COVER PHOTOGRAPHS 

1 2 3 4 

5 6 

7 8 

9 10 

11 12 13 14 

1. Asbestos ore 

2. Lead ore, Balmat mine. N.Y. 

3. Chromite-chromium ore, Washington 

4. Zinc ore, Friedensville, Pa. 

5. Banded iron-formation, Palmer, 

Mich. 

6. Ribbon asbestos ore, Quebec, Canada 

7. Manganese ore, banded 

rhodochrosite 

8. Aluminum ore, bauxite, Georgia 

9. Native copper ore, Keweenawan 

Peninsula, Mich. 

10. Porphyry molybdenum ore, Colorado 

11. Zinc ore, Edwards, N.Y. 

12. Manganese nodules, ocean floor 

13. Botryoidal fluorite ore. 

Poncha Springs, Colo. 

14. Tungsten ore, North Carolina 
Vanadium Resources 

in Titaniferous 

Magnetite Deposits 

By R. P. FISCHER 

GEOLOGY AND RESOURCES OF VANADIUM DEPOSITS 

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PROFESSIONAL PAPER 926-B 

UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE, WASHINGTON 1975 
UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR 

ROGERS C. B. MORTON, Secretary 

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 

V. E. McKelvey, Director 

Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data 

Fischer, Richard Philip, 1910-

Vanadium resources in titaniferous magnetite deposits. 

(Geology and resources of vanadium deposits) 

(Geological Survey Professional Paper 926-B) 

Bibliography: p. 

Supt. of Docs. no.: I 19.16:926-B 

1. Vanadium ores. 2. Magnetite. 

I. Title. II. Series. III. Series: United States Geological Survey Professional Paper 926-B. 

TN490.V2F49 553'.462 75-619222 

For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office 

Washington, D.C. 20402 

Stock Number 024-001-02723-2 
APPRAISAL OF MINERAL RESOURCES 

Continuing appraisal of the mineral resources of th~ United States is 

conducted by the U.S. Geological Survey in accordance with the provisions 

of the Mining and Minerals Policy Act of 1970 (Public Law 91-631, Dec. 

31, 1970). Total resources for purposes of these appraisal estimates include 

currently minable resources (reserves) as well as those resources not yet 

discovered or not currently profitable to mine. 

The mining of mineral deposits, once discovered, depends on geologic, 

economic, and technologic factors; however, identification of many deposits 

yet to be discovered, owing to incomplete knowledge of their distribution 

in the Earth's crust, depends greatly on geologic availability and man's 

ingenuity. Consequently, appraisal of mineral resources results in approximations, subject to constant change as known deposits are depleted, new 

deposits are found, new extractive technology and uses are developed, and 

new geologic knowledge and theories indicate new areas favorable for 

exploration. 

This Professional Paper discusses aspects of the geology of vanadium 

as a framework for appraising resources of this commodity in the light 

of today' s technology, economics, and geologic knowledge. 

Other Geological Survey publications relating to the appraisal of resources of specific mineral commodities include the following: 

Professional Paper 820-"United States Mineral Resources" 

Professional Paper 907-"Geology and Resources of Copper" 

Professional Paper 933-"Geology and Resources of Fluorine in the United States" 

CONTENTS 

Page 

Abstract ............................................................................. B1 

Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 

Geology.............................................................................. 1 

Production . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 

Resources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 

References cited . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 

ILLUSTRATIONS 

Page 

FIGURE 1. Generalized graph showing vanadium production by geologic types of deposits for every tenth year, 1910-70 . . . . . . B2 

2. Map of the world showing distribution of known titaniferous magnetite deposits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 

TABLE 

Page 

TABLE 1. Resource data on the known tita11iferous magnetite deposits of the world . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B5 

v 

GEOLOGY AND RESOURCES OF VANADIUM DEPOSITS 

VANADIUM RESOURCES IN TITANIFEROUS MAGNETITE DEPOSITS 

BY R. p. FISCHER 

ABSTRACT 

Titaniferous magnetite deposits are magmatic accumulations of 

magnetite and ilmenite. They commonly contain 0.2 to 1 percent 

V20 5 , most of which is concentrated in the magnetite, and they 

have become the world's principal source of vanadium. 

These deposits are mostly associated with mafic igneous rocks 

that occur in thick stratiform sheets or complex intrusive bodies of 

deep-seated origin. The ore minerals crystallized with the rockforming minerals from the magma, and they commonly occur 

disseminated in large masses of rock or segregated in extensive 

layers; some bodies of magnetite and ilmenite occur as plugs or 

dikes that were injected as solutions or melts into these forms. The 

deposits vary widely in size; some are very large. 

Vanadium can be recovered from titaniferous magnetite ore by 

either of two processes: (1) precipitating a vanadium salt from a 

leach of ore roasted with salt, or (2) precipitation from a leach of 

salt-roasted vanadium-rich slag obtained by smelting the ore to 

make a vanadium-bearing pig iron, which is then blown in a 

converter to make the vanadium-rich slag. About 75 percent of the 

world's supply of vanadium was derived from titaniferous 

magnetite deposits in 1970; virtually no vanadium was obtained 

from this raw-material source before the 1950's. The vanadium in 

known titaniferous magnetite deposits represents several 

thousands of years supply at the current rate of world 

consumption, about 25,000 short tons of vanadium yearly. 

INTRODUCTION 

Titaniferous magnetite deposits are magmatic 

accumulations of ilmenite and magnetite, or related 

minerals, that are arbitrarily defined as containing 

more than about 1 percent Ti02 • Characteristically 

they are vanadium-bearing, and they have become 

the world's principal source of vanadium. This report 

briefly reviews their geology, vanadium production, 

and resources. 

GEOLOGY 

Vanadium is considered to be a minor element, but 

it is a rather abundant one. Its crustal abundance is 

in the order of 100-150 ppm (parts per million). It is 

one of the lithophile elements that occur mainly in 

silicate rocks, but it does not form an important part 

of any common rock-forming mineral. In igneous 

rocks, vanadium occurs mainly in the insoluble 3-

valent state and substitutes for iron and perhaps 

aluminum in iron and ferromagnesianmil1erals. It is 

most abundant in the mafic igneous rocks (about 200 

ppm), less abundant in the ultramafic and intermediate rocks (about 50 ppm), and sparse in the 

silicic ones (about 25 ppm). Vanadium is concentrated in magmatic titaniferous magnetite 

deposits, and it commonly constitutes from 1,000 to 

5,000 ppm (about 0.2 to 1 percent V2 0 5) in these 

deposits. 

