1

Filed 9/27/21 In re J.S. CA1/4

NOT TO BE PUBLISHED IN OFFICIAL REPORTS

California Rules of Court, rule 8.1115(a), prohibits courts and parties from citing or relying on opinions not certified for 

publication or ordered published, except as specified by rule 8.1115(b). This opinion has not been certified for publication or 

ordered published for purposes of rule 8.1115.

IN THE COURT OF APPEAL OF THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA

FIRST APPELLATE DISTRICT

DIVISION FOUR

In re J.S., a Person Coming Under 

the Juvenile Court Law.

BARBARA S.,

Plaintiff and Appellant,

v.

ALAMEDA COUNTY SOCIAL 

SERVICES AGENCY,

Defendant and Respondent.

A162070

(Alameda County

Super. Ct. No. JD-021451-03)

Barbara S. (mother), adoptive mother of 15-year-old J.S., appeals an

order after a 12-month review hearing that terminated reunification services

and limited her right to participate in educational decisions for J.S. The 

juvenile court found that Alameda County Social Services Agency (the agency) 

had offered reasonable services, and held that it could not find a substantial 

probability that J.S. could return to mother’s custody within 18 months of 

removal. She contends that no substantial evidence supports those rulings, 

mainly because the agency prevented her from repairing her relationship with 

J.S. when it acquiesced in his refusal to visit. We disagree and will affirm.
2

Factual and Procedural History

J.S. was born in 2005; mother adopted him when he was 18 months old.

Both are African-American. Mother, who worked as a teacher “for most of 

40 years” and deemed herself a “senior citizen,” lives with her adult son Gabe 

and teenage adopted daughter P.S. (The record does not specify mother’s age, 

but the jurisdiction report indicates that in 2011 she described herself as 

70 years old.)

Mother and J.S. had prior difficulties that led to a 2014 proceeding in 

which she said that she could no longer care for him because of his aggression

and that she would not seek reunification and would relinquish parental 

rights. However, the two were reunited in 2015.

These proceedings began in October 2019 when mother declined to pick 

J.S. up from Willow Rock mental health center, where he had been committed 

for approximately 14 days (Welf. & Inst. Code,

1 § 5150) after an altercation in 

her home. According to J.S., the incident began when he refused mother’s 

demand to give her his laptop; escalated when Gabe tried to enforce the 

demand; and culminated in J.S. kicking Gabe, Gabe bending back his finger, 

slamming him to the floor, and trying to take his musical instruments, and 

J.S. waving and throwing a knife at Gabe. Mother denied that Gabe touched

J.S. and said he only got near his instruments.

Mother did not visit J.S. in Willow Rock and, upon his release, said that 

she did not think he could live safely in her home, given a history of violent 

incidents. Mother also said that J.S. had stolen from her and Gabe, was 

always angry, and insulted and disrespected her.

1 All undesignated statutory citations are to the Welfare and 

Institutions Code.
3

For his part, J.S., who has suffered depression and suicidal ideation, did 

not want to return, saying he did not feel safe with mother or Gabe and that 

she had called him “stupid, crazy, and/or mental.” Mother denied those 

allegations, but P.S. confirmed them. J.S. also said that Gabe physically 

abused him, which mother denied.

The agency placed J.S. in a foster family agency (FFA) home. At a 

jurisdictional hearing on November 21, 2019, the juvenile court found him a 

dependent (§ 300, subd. (g)) and ordered the agency to provide reunification 

services and to arrange visitation “as frequently as possible consistent with 

[J.S.]’s well-being.” It approved a case plan requiring mother to “work on 

building her relationship with [J.S.]” by asking about his day, offering to 

listen when he is upset and taking time before responding, and doing 

enjoyable activities together. The plan called for J.S. and mother to attend 

family therapy to regain mutual trust.

As noted in an April 20, 2020, report for the six-month review hearing, 

mother refused referrals for individual or family therapy or therapeutic visits, 

insisting there was no need for her visits to be supervised. J.S. was willing to 

have one visit with mother, and a social worker told him she would arrange it 

once he was ready. Mother complained of the agency letting J.S. “call the 

shots” despite not knowing what is best for him.

