Morphologic Studies of 

Fusulinids From the 

Lower Permian of 

West Pakistan

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PROFESSIONAL PAPER 643-G

Prepared in cooperation with the Geological 

Survey of Pakistan and the Agency for 

International Development^ 

U.S. Department of State
Morphologic Studies of 

Fusulinids From the 

Lower Permian of 

West Pakistan

By RAYMOND C. DOUGLASS

CONTRIBUTIONS TO PALEONTOLOGY

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PROFESSIONAL PAPER 643-G

Prepared in cooperation with the Geological 

Survey of Pakistan and the Agency for 

International Development^ 

U.S. Department of State

Evidence that comparisons made at equal radii 

reveal similarities in forms that otherwise 

look distinct

UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE, WASHINGTON : 1970
UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR 

WALTER J. HIGKEL, Secretary

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 

William T. Pecora, Director

For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office 

Washington, D.C. 20402 - Price 55 cents (paper cover)
CONTENTS

Page 

_______________________________________-______----__-_--_-------- Gl

Introduction_ _ _ ________________________-________________-----_--_---_----- 1

Systematic descriptions._______________-___-______-___--____-_----_------_--- 5

Localities-______________________________________-_______--__---_-__--_----- 8

References.___________________--__________________________-_-----------_--- 10

ILLUSTRATIONS

[Plates follow text] 

PLATE 1. Codonofusiella laxa Douglass, n. sp.

2-7. Monodiexodina kattaensis (Schwager):

2. From Kattha.

3. From Kafirkot.

4. Variability of this species in samples from West Pakistan.

5. Views of the tunnel area.

6. Variations in wall structure.

7. Variations in septal fluting and microspheric forms.

Page

FIGURE 1. Index map showing fusulinid localities in the Salt and Khisor Ranges, West Pakistan.________________---- G2

2-6. Graphs showing measurements on Monodiexodina kattaensis (Schwager) from 

2. Samples f23800 and f23793; all attributes plotted against volution number._________-____-__------- 3

3. Samples f23800 and f23793; all attributes plotted against the radius vector._______________________ 4

4. Combined samples; growth curves for the mean values superimposed at a radius of 0.3 mm__-__-____ 6

5. Combined samples; all attributes plotted against the radius vector.____--_______-____-_-_---_-_-- 8

6. Combined samples; frequency distribution of maximum prolocular diameters--------------------- 0

m

CONTRIBUTIONS TO PALEONTOLOGY

MORPHOLOGIC STUDIES OF FUSULINIDS FROM THE 

LOWER PERMIAN OF WEST PAKISTAN

By RAYMOND C.

ABSTRACT

A suite of samples from the Amb Formation in the Salt and 

Khisor Ranges of West Pakistan has yielded an abundance of 

fusulinids previously assigned to several species. There are many 

obvious differences between specimens and between samples in 

this suite. Traditional comparisons based on measurements at 

each volution support the idea that the visual differences are 

real; however, comparisons made at equal radii show great similarities .between specimens and between samples. The differences 

are related to the size of the proloculus and are not considered 

sufficient evidence for specific discrimination; thus, these specimens are assigned to one species, Monodiexadina kattaensis.

A new species, Codonofusiella laxa, occurs in one of the samples 

with the larger fusulinids and represents the earliest known 

occurrence of this genus.

INTRODUCTION

The "Lower Productus Limestone" in the Salt and 

Khisor Ranges, West Pakistan, yields an abundant and 

well-preserved fauna of fusulinid Foraminifera. The 

fusulinids are all found in the Amb Formation of the 

Zaluch Group of Early Permian age as described by 

Teichert (1966). About 50 samples of the fusulinids, collected by R. E. Grant, U.S. Geological Survey, in 1964- 

65, and Curt Teichert, Univ. Kansas, in 1966, contain the 

genus Monodiexodina, and one sample also contains the 

genus Codonofmiella.

Donald A. Myers of the U.S. Geological Survey was 

kind enough to send me many thin sections from 

Teicherfc's collections for use in this study. The samples 

collected by Grant were prepared by Richard Margerum 

of the U.S. Geological Survey. These collections were 

made as part of the cooperative U.S. Geological SurveyPakistan Geological Survey minerals investigations program sponsored jointly by the Agency for International 

Development, U.S. Department of State, and the Government of Pakistan. Two samples from the Salt Range, 

West Pakistan, were provided for comparison by 

John W. Skinner, of Humble Oil and Refining Company. The localities for the samples studied are shown 

in figure 1 and are listed at the end of this report.

The fusulinids all seem to occur in a calcareous sandstone, some of which is micaceous. There is some variation in the coarseness of the sand, but none of the 

detrital grains approaches the size of the fusulinids. The 

fusulinids show some abrasion and fracturing and ar?, 

somewhat size sorted, although immature forms and 

smaller fragments are found with adult specimens.

The presence of Codonofmiella associated with Monodicxodma, is somewhat surprising, as Godonofusiella is 

commonly found in rocks assigned a Late Permian age 

with Polydiexodina or Yabelna.. The rather primitive 

form described here extends the known range of the 

genus into the Early Permian.

Fusulinids were described from the "Productus Limestone" by Schwager (1887, p. 985-990). He assigned 

specimens to three named species and to one indeterminate species and suggested the possible existence of other 

subspecies. The species he described are from Katta (or 

Kattha), from Pail, and from a place he identified only 

as the Verala scarp, and he reported that specimens 

from Chidroo (or Chhidru) are similar to those from 

Kattha.

Dimbar (1933, p. 408-412) described specimens from 

near Warcha (or Warchha) and compared them with 

Schwager's descriptions and illustrations. He showed 

the striking similarity of his specimens to Fusulina 

katta^nsi-s Schwager and to the illustrated specimens of 

F. pailensis Schwager. The abundant samples collected 

by Teichert and Grant present an opportunity to study 

the range of variability in the morphology of these fusulinids. For this purpose, over 700 thin sections were 

prepared and the customary measurements made. A 

preliminary report was presented by Douglass (1968).

Each sample of the fusulinids is relatively homogeneous in morphologic characters, and measured attriGi
G2 CONTRIBUTIONS TO PALEONTOLOGY

71° 30' 72°00'

32»30' 

FIGURE 1. Fusulinid localities in the Salt and Khisor Ranges, West Pakistan. See section on localities for locality descriptions.

butes have a fairly normal distribution of values over 

a rather limited range. However, rather large differences in the dimensions of some attributes at specified 

volutions were found between many of the samples, and 

there was little or no overlap of measurement ranges. 

Using conventional methods for comparison, based on 

a few specimens or even on reasonably large samples, 

statistically significant differences between samples 

could be demonstrated at certain volutions.

Two extremes will be compared, sample f23800 from 

Kattha and sample f23793 from Kafirkot. The specimens from Kattha (pi. 2) have a mean prolocular diameter of about 160 microns, a tightly coiled juvenarium 

followed by more loosely coiled outer volutions, low 

intense septal fluting, and a little axial filling. They 

attain a maximum length of about 11 mm.

