BUILDING UILDING A

 BETTER CREDIT

Car Loan

Mortgage

Credit Card Accounts

REPORT

FEDERAL TRADE COMMISSION

TOLL-FREE 1-877-FTC-HELP

FTC.GOV

FOR THE CONSUMER

1

BUILDING A BETTER CREDIT REPORT

I

f you’ve ever applied for a credit card, a personal loan, or insurance, there’s a file about

you. This file is known as your credit report. It is chock full of information on where you

live, how you pay your bills, and whether you’ve been sued, arrested, or filed for bankruptcy.

Consumer reporting companies sell the information in your report to creditors, insurers, employers, and other businesses with a legitimate need for it. They use the information to evaluate

your applications for credit, insurance, employment, or a lease.

Having a good credit report means it will be easier for you to get loans and lower interest rates.

Lower interest rates usually translate into smaller monthly payments.

Nevertheless, newspapers, radio, TV, and the Internet are filled with ads for companies and

services that promise to erase accurate negative information in your credit report in exchange

for a fee. The scam artists who run these ads not only don’t deliver — they can’t deliver. Only

time, a deliberate effort, and a plan to repay your bills will improve your credit as it’s detailed

in your credit report.

The Federal Trade Commission (FTC), the nation’s consumer protection agency, has written

this booklet to help explain how to build a better credit report. It has six sections:

SECTION 1 explains your rights under the Fair Credit Reporting Act and

the Fair and Accurate Credit Transactions Act.

SECTION 2 tells how you can legally improve your credit report.

SECTION 3 offers tips on dealing with debt.

SECTION 4 cautions about credit-related scams and how to avoid them.

SECTION 5 offers information about identity theft.

SECTION 6 lists resources for additional information.
2
3

SECTION 1 

THE FAIR CREDIT REPORTING ACT

The Fair Credit Reporting Act (FCRA) promotes the accuracy, fairness, and privacy of information in the files of the nation’s consumer reporting companies. The FTC enforces the FCRA

with respect to consumer reporting companies. Recent amendments to the FCRA expand

consumer rights and place additional requirements on consumer reporting companies. Businesses that provide information about consumers to consumer reporting companies and businesses that use credit reports also have new responsibilities under the law.

Here are some questions consumers have asked the FTC about consumer reports and consumer

reporting companies, and the answers.

Q. DO I HAVE A RIGHT TO KNOW WHAT

’ IN MY REPORT?

A. You have the right to know what’s in your report, but you have to ask for the information.

The consumer reporting company must tell you everything in your report, and give you a

list of everyone who has requested your report within the past year — or the past two

years if the requests were related to employment.

Q. WHAT TYPE OF INFORMATION DO CONSUMER REPORTING COMPANIES COLLECT AND

SELL?

A. Consumer reporting companies collect and sell four basic types of information:

O Identification and employment information: Your name, birth date, Social Security

number, employer, and spouse’s name are noted routinely. The consumer reporting

company also may provide information about your employment history, home ownership, income, and previous address, if a creditor asks.

O Payment history: Your accounts with different creditors

are listed, showing how much credit has been

extended and whether you’ve paid on time.

Related events, such as the referral of an overdue

account to a collection agency, also may be noted.

O Inquiries: Consumer reporting companies must

maintain a record of all creditors who have asked for

your credit history within the past year, and a record

of individuals or businesses that have asked for your

credit history for employment purposes for the past two

years.

O Public record information: Events that are a matter of

public record, such as bankruptcies, foreclosures, or tax liens, may appear in your

report.

Q. IS THERE A CHARGE FOR MY REPORT?

A. Under the Free File Disclosure Rule of the Fair and Accurate Credit Transactions Act

(FACT Act), each of the nationwide consumer reporting companies — Equifax, Experian,

and TransUnion — is required to provide you with a free copy of your credit report once

every 12 months, if you ask for it.

S
4

SECTION 1 

Q: HOW DO I ORDER MY FREE REPORT?

A: The three nationwide consumer reporting companies are using one website, one toll-free

telephone number, and one mailing address for consumers to order their free annual

report. To order, click on www.annualcreditreport.com, call 1-877-322-8228, or complete the Annual Credit Report Request Form and mail it to: Annual Credit Report

Request Service, P.O. Box 105281, Atlanta, GA 30348-5281. The form is on page six;

or you can print it from ftc.gov/credit. Do not contact the three nationwide consumer

reporting companies individually. You may order your free annual reports from each of

the consumer reporting companies at the same time, or you can order from only one or

two. The law allows you to order one free copy from each of the nationwide consumer

reporting companies every 12 months.

Q: WHAT INFORMATION DO I HAVE TO PROVIDE TO GET MY FREE REPORT?