On March 5, the two had a supervised visit. J.S. stayed as far away 

from mother as possible, asked why she wanted to visit after not visiting in 

Willow Grove, and began yelling about events from his childhood. Mother 

seemed not to understand why J.S. said the things he did, stating repeatedly 

that she had done all she could to give him a good life. The social worker 

suggested that therapeutic visits or family therapy might help the two

understand one another, but mother refused. At the end of the visit, J.S. left

quickly without saying goodbye.
4

J.S. agreed to speak with mother by phone; in six weeks after the March 

visit, they had two calls. The social worker asked that calls increase to weekly, 

with the goal of facilitating more visitation. J.S. insisted that he would not 

return to mother’s care, as he was very angry at her about how he was treated 

growing up, her failure to protect him from Gabe, and her having made him 

feel as if something were wrong with him. The report added that J.S. was 

struggling with motivation to do school work but was a talented musician 

active in a school band.

On April 15, the report states, mother again declined family therapy, as 

she did not trust a clinician who might be younger or from another cultural 

background to grasp the situation. (At the hearing, mother denied this 

statement.) On April 16, she agreed to attend a child-and-family-team meeting 

the next day, but when the team called her repeatedly, she did not answer.

At the six-month review hearing on May 12, the court found that the 

agency had offered reasonable services and that mother had made minimal

progress and had not participated in court-ordered treatment. It set a 

12-month review hearing on October 28.

On September 30 the agency filed a report recommending that services

be terminated. For most of the period since April, it stated, mother had 

refused individual therapy. In June, she and a social worker discussed 

arranging sessions with Cheryl Cranshaw, with whom mother had worked

before. Mother thought Cranshaw would offer family therapy focused on J.S.; 

the social worker expected her to provide individual therapy to prepare mother 

for joint therapy. When the miscommunication became clear, mother at first

reiterated her refusal to have individual therapy but then, on June 30, agreed

to do so. However, she did not begin sessions at that time.

Mother said in early June that calls with J.S. had been sporadic and that 

she felt he should call her; the social worker told her to call weekly “to show 
5

that she is trying, even if [he] does not want to talk.” Asked three weeks later

how the calls were going, mother said “she needs to ask [P.S.] for [J.S.]’s 

number, and that she has not called in a while but will call him.”

In July, mother attended a meeting about changing J.S.’s placement to 

an FFA home in Stanislaus County. She refused to drive 86 miles to the Tracy 

FFA office for visits. FFA social worker Edward Lubembe offered to drive J.S. 

to Pleasanton for visits, but mother did not want Lubembe—whom she called 

“Mr. La Boom Boom,” and whose accent she mocked—to supervise her visits. 

She asked that J.S. be moved to a group home in San Francisco, but was told 

that doing so would violate the agency’s policy of placing children in the least 

restrictive appropriate setting.

On August 1, mother called J.S. to get his new address so she could 

send money and items, including one of his musical instruments. Mother left 

the social worker a message asking if she could visit the foster home but,

without awaiting a response or contacting the foster family, had Gabe drive 

her there. Upon seeing Gabe, J.S. became upset and refused to leave the 

house to see mother. Mother complained to the agency that J.S.’s foster 

mother had not let her see J.S., and that J.S. was in a white community she 

found racist. She asked that he be put in a group home in Oakland. A social 

worker again explained the least-restrictive-setting policy and asked if mother 

could recommend local friends or relatives for placement; she could not.

On August 11 mother refused to have supervised visits or to work with a 

parent partner from J.S.’s mental health team. But on August 21, she said she 

would work with Lubembe to arrange a supervised visit as soon as possible.

As to the August 1 incident, mother said that Gabe had come to the foster 

home because she needed him to drive her, but that if he did so again she 

would ensure that he would not be seen by J.S. Mother refused again to work 

with J.S.’s mental health team or to attend a team meeting that day.
6

On August 27, J.S. said he did not want to return to mother, that she 

“does not care about him,” and that she will never change. J.S. also stated 

that mother had said, during a recent call, that if he did not stop being 

disrespectful he would “get slammed,” and that mother had told him not to 

call her. In a September 4 conversation with the social worker, Mother denied 

making the “get slammed” comment and said that she wanted J.S. to call, but 

not because he is forced to do so. The report states that the social worker 

responded by telling mother that, while calls may have to be strongly 

encouraged at first, if mother is engaged and supportive, J.S. might begin to 

look forward to them.

