COURT OF APPEALS OF VIRGINIA 

Present: Judges Humphreys, McClanahan and Senior Judge Willis 

Argued at Chesapeake, Virginia 

ROBERT HOLLOWELL 

 OPINION BY 

v. Record No. 0948-09-1 JUDGE ELIZABETH A. McCLANAHAN 

APRIL 20, 2010 

VIRGINIA MARINE RESOURCES COMMISSION 

FROM THE CIRCUIT COURT OF THE CITY OF NORFOLK 

John R. Doyle, III, Judge 

 Lee Anne Washington for appellant. 

 Carl Josephson, Senior Assistant Attorney General (William C. 

Mims, Attorney General; Roger L. Chaffe, Senior Assitant 

Attorney General, on brief), for appellee. 

Robert Hollowell appeals from an order of the circuit court: (i) holding that 4 VAC 

20-1140-20, promulgated by the Virginia Marine Resources Commission (VMRC) in regard to 

regulating crab dredging, exceeded the authority given to VMRC in the enabling legislation 

(Code § 28.2-707); (ii) setting aside part of the regulation; and (iii) directing VMRC to amend it. 

Hollowell also appeals from the circuit court’s subsequent order denying his request for 

attorney’s fees incurred in challenging the validity of the regulation. 

Hollowell argues the circuit court erred, first, in not striking the entire regulatory scheme 

upon concluding that part of it was unlawful; and, second, in denying his request for attorney’s 

fees under Code § 2.2-4030 based on rulings that he “did not substantially prevail on the merits 

of the case” and that VMRC’s position “was substantially justified.” For the following reasons, 

we conclude Hollowell’s appeal of the circuit court’s decision to set aside only part of 4 VAC 

20-1140-20 has been rendered moot, and we thus dismiss that portion of this appeal. We agree 
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with Hollowell, however, that he is entitled to attorney’s fees under Code § 2.2-4030, and 

remand this claim to the circuit court for a determination of reasonable attorney’s fees to be 

awarded to him. 

I. BACKGROUND 

Code § 28.2-707(D), as last amended in 1996, provides as follows: 

It is unlawful to use a dredge for catching crabs between 

April 1 and December 1; however, the Commission, when in its 

judgment it is advisable due to weather conditions or for purposes 

relating to the conservation of the blue crab and it is not contrary to 

the public interest, may close a season in its entirety, may open any 

season as early as November 16, may delay opening any season, 

may extend any season until April 16 and may close any season 

early. 

* * * * * * * 

Any person who violates any provision of this section is 

guilty of a Class 3 misdemeanor. 

The effect of the statute is to legalize the dredging of crabs for the period from December 1 until 

March 31 from year to year, commonly referred to as “crab dredging season,” absent authorized 

action by VMRC. 

Based on Code § 28.2-707(D), VMRC promulgated a new set of regulations, designated 

as Chapter 1140, and consisting of 4 VAC 20-1140-10 through 4 VAC 20-1140-30 (the “new 

regulations”), which became effective on April 30, 2008. In VMRC’s summary of the new 

regulations at the time they were published in “Final” form, as set forth in the Virginia Register 

of Regulations, Volume 24, Issue 19, p. 2763 (May 26, 2008), VMRC stated, “The chapter 

prohibits crab dredging in Virginia’s tidal waters.” The primary regulation, 4 VAC 20-1140-20, 

entitled “Crab dredging prohibited,” provided in relevant part as follows: 
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The season to use a dredge for catching crabs is closed. 

It shall be unlawful for any person to use a dredge for 

catching crabs from the waters of the Commonwealth. 

4 VAC 20-1140-20(A) & (B).1

 Hollowell, a commercial waterman, filed a “petition for appeal” in circuit court in May 

2008 challenging the new regulations, pursuant to Code § 28.2-215.2 As explained in the circuit 

court’s April 3, 2009 letter opinion, Hollowell’s position was that Code § 28.2-707(D) granted 

VMRC “the authority to prohibit dredging for crabs for one period of December 1 – March 31 at 

a time.” Yet, 4 VAC 20-1140-20 “read as a whole,” according to Hollowell, “prohibit[ed] the 

dredging of crabs for an indefinite period of time.”3

 As to VMRC’s position, it agreed with 

Hollowell that the dredging “prohibition” in the regulation was “not limited to the period of 

December 1, 2008 – March 31, 2009, but applie[d] to subsequent years as well.” VMRC, 

1

 The remaining portion of 4 VAC 20-1140-20, consisting of subsection C, set forth 

several existing regulations “pertain[ing] to the crab dredge fishery or activities associated with 

crab dredging,” which were thereby repealed. As to the other two new regulations, 4 VAC 

20-1140-10 stated the purpose of the regulations as follows: “This chapter promotes 

conservation of the blue crab resource, especially female crabs that constitute mostly all of the 

crab dredge harvest. The provisions in this chapter are in response to the reduced abundance of 

the blue crab resource and its overexploitation, especially female crabs.” The remaining 

regulation, 4 VAC 20-1140-30, set forth the penalties for violating the chapter: “As set forth in 

§ 28.2-903 of the Code of Virginia, any person violating any provision of this chapter shall be 

guilty of a Class 3 misdemeanor, and a second or subsequent violation of any provision of this 

chapter committed by the same person within 12 months of a prior violation is a Class 1 

misdemeanor.” 

2

 Code § 28.2-215 provides for judicial review of regulations promulgated by VMRC in 

accordance with the provisions of the Virginia Administrative Process Act (Code § 2.2-4000 et 

seq.) (VAPA). Code § 2.2-4026 of the VAPA then provides that “[a]ny person affected by and 

claiming the unlawfulness of any regulation . . . shall have a right to the direct review thereof by 

an appropriate and timely court action against the agency or its officers or agents in the manner 

provided by the rules of the Supreme Court of Virginia. . . .” (Emphasis added.) 