A: You need to provide your name, address, Social Security number, and date of birth. If

you have moved in the last two years, you may have to provide your previous address.

To maintain the security of your file, each nationwide consumer reporting company may

ask you for some information that only you would know, like the amount of your

monthly mortgage payment. Each company may ask you for different information because the information each has in your file may come from different sources.

Still, www.annualcreditreport.com is the only authorized online source for your free

annual credit report from the three nationwide consumer reporting companies. Neither

the website nor the companies will call you first to ask for personal information or send

you an email asking for personal information. If you get a phone call or an email — or

see a pop-up ad — claiming it’s from www.annualcreditreport.com (or any of the three

nationwide consumer reporting companies), it’s probably a scam. Don’t reply or click on

any link in the message. Instead, forward any email that claims to be from

www.annualcreditreport.com (or any of the three consumer reporting companies) to

spam@uce.gov, the FTC’s database of deceptive spam.

Q: ARE THERE OTHER SITUATIONS WHERE I MIGHT BE ELIGIBLE FOR A FREE REPORT?

A: Under federal law, you’re entitled to a free report if a company takes adverse action

against you, such as denying your application for credit, insurance, or employment, and

you ask for your report within 60 days of receiving notice of the action. The notice will

give you the name, address, and phone number of the consumer reporting company.

You’re also entitled to one free report a year if you’re unemployed and plan to look for a

job within 60 days; if you’re on welfare; or if your report is inaccurate because of fraud,

including identity theft. Otherwise, any of the three consumer reporting companies may

charge you up to $9.50 for another copy of your report within a 12-month period.

TO BUY A COPY OF YOUR REPORT, CONTACT:

Equifax

800-685-1111

www.equifax.com

Experian

888-EXPERIAN (888-397-3742)

www.experian.com

Trans Union

800-916-8800

www.transunion.com
5

SECTION 1 

YOUR ACCESS TO FREE

CREDIT REPORTS

ftc.gov/credit ftc.gov/credit

Under state law, consumers in Colorado, Georgia, Maine, Maryland, Massachusetts, New

Jersey, and Vermont already have free access to their credit reports.

For more information, see Your Access to Free Credit Reports at ftc.gov/credit.

CREDIT SCORES

Q. WHAT IS A CREDIT SCORE, AND HOW DOES IT AFFECT MY ABILITY TO GET CREDIT?

A: Credit scoring is a system creditors use to help determine whether to give you credit, and

how much to charge you for it.

Information about you and your credit experiences, like your bill-paying history, the number and type of accounts you have, late payments, collection actions, outstanding debt, and

the age of your accounts, is collected from your credit application and your credit report.

Using a statistical formula, creditors compare this information to the credit performance of

consumers with similar profiles. A credit scoring system awards points for each factor. A

total number of points — a credit score — helps predict how creditworthy you are, that is,

how likely it is that you will repay a loan and make the payments on time. Generally,

consumers with good credit risks have higher credit scores.

You can get your credit score from the three nationwide consumer reporting companies,

but you will have to pay a fee for it. Many other companies also offer credit scores for sale

alone or as part of a package of products.

For more information, see Credit Scoring at ftc.gov/credit.

CREDIT SCORING

ftc.gov/credit ftc.gov/credit
You have the right to get a free copy of your credit file disclosure, commonly called a credit report, once every 12 months, from each of

the nationwide consumer credit reporting companies - Equifax, Experian and TransUnion.

For instant access to your free credit report, visit www.annualcreditreport.com.

For more information on obtaining your free credit report, visit www.annualcreditreport.com or call 1-877-322-8228.

Use this form if you prefer to write to request your credit report from any, or all, of the nationwide consumer credit reporting companies. The

following information is required to process your request. Omission of any information may delay your request.

If additional information is needed to process your request, the consumer credit

reporting company will contact you by mail.

Your request will be processed within 15 days of receipt and then mailed to you.

Annual Credit Report Request Form

Once complete, fold (do not staple or tape), place into a #10 envelope, affix required postage and mail to:

Annual Credit Report Request Service P.O. Box 105281 Atlanta, GA 30348-5281.

Copyright 2004, Central Source LLC

Equifax

Experian

TransUnion

I want a credit report from (shade

each that you would like to

receive):

Shade here if, for security

reasons, you want your credit

report to include no more than

the last four digits of your

Social Security Number.

Shade Circle Like This >

Not Like This >

Social Security Number:

- -

Date of Birth:

/ /

Month Day Year

First Name M.I.

Last Name JR, SR, III, etc.

