the valve, and the prenodal sulcus is shallow. 

Specimens of Welleriopsis sp. cf. W. jerseyensis 

(Weller, 1903) from the Wilbur Limestone of the Hudson Valley and W. sp. cf. W. diplocystulis Swartz and 

Whitmore, 1956 from the Coeymans Limestone of central New York do not show the ventral adnate flap of 

Tikiopsis.

The generic name is derived from the resemblance of 

the dorsal aspect of a complete carapace to the Polynesian carved wooden figures called "tikis."

Tikiopsis denticulata n. sp. 

Plate 3, figures 24-30

Description. Lateral outline amplete, subquadrate 

to subcircular; cardinal angles obtuse; hinge line less 

than greatest length of shell. Height approximately 

four-fifths of length. Adductorial sulcus deep, narrow, 

extending two-thirds of distance from dorsal margin
28 BRACHIOPODA AND OSTRACODA OF COBLESKILL LIMESTONE, CENTRAL NEW YORK

to velar ridge; prenodal sulcus deep, narrow, curves 

around to unite with adductorial sulcus dorsally and 

ventrally, tending to isolate preadductorial lobe. Preadductorial lobe suboval in outline, set well below dorsal margin; anterior lobe and syllobium bluntly cuspate, forming a broad dorsal border surface, into which 

hinge line is slightly incised. Velar ridge narrow ventrally, wider at cardinal angles, separated from domicilium by narrow furrow. Domicilum inflated; free marginal surfaces broad, so that carapace appears 'boxlike. 

Ventral surface of velar ridge has adnate flaplike thickening. Contact margin marked by a row of small interlocking denticles on both valves.

Shell surface smooth. Heteromorph not known.

The holotype is 2.50 mm in length and 1.75 mm in 

height, and another complete carapace is 2.50 mm in 

length and 1.80 mm in height. A larger single left valve 

is 2.75 mm in length and 1.85 mm in height. The smallest specimen found is 2.0 mm in length and 1.25 mm in 

height.

Types. Holotype, USNM162292; paratypes USNM 

162292a, USNM 162293, USNM 162293a, YPM 23816- 

23818.

Discussion. As yet no specimens have been found 

which, can be considered to be heteromorphs of this 

species. Although the adnate flap of the velar ridge on 

the ventral surface suggests cruminal structures of 

heteromorphs of other beyrichiacean ostracodes, no indications of a crumina have been found in any of the 

specimens studied, and all the specimens are probably 

tecnomorphs. Further evidence for this view is that the 

position of maximum width is posterior for all specimens. The smallest specimen (USNM 162292a), which 

presumably represents a preadult instar, shows the adnate flap developing as a fold on the velar ridge (pi. 3, 

fig. 30). The significance of this structure is not clear, 

but it apparently is not analogous to the velar flap on 

the crumina of other beyrichiaceans. When heteromorpihic individuals of Tikiopsis denticulata are 

found, itg relationships may be clarified. The specific 

name ig based on the presence of interlocking denticles 

along the contact margin.

/Size of sample. Fifteen reasonably complete specimens were available for study, of which two are complete carapaces and one is a broken carapace. In addition, many fragmentary specimens were examined.

Occurrence. In collections from "crinoidal" limestone at Shutter Corners (YPM 5244/150, USGS 3390- 

SD), Central Bridge (USGS 7198-SD) and Schoharie 

(YPM 5244/146, USGS 3393-SD, USGS 8063-SD, 

USGS8439-SD).

Genus WELLERIOPSIS Swartz and Whitmore, 1956

Welleriopsis? pustulosa n. sp.

Plate 3, figures, 18-23

Description. Lateral outline amplete, subrectangular; cardinal angles obtuse; hinge line less than greatest 

length of shell. Dorsal outline lanceolate. Height 

slightly more than half length of shell. Prenodal sulcus 

shallow, broad, short, being clearly defined only in 

dorsal third of valve. Adductorial sulcus deeper, broad, 

extends half or slightly more than half height of valve. 

Anterior lobe relatively broad, cuspate dorsally, protruding above hinge line. Preadductorial lobe small, 

subglobular to subovate, set well below hinge line. Syllobium broad, broadly cuspate dorsally. An indistinct 

zygal ridge is developed beneath the preadductorial 

lobe and adductorial sulcus. Velar ridge narrow, separated from domicilium by a shallow groove. Ventral 

surface channeled on both valves. Small denticles 

around free margins of both valves.

Surface covered with indistinct pustules on which is 

superimposed a fine granulation. This ornamentation 

covers surface of domicilium except for sulci.

Heteromorph similar to tecnomorph except that 

height is relatively greater; valve is inflated so that preadductorial lobe is isolated and velar ridge is obscured, 

but not obliterated, by inflation of valve.

The dimensions of a large tecnomorph are 3.1 mm in 

length and 1.75 mm in height. The heteromorph is 3.3 

mm in length and 2.2 mm in height.

Types. Holotype, USNM 162296; paratypes, USNM 

162294, USNM 162294a, USNM 162295, YPM 23844.

Discussion. This species is questionably assigned to 

Welleriopsis because of the character of the presumed 

heteromorph. Only one heteromorphic valve has been 

found as yet, and this specimen does not show as pronounced a cruminal inflation as is illustrated by Swartz 

and Whitmore (1956, pi. 105, figs. 10,11) for W. diplocystulis, the type species of the genus. Furthermore, species assigned to Welleriopsis by Swartz and Whitmore 

do not seem to have as pronounced cusps on the anterior 

lobe and syllobium. However, specimens of Welleriopsis 

from the Coeymans Limestone (Lower Devonian) show 

a reduced velar ridge crossing the cruminal inflation as 

in W. ? pustulosa, although the cruminal inflation is 

much more conspicuous in the Early Devonian forms. 

This species appears to be similar in outline and lobation to the form described as Kloedenia ? newbru/nswickensis by Copeland (1962, p. 35-36, pi. 8, figs. 1-8) from 

the Lower Devonian upper Dalhousie beds of New 

Brunswick, although differing markedly in ornamentation. This relation suggests that this type of ostracode 

continues fairly high into the Early Devonian.
SYSTEMATIC PALEONTOLOGY 29

Superficially, W. ? pustulosa resembles Tikiopsis denticulata, but no specimens have been found showing the 

adnate ventral flap characteristic of Tikiopsis, and the 

sulci are shorter and shallower.

Size of sample. Seven specimens, including three 

complete carapaces, were available for study.

Occurrence. All specimens are from collections at 

Schoharie (YPM 5244/146, USGS 3393-SD, USGS 

8063-SD, USGS 8064-SD). A small tecnomorph with 

similar ornamentation has been found in the Wilbur 

Member (Upper Silurian) of the Rondout Limestone of 

the Hudson Valley (USGS colln. 7999-SD).

Welleriopsis? sp. 

Plate 3, figure 11

Discussion. Three small tecnomorphs with the general lobation of Welleriopsis have been found in a collection from Shutter Corners (USGS 3390-SD). These 

are smooth and somewhat resemble Welleriopsis jerseyensis (Weller), but have deeper sulci. The material in 

hand is not adequate for identification or description. 

The figured specimen (USNM 162291) is 2.05 mm long 

and 1.30 mm high.

Superfamily DREPANELLACEA Ulrich and Bassler, 1923 

Family KIRKBYELLID AE Sohn, 1961

Kirkbyellid?, gen. and sp. indet. 

Plate 6, figure 15

Discussion. A single left valve of a coarsely reticulate ostracode has been found at Schoharie (USGS 8064- 

SD) . The posterior part of the specimen is broken, but 

the pattern of the reticulations on the ventral part of the 

valve suggests that there may have been a backwardpointing projection, as in KirJebyella. However, unlike 

that genus the specimen is distinctly bisulcate. The 

straight hinge line, subquadrate outline, lack of velar 

structures, and indication of a posterior spur suggest 

that this specimen is a kirkbyellid, although it cannot be 

assigned to any described genus. The broken specimen is 

0.80 of a mm long and 0.45 of a mm high.

Superfamily HOLLINACEA Swartz, 1936 

Family HOLLINIDAE Swartz, 1936

Hollinid?, gen. and sp. indet.

Plate 6, figure 14

Discussion. One left valve, broken anteriorly, which 

differs markedly from other Cobleskill ostracodes, has 

been found in a collection from Schoharie (USGS 8064- 

SD). The specimen is velate; the velum is tubulous and 

extends posteriorly to just behind the median sulcus. The 

median sulcus is distinct and extends more than half the 

height of the valve excluding the velum. The median 

lobe is small and oval; the anterior sulcus is indistinct.

On the dorsoposterior side of the median sulcus there is 

a small rounded knob. This specimen may represent a 

hollinid allied to Pardbolbina or Triemilomatella, but 

there is no indication of loculi on the ventral surface of 

the valve. As only one specimen has been found, it is impossible to assign it to a genus, or even to be sure that it 

is a hollinid, as it might possibly be an amphitoxotidine 

beyrichiacean, although the velum is more restricted 

than is usual in that group. The specimen is 0.80 of a mm 

long and 0.50 of a mm high.

Superfamily FBIMITIOFSACEA Swartz, 1936

Family LEIOCYAMIDAE Martinsson, 1956

Genus LEIOCYAMUS Martinsson, 1956

Leiocyamus punctatus n. sp. 

Plate 6, figures 34-40

Description. Lateral outline amplete, subovate; dorsal outline of tecnomorphs lanceolate, of heteromorphs 

lanceolate with a chevron-shaped reentrant at the posterior end. Hinge straight, incised; dorsum gently 

curved; ends and ventral margin evenly curved. Position of maximum length median; position of maximum 

width in posterior third of shell; position of maximum 

height median. Right valve markedly overlaps left along 

free margins. No velar structure in tecnomorphs; velar 

structure confined to dolon of heteromorphs. Small 

tubercles present around free margins of both valves.

Shell surface, including dolonal flanges, completely 

covered with small, circular punctae except for a 

round, smooth area in the center of each valve. The inner surfaces of the dolon are smooth. Dolonal flanges 

short, stout, not extending forward on ventral margin 

of valve beyond about one-third of the length.

Both valves have a faint raised round area in the 

interior beneath the smooth spot on the exterior. The 

hinge of the right valve has a groove for the reception 

of the sharp edge of the left valve. Both valves have 

distinct indentations at either end of the hinge.

The dimensions of a representative heteromorph are 

0.98 of a mm in length, 0.71 of a mm in height, and 0.48 

of a mm in width.

Types. Holotype, YPM 23840; paratypes, YPM 

23837-23839, YPM 23841, USNM 162365,162366.

Discussion. This species has been assigned to Leiocyamus because the dolon does not form an enclosed 

chamber and the lateral surface of the valves is not 

sulcate. Martinsson (1956, p. 30), in his diagnosis of the 

genus, stated that the dolon was extended forward 

along the ventral side of the valve. This feature is 

poorly developed in L. punctatus, the dolon being 

largely confined to the posterior end of the shell and

447-769 O - 72 - 5
30 BRACHIOPODA AND OSTRACODA OF COBLESKILL LIMESTONE, CENTRAL NEW YORK

not extending beyond the midpoint even on the right 

valve, where it is best developed. This species also differs from the type species, L. apicatus Martinsson, 1956, 

in having a less prominent dorsal ridge which does not 

rise to a point, so that superficially the two species appear quite different. However, the absence of sulcation 

and the open dolon are considered sufficient for the 

generic assignment.

The primitiopsids are abundant in the Silurian of 

Europe; but, to date, only one genus, Limbinaria Swartz 

and Whitmore, 1956, has been reported from the Silurian of North America. The occurrence of this additional European genus in the North American Silurian is therefore of considerable interest.

Size of sample. More than 50 specimens were available for study.

Occurrence. Moderately abundant in collections 

from Schoharie, N.Y. (YPM 5244/146, USGS 3393- 

SD, USGS 7283-SD) and has also been found in collections from Jerusalem Hill (YPM 2594), Howes Cave 

(USGS 8065-SD), near Central Bridge (USGS 7198- 

SD), and Shutter Corners (USGS 3390-SD). A very 

similar form, perhaps conspecific, occurs in a collection 

from the Decker Limestone of Pennsylvania at Shawnee on Delaware (USGS 5839-SD).

Leiocyamus sp. A 

Plate 6, figures 47, 48

Discussion. One heteromorphic carapace from Shutter Corners (YPM colln. 5244/150) is nearly twice as 

large as specimens of L. punctatus from Schoharie and 

Jerusalem Hill, measuring 1.83 mm in length, 1.15 mm 

in height, and 1.01 mm in width. It also differs from 

typical specimens of L. punctatus in having a large inflated area in the central part of each valve and in having a rounded rather than subangular dorsal ridge. 

This probably represents a different species, but as only 

one specimen is available for study, it does not seem desirable to propose a name for it at the present time.

Leiocyamus sp. B 

Plate 6, figures 45, 46

Discussion. A crushed heteromorphic carapace and 

one right and one left valve have been found that differ 

from Leiocyamus punctatus. These specimens have a 

wider dolon that is distinctly set off from the domicilium and extends farther forward than that of 

L. punctatus. Furthermore, in these specimens the dorsum is narrow and the hinge line is not deeply incised. 

The ornamentation is punctate, but the punctate appear

to be finer on the dolon. These specimens may represent 

yet another species of Leiocyamus, or may be a variant 

of L. punctatus. The material at hand is inadequate for 

determination at this time.

The specimens are from Schoharie, N.Y. (USGS 

colln. 3393-SD, USGS colln. 7283-SD). A broken specimen from Prospect Hill (USGS colln. 5207-SD) has 

the same characters as the specimens from Schoharie. 

A left valve is 1.20 mm in length and 0.70 of a mm in 

height. A crushed carapace is 1.20 mm in length and 

0.75 of a mm in height.

Family PRIMITIOPSIDAE Swartz, 1936 

Genus PRIMITIOPSIS Jones, 1887

Frimitiopsis? sp. 

Plate 6, figure 44

Discussion. A single tecnomorphic carapace of a sulcate primitiopsid has been found at Schoharie, N.Y., 

(USGS colln. 8062-SD). The specimen is fairly 

coarsely reticulated except for the ventral surfaces of 

both valves, which form smooth lips. No denticles have 

been seen along the contact margins, but their absence 

may be due to the type of preservation. The median 

sulcus extends slightly less than half the height of the 

valves, and although its ventral end is wider it does not 

end in a distinct pit as in Primitiopsis s.s. This specimen is tentatively assigned to Primitiopsis, although 

until heteromorphic specimens are found it will not be 

possible to determine whether true Primitiopsis is present in the Cobleskill fauna. The specimen is 1.15 mm 

long and 0.65 of a mm high.

Family uncertain 

Genus HALLIELLA TJlrich, 1891

Halliella? sp. 

