# WESTERN AIRBORNE CONTAMINANTS ASSESSMEN T PROJECT FINAL REPORT: VOLUME II

EPA/600/R-07/138

January 2008 

# The Fate, Transport, and Ecological Impacts of Airborne Contaminants

in Western National Parks (USA)



# Appendices

c

Burial Lake, Noatak National Preserve

Photo: Adam Schwindt



# Dixon H. Landers Adam Schwindt Kimberly Hageman Tamara Blett

Staci Simonich Carl Schreck Sasc ha Usenko Marilyn Morrison Erway

Daniel Jaffe Michael Kent Luke Ackerman

Linda Geiser Will Hafner Jill Schrlau Technical Editor:

Donald H. Campbell Howard E. Taylor Neil Rose Susan Christie

# The Fate, Transport, and Ecol ogical Impacts of Airborne

Contaminants in Western National Parks (USA)

Volume II: Appendices

Dixon H. Landers Howard

USEPA, NHEERL

Western Ecology Division

Corvallis, Oregon



# Staci Simonich

Dept. of Env. & Molecular Toxicology &

Dept. of Chemistry, Oregon State Univ.

Corvallis, Oregon



# Daniel Jaffe

University of WA-Bothell

Bothell, Washington



# Linda Geiser

US Forest Service Pacific NW Region

Air Program

Corvallis, Oregon



# Donald H. Campbell

U.S. Geological Survey

Denver, Colorado



# Adam Schwindt

Dept. of Microbiology

Oregon State University

Corvallis, Oregon



# Carl Schreck

Oregon Cooperative Fish and Wildlife

Research Unit, USGS-BRD

Oregon State Univ. Corvallis, Oregon



# Michael Kent

Dept. of Microbiology

Oregon State University

Corvallis, Oregon



# Will Hafner*

University of Washington-Bothell

Bothell, Washington 

# E. Taylor

U. S. Geological Survey

Boulder, Colorado



# Kimberly Hageman*

Dept. of Env. & Molecular Toxicology

Oregon State University

Corvallis, Oregon



# Sascha Usenko*

Dept. of Chemistry

Oregon State University

Corvallis, Oregon



# Luke Ackerman*

Dept. of Chemistry

Oregon State University

Corvallis, Oregon



# Jill Schrlau

Dept. of Chemistry

Oregon State University

Corvallis, Oregon



# Neil Rose

University College London

London, United Kingdom



# Tamara Blett

NPS-Air Resources Division

Lakewood, Colorado



# Marilyn Morrison Erway

Dynamac Corporation

c/o USEPA, NHEERL

Western Ecology Division

Corvallis, Oregon



# Technical Editor: Susan Christie

*Current Affiliations:

Hafner: Science Applications International Corp., Bothell, Washington

Hageman: Dept. of Chemistry, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand

Usenko: Environmental Science Dept., Baylor University, Waco, Texas

Ackerman: FDA-Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, College Park, Maryland

# Volume II

‐ Appendices

Appendix 1A Summary of Site Characteristi cs in Core and Secondary Parks ......... 1A-1

Appendix 3A Summary of Sampling and Analysis Plan by Environmental

Medium ......................................................................... 3A-1

Appendix 3B Sampling Information, Methods, and Data Quality ....................... 3B-1

Appendix 4A Detailed Information on C ontaminants in Vegetation, Including

Elevation Trends ............................................................... 4A-1

Appendix 5A Fish Biological Data ........................................................... 5A-1

Appendix 5B Correlations between Hg and Age ........................................... 5B-1

Appendix 5C Correlations between M acrophage Aggregates and Hg................... 5C-1

This report is the final report for the Western Airbor ne Contaminants Assessment Project (WACAP), and is

available online at http://www.nature.nps.gov/air/studies/air_toxics/wacap.cfm and

http://www.epa.gov/nheerl/wacap



# Proper citation of this document is:

Landers, D.H., S.L. Simonich, D.A. Jaffe, L. H. Geiser, D.H. Campbell, A.R. Schwindt,

C.B. Schreck, M.L. Kent, W.D. Hafner, H. E. Taylor, K.J. Hageman, S. Usenko, L.K.

Ackerman, J.E. Schrlau, N.L. Rose, T.F. Blett, and M.M. Erway. 2008. The Fate,

Transport, and Ecological Impacts of Airborne Contaminants in We stern National Parks

(USA) . EPA/600/R-07/138. U.S. Envi ronmental Protection Agency, Office of Research

and Development, NHEERL, Wester n Ecology Division, Corvallis, Oregon.

DISCLAIMER 

# : Funding for this work was provided by the National Parks Service of the

Department of the Interior, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, and the U.S.

Geological Survey. It has been subjected to review by these government entities and

approved for publication. Approval does not sign ify that the contents reflect the views of

the U.S. Government, nor does mention of tr ade names or commercial products constitute

endorsement or recommendation.

ii WESTERN AIRBORNE CONTAMINANT ASSESSMENT PROJECTAPPENDIX 1ASummary of Site Characteristicsin Core and Secondary ParksTable 1A-1. Summary of Physical Attributes of the Lake Catchments in Core ParksParkSiteLatitude(dd)Longitude(dd)BathymetrySourceElevation (m)(from NPS)LakeElevation(m)(from drg*)LakeSurfaceArea(ha)Lake Volume(m3)LakeMaxDepth(m)MeanDepth(volume/surfacearea)Shorelinelength(km)ShorelineDevelopment*WatershedArea(ha)WatershedElevation -lowest (m)(from drg*)WatershedElevation -highest(m) (fromdrg*)WatershedArea/ LakeVolume(m2/m3)AnnualHRT*Basedon ET*(y)FishSpeciesNOATBurial68.43159.18vaga/j605427429.865.55297945.224.18.13.11.07264.9429.8535.20.5024.559Lake TroutGAARMatcharak67.75156.21vaga/j605488502.3300.721889008.320.47.310.71.742388.3502.31162.21.097.643Lake TroutDENAWonder63.48150.88scan610605.0265.677653853.37029.29.71.683212.4605.0876.30.416.836Lake TroutDENAMcLeod63.38151.07vaga/j605609563.935.91847704.413.55.23.21.53236.8563.9731.51.284.131Burbot,RoundWhitefishGLACSnyder48.62113.79landers/j70016001597.22.638297.53.51.50.71.24303.71597.22761.579.300.005WestslopeCutthroatTroutGLACOldman48.5113.46landers/j66320262025.718.21266062.9177.01.81.17230.32025.72811.81.820.235WestslopeCutthroatTroutOLYMPJ47.95123.42landers/j66314331383.80.819099.36.42.50.31.0856.21383.81904.129.410.003BrookTroutOLYMHoh47.9123.79vaga/j60513841379.27.7396198.114.95.21.11.0943.91379.21684.01.110.107BrookTroutMORAGolden46.89121.9scan13721368.66.6689577.523.910.41.01.07106.11368.61720.61.540.067BrookTroutMORALP1946.82121.89scan13721371.61.899878.612.15.40.51.1144.91371.61652.04.490.024BrookTroutROMOMills40.29105.64landers/j59730303029.76.178251.191.31.31.461208.93029.74344.9154.490.009Rainbow,CutthroatTroutROMOLone Pine40.22105.73vaga/j60530243017.54.9128324.69.72.60.81.071830.03017.53998.4142.610.012BrookTroutSEKIPear36.6118.67scan29042907.87.3578000277.91.31.31142.02907.83453.12.460.251BrookTroutSEKIEmerald36.58118.67scan28002810.32.5160000106.30.61.12121.32810.33439.47.580.087BrookTroutNotes:*drg (digital raster graphic) lake boundaries used for calculations; except lake volume for Pear and Emerald from Sickman and Melack, 1989*shoreline length/2*square root of (pi * surface area)*HRT= HydraulicResidence Time of lake based onET= Evapotranspiration in % of precipitation1A-1Table 1A-2. Summary of Chemical Attributes of the Lake Catchments in Core ParksParkSiteWACAPNoDateCollectedpHValueSpecificConductance(μS/cm)ANCValue(μeq/L)Turbidity(NTU)TotalSuspendedSolids(mg/L)Color(APHAPt-CoUnits)DOC(mg/L)DIC(mg/L)NH4-N(mg/L)SiO2(mg/L)TotalN(mg/L)TotalP(μg/L)Cl(mg/L)NO3(mgN/L)SO4(mg/L)Ca(mg/L)Mg(mg/L)Na(mg/L)K(mg/L)Zn(mg/L)Se(μg/L)Chl-a(μg/L)NOATBurial460038/04/20047.5735.08272.980.321.4103.323.270.010.280.239.060.180.001.464.501.150.360.400.03-0.380.81GAARMatcharak460008/2/20048.31248.101967.030.3572.2104.7123.180.013.390.281.090.870.0027.0237.306.374.140.520.030.860.96DENAWonder460058/14/20048.18190.101693.600.340.5152.1020.290.002.950.110.500.120.0014.3132.004.241.080.710.01-0.040.49DENAMcLeod460088/10/20047.248.4151.020.29-0.652.250.900.010.170.131.040.110.010.260.950.160.150.310.030.110.61GLACSnyder560098/25/20056.4216.80162.080.641.7100.654.410.011.410.102.670.060.020.511.850.740.360.130.01-0.244.73GLACOldman560068/21/20058.24159.101573.730.35-0.820.7019.980.011.880.070.550.090.003.6521.178.000.260.210.00-0.530.77OLYMPJ560149/14/20058.14127.401092.950.361.251.0512.180.024.240.092.780.310.009.0321.331.841.610.320.00-0.081.77OLYMHoh560119/11/20057.5263.69512.450.390.870.745.710.012.570.061.160.670.024.1510.500.701.150.120.000.130.83MORAGolden560048/14/20056.4710.0869.050.520.241.881.180.015.510.070.600.630.020.380.640.170.850.140.01-0.550.35MORALP19560018/10/20056.6310.7280.140.310.081.371.320.016.610.070.920.550.000.380.910.170.910.260.00-0.430.60ROMOMills360049/11/20036.6112.0450.810.550.251.551.010.011.840.383.330.180.231.001.270.150.510.130.04-2.133.02ROMOLonePine360069/14/20036.6714.0291.520.310.251.741.440.012.950.172.700.160.061.401.740.190.640.140.02-2.131.95SEKIPear360038/26/20036.104.0223.990.230.000.821.130.021.430.110.590.180.050.330.340.020.210.110.03-1.970.64SEKIEmerald360018/25/20036.225.4226.340.260.300.941.040.012.280.171.470.180.070.310.390.040.380.130.05-1.950.621A-2Table 1A-3. Summary Characteristics of Vegetation and Air Sampling Sites in Core and Secondary Parks(for key, see last page)SiteNameMediaLat.Long.Elev.(m)Ann.Temp.(oC)nn.Ppt.(cm)CanopyCover(%)LandformLichenN %dwLichenscollectedConiferscollectedLocationHabitatPark:Bandelier National Monument, New Mexico (BAND)Ag Intensity Index:2.5 ;IMPROVE AmmNO3:0.25μg/m3;IMPROVE AmmSO4: 1.00μg/m3North American Biome: EPA Ecoregion 3– Northwestern Forested Mountains: Southern RockiesBAND1Vegetation35.7279-106.2745185410.53443Flatland1.79XanthoparmeliaPinus edulisS terminus of mesa between Lummis and WhiteRock Canyon,where Burro Trail descends intoLummis Canyon.One-seed juniper woodland with scattered oak and two-needle piñon on a moderately steep W-facingslope. Ground is rockywith some large outcrops. Almost all piñon were dead along mesa on hike in (causecould be drought and/or bark beetles).BAND2Vegetation35.7989-106.284620769.93934Flatland1.58UsneaPinusedulisOn the mesa just NW of Juniper CampgroundOne-seed juniper woodland with oaks and two-needle piñon on a mesa. Most of thepines were dead as aresult of past drought and bark beetles.UsneaandXanthoparmeliaare abundant here. Nitrophilouslichensabundant on some trees.BAND3Vegetation35.8241-106.361123488.14736Toe slope1.58XanthoparmeliaPinusponderosaOn the lower e slopes of Frijoles Peak ~ 1.6 kmalong trail from Ponderosa group camp.Pinus ponderosastand with Oregon white oak and low-growingCeanothusspecies in the understory. Firecame through within the last few decades (fire scars on bark and an open canopy). Ground cover is grassywith open gravel/mineral soils.BAND4Vegetation35.8262-106.389325766.45572Mid-slope1.26UsneaPinusponderosaLower SW slope of Cerro Grande, accessed from1.6 km hike on Apache Spring trail.Ponderosa pine/Douglas-fir standon the edge of a SE-facing drainage. Fire came through recently (burnscars on bark and little vegetation in understory). Mostly duff and gravelly soil.BAND5Air,vegetation35.8642-106.417829265.46236Upperslope1.56UsneaPinusponderosaOn the saddle SW of Cerro Grande Peak at theW edge of the meadow.On the edge of a Douglas-fir forest with someponderosa pine, Engelmann spruce, and quaking aspenbordered bya large open meadow. Nitrophilous lichens were observed.Park:Big BendNational Park, Texas (BIBE)Ag Intensity Index:0.5;IMPROVE AmmNO3:0.26μg/m3;IMPROVE AmmSO4: 2.82μg/m3North American Biome: EPA Ecoregion 3– North American Deserts: Southern DesertsBIBE1Air,vegetation29.1870-102.971856021263ValleyRio Grande Village in cottonwood/ grass areanear hot springstrailhead; ~60 mfrom picnic areaparking lot and 60 m from the hot springs road.Cottonwood woodland bordered by dense mesquite shrublands.BIBE2Air,vegetation29.3079-103.1828106718.6340Flatland76 m at 354ofrom the water tank along the roadto K-Bar Camp near Panther Junction.Desert shrubland with honey mesquite, yucca, and cacti.BIBE3Air,vegetation29.2850-103.2799160817.54723Mid-slopePinuscembroidesN side of Panther Pass along Chisos Basin Rd.(~90 m E of road) in Green Gulch Creek drainagebasin.Mexican piñon/oak woodland on a low-grade N-facing slope. The ground is rocky and the cover is mostlybunch-grass.BIBE4Air,vegetation29.2534-103.2979192016.75265Mid-slope1.40UsneaPinuscembroidesPinnacles campgroundMixed Mexican piñon/drooping juniper/juniper/oak stand; on a bench on the NW mountain slope. Dry, manylarge boulders; deciduous and evergreen oaks in understory.BIBE5Vegetation29.2465-103.3049231616.75259Upperslope1.56UsneaPinuscembroidesOn the N slope of Emory Peak on saddle belowpeak.On a steep N-facing slope bordering the ridge top.Vegetation is dominated byMexican piñon andevergreen oak. The nitrophilous lichen,Teloschistes,is abundant on oaks.Park:CraterLake National Park, Oregon (CRLA)Ag Intensity Index: 4.2;IMPROVE AmmNO3:0.11μg/m3;IMPROVE AmmSO4: 0.43μg/m3North American Biome: EPA Ecoregion 3– Northwestern Forested Mountains: CascadesCRLA1Vegetation42.8364-122.145917984.215574Toe slope0.66Letharia vulpinaAbiesmagnificaW of the Lodgepole picnic areas and just SE ofBear Bluff on SWside of Rd. 62, ~122 m from theroad.Lodgepole pine stand; regeneration layer is almost entirely fir (esp. red fir) and mountain hemlock. Theground is mineral soil with pumice stones and a thin layer of pine needle duff. Lupine dominates herb layer.CRLA2Vegetation42.8821-122.191418593.516049Mid-slope0.59Letharia vulpinaAbiesconcolor~120 m NW of Rd. 62 and NE of WhitehorsePond.Mixed conifer stand (white fir, lodgepole pine and mountain hemlock) of multiple age classes. The site is abench on rockyground; ground cover is mostly bearberry manzanita and grouse huckleberry.CRLA3Vegetation42.9346-122.177620433.416431Upperslope0.62Letharia vulpinaAbiesmagnificaMeadow bench just off Lightning Springs trail,~0.4 km W of Rim Drive.Meadow with clumps of old Shasta fir and mountain hemlock. The landform is a W-facing flat bench; the soilis sandyand dry; cover is mostly grass and buckwheat.CRLA4Vegetation42.9194-122.028924233.510821Upperslope0.62Letharia vulpinaPinusalbicaulisOn the SW side of Mt. Scott, ~1.6 km up Mt.Scott trail, on downhill side of trail.Whitebark pine stand with some mountain hemlock and red fir. Slopes are steep and rocky with very littlevegetation.CRLA5Air,vegetation42.9233-122.016227133.51080RidgetopPinusalbicaulisTop of Mt. Scott on NE side of fire lookout.Gently sloping rocky summit ridge vegetated by clumps of small whitebark pine and some high-elevationherbs (pasque flower, paintbrush,Penstemonand bunch grasses).Park:Denali National Park and Preserve, Alaska (DENA)Ag Intensity Index:0IMPROVE AmmNO3:0.042μg/m3IMPROVE AmmSO4: 0.36μg/m3North American Biome: EPA Ecoregion 3– Taiga: Interior Forested Lowlands and Uplands (DENA1);Northwestern Forested Mountains: Alaska Range (DENA2-6)DENA1Vegetation63.7740-151.0194221-2.6410Flatland0.41FlavocetrariacucullataPiceamarianaMoose Creek, ~23 km N of Wonder Lake.Black-spruce dominated taiga and peatlands.DENA2:WonderAir (2),fish, lakewater,snow,sediments,vegetation63.4538-150.8720655-2.66669Toe slope0.44Flavocetrariacucullata/MasonhalearichardsoniiPiceamarianaSW end of Wonder Lake on hillslope facing lake~ 60 m downhill fromwater tower.Black and white spruce woodland on gentle, NE-facing hillslope. Ground cover is matted blueberry, dwarfbirch, grass, bryophytes, and lichens interspersed with willows and alder. Trees are open-grown withbranches to ground level.1A-3SiteName Media Lat. Long.Elev.(m)Ann.Temp.(oC)nn.Ppt.(cm)CanopyCover(%) LandformLichenN %dwLichenscollectedConiferscollected LocationHabitatDENA3:McLeodFish, lakewater,snow,sediments,vegetation63.3696-151.1003579-2.47016Flatland0.36Flavocetrariacucullata/MasonhalearichardsoniiPiceamarianaS side of McLeod Lake, ~ 15 km swof WonderLake.Black spruce peatland/taiga sloping to shoreline. Treesare opengrown, most to 4.5 m tall, others to 9 m.DENA4Vegetation63.5520-150.9670975-2.9685Upperslope0.43MasonhalearichardsoniiPiceamarianaOn ridge W ofWickersham dome.Transition zone from black spruce forest; tundra on a S-facing slope near ridgetop. Small clumps of willowshrubs and a few scattered sprucetrees; mostlydwarf willows, crowberry, other heaths, and lichens.DENA5Vegetation63.1648-151.35991296-4.71220Upperslope0.43Flavocetrariacucullata/MasonhalearichardsoniiUpper Birch Creek, NW footslopes of the AlaskaRange below Peters Dome glacier.Riparian zone above tree line above Birch Creek, a stony, braided stream.1.2 m high willows along streambank, most browsed but not this year (new growth> 2.5 cm long and untouched). Above stream is tundraon gentle hillslope, with dwarf willow.DENA6Vegetation63.1386-151.32211753-6.91780Ridgetop0.29ThamnoliaNW side of Alaska Range on plateau at foot ofWestermereGlacier on Peter's Dome; ~ 18 kmNW of Mt. McKinley Peak.High-elevation, graveled plateau, ~50% vegetated (~4 in. tall) and 50% gravels. Mostly sedges and moss,with trace amounts of other tundra plants.Thamnoliaand sparse amounts of other lichens (mainlyStereocaulon) present.Park:Gates of the Arctic National Park and Preserve, Alaska (GAAR)Ag Intensity Index:0;IMPROVE AmmNO3:0.05μg/m3;IMPROVE AmmSO4: 0.42μg/m3North American Biome: EPA Ecoregion 3– Tundra: Brooks RangeGAAR1:MatcharakAir, fish,lake water,snow,sediments,vegetation67.7529-156.2323505-8.6430Flatland0.48Flavocetrariacucullata/MasonhalearichardsoniiMatcharak Lake,birch-covered side slope, Wside of lake.Small side slope with dwarf birch and bryophytes.Park:Glacier National Park, Montana (GLAC)Ag Intensity Index:21.6;IMPROVE AmmNO3:0.29μg/m3IMPROVE AmmSO4: 0.84μg/m3North American Biome: EPA Ecoregion 3– Northwestern Forested Mountains: Canadian RockiesGLAC1Vegetation48.6208-113.90589615.474128Lake basin1.26PlatismatiaglaucaTsugaheterophyllaW side Continental Divide, past McDonaldRanger Station to trailhead at end of road; lake isSE of trail, ~ 0.2 km from trailhead.Area on other side of trail away from lake was burned1-2 years ago; trail acted as fire line, preventingburning along lake edge. Plot was downslope from trail, toward lake, and was not affected by the fire.GLAC2Vegetation48.6757-113.809610892.985164Toe slope0.94PlatismatiaglaucaTsugaheterophyllaW side Continental Divide, ~ 0.6 km onAvalanche Lake Trail from trailhead at AvalancheCampground onNE side of Avalanche Creek.On NE edge of creek, with areas of full exposure along creek edge, and partly shaded areas in forest.GLAC3:SnyderAir, fish,lake water,snow,sediments,vegetation48.6261-113.803116092.517831Lake basin0.82Platismatiaglauca/AlectoriasarmentosaPiceaengelmaniiW side Continental Divide, Snyder Lake trail toSnyderLake; in forest on SW edge of lake acrossfrom food preparation area.In a lake valley, mid-valley slope.GLAC4:OldmanAir, fish,lake water,snow,sediments,vegetation48.5104-113.455220242.98534Highelevationlake basin0.97Letharia vulpinaPiceaengelmaniiE side Continental Divide, trail from TwoMedicine Campground to OldmanLake; site is Sof trail where it meets the lake and along thestream from the lake.Lake surrounded by many small, little-used foot trails. Stream flowing from lake.GLAC5Vegetation48.6924-113.517013532.9121114Valley1.16Lethariavulpina/HypogymniaphysodesPseudotsugamenziesiiE side Continental Divide, St. Mary Lake; roadacross from Rising Sun campground to picnicarea; site is 100 m SW toward stream and alonglake.Abundant quaking aspen along stream and lake, with sparse lichens and Douglas-fir.Park:Glacier Bay National Park, Alaska (GLBA)Ag Intensity Index:0IMPROVE AmmNO3:0.04μg/m3IMPROVE AmmSO4: 0.46μg/m3(2005 Data from PETE1 in Petersburg, SE AK)North American Biome: EPA Ecoregion 3– Marine West Coast Forest: Coastal Western Hemlock-Sitka Spruce ForestsGLBA1Air,vegetation58.6022-135.88318426179Toe slope0.79PlatismatiaglaucaPiceasitchensisIn forest near shore of N end of Beartrack Coveat toe-slope of SWridge.Sitka spruce stand near thebeach. The forest floor is entirely covered in moss with 5-leaf bramble mixed in.Some devilsclub andAruncusshrubs in understory, and western hemlock in the regenerating stand.GLBA2Vegetation58.6061-135.88011684261106Mid-slopebench0.51SphaerophorusglobosusPiceasitchensisOn first knob on SW ridge of Beartrack Mountain.Sitka spruce stand that appears ~ 100-150 years old.The regenerating stand is almost entirely westernhemlock. The ground is covered in a densethick carpet of moss. Some huckleberry,Aruncus, andstrawberry-leaf raspberry.GLBA3Vegetation58.6093-135.87244574261117Mid-slope0.57SphaerophorusglobosusPiceasitchensisOn SW slope of Beartrack Mountain ~200 m E offirst major stream. Just belowglacial trim line.Late-seral mountain hemlock/Sitka spruce stand on asteep SW-facing slope. The forest is dense and theunderstory has a high cover of huckleberry; the ground is mossy.GLBA4Vegetation58.6121-135.8714625426118Upperslope0.39AlectoriasarmentosaPiceasitchensisTreeline at theheadwaters of first major creek Wof Beartrack Mountain’s SW ridge.Krumoltz mountain hemlock with a few Sitka sprucewith high coverof heather, copperbush, and deercabbage. Some ferns andSphagnum.1A-4SiteName Media Lat. Long.Elev.(m)Ann.Temp.(oC)nn.Ppt.(cm)CanopyCover(%) LandformLichenN %dwLichenscollectedConiferscollected LocationHabitatPark:Great Sand dunes National Park and Preserve, Alaska (GRSA)Ag Intensity Index:IMPROVE AmmNO3:0.20μg/m3IMPROVE AmmSO4: 0.82μg/m3North American Biome: EPA Ecoregion 3– Northwestern Forested Mountains: Southern Deserts (GRSA1);Northwestern Forested Mountains: Southern Rockies (GRSA2-5)GRSA1Vegetation37.7258-105.532324695.33218ValleyPinus edulisNear park headquarters, ~ 60 m SW of autoshopTwo-needle piñon/Rocky Mountain juniper woodland on valley floor bordering a large grassland. Grassdominates the ground coverwith scattered but abundant prickly-pear cactus. Very windy.GRSA2Vegetation37.7308-105.487427744.3485Mid-slope1.46XanthoparmeliaPinus edulisMosca Pass trail, midway to pass on a steepslope on the N side of the trail.Two-needle piñon/alderleaf mountain mahogany woodland. Steep SW-facing slope with many rocks androcky outcroppings.GRSA3Vegetation37.7338-105.460229413.95846UpperslopePinusflexilisMosca Pass, just down-slope from radar tower.Meadow dominated by quaking aspen withsome limber and ponderosa pines.GRSA4Vegetation37.7223-105.469931094.34859Mid-slope0.77XanthoparmeliaPinus flexilisOn the N slope of Carbonate Mtn ~ 0.8 kmupslope; use thedrainage ~1.6 kmW of MoscaPass for access.NW-facing slope in a quaking aspen/Engelmann spruce forestwith yellow lupine and branch litter. Highcover of nitrophilous lichens, esp.Xanthoria.GRSA5Air,vegetation37.7149-105.470433384.34836RidgetopPinus flexilisOn N-facing ridge of Carbonate Mtn; grassybench just below snag-ringed knob, benchmark3,435 m.NE-facing slope bordering the ridgetop in a grassy opening with patchy Engelmann spruce/quaking aspenforest with some limber pine. Very windy with winds blowing up the W-NW slope. High nitrophilous lichen(Xanthoria) cover on spruce.Park:Grand Teton National Park, Wyoming (GRTE)Ag Intensity Index:10.2IMPROVE AmmNO3:0.22μg/m3IMPROVE AmmSO4: 0.58μg/m3North American Biome: EPA Ecoregion 3– Northwestern ForestedMountains: Middle RockiesGRTE1Vegetation43.7307-110.738920732.28036Valley0.99UsneaPinuscontortaW edge of Lupine Meadows, just off trail; ~ 0.53km from LupineMeadows trailhead.On valley floor at edge of a subalpine meadow. Lodgepolepine is dominant tree withsubalpine fir, quakingaspen, and Engelmann spruce. Many snags and dying trees. Some nitrophilous lichens (esp.Xanthoria).GRTE2Vegetation43.7256-110.760123622.28076Mid-slope0.99Letharia vulpinaAbieslasiocarpaSlope above Bradley Lake on trail toAmphitheatre Lake; off second switchback.Subalpine forestdominated by subalpine fir and Douglas-fir. S-facing slope with dense herb groundcover.GRTE3Vegetation43.7264-110.765725911.110666Mid-slope0.88Pinus flexilisOn the SE-facing slope below AmphitheaterLake; mid-slope half-way between AmphitheaterLake and Valley floor just up trail from the GarnetCanyon Junction.SE-facing slope in subalpine forest dominated by subalpine fir. Ground cover mostly grasses with someheaths and a fewlarge boulders (lots of marmot scat on boulders).GRTE4Vegetation43.7276-110.771328041.110647Mid-slopePinus flexilis~0.5 km E of Surprise Lake, just off trail wherethe slope steepens and switchbacks shorten.On a steep E-facing slope in a mixed conifer stand. Ground has a high cover of thinleaf huckleberry andgrouse whortleberry and large granite outcrops.GRTE5Air,vegetation43.1300-110.780030482.26821RidgetopPinusalbicaulisS rim above Amphitheater Lake.On an E-facing ridge above a glacial cirque. Trees are patchy mixedpine, fir, and spruce. On a glacier cutand mostly all granite with some alpine herbs. No lichens, a few crusts.Park:Katmai National Park and Preserve, Alaska (KATM)Ag Intensity Index:0IMPROVE AmmNO3:0.10μg/m3IMPROVE AmmSO4: 0.50μg/m3(Data from monitor at Tuxedni Wilderness, USFWS)North American Biome: EPA Ecoregion 3– Tundra: Bristol Bay-Nushagak Lowlands (KATM1-5); Marine West Coast Forest: AlaskaPeninsula Mountains (KATM6)KATM1Vegetation58.5459-155.7836362.25016Flatland0.52HypogymniaphysodesPicea glauca~ 2 km from Brooks camp on road to Three ForksOverlook.Forest uneven age with fallen conifers interspaced hardwoods. Heightof dominant trees is 18-21 m.KATM2Vegetation58.5686-155.79372131.954107Toe slope0.71HypogymniaphysodesPicea glaucaDumpling Mountain trail on small knoll facingNaknek Lake.Scattered white spruce 6-12 m tall on steep sloped knobwith Sitka alder and deep moss mats. Oldest treesprobably 100-200 years old. Collected over larger area, including a meadow and slope on far side of themeadow. Meadow had black cottonwood andCalamagrostis.KATM3Air,vegetation58.5711-155.80363701.95416Mid-slope0.97HypogymniaphysodesPicea glaucaDumpling Mountain at 370 m.Vegetation dominated by 3 m Sitka alder, heavily infested and defoliated by inch worms.KATM4Vegetation58.5718-155.84215631.4683Upperslope0.46FlavocetrariacucullataPicea glaucaOn S face of Dumpling Mountain 180 m belowpeak, downhill from trail overlooking NaknekLake, Brooks River, and Brooks Lake.At tree line, scattered short spruce (up to 1.2 m tall)among tundra vegetation, dominated by crowberry andother heaths.KATM5Vegetation58.5793-155.85587241.4683Ridgetop0.44FlavocetrariacucullataPicea glaucaTop of Dumpling Mountain; SE-facing slopeTundra on gently sloping top of Dumpling Mountain. Spruce needles were collected from very short trees(up to 0.4 m)widely scattered on mountain top.KATM6Vegetation58.4715-155.490111120.1830Upperslope0.52FlavocetrariacucullataW slopes of Mt. Katolinat, accessed from IliukArm of Naknek Lake, ~ 610 m belowpeak.Alpine tundra, gently stone and gravel slope with thinsoils near uppermost NW slopes of Mt. Katolinat.Park:Lassen Volcanic National Park, California (LAVO)Ag Intensity Index: 7.4;IMPROVE AmmNO3:0.20μg/m3;IMPROVE AmmSO4: 0.61μg/m3North American Biome: EPA Ecoregion 3– Northwestern Forested Mountains: Sierra NevadaLAVO1Vegetation40.5568-121.531518297.41033Mid-slope0.59Letharia vulpinaAbiesconcolorAt Sunflower Flat ~120 m SW of main park road.A nearly flat ponderosa pine, western white fir woodlandwith some shrubby manzanita and chinquapin.Some boulders from adjacent rocky slope; ground cover mostly grasses. Several downed trees in variousdecay states.LAVO2Vegetation40.5314-121.534220126.610962Upperslope0.51Letharia vulpinaAbiesconcolor~2.4 km on Chaos Crags trail from trailhead.Late-seral, mixed pine and white fir woodland. W-facing rocky slope with a dense covering of bearberrymanzanita, and older fir trees have dense cover of the wolf-lichen,Letharia.LAVO3Vegetation40.4550-121.539922714.130376Upperslope0.85LethariacolumbianaAbiesmagnificaJust belowthe Ridge Lakes Basin ~ 0.8 km upRidge Lakes Trail.In a California red fir/mountain hemlock stand bordered by a creek and wet meadow on the N side and drymeadow(lily and waterleaf ) on the S side. Very little ground vegetation in the forested section, mostly duffand branch litter with some lupine.1A-5SiteName Media Lat. Long.Elev.(m)Ann.Temp.(oC)nn.Ppt.(cm)CanopyCover(%) LandformLichenN %dwLichenscollectedConiferscollected LocationHabitatLAVO4Vegetation40.4392-121.557624994.825418Upperslope0.87Letharia vulpinaAbiesmagnificaOn S slope of Brokeoff Top Mtn, ~3.2 km up trail.In a mountain hemlock stand on a mild sloping rocky bench. Theherb layer is almost all lupine and wolf-lichens (Lethariaspp.) are abundant.LAVO5Air,vegetation40.4476-121.566227134.825421Ridgetop0.94Letharia vulpinaAbiesmagnificaNear summit ofBrokeoff Top Mtn, on NW ridge.On a mountain top with nearly krumholtz mountainhemlock and some California redfir. The slope is W-facing and rockywith some bearberry and manzanita. The lichen community consisted of mostly of the wolflichens,Letharia vulpinaandL. columbiana.Park:Mount Rainier National Park, Washington (MORA)Ag Intensity Index:6;IMPROVE AmmNO3:0.20μg/m3;IMPROVE AmmSO4: 1.11μg/m3North American Biome: EPA Ecoregion 3– Northwestern Forested Mountains: CascadesMORA1Vegetation46.7433-121.89156546.419777Valley0.63AlectoriasarmentosaTsugaheterophyllaAlong Tahoma Creek, off Rd. 706.Silver fir/western hemlock/Douglas-fir stand along creek. Average dbh <53 cm, age 200+years, but someyoung trees (1.5 m) present also.MORA2Vegetation46.7697-121.78939853.524491Mid-slope0.47AlectoriasarmentosaTsugaheterophyllaRicksecker Point Picnic Area; trail from rear ofparking lot, past restrooms, towards river behindouthouse.Woodland/riparian area, with old Douglas-fir (200+ years) and an understory of mostly Pacific silver fir,western hemlock, mountain hemlock, and a few pines. Many paths through site to river edge.MORA3:LP19Air, fish,lake water,snow,sediments,vegetation46.8239-121.89531372422285Lake basin0.42AlectoriasarmentosaAbiesamabilisUnnamed lake LP19 vicinity; 80-90 degrees upsteep slope above St. Andrews Creek drainage,NE of Puyallup Lakes.Stand 300+ years old, with mature Douglas-fir, 10-100-year-old Pacific silver fir. Fir most abundant, but 100-200-year-oldwestern and mountain hemlock also present in low abundance. Red huckleberry and oval-leafblueberry cover 50-75% of forest floor.MORA4:GoldenAir, fish,lake water,snow,sediments,vegetation46.8878-121.898713694.622036Lake basin0.54AlectoriasarmentosaAbiesamabilisN side Golden Lake.Site is on a bench on high mountain. Woodland, age 150+years,with tall Douglas-fir and Pacific silver fir inunderstory. MuchVacciniumin understory, and lots of moss near lake.Alectoriadominant lichen at site.MORA5Vegetation46.8006-121.783118092.426036UpperslopeAbiesproceraMildred Point; in middle of flat area.Flat bench at base of Mt. Rainier glacier overlooking steep and deep glacial drainage. Stand has noble firand Alaskan yellow cedar with very few lichens. Pacificsilver fir and mountain hemlock also present in lowabundance.Park:Noatak National Preserve, Alaska (NOAT)Ag Intensity Index:0 ;IMPROVE AmmNO3:NAμg/m3;IMPROVE AmmSO4: NAμg/m3North American Biome: EPA Ecoregion 3– Tundra: Arctic Foothills (NOAT1, NOAT3); Tundra: Brooks Range (NOAT5)NOAT1Vegetation68.2847-161.4657227-7.4410Toe slope0.38MasonhalearichardsoniiKnoll above Middle Kugururok River.Dwarf birch on tundra-covered knoll.NOAT3:BurialAir, fish,lake water,snow,sediments,vegetation68.4063-159.2223388-8.8390Flatland0.53Masonhalearichardsonii/FlavocetrariacucullataBurial Lake; gravel drainage to lake.Dwarf birch in well-drained area.NOAT5Vegetation68.4625-161.4612675-8.8500Upperslope0.35MasonhalearichardsoniiSW of Copter Peak.AlpineDryastundrawith mountain heather.Park:North Cascades National Park, Washington (NOCA)Ag Intensity Index:3.7;IMPROVE AmmNO3:0.13μg/m3;IMPROVE AmmSO4: 0.78μg/m3North American Biome: EPA Ecoregion 3– Northwestern Forested Mountains: North CascadesNOCA1Vegetation48.6493-121.30701988.620774Toe slope0.34AlectoriasarmentosaPseudotsugamenziesiiOn Thornton Creek, just below single-lane bridge(off dirt road toThornton Lake trailhead), 60 mfrom road.Steep, granite outcrop on the E side of a major perrenial creek. Forest is dominated by Douglas-fir andregeneration is mostly red cedar. Ground vegetation is almost all salal.NOCA2Vegetation48.6420-121.33706148.620684Mid-slope0.52PlatismatiaglaucaTsugaheterophyllaLower S slope of Mt. Triumph, 4 km up ThorntonLake Rd., 90 mN of road.E slope in a western hemlock forest which was logged <100 years ago; oldest standfound at this elevationin area. Ground is mossy with some scattered herbs and shrubs.NOCA3Vegetation48.6641-121.32669458.324392Mid-slope0.50AlectoriasarmentosaAbiesamabilisSE slope of Mt. Triumph ~ 4 km up the ThorntonLakes trail.SE slope in a western hemlock forest with Pacific silver fir as the regeneration stand.Ground is mossy;thinleaf huckleberry and beard lichens abundant.NOCA4Vegetation48.6716-121.318712288.720597Upperslope0.37AlectoriasarmentosaAbiesamabilisUpper SE slope of Mt. Triumph,off ThorntonLakes trail just belowthe park boundary sign.SE slope in an old-growth, mixed-conifer stand (westernhemlock, Alaska yellow cedar and Pacific silver fir).Ground is mossy; thinleaf huckleberry and beard lichens abundant.NOCA5Air,vegetation48.6824-121.321716008.220547Ridgetop0.48AlectoriasarmentosaAbiesamabilisS ridge of Trappers Peak, near treeline, abovelower Thornton Lake.Site is on a S-facing ridgeline (rim ofglacial cirque) and at tree-line.Forest of Alaska yellow cedar,mountain hemlock and Pacific silver fir. Slope is steepand rocky with open soil, alpine herbs and thinleafhuckleberry.1A-6SiteNameMediaLat.Long.Elev.(m)Ann.Temp.(oC)nn.Ppt.(cm)CanopyCover(%)LandformLichenN %dwLichenscollectedConiferscollectedLocationHabitatPark:Olympic National Park, Washington (OLYM)Ag Intensity Index:2.2;IMPROVE AmmNO3:0.39μg/m3;IMPROVE AmmSO4: 0.99μg/m3North American Biome: EPA Ecoregion 3– Marine West Coast Forest: Puget Lowlands (OLYM1); Marine WestCoast Forest: Coast Range (OLYM2), Northwestern Forested Mountains: North Cascades (OLYM3-5)OLYM1Vegetation48.0926-123.43381379.49285ValleyLobariaoreganaTsugaheterophyllaOutskirts of Port Angeles; Peabody Creek LoopTrail, along wside of creek, ~ 2/3way around theloop.Mature mixed conifer/deciduous forest bordering urban area. Douglas-fir dominant,with western hemlock inunderstory.OLYM2Vegetation47.9535-123.83815186.736094ValleyAlectoriasarmentosaTsugaheterophylla~ 3.2 km SE of Sol Duc Hot Spgs Resort on Nside of Sol Duc River, ~0.4 km from junction withCanyon Creek.Old-growth western hemlock forest along Sol Duc River. Floodplain of river is approximately 61 m wide withmainly rounded stones and small boulders with islandsof alder and willow. Forest understory has low mosscover, and some blueberry, ferns.OLYM3:HohAir, fish,lake water,snow,sediments,vegetation47.8973-123.783114486.945831Upperslope0.36Alectoriasarmentosa/BryoriafuscescensAbieslasiocarpaNW slope above Hoh Lake.NW-facing slope above a subalpinelake. Stand is mixed mountainhemlock and subalpine fir with a highcover of blueberry.OLYM4:PJAir, fish,lake water,snow,sediments,vegetation47.9463-123.413613924.9216101Lake basin0.44Platismatiaglauca/ BryoriafuscescensAbiesamabilisSW side of PJ Lake; ~0.8 km e of HurricaneRidge Rd. to Obstruction Point, and 0.8 km N ofEagle Point.Mixed fir/red cedar old-growth forest adjacent to meadow with willow. Willow also present along lake shore.Little understory, site has deep snow cover inwinter. Lake has significant algal growth.OLYM5Vegetation47.9307-123.410518504.921638Ridgetop0.63Alectoriasarmentosa/BryoriaAbieslasiocarpaRidgetop approximately 100 m E of HurricaneRidge Rd. to Observation Point, and ~ 1 km S ofEagle Point.Ridgetop with mature old-growth stand of subalpine fir insubalpine habitat. Site iswind-blasted from the Eand W, high cover of lichens on large trees in most sheltered areas.Park:Rocky Mountain National Park, Colorado (ROMO)Ag Intensity Index:14.4;IMPROVE AmmNO3:0.35μg/m3;IMPROVE AmmSO4: 0.83μg/m3North American Biome: EPA Ecoregion 3– Northwestern Forested Mountains: Southern RockiesROMO1Air,vegetation40.2381-105.799525601.76592ValleyPiceaengelmaniiW side of Continental Divide, S of East Inlettrailhead, near creek.Flat floodplain forested with lodgepole pine andEngelmann spruce.Much willow and some aspen inunderstory. Grasses abundant; most herbs have withered.Evidence of moose in area: lots of browsedwillow and pellets.ROMO2Air,vegetation40.2305-105.761127201.27936Mid-slopeAbieslasiocarpaW side of Continental Divide, halfway betweenCats Lair Camp and Lower East Inlet Camp; EastInlet Trail, on slope above falls.Steep, dry, rocky slope with a lodgepole pine dominated stand. Quaking aspen is dominant hardwood, afew willow shrubs present.ROMO3:Lone PineAir, fish,lake water,snow,sediments,vegetation40.2310-105.731030180.110421Highelevationlake basinAbieslasiocarpaW side of Continental Divide, on S shore of LonePine Lake.Meadow on the s shore of a subalpine lake with a fewlarge groves of willow; bordered by an Engelmannspruce forest.ROMO4Air,vegetation40.2300-105.71303232-0.411618Mid-slopeAbieslasiocarpaW side of Continental Divide, on S-facing rockoutcrop plateauabove Lake Verna.Rock outcrop plateauwith sparse forest of subalpinefir and Engelmann spruce. No other vegetation,onlyrock.ROMO5Vegetation40.3916-105.686734511.49216RidgetopAbieslasiocarpaW side of Continental Divide, near Ute Crossingon Sundance Mountain.Rockyridgetop with patchy forest of subalpine fir;some krumholtz and small patchesofwillow.ROMO6:MillsAir, fish,lake water,snow,sediments,vegetation40.2916-105.643830421.311362Highelevationlake basin1.2XanthoparmeliaPiceaengelmaniiE side of Continental Divide, on NW corner ofMills Lake, on large flat rock at outlet.High-elevation Engelmann spruce/subalpine fir with limber pine. Large, smooth, rocky outcrops coveredwith crustose lichens. Krumholtz conifers present.Park:Sequoia and Kings Canyon National Parks, California (SEKI)Ag Intensity Index:16.6;IMPROVE AmmNO3:2.19μg/m3;IMPROVE AmmSO4: 1.98μg/m3North American Biome: EPA Ecoregion 3– Mediterranean California: Southern and Central Chaparral and Oak Woodlands (SEKI2); Northwestern Forested Mountains: SierraNevada (SEKI3-7)SEKI2Air,vegetation36.5762-118.7862157316.93688Valley2.23Letharia vulpinaAbiesconcolorMarble Fork of the Kaweah River, just upstreamfrom Crystal CoveDrive overpass.Mature forest of pine, incense cedar, and Californiared fir along boulder-filled, granite riverbed ~ 25 m widebordered by willow.SEKI3Vegetation36.5536-118.7492207110.310078Mid-slopebench1.59Letharia vulpinaAbiesconcolorCrescent Meadow.Meadow and nearby stand along Crescent Creek. Vegetation is diverse and in goodcondition. Tree cover isclumped.SEKI4Air,vegetation36.5985-118.721223325.310831Mid-slopebench1.56Letharia vulpinaAbiesmagnificaWolverton CreekMeadow.Meadow of sedges surrounded by tall California red fir and open-grown lodgepole pine encroaching onmeadow. Vegetation appears healthy. Site is on a bench on a mid-slope.SEKI5:EmeraldAir, fish,lake water,snow,sediments,vegetation36.6005118.678928163.48947Highelevationlake basin1.53Letharia vulpinaAbiesmagnificaEmerald Lake Basin, Topokah valley watershed.Mixed red fir/pine stand with Labrador tea understory; many granite boulders.1A-7SiteName Media Lat. Long.Elev.(m)Ann.Temp.(oC)nn.Ppt.(cm)CanopyCover(%) LandformLichenN %dwLichenscollectedConiferscollected LocationHabitatSEKI6:PearAir, fish,lake water,snow,sediments,vegetation36.6040-118.669029112.47534Highelevationlake basinPinuscontortaOutflow area of Pear Lake.Drainage area for alpine lake, but currently dry. Pinestand with willow on granite slabs. Algal and aquaticmoss lines indicate that the lake floods widely over the granite slabs in some places.SEKI7Air,vegetation36.5165-118.801763014.57649ValleyPotwisha Campground n of highway on DeepCanyon Creek.Creek with one main channel and granite boulderson either side. Tree canopy overhangs river andprovides intermittent shade.Park:Stikine-LeConte Wilderness, Tongass National Forest, Alaska (STLE)Ag Intensity Index:0.1;IMPROVE AmmNO3:0.04μg/m3;IMPROVE AmmSO4: 0.46μg/m3(2005 IMPROVE data from PETE1, Petersburg SE AK).North American Biome: EPA Ecoregion 3– Marine West Coast Forest: Pacific Coastal MountainsSTLE1Air,vegetation56.7910-132.511004.531831Marinebeach0.49Platismatiaglauca/AlectoriasarmentosaPiceasitchensisBussyCreek outlet NE side of creek in upperbeach meadow60 -75 m from inter-tidal flats.Upper beach meadows with scattered Sitka spruce. Vegetation samples were collected from open-grownspruce and along forest edge.STLE2Air,vegetation56.8047-132.53172543.6378119Mid-slope0.49Platismatiaglauca/LobariaoreganaPiceasitchensisBussy Creek drainage on lower slopes at 254 mfollowing ridge line between the N and S maintributaries.Old growth mixed coniferous forest of Alaskayellowcedar and western hemlock. Canopy cover ~80%.Understory of mixed forms and shrubs with highmoss ground cover. Area slopes steeply facing BussyCreek drainage.STLE3Air,vegetation56.8095-132.54075673.637834Mid-slope0.39AlectoriasarmentosaPiceasitchensisSE of small lakeabove Bussy Creek. In long,narrow Muskeg bench parallel to and overlookingdrainage on longedge.Muskeg bench with scattered shorepine (Pinus contorta) on SE-facing slope of Thunder Mountainoverlooking Bussy Creek drainage.STLE4Air,vegetation56.8250-132.57158152.74883Ridgetop0.37Platismatiaglauca/AlectoriasarmentosaPiceasitchensisRidgetop knob on Wilderness boundary ~ 0.4 kmNW of Bussy Lake and 0.4 km due W of smalllake beside Wilderness. To NW aprominent cliffface overlooks headwaters of the Muddy River.Small knob with several scattered ponds. Subalpine heath with clumps of old mountain hemlock.STLE5Vegetation56.8180-132.609010643.64315Ridgetop0.45Platismatiaglauca/ CladinaarbusculaPiceasitchensisTop of Thunder Mountain.Alpine mountain peakdominatedbysedges, avues, and dwarf heath.Park:Wrangell-St. Elias National Park and Preserve, Alaska (WRST)Ag Intensity Index:0;IMPROVE AmmNO3:0.04μg/m3;IMPROVE AmmSO4: 0.46μg/m3(2005 data from PETE1, Petersburg SE AK)North American Biome: EPA Ecoregion 3– Marine West Coast Forest: Pacific Coastal Mountains (WRST1); Northwestern Forested Mountains: Copper Plateau (WRST2-3); Northwestern Forested Mountains:Interior Highlands (WRST4-5)WRST1Vegetation60.0476-141.306673.1312101Marinebeach0.51HypogymniaapinnataPiceasitchensisKageets Point on E shore of Icy Bay, ~ 0.4 km Sof landing strip, in Sitka spruce/alder forest atshoreline.Oblong collection area along beach fringe. Recentlydeglaciated (50-100years ago) forelands, ~ 30 m intothe Sitka spruce forest from the beach. Age classof trees varying depending on distance from the shoreand isostatic rebound.WRST2Vegetation61.5219-144.4002219-1.93116ValleyPiceaglaucaS side of McCarthy Rd. along silt bluffs overlooking confluence of Chintina and CopperRivers~0.8 km from road and campground.Edge of forest along river bluff, multiple age class ofwhite spruce.Many old dead trees of possibly blackspruce. Collected along forest edge at bluff.WRST3Air,vegetation61.3856-143.6014648-1.76285Toe slopePiceaglaucaFrom highest point along Crystalline Hills trail onN side McCarthyRd., just E of marble grotto, takeuphill side trail ~23 m to highest point, scale smallcliff, and go uphill another 60 m.Steep, mostly treeless slope with scattered clumps of quaking aspen and white spruce.WRST3BVegetation61.3844-143.6063607-1.76231Toe slope0.60HypogymniaphysodesCrystalline Hills loop trail at 607 m.White spruce/quaking aspen woodland regenerating from fire.WRST4Vegetation61.4964-142.86841020-2.28543Mid-slopePiceaglaucaTrail to Bonanza Mine from Kennicott, W side oftrail at 1,020 m; exposed to the Kennicott Valley,glaciers.Conifers from 2 to 12 m tall, declining in health. Area gets 2.5 - 3 m snow in winter. Exposed to Kennicottglacier and Kennicott, Nizina, and Chitna River valleyswith views to Chugach Mountains ~80 km distant.WRST5Vegetation61.5014-142.83811421-2.71273Upperslope0.49Flavocetrariacucullata/Cladinaarbuscula-mitisPicea glaucaOn trail to Bonanza Mine below pass betweenBonanza ridge and Porphyry Mountain, ~2.5 km Eof Kennicott.Dwarf ericaceous vegetation withDryas, moss and willow. Slope is exposed to Kennicot glacier, riverheadwaters, and basin.Park:YosemiteNational Park, California (YOSE)Ag Intensity Index:13.8;IMPROVE AmmNO3:0.46μg/m3;IMPROVE AmmSO4: 0.98μg/m3North American Biome: EPA Ecoregion 3– Northwestern Forested Mountains: Sierra NevadaYOSE1Vegetation37.6783-119.754166112.18236Valley1.35XanthoparmeliaPinussabinianaYosemite National Park on Hwy. 140 at turnout onleft side of road just inside SW park boundary onN bank of river.Large boulders with canyon liveoak and poison oak; a fewfoothill and ponderosa pines present.YOSE2Vegetation37.7150-119.6801143310.78639Mid-slope0.98Letharia vulpinaPinusponderosaOn N-facing slope of Turtleback Dome.Dry, rocky slope; mixed conifer forest (pine, cedar,and Douglas-fir),with abundant manzanita in theunderstory. All conifer species in the regeneration layer. Wolf -lichen (Letharia vulpina)abundant; somenitrophilous lichens (Xanthoria)on oaks.YOSE3Vegetation37.7237-119.5336182910.39877Mid-slope1.12Letharia vulpinaPinuslambertianaOn top of Nevada Falls on the Merced River ~30m S of falls off trail.Incense cedar-dominated stand with multiple coniferspecies present. Gentle NW-facing slope with branchlitter, a thin layer of duff, and two herbs (western rattlesnake plantain and Pacific Rhododendron).1A-8SiteName Media Lat. Long.Elev.(m)Ann.Temp.(oC)nn.Ppt.(cm)CanopyCover(%) LandformLichenN %dwLichenscollectedConiferscollected LocationHabitatYOSE4Vegetation37.7506-119.363127134.211021Mid-slopePinuscontortaOn Lewis Creek near confluence with trail aroundConyCrags into the Lyell Forte Basin.Lodgepole pine woodland on slab granite; a few young western hemlock and California red fir and scatteredshrubby chinquapin and western brackenfern.Some pines with charred trunk bases.YOSE5Air,vegetation37.7744-119.337130483.110816UpperslopePinuscontortaValley at head of Lewis Creek watershed at theconfluence of Gallison Lake Outlet Creek.Alpine meadow with pine woodland; willow-lined creek runs through site center.Key to Table:Park= name, state and acronym ofthe park or wilderness.Ag Intensity= agricultural intensity in a 150 km radius around the park, see methods section for more details.IMPROVE AmmNO3andAmmSO4= mean annual nitrate and ammonium sulfateconcentrations in micrograms per cubic meter in ambient fine particulates under 2.5um in diameter sampled for 24 hours, air is sampled every 3rdday at IMPROVE monitors located in WACAP parks andwilderness, if no IMPROVE site exists for the park then data is from the nearest IMPROVE site and the name of that site is given, value is the 1998-2004 mean for annual data that meets IMPROVE quality assurance criteria, see methods section for more details.Biome= Level three US EPA ecological region in which the site islocated, see http://www.epa.gov/wed/pages/ecoregions/ecoregions.htm for general information.Long.= latitude and longitude of site center in decimal degrees, mapping datum WGS84, sites were approximately 1 ha.Elev. (m)= elevation in meters, derived from site location on USGS topographic 15’ quadrangles.Ann. Temp.andAnn. Ppt.= mean annual temperature in degrees Celsius and mean annual precipitation in centimeters estimated from the PRISM climate model—see Chapter 3 for details.Canopy Cover (%)= field ocular estimate of the canopy cover of dominant and co-dominant trees on the site as a percentage of total site area.Landform= physiographical feature on which the site was located,determined from USGS 15’ topographic quadrangles.Lichen N % dw= mean nitrogen concentration in lichen thalli collected on the site as percent ofdry weight, if more than one species was collected, species N concentrations were averagedafter averaging laboratory and field replicates.Lichens collected= lichens collected for nitrogen, sulfur, metals and SOC analysis.Conifers collected= conifer species collected for SOC analysis. If vegetation wascollected, but both “conifers collected” and “lichens collected” fields are blank, then leaves or bark of deciduousshrubs were collected and results are not reported.Location= site location description.Habitat= ecological characteristics of the collection site.1A-9APPENDIX 3ASummary of Sampling and Analysis Plan by Environmental MediumMediumSNOWPurposeMeasure of direct atmosphericcontaminant loading, and in many cases, 90% of the annual precipitation, interannual variabilityFrequencyAnnually; 14 sites in 8 core parks, and additional snow-only sites for elevational transectSamplesInorganicIntegrated vertical snowpack profileSingle Teflon Bag, 6 liters of snow = 2 liters of water;Shipped with dry ice and blue ice to USGS-COOrganicIntegrated vertical snowpack profile 6Teflon Bags, 20 liters ofsnow each =42 liters of water; Shipped with dry iceand blueice to WRSSampleProcessingFiltration thru0.45μmUnfiltered,acidifiedUnfilteredFiltered thruGF/C (1.2μm)Filtration thruGF/F (0.7μm)Sorbant ASEAnalytesFiltered,acidified: Ca,Mg, Na, K (IC)Filtered: NO3,SO4, Cl, NH4(IC) DOC (IR)Unfiltered:specificconductance,pH, ANCMetals: Cd,Cu, Pb, Ni,V, Zn, plusadditionalmetals listedin Table2.2.1 (ICPMS)Hg(oxidation,purge andtrap;CVAFS)SpheroidalcarbonaceousparticleanalysisTotalparticulate Cand N(EPA Method440.0)Target SOC analytes(GC/MS)LaboratoryUSGS-CWSCUSGS-NRPBoulderUSGS-WWSCECRCCBLSEC3A-1MediumFISHPurposeDirect measure of food web impacts, bioaccumulation and link tothe terrestrial component; evaluation of health and condition effectsFrequencyOnce per site: 4 to 6 sites (2 to 3 core parks) per year~30 fish/lake (3 fish from each of 5 age classes, from both sexes, from a single species); samples frozen on dry ice in field,shipped toWRS, then distributed to appropriate lab.SamplesCondition factorsHematology/PhysiologyHistopathology (gills,kidney, liver,spleen,gonads)Whole fish tissueLivers and fillets(from up to 10 additionalfishcollected for metalsanalysis)SampleProcessingBlood obtained bycaudal vein puncture,plasma collected andfrozen in the fieldOrgans preserved in10% neutral bufferedformalinLiquid N2homogenization;subsample solvent extracted(ASE) for SOC analysesHomogenization, freezedrying, microwavedigestionAnalytesWeight, forklength,Macroscopichealth index; agesfrom scales andotolithsHematocrits, plasma,cortisol, glucose, sexhormones, andvitellogeninEvaluation ofpathological changes,macrophageaggregate analysis;and reproductive stateHg(Direct HgAnalyzer)Target SOCanalyses(GC/MS)Metals: Cd,Cu, Pb, Ni, V,Zn (ICP/MS)LaboratoryIn field, andOSU-FishIn field, andOSU-FishOSU-FishWRSSECUSGS-NRPBoulder3A-2MediumLICHENSCONIFER NEEDLES and LICHENSSUBSISTENCENATIVE FOOD (MOOSE)PurposeDirect measure of food web impacts andbioaccumulation; used primarily to evaluate N,S, and heavy metal impactsMeasure of ecosystem exposure, large“n” for statistical comparisons withinand among sites, parks, regions, andelevationsDirect measure of food sources (moose)usedby native peopleFrequencyOnce per site: from 12 sites in 8 core parks in2004Once per site: Elevational transects(~5 sites/park) from 8 core(2004) and12 secondary parks (2005). Pilot study(4 sites) in SEKI in 2003Once: Alaska only, 3 moose collectedSamples6 lichen samples collected per site(3 samples each of 2 species);~20 g dry weight of material for each sample;Shippedwith ice to WRSOne lichenspecies and second-yearneedles fromone conifer species at 5sites at different elevations per park; 3samples collected at each core parksite, 1 sample collected at eachsecondary park site;Shipped with ice to WRSSamples provided to Parks by nativehunters; Shipped with dry ice to WRSSampleProcessingGround thru 20 mesh, thenoven dried at 65°C to constant weightSOCs: Extraction using ASEN: Ground thru 20 mesh, thenoven dried at 65°C to constant weightHg & SOCs: Liquid N2homogenization;subsample solvent extracted (ASE) forSOC analysesMetals: Homogenization, freeze drying,microwave digestionAnalytesSMetals: Cd, Cu,Pb, Ni, V, Zn(ICP-MS)Hg(Direct HgAnalyzer)NTarget SOCanalytes(GC/MS)Hg(Direct HgAnalyzer)TargetSOCanalytes(GC/MS)Metals:Cd, Cu, Pb,Ni, V, Zn(ICP-MS)LaboratoryUMNRALUSGS-NRPBoulderWRSUMNRALSECWRSSECUSGS-NRPBoulder3A-3MediumWATERLAKESEDIMENTPurposeSystem characterization;standard waterqualityinformationHydrophilic currentuse chemicals andSOCsHistoric trends (~150 years) of contaminant loading to catchmentsFrequencyOnce per site: 4 to 6 sites(2 to 3 core parks) peryearOnce persite: 4 to 6sites(2 to 3 coreparks) per yearOnce per site: 4 to 6 sites (2 to 3 core parks) per yearSamplesInorganic2 L water sample, 2 60-mlsyringe samples; shippedwith ice to WRSOrganic~50 L water samplefilteredin situ; filtersshipped with dry ice toWRSSediment cores, sectioned in 0.5 cm intervals to 10 cm, then 1.0 cm intervalsto 30 cm.; shippedwith ice packs to WRSAnalytesIn situ:specificconductance, DO,temperature, turbidityFiltered: Ca, Mg, Na, K,Zn, Se (AAS), NO3, SO4,Cl, (IC) SiO2, NH4 (AA),DOC (IR), colorUnfiltered: TN, TP (FIA),ANC, TSSSyringe “closed system”samples:pH, DICTarget SOC analytes,particulate anddissolved phases(GC/MS)Datingprofiles(210Pb,137Cs,241Am)Spheroidalcarbonaceousparticleanalysis%moisture,Ash-free dryweight (losson-ignition) ortotal organiccarbonHg(Direct HgAnalyzer)Target SOCanalytes(GC/MS)Metals: Cd,Cu, Pb, Ni,V, Zn(ICP-MS)LaboratoryWRSSECERRCECRCWRSSECUSGS-NRPBoulder3A-4Abbreviations:AAS Atomic absorptionspectrophotometryASEAccelerated solvent extractionCVAFS Cold vapor atomic fluorescence spectrometryFIA Flow injection analysisGC/MS Gas chromatography with mass spectrometryIC Ion chromatographyICP-AES Inductively coupled plasma with atomic emission spectrometryICP-MS Inductively coupled plasmawith mass spectrometryIR Infrared detectionLaboratories:LaboratoryAbbreviationLaboratoryCBLChesapeake Biological Laboratory, Univ. of Maryland, Solomons, MDECRCEnvironmental Change Research Centre, University College London, London, UKERRCUniversity Environmental Radioactivity Research Centre, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UKOSU-FishOSU Kent Laboratory, Corvallis, ORSECSimonich Environmental Chemistry Laboratory, OSU, Corvallis, ORUMNRALUniversity of Minnesota Research Analytical Laboratory, St. Paul, MNUSGS-NRP BoulderNational Research Program Laboratory, Boulder, COUSGS-CWSCUSGS Colorado Water Science Center, Alpine Hydrologic Research Team, Lakewood, COUSGS-WWSCUSGS Wisconsin Water Science Center, Mercury ResearchLaboratory, Middleton, WIWRSWillamette Research Station Analytical Laboratory, USEPS, Corvallis, OR3A-5