 3

 Accordingly, Hollowell requested in his petition that the circuit court: (1) find that the 

new regulations were unlawful; (2) find the regulations unenforceable; (3) enter a temporary 

injunction against enforcement of the regulations during the pendency of the appeal; and 

(4) enter a permanent injunction against enforcement of the regulations. 
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however, contended that the enabling statute authorized VMRC to promulgate a single regulation 

that was of open-ended duration to prohibit the dredging of crabs in the waters of the 

Commonwealth. 

 The circuit court agreed with Hollowell’s reading of Code § 28.2-707(D), and rejected 

VMRC’s interpretation. The court held that the statute only gave VMRC “the authority to close 

any individual one of the annually occurring crab-dredging seasons,” i.e., one crab dredging 

season at a time vis-à-vis one regulation at a time. As the court explained: 

Had the General Assembly intended to give the VMRC 

unlimited power to prohibit crab dredging for multiple seasons at a 

time without the necessity of further action or public hearings, it 

could have done so in very plain simple language . . . . This makes 

sense in that the limitation of the VMRC’s power to closing one 

annual season at a time only serves to require annual review and 

annual Commission action. It still allows for multiple consecutive 

seasons to be closed within that administrative framework. 

 The circuit court also agreed with Hollowell that 4 VAC 20-1140-20 “exceed[ed] the 

authority granted by Virginia Code Section 28.2-707 in that [subsection B of the regulation] 

prohibit[ed] crab dredging indefinitely beyond the period of December 1, 2008 – March 31, 

2009.” 

 Consistent with the circuit court’s April 3, 2009 letter opinion, it ordered on the same day 

“that 4 VAC 20-1140-20.B be set aside,” and “remand[ed] the matter to [VMRC] to amend 4 

VAC 20-1140-10 et seq. by striking the current version of 4 VAC 20-1140-20.B and . . . 

clarifying that 4 VAC 20-1140-20.A pertains only to the December 1, 2008 – March 31, 2009 

crab-dredging season.” 4

 

Hollowell subsequently filed a motion for attorney’s fees pursuant to Code § 2.2-4030. 

The statute provides, in relevant part: 

4

 Prior to these rulings, the circuit court denied Hollowell’s motion to temporarily enjoin 

the enforcement of the new regulations pending the court’s final judgment on his petition. 
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In any civil case . . . in which any person contests any agency action 

[as in this case], such person shall be entitled to recover from that 

agency . . . reasonable costs and attorneys’ fees if such person 

substantially prevails on the merits of the case and the agency’s 

position is not substantially justified, unless special circumstances 

would make an award unjust. The award of attorneys’ fees shall not 

exceed $25,000. 

Code § 2.2-4030(A). By order dated April 22, 2009, the circuit court denied the motion, finding 

that Hollowell did not substantially prevail on the merits of the case and that VMRC’s position 

was substantially justified. 

 On May 4, 2009, Hollowell filed his notice of appeal to this Court. In this appeal, 

Hollowell contends the circuit court erred (i) in not striking the new regulations entirely, given 

its holding that the primary regulation, 4 VAC 20-1140-20, was unlawful, and (ii) in denying 

Hollowell’s motion for attorney’s fees. 

 On June 1, 2009, VMRC finalized amendments to 4 VAC 20-1140-20 consistent with the 

circuit court’s ruling by prohibiting crab dredging in Virginia waters only for the upcoming crab 

dredging season. See Virginia Register of Regulations, Vol. 25, Issue 21, p. 3793 (June 22, 

2009). As amended, subsection B of the regulation was struck in its entirety, and subsection A 

was changed to read: “In accordance with the provisions of § 28.2-707 of the Code of Virginia, 

the crab dredging season of December 1, 2009, through March 31, 2010 is closed, and it shall be 

unlawful to use a dredge for catching crabs from the waters of the Commonwealth during that 

season.” 4 VAC 20-1140-20(A). 

II. MOOTNESS OF CHALLENGE TO 

CIRCUIT COURT’S DISPOSITION OF REGULATION 

 In response to Hollowell’s appeal of the circuit court’s decision to set aside only part of 4 

VAC 20-1140-20 rather than all three of the new regulations in their entirety, after determining 

that 4 VAC 20-1140-20 was unlawful, VMRC asserts that this issue was rendered moot by 
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VMRC’s amendments to the regulation, which were finalized after Hollowell filed this appeal. 

We agree. 

 It is this Court’s duty “‘to decide actual controversies by a judgment which can be carried 

into effect, and not to give opinions upon moot questions or abstract propositions, or to declare 

principles or rules of law which cannot affect the matter in issue in the case before it.’” Harrison 

v. Ocean View Fishing Pier, LLC, 50 Va. App. 556, 570, 651 S.E.2d 421, 428 (2007) (quoting 

Potts v. Mathieson Alkali Works, 165 Va. 196, 225, 181 S.E. 521, 533 (1935)). A “case is moot 

when the issues presented are no longer ‘live’ or the parties lack a legally cognizable interest in 

the outcome.” City of Erie v. Pap’s A.M., 529 U.S. 277, 287 (2000) (citation and some internal 

quotation marks omitted). Accordingly, “[d]ismissal is the proper remedy” when an event 

occurs while a case is pending on appeal that renders it moot—that is, “‘renders it impossible’” 

for this Court to grant appellant the relief requested. Jackson v. Marshall, 19 Va. App. 628, 635, 

454 S.E.2d 23, 27 (1995) (quoting Hankins v. Town of Virginia Beach, 182 Va. 642, 644, 29 

S.E.2d 831, 832 (1944)). 

Hollowell challenged 4 VAC 20-1140-20 on the grounds that it prohibited dredging of 

crabs for an indefinite period of time, whereas the enabling legislation, Code § 28.2-707(D), only 

authorized VMRC to prohibit such dredging one season at a time—extending from December 1 

until March 31 from year to year. Agreeing with this interpretation of both Code § 28.2-707(D) 

and 4 VAC 20-1140-20, the circuit court ordered VMRC to amend the regulation, which VMRC 

proceeded to do. But the amended regulation did not go into effect until nearly a month after 

Hollowell filed this appeal. Nevertheless, in light of those amendments to the regulation, “the 

regulation at issue [below] is no longer in force,” Princeton Univ. v. Schmid, 455 U.S. 100, 103 

(1982) (per curiam) (holding that university’s amendments to its subject regulation made moot a 

challenge to the earlier version of the regulation), and by those amendments the “challenged 
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features” of the regulation were removed, Coalition for the Abolition on Marijuana Prohibition v. 

