UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT

FOR THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA

)

WILLIE BREWER, )

)

Plaintiff, )

)

v. ) Civil Action No. 11-cv-1206 (KBJ)

)

DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA, et al., )

)

Defendants. )

)

MEMORANDUM OPINION

In the fall of 2009, District of Columbia Public Schools (“DCPS”) Chancellor 

Michelle Rhee decided to fire 233 school teachers pursuant to a purported Reduction in

Force (“RIF”) that Rhee maintained was necessary due to budget constraints and poor 

performance. This DCPS employment action was highly controversial, in no small part 

because DCPS had just hired 934 new teachers the previous spring and summer, and 

unlike many of the seasoned, older RIF-separated teachers, the new hires were mostly 

people in their twenties who were just beginning teaching careers through programs like 

Teach for America. On October 9, 2009, the Washington Teacher’s Union (“WTU”) 

filed a lawsuit in the Superior Court of the District of Columbia against Rhee, DCPS, 

the District of Columbia, and D.C.’s Mayor on behalf of the RIF-separated teachers. 

WTU alleged that DCPS’s assertion of a budget shortfall was a pretext for age 

discrimination; in the union’s view, DCPS had claimed that it was undertaking a RIF in 

order to discharge older teachers without having to follow the discharge procedures in 

WTU’s Collective Bargaining Agreement (“CBA”) with DCPS. The Superior Court 
disagreed, granting summary judgment to DCPS on the grounds that the record clearly 

established that DCPS had implemented the terminations in response to budgetary 

constraints—i.e., that the employment action was, in fact, a RIF and not a pretext for 

age discrimination. 

Plaintiff Willie Brewer (“Plaintiff” or “Brewer”) is a former DCPS music teacher

and WTU member who retired after receiving notice that his position was being 

eliminated due to the 2009 RIF. He now brings suit against the District of Columbia, 

current DCPS Chancellor Kaya Henderson in her official capacity, former DCPS 

Chancellor Michelle Rhee in her individual capacity, and former DCPS Chief Financial 

Officer Noah Wepman in his individual capacity (collectively, “Defendants”). The 

gravamen of Brewer’s complaint is that DCPS’s employment action in 2009 was not 

actually a valid RIF and, instead, was a pretext for age discrimination, and that even if 

it was a valid RIF, Defendants failed to implement the various procedural protections 

for RIF-separated teachers that D.C.’s municipal regulations require. As a corollary to 

his principal claims, Brewer also argues that Defendants unlawfully breached Brewer’s

own employment contract, and that Defendants fraudulently misrepresented both the 

reasons why DCPS made the terminations generally and the reasons for Brewer’s 

termination in particular. 

Before this Court at present are two motions: a motion to dismiss the complaint

or, in the alternative, for summary judgment, that the District of Columbia and 

Henderson have filed, and a motion to dismiss the complaint that has been submitted by 

individual defendants Wepman and Rhee. Yesterday, this Court issued an Order 

announcing that both of these motions are GRANTED (see Order, ECF No. 54), and the 

2
instant Memorandum Opinion explains the reasoning behind that ruling. In short, this

Court concludes that Brewer’s complaint must be DISMISSED for two reasons: first, 

because the Superior Court’s judgment in the WTU lawsuit precludes Brewer from 

relitigating whether or not the 2009 DCPS employment action was, in fact, a RIF; and 

second, because Brewer chose to retire when the RIF announcement was made—that is,

Brewer’s employment was not actually terminated pursuant to the 2009 RIF—and as a 

result, Brewer lacks standing to challenge Defendants’ alleged failure to implement 

post-RIF procedural protections for the benefit of RIF-separated teachers. 

I. BACKGROUND

A. The 2009 DCPS Employment Action And Brewer’s Response 1

Plaintiff Willie Brewer worked for DCPS for over 28 years. (Compl. ¶ 4.) Most 

recently, Brewer worked at Thurgood Marshall Elementary School as an “Instrumental 

Music K-12 Grade Level Professional.” (Id. ¶¶ 2, 6.) In the spring and summer of 

2009, DCPS hired 934 new teachers for the D.C. public school system—these new 

teachers were mostly recent college graduates at the beginning of teaching careers who 

DCPS hired through placements by programs like Teach for America. (See Compl. 

¶ 13; Suppl. Compl. ¶¶ 7-8, 10.) According to the complaint, the hiring of these new 

1 Many of the facts related in this opinion have been culled from two separate complaints that Brewer 

has filed in this Court. Brewer filed the initial complaint on June 29, 2011 (see Compl., ECF No. 1), 

and thereafter, he requested leave to amend his complaint (see Pl.’s Mot. for Leave to Supplement 

Compl., ECF No. 18), which this Court permitted (see Minute Order Granting Mot. for Leave to 

Supplement Compl. July 12, 2013). However, instead of filing an amended complaint that contained all 

of the information in the original complaint along with the new information, Brewer filed a second 

“Supplemental” complaint that contains only the additional information. (See Am. (Supplemental) 

Compl. (“Suppl. Compl.”), ECF No. 20.) As a result, Brewer’s two complaints must be read together, 

and both are cited throughout this opinion.

3

 
teachers was unsustainable under DCPS’s budget, and DCPS knew that at the time. 

(Suppl. Compl. ¶ 9.) 

The events preceding Brewer’s separation from DCPS are largely undisputed. 

On October 2, 2009, Brewer received a letter that stated that his position with DCPS 

would be eliminated pursuant to a Reduction in Force. (See Compl. ¶ 4.) The letter 

informed Brewer that employees subject to the RIF “may receive a severance payment” 

and that Brewer “may be eligible to retire in lieu of being separated from service[,]” 

which would mean Brewer would be eligible for a retirement annuity. (See Ltr. From 

Michelle Rhee to Willie Brewer Jr. (Oct. 2, 2009) (“RIF Notice”), ECF No. 24-1 at 2.) 2

 

The letter directed Brewer to consult the DCPS webpage for further information, and to 

contact the DCPS Office of Human Resources with any questions. (Id. at 3.) Brewer 

ultimately opted to retire from his position as a music teacher. (See Notification of 

Personnel Action, ECF No. 24-2 at 2; see also Suppl. Compl. ¶ 27 (contending that 

Brewer was “forced into involuntary retirement”); but see Compl. ¶ 4 (“Plaintiff was 

terminated by Defendants” as a teacher “due to a ‘Reduction-in-Force’”).) 

B. The Union Litigation

Brewer was one of approximately 200 teachers who were notified that their 

positions were being eliminated pursuant to the 2009 RIF. (See Compl. ¶ 10.) 

According to the complaint, a vast majority of the RIF-separated teachers were over 

forty years of age (see id.), and few if any of the younger teachers were fired as a result 

of the purported RIF (see Suppl. Compl. ¶ 13). This Court takes judicial notice of the 

fact that, approximately one week after Rhee sent out the letter announcing the RIF in 

2

 Citations to documents that the parties have filed refer to the page numbers that the Court’s 

electronic filing system assigns.

4

 
2009, the Washington Teachers’ Union Local #6 (“WTU”), filed a lawsuit in Superior 

Court to challenge DCPS’s conduct on behalf of their members, including Brewer and 

other veteran teachers. See Wash. Teachers’ Union Local #6 v. Rhee, Case No. 2009 

CA 007482 B (D.C. Super Ct. filed Oct. 9, 2009) (“Union Litigation”). As explained 

infra, WTU generally contended that the terminations were not really a RIF but a mass 

discharge, and it sought to enjoin the terminations pending arbitration pursuant to the 

teachers’ collective bargaining agreement, which required arbitration of discharges. 

(See Union Litig. Am. Compl., ECF No. 24-3, ¶¶ 22, 30, 41.) In addition, WTU 

brought a statutory claim under the Public Education Reform Amendment Act, 

contending that the terminations violated DCPS’s statutory duty to “endeavor to keep 

teachers in place after the start of the school year and transfer teachers, if necessary, 

during summer break.” (Id. ¶ 46 (quotation marks omitted).)

The specifics of WTU’s substantive challenge to the RIF are pertinent to this

Court’s analysis of the claims Brewer makes in the instant action. In its complaint, 

WTU specifically alleged that the purported RIF was an “attempt to disguise [a] mass 

discharge[.]” (Id. at 3.) The complaint stated that, despite DCPS’s assertions to the 

contrary, there was no “budget shortfall” that necessitated a RIF, and that this

explanation was merely a “pretextual attempt” to “discharge a substantial number of 

veteran teachers[.]” (Id. at 3–4; see also id. at 3 (“DCPS’ claim that a ‘budget 

shortfall’ made a [RIF] necessary is belied by the facts.”); id. at ¶ 8 (“DCPS labeled the 

terminations . . . as a RIF due to an alleged ‘budget shortfall,’ but in actuality, it was a 

mass discharge[.]”).) Moreover, WTU alleged that, even if it turned out that there was 

a budget shortfall, DCPS had caused the budgetary problems on purpose, by hiring a 

5
large number of new young teachers knowing that the budget could not accommodate 

those hires, so that DCPS could remove older teachers. (See id. at 3; id. ¶ 15.)