Plate 6, figure 16

Discussion. A single incomplete valve of a reticulated unisulcate ostracode has been found in USGS 

collection 7283-SD from Schoharie, N.Y. Slightly more 

than half the valve is preserved, which is enough to 

show that the specimen was relatively long in proportion to its height; it has a subrectangular outline and 

a deep median sulcus which is broad ventrally, like an 

inverted keyhole. The reticulations extend to the edge 

of the valve, which overhangs the contact margin, but 

there is apparently no velate structure. The specimen is 

here tentatively listed as HaTlieTlai., but it may be an 

early kirkbyacean. It is illustrated to call attention to 

this type of ostracode in the Cobleskill fauna. The 

broken specimen is 0.60 of a mm long and 0.40 of a mm 

high.
SYSTEMATIC PALEONTOLOGY 31

Order KLOEDENELLICOPIDA Scott, 1961

Superfamily KLOEDENELLACEA Ulrich and Bassler, 1908

Family KLOEDEBTELLIDAE Ulrich and Bassler, 1908

Genus DIZYGOPLEURA TTlrich and Bassler, 1923

Diagnosis. Trisulcate kloedenellids with left valve 

overlapping right valve, and bearing a narrow stragular 

process above Si which fits into a deep narrow notch 

in right valve.

Discussion. The above diagnosis differs from that 

given by Sohn (in Moore, 1961, p. Q182) in including 

reference to the type of stragular process. This structure, named and discussed by Guber and Jaanusson 

(1964, p. 2-5), appears to be quite different in the otherwise similar genera Dizygopleura and Poloniella. In 

Dizygopleura, the stragular process is narrow, linguif orm, and fits into a distinct notch in the right valve. 

In Poloniella, the stragular process is wide, as much as 

one-fourth of the length of the hinge line, and is not 

clearly set off from the hinge line. Adamczak (1961, 

p. 295) recognized the differences in hingement between 

Dizygopleura and Poloniella, as represented by Poloniella devonica Giirich, 1896, but he did not consider 

them significant. He considered (Adamczak, 1961, p. 

295) Dizygopleura to be a junior synonym of 

Poloniella.

Adamczak (1961) based this conclusion on the similarities of hingement and lobation in the two genera, 

and on the ontogenetic development of Poloniella 

devonica and several other species which he assigned 

to Poloniella. As discussed above, the hingement of P. 

devonica differs from that of Dizygopleura swartzi Ulrich and Bassler, 1923, the type species of Dizygopleura, 

in the character of the stragular process. Dizygopleura 

characteristically is trilobate, with Si and S3 long, extending more than two-thirds the height of the shell 

and S2 relatively short. Poloniella is also trilobate, but 

SI and S3 join beneath S2. There is little difficulty distinguishing typical Dizygopleura from Poloniella on 

the basis of lobation, but in several species, here considered Dizygopleura, S3 curves anteriorly under S2 

and is represented by one or more ventral pits. Two 

species that have two ventral pits are D. costata Ulrich 

and Bassler, 1923, and D. hieroglyphica (Krause, 

1891); the latter is much discussed in controversies over 

the relationship of Dizygopleura and Poloniella. Two 

species that have one ventral pit are D. unipunctata 

(Ulrich and Bassler, 1923) and D. monostigma, n. sp. 

These species and others such as D. angustisulcata 

Swartz and Whitmore, 1956, in which S3 is almost 

obsolete so that the species verges on Kloedenella 

suggest that sulcation is gradational in kloedenellids 

and may be a difficult character to use for generic 

distinctions.

Adamczak (1961, p. 287-289, pi. 1) discussed and 

illustrated two species, Poloniella tertia Krommelbein, 

1953 and P. diversa Adamczak, 1961, which have juveniles as large as adult -2 with Polonietta-like, sulcation 

and adults with sulcation like that of Dizygopleura. 

This relation would seem to give support to the synonymy of Dizygopleura with Poloniella, and would suggest that the Poloniella type of sulcation is the more 

primitive. However, typical Dizygopleura appears in 

the Middle Silurian, whereas Poloniella s.s. is, as far as 

known, restricted to the Devonian. Furthermore, Lundin (1965, pi. 10, figs. 3a-q) has illustrated immature 

instars of Dizygopleura landesi as young as adult -4, 

which have typical sulcation of the Dizygopleura type; 

the same is true of immature specimens of D. hallii 

illustrated in this paper (pi. 5, figs. 21-23). Possibly the 

adults illustrated by Adamczak represent convergent 

evolution in Poloniella, or perhaps they do not belong 

with the immature tecnomorphs as figured.

Although Adamczak has demonstrated that Dizygopleura and Poloniella are closely related, it is questionable whether they are more closely related than 

Dizygopleura and Kloedenella are. Dizygopleura and 

Poloniella differ more in the character of the stragular 

process than do Dizygopleura and Kloedenella. Recently, Weyant (1968, p. 100-101) has suggested that 

Dizygopleura should be considered a subgenus of Poloniella, and has also described a new subgenus, Framella, 

of Poloniella. The stragular process of Framella Weyant, 1968, pi. 2, figs. 8, 9) appears to be close to that of 

Poloniella, which suggests that Framella may be correctly assigned as a subgenus of Poloniella. However, 

the narrow stragular process and deep stragular notch 

of Dizygopleura are here considered sufficiently distinctive to warrant retaining Dizygopleura as a separate 

genus, pending further study of the North American 

Silurian species as recommended by Weyant (1968, p. 

101). This retention seems especially desirable in view 

of the different geographic and stratigraphic occurrences of Dizygopleura and Poloniella.

Dizygopleura hallii (Jones) 

Plate 5, figures 20-45

Beyrichia Hallii Jones, 1890, p. 15, pi. 4, fig. 21.

BeyricMa halli Jones. Ulrich, 1894, p. 669. (listed under Bollia.)

Beyrichia Halli Jones. Giirich, 1896, p. 390.

Kloedenella halli (Jones). Ulrich and Bassler, 1908, p. 319, fig. 

62, pi. 43, fig. 4; Clarke, 1909, p. 13, 21; Grabau and 

Shinier, 1910, p. 359, text fig. 1663g; Bonnema, 1914, 

p. 1107, pi. fig. 6; Bassler, 1915, p. 683; Kummerow, 1931, 

p. 158-159.

Poloniella Hallii Jones (sic). Van Veen, 1921, p. 891, fig. 12; 

1922, p. 995, fig. 12.

Dizygopleura halli (Jones). Ulrich and Bassler, 1923, p. 696, pi. 

62, figs. 24, 25; Swartz, 1933, p. 234.
32 BRACHIOPODA AND OSTRACODA OF COBLE SKILL LIMESTONE, CENTRAL NEW YORK

Dizygopleura hallii (Jones). Bassler and Kellett, 1934, p. 290;

Warthin, 1937, card 58.

Beyrichia Clarkei Jones, 1890, p. 17, text fig. 2. 

Beyrichia clarki Jones. Ulrich, 1894, p. 669. 

Kloedenella clarkei (Jones). Dlrich and Bassler, 1908, p. 319,

320; 1913, p. 533, pi. 97, fig. 21; Bassler, 1915, p. 683. 

Dizygopleura clarkei (Jones). Ulrich and Bassler, 1923, p. 698,

pi. 62, figs. 31, 32; Swartz, 1933, p. 233-234; Bassler and

Kellett, 1934, p. 289; Warthin, 1937, card 58. 

Dizygopleura cf. D. clarkei (Jones). Swartz and Whitmore, 1956,

p. 1086-1087, pi. 109, figs. 26, 27.

Description. Lateral outline preplete to amplete, 

subelliptical to subrhomboidal; dorsal outline indented 

subfusiform. Anterior margin smoothly rounded; ventral margin sinuate, rarely convex; posterior margin 

curved, meeting sinuate dorsal margin at an obtuse 

angle. Stragular process narrow, prominently humped. 

Hinge line slightly incised behind stragular process so 

that narrow, triangular dorsal border surfaces are

formed on the posterior part of each valve. Stragular 

process and corresponding notch at dorsal end of 

SI. SI long, straight to slightly concave posteriorly, 

relatively deep. S2 wider, deeper, extends about onehalf height of valve, curves slightly toward anterior. 

S3 about same height and width as Si; ventral end 

curved anteriorly. Lobes about twice width of sulci. 

Posterior margin of IA convex toward posterior, 

separated from posterior margin by indented triangular area in tecnomorphs. Posteroventral keel 

present on some specimens. Heteromorph differs from 

tecnomorph in wider L4, slight inflation of posterior 

triangular area, and narrower S3. Shell surface smooth. 

According to my measurements the holotype of 

Dizygopleura hallii is 1.30 mm in length and 0.75 of a 

mm in height. The holotype of D. clarkei is also 1.30 mm 

in length and 0.75 of a mm in height. Measurements of 

specimens from Schoharie, N.Y., are shown in figure 6.

i.o

ce

UJ 

Ld

X

Hi

X

s

Z)

s

X 0.5

0.0

Adult

Adult - 2

Adult - 3

 

\

0.5 1.0

MAXIMUM LENGTH, IN MILLIMETERS

1.5

FIGUBE 6. Scatter diagram of maximum length versus maximum height for 120 carapaces of Dizygopleura hallii (Jones) from 

Schoharie, N.Y. (USGS 3393-SD). Measurements made on left valve. Bach circle concentric about a point indicates an 

additional specimen with the same meiasiurements, five or more specimens being indicated by a slash through the circles. 

*, indicates measurements of holotype.
SYSTEMATIC PALEONTOLOGY 33

Types. Holotype of Dizygopleura halli is BMNH 

In 35128; holotype of D. clarkei is NYSM 4141; plesiotypes of D. hallii are USNM 162330-162345, YPM 

23827.

Discussion. Jones (1890, p. 15) described Dizygopleura hallii from a specimen on a small slab of rock 

which was sent to him by John M. Clarke, who presumably wrote Jones that it came from the "Waterlime 

Group," from near Utica, N.Y. Jones (1890, p. 15) 

stated that the limestone was "Largely composed of 

small organisms, especially Kloedenia notata, with 

small Brachiopods, etc." This slab, BMNH In 35128, 

was kindly loaned to me by Dr. R. H. Bate of the British Museum (Natural History). As noted under the 

discussion of Kloedeniopsis hartnageli n. sp., the ostracodes identified by Jones as "Kloedenia notata" are here 

assigned to K. hartnageli, and the associated brachiopods include Morinorhynchusf interstriatus, Howellella 

corallinensis eriensis, and Protathyris sulcata, all species characteristic of the Cobleskill Limestone. None of 

these species occurs in the younger Manlius Limestone, 

and consequently it seems reasonable to conclude that 

the slab from which Jones described D. hallii came from 

the Cobleskill rather than from the Manlius as stated 

by Ulrich. and Bassler (1923, p. 697), Bassler and Kellett (1934, p. 290), and Warthin (1937, card 58). As 

noted under the discussion of Protathyris sulcata, the 

"Waterlime Group" of Vanuxem (1842) included both 

the Cobleskill and Manlius Limestones.

In the same paper in which he described D. hallii 

Jones (1890, p. 17) described Dizygopleura clarkei 

from a drawing sent to him by J. M. Clarke, which he 

illustrated as a woodcut (Jones, 1890, p. 17, fig. 2). He 

probably never saw the actual specimen. Dr. Bruce Bell 

has kindly loaned me a specimen (NYSM 4141) from 

the New York State Museum which is labeled "Beyrichia clarkei Jones, type" and which is presumably the 

original from which the drawing was made. This specimen is also on a slab of dolomitic limestone, like that 

on which is the type of D. hallii; and the associated 

fauna includes the Cobleskill forms Morinorhynchusf 

interstriatus, Howellella corallinensis subsp. indet., 

Kloedeniopsis hartnageli, and Leiocyamus sp. A. The 

slab from the British Museum (BMNH In 35128) has 

been compared with the slab from the New York State 

Museum, and although similar in lithology and fauna 

they were not originally parts of the same piece of rock. 

However, the slab from the New York State Museum, 

like that from the British Museum, undoubtedly also 

came from the Cobleskill Limestone.

Jones (1890, p. 17), presumably quoting information 

provided by Clarke, stated that Dizygopleura clarkei 

was "associated with Beyrichia oculina and B. notataventricosa in the Lower-Helderberg Group of Herkimer 

Co., N.Y." Although it is not known when Clarke sent 

the drawing of D. clarkei to Jones, it seems probable 

that it was before he excluded the Waterlime Group 

from the Lower Helderberg Group in 1889 (Berdan, 

1964, p. B4-B5). Ulrich and Bassler (1913, p. 533, 534) 

mentioned D. clarkei as occurring in the Keyser Limestone at Cumberland, Md., and stated that the type is 

from Herkimer County, N.Y. Later, however, Ulrich 

and Bassler (1923, p. 698, 699, pi. 62, fig. 32) redescribed and reillustrated the type and stated that it 

occurs in "the Lower (typical) Manlius of Schoharie 

County, New York." They noted that D. hallii, Zygobeyrichia regina Ulrich and Bassler, 1923, and a new 

species occur with it. At the time Ulrich and Bassler 

were writing, the Cobleskill was considered the basal 

member of the Manlius, but their statement that D. 

clarkei occurs in the "typical" Manlius excludes the 

Cobleskill. Ulrich must have examined the type of D. 

clarkei, for a note with the type specimen in the New 

York State Museum appears to be in his handwriting 

and lists the associated fauna as given in Ulrich and 

Bassler (1923). Unfortunately, their remarks of 1923 

concerning the horizon and locality from which the type 

came have led all subsequent workers to conclude erroneously that Dizygopleura clarkei belongs in the 

Manlius, not the Cobleskill.

Swartz (1933, p. 233, 234) suggested that D. clarkei 

might be the female dimorph of D. hallii, and this suggestion was accepted by Warthin (1937, card 58), who 

refigured Jones' original illustrations of both species in 

his discussion of D. hallii. The holotype specimens of 

both species (pi. 5, figs. 44, 45) are heteromorphic left 

valves which appear to be conspecific. Consequently, 

D. clarkei is here considered to be a junior synonym 

of D. hallii.

More than 500 specimens believed to be conspecific 

with the holotype of D. hallii have been found in the 

collections from Schoharie, N.Y.; these have a narrow 

L4, are slightly smaller than the type, and are considered to be tecnomorphs. To date, only one corroded 

carapace has been found in these collections which may 

represent a heteromorph. A possible explanation for 

this anomalous situation is that the adults did not occupy precisely the same habitat as the juveniles.

