AN EVALUATION OF THE EFFECI'1VE;NEsS 

OF 

27EIE STROBE LIGHT DETERRI=NT + SYSrml 

AT - 

Mrurm STATION 

ON 

CAYUGA LAKE, TOhXPKMS COUNTY, NEW YORK 

@a. 1993 and April through August 1994) 

Prepared €or 

NEW YORK STATE EI23-C AMD GAS CORPORATION 

Corporate Drive - Kirkwood Industrial Park 

P.O. Box 5224 

Binghamton, New York 13902-5224 

Prepared by .. 

John Homa, Jr., h4adeIyn Stafford-GIase, and M. Eliberh Comers 

1CKTHYOLx)GICAL ASSOClATES, INC 

50 LudIowvilIe Road 

Lansing, New York 14882-9023 

(607) 533-8801 

Decemfxr 12, 1994 
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rrr,. STUDYMETHODS ................................................... 7 

A) Dischargeffetting ......... . . . . .. ._.___.. ___ .._. - .. . .-.. ._. ._.___. . 7 

1. Partial Tailrace Net Design . - . - . - -. - -. - - . . - - . - - . - . - - - -. - - . . -. 7 

2. Sample Collection - - . .. ..- .-I. - . -. .. . . . - . - - - . - - - . - . - - . . - - - - - - . 7 

3: Collection Efficiency, Sampling -. - . -. - e . - - - - . . . . . . a . . . . . . . . . - . . - . - 8 

4. Special 24-hour Continuous,Sarnpling . . . . - - - . - . . . . . - . . . . . . . . -. .-. 9 

B) Condenser Face Observations . - I - . . . . -. - . . - - . - . - . . . . . . . . . -. - -. - -. 10 

C) Data Analysis and Quality AssuranodQuality Confro1 - - . - - . - . - . . -. .. . . . - . 10 

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ible2. Numbers or grams of fish entrained during the standard 8-hour sampling pen& VS. the 

quantity enmined during &e respective 24-hour period, July 7-2, 1994, Milliken Station, 

Cayuga Lake, New Yo&. 

ble 3. Results of entrainment sampling by partial tailrace netting at the Milliken Station, Cayuga 

Lake, New York 

51e 4. Adjusted catch rates for entrainment sampling at the MiIIiken Station, Cayuga Lake, 

New Yo& 

.Seasonal distribution of adjGted catch data and percentage composition of catch; Milliken 

Station Entrainment Study.. 

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)le 5. 

1Ie 6. Sunrise and sunset data for Ithaca, New Yo& December lN3 and April through August, 

.1994. 

Ie 7. Summary of statistics comparing paired entrainment rates with two treatments, strobes of€ 

and strobes on for &e strobe right evaluation study, Milliken Station, Cayuga Lake, 

Tompkins County, New York Testing of two time periods, December to July 3 and July 7 

through August. 

e 8. Summary of statistics comparing paid enfrainment rates with two treatments, strobes off 

and strobes on for the strobe light evaluation study, Milliken Station, Cayuga Lake, 

TompEns County, New York Testing of total study periods. 

Goodenser face observations at the Unit 1 viewing port, MIliken Station, Cayuga Lake, 

New York. 

2 9. 
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I I. .' 

"a 

1' iii 
Tile MilIikcn Station, a coal-fir& steam electric gencraiing facility located on Cayuga Lake, New 

lo& is owned and operated by the New York State Electric & Gas Corporation (NYSEG). This station 

as been operating as a once-through lake water cooled pianr since its construction in the 1950's. In 1992, 

ie New YorkStateDepartment of Enviroamental Consetvation (NYSDEC) requested that NYSEG initiate 

study to determine the most appropriate technology to reduce entrainment of fsh into the &ling 

stem. NYSEG installed a strobe light system engineered by Stone and Webster Engin&ring Corporation 

1 deter fish from &e station intake. The purpose of this repoa is to present LA'S evaluation of the 

'fdveaess of the strobe light system as a deterrent. 

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.. 