The Superior Court denied WTU’s request for a preliminary injunction. (See 

Super. Ct. Order in Union Litig. (“Union Litig. Op.”), ECF No. 24-4, at 2.) Then, on 

September 7, 2012, after a limited discovery period, the Superior Court granted 

summary judgment to the District, finding that “the undisputed facts establish that the 

RIF was implemented in response to a shortfall that had been created in the DCPS 

budget[.]” (Id. at 4; see also id. at 5 (“[B]ased on the undisputed material facts in the 

record, the RIF was undertaken in the fall of 2009 in response to a budget shortfall, and 

it was indeed a RIF.”).) Moreover, the Superior Court emphatically rejected the

allegation in WTU’s complaint that the RIF was “a pretext for terminating more senior 

teachers who otherwise could not have been discharged[,]” finding that “[t]he 

undisputed facts in the record in no way support that claim.” (Id. at 5 n.3.) WTU 

appealed the Superior Court’s decision (see Notice of Appeal, ECF No. 24-5), and that 

appeal is currently pending before the District of Columbia Court of Appeals. 

Notably, Brewer was on the WTU Executive Board and remained a member of 

WTU until the Union Litigation ended. (See Aff. of Pl. Willie Brewer (“Brewer Aff.”), 

ECF No. 47, ¶ 1.) However, according to an affidavit that Brewer filed in the instant 

case, Brewer was dissatisfied with the way WTU handled the case in Superior Court. 

(See id. ¶¶ 1-2; see also Exs. 1–4 to Brewer Aff., ECF Nos. 47-1–47-4 (letters 

expressing disagreement with Union litigation strategy).) Brewer claims that WTU 

“refused to consider evidence [Brewer] suggested” and that such evidence “would have 

weighed against whether [Rhee] reasonably believed that a budget shortfall existed at 

6
the time of the mass discharge.” (Brewer Aff. ¶ 1.) Consequently, Brewer and other 

teachers allegedly “held several protest rallies outside of [the] WTU Office Building on 

the public sidewalk because WTU President George Parker and lawyers refused to hear 

from us.” (Id. ¶ 2.) Brewer also formed a non-profit—Fight for Fired DC Personnel—

in order to “fight against the inadequacy” of the Union’s representation. (Id. ¶ 2.) 

Brewer claims that, because of his vocal disagreement with WTU’s litigation strategy, 

he was ultimately “banned from attending and participating in WTU Executive Board 

meetings[.]” (Id. ¶ 1.) Nevertheless, Brewer retained his WTU membership, and

apparently remained a member of that union until some point after he filed the instant 

lawsuit. (See id. ¶ 2 (noting that the members of Fight for Fired DC Personnel were 

also WTU members); see also id. ¶ 13–14 (noting that Brewer continued to participate 

in Fight for Fired DC Personnel activities through December of 2012).)

C. Procedural History

Brewer filed the instant action on June 29, 2011 (see generally Compl.); he filed 

his supplemental complaint on July 12, 2013 (see generally Suppl. Compl.). Generally 

speaking, Brewer alleges that the sole justification for the challenged DCPS conduct

was Rhee’s desire to hire a younger teaching staff, which she allegedly did with “actual 

malice against older teachers” and with disregard for their rights. (Suppl. Compl. ¶ 20.) 

To support this contention, Brewer alleges that Rhee specifically admitted at an October 

29, 2009, City Council meeting that there was no budget problem necessitating a RIF,

and based largely on this contention, Brewer maintains that, thus, the DCPS’s 

employment action was unjustified. (Id. ¶ 15.) In addition, Brewer alleges that Rhee 

and DCPS violated D.C. law by not following the required RIF-related provisions for 

re-hiring RIF-separated teachers. (See, e.g., id. ¶ 25.)

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Brewer alleges five separate counts against Defendants. 3

 In Count One, Brewer 

alleges that Defendants’ 2009 employment action had a disparate impact on teachers 

over 40 and thus violated the Age Discrimination in Employment Act, 29 U.S.C. 

§§ 631-634, and also that Brewer and other similarly-situated teachers were denied the 

reemployment procedures that the RIF regulations require. (Compl. ¶¶ 21-25.) In 

Count Two, Brewer alleges that the same conduct also violated the D.C. Human Rights 

Act, D.C. Code § 2-1402.11. (Suppl. Compl. ¶¶ 29.) In Count Three, Brewer alleges 

that Defendants violated 42 U.S.C. § 1983 “by using RIF procedures [ ] as a pretext to 

deprive the RIF-separated teachers of their government employment under color of 

law.” (Id. ¶ 32.) 4

 Count Four alleges that Defendants generally committed fraudulent 

misrepresentation in violation of D.C. common law when they made statements 

concerning the RIF, or concealed the true information about the RIF, from the City 

Council, the older teachers generally, and the general public—each of whom allegedly 

detrimentally relied on the information. (Suppl. Compl. ¶¶ 35–37.) 5 As a result of that 

detrimental reliance, Brewer alleges that the older teachers “forfeited their property 

3 Brewer’s complaint does not clearly state which counts he brings against which of the defendants; 

therefore, the Court will construe the complaint as asserting all five claims against each of the 

defendants. 

4 In this count, Brewer lists specific actions that the individual defendants allegedly took to violate 

“Plaintiff and the Older Teachers[’]” civil rights. (See id. ¶ 33.) These alleged actions include 

“concealment of the RIF process from the City Council”; “intentionally abusing the RIF procedure by 

invoking it in the absence of budgetary necessity”; “knowingly using the RIF procedure . . . as a pretext 

for illegal age discrimination”; “artificially creating the budgetary reason for the 2009 RIF” by hiring 

so many younger teachers; concealing the extent of the hiring from DCPS; and defaming older teachers. 

(Suppl. Compl. ¶¶ 33(a)–(h).)

5 Brewer does not identify any particular statements that he believes were false, but he attaches to his 

supplemental complaint slides from a presentation that Rhee made to the D.C. City Council on October 

29, 2009. (See Testimony of Michelle Rhee, Chancellor, Meeting of the Council of the District of 

Columbia, Attach. A to Suppl. Compl., ECF No. 20 at 20.) Brewer believes that Rhee admitted at this 

meeting that a budget shortfall did not necessitate the RIF. (See Suppl. Compl. ¶ 15.)

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rights in continued employment[.]” (Id. ¶ 37.) Finally, in Count Five, Brewer alleges 

that Defendants committed a breach of contract in violation of D.C. common law when 

it notified him his position was being eliminated in October of 2009, because his 

employment agreement allegedly guaranteed his employment through the 2010 

academic year. (Compl. ¶¶ 39–40.) Significantly, the document that Brewer has 

attached to his Supplemental Complaint that purportedly memorializes his employment 

agreement is an amendment to WTU’s Collective Bargaining Agreement with DCPS.

(See Mem. of Agreement, Attach. B to Suppl. Compl., ECF No. 20 at 34.)

Defendants District of Columbia and Henderson (collectively, “the District”) 

have filed a motion to dismiss, or in the alternative, for summary judgment. (See Defs.’

Mot. to Dismiss, or in the Alternative, for Summ. J. (“Defs.’ Mot.”), ECF 24.) 6

 The 

District contends that the entire complaint should be dismissed as res judicata because 

Brewer’s union has already challenged the 2009 DCPS terminations in court and lost. 

(See id. at 1.) The District also offers four alternative arguments in support of 

dismissal. First, the District argues that the Court should dismiss Brewer’s 

discrimination claims (Counts One, Two, and Three) because Brewer retired before the 

2009 RIF went into effect. (See id. at 14.) Next, the District contends that Brewer’s 

Section 1983 claim (Count Three) must be dismissed because the ADEA provides the 

exclusive federal remedy for age discrimination claims. (See id. at 15.) Third, the 

District argues that the Court should dismiss Brewer’s fraudulent misrepresentation 

6 The Court is here referencing the District’s second motion to dismiss—the parties engaged in a 

preliminary round of motion-to-dismiss briefing in this Court prior to Brewer’s filing of the 

supplemental complaint. (See Defs.’ Mot. to Dismiss, ECF No. 4.) At that time, the District moved to 

dismiss Brewer’s action on the grounds of res judicata, collateral estoppel, and the doctrine of parallel 

litigation, based on a then-pending D.C. Superior Court complaint that Brewer filed in November of 

2010 challenging the same RIF. (Id.) This motion to dismiss was eventually denied after Brewer 

voluntarily dismissed his Superior Court case. (See Order Denying Mot. to Dismiss, ECF No. 12.)

9

 
claim (Count Four) because Brewer’s supplemental complaint failed to allege either a 

specific representation that DCPS made or any action that Brewer took in reliance on 

such a statement. (See id. at 16.) Fourth and finally, the District maintains that the 

Court should dismiss Brewer’s claim for breach of contract (Count Five) because the 

District never guaranteed Brewer’s employment, and even if the contract did guarantee 

employment, Brewer chose to retire. (See id. at 17.) 

Defendants Noah Wepman and Michelle Rhee (“the Individual Capacity 

Defendants”) have also filed a motion seeking dismissal of Brewer’s complaint. (Defs. 

Noah Wepman & Michelle Rhee’s Mot. to Dismiss from the Case (“Indiv. Defs.’ 

Mot.”), ECF 37.) The Individual Capacity Defendants argue that the time allotted 

under the relevant statute of limitations for Brewer to name Wepman had expired before 

Brewer named Wepman as a defendant. (See id. at 5–8.) The Individual Capacity 

Defendants argue that Rhee too must be dismissed from the case on statute of 

limitations grounds and, additionally, because Rhee has not been properly served. (See 

id. at 8.) 