The specimens from Kafirkot (pi. 3) have a mean 

prolocular diameter of about 600 microns, regular and 

fairly open coiling, low intense septal fluting, and very 

little axial filling. They attain a maximum length of 

about 18 mm.

Figure 2 shows the summary data for measurements 

made on specimens from these two samples plotted by 

volution. There is some overlap in the ranges of these 

attributes, but the means are well separated except in 

the form ratios. One should have no problem in distinguishing these samples on the basis of prolocular diameter, wall thickness, volution height, septal count, or 

tunnel angle. Two "obviously" different and statistically 

separable "species" are represented. I place the quotes 

around the words "obviously1" and "species" because I 

do not consider either one valid. The "obviously" is 

based on what we see in the illustration? Comparing 

plates 2 and 3, both showing the samples at similar magnifications, the differences in size are striking, and we 

have no trouble distinguishing the forms. It is, perhaps, 

more difficult to see the similarities because the size 

difference is dominant.

If we plot a growth curve of mean values for the 

radius vector at each volution against the volution, we 

find that the curves generated for both samples can be 

superimposed (fig. 3^1). This relation suggests that the 

growth pattern for both samples is similar and that the 

differences noted above may be a function of size. Because the initial size (prolocular diameter) averages 

about 160 microns in sample f23800 and about 600 

microns in sample f23793, dimensions in the early volutions for specimens of sample f23800 will be smaller 

than for the early volutions for specimens of sample 

f23793. Dunbar and Skinner (1937, p. 541-543) discussed this problem and suggested that comparisons 

should not be made at the same numbered volutions but
MORPHOLOGIC STUDIES OF FUSULINIDS FROM THE LOWER PERMIAN OF WEST PAKISTAN G3

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EXPLANATION

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FIGURE 2. Summary graphs for Honodiexodina kattaensis (Sohiwager) from samples f23800 and f23793; all attributes plotted 

against Tolution number. The mean and limits of observed variation are shown.
CONTRIBUTIONS TO PALEONTOLOGY

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FIGURE 3. Measurements on Hon-odiexodina Jcattaensis (Schwager) from samples f23800 and f23793; all attributes plotted 

against the radius vector. A. Growth curve for the mean value® of the radius vector at each volution, plotted against 

volution intervals. B-D. Radius vector plotted against the half length (B), the height of volution (0), and wall thickness 

(D). Curves show similar patterns for specimens from the two samples.

should be made at volutions of comparable size. This 

idea was further elaborated by Cutbill and Forbes 

(1967, p. 325-326), who demonstrated graphical 

methods for compensating for differences in prolocular 

size.

By plotting the radius vector directly against the half 

length, a growth curve can be generated for each specimen. The mean values for the two samples plot on 

essentially the same line (fig. 35). When the volution 

height or the wall thickness are plotted against the 

radius vector, the curves generated for the mean values 

of the two samples again essentially superimpose (figs. 

3(7. D). It is, therefore, apparent that those two samples 

are similar in the measured attributes when they are 

compared at the same diameter (or radius) though they 

differ in size at their equivalent volutions.

These two samples were chosen for detailed study 

because they seem to represent opposite extremes of the 

observed variation among all the samples studied. 

Knowing that these two extremes are similar, one might 

expect the samples that are apparently intermediate 

also to be similar in the same attributes. The attributes 

for 15 additional samples were measured and plotted as

individual samples, and then all measurements of each 

attribute were combined and the mean curves for all the 

data were plotted. Not surprisingly, the mean curves 

for the combined samples plot essentially on the same 

lines as the plots for either of the extreme samples. Thus, 

samples cannot be distinguished meaningfully on the 

basis of the data from these measurements.

Each sample differs somewhat from eve^y other sample, just as each specimen differs from every other specimen within the same sample. Nevertheless, attempts 

were made to find sets of samples that have complete 

overlap in all attributes, but it was found that the sets 

included different groups of samples for each attributesimilarity cluster.

The entire range of variation can be likened to a 

spherical mass with radiating rays extending out from 

the sphere, each ray representing extremes of variation 

in a particular attribute. For example, sample f2379S 

is different from all the others in wall thickness, f23790 

in form ratio, f23793 and f23800 in vokition height, 

f23794 in septal count, f23793 in axial filing. An attempt was made to relate the variability to stratigraphic 

position within the Amb Formation and to geographic
MORPHOLOGIC STUDIES OF FUSULINIDS FROM THE LOWER PERMIAN OF WEST PAKISTAN G5

location, but no correlation of morphology with the 

limited stratigraphy or with the geography was found.

The assumption is made that the variation in prolocular diameter is related to the life cycle of the fusulinids. Le Calvez (1953, p. 182-200) and others have 

shown that several megalospheric generations can develop between microspheric generations in the Foraminifera. The prolocular diameter of each succeeding 

megalospheric generation can be of a different size 

range so that a single species can be represented by a 

series of sexual and asexual generations that have 

widely divergent prolocular diameters. Therefore, on 

the basis of this assumption and the measurement data 

presented herein, these samples are assigned to one 

species, Monodiexod'ma kattaensis (Schwager).

The results of this study suggest that the descriptions 

and comparisons made in previous fusulinid studies 

should be reexamined. Undoubtedly many of the differences noted between samples or specimens are real, but 

it is also likely that many similarities have been masked 

by the methods of measurement-data presentation and 

by the optical illusion inherent in prolocular size differences. The measurement data obtained by conventional 

methods can be used for making comparisons at equal 

radii; so all previous studies that have presented enough 

measurement data can be reevaluated without great 

difficulty. Where only verbal descriptions, descriptions 

with minimal measurements, or summaries of measurements are given, more data will have to 'be assembled 

before meaningful comparisons can be made.

SYSTEMATIC DESCRIPTIONS

Family FUSULINIDAE von Mbller, 1878

Subfamily BOULTONIINAE Skinner and Wilde, 1954

Genus Codonofusiella Dunbar and Skinner, 1937

Codonofusiella laxa Douglass, new species 

Plate 1, figures 1-21

Diagnosis. Shell minute, first volutions at large 

angle to later volutions, last few chambers forming an 

uncoiled flared flange, septa weakly to irregularly 

fluted, single tunnel bordered by discontinuous chomata.

Description. This minute species is small even for 

the genus, which is represented by unusually small 

forms for the fusulinids. The specimens coil irregularly, changing their axis of coiling about 90° after one 

to two and a half volutions (pi. 1, figs, 4, 7, 20). The 

first volution is lenticular, but as the plane of coiling 

rotates the axis becomes elongate and an ellipsoidal to 

fusiform shape is developed (pi. 1, figs. 13-15). After 

three to four volutions the shells develop a flared flange 

at a sharp angle to the coil. The flange continues to grow 

for about 15 chambers and forms the greatest dimen375-325 O 70 2

sions on the specimens (pi. 1, figs. 1-5, 13, 15). The 

largest dimension on the coiled part of the shell is abo^it 

half a millimeter along the axis. The largest flarelflange length measured was less than 1.2 mm. The proloculus is spherical in most specimens. Fifty proloculi 

were measured, and of these nine were between 30 and 

35 microns in diameter, 35 were between 36 and 45 

microns, and six were between 46 and 56 microns. The 

spirotheca is thin, consisting of a tectum and clear 

diaphanotheca. The thickness of the spirotheca varies 

but measures about 13 microns through the outer parts 

of the shell. The thickness does not change significantly 

across the center of the shell 'but does thin at the poles. 