City of Atlanta, 219 F.3d 1301, 1310 (11th Cir. 2000) (citation and internal quotation marks 

omitted). A “superseding statute or regulation moots a case . . . to the extent that it removes 

challenged features of the prior law.” Id.; see Citizens for Responsible Gov’t State Political 

Action Comm. v. Davidson, 236 F.3d 1174, 1187 (10th Cir. 2000) (holding that amendments to 

Colorado’s Fair Campaign Practices Act while appeal was pending mooted appellant’s 

constitutional challenge to the Act); Camarena v. Texas Employment Comm’n, 754 S.W.2d 149, 

151 (Tex. 1988) (holding that amendments to the Texas Unemployment Compensation Act 

mooted petitioner’s constitutional challenge to the Act). 

 The portion of Hollowell’s instant appeal challenging the fact that the circuit court did 

not set aside the entire regulation, after it determined that a material part of it was unlawful, is, 

therefore, moot.5 We thus dismiss the portion of this appeal challenging the extent to which the 

circuit court set aside the regulation after concluding it was unlawful. 

III. CLAIM FOR ATTORNEY’S FEES 

Hollowell next challenges on appeal the circuit court’s rejection of his claim for 

attorney’s fees under Code § 2.2-4030, contending the court erred in ruling that he “did not 

substantially prevail on the merits of the case” and that VMRC’s position “was substantially 

justified,” either of which would have negated his claim under the statute. In response, VMRC 

contends this challenge is also moot. VMRC further asserts that Hollowell is otherwise not 

entitled to an award of attorney’s fees because he did not meet the statutory requirements for 

such an award. We conclude that (a) this claim is not moot, and (b) the circuit court erred, as a 

matter of law, in not awarding attorney’s fees to Hollowell. 

 5

 Indeed, Hollowell’s counsel conceded at oral argument that, due to the amendments to 

the regulation, the only remedy left for Hollowell to seek on appeal is reversal of the circuit 

court’s denial of his request for attorney’s fees. 
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A. Mootness 

(i) Time of Amendment

VMRC argues its subject amendments to the regulation also mooted Hollowell’s appeal 

of his claim for attorney’s fees. VMRC cites no Virginia authority on point, nor have we found 

any. By way of analogy, however, VMRC cites Coady v. Strategic Resources, Inc., 258 Va. 12, 

15-16, 515 S.E.2d 273, 274 (1999), for its discussion of three of the Virginia Supreme Court’s 

“earlier decisions applying what is now Code § 17.1-604, which allows the recovery of 

[appellate] costs . . . by the ‘party substantially prevailing.’”6

 Those decisions, the Supreme 

Court explains in Coady, “recognize the principle that when a case becomes moot while an 

appeal is pending, the controversy ceases to exist and there is no prevailing party” under the 

statute. Id. at 15, 515 S.E.2d at 274. But in one of those decisions, Ficklen v. City of Danville, 

146 Va. 426, 131 S.E. 689 (1926), the Court recognized and applied an exception to that general 

principle, which would apply by analogy here. In Ficklen, as in this case, the issue on appeal 

was rendered moot due to actions taken by the appellees during the pendency of the appeal—

with appellees “in effect yielding to the contention of the appellants” and “abandon[ing] [their 

own] contention made before the lower court.” Id. at 438, 131 S.E. at 692. Under those 

circumstances, the Court concluded that “the appellants should be held to have substantially 

prevailed in this [C]ourt, although the appeal is dismissed, and therefore they are entitled to 

recover costs against the appellees.” Id. at 439, 131 S.E. at 692.7

 

 6

 The three cases are Ficklen v. City of Danville, 146 Va. 426, 131 S.E. 689 (1926); 

Wallerstein v. Brander, 136 Va. 543, 118 S.E. 224 (1923); and Branscome v. Cunduff, 123 Va. 

352, 96 S.E. 770 (1918). 

7 See Lewin v. Board of Trustees of Pasadena Unified School District, 62 Cal. App. 3d 

977, 983-84 (Cal. App. 1976) (citing Ficklen with approval, and holding that “[r]espondent 

cannot escape statutory liability for costs merely by granting the relief prayed for by the petition 

before the court has the opportunity to rule on the petition”); Board of Education of Madison 

County v. Fowler, 14 S.E.2d 478, 479 (Ga. 1941) (explaining that the weight of authority is “that 
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The view of numerous courts in other jurisdictions, in decisions more directly on point, is 

that mootness of an underlying claim below does not preclude a statutory award of attorney’s 

fees to the “prevailing party” where those fees have already been incurred. See, e.g., Ford v. 

Wilder, 469 F.3d 500, 506-07 (6th Cir. 2006) (remanding to district court for consideration of 

plaintiffs’ request for attorney’s fees where defendants were responsible for mooting the case 

while it was pending on appeal); Citizens for Responsible Gov’t State Political Action Comm., 

236 F.3d at 1183 (‘“While a claim of entitlement to attorney’s fees does not preserve a moot 

cause of action, the expiration of the underlying cause of action does not moot a controversy 

over attorney’s fees already incurred.’” (quoting Dahlem v. Board of Educ. of Denver Pub. 