As interpreted in this paper, Dizygopleura hallii is a 

highly variable species, especially as regards the width 

and depth of the sulci. In particular, S3 may be shallow 

and narrow (pi. 5, figs. 30-32) or wide and deep (pi. 5, 

figs. 33-35, 37, 38). Specimens from Schoharie, N.Y., 

represent both extremes, and could be assigned to two 

different species; however, the presence of intermediate 

forms, including the holotype, makes it difficult to recog-
34 BRACHIOPODA AND OSTRACODA OF COBLESKILL LIMESTONE, CENTRAL NEW YORK

nize any consistent distinctions between the end members of the series. Possibly future studies on additional 

material will demonstrate the presence of more than one 

species in the group of specimens here considered as 

Dizygopleura Jialli; if so, some of these specimens might 

be assigned to D. angustisulcata Swartz and Whitmore, 

1956, but this assignment will depend upon restudy of 

the type of this species together with the accumulation 

of an ontogenetic series to determine whether the species 

are distinct. Dizygopleura angustisculcata appears to 

have a more narrow S3 than any of the forms here included in D. hallii, and as it occurs in the upper part of 

the Decker Limestone of New Jersey, it may be slightly 

younger than typical D. hallii.

The syntypes of Dizygopleura hallii obscura Ulrich 

and Bassler, 1923 (USNM 63654), have a short, shallow, 

and narrow S3, and appear to represent a separate 

species. D. hallii obscura is from the lower Tonoloway 

Limestone at Keyser, W. Va., and is presumably older 

than D. hallii.

The holotype of Dizygopleura clarkei paupera Ulrich 

and Bassler, 1908 (USNM 53280) from the Keyser 

Limestone in Maryland, has been refigured on plate 5, 

figure 17. The specimen is a broken carapace, probably 

of an immature instar, with S2 wide and deep and little 

indication of a posterior flange. Si and S3 are filled with 

matrix on both valves, which may account for the mention of papillae in the sulci in the original description 

(Ulrich and Bassler, 1908, p. 320). Although the 

interior and posterior sulci are filled, their course can 

be distinguished, and they are more vertical than shown 

in the original illustration (Ulrich and Bassler, 1908, 

pi. 43, fig. 5). Until additional topotype material can be 

found and studied, this taxon should be considered a 

nomen dubium.

Size of sample. More than 500 carapaces of Dizygopleura hallii were available for study, of which 120 have 

been measured (fig. 5).

Occurrence. This species has been found in collections from Shutter Corners (USGS 3390-SD), Schoharie (USGS 3393-SD, USGS 7283-SD, USGS 8063- 

SD, YPM 5244/146), near Central Bridge (USGS 

7198-SD), Howes Cave (USGS 8065-SD), Jerusalem 

Hill (YPM 2594), Forge Hollow (YPM 5244/90B), 

Prospect Hill (USGS 5207-SD), and Aurelius Station 

(YPM 5244/14). The type specimen is identified only 

as coming from Herkimer County, N.Y.

Dizygopleura monostigma n. sp. 

Plate 5, figures 1-12; figure 7

Description. Lateral outline amplete to preplete, 

subrhomboidal; dorsal outline indented fusiform. Anterior margin rounded; ventral margin slightly sinuate;

posterior margin curved upward, meeting sinuate dorsal 

margin at an obtuse angle. Dorsal margin straighter in 

small instars. Stragular process narrow, humped, fits 

into deep notch in right valve. Hinge line slightly entrenched posteriorly so that narrow triangular border 

surfaces occur on the posterior part of both valves. SI 

deep, long, curved posteriorly, situated beneath stragular process, extends nearly the entire height of valves. 

S2 wider, shorter, curved strongly anteriorly, extends 

only about half the height of valves. S3 about same 

width and depth as SI, curves strongly anteriorly and 

either extends beneath S2 or is represented by a distinct laterally elongated pit beneath S2. Lobes subequal in width; L2 distinctly bulbous in lateral outline 

although not extending above surface of valves. Posterior edge of L4 convex toward posterior, separated from 

posterior margin of valve by indented flange about equal 

to it in width. This flange is somewhat inflated in 

heteromorphs, so that in dorsal view the outline is 

straight from posterior edge of L4 to posterior margin, 

whereas in tecnomorphs the outline is indented. Shell 

surface smooth.

A typical adult specimen, the holotype, is 1.35 mm in 

length and 0.70 of a mm in height. For range of dimensions in immature instars see figure 7.

Types. Holotype, USNM 162323; paratypes, USNM 

162320, USNM 162324.

Discussion. This species is associated with Dizygopleura hallii at Schoharie, N.Y., and was at first considered to be a variant of D. hallii. However, the presence of small specimens showing the characteristic pit 

beneath S2 suggests that Dizygopleura 'monostigma, 

should be recognized as a separate species. D. monostigma has also been found in the Keyser Limestone 

about 5-10 feet above a ledge that contains Gypidula 

prognostica Maynard, 1913, in an old quarry just west 

of La Vale, Md. (USGS 8125-SD), which is included 

in the old Cash Valley section of the Maryland Survey 

Lower Devonian volume. (See Ulrich and Bassler, 

1913.) The Maryland specimens attain a greater size 

than do those from Schoharie, and the large specimens 

are dimorphic; apparently none of the Schoharie specimens are adults. Accordingly, the holotype and paratypes have been selected from USGS 8125-SD) from 

Maryland. The specimens from Schoharie show more 

variability in S3 than do those from Maryland, as in 

some specimens the subcentral pit appears to connect 

directly with this sulcus and be an extension of it. Also, 

the Schoharie specimens tend to be somewhat longer in 

proportion to their height, as shown in figure 7. Probably not more than three instars are present in the
SYSTEMATIC PALEONTOLOGY 35

MAXIMUM LENGTH, IN MILLIMETERS

FIGURE 7. Scatter diagram of maximum length versus maximum height for Dizygopleura monostiffma n. sp.; 60 carapacesi from 

Schoharie, N.Y., and 40 specimens from the Keyser Limestone just above the Gypidula prognostica Zone, Cash Valley Road, 

La Vale, Md. (USGS 8125-SD). Specimen® from Schoharie sihown by points or concentric circles, each circle concentric 

about a point representing an additional specimen with identical measurements; specimens from La Vale shown by triangles'; 

a slash through concentric circles indicates! five or more specimens. *, indicates measurements of holotype.

Schoharie collections, as compared to four (including 

the adults) in the Maryland collection. Perhaps, as 

suggested for Dizygopleura kattii, the adults of Z>. 

monostigma may have lived in a different habitat in the 

Schoharie area.

Dizygopleura monostigma differs from D. unipunctata Ulrich and Bassler, 1923, in having the ventromedian pit elongated horizontally rather than vertically 

as in the latter species.

Size of sample. More than 200 specimens were available for study, of which 100 were measured.

Occurrence. D. monostigma has been found in collections from Schoharie, N. Y. (USGS 3393-SD, USGS 

7283-SD, USGS 8063-SD, YPM 5244/146), and just 

west of La Vale, Md. (USGS 8125-SD).

Dizygopleura costata "Ulrich and Bassler 

Plate 5, figures: 13-16

Dizygopleura, costata, Ulrich and. Bassler, 1923, p. 700, pi. 60, 

'figs. 23, 24.

Description. Lateral outline kloedenelliform; dorsal outline indented subtrapezoidal. Anterior margin 

rounded; ventral margin sinuate; posterior margin obtusely angulate; dorsal margin nearly straight. Stragular process narrow, on left valve dorsal to LI and SI, 

on right valve dorsal to SI; hump not prominent. 

Hinge line slightly incised; narrow, triangular dorsal 

border surfaces on each valve. Sulci wide, deep; lobes 

narrow, giving carapace an emaciated appearance. SI 

and S3 extend entire height of shell; S2 extends about 

two-thirds of distance from dorsal to ventral margin.
36 BRACHIOPODA AND OSTRACODA OF COBLE SKILL LIMESTONE, CENTRAL NEW YORK

Beneath S2 is a pit, and between S2 and S3 is another 

pit. Lobes narrow, not much wider than sulci, cristate. 

L4 narrow, separated from posterior end of shell by 

depressed flange in tecnomorphs. Heteromorph with 

only slightly more thick posterior flange. Shell surface 

smooth in sulci and on posterior flange, appears slightly 

punctate on lobes.

A representative adult specimen measures 0.92 of a 

mm in length and 0.47 of a mm in (height.

7V?^s. Lectotype, USNM 162325, the original of 

figure 23, plate 60 of Ulrich and Bassler (1923). The 

paralectotype is USNM 63677, the original of figure 24, 

plate 60 of Ulrich and Bassler (1923).

Discussion. This distinctive species may be recognized by the two ventral pits beneath S2 and the cristate lobes which give the specific name.

Ulrich and Bassler (1923, p. 699-701) included D. 

costata in their "Group of Dizygopleura Jiieroglyphica 

(Krause)" and commented on its resemblance to that 

species. They also included in this group their new 

species D. perrugosa, D. virginica, and D. unipunctata 

the characteristic of the group being that the lobes are 

narrower than the sulci. The illustration of D. perrugosa (Ulrich and Bassler, 1923, pi. 60, fig. 26) is somewhat misleading; the holotype (USNM 63678) is a 

broken right valve of a heteromorph. The anterodorsal 

angle has apparently broken in front of the stragular 

notch, so that the humped dorsal outline of the illustration is probably not as extreme as shown. However, the 

species seems to be distinctive in that S2 is as long as 

the other sulci and extends to the ventral margin of the 

valve. It does not, however, greatly resemble either Z>. 

MeroglypTiica or D. costata. Dizygopleura virginica is 

represented by four cotypes (USNM 63689) which are 

internal molds. The lobes seem to be thin relative to the 

sulci, but because of the type of preservation it is difficult to be sure. Dizygopleura unipunctata also appears 

to differ somewhat from its description and figures; the 

holotype (USNM 63685) is a left valve with L2 broken, 

Si long and apparently narrow, S2 narrow and extending about halfway to the ventral margin, and S3 fairly 

broad. The pit beneath S2 is slightly impressed and vertically elongated. The species seems to be closer to 

D. monostigma than to D. costata.

In summary, of the five species originally assigned 

to the group of Dizygopleura Jiieroglyphica (Krause), 

probably only two, D. tiieroglyphica (Krause) and D. 

costata Ulrich and Bassler, are very closely related. 

Both these species have deep pits beneath S2, narrow 

stragular processes, deep narrow stragular notches, and 

a subrectangular outline. The principal difference is 

that D. costata has carinate lobes and D. hieroglypJiica 

does not. A third form, identified as Dizygopleura sp.

cf. D. costata (Boucot, 1961, p. 181), occurs in the 

Hardwood Mountain Formation of west-central Maine. 

This form has carinate lobes like D. costata but has three 

pits rather than two beneath S2. Possibly it, together 

with D. hieroglyphica and D. costata, should eventually 

be placed in a new genus.

Size of sample. Twenty-one specimens were available for study.

Occurrence. Dizygopleura costata was originally 

described as occurring in the upper Tonoloway at Keyser, W. Va. In New York, it has been found only in collections from Schoharie (USGS 3393-SD, USGS 7283- 

SD, USGS 8063-SD, YPM 5244/146).

Dizygopleura viafontinalis n. sp. 

Plate 5, figures 18, 19

Description. Lateral outline amplete, subelliptical. 

Anterior margin rounded; ventral margin sinuate; posterior margin rounded, meeting sinuate dorsal margin 

at obtuse angle. Stragular process narrow, small, only 

slightly humped. Si narrow, deep, sinuate, with pronounced anterior curve in ventral part. S2 wide, short, 

not more than half height of valve, curved anteriorly. 

S3 relatively short, shallow, and narrow, curved anteriorly, begins nearly one-third height of valve below 

dorsal margin. Ll fairly broad; L2 small, bulbous in 

lateral outline; L3 broad; L4 not distinctly marked off 

from posterior border surface. Heteromorph with bulbous inflation of L4. Surface of valves finely punctate, 

except on bulbous posterior of heteromorph.

The dimensions of the holotype, a heteromorphic left 

valve, are 1.30 mm in length and 0.70 of a mm in height; 

a crushed tecnomorphic carapace is 1.17 mm in length 

and 0.57 of a mm in height.

The name is derived from the locality on Spring 

Street, Schoharie, N.Y., where the only specimens have 

been found.

Ttypes. Holotype, USNM 162329; paratype, USNM 

162328.

Discussion. This species is so distinctive that a new 

name for it appears desirable, even though only one 

crushed tecnomorphic carapace and one heteromorphic 

left valve have been found. The punctate surface and 

sigmoidal Si distinguish it at once from any of the other 

species of Dizygopleura in the Cobleskill. Other distinctly punctate species of Dizygopleura, such as D. 

punctella Hoskins, 1961, D. ventrisulcata Hoskins, 1961, 

and D.\ pulchella (Ulrich and Bassler, 1923) have 

punctae in the sulci (Hoskins, 1961, p. 92-96), not on 

the lobes as in D. viafontinalis.

Size of sample. One carapace and one left valve.

Occurrence. Only in collections from Schoharie, 

N.Y. (USGS 3393-SD, USGS 8062-SD).
SYSTEMATIC PALEONTOLOGY 37

Genus KIOEDENELLA Ulrich and Bassler, 1908

Kloedenella sp. 

Plate 6, figures 41-43

Discussion. The genus Kloedenella is apparently 

poorly represented in the Cobleskill Limestone. Nine 

specimens were available for study, of which four are 

either crushed or broken. All have a narrow SI extending below the midheight of the valve, a wider and 

shorter S2 that extends to about the midheight of the 

valve, and a sinuous ventral outline. The stragular process is narrow and not humped, so that the dorsal outline 

in lateral view is straight to gently convex. A figured 

specimen (pi. 6, figs. 41, 42) is 1.15 mm in length and 

0.65 of a mm in height.

One specimen from Forge Hollow (YPM 5244/90B) 

differs from the above description in having a markedly 

humped stragular process and a relatively greater 

height in proportion to width. This specimen may not 

be conspecific with the others. In general appearance it 

is very close to Kloedenella rectangularis Ulrich and 

Bassler, 1923, from the lower part of the Tonoloway 

Limestone at Cumberland, Md., but differs from it in 

having a sinuous ventral outline. Kloedenella rectangularis, which may be the heteromorph of K. obligua 

Ulrich and Bassler, 1923, has a round ventral outline 

and shorter sulci. The specimen from Forge Hollow is 

even closer to Kloedenella turgida Ulrich and Bassler, 

1908, from the Keyser Limestone at Cumberland, but 

K. turgida has a short, poorly defined Si. No other 

species of Kloedenella seem to be comparable to the 

specimens from the Cobleskill, but the material available is not considered adequate for description.

Occurrence. In collections from Schoharie (YPM 

5244/146, USGS 3393-SD), Oriskany Falls (YPM 

5244/88A), Forge Hollow (YPM 5244/90B) and Prospect Hill )USGS 5207-SD).