# APPENDIX 3B 

# Sampling Information, Methods, and Data Quality

The WACAP Quality Assurance Project Plan (Q APP), May 2004, outlines the quality assurance

and quality control objectives for WACAP.



# Snow QA/QC

Field

Quality assurance and quality control procedur es for handling US Geological Survey (USGS)

snow chemistry samples were well established, with annual regional surveys dating back to

1993. A detailed description of sa mpling protocols was containe d in each field kit, and

experienced personnel led each site visit. Information about snowpack physical characteristics

was recorded on prepared data sheets. All origin al data sheets were carried as personal baggage

during transit and were photocopi ed and kept in separate loca tions, as soon as facilities

permitted.

Approximately 10% of the total number of samp les were field proces sing blanks and field

replicates. Field blanks were collected to det ect possible contamination from collection methods,

laboratory processing, DI rinse water, filtering apparatus, and Teflon collection bags. Field

replicates were also useful for this purpose, but in addition to contaminati on, they also reflect the

natural variability in snow chemistry and the precision of analytical techniques.



# Laboratory

Detailed laboratory QA/QC procedures are specified in the WACAP QAPP. Quality control at

the USGS Colorado District laboratory involves systematically analyzi ng blanks, an internal

reference sample, USGS standard reference water samples, and certified nutrient standards from

High Purity Standards, Inc. International bli nd audit samples from Environment Canada were

analyzed twice per year. Appr oximately 40% of sample batch run time for the analytical

instrumentation was dedicated to analyzing blanks , duplicates, reference samples, and standards.

Calibration verifications were ma de with standards at the begi nning and end of each batch of

sample analyses on the ion chromatograph.

Quality control at the USGS National Research Program laboratory involves system atic analysis

of blanks, standard reference materials, and spik e addition samples. Detail s, results, and figures

are described in the Quality Assurance/Quality Control section of the database.

Ionic charge balance was calculated as the sum of cations (hydrogen i on, calcium, m agnesium,

sodium, potassium, and ammonium) minus the sum of anions (alkalinity, chloride, nitrate, and

sulfate) divided by the total cations and anions in solution. Alkalinities were predominantly

negative for snow samples; only positive values for alkalinity were included with the sum of

anions in charge-balance calculations. Analytic al results and charge balance values were

examined and outliers for the snow sample data base and rerun were performed as necessary.

3B-1

# SOCs

Detailed laboratory QA/QC procedures for SOCs are specified in the WACAP QAPP. The

analyte recovery over th e entire analytical m ethod and the estimated method detection limits for

snow is given in Table 3B-1.

Metals

Detailed laboratory QA/QC procedures are specified in the WACAP QAPP. Quality control at

the USGS Colorado District laboratory involves systematically analyzi ng blanks, an internal

reference sample, USGS standard ref erence water samples, and certified nutrient standards from

High Purity Standards, Inc. International bli nd audit samples from Environment Canada were

analyzed twice per year. Appr oximately 40% of sample batch run time for the analytical

instrumentation was dedicated to analyzing blanks , duplicates, reference samples, and standards.

Calibration verifications were ma de with standards at the begi nning and end of each batch of

sample analyses on the ion chromatograph.

Quality control at the USGS National Research Program laboratory involves system atic analysis

of blanks, standard reference materials, and spik e addition samples. Detail s, results and figures

are described in the Quality Assurance/Quality Control Section of the database (Table 3B-2).

Ionic charge balance was calculated as the sum of cations (hydrogen i on, calcium, m agnesium,

sodium, potassium, and ammonium) minus the sum of anions (alkalinity, chloride, nitrate, and

sulfate) divided by the total cations and anions in solution. Alkalinities were predominantly

negative for snow samples; only positive values for alkalinity were included with the sum of

anions in charge-balance calculations. Analytic al results and charge balance values were

examined and outliers for the snow sample data base and rerun were performed as necessary.



# Passive Air Sampler QA/QC

Passive Air Sampler Deployment Summary

Table 3B-3 lists the latitude, longitude, and elev ation of each site wher e a PASD was deployed.



# SOCs

Detailed laboratory QA/QC procedures for SOCs are specified in the WACAP QAPP. The

analyte recovery over th e entire analytical method and the estimated method detection limits for

PASDs is given in Table 3B-4.

3B-2

# Table 3B-1. SOC Recovery and EDLs in Snow Over the Entire Analytical Method (Usenko et al.,

2005).

Chemical Class log K

ow 

# EDL 3 

# Chemical Class log K

ow 

# EDL 3



# Compounds Avg.

% Rec % RSD pg/L

Compounds Avg.

% Rec % RSD pg/L

Amide Pesticides Triazine Herbicides and Metabolites

Propachlor 2.4 139.5 19.5 3.7 Atrazine desisopropyl 1.36 1 

# nd 5 

# nd 5 

# na 6



# Alachlor 2.6 79.7 1.0 43.4 Atrazine desethyl 1.78 1 

# nd 5 

# nd 5 

# na 6



# Acetochlor 3.03 1 

# 65.6 6.9 25.2 Simazine 2.2 nd 5 

# nd 5 

# na 6



# Metolachlor 3.1 89.0 1.4 13.8 Cyanazine 2.2 107.8 2.3 26.2

Atrazine 2.3 105.8 4.2 11.5

Organochlorines Pesticides and Metabolites Prometon 2.7 62.8 15.6 34.6

HCH, gamma 3.8 87.9 6.3 12.3

HCH, alpha 3.8 71.7 7.4 18.2 Miscellaneous Pesticides

HCH, beta 4.0 100.7 7.2 32.1 Metribuzin 1.70 1 

# 77.4 2.1 24.5

HCH, delta 4.1 111.8 5.2 20.7 Etridiazole 2.6 206.2 26.1 22.5

Methoxychlor 4.5 59.1 20.9 16.4 Dacthal 4.3 109.9 10.5 1.7

Heptachlor epoxide 4.6 31.8 32.0 14.7 Trifluralin 5.3 47.6 30.2 0.7

Endrin aldehyde 4.8 40.6 13.8 23.2 Hexachlorobenzene 5.5 55.3 14.6 0.2

Endrin 5.2 90.2 26.8 47.6

Heptachlor 5.2 49.9 19.6 121.7 Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons

o,p'-DDE 5.5 55.3 12.9 24.7 Acenaphthylene 3.9 52.7 1.8 19.8

Chlordane, oxy 5.5 28.1 31.5 9.4 Acenaphthene 4.0 101.3 2.1 11.3

Dieldrin 5.5 109.1 23.5 105.6 Fluorene 4.2 93.2 4.7 8.3

Chlordane, cis 5.9 32.7 29.1 16.3 Anthracene 4.5 73.0 7.3 19.9

p,p'-DDD 5.9 66.5 14.6 44.0 Phenanthrene 4.5 82.7 5.1 8.8

Nonachlor, trans 6.1 56.4 16.7 0.9 Pyrene 5.1 74.4 10.5 4.9

o,p'-DDD 6.1 41.5 25.7 24.7 Fluoranthene 5.2 77.9 10.7 4.0

Chlordane, trans 6.1 60.9 15.3 0.4 Chrysene + Triphenylene 5.7 71.2 11.2 13.3

Nonachlor, cis 6.1 30.2 27.3 0.6 Benzo(a)anthracene 5.9 70.5 11.1 14.6

Aldrin 6.4 43.7 25.9 107.6 Retene 6.4 61.0 4.0 33.4

o,p'-DDT 6.5 36.4 5.6 23.4 Benzo(k)fluoranthene 6.5 66.7 10.3 5.0

p,p'-DDE 6.8 50.1 19.6 10.3 Benzo(a)pyrene 6.5 59.3 10.9 7.9

Mirex 6.9 51.5 10.6 27.1 Benzo(b)fluoranthene 6.6 68.4 11.4 6.9

p,p'-DDT 6.9 61.9 24.3 26.2 Indeno(1,2,3-cd)pyrene 6.7 61.5 9.1 31.5

Dibenz(a,h)anthracene 6.8 62.9 8.5 28.9

Or

g anochlorine Sulfides and Metabolites Benzo(e)pyrene 6.9 59.3 10.9 8.9

Endosulfan sulfate 3.7 65.4 17.3 1.0 Benzo(ghi)perylene 7.0 59.2 9.4 16.5

Endosulfan I 4.7 51.3 17.7 4.9

Endosulfan II 4.8 53.3 18.1 2.0 Polychlorinated Biphenyls (PCBs)

PCB 74 6.3 45.5 23.2 124.8

Phosphorothioate Pesticides PCB 101 6.4 48.5 21.4 31.0

Methyl parathion 2.7 74.6 1.0 52.0 PCB 138 6.7 53.3 18.1 2.8

Malathion 2.9 54.8 13.6 8.4 PCB 153 6.9 51.3 17.7 1.3

Diazinon 3.7 75.0 11.7 9.1 PCB 118 7.0 52.8 21.8 1.3

Parathion 3.8 56.9 9.6 3.2 PCB 187 7.2 56.0 18.1 0.9

Ethion 5.1 46.7 30.0 6.2 PCB 183 8.3 55.1 17.8 1.2

Chlorpyrifos 5.1 59.7 22.5 6.9

Average Recoveries and Standard Deviations 4



# Thiocarbamate Pesticides

EPTC 3.2 64.8 25.2 45.0 Average 68.3 14.8 21.9

Pebulate 3.8 99.9 33.2 63.8 Max 206.2 33.2 124.8

Triallate 4.6 73.6 18.5 10.1 Min 28.1 1.0 0.2

1 

# Estimated log K

ow 

# . 2 

# Recoveries validated at 6 ng/L and were corrected for background concentrations of SOCs in snow. 3 

# Sample-Specific

Estimated Method Detection Limits. 4 

# Average recoveries and percent relative standard deviations do not include compounds that were not

detected or not applicable. 5 

# Not Detected (nd) due to lost during silica cleanup. 6 

# Not Applicable (na) due to lost during silica cleanup. 50 L Melted Snow 2 

# 50 L Melted Snow 2



# 3B-3

# Table 3B-2. Trace Metals and Detection Limits fo r Snow Sample Analyses at the USGS National

Research Program Laboratory, Boulder, Colorado. Concentrations are in μg/L.



