IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF TENNESSEE

AT JACKSON

April 23, 2009 Session

IN RE ADOPTION OF C.A.M. (d.o.b. 11/30/96)

JAMES KEITH JONES AND CARI LECKLITNER JONES

v.

MICHAEL DALE MOORE

An Appeal from the Chancery Court for Dyer County

No. 08A2 William Michael Maloan, Chancellor

No. W2008-02003-COA-R3-PT - Filed November 9, 2009

This appeal involves the termination of parental rights. When the mother and father divorced, the

mother was designated as the child’s primary residential parent. In light of the mother’s allegations

that he had threatened her, the father was granted only supervised visitation. After the divorce, the

father lived in Texas and visited the child in Tennessee. Several years later, the father remarried and

was awarded unsupervised visitation with the child. Soon thereafter, the child went to Texas for a

visit with the father and his new wife. During this visit, the father and his new wife had a domestic

dispute in which the father locked her and the child out of their house. After this incident, the

mother refused to allow the child to visit with the father. The father was then charged with

assaulting his new wife and was given probation on this charge. Soon after that, the father violated

the terms of his probation by testing positive for methamphetamine. He was sentenced to ten years

in prison. At the time he was sentenced, the child was seven years old. Several years later, the

mother remarried. The mother and her new husband then filed this petition to terminate the father’s

parental rights and to allow the mother’s new husband to adopt the child. After a hearing, the trial

court terminated the father’s parental rights, finding grounds for termination and finding that

termination was in the child’s best interest. The father now appeals, challenging only the trial

court’s determination regarding the child’s best interest. We affirm.

 

Tenn. R. App. P. 3 Appeal as of Right; Judgment of the Chancery Court is Affirmed

HOLLY M.KIRBY,J., delivered the opinion of the Court, in which ALAN E.HIGHERS, P.J.,W.S., and

DAVID R. FARMER, J., joined.

Ron Harvey, Germantown, Tennessee, for the appellant, Michael Dale Moore.

Jason R. Creasy, Dyersburg, Tennessee, for the appellees, James Keith Jones and Cari Lecklitner

Jones.

OPINION
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FACTS AND PROCEDURES BELOW

The minor child involved in this appeal, C.A.M., born on November 30, 1996, is the daughter

of Petitioner/Appellee Cari Lecklitner Jones (“Mother”) and Michael Dale Moore (“Father”). When

C.A.M. was born, Mother and Father were married and lived in St. Louis, Missouri. When they

separated, Mother and C.A.M. moved to Dyersburg, Tennessee to live with Mother’s parents. Father

moved to Tennessee for a short time, but soon moved to Denton, Texas. Mother filed for divorce

in Tennessee, and the final decree of divorce was entered on June 2, 1998. 

In the final decree, Mother was designated as C.A.M.’s primary residential parent, and Father

was ordered to pay child support of approximately $400 per month. In the course of the divorce

proceedings, Mother requested that Father’s visitation with C.A.M. be supervised, alleging that

Father had threatened her and her family with physical harm. The trial court granted Mother’s

request, and Father was granted supervised visitation in Tennessee every other weekend. Father

came from Texas to Tennessee as often as practicable to exercise his visitation rights. During this

time, Mother and C.A.M. were still living in Dyersburg with Mother’s parents, and Father’s

supervised visitation took place in their home.

Following several post-divorce proceedings, in April 2002, Father was granted unsupervised

visitation with C.A.M. By that time, Father had married Rhonda Moore (“Stepmother”). Father and

Stepmother had a son, R.M. Between April 2002 and December 2002, C.A.M. traveled to Texas

three times for extended visits with Father. Father also continued to travel to Tennessee periodically

to visit C.A.M. During this time, Father made several child support payments, the last in October

2002.

