.. Data of Geochemistry 

Sixth Edition 

Chapter F. Chemical Composition of Subsurface Waters 

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PROFESSIONAL PAPER 440-F 
Data of Geochemistry 

Sixth Edition 

MICHAEL FLEISCHER, Technical Editor 

Chapter F. Chemical Composition of Subsurface Waters 

By DONALD E. WHITE, JOHN D. HEM, and G. A. WARING 

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PROFESSIONAL PAPER 440-F 

1"'abulation ~nd discussion of chemical analyses. 

many previously unpublished, representing 

sttbsurface waters from many geologic 

environ11tents, with descriptions of the sources 

of the waters 

UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE, WASHINGTON : 1963 
UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR 

STEW ART L. UDALL, Secretary 

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 

Thomas B. Nolan, Director 

For sale by the' Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office 

Washington 25, D.C. 
DATA OF GEOCHEMISTRY, SIXTH EDITION 

Michael Fleischer, Technical Editor 

The first edition of the Data of Geochemistry, by F. W. Clarke, was published in 1908 as U.S. Geological Survey Bulletin 330. Later editions, also by Clarke, were published in 1911, 1916, 1920, and 1924 as 

Bulletins 491, 616, 695, and 770. This, the sixth edition, has been written by several scientists in the Geological Survey and in other institutions in the United States and abroad, each preparing a chapter on his 

special field. The current edition is being published in individual chapters, titles of which are listed below. 

Chapters already published are indicated by boldface. 

CHAPTER A. The chemical elements 

B. Cosmochemistry 

C. Internal structure and composition of the earth 

D. Composition of the earth's crust 

E. Chemistry of the atmosphere 

..--- F. Chemical composition of subsurface waters, by Donald E. White, John D. Hem,· and G. A. 

Waring 

G. Chemical composition of rivers and lakes, by Daniel A. Livingstone 

~H. Chemistry of the oceans 

I. Geochemistry of the biosphere 

J. Chemistry of rock-forming minerals 

K. Volcanic emanations, by Donald E. White and G. A. Waring 

L. Phase equilibrium relations of the common rock-forming oxides except water 

M. Phase equilibrium relations of the common ro~k-forming oxides with water and (or) carbon 

dioxide 

N. Chemistry of igneous rocks 

0. Chemistry of rock weathering and soils 

P. Chemistry of bauxites and laterites 

Q. Chemistry of nickel silicate deposits 

R. Chemistry of manganese oxides 

S. Chemical composition of sandstones-excluding carbonate and volcanic sands, by F. J. Pettijohn 

T. Nondetrital siliceous sediments, by Earle R. Cressman 

U. Chemical composition of shales and related rocks 

V. Chemistry of carbonate rocks 

W. Chemistry of iron-rich rocks 

X. Chemistry of phosphorites 

Y. Marine evaporites, by Frederick H. Stewart 

Z. Continental evaporites 

AA. Chemistry of coal 

BB. Chemistry of petroleum, natural gas, and miscellaneous carbonaceous substances 

CC. Chemistry of metamorphic rocks 

DD. Abundance and distribution of the. chemical elements and their isotopes 

~----- EE. Geochemistry of ore deposits 

FF. Physical chemistry of sulfide systems 

GG. The natural radioactive elements 

HH. Geochronology 

II. Temperatures of geologic processes 

JJ. Composition of fluid inclusions 

Ill 

CONTENTS 

Abstract-------------------------------------------

Introduction---------------------------------------

Objectives-------------------------------------

Genetic classification of subsurface waters ________ _ Other aspects _________________________________ _ 

Chemistry of individual constituents _____________ _ 

Silica--------------------------------------

Iron---------------------------------------

Calcium, bicarbonate, carbonate, and pH _____ _ ~agnesium _______________________________ _ 

Varieties of ionic species ____________________ _ 

Source and selection of tabulated data __ --------------

Units and terminology _______________ -----------

Waters of low mineral content associated with com- mon rock types ______________________________ _ 

Waters from igneous terranes _______________ _ 

Granite, rhyolite, and similar rock types __ _ 

Gabbro, basalt, and ultramafic rocks _____ _ 

Andesite, diorite, and syenite ____________ _ 

Waters from sedimentary terranes ___________ _ 

Sandstone, arkose, and graywacke_-------

Siltstone, clay, and shale _______________ _ Limestone ____________________________ _ 

Dolomite _____________________________ _ 

~iAcellaneous sedimentary rocks _________ _ 

Page 

F1 

1 

1 

1 

2 

3 

3 

3 

3 

4 

4 

4 

5 

5 

5 

5 

6 

6 

6 

6 

6 

7 

7 

7 

Source and selection of tabulated data-Continued 

Waters of low mineral content associated with common rock types-Continued 

Waters from metamorphic terranes __________ _ 

Quartzite _____________________________ _ ~arble _______________________________ _ 

Slate, schist, and gneiss------------------

Waters from unconsolidated sand and graveL __ 

Waters that may be, in part, connate ____________ _ Oil-field waters ____________________________ _ 

Spring waters similar in composition to oil-field 

waters-----------------------------------

Waters that may be, in part, magmatic ________ · ___ _ 

Waters that may be, in part, metamorphic ________ _ 

Other special groups ___________________________ _ 

Thermal waters associated with epithermal 

mineral deposits ______ ----- ____ ------ ____ _ 

Nonthermal saline and acid mine waters ______ _ 

Other nonthermal acid mineral waters ________ _ 

Springs with large spring deposits ____________ _ 

Thermal meteoric waters of deep circulation __ _ Waters of salt deposits _____________________ _ 

References cited ___________________________________ _ 

Index---------------------------------------------

TABLES 

Page 

F8 

8 

8 

8 

8 

9 

9 

9 

.10 

11 

11 

11 

12 

12 

12 

13 

13 

59 

65 

TABLES 1-11. Chemical analyses of ground waters: Page 

1. From granite, rhyolite, and similar rock types __________________________________ ------ ____ ----- F14 

2. From gabbro, basalt, and ultramafic rock types------------------------------------------------ 16 

3. From andesite, diorite, and syenite ________ ----- __________________________ --------____________ 17 

4. From sandstone, arkose, and graywacke __________________________________ ------_______________ 18 

5. From siltstone, clay, and shale ____________ ------ ______________________________ ------_________ 20 

6. From limestone____________________________________________________________________________ 22 

7. From dolomite ___________________ ------____________________________________________________ 23 

8. From miscellaneous sedimentary rocks________________________________________________________ 24 

9. From quartzite and marble ________________ -------___________________________________________ 25 

10. From slate, schist, gneiss, and miscellaneous metamorphic rocks__________________________________ 26 

11. From unconsolidated sand and graveL________________________________________________________ 28 

v 

(___ 
VI CONTENTS 

TABLES 12-27. Chemical analyses of subsurface waters from specialized environments: Pap 

12. Oil-field and gas-field waters dominated by sodium chloride______________________________________ F30 

13. Oil-field waters and other deep-well brines high in sodium and calcium chlorides____________________ 32 

14. Waters high in sulfate and bicarbonate associated with oil fields__________________________________ 34 

15. Spring waters similar in composition to oil-field brines of the sodium chloride type__________________ 36 

16. Spring waters similar to oil-field brines of the sodium calcium chloride type________________________ 38 

17. Thermal waters from geyser areas in volcanic environments------------------------------------- 40 

18. Thermal sodium chloride bicarbonate waters from nongeyser areas associated with volcanism________ 42 

19. Acid sulfate-chloride springs in volcanic environments and crater lakes____________________________ 44 

20. Acid sulfate spring waters associated with volcanism-------------------------------------------- 46 

21. Thermal bicarbonate sulfate waters in volcanic environments------------------------------------ 47 

22. Spring waters high in sodium bicarbonate and boron-------------------------------------------- 48 

23. Thermal waters closely associated with epithermal mineral deposits_______________________________ 50 

24. Non thermal saline and acid waters from mines and from acid-forming areas_______________________ 52 

25. Spring waters depositing travertine ______ -------- ________ -- ____ -- ____ ---- _________ ----________ 54 

26. Thermal waters that are probably entirely meteoric in origin____________________________________ 55 

27. Waters associated with salt deposits and miscellaneous waters of high salinitY---------------------- 56 

28. Chemical analyses of gases accompanying or related to waters of tables 12 to 27 __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 58 

29. Approximate median ratios and contents of analyses in tables 12 to 26, compared to ocean water__________ 59 
DATA OF GEOCHEMISTRY 

CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF SUBSURFACE WATERS 

By DoNALD E. WHITE, JoHN D. HEM, and G. A. WARING 

ABSTRACT 

Chemical analyses, including many previously unpublished, 

of about 300 subsurface waters from many different geological 

environments throughout the world are tabulated, and descriptions of the sources of the waters are given. Analyses of the 

dilute ground waters are arranged according to the types of 

rocks in which they occur; the composition of the waters is 

affected by many other factors, geological, climatic, chemical, 

and biological. Analyses of other types of waters, such as 

various types of thermal waters and brines, are grouped in a 

genetic classification. The compositions of the waters are discussed, with special emphasis on median values of ratios of 

various constituents as a guide to the recognition of different 

genetic types of waters. 

INTRODUCTION 

This report is concerned with the chemical composition of waters of different origin that occur below the 

land surface in different geologic environments. Ground 

water, as usually defined, is the part of the subsurface 

water that is in the zone of saturation. Some water occurs 

also in the zone of aeration between the earth's surface 

and the zone of satuil'ation and is, in part, in transit to 

the ground-water body. Other water, commonly not 

considered as ground water, occurs in disconnected 

fluid inclusions in rocks and within mineral grains, and 

is considered separately in another chapter. H20 or 

Ori ions occur also in the crystal lattices of hydrous 

minerals, and in solution in magma. 

Most of the data of this report are concerned with 

the common types ordinarily considered as ground 

waters. A few special types of waters formed at the 

surface, at least in part from subsurface emanations in 

volcanic and hot spring environments, are appropriately 

considered here with waters entirely of subsurface 

origin. 

OBJECTIVES 

Clarke (1924b, p. 181-217) was conc~rned primarily 

with mineral waters; this is a loos.e but useful term for 

all waters that differ appreciably in composition or 

concentration from the common potable types. His 

classification was primarily by chemical type, and he 

grouped together waters of obviously very different 

origins. 

This chapter deals with the characteristics of different 

types of subsurface water but does not attempt to 

consider all types of subsurface water. Many gradations exist from very dilute waters, differing little from 

atmospheric precipitation, to mineral waters of many 

chemical types. In the first part of this paper, the 

relatively dilute waters in contact with different kinds 

of rocks are considered in the hope that tentative 

criteria can be developed for identification of some 

meteoric ground waters of the most simple histories. 