# Analyte Detection Limit Analyte Detection Limit

Al < 0.2 Nd < 0.0006

As < 0.02 Ni < 0.02

B < 3 Pb < 0.004

Ba <0.005 Pr < 0.0003

Be < 0.005 Rb < 0.0006

Bi < 0.0009 Re < 0.0002

Cd < 0.002 Sb < 0.001

Ce < 0.0002 Se < 0.05

Co < 0.002 Sm < 0.0002

Cr < 0.2 Sr < 0.03

Cs < 0.009 Tb < 0.0001

Cu < 0.04 Te < 0.005

Dy < 0.0004 Th < 0.0004

Er < 0.0002 Tl < 0.001

Eu < 0.0002 Tm < 0.0001

Gd < 0.0002 U < 0.0004

Ho < 0.0001 V < 0.07

La < 0.0002 W < 0.001

Li < 0.008 Y < 0.0002

Lu < 0.0001 Yb < 0.0002

Mn < 0.01 Zn < 0.04

Mo < 0.03 Zr < 0.0008

3B-4

# Table 3B-3. Extended Details of Passive Sampling Device (PASD) Locations. Mapping datum is

WGS84.

Park

Code # of

PSDs Target

Watershe d Latitude Longitude Elev

(m) Veg Site

BAND 1 35.8642 -106.4178 2926 BAND5

29.1870 -102.9718 560 BIBE1

29.3079 -103.1828 1067 BIBE2

29.2534 -103.2979 1920 BIBE4 BIBE

Elevational

Gradient 4

29.2465 -103.3049 2316 BIBE5

CRLA 1 42.9233 -122.0162 2713 CRLA5

Wonder N 63.5421 -150.9781 564 DENA2

DENA 2

Wonder S 63.4549 -150.8761 686 DENA2

GAAR 1 Matcharak 67.7500 -156.2300 505 GAAR1

Snyder 48.6264 -113.8050 1609 GLAC3

GLAC 2

Oldman 48.5126 -113.4564 2036 GLAC4

GLBA 1 58.6022 -135.8831 8 GLBA1

GRSA 1 37.7149 -105.4704 3338 GRSA5

GRTE 1 43.1300 -110.7800 3048 GRTE5

KATM 1 58.5711 -155.8036 370 KATM3

LAVO 1 40.4476 -121.5662 2713 LAVO5

Golden 46.8866 -121.9002 1369 MORA4

MORA 2

LP19 46.8226 -121.8963 1372 MORA3

NOAT 1 Burial 68.4100 -159.2200 388 NOAT3

NOCA 1 48.6824 -121.3217 1600 NOCA5

PJ 47.9500 -123.4200 1392 OLYM4

OLYM 2

Hoh 47.9000 -123.7900 1433 OLYM3

40.2368 -105.7992 2560 ROMO1

Lone Pine 40.2203 -105.7582 2720 ROMO2

40.2303 -105.7335 3018 ROMO3

Mills 40.2922 -105.6420 3042 ROMO6 ROMO

Elevational

Gradient 5

40.2290 -105.7117 3536 ROMO4

36.5176 -118.8003 658 None (Potwisha)

36.5762 -118.7862 1573 SEKI2

36.5985 -118.7212 2332 SEKI4 SEKI

Elevational

Gradient 4

Emerald 36.6005 -118.6789 2816 SEKI05

56.7910 -132.5110 1 STLE1

56.8047 -132.5317 254 STLE2

56.8095 -132.5407 567 STLE3 STLE

Elevational

Gradient 4

56.8250 -132.5715 815 STLE4

WRST 1 61.3856 -143.6014 648 WRST3

YOSE 1 37.7744 -119.3371 3048 YOSE5



# 3B-5

# Table 3B-4. SOC Recovery and EDLs in Passive Air Sampling Devices Over the Entire Analytical

Method.

EDL b 

# EDL b



# Avg. % Rec % RSD ng/g dw Avg. %Rec %RSD ng/g dw

Propachlor 100.7 3.8 0.05 Acetochlor 87.9 3.1 0.1

Alachlor 97.0 2.1 0.1 Metolachlor 102.6 1.9 0.02

HCH, gamma c 

# 92.2 0.4 0.01 Chlordane, cis 82.6 3.7 0.02

HCH, alpha c 

# 89.9 1.0 0.01 p,p'-DDD e 

# 106.3 3.2 0.05

HCH, beta c 

# 94.5 1.1 0.00 Nonachlor, trans 99.3 1.6 0.00

HCH, delta c 

# 102.9 0.8 0.02 o,p'-DDD e 

# 94.9 1.7 0.02

Methoxychlor 110.0 1.4 0.01 Chlordane, trans 104.1 1.1 0.001

Heptachlor epoxide 122.4 1.3 0.03 Nonachlor, cis 93.9 2.5 0.001

Endrin aldehyde 92.9 1.4 0.003 Aldrin 99.2 1.3 0.01

Endrin 107.3 2.2 0.03 o,p'-DDT f 

# 67.5 8.8 0.04

Heptachlor 111.6 2.6 0.01 p,p'-DDE d 

# 91.0 1.8 0.01

o,p'-DDE d 

# 104.2 7.7 0.02 Mirex 86.5 2.5 0.004

Chlordane, oxy 118.2 1.4 0.03 p,p'-DDT f 

# 94.4 1.5 0.01

Dieldrin 95.2 1.8 0.02

Endosulfan sulfate 94.7 3.6 0.0002 Endosulfan II 97.8 2.3 0.003

Endosulfan I 102.0 1.1 0.003

Methyl parathion 80.7 1.4 0.1 Ethion 100.4 8.5 0.1

Malathion 74.0 5.8 0.1 Chlorpyrifos 81.8 2.6 0.003

Diazinon 81.2 2.2 0.04 Chlorpyrifos oxon 150.6 9.9 0.2

Parathion 77.1 3.4 0.1

Simazine 102.7 1.3 0.1 Atrazine desethyl 107.7 3.4 0.1

Cyanazine 210.0 2.0 0.1 Atrazine desisoproply 102.7 1.4 0.02

Atrazine 90.2 1.0 0.04

Metribuzin 90.8 7.0 0.02 Trifluralin 82.6 4.5 0.001

Etridiazole 116.5 0.7 0.1 Hexachlorobenzene 93.3 1.0 0.0002

Triallate 91.9 2.2 0.01 EPTC 83.8 1.4 0.2

Dacthal 95.4 3.7 0.002 Pebulate 88.8 1.3 0.1

Acenaphthylene 48.4 25.6 0.03 Benzo[k]fluoranthene (BkF) 79.6 2.4 0.01

Acenaphthene 81.2 4.4 0.04 Benzo[a]pyrene (BaP) g 

# 88.2 0.0 0.02

Fluorene 92.1 2.2 0.04 Benzo[b]fluoranthene (BbF) 99.2 0.7 0.007

Anthracene 20.9 154.8 0.1 Indeno[1,2,3-cd]pyrene (Ind) 93.7 1.4 0.01

Phenanthrene 99.4 2.2 0.1 Dibenz[a,h]anthracene 89.9 2.4 0.02

Pyrene (Pyr) 89.4 2.7 0.01 Benzo[e]pyrene (BeP) 101.8 3.6 0.009

Fluoranthene (Fla) 92.2 3.0 0.01 Benzo[ghi]perylene (BghiP) 88.9 2.5 0.01

Chrysene/Triphenylene 87.5 1.9 0.005 Retene 114.2 3.0 0.02

Benzo[a]anthracene 63.8 44.8 0.01

PCB 74 93.5 0.6 0.1 PCB 118 70.9 4.6 0.001

PCB 101 88.7 3.1 0.003 PCB 187 91.0 1.5 0.001

PCB 138 111.8 1.7 0.001 PCB 183 91.9 1.6 0.0002

PCB 153 103.9 1.6 0.001

average 93.7 5.6 0.03 max 210.0 154.8 0.2

min 20.9 0.0 0.00 XAD a 

# XAD a



# Amide Pesticides

Organochlorine Pesticides and Metabolites

Organochlorine Sulfide Pesticides and Metabolites

Phosphorothioate Pesticides

Triazine Herbicides and Metabolites

Miscellaneous Pesticides

Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons

Polychlorinated Biphenyls

Averages and % RSD

a 

# Recoveries were corrected for background concentrations of SOCs in needles. b 

# Sample-specific estimated method detection limits calculated from

a sample taken from Hoh Lake in Olymic National Park. c 

# Hexachlorocyclohexane. d 

# Dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene.

e 

# Dichlorodiphenyldichloroethane. f 

# Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane. g 

# Data obtained from one sample.



# 3B-6

# Vegetation QA/QC

Vegetation Sample Summary

Table 3B-5. Vegetation Sample Summary by Park.

Park Type Park Sampling

Month #

Sites #

Conifer

samp l es #

Li ch en

samples

DENA 8/2004 6 12 29

GAAR 7/2004 1 0 7

GLAC 8/2004 5 15 25

MORA 8/2004 5 18 19

NOAT 6/2004 3 0 15

OLYM 9/2004 5 15 21

ROMO 9/2004 5 18 6 Core

SEKI* 10/2004 8 32 26

BAND 6/2005 5 6 6

BIBE 6/2005 5 5 2

CRLA 8/2005 5 6 5

GLBA 7/2005 4 4 4

GRSA 6/2005 5 5 2

GRTE 7/2005 5 6 3

KATM 6/2005 6 5 6

LAVO 8/2005 5 5 5

NOCA 7/2005 5 5 5

STLE 7/2005 5 6 10

WRST 7/2005 5 7 7 Secondary

YOSE 8/2005 5 6 4

Total: 20 8 98 176 207



# 3B-7

# Table 3B-6. Vegetation Sample Summary. Species collected at each site are recorded in Appendix

1A-3.

Sample type Genus Scientific name Common name Parks where samples were

collected SO C

sample s N

samp

les N, S &

metals

sample

s

Abies amabilis Pacific silver fir MORA, NOCA, OLYM,

ROM O , SEKI 13 0 0

Abies concolor white fir CRLA, LAVO 9 0 0

Abies lasiocarpa subalpine fir GLAC, GRTE, OLYM 22 0 0

Abies magnifica Red fir CRLA, LAVO, SEKI 12 0 0 Abies

Abies procera Noble fir MORA 4 0 0

Picea engelmanii Engelmann

spr u ce GLAC, R OMO 9 0 0

Picea glauca white spruce KATM, WRST 10 0 0

Picea mariana black spruce DENA 12 0 0 Picea

Picea sitchenis Sitka spruce GLBA, STLE, WRST 12 0 0

Pinus albicaulis white pine CRLA, GRTE 3 0 0

Pinus

cemb r oides Mexican pinyon BIBE 3 0 0

Pinus contorta lodgepole pine GRTE, SEKI, YOSE 7 0 0

Pinus edulis twoneedle pine BAND, GRSA 5 0 0

Pinus flexiilis limber pine GRSA, GRTE 5 0 0

Pinus

lam be rtiana sugar pine YOSE 1 0 0

Pinus ponderosa ponderosa pine BAND, YOSE 5 0 0 Pinus

Pinus sabiniana California

foothill pine YOSE 1 0 0

Psuedotsu

ga Pseudotsuga

m e n ziesii Douglas-fir GLAC, NOCA 4 0 0 Conifer needles

Tsuga Tsuga

heterophylla western

hemlock GLAC, MORA, NOCA,

OLYM 20 0 0

Alectoria A. sarmentosa old man's beard

lichen GLAC, GLBA, MORA,

NOCA, OL YM, S TLE 26 11 15

Bryoria Bryoria spp. horsehair lichen OLYM 6 6 0

Cladina C. arbuscula reindeer lichen STLE, WRST 2 2 0

Flavocetra

ria F

. cucullata reindeer lichen DENA, GAAR, KATM,

NOAT, W R ST 8 0 11

H. apinnata tube lichen WRST 3 3 0 Hypogymn

ia H. physodes tube lichen GLAC, KATM, WRST 7 7 0

L. columbiana wolf lichen LAVO 1 1 0 Letharia

L. vulpina wolf lichen CRLA, GLAC, GRTE, LAVO,

SEKI, YO SE 29 23 6

Lobaria Lobaria oregana Oregon lung

lichen OLYM, STLE 4 4 0

Masonhal

ea M. richardsonii Mason Hale's

lichen DENA, GAAR, NOAT 23 11 12

Platismati

a P. glauca ragged lichen GLAC, GLBA, NOCA,

OL Y M , STLE, WRST 15 10 5

Sphaerop

horus S. globosus globe ball lichen GLBA 2 2 0

Thamnolia Thamnolia sp. whiteworm

lichen DENA 1 1 0

Usnea Usnea spp. beard lichen BAND, BIBE, GRTE 8 8 0 Lichens

Xanthopar

me lia Xanthopar melia

spp. xanthoparmelia

lichen BAND, GRSA, ROMO,

YO SE 8 5 3

Needles

Count: 5 19 157 0 0

Lichens

Count: 13 16 143 94 52

Total Count: 19 36 300 94 52



# 3B-8

# Figure 3B-1. Vegetation Sampling. First row: lichen sampling from tundra, rocks and trees; second row:

conifer needle sampling from mid and alpine elevations; third row: lichen and conifer samples in Kapak

bags; fourth row: weighing and sealing vegetation samples.

3B-9

# SOCs

Detailed laboratory QA/QC procedures for SOCs are specified in the WACAP QAPP. The

analyte recovery over th e entire analytical m ethod and the estimated method detection limits for

conifer needles are given in Table 3B-7 and for lichen in Table 3B-8.

Table 3B-7. SOC Recovery and EDLs in Conife r Needles Over the Entire Analytical Method.

EDL b 

# EDL b



# Avg. % Rec % RSD ng/g dw Avg. %Rec %RSD ng/g dw

HCH, gamma c 

# 79.1 1.7 1.9 Chlordane, cis 57.6 0.9 0.6

HCH, alpha c 

# 80.2 2.1 1.5 p,p'-DDD e 

# 71.7 4.8 6.0

HCH, beta c 

# 74.8 1.3 1.7 Nonachlor, trans 58.9 3.1 0.2

HCH, delta c 

# 91.5 2.1 3.1 o,p'-DDD e 

# 71.8 0.5 5.4

Methoxychlor 84.9 2.4 5.3 Chlordane, trans 82.8 4.6 0.05

Heptachlor epoxide 75.4 6.7 1.2 Nonachlor, cis 30.5 1.8 0.1

Endrin aldehyde 24.6 3.7 0.9 Aldrin 72.6 3.8 2.2

Endrin 79.5 5.4 14.6 o,p'-DDT f 

# 57.7 1.8 1.7

Heptachlor 85.6 3.2 3.3 p,p'-DDE d 

# 81.1 1.2 1.8

o,p'-DDE d 

# 67.0 1.0 3.6 Mirex 87.9 0.9 0.4

Chlordane, oxy 78.8 7.1 1.6 p,p'-DDT f 

# 66.8 0.9 2.5

Dieldrin 75.1 9.5 5.8

Endosulfan sulfate 80.6 4.6 0.6 Endosulfan II 63.8 1.0 0.7

Endosulfan I 62.4 2.6 0.2

Chlorpyrifos 68.8 0.6 0.4 Methyl parathion 51.1 44.4 72.3

Dacthal 83.2 3.9 0.1 Triallate 92.8 11.2 1.7

Hexachlorobenzene 71.0 1.5 0.0 Trifluralin 77.2 0.3 0.1

Acenaphthylene 53.2 2.5 2.3 Benzo[a]anthracene 78.2 2.7 13.0

Acenaphthene 80.4 9.5 7.1 Benzo[k]fluoranthene (BkF) 71.9 2.7 6.5

Fluorene 66.3 10.7 3.2 Benzo[a]pyrene (BaP) 92.6 0.8 8.4

Anthracene 79.1 1.2 10.4 Benzo[b]fluoranthene (BbF) 76.3 2.9 7.9

Phenanthrene 51.2 5.8 4.8 Indeno[1,2,3-cd]pyrene (Ind) 84.3 1.0 16.4

Pyrene (Pyr) 79.7 3.1 0.6 Dibenz[a,h]anthracene 62.5 3.0 58.5

Fluoranthene (Fla) 85.6 5.3 3.7 Benzo[e]pyrene (BeP) 81.7 2.7 9.4

Chrysene/Triphenylene 86.6 2.3 4.3 Benzo[ghi]perylene (BghiP) 87.7 1.8 3.0

PCB 74 97.3 2.3 16.7 PCB 118 89.2 0.8 0.2

PCB 101 81.3 2.4 2.2 PCB 187 85.7 0.9 0.04

PCB 138 78.8 1.9 0.2 PCB 183 79.8 1.1 0.04

PCB 153 81.2 1.7 0.05

average 73.2 3.7 5.7 max 97.3 44.4 72.3

min 24.6 0.3 0.01 Averages, % RSD, and PD c

a 

# Samples collected at Walnut Park located in Corvallis, OR, USA. Recoveries were corrected for background concentrations of SOC s in needles.

b 

# Sample-specific estimated method detection limits calculated from a sample taken from Mount Rainier National Park. c 

# Hexachlorocyclohexane.

d 

# Dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene. e 

# Dichlorodiphenyldichloroethane. f 

# Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane. 

# Phosphorothioate Pesticides

Miscellaneous Pesticides

Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons

Polychlorinated Biphenyls Local Conifer Needles a 

# Local Conifer Needles a



# Organochlorine Pesticides and Metabolites

Organochlorine Sulfide Pesticides and Metabolites



# 3B-10

# Table 3B-8. SOC Recovery and EDLs in Lichen Over the Entire Analytical Method.

EDL b 

# EDL b



# Av g . % Rec % RSD ng/g lipid Av g . %Rec %RSD ng/g lipid

HCH, gamma c 

# 73.8 5.6 1.0 Chlordane, cis 62.4 13.2 2.7

HCH, alpha c 

# 81.6 4.8 0.9 p,p'-DDD e 

# 76.8 7.2 5.3

HCH, beta c 

# 80.9 0.6 1.9 Nonachlor, trans 56.9 16.8 0.4

HCH, delta c 

# 88.9 6.5 1.0 o,p'-DDD e 

# 79.5 0.7 7.3

Methoxychlor 71.3 28.4 7.3 Chlordane, trans 59.0 15.9 0.21

Heptachlor epoxide 58.7 13.2 4.6 Nonachlor, cis 31.3 6.8 0.2

Endrin aldehyde 52.0 9.7 0.5 Aldrin 76.0 4.0 2.6

Endrin 93.8 13.6 6.9 o,p'-DDT f 

# 52.4 25.9 13.5

Heptachlor 81.8 3.3 1.5 p,p'-DDE d 

# 77.3 1.6 6.4

o,p'-DDE d 

# 68.0 1.0 7.1 Mirex 139.5 7.6 1.0

Chlordane, oxy 57.5 12.0 1.7 p,p'-DDT f 

# 90.8 40.0 6.3

Dieldrin 120.4 10.0 8.0

Endosulfan sulfate 38.4 22.6 0.4 Endosulfan II 64.8 5.9 0.2

Endosulfan I 62.0 10.9 1.1

Chlorpyrifos 92.7 1.6 0.2 Methyl parathion 80.0 3.7 54.3

Dacthal 68.6 20.0 0.2 Triallate 99.8 37.2 0.9

Hexachlorobenzene 72.8 1.7 0.01 Trifluralin 94.1 2.0 0.1

Acenaphthylene 50.3 14.5 13.7 B enzo[a]anthracene 87.3 2.4 2.4

Acenaphthene 68.5 19.2 6.3 Benzo[k]fluoranthene (BkF) 54.8 87.3 9.2

Fluorene 74.6 6.2 2.7 Benzo[a]pyrene (BaP) 71.4 30.0 5.3

Anthracene 82.9 0.4 4.9 Benzo[b]fl uoranthene (BbF) 55.7 90.5 9.1

Phenanthrene 67.1 17.8 2.3 Indeno[1,2,3-cd]pyrene (Ind) 82.4 2.9 5.9

Pyrene (Pyr) 75.5 2.0 1.7 Dibenz[a,h]anthracene 80.5 6.7 23.0

Fluoranthene (Fla) 77.7 2.8 1.7 Benzo[e]pyrene (BeP) 70.0 16.1 7.0

Chrysene/Triphenylene 87.6 1.3 1.8 Benzo[ghi]perylene (BghiP) 90.2 3.1 2.4

PCB 74 89.0 2.3 9.1 PCB 118 89.9 0.8 0.3

PCB 101 77.3 2.0 3.7 PCB 187 75.7 4.5 0.11

PCB 138 76.2 5.6 0.2 PCB 183 75.9 10.7 0.09

PCB 153 75.5 3.3 0.12

average 73.9 12.3 4.6 max 139.5 90.5 54.3

min 31.3 0.4 0.01 Averages and % RSD

a 

# Samples collected at Wolverton Creek in Sequoia and Kings Canyon National Park, CA in 2003. Recoveries were corrected for back ground

concentrations of SOCs in lichen. b 

# Sample-specific estimated method detection limits calculated from a sample taken from Mount Rainier National

Park. c 

# Hexachlorocyclohexane. d 

# Dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene. e 

# Dichlorodiphenyldichloroethane. f 

# Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane. 

# Phosphorothioate Pesticides

Miscellaneous Pesticides

Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons

Polychlorinated Biphenyls Wolverton Creek a 

# Wolverton Creek a



# Organochlorine Pesticides and Metabolites

Organochlorine Sulfide Pesticides and Metabolites



# Metals (Lichen)

Detailed laboratory QA/QC procedures are specified in the WACAP QAPP. Quality control at

the USGS National Research Program laborator y in Boulder, Colorado (see Table 3B-9),

involves systematic analysis of blanks, replic ates, standard refe renc e materials, and spike

addition samples. Standard Reference Materials us ed for the quality control of lichen analysis

included Commission of European Communitie s CRM 482 Trace Elements in Lichen and

International Atomic Energy Agency IAEA-336 Tr ace and Minor Elements in Lichen. Details,

results and figures are described in the Qua lity Assurance/Quality Control Section of the

database.

3B-11

# Table 3B-9. Metals and Detection Limits for Lichen Sample Analyses Performed at the USGS

National Research Program Laboratory, Boulder, Colorado. Concentrations in dry weight, assuming a

0.2 g sample size (1:10 dilution).

Analyte Units Detection

Limit Analyte Units Detection Limit

Al μg/g < 1 Mn μg/g < 0.2

As μg/g < 0.05 Mo μg/g < 0.3

B μg/g <14 Na Wt% < 0.0008

Ba μg/g <0.03 Nd μg/g < 0.004

Be μg/g < 0.03 Ni μg/g < 0.1

Bi μg/g < 0.01 Pb μg/g < 0.04

Ca Wt% <0.001 Pr μg/g < 0.001

Cd μg/g < 0.01 Rb μg/g < 0.02

Ce μg/g < 0.001 Re μg/g < 0.002

Co μg/g < 0.01 Sb μg/g < 0.01

Cr μg/g < 0.5 Se μg/g < 0.2

Cs μg/g <2 Sm μg/g < 0.005

Cu μg/g < 0.1 Sr μg/g < 0.08

Dy μg/g < 0.003 Tb μg/g < 0.0007

Er μg/g < 0.004 Te μg/g < 0.04

Eu μg/g < 0.001 Tl μg/g < 0.02

Fe μg/g <20 Tm μg/g < 0.0007

Gd μg/g < 0.003 U μg/g < 0.004

Ho μg/g < 0.001 V μg/g < 0.1

K Wt% <0.006 W μg/g < 0.01

La μg/g < 0.001 Y μg/g < 0.001

Li μg/g < 0.04 Yb μg/g < 0.003

Lu μg/g < 0.0007 Zn μg/g < 0.9

Mg Wt% < 0.0003 Zr μg/g < 0.09



# Nitrogen and Sulfur (Lichen)

As macronutrients, nitrogen and sulfur are used in relatively large quantities by lichens in

cellular metabolism and in the production of biom olecules. Even in geographic areas with low

nitrogen and sulfur deposition, th ese elements occur in relatively high concentrations in lichen

thalli (~ 1 and 0.1 % dry weight, respectively), and therefore, co mpared to other contaminants

analyzed by WACAP, their quantific ation is relatively easy. Four types of quality control checks

were employed:

3B-12

# 1. Randomization of samples . Samples were analyzed in ra ndom order before analysis to

prevent unintentional bias within and between batches.

2. Field triplicates . Triplicate samples of each lichen speci es were collected at each collection

site in the core parks as an indicator of error due to fi eld m ethodology. Triplicate samples

that are truly representative of the lichen popul ation at a site will have low variability.

3. Laboratory replicates . Duplicate measurements were m ade of every 10 th 

# sample to assess

precision of laboratory measurements.

4. Standard Reference Materials . NIST 1515 Apple Leaves and NIST 1547 Peach Leaves to

assess accuracy of laboratory measurem ents.

5. Lichen reference mater ials . A 1998 US Forest Service bulk collection of Alectoria

sarmentosa from Willamette Pass, Oregon, dried, ground and stored in air tight container at

UMRAL. This lichen has a relatively low N and S content compared to most lichen species

and all NIST SRMS and therefore is more chal lenging to analyze. An aliquot of the bulk

collection was analyzed every 10 samples to assess worst-case precision of laboratory

measurements and to compare to labora tory performance to prior years.

Table 3B-10 shows that variability in N and S concentrations between sites (W ACAP lichens),

measured either as the standard deviation or as the size of the standard deviation relative to the

mean (100* sd/mean), was greater th an that of the field triplicates, which was in turn, greater

than variability among laboratory and AlesarWI L replicates. Laboratory precision of nitrogen

analyses was excellent, with most values for indi vidual replicates falling within 1% of means;

precision of sulfur analyses was good, most i ndividual values were <5% of means. UMRAL

measurements of NIST SRMs fell within certifie d ranges for N. UMRAL values were close to

non-certified values for S (NIST does not certify means or ranges for S).

Table 3B-10. Statistical Summary of Quality Cont rol Measures for Total Nitroge n and Sulfur ( % dw)

in Lichen Samples from the WACAP Core Parks.

Element Material Count UMRAL

Mean UMRAL

sd 100 *

(sd/mean ) NIST

Mean NIST

Certified

Range

WACAP lichens 58 0.567 0.303 53.44 NA NA

Field triplicates 17 0.585 0.096 16.33 NA NA

Lab replicate pairs 5 0.456 0.003 0.76 NA NA

AlesarWIL 7 0.423 0.012 2.84 NA NA

NIST 1515 3 2.313 0.012 0.50 2.25 2.06-2.44 N

NIST 1547 4 3.010 0.022 0.72 2.94 2.82-3.06

WACAP lichens 56 0.044 0.030 68.28 NA NA

Field triplicates 17 0.045 0.005 11.49 NA NA

Lab replicate pairs 8 0.028 0.001 4.57 NA NA

AlesarWIL 6 0.034 0.004 10.87 NA NA

NIST 1515 5 0.193 0.011 5.60 0.180 NA S

NIST 1547 5 0.163 0.019 11.54 0.200 NA



# 3B-13

# Lake Water QA/QC

SOCs

Detailed laboratory QA/QC procedures for SOCs are specified in the WACAP QAPP. The

analyte recovery over th e entire analytical method and the estimated method detection limits for

water are given in Table 3B-11.

Table 3B-11. SOC Recovery and EDLs in Water Over the Entire Analytical Method (Usenko et al.,

2005).

Chemical Class log K

ow 

# Chemical Class log K

ow



# Compounds Avg.

% Rec % RSD Avg.

% Rec % RSD

Compounds Avg.

% Rec % RSD Avg.

% Rec % RSD

Amide Pesticides Triazine Herbicides and Metabolites

Propachlor 2 

# 2.4 110.2 7.0 111.3 1.9 Atrazine desisopropyl 1.36 1 

# 106.0 6.3 89.3 2.4

Alachlor 2 

# 2.6 101.5 4.0 104.6 0.8 Atrazine desethyl 1.78 1 

# 62.8 7.3 82.8 2.7

Acetochlor 2 

# 3.03 1 

# 96.9 2.9 102.4 2.7 Simazine 2 

# 2.2 115.2 3.6 117.8 0.6

Metolachlor 2 

# 3.1 109.9 4.8 114.7 1.0 Cyanazine 2 

# 2.2 60.5 10.9 62.7 4.6

Atrazine 2 

# 2.3 102.1 2.1 104.6 0.7

Organochlorines Pesticides and Metabolites Prometon 2 

# 2.7 68.7 42.7 90.5 8.9

HCH, gamma 2,4 

# 3.8 99.2 3.5 103.5 1.0

HCH, alpha 2 

# 3.8 105.1 7.8 115.9 1.4 Miscellaneous Pesticides

HCH, beta 2 

# 4.0 103.0 5.7 113.8 2.2 Metribuzin 2 

# 1.70 1 

# 86.3 14.7 96.1 4.3

HCH, delta 2 

# 4.1 108.4 4.9 118.9 2.0 Etridiazole 2 

# 2.6 124.6 4.1 127.7 2.0

Methoxychlor 2 

# 4.5 127.7 21.3 158.8 2.4 Dacthal 2 

# 4.3 98.7 8.6 104.1 2.9

Heptachlor epoxide 2 

# 4.6 57.5 19.2 72.1 6.3 Trifluralin 2 

# 5.3 71.2 5.0 62.9 7.8

Endrin aldehyde 2 

# 4.8 78.3 15.1 74.4 32.0 Hexachlorobenzene 2 

# 5.5 81.0 13.8 89.1 3.3

Endrin 2 

# 5.2 147.2 30.1 138.6 3.8

Heptachlor 2 

# 5.2 132.3 28.0 157.4 4.0 Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons

o,p'-DDE 2,5 

# 5.5 86.4 14.9 101.9 0.8 Acenaphthylene 2 

# 3.9 60.3 9.0 63.8 10.9

Chlordane, oxy 2 

# 5.5 55.1 21.7 71.8 4.2 Acenaphthene 2 

# 4.0 86.1 5.6 91.9 1.6

Dieldrin 2 

# 5.5 100.8 12.6 74.5 3.5 Fluorene 2 

# 4.2 96.9 0.4 102.2 2.5

Chlordane, cis 2 

# 5.9 44.5 18.4 60.6 3.3 Anthracene 2 

# 4.5 41.1 73.6 24.7 69.5

p,p'-DDD 2,6 

# 5.9 105.1 20.8 122.0 3.7 Phenanthrene 4.5 118.3 3.5 104.8 1.3

Nonachlor, trans 6.1 49.4 14.1 66.3 2.6 Pyrene 2 

# 5.1 84.5 8.6 89.3 1.3

o,p'-DDD 2 

# 6.1 91.5 18.3 110.1 2.0 Fluoranthene 2 

# 5.2 101.2 9.3 105.1 2.7

Chlordane, trans 6.1 42.4 12.4 55.5 3.0 Chrysene + Triphenylene 2 

# 5.7 92.1 11.5 106.0 0.9

Nonachlor, cis 2 

# 6.4 62.5 18.8 75.7 1.4 Benzo(a)anthracene 2 

# 5.9 76.7 22.3 76.8 20.1

Aldrin 2 

# 6.5 57.7 21.0 70.6 1.7 Retene 2 

# 6.4 121.9 9.6 142.0 3.4

o,p'-DDT 7 

# 6.8 73.4 3.1 91.5 3.5 Benzo(k)fluoranthene 2 

# 6.5 84.6 11.8 100.8 5.3

p,p'-DDE 2 

# 6.9 83.2 11.5 97.9 0.8 Benzo(a)pyrene 2 

# 6.5 98.6 9.1 117.4 5.7

Mirex 2 

# 6.9 110.3 10.2 118.3 5.5 Benzo(b)fluoranthene 2 

# 6.6 99.9 14.2 117.2 7.4

p,p'-DDT 2 

# 6.9 82.3 11.6 97.5 0.4 Indeno(1,2,3-cd)pyrene 2 

# 6.7 87.9 15.7 103.4 0.5

Dibenz(a,h)anthracene 2 

# 6.8 102.4 9.4 113.2 2.7

Organochlorine Sulfide Pesticides and Metabolites Benzo(e)pyrene 2 

# 6.9 112.4 19.9 126.4 9.2

Endosulfan sulfate 2 

# 3.7 88.4 19.8 93.3 5.2 Benzo(ghi)perylene 2 

# 7.0 87.1 9.1 96.9 3.0

Endosulfan I 2 

# 4.7 55.8 17.8 69.0 6.8

Endosulfan II 2 

# 4.8 88.1 19.2 98.7 2.8 Polychlorinated Biphenyls

PCB 74 2 

# 6.3 74.5 21.8 106.6 0.9

Phosphorothioate Pesticides PCB 101 2 

# 6.4 66.2 22.3 95.1 1.2

Methyl parathion 2 

# 2.7 107.9 5.2 114.4 2.4 PCB 138 2 

# 6.7 94.9 3.6 105.1 3.4

Malathion 2 

# 2.9 97.5 4.9 111.2 4.7 PCB 153 2 

# 6.9 99.3 4.3 110.0 3.5

Diazinon 2 

# 3.7 100.9 9.5 114.5 3.0 PCB 118 2 

# 7.0 57.1 24.8 82.6 0.9

Parathion 2 

# 3.8 97.3 7.3 106.1 4.1 PCB 187 2 

# 7.2 80.5 5.3 88.5 3.5

Ethion 2 

# 5.1 99.6 24.4 115.4 3.8 PCB 183 2 

# 8.3 85.3 4.5 94.1 3.9

Chlorpyrifos 2 

# 5.1 81.9 20.4 96.2 4.3

A verage Recoveries and %RSD

Thiocarbamate Pesticides 89.4 13.1 99.0 4.8

EPTC 2 

# 3.2 100.6 1.3 104.2 1.9

Pebulate 2 

# 3.8 125.3 4.6 128.9 3.2 Max 147.2 73.6 158.8 69.5

Triallate 2 

# 4.6 61.1 20.0 79.7 7.4 Min 41.1 0.4 24.7 0.4 50 L RO Water 3 

# 1 L RO Water 3 

# 50 L RO Water 3 

# 1 L RO Water 3

1 

# Estimated log Kow. 2 

# Recoveries not statistically different: two sided t-test (p<0.01). 3 

# Recoveries determined at 300 ng total of each compound (300 ng/L

for 1 L experiment and 6 ng/L for 50 L experiment). 4 

# Hexachlorocyclohexane. 5 

# Dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene. 6 

# Dichlorodiphenyldichloroethane.

7 

# Dichlorodi p hen y ltrichloroethane



# 3B-14

# Inorganic Compounds

Table 3B-12. Inorganic Lake Water Analytes, Methods, and Detection Limits

Analyte Method 1 

# Detection

Limit 2



# Specific Conductance EPA 120.6; USEPA (1987) NA

Temperature USEPA (1987) NA

Dissolved Oxygen (DO) USEPA (198 7), YSI Model 6920 Datasonde NA

Turbidity YSI Model 6920 Datasonde 0.1 NTU

pH (syringe, closed system) USEPA (1987) NA

Acid Neutralizing Capacity (ANC) EPA 310.1 (modified),

USEPA (1987) NA

Chlorophyll a APHA (1989) 1 μg/L

Total Suspended Solids (R esidue) EPA 160.2; APHA (1989) 0.1 mg/L

True Color APHA (1989) , EPA 100.2 (modified),

USEPA (1987) NA

Dissolved Organic Carbon (DOC) EPA 415.2, USEPA (1987) 0.1 mg/L

Dissolved Inorganic Carbon (DIC),

syringe, closed system USEPA (1987) 0.1 mg/L

Ammonium (NH 4 

# ) Lachat 10-107-06-3-D 2 μg/L

Nitrate + Nitrite Nitrogen EPA 353.2 1 μg/L

Silica (SiO2) EPA 370.1 (modified), U.S. EPA (1987) 5 μg/L

Total Nitrogen (TN) EPA 353.2 (modified),

USEPA (1987) 10 μg/L

Total Phosphorus (TP) EPA 365.1 (modified),

USEPA (1987) 2 μg/L

Chloride (Cl) EPA 300.6; USEPA (1987) 0.03 mg/L

Nitrate (NO 3 

# ) EPA 300.6; USEPA (1987) 0.03 mg/L

Sulfate (SO 4 

# ) EPA 300.6; USEPA (1987) 0.05 mg/L

Calcium (Ca) EPA 215.1; USEPA (1987) 0.02 mg/L

Sodium (Na) EPA 273.1; USEPA (1987) 0.02 mg/L

Potassium (K) EPA 258.1; USEPA (1987) 0.04 mg/L

Magnesium (Mg) EPA 242.1; USEPA (1987) 0.01 mg/L

1 

# American Public Health Association. 1989. Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater.

Seventeenth Edition. American Public He alth Association, Washington, D.C.

