## AN EVALUATION 

### OF 

### THE EFFECI'1VE;NEsS 

### OF 

### 27EIE STROBE LIGHT 

### DETERRI=NT + 

### SYSrml AT 

# - Mrurm STATION 

### ON CAYUGALAKE, TOhXPKMS COUNTY,

## NEW YORK @a. 

### 1993 and April 

### through August 

### 1994)

Prepared €or 

## NEW YORK STATEEI23-C 

## AMD GAS 

### CORPORATION Corporate

### Drive 

## - Kirkwood Industrial Park 

### P.O. Box 5224 

### Binghamton, 

### New York 

### 13902-5224

Prepared 

### by
.. 

### John Homa, Jr., 

### h4adeIyn 

### Stafford-GIase, and 

### M. Eliberh

### Comers 

### 1CKTHYOLx)GICAL ASSOClATES, INC 50 LudIowvilIe 

### Road Lansing, 

### New 

### York 14882-9023 

### (607)

### 533-8801

Decemfxr 12, 1994. .,. ~.



# rrr,. STUDYMETHODS 

## ................................................... 7 

### A) Dischargeffetting 

# ........... . . ..._.___.. 

# ___.._. - ....-.. 

## ._. ._.___. . 7 

### 1. Partial Tailrace 

### Net 

### Design 

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# - -. 

# - - . .- - .

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### 2. 

### Sample Collection 

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## ....- .-I. 

## - .-. . . . . .- .- 

# - - .- - - . - .

## - - ..

# - - - - - - . 7 

### 3: Collection Efficiency, Sampling 

## -. - .

# -. 

# - e 

## .- - 

# - - . . . .

# ..a 

## ..

# . ..

# . . . . 

# - . .

# - .- 8 4. 

### Special 24-hour Continuous,Sarnpling 

# ..

# . .

# - - - .- ... . .- 

# .. . .

# ..

# .. -. . -. 9 

### B) Condenser Face 

### Observations 

# .

# - I 

# - .

# ...

# -. 

# - . .

# - - .- .

# - ..

# ..

# . .

# ...-. 

# - -. 

# - -. 10 

### C) Data Analysis and 

### Quality AssuranodQuality Confro1 

# - - .- - .

# - . 

# - ..-. 

# ..

# .. . 

# - 

# . 10 .- c-ible2. Numbers 

### or 

### grams 

### of fish entrained 

### during the 

### standard 8-hour sampling pen& VS. the 

### quantity enmined during &e respective 

### 24-hour 

### period, July 

### 7-2, 1994, Milliken Station, Cayuga Lake,New 

### Yo&. ble 3. 

### Results of entrainment 

### sampling by partial 

### tailrace netting at the Milliken 

### Station, Cayuga 

### Lake, New 

### York 51e 4. 

### Adjusted catch rates 

### for 

### entrainment samplingat 

### the MiIIiken Station, 

### Cayuga Lake, New 

### Yo& 

### .Seasonaldistribution of 

### adjGted catch 

### data and percentage composition 

### of catch; Milliken 

### Station Entrainment 

### Study.. 

## --

. 

## _- )le5. 

### 1Ie

### 6. Sunrise 

### and sunset 

### data 

### for Ithaca, 

### New Yo& December 

### lN3 and 

### April through 

### August, .1994. 

### Ie 

### 7. Summary

### of statistics 

### comparing paired entrainment 

### rates 

### with two treatments, 

### strobes of€ 

### and strobes 

### on 

### for &e 

### strobe 

### right evaluation 

### study, Milliken 

### Station, Cayuga Lake, 

### Tompkins County,New York Testing 

### oftwo 

### time periods, 

### December to July 

### 3 and July 

### 7 

### through August. e 

### 8. Summary 

### of statistics 

### comparing

### paidenfrainment rates with 

### two treatments, strobes 

### off and strobes 

### on 

### for the strobe light evaluation 

### study, Milliken Station, 

### Cayuga Lake, 

### TompEns County, New 

### York Testing of total 

### study 

### periods. Goodenser face observations at the 

### Unit 1viewing 

### port, MIliken Station, Cayuga Lake, New 

### York. 2 

### 9.$, 

# . *

I I. 

## .'
"a



# 1' iiiTile MilIikcn Station, a coal-fir& steam electric gencraiing facility located on Cayuga 

### Lake,New 

### lo& is owned 

### and operated by 

### the New 

### YorkState 

### Electric & 

### Gas Corporation 

### (NYSEG). This station 

### asbeen operating

### as 

### a once-through lakewatercooled pianr

### sinceits 

### construction in 

### the 1950's. 

### In 1992, ie

### New 

### YorkStateDepartment of EnviroamentalConsetvation

### (NYSDEC) requested that

### NYSEG initiate study 

### to determine 

### the 

### most appropriate 

### technology to 

### reduce entrainment of 

### fsh 

### into the &ling stem. 

### NYSEGinstalleda

### strobelightsystem engineered

### by 

### StoneandWebster

### Engin&ring Corporation

1 

### deter fish 

### from &e 

### station 

### intake. 

### The purpose 

### of this repoa 

### is to present 

### LA'S evaluation 

### of the 'fdveaessof the strobe light 

### system as 

### a deterrent. 

## --

.. 

### A fdibility study to determine-

### the best 

### 'meansof 

### measuring entrainment was 

### corkucted 

### in ~~~ber 

### 1993 since travdig 

### screens are not 

### used at 

### h4iiIiken and 

### matentrainment studies at 

### steam aerating

### stationsuti1-mtraveling 

### screens. 

### Among themethods

### consideredwerevisual 

### and photographic 

### sewation 

### through a 

### viewing port 

### of impinged fish 

### on one 

### condenser waII, 

### a method similar 

### to that !ployd during 

### a previous study. 

### Ocher methods considered 

### included pump sampling, 

### fuXl discharge .ting, 

### partial discharge netting, semi-balloon 

### trawl, rigid frame 

### trawl and a sampling 

### sled. 

### Partial charge

### neningwas 

### se1ectedas 

### most practical

### and effectivemethod 

### and was employed during

### December 

### 23 and 

### from

### April through August 

### 1994 to 

### determine 

### the effectiveness 

### of the 

### strobe light system. 

### The study was designed to provide 

### paired 

### sarnpIes 

### comparing two 

### treatments, strobes 

### off and bes 

### oa The

### strobe lights were 

### on 

### €ortwo days with sampling during the last 

### 8 hours 

### of the second



### ,and 

### then 

### off for two or 

### more days with sampling during the 

### last 8.hours 

### of the final 

### day. 

### Results an 

### "off" 

### day were paired 

### with results the 

### next "on"day. 

### A total of

### 29 data pairs were obtained during 

### study period. 

### These ireatmen& were tested 

### statistically 

### using a 

### paired t-test, if appmpriace 

### (normal 5bution) 

### or a Wilcoxon 

### Sign Rank test 

### if dab did 

### not meet criteria for norrnaiity 

### (Rankit test). 

### All yses were accepted with a Level of significance

### of 5%.


### - c 

### - Rainbow smelt was the fish species 

### most vulnerable to entrainment 

### at Milliken Station; yodng of (less 

### than 

### 60 mrn] 

### andjuvenile rainbow smelt (between 60 and 125 

### mm), comprised over 

### 50% of atal catch and 

### adult smelt (>125mrn) comprised 

### 9% of (fie catch. Alewife was also 

### abundant 

### (23% e catch) 

### and yellow perch was common (8%). 

### Other species made up less than 

### 2% of the catch.Overall, approximately 37%fewerfishwere entrained when the strobe lighcs were operating than when they were 

### off. The effects of the strobe lights on individual species were 

### mixed. Generally, they were most effective during the months ofDecember, April, May, and June when the intake water was 

### cooler. 

### The lights were significantly effective in repelling youngsf-year rainbow 

### smelt, yellow perch, white 

### sucker, and trout perch during the whole study period. Alewife and total &&-as measured 

### by numbers and 

### biomass, were significantly repelled during the winter 

### (December) and spring (April-June). Juvenile smelt were unaffected by the strobes while adult smelt were collected when the lights were deployed 

### ingreaternumbersduringtheshort 

### period (June 

### 25 

## - May 

### 25) that they were present in

### samples. 

### In JuIy and0~ugust, ,. 

### alewifealso appeared to be attracted 

### to the lights. During this 

### period, total fishand 

### biomass were both more numerous when the 

### strobes were 

### on than when they 

### were 

### off.

. /

# .

I' 

# .

11. 

### IhTRODUCLTON

I 

### OBJECTIVE TheMilliken Station is a coal-fired steam elcctric generating facility located on 

### Cayuga 

### Lake in 

### e 

### Town of 

### Lansing, 

### Tornpkins County, New 

### York (Figure 

### 11, and 

### is owned 

### and operated 

### by .the New orkState

### EIectric &

### Gas Corpomtion

### O\TYSEG)- This 

### station has operated 

### as

### a once-through lake

### water 

### oled plant 

### since its 

### construction 

### in the 

### 1950's. 

### In 1992, the New 

### York State 

## - Department 

### of 

### ivitomental 

### Conservation (NYSDEC) reviewed 

### NYSEG's renewal 

### application €or 

### a State 

### Pollution scharge Elimination System 

### (SPDES) permit 

### NYSDECrequested that 

### NYSEG initiate a study 

### (IA 

### 92, 2993) todetermine the 

### most appropriatetechnology 

### to reduce entrainment

### of 

### fshinto 

### the 

### cooling ;tern. 

### NYSEG installed a

### strobe

### lightsystem

### cagineemiby 

### Stoneand 

### WebsterEngineering 

### Corporation 

### deter 

### fish-'hrn the intake. 

### For a description and specifications of 

### the 

### strobe light system 

### see pcndix

## L ~~yo~ogiical Associates, 

### ~nc 

# -contradsd to eva~uati the 

### effectiveness of that 

### :=rent< 

### ne 

### purpdse

### of 

### this report is to 

### present the evaluation 

### of the effkctiveness 

### of the 

### strobe lights L 

### deterrent 

# -

..

DESCEWIION 

### OFTHESTUDY SITE The MiIliken Station 

### has two generating units which 

### are cooled 

### by a 

### once-throughcirculating x system using raw 

### waterdrawn from 

### Cayuga 

### Lake. ne off-shore cooling-water intake 

### consists 

### of penended

### pipe situated 

### about

### 520 ft 

### from the 

### shoreat a depth 

### of about 

### 40 ft. The upper half of 

### the 

### 18 

### ft 

### ofthe 

### pipe has 

### been cut 

### away 

### so that water 

### is drawn 

### in 

### from both 

### a 

### horizonfa! and vertical 

### donWith only 

### a very wasegrating 

### to keep out foreign

### objeds. 

### ,No mechanism, 

### such as a traveling n 

### or other fine

### mesh barrier, is 

### in place to physically prevent 

### fshcrr other aquatic

### organisms from 

### .. ;



### entrained. Consequently,

### it is not 

### possible 

### to conductentrainment 

### studies at Milliken in 

### the 

### same iff

### as at 

### the majority 

### ofsteam electric 

### plants, 

### by 

### samplingfishimpinged on traveling

### screens 

### orother :a. Cooling wafer

### passes through each unit's condenserand out thedischargemude lake. 

### Since -

### - arneter 

### of the condenser tubes is slighfiy less than 314 inch, debris 

### and entrained fish th6t are ently large may be lodged (impinged) against the condenser face, while smaller materials pass $t. Once

### per day, 

### or more o€ten.if 

### necessary,the condensersarebackwashed to clear the condenserTile discliarse stnhilrcat Mi1li):crl is a concrete box-likestructurc, approxirrin~cly 13 irhig11, 10 fr wide, and 20 ft long (Fiprc 2). The long axis is oriented in an east/wes~ direction with Gyuga Lake to the west and Milliken Starion to the cast. Circulating water supplied by four pumps (abut 