Vanadium-bearing titaniferous magnetite 

deposits are mainly associated with mafic igneous 

rocks, most commonly with gabbro and anorthosite; 

some occurrences are associated with alkalic igneous 

rocks. The mafic igneous rocks are of deep-seated 

origin, and they occur in thick stratiform sheets, such 

as the Bushveld complex in South Africa (Willemse, 

1969; Allard, 1970), or in complex intrusive bodies, 

such as Taberg, Sweden (Hjelmqvist, 1950), 

Otanmaki, Finland (Paakkonen, 1956), and Lake 

Sanford, New York (Gross, 1968). Most of the 

titaniferous magnetite deposits exposed are in 

continental shield areas and are of Precambrian age; 

a few are younger. 

Magnetite (Fe30 4) and ilmenite (FeTi03) are the 

principal ore minerals, but hematite (Fe20a) is present in some deposits as is some rutile (Ti02) and 

perovskite (CaTi03). These minerals occur in 

medium- to fine-grained intergrowths and in 

exsolution and solid-solution relations; ulvospinel 

(Fe 2Ti04) and titanomagnetite ((FeTih04 or 

(FeTi)20 3) are two mineral names commonly applied 

to some of these exsolution and solid-solution forms. 

Small blebs and exsolution blades of coulsonite ((Fe, 

V)sO 4) have been recognized in magnetite in a few 

deposits, but no vanadium mineral has been 

recognized in most deposits. Although some 

vanadium occurs in ilmenite and other titanium 

minerals, most of the vanadium in these deposits is in 

the magnetite (magnetic concentrates). 

Bl 
B2 GEOLOGY AND RESOURCES OF VANADIUM DEPOSITS 

The ore minerals crystallized with the silicate 

minerals from the magma, and commonly they occur 

disseminated in large masses of rock or were 

segregated by crystal settling into extensive lenses or 

layers as much as several feet thick. Some bodies of 

magnetite and ilmenite occur as plugs, dikes, and 

irregularly shaped masses that presumably were 

injected into these forms when changing conditions 

in sites of earlier accumulation caused remobilization of iron and titanium. Vanadium-bearing 

titaniferous magnetite deposits vary widely in 

size-from those too small to be mined to those that 

contain several billion tons of ore containing several 

million tons of vanadium. 

For additional information on the mineralogy and 

geology of titaniferous magnetite deposits, the reader 

is referred to reports by Gross (1967), Klemic, Marsh, 

and Cooper (1973), Lawthers (1957), Rose (1973), 

Willemse (1969), and to several papers in Visser and 

von Gruenewaldt (1970). 

PRODUCTION 

Figure 1 is a generalized graph showing vanadium 

production by geologic types of deposits for every 

tenth year from 1910 to 1970 (Fischer, 1973a). The 

type "Sandstone, and others" represents total 

vanadium production from the United States, most of 

which was derived from vanadium-bearing sandstone ores, but some of which was derived from basemetal vanadate deposits, from phosphate rock, from 

a deposit associated with an alkalic intrusion, and 

from petroleum residues. The type "Asphaltite" 

represents total production from the vanadiumbearing asphaltite deposit at Mina Ragra, Peru. The 

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::::> 

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1910 1930 1950 1970 

FIGURE I.-Generalized graph showing vanadium production by 

geologic types of deposits for every tenth year, 1910-70. 

(Reprinted from Fischer, 1973a, fig. 76.) 

type "Vanadates" represents production from basemetal vanadate deposits, mostly from Namibia 

(formerly South-West Africa) and Zambia (formerly 

Northern Rhodesia). And the type "Iron deposits" 

represents vanadium obtained from titaniferous 

magnetite deposits in Finland, South Africa, 

Norway, and the U.S.S.R. The production data for 

Finland, South Africa, and Norway are published by 

the U.S. Bureau of Mines; those for the U.S.S.R. are 

partly estimated by the writer. A little vanadium has 

been obtained from still other types ofrawmaterials, 

but the amounts are too small to be shown at the scale 

of figure 1. 

In 1970, about 18,000 tons of vanadium, 

representing about 75 percent of the world's supply, 

was derived from titaniferous magnetite deposits; a 

little vanadium was obtained from this source before 

the 1950's, but the amount was negligible. The 

technology of vanadium recovery from titaniferous 

magnetite ore and the productive deposits are briefly 

described below. 

Vanadium can be recovered from titaniferous 

magnetite ore or a magnetite concentrate of the ore 

by either of two general processes. In one process the 

ore or concentrate is mixed with a sodium salt and 

roasted, which yields a water-soluble sodium 

vanadate, which is leached by water and then 

recovered by precipitation from the solution 

(Tikkanen, 1956; Guise-Brown and Atmore, 1968). In 

the second process the ore or concentrate is 

introduced as iron ore into a blast furnace, which 

yields a vanadium-bearing pig iron, which is then 

blown in a converter, yielding a vanadium-rich slag; 

the slag is then salt-roasted, leached, and a 

vanadium salt precipitated (Polyakov, 1959; Douglas 

and others, 1968; Engineering and Mining Journal, 

1972). A modification of this process permits the 

production of ferrovanadium directly from the 

vanadium-rich slag (Christiania Spigerverk, 1969). 

Direct smelting of ore in an electric furnace to yield 

coproduct iron, titanium, and vanadium has been 

proposed (Udy, 1962). 

The titaniferous magnetite deposit at Otanmaki, 

Finland (no. 58, fig. 2, and table 1), is in a complex 

group of intrusive rocks consisting mainly of 

amphibolite, anorthosite, and gabbro. The ore occurs 

in lenticular bodies of varied size. In the mill, the ore 

is ground to moderate fineness and magnetically 

separated to make a marketable titanium concentrate and a vanadium-bearing magnetite concentrate, which is salt-roasted to recover vanadium, 

and the tailings of this operation are used as an iron 

ore. Vanadium oxide containing 15,342 short tons of 

vanadium was recovered in 1956-72. Reserves total 
VANADIUM RESOURCES IN TITANIFEROUS MAGNETITE DEPOSITS B3 

about 50,000,000 tons of ore. A similar deposit at 

Mustavaara, Finland (no. 57, fig. 2, and table 1), is 

being developed and is expected to yield about 1,700 

short tons of vanadium yearly after 1976 (Mining 

Magazine, 1972). 