In the second part, many groups of mineral waters of 

different geologic environment, chemical type; and 

probable origin are considered. 

In table 29, median ratios of some important components are shown for 14 types of mineral waters, as. 

well as the median content, in parts per million (ppm), 

of total reported constituents, Si02, and total combined 

nitrogen (calculated as NH4). The choice of analyses 

was guided by principles other than those of rigid 

statistical treatment; many analyses differ greatly from 

the median values of the type. These differences 

may be caused by normal variations in a genetic type, 

by analytical errors, and by failure to recognize differences in genesis in waters included in a single table. 

The median values, however, are believed to constitute 

potential criteria for recognizing waters of different 

genetic types; they have been published previously 

with only slight differences by White (1960, p. 452). 

The specific numbers in table 29 are probably not 

significant, but the order of magnitude of each abundance ratio is believed to be significant for most waters 

of each type. 

GENETIC CLASSIFICATION OF SUBSURFACE WATERS 

Ground waters can be classified by genesis, by type 

of associated rock, by physical and chemical characteristics, or by use. A genetic classification is for 

many purposes the most desirable, but specific and 

Fl 
F2 DATA OF GEOCBE~STRY 

applicable criteria are essential and can be developed 

only slowly and with thorough testing. 

A tentative genetic classification is shown below, 

correlated with the tables that give probable examples. 

A genetic classification has many possibilities of error 

and incorrect interpretation, but each table contains 

analyses of waters from a specific geologic environment 

or of a chemical type that is significant even if the 

genetic correlation proves incorrect. Most of . the 

suggested examples of nonmeteoric waters are probably 

slightly to greatly diluted with meteoric water: 

A. Juvenile waters (not previously involved with atmospheric circulation; no good criteria are known 

for distinguishing them from B-5 waters). 

1. Magmatic water (some diluted waters given in 

tables 17 to 21). 

2. Other juvenile waters? 

B. Recycled or resurgent waters (previously involved 

with atmospheric circulation). 

1. Meteoric waters. 

a. P;recipitation and surface water. (See 

chapters E and G.) 

b. Soil water (few quantitative data; see text). 

c. Most near-surface ground water (tables 1 to 

11, 26, and some analyses of table 27). 

2. Ocean water directly invading aquifers (no detailed analyses of proved exam pies). 

3. Connate or fossil waters. 

a. Waters of marine origin (most analyses of 

tables 12 to 16; analysis 7, and possibly 

analyses 8 and 11, of table 27). 

b. Nonmarine types (analyses 1 and 2 of table 

27; possibly analysis 5 of table 15 and 

analysis 3 of table 16). 

4. Metamorphic waters. 

a. Water high in C02 and boron(?) (Some 

analyses of tables 22 and 23 ?) . 

b. Other types that may exist. 

5. Magmatic waters (no good criteria are known 

for distinguishing them from A-1 waters; 

many diluted waters given in tables 17 to 21). 

The arran gem en t of analyses in tables 1 to 11 does 

not imply that chemical composition of the rocks is the 

only decisive factor in determining composition of the 

meteoric ground waters. Climate obviously affects 

rate of chemical weathering and degree of dilution of 

the soluble products. Micro-organisms and plants 

influence the composition of ground water, as do man's 

activities. Most of the analyses given in the first 11 

tables represent unpolluted water from temperate 

climates, ranging from humid to arid. Some of the 

more highly mineralized waters given in these tables 

probably contain small amounts of saline nonmeteoric 

waters. 

OTHER ASPECTS 

Many physical and chemical properties of water are 

reviewed by Hutchinson (1957, p. 195-220); isotopic 

data published through 1955 also are reviewed by 

Hutchinson, and recent isotopic data are planned for 

chapter DD of Data of Geochemistry. 

A major part of the water of underground reservoirs 

passes through the soil on its way to the water table. 

On the other hand, much meteoric water penetrates the 

ground directly from surface streams, particularly in 

· desert areas where recharge from streams is the principal means. Many of the processes involved in weathering of rocks and the formation of soil produce soluble 

mineral matter. The physical characteristics of soil. 

water have been studied (Terzaghi and Baver, 1942, 

p. 331-384; Baver, 1956), but almost no quantitative 

data are available on compositions of moisture in the 

zone of weathering and soil formation. Plants synthesize organic compounds from water and C02 obtained 

largely from the atmosphere and give off C02 during 

respiration. Decomposition of organic matter, in 

major part by n1icro-organisms, also provides much 

C02 in the soil zone. Boynton and Reuther (1938, 

p. 37-42) found that the C02 content of soil gases 

increased downward in the soil zone; as much as 15 

percent of C02 was found in the total gases. According 

to Thorne and Peterson (1954, p. 22), 2 to 10 liters of 

C02 per square meter of surface per day is produced in 

soil where plants are growing vigorously. These 

amounts of C02 if dissolved in water and available for 

reaction would account for 550 to 2,750 ppm of HC03 

in water passing through the soil zone at a rate of 10 

liters per square meter of surface per day and reacting 

with rocks to form soluble bicarbonates. In contrast, 

meteoric water in equilibrium with the C02 pressure of 

the atmosphere can contain only 60 to 100 ppm of 

HC03 (Hutchinson, 1957, p. 654-670). Many, if not 

most, ground waters contain more than 100 ppm of 

HC03; much C02 has apparently gone into solution 

in the soil zone, lowering the pH of soil solutions and 

increasing chemical activity. 

Zonn (1945, p. 197-199) has studied the relation of 

ground water quality to soil type, and Maksimovich 

(1949, p. 26-32; 1950, p. 75-85) has atten1pted to relate 

composition of ground water to composition of soil 

moisture in soils of different types. Similar investigations seem not to have been made outside of the 

U.S.S.R. 

The movement of water from the land surface to the 

main body of ground water is simple in concept but 

complicated in detail (see Meinzer, 1942, p. 397-412). 
CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF SUBSURFA!CE WATERS F3 

CHEMISTRY OF INDIVIDUAL CONSTITUENTS ffiON 

The writers believe that a detailed discussion of the 

chemistry of individual constituents is not needed here. 

In any event, because research in the general field of 

water chemistry has been increasing in recent years, 

new lmowledge of the field would soon make such a 

discussion obsolete. Some of the results of recent 

research relating to the chemistry of certain constituents 

are briefly outlined here. Additional information on 

these and other constituents can be found in discussions 

by Hutchinson (1957, p. 541-902) and Hem (1959a, 

p. 35-149). 

SILICA 

In forn1er years the silicon dissolved in natural water 

was generally considered to be "colloidal silica" and 

the practice of reporting the element in terms of Si02 

in water analyses has persisted. Recent research on 

the state of silicon in solution and its chemical behavior 

has given a basis of understanding not formerly available. Krauskopf (1956) suggested that silica in most 

natural water occurs as dispersed silicic-acid molecules 

and should be assigned the formula H4Si04. 

The solubility of amorphous silica was found by 

Alexander (1957) to increase as the particle size of the 

silica decreased. He reported a minimum solubility of 

91 pp1n for silica in massive forn1 as Si02 at 25°0. The 

value given by Greenberg and Price (1957) for solubility of mnorphous silica is 108 ppm at 25°C. A 

situilar value is given by Okamoto, Okura, and Goto 

(1957); and White, Brannock, and Murata (1956) found 

an equilibrium value of about 110 ppm in high-silica 

hot-spring waters stored for sufficient time at 25°C. 

These investigators found that the solubility 'increased 

rapidly with increasing pH above about pH 9.0 because 

of the dissociation of the acid. The first dissociation 

constant for H4Si04 was given by Greenberg and Price 

(1957) as 10-9 •

77 • Silica also becomes more soluble at 

temperatures above 25°C. 

Van Lier, de Bruyn, and Overbeek (1960) reported 

that as rnuch as about 11 ppm quartz was soluble in 

water at 25°0 and that saturation was attained slowly. 

The rate of silica solution also was studied by O'Connor 

and Greenberg (1958) and reported to be proportional 

to t4e surface area of solid exposed. 

The silicic acid present in quantities above equilibrium values in highly siliceous waters, ·such as those 

represented in table 17, was found by White, Brannock, 

and Murata (1956) to polymerize slowly to yield colloidal 

suspensions of. silica. The rate of polymerization is 

influenced by pH, tmnperature, degree of supersaturation, and presence of previously formed colloidal or 

crystalline silica. 

643863-62-2 

The form and amount of iron in solution in ground 

water at chemical equilibrium is controlled by the 

nature of the iron minerals present, the pH and redox 

potential (Eh), and the activity of other ions in the 

solution. Graphical representation of these variables 

by means of Eh-pH, or stability-field, diagrams clearly 

shows the interrelationships. Such diagrams also are 

useful in studies of the chemistry of many other 

elements that may occur in solution. The stabilityfield diagram was extensively developed and utilized 

by Pourbaix (1949) in his studies of corrosion, and has 

been extensively applied in geochemistry by Garrels 

(1960). 

Many of the water analyses in tables 1 to 27 report 

iron concentrations of 1 ppm or more. In almost all 

these waters the iron must be present in the ferrous 

form. For an amount this great to be retained in 

solution, however, a pH well below 7.0 or a low redox 

potential is required. The latter commonly occurs in 

ground-water bodies that are not in contact with air. 

When ground water containing ferrous iron is exposed to 

air, oxygen raises the Eh of the solution and the iron is 

oxidized to the ferric form and precipitated. The 

solubility of ferric iron exceeds 1.0 ppm only at a pH 

below 3.8 and at a high Eh. The solubilities and rates 

of oxidation of iron are affected by complexing with 

organic and inorganic ions and by other factors. Studies 

by· Hem (1959b; 1960a; 1960b; 1961) discuss these 

factors in detail. The rate of oxidation of ferrous iron 

in aerated water has been studied by Stumm and Lee 

(1960; 1961). 

CALCIUM, BICARBONATE, CARBONATE, AND pH 

Chemical equilibria involving solid carbonate min-· 

erals, and dissolved calcium, hydrogen, and bicarbonate 

or carbonate ions are very important controls over the 

concentration of calcium in ground water. The system 

involving calcite may be simply represented 

OaCOs+ H+~HC03 - 1+ Oa +2. 

If a gas phase is present, the acitvities of H+1 and 

HC03- 1 may also be controlled by the partial pressure 

of carbon dioxide. Some of the carbon dioxide combines with water to form carbonic acid, which is partly 

dissociated in solution. Hutchinson (1957, p. 653-690) 

has discussed carbon dioxide-bicarbonate equilibria in 

some detail. 