### 60 rngd each) is discharged at the rate of about 379 c& (245 mgd) inlo the 

### east end of the box through a 

### 8 

### fr diameter 

### pipe. About 14 ft of the western portion 

### of the 

### top ofthe box and 7 

### ft of the upper portion of fhe west 

### end areopen. 

### The lower 

### 6 ft 

### ofthewest wall formsa weir. Water 

### is discharged out 

### ofthe structure over the weir at a depth of 

### from about 4 to 

### 7 ft depending

### on lake IeveI and the number 

### of circulating pumps 

### in 

### operation All four 

### pmps are

### run continuously 

### during normal plant 

### operations. 

### Only two of the four 

### pumps are operated when one 

### of the two coal-fxed units is 

### off line 

### for repair or maintenance. 

### Flow patterns obsewed within the discharge

### structurearelargely turbulent and non-linear for most of its lenHowever, flow over the weir wall at the 

### west &d 

### is fairiy laminar with 

### high velocities (about 

### 6 fps).



# .
.. Fsh

### areknown to beable to accessthe strucbedirectly 

### from the 

### lake. Adult landlocked Atlantic 

### salmon (Saltno 

### salar) and brown trout 

### (Suho &utia) were obsenred in the discharge structure 

### in 

### November- Several 

### species were observed inside thedischarge structure 

### during the spring and summer, including common carp 

### (Cyprk cqio), yellow perch 

### (Perca jliza'aens), alewife (Alosa 

### pseudohmengu),rainbow smelt (Osmerus 

### mor&), gizzard shad 

### (Dorosoma e-), and bluegill 

### (LepomiS ntacTocJLtzcT)). There is someuse of the smcture for a dip net smelt fishery in the spring. 

### The discharge structure is adjacent to a 

### discharge 

### pool. The 

### pool is turbulent with back eddies and cxuss 

### currents. 

### Debris 

### is hay 

### commoh 

### on the bottom and 

### a portion 

### of the 

### pooI is excavated 

### from 

### bedrock When the lake 

### is relatively 

### high, 

### [spring through 

### fall, about 

### 382 ft 

### mean 

### sea level 

### (msl)], the discharge water 

### exits from the 

### pool directly to the west over a gravel bar that runs north and south abut 

### 200 to 

### 250 ft west of the structure. 

### As the lake level is lowered to winter levels (about 

### 3805 ft 

### msl), the discharge water 

### exits 

### fromthe 

### pool to the south parallel to the shoreline and gravel bar. 

### T3e discharge 

### pooI and adjacent area support an important year-round 

### sport fshery. 

### At times, twenty or more anglers fish this 

### pool, with one-hundred 

### or more anglers within 

### 03mile 

### of the discharge. Sprt fish commonly taken include lake trout (Salvelinus namayu(slz), brown trout, rainbow trout~Onadync/us mykiss), -- landlocked Atlantic salmon, northern pike (EsoxIrtciuS), and smallmouth bass 

### (Microplerus dolahriui). 

### Carp, yellow perch, 

### rock bass 

### (Ambloplifa

### mpe-stris),bluegill, pumpkinseed 

### (Lepomk gibbosus), black crappie (Pornoxism.gromaculntus),rainbow smelt, and white sucker (Cafosfomus comerson4 are taken as well.*- 

### ESOURCE AGENCY 

### CONCERNS The 

### NYSDEC i-quatd{hat 

### NYSEG insall and evaluate an appropriate technology to protect up bkcfishes from plant enfrainment. Following a review in June 1994of preliminary resuIfs from =valuationstudy, 

### NYSDEC requested that the study indudea netting efficiencyeffort to calibrate the xtion method. 

### This study &is IO include injection 

### of fish representative of entrained fsh into the 

### xn and measure recovery 

### in thenets. 

### Theotherstudy that was requested

### uras extended diel

### sampling .din 

### whe&er the colltxtion during a 

### standard eight 

### hour sampling 

### period would be representative 

### dlection during 

### 24 hours. 

### - 

## -
REVIOUS STUDIES Prdiminaryentrainmentstudiesat

### MillikenStationwere

### conducted

### in 

### 1% by Youngs 

### (1969)and 

### Ss-lwby
.. 

### Beak Consultants, 

### Inc. 

### (Beak 1987). 

### The Youngs study was mnduded to 

### as&ain the ttial 

### impacts 

### of the 

### proposed Bell Station,

### ‘a

### nuclear power 

### station to have been 

### built immediately of

### Miilken Station. 

### Thestudy employed the use

### of a semi-balloon trawl in thedischarge

### pool with 

### success (W. 

### Youngs, personal communication to 

### J. 

### Homa). For 

### the 

### Beak (1987) study, a viewing vas 

### insbIId on thecondenser housing 

### of unit 

### #I. The viewing 

### port is 

### 638 inches indiameter and at& 

### on the

### lower left quadrant 

### of the condenser. 

### A second 

### port was installed adjacent to 

### the first 

### :o house a Light source for illumination of the condenser face. During the 

### 1987 study, fish gement against 

### the condenser tube face

### was 

### assessed by observing the accumulation 

### of 

### fshon the 

### mer face. 

### Results of this study indicated that alewife, yellow perch, and rainbow smelt, in that were 

### the spies 

### most uulnerabie to 

### entrainment, and that entrainment was related to behavioral itory) characteristics of 

### each species.



## IA was contracted in 

### 1992 to evaluate the feasibility 

### of severaI alternative deterrents 

### to fish 

### iment at Milliken Station. 

### A “white

### paper“ on fish deterrent

### devices was developed and submitted 

### 3DEC (L4 

### 1992). 

### NYSDECreviewed and approved a study plan (IA 

### 1993), and 

### as a result, 

### strobe uere installed during the fail of 

### 1993. The present study was initiated by 

### NYSEG and 

### IA in 

### 1993 zr to evaluate the effectiveness of the strobe light system. Several qerhods-f?r comparing men1 rates with and withouc the strobe lights were reviewed. These methods included 1) aisual ition of thecondenser tubsrhrough the viewing port, 2) photographicorvideo observation through 

### -
Ning porl, 3) rigid frame trawl, 4)sampling 

### sled, 5)semi-balloon trawl, 6) pump sampling, 7) 

### fill1 Evaluation of sampling methods was conducted in netting, and 

### 8) partial tailrace nextins.Noveru'bcr- 1993 (LA 1994). As a result of [his evaluation, sampling using partial tailrdce netting of (11~ discharge was determind io bc the most viable method. Partial tailrace netting was conducted in Dwmber 193and from April through August 

### 1994. 

### E. SrUDY

### APPROACH Partial tailracenetting was selected 

### as the mast practical method for evaluating the 

### strobe light system 

### (IA 1994). Among the tschniques for 

### sampling of 

### fishes 

### entrained in the Gooling wat& system that were given field 

### trials, it sampled the largest 

### proportion

### of the flow (approximately-% to

### 25%ofthe discharge, 

### depending 

### on lake elevation) and provided a complete picture of the full size range 

### of 

### fishes entrained. Condenser

### port observations were 

### used 

### as a secondary method 

### to collaborate netting results and provide a 

### comparisoa to the previous 

### spdy; There are 

### two known limitations 

### of the partial tailrace 

### nettingme&& 

### 1) only a 

### portion of the.discharge 

### 2i.sarnpledand 

### 2) there 

### is potential for 

### contknhation 

### ofnet samples 

### by nonentrained fishentering the discharge. 

### The effect

### of these 

### Limitations 

### on study 

### nsults are

### discussed below. 

## - /.

..a

## m. STUDY METHODS 

### DISCHARGE NE?TING 

### 1. Partial Taiirace Net DesiEn 

### The netting 

### design 

### used 

### €orstudy 

### sampling 

### in December 

### 1993 and from April-August 

### 1994 is )wn

### in 

### Figure 3. 

### The rectangular 

### opening

### oa the 

### lakc side 

### of the discharge structure was fitted with 

### reel pipe acrossthe 

### top 

### of theopeningto serve

### as a 

### support pivot. 

### Two rectangular ne( frame 

### supports m 

### built to pivot 

### on 

### this pipe. 

### in the down position 

### these frames span the 

### opingof the 

### discharge icture 

### perpendicularto 

### the discharge 

### flow 

### and rest against 

### the inside 

### edge of the discharge weir. 

## -
Redangular

### .nets made 

### of 0.25 in* .kne&ss 

### nylon were 

### mounted 

### on 2 foot by 3 foot 

### steel net ne~. 

### I&&- net frames

### were mounted

### on the 

### pivoting supports to

### samplevarious 

### depths 

### in ;he water UM. 

### WEien raised

### by blockand 

### tackie, 

### the-frame supphshang 

### above 

### thewater roughly 

### paralIel to water 

### &ce and 

### can 

### be

### worked 

### by mw 

### mab 

### standing

### on the 

### sides 

### of the 

### discharge

### strudure. 

### ractice, the

### nets wccealwaysset

### diagonally,

### so that

### onesampled thelowerportion

### ofthewater

### column 

### itha the 

### north

### or southside

### of the discharge, 

### and the other

### net 

### sampled the higher 

### part 

### of the water 

### rnon the 

### opposite side. Thus net positions ~IE 

### mfd to 

### as 

### "north low, south high" 

### (as 

### shown in 

### re3) 

### or "north high, 

### south low". 

### In order to 

### minimize vandalism and interference 

### with the ational 

### fishery, 

### fiames, suppoxfs, and 

### block and tacMes were 

### removed 

### from the discharge structure i not 

### in 

### use. .-

2 

### Sample 

### Collection The 

### collsction period €or 

### each sample was 

### standardized at 

### eight 

### 'hours, 

### from mughly 

### 230 p.m. 330 

### p.m 

### Thenetswere 

### raised and

### emptiedappmximafelyevery 

### two hours,so that there were 

### usually 

### xlIeCtioo periods within the 

### sample (if 

### heavy fish catch 

### or debris 

### loads warranted, more frequent 

### Xions weremade). At &ch cotlection, the nets were 

### emptied, repaired 

### when 

### necessary and 

### reset; net <a1

### and reset 

### times were 

### recorded. Total 

### fishing time was usuaIIy 

### between 

### 7.5 and 7.8.hours of the r sample period. Thecondenser is 

### backflushed at least once

### per day; arrangemenseremade 

### with 

### :en

### staffto 

### perform this 

### backflush 

### during the second two-hour collection period at 

### 1700 hours. AXUS, at were impinged on the condenser 

### faceduring the 

### previous 24 

### hours would 

### be included in that net 

### :ion. Aithougfi the time 

### of sunset varied over the course of the study, the eight-hour coIIection always spanned day, dusk, and night conditions- -sampling was conducted in Dccernkr 1993 and from April through Augus' 1991. 53r1iplcs were collecfcd in pairs; a sample with the strobe light system 

### "ofr followcd by a sample with the strobe light system "on". After completion of sampling the crew would reset the strobe lights for the beginning of rhe next sample. 

### From June 1 through July 

### 15, sampling was conducted every orher day, with strobe 

### settings changed at the end ofeach 

### sampIe, so that the strobe lighfs wouId have been off 

### or on for approximately 

### 40 hours before 

### each sample

### began. During December and 

### from 

### Aprii 

### 1through June 

### 1 and 

### July 

### 15 through August 31, samples were 

### collected weekiy 

### on Monday and 

### Wednesday. 

### These samples 

### occurred with an 

### *on* period 

### ofapproximately 

### 40 hours; the "off" 

### periods eztended over 

### the weekend 

### for about 

### 68 hours. 

### All fish netted were identified to species:(when possible) and 

### recorded. 

### Length and 

### weight data were 

### coliqtedi for all species: 

### if more than 25 fish 

### ot the same 

### species were 

### collectedduring a 

### sample, * 

### Iength and weight 

### data was collected for a subsample 

### of 

### 25 individuals 

### and the remaining 

### fish 

### were enumerated. 

### The conditionofthefish (alive., dead, 

### scale

### damage,eyedamage, macerated, etc)

### was noted, 

### Live fish were 

### procased fixst and returned to the fake. 

### In order to avoid doubledunbhg

### of macerated 

### fish, only 

### pieces including the head 

### were counted as entrained 

### fish. Unidentifiable fish 

### pieces and macerated fish without heads were not counted, but were included 

### in a total biomassmeasurement 

### for the 

### sample. 

### Because the tailrace

### nets did not cover theentire discharge, 

### some fish were able to swim into 

### the discharge structureand wereSubsequentLycaptured 

### in

### the 

### tailracenets. Also, 

### many fish that wereresident 

### in the discharge%ox were vulnerable to 

### being netted without 

### being entrained. 

### Fsh that, 

### in the best judgement 

### of the crew leader, did not appear 

### to have gone through the plant were identified and enumerated but marked 

### as "not entrained" and excluded from 

### data analysis. Several batches 

### of live 

### fish were tested 

### in nets to determine how to differentiate

### net damage 

### from entrainmentdamage. 3. Collection Elficiency Samplinp ?he efficiencyof the netting system was tested by injecting fish (dead alewife~lhe discharge system and recording the percentage of the injected fish caught in the nets. Dead adult alewifdwere injected into the system on four occasions between July 