This Court has now considered Defendants’ motions, Brewer’s responses, and 

Defendants’ Replies. (See Pl.’s Resp. to the Defs.’ Mot. to Dismiss, or in the 

Alternative, for Summ. J., ECF No. 27; D.C.’s Reply to Pl.’s Resp. to Defs.’ Mot. to 

Dismiss, or in the Alternative, for Summ. J., ECF No. 29; Pl.’s Surreply, ECF No. 39;

Dist.’s Reply to Pl.’s Surreply to the Mot. to Dismiss, or in the Alternative, for Summ. 

J., ECF No. 50; Pl.’s Opp. to Defs.’ Mot to Dismiss with Respect to Rhee, ECF No. 40; 

Def. Michelle Rhee’s Reply to Pl.;s Opp’n to the Mot. to Dismiss Michelle Rhee from 

the Case, ECF No. 49 at 1.) The Court has also reviewed the various documents that 

10
the parties attached to their briefs, including (1) a letter from Chancellor Rhee to 

Brewer, dated October 2, 2009, informing Brewer that his position at DCPS “is being 

eliminated as part of a reduction in force” and that he “may be eligible to retire in lieu 

of being separated from service” (RIF Notice at 1); (2) a document titled “Notification 

of Personnel Action,” which indicates that Brewer elected to retire (Notification of 

Personnel Action, ECF No. 24-2); and (3) an affidavit from Brewer explaining his 

experience with respect to the Union Litigation (see Aff. of Pl. Willie Brewer (“Brewer 

Aff.”), ECF No. 47; Exs. 1-4 to Brewer Aff., ECF Nos. 47-1–47-4.). The Court has also 

held a hearing on this matter. (See Minute Entry for Motion Hearing, May 14, 2014.) 

II. ANALYSIS

Brewer’s primary contention is that the DCPS’s employment action in 2009 was 

not actually a valid RIF because it was not required for budgetary reasons and, instead, 

the termination of his position was a pretext for age discrimination. (See, e.g., Compl. 

¶¶ 10, 24; Suppl. Comp. ¶¶ 7, 19.) At the same time—and presumably in the 

alternative—Brewer argues that the 2009 RIF does qualify as a valid RIF, and that

Defendants violated the law by failing to implement the post-RIF procedural protections 

for teachers that D.C. municipal regulations require. (See, e.g., Compl. ¶ 14; Suppl. 

Compl. ¶¶ 24, 33(e).) 7

 Brewer also claims that DCPS fraudulently misrepresented that 

7 Brewer makes these mutually exclusive claims not in separate counts of the complaint, but within the 

text of the same counts. (Compare, e.g., Suppl. Compl. ¶ 33(b) (asserting that the Defendants 

“conspired to deprive Plaintiff and the Older Teachers of their civil rights” by “intentionally abusing 

the RIF procedure by invoking it in the absence of budgetary necessity”) with id. ¶ 33(e) (asserting that 

the Defendants “conspired to deprive Plaintiff and the Older Teachers of their civil rights” by “failing 

to provide a priority reinstatement mechanism for Older Teachers, as required under D.C. Code[]” 

(citing D.C. Code § 1-624.02(a)(3) (“Reduction-in-force procedures . . . shall include . . . priority 

reemployment consideration for employees separated.”)).) The Court will refer to Brewer’s allegation 

that 2009 DCPS employment action was not actually a RIF at all because it was not required for 

budgetary reasons and therefore violated the ADEA, DCHRA, and Section 1983 as “part 1” of Counts 

One, Two, and Three, and it will refer to Brewer’s allegation that the 2009 DCPS employment action

11

 
the contested employment action was a RIF and thereby induced teachers such as 

himself to “forfeit[] their property rights in continued employment as DCPS teachers 

without appropriate informed consent” (Suppl. Compl. ¶ 37), and that Defendants 

breached a contract that guaranteed Brewer’s employment through 2010. (Compl. 

¶¶ 38–41). 

As explained fully below, this Court concludes that Brewer’s entire complaint

must be dismissed for two reasons. First, dismissal is required because the Superior 

Court considered and decided the issue of whether the DCPS terminations were a valid 

RIF or a pretext for discrimination in the WTU litigation—with respect to which 

Brewer was a party through his union—and thus Brewer is precluded from bringing this 

same challenge again, as he seeks to do in various counts of the complaint (namely, part

1 of Counts One, Two, and Three; Count Four; and Count Five). (See supra n.7.) 

Second, with respect to Brewer’s contention that Defendants failed to implement the 

required post-RIF procedural protections for RIF-separated teachers (part 2 of Counts 

One, Two, and Three), Brewer lacks standing to bring this claim because Brewer was 

not terminated pursuant to the RIF and instead chose to retire. 

A. Brewer Is Precluded From Relitigating Whether The 2009 DCPS 

Employment Action Was A Valid RIF Or A Pretext For Age 

Discrimination

As explained above, the Washington Teacher’s Union Local #6 challenged the 

2009 DCPS employment action in D.C. Superior Court on the grounds that it was a 

pretext for a mass discriminatory discharge of veteran teachers (see Union Litig. Am.

was a RIF and that the Defendants failed to implement post-RIF procedural protections for teachers that 

D.C. municipal regulations require and therefore violated the ADEA, DCHRA, and Section 1983 as 

“part 2” of Counts One, Two, and Three. 

12

 
Compl. at 3–4), and it was only after the Superior Court had held that “the RIF was 

undertaken . . . in response to a budget shortfall, and it was indeed a RIF” (Union Litig. 

Op. at 5), that Plaintiff Brewer, who is a member of the WTU, filed the instant action. 

Thus, Brewer’s complaint—which is likewise primarily based on the allegation that the 

terminations were a pretext for age discrimination—raises the specter of res judicata

(i.e., preclusion). 

1. Applicable Standards

a. Preclusion

Generally speaking, res judicata is a well-settled doctrine pursuant to which 

courts “preclude parties from contesting matters that they have had a full and fair 

opportunity to litigate” and thereby “protect[] their adversaries from the expense and 

vexation attending multiple lawsuits, conserve[] judicial resources, and foster[] reliance 

on judicial action by minimizing the possibility of inconsistent decisions.” Montana v. 

United States, 440 U.S. 147, 153–54 (1979). The term “res judicata” collectively refers 

to two different doctrines: claim preclusion and issue preclusion. See Taylor v. 

Sturgell, 553 U.S. 880, 892 (2008). 

“Under the doctrine of claim preclusion, a final judgment forecloses ‘successive 

litigation of the very same claim, whether or not relitigation of the claim raises the 

same issues as the earlier suit.’” Taylor, 553 U.S. at 892 (quoting New Hampshire v. 

Maine, 532 U.S. 742, 748 (2001)). Thus, the doctrine of claim preclusion bars a 

successive action when a plaintiff files a new suit arising out the same facts as an 

earlier unsuccessful cause of action. See, e.g., Silva v. City of New Bedford, 660 F.3d 

76 (1st Cir. 2011) (holding that the doctrine of claim preclusion barred an arrestee’s 

13
lawsuit against a city alleging that she had been arrested negligently because the 

arrestee had brought an earlier suit against the police officers whom had arrested her 

and both cases involved the same incident); Welk v. Fed. Nat. Mortgage Ass’n, 561 F. 

App’x 577 (8th Cir. 2014) (holding that the doctrine of claim preclusion barred a 

mortgagor’s suit against a subsequent purchaser to challenge the foreclosure of his 

home because the mortgagor had participated in an earlier class action challenging 

foreclosures by national banks and both cases involved the same foreclosure on 

mortgagor’s home). 

“Issue preclusion, in contrast, bars ‘successive litigation of an issue of fact or 

law actually litigated and resolved in a valid court determination essential to the prior 

judgment,’ even if the issue recurs in the context of a different claim.” Taylor, 553 

U.S. at 892. (quoting New Hampshire, 532 at 748–749). Thus, the doctrine of issue 

preclusion “treats as final only those questions actually and necessarily decided in a 

prior suit.” Brown v. Felsen, 442 U.S. 127, 139 n. 10 (1979); see also, e.g., Dummar v. 

Lummis, 543 F.3d 614, 623–624 (10th Cir. 2008) (holding that the doctrine of issue 

preclusion barred a complaint alleging that defendant heirs to an intestate estate had 

been unjustly enriched because plaintiff’s claim could only succeed if the court made 

the determination that the will was authentic and a probate court had already 

determined that the will was inauthentic); Schuster v. Martin, 861 F.2d 1369, 1372 (5th 

Cir. 1988) (barring a physician’s action against public hospital trustees to recover for 

elimination of hospital privileges in violation of due process, where a state court had 

decided in an earlier action that the hospital’s elimination of physician’s hospital 

privileges did not violate due process).

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It is also well settled that, when a federal court is presented with a controversy

that has previously been resolved by a state-court judgment, “[the] federal court must 

give to a state-court judgment the same preclusive effect as would be given that 

judgment under the law of the State in which the judgment was rendered.” Migra v. 

Warren City Sch. Dist. Bd. of Educ., 465 U.S. 75, 81 (1984); see also 28 U.S.C. § 1738 

(“Judicial proceedings . . . shall have the same full faith and credit in every court within 

the United States.”). This choice-of-law doctrine requires federal courts to determine 

the particular circumstances under which a litigant would be precluded from relitigating 

an issue that was previously decided as a matter of state law. As relevant here, courts 

in the District of Columbia “prohibit the re-litigation of issues determined in a prior 

action where (1) the issue was actually litigated; (2) was determined by a valid, final 

judgment on the merits; (3) after a full and fair opportunity for litigation by the party; 

(4) under circumstances where the determination was essential to the judgment.” 