In most ground waters no gas phase is present. However, some dissolved carbon dioxide and related species 

are present. The reactions among water, dissolved 

materials, and solid minerals ·control the hydrogen-ion 

activity. An important source of dissolved carbon 
F4 DATA OF GEOCHEMISTRY 

dioxide is the air in soil pores, which is often strongly 

enriched in carbon dioxide. In some ground waters, 

however, a volcanic or metamorphic source of carbon 

dioxide may be important (White, 1957b, p. 1670-1671, 

1678); Orfanidi (1957) also has noted the possibility for 

metamorphic C02 in certain waters of the Caucasus. 

Carbon dioxide may also be produced at depth by 

biochemical reduction of sulfate. 

Hydrogen ions also are available in small quantities 

by dissociation of water itself. When pure water is 

equilibrated with calcite at 25 °C, the pH of the solution is raised to a value between 9.9 and 10 (Garrels, 

1960, p. 50), and the calcium content is about 5 ppm. 

If water is first allowed to dissolve carbon dioxide by 

contact with air and then is equilibrated with calcite 

in the absence of a gas phase, Garrels (1960, p. 57) 

has calculated that the final calcium content in solution 

will be only about 5.6 ppm. Rainwater moving directly 

to the ground-water reservoir with no opportunity for 

further enrichment in dissolved carbon dioxide is thus 

only a little more effective as a solvent for calcite than 

is pure water. A graphical representation of calcium, 

bicarbonate, and pH relationships in solutions at 

equilibrium with calcite has been published by Hem 

{1960c). 

W eyl (1958) concluded that under normal conditions 

the solution of calcite occurs rapidly enough so that 

water in limestone below the water table is always 

saturated with calcite. The reverse reaction, precipitation of calcite, is considerably slower. A condition of 

equilibrium should, however, exist in most ground 

water. Field data that might be used to evaluate 

equilibria in ground water are difficult to obtain. 

Determinations of pH and perhaps of bicarbonate 

must be made in the field when samples are collected, 

if they are to represent accurately the conditions in the 

aquifer. Practically no data of this type are available. 

Analyses in table 6 represent the usual laboratory 

determinations made after the samples had been 

stored for several days or weeks. 

The hydrogen-ion activity of ground water is involved in many other chemical equilibria besides those 

of carbon dioxide and carbonates. In extreme examples, 

as those in tables 19 and 20, the water may become 

strongly acid by solution of gases such as SOa or HCL 

MAGNESIUM 

The reactions involved in solution of magnesium from 

carbonate minerals are similar to those for solution of 

calcite. However, as Garrels, Thompson, and Siever 

(1960) have noted, the precipitation of magnesium 

carbonate or dolomite from solution is extremely slow 

and equilibrium conditions with respect to magnesite or 

dolomite . probably are not to be expected at low 

temperature and pressure. Some of the analyses in 

table 7 show the approximately equivalent amount of 

magnesium and calcium to be expected at saturation 

with dolomite. Some precipitation of calcium carbonate from such solutions, however, appears to occur 

·and leads to a considerable excess of magnesium over 

calcium in solution. 

VARIETIES OF IONIC SPECIES 

The actual forms in which some ions occur in ground 

water are still incompletely known. The importance 

of ion-pairs or complexes undoubtedly increases as the 

total content of dissolved material increases. The 

degree of dissociation of dissolved carbon dioxide and 

the resulting ionic species is well recognized to be a 

function of pH, but the relationship of other anions 

to pH is not always recognized. Below a pH of 2, for 

example, sulfuric acid is only partly dissociated and 

HS04- 1 needs to be considered. 

The chemistry of major constituents of water is 

much better understood than is the chemistry of minor 

constituents. As a matter of fact, the literature contains alniost no information on the minor-element 

content of the more dilute ground waters. Although 

the large number of water analyses in existence suggests that there is scientific and orderly precision 

in the study of chemistry of natural water, actually 

much research is needed before the field can be considered as well explored. 

SOURCE AND SELECTION OF TABULATED DATA 

The analyses in this chapter were obtained from 

published reports and from unpublished data in the 

files of the U.S. Geological Survey. 

Effort has been made to achieve a wide geographic 

distribution of analyses, but because many more 

waters have been analyzed in some countries than in 

others, the distribution is necessarily uneven. ·Thousands of mineral waters and tens of thousands of 

"potable" ground waters have been analyzed; selection 

was made, in part, for geographic distribution, but 

in major part was based on geologic environment, 

the number of components that were determined, and 

the apparent accuracy of the entire analysis to the 

limited degree that quality can be judged. Components of special interest that commonly are not 

determined are K, Li, NH4, F, Br, I, NOa, and B 

(White, 1957b, p. 1661, 1666). Most of these components are not determined in dilute ground waters 

but are present in minor yet determinable quantities 

in many mineral waters. They are highly soluble in 

nwst chemical environments, and the quantity of each 

component that is present in a natural water is determined by the history of the water and the available 
CHEMICAL ·COMPOSITION OF SUBSURFA:CE WATERS F5 

supply of the component. Many mineral waters 

have been analyzed for one or two of these components, 

but few have been analyzed for most or all of them. 

Components such as the alkaline-earth elements 

and the heavy metals are of considerable interest, but 

the quantities present are much more likely to be 

determined by solubility in the particular water rather 

than by available supply. Water samples obtained 

from wells may contain small amounts of metals, such 

as zinc, copper, or iron, dissolved from pump parts of 

plumbing. Analyses suspected of being affected by 

this type of contamination were rejected, but the effect 

may not be entirely absent from the tabulated data. 

A large proportion of analyses are not accompanied 

by satisfactory data on geologic environment of the 

waters. Many analyses of mineral waters are published 

in chemical or balneological journals without accompanying geological data, but effort was made to determine the geological environments of the samples whose 

analyses were selected. 

In tables 1 to 11, analyses of waters from each rock 

type are given numerically in order of increasing 

dissolved matter, because, in general, the dilute waters 

are less likely to be affected by contamination with 

saline waters of nonmeteoric origin. In tables 12 to 

27, analyses are arranged geographically. 

UNITS AND TERMINOLOGY 

Virtually all the analytical data are reported in the 

standard form of the U.S. Geological Survey. Concentrations of components in the waters have been 

reported in various publications in a wide variety of 

forms and chemical combinations; in this chapter all 

are expressed as parts per million, which for waters 

of or near unit density are also equivalent to milligrams 

per liter. Constituents that are present largely or 

entirely in dissociated form are reported also as 

equivalents per million (epm, or milligram equivalents 

per kilogram) computed from parts per million and 

combining weights of the ions. 

Some elements, such as Si, B, As, P, and AI, have 

been reported in several different ionic and molecular 

species by different analysts. These are uniformly 

reported here as Si02, B, As, P04, and AI; equivalents 

per million are not calculated for these components 

or for Fe and some other metals, except in acid waters. 

Sulfide is reported as H2S, except for a very few analyses 

where both H2S and HS-1 were originally reported or 

where the water is very alkaline and sulfide ion is 

probably dominant. A minor element that has been 

determined in only a few analyses of a table is not shown 

in the tabulated data but is mentioned in the explanation 

9f the table. 

Specific conductance is expressed as micromhos at 

... 

a standard temperature of 25° C. A mho ·is a unit 

of electrical conductance and is the reciprocal of ohm. 

"Specific" here ·implies the conductance of a 1-cm 

cube of the solution; the ability of a water to conduct 

electricity is increased as the concentration of dissociated 

ions increases, but, there is no simple relationship 

between specific conductance and dissolved solids in 

parts per million. Uranium is reported in micrograms 

per liter (or parts per thousand million in waters of unit 

density) and radioactivity is reported in micromicrocuries per liter (curies X 10-12 per 1). 

In some published analyses, as many as six significant 

figures have been reported. These have been arbitrarily 

rounded in the following way: less than 1 ppm, 1 or 2 

significant figures; 1 to 99 ppm, 2 significant figures; 

and over 100 ppm, 3 significant figures. All values for 

equivalents per million are reported to comparably significant figures but are not reported for more than two 

decimal places. Some published analyses show precise 

chemical balance of anions and cations; presumably one 

component (generally N a) has been calculated by difference. The equivalents per million reported here as 

significant figures generally do not balance exactly. 

Rates of discharge of springs are stated in U.S. gallons 

per minute (gpm). One gpm equals 0.83311 Imp. gallons per minute, 3.7854 liters per minute, and 0.002228 

cubic feet per second. 

Stratigraphic nomenclature used is that of the published and unpublished sources and does not necessarily 

conform to that of the U.S. Geological Survey. 

WATERS OF LOW MINERAL CONTENT ASSOCIATED 

WITH COMMON ROCK TYPES 

The analyses of tables 1 to 11 were selected from 

about 1,200 analyses. Most of the water samples would 

be considered potable, with dissolved matter of less than 

1,000 ppm. These dilute waters were selected largely 

from environments in which the waters were most likely 

to be atmospheric precipitation that was then influenced primarily by reactions with the rocks in which 

they are found (including associated soil zones). 

Dilute waters are relatively scarce in some rocks, 

particularly in fine-grained sedimentary rocks such as 

siltstones and shales. (See table 5.) Most sedimentary 

rocks were deposited in a saline environment; extensive 

flushing or displacement is necessary to remove the 

highly soluble matter retained from such an environment. However, most of the rocks that are highly 

productive sources of ground water were deposited in 

nonmarine environments. 

WATERS FROM IGNEOUS TERRANES 

GRANITE, RHYOLITE, AND SIMILAR ROCK TYPES 

Silicic igneous rocks generally yield only small supplies of. water, except where extensively jointed or brec-, 
F6 DATA OF GEOCHEMITSTRY 

ciated. Nevertheless, these rocks are utilized in many 

areas where better sources are lacking. 

Ground waters from silicic igneous rocks (table 1) 

generally are relatively low in mineral content. The 

dominant ions are generally Na+ and HC03-; Si02 is 

generally very high for cold dilute waters and fluoride 

is relatively high. Calcium, magnesium, and pH are 

generally relatively low (table 1). 

Such characteristics should be expected of meteoric 

waters in contact with silicic igneous rocks, which consist dominantly of chemically resistant quartz and 

sodium and potassium feldspars. The anomalously low 

indicated ratios of potassium to sodium relative to the 

ratios in other igneous rocks are surprising, because this 

group is normally high in potassium. The rocks of this 

group are also relatively high in lithium and boron, but 

these two elements have seldom been determined in 

'dilute waters. 

In table 1, the sulfate of analysis 14, the chloride of 

analyses 11, 13, and 15, and probably the fluoride of 

analyses 13 and 14 are all high and require special explanations that are not made here. 

GABBRO, BASALT, AND ULTRAMAFIC ROCKS 

Although most igneous rocks do not yield large quantities of ground water, some favorably situated permeable basalts yield enormous quantities. 