Current Mailing Address:

House Number Street Name

City State ZipCode

City State ZipCode

Apartment Number / Private Mailbox For Puerto Rico Only: Print Urbanization Name

House Number Street Name

Previous Mailing Address (complete only if at current mailing address for less than two years):

Fold Here Fold Here

Fold Here Fold Here

Please use a Black or Blue Pen and write your responses in PRINTED CAPITAL LETTERS without touching the sides of the boxes like the examples listed below:

Apartment Number / Private Mailbox For Puerto Rico Only: Print Urbanization Name

31238

A BCDEF G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z 0 1 2345678 9

6
7

SECTION 2

IMPROVING YOUR CREDIT REPORT

Under the FCRA, both the consumer reporting company and the information provider (the

person, company, or organization that provides information about you to a consumer

reporting company) are responsible for correcting inaccurate or incomplete information in your

report. To take advantage of all your rights under the FCRA, contact the consumer reporting

company and the information provider if you see inaccurate or incomplete information.

1. Tell the consumer reporting company, in writing, what information you think is inaccurate.

Include copies (NOT originals) of documents that support your position. In addition to

providing your complete name and address, your letter should clearly identify each item in

your report that you dispute, state the facts and explain why you dispute the information, and

request that the information be deleted or corrected. You may want to enclose a copy of

your report with the items in question circled. Your letter may look something like the one

on page 8. Send your letter by certified mail, return receipt requested, so you can document

what the consumer reporting company received. Keep copies of your dispute letter and

enclosures.

Consumer reporting companies must investigate the items in question — usually within 30

days — unless they consider your dispute frivolous. They also must forward all the relevant

data you provide about the inaccuracy to the organization that provided the information.

After the information provider receives notice of a dispute from the consumer reporting

company, it must investigate, review the relevant information, and report the results back to

the consumer reporting company. If the information provider finds the disputed information

is inaccurate, it must notify all three nationwide consumer reporting companies so they can

correct the information in your file.

When the investigation is complete, the consumer reporting company must give you the

written results and a free copy of your report if the dispute results in a change. (This free

report does not count as your annual free report under the FACT Act.) If an item is changed

or deleted, the consumer reporting company cannot put the disputed information back in

your file unless the information provider verifies that the information is, indeed, accurate and

complete. The consumer reporting company also must send you written notice that includes

the name, address, and phone number of the information provider.

If you request, the consumer reporting company must send notices of any correction to

anyone who received your report in the past six months. A corrected copy of your report

can be sent to anyone who received a copy during the past two years for employment purposes.

If an investigation doesn’t resolve your dispute with the consumer reporting company, you

can ask that a statement of the dispute be included in your file and in future reports. You also

can ask the consumer reporting company to provide your statement to anyone who received

a copy of your report in the recent past. Expect to pay a fee for this service.
8

SECTION 2

2. Tell the creditor or other information provider, in writing, that you dispute an item. Be sure

to include copies (NOT originals) of documents that support your position. Many providers

specify an address for disputes. If the provider reports the item to a consumer reporting

company, it must include a notice of your dispute. And if you are correct — that is, if the

information is found to be inaccurate — the information provider may not report it again.

SAMPLE DISPUTE LETTER

Date

Your Name

Your Address

Your City, State, Zip Code

Complaint Department

Name of Company

Address

City, State, Zip Code

Dear Sir or Madam:

I am writing to dispute the following information in my file. The items I dispute

also are encircled on the attached copy of the report I received.

This item (identify item(s) disputed by name of source, such as creditors or

tax court, and identify type of item, such as credit account, judgment, etc.) is

(inaccurate or incomplete) because (describe what is inaccurate or

incomplete and why). I am requesting that the item be deleted (or request

another specific change) to correct the information.

Enclosed are copies of (use this sentence if applicable and describe any

enclosed documentation, such as payment records, court documents)

supporting my position. Please investigate this (these) matter(s) and (delete

or correct) the disputed item(s) as soon as possible.

Sincerely,

Your name

Enclosures: (List what you are enclosing)
9

SECTION 2

ACCURATE NEGATIVE I NFORMATION

When negative information in your report is accurate, only the passage of time can assure its

removal. A consumer reporting company can report most accurate negative information for

seven years and bankruptcy information for 10 years. Information

about an unpaid judgment against you can be reported for seven

years or until the statute of limitations runs out, whichever is

longer. There is no time limit on reporting information about

criminal convictions; information reported in response to your

application for a job that pays more than $75,000 a year; and

information reported because you’ve applied for more than

$150,000 worth of credit or life insurance. There is a

standard method for calculating the seven-year reporting

period. Generally, the period runs from the date that the

event took place.

ADDING ACCOUNTS TO YOUR FILE

Your credit file may not reflect all your credit accounts. Most national department store and allpurpose bank credit card accounts are included in your file, but not all. Some travel, entertainment, gasoline card companies, local retailers, and credit unions are among those that usually

aren’t included.

