IN THE NEBRASKA COURT OF APPEALS

MEMORANDUM OPINION AND JUDGMENT ON APPEAL

(Memorandum Web Opinion)

SKALSKY V. SKALSKY

NOTICE: THIS OPINION IS NOT DESIGNATED FOR PERMANENT PUBLICATION

AND MAY NOT BE CITED EXCEPT AS PROVIDED BY NEB. CT. R. APP. P. § 2-102(E).

MELISSA M. SKALSKY, APPELLANT,

V.

JOHN J. SKALSKY, APPELLEE.

Filed August 30, 2016. No. A-15-973.

Appeal from the District Court for Keith County: RICHARD A. BIRCH, Judge. Affirmed as 

modified.

Felicia K. Fair, of Fair Law Office, P.C., L.L.O., for appellant.

P. Stephen Potter for appellee.

MOORE, Chief Judge, and IRWIN and PIRTLE, Judges.

MOORE, Chief Judge.

I. INTRODUCTION

Melissa M. Skalsky appeals from an order of the district court for Keith County dissolving 

her marriage to John J. Skalsky. On appeal, Melissa asserts that the district court erred in its award 

of custody, parenting time, child support, and the tax dependency exemptions for the children. 

Additionally, Melissa argues that the district court determined the outcome prior to hearing all the 

evidence, denying her a fair trial and just outcome. As discussed below, because we find that the 

district court erred in imposing a residential boundary as a condition on parenting time, we modify 

the parenting plan to eliminate this condition. Finding no abuse of discretion by the court in the 

remaining order, we affirm in all other respects.

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II. BACKGROUND

Melissa and John were married in 1995. Three children were born during the marriage; 

Saige in 1999, Hunter in 2002, and Ethan in 2005. The parties separated in September 2014 and 

Melissa filed her complaint for dissolution of marriage. Both Melissa and John, in their respective 

pleadings, requested to receive custody of their children.

1. TEMPORARY CUSTODY ORDER

On November 20, 2014, the district court entered a temporary order. The court found that 

the affidavits received in evidence established a level of animosity between the parties that makes 

joint temporary custody unworkable. John was awarded the temporary custody of the children. 

The court ordered that if the parties are unable to agree to terms of reasonable visitation, Melissa 

shall have alternating weekend visitation beginning on Wednesday at 5:00 p.m. and ending on 

Sunday at 5:00 p.m. The court also ordered John to pay Melissa $850 per month in temporary 

spousal support. This amount was reached by offsetting the lesser amount of child support owed 

by Melissa against John’s greater temporary spousal support obligation.

2. TRIAL

Trial was held on June 24, 2015. Prior to trial, the parties entered into a stipulation 

regarding the division of their property and debts. Trial was held on the issues of custody, parenting 

time, child support and related issues, and alimony. The court first held in-camera interviews of 

the children in the presence of both parties’ counsel.

(a) Testimony of Saige

Saige was 15 years old and had just completed her high school freshman year. She prefers 

to live with John. Saige supported this preference by testifying that John is more laid back and 

understanding, and they have a really good relationship, which she does not have with Melissa. 

She claimed to not ever be in a good mood while at Melissa’s residence, but the situation is 

different when at John’s residence. However, Saige did recount an instance where, during an 

overnight stay with Melissa, she had a bad dream, went to Melissa for comfort, and ended up 

sleeping with her for the remainder of the night.

Saige expressed being comfortable with similar visitation as existed under the temporary 

order, visiting Melissa every other weekend, but including more time with John. She confirmed 

that such an arrangement would be beneficial to her schoolwork and activities. Saige indicated that 

each child has their own bedroom at John’s residence. On the other hand, Saige testified that 

staying with Melissa, who lives in town, would make it easier to get places. Saige recognized that 

Melissa had been the primary caretaker prior to separation.

Saige testified that John is heavily involved in her soapbox derby activities, while Melissa 

was not present until the championship races. She acknowledged that Melissa serves on the derby 

board, but feels that Melissa is not actively involved in assisting her.

Saige runs a lawn mowing business to earn money. Hunter is also involved in this business. 

Saige also raises steers, goats, and pigs, which she in turn sells, applying the earnings to her college 

fund. These animals are kept at John’s house.

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Saige testified that John told her more details regarding events leading to the divorce than 

she preferred to know. Saige confirmed that, early in the divorce process, John would speak with 

her regarding his feelings, she understood that he was hurt, and this made her sad. Further, Saige 

agreed to feeling protective of John’s hurt feelings at times.

Saige testified to being able to call and visit Melissa beyond visitation periods, and that 

John has never stopped her from doing so. Saige feels that John and Melissa both discipline her 

equally, and that John does not give her more freedom than Melissa provides. She also feels that 

it is very important the children stay together.