DeWitt v. District of Columbia, 43 A.3d 291, 300 (D.C. 2012) (internal quotation marks 

and citations omitted). 

b. Dismissal For Failure To State A Claim Upon Which Relief 

Can Be Granted Pursuant To Rule 12(b)(6) 

Defendants request dismissal of Brewer’s complaint on res judicata grounds and 

other grounds pursuant to Federal Rule of Civil Procedure Rule 12(b)(6). (See Defs.’ 

Mot. at 1–2; Indiv. Defs.’ Mot. at 1.) In evaluating a Rule 12(b)(6) motion to dismiss, 

the court must accept as true all factual allegations in the complaint, and the plaintiff 

should receive the benefit of all inferences that can be derived from the facts alleged. 

See Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 556 U.S. 662, 678 (2009); Sparrow v. United Air Lines, Inc., 216 

F.3d 1111, 1113 (D.C. Cir. 2000). That being said, a plaintiff must plead enough facts 

15
to make the claim seem plausible on its face. Iqbal, 556 U.S. at 678. “The plausibility 

standard is not akin to a ‘probability requirement,’ but it asks for more than a sheer 

possibility that a defendant has acted unlawfully.” Id. (citation omitted). The facts 

alleged in the complaint “must be enough to raise a right to relief above the speculative 

level[.]” Bell Atl. Corp. v. Twombly, 550 U.S. 544, 555 (2009) (internal quotation 

marks and citation omitted). 

A court considering a motion to dismiss under Rule 12(b)(6) generally does not 

consider matters beyond the pleadings. See Ward v. D.C. Dep’t of Youth Rehab. Servs., 

768 F. Supp. 2d 117, 119–20 (D.D.C. 2011); see also Cottrell v. Vilsack, 915 F. Supp. 

2d 81, 88 (D.D.C. 2013) (“In deciding a motion under Rule 12(b)(6), a court may 

consider the facts alleged in the complaint, documents attached to the complaint as 

exhibits or incorporated by reference, and matters about which the court may take 

judicial notice.”). However, a court may take judicial notice of other court proceedings 

and the records from those proceedings when deciding a Rule 12(b)(6) motion. See

Luke v. United States, No. 13cv5169, 2014 WL 211305, at *1 (D.C. Cir. Jan. 13, 2014) 

(citing Dupree v. Jefferson, 666 F.2d 606, 608 n.1 (D.C. Cir. 1981) and Jankovic v. Int’l 

Crisis Grp., 494 F.3d 1080, 1088 (D.C. Cir. 2007)); see also Chamber of Commerce v. 

Reich, 897 F. Supp. 570, 574 n.4 (D.D.C. 1995), (“The Court is entitled to consider 

affidavits, depositions, exhibits, court judgments and orders, letters, transcripts of prior 

court proceedings, matters of public record and other materials outside the pleadings in 

consideration a motion under [Rule] 12(b).” (citing 5A Charles Wright & Arthur R. 

Miller, Federal Practice and Procedure, § 1364, at 475–81 and nn. 25–44 (2d ed. 1990 

and 1994 supp.)), rev’d on other grounds, 74 F.3d 1322 (D.C. Cir. 1996). And this is 

16
especially so when res judicata is the reason the complaint allegedly fails to state a 

claim upon which relief can be granted. See, e.g., Consol. Edison Co. of New York v. 

Bodman, 449 F.3d 1254, 1258–60 (D.C. Cir. 2006) (affirming dismissal of issueprecluded claims under 12(b)(6)); Yamaha Corp. of Am. v. United States, 961 F.2d 245, 

254–58 (D.C. Cir. 1992) (same).

For the following reasons, and based largely on the record from the Union 

Litigation, this Court concludes that each of the prerequisites for issue preclusion under 

D.C. law are clearly present in the instant case, and that therefore Brewer’s complaint 

must be dismissed for failure to state a claim upon which relief can be granted. 

2. The Nature Of The 2009 DCPS Employment Action Was Actually 

Litigated In The Union Litigation, And The Superior Court’s 

Determination That It Was A RIF And Not A Mass Discriminatory 

Discharge Was Essential To That Court’s Final Judgment 

WTU’s complaint in the Union Litigation contained three counts that accused 

DCPS of violating the terms of the CBA and the Public Education Reform Amendment 

Act, and specifically alleged that budget necessity did not precipitate the 2009 DCPS 

employment action such that it was not a RIF at all. (See, e.g., Union Litig. Am. 

Compl. at 3–4 (asserting that the “DCPS’ attempt to disguise this mass discharge [of 

teachers] as a ‘RIF’ caused by a ‘budget shortfall’ [was] clearly a pretext[]” because the 

true purpose of the RIF was “to discharge a substantial number of veteran teachers”); 

id. ¶¶ 14–16 (similar); see also D.C. Code § 1-608.01a(b)(2)(J)(iii) (defining a RIF as a 

“reduction in personnel” that “is necessary due to a lack of funding or the 

discontinuance of a department, program, or function of an agency”). The WTU raised 

this factual issue in the context of a claim for enforcement of the arbitration provision 

of a collective bargaining agreement (see Union Litig. Am. Compl. ¶¶ 29–39 (alleging 

17
in Count One that DCPS had conducted a mass discharge instead of a RIF and therefore 

the Union was entitled to arbitration under Article VII of the CBA)), but the WTU’s

allegation that the terminations were a pretext for a mass discharge and not a RIF was 

the factual basis for its legal contention that DCPS had wrongfully failed to arbitrate in 

violation of the CBA (see Union Litig. Op. at 3 (noting that “the Union’s principal 

claim” was that DCPS had conducted “a mass discharge and therefore was subject to 

procedures set forth in the [CBA], rather than to the regulations applicable to a RIF”); 

see also id. at 4 (“The Union has not claimed in this case that the CBA governs the RIF; 

to the contrary, it has acknowledged that the only way the CBA would be applicable 

would be if there was no RIF and if the Union members whose employment was 

terminated by reason of the RIF instead were considered to have been discharged.”)).

8

Thus, the nature of DCPS’s 2009 employment action—valid RIF or pretext for mass 

discriminatory discharge?—was “‘properly raised, by the pleadings or otherwise, and 

[was] submitted for determination[.]’” Ali Baba Co., Inc. v. WILCO, Inc., 482 A.2d 

418, 422 (D.C. 1984) (quoting Restatement (Second) Of Judgments § 27(d) (1982)). 

It is also clear that the Superior Court considered (and ultimately rejected) 

WTU’s pretext allegation, granting summary judgment to the District because “[t]he 

undisputed facts in the record in no way support [the RIF as pretext] claim.” (See Union 

Litig. Op. at 5 n.3; see also id. at 5 (“[B]ased on the undisputed material facts in the 

record, the RIF was undertaken in the fall of 2009 in response to a budget shortfall, and 

it was indeed a RIF.”).) And the Superior Court’s “no pretext” determination was

8 That is, because the CBA required DCPS to arbitrate with respect to discharges, but did not require 

arbitration of a RIF (see Union Litig. Am. Compl. ¶ 16), the Union’s CBA-violated claim hinged on a 

legal determination that the 2009 employment action was a mass discharge (as opposed to a RIF), 

which would have made the action procedurally improper (see id. ¶¶ 8, 16, 22). 

18

 
essential to its ruling that the defendants were entitled to summary judgment on WTU’s 

CBA claim, because it was on the basis of its conclusion that the DCPS had conducted a 

RIF, rather than a mass discharge, that the Superior Court held that “the CBA [and its 

arbitration provision] does not apply[.]” (Id. at 5.) See also Proctor v. District Of 

Columbia, No. 13-cv-985, 2014 WL 6676232 (D.D.C. Nov. 25, 2014) at *8 (explaining 

that “[i]n the [Union] Litigation, the plaintiffs argued that the RIF was a subterfuge for 

an improper mass discharge, which would be arbitrable under” the Collective 

Bargaining Agreement, and therefore “it was necessary for the Superior Court to 

determine whether the RIF was a pretext—in which case the removal of the teachers 

was improper because it was not conducted pursuant to the Collective Bargaining 

Agreement” (internal quotation marks and citation omitted)). 