If you’ve been told that you were denied credit because of an

“insufficient credit file” or “no credit file” and you have

accounts with creditors that don’t appear in your credit

file, ask the consumer reporting companies to add this

information to future reports. Although they are not

required to do so, many consumer reporting

companies will add verifiable accounts for a

fee. However, if these creditors do not

generally report to the consumer

reporting company, the added items

will not be updated in your file.
10

SECTION 3 

DEALING WITH DEBT

Having trouble paying your bills? Getting dunning notices from creditors? Are

your accounts being turned over to debt collectors? Are you worried about losing your

home or your car?

You’re not alone. Many people face financial crises at some time in their lives. Whether the

crisis is caused by personal or family illness, the loss of a job, or simple overspending, it can

seem overwhelming. But often, it can be overcome. The fact is that your financial situation

doesn’t have to go from bad to worse.

If you or someone you know is in financial hot water, consider these options: realistic budgeting, credit counseling from a reputable organization, debt consolidation, or bankruptcy. How

do you know which will work best for you? It depends on your level of debt, your level of

discipline, and your prospects for the future.

SELF-HELP

DEVELOPING A BUDGET

The first step toward taking control of your financial situation is to do a realistic assessment of

how much money you take in and how much money you spend. Start by listing your income

from all sources. Then, list your “fixed” expenses — those that are the same each month — like

mortgage payments or rent, car payments, and insurance premiums. Next, list the expenses that

vary — like entertainment, recreation, and clothing. Writing down all your expenses, even

those that seem insignificant, is a helpful way to track your spending patterns, identify necessary

expenses, and prioritize the rest. The goal is to make sure you can make ends meet on the

basics: housing, food, health care, insurance, and education.

Your public library and bookstores have information about budgeting and money management

techniques. In addition, computer software programs can be useful tools for developing and

maintaining a budget, balancing your checkbook, and creating plans to save money and pay

down your debt.

CONTACTING YOUR CREDITORS

Contact your creditors immediately if you’re having trouble making ends meet. Tell them why

it’s difficult for you, and try to work out a modified payment plan that reduces your payments

to a more manageable level. Don’t wait until your accounts have been turned over to a debt

collector. At that point, your creditors have given up on you.

DEALING WITH DEBT COLLECTORS

The Fair Debt Collection Practices Act is the federal law that dictates how and when a debt

collector may contact you. A debt collector may not call you before 8 a.m., after 9 p.m., or
11

SECTION 3 

while you’re at work if the collector knows that your employer doesn’t approve of the calls.

Collectors may not harass you, lie, or use unfair practices when they try to collect a debt. And

they must honor a written request from you to stop further contact.

CREDIT COUNSELING

If you’re not disciplined enough to create a workable budget and stick to it, can’t work out a

repayment plan with your creditors, or can’t keep track of mounting bills, consider contacting a

credit counseling organization. Many credit counseling organizations are nonprofit and work

with you to solve your financial problems. But be aware that just because an organization says

it’s “nonprofit,” there’s no guarantee that its services are free, affordable, or even legitimate. In

fact, some credit counseling organizations charge high fees, which may be hidden, or pressure

consumers to make large “voluntary” contributions that can cause more debt.

Most credit counselors offer services through local offices, the Internet, or on the telephone. If

possible, find an organization that offers in-person counseling. Many universities, military

bases, credit unions, housing authorities, and branches of the U.S. Cooperative Extension

Service operate nonprofit credit counseling programs. Your financial institution, local consumer

protection agency, and friends and family also may be good sources of information and referrals.

Reputable credit counseling organizations can advise you on managing your money and debts,

help you develop a budget, and offer free educational materials and workshops. Their counselors are certified and trained in the areas of consumer credit, money and debt management, and

budgeting. Counselors discuss your entire financial situation with you, and help you develop a

personalized plan to solve your money problems. An initial counseling session typically lasts an

hour, with an offer of follow-up sessions.

AUTO AND HOME LOANS

Your debts can be secured or unsecured. Secured debts usually are tied to an asset, like your

car for a car loan, or your house for a mortgage. If you stop making payments, lenders can

repossess your car or foreclose on your house. Unsecured debts are not tied to any asset, and

include most credit card debt, bills for medical care, signature loans, and debts for other types

of services.

Most automobile financing agreements allow a creditor to repossess your car any time you’re in

default. No notice is required. If your car is repossessed, you may have to pay

the balance due on the loan, as well as towing and

storage costs, to get it back. If you can’t do this, the

creditor may sell the car. If you see default

approaching, you may be better off selling

the car yourself and paying off the debt:

You’ll avoid the added costs of repossession and a negative entry on your

credit report.
12

SECTION 3 

If you fall behind on your mortgage, contact your lender immediately to avoid foreclosure.