The septa are inward extensions of the spirotheca and 

consist of the tectum and a thinned diaphanotheca. T.^e 

septa are plane near the top of each chamber, but are 

fluted near the base of the chambers and toward the 

inner surface of the flared part of the Shell. No cuniculi 

were recognized, 'but the intensity of the fluting in some 

parts of the specimens suggests cuniculi might have 

developed near the base of the flare in some specimens 

(pi. 1, figs. 12, 18). A tunnel bordered by chomata is 

present in the fusiform part of the shell (pi. 1, figs. 6, 

8, 9,13,15) and seems to continue along the flare (pi. 1, 

figs. 4, 5, 21). The chomata are principally deposits on 

the lower edges of the septa in the tunnel area, but they 

are connected as true chomata in parts of the shell (pi. 

1, figs. 6, 19). The deposits, possibly as pseudochomata, 

can be seen on the flared part in some of the specimens 

(pi. 1, figs. 4, 21). No axial filling is present.

Comparisons and remarks. G odonofusietta laxa dees 

not closely resemble any species described previously, 

but it does show similarities to the type species, O. 

pamdoxica Dunbar and Skinner, 1937. A study of their 

type material, description, and illustrations shows that 

although their specimens are larger, the coiled part of 

the shell goes through the same stages in approximately 

the same ways. The flare on the type material is small^r 

and shorter than on C. laxa. but the specimens illustrated by Skinner and Wilde (1954, pi. 45, figs. 5-7) 

show a well-developed flare. The proloculus of C. paradoxica is consistently larger than is common for that of 

C. laxa. The described and illustrated specimens of C. 

p<U'adoxica, have a range of prolocular diameter frcm 

50 to over 60 microns, but so few specimens are represented that one cannot tell what the actual range for the 

type species might be. As noted above, the maximum 

prolocular diameter recorded for C. laxa does reach 50 

microns, but only three of the 50 specimens measured 

attained that size. Dunbar and Skinner (1937) did not 

find chomata in the type species. It is not clear whether 

the specimens illustrated by Skinner and Wilde (1954) 

show chomata; there is obvious secondary thickening
G6 CONTRIBUTIONS TO PALEONTOLOGY

of the septa in the vicinity of the tunnel, but these deposits may be pseudochomata. The septal fluting shown 

in the type species appears to be more regular, higher, 

and more intense especially in the inner volutions 

than that of G. laxa. In every way, G. laxa seems to be 

more primitive than G. paradoxica.

Distribution-. This species was found in only one 

sample (f23788) in the lower part of the Amb Formation associated with Monodiexodina kattaensis 

(Schwager).

Specimens studied. Forty thin, sections were prepared from this sample, including several hundred random sections of Gadonofusietta. The prolocular diameters of 50 specimens were recorded, and other measurements were made on 20 specimens.

Designation, of types. The specimen illustrated on 

plate 1 in figures 12a and 12b is designated the holotype. 

All other figured specimens are paratypes. All types 

are deposited in the U.S. National Museum (USNM). 

The assigned USNM numbers are given in the plate 

explanation.

Subfamily SCHWAGERINENTAE Dunbar & Henbest, 1930 

Genus Monodiexodina Sosnina, 1956

Monodiexodina kattaensis (Schwager) 

Plates 2r-7 ; text figures 2-6

Fmulina, kattaen#te Schwager, 1887, p. 985-987, pi. 76, figs. 1-11,

pi. 78, fig. 4.

Fusulina pailensis Schwager, 1887, p. 987-988, pi. 77, figs. 1-6. 

Fusulina lanffissima, Moller of Schwager, 1887, p. 988-989, pi. 77,

figs. 6-12, pi. 78, figs. 1-3. 

Parafusitlina kattaensis (Schwager) Dunbar, 1933, p. 408-412,

pi. 22, figs. l-2j.

Diagnosis. A small to medium-sized species, 10-12 

and rarely 20 mm long, of five to seven volutions with 

an eighth volution developed rarely. The specimens are 

usually elongate and tend to be subcylindrical, and the 

ends of the shell are bluntly rounded. The early stages 

tend to be slightly inflated in the center and a little 

more pointed at the poles. Coiling is relatively even and 

tight throughout. The septa are tightly fluted forming 

cuniculi in the lower part, of the chamber and are nearly 

straight in the upper part of the chamber. Axial filling 

is variable, being slight to heavy, but chomata are not 

developed. A single, relatively wide tunnel is developed. 

The wall is thin and composed of a tectum and keriotheca. Phrenotheca are developed irregularly in some 

specimens.

Description. The spiral form developed by most 

specimens is normal-negative to negative. The mean 

growth curves of 17 individual samples are shown in 

figure 4; it can be seen that the expansion rate for the 

radius decreases in the outer volutions. That this relation is also shown by the pattern for increase in volution

height can be seen in figure 54. Corversely, the 

lengths of the specimens increase gradual^ in the inner 

volutions and then more rapidly in the outer volutions. 

Figure 5B shows rate of increase in length with increasing radius based on data for the combined samples. 

The small specimens, then, tend to have a smaller form 

(length to width) ratio than the large specimens. As 

the specimens grow larger they become more elongate 

and large specimens have a form ratio greater than four 

(fig. 5G). The longest specimen measured is slightly 

broken at one end, but has 20 mm preserved and may 

have been as much as 22 mm long originally.

The proloculus in the megalospheric forms varies in 

diameter from about 100 microns to nearly 900 microns. 

Microspheric juvenaria are rare and are not represented 

by adults of large size but were found in normal-sized 

specimens (pi. 4, figs. 13, 35). Most of the samples have 

medium to small proloculi with most of the specimens 

in the range of 125 to 400 microns in diameter (fig. 6). 

The prolocular diameters in any one sample tend to 

cluster in a fairly compact group which suggests that 

each sample represents only the variation within one 

generation.