Furthermore, as a court of competent jurisdiction, the Superior Court’s

determination that the 2009 employment action was a valid RIF undertaken for 

budgetary reasons and that, as a result, the District was entitled to judgment as a matter 

of law, was valid and final. See Dist. Intown Properties, Ltd. v. D.C. Dep’t of 

Consumer & Regulatory Affairs, 680 A.2d 1373, 1378 (D.C. 1996) (explaining that a 

valid, final judgment is rendered when a judicial body with jurisdiction over the matter 

exercises that power to decide the merits of the case); see also Crabbe v. Nat’l Self 

Serv. Storage, 955 F. Supp. 2d 1, 4 (D.D.C. 2013) (concluding that the D.C. Superior 

Court is a “court of competent jurisdiction” that can resolve most claims and can enter 

summary judgment). Thus, the record with respect to the Union litigation plainly 

establishes that the issue under consideration in the instant case has already been raised 

19
and decided in a manner that supports the conclusion that nearly all of the essential 

elements for preclusion under District of Columbia law have been satisfied. 9

Brewer appears to concede in his briefs that the question of whether or not the 

2009 DCPS employment action was pretext for a mass discriminatory discharge was 

actually raised and litigated in the D.C. Superior Court. (See Pl.’s Resp. at 1–2

(acknowledging that both the complaint in the instant case and that presented to the 

Superior Court by WTU assert “that the mass discharge [RIF] at issue was designed to 

promote the Chancellor’s agenda of hiring younger teachers”). Nevertheless, Brewer

argues that the doctrine of issue preclusion does not bar his current lawsuit because “the 

legal theories presented, and thus the standards for determining the unlawfulness of the 

mass discharge, are dramatically different in the two cases.” (See id. at 2.) Focusing 

on the stated causes of action, Brewer highlights the fact that, unlike the WTU 

complaint, “[t]he instant complaint contains [1] age discrimination counts under both 

Federal and local employment discrimination statutes”; [2] “a deprivation of civil rights 

count and a fraud count stemming from the Chancellor’s alleged improprieties and 

concealment as part of the RIF process; and [3] “a breach of contract count which is 

based on a signed written agreement between Plaintiff Willie Brewer and the District of 

Columbia government[.]” (Id. at 4.) By carrying on in this fashion, Brewer apparently 

9 Although WTU has appealed the Superior Court’s decision and that appeal is currently pending before 

the D.C. Court of Appeals (see Notice of Appeal, ECF No. 24-5), the “pendency of an appeal does not 

suspend the operation of a final judgment for purposes of [issue preclusion][,]” Nixon v. Richey, 513 

F.2d 430, 438 n.75 (D.C. Cir. 1975). Consequently, the mere fact of WTU’s appeal does not foreclose 

this Court’s determination that the Superior Court’s order granting summary judgment to the District is 

a valid, final judgment on the merits. See Richey, 513 F.2d at 438 n.75; cf. Murray v. Goodwin, 852 

A.2d 957, 960 (D.C. 2004) (noting that, “‘if a decision that might be considered final for issue 

preclusion purposes is subsequently appealed, it is possible that an appellate decision will vitiate the 

finality required for issue preclusive effect’” (quoting 18 Moore’s Federal Practice § 132.03[5][b][I] at

132-130 (3d ed. 1997) (emphasis added))). 

20

 
believes that it matters that there is a difference between the particular claims asserted 

in the WTU litigation and those he seeks to present here, but it is clear beyond cavil 

that “[f]or preclusion purposes, an ‘issue’ is not limited to a ‘cause of action.’”

Jackson v. District of Columbia, 412 A.2d 948, 953 (D.C. 1980)). This means that the 

fact that Brewer and WTU did not point to exactly the same legal claims and theories of 

recovery when asking the courts to determine the nature of the 2009 DCPS employment 

action is of no import—what matters to proper preclusion analysis under these 

circumstances is whether the parties in the subsequent case have posed a significant 

issue of fact that was already asked, considered, and answered by a court of competent 

jurisdiction in a previous lawsuit. See Restatement (Second) of Judgments § 27 cmt. c 

(providing criteria for evaluating whether or not an issue in a successive proceeding is 

identical to an issue previously litigated); see also, e.g., Proctor, 2014 WL 6676232 at 

*7 (finding that a former DCPS teacher’s lawsuit raising the question of whether the 

2009 terminations were a pretext for age discrimination was precluded in light of the 

Union Litigation, calling the plaintiff’s new claims and facts an “attempt[] to pour new 

wine into old wine skins”). 

In short, this Court concludes that the Union Litigation and Brewer’s complaint 

both rest on the same disputed factual issue—whether the 2009 terminations were a RIF 

because they were predicated on budget necessity or a mass discriminatory discharge of 

veteran teachers (compare Union Litig. Op. at 3–4 with Compl. ¶¶ 23–24)—and that the 

Superior Court reached and resolved that issue (see Union Litig. Op. at 5 & n.3 

(concluding that the RIF “was indeed a RIF” and that “the undisputed facts in the 

record in no way support” the Union’s theory “that DCPS had created the shortfall by 

21
hiring too many new teachers in the spring and early summer of 2009 . . . as a pretext 

for terminating more senior teachers”). Accordingly, the first, second, and fourth 

elements for preclusion under D.C. law are satisfied, to wit: the nature of the 2009 

DCPS employment action was actually previously litigated, and the determination by a 

court of competent jurisdiction that the terminations were not pretextual was essential 

to the valid, final judgment that that court rendered on the merits of the prior case. 

3. Brewer Had A Full And Fair Opportunity To Litigate In The 

Context Of The Union Litigation

Even when a D.C. court has previously rendered a final judgment with respect to 

an essential issue, it must also be established that the prior litigation involved the same 

parties as in the new case, and that those parties previously had a “full and fair 

opportunity” to litigate the issue in order for that prior determination to have preclusive 

effect under District of Columbia law. DeWitt, 43 A.3d at 300. Generally speaking, 

despite distinctions in the procedures afforded to litigants in different jurisdictions, the 

“full and fair opportunity” requirement comports with what must be made available to 

litigants under the Fourteenth Amendment’s Due Process Clause, see Kremer v. Chem.

Constr. Corpor., 456 U.S. 461, 481 (1982), which means that a party is considered to 

have had a full and fair opportunity to litigate an issue if, in the context of the prior 

case, the party or their privy was given an opportunity to present witnesses, introduce 

exhibits, challenge contrary evidence, make statements, and receive a determination of 

the facts and the law, see Davis v. Davis, 663 A.2d 499, 502 (D.C. 1995). And a

plaintiff is deemed to have been a party to prior litigation for preclusion purposes when 

he is “so identified in interest with a party to the former litigation that he or she 

represents precisely the same legal right in respect to the subject matter of the case.” 

22
EDCare Mgmt., Inc. v. DeLisi, 50 A.3d 448, 451 (D.C. 2012) (internal quotation marks 

and citation omitted). 

Significantly for present purposes, among the traditional categories of privies are 

“those whose interests are represented by a party to an action[,]” Carr v. Rose, 701 

A.2d 1065, 1075 (D.C. 1997) (internal quotation marks and citation omitted), and those 

who have a “pre-existing substantive legal relationship” with the “party to the 

judgment.” EDCare Mgmt., 50 A.3d at 451 (internal quotation citation omitted). 

Accordingly, “[c]ourts have recognized that unions are in privity with their membership 

for the purposes of res judicata.” Adams v. Pension Ben. Guar. Corp., 332 F. Supp. 2d 

231, 238 n.8 (D.D.C. 2004); see also Hitchens v. County of Montgomery, 98 F. Appx. 

106, 114 (3d Cir. 2004) (noting that “a decision against a union can bind union 

members in a subsequent action” (internal quotation marks and citation omitted)); 

Monahan v. Dep’t. of Corr., 214 F.3d 275, 285–86 (2d Cir. 2000) (recognizing that 

union members’ “interests [are] adequately represented” by the union (internal 

quotation marks ommitted)); Meza v. General Battery Corp., 908 F.2d 1262, 1268 (5th 

Cir. 1990) (“Federal courts have long recognized that individual members of labor 

unions . . . can be bound by judgments in suits brought by the union[.]”); Am. Postal 

Workers Union v. U.S. Postal Serv., 736 F.2d 317, 318 (6th Cir. 1984) (“It has long 

been held that a decision against a union can be binding on union members in a 

subsequent action[.]”). 

Here, as repeatedly explained above, WTU filed suit in Superior Court on behalf 

of its members and, among other things, raised and litigated the factual issue of whether 

or not the 2009 DCPS employment action was a pretext for a mass discriminatory 

23
discharge. WTU and the Rhee engaged in discovery on the question of what 

precipitated the budget shortfall and the RIF, and these parties presented witnesses and 

argued both orally and in writing about the nature of DCPS’s conduct. (See Union 

Litig. Op. at 2, 4–5.) It is clear that WTU, on behalf of its members, had the chance to 

present witnesses, introduce exhibits, challenge contrary evidence, make statements, 

and receive a determination of the facts and the law, and indeed, there appears to be no 

dispute that WTU itself had a full and fair opportunity to present the pretext issue when 

it appeared before the Superior Court. Cf., e.g., Davis, 663 A.2d at 502 (holding that a 

plaintiff had a full and fair opportunity to litigate in a previous action where the Judge 

had held “successive hearings” and the plaintiff “had the opportunity to present 

witnesses and challenge contrary evidence”). 

However, Brewer eschews the conclusion that he should be considered to be a 

party to the Union Litigation for the purpose of issue preclusion, maintaining that, even 

though he was a WTU member, and at some point, even a board member (see Brewer 

Aff. ¶ 1), he himself was not afforded a full and fair opportunity to litigate previously 

because WTU “actively refused input from [Brewer] in his attempts to provide 

supporting evidence regarding a manufactured shortfall and RIF implementation 

violations” (Pl’s Surreply at 6). To Brewer’s credit, the record does indicate that 

Brewer vigorously and contemporaneously disagreed with the Union’s litigation 

strategy in the prior case. (See Brewer Aff.¶¶ 1–2; see also Brewer Aff. Exs. 1–4, ECF 

Nos. 47-1–47-4 (letters expressing disagreement with Union litigation strategy).) But 

this Court does not accept Brewer’s suggestion that, based on this active disagreement, 

he was not fully and fairly represented in the prior case such that it would be unfair to 

24
give the Superior Court’s judgment in the Union Litigation a preclusive effect. (See, 

e.g., Pl.’s Surreply at 5 (“[T]he Union Litigation was not designed to address Plaintiff’s 

claims[.]”); id. at 6 (“The Union could not ethically represent Plaintiff, as his interest 

conflicted with a different subset of Union members—the probationary employees 

recently hired who replaced the RIFed employees.”).) Other courts have considered 

this same argument, and have rejected it, because privity merely requires an alignment 

of interests, and both the WTU and Brewer had the same ultimate goal: to challenge the 

2009 DCPS employment action as pretextual and invalid. See e.g., Handley v. Phillips, 

715 F. Supp. 657, 667 (M.D. Pa. 1989) (“Although Plaintiff Handley may not be 

satisfied with the representation she received from her union, that does not create the 

right to relitigate those issues examined in arbitration.”); Sullivan v. American Airlines, 

Inc., 613 F. Supp. 226, 231 (S.D.N.Y. 1985) (holding that a plaintiff was not denied a 

full and fair opportunity to litigate his claims even though the plaintiff asked his union 

to appeal a decision and the union refused). There is no legal basis for concluding that 

a union member’s mere disagreement with the organization’s litigation strategy releases 

the bonds that would otherwise require holding members to the outcome of cases 

brought and litigated by their representatives. 