A fdibility study to determine- the best 'means of measuring entrainment was corkucted in 

~~~ber 1993 since travdig screens are not used at h4iiIiken and mat entrainment studies at steam 

aerating stations uti1-m traveling screens. Among the methods considered were visual and photographic 

sewation through a viewing port of impinged fish on one condenser waII, a method similar to that 

!ployd during a previous study. Ocher methods considered included pump sampling, fuXl discharge 

.ting, partial discharge netting, semi-balloon trawl, rigid frame trawl and a sampling sled. Partial 

charge nening was se1ected as most practical and effective method and was employed during December 

23 and from April through August 1994 to determine the effectiveness of the strobe light system. 

The study was designed to provide paired sarnpIes comparing two treatments, strobes off and 

bes oa The strobe lights were on €or two days with sampling during the last 8 hours of the second 

, and then off for two or more days with sampling during the last 8.hours of the final day. Results 

an "off" day were paired with results the next "on" day. A total of 29 data pairs were obtained during 

study period. These ireatmen& were tested statistically using a paired t-test, if appmpriace (normal 

5bution) or a Wilcoxon Sign Rank test if dab did not meet criteria for norrnaiity (Rankit test). All 

yses were accepted with a Level of significance of 5%. 

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Rainbow smelt was the fish species most vulnerable to entrainment at Milliken Station; yodng of 

(less than 60 mrn] and juvenile rainbow smelt (between 60 and 125 mm), comprised over 50% of 

atal catch and adult smelt (>125mrn) comprised 9% of (fie catch. Alewife was also abundant (23% 

e catch) and yellow perch was common (8%). Other species made up less than 2% of the catch. 
Overall, approximately 37% fewer fish were entrained when the strobe lighcs were operating than 

when they were off. The effects of the strobe lights on individual species were mixed. Generally, they 

were most effective during the months of December, April, May, and June when the intake water was 

cooler. The lights were significantly effective in repelling youngsf-year rainbow smelt, yellow perch, 

white sucker, and trout perch during the whole study period. Alewife and total &&-as measured by 

numbers and biomass, were significantly repelled during the winter (December) and spring (April-June). 

Juvenile smelt were unaffected by the strobes while adult smelt were collected when the lights were 

deployed in greater numbers during the short period (June 25 - May 25) that they were present in samples. 

In JuIy and0~ugust, ,. alewife also appeared to be attracted to the lights. During this period, total fish and 

biomass were both more numerous when the strobes were on than when they were off. 

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11. IhTRODUCLTON 

I OBJECTIVE 

The Milliken Station is a coal-fired steam elcctric generating facility located on Cayuga Lake in 

e Town of Lansing, Tornpkins County, New York (Figure 11, and is owned and operated by .the New 

ork State EIectric & Gas Corpomtion O\TYSEG)- This station has operated as a once-through lake water 

oled plant since its construction in the 1950's. In 1992, the New York State - Department of 

ivitomental Conservation (NYSDEC) reviewed NYSEG's renewal application €or a State Pollution 

scharge Elimination System (SPDES) permit NYSDEC requested that NYSEG initiate a study (IA 

92, 2993) to determine the most appropriate technology to reduce entrainment of fsh into the cooling 

;tern. NYSEG installed a strobe light system cagineemi by Stone and Webster Engineering Corporation 

deter fish-'hrn the intake. For a description and specifications of the strobe light system see 

pcndix L ~~yo~ogiical Associates, ~nc - contradsd to eva~uati the effectiveness of that 

:=rent< ne purpdse of this report is to present the evaluation of the effkctiveness of the strobe lights 

L deterrent 

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DESCEWIION OFTHE STUDY SITE 

The MiIliken Station has two generating units which are cooled by a once-through circulating 

x system using raw water drawn from Cayuga Lake. ne off-shore cooling-water intake consists of 

penended pipe situated about 520 ft from the shore at a depth of about 40 ft. The upper half of the 

18 ft of the pipe has been cut away so that water is drawn in from both a horizonfa! and vertical 

don With only a very wase grating to keep out foreign objeds. ,No mechanism, such as a traveling 

n or other fine mesh barrier, is in place to physically prevent fshcrr other aquatic organisms from .. 

; entrained. Consequently, it is not possible to conduct entrainment studies at Milliken in the same 

iff as at the majority of steam electric plants, by sampling fish impinged on traveling screens or other 

:a. 

Cooling wafer passes through each unit's condenser and out the discharge mude lake. Since - - 

arneter of the condenser tubes is slighfiy less than 314 inch, debris and entrained fish th6t are 

ently large may be lodged (impinged) against the condenser face, while smaller materials pass 

$t. Once per day, or more o€ten.if necessary, the condensers are backwashed to clear the condenser 
Tile discliarse stnhilrc at Mi1li):crl is a concrete box-likestructurc, approxirrin~cly 13 ir hig11, 10 fr 

wide, and 20 ft long (Fiprc 2). The long axis is oriented in an east/wes~ direction with Gyuga Lake to 

the west and Milliken Starion to the cast. Circulating water supplied by four pumps (abut 60 rngd each) 

is discharged at the rate of about 379 c& (245 mgd) inlo the east end of the box through a 8 fr diameter 

pipe. About 14 ft of the western portion of the top of the box and 7 ft of the upper portion of fhe west 

end are open. The lower 6 ft of the west wall forms a weir. Water is discharged out of the structure over 

the weir at a depth of from about 4 to 7 ft depending on lake IeveI and the number of circulating pumps 

in operation All four pmps are run continuously during normal plant operations. Only two of the four 

pumps are operated when one of the two coal-fxed units is off line for repair or maintenance. Flow 

patterns obsewed within the discharge structure are largely turbulent and non-linear for most of its lenHowever, flow over the weir wall at the west &d is fairiy laminar with high velocities (about 6 fps). 

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Fsh are known to be able to access the strucbe directly from the lake. Adult landlocked Atlantic 

salmon (Saltno salar) and brown trout (Suho &utia) were obsenred in the discharge structure in 

November- Several species were observed inside the discharge structure during the spring and summer, 

including common carp (Cyprk cqio), yellow perch (Perca jliza'aens), alewife (Alosa 

pseudohmengu), rainbow smelt (Osmerus mor&), gizzard shad (Dorosoma e-), and bluegill 

(LepomiS ntacTocJLtzcT)). There is some use of the smcture for a dip net smelt fishery in the spring. 

The discharge structure is adjacent to a discharge pool. The pool is turbulent with back eddies 

and cxuss currents. Debris is hay commoh on the bottom and a portion of the pooI is excavated from 

bedrock When the lake is relatively high, [spring through fall, about 382 ft mean sea level (msl)], the 

discharge water exits from the pool directly to the west over a gravel bar that runs north and south abut 

200 to 250 ft west of the structure. As the lake level is lowered to winter levels (about 3805 ft msl), the 

discharge water exits from the pool to the south parallel to the shoreline and gravel bar. T3e discharge 

pooI and adjacent area support an important year-round sport fshery. At times, twenty or more anglers 

fish this pool, with one-hundred or more anglers within 03 mile of the discharge. Sprt fish commonly 

taken include lake trout (Salvelinus namayu(slz), brown trout, rainbow trout~Onadync/us mykiss), - - 

landlocked Atlantic salmon, northern pike (Esox IrtciuS), and smallmouth bass (Microplerus dolahriui). 

Carp, yellow perch, rock bass (Ambloplifa mpe-stris), bluegill, pumpkinseed (Lepomk gibbosus), black 

crappie (Pornoxis m.gromaculntus), rainbow smelt, and white sucker (Cafosfomus comerson4 are taken 

as well. 
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ESOURCE AGENCY CONCERNS 

The NYSDEC i-quatd {hat NYSEG insall and evaluate an appropriate technology to protect 

up bkc fishes from plant enfrainment. Following a review in June 1994 of preliminary resuIfs from 

=valuation study, NYSDEC requested that the study indude a netting efficiency effort to calibrate the 

xtion method. This study &is IO include injection of fish representative of entrained fsh into the 

xn and measure recovery in the nets. The other study that was requested uras extended diel sampling 

.din whe&er the colltxtion during a standard eight hour sampling period would be representative 

dlection during 24 hours. 

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REVIOUS STUDIES 

Prdiminary entrainment studies at Milliken Station were conducted in 1% by Youngs (1969) and 

Ss-lwby .. Beak Consultants, Inc. (Beak 1987). The Youngs study was mnduded to as&ain the 

ttial impacts of the proposed Bell Station, ‘a nuclear power station to have been built immediately 

of Miilken Station. The study employed the use of a semi-balloon trawl in the discharge pool with 

success (W. Youngs, personal communication to J. Homa). For the Beak (1987) study, a viewing 

vas insbIId on the condenser housing of unit #I. The viewing port is 638 inches in diameter and 

at& on the lower left quadrant of the condenser. A second port was installed adjacent to the first 

:o house a Light source for illumination of the condenser face. During the 1987 study, fish 

gement against the condenser tube face was assessed by observing the accumulation of fsh on the 

mer face. Results of this study indicated that alewife, yellow perch, and rainbow smelt, in that 

were the spies most uulnerabie to entrainment, and that entrainment was related to behavioral 

itory) characteristics of each species. 

IA was contracted in 1992 to evaluate the feasibility of severaI alternative deterrents to fish 

iment at Milliken Station. A “white paper“ on fish deterrent devices was developed and submitted 

3DEC (L4 1992). NYSDEC reviewed and approved a study plan (IA 1993), and as a result, strobe 

uere installed during the fail of 1993. The present study was initiated by NYSEG and IA in 1993 

zr to evaluate the effectiveness of the strobe light system. Several qerhods-f?r comparing 

men1 rates with and withouc the strobe lights were reviewed. These methods included 1) aisual 

ition of the condenser tubs rhrough the viewing port, 2) photographic or video observation through 

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Ning porl, 3) rigid frame trawl, 4) sampling sled, 5) semi-balloon trawl, 6) pump sampling, 7) fill1 

netting, and 8) partial tailrace nextins. Evaluation of sampling methods was conducted in 