Most lenders are willing to work with you if they believe you’re acting in good faith and the

situation is temporary. Some lenders may reduce or suspend your payments for a short time.

When you resume regular payments, though, you may have to pay an additional amount toward

the past due total. Other lenders may agree to change the terms of the mortgage by extending

the repayment period to reduce the monthly debt. Ask whether additional fees would be assessed for these changes, and calculate how much they total in the long term.

If you and your lender cannot work out a plan, contact a housing counseling agency. Some

agencies limit their counseling services to homeowners with FHA mortgages, but many offer

free help to any homeowner who’s having trouble making mortgage payments. Call the local

office of the Department of Housing and Urban Development or the housing authority in your

state, city, or county for help in finding a legitimate housing counseling agency near you.

DEBT C ONSOLIDATION

You may be able to lower your cost of credit by consolidating your debt through a second

mortgage or a home equity line of credit. Remember that these loans require you to put up your

home as collateral. If you can’t make the payments — or if your payments are late — you could

lose your home.

What’s more, the costs of consolidation loans can add up. In addition to interest on the loans,

you may have to pay “points,” with one point equal to one percent of the amount you borrow.

Still, these loans may provide certain tax advantages that are not available with other kinds of

credit.

BANKRUPTCY

Personal bankruptcy generally is considered the debt management option of last resort because

the results are long-lasting and far-reaching. A bankruptcy stays on your credit report for 10

years, and can make it difficult to obtain credit, buy a home, get life insurance, or sometimes

get a job. Still, it is a legal procedure that offers a fresh start for people who can’t satisfy their

debts. People who follow the bankruptcy rules receive a discharge — a court order that says

they don’t have to repay certain debts.

The consequences of bankruptcy are significant and require careful consideration. Other factors

to think about: Effective October 2005, Congress made sweeping changes to the bankruptcy

laws. The net effect of these changes is to give consumers more incentive to seek bankruptcy

relief under Chapter 13 rather than Chapter 7. Chapter 13 allows you, if you have a steady

income, to keep property, such as a mortgaged house or car, that you might otherwise lose. In

Chapter 13, the court approves a repayment plan that allows you to use your future income to

pay off your debts during a three-to-five-year period, rather than surrender any property. After

you have made all the payments under the plan, you receive a discharge of your debts.
13

SECTION 3 

Chapter 7, known as straight bankruptcy, involves the sale of all assets that are not exempt.

Exempt property may include cars, work-related tools, and basic household furnishings. Some

of your property may be sold by a court-appointed official — a trustee — or turned over to

your creditors. The new bankruptcy laws have changed the time period during which you can

receive a discharge through Chapter 7. You now must wait eight years after receiving a discharge in Chapter 7 before you can file again under that chapter. The Chapter 13 waiting

period is much shorter and can be as little as two years between filings.

Both types of bankruptcy may get rid of unsecured debts and stop foreclosures, repossessions,

garnishments and utility shut-offs, and debt collection activities. Both also provide exemptions

that allow you to keep certain assets, although exemption amounts vary by state. Personal

bankruptcy usually does not erase child support, alimony, fines, taxes, and some student loan

obligations. Also, unless you have an acceptable plan to catch up on your debt under Chapter

13, bankruptcy usually does not allow you to keep property when your creditor has an unpaid

mortgage or security lien on it.

Another major change to the bankruptcy laws involves certain hurdles that you must clear

before even filing for bankruptcy, no matter what the chapter. You must get credit counseling

from a government-approved organization within six months before you file for any bankruptcy

relief. You can find a state-by-state list of government-approved organizations at

www.usdoj.gov/ust. That is the website of the U.S. Trustee Program, the organization within

the U.S. Department of Justice that supervises bankruptcy cases and trustees. Also, before you

file a Chapter 7 bankruptcy case, you must satisfy a “means test.” This test requires you to

confirm that your income does not exceed a certain amount. The amount varies by state and is

publicized by the U.S. Trustee Program at www.usdoj.gov/ust.

For more information, see Before You File for Personal Bankruptcy: Information About Credit

Counseling and Debtor Education, Knee Deep in Debt, and Fiscal Fitness: Choosing a Credit

Counselor at ftc.gov/credit.

BEFORE YOU FILE FOR

PERSONAL BANKRUPTCY

KNEE DEEP IN DEBT

FISCAL FITNESS:

CHOOSING A CREDIT COUNSELOR

FTC.GOV/CREDIT
14

SECTION 4

AVOIDING SCAMS

Turning to a business that offers help in solving debt problems may seem like a reasonablesolution when your bills become unmanageable. Be cautious. Before you do business with

any company, check it out with your local consumer protection agency or the Better Business

Bureau in the company’s location.