Schs., 901 F.2d 1508, 1511 (10th Cir. 1990))); Young v. City of Chicago, 202 F.3d 1000, 

1000-01 (7th Cir. 2000) (“A defendant cannot defeat a plaintiff’s right to attorneys’ fees by 

taking steps to moot the case after the plaintiff has obtained the relief he sought, for in such a 

case mootness does not alter the plaintiff’s status as a prevailing party.”); Bishop v. Committee 

on Prof’l Ethics and Conduct of the Iowa State Bar Ass’n, 686 F.2d 1278, 1290 (8th Cir. 1982) 

(“[I]t has been generally held that the dismissal on appeal of the underlying claims on the merits 

on the grounds of mootness [does not] preclude an award of attorney’s fees.”); Doe v. Marshall, 

622 F.2d 118, 120 (5th Cir. 1980) (“[A] determination of mootness does not prevent an award of 

attorney’s fees on remand.”); Merriam v. AIG Claims Servs., Inc., 945 A.2d 882, 885 (Vt. 2008) 

(holding that a claim for attorney’s fees “present[ed] a live controversy” on appeal even though 

the underlying claim became moot while the appeal was pending). 

Based on this authority, we reject VMRC’s argument that Hollowell’s appeal of the 

circuit court’s ruling on his claim for attorney’s fees was rendered moot as a result of VMRC’s 

 

where . . . the suit is dismissed because of some subsequent act by the defendant, making 

unnecessary a further prosecution of the suit, the plaintiff is entitled to costs” (citations and 

internal quotation marks omitted)). 
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own decision to amend the regulation in accordance with the judgment of the circuit court, rather 

than defend it on appeal. 

(ii) Expiration of 2008-2009 Crab Dredging Season

VMRC argues in the alternative, in contesting Hollowell’s claim for attorney’s fees, that 

this case, in fact, became moot even before the circuit court’s ruling on his petition for appeal. 

According to VMRC, “the principal substantive issue decided by the circuit court” was “the 

validity of the regulation closing the 2008-2009 crab dredging season,” which would have 

extended from December 1, 2008 through March 31, 2009. But the circuit court’s April 3, 2009 

order, VMRC further asserts, was “entered too late to provide [Hollowell] any meaningful 

relief,” as “the crab dredging season for which relief was requested had ended.” Thus, “there no 

longer remained a justiciable controversy between the parties and the circuit court could do 

nothing to remedy [Hollowell’s] inability to dredge for the season by then past.” 

“Consequently,” VMRC concludes, Hollowell’s “request for fees is also moot and must be 

dismissed.” 

VMRC’s reasoning is flawed because “the principal substantive issue” presented in 

Hollowell’s petition for appeal was in no way limited to the 2008-2009 crab dredging season. 

Hollowell’s petition, filed pursuant to Code § 28.2-215, sought judicial review of the newly 

promulgated regulations, 4 VAC 20-1140-10 through 4 VAC 20-1140-30, and in particular 4 

VAC 20-1140-20, based on the claim that this regulatory scheme was unlawful in that, contrary 

to the enabling legislation, it prohibited crab dredging indefinitely. Thus, the fact that the period 

for the 2008-2009 crab dredging season had passed when the circuit court ruled that 4 VAC 

20-1140-20 was unlawful, in establishing an open-ended prohibition of crab dredging, did not 

mean that it was “too late” for the court to provide Hollowell “any meaningful relief.” 

Hollowell’s legal challenge to the regulation was the same both before and after that period. The 
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principal dispute between the parties over whether VMRC could prohibit crab dredging 

indefinitely under the regulation indeed remained a “live” dispute until VMRC chose not to 

challenge the circuit court’s April 3, 2009 order, but, instead, to amend the regulation pursuant to 

the order. 

Therefore, we reject VMRC’s alternative argument that Hollowell’s claim for attorney’s 

fees became moot before the circuit court ruled on his petition. 

B. Code § 2.2-4030(A) 

We now turn to the circuit court’s determination that Hollowell was not entitled to an 

award of attorney’s fees under Code § 2.2-4030. Subsection A of the statute expressly provides 

that a person contesting agency action “shall be entitled to recover from [the] agency . . . 

reasonable costs and attorneys’ fees if [1] such person substantially prevails on the merits of the 

case and [2] the agency’s position is not substantially justified, unless [3] special circumstances 

would make an award unjust.” Code § 2.2-4030(A). The circuit court ruled that Hollowell did 

not substantially prevail in this action and that VMRC’s position was substantially justified. 

(i) Standard of Review

“‘[A]lthough the trial court’s findings of historical fact are binding on appeal unless 

plainly wrong, we review the trial court’s statutory interpretations and legal conclusions de 

novo.’” Department of Med. Assistance Servs. v. Beverly Healthcare of Fredericksburg, 41 

Va. App. 468, 490, 585 S.E.2d 858, 869 (2003) (quoting Sink v. Commonwealth, 28 Va. App. 

655, 658, 507 S.E.2d 670, 671 (1998)), aff’d, 268 Va. 278, 601 S.E.2d 604 (2004). Here, as in 

Beverly Healthcare of Fredericksburg, “we are asked to review the circuit court’s interpretation 

and application of Code § 2.2-4030. Accordingly, we review the circuit court’s judgment de 

novo.” Id. In addition, unlike a number of Virginia statutes under which the issue of awarding 

attorney’s fees is reviewed only for an abuse of discretion, see, e.g., Tyszcenko v. Donatelli, 53 
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Va. App. 209, 222, 670 S.E.2d 49, 56 (2008) (“Code §§ 20-79(b) and 20-99(5) provide the 

statutory basis for the broad discretionary authority circuit courts have to award attorney’s fees 

. . . [in] a divorce case”), Code § 2.2-4030(A) mandates that attorney’s fees “shall” be awarded 

where the requirements of the three-part test are met. The actual amount of an award of fees 

under Code § 2.2-4030(A) remains, of course, within the “broad discretion afforded to the trial 

court . . . based upon what is reasonable and just.” Beverly Healthcare of Fredericksburg, 268 

Va. at 286 n.3, 601 S.E.2d at 608 n.3. 