Genus EUKLOEDENELLA Ulrich and Bassler, 1923

Eukloedenella ? weldae n. sp.

Plate 6, figures 25-29

Description. Lateral outline subovate; dorsal outline cuneate. Greatest width commonly hi posterior 

quarter of carapace. Small vertically elongated median 

pit situated slightly anterior to the midpoint in length, 

slightly dorsal to the midpoint in height. Stragular 

process elongated parallel to length of shell, extending 

about one-third to one-half length of hinge, not raised 

into prominent hump. Left valve overlaps right along 

ventral margin and bears stragular process. Eight valve 

without stragular notch. Ventral margin slightly sinuate. Posterior end of both valves of tecnomorph 

sharply indented so that there appears to be a vertical

ridge about one-fifth the length of the shell from the 

posterior margin in lateral view; in dorsal view the 

posterior appears compressed. Heteromorphs wider posteriorly so that ridge is not as conspicuous in lateral 

view, and in dorsal view posterior appears inflated. Shell 

surface smooth except for median pit.

Interior of left valve shows ridge beneath stragular 

process, forming groove into which right valve fits. 

Median pit represented internally by a low, indistinct 

ridge. Posterior of heteromorph may also have low internal ridge (limen) in some specimens. No stragular 

notch in right valve.

The dimensions of the holotype are 1.00 mm in length 

and 0.55 of a mm in height.

Types. Holotype, USNM 162361; paratypes 

USNM 162359, 162360,162362,162363.

Discussion. Eukloedenella? weldae superficially appears very similar to the illustrations of Sulcocavellinaf altschedatensis Polenova (1960, pi. 4, figs. 3a, b; 

4a, b), and also resembles various forms assigned to 

Sulcella Coryell and Sample, 1932, such as Sulcella 

(Sulcella} kloedenellides Adamczak, 1968. However, it 

differs from these species in having the left valve overlapping the right and in apparently having kloedenellid rather than a cavellinid hinge structure. Unfortunately, most specimens broke during preparation of the 

hinge because the species has a rather thin shell, so that 

the internal features are illustrated only by one left 

valve (pi. 6, fig. 29). E.f weldae differs from Nynhamella musculimonstrans Adamczak, 1966, which Adamczak (1966, p. 14, 15) considered a Kloedenellid, in the 

overlap of the left valve over the right and in the 

presence of a pitlike S2 in E.f weldae.

This species is placed questionably in Eukloedenella 

because it differs from most other species in the genus 

by the nearly central location and pitlike character of 

S2 and the presence of the posterior ridgelike angulation. The closest form to E.f weldae is E. abrupta Ulrich 

and Bassler, 1923, from the Drepanellina clarki Zone at 

McKees Farm, 7 miles west of Lewiston, Pa. The holotype of E. abrupta (USNM 63638) is a tecnomorphic 

right valve represented by the part and counterpart in 

shale. The posterior angulation is much more pronounced in this specimen than in E.f weldae, and the 

area posterior to the angulation is larger.

The 19 species and subspecies assigned to Eukloedenella by Ulrich and Bassler (1923, p. 666) need restudy in the light of modern concepts. For example, 

Ulrich and Bassler (1923, p. 668-676) divided Eukloedenella into five species groups, but Swartz (1933, p. 

258-259) has indicated that two of the species in their 

group V are probably heteromorphs of a species in their 

group IV, which includes E. abrupta. The group of E.
38 BRACHIOPODA AND OSTRACODA OF COBLE SKILL LIMESTONE, CENTRAL NEW YORK

sinuata Ulrich and Bassler, 1923 (group III) includes 

species with a narrower and more prominent stragular 

process than those in the other groups, one of which is 

group II, the group of E. umbilicata Ulrich and Bassler, 1923, the type species of the genus. Possibly more 

than one genus is present in the species now assigned to 

Eukloedenella, and further study may show that E. 

abrupta and E.? weldae should be assigned to a new 

genus. However, it seems inadvisable to do this without 

further study of all the species, which is beyond the 

scope of this paper.

The species is named for Miss E. A. Weld, who assisted in collecting the material described.

Size of sample. Seventy-eight complete carapaces 

and 25 single valves from Schoharie, N.Y., were available for study.

Occurrence. All specimens studied are from collections made at Schoharie, N.Y. (USGS 3393-SD, USGS 

7283-SD, YPM 5244/146), except for three poorly 

preserved specimens from near Central Bridge, N.Y. 

(USGS7198-SD).

Family BEYEICHIOPSIDAE Henningsmoen, 1953 

Genus MARGINIA Polenova, 1952

Marginia? sp. 

Plate 6, figure 17

Discussion. One right valve of a weakly bisulcate 

ostracode has been found in USGS collection 8062-SD 

from Schoharie. The specimen has a straight hinge line 

and lacks a stragular process. The surface is covered 

with fine longitudinal riblets, which tend to anastomose 

and are approximately parallel to the hinge. The ventral margin has obscure traces of a thin, narrow marginal flange, which is mostly broken. This specimen is 

very questionably assigned to Marginia because of the 

character of the ornamentation and ventral margin. The 

specimen is 1.0 mm long and 0.5 of a mm high.

Family LEPERDITELLIDAE Ulrich and Bassler, 1906 

Genus BONNEPBIMITES Swartz and Whitmore, 1956

Bonneprimites? breviformis Swartz and Whitmore 

Plate 6, figures 30-33

Bonneprimitest breviformis Swartz and Whitmore, 1956, p. 1053- 

1054, pi. 110, figs. 20-22.

Description. Lateral outline amplete, hemielliptical 

to hemicircular; dorsal outline broadly lanceolate. Bisulcate, anterior sulcus very weak and shallow, essentially obsolete; median sulcus short, narrow, extends 

only about one-fifth distance from dorsal to ventral 

margin. Obscure muscle (?) spot present at ventral end 

of median sulcus. Surface of valves very convex; greatest width in posterior third of carapace. Obscure 

velar (?) bend around entire free margin; hinge line

slightly incised. Valves nearly equal, but left valve 

slightly overlaps right around free margin. Lateral surface of both valves smooth, but ventral surface of domicilium on both valves has very fine striae parallel to the 

free margin.

The dimensions of a complete carapace are 0.95 of a 

mm in length and 0.67 of a mm in height.

Discussion. Two complete carapaces and a left valve 

have been found in the Cobleskill which agree withjthe 

description and illustrations of Swartz and Whitmore 

and are consequently assigned to their species. However, 

as indicated by Swartz and Whitmore (1956, p. 1053- 

1054), B. ? breviformis is probably not congeneric with 

the type of the genus, Bonneprimites bonnemai. Unfortunately there is still not enough material to determine 

the generic or even the familial affinities of this species. 

Superficially it resembles the primitiopsid genus 

Scipionis Gailite, 1966, but the ventral marginal structures do not appear to be those of a typical primitiopsid, 

and no heteromorphs have as yet been found.

Size of sample. Three specimens were available for 

study.

Occurrence. Found only at Shutter Corners (USGS 

3390-SD).

Order PODOCOPIDA Sars, 1866

Suborder METACOPINA Sylvester-Bradley, 1961

Superfamily THLIPSURACEA Ulrich, 1894

Family THLIPSURIDAE Ulrich, 1894 

Genus THLIPSUROPSIS Swartz and Whitmore, 1956

Thlipsuropsis inaequalis (Ulrich and Bassler) 

Plate 6, figures 4-7

Octonaria inaequalis Ulrich and Bassler, 1913, p. 538, pi. 98,

figs 12-18. 

Thlipsuropsis inaequalis (Ulrich and Bassler). Lundin, 1965,

p. 78-79, pi. 18, figs, la-j, text fig. 45. 

IThlipsuropsis longisulcata Swartz and Whitmore, 1956, p. 1088,

pi. 110, figs. 14, 15.

Description. Lateral outline subovate; dorsal margin of larger left valve strongly arched; anterior margin sharply curved; ventral margin nearly straight; 

posterior margin broadly curved. Lateral outline of 

smaller right valve subovate to renif orm. Dorsal outline 

subovate to subrectangular, acuminate on both ends. 

Valves markedly unequal, left valve overlapping right 

around free margins and overreaching along hinge. 

Axes of maximum height and length pass about 

through midpoint of valve; maximum width in 

posterior half of carapace.

Left valve ornamented by three distinct, conspicuous 

grooves, which tend to merge in posterior part of shell: 

one running parallel to the anterodorsal margin which 

bifurcates dorsally, leaving a thin ridge between its 

two branches; one ventral to it in central part of valve, 

short and broad; and one longer below this ; mrallel to
SYSTEMATIC PALEONTOLOGY 39

ventral margin. An indistinct groove below this separates lowest ridge from edge of valve.

Right valve ornamented by three grooves: one subparallel to anterodorsal margin; one shorter groove 

parallel to posterodorsal margin; and one longer groove 

ventral to this and diverging from it at an angle.

The dimensions of an average carapace are 0.70 of a 

mm in length, 0.50 of a mm in height, and 0.35 of a 

mm in width.

Discussion. There do not appear to be any significant differences between the specimens from the Cobleskill and the syntypes of Octonaria inaegualis Ulrich 

andBassler (USNM 53284) from the Keyser Limestone 

at Cumberland, Md. This is apparently a fairly long 

ranging and widely distributed species, for Lundin 

(1965, p. 78-79) has described and illustrated specimens from the Henryhouse Formation (lower Ludlow) 

of Oklahoma. As Lundin (1965, p. 79) has noted, 

Thlipsuropsis longisulcata Swartz and Whitmore is 

probably conspecific with T. inaequalis ; but because T. 

longisulcata is based only on right valves, its relationship cannot be determined until additional material is 

obtained. To date, no specimens of Thlipsuropsis have 

been found in our collections of the Decker, so the point 

remains unsettled.

Size of sample. Twenty-six carapaces and three single valves were available for study.

Occurrence. All specimens came from collections 

from Schoharie, N.Y. (YPM 5244/146, USGS 3393- 

SD,USGS7283-SD).

Genus THLIPSURELLA Swartz, 1932

Thlipsurella parva n. sp.

Plate 6, figures 1-3

Description. Lateral outline suboval, elongate; dorsal outline cuneate. Left valve overlaps right around 

free margins and overreaches right along hinge. Surface of both valves marked with three small pits; one 

nearly central, slightly elongated vertically, slightly 

dorsal to the midpoint of the valves; the other two in 

posterior third of valves, tending to be slightly elongated horizontally, but nearly round. Posterior of both 

valves compressed or truncated so that there is a narrow marginal shelf. Anterior of both valves also compressed, but not as sharply, forming an indistinct marginal flange. Axis of maximum height passes through 

midpoint of shell; axis of maximum length passes 

through or slightly below midpoint; axis of maximum 

width is in posterior fifth of shell.

Material inadequate for examination of hinge and interior of shell, but one left valve shows a boss internally 

as a reflection of the external median pit.

The dimensions of an average specimen are 0.60 of a 

mm in length, 0.35 of a mm in height, and 0.25 of a 

mm in width. All specimens appear to be adults.

Types. Holotype, USNM 162346; paratypes, 

USNM 162347, USNM 162347a.

Discussion. This small species most closely resembles Thlipsurella ellipsoclefta Swartz, 1932, the type 

species of the genus, but lacks the small pit anterior to 

the median pit, and also differs in having the pits 

nearly circular rather than noticeably elongated. The 

specific name refers to the small size of the species.

Size of sample. Twenty-nine carapaces and one left 

valve were available for study.

Occurrence. All specimens are from collections from 

Schoharie, N.Y. (YPM 5244/146, USGS 3393-SD, 

USGS7283-SD).

Superfamily HEALDIACEA Harlton, 1933 

Family BAIHDIOCYFRIDIDAE Shaver, 1961 

Genus CYTHERELLINA Jones and Holl, 1869

Cytherellina crepiduloides n. sp. 

Plate 6, figures 18-24; figure 8

Description. Carapace subovate in lateral and dorsal outline, subcircular in end view. Dorsal margin 

evenly curved; anterior margin sharply curved; ventral margin nearly straight to slightly concave; posterior margin curved less sharply than anterior margin. 

Height about one-half length. Axes of maximum height 

and maximum length pass through midpoint of carapace; maximum width in posterior third. Left valve 

overlaps right valve markedly on ventral margin, 

slightly overreaches right dorsally. Left valve has indistinct ventral lappet or tongue which wraps over right 

valve. Eight valve lower than left and appears relatively longer. Shell surface evenly curved, smooth. Shell 

thick.

Interior of left valve has two low swellings or ridges 

slanted anteriorly from about the midheight of the valve 

toward the dorsal margin. These ridges divide the valve 

into three depressions: one poorly defined in posterior 

half of valve; one median pit, clearly defined, oval, 

deeper than others; and one in anterior quarter, not as 

deep as median depression. Anterodorsal half of left 

valve has thickened margin forming a shelf grooved 

parallel to margin. On well-preserved specimens shelf 

tapers posteriorly and is overhung by rim of valve. 

Trace of marginal groove posteroventrally. Interior of 

right valve has depressions like left, but no marginal 

structures.

The dimensions of an average carapace are 1.05 mm 

in length, 0.55 of a mm in height, and 0.45 of a mm in 

width.
40 BRACHIOPODA AND OSTRACODA OF COBLESKILL LIMESTONE, CENTRAL NEW YORK

Types. Holotype, USNM162357; paratypes USNM 

162358, YPM 23832-23836.

Discussion. This species is assigned to the genus 

Cytherellina Jones and Holl, 1869, because of its thick 

shell, which is smooth externally but which has two 

low oblique ridges defining the adductor muscle scar 

internally. When Jones and Holl (1869, p. 216-217, pi. 

14, figs. 1-6) redescribed and reillustrated the type species of Cytherellina, C. siliqua (Jones, 1855), they 

showed the oblique ridges impressed as grooves on steinkerns but did not mention the hinge or other marginal 

structures. Bonnema (1909, p. 72-75) discussed Cytherellina and assigned to it four Late Ordovician species 

from Estonia, but also did not mention the hinge. Most 

recently, Becker (1965, p. 384-385) has rediagnosed 

Cytherellina and has stated that the hinge is simple, 

with a ridge and groove in each valve. In contrast, C. 

crepiduloides has a ridge and groove hinge structure 

in the left valve only. Further study of the types and 

topotype material of C. siliqua is necessary to resolve 

this discrepancy, but such a study is beyond the scope 

of this paper.