U.S. EPA. 1983. Methods for Chemical Analysis of Wa ter and Wastes. Environme n tal Monitoring and Support

Laboratory. EPA/600/4-79/020, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Offi ce of Research and Development,

Cincinnati.

U.S. EPA. 1987. Handbook of Methods for Acid Depos ition Studies: La boratory Analyses for Surface Water

Chemistry. EPA 600/4-87/026. U.S. Environmental Prot ection Agency, Office of Research and Development,

Washington, D.C.

2 

# The method detection limit is determined as a one-sided 99% confidence interval from repeated measurements

of a low-level standard across several calibration curves.

3B-15

# Sediment QA/QC

SOCs

Detailed laboratory QA/QC procedures for SOCs are specified in the WACAP QAPP. The

analyte recovery over th e entire analytical m ethod and the estimated method detection limits for

sediment are given in Table 3B-13.

Table 3B-13. SOC Recovery and EDLs in Sediment Over the Entire Analytical Method.

EDL b 

# EDL b



# Avg. % Rec % RSD ng/g dw ng/g dw PD c 

# % RSD Avg. %Rec %RSD ng/g dw ng/g dw PD c 

# % RSD

Propachlor 49.8 3.3 7.8 Acetochlor 46.1 9.3 9.3

Alachlor 53.1 12.2 13.3 Metolachlor 58.6 12.2 14.2

HCH, gamma d 

# 29.6 9.4 117.5 Chlordane, cis 45.7 14.7 18.4 0.7 10.0 29.5

HCH, alpha d 

# 50.8 9.0 133.3 p,p'-DDD f 

# 60.3 10.2 16.5 5.1 0.0 40.0

HCH, beta d 

# 36.2 9.1 175.7 Nonachlor, trans 46.8 17.2 3.7 0.1 53.2 32.8

HCH, delta d 

# 51.8 9.4 59.5 o,p'-DDD f 

# 55.6 10.8 4.3 1.1

Methoxychlor 67.4 14.8 18.6 1.0 Chlordane, trans 46.8 15.2 2.0 0.4 5.8 28.2

Heptachlor epoxide 46.8 13.8 89.4 Nonachlor, cis 53.6 13.0 1.5 0.1 55.4 24.2

Endrin aldehyde 51.8 7.9 19.6 Aldrin 29.0 12.5 83.2

Endrin 70.4 11.5 204.7 o,p'-DDT g 

# 44.4 12.0 23.6

Heptachlor 32.5 12.4 111.9 p,p'-DDE e 

# 55.9 12.7 3.4 3.1 0.0 15.8

o,p'-DDE e 

# 57.7 11.2 11.3 Mirex 56.3 6.3 41.4

Chlordane, oxy 43.7 14.8 12.2 p,p'-DDT g 

# 54.7 13.5 37.9

Dieldrin 74.0 13.1 114.8 0.3

Endosulfan sulfate 61.4 9.6 4.4 Endosulfan II 58.5 10.3 9.0

Endosulfan I 50.2 13.2 8.1

Methyl parathion 49.9 5.1 33.0 Parathion 54.0 6.5 15.7

Malathion 48.3 7.9 65.8 Ethion 60.0 10.4 10.8

Diazinon 47.9 5.4 5.1 Chlorpyrifos 45.3 9.7 1.2

Simazine 63.2 3.4 58.3 Atrazine 57.6 6.3 9.5

Cyanazine 136.0 19.3 171.2

Metribuzin 43.6 20.6 30.0 Dacthal 55.5 11.5 6.4

Etridiazole 21.6 13.9 29.1 Trifluralin 32.9 10.8 1.7

Triallate 41.1 8.6 24.2 Hexachlorobenzene 33.5 8.0 1.0 7.6 24.1 22.8

Acenaphthylene 20.9 14.7 13.3 138.8 Benzo[a]anthracene 64.5 10.2 11.4 250.4 17.8 17.2

Acenaphthene 33.5 13.5 11.2 51.6 Benzo[k]fluoranthene (BkF) 68.5 10.0 3.3 205.6 0.6 21.6

Fluorene 25.5 12.7 7.2 59.2 12.7 22.3 Benzo[a]pyrene (BaP) 46.7 9.3 2.1 220.7 33.6 23.7

Anthracene 34.8 8.0 24.6 163.3 1.5 13.6 Benzo[b]fluoranthene (BbF) 64.8 9.5 4.0 468.2 0.0 18.7

Phenanthrene 26.0 20.0 13.0 382.6 0.0 18.6 Indeno[1,2,3-cd]pyrene (Ind) 60.1 9.5 29.0 239.9 12.9 17.3

Pyrene (Pyr) 50.6 5.7 1.0 402.8 24.0 22.1 Dibenz[a,h]anthracene 58.2 9.8 23.7 76.4 25.3 22.9

Fluoranthene (Fla) 50.5 5.1 1.1 442.6 24.3 20.8 Benzo[e]pyrene (BeP) 64.6 9.1 6.5 285.5 4.5 22.4

Chrysene/Triphenylene 59.9 9.2 0.8 171.2 48.1 22.3 Benzo[ghi]perylene (BghiP) 55.0 11.1 5.1 227.2 11.3 22.0

PCB 101 70.7 14.2 129.1 4.1 13.2 29.9 PCB 118 74.2 11.6 10.2 3.3 17.2 34.5

PCB 138 74.9 11.7 9.7 4.3 12.3 30.4 PCB 187 76.1 13.1 3.9 2.0 0.0 22.1

PCB 153 73.2 11.8 3.5 4.0 21.6 20.1 PCB 183 76.5 13.1 3.7 0.7 23.0 20.4

BDE 7 58.6 3.0 0.2 BDE 85/155 73.0 2.0 1.8

BDE 8 77.8 2.2 0.1 BDE 99 75.5 2.4 27.2 0.6

BDE 10 42.7 6.9 0.2 BDE 100 74.1 2.3 9.4 0.9

BDE 17 78.1 3.6 0.4 BDE 116 72.8 3.2 1.8

BDE 25 83.3 3.3 0.8 BDE 118 76.5 4.8 15.1

BDE 28 70.5 4.7 4.1 BDE 119 75.0 2.9 3.3

BDE 30 70.6 3.9 0.6 BDE 126 69.2 1.7 2.1

BDE 32 77.2 1.7 0.7 BDE 138 76.0 1.2 3.3

BDE 35 82.6 3.2 0.7 BDE 153 76.7 1.3 26.0

BDE 37 80.3 4.0 1.3 BDE 154 84.8 0.8 0.9

BDE 49 69.4 5.4 1.3 BDE 155 101.6 0.9 15.6

BDE 47 71.9 4.5 15.6 1.3 BDE 166 72.4 2.0 2.8

BDE 66 75.2 5.1 0.6 BDE 181 99.9 2.3 5.8

BDE 71 67.7 4.8 1.3 BDE 183 73.3 2.3 31.3

BDE 75 70.0 5.4 4.9 BDE 190 104.4 2.1 5.7

BDE 77 70.5 6.1 0.8

average 60.3 8.5 23.8 109.3 16.8 23.6 max 136.0 20.6 204.7 468.2 55.4 40.0

min 20.9 0.8 0.1 0.1 0.0 13.6 Triazine Herbicides and Metabolites

Miscellaneous Pesticides

Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons Amide Pesticides

Organochlorine Pesticides and Metabolites

Organochlorine Sulfide Pesticides and Metabolites

Phosphorothioate Pesticides Waldo Lake a 

# SRM1941b Waldo Lake a 

# SRM1941b

Polychlorinated Biphenyls

Polybrominated Diphenyl Ethers

Averages, % RSD, and PD c

a 

# Recoveries validated at 26 ng/g wet wt and were corrected for background concentrations of SOCs in sediment. b 

# Sample-specific estimated method detection limits. c 

# Percent Difference from

SRM 1941b certified values n=5. d 

# Hexachlorocyclohexane. e 

# Dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene. f 

# Dichlorodiphenyldichloroethane. g 

# Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane.



# 3B-16

# Metals

Detailed laboratory QA/QC procedures are specified in the WACAP QAPP. Quality control at

the USGS National Research Program laborator y in Boulder, Colorado, involves systematic

analysis of blanks, replicates, standard reference materials, and spike addition samples (see Table

3B-14). Standard reference materials used for th e quality control of sediment analysis included

National Institute of Standards and Tec hnology SRM 2704 and 8704 Buffalo River Sediment;

and SRM 2702 Inorganics in Marine Sediment. Details, results a nd figures are described in the

Quality Assurance/Quality Control Section of the database.

Table 3B-14. Metals and Detection Limits for Se diment Sample Analyses Performed at the USGS

National Research Program Laboratory, Boulder, Colorado. Concentrations in dry weight, assuming a

0.1-g sample size (1:10 dilution).

Analyte Units Detection

Limit Analyte Units Detection

Limit

Al Wt% < 0.0008 Mo μg/g < 0.2

As μg/g < 0.07 Na Wt% < 0.003

B μg/g < 4 Nd μg/g < 0.01

Ba μg/g <0.08 Ni μg/g < 0.06

Be μg/g < 0.07 Pb μg/g < 0.03

Bi μg/g < 0.01 Pr μg/g < 0.002

Ca Wt% <0.002 Rb μg/g < 0.09

Cd μg/g < 0.01 Re μg/g < 0.003

Ce μg/g < 0.01 Sb μg/g < 0.01

Co μg/g < 0.01 Se μg/g < 0.6

Cr μg/g < 0.5 Sm μg/g < 0.009

Cs μg/g <0.02 Sr μg/g < 0.1

Cu μg/g < 0.1 Tb μg/g < 0.001

Dy μg/g < 0.005 Te μg/g < 0.05

Er μg/g < 0.007 Th μg/g < 0.01

Eu μg/g < 0.003 Ti Wt% <0.0001

Fe Wt% <0.009 Tl μg/g < 0.06

Ga μg/g < 0.01 Tm μg/g < 0.001

Gd μg/g < 0.005 U μg/g < 0.007

Ho μg/g < 0.002 V μg/g < 0.4

K Wt% <0.009 W μg/g < 0.01

La μg/g < 0.007 Y μg/g < 0.006

Li μg/g < 0.1 Yb μg/g < 0.004

Lu μg/g < 0.001 Zn μg/g < 0.7

Mg Wt% < 0.0005 Zr μg/g < 0.01

Mn μg/g < 0.1

3B-17

# Fish QA/QC

SOCs

Detailed laboratory QA/QC procedures for SOCs are specified in the WACAP QAPP. The

analyte recovery over th e entire analytical method and the estimated method detection limits for

fish are given in Table 3B-15.

Table 3B-15. SOC Recovery and EDLs in Fish Over the Entire Analytical Method.

Compounds Log

K

ow 

# Method

Recovery 1 

# (%) Estimated Method

Detec t ion Limit 2



# (pg/g ww) Determined Values

for NIST SRM 1946

(ng/g ww) Deviation

from

Certified

Values 3



# Avg. SD Avg. %RSD Avg. %RSD % Diff

HCH 4 

# , gamma 3.8 38.2 1.6 17 7.5 1.0 46 0

HCH 4 

# , alpha 3.8 37.6 1.6 0.2 8.1 5.4 6.5 0

HCH4, beta 4.0 44.3 1. 7 7.8 1.7 0.46 34

HCH4, delta 4.1 42.2 1.7 0.6 3.0

Methoxychlor 4.5 62.1 1.8 99 73

Heptachlor epoxide 4.6 33.6 2.0 14 2.2 5.3 1.1 0

Endrin 5.2 89.1 2. 2 170 26 4.7 0.22

Heptachlor 5.2 48.5 1.3 1.6 1.42 0.38 37

Hexachlorobenzene 5.5 37.8 1.9 5.0 1.9 6.6 2.7 0

o,p'-DDE 5 

# 5.5 53.8 2.1 58 23 0.91 15 0

Chlordane, oxy 5.5 35. 1 1.9 5.5 1.9 16 7.9 15

Dieldrin 5.5 95.3 3. 6 8.4 21 34 4.8 0

Chlordane, cis 5.9 32. 6 1.0 16 6.8 31 8.9 0

p,p'-DDD 6 

# 5.9 67.8 1.0 99 39 12 9.0 30

Nonachlor, trans 6.1 32. 0 1.0 2.9 1.3 90 7.1 9.5

o,p'-DDD6 6.1 55.2 2.1 68 16 1.8 25 17

Chlordane, trans 6.1 31. 4 1.0 1.6 0.96 9.7 66 16

Nonachlor, cis 6.4 40. 3 1.5 5.0 1.0 49 5.9 16

Aldrin 6.5 39.4 1.6 21 3.5

o,p'-DDT 7 

# 6.8 61.1 4.8 97 63 16 20 28

p,p'-DDE 5 

# 6.9 63.7 4.7 98 12 350 9.3 0

Mirex 6.9 54.0 3.3 6.8 1.5 6.1 3.2 0

p,p'-DDT 7 

# 6.9 68.1 2.1 94 50 34 6.1 0

Endosulfan sulfate 3.7 46. 4 4.0 3.7 0.83 0.44 12

Endosulfan I 4.7 36.0 3.2 4.9 2.46 0.10 10

Endosulfan II 4.8 49.0 3.5 8.9 5.8

Parathion 3.8 44.4 9.6 9.1 1.0

Ethion 5.1 48.8 10. 5 1.9 2.59

Chlorpyrifos 5.1 45. 5 8.9 5.5 0.88

Etridiazole 2.6 34.8 1.8 15 2.2

3B-18

# Table 3B-15. SOC Recovery and EDLs in Fish Over the Entire Analytical Method.

Compounds Log

K

ow 

# Method

Recovery 1 

# (%) Estimated Method

Detection Limit 2



# (pg/g ww) Determined Values

for NIST SRM 1946

(ng/g ww) Deviation

from

Certified

Values 3



# Avg. SD Avg. %RSD Avg. %RSD % Diff

Dacthal 4.3 62.2 2. 2 2.6 1.6 4.6 11

Triallate 4.6 88.0 2.3 11 1.80

Trifluralin 5.3 42.9 3.4 7.2 0.89

PCB 74 6.3 78.9 1.2 48 15 4.1 20 15

PCB 101 6.4 66.5 4. 5 1.1 2.6 28 29 20

PCB 138 6.7 77.3 5. 7 2.6 2.9 134 33 21

PCB 153 6.9 65.0 4. 6 2.2 0.87 110 30 0

PCB 118 7.0 74.5 6.1 2.2 0.96 51 6.2 0

PCB 183 8.3 75.9 5.3 0.84 3.7 23 8.6 0

PCB 187 7.2 77.3 5. 0 1.4 2.2 54 13 0

Average 6.1 61.4 4.1 79 11 30 15 7

Min 2.6 31.4 0.3 0. 2 0.83 0.10 0.22 0

Max 9.4 98.3 12 920 86 350 66 30

Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons

Acenaphthylene 3.9 36. 0 2.5 38 4.1

Acenaphthene 4.0 54. 4 5.5 50 2.5

Fluorene 4.2 41.7 1.6 16 1.7

Anthracene 4.5 51.8 5.4 59 6.8

Phenanthrene 4.5 56.3 3.8 56 10

Pyrene 5.1 63.7 5.4 6.7 3.5

Fluoranthene 5.2 58.4 4.0 7.6 1.8

Chrysene

/Triphen yl ene 5.7 59.3 0.9 20 12

Benzo(a)anthracene 5.9 59.4 2.3 26 0.96

Retene 6.4 55.3 5.8 44 14

Benzo(k)fluoranthene 6. 5 64.6 0.3 23 0.9

Benzo(a)pyrene 6.5 43.4 5.2 17 1.7

Benzo(b)fluoranthene 6. 6 64.4 0.9 20 1.6

Indeno(1,,3-cd)pyrene 6. 7 60.5 0.3 18 3.33

Dibenz(a,h)anthracene 6. 8 58.0 1.6 19 8.9

Benzo(e)pyrene 6.9 57.8 0.7 100 34

Benzo(ghi)perylene 7.0 60.1 0.7 6.3 1.3

PolyBrominated Diphenyl Ethers 8



# BDE 10 5.0 64.2 6.4 920 26

BDE 7 5.0 49.7 2.4 120 43

BDE 8 5.0 52.0 5.3 710 23

BDE 12 5.8 45.2 2.3 880 18

3B-19

# Table 3B-15. SOC Recovery and EDLs in Fish Over the Entire Analytical Method.

Compounds Log

K

ow 

# Method

Recovery 1 

# (%) Estimated Method

Detection Limit 2



# (pg/g ww) Determined Values

for NIST SRM 1946

(ng/g ww) Deviation

from

Certified

Values 3



# Avg. SD Avg. %RSD Avg. %RSD % Diff

BDE 13 5.8 50.4 2.7 910 21

BDE 15 5.8 82.2 6.3 860 15

BDE 30 5.9 47.2 6.6 240 37

BDE 32 5.9 46.9 2.2 38 7.6

BDE 17 5.8 55.7 2.4 32 8.4

BDE 25 5.9 55.9 2.3 43 7.1

BDE 28 5.9 51.1 2.1 23 2.8 0.94 1.9 26

BDE 35 6.7 52.6 2.0 57 3.8

BDE 37 6.7 52.3 2.1 40 8.1

BDE 75 6.8 86.9 6.7 24 5.3

BDE 49 6.8 94.1 7.1 30 3.6

BDE 71 6.8 84.8 5.2 22 1.9

BDE 47 6.8 91.1 7.5 14 1.1 29 10 0

BDE 66 6.8 83.6 8.5 120 26 n/a 9



# BDE 77 7.6 93.6 8.0 83 24

BDE 100 7.7 79.0 8.4 6.7 1.1 8.4 2.7 0

BDE 119 7.7 78.9 7.2 19 14

BDE 99 7.7 85.7 6. 3 23 1.95 18 5.4 0

BDE 116 7.7 75.6 7.9 91 48

BDE 85/155 7.7 /

8.6 91.8 8.3 37 10

BDE 126 8.5 88.6 9.2 36 9.2

BDE 118 7.7 75.0 11.9 200 86

BDE 155 8.6 80.8 7.0 2.3 1.0 0.68 11

BDE 154 8.6 79.7 7.4 8.3 2.7 6.2 18 0

BDE 153 8.6 78.6 6.7 6.5 3.1 2.9 9.3 0

BDE 138 8.6 81.6 7.1 1.1 1.1

BDE 166 8.6 98.3 7.8 1.9 1.7

BDE 183 9.4 81.5 5.8 1.6 0.95 0.23 14

BDE 181 9.4 76.8 4.1 3.5 3.14

BDE 190 9.4 72.4 5.0 5.0 2.5

1 

# Triplicate recoveries across entire method of ~8 ng/g ww tissue spikes. Blank and sample background corrected.

2 

# 3:1 S:N of IS normalized response factors in three separate fish from Denali, Sequoia, and Rocky Mountain

National Parks according to EPA Method 8280A

3 

# Percentage difference between this method and NIST certif ied values for SRM # 1946 LakeTrout, 0% difference

when method average is within certified confidence interval, n=5

3B-20

# Table 3B-15. SOC Recovery and EDLs in Fish Over the Entire Analytical Method.

Compounds Log

K

ow 

# Method

Recovery 1 

# (%) Estimated Method

Detection Limit 2



# (pg/g ww) Determined Values

for NIST SRM 1946

(ng/g ww) Deviation

from

Certified

Values 3



# Avg. SD Avg. %RSD Avg. %RSD % Diff

4 

# HexachloroCycloHexane

5 

# DichloroDiphenyldichloroEthylene

6 

# DichloroDiphenylDichloroethane

7 

# DichloroDiphenylTrichloroethane

8 

# Log K

ow 

# Estimated by EPI Suite

9 

# Interferant prohi bited quantitation

Blank Cells indicate no certified, or refernce value for the SRM, and/or not detected here.



# Metals

Detailed laboratory QA/QC procedures are specified in the WACAP QAPP. Quality control at

the USGS National Research Program Laborator y in Boulder, Colorado, involves systematic

analysis of blanks, replicates, standard refe rence materials, and spike addi tion samples (see

Tables 3B-16 and 3B-17). Standa rd Reference Materials used fo r the quality control of fish

tissue analysis included National Research C ouncil of Canada SRM DOLT-1 Dogfish Liver,

DORM-1 Dogfish Muscle, TORT-1 Lobster hepatopancreas, and National Institute of Standards

and Technology Standard Reference Materials SR M 2976 Bivalve Tissue. Details, results and

figures are described in the Quality Assuran ce/Quality Control Section of the database.

3B-21

# Table 3B-16. Metals and Detection Limits for Fi sh Fillet Tissue Analyses Performed at the USGS

National Research Program Laboratory, Boulder, Colorado. Concentrations in dry weight, assuming a

0.2-g sample size (1:2 dilution).

Analyte Units Detection

Limit Analyte Units Detection Limit

Al μg/g < 0.9 Mn μg/g < 0.2

As μg/g < 0.03 Mo μg/g < 0..02

B μg/g <1 Na Wt% < 0.002

Ba μg/g <0.008 Nd μg/g < 0.001

Be μg/g < 0.02 Ni μg/g < 0.05

Bi μg/g < 0.002 Pb μg/g < 0.01

Ca Wt% <0.0008 Pr μg/g < 0.0003

Cd μg/g < 0.005 Rb μg/g < 0.007

Ce μg/g < 0.001 Re μg/g < 0.0009

Co μg/g < 0.009 Sb μg/g < 0.003

Cr μg/g < 0.3 Se μg/g < 0.2

Cs μg/g <0.02 Sm μg/g < 0.001

Cu μg/g < 0.03 Sr μg/g < 0.03

Dy μg/g < 0.002 Tb μg/g < 0.0002

Er μg/g < 0.002 Te μg/g < 0.01

Eu μg/g < 0.0005 Tl μg/g < 0.006

Fe μg/g <11 Tm μg/g < 0.0004

Gd μg/g < 0.001 U μg/g < 0.0009

Ho μg/g < 0.0003 V μg/g < 0.05

K Wt% <0.002 W μg/g < 0.001

La μg/g < 0.0006 Y μg/g < 0.0003

Li μg/g < 0.03 Yb μg/g < 0.009

Lu μg/g < 0.0004 Zn μg/g < 0.4

Mg Wt% < 0.0008 Zr μg/g < 0.002

3B-22

# Table 3B-17. Metals and Detection Limits for Fi sh Liver Tissue Analyses Performed at the USGS

National Research Program Laboratory, Boulder, Colorado. Concentrations in dry weight, assuming a

0.1-g sample size (1:2 dilution).

Analyte Units Detection

Limit Analyte Units Detection Limit

Al μg/g < 0.6 Mn μg/g < 0.5

As μg/g < 0.1 Mo μg/g < 0..04

B μg/g <5 Na Wt% < 0.004

Ba μg/g <0.03 Nd μg/g < 0.002

Be μg/g < 0.02 Ni μg/g < 0.06

Bi μg/g < 0.005 Pb μg/g < 0.009

Ca Wt% <0.003 Pr μg/g < 0.0005

Cd μg/g < 0.01 Rb μg/g < 0.01

Ce μg/g < 0.002 Re μg/g < 0.001

Co μg/g < 0.01 Sb μg/g < 0.005

Cr μg/g < 0.4 Se μg/g < 0.3

Cs μg/g <0.1 Sm μg/g < 0.003

Cu μg/g < 0.1 Sr μg/g < 0.04

Dy μg/g < 0.002 Tb μg/g < 0.0005

Er μg/g < 0.003 Te μg/g < 0.02

Eu μg/g < 0.0009 Tl μg/g < 0.03

Fe μg/g <16 Tm μg/g < 0.0004

Gd μg/g < 0.002 U μg/g < 0.001

Ho μg/g < 0.0005 V μg/g < 0.05

K Wt% <0.004 W μg/g < 0.004

La μg/g < 0.0008 Y μg/g < 0.0006

Li μg/g < 0.04 Yb μg/g < 0.002

Lu μg/g < 0.0005 Zn μg/g < 0.5

Mg Wt% < 0.001 Zr μg/g < 0.01

3B-23

# Moose QA/QC

SOCs

Detailed laboratory QA/QC procedures for SO Cs are specified in the WACAP QAPP. Because

so few m oose samples were analyzed for SO Cs, detailed recovery and estimated method

detection limits experiments for moose were no t conducted. However, the SOC recoveries and

estimated method detection limits were simila r to those for fish (see Table 3B-15).

Metals

Detailed laboratory QA/QC procedures are specified in the WACAP QAPP. Quality control at

the USGS National Research Program laborator y in Boulder, Colorado, involves systematic

analysis of blanks, replicates, st andard reference materials, and spike addition samples (see Table

3B-18). Standard reference materials used for the quality control of moose tissue analysis

included National Institute of Standards and Technology SRM 8414 Bovine Muscle Powder and

SRM 1577b Bovine Liver. Details, results, a nd figures are described in the Quality

Assurance/Quality Control Section of the database.

Table 3B-18. Metals and Detection Limits for Moose Tissue Analyses Performed at the USGS

National Research Program Laboratory, Boulder, Colorado. Concentrations in dry weight, assuming a

0.2-g sample size (1:2 dilution).