The solirce rocks of the waters of analyses in table 2 

consist dominantly of ferromagnesian minerals, with or 

without .calcic plagioclase. All these minerals are less 

stable and more subject to chemical attack than the 

minerals of silicic rocks. -

As expected, the waters of the group generally have 

high ratios of Ca/Na and Mg/Ca; the magnesium content of peridotite and serpentine is particularly high, 

and tliemagnesium content of waters from gabbro and 

basalt is nearly always higher than in waters from silicic 

igneous rocks. Although .mafic rocks contain little or no 

quartz and are lower in total silica than felsic rocks, the 

chemical instability of the minerals accounts for relatively high con~ent of Si02 in associated waters. Most 

of the waters are low in fluoride; although no data are 

available, further study may show that these waters are 

generally low in lithium and perhaps in boron relative to 

waters of silicic igneous rocks. 

Table 2 shows that where pH and probably Eh 

(oxidation potential) are low, iron and manganese are 

relatively high (analyses 1 and 2). The high sulfate of 

analysis 2 suggests O)(idation of sulfides pr sulfate from 

some external sourr.e; much. of the chloride-of the waters 

of analyses 10, 15, and 16 may be from external sources. 

ANDESITE, DIORITE, AND SYENITE 

The waters given in table 3 are associated with rocks 

that are, in general, intermediate between granite and 

basalt in composition. Many of the ratios and contents, however, are not between the medians for granite 

and basalt, probably because of the small number of 

samples and lack of rigid statistical control and perhaps 

also because minor analytical errors can influence the 

ratios strongly when the waters are very dilute. 

The high sulfate content of analysis 3 suggests 

sulfate from some external source. 

WATERS FROM SEDIMENTARY TERRANES 

SANDSTONE, ARKOSE, AND GRAYWACKE 

Sandstone beds are widespread and are important 

aquifers throughout the world. Rocks of this group 

range in chemical composition from almost pure silica 

to rocks that are very similar chemically to granite, 

andesite, and basalt. The lithologic characters and 

chemical compositions of the rocks associated with 

waters given in table 4 have not been described sufficiently to warrant further subdivision. 

The ratios of Ca/N a, K/N a, HC03/Cl, and S04/Cl 

are commonly a little higher than for most waters from 

igneous rocks, but the content of Si02 is generally less. 

Ground waters containing more than 1,000 ppm 

dissolved matter are relatively common in sandstone, 

especially at depths of more than several hundred feet. 

Many waters from sandstones contain dissolved matter 

clearly not derived from the clastic grains of the 

enclosing rocks, for example, the very high fluoride 

content (2 to 9 ppm) commonly reported in waters 

from the Dakota Sandstone (Cretaceous) of N ortp_ 

Dakota and South Dakota. 

. A few waters from sandstone contain notable amounts 

of iron and are probably low in Eh; some of these 

waters also contain appreciable manganese. 

SILTSTONE, CLAY, AND SHALE 

Siltstone, clay, and shale are fine grained and, except 

for the more brittle jointed varieties, are very low in 

permeability. They are poor sources of water, but 

most are in areas where more productive sources are not 

available. 

The bulk of the fine-grained sediments of the world 

were deposited in saline environments. Soluble components are likely to be retained as adsorbed ions on 

clay minerals or in interstitial saline water that was 

never completely removed by flushing because of low 

permeability of the rocks. One of the outstanding 

characteristics of this group (table 5) is the scarcity of 

waters with reported sums of l~ss than 1,000 ppm. 

The less mineralized waters in table 5 are generally 

relatively low in the ratios of Ca/N a, HC03/Cl, and 

F/Cl; the ratio of Mg/Ca is relatively high. 

Many marine shales and muds are high in boron and 

iodine (White, 1957b, p. 1668, 1671; Degens and others, 

1957); nonmarine shales appear to be low in boron and 
·CHEMICAL CO:MPOSITION OF SUBSURFACE WATERS F7 

are probably also low in iodine; more attention should 

be given to these minor elements in waters of low 

mineral content, because these minor elements may 

reflect differences in the environments of deposition of 

the sedimentary rocks. 

Many of the more saline waters given in table 5 are 

high in chloride, which is probably residual from the 

depositional environment. The low sulfate content of 

analyses 13 to 15 is probably related to organic content 

and reducing environment in the rocks. The relatively 

high bicarbonate content of these waters may be due to 

sulfate-reducing bacteria that have utilized the oxygen 

of sulfate to oxidize some of the organic carbon. Experimental studies by Foster (1950) suggest, however, 

that the presence of sulfate is not a necessary condition; 

she suggests that the high sodium content may be due 

to ion exchange of calcium with sodium from clay 

material and that carbonaceous material is the source 

of 002 for the waters of very high bicarbonate content. 

Other waters are re]atively high in sulfate, some are 

acid and contain moderately high amounts of iron and 

aluminum (analyses 2 and 18); these characteristics 

are probably related to oxidation of pyrite in organic 

shales. Other waters are nearly neutral but contain 

notable quantities of iron and manganese (analyses 5, 

11, and 16), probably because of moderately reducing 

environn1ents. 

Although commonly ascribed to· pollution, the high 

nitrate content of some waters from shale (analyses 3, 

8, 9, and, especially, 10) may also result from oxidation 

of NI-!4 in organic matter and in exchange positions in 

clay minerals in sediments rich in organic matter. 

LIMESTONE 

!\1ost lhnestones are dense, hard rocks that carry 

water only in fractures; some limestones, however, contain large solution channels and are highly productive. 

Perhaps the most productive limestones, however, are 

porous reef structures or other accumulations of shells 

where original porosity has commonly been increased 

by solution. 

In addition to Oa003, many limestones also contain 

silica, clay minerals, dolomite, anhydrite, or gypsum. 

All the analyses of table 6 demonstrate the influence of 

some other minerals in addition to calcite. Dolomite, perhaps as a minor component, has undoubtedly influenced 

the composition of the water of analysis 9, and, to a 

lesser extent, many of the others. The water of analysis 14 seems to contain dissolved gypsum or anhydrite. 

The quantity of alkaline-earth carbonate minerals 

that can be dissolved by ground water is controlled 

by the abundance of 002 and by carbonate equilibria. 

See reports by Hutchinson (1957, p. 653-690) and 

Garrels (1.960, p. 43-60) for recent discussions that can 

be applied to many ground-water problems. The 

amounts of calcium and bicarbonate and the pH 

values suggest that all waters given in table 6 had 

sources of 002 capable of supplying larger amounts 

than the atmosphere. The partial pressure of 002 in 

the atmosphere is 0.00033 (Hutchinson, 1957, p. 

654-655). Other sources of 002 for ground waters 

are organic activity in the soil zone and igneous or 

metamorphic processes at depth (White, 1957a; 1957b). 

Many waters from limestone contain more nitrate 

than is characteristic of waters from igneous rocks. 

Although local pollution is a possible source of some 

of the nitrate, the oxidation of minerals or other substances containing ammonia should also be considered. 

Another possibility is that NH4 may have been a com-: 

ponent of some of the waters when collected, but 

became oxidized and was determined as nitrate. 

DOLOMITE 

Dolomite is generally similar to limestone in its 

water-bearing properties.· Some types of dolomite are 

highly permeable and are economically important 

sources of water. 

The weight ratio of magnesium to calcium in pure 

dolomite is 0.61 (ratio of equivalents, 1.0). Meteoric 

water that has been in contact only with pure dolomite 

should have these ratios if the dolomite dissolved 

nonselectively and if no calcite has been precipitated. 

The ratio of Mg/Oa in 3 of the 6 analyses in table 7 

is very close to 0.61; the ratio of analysis 2 is low, and 

the ratios or' analyses 3 and .5 are high. Some other 

high-magnesium mineral may be present, or some 

Oa003 may have been precipitated from the two waters 

having high ratios. 

The water from Fort Recovery, Ohio (analysis 6), 

contains very high sulfate and relatively high magnesium. The origin of the sulfate is not clear. 

MISCELLANEOUS SEDIMENTARY ROCKS 

Table 8 contains analyses of waters from some of the 

less common types of sedimentary rocks. . 

In general, the major chemical components of each 

rock type have low solubility values and have not 

markedly affected the chemical composition of the 

associated water. The outstanding exception is the 

high content of OaS04 in water from gypsum in analysis 

5 (for analyses of other ·waters from associated Permian 

evaporites, see table 27). The very high sulfate content in the water of analysis 4 may be a result of oxidation of pyrite in the associated lignite. 

The water of a well 200 feet deep, a short distance 

east of the city of Hot Springs, Ark. (analysis 2), is 

slightly thermal and has with little doubt been in contact with rocks other than chert. This water, as well 
F8 DATA OF GEOCBEN.USTRY 

as some others given in table 8, probably has a relatively low Eh, permitting significant iron and manganese to be in solution. 

WATERS FROM·METAMORPIDC TERRANES 

QUARTZITE 

Although the permeability and porosity of quartzite 

are generally very low, this type of rock may be a 

productive source of water if sufficiently brecciated. 

It is chemically similar to silica-rich sandstone (see 

tables 4 and 9). 

Many waters from quartzite are low in Si02 and total 

dissolved matter and have a high ratio of K/Na; pH 

is commonly low, probably because of the scarcity of 

unstable minerals to react with dissolved 002. 

MARBLE 

~llarble is the coarsely crystalline metamorphic 

equivalent of limestone. Two analyses of waters from 

marble (table 9) are very similar to those from limestone 

(table 6). Both waters are i.n equilibrium with 002 

pressures that are considerably higher than the 002 

pressure of the atmosphere (Hutchinson, 1957, p. 654-

671). As in most limestone waters, excess 002 probn.bly 

has been supplied from the soil. 

SLATE, SCHIST, AND GNEISS 

In - general, metamorphic rocks yield only small 

supplies of water, because their permeability is low~ 

Analyses of waters from several examples of metamorphosed shale and impure sandstone are included in 

table 10. 

In many respects the waters from these metamorphosed rocks are similar to waters from shale and 

siltstone (table 5). Water from the metamorphic 

rocks, however, is commonly lower in mineral content 

anci generally the ratio of Oa/Na is more than unity. 

The differences are best explained by extensive compaction and decrease of porosity of the rocks before 

and during metamorphism; interstitial saline water of 

the original environment has largely been forced out, 

and clay minerals of high ion-exchange capacity have 

be~n reconstituted to micas and anhydrous minerals of 

very low exchange capacity. 

The very ·low content of dissolved· matter of water 

from a metamorphosed iron-formation in Brazil (table 

10; .analysis 14) is noteworthy. The water is from a 

.humid region, and the rocks are highly resistant to 

~hemical attack. For comparison, see analysis 1 of 

table 8 from unmetamorphosed iron-formation of 

Minnesota. 