### 13and 27. During each test, 

### loo0 test fish were injected in lots of 100 marked alewife and the injection timeswere noted. Alewife were utilized because they were the 

### species 

### reported to be 

### most headyentrained during the 

### 1987 Beak study. 

### Dead fish 

### were . 

### _-&I>ccauscfish entrained through ilic station are geneiafiy

### killed, and dead 

### fish would behave more like hose entrain4 than would fivefish. 

### AI1 inject& fkh were identified by spraying tfiern with fiuofcscenr 

### cd or green pigment as well asby fin dip. 

### 'Ihepurpose ofthe dye was lo differentiatc injected fish from aiurally entrained 

### fsh. 

### The fin clips were useti to 

### identify lots 

### of 

### 100 fish in order 

### to assure that 

### fish 

### 'ere moving through the system at equal rates and that some fish are not being caught within 

### eddies in 

### ie plant, 

### On any day when injecting 

### occurred,each lot of 

### 100 fshwas uniquely dyed and 

### clipped. 

# - Injection was through a 

### 3-inch diameter 

### PVC pipe fitted 

### into the discharge 

### tunnel on the south 

### le

### of the 

### pump house approximately 

### 140 ft 

### from thedischarge structure. FolIowing introductionof 

### fish to &einjection

### pipe, about 5-gallons 

### of water 

### and 

### a "plunger", a 

### ram-rod 

### With a 

### sofr 

### end approximately :



### diameter 

### of the 

### pipe were 

### passed throug€?the pipe 

### to 

### ensure that 

### all 

### fish were cleared _<

### into the ;charge ti& 

## Au efficiency tests 

### weke conhucted when 

### ody Qneunit 

### (two pumps) was 

### operating. ections 

### were generally made 

### near the beginning 

### or middle 

### of a sample p&od, 

### so that 

### net recovery 

### red at 1-t four hours. *-



### The number 

### of test alewife subsequently recovered 

### was 

### recorded for each 

### tailrace net 

### Injected

.recovered 

### and distribution 

### between high 

### and lownets 

### was 

### analyzed on

### a percentage 

### bask (see %ion 4L). 

### The cross-sectionalarea 

### of the nets 

### represented from about 

### 16to 

### 26% of the 

### cross 

### section 

### of dischargebox outlet,dependingonlake

### level duringthestudy. 

### Consequently,if lake levels were

### such thenets 

### represeated

### 20% of thedischargecrass sectionaI 

### area, with netting efficiency of 100%,

### -about
I 

### of entrained 

### fish should 

### be caught in the 

### nets.

.- 4. Special 

### 24-Hour Continuous Sampling -- 

### In June 

### 1993, f&e 

### WSDEC inquired about day/aight padem in fish entrainment at 

### the 

### facility. sponse to 

### theseinquiries, additional samples 

### were 

### colIected fkorn 

### July 7-11, 1994. 

### Collectionswere

continuously over 

### this 104-hour 

### period, starting at the 

### beginning 

### of the regular sampling 

### period 1 hours) 

### on July 

### 71h and 

### running through the end 

### of the regular sample 

### (2230 hours) 

### on July 11th. dons were made at 

### approxirnarefy two-hour intervals throughout the period- Fi-mfIecmd during _- / cried were proccs~ed and recorded in the same manner as for routine sampling.

### B. CONDENSER FACE OBSERVATIONS Observationsofthe condenser facewere madeat thc beginning andend of each eight-hour sarupic. 

### The numbcr and, when possible, species of fish entrained on the face were noted. On several occasions, however, turbidity or numerous bubbles 

### decreased visibility at the viewing pod and partially or totally 

### obscured the 

### condenser face. Photographic records of the condenser face were made on occasions when visibitity was 

### good and fish were present. 

### C DATA ANALYSIS 

## AND QUALirY 

### ASSURANCE / 

### QUALITY CONTROL - Data 

### from each sampIe 

### were recorded in the field 

### on standardized

### data forms. Data forms were 

### given 

### QNQC checks prior to

### data entry and analysis, and backup 

### copies made. Sampledata and catch and biomass numbers were entered info computet

### spreadsheets for data analysis. 

### Two data formats were 

## used; onepn-&ning details 

### ofeach collection by net and 

### collection time, 

### and onesummarizingrhe totai catch

### overthe entiresampling

### period. Data 

### we& entered separately into the 

### two spreadsheetformats, and information

### for 

### each sample was compared against $he 

### second spreadsheet orthe original 

### data sheets to 

### verify data entry. Analysis 

### of seasonal distribution 

### of fish 

### species and 

### sorting and preparation 

### of the 

### database for statistical analysis was 

### perfomed 

### using Lotis 

### 1230 (Lotus Development 

### Corporation). 

### Statistical analyses 

### were 

### performed using 

### STATISTTx6 (Analytical Software 1992). 

### The standard netting 

### period for thestudy was 

### from 

### 1430to 

### 2230,giving a total of approximately eight

### howof

### coUSCtions. 

### A fewsampIes, however, 

### wereshorterdue toequipmentorscheduleproblems; 

### especially the 

### first 

### severaI samples in December. 

### In late June and early 

### July, several 

### samples had total 

### colldon

### times substantially shorter than eight horn

### because subsamplingwas 

### used to 

### avoid 

### excessive 

### Ioads of nonentrained alewife

### in the nets. 

### In order 

### to have comparabIe

### data for analyses, the 

### raw catch 

### data were adjusted to represent a 

### uniform eight-hour sample. 

### AI1 Sampleswith total collection 

### times less 

### than 

### 75hours

### were adjusted, eitherby prorating the 

### totalcatch 

### from a confhuous but short sampleto the 

### fix11 eight hours (December), 

### or by weighting the numbers of 

### fish coUectsd 

### during subsamples to the full two-hour 

### period represented by the subsample (June and July). 

### _- .- -. 

### To increase the pwerof statistical testing, a sample 

### from one treatment (strobes on) was paired with a sample from the other (strobes off). 

### So that the pairs 

### may sample similar conditions in the fish community, the pairs consisted of consecutive samples. Catch per unit time for total fish caught, total biomass, and individual species or lifestage were all tested 

### for difference between treatmcn(s. Initially,catch data wcre cxamincd for normality of distribution (Rankit (cst Analytical Sofrwarc 19'92). istical testing using tlic parametric paired-( fesl was conducted for discrete 

### vnmof time when ibutions were normal. ]if the distribution of catch data did not meet criteria for normality, the =Oxon

### Sign Rank &st 

### was 

### employed 

### (AnaIyricaI Software

### 1992). A 5% level 

### of 

### significance was the 

### Gia 

### for accepting the hypothesis that the means 

### (catches 

### offish) were 

### different.

11A) 

### QLLECRON PWEERS 1. Collection Efficiency 

### Dead adult alewife were injected into the system on four occasions betwecn July 13 and 27 to determine the efficiencyof the collection system. Approximately 

### loo0 dyed, clipped alewifewereutilized each day 

### of trials 

### for injection into the discharge tunnel. Five lots 

### of 

### 100 similarly marked fsh were injected every five minutes approximately 05 to 

### 1hours before the end 

### of thecollection period. 

### A second injection series

### of five lots ofuniquely marked alewife

### was repeated duringthe followingcollection period each day 

### so that a total 

### loo0 fish were injected per day. -.

.- 

### On July 

### 13, 104 (21%) fish were recovered from the first series of injections, with 

### 91 (18%) recovered from the

### second series for an average

### rmey rate 

### of24l% 

### for the day (Table 

### 1). 

### On chat day, the crosssectionalarea of the nets represented 

### 18% of the dischargecross 

### section. 

### On July 

### 15,77(15%) of the ale&fe injected in the first series wererecovered, while 

### 92 (18%) 

### of the fish injected in the 

### second series were recaptured. ORthat day the cross sectional area 

### of the nets 

### aIso represented about 

### 18% 

### of the total discharge 

### cross section. During both 

### ofthese days, the nets were 

### in the north-high, south-low 

### configuration. Fbr both days, about 

### 70%

### of the injected fish were recovered in 

### the south-Iow net ,.



### As shown 

### in Table 

### 1, on JuIy 

### 20,101

### (20%)alewife wererecovered during the first injection with 

### 93 

### (1%) recovered during the second 

### injection

### Series. On that day the nets represented about 

### .18% of thedischarge

### crosssectional area. 

### On July 

### 27,81(16%) were recovered 

### of the 

### firstseries 

### of 

### 500 alewife injected 

### and 

### 68 (14%)were recovered 

### from the 

### second series. Theaveragerecovery rate 

### for July 

### 27,15% can 

### be compared to the approximate 

### fraction 

### of the discharge

### cross sectional area captured by the nets, about 

### 17%. During both 

### of these days, the nets were in the north-low, south-high configuration. 

### For all injections with the north-low, south-high configuration, the average recovery was about 

### 17%. There was no apparent difference in the netting efficiency related .< to net position -. (Table 1). - 

### _- Efficiency with the norlh-high, south-low configuration was approximately the same as wig1 the south-high, north-low configuration. However, more 

### fsh (70 to 

### 80%) were captured at the south net regardless its position.Recovery of injected 

### fsh was rapid. Brightly pigmented dead alewife were observed within the :hargc box within 30 seconds of injection. 

### Most of the fish wcre through the 

### discharge within 

### 5 uta. Out Of the 

### 4,000alewife that were inject&, only one aIewife 

### was recovered after a pried of .e than two hours. 

### 2 

### Net Position 

### The framework

### for the 

### partiai tailrace nets allowed the nets tobeset at different 

### positions (depths) 

### in the discharge. 

### A diagonai sampling scheme, with one net 

### set high 

### in the 

### water%Iurnn and 

### one ef 

### deeper, neatthebottom 

### of the dischargeopening, 

### was 

### used (see 

### Section 

### I11 for description

### ofnets framework sfructure). 

### Forall 

### samples, nets 

### were set 

### in one

### of two 

### psifions; 

### 1) north 

### net 

### high and 1 net low, 

### or2) 

### north net low and south net-b_igh. 

### Both sampling positions were 

### used through all 

### of 

### easons-in -&e study; net 

### positions were usually set 

### so chat one strobe 

### owstrobe on pair 

### o<samples d 

### be collected with the same 

### net setting, 

### &en net position would be switched 

### for 

### the next pair

### of ~Ies. 

## In a uniform flow field, 

### the two 

### net positions would have an 

### equal probability 

### of catching 

### hed 

### fish. 

### Because of &eirregularhydraurics

### and eddies 

### within the

### discfiargestructure, however, 

### it 

### =&le that 

### there are 

### some variations in catch 

### due to net position. Entrainment catch results we= ked to 

### see if there were detectable 

### differences in entrainment catch 

### with the 

### nets 

### in different 

### ..

Figure 4 

### shows a 

### plot 

### of total entrainment caatch results with 

### net position 

### indicated 

### by number. 

### eady part 

### of theyear @-June) the 

### north high/south low

### setting 

### (position 

### 1) had 

### a slightly-higher 

### rate 

### than the 

### north Iow/soucb 

### high position (position 

### 2). There 

### is a fair 

### amount 

### of scatter 

### in catch 4 however, and 

### no consistent pattern 

### is apparent. .-



### Frequencydistributions 

### for the two

### net positions 

### arecornpared 

### in Figure 5. 

### This figureshowsthat 

### :tributionpattern 

### for net position 

### 2 includes severai 

### very low catches 

### (4fishlsample), with 

### the 

### ing samples distributed over seven1 intervals. Catches 'with net psition 

### 1 are 

### faidy evenly itedover the entire

### sample

### size range, including

### somevery Iarge catches 

### (>ZOO fistdsample). Both 

### _- -. itions 

### show the 

### majority 

### of the samples 

### with catches 

### between 

### 10 and 40 fishharnple- /

Thearithmeticmean of total

### adjusted catch.for all samples 

### using net posi:ion 

### #I (north high, south 3s 

### 47 fishjsample, while the mean for net position 2 (north low, south high) was 

### 28 fishlsample.niesc rcsuls suggcsi tliat itle caccl~ was higher \vith nes in position 1. StaatisticaI tcstirig (hrlalytial Software 1992), however, indicates that differences in the mean bctwcen the two ne( positions arc no( significant (rank sum two-sample Mann-Whitney test, 5%level of significance). overall, these results susest that there may be some difference in catch between the two net positions. 