ADS PROMISING DEBT RELIEF MAY REALLY BE OFFERING BANKRUPTCY

Consumer debt is at an all-time high. What’s more, a record number of consumers — more

than 1.5 million in 2004 — are filing for bankruptcy. Whether your debt dilemma is the result

of an illness, unemployment, or overspending, it can seem overwhelming. In your effort to get

solvent, be on the alert for advertisements that offer seemingly quick fixes. And read between

the lines when faced with ads in newspapers, magazines, or even telephone directories that say:

Consolidate your bills into one monthly payment without borrowing!

STOP credit harassment, foreclosures, repossessions,

tax levies and garnishments!

Keep Your Property!

Wipe out your debts! Consolidate your bills! How? By using the protection

and assistance provided by federal law. For once, let the law work for you!

While the ads pitch the promise of debt relief, they rarely say relief may be spelled b-a-n-k-r-up-t-c-y. And although bankruptcy is one option to deal with financial problems, it’s generally

considered the option of last resort. The reason: it has a long-term negative impact on your

creditworthiness. A bankruptcy stays on your credit report for 10 years, and can hinder your

ability to get credit, a job, insurance, or even a place to live. What’s more, it can cost you

attorneys’ fees.

ADVANCE-FEE L OAN SCAMS

These scams often target consumers with bad credit problems or those with no credit. In exchange for an up-front fee, these companies “guarantee” that applicants will get the credit they

want — usually a credit card or a personal loan.

The up-front fee may be as high as several hundred dollars. Resist the temptation to follow up

on advance-fee loan guarantees. They may be illegal. Many legitimate creditors offer extensions

of credit, such as credit cards, loans, and mortgages through telemarketing, and require an

application fee or appraisal fee in advance. But legitimate creditors never guarantee in advance that you’ll get the loan. Under the federal Telemarketing Sales Rule, a seller or
15

SECTION 4

telemarketer who guarantees or represents a high likelihood of your getting a loan or some

other extension of credit may not ask for or receive payment until you’ve received the loan.

RECOGNIZING AN ADVANCE-FEE LOAN SCAM

Ads for advance-fee loans often appear in the classified ad section of local and national newspapers and magazines. They also may appear in mailings, radio spots, and on local cable stations.

Often, these ads feature “900” numbers, which result in charges on your phone bill. In addition, these companies often use delivery systems other than the U.S. Postal Service, such as

overnight or courier services, to avoid detection and prosecution by postal authorities.

It’s not hard to confuse a legitimate credit offer with an advance-fee loan scam. An offer for

credit from a bank, savings and loan, or mortgage broker generally requires your verbal or

written acceptance of the loan or credit offer. The offer usually is subject to a check of your

credit report after you apply to make sure you meet their credit standards. Usually, you are not

required to pay a fee to get the credit.

Hang up on anyone who calls you on the phone and says they can guarantee you will get a loan

if you pay in advance. It’s against the law.

PROTECTING YOURSELF

Here are some tips to keep in mind before you respond to ads that promise easy credit, regardless of your credit history:

O Most legitimate lenders will not “guarantee” that you will get a loan or a credit card

before you apply, especially if you have bad credit, or a bankruptcy.

O It is an accepted and common practice for reputable lenders to require payment for a

credit report or appraisal. You also may have to pay a processing or application fee.

O Never give your credit card account number, bank account information, or Social

Security number out over the telephone unless you are familiar with the company and

know why the information is necessary.

CREDIT REPAIR SCAMS

You see the ads in newspapers, on TV, and on the Internet. You hear them on the radio. You

get fliers in the mail. You may even get calls from telemarketers offering credit repair services.

They all make the same claims:

Credit problems? No problem!

We can erase your bad credit — 100% guaranteed.

Create a new credit identity – legally.

We can remove bankruptcies, judgments, liens, and bad loans

from your credit file forever!

Do yourself a favor and save some money, too. Don’t believe these statements. They’re just not

true. Only time, a conscientious effort, and a plan for repaying your debt will improve your

credit report.
SECTION 4

16

THE WARNING SIGNS

If you should decide to respond to an offer to repair your credit, think twice. Don’t do business

with any company that:

O wants you to pay for credit repair services before any services are provided

O does not tell you your legal rights and what you can do yourself — for

free

O recommends that you not contact a consumer reporting

company directly

O suggests that you try to invent a “new” credit report by

applying for an Employer Identification Number to use

instead of your Social Security number

O advises you to dispute all information in your credit

report or take any action that seems illegal, such

as creating a new credit identity. If you follow

illegal advice and commit fraud, you may be

subject to prosecution.