Waters of analyses 12; 13, and 15 of table 10 are 

.relatively high in chloride, and 13 .and .15 a:r:e also high 

,li.n sulf~te; both comp~rientsprobably came from sources 

other than the enclosing rocks. 

W A.TERS FROM UNCONSOLIDATED SAND AND ORA VEL 

Unconsolidated sand and gravel are the most important sources of ground-water supply. They include 

alluvium of normal streams; glaciofluvial deposits, 

which, of course, can be considered a type of alluvium; 

and extensive marine and littoral strata of the coastal 

plains. The water most readily recoverable from unconsolidated deposits generally occurs in beds of gravel 

and sand accumulated and sorted through the action 

of streams. 

The mineralogic composition of unconsolidated sand . 

and gravel can be correlated in some places with the 

composition of the source rock. Especially in arid 

regions, the particles that make up these deposits are 

likely to be relatively unweathered fragments of the 

original rock. 

The ratios and contents of the analyses given in 

table 11 are in general similar to those of other types 

as might be expected. The eight waters from alluvium 

of dominantly igneous origin (table 11, analyses 1, 

2, 3, 6, 7, 10, and 18) are mostly similar to waters from 

igneous rocks, having relatively low total dissolved 

matter and relatively high silica content. 

Most of the other analyses are of waters from 

alluvium derived from sedimentary rocks of many 

types. Total dissolved matter is commonly high, 

which is, in part, due to the large surface area per unit 

volume that is available for chemical reactions. This 

factor is particularly apparent in analyses 8, 12, and 

16, which are of waters from relatively unweathered 

glacial sands and gravels in the north-central United 

States. 

Ground waters from alluvium are hydrologically and 

chemically closely related to surface waters of the same 

drainage basin. A high content of dissolved matter can 

be present in such interrelated systems for any of the 

following reasons: (1) salts may be contributed from 

connate water or from salt beds in the basin (analyses 

11, 19, and 20); (2) return flow from irrigation may introduce soluble matter leached from cultivated lands 

(analyses 11, 17, 19, and 20), possibly after sever a) 

cycles of reuse; (3) in arid climates, evaporation and 

transpiration may concentrate soluble matter in the 

remaining water (analyses 14 and 15) and the ground 

·water of alluviated valleys may have undergone several 

cycles of exposure to evaporation and of return as 

underflow into sediments (analysis 14); (4) activities of 

man provide salts in industrial wastes and in other 

forms. The high nitrate content in the waters of analyses 3, 5, 9, 13, 16, 18, 19, and 20 of table 11 may 

indicate pollution or direct aerobic decomposition of 

'nitrogenous material, but other sources of these components, such as oxidation of ·NH4 to nitrate, should be 

considered. · 
CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF SUBSURFA.!CE WATERS F9 

WATERS THAT MAY BE, IN PART, CONNATE 

OIL-FIELD WATERS 

The existence of connate or "fossil" water has been 

· questioned by Chebotarev (1955) and others, but most 

geologists assume that many saline brines probably 

contain some water that is not greatly different in age 

from the enclosing rocks (White, 1957b, p. 1661-1678). 

Most connate waters probably consist of connate ocean 

water associated with marine sediments. Several waters 

that may be, in part, connate and are associated with 

marine and nonmarine evaporite deposits are included 

in table 27 (see in particular analyses 1, 2, and 7). 

Near-surface 1narine sedimentary rocks in depositional basins and in coastal plains ordinarily have been 

flushed extensively by meteoric water. Most of the 

waters that have been collected from considerable depth 

in sedimentary basins, however, are saline and are probably connate. Nearly all these saline waters that have 

been analyzed for minor and major components were 

obtained from oil fields, but analyses 7 and 8 of table 13 

are exceptions. These waters have a wide range in the 

proportions of individual components of dissolved matter. In most oil-field brines (see tables 12 and 13), the 

dominant anion is chloride (Chebotarev, 1955; p. 159) 

but in a few, bicarbonate or sulfate (table 14) exceeds 

chloride by weight. 

In the chloride waters, sodium is, with rare exception, 

the dominant cation, but calcium very commonly is 

present in larger proportions than in sea water. Chloride 

waters are here divided into two major subtypes. In 

one, sodium is greatly dominant over calcium; in the 

other, calcium is relatively abundant. In tables 12 and 

13, the dividing line is arbitrarily considered to be 

Ca=0.1 N a (by weight). 

Some oil-field waters contain so little dissolved matter 

(Crawford, 1940; 1942; 1949, p. 210) that they are 

clearly almost entirely of meteoric origin. Other oilfield waters are very saline-commonly 5 to 10 times as 

saline as sea water-and their origin is a major problem 

that has long been debated (Mills and Wells, 1919; 

W. L. Russell, 1933; de Sitter, 1947; Chebotarev, 1955; 

White, 1957b). Most of these very saline waters are 

relatively high in calcium and several examples are included in table 13. A few high-calcium waters are lower 

in salinity than sea water (table 13, analyses 2 and 5) 

and probably result from dilution of high-density brines. 

In contrast, the brines that are low in calcium generally 

are similar in salinity to sea water or are lower in mineral 

content, but the waters of analyses 4, 5, 9, and 10 given 

in table 12 are exceptions. 

Analyses 7 and 8 of table 13 are of Michigan brines 

exploited by the Dow Chemical Co. for dissolved salts. 

These brines are similar to waters associated with 

small oil pools in the same formations in other parts 

of the Michigan basin. They are not known to be 

associated with crystalline-salt deposits, and their 

high ratios of Br/Cl are indeed very good evidence 

against influence of precipitated N aCl; Br is accepted 

only to a minor extent in the crystal lattice of NaCl and 

is concentrated in residual brines. (See chapter Y.) 

Most of the waters given in table 12 are from Tertiary rocks, but some are from rocks as old as Triassic; 

the water of analysis 10 may be from Permian rocks. 

In contrast, brines high in calcium are likely to be from 

Paleozoic and Mesozoic rocks, but the waters of analyses 

1, 2, 3, and 12 of table 13 are from lower Tertiary rocks. 

The oil-field brines high in sodium and chloride are 

commonly characterized by moderately high dissolved matter and NH4, high ratio of I/Cl, and low 

ratios of K/Na, Li/Na, and S04/Cl (tables 12 and 29). 

The chloride brmes high in calcium are generally 

high in total dissolved matter and moderately high 

in NH4 (tables 13 and 29). The ratio of Br/Cl in 

this group is perhaps the highest of all natural waters, 

although remarkably slight variations of Br/Cl are 

indicated for the different types included in table 29. 

Ratios of Li/N a, HC03/Cl, S04/Cl, and F /Cl are very 

low in the brines high in calcium, and K/N a, I/Cl, 

and B/Cl are moderately low. Barium is generally 

high where sulfate is low or absent; silica is near the 

minimum for all natural ground waters. 

The characteristics and minor-element contents of 

sulfate and bicarbonate waters of table 14 are not sufficiently well known to distinguish them clearly from 

other waters that are high in sulfate and bicarbonate. 

Their origin, interrelationships, and minor constituents 

need further study. Chebotarev (1955, p. 159) has 

shown statistically that the average depth of bicarbonate waters in oil pools is about 2,300 feet and of 

sulfate waters, 1,700 feet. These waters doubtless 

grade upward into ground waters that are only moderately high in sulfate and bicarbonate. 

SPRING WATERS SIMILAR IN COMPOSITION TO OIL-FIELD 

WATERS 

A considerable number of cold to moderately thermal 

spring waters of relatively high salinity have compositions that are similar to oil-field brines high in 

sodium and chloride. The chemical characteristics 

of these spring waters, other than high salinity relative to that of other spring waters of similar temperature, include, in general, low sulfate and silica, 

moderately high combined nitrogen, low ratios of 

Li/N a and K/N a, and a high ratio of I/Cl (see tables 

12, 15, and 29). The· waters of table 15 generally are 

higher in bicarbonate, boron, and probably, sulfide 

than are those of table 12. Oil-field brines, however, 

seldom have been analyz;ed for sulfide and lithium 

. a~~ _.~ot ordinarily for boron and combined nitrogen. 
FlO DATA OF GEOCHEMISTRY 

Other spring waters are chemically very similar to 

oil-field brines high in calcium and chloride. (See 

tables 13, 16, and 29.) A major criterion for separating 

the waters of analyses given in tables 15 and 16 and in 

tables 12 and 13 is the weight ratio of Oa/N a; the 

separation is here made at 0.1. The high sulfate 

content in the waters of some analyses in table 16 

suggests direct solution of OaS04 by water that may 

have been low in calcium. For several other waters 

given in table 16, waters high in sodium, chloride, and 

002 may have come in contact with limestone, dissolving Oa003 and increasing the ratio of Oa/N a. 

All the spring waters given in table 15 and many of 

those in table 16 are from rocks whose geologic environments seem from available data to be compatible 

with a connate origin for the water. The spring water 

from London, Oreg. (analysis 1), is, however, from 

nonmarine Eocene tuffs and basalts; that from 

Wiesbaden, Germany (analysis 6), is from pre-Tertiary 

mica gneiss; that from Thermopotamos, Greece 

(analysis 7), is from schist of Devonian age; that from 

Tromps berg, Union of South Africa (analysis 8), is 

from norite of Precambrian age; that .from Tiberias, 

Israel (analysis 10), appears to be from Tertiary(?) 

basalt; that from N eshkin, U.S.S.R. (analysis 13), is 

from Silurian crystalline schist; and that from Arima, 

Japan (analysis 14), is from Tertiary rhyolite near 

granite. At least some of these waters are probably 

not connate, and others may have migrated from rocks 

of earlier association, as suggested by Kent (1951) for 

the Trompsberg water; extensive exchange of sodium 

for calcium from intermediate and basis igneous rocks 

is indicated. The waters of analyses 1 and 14 are 

moderately low in ratios of Br/01, and analyses 6, 7, 

8, and 9 are notably low, suggesting that these waters 

may indeed not be connate. Further study is obviously 

needed. 

Many spring waters are similar to the bicarbonate and 

sulfate waters of table 14 that are associated with 

petroleum. More study is needed on the origin of 

oil-field waters and more analytical work should be 

done on the minor components. 

WATERS THAT MAY BE, IN PART, MAGMATIC 

It is clear that magmatic waters cannot be sampled 

directly at their sources. Waters that are associated 

with especially high temperatures and heat flow and 

that are in areas of recent or active volcanism are of 

great interest, because they may contain at least some 

volcanic or magmatic water (White, 1957a). All 

students of the problem agree that most of the water 

discharged at the surface in thermal areas is probably 

meteoric in origin but that a part may be magmatic. 