Analyte

Units Detection

Limit Analyte

Units Detection Limit

Al μg/g < 7 Mn μg/g < 0.03

As μg/g < 0.007 Mo μg/g < 0..006

B μg/g <9 Na Wt% < 0.0002

Ba μg/g <0.03 Nd μg/g < 0.0006

Be μg/g < 0.006 Ni μg/g < 0.03

Bi μg/g < 0.004 Pb μg/g < 0.006

Ca Wt% <0.001 Pr μg/g < 0.0002

Cd μg/g < 0.004 Rb μg/g < 0.003

Ce μg/g < 0.002 Re μg/g < 0.0004

Co μg/g < 0.004 Sb μg/g < 0.01

Cr μg/g < 0.04 Se μg/g < 0.04

Cs μg/g <03 Sm μg/g < 0.0003

Cu μg/g < 0.02 Sr μg/g < 0.01

Dy μg/g < 0.0003 Tb μg/g < 0.0001

Er μg/g < 0.0004 Te μg/g < 0.006

Eu μg/g < 0.0002 Tl μg/g < 0.003

Fe μg/g <1 Tm μg/g < 0.0001

Gd μg/g < 0.0005 U μg/g < 0.0001

Ho μg/g < 0.0001 V μg/g < 0.005

K Wt% <0.0005 W μg/g < 0.003

3B-24

# Analyte

Units Detection

Limit Analyte

Units Detection Limit

La μg/g < 0.0008 Y μg/g < 0.0003

Li μg/g < 0.009 Yb μg/g < 0.0003

Lu μg/g < 0.0001 Zn μg/g < 0.9

Mg Wt% < 0.002 Zr μg/g < 0.002

3B-25APPENDIX 4ADetailed Information on Contaminants inVegetation, Including Elevation TrendsAppendix 4A.1. Comparison of Mean SOC Concentrations inDifferent Lichen Species Sampled from the Same Sites.NotesStandard error uses a pooled estimate of variance.One way analysis of variance by site and SOC was conducted for all sites where more than one species of lichen was sampled.If no values for a site were > EDLs, then no data was used for that SOC.If any value for a site was > EDLs, then 1/2 EDLS were used for samples below EDLS.DENA5Flavocetraria cucullatahad 7-50X higher concentrations thanMasonhalea richardsoniiof all SOCs but dacthalOne-way Analysis of Dacthal by SpeciesSourceDFSum of SquaresMean SquareF RatioProb > FIncrease (fold)Species10.010208330.0102080.0750.8099NAError20.272266670.136133C. Total30.282475LevelNumberMeanStd ErrorLower 95%Upper 95%Flavocetraria cucullata10.770.36896-0.81752.3575Masonhalea richardsonii30.8866670.21302-0.02991.8032One-way Analysis of Endosulfans by SpeciesSourceDFSum of SquaresMean SquareF RatioProb > FSpecies176.60853376.6085898.80950.00116.7Error20.1704670.0852C. Total376.779LevelNumberMeanStd ErrorLower 95%Upper 95%Flavocetraria cucullata111.870.2919510.61413.1264A-1Masonhalea richardsonii31.76330.168561.0382.489One-way Analysis of HCB by SpeciesSourceDFSum of SquaresMean SquareF RatioProb > FSpecies1219.85707219.85722434.390.004322.6Error10.00980.01C. Total2219.86687LevelNumberMeanStd ErrorLower 95%Upper 95%Flavocetraria cucullata1190.0989917.7420.258Masonhalea richardsonii20.840.07-0.051.729One-way Analysis of a-HCH by SpeciesSourceDFSum of SquaresMean SquareF RatioProb > FSpecies1111.2643111.2644295.9190.000215.9Error20.05180.026C. Total3111.3161LevelNumberMeanStd ErrorLower 95%Upper 95%Flavocetraria cucullata1130.1609312.30813.692Masonhalea richardsonii30.820.092920.421.22One-way Analysis of g-HCH by SpeciesSourceDFSum of SquaresMean SquareF RatioProb > FSpecies118.007518.0075720300<.000150.0Error20.000050C. Total318.00755LevelNumberMeanStd ErrorLower 95%Upper 95%Flavocetraria cucullata150.0054.97855.0215Masonhalea richardsonii30.10.002890.08760.11244A-2One-way Analysis of PAHs by SpeciesSourceDFSum of SquaresMean SquareF RatioProb > FSpecies181870.64281870.61062.5270.000948.2Error2154.10677.1C. Total382024.748LevelNumberMeanStd ErrorLower 95%Upper 95%Flavocetraria cucullata1337.48.778299.6375.17Masonhalea richardsonii37.0055.068-14.828.81One-way Analysis of Total Current Use by SpeciesSourceDFSum of SquaresMean SquareF RatioProb > FSpecies174.85007574.8501290.45430.00344.8Error20.51540.2577C. Total375.365475LevelNumberMeanStd ErrorLower 95%Upper 95%Flavocetraria cucullata112.640.5076410.45614.824Masonhalea richardsonii32.650.293091.3893.911One-way Analysis of Total Historic Use by SpeciesSourceDFSum of SquaresMean SquareF RatioProb > FSpecies1946.2528946.2532344.0960.000425.0Error20.807350.404C. Total3947.06015LevelNumberMeanStd ErrorLower 95%Upper 95%Flavocetraria cucullata1370.6353534.2739.734Masonhalea richardsonii31.480.36682-0.13.0584A-3One-way Analysis of Total Pesticides by SpeciesSourceDFSum of SquaresMean SquareF RatioProb > FSpecies11553.37011553.371189.6150.000812.0Error22.61151.31C. Total31555.9816LevelNumberMeanStd ErrorLower 95%Upper 95%Flavocetraria cucullata149.641.142744.72354.557Masonhalea richardsonii34.130.65971.2916.969One-way Analysis of % Current Use by SpeciesSourceDFSum of SquaresMean SquareF RatioProb > FSpecies10.119557140.11955726.53540.035726.5Error20.009011140.004506C. Total30.12856828LevelNumberMeanStd ErrorLower 95%Upper 95%Flavocetraria cucullata10.2546330.06712-0.03420.54344Masonhalea richardsonii30.6538950.038750.48720.82064WRST1Platismatia glaucahas 2.5x higher HCBs and PAHs compared toHypogymnia apinnata.One-way Analysis of Dacthal ng/g Lipid by SpeciesSourceDFSum of SquaresMean SquareF RatioProb > FIncrease (fold)Species11.70666671.7066721.33330.1357NAError10.080.08C. Total21.78666674A-4LevelNumberMeanStd ErrorLower 95%Upper 95%Hypogymnia apinnata21.80.2-0.74124.3412Platismatia glauca13.40.28284-0.19396.9939One-way Analysis of Endosulfans ng/g Lipid by SpeciesSourceDFSum of SquaresMean SquareF RatioProb > FNASpecies11.7066671.70670.03860.8765Error144.1844.18C. Total245.886667LevelNumberMeanStd ErrorLower 95%Upper 95%Hypogymnia apinnata250.84.7-8.92110.52Platismatia glauca152.46.6468-32.06136.86One-way Analysis of HCB ng/g Lipid by SpeciesSourceDFSum of SquaresMean SquareF RatioProb > FSpecies15280.66675280.67293.37040.03712.5Error11818C. Total25298.6667LevelNumberMeanStd ErrorLower 95%Upper 95%Hypogymnia apinnata261322.88199.12Platismatia glauca11504.242696.092203.91One-way Analysis of a-HCH ng/g Lipid by SpeciesSourceDFSum of SquaresMean SquareF RatioProb > FSpecies1682.66667682.66713.65330.1683NAError15050C. Total2732.66667LevelNumberMeanStd ErrorLower 95%Upper 95%Hypogymnia apinnata2225-41.5385.534A-5Platismatia glauca1547.0711-35.85143.85One-way Analysis of g-HCH ng/g Lipid by SpeciesSourceDFSum of SquaresMean SquareF RatioProb > FSpecies126.4626.4610.93390.187NAError12.422.42C. Total228.88LevelNumberMeanStd ErrorLower 95%Upper 95%Hypogymnia apinnata27.71.1-6.27721.677Platismatia glauca1141.5556-5.76633.766One-way Analysis of Chlordanes ng/g Lipid by SpeciesSourceDFSum of SquaresMean SquareF RatioProb > FSpecies11.02506671.025070.43940.6273NAError12.33282.3328C. Total23.3578667LevelNumberMeanStd ErrorLower 95%Upper 95%Hypogymnia apinnata22.811.08-10.9116.533Platismatia glauca14.051.5274-15.3623.457One-way Analysis of PCBs ng/g Lipid by SpeciesSourceDFSum of SquaresMean SquareF RatioProb > FSpecies10.72801670.728020.46480.6191NAError11.566451.56645C. Total22.2944667LevelNumberMeanStd ErrorLower 95%Upper 95%Hypogymnia apinnata23.4550.885-7.7914.7Platismatia glauca14.51.2516-11.420.4034A-6One-way Analysis of PAHs ng/g Lipid by SpeciesSourceDFSum of SquaresMean SquareF RatioProb > FSpecies14676368.24676368660.45730.02482.6Error17080.57081C. Total24683448.7LevelNumberMeanStd ErrorLower 95%Upper 95%Hypogymnia apinnata21697.559.5941.52453.5Platismatia glauca1434684.1463276.85415.2WRST5Platismatia glaucahas 5-17X higher dacthal, endosulfans, HCBs, a-HCH, g-HCH, chlordanes, pcbs, & PAHs compared toAlectoria sarmentosaOne-way Analysis of Dacthal ng/g Lipid by SpeciesSourceDFSum of SquaresMean SquareF RatioProb > FIncrease (fold)Species17.37041677.37042510.06340.02829.9Error10.014450.01445C. Total27.3848667LevelNumberMeanStd ErrorLower 95%Upper 95%Alectoria sarmentosa20.3750.085-0.7051.455Platismatia glauca13.70.120212.1735.2274One-way Analysis of Endosulfans ng/g Lipid by SpeciesSourceDFSum of SquaresMean SquareF RatioProb > FSpecies13952.413952.4120899.780.004417.1Error10.18910.19C. Total23952.5991LevelNumberMeanStd ErrorLower 95%Upper 95%Alectoria sarmentosa24.78250.30750.8758.69Platismatia glauca181.780.4348776.25487.3064A-7One-way Analysis of HCB ng/g Lipid by SpeciesSourceDFSum of SquaresMean SquareF RatioProb > FSpecies11713.661713.661338.7970.017410.6Error11.281.28C. Total21714.94LevelNumberMeanStd ErrorLower 95%Upper 95%Alectoria sarmentosa25.30.8-4.8615.465Platismatia glauca1561.131441.6270.375One-way Analysis of a-HCH ng/g Lipid by SpeciesSourceDFSum of SquaresMean SquareF RatioProb > FSpecies1468.16667468.167477.72110.02918.6Error10.980.98C. Total2469.14667LevelNumberMeanStd ErrorLower 95%Upper 95%Alectoria sarmentosa23.50.7-5.3912.394Platismatia glauca1300.9899517.4242.579One-way Analysis of g-HCH ng/g Lipid by SpeciesSourceDFSum of SquaresMean SquareF RatioProb > FSpecies118.23526718.235383.72480.06935.9Error10.21780.2178C. Total218.453067LevelNumberMeanStd ErrorLower 95%Upper 95%Alectoria sarmentosa21.070.33-3.1235.263Platismatia glauca16.30.466690.3712.23One-way Analysis of Chlordanes ng/g Lipid by Species4A-8SourceDFSum of SquaresMean SquareF RatioProb > FSpecies12.574152.57415142.61220.05325.1Error10.018050.01805C. Total22.5922LevelNumberMeanStd ErrorLower 95%Upper 95%Alectoria sarmentosa20.4850.095-0.72211.6921Platismatia glauca12.450.134350.74294.1571One-way Analysis of PCBs ng/g Lipid by SpeciesSourceDFSum of SquaresMean SquareF RatioProb > FSpecies14.29091274.29091709.24180.02395.6Error10.006050.00605C. Total24.2969627LevelNumberMeanStd ErrorLower 95%Upper 95%Alectoria sarmentosa20.5530.055-0.1461.2518Platismatia glauca13.090.077782.1024.0783One-way Analysis of PAHs ng/g Lipid by SpeciesSourceDFSum of SquaresMean SquareF RatioProb > FSpecies12623046.5262304762660.490.00258.4Error141.942C. Total22623088.4LevelNumberMeanStd ErrorLower 95%Upper 95%Alectoria sarmentosa2267.434.575209.3325.6Platismatia glauca122516.472168.82333.2STLE1Platismatia glaucahas 3.4 to 17.1x higher concentrations of dacthal, endosulfans,HCB,a-HCH, chlordanes, PCBs and PAHs thanAlectoria sarmentosa4A-9One-way Analysis of Dacthal by SpeciesSourceDFSum of SquaresMean SquareF RatioProb > FIncrease (fold)Species1.007.377.37510.060.039.9Error1.000.010.01C. Total2.007.38LevelNumberMeanStd ErrorLower 95%Upper 95%Alectoria sarmentosa2.000.380.09-0.711.46Platismatia glauca1.003.700.122.175.23One-way Analysis of Endosulfans by SpeciesSourceDFSum of SquaresMean SquareF RatioProb > FSpecies1.003952.413952.4120899.780.0017.1Error1.000.190.19C. Total2.003952.60LevelNumberMeanStd ErrorLower 95%Upper 95%Alectoria sarmentosa2.004.780.310.888.69Platismatia glauca1.0081.780.4376.2587.31One-way Analysis of HCB by SpeciesSourceDFSum of SquaresMean SquareF RatioProb > FSpecies1.001713.661713.661338.800.0210.6Error1.001.281.28C. Total2.001714.94LevelNumberMeanStd ErrorLower 95%Upper 95%Alectoria sarmentosa2.005.300.80-4.8615.47Platismatia glauca1.0056.001.1341.6270.38One-way Analysis of a-HCH by SpeciesSourceDFSum of SquaresMean SquareF RatioProb > F4A-10Species1.00468.17468.17477.720.038.6Error1.000.980.98C. Total2.00469.15LevelNumberMeanStd ErrorLower 95%Upper 95%Alectoria sarmentosa2.003.500.70-5.3912.39Platismatia glauca1.0030.000.9917.4242.58One-way Analysis of g-HCH by SpeciesSourceDFSum of SquaresMean SquareF RatioProb > FSpecies1.0018.2418.2483.720.075.9Error1.000.220.22C. Total2.0018.45LevelNumberMeanStd ErrorLower 95%Upper 95%Alectoria sarmentosa2.001.070.33-3.125.26Platismatia glauca1.006.300.470.3712.23One-way Analysis of Chlordanes by SpeciesSourceDFSum of SquaresMean SquareF RatioProb > FSpecies1.002.572.57142.610.055.1Error1.000.020.02C. Total2.002.59LevelNumberMeanStd ErrorLower 95%Upper 95%Alectoria sarmentosa2.000.490.10-0.721.69Platismatia glauca1.002.450.130.744.16One-way Analysis of PCBs by SpeciesSourceDFSum of SquaresMean SquareF RatioProb > FSpecies1.001.191.19196.980.053.44A-11Error1.000.010.01C. Total2.001.20LevelNumberMeanStd ErrorLower 95%Upper 95%Alectoria sarmentosa2.000.550.06-0.151.25Platismatia glauca1.001.890.080.902.88One-way Analysis of PAHs by SpeciesSourceDFSum of SquaresMean SquareF RatioProb > FSpecies1.002623046.502623047.0062660.490.008.4Error1.0041.9042.00C. Total2.002623088.40LevelNumberMeanStd ErrorLower 95%Upper 95%Alectoria sarmentosa2.00267.434.58209.30325.60Platismatia glauca1.002251.006.472168.802333.20OLYM5Bryoriahas 2.5-5x higher concentrations of dacthal, endosulfans, and pcbs compared toAlectoria sarmentosaOne-way Analysis of Trifluralin ng/g Lipid by SpeciesSourceDFSum of SquaresMean SquareF RatioProb > FIncrease (fold)Species00...NAError25.28666672.64333C. Total25.2866667LevelNumberMeanStd ErrorLower 95%Upper 95%Bryoria32.233330.93868-1.8056.2721One-way Analysis of Chlorpyrifos ng/g Lipid by Species4A-12SourceDFSum of SquaresMean SquareF RatioProb > FSpecies110.12003310.122.56640.2503NAError27.8866673.9433C. Total318.0067LevelNumberMeanStd ErrorLower 95%Upper 95%Alectoria sarmentosa10.161.9858-8.3848.7041Bryoria33.833331.1465-1.18.7663One-way Analysis of Dacthal ng/g Lipid by SpeciesSourceDFSum of SquaresMean SquareF RatioProb > FSpecies1280.33333280.3339.24180.09332.5Error260.6666730.333C. Total3341LevelNumberMeanStd ErrorLower 95%Upper 95%Alectoria sarmentosa1135.5076-10.736.697Bryoria332.33333.179818.6546.015One-way Analysis of Endosulfans ng/g Lipid by SpeciesSourceDFSum of SquaresMean SquareF RatioProb > FSpecies160847.52160847.524.10440.03915.4Error25048.6672524.3C. Total365896.188LevelNumberMeanStd ErrorLower 95%Upper 95%Alectoria sarmentosa164.550.243-151.7280.68Bryoria3349.33329.008224.5474.14One-way Analysis of HCB ng/g Lipid by SpeciesSourceDFSum of SquaresMean SquareF RatioProb > FSpecies14.0833334.08330.10120.7805NA4A-13Error280.66666740.3333C. Total384.75LevelNumberMeanStd ErrorLower 95%Upper 95%Alectoria sarmentosa1356.35097.67462.326Bryoria332.66673.666716.8948.443One-way Analysis of a-HCH ng/g Lipid by SpeciesSourceDFSum of SquaresMean SquareF RatioProb > FSpecies12581.33332581.335.26440.1487NAError2980.6667490.33C. Total33562LevelNumberMeanStd ErrorLower 95%Upper 95%Alectoria sarmentosa13622.143-59.28131.28Bryoria394.666712.78539.66149.67One-way Analysis of g-HCH ng/g Lipid by SpeciesSourceDFSum of SquaresMean SquareF RatioProb > FSpecies1918.75918.756.250.1296NAError2294147C. Total31212.75LevelNumberMeanStd ErrorLower 95%Upper 95%Alectoria sarmentosa11112.124-41.1763.167Bryoria346715.8876.119One-way Analysis of Chlordanes ng/g Lipid by SpeciesSourceDFSum of SquaresMean SquareF RatioProb > FSpecies17.0610027.0611.46010.3504NAError29.6716674.83583C. Total316.7326694A-14LevelNumberMeanStd ErrorLower 95%Upper 95%Alectoria sarmentosa11.7652.1991-7.69711.227Bryoria34.833331.2696-0.62910.296One-way Analysis of PCBs ng/g Lipid by SpeciesSourceDFSum of SquaresMean SquareF RatioProb > FSpecies1195.8592195.85918.76840.04945.1Error220.871210.436C. Total3216.7304LevelNumberMeanStd ErrorLower 95%Upper 95%Alectoria sarmentosa13.943.2304-9.9617.839Bryoria320.11.865112.0828.125One-way Analysis of PAHs ng/g Lipid by SpeciesAnalysis of VarianceSourceDFSum of SquaresMean SquareF RatioProb > FSpecies115624.08315624.10.63560.5089NAError249162.16724581.1C. Total364786.25LevelNumberMeanStd ErrorLower 95%Upper 95%Alectoria sarmentosa13841.5156.783166.94516.1Bryoria33697.1790.523307.74086.6GLAC5Letharia vulpinahas higher concentrations of 50 x more chlorpyrifos and 2x more g-HCH thanHypogymnia physodes.H. physodeshas higher concentrations of 2-10X higher HCB, a-HCH (p > F =0.06), chlordanes, ddts, PCBs and PAHs thanL. vulpina.One-way Analysis of Triallate ng/g Lipid by Species4A-15SourceDFSum of SquaresMean SquareF RatioProb > FIncrease (fold)Species10.4408330.440830.04760.8475Error218.5266679.26333C. Total318.9675LevelNumberMeanStd ErrorLower 95%Upper 95%Hypogymnia physodes312.76671.75725.20620.327Letharia vulpina1123.0436-1.09525.095One-way Analysis of Chlorpyrifos ng/g Lipid by SpeciesSourceDFSum of SquaresMean SquareF RatioProb > FSpecies1161.48003161.4815514.49<.000145.9Error20.020820.01C. Total3161.50085LevelNumberMeanStd ErrorLower 95%Upper 95%Hypogymnia physodes30.32670.05890.0730.58Letharia vulpina1150.1020214.56115.439One-way Analysis of Dacthal ng/g Lipid by SpeciesSourceDFSum of SquaresMean SquareF RatioProb > FSpecies1270027003.85710.1885NAError21400700C. Total34100LevelNumberMeanStd ErrorLower 95%Upper 95%Hypogymnia physodes322015.275154.28285.72Letharia vulpina116026.45846.16273.84One-way Analysis of Endosulfans ng/g Lipid by SpeciesSourceDFSum of SquaresMean SquareF RatioProb > FSpecies13104.08333104.081.50810.3443NA4A-16Error24116.66672058.33C. Total37220.75LevelNumberMeanStd ErrorLower 95%Upper 95%Hypogymnia physodes3814.33326.194701.63927.04Letharia vulpina175045.369554.79945.21One-way Analysis of HCB ng/g Lipid by SpeciesSourceDFSum of SquaresMean SquareF RatioProb > FSpecies1752.08333752.08333.67540.02842.4Error244.6666722.333C. Total3796.75LevelNumberMeanStd ErrorLower 95%Upper 95%Hypogymnia physodes353.66672.728541.92765.406Letharia vulpina1224.72581.66642.334One-way Analysis of a-HCH ng/g Lipid by SpeciesSourceDFSum of SquaresMean SquareF RatioProb > FSpecies1690.08333690.08313.18630.06822.7Error2104.6666752.333C. Total3794.75LevelNumberMeanStd ErrorLower 95%Upper 95%Hypogymnia physodes348.33334.176730.3666.304Letharia vulpina1187.2342-13.1349.126One-way Analysis of g-HCH ng/g Lipid by SpeciesSourceDFSum of SquaresMean SquareF RatioProb > FSpecies11656.751656.7533.81120.02831.7Error29849C. Total31754.754A-17LevelNumberMeanStd ErrorLower 95%Upper 95%Hypogymnia physodes3634.041545.61180.39Letharia vulpina1110779.881140.12One-way Analysis of Chlordanes ng/g Lipid by SpeciesSourceDFSum of SquaresMean SquareF RatioProb > FSpecies148.40083348.4008104.46220.00942.1Error20.9266670.4633C. Total349.3275LevelNumberMeanStd ErrorLower 95%Upper 95%Hypogymnia physodes315.23330.3929913.54216.924Letharia vulpina17.20.680694.27110.129One-way Analysis of DDTs ng/g Lipid by SpeciesSourceDFSum of SquaresMean SquareF RatioProb > FSpecies113722.80313722.8541.68960.00189.8Error250.66725.3C. Total313773.47LevelNumberMeanStd ErrorLower 95%Upper 95%Hypogymnia physodes3150.6672.9059138.2163.17Letharia vulpina115.45.0332-6.337.06One-way Analysis of PCBs ng/g Lipid by SpeciesAnalysis of VarianceSourceDFSum of SquaresMean SquareF RatioProb > FSpecies125.17203325.17249.3150.01971.8Error21.0208670.5104C. Total326.19294A-184A-193 12.7533 49 9 845 3.886 482683.1Error 216.13 33464.3 7.9 53 751 10744.9 7.5 2 97LevelNumberMeanStd ErrorLower 95%Upper 95%Hypogymnia physodes0.41210.9714.52Letharia vulpina1 6.960.71410.03One-way Analysis of PAHs ng/g Lipid by SpeciesSourceDFSum of SquaresMean SquareF RatioProb > FSpecies 138712948891.45387129480.010846623242331C. Total3395595720LevelNumberMeanStd ErrorLower 95%Upper 95%Hypogymnia physodes118283385Letharia vulpina205189195

# Appendix 4A.2. Mean Total Pesticide Burdens (ng/g lipid) in WACAP Parks by Lichen

Genus. Parks not connected by the same letter are significantly different. Levels not connected

by same letter are significantly different.

Park Within Genus Total Pesticides (ng/g lipid) Notes

Alectoria

Park Mean

MORA A 168.23 MORA > STLE

OLYM A B 139.68 OLYM = NOCA = GLBA = STLE

NOCA A B 102.88

GLBA A B 74.98

STLE B 23.97

Flavocetraria

Park Mean

KATM A 37.30 KATM = WRST= DENA

WRST A 25.80

DENA A 18.94

Hypogymnia

Park Mean

GLAC A 1378.33 GLAC > WRST , KATM

WRST B 108.44 WRST = KATM

KATM B 82.97

Letharia

Park Mean

GLAC A 947.20 GLAC, SEKI > CRLA, LAVO

SEKI A 899.59 GLAC = SEKI = YOSE = GRTE

YOSE A B 615.57 CRLA = LAVO = GRTE = YOSE

CRLA B 306.51

GRTE A B 264.44

LAVO B 218.42

Lobaria

Park Mean

OLYM A 58.33 OLYM = STLE

STLE A 46.33

Masonhalea

Park Mean

NOAT A 3.88 GAAR > NOAT

DENA A B 3.08 DENA = NOAT

GAAR B 1.96 DENA = GAAR

Platismatia

Park Mean

GLAC A 1504.40 GLAC > STLE

NOCA A B 485.10 GLAC =NOCA = WRST= GLBA

STLE B 327.78

WRST A B 277.85

GLBA A B 258.80

Usnea

Park Mean

BAND A 257.95 BAND = BIBE = GRTE

BIBE A 222.89

GRTE A 212.61

Xanthoparmelia

Park Mean

GRSA A 899.95 GRSA > ROMO

BAND A B 179.29 BAND = YOSE = ROMO

YOSE A B 173.04

ROMO B 28.45



# 4A- 

# 20

# Appendix 4A.3. Comparisons of SOC Concentrations in the Epiphytic Lichen, Hypogy mnia

physod es , and the Tundra Lichen, Flavocetraria cucullata , from Three Sites Each in Katmai

National Park. Comparisons provide evidence that c oncentrations of endosulfans, HCB, HCHs,

PCBs and PAHs were 1.5- to 4.6-fold higher in H. physodes than in F. cucullata (t-tests, assuming

equal variances, p < 0.05).

SOC H. physodes

Park Mean (ng/g lipid) F. cucullata

Park Mean (ng/g lipid) H. ph./F. cu.

Ratio Significant?

(p < 0.05)

Endosulfan 32.30 7.10 4.55 Y

HCB 30.30 20.00 1.52 Y

a-HCH 12.30 6.70 1.84 Y

g-HCH 3.50 1.72 2.03 Y

PCBs 2.91 0.67 4.34 Y

PAHs 406.00 118.00 3.44 Y

Chlordanes 3.75 1.08 3.47 N

Dacthal 0.72 0.44 1.64 N



# Appendix 4A.4. Comparisons of SOC Concentrations in the Epiphytic Lichens, Platis matia

glauca and Alectoria sar mentosa

, from Three Sites Each in the Stikine LeConte Wilderness.

Comparisons provide evidence that concentration s of dacthal, endosulfans, HCB, HCHs, PCBs

and PAHs were 3.8 to 22.2 fold higher in P. glauca than A. sarmentosa (t-tests, assuming equal

variances, p < 0.05).

SOC P. glauca

Park Mean (ng/g lipid) A. sarmentosa

Park Mean (ng/g lipid) P. gl./A. sa.

Ratio Significant?

(p < 0.05)

Endosulfan 12.67 0.70 18.10 Y

HCB 156.16 7.03 22.21 Y

a-HCH 81.50 6.32 12.90 Y

g-HCH 58.75 7.20 8.16 Y

PCBs 14.07 2.01 7.00 Y

PAHs 4.62 0.71 6.51 N

Chlordanes 4.45 1.15 3.87 Y

Dacthal 1648.00 156.00 10.56 Y

4A- 

# 21

# 4A- 

# 22 Appendix 4A.5. Mean Total Pesticide Burdens (ng/g lipid) in WACAP Parks by Conifer

Genus. Parks not connected by the same letter are significantly different. Levels not connected

by same letter are significantly different

Park within Genus Total Pesticides (ng/g lipid) Notes

True fir (Abies)

Park Mean

SEKI A 472.46 SEKI > CRLA, MORA, GLAC, NOCA,

ROMO , OL YM

LAVO A B 270.61

CRLA B 180.19

MORA B 173.29

GLAC B 136.23

NOCA B 118.82

GRTE A B 86.12

ROMO B 73.70

OLYM B 67.93

Spruce (Picea)

Park Mean

GLAC A 103.67 GLAC > GLBA, ROMO, STLE, WRST,

KATM, DENA

GLBA B 48.88 GLBA > KATM, DENA

ROMO B C 42.52

STLE B C D 35.97

WRST B C D 19.46

KATM C D 15.17

DENA D 11.18

Pine (Pin us)

Park Mean

YOSE A 118.64 YOSE > GRSA, BAND

SEKI A B 94.27

GRTE A B 25.19

BIBE A B 23.88

CRLA A B 21.94

GRSA B 15.01

BAND B 12.60

Douglas-fir (Pse udotsu ga)

Park Mean

GLAC A 155.59 GLAC > NOCA

NOCA B 70.52

Western hemlock (Tsuga )

Park M ean

GLAC A 550.92 GLAC > MORA, OLYM

MORA B 193.50 MORA = NOCA = OLYM

NOCA A B 178.94

OLYM B 119.19Appendix 4A.6. Comparison of Inter-generic Differences among Conifer SOC Concentrations (ng SOC/g conifer needle lipid) withinWACAP Parks Where More than One Genus of Conifer Was Sampled.Within park and contaminant, genera sharing a common letter do nothave different mean concentrations (Tukey-Kramer multiple means comparison test,α= 0.05). Results show that: (1) concentrations of manySOCs in pine (Pinus) were significantly lower than concentrations in true fir (Abies) from the same parks,(2) western hemlock (Tsuga) SOCconcentrations were similar to or higher than true firs, Douglas fir (Pseudotsuga), and spruce (Picea), and (3) spruce (Picea) and true firs weresimilar*.TrifluralinTriallateChlorpyrifosEndosulfansDacthalCurrent Useg-HCHa-HCHHCBHistoric UsePCBsPAHsGenusMeanMeanMeanMeanMeanMeanMeanMeanMeanMeanMeanMeanGRTEAbies5.80A1.10A30.3A20.0A57.2A14.0A14.0A28.9A0.56A870APinus4.13A1.12A3.4B7.9B16.5B3.50B4.9B8.7B0.60A16BSEKIAbies2.63A309.6A75.8A388.0A8.36A16.6A15.7A84.5A4.66A3960APinus2.00A29.9B38.3A70.3B2.90A5.3A5.8A24.0A0.38B1140BCRLAAbies0.34A77.7A33.7A111.8A5.80A26.2A33.8A68.4A1.39A1825APinus0.18B4.3A6.1A10.5A0.63B4.20B6.40A11.4B0.06B48AOLYMTsuga5.33A21.6A2.9A29.3A8.3A47.5A29.0A89.9A2.76A5787AAbies0.39B18.9A3.7A23.0B3.4B25.3B15.3B45.0B1.12A245BMORATsuga96.2A12.7A110.6A8.0A39.7A24.2A83.0A2.54A4129AAbies91.8A6.7B98.6A5.8A31.7A23.3A74.7A3.44A506BNOCATsuga62.0A13.0A75.0A11.0A49.0A35.0A103.9A2.27A4265AAbies42.1B9.5B51.6B5.2B31.0B25.3A67.2A1.30A2542APseud.24.4C5.2C29.6C2.0B17.0B19.0A40.9A0.50A241AGLACEAbies5.1B0.77B84.8A18.7B109.3A6.0A11.7A7.1A26.9A0.87A2345APseud.17.3A3.50A83.9A25.3A130.0A5.9A8.7A8.2A25.6A0.79A2209AROMOAbies0.31A29.8A20.5A50.4A3.4A9.2A8.2A23.4A1.09A382APicea1.05A5.6B12.7A19.4A16.2A2.8A2.1A23.2A0.49A88AGLACWTsuga22.7A3.70A231.8A112.3A370.6A41.2A67.7A50.5A180.4A3.23B47312APicea0.7A0.29A28.3B22.3A51.4B43.0A3.2A4.3A52.3A6.90A1043BNotes: The analysis ignores site effects within parks but sites on different sides of the continental divide (GLACeast, GLACwest) were not compared and sites influenced by localsources (OLYM1) were excluded.* Contaminant concentrations inAbieswas generally substantially higher thanPinus: especially in endosulfans ~ 10 x higher, dacthal2-5X higher, historic use g- and a-HCH, andHCB ~ 3-5x higher:Tsugawas usually somewhat higher than Abies by 1/3 to 3x.Pseudotsugawas similar toAbiesbut could be 2-3x lower in endosulfans and dacthal.Piceawassimilar toAbiesandTsugabut 5 (Abies) to 10 (Tsuga) x lower in endosulfans.4A-23Appendix 4A.7. Comparison of Lichen and Conifer SOC Concentrations.Results are given of paired t-tests from sites within the 20 WACAPparks at which both vegetationtypes were collected. Lichen concentrations were2- to 9-fold higher, or not different than, conifer needleconcentrations. N, number of sites, varies with detection frequency among sites. Bold-faced SOCs indicate lichen and conifer concentrations weresignificantly different (Prob > t < 0.05).SOCStatisticng/g lipidT-test ParameterT-test resultNotesTrifluralinLichenmeant-RatioConifermeanDF0Mean Difference-0.25Prob > |t|-2.0000% DifferenceProb > t2.0000Std ErrorProb < t-1.0000Upper95%N1Lower95%CorrelationNo difference, but only one pairTriallateLichenmean6.24t-Ratio-1.1972Conifermean11.46DF6Mean Difference-5.22Prob > |t|0.2764%Difference54Prob >t0.8618Std Error4.36Prob < t0.1382Upper95%5.45N7Lower95%-15.90Correlation0.33No difference; but only 7 pairsChlorpyrifosLichen mean8.47t-Ratio3.6789Conifermean2.80DF15Mean Difference5.67Prob > |t|0.0022%Difference302Prob >t0.0011Std Error1.54Prob < t0.9989Upper95%8.96N16Lower95%2.39Correlation0.67Lichens 3x higherDacthalLichen mean63.73t-Ratio4.0682Conifermean22.38DF59Mean Difference41.35Prob > |t|0.0001Lichens 3x higher4A-24%Difference285Prob > t0.0001Std Error10.16Prob < t0.9999Upper95%61.69N60Lower95%21.01Correlation0.59EndosulfansLichen mean188.36t-Ratio5.2249Conifermean51.38DF65Mean Difference136.98Prob > |t|0.0000%Difference367Prob >t0.0000Std Error26.22Prob < t1.0000Upper95%189.34N66Lower95%84.62Correlation0.45Lichens 4x higherHCBLichen mean24.66t-Ratio2.9045Conifermean14.40DF62Mean Difference10.26Prob > |t|0.0051%Difference171Prob >t0.0025Std Error3.53Prob < t0.9975Upper95%17.33N63Lower95%3.20Correlation0.01Lichens 2x higher; no correlationbetween veg typesa-HCHLichen mean18.60t-Ratio1.0468Conifermean15.45DF63Mean Difference3.15Prob > |t|0.2992%Difference120Prob >t0.1496Std Error3.00Prob < t0.8504Upper95%9.15N64Lower95%-2.86Correlation0.10Many pairs, no difference; poorcorrelation between veg typesg-HCHLichen mean13.21t-Ratio0.4303Conifermean11.86DF46Mean Difference1.35Prob > |t|0.6690Many pairs, no difference; poorcorrelation between veg types4A-25%Difference111Prob > t0.3345Std Error3.13Prob < t0.6655Upper95%7.64N47Lower95%-4.95Correlation0.27ChlordanesLichen mean6.59t-Ratio5.0010Conifermean2.69DF57Mean Difference3.90Prob > |t|0.0000%Difference245Prob >t0.0000Std Error0.78Prob < t1.0000Upper95%5.46N58Lower95%2.34Correlation0.46Lichens 2x higherDieldrinLichen mean7.27t-Ratio2.1543Conifermean4.51DF2Mean Difference2.76Prob > |t|0.1640%Difference161Prob >t0.0820Std Error1.28Prob < t0.9180Upper95%8.26N3Lower95%-2.75Correlation0.85No difference, but only 3 pairsDDTsLichen mean77.73t-Ratio3.6962Conifermean8.60DF15Mean Difference69.13Prob > |t|0.0022%Difference904Prob > t0.0011Std Error18.70Prob < t0.9989Upper95%108.99N16Lower95%29.26Correlation0.33Lichens 9X higherPCBsLichen mean4.92t-Ratio6.8672Conifermean1.75DF46Lichens 3X higher4A-264A-27Upp4.10N47Lo0.44Conif r1.62Upp2.05N64Mean Difference3.17Prob > |t|0.0000%Difference281Prob > t0.0000Std Error0.46Prob < t1.0000er95%wer95%2.24CorrelationPAHsLichen mean7294.10t-Ratio1.7279emean271DFLichens 3Xhigher, strongcorrelation between veg types63Mean Difference4582.48Prob > |t|0.0889%Difference269Prob > t0.0444Std Error2651.98Prob < t0.9556er95%988Lower95%-717.09Correlation0.87

# Appendix 4A.8. SOC Concentrations in Lichens



# In general, lichens growing on trees accumulate d higher concentrations of SOCs than lichens

growing on the ground, but there was much variab ility among species. For example, pesticide

concentrations in the best accumulators among the tundra lichens, F. cucullata and C. arbuscula

(grays), were comparable to or higher than those of the poorest epiphytic accumulator, A.

sarmentosa (black). Smoke from a forest fire in DENA during sampling could have boosted

PAHs at this park. Bars i ndicate one standard error.

4A- 

# 28

# Appendix 4A.9. SOC Concentrations in Lichens Xanthoparmelia and Usnea from BAND



# Despite major differences in grow th habit and form, the lichens Xanthoparmelia and Usnea from

BAND accumulated similar concentrations of many SOCs. Xanthoparelia is a flat, leafy lichen

that adheres closely to its rock substrates; Usnea is a hair-like or fila mentous lichen that hangs

from trees; they were sampled at the two lowest and three highest elevations, respectively. Snow

burial was not expected to limit exposure period at any of the sites. Bars indicate one standard

error.

4A- 

# 29

# Appendix 4A.10. Relationship between Elevation and SOC Concentrations in Lichens Showing

Significant Elevational Trends.



# Pesticides and PCBs increase wi th elevation as predicted by th e cold condensation hypothesis:

PAHs decrease with elevation. See Chapter 3 for da ta selection criteria for elevational trends

analyses. See Appendix 4A.11 for park name acronyms, lichen species, and evidence of

significant trends. Sites within pa rks are listed in order of incr easing elevation. Bars represent

one standard error.

4A- 

# 30

# Appendix 4A.10. (continued).

4A- 

# 31

# Appendix 4A.10. (continued).

4A- 

# 32

# Appendix 4A.11. Analysis of Elevation Trends. June 06, 2007.

Notes:

Parks and lichen species used in analyses:

BAND = Band o lier National Monument, Usnea (all other parks were compared to BAND)

CRLA = Crater Lake Natio nal Park, Letharia vulpina

GLAC = Gla c ier National Park, Platismatia glau ca

KATMF = Katmai National Park, Flavocetraria cucullata

KATMH = Katmai National Park, Hy pogymnia p hysodes

LAVO = Lassen Volcanic National Park, Letharia vulpina

MORA = Mt. Rainier National Park, Alectoria sarmentosa

NO CA = North Cascades National Park, Alectoria sarmentosa

SEKI = Sequoia-Kings Canyon National Park, Letha ri a vulpina

STLEA = Stikine Le Conte Wilderness, Alectoria sarmentosa sa m ples

STLEP = Stikine LeConte Wilderness, Platismatia glauca

See Methods chapte r for detailed description of multip le linear regression mo deli ng used in this analysis.

Best fit models are reported here. All SOC concentrations in ng/g lipid.

Chlorpyrifos

formula = Chlorpyrifos ~ Park + Elevm

Coefficients:

Value Std. Error t value Pr(> |t|)

(Intercept ) -3.0289 2.9688 -1.0202 0.3187

ParkGLAC 0.6053 1.8372 0.3295 0.7449

ParkMORA 5.1879 1.9115 2.7140 0.0127

ParkNOCA 5.2466 2.1913 2.3943 0.0256

Elevm 0.0035 0.0013 2.7512 0.0117

Residual standard error: 2.182 on 22 degrees of freedom

Multiple R-Squared: 0.5338

F-statistic: 6.297 on 4 and 22 degrees of freedom, the p-value is 0.001554

Residuals plot range between -2 and +4. Outliers cases 3, 8, 7.

Dacthal

formula = log(Dacthal) ~ Park + Elevm

Coefficients:

Value Std. Error t value Pr(> |t|)

(Intercept ) 1.3079 0.4548 2.8756 0.0055

ParkCRLA 0.4283 0.3229 1.3266 0.1895

ParkDENA -2.6363 0.3684 -7.1561 0.0000

ParkGLAC 2.9540 0.3446 8.5730 0.0000

ParkKATMF -3.0502 0.4448 -6.8582 0.0000

ParkKATMH -1.8507 0.5066 -3.6535 0.0005

ParkLAVO 0.9066 0.3368 2.6919 0.0091

ParkMORA 0.1803 0.3457 0.5216 0.6038

ParkNOCA -0.0177 0.4050 -0.0437 0.9653

ParkSEKI 1.6882 0. 2750 6.1383 0.0000

ParkSTLEA -2.1385 0.4717 -4.5336 0.0000

ParkSTLEP 0.5618 0.4509 1.2460 0.2174

Elevm 0.0010 0.0002 5.9044 0.0000

Residual standard error: 0.4726 on 62 degrees of freedom

Multiple R-Squared: 0.9654

F-statistic: 144.2 on 12 and 62 degrees of freedom, the p-value is 0

Residuals plot range between -1 and +1. Case 23 still very low outlier? Cases 2 and 9 outliers.