Lubembe arranged a visit in a Pleasanton park on September 12. J.S. 

was hesitant to go and disappointed that the first person he saw was Gabe, 

who had driven mother. After Gabe left, J.S. engaged in the visit but did not 

believe that mother was excited to see him and did not want further visits.

In September, mother told the social worker that Cranshaw would not 

provide therapy, and the social worker referred her to another therapist, with 

whom she soon began individual sessions. Mother told the social worker that 

the recent visit with J.S. had been “great.” She did not know why J.S. said he 

did not enjoy it and felt he should not be “running the show.” The social 

worker replied that if J.S. did not feel safe, she would not make him visit. 

Mother said that in the future Gabe would park a block away. The social 

worker said that at an upcoming child-and-family-team meeting on September 

25, the team would discuss arranging “a bimonthly visit.”

2 Mother joined the 

September 25 conference call meeting but upon learning that the agency

would recommend terminating services, she left the call.

2 While the report says “bimonthly visit,” the social worker may have 

meant semimonthly (i.e., two visits per month).
7

The September 30 report stated, in conclusion, that mother “has not 

fully engaged in any supportive services such as therapy . . . to examine how 

her behaviors have impacted” her relationship with J.S., and that she does 

not validate his experience or take his needs seriously, show an 

understanding of how her words affect him, or engage with his mental health 

team. J.S. did not feel secure with her or want to visit or talk significantly. He 

wished to stay in his placement, where his foster mother expressed

commitment to him. The report recommended ending reunification services 

and setting a permanent plan of guardianship, while noting that a section 

366.26 hearing would be premature, as J.S. and his caregivers were still 

building a relationship.

On October 28, the court continued its existing orders and set a 

contested 12-month-review hearing on February 9, 2021.3

On January 27, 2021, the agency filed an addendum report. On 

October 20, it said, mother expressed concern over a phone call about a 

prescription for J.S.; when a social worker investigated, he learned that J.S. 

had recently broken his foot playing with a pickax. J.S. told the social worker 

he did not want to visit with mother. On October 27, mother said she felt 

excluded from his life. A social worker told her that she is welcome at mental

health meetings for J.S. and urged her to attend the next meeting on 

3 The unreported October 28 hearing resulted in only a minute order; it 

appears that when mother opposed the agency’s recommendation, the court 

simply continued the matter to a contested-hearing calendar. Given the 

importance of settling children’s placements and the statutory mandate for 

semiannual review hearings (§ 366), the 13-week delay of a hearing required 

by law to occur 12 months after the child entered foster care (§ 366.21, 

subd. (f)(1)) is troubling. As a result, when the hearing finally occurred, only 

10 weeks remained in the 18-month period that is the outer limit, in most 

cases, of reunification services. (§ 366.21, subd. (g)(1); § 361.5, subds. (a)(3)–

(4).) 
8

November 18. The social worker’s supervisor said that a worker would soon 

visit J.S. to “ask if he is ready to have visits.” One did so, and on

November 23, J.S. said that he did not want to call or visit.

On December 1, mother said that J.S.’s therapy was not working, as he 

was moving further from her, and that his mental health requires treatment 

by a doctor, not a therapist. She again complained of his placement, adding

that she had hoped he “would’ve been taken to juvenile hall to learn his lesson 

instead of being placed in foster care.” On December 10, she asked if the 

agency could condition his ability to stay in his placement on his agreeing to 

visit; the supervisor said that “the agency cannot force [J.S.] to visit with her, 

but [the social worker] works monthly with him to support him in visiting.”

The supervisor urged mother to attend a mental health team meeting for J.S. 

that day. She said she would do so, but did not.

On December 22, mother complained that she could not reach J.S. The 

social worker called his foster mother, who said that J.S. had access to a house 

phone outside his door. On December 10 and January 25, J.S. also said that 

he did not want to visit mother.