### The north highlsouth low setting seem 

### to be associated with a slightlyhigher catch, especially 

### during the early part of the year. The differences 

### are 

### not, however, large enough 

### to be stahically significant or to produce noticeable trends 

### in catch data. 

### Any effects due to net position..=..ould be much smaller than the 

### observed differences dueto seasonal factors, 

### fish Schooling behavior, and strobe setting. Moreover, for most sample pairs, the same net 

### position was 

### used for both tratrnents (strobes 

### odsmbes off) 

### within the pair; 

### so that conditions due..to naposition would not be a factor in strobe comparisons.

a : /I 

### 3. Catch 

### of Non-Entmined 

### Fish 

### As predicted, 

### the partial 

### tailracenets left open 

### areas

### between the twonet 

### Erames and Jxtweeneach Erame 

### and the sideWail 

### of the discharge structure, 

### so that it was possible for 

### fish to 

### swim upstream 

### past the nets into the discharge structure. 

### This resulted 

### in fish 

### behg 

### netted (%ontaminations 

### of the sample) that had 

### not been not entrained 

### through the cooling-water system. 

### The number of fish entering the discharge structure 

### from the surrounding

### shallowswas small 

### during December and ApriI-May sampling, 

### but large

### numbers (600-7fsoo fish

### per sample) 

### ofnon-entrained fishwerecollected frommid-June through mid-July, when 

### alewife were schooling

### in large

### numbers in theshallows

### near thedischarge. 

### Numbers of juvenile and yoy 

### rainbow smelt and 

### schools of young 

### largemouth bass 

### were aIso collected 

### in the 

### nets 

### in July and 

### August, but did not 

### appear to have 

### been entrained. While 

### all fshcollected were recorded, the data presented .and analyzed for this report includes only entrained 

### fish. The determination whether a 

### fish caught 

### in the nets had been entrained 

### or not was made 

### by the field crew at \he time 

### of collection, 

### based on the fish's condition and observations 

### of live fish schooling in the vicinity 

### of the discharge. Fsh were 

### observed to drift back into .the nets and to eventually become impinged against the net mesh. Two test introductions oflive fish My into the nets were conducted to tat these observations and distinguish between cooling-system and net dama&. 

### On December 

### 20, 1993, 20 live golden shiners were introduced into the south net at the beginning of a twohour net collection, All 20 of the fish were recovered, but 14 of the 20 had died due to net damage. Scale loss was apparent on.rnost of rhe fsh, and eye damage and/or hemorrhaging were also commoIL - 

### --\velve live alewife ncttd horn tfic shallows were mark& and p!acd in ;he nets for two hours on May

, 1994. Ten oftticsc fish wcrc dead at rlic end ofthe collection period; alf twelve had scaling, visible :i maria, or twisfcdbodies from kingin (lie ne{. types of darnase observed were different from at seen on clearly entrained fish, which 

### oEren had partial or torn Wies, torn stomachs, missing eyes, 

### td "0"

### shaped marks 

### from the condenser tube 

### openings. 

### Based on these Cats, 

### fish 

### in good 

### condition ith 

### no damage 

### beyond light xa1e

### loss were usually 

### judged to 

### be non-entrained, even 

### if they were 

### dead ien recovered 

### from the net. -. 4) Diel 

### Entrainment 

### From July 

### 7 starting at 

### 1430 hr to

### JuIy 

### 11 at 

### 2230 hr, entrainment

### was measured 

### continuously lo ennine

### whether the 

### standard eight 

### hourWmpling 

### period was 

### capturing a representative sample

### of fish 

### rained ovei 

### the 

### course 

### of 24 

### hours. 

## - Results are 

### provided 

### in Egure 

### 6 

### for captured cn&ined 

### Gsh mass, total

### entx-ained

### fish, alewife, 

### andrainbbw

### smelt. 

### Each 24-hourperiod ivasdividedinto 

### six4-hour 

### zks. 

### The times provided 

### as the x-axis 

### in 

### Figure 6 

### are the 

### middle 

### of the 

### 4-hour 

### period. Two 

### of the 

### :ks, 

### identified at 

### 1630and 

### 2030 represeclr the 

### standard &hour 

### period fhat was 

### sampled throughoutthe .y. 

### Results from 

### these two 

### bl& were 

### compared to entrainment 

### during the whole

### 24-hour period. 

## ..

As shown in 

### Figure 

### 6, entrainment 

### ofbiomass, total 

### fsh, alewife,and 

### rainbowsmelt

### ail followed 

### 9patternwith higfiestentrainment at 

### night and IittIe entrainment 

### during dayligbt

### horn. 

### Please note lifference

### inscale

### between the

### numbers

### of alewife

### and the

### numbers

### oftotal 

### fshorsmelt. 

### Manymore t wereentrained 

### thanany otherspecies; consequently thediel

### patterns 

### observed 

### forbiomass and total 

### could 

### be largely accounted 

### for 

### by patterns 

### of entrainment 

### of smelt. 

### The numbers 

### of total 

### fsh, ass, 

### or alewifeentrained thatwere 

### observed during the 

### 1630block 

### of time 

### indude 

### fish Bushed 

### from stem

### by the

### daily backwash 

### ofthe

### condenserface that occurs

### at 

### 1700 hours. Only a few 

### adultsmelt 

### observed 

### on the condenser 

### face andjuvenile 

### or young-of-year 

### smelt 

### are too small to 

### be commonly 

### ged at that site. High biomass

### entrained during the 

### 1630block 

### often represented one

### large fish (for Ae, a white 

### sucker weighing 

### 12oog on May 

### 2) that was 

### flushed from the condenser face.

- - ., -- - In most 

### cases,entrainment 

### peaked during the 0030 or 

### 0430 block figure 

### 6 suggests that'there entrainment pattern approximating a bell-shaped curve. 

### The 2030 

### block usualfy 

### indicated the ing of the increase in entrainment. During early July, only the latter two hours 

### ofthis block occur 

### :ness. As shown in Table 2, entrainment measured during the standard 

### eight-hour block auld

### notbc us& 10 directly prcdicr 24-hour entrainment. Entrainment detcrmined during tile &hour bl~k rang4 from.about 5%of 24-hour cntrainment on July 9-10 to abut75% of 24-hour cntrainment on July 7-8. 

### If a sample representative of 24-hours of entrainmentwere collected duringthe &hour bluck entrainment during the 8-hour block should be abut33% of total entrainment. As shown in Tabte 2, in some cases (July 

### 7), entrainment would be overestimated by the 

### 8-hour block; in some cases it would bc underestimated. SarnpIingonly duringdaylight hours may result 

### in a gross underestimate of entrainment; 

### conversely,samplingonly during night hours may result in a 

### gross overestimate. However, regardless 

### of the time 

### of sampling, the study design for testing the effectiveness of (he strobes is valid as long as a sample representative 

### of vulnerable 

### species is collected 

### in the same manner for each 

### pair of samples. 

### B. GENERALENTRAINMENT CATCH 

### RESULTS AND 

### RELATED DATA _- _.- 

## _- 1. Orerall Catch Statistics Totalcatchnumbers for partial tailrace netting

### of theMilliken

### StationCOoIing-waterdischarge

### are summarized in Table 

### 3. The most commody entrained 

### species 

### in order 

### of decreasing abundancewere 

### rainbowsmelt alewife, andyellow perch. 

### Because 

### therainbow smeltshowed

### distinctly difEerent 

### seasonal patterns

### fordifferentlife

### stages, 

### thesefish

### were separated intothree

### size/ageclasscategories based

### on totai length: young-of-year [less than 

### 60mm total length

# m)], juvenile 

### (60-125 mm 

### TL), and adult 

### (>US mm 

## TL). Alewife collected throughout the study were predominanUy of one year 

### class (total length 

### 120- 

### 140

### mm), afthoughsome

### numbers of younger fish 

### (60-90ma)were

### collected, primady

### inDecemberand August. ..

Other fish 

### species entrained, in descending order 

### of abundance, were 

### trout-perch 

### (Percopsis omkco-), slimy scuIpin (CoChc;Cognarus), whitesucker, spottail shiner 

### (NoCroplshu&or&s), 

### rock bass, rainbow trout, brown bullhead 

### (AmeiuruS

### nebulosus), *&-shad, largemouth 

### bass 

### (MiCropCems sdmoides), smallmouth 

### bass, brindled rnadtom 

### (Noatrus 

### miurn), brown 

### trout, lake trout, creek chub (SemoC2u.s

### afromaculahrs), and sea lamprey (Petromyzonmufh.~). Other specieswerecommonly caught 

### in thedischarge nets without being entrained, except rarely, included spottail shiner, and largemouthbass. Bluegill, pumpkinseed, black crappie, golden shiner (Noremigum crysoleucas), .c northern __. pike, tesselated 

### - darter 

### (Erheosfomaofmsredi3, and rudd (Scardinius 

### eryduophrhalmus) were also collected but notflever recorded asentrained. Large carp were frequently seen swimminginside [he discharge structure but were never netted.The standard nelring period lor the study was from 2430 to 22-30, giving a total of approximately ghc hours of collections. 

### A few samples, however,were shorter due 10 equipment orschedule problems.



### . order lo have comparable data for analyses, the raw catch data were adjusted lo represent a uniform ght-hour sample. Table 4 shows the adjusted catch data 

### for a standard eight-hour sample. The

### total 

### estimated number o€ 

### entrained frsh 

### per &hour 

### sarnpk 

### ranged 

### from no catch to over 

### 400 h 

### (300 of which were 

### smaiI 

### young-of-yearsmelt) 

### on Dectmber 

### 6, 2993. 

### In general, a 

### atchof 

### 10 to



### fsh per sample was the 

### most common. The 

### frequency distribution 

### of adjusted 

### total catch data 

### is 3wn 

### in figure 

### 7. The distribution 

### of catch rates 

### is very irreguIar, indicating 

### the 

### episodic nature 

### of 

### trainmeat ?he distribution 

### is 

### faintly trirnodaI, 

### with peakr at 

### very 

### low catch rates 

### (5 fish or 

### less), ermediate 

### catch rates 

### (3040 fish/sample) and

### 4ery high catch rates (more than 

### 100 fish 

### pa sample). I_

c 

### figure 8

### showsthe

### seasonal progression in total estimated catch. The'highest entrainment 

### levels xe 

### than 

### 80 fisfijsample) 

### areassociated 

### with yoy rainbow smelt

### in Decembersamples and onecollection iwenile

### smelt 

### inJune Total catch rates 

### of

### 30-50 fishfsamplepersist 

### from late

### May throughJune 

### and 

### in in late 

### Idy. Total catch 

### rates 

### less than 

### 30 FsWsampIe 

### are most prevalent 

### from late June rhrough 

### i-JuIy and 

### in August. 

### 2 

### SeasonaI Distribution 

### of S@es 

### Egum 

### 9 and Table 

### 5 

### show the species 

### composition of entrained fish 

### by month. 

### The dominant 

### tponent gf

### December 

### samples was yoy rainbow 

### smelt 

### In April 

### and 

### May, adult 

### rainbow smelt 

### in 

### Ming conditionwere dominant 

### in the 

### samples. 

### Othercommon 

### springspecies in order oEdecreasing 

### idance inciuded yoy smelt, alewife, yellow 

### &rch, andjuveniIe 

### smdt 3uvenile 

### rainbow smelt were t 

### common in

### June samples, 

### foIlowed by alewife, yoy smelt, yellow 

### perch, and trout-perch. 

### July and ust 

### samples were dominated 

### by alewife, with lesser numbers 

### ofjuvenile and 

### yoy rainbow smelt and iw perch. 

### In addition IO entrained fish, ne$coilections also reflected seasonal inshore 

### s&wIing of several 

### species in the vicinity of the discharge. 

### Large numbers 

### (600-7,500 per sampk) of nonenthined 

### :fewere

### collected from 

### June 17through July 

### 15,when schooIs 

### of alewife were visible in theshallows (hedischarge. Moderate numbers 

### (20-100) ofnonentrained yoy and juvenile rainbow smelt werealso collecrd rlirougii Jcly and early /iugrnt. Schoolsofyoung 

### (45-60mm) Iargemourl: haswere noted in the discharge arca and 10-300 non-entmined bass were netted in each sample c01fected from August 1-22. Alewife were present insamples throughoutthe study 