The wall thickens rapidly through the early parts of 

the test, but the rate of thickening slows down as the 

test grows large, and some thinning occurs in the outer 

volutions of some specimens (fig. 5Z>). Frmi the maximum and minimum values, it can be seen that a fair 

amount of variability was recorded. Some of this variability may be related to measurement errcr rather than 

to actual variability, as the wall thickness is affected 

by some solution in the equatorial area and also by 

thickening next to the septa. The recorded thicknesses 

are all equatorial. The wall tends to maintain its thick2.0

i.o

0.9 

0.8 

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0.6 

0.5 

0.4

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0.1

ONE-VOLUTION INTERVALS

FIGURE 4. Growth curves for the mean values of Monodiexodina kattaensis (Schwager) from 17 samples superimposed at 

a radius of 0.3 mm.
MORPHOLOGIC STUDIES OF FUSULINIDS FROM THE LOWER PERMIAN OF WEST PAKISTAN G7

ness on the flanks out to a point where the wall starts 

to curve in to form the poles. In the polar area the 

confusion between outer wall and septal wall makes 

thickness measurements meaningless. The wall is composed of a tectum and fine to moderately coarse keriotheca. There is no apparent correlation between the 

coarseness of the keriotheca and other attributes. Many 

of the walls have straight and closely spaced alveoli 

(pi. 6, fig. 5). Others have more irregularly spaced 

alveoli, often with short bifurcations near the tectum 

(pi. 6, fig. 2). Phrenotheca are developed irregularly in 

some specimens (pi. 6, figs. 3, 4, 6).

Figure 5E shows the increase in number of septa with 

increasing diameter. The septa are not regularly spaced, 

and the arching of the chamber roof between septa exaggerates the spacing differences on some specimens. The 

septa are rather thick and often appear as bulbous 

masses iri the tunnel area (pi. 6, fig. 1). They are nearly 

plane in the upper part of each chamber but are intensely fluted in the lower part; low cuniculi develop 

in most specimens (pi. 7, figs. 1-6). There is considerable 

variation in the height to which fluting takes place 

within the chambers. Fluting extends to the top of the 

chamber in the poles of most specimens. In some specimens the higher fluting extends in toward the equatorial 

area. No systematic relationship seems to exist between 

the nature of fluting and other attributes of the test. 

Large septal pores are common in the polar area and 

in the outermost volutions (pi. 6, fig. 3).

The tunnel is well defined on most specimens and 

wanders only slightly in the meridional area. The height 

tends to be half to a little more than half the height 

of the volution. The width is rather variable. Figure 

5F shows that the tunnel angle decreases in the midvolutions and then increases to nearly 60° in the larger 

specimens. An interesting feature of the tunnel area is 

the amount of resorption. Ordinarily, only the septa are 

resorbed to form the tunnel. Many specimens in these 

samples show resorption of the floor of the tunnel as 

well as of the septa. Plate 5, figures 1-5 are enlarged 

views of the resorption in equatorial and axial sections. 

As shown, the resorption occasionally removes most of 

the wall underlying the tunnel, and locally all of the 

wall is removed.

Axial filling is present in most specimens but is one of 

the most variable features of the species. Some specimens 

have massive deposits distributed along the entire axial 

zone; others have almost no axial filling, and others 

have deposits that 'are restricted to certain volutions 

(pi. 4). The distribution of axial filling is irregular 

within samples as well as between samples.

Comparisons and renwr'k.s. The range of variability 

in the described specimens is sufficient to include all tls °- 

forms described by Schwager (1887) and by Dunbar 

(1933) from the "Lower Productus Limestone" of Wept 

Pakistan in this species. No group that would have ary 

significance stratigraphically or geographically could 

be separated from the rest of the specimens, and I doubt 

that any biologic differences exist within this group; 

the only differences appear to be those which exi^t 

between different generations of the same species.

This species bears some resemblance to that describe! 

as Schivagerina linearis by Dunbar and Skinner (19f7, 

p. 637), but the wall of K. Unearis tends to be thicker 

at equivalent diameters; 8. linearis is longer at equivalent diameters; and the septal fluting on 8. lineans 

tends to extend higher on the septa and to be less intense 

along the base of the septa.

Monodiexodina ~bispatula Williams (1963, p. 33) 

shows considerable similarity to this species, but the 

wall of 31. bispatula is consistently thinner at equivalent 

diameters. Schwagerhia steimnanni of Dunbar and 

Newell (1946, p. 460) is also similar but has a consistently thinner wall.

Thompson (1949, p. 189) redescribed Parafmulitia. 

wanneri (Schubert) from Timor and distinguished it 

from M. kattaemis. He stated that M. kaffaemis lias 

more volutions at maturity, a thinner spirotheca (wall), 

and a smaller shell for corresponding volutions. P. 

wcumieri. is also more elongate and has form ratios of 

six to seven in the outer volution. Pamfusidina shiptoni Dunbar (1940, p. 1) resembles M. kattaensis in 

many ways but tends to have a thinner wall in the midvolutions and is more elongate throughout. The septal 

fluting illustrated for P. shiptoni is also more intense 

than that commonly found in M. kattaensis. Dunbar 

(1940) considered P. shiptoni a more advanced form 

and therefore it should have a younger age than that 

represented by the "Lower Productus Limestone."

Designation of types. Schwager (1887, p. 986) designated the specimens from the "upper region of the lower 

Productus-liniestone of Katta and which have been represented in figures 1 and 2 of PI. GXXVI" as typicrl. 

The figures designated are of whole specimens. His figures 1 to 5 are all indicated as being the same species 

and his figures 3 to 5 are enlarged drawings of sections 

of the specimens. The specimen illustrated as a thin 

section in figure 3 of plate GXXVI (Schwager, 1887) 

is herein designated the lectotype and is included herein 

on plate 4 as figure 78, reduced to the same size as tl °, 

other specimens for comparison.
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CONTRIBUTIONS TO PALEONTOLOGY

9

0.50 1.00 1.50

RADIUS VECTOR, IN MILLIMETERS

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2.00

U.lb

LU 0.12 

LU

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RADIUS VECTOR, IN MILLIMETERS 

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RADIUS VECTOR, IN MILLIMETF.RS

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RADIUS VECTOR, IN MILLIMETERS 

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EXPLANATION

- Mean

+ Maximum-minimum value?

° Confidence limits

FIGURE 5. Measurements on Honodiexodina kattaensis (Scliwager from the combined samples; all attributes plotted against 

the radius vector. The mean, confidence limits of the mean, and the limits of observed variation are shown.

LOCALITIES

The general localities for the samples are shown in 

figure 1, based on the maps presented by Grant (1968, 

figs. 1, 2). More detailed locality information follows. 

The numbers used are U.S. Geological Survey Foramiiiifera catalog numbers that are used for the physical 

filing of the samples. The illustrated specimens are all 

separated and bear U.S. National Museum numbers 

that are given on the plate explanations.