(ii) Substantially Prevailing Party

Code § 2.2-4030(A) does not define what is meant by its first requirement for an award 

of attorney’s fees, i.e., that the contesting party must “substantially prevail[] on the merits,” nor 

has the term been defined in any Virginia case law. Our Supreme Court has, however, defined 

the term “prevailing party” in the context of a party’s entitlement to an award of attorney’s fees 

under a contractual provision. In Sheets v. Castle, 263 Va. 407, 559 S.E.2d 616 (2002), the 

Court, in reaching an interpretation of the term, said that “[w]e need not go farther than Black’s 

Law Dictionary for its common meaning: ‘A party in whose favor a judgment is rendered, 

regardless of the amount of damages awarded.’” Id. at 413, 559 S.E.2d at 620 (quoting Black’s 

Law Dictionary 1145 (7th ed. 1999)).8 The Court went on to state that the prevailing party was 

thus ‘“the party in whose favor the decision or verdict in the case is or should be rendered and 

judgment entered, and in determining this question the general result should be considered, and 

inquiry made as to who has, in the view of the law, succeeded in the action.’” Id. at 414, 559 

 8

 This is generally the same definition used by federal courts for federal fee-shifting 

statutes. See Buckhannon Bd. & Care Home, Inc. v. West Virginia Dep’t of Health & Human 

Res., 532 U.S. 598, 603 (2001) (applying same Black’s Law Dictionary definition for the term 

“prevailing party”). As recently stated in Perez v. Westchester County Dep’t of Corr., 587 F.3d 

143, 149 (2d Cir. 2009) (citation and some internal quotation marks omitted), “[I]n order to be 

considered a ‘prevailing party’ . . ., a plaintiff must not only achieve some material alteration of 

the legal relationship of the parties, but that change must also be judicially sanctioned.” 
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S.E.2d at 620 (quoting Richmond v. County of Henrico, 185 Va. 859, 869, 41 S.E.2d 35, 41 

(1947)). 

Other Virginia Supreme Court decisions are also instructive. In West Square, LLC v. 

Communication Techs., Inc., 274 Va. 425, 436, 649 S.E.2d 698, 704 (2007), the Court applied a 

contractual provision providing for an award of appellate attorney’s fees to the “prevailing party 

on appeal.” After reciting the Sheets definition of “prevailing party,” the Court denied 

appellant’s request for such an award because appellant did not receive a decision “in its favor” 

from the Court regarding “the primary issue” on appeal. Id. at 436-37, 649 S.E.2d at 704. 

In Westgate at Williamsburg Condo. Ass’n, Inc. v. Philip Richardson Co., 270 Va. 566, 

578-79, 621 S.E.2d 114, 120-21 (2005), the Court reviewed a trial court’s statutory award of 

attorney’s fees to the defendant condominium developer as the “prevailing party” under the 

terms of Code § 55-79.53(A) of the Virginia Condominium Act. After reversing the judgment of 

the trial court on the merits of the underlying dispute, the Court set aside the award of attorney’s 

fees. In doing so, the Court indicated that, with regard to the fee award under the statute, a 

“‘prevailing party’” should be equated with a “‘successful party.’” Id. at 579, 621 S.E.2d at 121 

(quoting Chase v. DaimlerChrysler Corp., 266 Va. 544, 548-49, 587 S.E.2d 521, 523 (2003)). 

In Chase, the Court was required to determine the meaning of “‘successful’” as the term 

was used in regard to a statutory award of attorney’s fees under Code § 59.1-207:14 of the 

“so-called ‘Virginia Lemon Law.’” Chase, 266 Va. at 547-48, 587 S.E.2d at 522-23. The statute 

provided for such an award to any “‘consumer who is successful’” in a “‘civil action to enforce’ 

the provisions of the Act.” Id. at 548, 587 S.E.2d at 523. “Consequently,” the Court reasoned, 

“being ‘successful’ in this statutory ‘civil action,’ by definition, means that the action terminates 

in favor of the claimant. Under the terms of the Act, we look to the order terminating the action 

to determine whether the plaintiff was ‘successful.’” Id. The Court thus concluded that the 
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plaintiff consumer was not entitled to attorney’s fees under the statute because “[t]he final 

judgment order in this case expressly state[d] that judgment [was] awarded to the defendant, 

DaimlerChrysler.” Id. 

Finally, in RF&P Corp. v. Little, 247 Va. 309, 322-23, 440 S.E.2d 908, 917 (1994), the 

Court addressed the issue of whether the petitioner, Little, was entitled to a statutory award of 

attorney’s fees as the “substantially prevail[ing]” party under the terms of Code § 2.1-346 of the 

Virginia Freedom of Information Act (FOIA). In affirming the trial court’s award of attorney’s 

fees to Little in his FOIA action against a holding company and its chairperson, the Court noted 

that its decision was 

not altered by the fact that Little did not prevail on each theory he 

advanced to the trial court. To obtain an award of attorney’s fees 

under Code § 2.1-346, Little was required to show that he 

substantially prevailed on the merits of the case, not that he 

prevailed on every issue he raised. 

Id. at 323 n.5, 440 S.E.2d at 917 n.5. See Commonwealth v. Lotz Realty Co., 237 Va. 1, 11, 376 

S.E.2d 54, 59 (1989) (explaining that a party is a “prevailing party” and entitled to an award of 

attorney’s fees under the terms of 42 U.S.C. § 1988 “if he succeeds on ‘any significant issue in 

litigation which achieves some of the benefit [he] sought in bringing suit.’” (quoting Hensley v. 

Eckerhart, 461 U.S. 424, 433 (1983))); see also Tax Track Sys. Corp. v. New Investor World, 

Inc., 478 F.3d 783, 790 (7th Cir. 2007) (In the context of an award of attorney’s fees, “[a] 

‘prevailing party’ need not win on all claims, nor must a ‘substantially’ prevailing party—to 

prevail ‘substantially’ does not mean ‘totally.’” (internal citation omitted)). 