(b) Testimony of Hunter

Hunter was 13 years old and had just finished the 8th grade. While expressing benefits of 

living with both Melissa and John respectively, Hunter preferred to reside with John. Regarding 

parenting time, Hunter confirmed that visitation every other weekend, with the option of seeing 

Melissa when he could, would be desirable. However, Hunter also indicated that alternating week 

long visitation could work, allowing equal time with both parents, but it would “probably be 

harder” during the school year.

Hunter’s preference for living with John was based in part on being able to work with his 

animals for 4-H, opportunities for greater participation in soapbox derby activities, and there 

generally being a lot more to do at John’s residence. He also noted that John’s residence is bigger 

and not “all cramped.”

Regarding benefits of residing with Melissa, Hunter gets to spend more time with his 

friends while at her home, and this house is closer to town and school. However, Hunter testified 

to occasionally fighting with Melissa if Ethan and he fail to pick up the house. Hunter agreed that 

Melissa traditionally provided for the daily needs of the children prior to separation.

Hunter confirmed perceiving John as being upset at Melissa. However, Hunter believed 

that John would allow him to visit Melissa in town outside of visitation time.

(c) Testimony of Ethan

Ethan, did not express a clear desire to reside with either John or Melissa, wanting to spend 

time with both parents. Ethan testified that, while the siblings will fight among themselves, the 

children love each other.

Ethan acknowledged not getting along with John and Melissa on occasion. He would miss 

Melissa while with John. However, Ethan testified that when he misses Melissa, John consoles 

him, telling Ethan that Melissa and the whole family love him. Ethan acknowledged being aware 

of John’s anger towards Melissa.

(d) Court’s Comments Following In-Camera Interviews

The following discussion occurred immediately after the in-camera interviews:

The Court: . . . Let’s take a little break.

John’s Attorney: Okay. And, Judge, I think we can read in the record -- I think 

we’ve got all the property issues resolved and --

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The Court: I think we have most of our issues resolved personally.

John’s attorney: I think so too.

(e) Testimony of John and Melissa

At the time of their marriage, John and Melissa lived in Laramie, Wyoming and were 

attending college. John graduated with a bachelor’s degree in agricultural business and has been 

employed since then at various places as an agronomist. In 1997, the parties moved from Laramie 

to Curtis, Nebraska, for John’s employment with a crop consulting company. In 2007, the family 

moved to Ogallala where John accepted employment with another company. John’s most recent 

annual income was approximately $95,000. He has received annual performance bonuses since 

joining this most recent employer. John’s employment commonly included extended work hours 

and travel.

Melissa did not finish college, however, she earned a nurse’s aide certificate (CNA), and 

worked as a CNA in Laramie for approximately two years, until the couple moved. At this time, 

Melissa was earning $8 per hour.

By agreement of the parties, John was the primary financial supporter for the family while 

Melissa was the principal caretaker for the children throughout the marriage. Melissa’s 

employment was mostly part-time, supplementing the household income. Upon the family’s move 

to Ogallala, Melissa worked for the Ogallala Keith County Chamber of Commerce for 31⁄2 years. 

She scheduled work hours with the Chamber to follow the children’s school schedule, allowing 

her to be available to the children.

Melissa later earned a cosmetology certificate as a nail technician and started her own small 

business. Melissa has been self-employed as a nail technician part-time over the last several years. 

This self-employment arrangement has given her flexibility to plan work around the needs of the 

children. Melissa’s 2014 receipts were $21,906, with expenses of $7,416, for taxable income of 

approximately $14,000.

Melissa admitted that there currently is a shortage of CNAs and a large demand. Melissa 

agreed she could presently earn at least $10 an hour working as a CNA. While her CNA license is 

expired, Melissa testified that she could renew it, but has not looked into this. Melissa admitted 

there is nothing preventing her from working full-time. Melissa chose to work part-time because 

it allows more time with the children. During the 9 months of separation, Melissa has worked more 

hours at the salon, while remaining part-time.

While Melissa handled the significant majority of parenting duties from the children’s birth 

until the parties’ separation, both parents have been involved in the lives of their children. 

Melissa’s parenting activities included assisting the children with morning and evening routines; 

preparing meals; arranging medical appointments; transporting the children to and from daycare, 

school, and appointments; signing up the children for activities, which included sports, 4-H Club, 

and soapbox derby; helping with fundraising projects and events; disciplining the children; 

shopping for groceries and clothing; volunteering and coaching activities of the children; attending 

parent-teacher conferences; and taking care of the children when they were sick. Ethan has been 

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diagnosed with a hearing impairment, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, and digestive and 

bowel problems. Melissa has historically been the primary parent to attend to Ethan’s health issues.

John has attended and participated in the children’s activities over the years. He helps the 

children prepare to show animals for 4-H and race in soapbox derbies. John did not regularly 

perform daily parenting tasks until the parties separated.