4A- 

# 33

# Endosulfan I

formula = log(EndosulfanI) ~ Park + Elevm

Coefficients:

Value Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|)

(Intercept) 1.0719 0.4124 2.5994 0.0117

ParkCRLA 0.3379 0.2927 1.1545 0.2527

ParkDENA -2.3074 0.3340 -6.9082 0.0000

ParkGLAC 1.0709 0.3124 3.4278 0.0011

ParkKATMF -0.8374 0.4032 -2.0767 0.0420

ParkKATMH -0.1960 0.4593 -0.4267 0.6711

ParkLAVO 0.0536 0.3053 0.1754 0.8613

ParkMORA 0.7714 0.3134 2.4610 0.0167

ParkNOCA 0.3777 0.3672 1.0286 0.3077

ParkSEKI 1.2972 0. 2494 5.2023 0.0000

ParkSTLEA -0.7928 0.4277 -1.8538 0.0685

ParkSTLEP 0.4945 0.4088 1.2095 0.2311

Elevm 0.0009 0.0001 6.4791 0.0000

Residual standard error: 0.4285 on 62 degrees of freedom

Multiple R-Squared: 0.9454

F-statistic: 89.46 on 12 and 62 degrees of freedom, the p-value is 0

Residuals plot range between -1 and +1.5. Outliers 23 (low) and 9 and 19.

Endosulfan II

formula = log(EndosulfanII) ~ Park + Elevm

Coefficients:

Value Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|)

(Intercept) 0.8008 0.6029 1.3283 0.1905

ParkCRLA 0.7646 0.4062 1.8824 0.0660

ParkGLAC 2.6674 0.4423 6.0307 0.0000

ParkLAVO 0.2030 0.4230 0.4799 0.6335

ParkMORA 1.0557 0.4466 2.3641 0.0223

ParkNOCA 0.7703 0.5208 1.4790 0.1458

ParkSEKI 2.2890 0. 3455 6.6257 0.0000

ParkST LEA -3.5596 0.6148 -5.7897 0.0000

ParkSTLEP -1.2996 0.5856 -2.2192 0.0313

Elevm 0.0008 0.0002 3.4741 0.0011

Residual standard error: 0.5928 on 47 degrees of freedom

Multiple R-Squared: 0.9297

F-statistic: 69.02 on 9 and 47 degrees of freedom, the p-value is 0

Residual plot range between -1 and +1. Case 11 very low, case 2 low, case 9 high outliers.

Endosulfan Sulfate

formula = log(Endosulfansulfate) ~ Park + Elevm

Coefficients:

Value Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|)

(Intercept) 2.3087 0.4924 4.6883 0.0000

ParkCRLA 0.5475 0.3496 1.5664 0.1224

ParkDENA -3.2553 0.3988 -8.1618 0.0000

ParkGLAC 2.9316 0.3730 7.8584 0.0000

ParkKATMF -1.6192 0.4815 -3.3626 0.0013

ParkKATMH 0.7742 0.5484 1.4117 0.1630

ParkLAVO 0.2440 0.3646 0.6693 0.5058

ParkMORA 0.7754 0.3743 2.0717 0.0425

4A- 

# 34

# ParkNOCA 0.4146 0.4384 0.9457 0.3480

ParkSEKI 1.3638 0. 2978 4.5803 0.0000

ParkST LEA -1.0649 0.5107 -2.0853 0.0412

Residual standard error: 0.5116 on 62 degrees of freedom

Multiple R-Squared: 0.9541

F-statistic: 107.3 on 12 and 62 degrees of freedom, the p-value is 0

Residual plot range between -1 and +1. Case 23 very low, case 2 low and 19 high outliers.

Sum Endosulfans

formula = log(SumEndosulfans) ~ Park + Elevm

Coefficients:

Value Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|)

(Intercept) 2.7285 0.4776 5.7130 0.0000

ParkCRLA 0.5354 0.3390 1.5792 0.1194

ParkDENA -3.0838 0.3868 -7.9718 0.0000

ParkGLAC 2.7030 0.3618 7.4708 0.0000

ParkKATMF -1.5187 0.4670 -3.2520 0.0019

ParkKATMH 0.4639 0.5319 0.8721 0.3865

ParkLAVO 0.1960 0.3536 0.5541 0.5815

ParkMORA 0.8161 0.3630 2.2482 0.0281

ParkNOCA 0.4569 0.4252 1.0745 0.2867

ParkSEKI 1.5097 0. 2888 5.2277 0.0000

ParkSTLEA -1.1371 0.4953 -2.2959 0.0251

ParkSTLEP 1.7579 0.4735 3.7129 0.0004

Elevm 0.0009 0.0002 5.1807 0.0000

Residual standard error: 0.4962 on 62 degrees of freedom

Multiple R-Squared: 0.9541

F-statistic: 107.3 on 12 and 62 degrees of freedom, the p-value is 0

Residual plot range between -1 and +1. Case 23 very low, 73 and 19 high outliers.

HCB

formula = sqrt(HCB) ~ Park + Elevm, data = HCB

Coefficients:

Value Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|)

(Intercept) 0.1100 0.6700 0.1641 0.8702

ParkCRLA 1.2685 0.4715 2.6906 0.0092

ParkDENA -0.0181 0.5564 -0.0325 0.9741

ParkGLAC 7.1881 0.5048 14.2398 0.0000

ParkKATMF 3.3725 0.6519 5.1730 0.0000

ParkKATMH 5.1370 0.7439 6.9051 0.0000

ParkLAVO 0.5347 0.4916 1.0876 0.2811

ParkMORA 1.5388 0.5070 3.0351 0.0036

ParkNOCA 1.5773 0.5935 2.6579 0.0101

ParkSEKI 0.8270 0. 4015 2.0598 0.0438

ParkSTLEA 1.9689 0.6928 2.8419 0.0061

ParkSTLEP 8.2182 0.6619 12.4167 0.0000

Elevm 0.0012 0.0002 5.1381 0.0000

Residual standard error: 0.6897 on 60 degrees of freedom

Multiple R-Squared: 0.9368

F-statistic: 74.15 on 12 and 60 degrees of freedom, the p-value is 0

Residual plot range between -1 and +2. Cases 2 (low) and 9 and 18 high.

4A- 

# 35

# α -HCH

formula = log(aHCH) ~ Park + Elevm

Coefficients:

Value Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|)

(Intercept) -0.8944 0.5394 -1.6580 0.1024

ParkCRLA 0.7264 0.3829 1.8971 0.0625

ParkDENA -0.6901 0.4369 -1.5795 0.1193

ParkGLAC 3.2538 0.4087 7.9623 0.0000

ParkKATMF 1.7755 0.5275 3.3660 0.0013

ParkKATMH 3.1398 0.6008 5.2263 0.0000

ParkLAVO 0.3980 0.3994 0.9965 0.3229

ParkMORA 2.2500 0.4100 5.4876 0.0000

ParkNOCA 1.9666 0.4803 4.0947 0.0001

ParkSEKI 0.0906 0. 3262 0.2778 0.7821

ParkSTLEA 2.2205 0.5594 3.9691 0.0002

ParkSTLEP 4.1586 0.5348 7.7764 0.0000

Elevm 0.0013 0.0002 6.7546 0.0000

Residual standard error: 0.5605 on 62 degrees of freedom

Multiple R-Squared: 0.8793

F-statistic: 37.65 on 12 and 62 degrees of freedom, the p-value is 0

Residual plot range between -1 and +1. Cases 23, 73, and 19 high.

γ

- HCH

formula = sqrt(gHCH) ~ Park + Elevm

Coefficients:

Value Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|)

(Intercept) -1.0997 0.6836 -1.6087 0.1128

ParkCRLA -0.0675 0.4853 -0.1392 0.8898

ParkDENA 0.2013 0.5537 0.3635 0.7175

ParkGLAC 6.3376 0.5179 12.2379 0.0000

ParkKATMF 1.1518 0.6684 1.7231 0.0899

ParkKATMH 2.6427 0.7613 3.4712 0.0009

ParkLAVO -0.3969 0.5062 -0.7841 0.4360

ParkMORA 2.3683 0.5196 4.5580 0.0000

ParkNOCA 1.7265 0.6087 2.8365 0.0062

ParkSEKI 0.9654 0. 4134 2.3354 0.0228

ParkSTLEA 1.9234 0.7089 2.7131 0.0086

ParkSTLEP 3.9268 0.6777 5.7945 0.0000

Elevm 0.0016 0.0002 6.4561 0.0000

Residual standard error: 0.7102 on 62 degrees of freedom

Multiple R-Squared: 0.897

F-statistic: 45.01 on 12 and 62 degrees of freedom, the p-value is 0

Residual plot range between -1 and +1. Cases 23 (very low) and 19 and 73 high outliers.

trans-Chlordane

formula = transChlordane ~ Park + Elevm

Coefficients:

Value Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|)

(Intercept) -2.3755 1.3069 -1.8176 0.0750

ParkCRLA 1.7337 0.8895 1.9490 0.0568

ParkGLAC 3.9573 0.9647 4.1020 0.0001

ParkKATMF 1.1313 1.2488 0.9060 0.3692

ParkKATMH 2.7274 1.4353 1.9003 0.0631

4A- 

# 36

# ParkLAVO 1.8793 0.9267 2.0280 0.0478

ParkMORA 2.0931 0.9728 2.1516 0.0362

ParkNOCA 1.3339 1.1355 1.1747 0.2456

ParkSEKI 4.8500 0. 7568 6.4087 0.0000

ParkST LEA 1.9919 1.3370 1.4898 0.1424

ParkSTLEP 2.9709 1.2744 2.3312 0.0237

Elevm 0.0018 0.0005 3.7280 0.0005

Residual standard error: 1.299 on 51 degrees of freedom

Multiple R-Squared: 0.7684

F-statistic: 15.38 on 11 and 51 degrees of freedom, the p-value is 1.306e-012

Residual plot range between -2 and +2. Cases 51 (low) and 61 and 9 high outliers.

cis-Nonachlor

formula = cisNonachlor ~ Park + Elevm

Coefficients:

Value Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|)

(Intercept) -1.3992 0.5406 -2.5884 0.0125

ParkCRLA 0.7191 0.3679 1.9546 0.0561

ParkGLAC 1.7262 0.3990 4.3263 0.0001

ParkKATMF 0.8340 0.5165 1.6148 0.1125

ParkKATMH 1.7377 0.5936 2.9271 0.0051

ParkLAVO 0.5762 0.3833 1.5034 0.1389

ParkMORA 0.8960 0.4024 2.2268 0.0304

ParkNOCA 0.7204 0.4697 1.5339 0.1312

ParkSEKI 1.8485 0. 3130 5.9055 0.0000

ParkST LEA 1.2299 0.5530 2.2241 0.0306

ParkSTLEP 2.0254 0.5271 3.8424 0.0003

Elevm 0.0009 0.0002 4.8589 0.0000

Residual standard error: 0.5373 on 51 degrees of freedom

Multiple R-Squared: 0.7595

F-statistic: 14.64 on 11 and 51 degrees of freedom, the p-value is 3.254e-012

Residuals plot range between -1 and +1. Cases 11 (low) and 61 and 9 high outliers.

trans-Nonachlor

formula = transNonachlor ~ Park + Elevm

Coefficients:

Value Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|)

(Intercept) -2.5202 1.3352 -1.8875 0.0648

ParkCRLA 1.8376 0.9088 2.0221 0.0484

ParkGLAC 3.7946 0.9856 3.8502 0.0003

ParkKATMF 1.3459 1.2757 1.0550 0.2964

ParkKATMH 3.3647 1.4663 2.2947 0.0259

ParkLAVO 1.7117 0.9467 1.8081 0.0765

ParkMORA 1.8813 0.9938 1.8930 0.0640

ParkNOCA 1.3925 1.1601 1.2004 0.2355

ParkSEKI 4.1004 0. 7731 5.3036 0.0000

ParkST LEA 2.2491 1.3659 1.6466 0.1058

ParkSTLEP 3.5636 1.3020 2.7371 0.0085

Elevm 0.0017 0.0005 3.5885 0.0007

Residual standard error: 1.327 on 51 degrees of freedom

Multiple R-Squared: 0.6971

F-statistic: 10.67 on 11 and 51 degrees of freedom, the p-value is 8.093e-010

Residuals plot range between -2 and +2. Cases 17, 61 and 9 high outliers.

4A- 

# 37

# Sum of Chlordanes

formula = sqrt(SumChlordane) ~ Park + Elevm

Coefficients:

Value Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|)

(Intercept) 0.1250 0.6599 0.1894 0.8505

ParkCRLA 0.8772 0.4492 1.9530 0.0563

ParkGLAC 1.5560 0.4871 3.1943 0.0024

ParkKATMF 0.1564 0.6305 0.2480 0.8051

ParkKATMH 1.5729 0.7247 2.1704 0.0347

ParkLAVO 1.1679 0.4679 2.4959 0.0158

ParkMORA 1.0416 0.4912 2.1206 0.0388

ParkNOCA 0.1812 0.5734 0.3161 0.7532

ParkSEKI 2.2368 0.3821 5.8537 0.0000

ParkST LEA 0.3788 0.6751 0.5612 0.5771

ParkSTLEP 1.4204 0.6435 2.2074 0.0318

Elevm 0.0009 0.0002 3.9338 0.0003

Residual standard error: 0.6559 on 51 degrees of freedom

Multiple R-Squared: 0.7878

F-statistic: 17.22 on 11 and 51 degrees of freedom, the p-value is 1.558e-013

Residuals plot range between -1 and +1. Cases 61 and 9 high outliers.

Sum of DDTs

formula = log(DDTSum) ~ Park + Elevm

Coefficients:

Value Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|)

(Intercept) 2.0223 0.5692 3.5531 0.0010

ParkCRLA -0.4842 0.3569 -1.3567 0.1825

ParkGLAC 2.5460 0.4011 6.3469 0.0000

ParkLAVO 0.4262 0.3707 1.1497 0.2571

ParkMORA -1.4277 0.4077 -3.5015 0.0012

ParkNOCA -1.5304 0.4727 -3.2379 0.0024

ParkSEKI 2.1791 0. 3028 7.1970 0.0000

Elevm 0.0004 0.0002 1.7519 0.0875

Residual standard error: 0.5186 on 40 degrees of freedom

Multiple R-Squared: 0.9321

F-statistic: 78.46 on 7 and 40 degrees of freedom, the p-value is 0

Residual plot range between -1 an +1. Cases 2 (low) and 18 and 33 high outliers.

PCB 118

formula = log(PCB118) ~ Park + Elevm

Coefficients:

Value Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|)

(Intercept) -1.1580 0.6202 -1.8671 0.0694

ParkCRLA 0.3751 0.4939 0.7594 0.4522

ParkGLAC 1.2140 0.4376 2.7739 0.0085

ParkKATMH 0.6093 0.6653 0.9159 0.3654

ParkLAVO 0.3561 0.6363 0.5596 0.5789

ParkMORA 0.8471 0.4454 1.9018 0.0646

ParkNOCA 0.7244 0.5166 1.4024 0.1687

ParkSEKI 0.1868 0. 3318 0.5628 0.5768

ParkST LEA 0.1196 0.6301 0.1899 0.8504

ParkSTLEP 1.3307 0.6724 1.9790 0.0549

Elevm 0.0006 0.0002 2.5688 0.0141

4A- 

# 38

# Residual standard error: 0.5684 on 39 degrees of freedom

Multiple R-Squared: 0.3786

F-statistic: 2.376 on 10 and 39 degrees of freedom, the p-value is 0.02623

Residuals range between -1 and +1. Case 8 very low outlier.

PCB 153

formula = PCB153 ~ Park + Elevm

Coefficients:

Value Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|)

(Intercept) -0.1434 0.6019 -0.2383 0.8126

ParkCRLA 0.2482 0.4096 0.6060 0.5472

ParkGLAC 1.5311 0.4443 3.4464 0.0011

ParkKATMF -0.0854 0.5751 -0.1485 0.8825

ParkKATMH 0.7329 0.6610 1.1088 0.2727

ParkLAVO -0.1258 0.4267 -0.2948 0.7693

ParkMORA 1.0255 0.4480 2.2891 0.0262

ParkNOCA 0.1088 0.5229 0.2081 0.8360

ParkSEKI 0.1757 0. 3485 0.5040 0.6164

ParkST LEA 0.2515 0.6157 0.4084 0.6847

ParkSTLEP 1.0623 0.5869 1.8101 0.0762

Elevm 0.0006 0.0002 2.9983 0.0042

Residual standard error: 0.5982 on 51 degrees of freedom

Multiple R-Squared: 0.5345

F-statistic: 5.324 on 11 and 51 degrees of freedom, the p-value is 0.00001521

Residual plot range between -1 and +1. Cases 11 (low) and 9 and 61 high outliers.

PCB 183

formula = PCB183 ~ Park + Elevm

Coefficients:

Value Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|)

(Intercept) -0.0418 0.1495 -0.2798 0.7807

ParkCRLA 0.0133 0.1064 0.1247 0.9012

ParkGLAC 0.0769 0.1103 0.6974 0.4888

ParkKATMF -0.0353 0.1427 -0.2476 0.8055

ParkKATMH 0.2192 0.1641 1.3356 0.1877

ParkLAVO -0.0787 0.1058 -0.7441 0.4603

ParkMORA 0.1935 0.1112 1.7402 0.0880

ParkNOCA 0.0463 0.1298 0.3566 0.7229

ParkSEKI 0.1099 0. 0864 1.2719 0.2093

ParkST LEA 0.0446 0.1529 0.2918 0.7717

ParkSTLEP 0.1799 0.1457 1.2349 0.2226

Elevm 0.0002 0.0001 2.9410 0.0049

Residual standard error: 0.1483 on 50 degrees of freedom

Multiple R-Squared: 0.4552

F-statistic: 3.798 on 11 and 50 degrees of freedom, the p-value is 0.0005441

Residual plot range between -.2 and +.2. Outliers 60, 47 and 48 high.

Sum of PCBs

formula = PCBSum ~ Park + Elevm

Coefficients:

Value Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|)

(Intercept) -1.3328 2.3896 -0.5577 0.5795

ParkCRLA 0.7753 1.6264 0.4767 0.6356

ParkGLAC 7.8398 1.7639 4.4446 0.0000

4A- 

# 39

# ParkKATMF -0.4112 2.2832 -0.1801 0.8578

ParkKATMH 3.6197 2.6243 1.3793 0.1738

ParkLAVO -1.1251 1.6943 -0.6641 0.5096

ParkMORA 4.2087 1.7787 2.3662 0.0218

ParkNOCA 1.9161 2.0762 0.9229 0.3604

ParkSEKI 1.1741 1. 3837 0.8485 0.4001

ParkST LEA 1.4407 2.4446 0.5894 0.5582

ParkSTLEP 4.1668 2.3301 1.7882 0.0797

Elevm 0.0030 0.0009 3.5145 0.0009

Residual standard error: 2.375 on 51 degrees of freedom

Multiple R-Squared: 0.6174

F-statistic: 7.481 on 11 and 51 degrees of freedom, the p-value is 1.879e-007

Residual plot range between -4 and +4. Cases 38, 9 and 10 high outliers.

FLO

formula = log(FLO) ~ Park + Elevm

Coefficients:

Value Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|)

(Intercept) 2.3852 0.6061 3.9355 0.0003

ParkCRLA 2.1241 0.5901 3.5996 0.0008

ParkDENA -1.3529 0.5818 -2.3254 0.0248

ParkGLAC 4.8701 0.4977 9.7859 0.0000

ParkKATMF -0.6778 0.6617 -1.0242 0.3115

ParkKATMH 0.9093 0.6266 1.4512 0.1540

ParkLAVO 1.1731 0.4635 2.5307 0.0151

ParkMORA 1.4319 0.5047 2.8370 0.0069

ParkNOCA 0.8034 0.5392 1.4899 0.1435

ParkSEKI 2.3795 0. 4319 5.5098 0.0000

ParkSTLEA -0.4440 0.6011 -0.7387 0.4641

ParkSTLEP 2.1383 0.5821 3.6736 0.0007

Elevm -0.0007 0.0002 -4.1979 0.0001

Residual standard error: 0.4004 on 43 degrees of freedom

Multiple R-Squared: 0.9479

F-statistic: 65.24 on 12 and 43 degrees of freedom, the p-value is 0

Residual plot range between -.5 and +1. Cases 16 (low) and 18 and 33 high outliers.

PHE

formula = log(PHE) ~ Park + Elevm

Coefficients:

Value Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|)

(Intercept) 6.5184 0.3276 19.8970 0.0000

ParkDENA -3.5566 0.3037 -11.7123 0.0000

ParkGLAC 4.6367 0.2378 19.4966 0.0000

ParkKATMF -3.0210 0.3624 -8.3357 0.0000

ParkKATMH -0.9352 0.3694 -2.5319 0.0146

ParkLAVO -1.0698 0.2674 -4.0000 0.0002

ParkMORA -0.6393 0.2347 -2.7238 0.0089

ParkNOCA -1.2356 0.2852 -4.3325 0.0001

ParkSEKI 0.2895 0. 1961 1.4764 0.1462

ParkSTLEA -3.0623 0.3402 -9.0024 0.0000

ParkSTLEP 0.6759 0.3226 2.0951 0.0413

Elevm -0.0006 0.0001 -4.2772 0.0001

Residual standard error: 0.3659 on 49 degrees of freedom

Multiple R-Squared: 0.9754

4A- 

# 40

# F-statistic: 176.4 on 11 and 49 degrees of freedom, the p-value is 0

Residual plot range between -.5 and +.5. Cases 25 and 3 low and 8 high outliers.

Retene

formula = log(Retene + 1e-006) ~ Park + Elevm

Coefficients:

Value Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|)

(Intercept) 4.3334 2.9265 1.4807 0.1442

ParkCRLA 4.7735 2.0253 2.3570 0.0219

ParkDENA -3.5747 2.5152 -1.4212 0.1607

ParkGLAC 6.8797 2.1943 3.1352 0.0027

ParkKATMF 0.9801 2.8216 0.3474 0.7296

ParkKATMH 0.1757 3.2315 0.0544 0.9568

ParkLAVO 3.9156 2.1109 1.8549 0.0688

ParkMORA 2.4660 2.1962 1.1229 0.2662

ParkNOCA 1.5408 2.5672 0.6002 0.5508

ParkSEKI 4.9443 1. 7239 2.8681 0.0058

ParkSTLEA -0.7905 3.0098 -0.2626 0.7938

ParkSTLEP 1.4773 2.8721 0.5144 0.6090

Elevm -0.0015 0.0010 -1.4802 0.1443

Residual standard error: 2.96 on 57 degrees of freedom

Multiple R-Squared: 0.4881

F-statistic: 4.529 on 12 and 57 degrees of freedom, the p-value is 0.00004422

Residual plot better, but messy, range -5 and +5. M any very low outliers, e s pe cially low cases 4 and 14.

CHR/TRI

formula = log(CHR.TRI) ~ Park + Elevm,

Coefficients:

Value Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|)

(Intercept) 3.7637 0.6259 6.0133 0.0000

ParkCRLA 1.3432 0.4425 3.0351 0.0035

ParkDENA -2.7154 0.5061 -5.3647 0.0000

ParkGLAC 5.5466 0.4760 11.6536 0.0000

ParkKATMF -1.2986 0.6107 -2.1264 0.0375

ParkKATMH -1.7043 0.6961 -2.4483 0.0172

ParkLAVO -0.6584 0.4616 -1.4265 0.1588

ParkMORA 0.7754 0.4748 1.6331 0.1076

ParkNOCA 0.1692 0.5560 0.3043 0.7619

ParkSEKI 0.8921 0. 3769 2.3667 0.0211

ParkSTLEA -1.6393 0.6483 -2.5289 0.0140

ParkSTLEP -0.3516 0.6195 -0.5676 0.5724

Elevm -0.0005 0.0002 -2.3518 0.0219

Residual standard error: 0.6476 on 61 degrees of freedom

Multiple R-Squared: 0.9271

F-statistic: 64.65 on 12 and 61 degrees of freedom, the p-value is 0

Residual plot range between -1 and +1. Cases 7 (low) and 8 and 19 high outliers.

B(a)A

formula = log(BaA) ~ Park + Elevm

Coefficients:

Value Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|)

(Intercept) 4.3467 0.8383 5.1850 0.0000

ParkCRLA -0.1428 0.5875 -0.2431 0.8088

ParkDENA -4.5253 0.6755 -6.6989 0.0000

4A- 

# 41

# ParkGLAC 4.7703 0.6338 7.5271 0.0000

ParkLAVO -1.1255 0.6126 -1.8373 0.0714

ParkMORA -1.2420 0.6331 -1.9618 0.0547

ParkNOCA -3.2363 0.7408 -4.3688 0.0001

ParkSEKI 0.6786 0. 5002 1.3565 0.1803

ParkST LEA -3.0583 0.8657 -3.5327 0.0008

ParkSTLEP -2.1140 0.8268 -2.5568 0.0133

Elevm -0.0014 0.0003 -4.6703 0.0000

Residual standard error: 0.8593 on 57 degrees of freedom

Multiple R-Squared: 0.8998

F-statistic: 51.21 on 10 and 57 degrees of freedom, the p-value is 0

Residual plot better, range between -1 and +1. Cases 57 (low) and 58 and 19 high outliers.

SUM OF PAHs

formula = log(PAHSum) ~ Park + Elevm

Coefficients:

Value Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|)

(Intercept) 7.0345 0.6864 10.2479 0.0000

ParkCRLA 1.5044 0.4853 3.0996 0.0029

ParkDENA -4.1538 0.5551 -7.4830 0.0000

ParkGLAC 5.8868 0.5220 11.2776 0.0000

ParkKATMF -1.7076 0.6697 -2.5496 0.0133

ParkKATMH -0.8984 0.7634 -1.1768 0.2439

ParkLAVO 0.3340 0.5062 0.6597 0.5119

ParkMORA 0.5403 0.5207 1.0377 0.3035

ParkNOCA -0.2387 0.6098 -0.3915 0.6968

ParkSEKI 1.5335 0. 4134 3.7094 0.0005

ParkSTLEA -2.0292 0.7109 -2.8542 0.0059

ParkSTLEP 0.8172 0.6794 1.2029 0.2337

Elevm -0.0009 0.0002 -3.5744 0.0007

Residual standard error: 0.7102 on 61 degrees of freedom

Multiple R-Squared: 0.9374

F-statistic: 76.11 on 12 and 61 degrees of freedom, the p-value is 0

Residual plot range between -1 and +1. Case 19 is high outlier. Several other outliers. Cases 17 and

others low.

4A- 

# 42

# Appendix 4A.12. Summary Statistics of Element Con centrations (ppm) in Lichen Samples from the

Core WACAP Parks.

GAAR NOAT DENA OLYM MORA SEKI GLAC ROMO

Flcu Mari Flcu Mari Flcu Mari Alsa Plgl Alsa Levu Alsa Levu Plgl Xant

N 3 2 2 4 6 6 6 2 6 3 3 3 3 3

Al Mean 675.5 90.5 133.0 48.2 237.9 47.0 34.0 422.5 60.3 283.3 99.7 383.3 897.6 3066.7

s.d. 131.5 5.0 1.9 13.5 29.5 9.0 8.9 116.7 16.3 55.1 12.4 79.3 184.8 957.1

s.e. 75.9 3.5 1.3 6.7 12.0 3.7 3.6 82.5 6.6 31.8 7.2 45.8 106.7 552.6

As Mean 0.66 0.19 0.20 0.07 0.39 0.16 0.06 0.31 0.10 0.30 0.18 0.58 0.60

s.d. 0.06 0.02 0.05 0.03 0.09 0.04 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.04 0.09 0.03

s.e. 0.03 0.01 0.04 0.01 0.04 0.02 0.01 0.02 0.02 0.03 0.02 0.05 0.02

Ba Mean 9.49 3.31 70.00 41.02 9.59 3.38 9.94 56.17 1.66 5.72 17.49 11.22 71.38 31.24

s.d. 1.98 0.05 3.34 26.72 1.57 1.08 2.43 16.34 0.59 0.84 3.51 1.94 4.64 12.64

s.e. 1.14 0.03 2.36 13.36 0.64 0.44 0.99 11.56 0.24 0.49 2.02 1.12 2.68 7.30

Bi Mean 0.023 0.023 0.056 0.026 0.017 0.013 0.007 0.028 0.016 0.017 0.021 0.051 0.071

s.d. 0.003 0.008 0.003 0.025 0.010 0.006 0.001 0.006 0.009 0.002 0.007 0.007 0.018

s.e. 0.002 0.006 0.002 0.013 0.004 0.002 0.000 0.004 0.004 0.001 0.004 0.004 0.010

Ca Mean 21956 18090 4139 2517 1341 1252 3000 2514 4234 1564 1754 2729 2913 17062

s.d. 1506 857 158 1410 42 378 1358 414 1128 235 251 737 92 4870

s.e. 870 606 112 705 17 154 554 293 460 136 145 425 53 2812

Cd Mean 0.220 0.202 0.194 0.136 0.101 0.064 0.077 0.084 0.068 0.072 0.100 0.337 0.379 0.663

s.d. 0.050 0.003 0.021 0.053 0.027 0.013 0.034 0.036 0.020 0.006 0.012 0.077 0.043 0.137

s.e. 0.029 0.002 0.015 0.026 0.011 0.005 0.014 0.026 0.008 0.003 0.007 0.044 0.025 0.079

Ce Mean 2.38 0.44 0.18 0.12 0.39 0.13 0.08 0.36 0.20 0.55 0.24 1.44 1.78

s.d. 0.25 0.05 0.01 0.05 0.04 0.05 0.02 0.00 0.03 0.12 0.04 0.22 0.11

s.e. 0.15 0.03 0.01 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.01 0.00 0.01 0.07 0.02 0.13 0.06

Co Mean 0.47 0.12 0.16 0.11 0.28 0.12 0.11 0.25 0.07 0.15 0.10 0.27 0.36 0.24

s.d. 0.08 0.02 0.01 0.03 0.06 0.02 0.06 0.08 0.03 0.03 0.00 0.03 0.03 0.00

s.e. 0.05 0.01 0.01 0.02 0.02 0.01 0.02 0.06 0.01 0.02 0.00 0.02 0.02 0.00

Cu Mean 2.51 1.04 1.70 0.75 1.55 0.80 0.72 2.50 1.06 2.93 1.22 1.97 3.40 10.43

s.d. 0.27 0.01 0.06 0.09 0.12 0.08 0.14 0.08 0.30 0.31 0.03 0.35 0.26 4.51

s.e. 0.15 0.01 0.04 0.05 0.05 0.03 0.06 0.06 0.12 0.18 0.01 0.20 0.15 2.60

Dy Mean 0.118 0.041 0.021 0.013 0.027 0.017 0.008 0.023 0.015 0.031 0.019 0.115 0.106

s.d. 0.034 0.000 0.002 0.005 0.004 0.007 0.002 0.004 0.003 0.007 0.005 0.019 0.008

s.e. 0.019 0.000 0.001 0.003 0.002 0.003 0.001 0.003 0.001 0.004 0.003 0.011 0.005

Er Mean 0.049 0.019 0.011 0.005 0.015 0.008 0.003 0.011 0.009 0.016 0.012 0.064 0.056

s.d. 0.013 0.001 0.001 0.002 0.002 0.004 0.002 0.000 0.003 0.004 0.004 0.011 0.003

s.e. 0.008 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.002 0.001 0.000 0.001 0.002 0.002 0.006 0.002

Eu Mean 0.045 0.010 0.005 0.004 0.009 0.004 0.002 0.007 0.004 0.008 0.005 0.028 0.029

s.d. 0.007 0.001 0.003 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.003 0.001 0.004 0.002

s.e. 0.004 0.001 0.002 0.001 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.002 0.001 0.002 0.001

Fe Mean 1656.7 245.8 272.0 98.9 405.4 101.2 50.7 525.0 64.7 363.3 132.3 562.7 1325.6 2905.8

s.d. 119.3 3.2 2.7 19.1 92.1 24.6 15.8 91.9 19.0 51.3 9.2 106.3 172.1 891.1

s.e. 68.9 2.3 1.9 9.5 37.6 10.0 6.5 65.0 7.8 29.6 5.3 61.4 99.4 514.5

Ga Mean 0.211 0.033 0.054 0.015 0.080 0.018 0.014 0.128 0.022 0.087 0.043 0.137 0.370

s.d. 0.032 0.002 0.002 0.003 0.012 0.004 0.003 0.028 0.007 0.013 0.001 0.024 0.057

s.e. 0.019 0.001 0.002 0.001 0.005 0.002 0.001 0.020 0.003 0.008 0.001 0.014 0.033



# 4A- 

# 43

# Gd Mean 0.192 0.051 0.027 0.019 0.039 0.020 0.008 0.028 0.022 0.041 0.026 0.143 0.143

s.d. 0.038 0.003 0.001 0.007 0.010 0.008 0.004 0.005 0.005 0.009 0.002 0.029 0.009

s.e. 0.022 0.002 0.001 0.004 0.004 0.003 0.002 0.003 0.002 0.005 0.001 0.017 0.005

Hg Mean 0.017 0.023 0.022 0.026 0.012 0.021 0.232 0.268 0.154 0.301 0.136 0.388 0.266

s.d. 0.002 0.003 0.003 0.003 0.002 0.006 0.036 0.025 0.023 0.017 0.017 0.067 0.020

s.e. 0.001 0.002 0.002 0.002 0.001 0.003 0.015 0.018 0.009 0.010 0.010 0.039 0.012

Ho Mean 0.020 0.007 0.004 0.003 0.005 0.003 0.002 0.005 0.004 0.006 0.003 0.022 0.021

s.d. 0.005 0.001 0.000 0.001 0.001 0.002 0.000 0.000 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.005 0.003

s.e. 0.003 0.000 0.000 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.001 0.001 0.003 0.002

K Mean 1840 1418 2611 1476 2603 1462 1583 1494 1821 2319 1917 2246 2047 2963

s.d. 159 33 264 88 270 234 183 114 130 64 166 190 27 195

s.e. 92 23 187 44 110 95 75 80 53 37 96 110 16 113

La Mean 1.133 0.212 0.084 0.054 0.182 0.057 0.036 0.178 0.089 0.285 0.113 0.684 0.864

s.d. 0.139 0.013 0.000 0.022 0.024 0.022 0.009 0.000 0.014 0.053 0.016 0.113 0.070

s.e. 0.080 0.009 0.000 0.011 0.010 0.009 0.004 0.000 0.006 0.031 0.009 0.065 0.041

Li Mean 0.837 0.096 0.135 0.022 0.224 0.038 0.028 0.204 0.027 0.238 0.125 0.311 0.557 2.067

s.d. 0.135 0.069 0.002 0.000 0.051 0.026 0.012 0.051 0.018 0.072 0.050 0.031 0.155 0.505

s.e. 0.078 0.049 0.001 0.000 0.021 0.010 0.005 0.036 0.007 0.042 0.029 0.018 0.089 0.292