The stratiform mafic and ultramafic rocks of the 

Bushveld igneous complex in South Africa (no. 95, 

fig. 2, and table 1) are host to plugs and extensive 

layers of vanadium-rich titaniferous magnetite. 

These plugs and layers crop out for a distance of 

about 200 miles (300 kilometres), and they have been 

mined at several localities. Vanadium has been 

recovered as the principal product of salt-roasting the 

ore and as a byproduct in slags from pig iron. 

Reported production from these deposits during 

1958-72 totals 30,872 short tons of vanadium in oxide 

and other vanadium concentrates and about 18,620 

short tons of vanadium in slags; a considerable part 

of these slags have been exported for vanadium 

recovery in other countries. Reserves that can be 

mined by opencut methods total more than 

200,000,000 tons of titaniferous magnetite ore (N el 

and Luyt, 1964), and reserves and resources that can 

be mined underground are a few times that figure; 

total resources of at least 2 billion tons oftitaniferous 

magnetite are estimated. 

Titaniferous magnetite deposits in the Ural 

Mountains are the principal source of vanadium in 

the U.S.S.R. They are associated with mafic and 

ultramafic intrusive bodies, and they range from 

moderately small, high-grade, massive deposits to 

large, low-grade, disseminated deposits. Production 

probably began in the mid-1930's from the Kusinskoe 

deposit (no. 48, fig. 2, and table 1) and about the same 

time or in the 1940's from the Pervoural'sk deposit 

(no. 47, fig. 2, and table 1), but these operations 

probably were on a small scale and perhaps desultory 

until the 1950's. Yearly production from these 

deposits was about 4,000,000 tons of ore in the mid1960's (Sokolov, 1970, p. 385). Operations at Mount 

Kachkanar (no. 45, fig. 2, and table 1) began about 

1963, and currently (1974) this deposit probably is 

being mined at the rate of about 30,000,000 tons of ore 

yearly (Sokolov, 1970, p. 385). Vanadium is being 

recovered from pig-iron slags, some of which have 

been exported. Production records are not available, 

but it seems likely that the cumulative yield from 

these deposits probably amounts to about 50,000 

short tons of vanadium, and that the current yearly 

yield is on the order of 8,000 to 10,000 short tons of 

vanadium. Reserves at Mount Kachkanar total 12 

billion tons of ore (Sokolov, 1970, p. 398). The 

Pudozhgorskoe and Tsagin deposits and deposits in 

the Keyv intrusive (nos. 55, 52, and 51, fig. 2, and 

table 1) in the Karelo-Kola region in the northwestern part of the Soviet Union are being considered 

for exploitation in the future (Yudin and Zak, 1970). 

The titaniferous magnetite bodies at the Rodsand 

mine, Norway (no. 67, fig. 2, and table 1), are lenses 

and layers in mafic rocks. The current annual yield of 

the mine is a little more than 1,000 short tons of 

vanadium in ferrovanadium, which is converted 

directly from vanadiferous slags. Although 

vanadium production data for Norway have been 

reported by the U.S. Bureau of Mines only since 1963, 

some vanadium had been recovered from 

vanadiferous slags that were exported to other 

European countries prior to 1963. Reserves at 

Rodsand total 10,000,000 tons of ore. 

H. A. Taylor, Jr., U.S. Bureau of Mines, has 

reported (oral commun., 1974) that some vanadium 

has been recovered in the United States and in Japan 

from vanadium-bearing residues derived from 

producing titanium dioxide from titaniferous 

magnetite ores and titanium-bearing beach-sand 

deposits. 

Plans to recover vanadium from titaniferous 

magnetite deposits at several other localities have 

been reported in recent years: Barrambie, Australia 

(no. 102, fig. 2, and table 1) (Mining Journal, 1971a); 

Wundowie, Australia (no. 104, fig. 2, and table 1) 

(Mining Journal, 1971b); Sihghbhum-Mayurbhanj, 

India (no. 78, fig. 2, and table 1) (Mining Journal, 

1971c); and Tete, Mozambique (no. 92, fig. 2, and table 

1) (Taylor, 1973). 

RESOURCES 

Figure 2 shows most of the known titaniferous 

magnetite deposits in the world, and table 1 lists 

these deposits and gives the available significant 

resource information regarding them. The resource 

data have many limitations. Many deposits, including some of the productive ones, are obviously large 

but have not been thoroughly explored. Many "ore" 

tonnage estimates are crude, and probably somewhat low, and many grade figures are based on scant 

sampling. Tonnage estimates for a given deposit 

commonly vary considerably from one report to 

another, and generally the later report has the higher 

estimate; most of the tonnage estimates used are 

from a report prepared for the United Nations (1970). 

The qualitative words "small," "medium," and 

"large" used in the "ore" resources column are those 

used in the source reports; generally no indication of 

quantitative significance was given. These same 

words where used in the vanadium resources column 

imply the writer's estimates of "less than 100,000," 

"100,000-1,000,000," and "more than 1,000,000 short 

tons of vanadium." 
60° 

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30° 

120° 60° 

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=~DFIGURE 2.-Distribution of known titaniferous magnetite deposits. The numbers identify the deposits listed in table l. 

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TABLE I.-Resource data on the known titaniferous magnetite deposits of the world 

Geology 

Ore type Host rock 

Map State, PJ:ovince, Mine, deposit, Grade of "ore" Grade of magnetic "Ore" Vanadium "' = No. gj or region area, or source rock (percent) concentrate (percent) resources resources 0 u -~ "' "' References (fig. (millions (thousands j Q) 

:~ u 

2) Fe Ti02 VaOs Fe Ti02 VlJs oftons1) of tons V1) .s .;.: u I§ ;a Q) ·s 0 

i j ·~ :E u 

~ "' ~ :.::1 u bll gj 0 tiS I§ £ s tiS 

~ .;.: ~ ::g 0 < ::g 

Canada 

1 Newfoundland . . . . . . . . . . . . Steel Mountain . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50-55 10± 0.4-0.9 64.5 8 0.75 Small Small . . . . . . x . . . . . . x . . . . . . . . . Gross (1967), Rose (1969, 1970, 1973). 