Locality

£23782. Permian, Salt Range, Amb Formation, lower rusty bed 

on the south side of the small nala near Chhidru (at about 

lat 32°33' X.; long 71°47' E.) : Pakistan Geol. Survey sheet 

No. 38 P/14. R. E. Grant, collector.

f23783. Permian, Khisor Range. Amb Formation, about 125 ft 

above the base. About 1 mile north of Kotla Lodhian (at 

about lat 32°13' N.; long 71°04' E.) ; Pakistan Geol. Survey sheet No. 38 P/4. R. E. Grant, collector.

f23784. Permian, Salt Range, Amb Formation, lower 25 ft of 

the formation in Zaluch Nala about 3.5 miles east of Pai
MORPHOLOGIC STUDIES OF FUSULINIDS FROM THE LOWER PERMIAN OF WEST PAKISTAN G9

£ 6 

£ 

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RADIUS VECTOR, IN MILLIMETERS 

C

2.00

90'

70°

60

Z 40'

30

20'

10e

0 0.50 1.00 1.50 2.00

RADIUS VECTOR, IN MILLIMETERS

F

Khel (at about lat 32°47' N.; long 71°38' E.) ; Pakistan 

Geol. Survey sheet No. 38 P/9. R. E. Grant, collector.

f23785. Permian, Salt Range, Amb Formation, middle part in 

rusty-weathering ledges on the sharp ridge on the west side 

of Sarin Nala about 2.5 miles north-northwest of Buri Khel 

(at about lat 32°44' N. ; long 71°43' E.) ; Pakistan Geol. 

Survey sheet No. 38 P/10. R. E. Grant, collector.

f23786. P'ermian, Salt Range, Amb Formation, lower part, about

50 ft below the rusty ledge in the section measured on the 

colliery road about 7 miles north-northeast of Kattha (at 

about lat 32°36' N.; long 72°29' E.) ; Pakistan Geol. Survey 

sheet No. 43 D/6. R. E. Grant, collector.

f23787. Permian, Khisor Range, Amb Formation, about 25 ft 

above the base and above the purple sandstone on the west 

side of the nala north of Kotla Lodhian near the entrarce 

and on the east side of hill 1301 (about lat 32°12' N.; Ung 

71°04' E.) ; Pakistan Geol. Survey sheet No. 38 P/4. R. E. 

Grant, collector.

f23788. Permian, Salt Range, Amb Formation, 10 ft of liriestone above the carbonaceous shale in Khan Zaman Nala 

about 2 miles east-southeast of Chhidru (at about lat 32°32' 

N.; long 71°48' E.) ; Pakistan Geol. Survey sheet No. 38 

P/14. R. E. Grant, collector.

f23789. Permian, Khisor Range, Amb Formation, topmost san-ly 

beds along strike in the arch of the anticline on the east side 

of the broad nala about 1 mile due north of Kotla Lodhian. 

The crest of the anticline is at an elevation of 1,283 ft 

(about lat 32°13' N.; long 71°04' E.) ; Pakistan Geol. Survey 

sheet No. 38 P/4. R. E. Grant, collector.

f23790. Permian, Salt Range, Amb Formation, below the rusty 

ledge on the slope across the nala from hill 1308 and 0.6 

mile north of Jabbi (at about lat 32°24' N.; long 72°06' E ) ; 

Pakistan Geol. Survey sheet No. 43 D/3. R. E. Grant, 

collector.

f23791. Permian, Salt Range, Amb Formation, about 8 ft below 

the first rusty ledge and from the indurated fusulinid I ?d 

in the middle of the ledge on a small ridge on the north edge 

of the mouth of Trimu Wahan, about 3 miles east of Musa 

Khel (at about lat 32°37' N.; long 71°47' E.) ; Pakistan 

Geol. Survey sheet No. 38 P/14. R. E. Grant, collector.

20

15

10

I I I I I I

n= 193

L n

i i i i i i II I n

100 200 300 400 500 

MAXIMUM DIAMETER OF PROLOCULUS, IN MICRONS

1000

FIGURE 6. Frequency distribution of maximum prolocular 

diameters for the combined samples of Monodiexodina, l:attacnsis (Schwager).
G10 CONTRIBUTIONS TO PALEONTOLOGY

f23792. Permian, Salt Range, Amb Formation, 20-30 ft below

the rusty ledge in the same locality as f23786 near Kattha,

R. E. Grant, collector. 

f23793. Permian, Khisor Range, Amb Formation, ledges just

west of Kaflrkot (at about lat 32°14' N.; long 71°09' E.) ;

Pakistan Geol. Survey sheet No. 38 P/4. R. E. Grant,

collector. 

f23794. Permian, Salt Range, Amb Formation, near locality

f23790 but 0.5 mile to the north on hill 1813 about a mile

north of Jabbi. R. E. Grant, collector. 

f23795. Permian, Salt Range, Amb Formation; float along the

colliery road in the vicinity of locality f23786 north of Kattha. R. E. Grant, collector. 

f23796. Permian, Salt Range, Amb Formation, below the rusty

ledge in the vicinity of locality f23791, but about 0.2 mile to

the north. R. E. Grant, collector. 

f23797. Permian, Salt Range, Amb Formation, from just above

the rusty dolomite beds on the low outliers just east of

locality f23796. R. E. Grant, collector. 

f23798. Permian, Salt Range, Amb Formation, rusty ledges 0.5

mile southeast of Pail (at about lat 32°38' N.; long 72°28'

E.) ; Pakistan Geol. Survey sheet No. 43 D/6. R. E. Grant,

collector. 

f23799. Permian, Salt Range, Amb Formation, from the lower

rusty ledge at locality f23796. R. E. Grant, collector. 

f23800. Permian, Salt Range, Amb Formation, 5.4 ft below

locality f23786 near Kattha. R. E. Grant, collector. 

f23801. Permian, Salt Range, Amb Formation, just below locality f23796. R. E. Grant, collector. 

f23802. Permian, Khisor Range, Amb Formation, in same ledges

as locality f23793 west of Kafirkot. R, E. Grant, collector. 

f23905. Permian, Salt Range, Amb Formation, 12 ft above the

base in the section measured in Zaluch Nala, about 3.5 miles

east of Pai Khel at approximately the same location as

locality f23784. Curt Teichert, collector. Field No. T62-35. 

f23906. Permian, Salt Range, Amb Formation, same area and

general horizon as locality f23905. Curt Teichert, collector.

Field No. T62-260. 

f23907. Permian, Salt Range, Amb Formation, 14 ft above the

base in the section measured in Zaluch Nala, same area as

locality f23905. Curt Teichert, collector. Field No. T62-36. 

f2390S. Permian, Salt Range, Amb Formation, 20 ft above the

base in Zaluch Nala, same area as locality f23905. Curt

Teichert, collector. Field No. T61-122. 

f23909. Permian, Salt Range, Amb Formation, 29 ft above the

base in the section measured in Zaluch Nala, same area

as locality f23905. Curt Teichert, collector. Field No. T62-38. 

f23910. Permian, Salt Range, Amb Formation, 33 ft above the

base in the section measured in Zaluch Nala, same area as

locality f23905. Curt Teichert, collector. Field No. T62-39. 

f23911. Permian, Salt Range, Amb Formation, 67 ft above the

base; just north of Amb on Dhodha Wahan (at about lat

32°31' N.; long 71°56' E.) ; Pakistan Geol. Survey sheet No.