 Guided by these decisions, we conclude that, for purposes of entitlement to an award of 

attorney’s fees under Code § 2.2-4030(A), Hollowell “substantially prevailed on the merits” of 

his action below in challenging the lawfulness of the new regulations. To do so, Hollowell did 

not have to “prevail[] on every issue he raised.” RF&P Corp., 247 Va. at 323 n.5, 440 S.E.2d at 
- 15 -

 

917 n.5. Rather, he was required to obtain a judgment in his favor on a significant issue in 

dispute. He did so by obtaining the trial court’s order (i) setting aside a portion of 4 VAC 

20-1140-20 as unlawful, in that, contrary to the authority given to VMRC in the enabling 

legislation, the regulation prohibited crab dredging indefinitely; and (ii) directing VMRC to 

amend the regulation so as to affect only a single crab dredging season—which VMRC 

proceeded to do for the upcoming crab dredging season. 

In holding Hollowell did not substantially prevail on the merits of this case, the circuit 

court made the same error VMRC made in arguing that the case became moot before the circuit 

court issued its April 3, 2009 decision on the merits. That is, the court erroneously focused on 

the fact that the 2008-2009 crab dredging season had passed at the time of its decision.9

 As 

discussed above, by definition, Hollowell’s challenge to the lawfulness of 4 VAC 20-1140-20 in 

prohibiting crab dredging indefinitely was in no way limited to the 2008-2009 crab dredging 

season. It is true, as the circuit court observed, that had it ruled as early as January or February 

of 2009 and set aside the entire regulation, Hollowell and other watermen may have been able to 

utilize the last month or two of what would have been left of the 2008-2009 crab dredging 

season. But even if such an opportunity had arisen, it simply would have been an incidental 

benefit derived by the watermen from Hollowell’s primary claim—that 4 VAC 20-1140-20 was 

unlawful on its face. The nature of this claim was the same before and after the end of the 

2008-2009 crab dredging season. Thus, the timing of the circuit court’s decision did not alter the 

nature of the claim, upon which Hollowell ultimately prevailed. 

9

 The circuit court judge stated his reasons orally for denying Hollowell’s motion for 

attorney’s fees at the April 22, 2009 hearing on the motion. 
- 16 -

The circuit court, therefore, erred as a matter of law in ruling that Hollowell did not 

substantially prevail in his challenge to the lawfulness of the regulation pursuant to Code 

§ 28.2-215. See supra note 2. 

(iii) Justification of Agency’s Position

As with the first requirement under Code § 2.2-4030(A) for an award of attorney’s fees, 

no definition is set forth in the statute for the second requirement, i.e., that the “agency’s position 

is not substantially justified.” This Court has held that an agency’s position was “substantially 

justified” under the statute upon concluding that its “position was not unreasonable.” Jones v. 

West, 46 Va. App. 309, 333-34, 616 S.E.2d 790, 803 (2005). Looking to federal case law, we 

find additional guidance, as this same requirement or standard for justification of a governmental 

agency’s position is used in the parallel federal fee-shifting statute, 28 U.S.C. § 2412 of the 

Equal Access to Justice Act (EAJA), and there we find an established interpretation of this 

standard.10 

As recently explained in United States v. Cox, 575 F.3d 352, 355 (4th Cir. 2009): 

The government’s position is substantially justified if it is 

“‘justified in substance or in the main’—that is, justified to a 

degree that could satisfy a reasonable person.” Pierce v. 

Underwood, 487 U.S. 552, 565, 108 S. Ct. 2541, 101 L. Ed. 2d 490 

(1988). The government’s position must be “more than merely 

undeserving of sanctions for frivolousness,” id. at 566, and must 

instead have a “‘reasonable basis both in law and fact,’” id. at 565. 

 

 10 Under the EAJA, 

a court shall award to a prevailing party other than the United 

States fees and other expenses . . . incurred by that party in any 

civil action . . . brought by or against the United States . . ., unless 

the court finds that the position of the United States was 

substantially justified or that special circumstances make an award 

unjust. 

28 U.S.C. § 2412(d)(1)(A). 
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Further, under this standard, the government “must demonstrate the reasonableness not only of 

its litigation position, but also of the agency’s actions.” Role Models Am., Inc. v. Brownlee, 353 

F.3d 962, 967 (D.C. Cir. 2004) (citing Halverson v. Slater, 206 F.3d 1205, 1208 (D.C. Cir. 

2000)). Of course, what is ultimately determined to be reasonable or unreasonable will be 

different in different circumstances. Halverson, 206 F.3d at 1208 (holding that government’s 

position was not “substantially justified” under the EAJA). 

 Applying the above-stated interpretation to the second requirement of Code 

§ 2.2-4030(A), which is consistent with Jones, we conclude that VMRC’s position was 

unreasonable, and thus not substantially justified, as a matter of law. We reach this conclusion 

because 4 VAC 20-1140-20, the regulation VMRC promulgated under the purported authority of 

Code § 28.2-707(D), and defended in circuit court, was “‘manifestly contrary to the statute.’” 

Marcus v. Shalala, 17 F.3d 1033, 1038 (7th Cir. 1994) (quoting Sullivan v. Zebley, 493 U.S. 521, 

541 (1990)) (affirming award of attorney’s fees under EAJA after plaintiffs successfully 

challenged regulations adopted by the Secretary of Health and Human Services governing 

eligibility for two disability benefit programs under the Social Security Act); cf. Motor Vehicle 

Dealer Bd. v. Morgan, 38 Va. App. 665, 672, 568 S.E.2d 378, 381 (2002) (denying award of 

attorney’s fees under Code § 2.2-4030(A) where agency’s construction of statute was, inter alia, 

“substantially plausible”). 