2 do . . . .. . . .. . . . . . . . . . .. Indian Head................. 64 2-6 .2-.7 . . . . . . . . . . 1.8 Small Small x x . . . . . . . . . x . . . . . . . . • Rose (1969, 1970, 1973). 

~ Lab~~d~~:::::::::::::::::: ~?!~~~~~~~::::::::::::: ::::: ::::: ::::: ::::: ::::: ::::: ::::: S:~:~l~ ::: ::: ::: ::: ::: : ::: ::: ::: ~==~~H!t 6 do .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Lake Michikamau............ .. .. . 58 9 1.9 Large(?) Large(?) x x .. . .. . .. . x .. . .. . .. . Rose (1970). 7 Quebec .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . Allard Lake.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 36-40 35 .27-.35 .. .. . .. .. . .. .. . 350 500 x .. . .. . .. . x x .. . .. . .. . Hammond (1952), Lawthers (1957), Rose (1969, 1973), Gross (1970), 

Kish (1972). 

8 do . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . Magpie Mountain .. .. .. .. .. .. 43 10 .2-.35 49 16 .2 2,500 2,500 x x .. . .. . x x .. . .. . .. . Rose (1969, 1970, 1973), Gross (1970), Vall~ and Raby (1971), Kish (1972). 

9 do .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Sept Isles .................... 11-42 3-16 .. .. . 55-60 14-18 .25-.8 Large(?) Large(?) x .. . .. . .. . x x .. . . .. .. . Lawthers (1957), Rose (1969, 1970, 1973), Kish (1972). 

10 do .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. St. Urbain .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . 35-40 38-45 .17-.34 65 2 .3-.6 40 40 x x x .. . .. . x .. . .. . .. . Lawthers (1957), Gross (1967, 1970), Rose (1969, 1970, 1973), Kish (1972). 

11 do .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Lake St. John................ 22 5-7 Low 69 .5 .. .. . 320 Medium x .. . .. . .. . .. . x .. . .. . .. . Lawthers (1957), Gross (1967, 1970), Rose (1969, 1970, 1973). Kish (1972). 

12 do .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . .. .. . Morin ........................ 25-43 19 .05-.34 60-65 1-4 .4 Large(?) Medium x x .. . x .. . x .. . .. . .. . Rose (1960, 1969, 1973)i Kish (1972). 

13 do .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Dore Lake .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . 28-53 5-8 .3-1 + 62-64 4-5 1.0-2.5 Large Large .. . x .. . .. • .. . .. • .. • .. . x RoitisA1[I7 )~973), Al ard (1970, 1973), 

14 Ontario................... Matthews, Chaffey........... 27 6 .1-.55 60-64 4-5 53 Small x x . . . . . . x x . . . . . . . . . Rose (1958, 1969+-.1970). 

15 do . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . Mattawa..................... 35 8 .76 60 .. .. . 1.4 Small(?) Small .. . x .. . .. • x .. • .. . .. . .. . Harding (1946), J:Wse (1970, 1973). 

16 do . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Vermilion Lake . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30-57 10-40 .1± . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 150 Small(?) . . . x . . . . . . x x . . . . . . . . . Lawthers (1957), Rose (1969, 1970, 1973), 

Gross (1970). 

17 M~l}itoba ..... ;........... Cross Lake .................. 28-60 3-10 .02-.5 69 .11 1.6 S~all(?~ S~all~?~ x x . . . . . . . . . x . . . . . . . . . Rose (1969, 1970, 1973). 18 Bntish Columbta . . . . . . . . . Banks Island . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20-50 1-3 .07-.55 60 1.5-5 .9-1.8 Medtum(? Medium ? x x . . . . . . x . • . • . . . . . . . . Rose (1970, 1973). 

19 do . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Porcher Island............... 25+ 2 .2-.35 60 .3-1.5 .3-.9 Medium(? Medium? x x . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . x . . . Rose (1970, 1973). 

United States 

20 Rhode Island . . . . . . . . . . . . . Iron Mine Hill . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33 9 .22 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 10 x . . . . . . . . . x . . . . . . . . . . . . Singewald (1913), Lawthers (1957). 

21 New York................. Elizabethtown ............... 24-44 10-19 .04-.62 21 Small . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . x Newland (1908), Lawthers (1957). 

22 do .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Lake Sanford .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 34 19 .45 56 9-10 .7 122 300 .. . x .. . .. . x x .. . .. . .. . Balsley_ (1943), Stephenson (1945), 

MacMillan and others (1950, 1952). 

23 do.................... Diana Complex.............. 20 7 .05 65 4 .15 Larg_e Small(?~ X • .. • .. • .. • .. • .. • .. • .. • X Leonard and Buddington (1964). 

24 New Jersey . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Hager . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60 6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4 Small('!) Smal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Bayley (1910). 

25 do .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. VanSyckle .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 50 10-15 .13-.38 .. .. . .. .. . .5 Small(?) Small .. . x .. . .. • .. . .. . .. • .. • .. . Bayley (1910). 

26 North Carolina . . . . . . . . . . . Piedmont province ........... 40-65 12± . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6 Small(?) Small . . . x x . . . . . . . . . . . . x . . • Singewald (1913), Bayley (1921, 1923). 

27 N<_>rth Carolina-Tennessee. Appalachian province. . . . . . . . 40-60 5-7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2-.4 Small(?) Small . . . x x . . . . . . . . . . . . x . . . Singewald (1913), Bayley (1921,.~ 1923). 

28 Mmnesota . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Duluth Complex . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30 14 .1-.2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94 90 x x x . . . x x . . . . . . . . . Grout (1949-50), Lawthers (1951). 

29 Oklahoma................ Wichita Mountains ........... 45-54 14-18 .. .. . .. .. . .. .. . 1 Small .. . x x .. . x .. . .. . .. . .. . Carr and Dutton (1959). 

30 Wyoming................. Iron Mountain ............... 17-45 10-20 .17-.64 .. .. . .. .. . .. .. . 178 250 x .. . .. . x .. . x .. . .. . .. . Pinnell and Marsh (1954), Dow (1961), Harrer (1966). 31 do .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Owen Lake .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 29 5 .02-.2 .. .. . .. .. . .. .. . Small(?) Small x x x .. . .. . x .. . .. . .. . Harrer (1966). 

32 Colorado. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Caribou. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36-59 2-36 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Small Small x x x . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . x Harrer and Tesch (1959). 