Possible origins of the greatly different types of water 

that are found in volcanic environments have been 

discussed by Allen and Day (1935), Barth (1950), and 

others and have been reviewed recently by White 

(1957a) and Ivanov (1958a; 1958b). There is still much 

disagreement in regard to the origin of the different 

types. 

Waters that are dominated by sodium, chloride, and 

bicarbonate are shown in tables 17 and 18. All theories 

of the origin of geysers require not only high temperatures at the surface but also high geothermal gradients 

from the surface to considerable depths: wherever wells 

have been drilled in geyser areas, temperatures considerably above the boiling points at the land surface 

have been found. The chloride in waters of geyser areas, 

therefore, is very likely to be of volcanic origin. However, any ground water that is heated sufficiently in a 

favorable environment may erupt as a geyser. The "Seawater Geyser" of Reykjanes, Iceland, for example 

(table 17, no. 8), has erupted as a true geyser (Barth, 

1950, p. 23). Because this water is similar in composition to many of the waters given in tables 13 and 16, 

it is probably heated connate water rather than direct 

inflow of ocean water, as suggested by Barth, or 

volcanic water. 

Most geyser waters (tables 17 and 29) are very high 

in silica and generally high in pH; the ratio of Li/N a 

is very high and B/01 is moderately high. These waters 

are generally very low in combined nitrogen and, 

for mineral waters, are low also in total dissolved matter; 

the ratios of Ca/Na, Mg/Oa, and I/01 are commonly 

near the minimum for natural waters, and Br/01 may 

be significantly lower than in average crustal matter. 

Some of the waters of table 18 may be, in part, connate; in areas of lower heat flow than in geyser areas, 

·hot volcanic emanations are not so necessary to explain 

the anomaly and, therefore, the possibility of chloride 

from nonvolcanic sources may be a little greater. 

Water from Kuan-Tsu-Ling spring in northern Taiwan 

(table.18, no. 8), for example, has many of the chemical 

characteristics of water that may be connate or, 

possibly, metamorphic in origin (see tables 12, 13, 22, 

and 29); bicarbonate, boron, and the ratio of I/01 are 

relatively high, and silica, sulfate, and the ratio of 

Li/N a are relatively low. 

· The median mineral matter and ratios of the analyses 

·of table 18 (see table 29) are, in part, similar to those 

of geyser waters (tables 17 and 29) and, in part, to 

possible connate waters (tables 12, 15, and 29). 

Many of the acid sulfate-chloride waters of table 19 

are very closely associated with active or recent volcanism. All gradations exist between acid springs, 

large spring pools, and crater lakes; superheated 

fumaroles commonly are found in the vicinity. Possi-

. ble origins of these unusual waters have been reviewed 
CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF SUBSURFACE WATERS Fll 

by White (1957a, p. 1647-1649). Their chemical 

characteristics (tables 19 and 29) are clearly derived, 

in part, fr01n volcanic emanations and, at least in some 

places, by vigorous acid attack of associated rocks. 

The cation ratios are strongly influenced by associated 

rocks except, perhaps, the ratio of Li/N a, which may 

reflect a high content of lithium in certain volcanic 

emru1ations. Other outstanding characteristics of most 

waters of this group are very high contents of silica and 

of total dissolved matter and possibly low ratios of 

Br/01 and I/01. 

Acid sulfate waters (low in chloride) may also originate in several different ways (see Allen and Day, 

1935, p. 65, 100-125, 393-448; Barth, 1950, p. 43; 

White, 1957a, p. 1651-1652). Most geologists agree, 

however, that one cointnon origin involves partial condensation of vapors containing H2S and the reaction 

of sulfide, water, and atn10spheric oxygen to form sulfuric acid. 'fhe cation ratios of these acid waters are 

influenced greatly by the associated rocks (tables 20 

and 29). Ammonium is very high in some waters, 

perhaps because of selective concentration of small 

arnounts of Nfi3 fro1n the gases, due to low volatility 

in acid water. Sulfate is by far the dominant anion; 

and fluoride and boron, according to meager data, are 

somewhat high relative to chloride; silica and the ratios 

of !\1g/Oa and K/N a are cOinn1only high. 

Ifigh-temperature waters high in bicarbonate and 

sulfate have been recognized in only a few volcanic 

areas, where they appear to be related to condensation 

of sten.n1 containing 002 and H2S in ground water, 

commonly below the surface (White, 1957a, p. 1649). 

T'.he ratios of II003/0l, S04/Cl, F/Cl, and B/Cl n1ay be 

near the 1naximum for natural waters, but total dissolved mn.tter and combined nitrogen n1ay be relatively 

low. 

WATERS THAT MAY BE, IN PART, METAMORPHIC 

Metamorphic water has been defined (White, 1957b, 

p. 1662) as water that is or has been associated with 

rocks during their Inetainorphism and is probably 

derived largely frmn hydrous minerals during their 

reconstitution to anhydrous minerals. 

Many thermal springs and n1ineral waters have 

characteristics that do not clearly indicate any of the 

groups previously considered. One type that may 

warrant special attention is characterized by high 

concentrations of sodium, bicarbonate, and boron and 

by relatively low chloride (see tables 22 and 29). 

Other similar waters associated with California quicksilver deposits are included in table 23 (analyses 1 to 3). 

White (1957b, p. 1678-1679) has suggested that these 

waters n1ay be driven off frmn hydrous minerals of 

sedimentary rocks that are being progressively Ineta648863-02-3 

morphosed after interstitial connate water high in 

chloride has been largely driven off by compaction of 

the sediments. The group as a whole has, of course, 

high ratios of HC03/Cl and B/Cl, because these ratios 

were the criteria for selection. Other characteristics 

are relatively low temperatures; and, in most of the 

analyses, high ratios of I/Cl and low ratios of Li/N a 

and K/N a. These characteristics suggest a close 

relationship to possible connate waters (tables 12 and 

15) and are not similar to those of waters most likely 

to contain a volcanic component (tables 17 and 19). 

OTHER SPECIAL GROUPS 

THERMAL 'WATERS ASSOCIATED WITH EPITHERMAL 

MINERAL DEPOSITS 

Most 1nineral deposits were formed ·millions of years 

ago and probably were related to hydrothermal activity 

that has long since ceased. In contrast, some epithermal mineral deposits may have formed so recently 

that a study of associated waters may throw light on 

their origin and on the geochemistry of ore transport 

and deposition. The association of thermal springs 

with epithermal ore deposits has been reviewed recently 

by Schmitt (1950) and White (1955a). The evidence 

must always be examined with caution, because significant changes in nature of the discharging water may 

have occurred since the ore minerals were deposited; 

it is usually difficult to prove conclusively that the ore 

minerals are still being deposited from existing waters. 

Table 23 includes six analyses of thermal waters 

occurring in or near quicksilver deposits. Other waters 

associated with notable quicksilver deposits are those 

fr01n the therrnal springs of the Elgin quicksilver 1nine, 

3 n1iles northwest of Wilbur Springs, Calif. (table 15, 

analysis 2), which are very similar in composition to the 

waters given in table 23 (White, 1955a, p. 130-131); the 

brine from the Cyrnric oil-field, Calif. (table 12, no. 2; 

see also Stockman, 1947); water from Skaggs Springs, 

SonOina County, Calif. (Everhart, 1950, p. 385-394; 

White, 1955a, p. 125; 1957b, p. 1676-1679); and water 

from Steamboat Springs, Nev. (table 17, no. 3). 

W nters associated with quicksilver deposits (tables 23 

and 29) tend to be relatively high in total combined 

nitrogen and in the ratios of Mg/Ca, HC03/Cl, B/Cl, 

and I/Cl, but the ratios of Ca/N a, K/N a, and Li/N a are 

relatively low. The median pH of 7 should be noted 

because of the generally held belief that mercury is 

transported in alkaline waters. The waters appear to 

be closely related to those given in tables 12, 15, and 22. 

Of the analyses given in table 23, those of waters from 

the Abbott, Sulphur Bank, and Valley mines could have 

been included in table 22. The water of Steamboat 

Springs, Nev., is the only one associated with a notable 

quicksilver deposit that is also convincingly related to 

volcanism. It should be mentioned that the spring 
F12 DATA OF GEOCHE~STRY 

waters at Sulphur Bank, Calif., and Ngawha, New 

Zealand (table 23, nos. 1 and 6) are closely associated 

with Quaternary volcanic rocks, but these thermal waters are not clearly volcanic in origin. 

Table 23 also includes ari analysis (No. 15) of water 

from an epithermal silver-gold deposit; one analysis 

(No. 14) is of water from a spring depositing a notable 

amount of barite, six (Nos. 7 to 12) are from manganesedepositing springs, and two (Nos. 12 and 13)" are from 

springs that have deposited fluorite-bearing travertine. 

These waters are not convincingly similar to any of the 

types included in tables 12 to 22. 

The water of Steamboat Springs, Nev. (table 17), 

mentioned previously, is depositing considerable stibnite and arsenic .and some gold and silver (Lindgren, 

1906; Jones, 1912; Gianella, 1939; Brannock and others, 

1948; p. 222-225; White, 1955a, p. 110-113). The 

water of Crabtree Springs, Calif. (table 22, analysis 

3) contains appreciable amounts of arsenic and emerges 

from serpentine replaced by opal containing veinlets of 

realgar and marcasite. The iron phosphate deposits of 

Tjiater Springs, Java (table 19, analysis 11), contain 

about 2 percent arsenic. 

In addition to the Peitou Spring, Taiwan, where 

deposition of lead sulfate has been reported (table 23, 

analysis 16), hokutolite, a lead-bearing barite, has also 

been identified at Shibukuro Springs, Honshu, Japan 

(Miura, 1938; 1939a; 1939b). A surprisingly .high 

content of lead (8.3 ppm) has also been reported from 

Kuan-Tsu-Ling Spring in northern Taiwan (table 18, 

analysis 8). This spring, although associated with 

Pleistocene volcanic rocks, has many of the chemical 

characteristics of watersincluded in tables 12, 15, and 

22. . 

NONTHERMAL SALINE AND ACID MINE WATERS 

The composition of many nonthermal mine waters is 

of interest. Acid waters in pyritic deposits (table 24, 

analyses 4. to 8) are likely to be meteoric waters that 

have been acidified by oxidation of pyrite. Such acid 

waters commonly contain relatively large quantitites 

of heavy metals dissolved from adjacent rocks and ore 

deposits. 

Other mineral waters from deep mines are not acid 

and are otherwise very different in composition from 

acid or normal meteoric waters. Some are very saline 

and their compositions may have resulted from contact 

with the wallrocks. Another distinct possibility is that 

the ore-bearing solutions or other postore waters of 

high mineral content were trapped and have not yet 

been flushed completely by meteoric water. 