The marriage began to encounter significant difficulties and the parties started discussing 

divorce in 2013. Melissa became involved with another man, with whom she is developing a 

relationship. In January 2014, the parties together discussed their problems with Saige and Hunter. 

John later told Saige and Hunter that their mother had begun speaking with another man and that 

they were more than just friends.

The parties’ efforts at reconciliation failed and in May 2014, Melissa began looking for a 

new residence. She moved out of the family home in early September 2014, on the 

recommendation of her therapist. Melissa made the decision to move out believing John was never 

going to leave the house and because she would not have been able to afford the marital residence.

Because Melissa was unable to find affordable rental housing in Ogallala, she began 

renting an apartment in nearby Paxton on a temporary basis until a suitable property became 

available in Ogallala. Melissa left the children with John at the marital residence; feeling it would 

be inappropriate to move the children to another town at that time, and because they were upset 

about the separation.

Melissa subsequently moved into a rental house in Ogallala, where she had resided for 

approximately 61⁄2 months at the time of trial. The rental house has one bathroom, two bedrooms, 

and a yard. Melissa expressed a desire to purchase a home in Ogallala, but had not done so at the 

time of trial. The family home, where John continues to reside, is located five miles southwest of 

Ogallala. The children currently attend public school in Ogallala.

Shortly following separation, the parties communicated regularly. John and Melissa 

established shared parenting time, with Melissa having possession approximately six nights and

John having possession eight nights out of every 14. This arrangement existed from the month of 

separation, September 2014, until John’s award of temporary custody in November 2014.

Because of the disruption for the children caused by packing and changing residences 

midweek, making it difficult for Hunter to complete homework, John proposed that Melissa’s 

visitation be limited to every other weekend. Moving forward, Melissa felt that joint custody would 

be best for the children. John in turn sought sole custody of the children.

During the separation period, John made several expensive purchases for the children. He 

bought a pickup truck for Saige, who was 14 years old at the time, for the purpose of driving to 

and from school. John had the truck professionally painted. He also purchased steers for Saige and 

Hunter as 4-H projects.

Melissa testified that prior to separation, Saige and John were always close, and that John 

had a good relationship with Hunter and Ethan. However, she claimed to have a closer relationship 

with Hunter and Ethan. Melissa stated that the children were generally good at following her 

directions and helping prior to separation. Melissa claims that her positive relationship with the 

children was negatively affected after John obtained temporary custody. She noticed changes in 

the children’s attitudes and behavior.

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Melissa indicated that Saige used to confide in her, and that they had a typical 

mother-daughter relationship. However, Saige became very distant and quiet, stopped speaking to 

Melissa even regarding little things, and would talk back. At one point, Melissa claims to have 

seen a text John sent to a third party, stating that Saige finally stood up to her mother.

Melissa also noticed Hunter developing a more defiant attitude towards her during part of 

the school year. She started receiving back-talk from Hunter, which had not occurred before the 

separation.

According to Melissa, Ethan, who had been the most defiant of the children prior to 

separation, became the most helpful. Ethan became more emotionally needy post separation, 

crying on various occasions. For example, Ethan wanted Melissa to join him for lunch at school 

more frequently, and would request additional time with her.

Melissa claims that during her extended summer parenting time, the children’s relationship 

with her returned to normal and their interaction was positive.

Melissa testified to various actions by John during the temporary period, including his 

refusal to allow her to transport the children when he was unavailable, and his refusal of her 

requests for additional parenting time.

In contrast, Melissa claimed to be flexible regarding parenting time. For example, she 

supported a 2-week trip by Saige despite its partial interference with her summer parenting time. 

Melissa sacrificed a couple hours of visitation to allow the children to work on a soapbox derby 

fundraiser. Melissa also agreed to cut short her Easter holiday visitation by a couple hours so John 

and the children could work with the 4-H animals.

Melissa testified regarding John’s failure to coordinate Ethan’s doctor appointments. 

Melissa historically coordinated Ethan’s appointments with an audiologist and pediatrician, both 

located in Kearney, so he could visit these doctors in one trip. However, since assuming custody, 

John failed to coordinate appointments, only scheduling an appointment with the pediatrician. 

Melissa ended up scheduling the audiologist appointment, because the school needed a current 

audiology report.

John testified that he was angry and hurt when Melissa first left, but claims to have worked 

through it for the sake of the children. Specifically, John stated that the children “know what has 

happened” and “know I’m okay with it.” He admits that the period of initial separation “was an 

emotional time for all of us.”