33 do . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Iron Mountain . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45-50 14 .41-.45 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Small(?) Small x x x . . . x . . . . . . . . . . . . Harrer and Tesch (1959). 

34 do . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Cebolla Creek.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-30 4-32 .1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100 50 x . . . x . . . . . . . . . . . . x . . . Larsen (1942), Rose and Shannon (1960), Harrer and Tesch (1959). 

35 California .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. San Gabriel Mts.. .. .. .. .. .. .. 46 20 .53 .. .. . .. .. . .. .. . 10 30 x .. . x .. . x x .. . .. . .. . Oakeshott (1948). 

36 Alaska.................... Union Bay................... 18-20 .. .. . .. .. . .. .. . .. .. . .. .. . 1,000 Large(?) x .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . x x Kennedy and Walton (1946), Klemic 

(1970). 

37 do.................... Snettisham.................. 19 2.6 .09 64 3.5 .7 450 225 x .. . .. . x .. . .. . .. . x .. . Thome and Wells ~1956), Klemic (1970). 

38 do .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Klukwan ..................... 15-20 2 .2 62-64 2-4 .3-.4 13,000 13,000 x x .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . x .. . Wells and Thome 1953), Klemic (1970). 

39 do.................... Klukwan fan ................. 15(?) 2 .05 .. .. . .. ... Medium(?) Medium(?) .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . Wells and Thome 1953). 

40 do .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Iliamna Lake .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 12-19 1.3 .02 40-60 3.1 .3-.5 7,000 7,000 x .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . x .. . Reed and Determan (1965), Klemic (1970). 

See footnotes at end of table. 

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Map State, Province, No. or region 

(fig. 

2) 

41 East Transbaikalia ....... 42 Kuznetsk-Sayan .......... 43 Gorny Altay .............. 44 Ural ...................... 45 do .................... 

46 do .................... 47 do .................... 

48 do .................... 

49 do .................... 50 Caucasus Minor .......... 51 Karelo-Kola ............... 52 do .................... 

53 do .................... 54 do .................... 55 do .................... 

56 do .................... 

57 

58 K~~ij~~i: : : : :: : : : : : : : : : : : 

59 K vikkjokk ................ 60 Jarvso .................... 61 Nordingrli . . . . . . . . . . . . ... 62 Snfaland .................. 

63 

64 M~i~~i~ : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : 65 Lofoten ................... 

66 More ...................... 67 do .................... 

68 ........................... 69 ........................... 70 

71 E·~li~~~~~d· : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : 

72 do .................... 

73 Seoul ..................... 

74 Kyonggi .................. 

75 Hopei (Manchuria) ........ 

76 Ssuchuan ................. 

i~ ~h!rB:~!~~~~- : : : : : : : :: 

TABLE 1 -Resource data on the known titanijerous magnetite deposits of the world-Continued 

Geology 

Ore type Host rock 

Mine, deposit, Grade of "ore" Grade of magnetic "Ore" Vanadium "' s:: area, or source rock "' (percent) concentrate (percent) resources resources 0 Q) <:.> (millions (thousands ·.-::: "' ~ References <IS s:: :;: <:.> 

Fe Ti02 v2ofi Fe Ti02' V20s of tons 1) of tons V1) s:: ~ ..ill: <:.> ·;; tj:l 

:a Q) 0 <IS "8 t > ·e .I: <:.> 8 Q) u; ·;; ~ 

~ :.= <:.> Q) <IS <IS "' » bll "' ~ tj:l .b "' <IS ::s <IS <IS d ..ill: <IS i5 ...:1 il: :a ~ < < :a 5 

U.S.S.R. 

Charskoe .................... 18-41 ..... ····· ..... ..... . .... 20 sniall(?) ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... Sokolov (1970). 