In December, the agency prepared an individualized education plan 

(IEP) letter to submit to J.S.’s school. The report said that to avoid delaying an 

IEP assessment, the agency would ask the court to designate J.S.’s foster 

mother to make educational decisions in place of mother, who would not 

attend team meetings.

On February 9, 2021, the court held a 12-month review hearing—two 

and a half months before the 18-month-review deadline. Mother asked that 

the court continue reunification services to the 18-month limit and issue “a 

more specific visitation order” so that visits would occur. J.S. supported the 

termination of services. The court admitted into evidence the above-described 

reports. Only mother testified.
9

Mother opined that J.S. needs medication from a psychiatrist, not talk 

therapy; described his use of medication for depression and ADHD; and said 

she had been “in therapy with [J.S.]” since he was five years old.

4 She had 

attended two meetings of his mental health team. On the day in April they

called her for a meeting, she did not get the calls. Asked what was discussed in 

the last meeting she attended, she said, “I can’t remember. They wanted me to 

say something and I told them that I was grieving still the loss of my child 

and I just didn’t really feel into giving them a whole lot of information.” She 

claimed that, when she recently told J.S. that she would always love him and 

asked him to call, he had said, “I can’t.” 

Mother had participated in weekly individual therapy since September 

to discuss her feelings about the separation from J.S. She could not identify 

any skills she had learned to cope with the situation.

Asked how visitation has been, she described her unannounced visit to 

the foster home, claiming not to have known it was improper. When asked 

about other efforts to visit, she said that she had “tried to call” but could not 

get through, so she sent J.S. two letters. She said that “they [presumably the 

foster family] didn’t want me to talk to him.” Asked how visitation might 

affect their relationship, mother gave a nonresponsive answer that J.S. is 

taking out on her his anger over his adoption, and that she could give him a 

car and private-school education if he will follow her house rules.

Mother testified that she is open to supervised visits but, given her age, 

wants to visit “where it won’t be so far that I have to drive.” She opined that 

she and J.S. could make progress in joint therapy with a single therapist, but 

the agency had never arranged such therapy.

4 It seems likely in context that mother meant that she had participated 

in J.S.’s psychiatric treatment, not in joint “talk therapy” with him.
10

Mother also opposed an IEP. She believed that J.S. is very intelligent

and not “two years behind,” which she believed essential for an IEP, and 

added that she can arrange any tutoring he needs. She said that an IEP

would stigmatize J.S., as a Black student in a mostly White district. 

On cross-examination by J.S.’s counsel, mother admitted having filed a 

lawsuit on his behalf based on side effects of a psychiatric drug, and she 

acknowledged that the experience might make him fear medication and prefer 

talk therapy. She admitted not having thought about the effect on J.S. of 

having Gabe take her to the foster home or the visit in the park. She denied 

having refused family therapy in April, saying she tried to arrange joint 

therapy with Ms. Cranshaw. When asked whether, after Cranshaw declined 

to work with her, she ever told the social worker that she was open to joint 

therapy, her answer was nonresponsive.

When asked if she was requesting that the court return J.S. to her

custody, mother said, “I'm asking for a closer placement. [J.S.] . . . has to 

decide if he wants to come home. I love him, but . . . I'm not going to . . . force 

him to do something that he’s uncomfortable with.” She added that she “just 

want[ed] him to be closer to home [so that] if he wakes up one morning and 

says, ‘Oh, I might like to see mom,’ . . . he can come.”

Mother’s counsel argued that the agency’s failure to ensure visitation

had left her unable to make progress in healing the relationship, and that it 

was wrong to focus on her delay in starting individual therapy since her case 

plan did not require it. She cited cases holding that an agency must ensure 

visitation unless it will be dangerous for the child and argued that the record 

did not show the agency doing anything to encourage visits beyond asking

J.S. if he wanted to visit. She also opposed any limitation of her educational 

rights, given her experience in the field and thoughtful concerns about an 

IEP.
11

J.S.’s attorney argued that J.S. “no longer wants to be obligated to visit 

with [mother] and feels incredibly strongly about not returning to her care.” 