The hinge structure and marginal structure of C. 

crepiduloides is most similar to those illustrated by 

Adamczak (1967, figs. 2, 11) for Kuresaaria gotlandica 

Adamczak, 1967, but C. crepiduloides lacks a contact groove in the anterior part of the left valve and, of 

course, the anterior sulci on the exterior of both valves 

which are characteristic of K. gotlandica, the type species of Kuresaaria Adamczak, 1967. The anterior position of the hinge of C. crepiduloides is established by its 

position relative to the adductor muscle scar and the 

axis of maximum thickness. Adamczak (1967, p. 464), 

in describing stop ridges in Silenis bassleri (Sohn, 

1961) mentions analogous elements in Cytherelina 

from the Ordovician of Estonia. Bonnema (1909, p. 75, 

pi. 8, fig. 7) described and figured such structures in 

Cytherellina, but they appear to be the ends of the contact groove. In C. crepiduloides the posterior end of the 

contact groove is deepened and might be considered an 

analogous structure, but as the contact groove is missing in the anterior part of the left valve, there is no 

structure that could be considered an anterior stop 

ridge.

Becker (1965, p. 384) included a healdiid muscle 

scar in his diagnosis of Cytherellina. The adductor muscle scar of C. crepiduloides is well defined around the 

margins in some specimens and is oval to round in outline. The individual scars of the muscle bundles cannot 

be seen clearly in most individuals because of the type 

of preservation; it is not clear whether the pits shown 

in figure 8 are actually part of the scar or are 

adventitious.

FIGURE 8. Interior of left valve of Cytherellina crepiduloides 

n. sp., showing mu.scle pit, approximately X 100. Specimen 

YPM 23835 from Schoharie, NY. Drawing by Elinor 

Stromberg.

Cytherellina crepiduloides is readily distinguished 

from the four Late Ordovician species, C. ulrichi, C. 

jonesii, V. krausei, and C. ruedemanni described by 

Bonnema (1909, p. 75-76), as all of these have incised 

hinge lines and C. crepiduloides does not. This feature 

also serves to distinguish it from the Middle Devonian 

C. brassicalis Becker, 1965. C. crepiduloides differs from 

the Middle Devonian species C.? obliqua Kummerow, 

1953 and C. dubia Kummerow, 1953 in outline, and 

from C. perlonga Kummerow, 1953 in having a thicker 

shell. Cytherellina crepiduloides appears to be closest to 

the specimens described by Jones and Holl (1869, p. 

216) as C. siliqua from the Aymestry and upper Ludlow beds (Silurian) of England, but C. crepiduloides 

appears to have a greater dorsal overreach of the left 

valve.

The specific name is derived from the Latin crepidula, a small shoe, and the suffix -oides, because of the 

resemblance of single valves to little slippers.

Size of sample. More than 175 carapaces and more 

than 25 single valves were available for study.

Occurrence. All specimens studied in detail came 

from collections from Schoharie, N.Y. (YPM 5244/146, 

USGS 3393-SD, USGS 7283-SD). The species also occurs at Aurelius Station, N.Y. (USGS 3395-SD), west 

of Central Bridge, N.Y. (USGS 7198-SD), and at 

Shutter Corners, N.Y. (USGS 3390-SD).

Genus NTINCTILINA n. gen.

Type species. Nunculina striatopuncta n. sp.

Species included. Only the type species.

Diagnosis. Lateral outline subelliptical, dorsum 

curved; left valve overlaps right around free margins 

and overreaches right along posterodorsal hinge. Both 

valves have vertical median sulcus that extends from 

near dorsum to about midlieight of valves. Anterior and 

posterior ends of both valves slightly flattened. Hinge
REFERENCES CITED 41

simple. Internally, both valves have a low ridge corresponding to the median sulcus. Free margin of left 

valve with shallow groove into which the free margin of 

right valve fits.

Discussion. This genus superficially resembles Sulcocavellina Egorov, 1950, or Sulcella Coryell and 

Sample, 1932. However, considering the widest end of 

the shell as posterior, the overlap in Nunculina is left 

over right, rather than right over left as in the two 

cavellinid genera. The hinge is short and straight, and 

neither thin sections nor free valves show any indication 

of tongue and groove structure. Dimorphism has not 

been observed in this genus; however, because of the 

weak hingement, the right valve is commonly driven 

into the left valve in complete carapaces, and it is difficult to be sure that the observed width of the posterior 

part of the shell actually represents the true width.

The generic name is a diminutive of the Latin Nunculus, a kind of nut cake.

Nunculina striatopuncta n. sp. 

Plate 6, figures 8-13

Description. Lateral outline elliptical; dorsal outline subfusiform, bluntly acuminate at anterior and 

posterior ends, constricted medially. Left valve larger 

than right, overlapping it around free margins and 

overreaching it along hinge. Dorsal margin evenly 

rounded; anterior margin sharply rounded; ventral 

margin slightly rounded to nearly straight; posterior 

margin rounded. Axis of maximum height about at 

midpoint; axis of maximum length passes through or 

slightly below midpoint; axis of maximum width in 

posterior third of carapace. Median sulcus extends from 

near dorsal margin to slightly below midpoint of both 

valves, passes through midpoint or may be slightly anterior to it, not clearly delimited. Hinge short, straight, 

posterodorsal in position. Shell surface ornamented by 

very fine reticulation, which appears to form lines 

parallel to the ventral margin and to extend into sulcus.

Interior of both valves has broad, low ridge corresponding to external median sulcus. Left valve has indistinct groove, strongest anterodorsally, around free 

margins into which edge of right valve fits. Left valve 

also has ventral lappet which overlaps right valve. 

Hinge without grooves or pits on either valve.

A representative specimen measures 0.8 of a mm in 

length, 0.45 of a mm in height, and 0.35 of a mm in 

width.

Types. Holotype, YPM 23830; paratypes, YPM 

23829, YPM 23831, YPM 23831a, USNM 162349- 

162352.

Discussion. The hinge of this species has been 

studied both from single valves and by means of thin

A B

FIGURE 9. Transverse sections of Nunculina striatopuncta n. 

sp. from Schoharie, N.Y., showing contact relationship of 

valves. A, section through anterior part of shell showing 

anterodorsal groove in left valve into which edge of right 

valve fits. Exterior of carapace badly corroded. Paratype, 

YPM 23831a, YPM colln. 5244/146. B, section through 

posterior part of shell showing simple hinge. Paratype, 

USNM 162352, USGS colln. 7283-SD. Approximately X 90.

sections and appears to be simple. The edges of single 

valves are subject to abrasion, and fine details of structure may be lost. However, thin sections prepared from 

apparently uncrushed carapaces also show the two 

valves meeting with no interlocking structures (fig. 9).

Illustrations of /Sulcella volgograda Shishkinskaya 

(1964, p. 119-120, pi. IV, figs. 1-9) somewhat resemble 

this species, but as indicated under the generic discussion, the overlap is not the same.

Although a large number of specimens were available for study, all are nearly the same size, and it is 

possible that only adults are present in the collections, 

although a few smaller specimens may represent instar 

A-l.

The species is characterized by the peculiar fine chainlike reticulation, on which the specific name is based.

Size of sample. More than 400 carapaces and more 

than 50 single valves were available for study.

Occurrence. This species has been found at Sehoharie, N.Y. (YPM 5244/146, USGS 3393-SD, USGS 

T283-SD), and at Jerusalem Hill, N.Y. (YPM 2594).

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INDEX

[Italic page numbers indicate both major references and descriptions]

Page 

3 

18

Acknowledgments.. ........................

Acrospiriferinae. -.- - _ __ 

Age and correlation_ __ _.____.___ 8

agglomerata, Rhynchmella.. ___________________ 14

Akron Dolomite.. .. .___ __ 2,9,12,16,20 

alta, Leperditia.... ----.......-.........___. 21

Amphitoxotidinae.._......________._______._. 22

Ancillotoechia.. . _- __ _ 14

angustteulcata, Dizygopleura-- .-.. ......... 31,34

apicalis, Zygobeyrichia..... _ ____ _ _____________ 27

apicatus, Leiocyamus... ....................... 30

Arikloedenia.................................. 24

Arthropoda_............................... 21

Articulata.................................... 10

Athyridacea.................................. 16

Athyrididae.................................. 16

Athyrididina................................. 16

Atrypa lamellata.............................. 13

nucleolata... -............................. 18

reticularis................................. 3

sulcata................................... 16

sp........................................ 14

B 

Bairdiocyprididae.......-......_...___.___._. 39

barretti, Beyrichia............................. 24,27

Kloedenia... ____. _.._. .-..__..... 27

Kloedeniopsis----------.-.....-. 7,9,07; pi. 3

Zygobeyrichia.-.--........................ 27

bassleri, Silenis............................... 40

Berolinetta.................................... 23

Bertie Limestone.._--- _ .... . 2

Beyrichia-.................................... 2

barretti.................................... 24,27

ClarkeL.................................. 32,33

clarki.----................................ 32

Ham... .. ..................- -. 31

ham.... . .. ..... .... 31

Hattii... -- - ---- 31

notata..... . ____ _ .. - ... 26

notata-ventricosa.................... ...... 33

ocuttna . .-------.-------.-.-.-.-------. 33

Beyrichiacea..--..-._.--...-.....__.--.-.-.-_ 22

Beyrlchicopina---. -- _- -- - 22

Beyrichiidae ---------------------- 22,23

Beyrichiinae_..___..._._._._.__.._._.______ 24,26

Beyrichiopsidae - ------------------- 38

Bibliography................................. 41

Bingeria...................................... 25,26

bipartita, Leptaena............................ 10,11

Leptostrophia ____.___..___7,10; pi. 1 

bipartUa.............................. 10

bipartita, Leptostrophia.................... 10

nearpassi, Leptostrophia..... ___........ 11

Stropheodonta............................. 10

(Leptostrophia)...........-..-.-..---- 10

Strophomena............................ .. 10

biseriata, Garniella................. ....... 22

bisulcata, Merista......................... ... 16

bonnemai, Bonneprimites...................... 38

Bonneprimites........_____.__.. 38

bonnemai................................. 38

breviformis...-...---.. - .--.7,9,88; pi. 6 

Brachiopoda..__________.. 10 

brassicalis, Cytherellina_______.__ 40 

Brayman Shale__..._..._._. ... 1,5 

breviformis, Bonneprimites...............7,9,38; pi. 6

Bullhead limestone............-.........---- 9,20

Camarotoechia lamellata.

litchfieldensis........

neglecta. ..........

centricornis, Kloedenia.. 

Chaetetes--.............

Chilidiopsidae._.....

Chonetacea__........

Chonetes jersey ensis.....

Chonetidae__.....__..

Chonetidina_.........

Page

-..-..-..-._... 13

-- -_.__.. 14 

.......-..... 14

..... ......... 24

___.... 2

. 11

................. 12

.___..--......... 12

. . . - 12 

................. 12

Chrysler Limestone......._.......___.. 1,3

Clarkei, Beyrichia.... ...__..._.............. 32,33

clarkei, Dizygopleura.......................... 2,33

Kloedenella. ................__....... 32

paupera, Dizygopleura.................... 34

clarki, Beyrichia. . ........._.____.__... 32

Coeymans Limestone..____........ 3,5,25,27,28

concentrica, Oarniella. ... ___. ___. 7, 22; pi. 4

congregata, Hindella (Oreenfieldia)---.......... 18

Coralline limestone.__.__.__.__... 2,8,16 

corallinensis, Howellella... ...... 13,18,19,20,21,33

Howellellacorallinensis...............7,18; pi. 2

corallinensis, Howellella.............. 7,18; pi. 2

eriensis, Howellella .... __... 7,18,20,33; pi. 2

Spirifer................................... 18

Cornikloedenia...-.................... .__. 26

Correlation and age_....._............... 8

costata, Dizygopleura................ 7,9,31,35; pi. 5

Craniops..................................... 10

osata..............------.--......... 7,10; pi. 1

Craniopsidae. _..._...............___.....____ 10

crassipunctata, Kloedenia..................... 24

crepiduloides, Cytherellina..... ...... 7,39; pi. 6

crispus, Spirifer.... .___._.____._...._._._..... 18,19

cristata,Dibolbina- ............. ......... 23

Crustacea__................................ 21

Cryptolopholobus---------... ........ .. 22

Cupularostrum........... .................. 14

..-.-...-..-..-.. 14 

................. 9

Cytherellina..--.............................. 39,40

....--.....-..-.. 40

........... 7,39; pi. 6

dubia..................................... 40

jonesii.................................... 40

krausei. ..................-.--.-....-.-..- 40

obligua.. .._._._._.____...._.....-.___..... 40

perlonga.........-.-. .- ............... 40

ruedemanni................... - . 40

siligua.................................... 40

Mlrichi......................---.....--.... 40

D

dalmanelliformis, Morinorhynchus-.. .......... 11

Davidsonlacea.. ____-.__---....-..__--......__ 11

Decker Limestone.... 3,8,9,12,13,15, 21, 27,30,34,39

deckerensis, Machaeraria...... ....-......... 7,13

Rhynchonella. ---------------------------- 13

StenoschUma............ ... ........ 13

Delthyrididae_........-.--.-.--....-...--. 18

denticulata, Tikiopsis................ 7, 8, S7, 29; pi. 3

devonica, PolonieUa........................... 31

Dibolbina-........... . . .....-. 23

cristata-...-------------------------- 23

producta.. ... ...-..-...-...-_-._ ...... 23

retJcntmina<o------ ---------------- 7,23: pi. 4

sp..-.--------------------------------- 9

Page 

didyma, Terebratula........................... 16

Didymothyris.................................. 16

diplocystulis, Welleriopsis.... _-..-.._.___ ._. 27,28

diversa, Poloniella.....--.--.--...--.-..------- 31

Dizygopleura... ...--------.-.-.....-..---...-. 31

angustisulcata........... .... -.-.. ... 31,34

cZarfcd.---------------------------------- 2,33

paupera- ----------------------------- 34

costata------.------------- 7,9,31,35; pi. 6

haUi... . ^.... ..................... 31

hallii.--.------------------ 2,7,26,3^,36; pl.6

obscura. ----------------------------- 34

hieroglyphica..-.------------ ----------- 31,36

landesi....-.-.......-.....-----.......-.-. 31

monostigma..................... 7,31, 34: pi. 6

perrugosa.----............................ 36

pulchetta ............... 36

punctella.....-.-.-----................... 36

swartzi..... ..... _. . 31

unipunctata...----................... 31,36,36

ventrisulcata...... ......._..-..---.-.... 36

viafontinalis ...................... 7,36; pi. 5

virginica..--..--.--.-.-.---------.-------- 36

sp--..-.-- --. ------- 9

Drepanellacea.- ------- ------------------- 29

Drepanellina clarki Zone.... .-__ ... 37

dubia, Cytherellina..... .__-_____....... 40

dunbari, Lanceomyonia.--...... ......... 7,15; pi. 2

duplicipunctata, Kloedenia...... ...- - 24

E

Eccentricosta _____...--. . . 9,12

jerseyensis.....---.-....----------- 6, 7,12; pi. 1

Zone . 8,9

eriensis, Howellella-- ...................... 20,21

Howellella corallinensis 7,18,20,33: pi. 2 

Spirifer................................... 20

Eukloedenella................................. 37

abrupta ............................ 37,38

sinttofo.------------- -------- .-.--.- 38

umbilicata..------------------------------ 38

weldae. 7,37; pi. 6

F

Farrfmza ------------------------- 12

fimbriata, Kloedenia...... .. . 24

Foersteoceras ..................-------------- 2

formosa, Machaeraria ...... ... 13

Framella...... ....... . .... .. 31

G

GarnieUa.. 9,22

biseriata ---------------------------- 22

concentrica... ...-.. - - - 7,22; pi. 4

gebhardii, Mitroceras............ . - -- 9

Trochoceras..--- -_ - ... -- 2

gibbera scalaris, Leperditia.- ... 21

Glasco Member of Rondout Formation . 8,14

gotlandica, Kuresaaria.. --------------------- 40

granulata, Kloedenia. -- 25

Oreenfieldia-- I6

whUfieldi. ... 16

(Oreenfieldia) congregata, Hindella 18

Gypidula prognostica 34

45
46 INDEX

H Page 

31 

31 

31 

31 

30

Halli, Beyrichia.... .........................

halli, Beyrichia ... ...........................