Noveru'bcr- 1993 (LA 1994). As a result of [his evaluation, sampling using partial tailrdce netting of (11~ 

discharge was determind io bc the most viable method. Partial tailrace netting was conducted in 

Dwmber 193 and from April through August 1994. 

E. SrUDY APPROACH 

Partial tailrace netting was selected as the mast practical method for evaluating the strobe light 

system (IA 1994). Among the tschniques for sampling of fishes entrained in the Gooling wat& system 

that were given field trials, it sampled the largest proportion of the flow (approximately-% to 25% of the 

discharge, depending on lake elevation) and provided a complete picture of the full size range of fishes 

entrained. Condenser port observations were used as a secondary method to collaborate netting results 

and provide a comparisoa to the previous spdy; There are two known limitations of the partial tailrace 

netting me&& 1) only a portion of the. discharge 2i.sarnpled and 2) there is potential for contknhation 

of net samples by nonentrained fish entering the discharge. The effect of these Limitations on study 

nsults are discussed below. - 

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am. STUDY METHODS 

DISCHARGE NE?TING 

1. Partial Taiirace Net DesiEn 

The netting design used €or study sampling in December 1993 and from April-August 1994 is 

)wn in Figure 3. The rectangular opening oa the lakc side of the discharge structure was fitted with 

reel pipe across the top of the opening to serve as a support pivot. Two rectangular ne( frame supports 

m built to pivot on this pipe. in the down position these frames span the oping of the discharge 

icture perpendicular to the discharge flow and rest against the inside edge of the discharge weir. 

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Redangular .nets made of 0.25 in* .kne&ss nylon were mounted on 2 foot by 3 foot steel net 

ne~. I&&- net frames were mounted on the pivoting supports to sample various depths in ;he water 

UM. WEien raised by block and tackie, the-frame supphs hang above the water roughly paralIel to 

water &ce and can be worked by mw mab standing on the sides of the discharge strudure. 

ractice, the nets wcce always set diagonally, so that one sampled the lower portion of the water column 

itha the north or south side of the discharge, and the other net sampled the higher part of the water 

rn on the opposite side. Thus net positions ~IE mfd to as "north low, south high" (as shown in 

re3) or "north high, south low". In order to minimize vandalism and interference with the 

ational fishery, fiames, suppoxfs, and block and tacMes were removed from the discharge structure 

i not in use. 

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2 Sample Collection 

The collsction period €or each sample was standardized at eight 'hours, from mughly 230 p.m. 

330 p.m The nets were raised and emptied appmximafely every two hours, so that there were usually 

xlIeCtioo periods within the sample (if heavy fish catch or debris loads warranted, more frequent 

Xions were made). At &ch cotlection, the nets were emptied, repaired when necessary and reset; net 

<a1 and reset times were recorded. Total fishing time was usuaIIy between 7.5 and 7.8.hours of the 

r sample period. The condenser is backflushed at least once per day; arrangemensere made with 

:en staff to perform this backflush during the second two-hour collection period at 1700 hours. AXUS, 

at were impinged on the condenser face during the previous 24 hours would be included in that net 

:ion. Aithougfi the time of sunset varied over the course of the study, the eight-hour coIIection 

always spanned day, dusk, and night conditions- 

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sampling was conducted in Dccernkr 1993 and from April through Augus' 1991. 53r1iplcs were 

collecfcd in pairs; a sample with the strobe light system "ofr followcd by a sample with the strobe light 

system "on". After completion of sampling the crew would reset the strobe lights for the beginning of 

rhe next sample. From June 1 through July 15, sampling was conducted every orher day, with strobe 

settings changed at the end of each sampIe, so that the strobe lighfs wouId have been off or on for 

approximately 40 hours before each sample began. During December and from Aprii 1 through June 1 

and July 15 through August 31, samples were collected weekiy on Monday and Wednesday. These 

samples occurred with an *on* period of approximately 40 hours; the "off" periods eztended over the 

weekend for about 68 hours. 

All fish netted were identified to species:(when possible) and recorded. Length and weight data 

were coliqtedi for all species: if more than 25 fish ot the same species were collected during a sample, 

* 

Iength and weight data was collected for a subsample of 25 individuals and the remaining fish were 

enumerated. The condition ofthe fish (alive., dead, scale damage, eye damage, macerated, etc) was noted, 

Live fish were procased fixst and returned to the fake. In order to avoid doubledunbhg of macerated 

fish, only pieces including the head were counted as entrained fish. Unidentifiable fish pieces and 

macerated fish without heads were not counted, but were included in a total biomass measurement for the 

sample. 

Because the tailrace nets did not cover the entire discharge, some fish were able to swim into the 

discharge structure and were SubsequentLy captured in the tailrace nets. Also, many fish that were resident 

in the discharge%ox were vulnerable to being netted without being entrained. Fsh that, in the best 

judgement of the crew leader, did not appear to have gone through the plant were identified and 

enumerated but marked as "not entrained" and excluded from data analysis. Several batches of live fish 

were tested in nets to determine how to differentiate net damage from entrainment damage. 

3. Collection Elficiency Samplinp 

?he efficiency of the netting system was tested by injecting fish (dead alewife~lhe discharge 

system and recording the percentage of the injected fish caught in the nets. Dead adult alewifdwere 

injected into the system on four occasions between July 13 and 27. During each test, loo0 test fish were 

injected in lots of 100 marked alewife and the injection timeswere noted. Alewife were utilized because 

they were the species reported to be most heady entrained during the 1987 Beak study. Dead fish were 

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& I>ccausc fish entrained through ilic station are geneiafiy killed, and dead fish would behave more like 

hose entrain4 than would five fish. AI1 inject& fkh were identified by spraying tfiern with fiuofcscenr 

cd or green pigment as well as by fin dip. 'Ihe purpose of the dye was lo differentiatc injected fish from 

aiurally entrained fsh. The fin clips were useti to identify lots of 100 fish in order to assure that fish 

'ere moving through the system at equal rates and that some fish are not being caught within eddies in 

ie plant, On any day when injecting occurred, each lot of 100 fsh was uniquely dyed and clipped. 

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Injection was through a 3-inch diameter PVC pipe fitted into the discharge tunnel on the south 

le of the pump house approximately 140 ft from the discharge structure. FolIowing introduction of fish 

to &e injection pipe, about 5-gallons of water and a "plunger", a ram-rod With a sofr end approximately 

: diameter of the pipe were passed throug€?the pipe to ensure that all fish were cleared _< into the 

;charge ti& Au efficiency tests weke conhucted when ody Qne unit (two pumps) was operating. 

ections were generally made near the beginning or middle of a sample p&od, so that net recovery 

red at 1-t four hours. 

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The number of test alewife subsequently recovered was recorded for each tailrace net Injected 

. recovered and distribution between high and low nets was analyzed on a percentage bask (see %ion 

4L). The cross-sectional area of the nets represented from about 16 to 26% of the cross section of 

discharge box outlet, depending on lake level during the study. Consequently, if lake levels were such 

the nets represeated 20% of the discharge crass sectionaI area, with netting efficiency of 100%, -about 

I of entrained fish should be caught in the nets. 

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4. Special 24-Hour Continuous Sampling -- 

In June 1993, f&e WSDEC inquired about day/aight padem in fish entrainment at the facility. 

sponse to these inquiries, additional samples were colIected fkorn July 7-11, 1994. Collections were 

continuously over this 104-hour period, starting at the beginning of the regular sampling period 

1 hours) on July 71h and running through the end of the regular sample (2230 hours) on July 11th. 

dons were made at approxirnarefy two-hour intervals throughout the period- Fi-mfIecmd during _- 

/ cried were proccs~ed and recorded in the same manner as for routine sampling. 
B. CONDENSER FACE OBSERVATIONS 

Observations of the condenser face were made at thc beginning and end of each eight-hour sarupic. 

The numbcr and, when possible, species of fish entrained on the face were noted. On several occasions, 

however, turbidity or numerous bubbles decreased visibility at the viewing pod and partially or totally 

obscured the condenser face. Photographic records of the condenser face were made on occasions when 

visibitity was good and fish were present. 

C DATA ANALYSIS AND QUALirY ASSURANCE / QUALITY CONTROL - 

Data from each sampIe were recorded in the field on standardized data forms. Data forms were 

given QNQC checks prior to data entry and analysis, and backup copies made. Sample data and catch 

and biomass numbers were entered info computet spreadsheets for data analysis. Two data formats were 

used; onepn-&ning details of each collection by net and collection time, and one summarizingrhe totai 

catch over the entire sampling period. Data we& entered separately into the two spreadsheet formats, and 

information for each sample was compared against $he second spreadsheet or the original data sheets to 

verify data entry. Analysis of seasonal distribution of fish species and sorting and preparation of the 

database for statistical analysis was perfomed using Lotis 1230 (Lotus Development Corporation). 

Statistical analyses were performed using STATISTTx6 (Analytical Software 1992). 

The standard netting period for the study was from 1430 to 2230, giving a total of approximately 

eight how of coUSCtions. A few sampIes, however, were shorter due to equipment or schedule problems; 

especially the first severaI samples in December. In late June and early July, several samples had total 

colldon times substantially shorter than eight horn because subsampling was used to avoid excessive 

Ioads of nonentrained alewife in the nets. In order to have comparabIe data for analyses, the raw catch 

data were adjusted to represent a uniform eight-hour sample. AI1 Samples with total collection times less 

than 75 hours were adjusted, either by prorating the total catch from a confhuous but short sample to the 