He distinguished cases about an agency’s duty to ensure visitation as 

involving much younger children. He noted that this was not the first time 

mother had relinquished responsibility for J.S., which left him unsure of her

commitment. J.S. also supported the request to reassign his educational 

rights, as mother’s failure to work with his mental health team had left her 

out of touch with his current needs.

The court began its ruling by noting the past CPS involvement in J.S.’s 

life; mother’s prior relinquishment; and his anger, suicidal thoughts, and 

feelings of not being loved or supported. In that context, it held, the agency 

acted properly in handling visitation with caution. 

After noting that mother at first flatly refused services and did not 

reach out to J.S., but expected him to contact her, the court summarized its 

views: “Mother has never made efforts to try to bridge the gap here. Mother, 

as far as I can tell, has not tried ever to go to [J.S.]’s level, to try to see life 

through [his] eyes. I think she chalks up his behavior to X, Y, and Z and she 

doesn’t have to do anything, it’s not her fault that he’s behaving this way, and 

she’s never tried to understand from his perspective. [¶] And I think that’s 

exactly what happened with these visits because the [a]gency made multiple 

offers to try to provide services so that these visits can happen. The Agency 

did try to encourage [J.S.] and did try multiple times to explain to mom that 

for these visits to happen, you’re going to have to be introspective here a little 

bit, you’re going to have to try to understand things from [his] perspective, 

and mother just flatly refused.” The court concluded that “this is not a case 

involving a denial of visits. There were conditions placed on them 

appropriately to safeguard the emotional well-being of [J.S.] and mother 

refused. So she rejected [services].”
12

The court found mother’s testimony “unconvincing” and found “telling” 

her description of a mental health team meeting in which “she just didn’t 

want to talk,” which reflected a pattern of her “flatly refusing to help . . . and 

to try to think of ways to connect again with [J.S.].” The court found that 

having Gabe take her to the September visit after having been warned 

following his appearance at the foster home in August showed “a very 

fundamental lack of understanding of [J.S.]’s needs.” 

Finding J.S. able to articulate his desires and uninterested in

reunification, the court held that it could not find a reasonable prospect of a 

return by the 18-month deadline. It found that the agency had offered 

reasonable services; mother’s progress had been minimal; and services should 

end. The court found a compelling reason to defer setting a section 366.26

hearing, as J.S. was not an adoption candidate and no one was ready to assume 

guardianship, but it stated that the permanent plan would be a guardianship. 

It ordered continued visitation. The court also ordered mother’s educational 

decisionmaking rights limited in favor of J.S.’s foster caregivers because it 

was unreasonable not to conduct an assessment to determine if J.S. was 

eligible for services.

- Mother filed a timely notice of appeal.

Discussion

1. The court did not err in terminating reunification services.

At the outset of a dependency proceeding, the emphasis is on preserving 

the family, given parents’ “strong fundamental interest . . . in the care, custody,

management and companionship of their children.” (D.T. v. Superior Court

(2015) 241 Cal.App.4th 1017, 1034.) But children “ ‘have compelling rights to 

be protected from abuse and neglect and to have a placement that is stable

[and] permanent.’ ” (Ibid.) To balance these “sometimes competing interests,”

dependency law “shift[s] the emphasis” from family preservation to promoting 
13

the child’s best interests “if efforts at reunification produce unsatisfactory 

results or drag on too long.” (Ibid.) Section 361.5 thus sets “a series of time 

limitations” on reunification services, “with a 12-month presumptive period for 

children age three or older, and an 18-month maximum.” (Id. at pp. 1034–

1035.)

If a child of J.S.’s age is removed from parental custody, the court must 

order reunification services for a period “beginning with the dispositional 

hearing and ending 12 months after the date the child entered foster care as 

provided in section 361.49” (§ 361.5, subd. (a)(1)(A))—which in this case was

November 20, 2019. At a 12-month review or “permanency” hearing, the

juvenile court must order a child returned to parental custody unless doing so 

will create a “substantial risk of detriment” to the child’s “safety, protection, or 

physical or emotional well-being.” (§ 366.21) The court must also determine if 

reasonable services designed to help the parent overcome the problems that 

led to the removal “have been provided or offered.” (Id., subd. (f)(1)(A).) 