Dizygopleura ... .........................

Kloedenella... ..........................

Halliella... .................................

sp.--.-. .......................... 7,30; pi. 6

Hallii, Beyrichia.. ............................ 31

Poloniella.. ............................... 31

hallii, Dizygopleura. --.-----__-. 2,7, 26,37,35; pi. 5

obscura, Dizygopleura..................... 34

Hammariella ... ......... ... ................... 9,24

pulchrivelata... ........................... 24

wort/M'nL. -..---.---.-.....-. ------- 7,24; pi- 4

Hardwood Mountain Formation _ ........... 36

hartnageli, Howellella vanuxemi .... ............ 2

Kloedeniopsis. ............ 7,24,25,26,33; pi. 3

Healdiacea...-. .............................. 39

Helderberg Group....... .-_--.-._--_ ......... 10,33

Henryhouse Formation _ ------------------- 39

hieroglyphica, Dizygopleura. ... ................ 31,36

Hindella... ................................... 16

(Greenfieldia) congregata .... ............... 18

Hollinacea.. .................................. 29

HolUnid.... .............................. 29; pi. 6

Hollinidae ................................. 29

Howellella. .............................. 7,18,19,20

corallinensis... .................. 13,19,20,21,33

corallinensis.... ................. 7,18; pi. 2

eriensis. ................... 7,18,20,33; pi. 2

eriensis. .................................. 20,21

keyserensis ... ........................... 2,18,20

modesta.. ................................. 19,20

plicata... ............................... 20

modestus ... ............................... 21

octocostata humilis.. ....................... 2

vanuxemi hartnageli...-. .................. 2

humilis, Howellella octocostata ................. 2

hydraulicus, Orthothetes. ...................... 11

Iberirhynchia..............

santaluciensis.........

inaegualis, Thlipsuropsis. 

Inartlculata...__.....

7,!

14 

14

pi. 6 

10 

interstriata, Morinorhynchus......-...--...-..- 11,12

Ortfczs.._____________________............. 11

Schellwienella.--.......................... 11

Schuchertella.............................. 11

interstriatus, Morinorhynchus...... 7,11, 18,33; pi. 1

Orthothetes................................ 11

Jamesville Member of Manlius Limestone_. 16 

jerseyensis, Chonetes........................... 12

Eccentricosta...................... 6,7,/#; pi. 1

Welleriopsis -........................... 27

jonm, Leperditia ......................... 2,21,22

jonesii, Cytherellina........................... 40

Juviella....................................... 22

Kalkberg Limestone__.....................

Keyser Limestone..---.-..--------_--------

9,10,12,13,15,18,20,21,27,33,34, 

keyserensis, Howellella......--.............. 2,

Kirkbyella....................................

Kirkbyellid.............................

Kirkbyellidae-..............................

Kloedenella................................. 7,

clarkei....................................

halli......................................

rectangular is.................

turgida.......................

sp...........................

Kloedenellacea.....--.-----_.. 

Kloedenellicopida..... ___.-.. 

Kloedenellidae..................

kloedenellides, Sulcella (Sulcella).

7,37,

5,10

8,

37,39

18,20

29

; pi. 6

29

31,37 

32 

31 

. 37 

37 

37

, pi. 6 

31 

31 

31 

37

Page 

Kloedenia..................................... 25,26

larretti.................................... 27

centricornis............................... 24

crassipunctata............................. 24

duplicipunctata........................... 24

fimbriata.................................. 24

granulata................................. 25

kokomoensis............................... 24

montague nsis............................. 25

neivbrunswickensis........................ 28

normalis.................................. 25

notata.................................... 26,33

oculina................................... 25

retifera.................................... 24

w ilckensiana.............................. 25

Kloedeniinae.---..------..---.----_-__----- 25

Kloedeniopsis........................... 24,25,26,27

banetti............................. 7,9,27," pi. 3

hartnageli................... 7,24,25,26,33; pi. 3

kokomoensis.........

kokomoensis, Kloedenia.

Kloedeniopsis.......

krausei, Cytherellina....

Kuresaaria gotlandica...

lam ellata, Atrypa.............................

Camarotoechia............................

Machaeraria................... 5,6,7,.73,14;

Rhynchonella.............................

Stenoschisma..............................

Lanceomyonia................................

dunbari.............................. 7,IS;

landesi, Dizygopleura.........................

Leiocyamidae-..............._.............

Leiocyamus................................. 9,

apicatus......_..............._.,.........

punctatus......................... 7,29,30;

sp. A............................. 7,30,33;

sp. B................................. 7,

sp......................................

Leperditellidae.............................

alta.

-----_-____...-__-. . . - 2,

scalaris.......................... 2,7,9,27,

Leperditiidae..............._...............

Leptaena.....................................

bipartita..................................

rhomboidalis..............................

Leptostrophia.................................

bipartita............................. 7,10;

bipartita..............................

nearpassi.............................

(Leptostrophia) bipartita, Stropheodonta........

textilis, Stropheodonta.....................

Leptostrophiinae. - ___--_.-__-----------.-----

Limbinaria...................................

muricata.----..........-.--...............

Lingulacea.._.............._..__.......

Lingulida.. -........_______________________

litchfieldensis, Camarotoechia..................

Cupularostrum...........................

Microsphaeridiorhynchus........... 7,13,14;

Rhynchonella.............................

Localities............._____._..____-__..___-

Lophoctenella. _______________.________________

Lophokloedenia............................ 24,

M

13 

13

pi. 2 

13 

13 

15

pi. 2 

31

29

29,30

30

pi. 6 

pi. 6 

, p. 6 

9 

38 

21 

21 

21

21,22 

pi. 3 

21 

10

10,11 

3,4 

10 

pi. 1

10

11

10

10

10

30

9

10

10 

14 

14

pi. 2 

14 

5 

22

25,26

Machaeraria................................. 13

deckerensis....---------------------------- 7,13

formosa................................... 13

lamdlata..................... 5,6,7,73,14; pi. 2

Manlius Formation-----.--.-------------..--- 8

Manlius Limestone.-------.-------------- 2,3,21,33

Marginia.................... __.---.---.----- 38

sp__._____......-..---_.___ 38; pi. 6

Page 

martinssoni, Migmatella............... 7,22,23; pi. 4

Merista bisulcata.............................. 16

nucleolata................................. 18

sulcata_................................... 16

Meristella nucleolata........................... 18

Metacopina........_...................... 38

Microsphaeridiorhynchus__.._.................. 14

litchfieldensis...................... 7,13,14; pi. 2

Migmatella.................................... 22

martinssoni....................... 7,22,23; pi. 4

sp.----------------.-----.--.-------.--..- 9

minuta,Protathyris............................ 18

Mttroceras.................................... 2

gebhardii.................................. 9

modesta, Howellella........................... 19,20

plicata, Howellella........................ 20

modestus, Howellella.......................... 21

Spirifer................................... 18

plicatus, Spirifer.......................... 21

monostigma, Dizygopleura..............7,31,34; pi. 5

montaguensis, Kloedenia....................... 25

Morinorhynchus............................... 11,12

dalmanelliformis.......................... 11

interstriata................................ 11,12

interstriatus......................7,11, 18,33; pi. 1

muricata, Limbinaria.......................... 9

N

nearpassi, Leptostrophia bipartita.............. 11

Strophodonta__............................ 11

neglecta, Camarotoechia........................ 14

Rhynchonella............................. 14

New Scotland Limestone-.-..----.----------- 10

newbrunswickensis, Kloedenia................. 28

normalis, Kloedenia........................... 25

notata, Beyrichia_______.-__................... 26

Kloedenia................................. 26,33

notata-ventricosa, Beyrichia..................... 33

nucleolata, Atrypa............................ 18

Merista................................... 18

Meristella................................. 18

Protathyris ................. ..6,7,16, 18; pi. 2

Whitfieldella............................... 18

Nunculina.................................... 40,41

striatopuncta......................7,^.,41; pi. 6

Nynhamella musculimonstrans_________________ 37

O 

obliqua, Cytherellina........................... 40

Kloedenella............................... 37

obscura, Dizygopleura hallii.................... 34

octocostata humilis, Howellella................. 2

Octonaria inaequalis........................... 38,39

oculina, Beyrichia............................. 33

Kloedenia................................. 25

Orthis interstriata............................. 11

Orthorhynchulinae.-------------------------- 13

Orthothetes hydraulicus........................ 11

interstriatus............................... 11

Ostracoda..------------------ ------------- 21

ovata, Craniops........................7,10; pi. 1

Pholidops.. _____________________ -------_ 10

ovatus, Pholidops.............................. 10

Oxbow Dolomite...--------------.----------- 1

Palaeocopida.---------__.__.-_._- --..- 22

Paleoecology._.__------------------------ 6

Parabolbina................................... 29

parva, Thlipsurella............................ 7

paupera, Dizygopleura clarkei.................. 34

perlonga, Cytherellina......................... 40

perrugosa, Dizygopleura..-------..--...-...-.. 36

Pholidops ovata............................... 10

ovatus.....-------------_----------_.-- 10

Pintopsis............................-.--..... 26

plicata, Howellella modesta.................... 20

plicatus, Spirifer modestus...._................ 21
INDEX 47

Podocoplda_. 

Poloniella.......

devonica.....

diversa......

Hallii.......

tertia........

Primitiopsacea. 

Primitiopsidae.

Page

38

31

31

31

31

31

29

30

Primitiopsis. ............................ 30

sp_._ -- .- . --.-------- so; pi. 6

producta, Dibolbina............................ 23

prognostica, Oypidula......................... 34

prolifica, Schuchertella......................... 12

Protathyridinae.............................. 16

Protathyris.................................... 16

minuta... ------------------------------- 18

nucleolata....................... 6,7,16, 18; pi. 2

sukata..................... 6, 7, 9, 16, 18,33; pi. 2

Pseudobeyrichia............................... 25

pulchella, Dizygopleura........................ 36

pulchrivelata, Hammariella.................... 24

punctatus, Leiocyamus...................... 7,29,30

punctella, Dizygopkura........................ 36

pustulosa, Welleriopsis........................ 7

R

retifera, Kloedenia............................. 24

rectangularis, Kloedenella..................... 37

reticruminata, Dibolbina................. 7,23, pi. 4

reticularis,Atrypa............................ 3

rhomboidalis, Leptaena........................ 3,4

Rhynchonella agglomerata...................... 14

deckerensis................................ 13

lamellata.................................. 13

litchfieldensis.............................. 14

neglecta................................... 14

transversa................................. 14

Rhynchonellacea............................. 13

Rhynchonellida.............................. 13

Rhynchotrematidae.......................... 13

Rochester shales.............................. 14

Readout Formation................... 3,8,13,14,29

Rosendale Member........-.._-.--.---------. 8,14

rotundata, Whitfieldetta........................ 18

ruedemanni, Cytherellina...................... 40

santaluciensis, Iberirhynchia................... 14

scalaris, Leperditia.................. 2,7,9, SI; pi. 3

Leperditia gibbera.......................... 21

Schellwienella intersMata...................... 11

Schuchertella intersMata....................... 11

prolifica................................... 12

................................... 38

Page 

Scope of the report..........________ 3

Silenis bassleri................................ 40

siligua, Cytherellina........................... 40

sinuata, Eukloedenella........................ 38

Sphaerirhynchia............................... 15

Spirifer corallinensis.......................... 18

crispus.---. ------------------------------ 18,19

corallinensis...............-.......... 18

eriensis................................... 20

modestus.................................. 18

corallinensis.......................... 18

plicatus....---------------_--------- 21

Spiriferacea._-----------------__--_--...- 18

Spiriferida........................... -. 16

Spiriferidina..--------.-..--.----------------- 18

Spring Street locality, Schoharie..-........... 5,6,8

Stenoschisma deckerensis....................... 13

lamellata.................................. 13

striatopuncta, Nunculina...................... 7

Stromatopora beds.--.--.-.------------------- 6

Stropheodonta bl'pvatito,........................ 10

(Leptostrophia) bipartita................... 10

textilis .............................. 10

Stropheodontidae_......................... 10

Strophodonta nearpassi.......................... 11

textilis.................................... 10,11

Strophomena bipartita......................... 10

Strophomenacea_..........---....---..--... 10

Strophomenida...-.--._.-..--.----_---_.-.-.- 10

Strophomenidina............................. 10

sulcata, Atrypa................................ 16

Merista................................... 16

Protathyris................. 6,7,9, 16, 18,33; pi. 2

Whitfieldetta............................... 16,18

Sulcella....................................... 37,41

volgograda................................. 41

(Sulcella) kloedenellides.................... 37

(Sulcella) kloedenellides, Sukella.............. 37

Sukocavellina................................. 41

altschedatensis............................. 37

swartzi, Dizygopleura...... -------------------- 31

Systematic paleontology.--.-----------_.--- 9

T 

Tentaculites..........................

Terebratula didyma...................

tertia, Poloniella......................

textilis, Stropheodonta (Leptostrophia).