Following the award of temporary custody, John made changes in his job to allow for 

greater flexibility. This was facilitated in part by company restructuring and consolidation, so he 

no longer is required to travel as frequently. John has taken on the role of primary caretaker for 

the children, including cooking, laundry, cleaning the house, and transporting the children to and 

from school events. Shortly following separation, John met with every school counselor to discuss 

the situation, in case the children had issues at school. John also visited the school several times to 

address the children’s grade decreases.

John believes it is important for the children to maintain a close relationship with Melissa, 

and for her to be involved in their lives. John denied using custody as a weapon against Melissa. 

He did not restrict the children’s telephone contact with Melissa to the times contained in the 

temporary order. Rather, he felt they should be able to speak with Melissa throughout the week.

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John testified to having a close relationship with the children, both before and after 

separation. He participates in Saige’s 4-H projects as well as her soapbox racing activities. 

Similarly, John and Hunter have attended stock car races, gone hunting, and visited town together. 

John supports Hunter’s involvement in sports, 4-H, and soapbox derby. John testified that Ethan 

loves him and Melissa equally.

John testified that he attended the children’s parent-teacher conferences, sporting events, 

and was involved in their 4-H and soapbox racing activities from start to finish, while Melissa 

typically was present only at the end of races or when the children showed animals. John 

occasionally missed the children’s activities as the result of work conflicts.

John testified that since the grant of temporary custody he has “developed a very close 

relationship” with the children, and that the children “feel like they can come talk to (him) about 

anything and not be embarrassed about it.” On cross-examination, John confirmed discussing the 

parties’ separation with each of the children, speaking to Saige more than the others.

(f) Testimony of Other Witnesses

Dr. Lucas McConnell, a licensed psychologist whose practice focuses on families and 

children, testified on behalf of Melissa as an expert regarding the effects parental attitudes and 

behaviors have upon children during divorce, specifically regarding the negative effects placed 

upon children by a “high-conflict divorce” and “parental alienation.”

McConnell had not met either parent or the children involved in the present case, and he 

had not reviewed any material pertaining to the case. He was unaware if the present case involved 

a “high conflict” divorce. Nevertheless, McConnell described several harmful behaviors by a 

parent that can be detrimental to children and lead to alienation of the other parent. These harmful 

behaviors include encouraging a child to keep secrets from the other parent, buying expensive 

items for the children after separation, and talking with the children regarding the harm imposed 

upon him or her by the other parent. Melissa claims that John engaged in each of these types of 

behavior with one or more of the children.

Carol Packard, a physician assistant, has been the primary medical care provider for the 

three children since the family moved to Ogallala in 2007. She testified that it was Melissa who 

accompanied the children when they visited the clinic for treatment of various illnesses over the 

years. Packard did not recall seeing John at the children’s medical appointments until after the 

separation. Packard had no concerns regarding either parent’s ability to care for the children.

Following separation, Saige had an appointment with Packard concerning an ongoing 

stomach problem. Saige was not diagnosed with any specific physical condition, but stress was 

identified as a potential cause.

Other witnesses called by Melissa included a prior daycare provider for Ethan whose son 

is friends with Ethan, a friend of Melissa, the owner of the salon where Melissa works, and the 

retired principal of the elementary school attended by the children.

Melissa’s witnesses generally testified regarding her active involvement with the children’s 

various activities, observations of the children’s behaviors and attitudes, and the children’s positive 

relationship with their mother. These witnesses described Melissa as a good, concerned, and 

responsible parent who gave priority to the needs of her children. The children were described as 

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well-behaved and respectful. Their testimony confirmed that Melissa handled a significant 

majority of parenting duties prior to separation, and she adjusted her work schedule to 

accommodate the children’s needs. However, some of these witnesses also confirmed that John 

was an involved parent. John did not present any witness testimony beyond his own.

3. CONCLUSION OF HEARING

Following closing arguments, the court made the following comment:

[A]fter having listened to the evidence today, having spoken with the kids this morning of 

the parties, there’s no doubt in my mind that both parents love these kids very much, there’s 

no doubt in my mind that these kids love both of the parents very much, there’s no doubt 

in my mind that both of the parents are fit and capable of taking care of these children, and 

I agree that we need to figure out a way that these children can have as good a relationship 

as possible with both parents, and that’s what I’m going to be working towards and 

whatever the decision is in the best interest of these children.

The hearing subsequently concluded with the court taking the matter under advisement.

4. DECREE OF DISSOLUTION

On August 6, 2015, the court entered its memorandum opinion and decree of dissolution. 

The court found as follows regarding custody of the children:

It is clear from the evidence that each party is a fit parent, loves their children, and is loved 

by their children. That evidence also establishes that joint custody is not an option. After 

reviewing the evidence, including testimony of the older two children, the Court finds that 

it is in the best interest of the children that the permanent care, custody and control of the 

minor children . . . be awarded to (John) subject to the right of reasonable visitation and 

parenting time in (Melissa) as shown in the Parenting Plan . . . .