During C.A.M.’s December 2002 visit with Father in Texas, Father and Stepmother became

embroiled in a domestic dispute. The fracas culminated in Father locking Stepmother and the two

children out of their home. After C.A.M. returned home to Mother, she blocked all communications

between Father and C.A.M. and filed a motion to modify the current parenting arrangement and

requested that the trial court enter a temporary restraining order prohibiting Father from visiting with

C.A.M. pending a hearing on the motion. On June 19, 2003, the trial court issued the requested

temporary restraining order prohibiting Father’s visitation with C.A.M. A hearing on Mother’s

request to modify the parenting arrangement was held on July 28, 2003, but Father did not appear

at the hearing. On August 15, 2003, the trial court entered an order continuing the injunction

prohibiting Father’s visitation with C.A.M. pending further orders of the court. The order indicated

that, despite substantial efforts by Mother’s counsel to ascertain Father’s physical address, he could

not be located. Oddly, the order nevertheless stated that, on July 25, 2003, Father had received

actual notice of the hearing, but failed to appear. Father’s last visit with C.A.M. prior to the hearing

occurred during the December 2002 visit in Texas. 

Perhaps not surprisingly, the dispute between Father and Stepmother resulted in heated

divorce proceedings in Texas, during which Stepmother sought numerous orders of protection

against Father. During 2003, Father was charged five times with violating protective orders entered

by the Texas court, the most serious of which involved allegations that Father threatened Stepmother

by putting a gun to her head. This resulted in Father being charged with aggravated assault with a
In 2003, Father was also convicted of driving while intoxicated. 

1

We note parenthetically that Mother does not have standing to file a petition to terminate Father’s parental 2

rights. See Osborn v. Marr, 127 S.W.3d 737, 740-41 (Tenn. 2004). This issue was apparently not raised in the trial

court below and it does not affect our analysis because Stepfather, as a prospective adoptive parent, has standing. Tenn.

Code Ann. § 36-1-113(b) (Supp. 2008).

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deadly weapon and retaliation. In March 2003, Father was incarcerated pending resolution of the

charge, and in early 2004, he entered into a plea bargain in which he agreed to an “Order of 1

Community Supervision Without Adjudication of Guilt.” At that point, Father was released from

prison and placed on probation for ten years. 

Shortly thereafter, on January 14, 2004, Father violated the terms of his probation by testing

positive for methamphetamine. Consequently, his probation was revoked, and he was required to

serve out the ten years in a Texas prison. At the time Father was incarcerated for the ten-year term,

C.A.M. was seven (7) years old. While in prison, Father made attempts to call C.A.M., but Mother

would not permit C.A.M. to speak to him. 

Several years later, on November 3, 2007, Mother married Petitioner/Appellee James Keith

Jones (“Stepfather”). On February 14, 2008, Mother and Stepfather filed the instant petition to

terminate Father’s parental rights in order to allow Stepfather to adopt C.A.M.

2

On August 1, 2008, the trial was held on the termination petition. The trial court heard

testimony from Mother, Father, Stepfather, C.A.M.’s maternal grandmother, and other witnesses as

well.

Mother testified at the outset. She first described Father’s violent tendencies. When she and

Father were dating in the mid-1990s, Mother said, Father was verbally abusive to her and threatened

her with physical harm. More recently, Mother asserted, Father threatened to kill her, and on at least

two occasions he physically assaulted her. While Mother was pregnant with C.A.M., she said,

Father hit her on the head above her ear. Mother claimed that domestic assault charges were filed

against Father, but they were later dropped.

Mother acknowledged that Father had sent C.A.M. eight to twelve cards or letters while he

was in prison. Mother explained that she did not show them all to C.A.M. because they promised

that Father would “see her soon,” which would have given C.A.M. false hope. Mother did show

some of the pictures to C.A.M. and told her that Father was asking about her. Mother declined

Father’s requests for photographs of C.A.M., purportedly because she did not want the child’s

photograph in the prison out of concern that it might “easily get in the wrong hands.” Mother said

that she had maintained communication with Father’s parents, C.A.M.’s paternal grandparents. 