You could be charged and prosecuted for mail or wire

fraud if you use the mail or telephone to apply for credit and provide false information. It’s a

federal crime to make false statements on a loan or credit application, to misrepresent your

Social Security number, and to obtain an Employer Identification Number from the Internal

Revenue Service under false pretenses.

THE CREDIT REPAIR ORGANIZATIONS ACT

By law, credit repair organizations must give you a copy of the “Consumer Credit File Rights

Under State and Federal Law” before you sign a contract. They also must give you a written

contract that spells out your rights and obligations. Read these documents before signing the

contract. The law contains specific consumer protections. For example, a credit repair company

cannot:

O make false claims about their services

O charge you until they have completed the promised services

O perform any services until they have your signature on a written contract and have

completed a three-day waiting period. During this time, you can cancel the contract

without paying any fees.

Your contract must specify:

O the total cost of the services

O a detailed description of the services to be performed

O how long it will take to achieve the results

O any “guarantees” they offer

O the company’s name and business address.

WHERE TO COMPLAIN

If you’ve had a problem with any of the scams described here, contact your local consumer

protection agency, state Attorney General (AG), or Better Business Bureau. Many AGs have

toll-free consumer hotlines. Check with your local directory assistance.
IDENTITY THEFT

An identity thief is someone who obtains some piece of your sensitive information, like your

Social Security number, date of birth, address, and phone number, and uses it without your

knowledge to commit fraud or theft.

HOW IDENTITY THIEVES GET YOUR INFORMATION

Skilled identity thieves use a variety of methods to gain access to your personal information.

For example, they may:

O get information from businesses or other institutions by:

O stealing records or information while they’re on the job

O bribing an employee who has access to these records

O hacking these records

O conning information out of employees

O rummage through your trash, the trash of businesses, or public trash dumps in a practice known as “dumpster diving”

O get your credit reports by abusing their employer’s authorized access to them, or by

posing as a landlord, employer, or someone else who may have a legal right to access

your report

O steal your credit or debit card numbers by capturing the information in a data storage

device in a practice known as “skimming.” They may swipe your card for an actual

purchase, or attach the device to an ATM machine where you may enter or swipe your

card.

O steal wallets and purses containing identification and credit and bank cards.

O steal mail, including bank and credit card statements, new checks, or tax information

O complete a “change of address form” to divert your mail to another location

O steal personal information from your home

O scam information from you by posing as a legitimate business person or government

official

HOW IDENTITY THIEVES USE YOUR INFORMATION

Once identity thieves have your personal information, they may:

O go on spending sprees using your credit and debit card account numbers to buy “bigticket” items like computers that they can easily sell

O open a new credit card account, using your name, date of birth, and Social Security

number. When they don’t pay the bills, the delinquent account is reported on your

credit report.

O change the mailing address on your credit card account. The imposter then runs up

charges on the account. Because the bills are being sent to the new address, it may take

some time before you realize there’s a problem.

O take out auto loans in your name

O establish phone or wireless service in your name

O counterfeit checks or debit cards, and drain your bank account

O open a bank account in your name and write bad checks on that account

O file for bankruptcy under your name to avoid paying debts they’ve incurred, or to

avoid eviction

SECTION 5

17
O give your name to the police during an arrest. If they are released and don’t show up

for their court date, an arrest warrant could be issued in your name.

PROTECTING YOURSELF

Managing your personal information is key to minimizing your risk of becoming a victim of

identity theft.

O Keep an eye on your purse or wallet, and keep them in a safe place at all times.

O Don’t carry your Social Security card.

O Don’t share your personal information with random people you don’t know. Identity

thieves are really good liars, and could pretend to be from banks, Internet service

providers, or even government agencies to get you to reveal identifying information.

O Read the statements from your bank and credit accounts and look for unusual charges

or suspicious activity. Report any problems to your bank and creditors right away.

O Tear up or shred your charge receipts, checks and bank statements, expired charge

cards, and any other documents with personal information before you put them in the

trash.

HOW TO TELL IF YOU’ A VICTIM OF IDENTITY THEFT

Monitor the balances of your financial accounts. Look for unexplained charges or withdrawals.

Other indications of identity theft can be:

O failing to receive bills or other mail signaling an address change by the identity thief;

O receiving credit cards for which you did not apply;

O denial of credit for no apparent reason; or

O receiving calls from debt collectors or companies about merchandise or services you

didn’t buy.

WHAT TO DO IF YOUR IDENTITY’ BEEN STOLEN

If you suspect that your personal information has been used to commit fraud or theft, take the

following four steps right away. Follow up all calls in writing; send your letter by certified

mail, and request a return receipt, so you can document what the company received and when;

and keep copies for your files.