If at a permanency hearing the parent has received the requisite period

of services and the court cannot order the child returned to his or her custody,

it has three options: (1) extend reunification services until an 18-month

review hearing (§ 366.21, subd. (g)(1)); (2) schedule a hearing pursuant to 

section 366.26 to terminate paternal rights and set a permanent placement 

(§ 366.21, subd. (g)(4)); or (3) order that the child remain in foster care (id., 

subd. (g)(5)). 

To continue reunification services to the 18-month mark, the option 

mother advocated, the court must either find that the agency has not provided 

reasonable services or find “a substantial probability that the child will be 

returned to the physical custody of his or her parent . . . and safely maintained 

in the home within the extended period.” (§ 366.21, subd. (g)(1).) To find a 

substantial probability of return, the court must make three subsidiary 
14

findings, namely, that the parent has (A) “consistently and regularly contacted 

and visited with the child,” (B) “made significant progress in resolving the 

problems that led to the child’s removal” and (C) shown the ability to complete 

their treatment plan and “provide for the child’s safety, protection, physical 

and emotional well-being, and special needs.” (Id., subd. (g)(1)(A)–(C).) Mother 

challenges both the court’s finding that the agency offered reasonable services 

and its holding that it could not find a substantial probability of return.

a. The evidence did not compel the juvenile court to find a substantial 

probability of return by the 18-month deadline.

Mother does not challenge any finding made by the court but disputes its 

holding that it could not make the three findings required to extend 

reunification services past 12 months. (§ 366.21, subd. (g)(1).) While an

agency bears the burden at a 12-month hearing of proving that returning a

child to a parent will “create a substantial risk of detriment” (id., subd. (f)(1)), 

if the agency bears that burden—as the agency undisputedly did here—the 

burden shifts to the parent seeking further services to show a substantial 

probability of return by the 18-month deadline. (Id., subd. (g)(1).)

Because mother challenges the resolution of issues on which she bore 

the burden of proof, the question on appeal “becomes whether [her] evidence 

was (1) ‘uncontradicted and unimpeached’ and (2) ‘of such a character and 

weight as to leave no room for a judicial determination that it was insufficient 

to support a finding.’ ” (In re I.W. (2009) 180 Cal.App.4th 1517, 1528, 

disapproved on other ground by Conservatorship of O.B. (2020) 9 Cal.5th 989, 

1003, fn. 4.) “Put another way, the issue is ‘whether the evidence compels a 

finding in favor of [mother] as a matter of law.’ ” (Valero v. Board of 

Retirement of Tulare County Employees’ Assn. (2012) 205 Cal.App.4th 960, 

966.) It is “ ‘almost impossible’ ” for a party who had the burden of proof below 

to satisfy that standard on appeal. (Atkins v. City of Los Angeles (2017) 
15

8 Cal.App.5th 696, 734.) In this case, the parties debate all three findings 

required to justify extending services past the 12-month mark, but because 

mother must prevail on all three to succeed on appeal, we need discuss only 

one to establish that she falls short. 

We think it clear that the evidence does not compel a finding that 

mother proved an ability to complete her treatment plan and provide for J.S.’s 

safety, physical and emotional welfare, and special needs in the short period 

that remained before the expiration of 18 months. (§ 366.21, subd. (g)(1)(C).) 

The plan called for the two to engage in joint therapy to rebuild trust, and for

mother to repair her relationship with J.S. by offering to listen and taking 

time before responding when he is upset. But for the first seven months of the 

12-month period, mother did not take significant steps to seek contact with 

J.S., besides a few phone calls and the unsuccessful supervised visit in March,

at which she showed an ongoing inability to listen and respond effectively to 

his feelings. Moreover, mother repeatedly refused to engage in joint therapy,

or even in the individual therapy the agency asked her to pursue to prepare

for joint therapy.

Mother did say in late June 2020 that she was open to family therapy 

focused on J.S. and that she understood that the agency wanted her to have 

individual therapy first, yet she only started such therapy in September, over 

nine months into the 12-month period. When asked if she had learned skills in 

therapy to cope with J.S.’s departure, she said that she had not. She now 

complains that the agency never set up family therapy, but she repeatedly 

declined invitations to participate in meetings of J.S.’s mental health team or 

to work with a parent partner from that team. She contends that she tried to 

arrange joint therapy with Ms. Cranshaw, but she does not claim that after 

Cranshaw declined to provide therapy, or after mother began individual 

therapy with another provider in September, she ever told the agency that 
16

she wanted or was prepared to engage in joint therapy with J.S., or requested 

a referral.