Mother testified that C.A.M. has a loving relationship with Stepfather, and that Stepfather

“worships the ground she walks on.” Mother asserted that it would be in C.A.M.’s best interest to

be adopted by Stepfatherto enable her to move forward with her life and avoid the potential for harm

that could arise from continuing her relationship with Father. 
-4-

Alice Ann Lecklitner, Mother’s mother and C.A.M.’s maternal grandmother

(“Grandmother”), testified at trial on behalf of Mother and Stepfather. Grandmother told the trial

court that, while Mother and Father were in the midst of divorce proceedings, Father had made

threats against her life and Mother’s life, and he once threatened that he “might take [C.A.M.] and

we might not see her again.” Grandmother supervised Father’s visitation with C.A.M. between 1998

and 2002. She said that Father’s visits were irregular: “Sometimes he would come once a month.

Maybe more often,. . . . Sometimes he might go several months without coming.” 

Grandmother indicated that she sees C.A.M. two or three times a day. She told the trial court

that C.A.M. was doing well in school, was active in sports, and was a secure, loved child. She

testified that Stepfather loves C.A.M. and would be an excellent father. Grandmother believed that

future visitation with Father was not in C.A.M.’s best interest because Father’s environment “is not

what . . . environment I want her to grow up in.” 

Stepfather testified as well. He related that he has known C.A.M. since he began dating

Mother in August 2002. Stepfather told the trial court that he loves C.A.M. and wishes to adopt her

as his legal child. He said that he has had the same job as a car salesman for twenty years, and that

he makes a substantial annual salary.

Father’s longtime friend Bonnie Kidd (“Kidd”) testified on his behalf. Kidd said that Father

lived with her and her husband when Father was seventeen years old, and she considers Father to

be a part of her family. She described Father as being very close to C.A.M., and said that his

relationship with his child was very important to him. After the divorce from Mother, Kidd said,

Father expended great effort and great expense to visit with C.A.M., and he saw her as often as he

could. Kidd had remained in contact with Father in prison by exchanging letters with him. She said

that Father had written her hundreds of letters inquiring about C.A.M. and also about R.M., his son

with Stepmother. On behalf of Father, Kidd wrote Mother a letter asking her to send Father pictures

of C.A.M. She enclosed $20 with the letter to Mother to cover the cost of the pictures. Mother

refused to send photos for Father, and did not return to Kidd the money she had sent. 

Father testified on his own behalf. After his divorce from Mother, he said, he visited C.A.M.

at every opportunity, frequently traveling to Tennessee for supervised visitation with her. After he

was granted the right to unsupervised visitation in April 2002, C.A.M. came to Texas for three

extended visits with him. Father testified that, despite the incident in December 2002 in which

Father locked Stepmother and the two children out of the house, C.A.M. cried when she had to leave

him at the end of the visit, and she told Father that she wanted to live with him. After the December

2002 incident, Father stated, Mother would not let him see C.A.M or talk to her on the telephone,

despite his constant requests. After he was incarcerated, Father tried to call C.A.M., but Mother

would either not answer or would refuse to let him speak to her. Father sent letters to C.A.M. from

prison, but all of them went unanswered. Father wrote letters to other people, asking for news about

his children. Some of the letters he wrote while he was in prison were made exhibits at trial.

Father testified about the proceedings in his divorce from Stepmother in January 2003. After

that hearing, Father claimed, “[e]very time I turned around she was filing something,” adding “[a]fter

that point, I was getting arrested on a weekly basis for violation of a protective order.” He denied
Termination of Parental Rights.

3

...

(g) Initiation of termination of parental or guardianship rights may be based upon any of the

following grounds . . .:

(1) Abandonment by the parent or guardian, as defined in § 36-1-102, has occurred;

...

(6) The parent has been confined in a correctional or detention facility of any type, by order

of the court as a result of a criminal act, under a sentence of ten (10) or more years, and the child is

under eight (8) years of age at the time the sentence is entered by the court.

Tenn. Code Ann. § 36-1-113(g)(1), (6) (Supp. 2008). As relevant to this case, “abandonment” is defined as:

(iv) A parent or guardian is incarcerated at the time of the institution of an action or proceeding to

declare a child to be an abandoned child, or the parent or guardian has been incarcerated during all

or part of the four (4) months immediately preceding the institution of such action or proceeding, and

either has willfully failed to visit or has willfully failed to support or has willfully failed to make

(continued...)