fix11 eight hours (December), or by weighting the numbers of fish coUectsd during subsamples to the full 

two-hour period represented by the subsample (June and July). 

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To increase the pwer of statistical testing, a sample from one treatment (strobes on) was paired 

with a sample from the other (strobes off). So that the pairs may sample similar conditions in the fish 

community, the pairs consisted of consecutive samples. Catch per unit time for total fish caught, total 

biomass, and individual species or life stage were all tested for difference between treatmcn(s. Initially, 
catch data wcre cxamincd for normality of distribution (Rankit (cst Analytical Sofrwarc 19'92). 

istical testing using tlic parametric paired-( fesl was conducted for discrete vnm of time when 

ibutions were normal. ]if the distribution of catch data did not meet criteria for normality, the 

=Oxon Sign Rank &st was employed (AnaIyricaI Software 1992). A 5% level of significance was the 

Gia for accepting the hypothesis that the means (catches of fish) were different. 

11 
A) QLLECRON PWEERS 

1. Collection Efficiency 

Dead adult alewife were injected into the system on four occasions betwecn July 13 and 27 to 

determine the efficiency of the collection system. Approximately loo0 dyed, clipped alewife were utilized 

each day of trials for injection into the discharge tunnel. Five lots of 100 similarly marked fsh were 

injected every five minutes approximately 05 to 1 hours before the end of the collection period. A second 

injection series of five lots of uniquely marked alewife was repeated during the following collection period 

each day so that a total loo0 fish were injected per day. 

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On July 13, 104 (21%) fish were recovered from the first series of injections, with 91 (18%) 

recovered from the second series for an average rmey rate of 24l% for the day (Table 1). On chat day, 

the cross sectional area of the nets represented 18% of the discharge cross section. On July 15,77 (15%) 

of the ale&fe injected in the first series were recovered, while 92 (18%) of the fish injected in the second 

series were recaptured. OR that day the cross sectional area of the nets aIso represented about 18% of the 

total discharge cross section. During both of these days, the nets were in the north-high, south-low 

configuration. Fbr both days, about 70% of the injected fish were recovered in the south-Iow net 

,. 

As shown in Table 1, on JuIy 20,101 (20%) alewife were recovered during the first injection with 

93 (1%) recovered during the second injection Series. On that day the nets represented about .18% of 

the discharge cross sectional area. On July 27,81(16%) were recovered of the first series of 500 alewife 

injected and 68 (14%) were recovered from the second series. The average recovery rate for July 27,15% 

can be compared to the approximate fraction of the discharge cross sectional area captured by the nets, 

about 17%. During both of these days, the nets were in the north-low, south-high configuration. For all 

injections with the north-low, south-high configuration, the average recovery was about 17%. 

There was no apparent difference in the netting efficiency related .< to net position -. (Table 1). - _- 

Efficiency with the norlh-high, south-low configuration was approximately the same as wig1 the 

south-high, north-low configuration. However, more fsh (70 to 80%) were captured at the south net 

regardless its position. 
Recovery of injected fsh was rapid. Brightly pigmented dead alewife were observed within the 

:hargc box within 30 seconds of injection. Most of the fish wcre through the discharge within 5 

uta. Out Of the 4,000 alewife that were inject&, only one aIewife was recovered after a pried of 

.e than two hours. 

2 Net Position 

The framework for the partiai tailrace nets allowed the nets to beset at different positions (depths) 

in the discharge. A diagonai sampling scheme, with one net set high in the water%Iurnn and one 

ef deeper, neat the bottom of the discharge opening, was used (see Section I11 for description of nets 

framework sfructure). For all samples, nets were set in one of two psifions; 1) north net high and 

1 net low, or 2) north net low and south net-b_igh. Both sampling positions were used through all of 

easons-in -&e study; net positions were usually set so chat one strobe owstrobe on pair o<samples 

d be collected with the same net setting, &en net position would be switched for the next pair of 

~Ies. In a uniform flow field, the two net positions would have an equal probability of catching 

hed fish. Because of &e irregular hydraurics and eddies within the discfiarge structure, however, it 

=&le that there are some variations in catch due to net position. Entrainment catch results we= 

ked to see if there were detectable differences in entrainment catch with the nets in different 

.. 

Figure 4 shows a plot of total entrainment caatch results with net position indicated by number. 

eady part of the year @-June) the north high/south low setting (position 1) had a slightly-higher 

rate than the north Iow/soucb high position (position 2). There is a fair amount of scatter in catch 

4 however, and no consistent pattern is apparent. .- 

Frequency distributions for the two net positions are cornpared in Figure 5. This figure shows that 

:tribution pattern for net position 2 includes severai very low catches (4 fishlsample), with the 

ing samples distributed over seven1 intervals. Catches 'with net psition 1 are faidy evenly 

ited over the entire sample size range, including some very Iarge catches (>ZOO fistdsample). -. Both _- 

itions show the majority of the samples with catches between 10 and 40 fishharnple- / 

The arithmetic mean of total adjusted catch. for all samples using net posi:ion #I (north high, south 

3s 47 fishjsample, while the mean for net position 2 (north low, south high) was 28 fishlsample. 
niesc rcsuls suggcsi tliat itle caccl~ was higher \vith nes in position 1. StaatisticaI tcstirig (hrlalytial 

Software 1992), however, indicates that differences in the mean bctwcen the two ne( positions arc no( 

significant (rank sum two-sample Mann-Whitney test, 5% level of significance). 

overall, these results susest that there may be some difference in catch between the two net 

positions. The north highlsouth low setting seem to be associated with a slightly higher catch, especially 

during the early part of the year. The differences are not, however, large enough to be stahically 

significant or to produce noticeable trends in catch data. Any effects due to net position..=..ould be much 

smaller than the observed differences due to seasonal factors, fish Schooling behavior, and strobe setting. 

Moreover, for most sample pairs, the same net position was used for both tratrnents (strobes odsmbes 

off) within the pair; so that conditions due..to na position would not be a factor in strobe comparisons. a 

/I : 

3. Catch of Non-Entmined Fish 

As predicted, the partial tailrace nets left open areas between the two net Erames and Jxtween each 

Erame and the side Wail of the discharge structure, so that it was possible for fish to swim upstream past 

the nets into the discharge structure. This resulted in fish behg netted (%ontaminations of the sample) 

that had not been not entrained through the cooling-water system. The number of fish entering the 

discharge structure from the surrounding shallows was small during December and ApriI-May sampling, 

but large numbers (600-7fsoo fish per sample) of non-entrained fish were collected from mid-June through 

mid-July, when alewife were schooling in large numbers in the shallows near the discharge. Numbers of 

juvenile and yoy rainbow smelt and schools of young largemouth bass were aIso collected in the nets in 

July and August, but did not appear to have been entrained. 

While all fsh collected were recorded, the data presented .and analyzed for this report includes 

only entrained fish. The determination whether a fish caught in the nets had been entrained or not was 

made by the field crew at \he time of collection, based on the fish's condition and observations of live 

fish schooling in the vicinity of the discharge. Fsh were observed to drift back into .the nets and to 

eventually become impinged against the net mesh. Two test introductions of live fish My into the nets 

were conducted to tat these observations and distinguish between cooling-system and net dama&. On 

December 20, 1993, 20 live golden shiners were introduced into the south net at the beginning of a twohour net collection, All 20 of the fish were recovered, but 14 of the 20 had died due to net damage. 

Scale loss was apparent on.rnost of rhe fsh, and eye damage and/or hemorrhaging were also commoIL 

- -- 
\velve live alewife ncttd horn tfic shallows were mark& and p!acd in ;he nets for two hours on May 

, 1994. Ten of tticsc fish wcrc dead at rlic end of the collection period; alf twelve had scaling, visible 

:i maria, or twisfcd bodies from king in (lie ne{. types of darnase observed were different from 

at seen on clearly entrained fish, which oEren had partial or torn Wies, torn stomachs, missing eyes, 

td "0" shaped marks from the condenser tube openings. Based on these Cats, fish in good condition 

ith no damage beyond light xa1e loss were usually judged to be non-entrained, even if they were dead 

ien recovered from the net. -. 

4) Diel Entrainment 

From July 7 starting at 1430 hr to JuIy 11 at 2230 hr, entrainment was measured continuously lo 

ennine whether the standard eight hour Wmpling period was capturing a representative sample of fish 

rained ovei the course of 24 hours. - Results are provided in Egure 6 for captured cn&ined Gsh 

mass, total entx-ained fish, alewife, and rainbbw smelt. Each 24-hour period ivas divided into six 4-hour 

zks. The times provided as the x-axis in Figure 6 are the middle of the 4-hour period. Two of the 

:ks, identified at 1630 and 2030 represeclr the standard &hour period fhat was sampled throughout the 

.y. Results from these two bl& were compared to entrainment during the whole 24-hour period. 

.. 

As shown in Figure 6, entrainment of biomass, total fsh, alewife, and rainbow smelt ail followed 

9 pattern with higfiest entrainment at night and IittIe entrainment during dayligbt horn. Please note 

lifference in scale between the numbers of alewife and the numbers of total fsh or smelt. Many more 

t were entrained than any otherspecies; consequently the diel patterns observed for biomass and total 

could be largely accounted for by patterns of entrainment of smelt. The numbers of total fsh, 

ass, or alewife entrained that were observed during the 1630 block of time indude fish Bushed from 

stem by the daily backwash of the condenser face that occurs at 1700 hours. Only a few adult smelt 

observed on the condenser face and juvenile or young-of-year smelt are too small to be commonly 

ged at that site. High biomass entrained during the 1630 block often represented one large fish (for 