l<h.~~r~:::~:: : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : 21 ..... . .... . .... . .... . .... 1,200 Larg~?~ ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... Sokolov (1970). 17 ..... ..... . .... ..... . .... 900 Medium? ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... Sokolov (1970). 

~~~Il:~:~~~~~~:::::::::::::: 27 . i:5· "66' . 3:3. 8,000 Lar.f.e(?) ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... Sokolov (1970). 16-17 .10-.12 .66 13,000 ,000 X ... ... ... ... ... ... X X Polyakov (1959), Bardin ~1957), 

Zakharov (1964), Soko av (1970). 

Guseva Gora ................. 17 ..... ..... ..... 3,194 Larg~?~ X ... ... ... ... ... ... X X Myasnik and others (1966). 

Pervoural'sk ................. 16-35 '3('h' (?).:4 ..... . .... . .... 140 Medium? X ... ... ... ... ... ... X X Lawthers (195~, Polyakov (1959), 

Bardin (1957), okolov (1970). 

Kusinskoe ................... 48-51 13-14 .68 ..... . .... .95-1 3 12 X ... ... ... ... ... ... X X Lawthers (1957), Polyakov (1959), 

Bardin (1957), Sokolov (1970). 

Visean ....................... "'16. 10.8 .73 ..... ..... . .... Large Large(?) ... ... ... . .. ... ... X . .. Fominykh (1963). 

Svorantskoe ................. "5-ii:i 66:69 ..... 800 Medium(?) . .. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... Sokolov (1970). 

Keyv intrusive .... .' .......... 29-45 .15-.75 ..... 1.1-1.4 Large(?) Large(?) X X ... ... ... ... ... X . .. Yudin and Zak (1970). 

Tsagin ....................... 36 7 .26 58 ..... .5-.6 Large Large(?) X X ... ... X X . .. ... ... Polyakov (1959), Kavardin (1906a, 

1960b), Yudin and Zak (1970). 

Afrikanda ................... 11-18 8-18 Low 50-61 9 .11 Large(?) Medium(?) ... ... X . .. ... ... X . .. X Yudin and Zak (1970). Y elet' ozero ................... 13-37 8-26 .13 58 ..... .6 Large(?) Medium(?) X X ... ... X . .. X . .. ... Yudin and Zak (1970). Pudozhgarskoe .............. .' 28 6.2 .4 52 ..... 1.12 517 1,300 X X . .. ... ... ... ... X X Bardin (1957), Polyakov (1959), Yudin 

and Zak (1970), Sokolov (1970). Koykara ..................... 22-32 5.5-8.5 .25-.47 ..... ..... . .... 300 Medium . .. X , ... ... X . .. ... ... ... Yudin and Zak (1970), Sokolov (1970). 

Finland 

Mustavaara .................. "'46. ..... Medium(?) Mining Mafiazine (1972). 

Otanmaki. ................... 12.3 .47 67 ..... 1.05 50 130 Paarma 1954), Paakkonen (1956), 

Outokumpu and Otanmiiki Cos. 

(1960) Marelle (1970). 

Sweden 

Routivare .................... 55 11 .1 ..... ..... . .... 33 18 . .. X . .. ... ... X . .. ... ... Lawthers (1957). Kramsta ..................... 25 5 .4 ..... ..... . .... 27 56 . .. X . .. • • 'i X . .. ... ... ... Lawthers (1957). mvo ......................... 35 8 .5 ..... ..... . .... 22 64 . .. X . .. :::1 . .. ... ... Xi . .. Lawthers (1957). Taberg ....................... 32 6 .3 ..... ..... . .... 165 280 X X i • • • Hjelmqvist (1950), Lawthers (1957). 

Norway 

Stjernoy-Seiland ............. .1-1 Medium(?) Medium(?) ..... ..... ..... . .... . .... X . .. X . .. ... ... ... X X Geis (1971). Hattevarre ................... .56 1 10 ... X . .. ... ... ... ... X . .. Geis (1971). 

Selvlig ....................... 35 4 .4 60 5 .7 20-44 50 X X ... ... X . .. ... ... ... Lawthers (1957), Marelle (1970), Geis 

(1971). 

Solnor, etc ................... ""35" "'6"' . ·.s·. ""62. "'2"' .5-1.2 Medium(?) Medium(?) ... X X . .. X . .. ... ... . .. Geis (1971). 

R.Odsand ..................... .9 10 30 ... X . .. ... ... ... ... X . .. Lawthers (1957), Marelle (1970), Geis 

10-30 (1971). 

~~Fo::::::::::::::::::::::::: .5-50 .1-1 ..... ..... . .... Small(?~ smalln X X . .. ... X X . .. ... . .. Geis (1971). 

55 Low .4 ..... ..... . .... Small(? Small? ... X . .. ... X . .. ... ... ... Geis (1971). 

Bamle ....................... ..... 'i7.9" .8-.9 "65" ..... . .... Small(?) Small(?) ... X . .. ... X ... ... ... ... Geis ~971). Tellnes ...................... . 4:3" . :73" 300 Small(?) ... ... X . .. ... X . .. ... ... Lawt ers (1957), Geis (1971). 

Storgangen .................. 5 17 . 14 65 33 30 .... ... X . .. ... X . .. ... ... Lawthers (1957), Geis (1971) . 

Republic of Korea 

Soyonpyongdo ............... 50 17 .4(?) 65 ..... . .... 4 Small(?) Gallagher and others (1962), Nishiwaki 

Porum-do .................... 60 10 .15-.4 ..... ..... Small 

(1970). . .... 1 Gallagher (1963). 

China (Mainland) 

Luanping .................... 53 11 .48 ..... ..... . .... 6 15 u.s . Bureau Mines (1945), Muraoka 

Panchihua ................... 20-45 10(?) High 650 Large(?) (1953), Nishiwaki (1970). 

····· ..... ..... Hsing (1959), Nishiwaki (1970). 

India 

Shaltora ..................... 47:57 i4:25 :7-4:8 ..... ..... ..... """26 "'20o 1·. ·1·. ·I·. ·I· .. 'I·. ·I x I·. ·I· .. , .. ·I Chakravarty, Ro~, and Banerjee (1960). Singhbhum-Mayurbhanj ..... ..... . .... ..... . . . x x . . . x x . • • . . . . . . Dunn ~1942)C Krishnan (195~ S. Roy (1954 , B. . Roy (1969), ukherjee 

9958), Nishiwaki (1970), Mining ournal (1971c). 

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79 Andhra Pradesh ......... . Tiruvuru .................... . 55 14 1.7 

80 Mysore .................. . 55-60 Up to 12 Some 

81 Strandzha Planina. . . . . . . . Kosti. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .... 

82 .......................... . Bukk Mountains ............ . 83 Szoi"Vasko .................. . 

84 Rio de Oro . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Agracha . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . 54 

85 Dori ..................... . 

86 Bugisu ................... . 

87 do ................... . 

88 Uluguru Mountains ....... 

89 Eastern Upangwa ......... · 

90 Luando ................... 91 ........................... 

92 Tete ...................... 

93 .......................... . 

94 Transvaal ............... . 95 do ................... . 

96 do ................... . 97 Natal .................... . 

98 Western Australia ........ . 99 do ................... . 100 do ................... . 101 do .................. .. 