Lu Mean 0.007 0.003 0.001 0.001 0.002 0.001 0.000 0.001 0.001 0.002 0.001 0.008 0.007

s.d. 0.002 0.001 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.002 0.001

s.e. 0.001 0.001 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.001 0.001

Mg Mean 793.2 192.6 686.2 186.9 383.5 116.7 346.6 386.0 261.4 453.9 325.3 600.2 639.4 932.0

s.d. 10.9 7.1 21.0 27.0 57.7 25.5 42.8 29.5 16.2 33.8 9.6 51.7 37.8 171.0

s.e. 6.3 5.0 14.8 13.5 23.6 10.4 17.5 20.9 6.6 19.5 5.6 29.8 21.8 98.7

Mn Mean 58.0 21.3 385.3 97.2 208.8 31.1 100.1 164.0 153.7 97.3 160.6 262.2 126.3 77.0

s.d. 4.2 0.2 30.9 28.9 52.8 13.7 48.0 118.2 67.9 2.4 23.7 113.4 5.1 42.2

s.e. 2.4 0.2 21.8 14.4 21.5 5.6 19.6 83.6 27.7 1.4 13.7 65.5 2.9 24.3

Mo Mean 626.94 0.61 0.51 0.34 0.29 0.30 0.86 166.33 0.58 0.35 0.42 1.82

s.d. 58.67 0.22

. 0.08

. 0.11

. 190.53 0.39

. . 0.31

s.e. 33.87 0.16

. 0.06

. 0.08

. 77.78 0.28

. . 0.18

Na Mean 1.2 94.3 718.3 226.6 144.7 150.3 137.0 104.6 0.1 67.2 137.1 95.5 105.6 92.1

s.d. 0.1 4.9 23.8 192.5 38.8 162.0 35.8 56.2 0.0 54.2 173.2 33.7 35.1 11.8

s.e. 0.1 3.5 16.9 96.2 15.8 66.1 14.6 39.7 0.0 31.3 100.0 19.5 20.2 6.8

Nd Mean 1.274 0.230 0.107 0.073 0.197 0.083 0.042 0.187 0.323 0.230 0.125 0.746 0.873

s.d. 0.229 0.029 0.001 0.027 0.015 0.033 0.013 0.004 0.262 0.047 0.024 0.124 0.060

s.e. 0.132 0.020 0.001 0.013 0.006 0.013 0.005 0.003 0.107 0.027 0.014 0.071 0.035

Ni Mean 544.378 0.225 0.802 0.413 0.717 0.325 0.446 2.124 674.208 0.916 0.810 0.594 2.128 4.330

s.d. 45.214 0.033 0.300 0.063 0.198 0.228 0.114 0.810 117.317 0.229 0.393 0.102 0.077 0.410

s.e. 26.104 0.023 0.212 0.032 0.081 0.093 0.047 0.573 47.894 0.132 0.227 0.059 0.054 0.237

P Mean 1 330 763 491 538 327 433 740 1 738 648 583 705 1112

s.d. 0 23 16 116 143 113 98 142 0 73 96 110 56 165

s.e. 0 16 11 58 59 46 40 101 0 42 55 63 32 95

Pb Mean 0.30 0.86 0.25 0.42 0.53 0.48 1.09 4.22 0.03 1.39 0.96 3.90 6.59 21.16

s.d. 0.03 0.02 0.02 0.13 0.04 0.17 0.23 0.44 0.01 0.18 0.23

. . 1.65

s.e. 0.02 0.01 0.01 0.07 0.01 0.07 0.09 0.31 0.00 0.10 0.13

. . 0.95

Pr Mean 3.924 0.055 0.024 0.016 0.049 0.018 0.010 0.046 3.623 0.062 0.030 0.182 0.223

s.d. 0.325 0.004 0.001 0.006 0.006 0.007 0.002 0.000 0.875 0.015 0.005 0.029 0.016

s.e. 0.188 0.003 0.001 0.003 0.002 0.003 0.001 0.000 0.357 0.009 0.003 0.017 0.009



# 4A- 

# 44

# 4A- 

# 45 Rb Mean 330.93 2.46 3.38 2.42 8.05 4.72 1.70 2.50 409.43 8.10 1.51 1.80 3.11

s.d. 39.88 0.05 0.24 0.26 1.44 1.52 0.79 0.45 88.62 0.20 0.28 0.03 0.29

s.e. 23.03 0.03 0.17 0.13 0.59 0.62 0.32 0.32 36.18 0.11 0.16 0.02 0.16

S Mean 0 227 296 244 244 240 353 585 0 1017 568 1073 985 1227

s.d. 0 47 6 29 32 60 75 83 0 64 22 107 46 154

s.e. 0 33 4 15 13 25 31 59 0 37 13 62 27 89

Sb Mean 0.237 0.032 0.101 0.016 0.070 0.021 0.012 0.017 0.023 0.016 0.052 0.124 0.140

s.d. 0.027 0.005 0.008 0.008 0.016 0.010 0.008 0.005 0.007 0.006 0.005 0.008 0.014

s.e. 0.016 0.004 0.006 0.004 0.007 0.004 0.003 0.003 0.003 0.004 0.003 0.005 0.008

Sm Mean 15.941 0.052 0.023 0.016 0.040 0.018 0.010 0.037 5.753 0.044 0.025 0.144 0.165

s.d. 1.211 0.010 0.007 0.005 0.002 0.007 0.004 0.002 1.728 0.009 0.002 0.023 0.005

s.e. 0.699 0.007 0.005 0.003 0.001 0.003 0.002 0.001 0.705 0.005 0.001 0.013 0.003

Sr Mean 0.03 8.68 6.46 2.60 3.17 1.59 12.18 15.81 0.00 6.14 5.92 3.88 19.55 21.75

s.d. 0.00 0.77 0.06 0.85 0.23 0.22 2.53 6.73 0.00 0.92 0.96 0.58 0.08 4.11

s.e. 0.00 0.55 0.04 0.42 0.10 0.09 1.03 4.76 0.00 0.53 0.55 0.34 0.05 2.37

Tb Mean 0.414 0.007 0.004 0.002 0.005 0.003 0.001 0.005 0.021 0.005 0.003 0.019 0.021

s.d. 0.004 0.000 0.001 0.001 0.000 0.001 0.000 0.001 0.022 0.001 0.000 0.002 0.001

s.e. 0.002 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.009 0.001 0.000 0.001 0.001

Th Mean 0.007 0.030 0.031 0.023 0.041 0.028 0.007 0.061 0.001 0.115 0.024 0.205 0.384

s.d. 0.000 0.008 0.013 0.026 0.018 0.029 0.000 0.016 0.000 0.022 0.012 0.115 0.149

s.e. 0.000 0.006 0.009 0.013 0.007 0.012 0.000 0.012 0.000 0.013 0.007 0.066 0.086

Tm Mean 0.064 0.003 0.001 0.001 0.002 0.001 0.000 0.002 0.001 0.002 0.002 0.009 0.008

s.d. 0.010 0.000 0.001 0.000 0.000 0.001 0.000 0.000 0.001 0.000 0.000 0.002 0.001

s.e. 0.006 0.000 0.001 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.001 0.001

U Mean 1.341 0.041 0.007 0.006 0.024 0.011 0.003 0.021 0.108 0.059 0.011 0.022 0.059

s.d. 0.191 0.008 0.002 0.004 0.009 0.004 0.005 0.006 0.103 0.004 0.009 0.003 0.005

s.e. 0.110 0.006 0.002 0.002 0.004 0.002 0.002 0.004 0.042 0.002 0.005 0.002 0.003

V Mean 0.01 0.34 0.48 0.12 0.50 0.14 0.10 0.97 0.01 0.50 0.22 0.89 1.94 5.30

s.d.

. 0.16 0.02 0.03 0.07 0.02 0.05 0.14 0.00 0.11 0.06 0.20 0.04 1.76

s.e.

. 0.11 0.01 0.01 0.03 0.01 0.02 0.10 0.00 0.07 0.03 0.12 0.03 1.02

W Mean 0.017 0.016 0.022 0.018 0.020 0.026

s.d. 0.006 0.005 0.004 0.004 0.002 0.009

s.e. 0.004 0.003 0.002 0.003 0.001 0.005

Y Mean 0.52 0.23 0.13 0.09 0.16 0.09 0.05 0.12 0.10 0.16 0.11 0.65 0.55

s.d. 0.10 0.00 0.00 0.03 0.02 0.04 0.01 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.02 0.13 0.02

s.e. 0.06 0.00 0.00 0.02 0.01 0.02 0.00 0.01 0.01 0.02 0.01 0.07 0.01

Yb Mean 0.042 0.021 0.008 0.006 0.012 0.009 0.004 0.011 0.007 0.015 0.010 0.054 0.052

s.d. 0.010 0.000 0.001 0.002 0.002 0.003 0.001 0.001 0.002 0.003 0.002 0.011 0.004

s.e. 0.005 0.000 0.000 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.000 0.001 0.002 0.001 0.006 0.002

Zn Mean 27.4 20.7 0.5 25.0 23.3 13.8 17.3 23.7 22.7 27.0 20.0 38.7 24.9 54.9

s.d. 2.4 0.8 0.3 2.2 1.4 1.3 0.8 0.8 4.3 4.4 0.6 2.3 1.5 2.8

s.e. 1.4 0.6 0.2 1.1 0.6 0.5 0.3 0.6 1.8 2.5 0.3 1.3 0.9 1.6

Zr Mean 0.86 0.28 0.35 0.30 0.29 0.30 0.65 0.35 0.46 0.26 0.82 1.77

s.d. 0.06 0.06 0.25 0.06 0.20 0.16 0.42 0.09 0.21 0.03 0.24 0.34

s.e. 0.03 0.04 0.13 0.02 0.08 0.06 0.30 0.04 0.12 0.02 0.14 0.20

Notes: Flcu= Flavocetraria cucullata , Mari = Masonhalea richardsonii , Alsa = Alectoria sarmentosa , Plgl = Platismatia glauca , Levu

= Letharia vulpina , Xant = Xanthoparmelia sp.

s.d.= standard deviation; s.e. = mean standard error; N = number of samples. Laboratory replicates were averaged before

calculating means, field replicates we re t reated as independent measurements.Appendix 4A.13. Summary Statistics for Nitrogen Concentrations (ppm) in Lichens from the 20 WACAP Parks.AlaskaPacific NorthwestCaliforniaN RockiesS RockiesGAARNOATDENAKATMWRSTGLBASTLENOCAOLYMMORACRLALAVOYOSESEKIGLACGRTEROMOGRSABANDBIBEAlsaAve389031834223409451418197s.d.640763505909451s.e.320382191262260N1447123BryoAve7778s.d.299s.e.172N3ClarAve53603380s.d.s.e.N11FlcuAve48005318407443354370s.d.144364370303.s.e.83258117175.N321031HyphAve73477133926510300s.d.228818953162s.e.132110941826N3313LevuMean575975081080017555104988768s.d.1111187758035311706s.e.4978404101117853N552104-1LoorAve1886022050s.d.501s.e.289N13MariAve4150361839855200511598834A-46s.d.141536853559698s.e.100169246395493N21012120PlglAve29207860549810557s.d.7931557s.e.397519N1129SpglAve5425s.d.403s.e.285N2ThamAve2920s.d.s.e.N1UsneAve1609314755s.d.7351138s.e.367805N42XantAve13460156671112015280s.d.205048513748s.e.118434302650N1322Notes: Alsa=Alectoria sarmentosa, Bryo =Bryoriaspp., Clar =Cladina arbuscula, Flcu=Flavocetraria cucullata, Hypphy =Hypogymnia physodes, Levu =Letharia vulpina, Loor =Lobaria oregana, Mari =Masonhalea richardsonii, Plgl =Platismatia glauca, Spgl = Sphaerophorusglobosus, Tham =Thamnoliasp.,Usne =Usneaspp., Xant =Xanthoparmeliaspp.;s.d.= standard deviation; s.e. = mean standard error; N = number of samples. Laboratory replicates wereaveraged before calculating means, field replicateswere treated as independent measurements.4A-47Appendix 4A.14. Distribution of Cadmium, Mercury, Nitrogen, Lead, and Sulfur Concentrations in Lichen Genera in National ParksandForests of the United States, 1977-2005.Ninety percent quantiles (yellow highlight) were used as thresholds for background ranges to assessenhancement in WACAP lichen samples. Data were obtained from the NPS nationaldatabase NPElement (Bennett, 2007), the NPS Arctic Parksdatabase courtesy of P. Neitlich (allMasonhaleaand someFlavocetrariadata), and the USFS National Lichens and Air Quality database (USForest Service 2007). For a list of public lands fromwhich distributions were calculated, see Appendix 3.15.Cd ppmQuantilesAlectoriaBryoriaCladinaFlavocetrariaHypogymniaLethariaLobariaMasonhaleaPlatismatiaSphaerophorusUsneaXanthoparmelia100.00%9.953.4517.800.483.765.139.810.5217.300.323.433.4099.50%1.073.3517.800.481.554.068.750.521.650.323.433.4097.50%0.500.501.540.460.902.010.870.520.640.223.243.1490.00%0.240.300.470.240.400.340.200.280.400.183.040.7975.00%0.180.200.300.210.300.220.120.240.270.120.320.6050.00%0.120.150.150.140.220.160.100.170.190.120.180.5025.00%0.100.120.120.100.180.120.100.060.140.100.100.4010.00%0.020.100.100.070.100.100.100.050.120.100.060.312.50%0.010.100.060.060.040.000.070.050.100.100.030.200.50%0.000.010.060.060.000.000.010.050.000.080.010.100.00%0.000.000.060.060.000.000.010.050.000.080.010.10Mean0.150.200.410.160.270.280.210.170.250.120.720.64Std Dev0.330.291.690.080.250.540.720.110.540.041.150.60Std Err0.010.020.160.010.010.020.050.020.020.000.080.05Upper 95%0.170.240.730.180.290.320.300.220.280.130.870.75Lower 95%0.140.170.090.140.260.240.120.120.220.120.570.53N1491262111481079819251221192110230122Hg ppmQuantilesAlectoriaBryoriaCladinaFlavocetrariaHypogymniaLethariaLobariaMasonhaleaPlatismatiaSphaerophorusUsneaXanthoparmelia100.00%0.5180.2900.0700.0900.3307.1950.1200.0330.2870.9600.47099.50%0.5180.2900.0700.0900.3307.1950.1200.0330.2870.9600.47097.50%0.5180.2900.0700.0900.3304.6750.1200.0330.2870.8100.4704A-4890.00%0.3990.2080.0700.0480.2640.7170.1200.0320.2870.6300.40575.00%0.2700.1700.0630.0330.2000.4180.1050.0260.2870.4030.28550.00%0.1850.1600.0500.0250.0900.1700.0450.0220.2630.2100.25525.00%0.1370.1200.0400.0180.0600.0700.0130.0180.2490.0500.17310.00%0.0100.0780.0400.0130.0400.0260.0100.0150.2470.0300.0302.50%0.0100.0600.0400.0100.0300.0100.0100.0140.2470.0200.0300.50%0.0100.0600.0400.0100.0300.0100.0100.0140.2470.0100.0300.00%0.0100.0600.0400.0100.0300.0100.0100.0140.2470.0100.030Mean0.2040.1490.0520.0290.1280.3790.0560.0230.2670.2540.230Std Dev0.1180.0500.0120.0170.0860.9640.0450.0050.0190.2370.121Std Err0.0230.0100.0050.0030.0140.1300.0160.0020.0090.0210.032Upper 95%0.2500.1700.0640.0340.1560.6400.0940.0260.2900.2960.300Lower 95%0.1570.1270.0390.0230.0990.1190.0190.0190.2430.2120.160N27236403755812512614N ppmQuantilesAlectoriaBryoriaCladinaFlavocetrariaHypogymniaLethariaLobariaMasonhaleaPlatismatiaSphaerophorusUsneaXanthoparmelia100.00%1030020000536056302550026100278005430173008800163002440099.50%837119953536056302021423777278005430152008800163002440097.50%704218300536056091569016220259705430123556974152021898090.00%53001470053605355103001094024100496477685027132401752075.00%435312200536049437500880022500420056904400102001550050.00%3600965043704560580068302110036404500380059601346025.00%3100709533804263490054301905031203700322540001150010.00%260356673380371041804640166602632317626723418102802.50%21003829338012443368381814930244026572265256785920.50%15001605338011802112311513500244020001870120000.00%140014803380118017002020135002440910187012000Mean38259875437044896684753920756367851163913730813625Std Dev11823543140082029713228279976522711067381731264A-49Std Err392269901121011222181296693285242Upper 95%3901103201694947136883777921187394152454097786914103Lower 95%37499430-820942656485729820326341549873729674713147N942246254861695165351195132180167Ni ppmQuantilesAlectoriaBryoriaCladinaFlavocetrariaHypogymniaLethariaLobariaMasonhaleaPlatismatiaSphaerophorusUsneaXanthoparmelia100.00%93.9639.076.0010.50186.825153.0019.005.3894.0048.2415.00549.0099.50%17.6136.076.0010.5094.9258.7015.415.3839.2348.2412.55549.0097.50%13.429.914.009.0052.8526.704.005.3818.6138.607.00148.0090.00%9.004.003.003.3719.009.202.884.068.0026.405.0080.4575.00%5.502.991.771.7610.005.002.003.366.0020.002.7948.6750.00%3.002.001.610.726.352.801.710.744.2720.001.4221.9925.00%2.001.681.000.644.571.801.000.453.0816.800.908.2910.00%1.681.681.000.513.361.701.000.302.2516.800.596.172.50%1.001.180.840.241.581.700.230.281.7511.510.395.380.50%0.840.730.840.240.861.200.010.281.686.230.324.460.00%0.610.680.840.240.420.800.000.281.686.230.314.46Mean4.342.881.651.5210.6010.591.851.775.4520.272.1236.65Std Dev4.183.430.791.7015.13170.911.341.666.015.381.9054.08Std Err0.100.200.070.250.465.670.080.350.170.490.113.99Upper 95%4.543.281.792.0111.4921.712.022.495.7821.242.3444.51Lower 95%4.142.481.501.039.70-0.541.691.055.1119.291.9128.78N1685284116481102909255231229119297184Pb ppmQuantilesAlectoriaBryoriaCladinaFlavocetrariaHypogymniaLethariaLobariaMasonhaleaPlatismatiaSphaerophorusUsneaXanthoparmelia100.00%93.9639.076.0010.50186.825153.0019.005.3894.004.8241.00549.0099.50%17.6236.076.0010.5094.9259.1015.415.3839.584.8239.69549.004A-5097.50%13.479.914.0010.5052.8526.804.005.3818.653.8619.27148.6090.00%9.084.003.003.3719.009.302.885.388.012.6411.7580.7875.00%5.592.991.773.2310.005.002.003.986.002.008.0049.0050.00%3.002.001.611.056.352.801.713.364.242.003.7322.0025.00%2.001.681.000.644.571.801.003.363.081.681.878.2510.00%1.681.681.000.643.361.701.003.352.241.680.806.162.50%1.001.180.840.641.581.700.233.351.751.150.615.360.50%0.910.730.840.640.861.200.013.351.680.620.444.460.00%0.620.680.840.640.420.800.003.351.680.620.404.46Mean4.392.881.651.8110.6010.631.853.725.452.035.7236.90Std Dev4.193.430.791.8715.13171.391.340.706.020.545.8354.49Std Err0.100.200.070.310.465.700.080.230.170.050.364.05Upper 95%4.593.281.792.4411.4921.822.024.265.792.126.4144.90Lower 95%4.182.481.501.179.70-0.561.693.185.111.935.0228.91N166328411636110290425591223119270181S ppmQuantilesAlectoriaBryoriaCladinaFlavocetrariaHypogymniaLethariaLobariaMasonhaleaPlatismatiaSphaerophorusUsneaXanthoparmelia100.00%2430180054919702000201052535007702800290099.50%820175054918301772201052516267702800288997.50%673111952715321300174052512746411948200490.00%530940405110090114304649105011410155875.00%4308003528807001160339690460973130050.00%350720310690600970255560410723110025.00%29063025156052081021647034055895010.00%24052004804606301914103194507762.50%20033003803904951913602403805040.50%1653100270320440191300200310400.00%1403100200874401912002003100Mean376732283748651100162240983211564A-51Std Dev14419312727122129525591404366Std Err512199822783525Upper 95%38675632076766610456374259011205Lower 95%3677092457306359586073937631108N949262468327771791171128134221Notes: The 50% quantile is the median and the 100% and 0% quantiles are maximum and minimum values in the data sets. Std Devand Std Error are thestandard deviation and standard error of the mean. Upper 95% and lower 95% are the upper and lower 95% confidence intervals around the mean. N = number ofmeasurements. Because most samples come from remote sites, field replicates were treated as independent measurements.4A-52Appendix 4A.15. List of Public Lands in the Western United States from Which Background Distributions of Lichen Cadmium, Mercury,Nitrogen, Nickel, and Sulfur Concentrations in Table 4A.11 were calculated.N = number of measurements.GenusCodeNational LandNN(Cd)N(Hg)N(N)N(Ni)N(Pb)N(S)CHUChugach National Forest, AK71690069690CLEClearwater National Forest, ID3102222COLColville National Forest, WA1101111CRLACrater Lake National Park, OR3330330DESDeschutes National Forest, OR1218291079890102GIPGifford Pinchot National Forest, WA1981690167170176176MBSMt Baker-Snoqualmie National Forest, WA8808888WILWillamette National Forest, OR1101111MORAMount Rainier National Park, WA2091730002090MTHMt. Hood National Forest, OR2832420239248256246NEPNez Perce National Forest, ID2000222OLYMOlympic National Park, WA24614200322460BITSelway-Bitterroot Wilderness, ID1000001SIUSiuslaw National Forest, OR3202223TONTongass National Forest, AK273246002452450UMPUmpqua National Forest, OR1351020110119105115WAWWallowa-Whitman National Forest, OR1211012111110WENWenatchee National Forest, WA3303333WILWillamette National Forest, OR2762020251234221248AlectoriaWINWinema National Forest, OR15120814139CLEClearwater National Forest, ID1000111CRLACrater Lake National Park, OR3330330DESDeschutes National Forest, OR1201110113114107110FREFremont National Forest, OR7605666WINFremont National Forest, OR1101111GIPGifford Pinchot National Forest, WA1210010101010BryoriaGRTEGrand Tetons National Park, WY55055504A-53KLAKlamath National Forest, CA4400440MTHMt. Hood National Forest, OR7405446NEPNez Perce National Forest, ID3000333OLYMOlympic National Park, WA5400440PAYPayette National Forest, ID6000666ROMORocky Mountain National Park, CO2220220SACSalmon-Challis National Forest, ID7000777SJRSan Juan-Rio Grande National Forest, CO2000222BITSelway-Bitterroot Wilderness, ID1000111UMPUmpqua National Forest, OR159013121114WAWWallowa-Whitman National Forest, OR3125025252526WILWillamette National Forest, OR2611021151625WINWinema National Forest, OR5149043504844YELLYellowstone National Park, WY181818018180CHUChugach National Forest, AK63570057570DENADenali National Park and Preserve, AK6360660NOATNoatak National Preserve, AK2000220TONTongass National Forest, AK52480048480CladinaYELLYellowstone National Park, WY3300330NOATNoatak National Preserve, AK35342733333333ROMORocky Mountain National Park, CO2220220FlavocetrariaSJRSan Juan-Rio Grande National Forest, CO1000111ANGAngeles National Forest, CA6600660CRGColumbia River Gorge National Scenic Area, OR & WA1371150106115115116COLColville National Forest, WA3202223DESDeschutes National Forest, OR6661054616156FINLFinley National Wildlife Refuge, OR2202222FREFremont National Forest, OR4404444GIPGifford Pinchot National Forest, WA6759060595962HypogymniaMBSMt Baker-Snoqualmie National Forest, WA76066674A-54KLGOKlondike Gold Rush National Historical Park, AK242402424150LOLLolo National Forest, MT1101111MBSMount Baker-Snoqualmie National Forest, WA3533030333331MTHMt. Hood National Forest, OR2392170193217216197OKAOkanogan National Forest, WA7706776OLYMOlympic National Park, WA66620062580ORCAOregon Caves National Monument, OR3320330POREPoint Reyes National Seashore, CA1414141414140REDWRedwood National Park, CA502721049490KICASequoia and Kings Canyon National Park, CA1200012120SEKISequoia and Kings Canyon National Park, CA12120012120SIUSiuslaw National Forest, OR1221060106107107106TONTongass National Forest, AK72650065650UMPUmpqua National Forest, OR4438036383835WAWWallowa-Whitman National Forest, OR1817016171717WENWenatchee National Forest, WA5504554WILWillamette National Forest, OR1811630158165165158WENWinema National Forest, OR3302332WINWinema National Forest, OR2827026272725ANGAngeles National Forest, CA18180018180BEABeaverhead-DeerLodgeNationalForest,MT8102577BITBitterroot National Forest, ID4000324BRTBridger-Teton National Forest, WY2000222CLEClearwater National Forest, ID1000101CLVCleveland National Forest, CA6600660CRGColumbia River Gorge National Scenic Area, OR & WA2019018191918COLColville National Forest, WA119099911CODACoulee Dam National Recreation Area, WA1290109911CRLACrater Lake National Park, OR121212012120LethariaDESDeschutes National Forest, OR312257172632622602774A-55ELDEldorado National Forest, CA18180018180FREFremont National Forest, OR2825024252523WINFremont National Forest, OR2201221GIPGifford Pinchot National Forest, WA2202222HELHelena National Forest, MT2101112KLAKlamath National Forest, CA12120012120KOOKootenai National Forest, MT2000022LABELava Beds National Monument, CA6660660LOLLolo National Forest, MT2202222MTHMt. Hood National Forest, OR3528024282831NEPNez Perce National Forest, ID5000555OKAOkanogan National Forest, WA8608666PAYPayette National Forest, ID6000666SACSalmon-Challis National Forest, ID46000414546SAWSawtooth Wilderness, ID4000034KICASequoia and Kings Canyon National Park, CA1200012120SEKISequoia and Kings Canyon National Park, CA27270027270STAStanislaus National Forest, CA12120012120TARTarghee National Forest, WY3000333UMPUmpqua National Forest, OR2202222WAWWallowa-Whitman National Forest, OR108940929494100WENWenatchee National Forest, WA5505555WILWillamette National Forest, OR1310011111111WINWinema National Forest, OR2362140192217216188YELLYellowstone National Park, WY151514015150BITBitterroot National Forest, ID1000101CHUChugach National Forest, AK26240024240CLEClearwater National Forest, ID3000313CRGColumbia River Gorge National Scenic Area, OR & WA1010010101010LobariaFINLFinley National Wildlife Refuge, OR42022244A-56GIPGifford Pinchot National Forest, WA2921025252226MBSMt Baker-Snoqualmie National Forest, WA1101111KOOKootenai National Forest, MT1000001MTHMt. Hood National Forest, OR3831035333136NEPNez Perce National Forest, ID2000212OLYMOlympic National Park National Park, WA6505555REDWRedwood National Park, CA8680880SIUSiuslaw National Forest, OR1713015151316TONTongass National Forest, AK86830083830UMPUmpqua National Forest, OR3303333WILWillamette National Forest, OR7952065665171MasonhaleaNOATNoatak National Preserve, AK9808998CLEClearwater National Forest, ID2101112CRGColumbia River Gorge National Scenic Area, OR & WA1791710153171171150COLColville National Forest, WA5405444CODACoulee Dam National Recreation Area, WA8606668DESDeschutes National Forest, OR3021024232327FINLFinley National Wildlife Refuge, OR3202222GIPGifford Pinchot National Forest, WA2211870187192192190MBSGifford Pinchot National Forest, WA1916016161617KLGOKlondike Gold Rush National Historical Park, AK131301313100MBSMount Baker-Snoqualmie National Forest, WA4944043444441MTHMt. Hood National Forest, OR2912620257263263258OLYMOlympic National Park, WA20130020200SIUSiuslaw National Forest, OR3023028232330UMPUmpqua National Forest, OR1411200114125125116WAWWallowa-Whitman National Forest, OR4745041454543WENWenatchee National Forest, WA3302332WILWillamette National Forest, OR3042500279270271269PlatismatiaWINWinema National Forest, OR32033334A-57CRGColumbia River Gorge National Scenic Area, OR & WA3303333GIPGifford Pinchot National Forest, WA3126028282625MTHMt. Hood National Forest, OR9608668OLYMOlympic National Park, WA132001390SIUSiuslaw National Forest, OR7253063665463UMPUmpqua National Forest, OR3303333SphaerophorusWILWillamette National Forest, OR2817025251826BIBEBig Bend National Park, TX4444444444440CHIRChiricahua National Monument, AZ7000777CLEClearwater National Forest, ID1000101CRGColumbia River Gorge National Scenic Area, OR & WA1817015171714DENADenali National Park and Preserve, AK1110110ELMOEl Morro National Monument, NM5000555FINLFinley National Wildlife Refuge, OR1101111GIPGifford Pinchot National Forest, WA5503553GILAGila National Forest, NM1000010910GRTEGrand Tetons National Park, WY6606660OLYMOlympic National Park, WA1100110ORCAOregon Caves National Monument, OR3320330POREPoint Reyes National Seashore, CA3837373837370REDWRedwood National Park, CA654636062620ROMORocky Mountain National Park, CO6660460SACSalmon-Challis National Forest, ID3000333SJRSan Juan-Rio Grande National Forest, CO18000181717SIUSiuslaw National Forest, OR5037046433845TARTarghee National Forest, WY2000222UMPUmpqua National Forest, OR1101101UsneaWILWillamette National Forest, OR6606666ANGAngeles National Forest, CA3300330XanthoparmeliaBIBEBig Bend National Park, TX44444404A-58BRTBridger-Teton National Forest, WY4000242CHCUChaco Culture National Historical Park, NM5050050CHIRChiricahua National Monument, AZ11000111011CLEClearwater National Forest, ID1000111CRGColumbia River Gorge National Scenic Area, OR & WA8662063626265DESDeschutes National Forest, OR3202223DINODinosaur National Monument, CO2000222GILAGila National Forest, NM7000777HUTHumboldt-Toiyabe National Forest, NV1000111MALManti-La Sal National Forest, UT2000222MEBMedicineBow National Forest, WY3003003NEPNez Perce National Forest, ID2722022222222PAYPayette National Forest, ID2000222ROMORocky Mountain National Park, CO9227007ROORoosevelt National Forest, CO2002002ROURoutt National Forest, CO2500250025SACSalmon-Challis National Forest, ID5000555SJRSan Juan-Rio Grande National Forest, CO26000262226MALUinta National Forest, UT2000222WAWWallowa-Whitman National Forest, OR2721023212121WACWasatch-Cache National Forest, UT1000111WHRWhite River National Forest, CO8008008YELLYellowstone National Park, WY33303304A-59

# APPENDIX 5A 

# Fish Biological Data

Table 5A-1

. Fish Biological and Mercury Data from SEKI and Year Sampled. Data are mean (min –

max) except vitellogenin (min – max). Sex (listed only for fish with accompanying gonad samples),

Vitellogenin (μg/ml), 17ß-estradiol (ng/ml), 11keto-te stosterone (11kT ng/ml), Testosterone (ng/ml), MAs

(average % area), Hg (ng/g ww), Age (years).

SEKI Emerald Lake Pear Lake 2003

Species Salvelinus fontinalis Salvelinus fontinalis

Total Nos. of Fish 28 27

Condition Factor 0.9 (0.6 – 1.2, N = 28) 0.9 (0.7 – 1.2, N = 27)

Sex (M / F) 

# 6 / 4 8 / 2

Vitellogenin male 1 

# DH (none) DH (none)

DL (0.44 – 0.62) DL (0.40 – 0.76)

ND (<0.20) ND (<0.20)

17ß-estradiol female 

# 1.04 (<0.25 – 2.67, N = 4) 2.31 (1.94 – 2.68, N = 2)

17ß-estradiol male 

# <0.25 2 

# (N = 6) 0.21 2 

# (<0.25 – 0.50, N = 8)

11kT male 

# 2.14 (0.79 – 4.08, N = 6) 2.64 (<0.63 – 8.11, N = 8)

Testosterone female 

# 1.06 (0.38 – 1.73, N = 4) 1.55 (1.31 – 1.78, N = 2)

Testosterone male 

# 0.80 (0.40 – 1.45) 1.78 (0.46 – 4.66, N = 8)

Kidney MAs 18.98 (10.59 – 35.48, N = 10) 11.27 (4.0 5 – 19.31, N = 10)

Liver MAs 0.26 (0.04 – 1.25, N = 10 ) 0.15 (0.00 – 0.88, N = 10)

Spleen MAs 7.24 (1.86 – 16.05, N = 10 ) 7.82 (0.35 – 21.14, N = 10)

Histopathology 3 

# Kidney: cI(2), iN(1) fF(1), Gr (1), CaD(2) Kidney: CaD(1), cI(1)

Numbers in ( ) are Liver: none Liver: fL(1), pC(2)

affected fish out of 15 Spleen: CaD(1) Spleen: Spn(2), Gr(1), CaD(1),

mgC(1)

Gonad: Spn(1), CaD(1) Gonad: none

Gill: none Gill: none

Hg total whole-body 

# 99.52 (52.03 – 151.67, N = 10) 114. 26 (40.56 – 212.99, N = 10)

Age 1 

# 5 (2 – 10, N = 27) 5 (3 – 10, N = 25)

Age Frequency

Histograms 1



# Age (years) 0 2 4 6 8 10 12Nos. of Fish



# 0 2 4 6 8 10

0 2 4 6 8 10

Age (years)Nos. of Fish



# 0 2 4 6 8 10 12

1 

# Data are from all fish regardless if analyzed for SO C, SOC & Biology (Biol), or trace elements (Elem). 2 

# Data are from

fish for which there are corresponding SOC and Hg data (N = 10). 3 

# DH = detectable high (>1μg/ ml), DL = detectable

low, ND = non-detectable. 4 

# >50% non-detects. 5 

# cI = chronic inflammation, iN = interstitial nephritis, fF= focus of

fibroplasia, Gr = granulomas, CaD = calcium deposit(s), fL = foci of lymphocytes, pC = perivascular cuffing, Spn =

embedded spine characteristic of se tae from Lepidopteran larvae & associat ed fibroplasia, mgC = multi-nucleated

giant cell.

5A-1

# Table 5A-2. Fish Biological and Mercury Data for ROMO and Year Sampled. Data are mean (min –

max) except vitellogenin (min – max). Sex (listed only for fish with accompanying gonad samples),

Vitellogenin (μg/ml), 17ß-estradiol (ng/ml), 11keto-te stosterone (11kT ng/ml), Testosterone (ng/ml), MAs

(average % area), Hg (ng/g ww), Age (years).

ROMO Mills Lake Lone Pine Lake 2003

Species Onc o rh ynchus mykiss Salvelinus fontinalis

Oncorhynchus clarki

Total Nos. of Fish 28 25

Condition Factor 1.2 (0.7 – 1.5, N = 28) 1.0 (0.6 – 1.1, N = 25)

Sex (M / F) 

# 4 / 6 6 / 4

Vitellogenin male 1 

# DH (11.89 – 25.85, N = 2) DH (1.17 – 2.72, N = 2)

DL (0.40 – 0.58, N = 2) DL (0.29 – 0.49, N = 4)

ND (none) ND (none)

17ß-estradiol female 

# 1.78 (<0.25 – 2.86, N = 6) 18.90 (4.69 – 26.11, N = 4)

17ß-estradiol male 

# 0.26 (<0.25 – 0.36, N = 4) 0.27 (<0.25 – 0.57, N = 6)

11kT male 

# 2.85 (0.62 – 4.60, N = 4) 11.58 (<0.25 – 32.28, N = 6

Testosterone female 

# 3.88 (<0.25 – 9.52, N = 6) 15.89 (12.10 – 20.03, N = 4)

Testosterone male 

# 3.61 (<0.25 – 7.22, N = 4) 5.57 (<0.25 – 16.18, N = 6)

Kidney MAs 7.34 (0.40 – 22.44, N = 10) 8.93 (0.83 – 20.12, N = 10)

Liver MAs 0.28 (0.00 – 1.35, N = 10 ) 0.02 (0.00 – 0.10, N = 10)

Spleen MAs 0.58 (0.05 – 3.82, N = 10 ) 3.55 (0.03 – 7.78, N = 10)

Histopathology 2 

# Kidney: ciN(1) Kidney: none

Numbers in ( ) are Liver: cdI( 1), bDH(1), fI(1) Liver: none

affected fish out of 15 Spleen: none Spleen: none

Gonad: none Gonad: IS(1)

Gill: none Gill: mfH(1)

Hg total whole-body 

# 55.65 (24.40 – 85.77, N = 10) 75.94 (35.58 – 137.14, N = 10)

Age 4 (1 – 8, N = 27) 4 (1 – 8, N = 25)

Age (years) 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10Nos. of Fish



# 0 2 4 6 8 10

Age (years) 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10Nos. of Fish



# 0 2 4 6 8 10 

# Age Frequency

Histograms

1 

# DH = detectable high (>1μg/ml), DL = detectable low, ND = non-detectable. 2 

# ciN = chronic interstitial nephritis, cdI =

chronic, diffuse infla mmation, bDH = bile duct hyperpla sia, fI = focal inflammation, IS = intersex male, mfH = mild

focal hyperplasia.