38 P/14. Curt Teichert, collector. Field No. T62-321. 

f23912. Permian, Salt Range, Amb Formation, 71 ft above base

in section at Amb, same area as locality f23911. Curt

Teichert, collector. Field No. T62-322. 

f23913. Permian, Salt Range, Amb Formation, 72-75 ft above

base in section at Amb, same area as locality f23911. Curt

Teichert, collector. Field No. T62-323. 

f23914. Permian, Salt Range, Amb Formation 83-91 ft above

base in section at Amb, same area as locality f23911. Curt

Teichert, collector. Field No. T62-325.

f23915. Permian, Salt Range, Amb Formation, 8.5 ft above base 

of section in gorge about 1 mile upstream from Warchha 

salt mine (at about lat 32°27' N.; long 71°57' E.) ; Pakistan Geol. Survey sheet No. 38 P/15. Curt Te^hert, collector. 

Field No. T62-329.

f23916. Permian, Salt. Range, Amb Formation, 13.5 ft above base 

of section above Warchha, same area as locality f23915. 

Curt Teichert, collector. Field No. T62-330.

f23917. Permian, Salt Range, Amb Formation, 42-42.5 ft above 

base of section above Warchha, same area as locality 

f23915. Curt Teichert, collector. Field No. T62-334.

f23918. Permian, Salt Range, Amb Formation, 73-75 ft above 

base of section above Warchha, same area as locality f23915. 

Curt Teichert, collector. Field No. T62-339.

f23919. Permian, Salt Range, Amb Formation, 80 ft above base 

of section above Warchha, same area as locality f239l5. 

Curt Teichert, collector. Field No. T62-340.

f23920. Permian, Salt Range, Amb Formation, 87-89 ft above 

base of section above Warchha, same area as locality f239l5. 

Curt Teichert, collector. Field No. T62-341.

f23921. Permian, Salt. Range, Amb Formation, 92-93 ft above 

base of section above Warchha, same area as locality f23915. 

Curt Teichert, collector. Field No. T62-343.

f23922. Permian, Salt Range, Amb Formation, 80-85 ft above 

base of a section measured immediately east and southeast 

of Pail, same area as locality f23798. Curt Teichert, collector. Field No. T62-365.

f23923. Permian, Salt Range, Amb Formation, 112-115 ft above 

base of section at Pail, same area as locality f23798. Curt 

Teichert, collector. Field No. T62-367.

f23924. Permian, Salt Range, Amb Formation, 115-125 ft above 

base of section at Pail, same area as locality f23798. Curt 

Teichert, collector. Field No. T62-369.

f23925. Permian, Salt Range, Amb Formation, 153-156 ft above 

base of section at Pail, same area as locality f23798. Curt 

Teichert, collector. Field No. T62-370.

f23926. Permian, Salt Range, Amb Formation, 205-217 ft above 

base of section at Pail, same area as locality f23798. Curt 

Teichert, collector. Field No. T62-371.

f23927-f23929. Permian, Salt Range, Amb Formation, from uncertain position within the section at Pail, same area as 

locality f23798. Curt Teichert, collector. FieM Nos. T62-362 

to T62-364.

f23930. Permian, Salt Range, "Lower Productus Limestone" 

(Amb Formation), 50 ft above the base, near Warchha. 

(Probably the same area as locality f23?15) India Geol. 

Survey Collection No. K25/498. This is par* of the material 

studied by Dunbar in 1933.

f23931. Permian, Salt Range, Amb Formation, near Chhidru (at 

lat 32°34'34" N.; long 71°46'26" E.) ; Pakistan Geol. Survey 

sheet No. 38 P/14. Probably the same area as locality f 23782. 

M. H. Kahn, collector.

REFERENCES

Cutbill, J. L., and Forbes, C. L., 1967, Graphical aids for the 

description and analysis of variation in fusuline Foraminifera: Palaeontology, v. 10, pt. 2, p. F92-337, 13 text 

figures.

Douglass, R. C., 1968, Morphologic studies of fusulinids from 

Lower Permian of West Pakistan [abs.] : Am. Assoc. Petroleum Geologists Bull., v. 52, no. 3, p. 525.

Dunbar, C. O., 1933, Stratigraphic significance of the fusulinids 

of the Lower Productus Limestone of the Salt Range : India, 

Geol. Survey Recs., v. 66, part 4, p. 405-413, pi. 22.
MORPHOLOGIC STUDIES OF FUSULINIDS FROM THE LOWER PERMIAN OF WEST PAKISTAN Gil

 1940, Permian fusulines from Karakoram: India, Geol.

Survey Recs., v. 75, Prof. Paper 5, p. 1-5, pi. 1. 

Dunbar, C. O. and Henbest, L. G., 1930, The fusulinid genera

Fusulina, Fusulinclla, and Wcdekindcllina: Am. Jour. Sci.,

ser. 5, v. 20, p. 357-364. 

Dunbar, C. O. and Newell, N. D., 1946, Marine Early Permian

of the central Andes and its fusuline faunas: Am. Jour.

Sci., v. 244, no. 7, p. 457-491, pi. 1-12. 

Dunbar, C. O. and Skinner, J. W., 1937, Permian Fusulinidiae

of Texas: Texas Univ. Bull. 3701, p. 517-825, pi. 42-81,

fig. 89-97. 

Grant, R. E., 1968, Structural adaptation in two Permian

braebiopod genera, Salt Range, West Pakistan: Jour.

Paleontology, v. 42, no. 1, p. 1-32, pi. 1-9, 21 text figures. 

Le Calvez;, Jean, 1953, Ordre des Foraminiferes, in Grasse, P. P.,

1953, Traite de Zoologie, Anatoniie, Systematique, Biologie, Paris, Masson & 'Cie v. 1; p. 149-265, fig. 107-181. 

Mb'ller, V. von, 1878, Die spiral-gewundenen Foraminiferen des

russischen Kohlenkalks: Acad. Imp. Sci. St. Petersburg,

Mem., ser. 7, v. 25, no. 9, p. 1-147, pi. 1-15, 6 fig.

Schwager, Conrad, 1887, Sub-Kingdom Protozoa, in Waag?n, 

William, 1887, Salt-Range fossils : Palaeontographica Indi"a, 

ser. 13, v. 1, p. 983-994, pi. 76-78.

Skinner, J. W., and Wilde, G. L., 1954, The fusulinid subfamily 

Boultoniinae: Jour. Paleontology, v. 28, no. 4, p. 434 1*4, 

pi. 42-45.

Sosnina, M. I., 1956, The genus Ussiiriella, gen. nov., and the 

genus Monodicxodina, gen. nov., in Kiparisova, L. D., 1£56, 

[Contributions to paleontology new families and genera] : 

Vses. Nauchno-Issled. Geol. Inst. Trudy, n.s., Paleo., v. 12, 

p. 21-29, pi. 4-7.

Teichert, Ourt, 1966, Nomenclature and correlation of the "Permian Productus Limestone," Salt Range, West Pakistan: 

Pakistan Geol. Survey Recs., v. 15, pt. 1, p. 1-20.

Thompson, M. L., 1949, The Permiam fusulinids of Timor: Jour. 

Paleontology, v. 23, no. 2, p. 182-192, pi. 34-36, 1 text 

figure.