-5-

the allegation that he put a gun to Stepmother’s head, calling the charge “ridiculous,” and he denied

harming Stepmother in any way. He also denied hitting Mother in the head. Father claimed that he

was never told that violating his probation might result in his incarceration. He denied using

methamphetamine and explained that his positive drug test probably resulted from an injection two

days earlier for a bee sting. “So basically it was on a technical violation is what I was violated on.”

Father admitted that he was delinquent on his child support payments. He claimed that his

delinquency was not willful, but that it occurred because he worked on commission selling signs to

hotels and, thus, his pay was irregular. When he received a commission check, he said, he paid

several child support payments at a time. Father claimed he helped Mother and C.A.M. financially

as much as he could, for example, by purchasing a $1,500 swingset for C.A.M. and by paying for

her birthday parties. Father acknowledged that, in 2000, he bought a Volvo automobile for himself

with cash, and that he paid a $30,000 down payment on the purchase of a house. He explained that

his sign business declined greatly after the national events of September 11, 2001. Nevertheless, the

subsequent bonds to get Father out of jail cost some $50,000 to $60,000; Father said that friends

helped him pay much of that total. Father admitted that his last child support payment was made in

October 2002.

Father testified that he loves his daughter and continues to have a bond with her despite the

obstacles. Father asserted his belief that it is in C.A.M.’s best interest to continue having a

parent/child relationship with him. 

At the conclusion of the hearing, the trial court issued an oral ruling that the petitioners had

proven grounds for the termination of Father’s parental rights, and that termination was in C.A.M.’s

best interest. On August 21, 2008, the trial court entered a written order, finding that grounds for

terminating Father’s parental rights, namely Father’s incarceration for a period of at least ten years

at a time when C.A.M. was under eight years old, pursuant to Tennessee Code Annotated § 36-1-

113(g)(6), and also abandonment for willful failure to pay child support since October 2002, 3
(...continued) 3

reasonable payments toward the support of the child for four (4) consecutive months immediately

preceding such parent’s or guardian’s incarceration, or the parent or guardian has engaged in conduct

prior to incarceration that exhibits a wanton disregard for the welfare of the child . . . .

Tenn. Code Ann. § 36-1-102(1)(A)(iv) (2005).

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pursuant to Tennessee Code Annotated §§ 36-1-113(g)(1) and 36-1-102(1)(A). The order stated

further that “[e]ach and every one of the nine (9) factors set forth in T.C.A. § 36-1-113(i) support

the finding that termination of [Father’s] parental rights is in the best interests of [C.A.M.].” From

this order, Father now appeals.

ISSUES ON APPEAL

On appeal, Father concedes that grounds for termination exist based on his period of

incarceration. He argues in this appeal that the petitioners failed to establish by clear and convincing

evidence that terminating his parental rights was in C.A.M.’s best interest. Father also argues that

the decision below must be reversed because the trial court did not make specific findings of fact as

is required under Section 36-1-113(k) of the Tennessee Code Annotated. See Tenn. Code Ann. §

36-1-113(k) (Supp. 2008); see In re Swanson, 2 S.W.3d 180, 188 (Tenn. 1999). 

ANALYSIS

Although “parents have a fundamental right to the care, custody, and control of their

children,” this right is not absolute, and parental rights may be terminated if there is clear and

convincing evidence justifying such termination under the applicable statute. Kilpatrick v. Drinnon

(In re Drinnon), 776 S.W.2d 96, 97 (Tenn. Ct. App. 1988) (citing Santosky v. Kramer, 455 U.S.

745 (1982)). In Tennessee, parental rights may be terminated by the court if (1) the existence of at

least one statutory ground is proven by clear and convincing evidence and (2) it is clearly and

convincingly established that termination of the parent’s rights is in the best interest of the child.