102 do ................... . 

103 do ................... . 104 do ................... . 

Tin Edia ........... · ......... . 58 

Sukulu ............... · · · · · · ·· 62 

Bukusu ..................... . 

Hundusi ..................... 40 

Liganga ..................... 49 

M'Bassa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56-60 

G~~3chfi~~~n~~· ............ 48± 

Muande, Machedua Massamba, 

lnhantipissa, and Txizita . . 50± 

Orkorusa.................... . .... 

Rooiwater Complex ......... . Bushveld Complex . . . . . . . . . . . 42-60 

Piet Retief .. .. . .. . .. .. .. .. .. . 30-39 

Tugela River . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . 42-54 

Jameson Range. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48 

Balla Balla .................... .. Andover..................... 51 

Gabaninthe-Yarrabudda . . . . . 60± 

Barrambie .................. . 

Southern Cross ............. . Wundowie .................. . 

105 South Island.............. Doubtful Sound.............. . .... 

6-7 . 56-.63 

ui>· ~ ·25 .o9::11 

14 

12 .6 

10-20 

8± 

13 .67 

5 

25± 

20± .6 

14-20 1.5-1.7 

9-19 

20± .57-2.4 

"18. . 75 

.92 

15.7 .9-1.3 

.4-.5 

.47:.65 

1Many source rep,orts do not designate whether the tonnage figures are in "short," 

"long," or "metric ' tons. Furthermore, most tonnages are estimated and the fi~res 

are rounded, and generally they are considered to indicate only orders of magmtude; the inaccuracies of the figures are judged to be greater than the differences among 

these units, hence the kind of tons is not specified. 2Estimated only to a depth of 15ft (4.5 m). 3Estimated only to a depth of 75 ft (23 m). 4Estimated only to a depth of 100ft (30 m). 

. . . . . Medium(?) Medium(?) 

131 Medium(?) 

Bulgaria 

Hungary 

Spanish Sahara 

150 

Upper Volta 

..... 50 150 

Uganda 

45 

23 

Tanzania 

8 

45 160 

Angola 

6 

Mozambique 

250 800 

Namibia (South-West Africa) 

South Africa 

Australia 

60 .6-.7 

2 

New Zealand 

40 

2,000 

5 

15 

100 

22 

33 

6 

4240 

· ·4o+ 

50 

17,000 

Medium 

26 315 

45 

460Q 

· 'i4o 

Bhimasankaram (1963). 

Krishnan (1954). 

Vasilev and Stanisheva (1963) . 

Lengyel (1961). 

Lengyel (1957). 

Marelle and Abdulla (1970). 

1 ... 1 .. .{. .. 1 x I x 1 ... 1 ... 1 ... 1 ... 1 Marelle and Abdulla (1970). 

Barnes (1961), Baldock (1969), Marelle 

and Abdulla (1970). Barnes (1961), Baldock (1969), Marelle 

and Abdulla (1970). 

Harris (1961), Marelle and Abdulla 

(1970). 

Carter (1960), Harris (1961). 

Marelle and Abdulla (1970). 

Marelle and Abdulla (1970). 

Marelle and Abdulla (1970), Putzer (1970). 

I· · ·I· · -I· · ·I· · ·I· · ·I· ·-I· · · ~· · ·I· · .1· Marelle and Abdulla (1970). 

South Africa Geological Survey (1959). 

Nel and Lu:yt (1964), Willemse (1969), 

Marelle and Abdulla, (1970). 

South Africa Geological Survey (1959). 

Wagner (1928), Lawthers (1957). 

Minin! Journal (1967), D.aniels (1967). Jones 1965) . Conno ly (1959), Jones (1965). 

Gardner (1951); Jones '(1965), Western 

Australia Department of Mines (1966). 

Rausch (1971), Pratt (1971), Mining Journal (1971a). 

Mining World (1961, 1962). 

Western Australia Department of Mines 

(1966), Hudson (1967), , Mining Journal (1971b). 

Engineering and Mining Journal (1971). 

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-...) 
BB GEOLOGY AND RESOURCES OF VANADIUM DEPOSITS 

.Ore grades in the titaniferous magnetite deposits 

from which vanadium is being recovered vary 

widely: 16-60 percent Fe, 1.5-38 percent Ti02 , and 0.1-

2 percent V 205. This wide range indicates that technologically it is possible to obtain vanadium from all 

or almost all of the deposits listed in table 1. Other 

factors-such as economics, mining technology, and 

politics-also influence the successful exploitation of 

a mineral deposit, and generally these factors cannot 

be appraised for the deposits listed on the basis of 

published information. Nevertheless, it is obvious 

that the titaniferous magnetite deposits contain 

enormous vanadium resources, representing 

thousands of years' supply at the current rate of 

world consumption, about 25,000 short tons of 

vanadium yearly. Titaniferous magnetite deposits 

will continue to be the principal source of vanadium, 

unless the economics and technology of recovery of 

vanadium from petroleum and petroleum products 

(Fischer, 1973b) favor this possible alternative source 

in the future. 

REFERENCES CITED 

Allard, G. 0., 1970, The Dore Lake complex, Chibougamaua metamorphosed Bushveld-type layered intrusion, in Symposium on the Bushveld igneous complex and other layered 

intrusions: Geol. Soc. South Africa Spec. Pub. No. 1, p. 

477-491. 

__ 1973, Some speculations regarding the lower hidden zone 

of the Dore Lake complex and its potential mineral resources: 

Geol. Soc. America Bull., v. 84, no. 2, p. 717-724. 

Baldock, J. W., 1969, Geochemical dispersion of copper and other 

elements at the Bukusu carbonatite complex, Uganda: Inst. 

Mining Metall. Trans., v. 78, sec. B, p. B12-B28. 

Balsley, J. R., Jr., 1943, Vanadium-bearing magnetite-ilmenite 

deposits near Lake Sanford, Essex County, New York: U.S. 

Geol. Survey Bull. 940-D, p. 99...,123. 

Bardin, I. P., ed., 1957, Zhelezorudnaya baza chernoy metallurgii 

SSSR [The iron-ore base of the ferrous-metallurgy industry 

of the U.S.S.R.]: Moscow, Izdvo Akademiya Nauk SSSR, 

Mezhvedomstvennaya Postoyanaya Komissiya po Zhelezu, 

565 p. 

Barnes, J. W., 1961, The mineral resources of Uganda: Uganda 

Geol. Survey Bull. 4, p. 55. 

Bayley, W. S., 1910, Iron mines and mining in New Jersey: New 

Jersey State Geologist Final Rept., v. 7, 512 p. 

__ 1921, The magnetitic ores of North Carolina-their origin: 

Econ. Geology, v. 16, no. 2, p. 142-152. 

__ 1923, The magnetic iron ores of east Tennessee and western 

North Carolina: Tennessee Div. Geology Bull. 29, 252 p. 

Bhimasankaram, V. L. S., 1963, Vanadiferous magnetite ores 