### period,with increased numbers during midJune, and 

### peak numbers in late July 

### (Figure 

### 10). At no time during 1994 was the Iarge number 

### of alewife reported impinged in previous yean observed. Although 

### large numbers of alewife 

### were netted duringJune, 

### most wecedearly noo-entrainedfish. 

### Inorder

### to prevent excessivemortaliQ%Gnon-entrained alewife, collection periods were shortened (to 

### as Little 

### as 

### 15 minutes). These collections yielded predominantly live alewife. Alewifeentrained throughthe 

### stationgenerally had visible condensermarks, 

## -- gut damage, scaling, or other damage. :

## - 

# .

. .. Rainbow smelt yoy dominated the 

### D&ber sampIes and 

### were also present sporadically 

### in midMay and mid-Jue 

### @3gurr:

### IO). Juvenile smelt 

### were entrained through late May 

### and early 

### June, and 

### a large number of jwede smelt dominated 

### the June 

### 13 sample. Juvenile 

### and yoy smelt

### were also netted during July and August, but the majority 

### ofthese fish 

### are believed 

### to have enteqed the 

### discharge from surface waters, rather than via plant 

### entrainment Adult 

### smelt, 

### in contrast, were mely caught 

### as 'nonentrained" fish; most adult smelt in the discharge 

### nets showed damage that cleariy indicated passage 

### throughthecooling-water 

### system. Adult smelt were 

### numerous inthe entrainment samples only 

### 23om late 

### April through the end 

### ofMay, although they were occasionally collected 

### in other 

### seasons @I- 

## lo). Schoolsof adult

### smelt and recreational 

### dipnetters were

### obsezved 

### in the

### Vicinity 

### of the discharge

### from the 

### last week 

### ofApril through mid-May. 

### Sporadichigh catches suggests schooling behavior

### of all 

### three life stages. Yellow 

### perch were collected in low numbers throughout the study 

### period, but were noticeably more 

### common from mid-May through 

### eariy June (Figure 

### IO). White sucker, trout-perch, and slimy sculpin we& also more abundant during this 

### period. Thecatch of all other species was too small to allow any identiGcation of seasonal pattern. .- ~ 1 3. Lake-Level, Water Temperature. and Daylight Data 

### As corollary to entrainment-catch dats, variations in lake level, intake and discharge water temperature, and day length over the study pnod were also examined. figure 11 shows the level offuga Lakc [marl S= level (msl)] over the study period as reported in the Id~7ca found- At the inning of April 1994, the lake IeveI was very high (above 385 

### fc msl). This high lakc kvdprevented pling during two weeks in early April, as thedischargestructure was nearly inundated- The lake level lower over the remainder ofthe study period, ranging from 

### 383.7 to 384.7 ft from May through :us{. 

### At the end 

### of the

### study on August 31, lake level was 

### 383-7 ft. It is irnporian[ 

### to note that at 

### no during 

### the 

### 1994 study period 

### did the lake

### level drop to' normal winter levels that expose thesandbar 

### ss the 

### mouth 

### of the 

### intake; flow 

### from the 

### discharge was 

### primarity directly west over the 

### sandbar ughout the 

### study. 

### ln contrast, lake 

### levels 

### in 

### December 

### 1993 were 

### 382-383 ft 

## -

-.


### Table 

### 6 shows the day length and time 

### of sunset 

### for Aprii-August 

### 1994,as 

### obtained from the hast

### Regional Climate 

### Center at 

### Cornell - University. .- 

### On April 

### 2, 

### day length was approximately 

### 13 

### sand sySe4 oc(xuTed at 

### 1932

### ED? .:

## By fhe 

### summersolstice, lune

### 21, 

### day length was 

### ovetlshours 

### occurred at

### 2046 

### EDT. 

### By August 31, day Iength had again 

### decreased tojust over 

### 13 hours 

# __ ~uset.occoccurred at 1943 

### EDT. The intake 

### and discharge water temperatures at 

### MiIIiken 

### Station and 

### the overall temperature 

### ;e 

### (delta in the cooling-water system 

### are shown 

### in Figure 

### 12 Intake temperature 

### incteased ily from 

### 38°F in 

### April to 

### 40-50°F in June, 

### 50-60 

### OF in 

### July, and 

### 60-70°Fin August 

### Discharge zratures were 

### generally 

### 50-5S°FinApril and

### May, 

### 6065°Fin

### June, and 

### 65-80"FinJuly and

### August .dition 

### to seasonal 

### trends, 

### intake temperature shows day-today variability 

### due to 

### weathex and 

### ationpatte.rns

### in the lake, 

### especially 

### from mid-June 

### throughmid-JuIy. Discharge

### temperaturesand 

### Tsshow 

### variabiity based 

### on intake tempture and 

### plant operations- 

### This variation 

### in lake :ramre 

### is pmbabIy 

### responsiblefor 

### someof the 

### seasonal variabiIity.

### in fishes subject to

### entrainment 

### STROBE 

### LIGKTEFFECTS Theoverail average'catch

### with thestrobe

### system 

### offwas 

### 463 fishhmple, while theaverage

### catch ith the 

### strobes 

### on was 

### 28.9 fish/sampIe; these averages represent a 

### 37% reduction in entrainment 1with the strobes deployed. Given the irregular distribution of catch data (Figure 

### 7), however, 

### the overail averages 

### to make this comparison has limited use. Although the overali effect of 

### spobes 

### ed to 

### be to repel 

### fish, different species or life stages reacted to them in different ways. ./ I_- 

## _-Figure 13 shows entrainmcnt of biomass, toa1 fish,and individual species undcr two cramicnls (strobes on and off). Entrainment 

### is expr-ed as fish caught for the standard &hour period. Picase note differences in scale ofcatch rate in these figures. There were many more young forms of rainbow smeit caught than any other species. 

### In somecases it is difficult 

### to deducecomplexpatterns denoting (he effects 

### ofthestrobes 

### in these figures except 

### in 

### a few dramatic instances. 

### The strobes appear to be very effectively repelling large numbers of young-of-year rainbow smelt during the cold 

### parts of the study, especial!? 

### in 

### December (Figure 

### 13). Conversely, adult srneIt appearto be attracted to the Iights during late April through 

### May. After that time, adult smelt were rarely caught. Trout perch were present only when the strobes were off. 

# -- _- 

### In oder to better visualize whether the strobes were effective in deterring 

### fish, the difference 

### between the catch rate 

### per hour with strobes on'and 

### the catch 

### rate with strobes off was plotted 

### over time @igtue 

### 14). Negative values indicate deterrence by strobes, positive values indicate attraction, 

### Differen& between pairs of entrainment measurements 

### of fish (all species 

### combined) and biomass (all 

### species) suggest thatthe

### strobes may be effecfive overall

### duringthewinterand spring, but may attract fish 

### after about 

### July 3. ._



### These

### plots ofdifferences between treatments for

### individualspecies indicatethat theeffectsofthe 

### strobes

### may sometimes be complex. Alewife appearto be 

### repelled by the strobesuntil July, but at@cted 

### thereafter. Adult 

### rainbow smelt 

### were attracted 

### by the strobes during late April and 

### May. 

### They were 

### rarely entrained after eady June. The 

### strobes appeared to 

### have 

### no effect 

### onjuvenile smelt 

### during the 

### whole study 

### period. Yoy 

### rainbow smeit appeared to be repelled early 

### in the 

### season, especially 

### in 

### December. Yellow perch were 

### repelled during the winter 

### and spring. During the summer, they do 

### not appear to be numerousenough

### to showa pattern 

### of entrainment under the treatments. White sucker, trout 

### perch, spottail shiner, and slimy sculpin a11 appeared to be repelled 

### to somedegree by the strobes. Differencesbetween treatments were tested statisticallyin two ways. The .--

parametric __- test, a paired-

. _- t tat was used when appropriate [met criteria for normality, Wilk-Sftapiro-Kankit Plot, (AnaJylical Software 

### 1992)]. Otherwise, a WiIcoxonSign Rank 

### Test was used. All tests wcrc conducted using 

### Smfkm statistical package (Analytical Software, 

### 1992)with a level of significance of 5%used as criteria for acceptance.-1’ablc 7 shows rcsuls ofboth paramerric and non-parametric sraristicaf analysis of lfic two rcatmenu, scprating the study period into period 

### I, Decemkr-3uiy 3 and pfiod 2,July 7-A~g-t 31. ’hepair& (-1e~l for total fishduring period was not a legitimate 

### res( because of lack of nomali(y. ne on-parametric test indicated that fish (ail 

### spiescombined) were repelled early in the SeaSon (< JuIy 

### 3), 

### nd auracted Iate in the season (probability 

### of

### more extreme difference 

### = 

### 0.05)-A t-test and a 

### WiIcoxon ign-Rank 

### (WSR) test 

### (non-paxxmetric)-of biomass 

### of fish 

### indicated that fish were repdied before July

, and attracted later (Table 

### 7). Theprobability 

### ofa result 

### more extreme than observed was 

### 5%(t-test), % 

### (WSR test) 

### before July 

### 3 and 

### less than 

### 2% thereafter. 

### As shown 

### inTable

### 7, stafistical 

### analysis indicates that alewife were repelled early before July 

### 3 

### =0.03) and 

### repelled later 

### in the 

### season (p= 

### @All). YeIlow perch (p 

### = 0.01), white sucker (p 

### = 

### 0-01), d trout 

### perch (p 

### =0.02) were 

### all repelled 

### before

### July 3. 

### Later in the 

### season,there were insufficient 

### fish most 

### of these speciediife stages entrained 

### io draw conclusions. 

### Yoy rainbow srqelt were 

### strongly died 

### by the 

### strobes before 

### July 3 (p 

### = 

### 0-03,non-parametric test). Late 

### in the season, it was 

### nor siblelo 

### be to

### dmrn a

### stmbeeffecteither 

### becaw

### therewere too few yoy smeit 

### or because the strobes 

### I 

### no 

### effect. Apparently,juvenile smelt

### were 

### not 

### affected by the 

### lights at a11 before July 

### 3, but appear lave been attracted late (p 

### = 

### 0.02). However, adult rainbow smelt did appear 

### to be strongIy attracted the 

### l@ts during the

### eady period (late May to 

### early June) 

### when they were present (p = 

### 0.01). There ; 

### either insufficient data to be 

### able to draw 

### conclusions about statistical tests for any other 

### species. /



## - Table 8 provides 

### results of

### a statistical 

### analysis 

### ofthe 

### two treatments 

### for the entire study period. y the 

### non-parametric test, 

### the Wilcoxon Sign 

### Rank test was 

### employed €or this analysis- 

### According lese tests, yellow 

### perch, white sucker, and trout perch 

### were aell repeiled 

### (statistically significantly) by :frobelights throughout the study period. 

### These tesfs do 

### not necessarily mean that other species were 

### zpelled throughout the 

### period, but that 

### &ere might not 

### have been sufficient data to provide a valid



### XNDENSER FACE OBSERVATIONS -- . During field evaluations conducted in November 

### 1993, tailrace netting was selected/ over vations of the Unit 1 condenser face as rhe major means 

### of collecting entrainment da(a for this study. corollary source of data, however, the viewing prt of the condenser face was observed at the 

### ning and end 

### of each sample period, and tlle number olfish 

### or fish pieces observed was recorded.

’? _,When fish wcre observedon tlic condenser facc, ic was ahOS1 aiwaysat the besinning ofsampling before the condenser face rcccived its daily backwash 

### scheduled €or 1700 hours. The results of the 

### observations for cach sample are presented in Table 9. For the mast part, only relatively large fish (alewife, yellow pcrch, and white sucker) or unidentifiable fish pieces were observed. One adult rainbow smeir was the 