With respect to Brewer’s argument that WTU did not fully and fairly represent 

him and other older teachers because the union also represented the 934 newly 

employed teachers, “the very nature of collective bargaining requires an agent to 

balance interests that quite often are contradictory[.]” Caudle v. Pan Am. World 

Airways, Inc., 676 F. Supp. 314, 317 (D.D.C. 1987). Additionally, in this case, WTU 

clearly sided with the older teachers when it argued that the RIF was a pretext for age 

25
discrimination—i.e., it vigorously pressed the argument that the DCPS employment 

action was an improper and unnecessary attempt to usher in new, young teachers at the 

expense of those with tenure and seniority—and there is no unfairness in concluding 

that Brewer cannot relitigate the Superior Court’s findings in this regard. See, e.g.,

Beverly Health & Rehab. Servs., Inc. v. NLRB, 317 F.3d 316, 323 (D.C. Cir. 2003) 

(noting that “[the plaintiff] had every incentive to—and did—litigate the issue before 

the [prior court] so that there is no unfairness in holding [the plaintiff] to the result 

reached there”). 

The bottom line is this: WTU represented its members in Superior Court when it 

undertook to challenge the 2009 DCPS employment action, and despite his personal 

disagreement with the Union’s litigation tactics, Brewer not only participated in the 

prior litigation, he remained a member of the Union until that litigation reached its end. 

Accordingly, this Court finds that, in the context of that prior case, WTU (and thus 

Brewer) had a full and fair opportunity to litigate the critical pretext question, and the 

Superior Court conclusively determined that the 2009 RIF was not a pretext for age 

discrimination, rendering a valid, final judgment on the merits of that issue. 

4. Issue Preclusion Forecloses Most Of The Claims Brewer Has 

Brought In This Complaint

This Court’s preclusion conclusion necessarily means that any claims Brewer

makes in the instant litigation that require proof that the RIF was a pretext for age 

discrimination are precluded and thus fail to state a claim upon which relief can be 

granted. See Yamaha Corp. of Am., 961 F.2d at 260. There are five such claims in the 

instant case. For example, Brewer alleges in his complaint that, because the 2009 

terminations were a pretext for age discrimination, Defendants violated the ADEA (part 

26
1 of Count One), the D.C. Human Rights Act (part 1 of Count Two), and Section 1983 

(part 1 of Count Three). As Brewer has framed them, these claims necessarily require a 

finding that DCPS’s conduct was not actually a RIF predicated on budget necessity but 

a discriminatory discharge of older teachers. See Barnett v. PA Consulting Grp., Inc., 

715 F.3d 354, 358 (D.C. Cir. 2013) (noting, with respect to discrimination claims 

brought under the ADEA, that courts require “evidence from which a reasonable jury 

could find that the employer’s stated reason for the firing is pretext”); Vatel v. Alliance 

of Auto. Mfrs., 627 F.3d 1245, 1246 (D.C. Cir. 2011) (noting the same is true with 

respect to discrimination claims brought under the D.C. Human Rights Act); Jenkins v. 

Nee, 640 F. Supp. 2d 47, 49–50 (D.D.C. 2009) (noting the same is true with respect to 

discrimination cases under Section 1983).

Similarly, the allegedly fraudulent statements that Brewer describes in Count 

Four are Defendants’ statements that the terminations were precipitated by budget 

necessity (see Suppl. Compl. ¶¶ 33, 35), and in order to demonstrate by clear and 

convincing evidence that these statements were false for the purpose of D.C. common 

law, Brewer would have to show that the 2009 employment action did not, in fact, 

result from budgetary constraints and, instead, was a pretext for mass age 

discrimination. See In re Estate of McKenney, 953 A.2d 336, 342 (D.C. 2008)

(explaining that, among other things, a plaintiff seeking to establish fraudulent 

misrepresentation must establish “a false representation”). 

Brewer’s breach of contract claim in Count Five, too, necessarily implicates the 

Superior Court’s prior ‘no pretext’ determination. This is because, as noted above, 

Brewer has attached a portion of the CBA to his supplemental complaint, and has 

27
thereby suggested that the CBA is the contract that “guaranteed his employment at the 

ET 15-12 level through the 2010 academic year” and that was breached by DCPS’s 

actions in 2009. (Suppl. Compl. ¶ 40.) But the Superior Court clearly and 

unequivocally determined that any termination-related guarantees in the CBA applied 

only to DCPS employees who were discharged and not those who were subjected to a

valid, non-pretextual RIF, such as the one the Superior Court determined DCPS 

implemented in 2009. (See Union Litig. Op. at 5 (concluding that “the CBA does not 

apply to the RIF”); see also id. (“The Court further finds as a matter of law that the 

CBA provides no legal basis for a challenge to the RIF or the way the RIF was 

implemented.”).) Accordingly, even if the CBA could somehow be interpreted to have 

“guaranteed” Brewer’s employment, he is precluded from relying on the CBA’s 

provisions to challenge the DCPS employment action at issue in this case. 

Thus, the Superior Court’s decision that the challenged DCPS conduct was not 

pretextual is preclusive of part 1 of Counts One, Two, and Three, as well as the entirety 

of Counts Four and Five of Brewer’s complaint, and accordingly, these counts must be 

dismissed. See, e.g., Proctor, 2014 WL 6676232, at *9, 16 (dismissing, as res judicata, 

a former DCPS teacher’s challenge to the 2009 RIF as a pretext for discrimination).

(See also Superior Ct. Order Dismissing Becks v. District of Columbia (No. 2010 CA 

8356), Ex. 1 to Def.’s Sur-Sureply, ECF No. 50-1, at 17 (dismissing, as res judicata, 

former DCPS teachers’ challenge to the 2009 RIF as a pretext for discrimination).) 10

10 This Court’s conclusion renders it unnecessary for the Court to opine regarding the District’s 

argument that the last two counts of the complaint—fraudulent misrepresentation and breach of 

contract—should be dismissed because Brewer has failed to plead fraud with particularity and the 

contract to which Brewer refers does not guarantee employment to Brewer. (See Defs.’ Mot. at 16–18.) 

Brewer appears to concede in his opposition that that Defendant is correct, and rather than presenting 

any argument for why the complaint, as written, states a claim, Brewer requests leave to amend the 

28

 
B. Brewer Lacks Standing To Challenge Defendants’ Alleged Failure To 

Implement The Procedural Protections That D.C. Municipal 

Regulations Provide For RIF-Separated Employees 

What remains of Brewer’s complaint is part 2 of Counts One, Two, and Three; in 

these parts, Brewer appears to allege that Defendants violated the ADEA, the DCHRA, 

and Section 1983 by failing to implement certain procedural protections that employees 

separated via a RIF are entitled to under D.C. law. (See Compl. ¶ 23; Suppl. Compl. 

¶¶ 23–25, 29, 33(e).) Brewer presumably seeks to advance these claims as an

alternative to his primary contention that the 2009 RIF was not really a RIF at all (and 

was, instead, a pretext for age discrimination) because a challenge to the District’s 

alleged failure to implement post-RIF procedural protections necessarily assumes that 

the 2009 RIF was a RIF and, therefore, that certain procedural protections were 

required. To the extent that part 2 of Counts One, Two, and Three allege that the 

District failed to provide required post-RIF procedural protections, there is no reliance 

on the pretext allegation, and the doctrine of issue preclusion does not bar these parts of 

Brewer’s complaint. Moreover, given that the District has requested summary 

judgment and has attached to its motion several documents that purportedly show that 

there is no genuine issue of material fact with respect to Brewer’s post-RIF procedural 

protection allegations, these parts of Brewer’s complaint implicate Rule 56 of the 

supplemental complaint to cure this defect. (See Pl.’s Resp. at 10 (noting that “Brewer intends to 

assert” additional facts to support his fraud claim and that Brewer “requests leave to amend his 

complaint to clarify this factual predicate, to the extent that it has not yet been sufficiently pled”); see 

also id. at 10–11 (“Plaintiff recognizes that his breach of contract count is based on a memorandum that 

serves to amend the collective bargaining agreement, and that this memorandum is not signed by the 

Plaintiff. Plaintiff thus seeks to amend the complaint to assert this count under § 301 of the Labor 

Management Relations Act.”).) The Court is hereby denying Brewer’s request for leave to amend these 

counts because, amended or no, these claims are still precluded, and thus amendment would be futile. 

See Hettinga v. United States, 677 F.3d 471, 480 (D.C. Cir. 2012) (“A district court may deny a motion 

to amend a complaint as futile if the proposed claim would not survive a motion to dismiss.”).