Tenn. Code Ann. § 36-1-113(c); In re R.L.F., 278 S.W.3d 305, 311 (Tenn. Ct. App. 2008). Our

standard of review for cases involving termination of parental rights was stated in In re F.R.R., III,

193 S.W.3d 528 (Tenn. 2006):

This Court must review findings of fact made by the trial court de novo upon the

record “accompanied by a presumption of the correctness of the finding, unless the

preponderance of the evidence is otherwise.” Tenn. R. App. P. 13(d). To terminate

parental rights, a trial court must determine by clear and convincing evidence not

only the existence of at least one of the statutory grounds for termination but also that

termination is in the child’s best interest. In re Valentine, 79 S.W.3d 539, 546

(Tenn. 2002) (citing Tenn. Code Ann. § 36-1-113(c)). Upon reviewing a termination
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of parental rights, this Court’s duty, then, is to determine whether the trial court’s

findings, made under a clear and convincing standard, are supported by a

preponderance of the evidence.

Id. at 530. In this appeal, Father does not challenge the trial court’s finding of grounds for

terminating his parental rights. Our review focuses on the best interest of the child, namely whether

the trial court made the required specific findings of fact and whether the evidence clearly and

convincingly established that terminating Father’s parental rights is in the best interest of C.A.M.

Tennessee statutes governing termination proceedings provide expressly that, in determining

whether the termination of parental rights is in the best interest of a child, the court shall consider

the following factors:

(1) Whether the parent or guardian has made such an adjustment of circumstance,

conduct, or conditions as to make it safe and in the child’s best interest to be in the

home of the parent or guardian;

(2) Whether the parent or guardian has failed to effect a lasting adjustment after

reasonable efforts by available social services agencies for such duration of time that

lasting adjustment does not reasonably appear possible;

(3) Whether the parent or guardian has maintained regular visitation or other contact

with the child;

(4) Whether a meaningful relationship has otherwise been established between the

parent and guardian and the child;

(5) The effect a change of caretakers and physical environment is likely to have on

the child’s emotional, psychological and medical condition;

(6) Whether the parent or guardian, or other person residing with the parent or

guardian, has shown brutality, physical, sexual, emotional or psychological abuse,

or neglect toward the child, or another child or adult in the family or household;

(7) Whether the physical environment of the parent’s or guardian’s home is healthy

and safe, whether there is criminal activity in the home, or whether there is such use

of alcohol or controlled substances as may render the parent or guardian consistently

unable to care for the child in a safe and stable manner;

(8) Whether the parent’s or guardian’s mental and/or emotional status would be

detrimental to the child or prevent the parent or guardian from effectively providing

safe and stable care and supervision for the child; or

(9) Whether the parent or guardian has paid child support consistent with the child

support guidelines promulgated by the department pursuant to § 36-5-101.

Tenn. Code Ann. § 36-1-113(i) (Supp. 2008). The factors enumerated above are not exhaustive, and

“[t]he statute does not require every factor to appear before a court can find that termination is in a

child’s best interest.” Dep’t of Children’s Servs. v. T.S.W., No. M2001-01735-COA-R3-PT, 2002

WL 970434, at *3 (Tenn. Ct. App. May 10, 2002). 
The statute provides that “[t]he court shall enter an order that makes specific findings of fact and conclusions

4

of law within thirty (30) days of the conclusion of the hearing.” Tenn. Code Ann. § 36-1-113(k) (Supp. 2008).

-8-

In its written order, the trial court set out the facts supporting its conclusion that grounds for

termination of Father’s parental rights existed by clear and convincing evidence. The trial court

found specifically that, in Texas in 2004, Father was convicted of the felony crimes of aggravated

assault with a deadly weapon and retaliation, for which he received a ten (10) year sentence; that

Father is currently incarcerated and was incarcerated on the date of the filing of the termination

petition; that prior to his incarceration, Father had the means and ability to pay child support for

C.A.M. but has failed to pay any child support for her since October 14, 2002; that Stepfather is a

fit person to have care and custody of C.A.M.; and that Stepfather is financially able to care for

C.A.M. These findings are based at least in part on the trial court’s implicit credibility determination

in favor of Mother and Stepfather. Factual findings by a trial court based on the credibility of the

witnesses will not be reversed absent clear and convincing evidence to the contrary. See In re

M.L.P., 228 S.W.3d 139, 143 (Tenn. Ct. App. 2007).