### only smelt ofany lifestage ever observed on the condenser 

### face, although smelt made up the majority 

### of 

### fish 

### in the net samples. 

### Thereis 

### no consistent

### correlationofcondenserfaceobservationdata 

### fmm 

### thesesamples with

### total 

### catch

### orindividual

### speciescatch fromthe 

### tailrace nets. 

### The’rhreedays 

### with the largestnumbers

### ofalewife 

### observed 

### on the

### condenser faceall had 

### fairly

### high numbers

### ofalewifein net CoIlections, 

### butothersamples 

### with high alewife numbers do not 

### coincide with-andenser face observation 

### peak

### COMPARISON TO 1957

### STUDY 

### RESULTS 'Ihe 

### 1987Beak study was 

### based onobservationsmade at the condenser Tau: viewing port- 

### There s no other direct measurement 

### ofentrainment through the-sbtion. Impingement on thecondenser 

### face j recorded 

### every 

### 5 minutes 

### over an 8-hour 

### period. As discussed in their 

### report, measurement 

### of rainment

### of large fshwas probably relatively accurate, Gut smaller 

### fshwere likely Co 

### pass fhrough the denser 

### tubes

### orbe initially impinged but be

### dislodged before counting. They 

### estimatedthat 

### about 

### 44% he 

### impinged fish were dislodged from the 

### condenser face 

### during an 8-hour 

### prid. They suggested this was 

### a 

### minimum foss rate since many 

### fish may have 

### been lost 

### before

### being

### observed. 

### Moreover, rate 

### does not apply equally to all size

### catego+ of 

### fshsince smaIl 

### frsh are 

### Iikely to 

### pass through the 

### sdirectly.=- Consequently,

### it was not possible io measure entrainment

### of

### all s'lzes 

### oforganls& through 

### ;tation 

### using theviewing 

### port observations: 

### - 

### Beak found that the 

### species that was 

### most 

### commonly 

### observed on the condenser 

### face was 

### the 

### ift, followed 

### by the yelfow 

### pech and rainbow smelt 

### On some 

### occasions during the 

### June through st 

### period, as many 

### as 600 alewife were observed 

### during a day. 

### As many as 

### 18 yellow perch were' ved 

### on the 

### faceduring the 

### *od when they were 

### most 

### common (ApriI-June) and 

### up to 

### 15 rainbow were observed. 

### For the present study, although scheduled 

### port observations were only made

### at the 

### ning and end 

### of the eight 

### hour sampling 

### period, the numbers 

### of observed 

### impinged fish wereoften ier 

### of magnitude or 

### less than 

### for the earlierstudy. Most 

### of the fish observed 

### on thecondenser face alewife

### and yellow 

### perch. Only one 

### adult rainbow smelt was ever observed. 

### The largest number 1 observed 

### during 

### one observation

### period was 

### 12to 

### 17 alewife, during the 

### month 

### of Juiy. 

### If 

### 44% hatedby 

### Beak 1987)

### of the fish that 

### had been impinged during the 

### 24-hours 

### from onebackwash next were dislodged, the 

### total alewife impinged would only 

### be estimated at about 

### 30 fish. 

### This is iphn to 

### 600 alewire observed 

### during 

### one sample during 

### 1986-87. The condenser face data ts strongly that 

### Iess fish were impinged in 1994 than in 1986-87.

/ --

There are several possible reasons for this difference. One expIanation is that the presence df the ights has caused the fish community to move away from the intake area at all times, not just 

### when ts areon. Another explanation is that (liedifferencein volume of cooling water (2 pumps in 1994 

### rnps in 1987) may 

### alfw the fish community vulnerability. 

### &so the r>opulations 

### of alewife and

### ., . 

### . rainbow smelt irr IIIC centra1 basin oftlic lakc may be less 1hm (hey were in 19w37. in a ~Acp{lo~~ intervicw with 

### M. Stafford-Glase Ocrober 20, 1994,T. Chiotri, 

### NYSDEC, Conland sugge~lcd char there may bc less alewife and rainbow smelt in (he lake now than there wece earlier because the prcdacor population has greatly increased. 

### For example, between 

### 19SO and 1991, [he lake trout population increassd from about 4,000 to 20,000. However, regardless ofthepredator density, alewifeand smeltmay 

### exhibit great natural fluctuations in populations (O'Gorman and Schneider 

### 1966). 

### B. 

### FISH MOVEMENT, TEMPERATURE PREFERENCES, AND ENTRAINME3,'.! 1. Alewife Accordmg to Galligan (1%2), alewives in Cayuga 

### Lake prefer temperatures 

### of 

### WF (419°C). Brown 

### (1972) 

### reports thatjuvenile and adult alewife can resist water temperatures 

### of up to 

### 7382°F (22- 

### 28°C) for

### syx-al hours, however. Spawning

### occurs attemperature

### of

### 5672°F(13-WC)(Carlander 

### 1969). Seasonal movements 

### of alewife arerelated to water-temperature. 

### In late 

### May and 

### eariy June, alewife 

### in Cayuga 

### Lake

### begin moving out 

### of deepwater wintering 

### areas (usually around 

### 27 

### m deep) and into water 

### as shallow 

## k 3

### m. Peak alewife 

### spawningin the 

### F'imger 

### Lakes oaxrs 

### from late June to 

### eariy July, and 

### large

### schools

### ofadult

### alewives

### canbe observed

### near shorefora

### month on eithersideof 

### this time 

### GaIiigan 

### (1962). Garrigan 

### (1962) 

### reported that greatest 

### summer alewife densities 

### in Cayuga Lake occurred at depths 

### of 12 to 

### 24 m, with 

### a 

### graduai increase 

### in alewifeabundance from 

### June to theend 

### ofJuly 

### in 

### less than 

### 15

### m of 

### water. .-

,.



### The 

### presence of 

### large 

### schools of aIewife at these depths provides the greatest exposure 

### af this s@es to entmkment, and coincides with the highest rates 

### of alewife entrainment observed 

### during the 1993-94 

### study. 

### In both the present study 

### and tIie previous study 

### (Beak 

### 1983, alewife were most frequently 

### entrainedduring 

### the Summer 

### months. 

### Peak numbers of alewife were entrained during 

### July 1994,and large

### numberswereobserved 

### in the vicinity 

### of thedischarge, 

### especiaIIyduring the eveningand night 

### hours. 

### Intake temperatures were 

### 4557°F(7-13°C) during June, but 5242°F

### (11-16"Q during peak alewife 

### entrainment in 

### July. This period 

### corresponds with the spawning migration 

### of this 

### species in Cayuga Lake (Ode11 1934; RotllschiId 1962).

c -- / Rothschild (1962) also observed that alewife makediurnal movements into very shallow water at 

### dusk and back 

### out to deeper water during dayfight hours in the summer months. Alewife apparently disband from schools at night and actively filter-feedat chis time (Janssen 1976). TIiis diurnal patternraporids with obscrvarions made during (liediel study, [hac alewife enrrainmcnr and obscwcd Schools he discharge area ificreascd at dusk and early cvcning. In the fall, alewife begin moving oftrhore again. Gibson (1981) found that adult alewives in fuga Lake tended to move 

### deeper 

### in association 

### with increased depth 

### of the thermocline, 

### possibly 

### in Baseto availability

### ofplankton 

### masses associated with ðermocline. Thethermocline

### ranged from 

### o 45 m 

### from thesurface during

### hi study. Young-of-year alewife tended 

### to remain inshore longer than its and were 

### gradually recruited to 

### theofkhore

### stock throughout the fall (Gibson 

### 1981). 

### In fhe 

### 1993- zetting study, 

### numbers of both 

### observed and entrained alewife fell off sharply after 

### August 3rd. ;ust catches 

### also included 8 larger 

### proportion of the smaller

### size class of alewife. 

### -



### _-

. . _. 

### GalIigan 

### (1951) noted that 

### aleefe 

### in Cayuga Lake were most abundant 

### in the middlebasin 

### of the



### ,fegardlers 

### of season, 

### and OCCUK~~ primarily in (he

### area from approximatefy King

### Ferry to

### just 

### north lyecs 

### Poinc including thearea

### of Milliken 

### Station. The prolonged movement 

### throughand 

### "cupancy lewife

### of waters 

### of s'imilar depth 

### as the Milliken 

### Station intake (approximately 

### 14 

### m) makes 

### this iesvulnerable to impingementatthe

### stationduringthesummer

### months. 

### Numbers 

### ofalewife

### entrained during the 

### peak @od in 1994, however, were substantialiy 

### less than those 

### obsewed in the 

### earlier
1. 

## Na sample results 

### support the 

### literatureconclusions that entrainment during the fall, winter, and

spring should be 

### low, 

### since alewife 

### are generally utilizing water 

### considerably 

### deeper than the ken intake

### during these 

### periods. 

### 2. Yellow Perch Oglesby 

### (1978) classifiedyellow perch 

### in 

### Cayuga Lake as being'bolh limnetic (preferring open

. 

### to the depth 

### of effective light penetration) and littoral (preferring shallow wafer where 

### Iight rates to the

### bottom). This classification 

### is based 

### on the fact that yellow perch will move 

### from open

to inshore 

### areas and. back depending 

### on the 

### SeaSon and life stage 

### ofthe 

### fish- Adults move ward into shallows to spawn in early spring, usualty 

### April-May, but later in some am (Scott and man 1973). Spawning temperatures 

### of 44-54°F (7-12°C) are reported. Miller 

### (1954) found yellow spawning in seven feet of water at the north end of Cayuga 'Lake from late March to late April, ting that a spawning movement from deep lo shaIlow water occurs in early spring. 

### _- -+ /-Ihc yc!Iow pcrcCl! is a niobiic spccics, moving ao( only for spawning purposes, but also ins1iorc and Out, and up and down in tllc water column daily and seasonally in response to fernperatwe and probably distribution of fwd (Scott and Crossman 1973). Galligan (1951) Gollected yellow perch from &yug lake in (he summer and fall from deprhs up to 21 m, with an average depth ofabout 11 

### m. Becker (1983) reported that ycllow perch from Lake Mendota in Wisccnsin school at depths of approximately 

### 8 to 

### 11m during the day 

### in summer and 

### swim inshore and to the bottom at about 

### 6 

### rn at 

### dusk They disband at 

### nigh4 remaining inactiveuntil daylight when they begin schoolingagain. -Becker 

### (1983) reported that juvenile yellow perch tend to remain in water less than 

### 6 rn de?, and Scott and Gossman 

### (1973) noted that young 

### fish remain 

### cIoser to shorethan 

### adults. Temperaturepreferences 

### for yellow perch are 

### 70-77°F (21-24"c) (Scott and Crossman 

### 1973). Scott and Crossman 

### (1973)suggested that the seasonal vertical movements follow 

### the-68"F 

### (2Wc) isotherm.

/ 

### Yellow perch were entrained 

### Occasiody throughout the 1993-94

### netting study, with a definite 

### increase from mid-May through midJune at 

### intakefemperatures of 

### 4U-WF 

### (410°C). This appears 

### to 

### coincide with reportedspawning temperatures 

### and movement. 

### Numbers of yellow 

### perch were 

### lower 

### for the remainder

### ofthesummer, however, despite

### the reported use

### of de* 

### near 

### the intakeby perch during 

### this ~eas01~ Entrainment 

### of yellow 

### perch was very low 

### during 

### August, when intake temperatures were 

### . in the 

### upper 60's. 

### At a similar study at the 

### Cook Nuclear Power 

### Plant on Lake Michigan 

### (Indiana and 

### MichiganPowerCompany 

### 19741, thehighest

### entrainmeat 

### rates foryeUow

### ped occd 

### in mid-lateJune and 

### again in September and 

### eariy October, accompanying spring and 

### fall onshore/off%hore movement 

### patterns. 

### In the fall, winter, and spring, yellow perch stay 

### near the bottom; depths Fupied

### duringwinter may range 

### hm 9 to 

### 30 

### m (Becker 

### 1983). Galligan 

### (1951) &llec$!d yellow perch at approximately the same deprhs 

### in winter as in fall, but also collected 

### fish from depths of 

### 30 and 49 rn. 

### ne net study included moderate numbers

### of yeIlow perch 

### in Decembersa-mples. Juvenile perch were impinged at the 

### Cook plant in the late fall and winter (Indiana and Michigan Power Company 1974).

.r -. . Overall, entrainment of yellow perch at Milliken 

### Station was low. Although literature descriptiohs 

### of perch movementssuggest that yeiIow perch are moderately susceptible to entrainment at Milliken Station buse of their deplh distribution, the majority of the observed entrainment can be attributed to seasonal 