Williams, T. E., 1963, Fusulinidae of the Hueco Group (lower 

Permian), Hueco Mountains, Texas: Yale Univ. Peab-?dy 

Mus. Nat. History Bull. 18, 123 p.

PLATES 1-7
PLATE 1

FIGURES 1-21. Codonofusiella laxa Douglass, n. sp. (p. G5). From locality f23788 in the lower part of the Amb Formation, West

Pakistan.

1-5. Equatorial and subequatorial sections showing the development of the flange. Note the irregular path of the 

flange and the irregular development of basal chamberlets. Figures 3 and 4.show some pseudoct omata, and the 

section in figure 5 seems to cut the middle of the tunnel without touching the secondary deposits. All X 50, 

except figure 4b X 100. USNM 688167-171.

6. Section tangential to the outer coiled volution and the flange, showing chomata in the outer volution and straight 

septa in the flared flange. X 50. USNM 688172.

7. Oblique axial section cutting the inner volutions in the equatorial plane. X 50. USNM 68817?.

8. Axial section cutting the inner volutions and the outer volutions in the axial plane but at right angles to each 

other and showing the tunnel and chomata. X 50. USNM 688174.

9. Axial section oriented as in figure 8. X 100. USNM 688175.

10. 11. Sections cutting the flange at an oblique angle and showing the more complex fluting of the lower parts

of the septa. X 50. USNM 688176 and 688177. 

12a, b. Axial section of the holotype, showing the inner volution at right angles to the outer volutions and a

tangential slice obliquely through the flange. X 50 and X 100. USNM 688178.

13. Axial section through the coiled part of the shell and a start of the flange. X 100. USNM 688179.

14. Near-axial section showing nearly right-angle change in coiling plane. X 100. USNM 688180.

15. Axial section of coiled part of the shell. X 100. USNM 688181.

16. Near-axial section with inner volution cut in the equatorial plane. X 100. USNM 688182.

17. Axial section with inner volution in the equatorial plane, showing the beginning of the flange. X 100. USNM 

688183.

18. Axial section cutting through part of the flange. X 100. USNM 688184.

19. Tangential section of the outer coiled volutions and part of the flange, showing nearly straight septa and the 

chomata. X 100. USNM 688185.

20. Axial section with early volutions in the equatorial plane. X 100. USNM 688186.

21. Equatorial section with inner volution in the axial plane, showing the first part of the flange and part of the 

tunnel bordered by pseudochomata. X 100. USNM 688187.
GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PROFESSIONAL PAPER 643-G PLATE 1

18 ^KHIWW 20 

CODONOFUSIELLA LAXA Douglass, n. sp.
PLATE 2

[All figures X 10, except 16 and 17, X 50]

FIGURES 1-17. Monodiexodina kattaensis (Schwager) (p. G6).

All from locality £23800 at Kattha, West Pakistan.

1. Axial section of one of the largest specimens found in this sample. The outermost volution is partly broken 

away from the specimen. This specimen also appears on plate 4, figure 52. USNM 688188.

2. Equatorial section of a complete specimen. Note the thinning of the spirotheca in the last few chambers and 

the nearly uniform tunnel height. USNM 688189.

3. Equatorial section. USNM 688190.

4. Axial section. This specimen also appears on plate 4, figure 56. USNM 688191.

5. Equatorial section. USNM 688192.

6. Equatorial section. USNM 688193.

7. Equatorial section. USNM 688194.

8. Axial section with almost no axial filling evident. USNM 688195.

9. Axial section. USNM 688196.

10. Tangential section showing nearly straight septa toward the top of the chamber and intensely fluted septa 

toward the bottom of the chamber on the right. USNM 688197.

11. Tangential section showing intensely fluted septa and a cuniculus. USNM 688198.

12. Axial section. USNM 688199.

13. Axial section. This specimen also appears on plate 4, figure 77. USNM 688200.

14. Axial section. USNM 688201.

15. Axial section. USNM 688202.

16. Enlarged view of figure 12, showing wall structure and some solution of the wall in the tunnel area.

17. Enlarged view of figure 15. Note the solution in the tunnel area in the third and fourth volutions on the lower 

side.
GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PROFESSIONAL PAPER 643-G PLATE 2

16 17

MONODIEXODINA KATTAENSIS (Schwager) from Kattha
PLATE 3

[All figures X 10, except figure 8, X 50]

FIGUEES 1-8. Monodiexodina kaitaensis (Schwager) (p. G6). All from locality f23793, Kafirkot, West Pakistan.

1. Equatorial section showing some distortion in the outer volution. USNM 688203.

2. Axial section of one of the best preserved large specimens with large proloculus. An enlarged view of this specimen is shown on plate 5, figure 1, and the specimen is shown in 

relation to the total sample on plate 4, figure 4. USNM 688204.

3. Equatorial section. USNM 688205.

4. Fractured axial section. USNM 688206.

5. Equatorial section showing the wall considerably thinned by solution in some of the 

volutions. USNM 688207.

6. Slightly oblique axial section. USNM 688208.

7. Tangential section showing complete transition from nearly straight septa in the upper 

part of the chambers to cuniculi at the base. USNM 688209.

8. Enlarged view of figure 3, showing the wall structure.
GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PROFESSIONAL PAPER 643 G PLATE 3

MONODIEXODINA KATTAENSIS (Schwager) from Kafirkot
PLATE 4

[All figures X 5]

FIGURES 1-82. Monodiexodina kattaensis (Schwager) (p. G6).

This plate shows the range of variability found in this species in the samples studied from West Pakistan. The 

specimens are arranged arbitrarily; the forms that have small megalospheric prolocult are toward the bottom 

and the forms that have large megalospheric proloculi toward the top. The more elongate forms tend to be 

along the left side and the more ellipsoidal forms toward the right. Specimens illustrated by Schwager as Fusulina 

kattaensis, Fusulina pailensis, and Fusulina longissima are included at the same magnification for direct 

comparison.

Figu

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

24

25

26

27

28

29

30

31

32

33

34

35

36

37

38

39

40

41

re Specimen

f23784-3

f23801-ll

f23801-8

f23793-6

f23783-4

f23783-5

f23796-19

f23796-l

f23796-3

f23783-l

f23796-10

f2380l-2

f23783-8

f 23783-11

f23798-2

f23801-3

f23782-4

f23796-2

f23787-3

f2380l-l

f23790-15

f23787-12

f23796-4

f23786-5

f23794-13

f23792-2

f23784-2

f23802-12

f23788-2

f23794-3

f23790-12

f23794-2

f23782-2

f23782-5

f23785-l

f23794-9

f 23794-11

Fusulina

longissima

Moller of

Schwager

f23796-4

f23782-l

f23794-l

Orientation

Axial

Equatorial

Equatorial

Axial

Axial

Axial

Equatorial

Axial

Axial

Axial

Equatorial

Axial

Axial

(microspheric)

Equatorial

(microspheric)

Axial

Axial

Axial

Axial

Axial

Axial

Equatorial

Equatorial

Axial

Axial

Equatorial

Equatorial

Axial

Equatorial

Axial

Axial

Equatorial

Axial

Axial

Axial

Axial

(microspheric)

Equatorial

Equatorial

Axial

Equatorial

Axial

Axial

USNM No.