Analyses 2 and 3 of table 24 are similar in nearly all 

respects to those of the high-calcium brines of many oil 

fields (table 13). The analysis of water from the Calumet and· Hecla copper mine (No. 2) is very similar to 

an earlier analysis. from the nearby Quincy mine, reported to contain about 5 ppm of nickel and 14 ppm of 

copper (Lane, 1908, p. 110). 

Saline water similarly dominated greatly by calcium 

chloride has been identified in the Sturgeon River gold 

mines of Canada (Bruce, 1941, p. 25-29; the salinity is 

15.5 percent and the ratio of Ca/Na is 4.1). A very 

saline sodium chloride water was found in the Morro 

Velho mine of Minas Gerais, Brazil (written communication, D. W. J. Grey to Earl Ingerson). The water came 

from a vug lined with albite, calcite, ankerite, and 

quartz at a depth of 7,126 feet. A partial analysis 

showed Ca, 3,900 ppm; Mg, 1,200 ppm; Na, 46,400 

ppm; 01, 81,900 ppm; carbonates and sulfates, niL 

Wallrocks are believed to be basic lava flows or spilites 

metamorphosed to carbonate schist. 

· Analysis 1 of table 24 is of a mine water of low mineral 

content that is similar in many aspects to meteoric 

water but that is unusually high in bicarbonate. 

OTHER NONTHERMAL ACID MINERAL WATERS 

Waters of analyses 9 and 10 included in table 24 are 

examples of nonthermal acid waters that are probably 

associated with oxidation of pyrite or native sulfur. 

They are similar to those of analyses 4 to 8 but are less 

closely associated with mines. Other similar nonthermal acid spring waters in Japan have been analyzed 

(Morimoto, 1954, p. 38, 93, 361, 367, 595-596, and 627-

628). 

SPRINGS WITH LARGE SPRING DEPOSITS 

Most springs discharge at the surface without depositing significant amounts of mineral matter. However, some spring waters are unstable at atmospheric 

pressure and ordinary air temperatures and may deposit considerable amounts of solid material near their 

. orifices. 

Opaline sinter is the characteristic deposit of most of 

the geyser waters given in table 17. However, the 

quantity is relatively minor at Morgan Springs, Calif. 

(analysis 5). Sinter probably is not deposited ordinarily from waters that contain less than 200 ppm of 

silica (White, Brannock, and Murata, 1956). 

Sinter was deposited rapidly from about 1920 to 1950 

at Roosevelt Springs, Utah (table 18, analysis 3), but 

in recent years the flow of water from the principal 

spring has become very. small and deposition of sinter 

is negligible. Travertine deposits (CaC03) of the 

Lysuh6ll Springs of Iceland (table 25, analysis 5) lie on 

earlier and more extensive deposits of sinter. 

Calcite or aragonite travertine is considerably more 

common as a spring deposit than is sinter. The deposits of all the springs given in table 25, except at 

Lysuh6ll, Iceland (analysis 5), are very large as they 

are measurable in millions of tons. Urbain· (1953) has 
CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF SUBSURF.ACE WATERS F13 

estimated that ·2 tons of travertine per day is deposited 

at Meskoutine Springs, Algeria (analysis 6). 

Analyses of waters from other springs associated with 

notable travertine deposits are at Doughty, Colo. 

(table 23, analysis 14); Abraham, Utah (table 23, 

analysis 8); Poncha, Colo. (table 23, analysis 12); Ojo 

Caliente, N. Mex. (table 23, analysis 13); Tolenas, 

Calif. (table 15, analysis 3); Ain Djebel, Tunisia (table 

16, analy·3is 9); and Saratoga, N.Y. (table 16, 

analysis 4). 

A sn1all part of the waters of son1e of the springs that 

deposit travertine 1nay be of volcanic origin but diluted 

extensively with meteoric water (probably table 25, 

no. 3). 'I'he composition of such waters suggests 

contact with lin1estone and perhaps with gypsiferous 

sedin1ent.ary rocks, probably at relatively low tenlperatures (White, 1957a, p. 1652-1653). Other springs 

that deposit travertine n1ay be unrelated to volcanisn1 

and have a source of 002 other than the atmosphere 

(see Introduction). All springs that deposit carbonate 

contain n1ore C02 in solution at depth than can be retained at presstu·e and temperatures at the surface. 

As the pressw·e decreases, C02 is evolved and the pH 

increases, shifting the carbonate equilibria and causing 

precipitation of CaC03• The two analyses of waters 

fro1n ICeene Wonder Springs in Death Valley, Calif. 

(table 25, analyses 1 and 2), illustrate the chemical 

changes that occur when carbonated water with appreciable calcium is discharged at the surface. 

Tjiater Springs in western Java (table 19, analysis 

11) deposited hundreds of thousands of tons of jarosite 

(KFe3(S04)2(0H)o) and iron phosphate high in arsenic. 

Many other spring waters deposit iron oxides at or near 

the suTface. Ferrous iron is soluble in near-neutral 

waters with a n10derately low oxidation potential.but is 

oxidized near the surface to ferric iron, which precipitates because of the low solubility of ferric hydroA-ide 

(IIe1n, 1959b). 

'l'HEltMAL METEORIC WATERS OF DEEP CffiCULATION 

S01ne n1eteoric waters nuty circulate to depths of 

thousands of feet in areas where the permeability of the 

rocks is sufficiently high and differences in hydrodynnnlic pressure exist. The energy necessary for 

such deep circulation may be provided by a.rtesian 

pressure and by differences in density caused by differences in ten1pera tw·e and salinity. 

Most thermal spring waters have somewhat higher 

contents of dissolved n1atter than do associa.ted meteoric waters. It is especia.lly difficult to determine 

the origin of son1e of the sn1a.ll to moderate qua.ntities 

of dissolved sa.lts. 'rhey could be leached entirely 

from rocks, because of the long flow path a.nd increased 

solvent action brought about through increase in temperature; or they could represent the admixture of 

small amounts of very saline water from connate or 

magmatic sources. 

The waters of table 26 are of moderate to high temperatures, are of relatively low mineral content, and 

are especia.lly low in chloride when compared with most 

hot-spring waters given in tables 15 to 25. They 

probably have circulated to great depths and their 

compositions probably have been determined almost 

entirely by the original composition of the meteoric 

water and by reaction with rocks. 

According to Hutchinson (1957, p. 654-670), meteoric 

water in equilibrium with the C02 of .the atmosphere 

could contain about 60 to perhaps 100 ppm of HCOa. 

Most of the waters given in table 26 are within this 

range. Some additional C02 probably has been supplied by organisms in the soil; extensive reaction with 

silicate minerals and the resultant increase in pH in 

the waters of analyses 1, 4, and 6 given in table 26 

have probably caused some subsurface precipitation of 

CaCOa. 

WATERS OF SALT DEPOSITS 

Analyses of waters associated with evaporite deposits 

are shown in table 27. Analyses 1 to 5 are of waters 

from nonmarine saline deposits, and analyses 6 to 10 

are of waters from marine saline deposits. Anhydrite 

and gypsum deposits are commonly included with the 

saline deposits. An analysis of water from gypsum is 

included in table 8 (analysis 5). 

The relatively high concentration of minor elements 

in the brines of Searles Lake suggests that the brines 

are probably connate nonmarine waters that are 

similar in age to the enclosing salts; the highly soluble 

minor elements have been greatly concentrated by 

evaporation of water and by precipitation of the major 

dissolved components. The apparent absence of subsurface drainage from the basin makes unlikely the 

possibility of displacement by meteoric water and 

selective dissolving of minor components. 

The water from the salt deposits of the Salado 

Formation (analysis 7) is particularly likely to be 

connate, although perhaps it is modified greatly in 

composition by diagenetic and metamorphic processes 

(see chapter Y). When the ratio of Br/Cl is notably 

greater than 0.003, the water is likely to be connate; 

in contrast, when the ratio of Br/Cl is notably less than 

0.003 (as analyses 6 and 9), the water is likely to be 

meteoric in origin and salts are dissolved from crystalline deposits. 

The sodium magnesium sulfate water, or "bitter" 

water, of Budapest, Hungary (table 27, analysis 12), 

is an exarr1ple of other saline waters whose origin is 

highly uncertain. Vendi (1951, p. 188-196) suggests 

that pyrite has been oxidized extensively and carbonates 

have been dissolved, but other explanations appear 

equally or more attractive. 
F14 DATA OF GEOCHEMISTRY 

TABLE 1.-Chemical analyses of ground waters from granite, rhyolite, and sim,ilar rock types 

Analysis __________________________ 1 Hock type and location ___________ Silicic volcanics, Grandview, 

Idaho 

Date of collection _________________ June 20, 1956 

Si 02.-----------------------------

AL. _ ----- _____ -------------- __ --- Fe _________________ -________ - ____ _ 

Mn ____________ --------- ___ -------

Cu.-_---------------------------- Zn _______________________________ _ 

Ca. __ ---------------------------- Mg ___ ---------------------------- N a _____________ -------- ___ -- ____ _ 

K.-------------------------------

ppm 

37 .1 

.19 

.01 

.00 

.07 

3.6 

.8 

3.9 

2.3 

'I'otal cations_-------------- --------

HCOa---------------------------- 21 COa .. ---------------------------- 0 

Q}________________________________ 804------------------------------- 2. 6 1. 4 

F --------------------------------- .1 

NOa.----------------------------- Po.______________________________ 1. 9 . o 

Total anions ________________ --------

Total, as reported__________ 75 

Specific conductance, micromhos at 25° c _______________________ _ 

~~iliP'eraiiife~:_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_,,-c- = = 

Beta-gamma activitY---~t~tC per L. 

Ra. _ ------ ___ ----------~t~tC per L. U-----------------------~'g per L 

Ratios by weight: Ca/Na ________ ---- _-- --------. 

Mg/Ca_ ---------------------- K/Na _______ ------------------ HCOa/CL-------------------

SO./CL ---------------------- F /CL .•. ----------------------

epm 

--------

-------- 0.18 

.07 

.17 

.06 

0.48 

0.34 

.05 

.04 

.01 

.03 

--------

0.47 

--------

47 

6.6 

9.4 

<5 

0. 2 0.1 

0. 9 

.2 

.6 

15 

1.9 

.07 

Analysis __________ -_---- ___ - _________ . ____ . ______ .. 

Rock type and location •• --------------------------

Date of collection __________ ----- ___________________ 

2 3 4 5 Rhyolitr, Rhyolite tuff, Rhyolite, Rhyolite, W. of Los S. of Mebane, Burns, Oreg. Beatty, Nev. 

Alamos, N.C. 

N.Mex. 