The court-created parenting plan provided parenting time with Melissa every other week 

from Thursday to Sunday. However, the plan also specified that if Melissa resides beyond 10 miles 

of the Ogallala Public School District boundaries, her weekend visitation will be reduced to every 

other weekend from Friday to Sunday. The plan also established holiday parenting time for 

spring/Easter vacation, Thanksgiving, Christmas, New Year’s, Mother’s Day, and Father’s Day, 

along with summer.

The decree ordered Melissa to pay child support in an amount of $230 per month for three 

children, $230 per month for two children, and $224 per month for one child. The attached child 

support worksheets attributed to Melissa a total monthly income of $1,387, and to John of $7,937. 

Melissa’s share of child support for three children is $370, but the court reduced this amount to 

$230 due to § 4-218 of the Nebraska Child Support Guidelines (the poverty provision). While there 

was no mention of the child dependency tax exemption within the decree, the child support 

worksheets designated that John would receive the exemption for all three children. The decree 

awarded Melissa alimony in the amount of $950 per month for a period of 60 months and then 

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$600 per month for an additional 48 months. Within the decree, it was noted that Melissa is 

currently working part-time but is capable of working full-time.

5. MOTION FOR NEW TRIAL

On August 12, 2015, Melissa filed a motion for new trial, requesting in part a 

reexamination of the parenting time schedule. On September 18, a hearing was held addressing 

the motion for new trial. On September 24, the court entered an order overruling Melissa’s motion.

Melissa subsequently perfected this appeal.

III. ASSIGNMENTS OF ERROR

Melissa assigns, summarized, restated, and reordered, that the district court erred in (1) 

making its decision prior to hearing all the evidence; (2) awarding custody to John; (3) establishing 

a parenting plan that does not serve the best interests of the children, in that it fails to include 

certain holidays, reduces Melissa’s parenting time under the temporary order, and requires Melissa 

to live within a certain distance of the children’s school district; (4) awarding the child dependency 

tax exemption to John; and (5) calculating Melissa’s child support obligation.

IV. STANDARD OF REVIEW

Child custody and visitation determinations are matters initially entrusted to the discretion 

of the trial court, and although reviewed de novo on the record, the trial court’s determination will 

normally be affirmed absent an abuse of discretion. Schrag v. Spear, 290 Neb. 98, 858 N.W.2d 

865 (2015).

An appellate court also reviews a trial court’s determinations on matters such as child 

support and the child dependency exemption de novo on the record to determine whether the trial 

judge abused his or her discretion. See Anderson v. Anderson, 290 Neb. 530, 861 N.W.2d 113 

(2015).

In a review de novo on the record, an appellate court reappraises the evidence as presented 

by the record and reaches its own independent conclusions with respect to the matters at issue. 

However, where the credible evidence is in conflict on a material issue of fact, the appellate court 

considers and may give weight to the circumstances that the trial judge heard and observed the 

witnesses and accepted one version of the facts rather than another. Anderson v. Anderson, 290 

Neb. 530, 861 N.W.2d 113 (2015); Cesar C. v. Alicia L., 281 Neb. 979, 800 N.W.2d 249 (2011).

An abuse of discretion occurs when a trial court bases its decision upon reasons that are 

untenable or unreasonable or if its action is clearly against justice or conscience, reason, and 

evidence. Schrag v. Spear, 290 Neb. 98, 858 N.W.2d 865 (2015). A judicial abuse of discretion 

requires that the reasons or rulings of the trial court be clearly untenable insofar as they unfairly 

deprive a litigant of a substantial right and a just result. Id.

V. ANALYSIS

1. PREMATURE DETERMINATION BY COURT

Melissa asserts that the court wrongly reached its decision on custody prior to hearing all 

the evidence, thus depriving her of a fair trial and just result. In support of this argument, Melissa 

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cites to the court’s statement following the interviews of the children that “I think we have most 

of our issues resolved personally.”

Upon our review, we find Melissa’s argument to be without merit. When viewed in its 

totality, the record is clear that the court had not reached its decision regarding custody after 

hearing only the children’s testimony. This is evident by the court’s statements at the end of trial, 

demonstrating a desire to consider all the evidence, including the testimony of the children, in 

making a decision based upon the best interests of the children. There was substantial evidence 

presented at trial concerning the issues of custody and parenting time and it cannot be said from 

the record that this evidence was not fully considered by the trial court. Melissa’s first assignment 

of error is without merit.

2. CUSTODY AND PARENTING TIME

Melissa argues that the court abused its discretion in awarding custody of the minor 

children to John. Melissa also contends that the parenting plan established by the court does not 

serve the best interests of the children. Specifically, Melissa contends that the court erred by failing 

to include certain holidays in the plan, reducing her parenting time from that contained in the 

temporary order, and requiring her to live within a certain distance of the school district to retain 

regular visitation.