Ae, a white sucker weighing 12oog on May 2) that was flushed from the condenser face. 

- - ., -- - 

In most cases, entrainment peaked during the 0030 or 0430 block figure 6 suggests that'there 

entrainment pattern approximating a bell-shaped curve. The 2030 block usualfy indicated the 

ing of the increase in entrainment. During early July, only the latter two hours of this block occur 

:ness. As shown in Table 2, entrainment measured during the standard eight-hour block auld not 
bc us& 10 directly prcdicr 24-hour entrainment. Entrainment detcrmined during tile &hour bl~k rang4 

from.about 5% of 24-hour cntrainment on July 9-10 to abut 75% of 24-hour cntrainment on July 7-8. 

If a sample representative of 24-hours of entrainment were collected during the &hour bluck entrainment 

during the 8-hour block should be abut 33% of total entrainment. As shown in Tabte 2, in some cases 

(July 7), entrainment would be overestimated by the 8-hour block; in some cases it would bc 

underestimated. SarnpIing only during daylight hours may result in a gross underestimate of entrainment; 

conversely, sampling only during night hours may result in a gross overestimate. However, regardless of 

the time of sampling, the study design for testing the effectiveness of (he strobes is valid as long as a 

sample representative of vulnerable species is collected in the same manner for each pair of samples. 

B. GENERAL ENTRAINMENT CATCH RESULTS AND RELATED DATA 

_- _.- 

_- 1. Orerall Catch Statistics 

Total catch numbers for partial tailrace netting of the Milliken Station COoIing-water discharge are 

summarized in Table 3. The most commody entrained species in order of decreasing abundance were 

rainbow smelt alewife, and yellow perch. Because the rainbow smelt showed distinctly difEerent seasonal 

patterns for different life stages, these fish were separated into three size/age class categories based on totai 

length: young-of-year [less than 60 mm total length m)], juvenile (60-125 mm TL), and adult (>US mm 

TL). Alewife collected throughout the study were predominanUy of one year class (total length 120- 

140 mm), afthough some numbers of younger fish (60-90 ma) were collected, primady in December and 

August. 

.. 

Other fish species entrained, in descending order of abundance, were trout-perch (Percopsis 

omkco-), slimy scuIpin (CoChc; Cognarus), white sucker, spottail shiner (NoCropls hu&or&s), rock 

bass, rainbow trout, brown bullhead (AmeiuruS nebulosus), *&-shad, largemouth bass (MiCropCems 

sdmoides), smallmouth bass, brindled rnadtom (Noatrus miurn), brown trout, lake trout, creek chub 

(SemoC2u.s afromaculahrs), and sea lamprey (Petromyzon mufh.~). Other species were commonly caught 

in the discharge nets without being entrained, except rarely, included spottail shiner, and largemouth bass. 

Bluegill, pumpkinseed, black crappie, golden shiner (Noremigum crysoleucas), .c northern __. pike, tesselated - 

darter (Erheosfoma ofmsredi3, and rudd (Scardinius eryduophrhalmus) were also collected but notflever 

recorded as entrained. Large carp were frequently seen swimming inside [he discharge structure but were 

never netted. 
The standard nelring period lor the study was from 2430 to 22-30, giving a total of approximately 

ghc hours of collections. A few samples, however, were shorter due 10 equipment or schedule problems. 

. order lo have comparable data for analyses, the raw catch data were adjusted lo represent a uniform 

ght-hour sample. Table 4 shows the adjusted catch data for a standard eight-hour sample. 

The total estimated number o€ entrained frsh per &hour sarnpk ranged from no catch to over 400 

h (300 of which were smaiI young-of-year smelt) on Dectmber 6, 2993. In general, a atch of 10 to 

fsh per sample was the most common. The frequency distribution of adjusted total catch data is 

3wn in figure 7. The distribution of catch rates is very irreguIar, indicating the episodic nature of 

trainmeat ?he distribution is faintly trirnodaI, with peakr at very low catch rates (5 fish or less), 

ermediate catch rates (3040 fish/sample) and 4ery high catch rates (more than 100 fish pa sample). 

I_ 

c 

figure 8 shows the seasonal progression in total estimated catch. The'highest entrainment levels 

xe than 80 fisfijsample) are associated with yoy rainbow smelt in December samples and one collection 

iwenile smelt in June Total catch rates of 30-50 fishfsample persist from late May through June and 

in in late Idy. Total catch rates less than 30 FsWsampIe are most prevalent from late June rhrough 

i-JuIy and in August. 

2 SeasonaI Distribution of S@es 

Egum 9 and Table 5 show the species composition of entrained fish by month. The dominant 

tponent gf December samples was yoy rainbow smelt In April and May, adult rainbow smelt in 

Ming condition were dominant in the samples. Other common spring species in order oE decreasing 

idance inciuded yoy smelt, alewife, yellow &rch, and juveniIe smdt 3uvenile rainbow smelt were 

t common in June samples, foIlowed by alewife, yoy smelt, yellow perch, and trout-perch. July and 

ust samples were dominated by alewife, with lesser numbers of juvenile and yoy rainbow smelt and 

iw perch. 

In addition IO entrained fish, ne$ coilections also reflected seasonal inshore s&wIing of several 

species in the vicinity of the discharge. Large numbers (600-7,500 per sampk) of nonenthined 

:fe were collected from June 17 through July 15, when schooIs of alewife were visible in the shallows 

(he discharge. Moderate numbers (20-100) of nonentrained yoy and juvenile rainbow smelt were 
also collecrd rlirougii Jcly and early /iugrnt. Schools of young (45-60 mm) Iargemourl: has were noted 

in the discharge arca and 10-300 non-entmined bass were netted in each sample c01fected from 

August 1-22. 

Alewife were present in samples throughout the study period, with increased numbers during midJune, and peak numbers in late July (Figure 10). At no time during 1994 was the Iarge number of 

alewife reported impinged in previous yean observed. Although large numbers of alewife were netted 

during June, most wece dearly noo-entrained fish. In order to prevent excessive mortaliQ%G non-entrained 

alewife, collection periods were shortened (to as Little as 15 minutes). These collections yielded 

predominantly live alewife. Alewife entrained through the station generally had visible condenser marks, 

-- gut damage, scaling, or other damage. : - . . 

.. 

Rainbow smelt yoy dominated the D&ber sampIes and were also present sporadically in midMay and mid-Jue @3gurr: IO). Juvenile smelt were entrained through late May and early June, and a 

large number of jwede smelt dominated the June 13 sample. Juvenile and yoy smelt were also netted 

during July and August, but the majority of these fish are believed to have enteqed the discharge from 

surface waters, rather than via plant entrainment Adult smelt, in contrast, were mely caught as 'nonentrained" fish; most adult smelt in the discharge nets showed damage that cleariy indicated passage 

through the cooling-water system. Adult smelt were numerous in the entrainment samples only 23om late 

April through the end of May, although they were occasionally collected in other seasons @I- lo). 

Schools of adult smelt and recreational dip netters were obsezved in the Vicinity of the discharge from the 

last week of April through mid-May. Sporadic high catches suggests schooling behavior of all three life 

stages. 

Yellow perch were collected in low numbers throughout the study period, but were noticeably 

more common from mid-May through eariy June (Figure IO). White sucker, trout-perch, and slimy 

sculpin we& also more abundant during this period. The catch of all other species was too small to allow 

any identiGcation of seasonal pattern. .- ~ 

1 

3. Lake-Level, Water Temperature. and Daylight Data 

As corollary to entrainment-catch dats, variations in lake level, intake and discharge water 

temperature, and day length over the study pnod were also examined. figure 11 shows the level of 
fuga Lakc [marl S= level (msl)] over the study period as reported in the Id~7ca found- At the 

inning of April 1994, the lake IeveI was very high (above 385 fc msl). This high lakc kvd prevented 

pling during two weeks in early April, as the discharge structure was nearly inundated- The lake level 

lower over the remainder of the study period, ranging from 383.7 to 384.7 ft from May through 

:us{. At the end of the study on August 31, lake level was 383-7 ft. It is irnporian[ to note that at no 

during the 1994 study period did the lake level drop to' normal winter levels that expose the sandbar 

ss the mouth of the intake; flow from the discharge was primarity directly west over the sandbar 

ughout the study. ln contrast, lake levels in December 1993 were 382-383 ft 

- 

-. 

Table 6 shows the day length and time of sunset for Aprii-August 1994, as obtained from the 

hast Regional Climate Center at Cornell - University. .- On April 2, day length was approximately 13 

s and sySe4 oc(xuTed at 1932 ED? .: By fhe summer solstice, lune 21, day length was ovetls hours 

occurred at 2046 EDT. By August 31, day Iength had again decreased to just over 13 hours 

__ 

~uset.occoccurred at 1943 EDT. 

The intake and discharge water temperatures at MiIIiken Station and the overall temperature 

;e (delta in the cooling-water system are shown in Figure 12 Intake temperature incteased 

ily from 38°F in April to 40-50°F in June, 50-60 OF in July, and 60-70°F in August Discharge 

zratures were generally 50-5S°F in April and May, 6065°F in June, and 65-80"F in July and August 

.dition to seasonal trends, intake temperature shows day-today variability due to weathex and 

ation patte.rns in the lake, especially from mid-June through mid-JuIy. Discharge temperatures and 

Ts show variabiity based on intake tempture and plant operations- This variation in lake 

:ramre is pmbabIy responsiblefor some of the seasonal variabiIity. in fishes subject to entrainment 

STROBE LIGKT EFFECTS 

The overail average 'catch with the strobe system off was 463 fishhmple, while the average catch 

ith the strobes on was 28.9 fish/sampIe; these averages represent a 37% reduction in entrainment 

1 with the strobes deployed. Given the irregular distribution of catch data (Figure 7), however, the 

overail averages to make this comparison has limited use. Although the overali effect of spobes 

ed to be to repel fish, different species or life stages reacted to them in different ways. 

./ I_- _- 
Figure 13 shows entrainmcnt of biomass, toa1 fish, and individual species undcr two cramicnls 

(strobes on and off). Entrainment is expr-ed as fish caught for the standard &hour period. Picase note 

differences in scale of catch rate in these figures. There were many more young forms of rainbow smeit 

caught than any other species. 

In some cases it is difficult to deduce complex patterns denoting (he effects of the strobes in these 

figures except in a few dramatic instances. The strobes appear to be very effectively repelling large 

numbers of young-of-year rainbow smelt during the cold parts of the study, especial!? in December 