Nor does the record compel a finding that mother showed the ability to 

provide for J.S.’s emotional welfare. (§ 366.21, subd. (g)(1)(C).) She needed to 

learn to take his emotional needs seriously, consider his perspective, and 

listen supportively, but there is little evidence that she accepted or worked to 

satisfy that need. She admitted not having thought about the effect on J.S. of 

having Gabe present at their encounters. When cross-examined about the 

effect on J.S. of statements like her remark that he should have been sent to 

juvenile hall, her testimony showed an ongoing inability or unwillingness to 

consider how her words affect J.S. or impair their relationship. Having 

observed her testimony and demeanor, the court found that she “has not tried 

ever to go to [J.S.]’s level, to try to see life through [his] eyes,” but “chalks up 

his behavior to X, Y, and Z . . . and [has] never tried to understand from his 

perspective.” Mother does not cite uncontradicted evidence compelling a 

contrary finding.

The record also does not compel a finding that she can provide for J.S.’s

special needs. Mother notes that at the hearing she acknowledged his mental 

health problems and admitted—albeit on cross-examination—that he might 

benefit more from talk therapy than medication, given his experience of side 

effects. She also cites a meeting in October 2019 at which a summary indicates 

she stated that J.S. can benefit “from support services such as working with a 

therapist, a psychiatrist, and medication to help with [his] emotional wellbeing.” However, given her repeated refusals to work with J.S.’s mental 

health team; her comment to a social worker that he needs treatment by a 

doctor, not a therapist; her testimony that “he needs to be on the constant 

medication and under the doctor’s care. Not in therapy, but . . . a 

psychiatrist”; and her refusal even to permit a determination of whether he is 
17

eligible for an IEP, the evidence she cites is far from “ ‘uncontradicted and 

unimpeached.’ ” (In re I.W., supra, 180 Cal.App.4th at p. 1528) It certainly 

does not compel a finding that she is sufficiently flexible and open to expert 

advice to satisfy J.S.’s special needs.

b. Substantial evidence supports the finding of reasonable services.

“When a finding that reunification services were adequate is challenged 

on appeal, we review it for substantial evidence. [Citation.] ‘ “In juvenile 

cases, as in other areas of the law, the power of an appellate court asked to 

assess the sufficiency of the evidence begins and ends with a determination as 

to whether or not there is any substantial evidence, whether or not 

contradicted, which will support the conclusion of the trier of fact.” ’ ” (In re 

Alvin R. (2003) 108 Cal.App.4th 962, 971 (Alvin R.).)5

Mother contends that while she admittedly refused individual therapy 

or supervised visits for the first seven to nine months after the disposition 

hearing, “on August 21, 2020, almost six full months before the hearing in 

question, [she] called the agency to arrange visitation with [J.S.] as soon as 

possible” and agreed to work with Mr. Lubembe. She contends that her 

5 Citing section 366.21, subdivision (g), mother contends that the court 

was required to find reasonable services by clear and convincing evidence.

But a court must make such a finding by clear and convincing evidence only 

as a prerequisite for setting a section 366.26 hearing (§ 366.21, subds. 

(g)(1)(C)(ii) & (g)(4)), not as a prerequisite for ordering that a child remain in 

foster care (id., subd. (g)(5)), as the court did in this case. However, the 

agency does not dispute the evidentiary standard, and we conclude that the 

court’s order must be affirmed regardless of whether it was required to find 

reasonable services by clear and convincing evidence or by a preponderance of 

the evidence. (Cf. T.J. v. Superior Court (2018) 21 Cal.App.5th 1229, 1239 [on 

appeal from finding of reasonable services in case involving section 366.26 

hearing, “ ‘[w]e review the record in the light most favorable to the trial 

court’s order to determine whether there is substantial evidence from which a 

reasonable trier of fact could make the necessary findings based on the clear

and convincing evidence standard’ ”].)
18

belated agreement to engage in supervised visits left the agency “nearly six 

months” to ensure the visitation it was required to provide, and that its 

acquiescence in J.S.’s refusal to visit bars a finding of reasonable services.