In the section of the order discussing the child’s best interest, the trial court simply stated that

“[e]ach and every one of the nine (9) factors set forth in T.C.A. § 36-1-113(i) support the finding that

termination of [Father’s] rights is in the best interest of [C.A.M.].” The question becomes whether

the trial court made sufficient findings of fact and conclusions of law to satisfy Section 36-1-113(k).4

If so, we must then determine whether those facts, as supported by a preponderance of the evidence

and our review of the record as a whole, show clearly and convincingly that termination of Father’s

parental rights is in C.A.M.’s best interest. 

The specific findings of fact are set out in the portion of the trial court’s order relating to the

grounds for termination, and they are not repeated in the section on C.A.M.’s best interest. While

the termination statutes require that the trial courtmake specific findings offact, there is no authority

indicating that the findings must be in a particular section of the trial court’s order. See In re K.H.,

No. W2008-01144-COA-R3-PT, 2009 WL 1362314, at *7 n.6 (Tenn. Ct. App. May 15, 2009).

Often the findings of fact supporting the grounds for termination are also relevant to the issue of

whether termination is in the child’s best interest. So long as the trial court’s written order contains

findings of requisite specificity that show that termination is in the child’s best interest, the fact that

the findings are not set out in the “best interest” section of the order does not render the order

insufficient. In this case, the trial court found that Father was convicted of a violent felony, was

incarcerated for a period of ten years, and willfully failed to support C.A.M. The trial court also

found that Stepfather is a fit person to care for C.A.M. and is able to financially support her. These

factual findings relate to C.A.M.’s best interest as well as grounds, and the trial court was not

required to repeat them in the best interest section of the order.

We consider, then, Father’s assertion that the evidence in the record does not clearly and

convincingly establish that terminating Father’s parental rights is in C.A.M.’s best interest. Father

claims that many of the statutory best interest factors weigh in his favor. For example, he claims that

the evidence shows that, until his incarceration, he maintained visitation with C.A.M. after the

divorce and established a meaningful relationship with C.A.M., despite Mother’s efforts to hamper
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their relationship. Father also notes that there is “not a shred of evidence” that he has shown

brutality toward C.A.M., and he claims that the evidence of violence toward Mother was weak.

Father argues that there was no evidence that he abused drugs or alcohol, except the positive

methamphetamine screen that Father claimed was caused by other medications. Father admits that

he failed to pay child support as ordered, but claims that the evidence shows that his failure to

support C.A.M. was not willful. Father also points to other payments he made for the benefit of

C.A.M. 

We are mindful that the record contains undisputed evidence that Father loves C.A.M., that

he made substantial efforts to visit with her despite his distance from her, and that he attempted to

maintain his relationship with her during his subsequent imprisonment. However, at this point, our

focus is not on Father’s best interest; it must be on the best interest of C.A.M. in light of the

circumstances as they presently exist. It is undisputed that Father has not visited with C.A.M. since

January 1, 2003, when C.A.M. was six years old. This is a direct result of Father’s choices -- first

because his behavior caused the Tennessee trial court to prevent contact with C.A.M., and

subsequently because his positive drug test caused the revocation of his probation and his resulting

incarceration. It is further undisputed that Father made no child support payments after October

2002, and the evidence supports the trial court’s finding that he had the ability to pay support and

willfully failed to do so. Contrary to Father’s denial, substantial evidence at trial showed that Father

threatened both Mother and Grandmother, and that he physically struck Mother when she was

pregnant with C.A.M. Furthermore, the undisputed evidence at trial supports the trial court’s finding

that Stepfather is a fit and proper person to fulfill the responsibilities for parenting C.A.M., and it

shows further that Stepfather and C.A.M. have a loving relationship. From our review of the record,

giving due deference to the trial court’s credibility determinations, we find that the record fully

supports the trial court’s determination that the evidence establishes clearly and convincingly that

terminating Father’s parental rights is in the best interest of C.A.M. Therefore, we find that the trial

court did not err in terminating Father’s parental rights.
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The decision of the trial court is affirmed. Costs on appeal are to be taxed to Appellant

Michael Dale Moore and his surety, for which execution may issue, if necessary.

___________________________________ 

HOLLY M. KIRBY, JUDGE