(Figure 13). Conversely, adult srneIt appear to be attracted to the Iights during late April through May. 

After that time, adult smelt were rarely caught. Trout perch were present only when the strobes were off. 

-- 

_- 

In oder to better visualize whether the strobes were effective in deterring fish, the difference 

between the catch rate per hour with strobes on'and the catch rate with strobes off was plotted over time 

@igtue 14). Negative values indicate deterrence by strobes, positive values indicate attraction, 

Differen& between pairs of entrainment measurements of fish (all species combined) and biomass (all 

species) suggest that the strobes may be effecfive overall during the winter and spring, but may attract fish 

after about July 3. 

._ 

These plots of differences between treatments for individual species indicate that the effects of the 

strobes may sometimes be complex. Alewife appear to be repelled by the strobes until July, but at@cted 

thereafter. Adult rainbow smelt were attracted by the strobes during late April and May. They were 

rarely entrained after eady June. The strobes appeared to have no effect on juvenile smelt during the 

whole study period. Yoy rainbow smeit appeared to be repelled early in the season, especially in 

December. Yellow perch were repelled during the winter and spring. During the summer, they do not 

appear to be numerous enough to show a pattern of entrainment under the treatments. White sucker, trout 

perch, spottail shiner, and slimy sculpin a11 appeared to be repelled to some degree by the strobes. 

Differences between treatments were tested statistically in two ways. The .-- parametric __- test, a paired- . _- 

t tat was used when appropriate [met criteria for normality, Wilk-Sftapiro-Kankit Plot, (AnaJylical 

Software 1992)]. Otherwise, a WiIcoxonSign Rank Test was used. All tests wcrc conducted using 

Smfkm statistical package (Analytical Software, 1992) with a level of significance of 5% used as criteria 

for acceptance. 
-1’ablc 7 shows rcsuls of both paramerric and non-parametric sraristicaf analysis of lfic two 

rcatmenu, scprating the study period into period I, Decemkr-3uiy 3 and pfiod 2, July 7-A~g-t 31. 

’he pair& (-1e~l for total fish during period was not a legitimate res( because of lack of nomali(y. ne 

on-parametric test indicated that fish (ail spies combined) were repelled early in the SeaSon (< JuIy 3), 

nd auracted Iate in the season (probability of more extreme difference = 0.05)- A t-test and a WiIcoxon 

ign-Rank (WSR) test (non-paxxmetric)-of biomass of fish indicated that fish were repdied before July 

, and attracted later (Table 7). The probability of a result more extreme than observed was 5% (t-test), 

% (WSR test) before July 3 and less than 2% thereafter. 

As shown in Table 7, stafistical analysis indicates that alewife were repelled early before July 3 

= 0.03) and repelled later in the season (p= @All). YeIlow perch (p = 0.01), white sucker (p = 0-01), 

d trout perch (p = 0.02) were all repelled before July 3. Later in the season, there were insufficient fish 

most of these speciediife stages entrained io draw conclusions. Yoy rainbow srqelt were strongly 

died by the strobes before July 3 (p = 0-03, non-parametric test). Late in the season, it was nor 

sible lo be to dmrn a stmbe effect either becaw there were too few yoy smeit or because the strobes 

I no effect. Apparently, juvenile smelt were not affected by the lights at a11 before July 3, but appear 

lave been attracted late (p = 0.02). However, adult rainbow smelt did appear to be strongIy attracted 

the l@ts during the eady period (late May to early June) when they were present (p = 0.01). There 

; either insufficient data to be able to draw conclusions about statistical tests for any other species. 

/ 

- Table 8 provides results of a statistical analysis of the two treatments for the entire study period. 

y the non-parametric test, the Wilcoxon Sign Rank test was employed €or this analysis- According 

lese tests, yellow perch, white sucker, and trout perch were aell repeiled (statistically significantly) by 

:frobe lights throughout the study period. These tesfs do not necessarily mean that other species were 

zpelled throughout the period, but that &ere might not have been sufficient data to provide a valid 

XNDENSER FACE OBSERVATIONS -- . 

During field evaluations conducted in November 1993, tailrace netting was selected/ over 

vations of the Unit 1 condenser face as rhe major means of collecting entrainment da (a for this study. 

corollary source of data, however, the viewing prt of the condenser face was observed at the 

ning and end of each sample period, and tlle number ol fish or fish pieces observed was recorded. 

_, 

’? 
When fish wcre observed on tlic condenser facc, ic was ahOS1 aiways at the besinning of sampling before 

the condenser face rcccived its daily backwash scheduled €or 1700 hours. The results of the observations 

for cach sample are presented in Table 9. For the mast part, only relatively large fish (alewife, yellow 

pcrch, and white sucker) or unidentifiable fish pieces were observed. One adult rainbow smeir was the 

only smelt of any lifestage ever observed on the condenser face, although smelt made up the majority of 

fish in the net samples. 

There is no consistent correlation of condenser face observation data fmm these samples with total 

catch or individual species catch from the tailrace nets. The’rhree days with the largest numbers of alewife 

observed on the condenser face all had fairly high numbers of alewife in net CoIlections, but other samples 

with high alewife numbers do not coincide with -andenser face observation peak 
COMPARISON TO 1957 STUDY RESULTS 

'Ihe 1987 Beak study was based on observations made at the condenser Tau: viewing port- There 

s no other direct measurement of entrainment through the-sbtion. Impingement on the condenser face 

j recorded every 5 minutes over an 8-hour period. As discussed in their report, measurement of 

rainment of large fsh was probably relatively accurate, Gut smaller fsh were likely Co pass fhrough the 

denser tubes or be initially impinged but be dislodged before counting. They estimated that about 44% 

he impinged fish were dislodged from the condenser face during an 8-hour prid. They suggested 

this was a minimum foss rate since many fish may have been lost before being observed. Moreover, 

rate does not apply equally to all size catego+ of fsh since smaIl frsh are Iikely to pass through the 

s directly.=- Consequently, it was not possible io measure entrainment of all s'lzes oforganls& through 

;tation using the viewing port observations: - 

Beak found that the species that was most commonly observed on the condenser face was the 

ift, followed by the yelfow pech and rainbow smelt On some occasions during the June through 

st period, as many as 600 alewife were observed during a day. As many as 18 yellow perch were' 

ved on the face during the *od when they were most common (ApriI-June) and up to 15 rainbow 

were observed. For the present study, although scheduled port observations were only made at the 

ning and end of the eight hour sampling period, the numbers of observed impinged fish wereoften 

ier of magnitude or less than for the earlier study. Most of the fish observed on the condenser face 

alewife and yellow perch. Only one adult rainbow smelt was ever observed. The largest number 

1 observed during one observation period was 12 to 17 alewife, during the month of Juiy. If 44% 

hated by Beak 1987) of the fish that had been impinged during the 24-hours from one backwash 

next were dislodged, the total alewife impinged would only be estimated at about 30 fish. This is 

iphn to 600 alewire observed during one sample during 1986-87. The condenser face data 

ts strongly that Iess fish were impinged in 1994 than in 1986-87. 

/ -- 

There are several possible reasons for this difference. One expIanation is that the presence df the 

ights has caused the fish community to move away from the intake area at all times, not just when 

ts are on. Another explanation is that (lie difference in volume of cooling water (2 pumps in 1994 

rnps in 1987) may alfw the fish community vulnerability. &so the r>opulations of alewife and 
., . . 

rainbow smelt irr IIIC centra1 basin of tlic lakc may be less 1hm (hey were in 19w37. in a ~Acp{lo~~ 

intervicw with M. Stafford-Glase Ocrober 20, 1994, T. Chiotri, NYSDEC, Conland sugge~lcd char there 

may bc less alewife and rainbow smelt in (he lake now than there wece earlier because the prcdacor 

population has greatly increased. For example, between 19SO and 1991, [he lake trout population 

increassd from about 4,000 to 20,000. However, regardless of the predator density, alewife and smelt may 

exhibit great natural fluctuations in populations (O'Gorman and Schneider 1966). 

B. FISH MOVEMENT, TEMPERATURE PREFERENCES, AND ENTRAINME3,'.! 

1. Alewife 

Accordmg to Galligan (1%2), alewives in Cayuga Lake prefer temperatures of WF (419°C). 

Brown (1972) reports that juvenile and adult alewife can resist water temperatures of up to 7382°F (22- 

28°C) for syx-al hours, however. Spawning occurs at temperature of 5672°F (13-WC) (Carlander 1969). 

Seasonal movements of alewife are related to water-temperature. In late May and eariy June, alewife in 

Cayuga Lake begin moving out of deepwater wintering areas (usually around 27 m deep) and into water 

as shallow k 3 m. Peak alewife spawning in the F'imger Lakes oaxrs from late June to eariy July, and 

large schools of adult alewives can be observed near shore for a month on either side of this time GaIiigan 

(1962). Garrigan (1962) reported that greatest summer alewife densities in Cayuga Lake occurred at 

depths of 12 to 24 m, with a graduai increase in alewife abundance from June to the end of July in less 

than 15 m of water. 

.- 

,. 

The presence of large schools of aIewife at these depths provides the greatest exposure af this 

s@es to entmkment, and coincides with the highest rates of alewife entrainment observed during the 

1993-94 study. In both the present study and tIie previous study (Beak 1983, alewife were most 

frequently entrained during the Summer months. Peak numbers of alewife were entrained during July 

1994, and large numbers were observed in the vicinity of the discharge, especiaIIy during the evening and 

night hours. Intake temperatures were 4557°F (7-13°C) during June, but 5242°F (11-16"Q during peak 

alewife entrainment in July. This period corresponds with the spawning migration of this species in 

Cayuga Lake (Ode11 1934; RotllschiId 1962). c -- 

/ 

Rothschild (1962) also observed that alewife make diurnal movements into very shallow water at 

dusk and back out to deeper water during dayfight hours in the summer months. Alewife apparently 

disband from schools at night and actively filter-feed at chis time (Janssen 1976). TIiis diurnal pattern 
raporids with obscrvarions made during (lie diel study, [hac alewife enrrainmcnr and obscwcd Schools 

he discharge area ificreascd at dusk and early cvcning. 