The Nebraska Parenting Act recognizes that the best interests of children require a 

parenting arrangement and parenting plan which provides for a child’s safety, emotional growth, 

health, stability and physical care and regular and continuous school attendance and progress. Neb. 

Rev. Stat. § 43-2923(1) (Cum. Supp. 2014). The Act sets forth a non-exhaustive list of factors to 

be considered in determining the best interests of a child in regards to custody and parenting 

arrangements. Such factors include the relationship of the minor child with each parent, the desires 

of the minor child, the general health and wellbeing of the minor child, and credible evidence of 

abuse. Neb. Rev. Stat. § 43-2923(6) (Cum. Supp. 2014).

In addition to the “best interests” factors listed in Neb. Rev. Stat. § 43-2923, a court making 

a child custody determination may consider matters such as the moral fitness of the child’s parents, 

including the parents’ sexual conduct; respective environments offered by each parent; the 

emotional relationship between child and parents; the age, sex, and health of the child and parents; 

the effect on the child as the result of continuing or disrupting an existing relationship; the attitude 

and stability of each parent’s character; and the parental capacity to provide physical care and 

satisfy the educational needs of the child. Schrag v. Spear, 290 Neb. 98, 858 N.W.2d 865 (2015).

Specifically regarding the desires of a minor child, the Act provides that the court should 

consider “the desires and wishes of the minor child, if of an age of comprehension but regardless 

of chronological age, when such desires and wishes are based on sound reasoning.” Neb. Rev. Stat. 

§ 43-2923(6)(b). The Nebraska Supreme Court in applying this provision has stated that while the 

wishes of a child are not controlling in the determination of custody, if a child is of sufficient age 

and has expressed an intelligent preference, the child’s preference is entitled to consideration. 

Vogel v. Vogel, 262 Neb. 1030, 637 N.W.2d 611 (2002). See, also, Adams v. Adams, 13 Neb. App. 

276, 691 N.W.2d 541 (2005). The Supreme Court has also found that in cases where the minor 

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child’s preference was given significant consideration, the child was usually over 10 years of age. 

Vogel v. Vogel, 262 Neb. 1030, 1046, 637 N.W.2d 611, 624 (2002).

The Nebraska Supreme Court has also held that courts should determine “the nature and 

extent of visitation rights on a case-by-case basis” and may consider many factors and 

circumstances in each individual case, such as:

the age and health of the child; the character of the noncustodial parent; the place where 

visitation rights will be exercised; the frequency and duration of visits; the emotional 

relationship between the visiting parent and the child; the likely effect of visitation on the 

child; the availability of the child for visitation; the likelihood of disrupting an established 

lifestyle otherwise beneficial to the child; and, when appropriate, the wishes of the child.

Fine v. Fine, 261 Neb. 836, 843, 626 N.W.2d 526, 532 (2001).

While the Parenting Act recognizes the importance of both parents remaining active and 

involved in parenting in order to serve the best interests of the child, the statutes do not require the 

district court to grant equal parenting time or joint custody to the parents if such is not in the child’s 

best interests. See Neb. Rev. Stat. § 43-2923(3) (Cum. Supp. 2014); Kamal v. Imroz, 277 Neb. 

116, 759 N.W.2d 914 (2009); Klimek v. Klimek, 18 Neb. App. 82, 775 N.W.2d 444 (2009) (court 

did not abuse its discretion in failing to find joint custody was in best interests of minor children 

when the parties had difficulty communicating with each other).

(a) Custody

Melissa argues that the court erred in awarding sole custody of the children to John.

Upon our de novo review, we find that the court did not abuse its discretion in awarding 

sole custody of the children to John. The record clearly reflects that both parents are fit and loving 

parents. The children are well-adjusted, active, and healthy as a result of the efforts of both parents. 

Both parents have shown concern for Ethan’s special needs. We recognize that Melissa has 

historically been the primary caretaker for the children and has done an excellent job. However, 

John has also been very involved in the children’s lives and since the separation, has been their 

primary caretaker.

The separation and divorce has caused the children some stress as is not unusual, according 

to McConnell. Melissa’s extramarital relationship and John’s reaction was discussed with the 

children and may have contributed to some of the difficulty that the children experienced, 

especially Saige. Nevertheless, both parents have made efforts to assist the children through this 

process. Despite the strained relationship between John and Melissa, they have been able to work 

out most of the logistics necessary to create a fairly smooth transition for the children and tend to 

their daily needs.