5A-2

# Table 5A-3. Fish Biological and Mercury Data for OLYM and Year Sampled. Data are mean (min –

max) except Vitellogenin (min – max). Sex (listed only for fish with accompanying gonad samples),

Vitellogenin (μg/ml), 17ß-estradiol (ng/ml), 11keto-te stosterone (11kT ng/ml), Testosterone (ng/ml), MAs

(average % area), Hg (ng/g ww), Age (years).

OLYM PJ Lake 2003

Species Salvelinus fontinalis

Total No s. of Fish 29

Condition Factor 1.0 (0.9 – 1.2, N = 29)

Sex (M / F) 

# 4 / 6

Vitellogenin male 1 

# DH (none)

DL (0.44, N = 1)

ND (<0.20, N = 3)

17ß-estradiol female 

# 3.50 (1.54 – 5.44, N = 6)

17ß-estradiol male 

# 0.19 2 

# (<0.25 – 0.38, N = 4)

11kT male 

# 1.74 (1.41 – 2.00, N = 4)

Testosterone female 

# 1.49 (0.73 – 3.40, N = 6)

Testosterone male 

# 1.36 (1.05 – 1.49, N = 4)

Kidney MAs 10.32 (1.07 – 19.58, N = 10)

Liver MAs 0.07 (0.00 – 0.24, N = 10)

Spleen MAs 2.40 (0.05 – 7.39, N = 10)

Histopathology Kidney: none

Out of 15 fish Liver: none

Spleen: none

Gonad: none

Gill: none

Hg total whole-body 

# 102.37 (52.29 – 202.29, N = 10)

Age 5 (1 – 8, N = 25)

Age (years) 0 2 4 6 8 10Nos. of Fish



# 0 2 4 6 8 10 

# Age Frequency

Histogram

1 

# DH = detectable high (>1μg/ml), DL = detectable low, ND = non-detectable. 2 

# >50% non-detects.

5A-3

# Table 5A-4. Fish Biological and Mercury Da ta from the NOAT/GAAR and Year Sampled. Data are

mean (min – max, N) except Vitellogenin (min – max, N). Sex (listed only for fish with accompanying

gonad samples), Vitellogenin (μg/ml), 17ß-estradiol (ng/ml), 11keto-testosterone (11kT ng/ml),

Testosterone (ng/ml), MAs (average % area), Hg (ng/g ww), Age (years).

GAAR, Matcharak Lake NOAT, Burial Lake 2004

Species Salvelinus nam aycush Salvelinus namaycush

Total Nos. of Fish 20 20

Condition Factor 1.0 (0.7 – 1.4, N = 20) 1.0 (0.7 – 1.2, N = 20)

Sex (M / F) 

# 5 / 5 5 / 5

Vitellogenin male 1 

# DH (none) DH (none)

DL (0.47 – 0.81, N = 2) DL (0.25 – 0.34, N = 2)

ND (<0.20, N = 3) ND (<0.20, N = 3)

17ß-estradiol female 

# 4.38 (<0.25 – 14.36, N = 5) 3.27 (0.26 – 8.87, N = 5)

17ß-estradiol male 

# 0.16 2 

# (<0.25 – 0.27, N = 5) 0.17 2 

# (<0.25 – 0.31, N = 5)

11kT male 

# 4.39 (1.07 – 10.14, N = 5) 3.29 (< 0.63 – 13.16, N = 5)

Testosterone female 

# 11.28 (<0.25 – 29.63, N = 5) 15.40 (<0.25 – 39.73, N = 5)

Testosterone male 

# 7.88 (<0.25 – 21.56 , N = 5) 4.59 2 

# (<0.25 – 22.18, N = 5)

Kidney MAs 5.97 (1.69 – 11.21, N = 10) 6.43 (0.57 – 14.65, N = 10)

Liver MAs 0.05 (0.00 – 0.18, N = 10 ) 0.18 (0.00 – 1.54, N = 10)

Spleen MAs 1.82 (0.04 – 5.49, N = 10 ) 0.39 (0.00 – 1.28, N = 10))

Histopathology 3 

# Kidney: none Kidney: FcD(2), F(2), W(1)

Numbers in ( ) are Liver: WGr(3), Gr(3), Li(1), nN W(4) Liver: LI(1), dcLI(1), mLI(1), miLI(1), fL(1)

affected fish out of 15 Spleen: none Spleen: none

Gonad: tMA(1) Gonad: none

Gill: mifH(1), eH(1), mCp( 1), tpL(1), Gill: rC(1), HMW(1)

c p L(1), HtL(1)

Gut: WGr(1), nNW(1)

Hg total whole-body 

# 129.71 (31.59 – 204.50, N = 10) 217.54 (68.27 – 411.01, N = 10)

Age 19.5 (7 – 29, N = 20) 17.9 (5 – 41, N = 19)

Age (years) 0 10 20 30 40 50Nos. of Fish



# 0 2 4 6 8 10

Age (years) 0 10 20 30 40 50Nos. of Fish



# 0 2 4 6 8 10 

# Age Frequency

Histograms

1 

# DH = detectable high (>1μg/ml), DL = detectable low, ND = non-detectable. 2 

# >50% non-detects. 3 

# WGr =

worms in granulomas, Gr = granulomas, LI = lym phocyte infiltration, nNW = numerous Nematodes or

worms, tMA = testis with MA pigments, mifH = mild focal hyperplasia, eH = epithelial hyperplasia, HMW =

Monogene worm with hyperplasia, mCp = mucus cell pr oliferation, tpL = thickened cartilage element of

primary lamellae, cpL = cortical proliferation of prim ary lamellae, HtL = hyperplasia on tips of lamellae,

FcD = flukes in collecting duct, F = flukes, W = worms, dcLI = diffuse chronic lymphocyte infiltration, mLI =

moderate lymphocyte infiltration, miLI = mild lymphocyt e infiltration, fL = foci of lymphocytes, rC = rare

ciliates no pathology.

5A-4

# Table 5A-5. Fish Biological and Mercury Data for DENA and Year Sampled. Data are mean (min –

max) except vitellogenin (min – max). Sex (listed only for fish with accompanying gonad samples),

Vitellogenin (μg/ml), 17ß-estradiol (ng/ml), 11keto-te stosterone (11kT ng/ml), Testosterone (ng/ml), MAs

(average % area), Hg (ng/g ww), Age (years).

DENA McLeod Lake Wonder Lake 2004-05

Species Lota lota Salvelinus nam aycush

Prosopium cylindra c eum

Total Nos. of Fish 6 24

Condition Factor 1 

# 0.7 (0.5 – 0.8, N = 6) 1.1 (0.8 – 1.4, N = 24)

Sex (M / F) 

# 1 / 0 6 / 4

Vitellogenin male 1 

# NA 2 

# DH (none)

DL (0.56 – 0.66, N = 2)

ND (<0.20, N = 4)

17ß-estradiol female 

# NA 4.49 (0.30 – 9.84, N = 4)

17ß-estradiol male 

# 0.52 (N = 1) 0.17 3 

# (<0.25 – 0.26, N= 6)

11kT male 

# 0.70 (N = 1) 12.13 (4.14 – 18.22, N = 6)

Testosterone female 

# NA 23.95 (0.29 – 63.11, N = 4)

Testosterone male 

# <0.25 (N = 1) 10.22 (4.06 – 17.23, N = 6)

Kidney MAs NA 10.34 (4.84 – 18.67, N = 10)

Liver MAs NA 0.24 (0.00 – 0.55, N = 10)

Spleen MAs NA 7.27 (2.54 – 13.29, N = 10)

Histopathology 4 

# Kidney: none Kidney:WU(1)

Numbers in ( ) are Liver: none Liver: none

affected fish out of 15 Spleen: none Spleen: none

Gonad: none Gonad: oMA(2)

Gill: none Gill: eM(1)

Hg total whole-body 

# 58.34 (26.64 – 75.73, N = 4) 112.59 (87.61 – 140.30, N = 10)

Age 4 (2 – 7, N = 6) 17 (2 – 29, N = 24)

Age (years) 0123456789Nos. of Fish



# 0 2 4 6 8 10

Age (years) 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35Nos. of Fish



# 0 2 4 6 8 10 

# Age Frequency

Histograms

1 

# DH = detectable high (>1μg/ml), DL = detectable low, ND = non-detectable. 2 

# NA = not available. 3 

# >50%

non-detects. 4 

# WU = worms in ureters, oMA = ovary with MA pigments, eM = encysted metacercariae.

5A-5

# Table 5A-6. Fish Biological and Mercury Data for MORA and Year Sampled. Data are mean (min –

max) except Vitellogenin (min – max). Sex (listed only for fish with accompanying gonad samples),

Vitellogenin (μg/ml), 17ß-estradiol (ng/ml), 11keto-te stosterone (11kT ng/ml), Testosterone (ng/ml), MAs

(average % area), Hg (ng/g ww), Age (years).

MORA Lake LP19 Golden Lake 2005

Species Salvelinus fontinalis Salvelinus fontinalis

Total Nos. of Fish 25 25

Condition Factor 1 (0.7 – 1.2, N = 25 ) 1.0 (0.8 – 1.2, N = 25)

Sex (M / F) 

# 5 / 5 7 / 3

Vitellogenin male 1 

# DH (none) DH (6.92, N = 1)

DL (none) DL (none)

ND (<0.20, N = 5) ND (<0.20, N = 6)

17ß-estradiol female 

# 7.95 (<0.25 – 19.29, N = 5) 9.89 (7.35 – 11.35, N = 3)

17ß-estradiol male 

# 0.24 (<0.25 – 0.28, N = 5) 0.21 2 

# (<0.25 – 0.53, N =7)

11kT male 

# 5.06 (2.13 – 7.94, N = 5) 6.74 (4.87 – 8.71, N =7)

Testosterone female 

# 3.94 (2.66 – 6.54, N = 5) 3.70 (3.04 – 4.07, N = 3)

Testosterone male 

# 3.41 (2.06 – 6.00, N = 5) 5.05 (2.50 – 6.31, N =7)

Kidney MAs 13.98 (1.11 – 31.22, N = 10) 15.73 (3.24 – 25.46, N = 10)

Liver MAs 0.24 (0.00 – 2.17, N = 10 ) 0.05 (0.00 – 0.13, N = 10)

Spleen MAs 4.79 (0.07 – 14.47, N = 10) 1.63 (0.08 – 3.36, N = 10)

Histopathology 3 

# Kidney: none Kidney: none

Numbers in ( ) are Liver: BKDGr(1), mGr(1) Liver: bDH(1)

affected fish out 15 Spleen: none Spleen: none

Gonad: none Gonad: none

Gill: none Gill: none

Hg total whole-body 

# 145.68 (56.63 – 267.50, N = 15) 80.60 (54.75 – 102.02, N = 15)

Age 5 (2 – 9, N = 25) 4 (2 – 6, N = 25)

Age (years) 0 2 4 6 8 10 12Nos. of Fish



# 0 2 4 6 8 10 

# Age Frequency

Age (years) 0 2 4 6 8 10 12Nos. of Fish



# 0 2 4 6 8 10 

# Histograms

1 

# DH = detectable high (>1μg/ml), DL = detectable low, ND = non-detectable. 2 

# >50% non-detects. 3 

# BKDGr

= bacterial kidney disease like granuloma, mGr = mu ltiple granulomas, bDH = bile duct hyperplasia

(suspected).

5A-6

# Table 5A-7. Fish Biological and Mercury Data for GLAC and Year Sampled. Data are mean (min –

max) except Vitellogenin (min – max). Sex (listed only for fish with accompanying gonad samples),

Vitellogenin (μg/ml), 17ß-estradiol (ng/ml), 11keto-te stosterone (11kT ng/ml), Testosterone (ng/ml), MAs

(average % area), Hg (ng/g ww), Age (years).

GLAC Oldman Lake Snyder Lake 2005

Species Onc o rh ynchus clarki bouvieri Oncorhynchus clarki lewisi

Total Nos. of Fish 25 25

Condition Factor 1.1 (0.6 – 1.3, N = 25) 0.9 (0.7 – 1.1, N = 25)

Sex (M / F) 

# 6 / 4 5 / 5

Vitellogenin male 1 

# DH (4.40, N =1) DH (5.58, N = 1)

DL (none) DL (0.75, N = 1)

ND (<0.20, N = 5) ND (<0.20, N = 3)

17ß-estradiol female 

# 13.70 (11.08 – 20.46, N = 4) 2.32 (<0.25 – 5.73, N = 5)

17ß-estradiol male 

# 0.59 (0.50 – 0.76, N = 6) 0.30 (<0.25 – 0.49, N = 5)

11kT male 

# 13.20 (8.92 – 18.67, N = 6) 7.32 (1.31 – 13.57, N = 5)

Testosterone female 

# 14.32 (9.97 – 17.80, N = 4) 2.41 (1.18 – 4.54, N = 5)

Testosterone male 

# 14.68 (7.25 – 22.90, N = 6) 6.62 (1.24 – 11.72, N = 5)

Kidney MAs 2.14 (0.32 – 4.11, N = 10) 10.70 (2.93 – 25.66, N = 10)

Liver MAs 0.00 (N = 10) 0.10 (0.00 – 0.52, N = 10)

Spleen MAs 0.18 (0.01 – 0.53, N = 10 ) 1.15 (0.23 – 4.52, N = 10)

Histopathology 2 

# Kidney: none Kidney: none

Numbers in ( ) are Liver: pC(1), fLi(1) Liver: none

affected fish out of 15 Spleen: none Spleen: none

Gonad: IS(1) Gonad: none

Gill: none Gill: none

Hg total whole-body 

# 37.06 (24.33 – 45.62, N = 10) 36.74 (16.90 – 59.60, N = 15)

Age 4 (2 – 5, N = 25) 5 (2 – 6, N = 25)

Age (years) 02468Nos. of Fish



# 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16

Age (years) 02468Nos. of Fish



# 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 

# Age Frequency

Histograms

1 

# DH = detectable high (>1μg/ml), DL = detectable low, ND = non-detectable. 2 

# pC = perivascular cuffing,

fLi = fatty liver, IS = intersex male.

5A-7

# Table 5A-8. Fish Biological and Mercury data for OLYM and Year Sampled. Data are mean (min –

max) except Vitellogenin (min – max). Sex (listed only for fish with accompanying gonad samples),

Vitellogenin (μg/ml), 17ß-estradiol (ng/ml), 11keto-te stosterone (11kT ng/ml), Testosterone (ng/ml), MAs

(average % area), Hg (ng/g ww), Age (years).

OLYM Hoh Lake PJ Lake 2005

Species Salvelinus fontinalis Salvelinus fontinalis

Total Nos. of Fish 25 25

Condition Factor 1.0 (0.7 – 1.4, N = 25) 1.0 (0.7 – 1.1, N = 25)

Sex (M / F) 

# 5 / 5 5 / 5

Vitellogenin male 1 

# DH (none) DH (none)

DL (none) DL (0.43, N = 1)

ND (<0.20, N = 5) ND (<0.20, N = 4)

17ß-estradiol female 

# 8.07 (<0.25 – 14.56, N = 5) 8.01 (0.49 – 15.43)

17ß-estradiol male 

# 0.30 (<0.25 – 0.49, N = 5) 0.19 2 

# (<0.25 – 0.42)

11kT male 

# 5.56 (2.83 – 8.66, N = 5) 5.48 (1.06 – 11.66)

Testosterone female 

# 4.88 (0.68 – 8.26, N = 5) 6.52 (0.84 – 17.39)

Testosterone male 

# 5.20 (3.49 – 7.77, N = 5) 4.38 (1.14 – 11.91)

Kidney MAs 21.24 (3.45 – 34.91, N= 10) 12.66 (3.72 – 35.76, N = 10)

Liver MAs 0.29 (0.00 – 0.94, N = 10) 0.29 (0.00 – 1.64, N = 10)

Spleen MAs 9.07 (0.11 – 25.83, N = 10 ) 3.98 (0.00 – 12.76, N = 10)

Histopathology Kidney: none Kidney: none

Out of 15 fish Liver: none Liver: none

Spleen: none Spleen: none

Gonad: none Gonad: none

Gill: none Gill: none

Hg total whole-body 

# 141.67 (78.44 – 284.02, N = 15) 102.36 (30.16 – 227.35, N = 15)

Age 7 (3 – 13, N = 25) 4 (2 – 10, N = 25)

Age (years) 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16Nos. of Fish



# 0 2 4 6 8 10 12

Age (years) 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16Nos. of Fish



# 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 

# Age Frequency

Histograms

1 

# DH = detectable high (>1μg/ml), DL = detectable low, ND = non-detectable. 2 

# >50% non-detects.

5A-8

# APPENDIX 5B 

# Correlations between Hg and Age

Data are first analyzed using all fish, then analyzed by species, then park, and then lake. Data are

provided for the model that had the strongest statistica l significance. The categories in bold are significant

at P < 0.05.

____________________________________________________________________________________

Analysis F d.f. R squared 

# P Best Fit Model

____________________________________________________________________________________

All fish 58.10 2, 162 0.42 <0.0001 2 nd 

# order polynomial

(parabolic)

Brook trout 129.38 1, 98 0.57 <0.0001 Linear

Lake trout 0.39 1, 28 -0.01 0.54 Linear

Cutthroat trout 7.84 1, 23 0.25 0.01 Double reciprocal

Rainbow trout 114.89 1, 8 0.93 <0.0001 Double reciprocal

Sequoia 38.31 1, 18 0.68 <0.0001 Double reciprocal

Pear 42.95 1, 8 0.84 0.0002 S-curve

Emerald 9.11 1, 8 0.63 0.02 Double reciprocal

Rocky Mountain 82.08 1, 18 0.82 <0.0001 Double reciprocal

Mills 114.89 1, 8 0.93 <0.0001 Double reciprocal

Lone Pine 31.14 1, 8 0.80 0.0005 Squared X

Gates of the Arctic

Matcharak 1.44 1, 8 0.15 0.26 Reciprocal Y; Squared X

Noatak

Burial 5.55 1, 8 -0.41 0.05 Reciprocal Y; Squared X

Denali

Wonder 0.98 1, 8 0.11 0.35 Double squared

Mount Rainier 37.33 1, 28 0.57 <0.0001 Square root Y; Squared X

LP19 38.18 1, 13 0.75 <0.0001 Log Y; Square-root X

Golden 2.68 1, 13 0.17 0.12 Double reciprocal

Glacier 7.84 1, 23 0.25 0.01 Double reciprocal

Oldman 4.04 1, 8 0.33 0.08 Double squared

Snyder 11.07 1, 13 0.46 0.005 Double reciprocal

Olympic 106.82 1, 38 0.74 <0.0001 Double squared

PJ2003 5.37 1, 8 0.40 0.05 Double reciprocal

PJ2005 44.74 1, 13 0.77 <0.0001 Double squared

Hoh 44.96 1, 13 0.78 <0.0001 Squared X

____________________________________________________________________________________

5B-1

# APPENDIX 5C 

# Correlations between Macrophage Aggregates and Hg

Data analyzed using all fish and then separated into species age classes when possible. Data are

provided for the model that had the strongest statistica l significance. The categories in bold are significant

at P < 0.05.

Analysis F d.f. R squared 

# P Best Fit Model

All Fish

Spleen MAs 52.25 1, 163 0.24 <0.0001 Log 10 

# (X)

Kidney MAs 35.89 1, 163 0.18 <0.0001 Log 10 

# (X)

Sum of MAs 48.69 1, 163 0.23 <0.0001 Log 10 

# (X)

Brook trout

Spleen MAs 82.82 1, 98 0.45 <0.0001 Log 10 

# (X)

1-3 y 6.03 1, 28 0.18 0.02 Double Squared

4-6 y 26.27 1, 46 0.36 <0.0001 Log 10 

# (X)

7-13 y 2.59 1,20 0.11 0.12 Squared Y; Reciprocal X

Kidney MAs 42.64 1, 98 0.30 <0.0001

Log 10 

# (X)

1-3 y 2.51 1, 28 0.08 0.12 Double Squared

4-6 y 6.65 1, 46 0.13 0.01 Double Reciprocal

7-13 y 1.8 1, 20 0.08 0.19 Double Squared

Sum of MAs 66.92 1, 98 0.41 <0.0001 Log 10 

# (X)

1-3 y 3.16 1, 28 0.10 0.09 Double Squared

4-6 y 13.06 1, 46 0.22 0.0007 Double Reciprocal

7-13 y 3.21 1, 20 0.14 0.09 Double Squared

Lake trout

Spleen MAs 6.99 1, 28 -0.2 0.01 Linear

< 20 y 4.77 1, 15 -0.24 0.04 Squared Y

> 20 y 22.64 1, 11 -0.67 0.0006 Reciprocal Y; Squared X

Kidney MAs 0.32 1, 28 -0.01 0.57 Squared Y; Log X

< 20 y 0.00 1, 15 0.0001 0.97 Linear

> 20 y 0.00 1, 11 0.0002 0.96 Linear

Sum of MAs 1.62 1, 28 -0.05 0.21 Squared Y; Square ro ot X

< 20 y 1.48 1, 15 -0.09 0.24 Double squared

> 20 y 0.67 1, 11 -0.06 0.43 Reciprocal Y; Square root X



# Cutthroat trout

Spleen MAs 15.46 1, 23 0.40 0.0007 Double squared

Kidney MAs 16.10 1, 23 0.41 0.0005 Double squared

Sum of MAs 17.15 1, 23 0.43 0.0004 Double squared

Rainbow trout

Spleen MAs 4.13 1, 8 0.34 0.08 Linear

Kidne y MAs 28.83 1, 8 0.79 0.0007 Double reciprocal

Sum of MAs 33.83 1, 8 0.81 0.0004 Double reciprocal

SEKI – Brook Trout

Spleen MAs 35.65 1, 18 0.66 <0.0001 Square-root Y; Log X

Kidney MAs 6.12 1, 18 0.25 0.02 Multiplicative

Sum of MAs 15.05 1, 18 0.45 0.001 Square-root Y; Log X

Pear

Spleen MAs 31.24 1, 8 0.80 0.0005 Linear

Kidney MAs 9.85 1, 8 0.55 0.01 Linear

Sum of MAs 19.18 1, 8 0.71 0.002 Linear

____________________________________________________________________________________

5C-1

# Analysis F d.f. R squared 

# P Best Fit Model

Emerald

Spleen MAs 4.46 1, 8 0.36 0.07 Reciprocal Y; Log X

Kidne y MAs 8.35 1, 8 0.51 0.02 Double reciprocal

Sum of MAs 7.98 1, 8 0.50 0.02 Double reciprocal

ROMO

Spleen MAs 37.35 1, 18 0.67 <0.0001 Double squared

Kidney MAs 16.73 1, 18 0.48 0.0007 Double squared

Sum of MAs 35.87 1, 18 0.67 <0.0001 Squared Y

Mills – rainbow trout

Spleen MAs 4.13 1, 8 0.34 0.08 Linear

Kidne y MAs 28.83 1, 8 0.79 0.0007 Double reciprocal

Sum of MAs 33.83 1, 8 0.81 0.0004 Double reciprocal

Lone Pine – brook trout

Spleen MAs 21.21 1, 8 0.73 0.002 Squared Y; Square-root X

Kidney MAs 16.38 1, 8 0.67 0.004 Double squared

Sum of MAs 34.55 1, 8 0.81 0.0004 Double squared

GAAR

Matcharak – lake trout

Spleen MAs 4.75 1, 8 -0.37 0.06 Squared Y; Reciprocal X

≤ 20 y 4.53 1, 3 0.60 0.12 Linear

> 20 y 5.35 1, 3 -0.64 0.10 Squared Y; Reciprocal X

Kidney MAs 0.26 1, 8 0.03 0. 63 Reciprocal Y; Squared X

≤ 20 y 6.35 1, 3 0.68 0.09 Linear

> 20 y 0.18 1, 3 -0.06 0.70 Double reciprocal

Sum of MAs 1.17 1, 8 -0.13 0.31 Squared Y; Reciprocal X

≤ 20 y 7.12 1, 3 0.70 0.08 Linear

> 20 y 0.88 1, 3 -.23 0.42 Squared Y; Reciprocal X

NOAT

Burial – lake trout

Spleen MAs 12.56 1, 8 -0.64 0.009 Squared Y; Reciprocal X

< 15 y 67.70 1, 2 0.97 0.01 Linear

> 15 y 1.11 1,4 -0.21 0.35 Linear

Kidney MAs 1.47 1, 8 -0.15 0.26 Squared Y; Reciprocal X

< 15 y 8.07 1, 2 0.80 0.10 Linear

> 15 y 0.01 1, 4 0.21 0.93 Linear

Sum of MAs 2.42 1, 8 -0.23 0.16 Squared Y; Reciprocal X

< 15 y 9.56 1, 2 0.83 0.09 Linear

> 15 y 0.01 1, 4 0.13 0.94 Linear

DENA – Lake Trout

Wonder

Spleen MAs 4.21 1, 8 0.34 0.07 Reciprocal Y; Squared X

Kidne y MAs 5.49 1, 8 0.41 0.05 Reciprocal Y

Sum of MAs 7.61 1, 8 0.49 0.03 Double squared

MORA – Brook Trout

Spleen MAs 46.03 1, 28 0.62 <0.0001 Log 10 

# (X)

Kidney MAs 7.26 1, 28 0.21 0.01 Double reciprocal

Sum of MAs 11.20 1, 28 0.29 0.002 Square root Y; Reciprocal X

____________________________________________________________________________________

5C-2

# Analysis F d.f. R squared 

# P Best Fit Model

LP19

Spleen MAs 89.51 1, 13 0.87 <0.0001 S-curve

Kidney MAs 37.27 1, 13 0.74 <0.0001 Double reciprocal

Sum of MAs 48.48 1, 13 0.79 <0.0001 S-curve

Golden

Spleen MAs 1.87 1, 13 0.13 0.19 S-curve

Kidne y MAs 4.46 1, 13 0.26 0.05 Double reciprocal

Sum of MAs 4.25 1, 13 0.25 0.06 Double reciprocal

GLAC – West Slope Cutthroat

Spleen MAs 15.46 1, 23 0.40 0.0007 Double squared

Kidney MAs 16.10 1, 23 0.41 0.0005 Double squared

Sum of MAs 17.15 1, 23 0.43 0.0004 Double squared

Oldman

Spleen MAs 25.26 1, 8 0.76 0.001 Double reciprocal

Kidney MAs 2.71 1, 8 0.25 0.14 Squared Y; reciprocal X

Sum of MAs 3.23 1, 8 0.29 0.11 Squared Y; reciprocal X

Snyder

Spleen MAs 16.53 1, 13 0.56 0.001 Squared X

Kidney MAs 21.21 1, 13 0.62 0.0005 Double squared

Sum of MAs 23.22 1, 13 0.64 0.0003 Double squared

OLYM – Brook Trout

Spleen MAs 43.10 1, 38 0.53 <0.0001 Linear

Kidney MAs 30.29 1, 38 0.44 <0.0001 Linear

Sum of MAs 40.29 1, 38 0.52 <0.0001 Linear

PJ2003

Spleen MAs 14.45 1, 8 0.64 0.005 Squared Y

Kidney MAs 3.87 1, 8 0.33 0.08 Double reciprocal

Sum of MAs 5.00 1, 8 0.38 0.06 Double reciprocal

PJ2005

Spleen MAs 4.98 1, 13 0.28 0.04 Square-root X

Kidney MAs 16.92 1, 13 0.56 0.001 Reciprocal Y; Square-root X

Sum of MAs 13.30 1, 13 0.51 0.003 Reciprocal Y; Square-root X

Hoh

Spleen MAs 30.86 1, 13 0.70 0.0001 Reciprocal X

Kidney MAs 29.95 1, 13 0.70 0.0001 Squared Y; Log X

Sum of MAs 34.54 1, 13 0.73 0.0001 Squared Y; Log X

All Fish

Spleen MAs Failed lack of fit test

Kidney MAs Failed lack of fit test

Sum of MAs 51.46 1, 163 0.24 <0.0001 S-curve

Brook trout

Spleen MAs 91.11 1, 98 0.48 <0.0001 Reciprocal X

Kidney MAs 75.84 1, 98 0.46 <0.0001 Reciprocal X

Sum of MAs 104.67 1, 98 0.52 <0.0001 Reciprocal X

Lake trout

Spleen MAs 35.25 1, 28 0.57 <0.0001 Double reciprocal

Kidney MAs 61.07 1, 28 0.68 <0.0001 Double reciprocal

Sum of MAs 70.02 1, 28 0.71 <0.0001 Double reciprocal

____________________________________________________________________________________

5C-3

# Analysis F d.f. R squared 

# P Best Fit Model

Cutthroat trout

Spleen MAs 18.47 1, 23 0.44 0.0003 Square-root Y; Squared X

Kidney MAs 11.44 1, 23 0.33 0.003 Squared X

Sum of MAs 12.88 1, 23 0.36 0.002 Square-root Y; Squared X

Rainbow trout

Spleen MAs 19.91 1, 8 0.71 0.002 Squared X

Kidney MAs 52.16 1, 8 0.87 0.0001 Exponential

Sum of MAs 61.84 1, 8 0.88 <0.0001 Exponential

SEKI

Spleen MAs 26.39 1, 18 0.59 0.0001 S-curve

Kidney MAs 8.7 1, 18 0.33 0.009 Double reciprocal

Sum of MAs 16.23 1, 18 0.47 0.0008 S-curve

Pear

Spleen MAs 28.74 1, 8 0.78 0.0007 S-curve

Kidney MAs 7.5 1, 8 0.48 0.03 Double reciprocal

Sum of MAs 13.83 1, 8 0.63 0.006 Double reciprocal

Emerald

Spleen MAs 6.11 1, 8 0.43 0.04 Double reciprocal

Kidney MAs 7.20 1, 8 0.47 0.03 Double reciprocal

Sum of MAs 8.49 1, 8 0.51 0.02 Double reciprocal

ROMO

Spleen MAs 20.57 1, 18 0.53 0.0003 Double squared

Kidney MAs 23.69 1, 18 0.57 0.0001 Double reciprocal

Sum of MAs 38.64 1, 18 0.68 <0.0001 Double squared

Mills

Spleen MAs 19.91 1, 8 0.71 0.002 Squared X

Kidney MAs 52.16 1, 8 0.87 0.0001 Exponential

Sum of MAs 61.84 1, 8 0.88 <0.0001

Exponen t ial

Lone Pine

Spleen MAs 11.53 1, 8 0.59 0.009 Double squared

Kidney MAs 6.62 1, 8 0.45 0.03 Double squared

Sum of MAs 11.67 1, 8 0.59 0.009 Double squared

GAAR

Matcharak

Spleen MAs 28.45 1, 8 0.78 0.0007 Square-root Y

Kidney MAs 19.86 1, 8 0.71 0.002 Reciprocal Y; Log X

Sum of MAs 38.39 1, 8 0.83 0.0003 Reciprocal Y; Log X

NOAT

Burial

Spleen MAs 86.15 1, 8 0.93 <0.0001 Double reciprocal

Kidney MAs 30.16 1, 8 0.79 0.0006 Double reciprocal

Sum of MAs 34.27 1, 8 0.81 0.0004 Double reciprocal

DENA

Wonder

Spleen MAs 1.83 1, 8 0.19 0.21 Double squared

Kidney MAs 0.41 1, 8 0.05 0.54 Re ciprocal Y; Squared

Sum of MAs 1.4 1, 8 0.15 0.27 Double squared

____________________________________________________________________________________

5C-4

# Analysis F d.f. R squared 

# P Best Fit Model

MORA

Spleen MAs 55.96 1, 28 0.67 <0.0001 S-curve

Kidney MAs 61.38 1, 28 0.69 <0.0001 Double reciprocal

Sum of MAs 69.46 1, 28 0.71 <0.0001 Double reciprocal

LP19

Spleen MAs 44.00 1, 13 0.77 <0.0001 S-curve

Kidney MAs 61.30 1, 13 0.82 <0.0001 Double reciprocal

Sum of MAs 72.66 1, 13 0.84 <0.0001 S-curve

Golden

Spleen MAs 6.64 1, 13 0.34 0.02 Double squared

Kidney MAs 5.93 1, 13 0.31 0.03 Double reciprocal

Sum of MAs 6.17 1, 13 0.32 0.03 Double reciprocal

GLAC

Spleen MAs 18.47 1, 23 0.44 0.0003 Square-root Y; Squared X

Kidney MAs 11.44 1, 23 0.33 0.003 Squared X

Sum of MAs 12.88 1, 23 0.36 0.002 Square-root Y; Squared X

Oldman

Spleen MAs 5.20 1, 8 0.39 0.05 Double squared

Kidney MAs 2.47 1, 8 0.24 0.15 Squared Y; Square-root X

Sum of MAs 2.92 1, 8 0.27 0.13 Squared Y

Snyder

Spleen MAs 6.01 1, 13 0.32 0.03 Double reciprocal

Kidney MAs 2.43 1, 13 0.16 0.14 Log Y; Squared X

Sum of MAs 2.81 1, 13 0.18 0.11 Log Y; Squared X

OLYM

Spleen MAs 41.97 1, 38 0.52 <0.0001 Linear

Kidney MAs 49.92 1, 38 0.57 <0.0001 Linear

Sum of MAs 58.09 1, 38 0.60 <0.0001 Linear

PJ2003

Spleen MAs 48.23 1, 8 0.86 0.0001 Double reciprocal

Kidney MAs 34.67 1, 8 0.81 0.0004 Double reciprocal

Sum of MAs 37.32 1, 8 0.82 0.0003 Double reciprocal

PJ2005

Spleen MAs 3.2 1, 13 0.20 0.10 Reciprocal X

Kidne y MAs 9.27 1, 13 0.42 0.009 Log Y; Squared X

Sum of MAs 7.04 1, 13 0.35 0.02 Exponential

Hoh

Spleen MAs 250.45 1, 13 0.95 <0.0001 S-curve

Kidney MAs 113.38 1, 13 0.90 <0.0001 Squared Y; Log X

Sum of MAs 104.83 1, 13 0.89 <0.0001 Log 10 

# (X)

____________________________________________________________________________________

5C-5

# Western Airborne Contaminants Assessment Project

Final Report: Volume II Appendices



# Science