2 

16 

31 

10 

Strophodonta.............................. 10, 11

Thacher Member of Manlius Limestone_.... 8

Thlipsuracea. _............................... 38

Thlipsurella.................................. 39

ettipsoclefta...-------...------------.--.-. 39

parva ............................... 7, 39; pi. 6

Page 

Thlipsuridae..._____________................. 38

Thlipsuropsis................................. 38

inaequalis.......................... 7,9,38; pi. 6

longisukata............................... 38,39

Tikiopsis..................................... 27,29

denticulata...................... 7, 8, 27, 29; pi. 3

Tonoloway Limestone.......... 9,13,15,18,34,36,37

transversa, Rhynchonella...................... 14

Treposellinae.-.__._..._.____...._ 22

Triemilomatella............................... 29

Trigonirhynchiidae_........................ 14

Trochoceras gebhardiL......................... 2

turbinata.................................. 2

turbinata, Trochoceras......................... 2

turgida, Kloedenella........................... 37

U 

ulrichi, Cytherellina........................... 40

umbilicata, Eukloedenella...................... 38

Uncinulidae..._____________________.......... 15

unipunctata, Dizygopkura.................. 31,35,36

vanuxemi hartnageli, Howellella................ 2

ventrisulcata, Dizygopleura.................... 36

viafontinalis, Dizygopkura............... 7, 86; pi. 5

virginica, Dizygopleura........................ 36

volgograda, Sulcella............................ 41

W 

warthini, Hammariella................... 7,

Waterlime Group of Manlius_. __. -. _. 

weldae, Eukloedenella.................... 7,37,

Wdlena.......................................

Welkriella....................................

Welleriopsis.......................... 25,26,27,

diplocystulis..............................

7,,

Whitfieldella.............

nucleolata...........

rotundata...........

sukata..............

whtifieldi, Greenfieldia... 

Wllbur Limestone. ----- 

Wilbur Member__ .... 

wilckensiana, Kloedenia.

.4 

16,33

; pi- 6

25

9,24

28,29

27.28

27.29

 pi. 3

pi. 3

16

18

18

16,18 

16 

27

!, 9,29 

25

Zygobeyrichia........................... 24,25,26,27

apicalis................................... 27

barretti.................................... 27

.................................. 33

PLATES 1-6

Contact photographs of the plates in this report are available, at cost, from 

U.S. Geological Survey Library, Federal Center, Denver, Colorado 80225.
PLATE 1

[Figs. 6,7, X 5; all others X 3]

FIGURES 1-5. Morinorhynchusf intcrstriatus (Hall) (p. 11).

1. Brachial view of crushed fragmentary shell, YPM 23789; Forge Hollow, N.Y., YPM collection 5244/90B.

2. Pedicle valve of an average specimen, YPM 23790; Aurelius Station, N.Y., YPM collection 5244/14.

3. Interior of brachial valve showing brachiophores, YPM 23791; Aurelius Station, N.Y., YPM collection 

5244/14.

4. Interior of larger brachial valve showing cardinal process, brachiophores broken, YPM 23792; Aurelius Station, 

N.Y., YPM collection 5244/14.

5. Interior of beak area of broken pedicle valve, showing pseudodeltidium and interarea, YPM 23793; Forge

Hollow, N.Y., YPM collection 5244/90B. 

6, 7. Craniops ovata (Hall) (p. 10).

6. Exterior and interior of brachial valve, USNM 162277, 162278; Schoharie, N.Y., USGS collection 3393-SD.

7. Interior of brachial valve, USNM 162278; Schoharie, N.Y., USGS collection 3393-SD. 

8-11. Eccentricosta jerseyensis (Weller) (p. 12).

8. Exterior of pedicle valve showing curving irregular costae, YPM 16070; Jerusalem Hill, N.Y., YPM 

collection 2594.

9. Interior of brachial valve showing cardinalia, YPM 16069; Jerusalem Hill, N.Y., YPM collection 2594.

10. Interior of pedicle valve showing callus platform, USNM 162279; Shutter Corners, N.Y., collection USGS 

3390-SD.

11. Exterior of pedicle valve showing spines, YPM 23794; Jerusalem Hill, N.Y., YPM collection 2594. 

12-14. Leptostrophia bipartita (Hall) (p. 10).

12. Interior of brachial valve showing cardinalia, YPM 23795; near Glenerie, N.Y., YPM collection 5244/3.14S.

13. Impression of exterior and part of interior of brachial valve showing ornamentation, USNM 162280; Shutter 

Corners, N.Y., USGS collection 3390-SD.

14. Squeeze of calcined specimen showing interior of pedicle valve, YPM 23796; Shutter Corners, N.Y., YPM 

collection 5244/150.
GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PROFESSIONAL PAPER 730 PLATE 1

: " >'*h%r

m- ,.,- ^' ^*tp

*

%m

MORINORHYNCHUS1, CRANIOPS, ECCENTRICOSTA, AND LEPTOSTROPHIA
PLATE 2

[All figures X 3]

FIGURES 1-8. Lanceomyonia? dunbarin. sp. (p. 15).

1-4. Pedicle, lateral, anterior, and brachial views of small specimen, YPM 23797; Shutter Corners, N.Y., YPM 

collection 5244/150.

5-8. Pedicle, brachial, anterior, and lateral views of holotype, YPM 23798; Aurelius Station, N.Y., YPM collection 5244/14. 

9-16. Machaeraria! lamellata (Hall) (p. 13).

9-11. Pedicle, anterior, and lateral views of an immature specimen, USNM 162281; Schoharie, N.Y., USGS collection 3393-SD.

12-15. Pedicle, brachial, anterior, and lateral views of a larger specimen, USNM 162282, Schoharie, N.Y., USGS 

collection 3393-SD.

16. Interior of brachial valve showing divided hinge plate, YPM 23799; Schoharie, N.Y., YPM collection 5244/

146. 

17-29. Microsphaeridiorhynchus litchfieldensis (Schuchert) (p. 14).

17. Interior of brachial valve showing hinge plate and median septum, YPM 23800; Aurelius Station, N.Y.,

YPM collection 5244/14. 

18-21. Pedicle, brachial, lateral, and anterior views of an immature specimen, YPM 23801; Schoharie, N.Y.,

YPM collection 5244/146. 

22-25. Pedicle, brachial, lateral, and anterior views of a large specimen, YPM 23802; Schoharie, N.Y., YPM

Collection 5244/146. 

26-29. Pedicle, brachial, lateral, and anterior views of a smaller specimen, YPM 23803; Schoharie, N.Y., YPM

collection 5244/146. 

30-35. Protathyris sulcata (Vanuxem) (p. 16).

30-33. Pedicle, brachial, posterior, and lateral views of an average specimen, YPM 23804; Aurelius Station,

N.Y., YPM collection 5244/1.56.

34. Lateral view of weathered specimen showing spire, YPM 23805. Specimen sectioned after photography. 

Aurelius Station, N.Y., YPM collection 5244/1.56.

35. Interior of posterior end of silicified shell showing dental lamellae and hinge plate, USNM 162283; Aurelius

Station, N.Y., USGS collection 3395-SD. 

36-40. Protathyris nudeolata (Hall) (p. 18).

36-39. Pedicle, lateral, anterior, and brachial views of an average specimen, YPM 23806; Schoharie, N.Y.,

YPM collection 5244/146.

40. Pedicle view of a larger specimen, YPM 23807: Jerusalem Hill, N.Y., YPM collection 5244/108. 

41-48. Howellella corallinensis eriensis (Grabau) (p. 20).

41-44. Pedicle, brachial, anterior, and lateral views of a specimen showing weak lateral costae, YPM 23808; 

Aurelius Station, N.Y., YPM collection 5244/1.56.

45. Interior of silicified brachial valve showing crural bases and small cardinal process, USNM 162284; Aurelius 

Station, N.Y., USGS collection 3395-SD.

46. Pedicle valve of specimen showing angular sulcus and growth varices, YPM 23809; Forge Hollow, N.Y., 

YPM collection 5244/90B.

47. Interior of pedicle valve showing flaring deltidial plates and thin median carina, YPM 23810; Aurelius 

Station, N.Y., YPM collection 5244/14.

48. Interior of pedicle valve with cardinal area slightly broken, showing dental lamellae and low median carina,

YPM 23811; Aurelius Station, N.Y., YPM collection 5244/14. 

49. Howellella corallinensis corallinensis (Grabau) (p. 18).

Pedicle valve showing lack of lateral costae, YPM 23812; Shutter Corners, N.Y., YPM collection 5244/150.
GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PROFESSIONAL PAPER 730 PLATE 2

LANCEOMYONIA ?, MACHAERARIA ?, MICROSPHAERIDIORHYNCHUS, PROTATHYRIS, AND HOWELLELLA
PLATE 3

[Figs. 31-34, X 5; all others X 15]

FIGURE 1. "Kloedenia" normalis Ulrich and Bassler (p. 25).

Lectotype, USNM 162287, one of syntypes numbered USNM 82997, from 182 feet above the base of the Wills 

Creek Shale, Flintstone, Md., according to original label with specimens. Presumably the same as specimen 

illustrated by Ulrich and Bassler, 1923, pi. 61, fig. 15. 

2-10. Kloedeniopsis hartnageli n. gen., n. sp. (p. 26).

2. Small tecnomorphic right valve, paratype, YPM 23813; Shutter Corners, N.Y., YPM collection 5244/150.

3. 4, 8. Right lateral, left lateral, and dorsal views of the holotype a tecnomorphic carapace, USNM 162285; 

Schoharie, N.Y., USGS collection 8063-SD.

5. Interior of a heteromorphic right valve, paratype, USNM 162286a, showing character of margins. Valve broken 

at posteroventral margin and with matrix in interior; Schoharie, N.Y., USGS collection 3393-SD.

6. 7. Left lateral and ventral views of a heteromorphic carapace, paratype, USNM 162286; Schoharie, N.Y., 

USGS collection 3393-SD.

9. Posterior view of a broken carapace, paratype, USNM 162286b, showing flangelike velar ridge; Shutter 

Corners, N.Y., USGS collection 3390-SD.

10. Right lateral view of heteromorphic valve, paratype, USNM 162286c; Schoharie, N.Y., USGS collection

8062-SD. 

11. Welleriopsis? sp. (p. 29).

USNM 162291; Shutter Corners, N.Y., USGS collection 3390-SD. 

12-17. Kloedeniopsis barretti (Weller) (p. 27).

12. Interior of tecnomorphic left valve, USNM 162289, showing marginal structures; Schoharie, N.Y., USGS 

collection 3393-SD.

13. 16. Ventral and oblique right lateral views of a heteromorphic carapace, USNM 162290, showing marginal 

spinules; Schoharie, N.Y., USGS collection 3393-SD.

14. Left lateral view of tecnomorphic carapace, YPM 23815; Schoharie, N.Y., YPM collection 5244/146.

15. Interior of heteromorphic right valve, USNM 162290a, showing hinge; Schoharie, N.Y., USGS collection 

3393-SD.

17. Right lateral view of tecnomorphic carapace, USNM 162288, showing irregular reticulation; Schoharie,

N.Y. USGS collection 8063-SD. 

18-23. Welleriopsis? pustulosa n. sp. (p. 28).

18. Small tecnomorphic right valve, paratype, USNM 162294; Schoharie, N.Y., USGS collection 8063-SD. 

19-21. Ventral, left lateral, and right lateral views of tecnomorphic carapace, holotype, USNM 162296; Schoharie,

N.Y., USGS collection 3393-SD. 

22, 23. Lateral and ventral views of heteromorphic left valve, paratype, USNM 162295; Schoharie, N.Y., USGS

collection 8064-SD. 

24-30. Tikiopsis denticulata n. gen., n. sp. (p. 27).

24. Dorsal view of complete carapace, paratype, YPM 23816, showing resemblance to Polynesian tiki; Schoharie, 

N.Y., YPM collection 5244/146.

25. 26. Ventral and right lateral views of complete carapace, holotype, USNM 162292; Schoharie, N.Y., USGS 

collection 3393-SD.

27. Lateral view of large right valve, paratype, YPM 23818; Shutter Corners, N.Y., YPM collection 5244/150.

28. Ventral view of broken carapace, paratype, YPM 23817, showing ventral flaps on both valves; Schoharie, 

N.Y., YPM collection 5244/146.

29. Ventral view of right valve showing flap, paratype, USNM 162293; Shutter Corners, N.Y., USGS collection 

3390-SD.

30. Lateral view of small tecnomorphic left valve, paratype USNM 162292a; Schoharie, N.Y., USGS collection

8439-SD. 

31-34. Leperditia scalaris (Jones) (p. 21).

31. Small left valve, USNM 162298, showing well-developed posterodorsal swelling; Aurelius Station, N.Y., 

USGS collection 3395-SD.

32. Left valve, USNM 162297, showing eye tubercle; Aurelius Station, N.Y., USGS collection 3395-SD.

33. Large right valve, USNM 162300, slightly corroded with acid, showing development of pustulose surface like 

that reported for Leperditia jonesi Hall and traces of adductor and chevron-shaped muscle scars; Aurelius 

Station, N.Y., USGS collection 3395-SD.

34. Large broken left valve, USNM 162301; Aurelius Station, N.Y., USGS collection 3395-SD.
GEOLOGICAL SURVEY

V

PROFESSIONAL PAPER 730 PLATE 3

. .--.lAMM^^^BlBV ~M* *'

tHiK:</

"KLOEDENIA," KLOEDENIOPSIS, WELLERIOPSIS ?, TIKIOPSIS, AND LEPERDITIA
PLATE 4

[All figures X 30]

FIGURES 1 8. Hammariella warthini n. sp. (p. 24).

1. Immature broken tecnomorphic left valve, paratype, USNM 162302; Schoharie, N.Y., USGS collection 7283- 

SD. -

2. Tecnomorphic left valve showing cuspate anterior lobe, velum broken, paratype USNM 162303; Schoharie, 

N.Y., USGS collection 8062-SD.

3. 4. Lateral and ventral views of heteromorphic left valve, velum broken behind crumina, holotype, USNM 

162304; Schoharie, N.Y., USGS collection 8062-SD.

5. Heteromorphic left valve showing character of velum behind crumina, anterior broken, paratype, USNM 

162305; Schoharie, N.Y., USGS collection 8062-SD.

6. Tecnomorphic left valve, broken dorsally, showing velum, paratype, YPM 23819; Schoharie, N. Y., YPM collection 5244/146.

7. Heteromorphic right valve, broken, paratype, USNM 162306; Schoharie, N.Y., USGS collection 8062-SD.

8. Tecnomorphic left valve showing velum and broken anterior cusp, paratype, USNM 162307; Schoharie, N. Y.- 

US GS collection 8062-SD. 

9-12. Garniella concentrica n. sp. (p. 22).

9. Tecnomorphic right valve, paratype, YPM 23820; Schoharie, N. Y., YPM collection 5244/146.

10. Tecnomorphic left valve, paratype, YPM 23821; Jerusalem Hill, N.Y., YPM collection 2594.

11. Crushed heteromorphic carapace showing cristae on crumina, paratype, USNM 162308; Schoharie, N.Y., USGS 

collection 7283-SD.

12. Tecnomorphic left valve showing crista outlining median lobe, holotype, USNM 162309; Schoharie, N.Y., USGS

collection 3393-SD. 

13-22. Migmatella martinssoni n. gen., n. sp. (p. 22).