 Extending back to 1910, through Code § 28.2-707(D) and its predecessors, the General 

Assembly has established crab dredging seasons for a specified duration on a recurring annual 

basis. See Acts of the Virginia General Assembly 1910, Chapter 145 § 2086(13) (setting forth 

the crab dredging season established by the General Assembly for the first time). As the circuit 

court correctly determined, the authority delegated to VMRC to alter the established statutory 

time frame to engage in this pursuit—whether by restricting or extending it—is limited to “a” 
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season. Indeed, the statute expressly states that, at most, VMRC “may close a season in its 

entirety.” Code § 28.2-707(D) (emphasis added). The legislature has expressly sought by this 

statute to strike a balance between “purposes relating to the conservation of the blue crab” and 

the “public interest.” Id. It stands to reason, the circuit court went on to rightly conclude, that 

had the legislature “intended to give the VMRC unlimited power to prohibit crab dredging for 

multiple seasons at a time without the necessity of further action or public hearings” (see 4 VAC 

20-340-10 through 4 VAC 20-340-40, setting forth “Public Participation Guidelines” applicable 

to VMRC’s promulgation of new and amended regulations), it would have done so by using 

“very plain simple language” to that effect. This means that VMRC could not have reasonably 

read the empowering provision of the statute to authorize it to promulgate a regulation 

prohibiting crab dredging indefinitely. 

The circuit court’s reading of the scope of Code § 28.2-707(D) is the same as ours and 

yet the court ruled that VMRC’s position was substantially justified when it considered 

Hollowell’s request for attorney’s fees. Our resolution of this issue nevertheless rests on the 

same reading of the statute—that it sets forth clear parameters for VMRC’s regulatory action 

limited to one crab dredging season at a time. In light of these limitations, VMRC knew or 

should have known that its action was in violation of the statute. Therefore, assertions of VMRC 

and the circuit court to the contrary notwithstanding, a review of the statute vis-à-vis the action 

taken by VMRC in promulgating 4 VAC 20-1140-20, and defending it in the face of Hollowell’s 

challenge to the regulation, does not present a “close case” such as to render VMRC’s position 

substantially justified. We thus reject the proposition, as VMRC urges, that, “‘although wrong, 
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[VMRC’s] position was not unreasonable’” (quoting Jones, 46 Va. App. at 333-34, 616 S.E.2d at 

803).11 

As we said in Beverly Healthcare of Fredericksburg, 41 Va. App. at 494, 585 S.E.2d at 

871, “the ‘mischief’ at which Code § 2.2-4030(A) is directed [in providing for an award of 

attorney’s fees] is the unjustified action of an agency.” In promulgating and defending a 

regulation that prohibited crab dredging indefinitely, contrary to the clear limits of its legislative 

grant of authority, VMRC engaged in such mischief. VMRC’s unlawful regulatory action, if not 

challenged in this case, would have, inter alia, enabled the agency to minimize its accountability 

to the public under its “Public Participation Guidelines,” 4 VAC 20-340-10 et seq., which are 

triggered when VMRC promulgates a new or amended regulation. 

Accordingly, as to the second requirement for awarding attorney’s fees under Code 

§ 2.2-4030(A), the circuit court erred in ruling that VMRC’s position was substantially justified. 

(iv) Consideration of Special Circumstances 

 Finally, neither Code § 2.2-4030(A) nor any Virginia case law sets forth the kind of 

“special circumstances” that would make an award of attorney’s fees “unjust,” under the terms of 

 11 In asserting that VMRC’s position was substantially justified, the dissent misconstrues 

Morgan, 38 Va. App. 665, 568 S.E.2d 378, by indicating this Court concluded in Morgan that the 

Motor Vehicle Dealer Board’s position, though wrong, was substantially justified simply 

because its position “‘had never been tested in court’” (quoting Morgan, 38 Va. App. at 672, 568 

S.E.2d at 381). What we actually concluded in Morgan was that the Board’s interpretation of the 

subject statute “was substantially plausible and was based on the Board’s long-standing practice, 

which had never been tested in court. . . . Consequently, Morgan [was] not entitled to attorney’s 

fees for the proceedings in the trial court.” Id. at 672, 568 S.E.2d at 381. 

 We further note that the determination as to whether an agency’s position was 

substantially justified, for purposes of awarding attorney’s fees under Code § 2.2-4030, cannot 

be based solely on the fact that its position had “never been tested in court.” Such a rule would 

mean that no matter how arbitrary and capricious an agency’s position happened to be, attorney’s 

fees could never be awarded when the position was challenged in court for the first time. Thus, 

as in the instant case, Hollowell was not barred from being awarded attorney’s fees simply 

because he was the first litigant to challenge VMRS’s interpretation of its enabling authority 

under Code § 28.2-707. 
- 20 -

the third prong of the statute’s three-part test. Code § 2.2-4030(A). We need not delve into that 

issue here, however, as VMRC presents no circumstances that would necessitate further 

consideration; nor did the circuit court find any such circumstances. VMRC merely restates its 

arguments that we have addressed above, and rejected, as the basis for asserting that an award of 

attorney’s fees to Hollowell would be unjust. 

We thus conclude there are no special circumstances presented in this case that would 

make it unjust to award attorney’s fees to Hollowell under Code § 2.2-4030(A). 

IV. CONCLUSION

For the above-stated reasons, we dismiss, as moot, Hollowell’s appeal of the circuit 

court’s decision to set aside only part of 4 VAC 20-1140-20. As to the remainder of Hollowell’s 

appeal, we hold that he is entitled to attorney’s fees under Code § 2.2-4030, and remand this 

claim to the circuit court for a determination of reasonable attorney’s fees to be awarded to him. 

Dismissed, in part, and 

remanded, in part. 
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Humphreys, J., concurring, in part, and dissenting, in part. 

 I concur in the majority’s holding that the issue of whether the circuit court erred in its 

decision not to set aside the entire regulation is now moot. However, because I disagree with the 

majority’s conclusion that the circuit court erred in denying Hollowell’s motion for attorney’s 

fees, I respectfully dissent from the judgment and analysis of the majority with regard to that 

issue. While I agree with the majority that Hollowell substantially prevailed on the merits of his 

case, I believe VMRC’s position was not unreasonable and thus, substantially justified. 

Therefore, I would affirm the circuit court’s denial of attorney’s fees. 