29

 
Federal Rules of Civil Procedure. For the reasons explained below, this Court 

concludes that Brewer does not have Article III standing to press these procedural 

claims in federal court, and that, therefore, these claims must be dismissed as a matter 

of law. 

1. Applicable Standards

a. Standing

Article III’s limitation of the judicial power to “Cases” and “Controversies” 

means that a federal court only has subject matter jurisdiction over a plaintiff’s case if 

the plaintiff has suffered or will suffer an injury that is traceable to the actions of the 

opposing party and redressable by the relief requested from the court. See Lujan v. 

Defenders of Wildlife, 504 U.S. 555, 560 (1992). These requirements—collectively 

called “standing”—“are not mere pleading requirements but rather an indispensable part 

of the plaintiff’s case,” id. at 561, in that they “serve[] to identify those disputes which 

are appropriately resolved through the judicial process[,]” Whitmore v. Arkansas, 495 

U.S. 149, 155 (1990). “In this sense, the standing requirement acts as a gatekeeper, 

opening the courthouse doors to narrow disputes that can be resolved merely by 

reference to facts and laws, but barring entry to the broad disquiets that can be resolved 

only by an appeal to politics and policy.” Food & Water Watch, Inc. v. Vilsack, No. 

14cv1547, 2015 WL 514389, at *6 (D.D.C. Feb. 9, 2015); see also Coal. for MercuryFree Drugs v. Sebelius, 671 F.3d 1275, 1279 (D.C. Cir. 2012) (“The requirement of 

Article III standing thus helps preserve the Constitution’s separation of powers and 

demarcates ‘the proper—and properly limited—role of the courts in a democratic 

society.’ ” (quoting Warth v. Seldin, 422 U.S. 490, 498 (1975))).

30
Where a plaintiff asserts that he has suffered a procedural injury, “the courts 

relax—while not wholly eliminating—the issues of imminence and redressability[.]” 

Ctr. for Law & Educ. v. Dep’t of Educ., 396 F.3d 1152, 1157 (D.C. Cir. 2005); see also 

Lujan, 504 U.S. at 572 n. 7. That is, the plaintiff need not show that the alleged harms 

resulting from the procedural violation will soon occur. Nor need they show that the 

defendant’s observation of proper procedure will necessarily result in plaintiff’s desired 

outcome. See NB ex rel. Peacock v. District of Columbia, 682 F.3d 77, 86 (D.C. Cir. 

2012) (“[A] ‘plaintiff who alleges a deprivation of a procedural protection to which he 

is entitled never has to prove that if he had received the procedure the substantive result 

would have been altered.’” (quoting Sugar Cane Growers Coop. of Fla. v. Veneman, 

289 F.3d 89, 94 (D.C. Cir. 2002))). 

“[H]owever, the injury in fact and causation requirements of standing are not

similarly relaxed in the procedural injury context.” WildEarth Guardians v. Bureau of 

Land Mgmt., No. 11cv1481, 2014 WL 1285505, at *5 (D.D.C. Mar. 31, 2014) (emphasis 

in original) (citing Ctr. for Law & Educ., 396 F.3d at 1157; Summers v. Earth Island 

Inst., 555 U.S. 488, 497 (2009)). Indeed, it is clear that “deprivation of a procedural 

right without some concrete interest that is affected by the deprivation—a procedural 

right in vacuo—is insufficient to create Article III standing.” Summers, 555 U.S. at 

496. Thus, where a plaintiff alleges a procedural injury, the plaintiff must show a 

personal connection to the action that he challenges. See Lujan, 504 U.S. at 560 n. 1 

(noting that the requirement that an injury-in-fact be “particularlized” means, at 

minimum, “that the injury must affect the plaintiff in a personal and individual way”). 

31
It is also the case that “[t]he party invoking federal jurisdiction bears the burden 

of establishing [the standing] elements.” Id. at 561; see also Halcomb v. Office of the 

Senate Sergeant-at-Arms of the U.S. Senate, 209 F. Supp. 2d 175, 176 (D.D.C. 2002). 

Accordingly, it is “‘presumed that a cause lies outside [the federal courts’] limited 

jurisdiction,’” Muhammed v. FDIC, 751 F. Supp. 2d 114, 118 (D.D.C. 2010) (first 

alteration in original) (quoting Kokkonen v. Guardian Life Ins. Co. of Am., 511 U.S. 

375, 377 (1994)), and “each element [of standing] must be supported in the same way as 

any other matter on which the plaintiff bears the burden of proof, i.e., with the manner 

and degree of evidence required at the successive stages of the litigation[,]” Lujan, 504 

U.S. at 561; see also Elec. Privacy Info. Ctr. v. U.S. Dep’t of Educ., 48 F. Supp. 3d 1, 9 

(D.D.C. 2014) (“The extent of the plaintiff’s burden [to demonstrate that he has 

standing] varies according to the procedural stage of the case.”). “At the pleading 

stage, general factual allegations of injury resulting from the defendant’s conduct may 

suffice, for on a motion to dismiss we presume that general allegations embrace those 

specific facts that are necessary to support the claim.” Lujan, 504 at 561 (internal 

quotation marks and citation omitted); see also NB ex rel. Peacock, 682 F.3d at 82 

(“[A]t the pleadings stage, the burden imposed on plaintiffs to establish standing is not 

onerous.” (internal quotation marks, citation, and alteration omitted)). “That burden 

increases, however, as the case proceeds.” Equal Rights Ctr. v. Post Props., Inc., 633 

F.3d 1136, 1141 n.3 (D.C. Cir. 2011). “In response to a summary judgment motion . . . 

the plaintiff can no longer rest on . . . mere allegations, but must set forth by affidavit 

or other evidence specific facts, which for purposes of the summary judgment motion 

will be taken to be true.” Lujan, 504 U.S. at 561 (internal quotation marks and citations 

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omitted). In other words, “[a]t summary judgment, [plaintiff’s] burden is to show that a 

reasonable juror could find he has standing.” Dominguez v. UAL Corp., 666 F.3d 1359, 

1362 (D.C. Cir. 2012).

b. Summary Judgment Under Rule 56

In this case, the District has moved in the alternative for dismissal under Federal 

Rule of Civil Procedure 12(b)(6) or for summary judgment pursuant to Rule 56. (See 

Defs.’ Mot. at 3, 18 (requesting that the Court consider its motion to be one for the 

entry of summary judgment in its favor).) As mentioned, the District has attached 

documents to its motion that are relevant to its contention that Brewer lacks standing to 

challenge DCPS’s alleged failure to implement required post-RIF procedural 

protections, and accordingly, this Court will honor the District’s request that its motion 

be treated as one for summary judgment and will apply the summary judgment standard 

with respect to this issue. Summary judgment is appropriate “if the movant shows that 

there is no genuine dispute as to any material fact and [thus] the movant is entitled to 

judgment as a matter of law.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(a); accord Talavera v. Shah, 638 F.3d 

303, 308 (D.C. Cir. 2011). “A fact is material if it ‘might affect the outcome of the suit 

under the governing law,’ and a dispute about a material fact is genuine ‘if the evidence 

is such that a reasonable jury could return a verdict for the nonmoving party.’” Steele 

v. Schafer, 535 F.3d 689, 692 (D.C. Cir. 2008) (quoting Anderson v. Liberty Lobby, 

Inc., 477 U.S. 242, 248 (1986)).

When Rule 56 is invoked, the moving party has the initial burden of 

demonstrating the absence of a genuine dispute as to any material fact. See Celotex 

Corp. v. Catrett, 477 U.S. 317, 323 (1986). Once the moving party has met this burden, 

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to defeat the motion, the non-moving party must “designate specific facts showing that 

there is a genuine issue for trial.” Id. at 324 (internal quotation marks and citation 

omitted). While the Court must view this evidence in the light most favorable to the 

non-moving party and draw all reasonable inferences in that party’s favor, see, e.g., 

Grosdidier v. Broad. Bd. of Governors, Chairman, 709 F.3d 19, 23–24 (D.C. Cir. 2013), 

the non-moving party must show more than “[t]he mere existence of a scintilla of 

evidence in support of” his or her position—“there must be evidence on which the jury 

could reasonably find for [the non-moving party].” Anderson, 477 U.S. at 252. 

Moreover, the non-moving party “may not rest upon mere allegation or denials of his 

pleading but must present affirmative evidence showing a genuine issue for trial.” 

Laningham v. U.S. Navy, 813 F.2d 1236, 1241 (D.C. Cir. 1987) (internal quotation 

marks and citation omitted). Notably, “[c]redibility determinations, the weighing of the 

evidence, and the drawing of legitimate inferences from the facts are jury functions, not 

those of a judge at summary judgment.” Barnett, 715 F.3d at 358 (internal quotation 

marks and citation omitted). Rather, the Court’s role in deciding a summary judgment 

motion is not to “determine the truth of the matter, but instead decide only whether 

there is a genuine issue for trial.” Id. (internal quotation marks and citation omitted).