### _-

### 3. Rainbow SmeIt Rainbow smelt were the most abundant 

### species 

### entrained in the 

### 1993-94study, but entrainment 

### for this 

### speciesdiffered seamnaily 

### fordifferent life stages. Oglesby 

### (1978)ciassified rainbow sme!t Syyuga Lake 85 a iimnetic species. Adult 

### rainbow smelt live offshore 

### for most of the

### year, moving )re

### only in thespringforspawning. 

### Spawningoccurs in early spring, depending

### on timing ofsuitable 

## - temperatures 

### (Smith 

### 1985, Scott and 

### Cmssman 1973). Spawning temperatures 

### vary by 

### location; 'a

### (1974) 

### reporis a range 

### of37-59°F 

### (2:lS0C3 for spawning, but Scott 

### and 

### Oossman report 

### a range 

### -65°F @63"C).Adults entertributant5satnight to spawn and return to the lakeduring the

### day. 

### -The c 

### ning 

### run may last 

### up to two 

### weeks, after whichihe 

### adalts 

### begin to 

### head 

### of3khox-e- 

### Spawningruns ult smelt were 

### obsemed in the 

### vicinity of fhe-MiIliken Station discharge 

### from the end 

### of April @ mid-May. 

### Eatraiment 

### ofadult smelt 

### occurredalmostentirefyduring

### and immediately

### foIlowing eriod, at 

### intake temperatures 

### of 

### 3942°F (4-YC). During the summer, rainbow smelt inhabit 

### depths 

### of about 

### 30 to 

### 37 

### rn in 

### Cayuga 

### Lake and are primarily 

### at the 

### north and 

### south ends 

### ofthe iake (Galfigan 

### 1951, 1962). CaUigan 

### (1%2) found melt in 

### Cayuga Lake mainiy below the 

### SYF(13"Q isotherm. 

### Brown (1972) 

### reports that smelt 

### in 

### vfkhigan were

### most abundant 

### in

### 43-57°F(6-14"i3, while

### those 

### infake

### Erie were restricted to &aten

than 

### 5YF (lSOC), with the 

### majohty concentrated 

### near 

### 45°F TC).. Juvenile smelt 

### in Lake 

### Erie -ed warmer waterthan adults, and were found 

### in shallowwater at t&peratures above

### 70°F(21°C). 

### and Brandt 

### (1993) reported that 

### yoy rainbow smelt 

### in Lake Ontario were concentrated at depths 

### 30 

### rn at temperatures 

### of 

### 46-54°F(7-12"C).

Several authorsreport vertical partitioning ofthe water columnby different sized 

### of rainbow smelt :1 vertical 

### migrations 

### of younger smelt, moving from deep water during-theday-te-epilimnetic or Becker 

### (1983) statedthat
J smelt in Lake Michigan move in increasing numbers from a pelagic to a bottom existence as they der. Age-0 fish live in the upper water column until late summerorearly fall, when at lea<( some I the bocrorn. Age4 fish may be aimid-levels (commonly the thermocline) oron the bottom, and waters at night (Kim and Labar 1991, Gliwin and Jachner 1992). 

### _-

## .. Age-ii arid oldcr fish arc mostly found on tile bottom. 13urczymki C(a1 (1937) reported that smclt in t2kc Odic, &u:h Dakota, were focnd near the bottom during (lie day, bur moved up into the thermocline at night, with younger smelt moving into the epilimnion. Juvenile smelt apparently move into deeprwater in thc 

### fail. Gibson 

### (1981) found rainbow smelt in Cayuga Lake in (he fall were located on the bottom and/or inshore 

### of the 30-m depth contour. GalIigan 

### (1951) reporled that in the fall, smelt moved into 12 

### to 18 m of water,.and in winter were from 

### 6 io 

### 46 m deep,

### with the majority 

### ofthe fish found at 

### 14 m. Movement 

### into shallowerwater

### inthe fa11corresponded to decreasingwater temperatures (Glligan 

### 1962). 

## - - During the 

### 1993-94 study,juvenile rainbow smelt were entrained mostly in May and June; large 

### schools were entrained 

### on 

### December 6th 

### and June 13th. 

### Yoy smelt were entrained in large numbers in 

### December samples, and 

### to a 

### Iesscr extent 

### frorn:ApriI through June. Numbers of both 

### yoy andjuveniles smeIt werF.coliected in the tailrace nets during July and August, but most 

### of these fish 

### &xed the discharge 

### from inshore schools and not from'entrainment through the plant. 

### Almost all smelt, whether entrained 

### or 

### not, were CoIlected duringduskand night rather than during the day portion 

### of the sampling .. 

### period.Observed patterns in smdt movement were very simiIar 

### to those reported for the cooling-water intake ofthe

### CookNuclear Power Plant

### onLake

### Michigan (Indiana and Michigan Power

### Company 

### 1974). 

### At ihis site, adult rainbow 

### smelt wete abundant inshore only 

### in April-May, and moved out to deep water 

### by late 

### May. Yearlings and yoy had a higher temperature preference than adult 

### smelt, and 

### were 

### concentrated in 

### inshore waters 

### in the susnmer, then 

### moved of&horein 

### October. None 

### of the consulted 

### reports provided explanation of the 

### high numbers 

### of very small 

### yoy smelt entrained during 

### December, extended sampling may be 

### needed to fully understand seasonal patterns for this life 

### stage. Rainbow smelt were the dominant 

### species entrained at 

### Milliken Station during 

### 1993-94,but entrainment rates are 

### related to age-specific seasonal 

### migrgions and schooling patterns. ,Cornparison of entrainment results with the literature suggest that the majority of the entrainment was associated with the spring spawningrun and diel migration patterns. The non-entrainedjuvenile andjoys&t.dlected later in the summer correspond to repofled diel migrations and higher tcrnperaturepreferences for youngkr fih. Tfik species, apccially the yoy stags, is under-represented in condenser face observations and may have been underestimated in previous studies. 

### -

### Although rhe overall 

### effecrof the 

### strobe lights was 

### a reduction 

### in entrainment 

### of total 

### fihof ut 

### 37% during the study 

### period, this value 

### does not represent an estimate 

### of annual enlminrnent at 

### liken Station. 

### Sampling occurced dunngDecember, par' 

### of April, 

### and May through August hermore, 

### pmpIing was 

### more intense.(every other

### day) between June 

### 1 and fufy 

### 15 than 

### diking the 

### of the sampling

### period (sampling twice 

### per 

### week). Of the 

### approximately

### 55

### months sampled, about



### of &e

### samples represent 

### summer

### conditions. Consequently, the 

### evaluation

### of the 

### strobe 

### lights was 

### 2yweighted toward summerentrainment 

### conclitions, 

### As a 

### result., the estimate ofa 

### reduction in 

### tohi 

### inmen! 

### of 37%based on 

### study 

### results, may 

### underestimate the potential 

### effectiveness 

### of the 

### strobe : 

### - (.



### The 

### results of the strobe evaluation study are 

### in 

### agreement with previous 

### evaIuations of strobe 

### rleterrents, Patrick (1982a)found 

### strobeIights fo be 55450% effixfivein 

### repeiling SiZLard 

### shad and 

### k under laboratory conditions. 

### In field experiments, 

### Patrick et 

### aI. (1982b) found 

### strobe Iights to 

### be % effective 

### in prevenfing 

### American eels 

### from migrating over a 

### fish ladder at fhe Sunders 

### ating Station on rhe 

### St. Lawrence 

### River in 

### Onlaria. Underwater strobe 

### lights were 

### found to be rimately 

### 33%

### effective in reducing impingement 

### of white perch, bul not 

### bay anchovy or 

### clupeid ; 

### at !heRoseton 

### GeneratingStation

### on the lower 

### Hudson

### River 

### (LMS 

### 1988). I1 was 

### concladed from )seton study that the. highly 

### species-spocific effectiveness of strobe lights 

### atone limit their bility 

### to !hose sites and times wIiere affected species constitute a major podion of tlte fish fauna. later strobes combined wich pneumatic gunswere effective at lowering irnpinyyment of while perch 1 and American shad (3&1%), but not for other clupeids or bay anchovy. This result was similar xulls obtained from strobe lights alone, 

### with the exception of higher effectiveness for American \en combined with pneumatic guns.-. ..



### As discussed 

### in%tion 

### V(A), above, there was a 

### markeddifference betweenthe 

### 1993-1994 study 

### results and 

### the number 

### of alewife and 

### smelt entrainedduring the 

### 1987 Beak study. 

### One explanation €or the 

### difference

### may 

### be that the 

### presence 

### of strobes 

### lights has 

### altered the behavior 

### of fish 

### in the 

### viaaify 

### of the intake resulting in redirection 

### of total fsh 

### away from the intake area. -As measured by rlie partial lailrace (ddiscliarge) ncs, (fieportion of the fish communicy most zmbk to enuainment a( Milliken Slation areyoung of year orjuvenile rainbow smelt (smell than im or between 

### 60 and 

### 125rnm total length, respectively), comprising 

### 56% of the catch. Adult smelt 

### 125mm or

### larger) made 

### up about 

### 8% 

### ofthe catch, with,alewifecomprising 

### 23% and yellow perch t 

### 7%. All other 

### species combined 

### comprised 

### about 

### 6%of 

### the catch over the study 

### period. - Many fewer

### fish, especiallyalewife, were

### observed

### on thecondenser 

### face

### in 

### 1994than in 

### 1986-87, sting that fewer 

### Eish (at Ieast ofthe sizes to be detected) were entrained 

### in 1994 than 

### in 

### 1986-87. may have 

### resulted from 

### changes in populations 

### of wlnerable fshes 

### or from the 

### presence of the - :lights. 

# __ Ovaall, 

### approximately 

### 37% 1s 

### fish were entrained when the 

### strobe lights 

### were operating 

### than they 

### w& 

### of€ The 

### effaof the 

### strobe lights

### on individual 

### species were ctlixed. 

### The 

### lights were 

### anUy 

### &dve in repelling 

### young-of-year rainbow smelt, yeIIow 

### perch, white sucker, and trout during the

### wholestudy 

### period. Alewife

### and total 

### fsh, as 

### measured by 

### numbers and 

### biomass, were 

### cantly 

### repeIlsd during the winter and 

### spring (before July). Juvenile 

### smeIt were 

### unaffected 

### by the j while addt smelt were attracted during the Iirnited 

### period when they 

### were vulnerable 

### to tment. 

### After July 

### 3, alewife appeared to be attracted to the lights with more 

### fshbeing entrained he

### strobes wereon. During this 

### period, total entrained fish and biomass were both 

### more numerous 

### he 

### strobes were on than when they were off-

### fk Consultants, Inc. (Beak) 1987. Milliken Statiog view pori srudy. Summary Repon, 19S7-Picpared for the New York Sratc Electric and 

### Gas Corporation by Bcak Consultans, Inc., Akron, Sew S'Ork. 33 pp-4-appendices. 

### Becker, G- 

### C. 1983. Fihcsof Wisconsin. University of Wisconsin Press, Madison. 

### 1052 pp. 

### Brown, €3. 

### W. 1972. A literature review and evaluation of the effects of temperature upon fhefish of the New River drainagein GilaCounty, Virginia. Prepared for theAmerican Electric 

### Power Service Corporation, New 

### York Burnynski, 

### J. J., 

### P. 

### H. MichaIed, and 

### G. 

### M. Manone. 

### 1987. Hydroacoustic assessment 

### of ihe abundance and distribution of rainbow smelts in Lake Oahe, South Dakota, 

### USA 

### N. Am. Jour. Fisheries Management 

### 7(1):-106-116. -

. .. Carlander, 

### K.D. 1969. Handbook of'frqhwater fshery biology. Iowa State University 

### Press, Ames, 

### Iow% Volume One. 

### 752 pp. . Cornell University Water 

### Resources and 

### Marine Sciences Center 

### (CUWRMSC) 1969. 

### RT- Oglesby and 

### DA.AIlee (eds), Ecology of Cayuga Lake-and the 

### pmp& Bell Station (nuclear powered). Publication

### No. 27, Water Resources and Marine 

### SciencesCenter, Cornel1University, Ithaca,New 

### Yo& 466 pp. plus Appendix 

### Galligan, J. 

### P. 1951. The distniution 

### of lake trout and associated 

### species in 

### Cayuga 

### Lake, 

### MS.thesis, 

### COmelI University, Ithaca, 

### NY. 112 pp. i- appendices. 

### Galligan, f. 

### P- 1962 Depthdistribution

### of lake trout and associated species in 

### CayugaLake, 

### New 

### York New 

### York Fsh and 

### Game Journal 

### 9(1):44-66. 

### Gibson, 

### J. 

### k 1981. Hydroacoustid 

### studies ofalewife 

### depth dislribution, 

### temperature

### preferen&, 2nd schooling behavior 

### in 

### Cayuga 

### Lake,New 

### Yo& 

### Us. thesis, 

### Corneil University, 

### Ithaca,

## NY. 90PPXwicz, 

### ZM. and 

### A Jachner. 

### 1992.. Diel 

### migrations 

### of juvenile.fsh: a ghost 

### of predation past or present?. Archiv fur Hydrobiologie 

### 124(4):385410. chthyological Associates, inc @A). 

### 1994. Evaluation 

### of study techniques to assess the 

### effectiveness 

### of the strobe light deteirent system at the MilIiken Station, Cayuga 

### Lake, New 

### York Prepared for the 

### New York Sfate

### Gas and Electric Copration. 24 pp.
- =hthyoIogial Associates, Inc (IA). 1993. Draft Study Plan. Evaluation of deterre'nts toX3-entrainment Prepred for the New York State Gas' and at the Milliken Station, Cayuga Lakc, New York. Electric Corporation. 