The desires and wishes of the children were given consideration by the court. The record 

indicates that Saige and Hunter’s desire to reside with John was based on sound reasoning. Both 

children explained their preference, citing to benefits of residing in the family home, greater 

opportunities to be involved in extracurricular activities, and a positive relationship with John. The 

court had an opportunity to weigh Melissa’s claim that the truck and steers were purchased as 

bribes against John’s argument that these were bought for the purpose of transportation and 

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promoting extracurricular involvement. Where evidence is in conflict, this court gives weight to 

the circumstances that the lower court heard and observed the witnesses, accepting one version of 

the facts over another. The court did not err in giving weight to the children’s preferences based 

on their testimony and the evidence before it. Further, while Ethan did not give a preference, the 

court acted in accordance with the children’s best interests by placing them together with one 

parent. See, Ziebarth v. Ziebarth, 238 Neb. 545, 471 N.W.2d 450 (1991); Kay v. Ludwig, 12 Neb. 

App. 868, 686 N.W.2d 619 (2004). In addition, it is clear that the children are comfortable in the 

family home with John where they can continue to participate in their livestock activities.

While the evidence would also have supported a grant of custody to Melissa, the court’s 

decision to award custody to John was well supported by the record and did not amount to an abuse 

of discretion.

Melissa’s second assignment of error is without merit.

(b) Omitted Holidays

Melissa asserts that the court erred in failing to include Memorial Day, Labor Day, and 

Independence Day in the parenting plan.

Upon our de novo review, we find that the court did not abuse its discretion in failing to 

establish parenting time arrangements for these holidays. There is no requirement contained in the 

parenting plan statutes that these particular holidays be contained in the parenting plan. We 

recognize that John had no objection to including these holidays in the parenting plan. Taking into 

consideration that the parenting plan does not limit Melissa’s parenting time to only those times 

specified therein, the close geographic proximity of the parties, and John’s professed willingness 

to provide parenting time to Melissa beyond that specified in the plan, we will not disturb the 

court’s parenting plan.

Melissa’s third assignment of error is without merit.

(c) Weekend Parenting Time

Melissa argues that the court erred in reducing her parenting time, from every other 

Wednesday through Sunday under the temporary order, to every other Thursday through Sunday.

Upon our de novo review, we cannot find an abuse of discretion in the decrease of 

Melissa’s weekend parenting time by one day from that contained in the temporary order. The 

children indicated a desire to reside and spend more time with John. John has indicated a 

willingness to allow the children to communicate and spend time with Melissa outside of formal 

parenting time. The record and best interests of the children support the court’s award of parenting 

time, and such an arrangement was not an abuse of discretion.

Melissa’s fourth assignment of error is without merit.

(d) Residential Boundaries

Melissa argues that the automatic reduction in parenting time upon moving beyond 10 

miles of the Ogallala Public School boundaries amounts to “an improper predetermination of what 

would be a material and substantial change of circumstances,” and therefore is an abuse of 

discretion. She asserts that moving slightly farther than 10 miles from the boundary would create 

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no obvious hindrance to the exercise of parenting time, and that it is not uncommon for Ogallala 

students in rural Keith County to live beyond this boundary. We note that this provision was not 

addressed by the parties or court during the trial.

Upon our de novo review, we find that the court abused its discretion in placing the 

residential condition on Melissa’s parenting time. No evidence was adduced to support a need at 

this time to automatically reduce Melissa’s parenting time should she move more than 10 miles 

from the school boundaries. While the Nebraska Parenting Act recognizes that the best interests 

of children are promoted through a parenting plan which provides for regular and continuous 

school attendance and progress, the use of an arbitrary 10-mile boundary to prospectively reduce 

parenting time appears unnecessary. There is nothing in the record which would suggest that 

Melissa living beyond 10 miles of the school district would harm the children’s education, 

particularly in a rural area such as Keith County. If Melissa later moves farther away from the 

school district, there is nothing to prohibit the parties and court from re-examining the parenting 

plan under the particular circumstances then in existence. We modify the parenting plan to remove 

this portion of the order.

3. TAX DEPENDENCY EXEMPTIONS

Melissa asserts that the court erred in implicitly awarding the tax dependency exemption 

for all three children to John. While the decree did not specifically address the exemptions, the 

child support worksheet attached to the decree calculated support by giving John all three 

exemptions for the children.

Under Nebraska law, a state court having jurisdiction in a dissolution action has the power 

to allocate tax dependency exemptions as part of the dissolution decree. Kalkowski v. Kalkowski, 

258 Neb. 1035, 607 N.W.2d 517 (2000). A tax dependency exemption is nearly identical in nature 

to an award of child support or alimony. Emery v. Moffett, 269 Neb. 867, 697 N.W.2d 249 (2005). 

In general, the custodial parent is presumptively entitled to the federal tax exemption for a 

dependent child. Anderson v. Anderson, 290 Neb. 530, 861 N.W.2d 113 (2015). A court may 

exercise its equitable powers and order the custodial parent to execute a waiver of his or her right 

to claim the tax exemption for a dependent child if the situation of the parties so requires. Id. 