2. There Is No Genuine Issue Of Material Fact Regarding Whether 

Brewer’s Employment Was Terminated Pursuant To The 2009 RIF

(It Was Not), And Therefore He Does Not Have Standing To

Challenge The Alleged Violation Of RIF Procedures 

Brewer seeks to challenge the District’s alleged failure to provide procedural 

protections to RIF-separated teachers. It is true, as Brewer suggests, that the District of 

Columbia Code and its accompanying regulations lay out the specific circumstances 

under which DCPS may remove teachers through a RIF, as well as the associated 

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procedures that DCPS must follow when it does so, and accordingly, if DCPS staff must 

be eliminated pursuant to a RIF, DCPS must consider certain factors in determining 

which employees to remove. See 5 D.C. Mun. Regs. tit. 5, § 1503.2 (listing 

consideration such as the “relevant contributions, accomplishments, or performance” of 

the employee; his or her “[r]elevant supplemental professional experiences”; the needs 

of the school; and the individuals’ “[l]ength” of service with DCPS). Moreover, 

because separation via RIF is not “a punitive or corrective action[,]” D.C. Code § 1-

608.01a(b)(2)(J)(iii), the regulations contain certain protections for employees 

separated due to a RIF, including required placement on a “reemployment priority list” 

to secure eligibility for a return to work before any new hires, D.C. Mun. Regs. tit. 6,

§ 2427. However, even if Brewer’s allegation that DCPS failed to implement these and 

other regulatory requirements when it conducted the 2009 RIF is correct as a matter of 

fact, this Court finds that Brewer’s claim fails as a matter of law for lack of standing 

because Brewer is a retiree and not a RIF-separated teacher. 

Two of the documents that Defendants append to their motion for summary 

judgment make this abundantly clear. First, the aforementioned notification letter from 

Chancellor Michelle Rhee to Brewer, dated October 2, 2009, states in no uncertain 

terms that, although Brewer’s “position at [DCPS] is being eliminated as part of a 

reduction in force[,]” Brewer “may be eligible to retire in lieu of being separated from 

service.” (RIF Notice at 2 (emphasis added).) Then, the indisputably valid 

“Notification of Personnel Action” that is related to Brewer’s employment and is dated 

November 22, 2009, contains the following notation in the “Nature of Action” field: 

“Retirement—Retire w/ Pay[.]” (See Notification of Personnel Action, ECF No. 24-2 at 

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2 (documenting Brewer’s choice to retire).)

In light of these documents—which unquestionably establish that Brewer retired 

from his position—this Court agrees with Defendants that Brewer “cannot claim an 

injury from a duty the District did not owe him as a matter [of] law.” (Defs.’ Mot. at 

14.) Put another way, even assuming arguendo that the District did not comply with its 

legal obligations to the RIF-separated teachers, Brewer was neither harmed by this 

failure nor stands to gain from its correction because he is not a RIF-separated teacher. 

Thus, under established standing doctrine, Brewer’s interest in the District’s 

compliance with the DCMR’s protections for RIF-separated teachers is no different than 

that of any other member of the public, i.e., Brewer lacks standing to sue. See United 

States v. Richardson, 418 U.S. 166, 177 (1974) (noting that an injury cannot serve as 

the basis of standing where the injury is “plainly undifferentiated and common to all 

members of the public” (internal quotation marks and citation omitted)); see also Lujan, 

504 U.S. at 576 (noting that “[v]indicating the public interest (including the public 

interest in Government observance of the . . . laws) is the function of Congress and the 

Chief Executive[,]” not the judiciary (emphasis in original)); cf. Elk Grove Unified Sch. 

Dist. v. Newdow, 542 U.S. 1, 11 (2004) (discussing, in the prudential standing context, 

“‘the general prohibition on a litigant’s raising another person’s legal rights’” (quoting 

Allen, 468 U.S., at 751)). 

Undaunted, Brewer responds that, notwithstanding the fact that he opted to 

retire, the record demonstrates that he retired as a result of receiving Rhee’s letter 

announcing that he was subject to the RIF, and thus he too should be deemed RIFseparated for the purpose of being able to maintain this action. (See Pl.’s Resp. at 9 

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(asserting that, under these circumstances, “Plaintiff was constructively terminated”).) 

This argument is unavailing because, even if the letter Brewer received was coercive 

insofar as it “implied that he had to accept voluntary retirement to receive his annuity”

(id.), reams of past precedent establish that such threats are not dispositive of the issue

of whether a former employee is considered to have voluntarily retired. See Lebrun v. 

England, 212 F. Supp. 2d 5, 18 (D.D.C. 2002) (quoting Christie v. United States, 207 

Ct. Cl. 333, 339 (1975)) (explaining that “court[s] ha[ve] repeatedly upheld the 

voluntariness of resignations where they were submitted to avoid threatened termination 

for cause”); see also, e.g., Keyes v. District of Columbia, 372 F.3d 434, 439–40 (D.C. 

Cir. 2004) (finding that employee was not forced into involuntary retirement where she 

was faced with the choice of remaining an employee and fighting charges on which her 

proposed termination was based or taking early-out retirement); Welter v. City of Elgin, 

No. 12cv6837, 2013 WL 1337347, at *4 (N.D. Ill. Mar. 29, 2013) (similar). Indeed, 

quite to the contrary, “‘a retirement request initiated by an employee is presumed to be 

a voluntary act,’” Keyes, 372 F.3d at 439 (quoting Schultz v. U.S. Navy, 810 F.2d 1133, 

1135 (Fed. Cir. 1987)), and in order “[t]o transform an offer of early retirement into a 

constructive discharge, a plaintiff must show that the offer was nothing more than a 

charade, that is, a subterfuge disguised to purge plaintiff from the ranks[.]” Aliotta v. 

Bair, 576 F. Supp. 2d 113, 122 (D.D.C. 2008) (internal quotation marks and citation 

omitted)). Brewer has made no such showing here. 

The facts of Aliotta v. Bair, help to illustrate the point. See id. There, former 

employees of the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC) brought a class action 

against the agency alleging violations of the ADEA due to a RIF. Prior to the RIF, the 

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FDIC had offered its employees a “buyout” option, pursuant to which the agency 

offered employees “a cash payment equal to 50% of annual salary,” as well as “the 

ability to combine the buyout with early or regular retirement agreements,” id. at 116, 

and “[s]ome of the plaintiffs accepted buyout incentives combined with normal or early 

retirement packages[,]” id. at 120. The Aliotta court concluded that the plaintiffs who 

had accepted the buyout incentives combined with normal or early retirement had not 

suffered an adverse employment action and therefore could not make a prima facie 

discrimination case because “the plaintiffs’ change in status was not a management 

decision”—“[i]t was their own.” Id. at 120–21 (emphasis added). And when “[tthe 

plaintiffs insist[ed] that the buyouts were involuntary because they were faced with an 

impossible choice between accepting a severance package or fac[ing] a greater than 

50% prospect of involuntary termination [in the RIF] with no early retirement or 

incentive payment[,]” id. at 121 (internal quotation marks and citation omitted), the 

Aliotta court squarely rejected that argument, finding instead that “a decision between 

early retirement and the risk of termination in a downsizing or reorganization is not 

sufficiently terrorizing to make acceptance of the early retirement incentive 

categorically involuntary[,]” id. 

So it is here. In a downsizing, “[e]arly retirement is a common corporate 

practice utilized to prevent individual hardship” and the practice is “well accepted by 

both employers and employees, and is purely voluntary.” Coburn v. Pan Am. World 

Airways, Inc., 711 F.2d 339, 344 (D.C. Cir. 1983). Although Brewer nevertheless

argues that he was constructively terminated as a result of Rhee’s allegedly threatening 

RIF-separation letter, this Court concludes (as many have before it) that the mere fact 

38
that a “plaintiff was faced with an inherently unpleasant situation” due to a “choice 

[that] was arguably limited to two unpleasant alternatives does not obviate the 

voluntariness of [his or her] resignation.” Lebrun, 212 F. Supp. 2d at 18 (internal 

quotation marks and citation omitted). This means that the fact that Brewer received a 

letter that might be interpreted as threatening termination at the risk of losing his 

annuity does not create a genuine issue of material fact regarding whether or not his 

decision to retire was voluntary. And having voluntarily chosen to retire, Brewer lacks 

standing to challenge the District’s failure to implement the procedures to which RIFseparated teachers are entitled. See Linda R.S. v. Richard D., 410 U.S. 614, 617 (1973)

(noting that, in order to have standing, a “plaintiff[] must allege some threatened or 

actual injury resulting from the putatively illegal action”).

III. CONCLUSION

This case is resolved at its threshold, essentially based on first principles. Issue 

preclusion prevents the relitigation of already-decided matters, and thereby fulfills “the 

purpose for which civil courts had been established[:] the conclusive resolution of 

disputes within their jurisdiction.” Kremer, 456 U.S. at 466 n.6. Likewise, standing 

doctrine ensures that this Court’s jurisdiction is reserved for actual cases and 

controversies, and thus “serves to identify those disputes which are appropriately 

resolved through the judicial process.” Whitmore, 495 U.S. 155. Brewer, via his 

Union, previously had a full and fair opportunity to litigate the question of whether the 

2009 DCPS employment action was a RIF or a pretext for age discrimination, and the 

Superior Court not only determined that issue (it found that the terminations were a RIF 

because they were precipitated by budget necessity), but also rendered a final judgment 

39
in the District’s favor that relied on its determination. What is more, the record is clear 

that Brewer did not leave his teaching job pursuant to the RIF; instead, he opted to 

retire, and as a result, he lacks standing to claim that Defendants failed to provide the 

RIF-separated teachers with the procedural protections described in the DCMR. 

Consequently, as set forth in the order this Court has already issued, the 

dispositive motions that the District and the Individual Defendants have filed are

GRANTED, and this case is DISMISSED.

DATE: May 22, 2015 Ketanji Brown Jackson 

KETANJI BROWN JACKSON

United States District Judge 

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