The heart of this appeal concerns VMRC’s authority under Code § 28.2-707(D)12 to close 

the winter crab-dredging season. As expressly noted by the circuit court, the interpretation of 

Code § 28.2-707(D) is an issue of first impression in Virginia. VMRC argued that Code 

§ 28.2-707(D) gave it the authority to close the winter crab-dredging season until such a closure 

is no longer justified by “the conservation of the blue crab.” Although VMRC’s interpretation of 

the statute was ultimately found to be incorrect, it was not so unreasonable as to warrant an 

award of attorney’s fees. As the circuit court noted in its denial of Hollowell’s motion for 

attorney’s fees: 

 [T]his was a case of first impression. It involved statutory 

construction. It involved defining words and phrases and trying to 

glean intent and not only just for the statute, but also looking at the 

regulation as well. And I think VMRC’s position was substantially 

12 Code § 28.2-707(D) provides that: 

It is unlawful to use a dredge for catching crabs between April 1 

and December 1; however, the Commission, when in its judgment 

it is advisable due to weather conditions or for purposes relating to 

the conservation of the blue crab and it is not contrary to the public 

interest, may close a season in its entirety, may open any season as 

early as November 16, may delay opening any season, may extend 

any season until April 16 and may close any season early. 
- 22 -

justified . . . it was one that needed to work its way through the 

courts to a court order. 

In my view, to hold as the majority implicitly does, that non-frivolous issues of first 

impression cannot provide “substantial justification” for an administrative appeal, frustrates the 

clear intent of the statute and conflicts with our own established precedent. See Motor Vehicle 

Dealer Bd. v. Morgan, 38 Va. App. 665, 672, 568 S.E.2d 378, 381 (2002) (holding that the 

Board’s position, although incorrect, was substantially justified as it “had never been tested in 

court”). 

Our rationale in Morgan is precisely the rationale used by the circuit court in this case. 

Nevertheless, in reversing the circuit court on this issue, the majority redefines the term 

“substantially justified” from the meaning previously given it by this Court, and equates it to a 

federal statutory standard of “manifestly contrary to the statute,” as adopted by the Seventh 

Circuit in Marcus v. Shalala, 17 F.3d 1033, 1038 (7th Cir. 1994). My problem with the 

majority’s approach in this regard is that the award of attorney’s fees in a state administrative 

appeal is not governed by federal law but by the application of a statutory test consistent with the 

precedent of both this Court and the Supreme Court of Virginia. To obtain an award of 

attorney’s fees from an administrative agency in Virginia, Code § 2.2-4030(A) mandates the 

application of a three-part test. To succeed, a party must “substantially prevail on the merits,” 

the agency’s legal position must not be “substantially justified,” and “special circumstances” 

must not make such an award unjust.13 In my view, by equating the statutory term “substantially 

justified” to the phrase “manifestly contrary to statute,” the majority ignores our own precedent, 

which defines the term “substantially justified” as the equivalent of the phrase “not 

 13 Because I believe VMRC’s position was substantially justified, I need not and do not 

address the issue of whether special circumstances would make an award of attorney’s fees 

unjust in this case. 
- 23 -

unreasonable.” See Jones v. West, 46 Va. App. 309, 333-34, 616 S.E.2d 790, 803 (2005) 

(concluding that, although wrong, the Commissioner’s position was not unreasonable and 

therefore “substantially justified”). 14 While the majority acknowledges the existence of Morgan

and West, it ignores their particular relevance to the issue at hand and instead “finds additional 

guidance” in federal cases interpreting the attorney’s fees provisions of 28 U.S.C. § 2412.15 In 

so doing, the majority today effectively modifies, without any attempt to distinguish, our existing 

precedent and thereby creates a clear conflict in our own jurisprudence on this point. 

Furthermore, since it is axiomatic that no party should “substantially prevail” whose position is 

“manifestly contrary to statute,” the majority also effectively eliminates one component of the 

three-part statutory test for the award of attorney’s fees, such that any party who “substantially 

prevails” is now entitled to attorney’s fees as a matter of law, so long as special circumstances do 

 14 Moreover, and consistent with our holding in West, I note that the reasonableness of a 

party’s legal position is also the test used by the United States Supreme Court in several different 

contexts for the award of attorney’s fees. For example, in civil rights cases, the standard for the 

award of attorney’s fees is whether a party’s legal position is “frivolous, unreasonable, or 

without foundation,” Christiansburg Garment Co. v. EEOC, 434 U.S. 412, 421 (1978), while the 

standard for the award in a removal action is whether “the removing party lacked an objectively 

reasonable basis for seeking removal,” Martin v. Franklin Capital Corp., 546 U.S. 132, 141 

(2005) (emphasis added). Indeed, in construing the federal statute that the majority looks to for 

“guidance,” the Supreme Court has expressly noted that Congress did not want the “substantially 

justified” standard to “be read to raise a presumption that the Government position was not 

substantially justified simply because it lost the case.” Scarborough v. Principi, 541 U.S. 401, 

415 (2004). 

15 I hesitate to quibble with the majority’s characterization of 28 U.S.C. § 2412 as a 

“parallel federal statute,” but while the Equal Access to Justice Act uses the term “substantially 

justified,” it does not mandate the award of attorney’s fees as does Code § 2.2-4030(A). Rather, 

28 U.S.C. § 2412 only permits an award of attorney’s fees in the district court’s discretion. This 

distinction is important because, as the Supreme Court of the United States has noted, the “abuse 

of discretion” standard of appellate review inherent in the federal statute permits deferential 

review to afford “the district court the necessary flexibility to resolve questions involving 

‘multifarious, fleeting, special, narrow facts that utterly resist generalization.’” Koon v. United 

States, 518 U.S. 81, 99 (1996) (internal citations omitted). It seems to me that the very lack of 

such flexibility in Code § 2.2-4030(A) militates against the use of 28 U.S.C. § 2412 for 

“guidance.” Thus, and because I find our own precedent in this regard to be unambiguous and 

controlling with respect to this issue, I see no need to look elsewhere for “guidance.” 
- 24 -

not make such an award unjust. Given the plain language of the statute, I do not believe that the 

General Assembly intended such a result. Thus, I would honor our own existing precedent and 

affirm the circuit court.