In the fall, alewife begin moving oftrhore again. Gibson (1981) found that adult alewives in 

fuga Lake tended to move deeper in association with increased depth of the thermocline, possibly in 

Base to availability of plankton masses associated with &e thermocline. The thermocline ranged from 

o 45 m from the surface during hi study. Young-of-year alewife tended to remain inshore longer than 

its and were gradually recruited to the ofkhore stock throughout the fall (Gibson 1981). In fhe 1993- 

zetting study, numbers of both observed and entrained alewife fell off sharply after August 3rd. 

;ust catches also included 8 larger proportion of the smaller size class of alewife. 

- 

_- . . _. 

GalIigan (1951) noted that aleefe in Cayuga Lake were most abundant in the middle basin of the 

, fegardlers of season, and OCCUK~~ primarily in (he area from approximatefy King Ferry to just north 

lyecs Poinc including the area of Milliken Station. The prolonged movement through and "cupancy 

lewife of waters of s'imilar depth as the Milliken Station intake (approximately 14 m) makes this 

ies vulnerable to impingement at the station during the summer months. Numbers of alewife entrained 

during the peak @od in 1994, however, were substantialiy less than those obsewed in the earlier 

1. Na sample results support the literature conclusions that entrainment during the fall, winter, and 

spring should be low, since alewife are generally utilizing water considerably deeper than the 

ken intake during these periods. 

2. Yellow Perch 

Oglesby (1978) classified yellow perch in Cayuga Lake as being'bolh limnetic (preferring open 

. to the depth of effective light penetration) and littoral (preferring shallow wafer where Iight 

rates to the bottom). This classification is based on the fact that yellow perch will move from open 

to inshore areas and. back depending on the SeaSon and life stage of the fish- Adults move 

ward into shallows to spawn in early spring, usualty April-May, but later in some am (Scott and 

man 1973). Spawning temperatures of 44-54°F (7-12°C) are reported. Miller (1954) found yellow 

spawning in seven feet of water at the north end of Cayuga 'Lake from late March to late April, 

ting that a spawning movement from deep lo shaIlow water occurs in early spring. 

-+ _- 

/ 
-Ihc yc!Iow pcrcCl! is a niobiic spccics, moving ao( only for spawning purposes, but also ins1iorc 

and Out, and up and down in tllc water column daily and seasonally in response to fernperatwe and 

probably distribution of fwd (Scott and Crossman 1973). Galligan (1951) Gollected yellow perch from 

&yug lake in (he summer and fall from deprhs up to 21 m, with an average depth of about 11 m. 

Becker (1983) reported that ycllow perch from Lake Mendota in Wisccnsin school at depths of 

approximately 8 to 11 m during the day in summer and swim inshore and to the bottom at about 6 rn at 

dusk They disband at nigh4 remaining inactive until daylight when they begin schooling again. -Becker 

(1983) reported that juvenile yellow perch tend to remain in water less than 6 rn de?, and Scott and 

Gossman (1973) noted that young fish remain cIoser to shore than adults. Temperature preferences for 

yellow perch are 70-77°F (21-24"c) (Scott and Crossman 1973). Scott and Crossman (1973) suggested 

that the seasonal vertical movements follow the-68"F (2Wc) isotherm. 

/ 

Yellow perch were entrained Occasiody throughout the 1993-94 netting study, with a definite 

increase from mid-May through midJune at intake femperatures of 4U-WF (410°C). This appears to 

coincide with reported spawning temperatures and movement. Numbers of yellow perch were lower for 

the remainder of the summer, however, despite the reported use of de* near the intake by perch during 

this ~eas01~ Entrainment of yellow perch was very low during August, when intake temperatures were . 

in the upper 60's. At a similar study at the Cook Nuclear Power Plant on Lake Michigan (Indiana and 

Michigan Power Company 19741, the highest entrainmeat rates for yeUow ped occd in mid-late June 

and again in September and eariy October, accompanying spring and fall onshore/off%hore movement 

patterns. 

In the fall, winter, and spring, yellow perch stay near the bottom; depths Fupied during winter 

may range hm 9 to 30 m (Becker 1983). Galligan (1951) &llec$!d yellow perch at approximately the 

same deprhs in winter as in fall, but also collected fish from depths of 30 and 49 rn. ne net study 

included moderate numbers of yeIlow perch in December sa-mples. Juvenile perch were impinged at the 

Cook plant in the late fall and winter (Indiana and Michigan Power Company 1974). 

.r -. . 

Overall, entrainment of yellow perch at Milliken Station was low. Although literature descriptiohs of 

perch movements suggest that yeiIow perch are moderately susceptible to entrainment at Milliken Station 

buse of their deplh distribution, the majority of the observed entrainment can be attributed to seasonal 

_- 
3. Rainbow SmeIt 

Rainbow smelt were the most abundant species entrained in the 1993-94 study, but entrainment 

for this species differed seamnaily for different life stages. Oglesby (1978) ciassified rainbow sme!t 

Syyuga Lake 85 a iimnetic species. Adult rainbow smelt live offshore for most of the year, moving 

)re only in the spring forspawning. Spawning occurs in early spring, depending on timing of suitable 

- temperatures (Smith 1985, Scott and Cmssman 1973). Spawning temperatures vary by location; 

'a (1974) reporis a range of37-59°F (2:lS0C3 for spawning, but Scott and Oossman report a range 

-65°F @63"C). Adults enter tributant5s at night to spawn and return to the lake during the day. -The c 

ning run may last up to two weeks, after whichihe adalts begin to head of3khox-e- Spawning runs 

ult smelt were obsemed in the vicinity of fhe-MiIliken Station discharge from the end of April 

@ mid-May. Eatraiment of adult smelt occurred almost entirefy during and immediately foIlowing 

eriod, at intake temperatures of 3942°F (4-YC). 

During the summer, rainbow smelt inhabit depths of about 30 to 37 rn in Cayuga Lake and are 

primarily at the north and south ends of the iake (Galfigan 1951, 1962). CaUigan (1%2) found 

melt in Cayuga Lake mainiy below the SYF(13"Q isotherm. Brown (1972) reports that smelt in 

vfkhigan were most abundant in 43-57°F (6-14"i3, while those in fake Erie were restricted to &aten 

than 5YF (lSOC), with the majohty concentrated near 45°F TC).. Juvenile smelt in Lake Erie 

-ed warmer water than adults, and were found in shallow water at t&peratures above 70°F (21°C). 

and Brandt (1993) reported that yoy rainbow smelt in Lake Ontario were concentrated at depths 

30 rn at temperatures of 46-54°F (7-12"C). 

Several authors report vertical partitioning of the water column by different sized of rainbow smelt 

:1 vertical migrations of younger smelt, moving from deep water during-the day-te-epilimnetic or 

Becker (1983) statedthat 

J smelt in Lake Michigan move in increasing numbers from a pelagic to a bottom existence as they 

der. Age-0 fish live in the upper water column until late summer or early fall, when at lea<( some 

I the bocrorn. Age4 fish may be ai mid-levels (commonly the thermocline) or on the bottom, and 

waters at night (Kim and Labar 1991, Gliwin and Jachner 1992). 

_- 
.. 

Age-ii arid oldcr fish arc mostly found on tile bottom. 13urczymki C( a1 (1937) reported that smclt in t2kc 

Odic, &u:h Dakota, were focnd near the bottom during (lie day, bur moved up into the thermocline at 

night, with younger smelt moving into the epilimnion. Juvenile smelt apparently move into deepr water 

in thc fail. Gibson (1981) found rainbow smelt in Cayuga Lake in (he fall were located on the bottom 

and/or inshore of the 30-m depth contour. GalIigan (1951) reporled that in the fall, smelt moved into 12 

to 18 m of water,.and in winter were from 6 io 46 m deep, with the majority of the fish found at 14 m. 

Movement into shallower water in the fa11 corresponded to decreasing water temperatures (Glligan 1962). 

- 

- 

During the 1993-94 study, juvenile rainbow smelt were entrained mostly in May and June; large 

schools were entrained on December 6th and June 13th. Yoy smelt were entrained in large numbers in 

December samples, and to a Iesscr extent frorn:ApriI through June. Numbers of both yoy and juveniles 

smeIt werF.coliected in the tailrace nets during July and August, but most of these fish &xed the 

discharge from inshore schools and not from'entrainment through the plant. Almost all smelt, whether 

entrained or not, were CoIlected during dusk and night rather than during the day portion of the sampling 

.. 

period. 

Observed patterns in smdt movement were very simiIar to those reported for the cooling-water 

intake ofthe Cook Nuclear Power Plant on Lake Michigan (Indiana and Michigan Power Company 1974). 

At ihis site, adult rainbow smelt wete abundant inshore only in April-May, and moved out to deep water 

by late May. Yearlings and yoy had a higher temperature preference than adult smelt, and were 

concentrated in inshore waters in the susnmer, then moved of&hore in October. None of the consulted 

reports provided explanation of the high numbers of very small yoy smelt entrained during December, 

extended sampling may be needed to fully understand seasonal patterns for this life stage. 

Rainbow smelt were the dominant species entrained at Milliken Station during 1993-94, but 

entrainment rates are related to age-specific seasonal migrgions and schooling patterns. ,Cornparison of 

entrainment results with the literature suggest that the majority of the entrainment was associated with the 

spring spawning run and diel migration patterns. The non-entrained juvenile andjoy s&t.dlected later 

in the summer correspond to repofled diel migrations and higher tcrnperature preferences for youngkr fih. 

Tfik species, apccially the yoy stags, is under-represented in condenser face observations and may have 

been underestimated in previous studies. 

- 
Although rhe overall effecr of the strobe lights was a reduction in entrainment of total fih of 

ut 37% during the study period, this value does not represent an estimate of annual enlminrnent at 

liken Station. Sampling occurced dunngDecember, par' of April, and May through August 

hermore, pmpIing was more intense. (every other day) between June 1 and fufy 15 than diking the 

of the sampling period (sampling twice per week). Of the approximately 55 months sampled, about 

of &e samples represent summer conditions. Consequently, the evaluation of the strobe lights was 

2y weighted toward summer entrainment conclitions, As a result., the estimate of a reduction in tohi 

inmen! of 37% based on study results, may underestimate the potential effectiveness of the strobe 

: - (. 

The results of the strobe evaluation study are in agreement with previous evaIuations of strobe 

rleterrents, Patrick (1982a) found strobe Iights fo be 55450% effixfive in repeiling SiZLard shad and 

k under laboratory conditions. In field experiments, Patrick et aI. (1982b) found strobe Iights to be 

% effective in prevenfing American eels from migrating over a fish ladder at fhe Sunders 