However, allocation of the dependency exemption to the noncustodial parent is not warranted if 

the parent pays a relatively small amount of child support. Id.

Melissa argues that under the temporary custody order, the court assigned one child to 

Melissa as a dependent. However, there is nothing in the record to support this assertion. Melissa 

argues that because she is paying child support, she should be entitled to at least one exemption. 

John, on the other hand, asserts that Melissa did not ask to receive one of the exemptions while he 

expressly requested the award of all of the exemptions within his cross-claim.

Upon our de novo review, we find that the court did not abuse its discretion in granting the 

tax dependency exemptions to John. As the custodial parent, John is presumptively entitled to the 

exemptions. Further, Melissa is paying fairly minimal child support; $230 for three children after 

a reduction from $370 under the worksheet calculation based upon the poverty guidelines. See, 

Anderson v. Anderson, supra. John’s gross monthly income was determined to be $7,937, 

compared to the imputed income for Melissa of $1,387, and John’s share of the support obligation 

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is $1,742. Under these circumstances, the trial court’s implicit allocation of all three exemptions 

to John was not an abuse of discretion.

Melissa’s sixth assignment of error is without merit.

4. CHILD SUPPORT OBLIGATION

Melissa argues that the court erred in calculating her child support obligation.

The paramount concern in child support cases is the best interests of the child. Incontro v. 

Jacobs, 277 Neb. 275, 761 N.W.2d 551 (2009). In general, child support payments should be set 

according to the Nebraska Child Support Guidelines adopted by the Nebraska Supreme Court, 

which are presumed to be in the best interests of the child. Id. See, also, Neb. Rev. Stat. § 42-364.16 

(Reissue 2008); Anderson v. Anderson, 290 Neb. 530, 861 N.W.2d 113 (2015). In determining the 

amount of a child support award, a trial court must consider the status, character, and situation of 

the parties and attendant circumstances, including the financial condition of the parties and the 

estimated cost of support of the children. Anderson v. Anderson, supra.

The Guidelines provide that in calculating child support, a court must consider a party’s 

total monthly income derived from all sources. See Neb. Ct. R. § 4-204. See, also, State on behalf 

of A.E. v. Buckhalter, 273 Neb. 443, 730 N.W.2d 340 (2007). However, under the Guidelines, 

earning capacity may be considered in lieu of a parent’s actual, present income and may include 

factors such as work history, education, occupational skills, and job opportunities. Claborn v. 

Claborn, 267 Neb. 201, 673 N.W.2d 533 (2004). See, also, Incontro, supra. Earning capacity may 

be used as a basis for an initial determination of child support under the Guidelines where evidence 

is presented that the parent is capable of realizing such capacity through reasonable effort. Claborn, 

supra.

Melissa argues that the court improperly determined she was capable of working full-time 

at minimum wage, imputing this level of income in calculating her child support obligation. 

Alternatively, assuming the court correctly imputed a higher income to Melissa, she argues it was 

an abuse of discretion for the court to label her as “not self employed” within the child support 

calculation worksheets, which she maintains has the effect of increasing her child support 

obligation.

Upon our de novo review, we find that the district court did not abuse its discretion in using 

earning capacity to determine Melissa’s income. While Melissa has historically worked part-time 

in order to care for the children, John will now assume the role as the children’s custodial parent. 

Melissa agreed that she is capable of working full-time. She also testified that CNAs are in great 

demand and she believed that upon renewing her certificate, she could earn $10 per hour in this 

capacity. The court appeared to impute earning capacity of $8 per hour for 40 hours per week in 

arriving at Melissa’s gross monthly income of $1,387. This decision was supported by the record, 

including Melissa’s work history, education, and occupational skills. There was also clear evidence 

presented, including Melissa’s own testimony, that she is capable of realizing such capacity 

through reasonable effort.

We further find no error in the court’s use of “not self employed” in its imputation of 

income to Melissa. Because the court was basing Melissa’s child support obligation on earning 

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capacity pursuant to a full-time, minimum wage job, it was not wrong to label her as “not 

self-employed” on these worksheets.

Finally, Melissa’s actual child support obligation after this imputation of earning capacity 

was reduced from $370 to $230 due to the limitation in § 4-218 of the guidelines. It is unlikely that 

using Melissa’s actual income as opposed to earning capacity or designating her as self-employed 

would have materially changed the ultimate result.

Melissa’s final assignment of error is without merit.

VI. CONCLUSION

Upon our de novo review, we find that the district court erred in imposing a residential 

boundary as a condition on parenting time and we modify the parenting plan to eliminate this 

condition. All other provisions of the decree of dissolution are affirmed.

AFFIRMED AS MODIFIED.

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