Initially, mother is mistaken about the duration of the period in which 

the agency failed to induce J.S. to visit. After she requested a supervised visit 

on August 21, the agency and Lubembe arranged one in Pleasanton on 

September 12. That unsuccessful visit came nearly 10 months into the 

12-month period of mandatory services, which ended on November 19. While 

the permanency hearing was delayed until February, the pertinent question 

is whether the agency’s failure to induce J.S. to engage in further visits 

between September 12 and November 19 precludes a finding that it provided 

the requisite 12 months of reasonable services. 

The agency repeatedly urged mother to accept supervised visits and 

referrals for individual and joint therapy, but she refused to engage in therapy

until the end of June, did not begin individual therapy until September, and 

did not agree to supervised visits until August 20, nine months into the 

12-month period. The agency repeatedly invited her to meetings of J.S.’s 

mental health team, and offered the help of a parent partner, but she attended

only two meetings, one after the 12-month period, and refused to work with a 

parent partner. Given the strength and consistency of J.S.’s unwillingness to 

visit, his age, and the damage done by mother’s earlier failure to pursue 

contact and by Gabe’s presence when the two did meet, the court did not err 

in finding that the agency offered reasonable services tempered by 

appropriate caution about visitation. The record contains neither expert 

testimony nor any other evidence suggesting that, under the circumstances,

there were more strenuous measures the agency reasonably could or should 

have taken to overcome J.S.’s resistance to meeting with his mother.
19

Mother cites Serena M. v. Superior Court (2020) 52 Cal.App.5th 659, in 

which the Fifth District issued a writ directing a juvenile court to vacate a 

finding of reasonable services, but the case is distinguishable. A 13-year-old 

minor, C.C., alleged that her mother repeatedly beat her. (Id. at pp. 663–664.) 

At the start of the case, C.C.’s attorney told the court that C.C. did not want 

to visit because of the abuse and the minor’s resultant fear of her mother. The 

court found at the outset that visitation would be detrimental and directed 

that none occur until further order. (Id. at pp. 664–665.) Through lengthy 

proceedings ending in an 18-month-review hearing, the court never modified 

its detriment finding or authorized contact beyond letter and gift exchanges, 

despite the agency’s desire to arrange therapeutic visitation, and despite 

evidence that C.C. had initiated positive, unauthorized phone and text 

contacts with her mother and had vacillated about whether she wanted to 

visit. (Id. at pp. 665–670.) The appellate court held that the denial of all 

in-person contact at some point became unreasonable, requiring a further 

period of services. (Id. at pp. 677–678.)

Here, the court never forbade contact, and the agency encouraged visits,

offered numerous therapeutic services, and arranged two supervised visits. 

Serena M. does not suggest that its inability to ensure further visits in the 

10-week period after the September visit bars a finding of reasonable services.

2. The court did not abuse its discretion regarding educational rights.

A juvenile court may limit a parent’s right to make educational decisions 

for a child under its jurisdiction, and appoint a responsible adult to do so, to 

the extent necessary to protect the child. (§ 361, subd. (a); Cal. Rules of Court, 

rule 5.649.) We review such orders for abuse of discretion. (In re D.C. (2015) 

243 Cal.App.4th 41, 58.) Here, the court did not abuse its discretion by 

finding that mother’s refusal to permit J.S. to be evaluated for an IEP was an 

unreasonable overreaction to her concern about stigma. Because her failure to 
20

work with J.S.’s mental health team and lack of contact left her out of touch 

with J.S.’s current needs, it was reasonable to conclude that it would serve his 

interests to have the caretakers with whom he was living make future 

educational decisions.

Disposition

The challenged orders are affirmed.

POLLAK, P. J.

WE CONCUR:

STREETER, J.

ROSS, J.*

* Judge of the Superior Court of California, County of San Francisco, assigned 

by the Chief Justice pursuant to article VI, section 6 of the California 

Constitution.