13. Right lateral view of crushed tecnomorphic carapace showing cristate lobes and narrow velar bend, paratype 

YPM 23822; Schoharie, N.Y., YPM collection 5244/146.

14. Tecnomorphic left valve showing velum reduced to velar bend posteriorly, paratype, YPM 23823; Jerusalem 

Hill, N.Y., YPM collection 2594.

15. Right lateral view of small tecnomorphic carapace showing velar bend, paratype, USNM 162310; Shutter 

Corners, N.Y., USGS collection 3390-SD.

16. Oblique ventral view of broken heteromorphic left valve showing velar spur and trace of velum across crumina, paratype, USNM 162311; Schoharie, N.Y., USGS collection, 3393-SD.

17. Lateral view of heteromorphic right valve showing absence of velar spur, paratype, USNM 162312; Schoharie, 

N.Y., USGS collection 3393-SD.

18. Lateral view of tecnomorphic right valve, paratype, USNM 162313; Schoharie, N.Y., USGS collection 3393-SD. 

19-21. Dorsal, left lateral, and ventral views of a complete carapace, holotype, USNM 162314; Schoharie, 

N.Y., USGS collection 8063-SD.

22. Heteromorphic left valve, paratype, YPM 23824; Schoharie, N.Y., YPM collection 5244/146. 

23-28. Dibolbina reticruminata n. sp. (p. 23).

23. Tecnomorphic right valve, velum and both cardinal angles broken, paratype, USNM 162315; Shutter 

Corners, N.Y., USGS collection 3390-SD.

24. Tecnomorphic left valve, velum and part of syllobium broken, paratype, USNM 162316; Schoharie, N.Y., 

USGS collection 8062-SD.

25. 26. Ventral and lateral views of heteromorphic left valve, velum partly broken, showing torus, paratype, 

USNM 162317; Schoharie, N.Y., USGS collection 7283-SD.

27. Ventral view of a complete heteromorphic carapace showing velum extending around crumina and torus 

not crossing crumina, paratype, YPM 23825; Schoharie, N.Y., YPM collection 5244/146.

28. Dorsal view of complete heteromorphic carapace, velum slightly broken posteriorly, holotype, YPM 23826; 

Schoharie, N.Y., YPM collection 5244/146.
GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PROFESSIONAL PAPER 730 PLATE 4

22 ^"i^ 21 27 

HAMMARIELLA , GARNIELLA , MIGMATELLA , AND DIBOLBINA

28
PLATE 5

[All figures X 30]

FIGURES 1-12. Dizygopleura monostigma n. sp. (p. 34).

1, 2. Right lateral and left lateral views of small tecnomorphic carapace, about A-3, USNM 162318; Schoharie, 

N.Y., USGS collection 3393-SD.

3. Left lateral view of small tecnomorphic carapace showing tendency for ventral pit to connect with S3, USNM 

162319; Schoharie, N.Y., USGS collection 3393-SD.

4. Left lateral view of small carapace, about A-3, paratype, USNM 162320; Keyser Limestone, just above Gypidula 

prognostica Zone, La Vale, Md., USGS collection 8125-SD.

5. 6. Right and left lateral views of tecnomorphic carapace, A-2, USNM 162321; Schoharie, N.Y., USGS

collection 3393-SD. 

7, 8. Right lateral and dorsal views of tecnomorphic carapace showing stragular process, about A-2, USNM

162322; Schoharie, N.Y., USGS collection 3393-SD. 

9-11. Dorsal, left lateral and right lateral views of adult tecnomorph, holotype, USNM 162323; Keyser Limestone,

just above Gypidula prognostica, Zone, La Vale, Md., USGS collection 8125-SD.

12. Heteromorphic left valve showing broader L4, paratype, USNM 162324; Keyser Limestone, just above

Gypidula prognostica Zone, La Vale, Md., USGS collection 8125-SD. 

13-16. Dizygopleura costata Ulrich and Bassler (p. 35).

13. Left lateral view of lectotype, USNM 162325; Tonoloway Limestone (upper), Keyser, W. Va., from cotype 

lot USNM 63677.

14. 15. Left and right lateral views of a carapace, USNM 162326; Schoharie, N.Y., USGS collection 3393-SD. 

16. Dorsal view of another carapace, USNM 162327; Schoharie, N. Y., USGS collection 3393-SD. 

17. Dizygopleura clarkei paupera (Ulrich and Bassler) (p. 34).

Right lateral view of carapace, holotype, USNM 53280; Keyser Limestone, Cumberland, Md. 

18, 19. Dizygopleura viafontinalis n. sp. (p. 36).

18. Right lateral view of slightly crushed tecnomorphic carapace, paratype, USNM 162328; Schoharie, N.Y., 

USGS collection 3393-SD.

19. Lateral view of heteromorphic left valve, holotype, showing sigmoidal Si and punctate surface, USNM

162329; Schoharie, N.Y., USGS collection 8062-SD. 

20-45. Dizygopleura hallii (Jones) (p. 31).

20. Interior of right valve showing stragular notch, USNM 162330; Schoharie, N.Y., USGS collection 8063-SD.

21. 22. Right and left lateral views of small tecnomorphic carapace, A-4 or A-3, USNM 162331; Schoharie, 

N.Y., USGS collection 3393-SD.

23. Right lateral view of small tecnomorphic carapace, A-3 or A-4, USNM 162332; Schoharie, N.Y., USGS 

collection 3393-SD.

24. 25. Right and left lateral views of a slightly crushed tecnomorphic carapace, A-3, USNM 162333; Schoharie,

N.Y., USGS collection 3393-SD. 

26, 27. Right and left lateral views of a carapace with narrow but deep S3, A-3, USNM 162334; Schoharie,

N.Y., USGS collection 3393-SD. 

28, 29. Right and left lateral views of a tecnomorphic carapace with wider S3, A-3, USNM 162335; Schoharie,

N.Y., USGS collection 3393-SD.

30. Left lateral view of tecnomorphic carapace with narrow, shallow S3, A-3, USNM 162336; Schoharie, N.Y., 

USGS collection 3393-SD.

31. Left lateral view of tecnomorphic carapace with narrow S3, A-2, USNM 162337; Schoharie, N.Y., USGS 

collection 3393-SD.

32. Right lateral view of tecnomorphic carapace with narrow S3, A-2 or A-l, USNM 162338; Schoharie, N.Y. 

USGS collection 3393-SD.

33. Right lateral view of tecnomorphic carapace with wide S3, A-l, USNM 162339; Schoharie, N.Y., USGS 

collection 3393-SD.

34. 35. Right and left lateral views of tecnomorphic carapace, A-l, USNM 162340; Schoharie, N.Y., USGS 

collection 3393-SD.

36. Left lateral view of tecnomorphic carapace, A-l, YPM 23827; Schoharie, N.Y., YPM collection 5244/146.

37. 38. Right and left lateral views of tecnomorphic carapace with wide and deep S3, adult, USNM 162341; 

Schoharie, N.Y., USGS collection 3393-SD.

39. Dorsal view of adult tecnomorphic carapace showing stragular process, USNM 162342; Schoharie, N.Y., 

USGS collection 3393-SD.

40. Dorsal view of adult heteromorphic carapace showing posterior inflation, USNM 162343; Schoharie, N.Y., 

USGS collection 3393-SD.

41. Left lateral view of adult tecnomorphic carapace with deep sulci, USNM 162344; Schoharie, N.Y., USGS 

collection 3393-SD.

42. Left lateral view of adult heteromorphic carapace, USNM 162345; Schoharie, N.Y., USGS collection 3393- 

SD.

43. Right lateral view of slightly crushed heteromorphic carapace, NYSM 12718; from slab with holotype of 

Dizygopleura clarkei, from Herkimer County, N.Y.

44. Lateral view of heteromorphic left valve, holotype of Dizygopleura clarkei, NYSM 4141; Herkimer County, 

N.Y.

45. Lateral view of heteromorphic left valve, holotype of Dizygopleura hallii, BMNH In 35128; near Utica, N.Y.
GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PROFESSIONAL PAPER 730 PLATE 5

 i

>, Wx -\j*-^ <.&r

' 43 

DIZYGOPLEURA
PLATE 6

[All figures X 30]

FIGURES 1-3. Thlipsurella parva n. sp. (p. 39).

1, 2. Right lateral and dorsal views of the holotype, USNM 162346; Schoharie, N. Y., USGS collection 7283- SD.

3. Left lateral view of paratype carapace, USNM 162347; Schoharie, N.Y. USGS collection 7283-SD. 

4-7. Thlipsuropsis inaequalis (Ulrich and Bassler) (p. 38).

4. t>. Dorsal and right lateral views of a complete carapace, YPM 23828; Schoharie, N. Y., YPM collection t>244/

146. 

6, 7. Left lateral and dorsal views of another complete carapace, USNM 162348; Schoharie, N.Y., USGS

collection 3393-SD. 

8-13. Nunculina striatopuncta n. gen., n. sp. (p. 41).

8. Interior of left valve, paratype, USNM 162349, showing slight marginal groove; Schoharie, N.Y., USGS 

collection 7283-SD.

9. Dorsal view of complete carapace, paratype, USNM 1623t>0; Schoharie, N.Y., USGS collection 3393-SD.

10. Left lateral view of carapace, slightly broken posteriorly, showing small punctae, paratype, USNM 162351; 

Schoharie, N.Y., USGS collection 7283-SD.

11. Interior of left valve showing internal ridge reflecting external sulcus, paratype, YPM 23829; Schoharie, 

N.Y., YPM collection 5244/146.

12. Right lateral view of carapace showing overlap, holotype, YPM 23830; Schoharie, N.Y., YPM collection 

5244/146.

13. Left lateral view of large carapace, paratype, YPM 23831; Schoharie, N.Y., YPM collection 5244/146.

14. Hollinid?, gen. and sp. indet. (p. 29). USNM 162353; Schoharie, N.Y., USGS collection 8064-SD.

15. Kirkbyellid?, gen. and sp. indet. (p. 29). USNM 162354; Schoharie, N.Y., USGS collection 8064-SD.

16. Halliella? sp. (p. 30). USNM 162355; Schoharie, N.Y., USGS collection 7283-SD.

17. Marginia? sp. (p. 38). USNM 162356; Schoharie, N.Y., USGS collection 8062-SD. 

18-24. Cytherellina crepiduloides n. sp. (p. 39).

18. Right lateral view of complete carapace, holotype, USNM 162357; Schoharie, N.Y., USGS collection 3393- 

SD.

19. Interior of left valve showing anterodorsal shelf and round depression below it, presumably adductor muscle 

pit, paratype YPM 23832; Schoharie, N.Y., YPM collection 5244/146.

20. Interior of right valve showing lack of marginal structures, paratype, YPM 23833; Schoharie, N.Y., YPM 

collection 5244/146.

21. Interior of right valve showing adductor muscle pit, paratype, USNM 162358; Schoharie, N. Y., USGS collection 3393-SD.

22. Dorsal view of complete carapace, paratype, YPM 23834; Schoharie, N.Y., YPM collection 5244/146.

23. Interior of left valve showing marginal structures, paratype, YPM 23835; Schoharie, N.Y., YPM collection 

5244/146.

24. Right lateral view of crushed carapace, paratype, YPM 23836; Schoharie, N.Y., YPM collection 5244/146. 

25-29. Eukloedenella? weldae n. sp. (p. 37).

25. Left lateral view of complete tecnomorphic carapace, paratype, USNM 162359; Schoharie, N.Y., USGS 

collection 7283-SD.

26. Dorsal view of complete tecnomorphic carapace showing indented posterior, paratype, USNM 162360; 

Schoharie, N.Y., USGS collection 7283-SD.

27. Right lateral view of heteromorphic carapace, holotype, USNM 162361; Schobarie, N.Y., USGS collection 

3393-SD.

28. Dorsal view of complete heteromorphic carapace showing wide stragular process and inflated posterior, paratype USNM 162362; Schoharie, N.Y., USGS collection 7283-SD.

29. Interior of large heteromorphic left valve showing groove beneath stragular process and possible adductor

muscle pit, paratype, USNM 162363; Schoharie, N.Y., USGS collection 3393-SD. 

30-33. Bonneprimites? breviformis Swartz and Whitmore (p. 38).

Dorsal, left lateral, ventral, and right lateral views of a complete carapace, USNM 162364; Shutter Corners,

N.Y., USGS collection 3390-SD. 

34-40. Leiocyamus punctatus n. sp. (p. 29).

34. Interior of heteromorphic left valve, paratype, YPM 23837; Schoharie, N.Y., YPM collection 5244/146.

35. Interior of heteromorphic right valve, showing hinge, paratype, YPM 23838; Schoharie, N. Y., YPM collection 

5244/146.

36. Dorsal view of tecnomorphic carapace, paratype, USNM 162365; Schoharie, N.Y., USGS collection 3393-SD.

37. Right lateral view of tecnomorphic carapace, paratype, YPM 23839; Schoharie, N.Y., YPM collection 

5244/146.

38. Posterior view of heteromorphic carapace, paratype, USNM 162366; Schoharie, N.Y., USGS collection 

3393-SD.

39. Left lateral view of heteromorphic carapace, holotype, YPM 23840; Schoharie, N.Y., YPM collection 

5244/146.

40. Dorsal view of heteromorphic carapace, paratype, YPM 23841; Schoharie, N.Y., YPM collection 5244/146.
Plate 6 Continued

41-43. Kloedenella sp. (p. 37).

41, 42. Right and left views of a tecnomorphic carapace, USNM 162367; Schoharie, N.Y., USGS collection

3393-SD. 

43. Right lateral view of another tecnomorphic carapace, YPM 23842; Schoharie, N.Y., YPM collection

5244/146. 

44. Primitiopsis? sp. (p. 30).

Left lateral view of slightly broken tecnomorphic carapace, USNM 162368; Schoharie, N.Y., USGS collection

8062-SD. 

45, 46. Leiocyamus sp. B (p. 30).

45. Right lateral view of crushed heteromorphic carapace, USNM 162369; Schoharie, N.Y., USGS collection 

3393-SD.

46. Left valve of heteromorph, USNM 162370; Schoharie, N.Y., USGS collection 3393-SD. 

47, 48. Leiocyamus sp. A (p. 30).

Oblique dorsal and left lateral views of heteromorphic carapace, YPM 23843; Shutter Corners, N.Y., YPM collection 5244/150.

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PROFESSIONAL PAPER 730 PLATE 6

45

THLIPSURELLA , THLIPSUROPSIS, NUNCULINA , HOLLINID?, KIRKBYELLID?, HALLIELA ?, 

MARGIN1A1, CYTHERELLINA, EUKLOEDENELLA ?, BONNEPRIMITES ?, 

LEIOCYAMUS, KLOEDENELLA, AND PRIMITIOPSIS1

U. S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE: 1972 O - 447-769