### 12 pp-ana and Michigan Power Company. 

### 1974. Dernonstralion 

### in supporc of application €or an alternate llierrnai 

### effluent limitation pursuant IO Section 316(a) ofthe Federal Waler Poflulion Control Act, Donald 

### C. Cook Nucicar Power Plant, Indiana and Michigan Power Companysen, 

### J. 1976, Exding modes and prey sizeselection in fhe alewife CAosa pseudoharenws). Journal 

### of the Fisheries Research Board 

### of Canada 33(9): 

### 1972-1975

I 

### R 

### k and 

### G.W. Labar. 

### 1991- Stepped-oblique 

### midwater trawling as an assessment technique for rainbow smelt 

## N. Am. Jour. Ftrheries Management 11(2):167-176. er, Matusky 

### and 

### Skeily Engineers (tMS). 

### 1988. Eeid testins 

### of behavioral barriers 

### for fish exctusion at cooling-water intake system Central 

### Hudson Gas & Electric Company Roseton Genw>ing

### Station. 

### EPN repoit a-5995,Research 

### Project 22146. 

### Elaric Power Research 

### InstifUte,

### Heat, Waste 

### and 

### Water Management 

### Program, Coal 

### Combustion SystemsDivision. PaIo 

### Alto, 

### CA

'1 

### J. 

### G. 

### *1954- A survey ofthe 

### sport fishing at the nodh end 

### of Cayuga 

### Lake. 

### MS. thesis, 

### Corndl University, fthaca,

### NY. lo0 pp

### T. T- The iife 

### history and 

### ecological 

### relationships of- &e 

### alewife pornolobus pseudoharenew 

### (Wilson)] in 

### Seneca 

### Lake, New 

### York 

### Ph.D. thesis, 

### Corndl University, Ithaca, 

### MI- 62 pp. i-appendices. 

### 1934.
)y, 

### R T. 1978. 

### The limnology of Cayuga 

### Lake, 

### pp. 

### 1-120 

### in: 1. R 

### BIoomfieId 

### (ai), Lakes of



### New York State. 

### Volume 

### I. Ecology 

### of [he Finger 

### Lakes. Academic 

### Press, Inc., 

### NY. man, 

### R and 

### C. 

### P. Schneider. 1966. dynamics 

### of aIewives in 

### Lake Ontario following a 

### mas

mortality. 

### Transactions 

### of the American Fisheries 

### Society. 1151-1-14.

.I 

## , P. 

### K. 1982a. 

### Responses of gizzard shad (Dorosoma cepedianum) to

### different €lash characteristics 

### of

### strobe light 

### Ontario Hydro Research Division, 

### Toronto, Canada, 

### Report No. 82-310-K As cited in 

### Stone & Webster 

### 1986. 

### P. 

### H. 198%. Responses of fish to air bubble barriers. 

### Ontario 

### Hydro Research Division, 

### Toronto, Canada, 

### Report No. 82-362-K. As cited in'Srone & 

### Webster 

### 1986. dd, 

### B. J. 

### 1962. The life hisior)l of rlic alcwife, 

### Alosa pseudoharengus (Wilson), in Cayuga Lake, New 

### York Pi1.D. tficssis,Cornelf Univcrsiry, Irllaca, 

### NY. 109 pp-

. 

## - J. 

### B., and 

### E. 3. Crossman. 1973. Freshwater fishes of Canada. Butletin 

### 184. fisheries Research Board of Canada. O(tawa. ~. - /



### 1- L. 198% The inland fishes ol New York Stace. New York Slate Department of Environment21 Conservation. Albany. 522 pp.-.. 

# - .. .-


### Youngs, W- 

### D., hfiilikeri Station studies. 15169. 

# InR.T. Oglcsby and 

### D-AAIIec (eds),Ecology of Cayuga Lakc and the prooposed &ll 

### Station (nudear pwered). Publication No. 27, Water Resources and Marine Sciences Ccnzer, Cornel1 University, Ithaca, New York. p-315-336-



# . .-.

,

34kc I- Testing of efficiency cf rhe disctiaqe nciting tcctiniqgc et Hittikw Sratim, aleuife injectims, July, 73 rtirougfi 27, 7996- page 1 of 2 f Fish :: fish Returned Returd e t NWSER TIHE TIHE TIK€ . A IT* 1ffJECTEO INJECTED REMERE0 High-N Lou-S RECOVEUED High-U LW-S Fish Net Net Net Net Totat Recovered 13 YRP 100 17:OS 18:30 RRV 100 17:lO 18:30 YUV 100 17:15 18:30 RLP 100 17:20 18330 YLV 100 1725 18r30 fUNK 18:30 1st Iojection Totals 

# .
.. YLP 100 19:lO RRP 100 19:15 YNC 100. 19:20 RHC 100 19-25 RLV 100 19-30 2nd Injection Totals 20:30 20:30 20r30 20:30 20:30

20:30 20:30 -20:30 20:30 20:30 1

Tots( 19.5 20% ;S :RP 100 15:35 16:30 ffc 200 15:4S 76:30 LP 700 1S:SO 16:30 LV 100 1S:SS 16:30 1st Injection Totals _V 100 17:30 18:30 .P 100 17:35 78:30 :P 100 17:40 18:30 'V 100 77-45 18:30 c 100 17150 18:30

2nd Injection Totals 6 9 18:30 18130 18:30 18:30

18:30 18:30 78:30 18-30 18:30 75

. 6 15 21 21% 2 19 21 21% 2 10 12 lZ% 2 13 15 15% 4 19 23 23% 76 76 92 1 6X 

## _____ -____ ----- -_-_-----Table 1. Continucd. {;“st’ 2 of ? P Fish 5 F i5.5 Rcturncd 2c:urnd fISH NUMBER TlHE TIHf 

### r :: IOENT‘ INJECTED INJECTED RECOVERED High-S Lou-N RECOVERED High-S Lou-r; Fish Uet Net Nct KCt Total Recover4 JULY 20 YNC 100 15130 16:30 0 0 YNC 100 15:35 16130 

### e 0 YNC 100 15140 16:30 0 0 YNC 100 15145 16~30 0 0 YNC 100 15150 16:30 69 32 101 101

Total 194 19% JULY 27 YLP 100 1Sr30 16:30 YUC 100 1S:JS 16:30 YLP 100 75:45 16:30 YRP loo 1550 16130 YRV 100 15:SS 16:30 1st Injection Totals RNC 100 17:35 RRP 100 17:40 RNC 76 17145 RLP 700 1750 RNC 100 17: 55 2nd Injection Totals Daily Total lL9 15X

* Initia\ Y = yellou, R = red; second tetter, L = (eft, R = right; final Ictter, P = pcCtOra[ fin ctip, V = venrral fin clip, NC = NYSEG9L-I/H-EFFIC clip, UNK = Unknoun c[ip, fish damaged at site of clips

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### rable 8 

## - Sumrnary of statistics 

### comparing paired entrainmenf rates with 

### two treatments, strobes 

### off 

### and strobes on, for the strobe 

### light evaluation 

### study, Milliken 

### Station, Cayuga Lake, 

### Tompkins County, Mew York-

. 

### Testing of 

### total 

### study 

### period. Wilcoxon .Sign 

### Rank test 

### December 1993 

### through.Auqust 31, 1994 

### replicate pairs = 29 Number 

### Number Negative positive Diff.

## * Diff

# - * prob, 

## *
-183' 142 0.30 

# - -215 163 0.27 -191 215 0.40 

### 'ISH/HR ..- 

### LEWIFE MELT 

### YOY 

## m ADULT -169 a4 0.09 -94 159 0-15 -7.5 70-5 0.005 s ELLOW PERCH -203 73 0-05 

### s YITE SUCKER -38 5 6-5 0-03 s -55 

### .o 0.001 

### s ROUT PERCH 

### LIMEY SCULPIN -32 12.5 0.12 'OTTAIL SHINER -23 13 0.27



### Prob. = 

### probability 

### of difference in 

### means-more extreme than given s = 

### significant 

### at the 5% 

### level 

### or 

### beeter. Diff. = 

### differences ISEG94-2/MTOTSTATc

I =1 I31 Zl Wl~~000000000010d00000~00rf0lf IO 

### ar I 111 ut 

# x 3

1 df 1 O 

### x M H F4 P4 0 d 

## w

# Et 1 0.0 0 0 00 0 0 0 0 0 0



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### w1.- 

# N

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# /

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# I

& II 

### z I \ v) r N II 

### z r \ v) I I -:- 

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# ... >. . 

## _- 

# Z M 

# 4

## /g 7


### -. 0 7

ziG 5 4 3 2 1 /o
I Adjusted Total Catch <firh/camplc) 

### FREQUENCY 

### DISTRXBWTXON 

# - NET POSITION 2 Milfikcn Station Entrainment Studv

70 9

5. Distribution of frequency of catch according to net configuration a( the Milliken Station, Cayuga LAC, New York.f .r

..

700
600 500
400 300 200 100 

## ..

-

-


### -

-


### -
-
- a P LY w Q.

,

0 Q .W 0 a Q > 0 I I 9. \ I v, IL r. 00 550 300 250 200 150 100 so

0' 2030 430 12302030 430 12302030 450 12302030 430 12302030



### 24-HOUR 

### ENTRAINMENT JUiY 7-1 1 800

0 

# I 1 TIME OIOUASS G/i-tiOURS

_. Figure 6. Diel vzriation inentrainment rate during the special 24-hourcontinuousen:xinment study, July 7 through 11, 1994, Milliken Station, Cayuga lake, New York. Ilzgc. 1 or 2A

L

..


### 24-HOUR ENTRAINMENT JULY 7-1 1
22 20 18 16 14 12 70

8 6 4 2 0

6. Continued c
page 

### 2 of

### 2

# ci 

# f3 

# a: n

b-4 

# 0



# R" 0 0 hl

I I I I I I I I I Ia

CI \3 W w

c 7 Ts WQ 3- 

## a

:- c n c i'l -I 

# P

# .

_- ADJUSTED CATCH (# fish 

### / 8-hr sornple)



## -- --

.. 

### _- IIO0 '30 00 70 60 50 40 30 20 10

~ .e-o 

### i

90 - 80 '- 70 - 60 - so - 40 - 30 

### - 20 

### a



### RAINBOW 

### SMELT - 

### YOY Uilfikcn Station Entrainment Study

I 10. Adjusted catch by.speciesAifestage through the study period, December 1993 and April through August, 1994 for entrainment sampling at the Milliken Station, Cayuga Lake, New Yori. p3j:c 1 of 3I u 4 u &-- ! SO 

### 1-
eo .- 70 - 60 

### - 50 40 - 30 - 20 

### - 10 

### -

SAMPLE-DATE


### RAINBOW 

### SMELT - 

### ADWLT Mi(likon Station Entcainmertt Study 

# i

20

I 0.

0. 15-Dec 02-May 30--Moy 15-Jun 0 1-Jut 1 0-Jul 15-Au~

Figure 10. COntinuedso

40

30

20

10
,.-'o *


### ..

50

40

30

20

10

0 1 5-Oec 02-Uoy 30-Uoy 1S-Jun 0 1-Jul 18--Ju( 15-AUQ SAMPLE -0ATE 

### TROUT 

### PERCH UilIikcn Scotion Entroinment Study

Rn n 06-Oec 04-Mr 

### 1 

### I 09-Jul 

### 1 01 -Aug 

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## BY STROBE SETTING Uillikcn StaUon Entrainment Study 4

.igurc 13. Catch of combined spiesarid individual spccies/lifestage by strobe setting, during clic strobe light evaluation study, Milllkcn Station, Cayuga Lake, New 

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Egure 14. Difference in catch with strobe on versus strobe off for the strobe setting, during the s1rof.x light c.vaiuation study, hlilliken Station. Gyuga Lake, New York. pact 1 of 4-=O 

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