ating Station on rhe St. Lawrence River in Onlaria. Underwater strobe lights were found to be 

rimately 33% effective in reducing impingement of white perch, bul not bay anchovy or clupeid 

; at !he Roseton Generating Station on the lower Hudson River (LMS 1988). I1 was concladed from 

)seton study that the. highly species-spocific effectiveness of strobe lights atone limit their 

bility to !hose sites and times wIiere affected species constitute a major podion of tlte fish fauna. 

later strobes combined wich pneumatic guns were effective at lowering irnpinyyment of while perch 

1 and American shad (3&1%), but not for other clupeids or bay anchovy. This result was similar 

xulls obtained from strobe lights alone, with the exception of higher effectiveness for American 

\en combined with pneumatic guns. 
-. .. 

As discussed in %tion V(A), above, there was a marked difference between the 1993-1994 study 

results and the number of alewife and smelt entrained during the 1987 Beak study. One explanation €or 

the difference may be that the presence of strobes lights has altered the behavior of fish in the viaaify of 

the intake resulting in redirection of total fsh away from the intake area. - 
As measured by rlie partial lailrace (ddiscliarge) ncs, (fie portion of the fish communicy most 

zmbk to enuainment a( Milliken Slation are young of year or juvenile rainbow smelt (smell than 

im or between 60 and 125 rnm total length, respectively), comprising 56% of the catch. Adult smelt 

125mm or larger) made up about 8% of the catch, with, alewife comprising 23% and yellow perch 

t 7%. All other species combined comprised about 6% of the catch over the study period. - 

Many fewer fish, especially alewife, were observed on the condenser face in 1994 than in 1986-87, 

sting that fewer Eish (at Ieast of the sizes to be detected) were entrained in 1994 than in 1986-87. 

may have resulted from changes in populations of wlnerable fshes or from the presence of the - 

: lights. __ 

Ovaall, approximately 37% 1s fish were entrained when the strobe lights were operating than 

they w& of€ The effa of the strobe lights on individual species were ctlixed. The lights were 

anUy &dve in repelling young-of-year rainbow smelt, yeIIow perch, white sucker, and trout 

during the whole study period. Alewife and total fsh, as measured by numbers and biomass, were 

cantly repeIlsd during the winter and spring (before July). Juvenile smeIt were unaffected by the 

j while addt smelt were attracted during the Iirnited period when they were vulnerable to 

tment. After July 3, alewife appeared to be attracted to the lights with more fsh being entrained 

he strobes were on. During this period, total entrained fish and biomass were both more numerous 

he strobes were on than when they were off- 
fk Consultants, Inc. (Beak) 1987. Milliken Statiog view pori srudy. Summary Repon, 19S7- Picpared 

for the New York Sratc Electric and Gas Corporation by Bcak Consultans, Inc., Akron, Sew 

S'Ork. 33 pp-4- appendices. 

Becker, G- C. 1983. Fihcs of Wisconsin. University of Wisconsin Press, Madison. 1052 pp. 

Brown, €3. W. 1972. A literature review and evaluation of the effects of temperature upon fhe fish of the 

New River drainage in Gila County, Virginia. Prepared for the American Electric Power Service 

Corporation, New York 

Burnynski, J. J., P. H. MichaIed, and G. M. Manone. 1987. Hydroacoustic assessment of ihe 

abundance and distribution of rainbow smelts in Lake Oahe, South Dakota, USA N. Am. Jour. 

Fisheries Management 7(1):-106-116. - . .. 

Carlander, K.D. 1969. Handbook of 'frqhwater fshery biology. Iowa State University Press, Ames, 

Iow% Volume One. 752 pp. . 

Cornell University Water Resources and Marine Sciences Center (CUWRMSC) 1969. RT- Oglesby and 

DA.AIlee (eds), Ecology of Cayuga Lake-and the pmp& Bell Station (nuclear powered). 

Publication No. 27, Water Resources and Marine Sciences Center, Cornel1 University, Ithaca, New 

Yo& 466 pp. plus Appendix 

Galligan, J. P. 1951. The distniution of lake trout and associated species in Cayuga Lake, MS. thesis, 

COmelI University, Ithaca, NY. 112 pp. i- appendices. 

Galligan, f. P- 1962 Depth distribution of lake trout and associated species in Cayuga Lake, New York 

New York Fsh and Game Journal 9(1):44-66. 

Gibson, J. k 1981. Hydroacoustid studies of alewife depth dislribution, temperature preferen&, 2nd 

schooling behavior in Cayuga Lake, New Yo& Us. thesis, Corneil University, Ithaca, NY. 90 

PPXwicz, Z M. and A Jachner. 1992.. Diel migrations of juvenile.fsh: a ghost of predation past or 

present?. Archiv fur Hydrobiologie 124(4):385410. 

chthyological Associates, inc @A). 1994. Evaluation of study techniques to assess the effectiveness of 

the strobe light deteirent system at the MilIiken Station, Cayuga Lake, New York Prepared for 

the New York Sfate Gas and Electric Copration. 24 pp. 

- 

=hthyoIogial Associates, Inc (IA). 1993. Draft Study Plan. Evaluation of deterre'nts toX3-entrainment 

at the Milliken Station, Cayuga Lakc, New York. Prepred for the New York State Gas' and 

Electric Corporation. 12 pp- 
ana and Michigan Power Company. 1974. Dernonstralion in supporc of application €or an alternate 

llierrnai effluent limitation pursuant IO Section 316(a) of the Federal Waler Poflulion Control Act, 

Donald C. Cook Nucicar Power Plant, Indiana and Michigan Power Companysen, J. 1976, Exding modes and prey size selection in fhe alewife CAosa pseudoharenws). Journal 

of the Fisheries Research Board of Canada 33(9): 1972-1975 

I R k and G. W. Labar. 1991- Stepped-oblique midwater trawling as an assessment technique for 

rainbow smelt N. Am. Jour. Ftrheries Management 11(2):167-176. 

er, Matusky and Skeily Engineers (tMS). 1988. Eeid testins of behavioral barriers for fish 

exctusion at cooling-water intake system Central Hudson Gas & Electric Company Roseton 

Genw>ing Station. EPN repoit a-5995, Research Project 22146. Elaric Power Research 

InstifUte, Heat, Waste and Water Management Program, Coal Combustion Systems Division. PaIo 

Alto, CA 

'1 J. G. *1954- A survey of the sport fishing at the nodh end of Cayuga Lake. MS. thesis, Corndl 

University, fthaca, NY. lo0 ppT. T- The iife history and ecological relationships of- &e alewife pornolobus 

pseudoharenew (Wilson)] in Seneca Lake, New York Ph.D. thesis, Corndl University, Ithaca, 

MI- 62 pp. i- appendices. 

1934. 

)y, R T. 1978. The limnology of Cayuga Lake, pp. 1-120 in: 1. R BIoomfieId (ai), Lakes of 

New York State. Volume I. Ecology of [he Finger Lakes. Academic Press, Inc., NY. 

man, R and C. P. Schneider. 1966. dynamics of aIewives in Lake Ontario following a mas 

mortality. Transactions of the American Fisheries Society. 1151-1-14. 

.I 

, P. K. 1982a. Responses of gizzard shad (Dorosoma cepedianum) to different €lash characteristics 

of strobe light Ontario Hydro Research Division, Toronto, Canada, Report No. 82-310-K As 

cited in Stone & Webster 1986. 

P. H. 198%. Responses of fish to air bubble barriers. Ontario Hydro Research Division, 

Toronto, Canada, Report No. 82-362-K. As cited in'Srone & Webster 1986. 

dd, B. J. 1962. The life hisior)l of rlic alcwife, Alosa pseudoharengus (Wilson), in Cayuga Lake, 

New York Pi1.D. tficssis, Cornelf Univcrsiry, Irllaca, NY. 109 pp- . - 

J. B., and E. 3. Crossman. 1973. Freshwater fishes of Canada. Butletin 184. fisheries 

Research Board of Canada. O(tawa. 

~. - 

/ 

1- L. 198% The inland fishes ol New York Stace. New York Slate Department of Environment21 

Conservation. Albany. 522 pp. 
-.. - .. .- 

Youngs, W- D., hfiilikeri Station studies. 15169. In R.T. Oglcsby and D-A AIIec (eds), Ecology of Cayuga 

Lakc and the prooposed &ll Station (nudear pwered). Publication No. 27, Water Resources and 

Marine Sciences Ccnzer, Cornel1 University, Ithaca, New York. p- 315-336- 

. 

.- . 

, 

34 
kc I- Testing of efficiency cf rhe disctiaqe nciting tcctiniqgc et Hittikw Sratim, 

aleuife injectims, July, 73 rtirougfi 27, 7996- page 1 of 2 

f Fish :: fish 

Returned Returd e t NWSER TIHE TIHE TIK€ . A 

IT* 1ffJECTEO INJECTED REMERE0 High-N Lou-S RECOVEUED High-U LW-S Fish 

Net Net Net Net Totat Recovered 

13 

YRP 100 17:OS 18:30 

RRV 100 17:lO 18:30 

YUV 100 17:15 18:30 

RLP 100 17:20 18330 

YLV 100 1725 18r30 

fUNK 18:30 

1st Iojection Totals . 

.. 

YLP 100 19:lO 

RRP 100 19:15 

YNC 100. 19:20 

RHC 100 19-25 

RLV 100 19-30 

2nd Injection Totals 

20:30 

20:30 

20r30 

20:30 

20:30 

20:30 

20:30 

-20:30 

20:30 

20:30 

1 

Tots( 19.5 20% 

;S 

:RP 100 15:35 16:30 

ffc 200 15:4S 76:30 

LP 700 1S:SO 16:30 

LV 100 1S:SS 16:30 

1st Injection Totals 

_V 100 17:30 18:30 

.P 100 17:35 78:30 

:P 100 17:40 18:30 

'V 100 77-45 18:30 

c 100 17150 18:30 

2nd Injection Totals 

6 9 18:30 

18130 

18:30 

18:30 

18:30 

18:30 

78:30 

18-30 

18:30 

75 

. 6 15 21 21% 

2 19 21 21% 

2 10 12 lZ% 

2 13 15 15% 

4 19 23 23% 

76 76 92 1 6X 

_____ -____ ----- -_-_----- 
Table 1. Continucd. {;“st’ 2 of ? 

P Fish 5 F i 5.5 

Rcturncd 2c:urnd 

fISH NUMBER TlHE TIHf r :: 

IOENT‘ INJECTED INJECTED RECOVERED High-S Lou-N RECOVERED High-S Lou-r; Fish 

Uet Net Nc t KC t Total Recover4 

JULY 20 

YNC 100 15130 16:30 0 0 

YNC 100 15:35 16130 e 0 

YNC 100 15140 16:30 0 0 

YNC 100 15145 16~30 0 0 

YNC 100 15150 16:30 69 32 101 101 

Total 1 94 19% 

JULY 27 

YLP 100 1Sr30 16:30 

YUC 100 1S:JS 16:30 

YLP 100 75:45 16:30 

YRP loo 1550 16130 

YRV 100 15:SS 16:30 

1st Injection Totals 

RNC 100 17:35 

RRP 100 17:40 

RNC 76 17145 

RLP 700 1750 

RNC 100 17: 55 

2nd Injection Totals 

Daily Total lL9 15X 

* Initia\ Y = yellou, R = red; second tetter, L = (eft, R = right; final Ictter, P = pcCtOra[ 

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I 
rable 8 - Sumrnary of statistics comparing paired entrainmenf rates 

with two treatments, strobes off and strobes on, for the 

strobe light evaluation study, Milliken Station, Cayuga 

Lake, Tompkins County, Mew York- 

. Testing of total study period. 

Wilcoxon .Sign Rank test 

December 1993 through. Auqust 31, 1994 

replicate pairs = 29 

Number Number 

Negative positive 

Diff. * Diff - * prob, * 

-183' 142 0.30 - 

-215 163 0.27 

-191 215 0.40 

'ISH/HR ..- 

LEWIFE 

MELT 

YOY 

m 

ADULT 

-169 a4 0.09 

-94 159 0-15 

-7.5 70-5 0.005 s 

ELLOW PERCH -203 73 0-05 s 

YITE SUCKER -38 5 6-5 0-03 s 

ROUT PERCH -55 .o 0.001 s 

LIMEY SCULPIN -32 12.5 0.12 

'OTTAIL SHINER -23 13 0.27 

Prob. = probability of difference in means-more extreme than given 

s = significant at the 5% level or beeter. 

Diff. = differences 

ISEG94-2/MTOTSTAT 
c 

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.igurc 13. Catch of combined spies arid individual spccies/lifestage by strobe setting, during clic 

strobe light evaluation study, Milllkcn Station, Cayuga Lake, New York. 

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Egure 14. Difference in catch with strobe on versus strobe off for the strobe setting, during the 

s1rof.x light c.vaiuation study, hlilliken Station. Gyuga Lake, New York. 

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page 4 of4