from Tiruvuru, Krishna district, in Symposium on mineral 

industries in Andhra Pradesh, 1962, Proceedings: 

Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh Dept. Mines and Geology, p. 

67-72. 

Carr, M. E. S., and Dutton, C. E., 1959, Iron-ore resources of 

the United States including Alaska and Puerto Rico, 1955: 

U.S. Geol. Survey Bull. 1082-C, p. 61-134. 

Carter, G. S., 1960, The Liganga titaniferous magnetite occurences: Tanganyika Terr. Geol. Survey Records, v. 8, p. 

67-71 (1958). 

Chakravarty, Priyasankar, Roy, A. B., and Banerjee, M. K., 1960, 

Mineral resources of West Bengal in relation to structure 

and stratigraphy: Basudha, v. 1, p. 23-36. 

Christiania Spigerverk, 1969, Production of vanadium from 

vanadium-containing materials: British patent, no.1,165,487, 

Oct. 1, 1969. 

Connolly, R. R., 1959, Iron ores in Western Australia: Western 

Australia Geol. Survey Bull. 7, 101 p. 

Daniels, J. L., 1967, Subdivision of the Giles Complex, Central 

Australia: Western Australia Geol. Survey Annual Rept., 

1966, p. 58-62. 

Douglas, W. D., Bovey, H. J., and Temple, D. A., 1968, A process 

for the production of high grade vanadium pentoxide from 

solutions containing chromium and silica: South African 

Inst. Mining Metall. Jour., v. 68, no. 9, p. 385-396. 

Dow, V. T., 1961, Magnetite and ilmenite resources, Iron Mountain area, Albany County, Wyoming: U.S. Bur. Mines Inf. 

Circ. 8037, 133 p. 

Dunn, J. A., 1942, The economic geology and mineral resources 

of Bihar province: India Geol. Survey Mem., v. 78, 238 p. 

Engineering and Mining Journal, 1971, Exploration round-up, 

news of a major New Zealand discovery: Eng. Mining Jour., 

v. 172, no. 6, p. 274. 

Engineering and Mining Journal, 1972, Highveld-a new route 

to steel with vanadium recovery: Eng. Mining Jour., v. 173, 

no. 11,p. 175-177. 

Fischer, R. P., 1973a, Vanadium, in Brobst, D. A., and Pratt, 

W. P., eds., United States mineral resources: U.S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 820, p. 679-688. 

Fischer, R. P., 1973b, Can American oil refineries yield vanadium?, in Preprints of Papers: Petroleum Chemistry Division, 

Am. Chern. Soc., v. 18, no. 4; also in Yen, T. F., ed., 1975, 

The role of trace metals in petroleum: Ann Arbor, Mich., 

Ann Arbor Science Publishers, Inc. (in press). 

Fominykh, V. G., 1963, Vizeyskie titanonosnye gabbro-diabazy 

na Yuzhnom Urale [The Visean titaniferous gabbro-diabases 

in the southern Urals], in Magmatizm, Metamorfizm, Metallogeniya Urala: Ural'. Petrograf. Soveshch., Trudy, v. 1, p. 

481-484 [1961]; abs. in Chern. Abs. v. 61, col. 15859, 1964. 

Gallagher, David, and others, 1962, Mineral resources of Korea: 

U.S. Geol. Survey open-file rept., pt. 3, p. 1375-1377; see also 

Gallagher, David, 1968, Mineral resources of the Republic 

of Korea: U.S. Geol. Survey open-file rept., p. 60. 

Gallagher, David, 1963, Iron ore deposits, v. 4 of Mineral resources of Korea: Issued by Mining Branch, Industry and 

Mining· Division, United States Operations Mission to Korea, 

in cooperation with Geological Survey, Republic of Korea, 

50 p. 

Gardner, D. E., 1951, Titanium (rutile and ilmenite) [revised]: 

Australia Bur. Mineral Resources, Geology and Geophysics, 

Summ. Rept. 2, 36 p. 

Geis, H. P., 1971, Iron-titanium provinces in Norway with special 

reference to those in production: Minerals Sci. Eng., v. 3, 

no. 3, p. 13-24. 

Gross, G. A., 1967, Geology of iron deposits in Canada, vol. 2, 

Iron deposits in The Appalachian and Grenville regions of 

Canada: Canada Geol. Survey, Econ. Geology Rept. 22,111 p. 

__ 1970, Iron ore deposits of Canada and the West Indies, 

in Survey of world iron ore resources: New York, United 

Nations Dept. Econ. and Social Affairs, p. 237-269. 

Gross, S. 0., 1968, Titaniferous ores of the Lake Sanford district, 

New York, in Ore deposits of the United States, 1933-1967 

(Graton-Sales Volume), V. 1: New York, Am. Inst. Mining, 

Metall. and Petroleum Engineers, p. 140-153. 
VANADIUM RESOURCES IN TITANIFEROUS MAGNETITE DEPOSITS B9 

Grout, F. F., 1949-50, The titaniferous magnetites of Minnesota: 

St. Paul, Minn., Office of the Commissioner of the Iron Range 

Resources and Rehabilitation, 117 p. 

Guise-Brown, A. L., and Atmore, M. G., 1968, The recovery of 

vanadium pentoxide at Transvaal Vanadium (Pty.), Ltd.: 

South African Inst. Mining Metall. Jour., v. 68, no. 9, p. 

397-404. 

Hammond, Paul, 1952, Allard Lake ilmenite deposits: Econ. Geology, v. 47, no. 6, p. 634-649. 

Harding, W. D., 1946, The Brazeau vanadium-bearing magnetite 

deposit, Papineau Township: Ontario Dept. Mines, Ann. 

Rept., 1944, v. 53, pt. 6, p. 48-51. 

Harrer, C. M., 1966, Wyoming iron-ore deposits-Description, 

beneficiation processes, and economics: U.S. Bur. Mines Inf. 

Circ. 8315,-114 p. 

Harrer, C. M., and Tesch, W. J., Jr., 1959, Reconnaissance of 

iron occurrences in Colorado: U.S. Bur. Mines Inf. Circ. 7918, 

82 p. 

Harris, J. F., 1961, Summary of the geology of Tanganyika, Pt. 

4-Economic geology: Tanganyika Geol. Survey Mem. 1, 

143 p. 

Hjelmqvist, Sven, 1950, The titaniferous iron-ore deposit of 

Taberg in the south of Sweden [in English]: Sveriges Geol. 

Undersokning, Ser. C, no. 512, Arsbok 43, no. 10, (1949), p. 

1-55. 

Hsing, Feng-Ming, 1959, Genesis of the titanomagnetite deposits 

of Panchihua [in Chinese]: Ti-chih lun-p'ing, v. 19, p. 

421-425; abs. in Chern. Abs., v. 54, col. 6421, 1960. 

Hudson, D. R., 1967, The vanadium-bearing magnetite gabbro 

at Coates, Western Australia: Royal Soc. Western Australia 

Jour., v. 50, pt. 2, p. 60-64. 

Jones, W. R., 1965, Vanadium deposits of Western Australia, in 

Geology of Australia ore deposits [2d ed.]: Commonwealth 

Mining Metal. Cong., 8th, Australia and New Zealand, 1965, 

v. 1, p. 154-155. 

Kavardin, G. I., 1960a, K mineralogii spolshnykh titanomagnetitovykh rud Tsaginskogo mestorozhdeniya [Mineralogy 

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