1. Place a fraud alert on your credit reports and review your credit reports.

Contact any one of the nationwide consumer reporting companies to place a fraud alert

on your credit report. Fraud alerts can help prevent an identity thief from opening any

more accounts in your name. The company you call is required to contact the other

two, which will place an alert on their versions of your report, too.

Equifax: 1-800-525-6285; www.equifax.com

Experian: 1-888-EXPERIAN (397-3742); www.experian.com

TransUnion: 1-800-680-7289; www.transunion.com

In addition to placing the fraud alert on your file, the three consumer reporting companies will send you free copies of your credit reports, and, if you ask, they will display

only the last four digits of your Social Security number on your credit reports.

SECTION 5

18

RE

S
2. Close the accounts that you know, or believe, have been tampered with or opened

fraudulently.

Contact the security or fraud department of each company where you know, or believe, accounts have been tampered with or opened fraudulently. Follow up in writing,

and include copies (NOT originals) of supporting documents. It’s important to notify

credit card companies and banks in writing. Send your letters by certified mail, return

receipt requested, so you can document what the company received and when. Keep a

file of your correspondence and enclosures.

When you open new accounts, use new Personal Identification Numbers (PINs) and

passwords. Avoid using easily available information like your mother’s maiden name,

your birth date, the last four digits of your Social Security number or your phone

number, or a series of consecutive numbers.

3. File a report with your local police or the police in the community where the

identity theft took place.

Get a copy of the police report or, at the very least, the number of the report. It can

help you deal with creditors who need proof of the crime. If the police are reluctant to

take your report, ask to file a “Miscellaneous Incidents” report, or try another jurisdiction, like your state police. You also can check with your state Attorney General’s

office to find out if state law requires the police to take reports for identity theft. Check

the Blue Pages of your telephone directory for the phone number or check

www.naag.org for a list of state Attorneys General.

4. File a complaint with the Federal Trade Commission.

By sharing your identity theft complaint with the FTC, you will provide important

information that can help law enforcement officials across the nation track down identity thieves and stop them. The FTC also can refer your complaint to other government

agencies and companies for further action, as well as investigate companies for violations of laws that the FTC enforces.

You can file a complaint online at www.consumer.gov/idtheft. If you don’t have

Internet access, call the FTC’s Identity Theft Hotline, toll-free: 1-877-IDTHEFT

(438-4338); TTY: 1-866-653-4261; or write: Identity Theft Clearinghouse, Federal

Trade Commission, 600 Pennsylvania Avenue, NW, Washington, DC 20580.

For more information, see ID Theft: What It’s All About or Take Charge: Fighting Back Against

Identity Theft at ftc.gov/idtheft.

SECTION 5

19

ID THEFT: WHAT IT’S ALL ABOUT

TAKE CHARGE: FIGHTING BACK

AGAINST I

 I

 IDENTITY T HEFT

FTC.GOV/IDTHEFT
SECTION 6

Federal Trade Commission ade Commission

600 Pennsylv ennsylvania Avenue, NW

Washington, DC 20580

Toll-free 1-877-FT 1-877-FTC-HELP

ftc.gov ftc.gov

FOR MORE INFORMATION

The Federal Trade Commission enforces a number of credit laws and has free information

about them:

The Equal Credit Opportunity Act prohibits the denial of credit because of your sex, race,

marital status, religion, national origin, age, or because you receive public assistance.

The Fair Credit Reporting Act gives you the right to learn what information is being distributed about you by credit reporting companies.

The Truth in Lending Act requires lenders to give you written disclosures of the cost of credit

and terms of repayment before you enter into a credit transaction.

The Fair Credit Billing Act establishes procedures for resolving billing errors on your credit

card accounts.

The Fair Debt Collection Practices Act prohibits debt collectors from using unfair or deceptive practices to collect overdue bills that your creditor has forwarded for collection.

The FTC works for the consumer to prevent fraudulent, deceptive, and unfair business practices in the marketplace and to provide information to help consumers spot, stop, and avoid

them. To file a complaint or to get free information on consumer issues, visit ftc.gov or call

toll-free, 1-877-FTC-HELP (1-877-382-4357); TTY: 1-866-653-4261. The FTC enters

Internet, telemarketing, identity theft, and other fraud-related complaints into Consumer Sentinel, a secure, online database available to hundreds of civil and criminal law enforcement

agencies in the U.S. and abroad.
Federal Trade Commission

Bureau of Consumer Protection

Office of Consumer and Business Education

June 2006
FEDERAL TRADE COMMISSION

TOLL-FREE 1-877-FTC-HELP

FTC.GOV

FOR THE CONSUMER