688210

688211

688212

688204 (same as

pl- 3, fig. 2)

688213

688214

688215

688216

688217

688218

688219

688220

688221 (same as

pl. 7, fig. 8)

688222 (same as

pl. 7, fig. 10)

688223

688224

688225

688226

688227

688228

688229 (same as

pl. 5, fig. 2)

688230

688231 (same as

pl. 6, fig. 5)

688232

688233

688234

688235

688236 (same as

pl. 6, fig. 6)

688237

688238

688239

688240

688241

688242

688243 (same as

pl- 7, fig. 9)

688244

688245

688246

688247

688248

Figu

42

43

44

45

46

47

48

49

50

51

52

53

54

55

56

57

58

59

60

61

62

63

64

65

66

67

68

69

70

71

72

73

74

75

76

77

78

79

80

81

82

re Specimen

f23792-2

f23782-6

f 23784-11

f23782-ll

f23788-l

f23790-l

f23782-3

f23784-l

f23790-!3

f23788-18

f23800-15

f23802-2

f23794-7

f23802-5

f23800-13

f23795-10

f23790-2

f23794-4

f23794-10

f23786-2

f23802-10

f23786-9

f23782-12

f23799-6

f23785-4

f23795-9

f23786-6

f23786-10

f23792-9

f23785-!6

f23785-8

f23790-14

Fusulina

pailensis

Schwager

f23799-4

f23799-3

f23800-14

Fusulina

kattaensis

Schwager

f23795-3

f 23795-11

f23795-12

f23786-l

Orientation

Equatorial

Axial

Equatorial

Equatorial

Axial

Axial

Axial

Axial

Equatorial

Axial

Axial

Axial

Axial

Axial

Axial

Equatorial

Axial

Axial

Equatorial

Axial

Equatorial

Equatorial

Equatorial

Axial

Axial

Axial

Axial

Equatorial

Axial

Axial

Equatorial

Equatorial

Axial

Axial

Axial

Axial

Axial

Axial

Equatorial

Equatorial

Axial

USNM No.

688249

688250

688251

688252

688253

688254

688255

688256 (same as

pl. 6, fig. 4)

688257

688258

688188 (same as

pl- 2, fig. 1)

688259

688260

68826.1

688191 (same as

pl. 2, fig. 4)

688262

688263

688264

688265

688266

688267

688268

688269

688270 (same as

pl. 6, fig. 2)

688271

688272

688273

688274

688275

688276

688277

688278

688279

688280

688200 (same as

pl. 2, fig. 13)

(from Schwager,

1887, pl.

CXXVI, fig. 3.

Lectotype)

688281

688282

688283

688284
GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PROFESSIONAL PAPER 643-G PLATE 4

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A sM^^if**.^ __ J^ft*""-^-i^J^*BaZ^A-« ^

»"* 

77 78 79 80 81 

MONODIEXODINA KATTAENSIS (Schwager) from West Pakistan
PLATE 5

[All figures X 50]

FIGURES 1-5. Monodiexodina kattaensis (Schwager) (p. G6).

1. Views of tunnel area. Enlarged view of the proloculus and tunnel area of specimen 

f23793-6 illustrated on plate 3, figure 2. Solution of the wall in the tunnel area has left 

a thinned and irregular wall. The tectum and varying amounts of keriotheca have been 

removed. USNM 688204.

2. Enlarged view of the equatorial section of specimen f23790-15 illustrated on plate 4, 

figure 21. Solution has left an irregularly thinned wall in the tunnel area and has removed 

the wall completely in some areas. USNM 688229.

3. Axial section of specimen f23790-8 showing complete solution of the wall locally in the 

tunnel area. USNM 688285.

4. Axial section of specimen f23802-7 showing irregular solution of the wall in the tunnel 

area. The wall is completely removed in the second volution toward the top. USNM 

688286.

5. Axial section of specimen f23802-5 showing irregular solution of the wall in the tunnel 

area. USNM 688287.
GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PROFESSIONAL PAPER 643-G PLATE 5

4 5 

MONODIEXODINA KATTAENSIS (Schwager) showing tunnel area
PLATE 6

[All figures X 50]

FIGURES 1-6. Monodiexodina kattaensis (Schwager) (p. G6).

Variation in wall structures are shown including differences in coarseness, regularity, and 

thickness, and the irregular development of phrenotheca.

1. Equatorial section of specimen f23799-2 showing bulbous septa, coarse keriotheca, and 

only minor solution of the wall in some volutions. USNM 688288.

2. Axial section of specimen f23799-6 (same as pi. 4, fig. 65) showing thin, coarse keriotheca. 

Some bifurcations are visible in the walls of the upper outer volution. USNM 688270.

3. Equatorial section of specimen f23790-11 showing thin, coarse keriotheca with considerable solution of the wall in some volutions. Septal pores are conspicuous in the last few 

septa. Phrenotheca are visible in the next to last volution. USNM 688289.

4. Axial section of specimen f23784-l (same as pi. 4, fig. 49) showing regular keriotheca and 

scattered phrenotheca. USNM 688256.

5. Axial section of specimen f23796-4 (same as pi. 4, fig. 23) showing fairly regular, closely 

spaced keriotheca. USNM 688231.

6. Axial section of specimen f23784-2 (same as pi. 4, fig. 27) showing irregular keriotheca 

and possible phrenotheca in the outermost volution shown. USNM 688235.
GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PROFESSIONAL PAPER 643-G PLATE 6

1 4 

MONODIEXODINA KATTAENSIS (Schwager) showing wall structures
PLATE 7

[Figures 1-6, X 10, 7-10, X 50]

FIGURES 1-10. Monodiexodina kattaensis (Schwager) (p. G6).

1-6. Tangential sections showing variations in septal fluting, from irregular fluting to the development of cuniculi.

1. Specimen f23783-13, USNM 688290.

2. Specimen £23794-21, USNM 688291.

3. Specimen f23790-21, USNM 688292.

4. Specimen f23799-l, USNM 688293.

5. Specimen f23792-8, USNM 688294.

6. Specimen f23795-17, USNM 688295.

7. Equatorial section, specimen f23800-5, with one of the smallest megalospheric proloculi. USNM 688296. 

8-10. Microspheric forms.

8. Microspheric axial section (same as pi. 4, fig. 13). USNM 688221.

9. Microspheric axial section (same as pi. 4, fig. 35). USNM 688243.

10. Parallel equatorial section of a microspheric specimen (same as pi. 4, fig. 14). USNM 688222.
GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PROFESSIONAL PAPER 643-G PLATE 7

9 10 

MONODIEXODINA KATTAENSIS (Schwager) showing septal fluting and microspheric forms

U. S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE : 1970 O - 375-325