May 25,1954 Mar. 23, 1955 Nov. 16, 1956 Feb. 22, 1956 

ppm epm ppm epm ppm epm ppm epm 

55 39 62 52 .1 2. 7 .2 .0 .08 1.1 .00 .22 .o .0 .0 .0 

-------- -------- .0 .0 -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- 4.4 0.22 12 0.60 14 o. 70 8.0 0.40 1.4 .12 2.2 .18 5.8 .48 1.0 .08 11 .48 6.8 .30 20 . 87 62 2. 70 1.2 .03 .6 .02 5. 2 .13 2.0 .05 

-------- 0.85 -------- 1.10 -------- 2.18 -------- 3.23 

42 0.69 80 1. 31 112 1.84 131 2.15 0 0 0 0 1.9 .04 .1 .00 7. 7 .16 22 .46 2.0 .06 2.0 .06 4.0 .11 16 .45 .6 .03 .1 .01 .3 .02 .5 .03 .3 .01 .8 .01 3.1 .05 6. 7 .11 

-------- -------- .1 .2 .2 

-------- 0. 83 -------- 1. 39 -------- 2.18 -------- 3.20 

120 -------- 148 -------- 234 -------- 302 

80 130 217 319 7.2 6. 9 7.6 7. 9 12.8 15 14.4 15.6 <10 5.4 <8 17 

<O.l <0.1 0.1 <0.1 0.2 1.3 0.3 5.0 

0.4 1.8 0. 7 0.1 .3 .2 .4 .1 .1 .09 .3 .03 21 40 28 8.2 .9 .05 1.9 1.4 .3 .05 .08 .03 

9 10 11 12 Granite, Quartz Granite, Granite, 

Ellicott City, Monzonite, Stellenboscb, Spokane, Wash. 

Md. W. of Clayton, Union of South 

Idaho Africa 

Mar. 21, 1951 Sept. 8, 1954 Mar. 19, 1940 June 6, 1951 

ppm epm ppm epm ppm epm ppm epm 

Si02----------------------------------------------- 39 27 10 25 Al_________________________________________________ . 9 . 1 -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- Fe_________________________________________________ 1. 6 . 05 -------- -------- -------- . 22 _______ _ 

6 Granite, 

\Vest Warwick, 

R.I. 

May 26,1955 

ppm epm 20 .0 

.19 

.0 

.0 

.07 

6.5 0.32 2.6 . 21 5.9 . 26 .8 .02 

-------- 0. 81 

38 0.62 0 

.9 .02 5.0 .14 .5 .03 1.5 .02 .0 

-------- 0.83 

82 --------

76 

7.6 

11.1 

15 

0. 4 1.4 

1.1 

.4 

.1 

7.6 

.2 

.1 

13 Granite, 

Transvaal, 

Union of South 

Africa 

1944 

7 Granite, 

McCormick Co., 

S.C. 

Nov. 24, 1954 

ppm epm 35 .1 

.18 

.13 

.0 

.09 13 0.65 4.3 .35 8.4 .36 3.5 .09 

-------- 1. 45 

72 1.18 0 

6.9 .14 3.8 .11 .2 . 01 .4 .01 .1 

-------- 1. 45 

148 --------

150 

7.0 

18.1 

7. 5 0. 2 0.4 

1.5 

.3 

.4 

19 

1.8 

.05 

14 Granite, 

Chester, Va. 

Oct. 18, 1939 

8 

Granodiorite, 

Now Bodford, 

Mass. 

Oct. 31, 1955 

ppm 

17 

.o 

.04 

.00 

.00 

.03 17 

7.3 

16 .9 

--------

51 

0 

22 

15 .o 27 .1 

--------

173 

15 

epm 

0. 85 

.60 

. 70 

.02 

2.17 

0.84 

.46 

.42 

.00 

. 44 

2.16 

236 lUI 

10.0 

10 

0.3 

1. 6 

1.1 

.4 

.06 

3.4 

1.5 

0 

Granite, 

NE. 'I.'ransvnal, 

Union of South 

Africa 

July 1941 

ppm epm ppm epm ppm epm 

45 17 76 

: ~ -------- ---·:aa· ======== ======== ======== Mn------------------------------------------------ .0 .00 -------- -------- -------- .0 -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- CU.------------------------------------------------ -------- -------- .. 00 -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- Zn _________________________________________________ -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- --------

Ca .• ----------------------------------------------- 27 1. 35 34 1. 70 6. 0 o. 30 87 4. 34 27 1. 35 67 3. 34 96 4. 79 Mg .. ---------------------------------------------- 6. 2 . 51 7. 3 . 60 11 . 91 14 1.15 4. 7 . 39 5. 0 . 41 18 1. 48 Na •.. ---------------------------------------------- 9. 5 . 41 8. 5 . 37 } 85 3 70 { 12 • 52 152 6. 59 197 8. 57 } 258 ll. 23 K-------------------------------------------------- 1. 4 . 04 3. 3 . 08 · 3. 2 . 08 5. 7 .15 14 . 36 

Total cations_------------------------------- -------- 2. 31 -------- 2. 75 -------- 4. 91 -------- 6. 09 -------- 8. 48 -------- 12.68 -------- 17.50 

HCOa--------------------------------------------- 93 1.52 136 2.23 43 0.70 268 4.39 214 3.50 126 2.07 710 11.64 

COa----------------------------------------------- 0 o 0 0 0 0 ---9--.7-4-- -----2·0-- -----.-4·2- so4________________________________________________ 32 . 67 zo . 42 15 . 31 33 . 69 35 . n 468 

CL------------------------------------------------ 5. 2 .15 1. 2 . 03 138 3. 89 14 . 39 138 3. 89 24 . 68 193 5. 44 F -------------------------------------------------- . 0 . 00 . 2 . 01 0 . 00 . 2 . 01 6. 6 . 35 3. 4 .18 -------- -------- NOa----------------------------------------------- 7. 5 .12 . 2 . 00 -------- -------- 32 . 52 . 0 . 00 .1 . 00 0 . 00 

PO•------------------------------------------------ -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- --------

Total anions _________________________________ -------- 2. 46 -------- 2. 69 -------- 4. 90 -------- 6. 00 -------- 8. 47 -------- 12.67 -------- 17.50 

Total, as reported____________________________ 223 238 

Specific conductanco _________ micrombos at 25° Q__ 258 

~~~~~~~~;~: ~:~:~:~~~~~~~ ~:~;:-~#.f-~~:~ ::::::::::::: ~:;: u __ ---------------------------------------l'g per}__ ----------------- Ratios by weight: Ca/Na _______________________ ------------------ 2. 8 

Mg/Ca .. --------------------------------------- . 2 

K/Na·----------------------------------------- .1 

HCOa/CL _ ------------------------------------ 18 so.tcL________________________________________ 6. z 

F/CL _______ -------- _ -- _ ------------.---------- 0 

255 7. 5 

7.8 

7 

0.1 

4. 6 

4.0 

.2 

.4 113 

17 .2 

308 -------- 489 

6.8 

0.07 

1.8 

----------------- .3 

.11 00 

569 7.3 

10.6 

7. 2 

.2 

.3 

19 

2.4 

.01 

628 

7.1 

30.6 

0. 2 

.2 

.04 

1.6 

.3 

.05 

922 -------- 1,370 --------

7. 7 

0.3 0. 4 .07 .2 .07 ------------.... -... - 5. 2 3. 7 20 .1 .1 ------------......... -
CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF SUBSURF.A!CE WATERS Fl5 

EXPLANATION FOR TAB.LEl 1 

1. Spring, southwest or Grnndviow, soc. 9, '1'. 10 S., R. 1 W., Owyhee County, Idaho. Water from pool below spring. Flows 25 gpm (estimated) from Tertiary siUcic volcanic rocks. Unpublished data in U.S. Geol. Survey files; 

rumlyst, 13. V. Sruotto. 

2. Spring, at head or East Fork of Jemez River, Sandoval County, west of Los 

Altuuos, N. Mox. Flows 250 ~pm (estimated) from rhyolite of Tertiary age. fn~~~~~~~ data In U.S. Goo . Survey files; analysts, J. D. Honerkamp and 

3. Drilled well, 106 rt deep, 1 milo south of Mebane, Alamance County, N.C. In 

rhyolite tufi of Paleozoic(?) age. Unpublished data in U.S. Gool. Survey files; analysts, J. E. Whitney and J. A. Shaughnessy. 4. Well 251 ft deep, soc. 12, '1'. 23 S., R. 30 E., Harney County, Oreg. In rhyolite or Danforth Formation of 'l'crtlary (Pliocene) age. Unpublished data in U.S. 

Gool. Survey files; rumlyst, R. A. Wilson. 

5. Spring about a miles north of Beatty, Nyc County, Nev. Flows 5 gpm from 

rhyolite or'l'ortiary ago. Unpublished data In U.S. Gool. Survey files; analyst, R. A. Wilson. 

6. Dl"illod well, 140ft deopt West Warwick, Kent County, R.I. In Cowesott GranIto or Misslsslpplan("f) ngo. Unpublished data in U.S. Geol. Survey fllcs; 

rumlysts, J. K Whitney and J. A. Shaughnessy. 7. Drilled well, 252 ft deep, John do la Howe School, McCormick County, S.C. 

In granite or Carboniferous(?) ago. Unpublished data in U.S. Gcol. Survey files; analysts, J. K Whitney and J. A. Shaughnessy. 

8. Drilled well, 205 ft deep, New Bedford, Bristol County, Mass. In Dedham 

granodiorite of early Paleozoic age. Unpublished data in U.S. Geol. Survey flles; analyst, D. E. Weaver. 

9. Drilled well, 28 ft deep, Ellicott City, Howard County, Md. In Ellicott City Granite oflate Paleozoic(?) age (Dingman and Meyer, 1954). 

10. Snyders Spring, west of Clayton, near U.S. Highway 93, T. 11 N., R. 16 E., 

Custer County, Idaho. From quartz monzonite, probably late Mesozoic in 

age; contains 0.2 ppm boron (B). Unpublished data in U.S. Geol. Survey files; analysts, J. D. Honerkamp, J. D. Weeks, and J. 0. Johnson. 

11. Drilled well, at Edenville, 4.5 miles southwest of Stellenbosch, Cape Province, 

Union of South Africa (Bond, 1946). In Cape Granite of late Precambrian(?) 

age; water deposits iron oxide on standing; analyst, G. W. Bond. 

12. Dug well, 45 ft deep, sec. 7, T. 26 N., R. 42 E., Spokane County, Wash. In 

granodiorite of pre-'l'ertiary age1 surrounded by alluvium of Spokane River; 

much of detrital material is basrutic (Weigle and Mundorff, 1952). 

13. Warm spring, lat 24°34' S., long 27°36' E./ Buffclshoek, 'l'ransvaal, Union of 

South Africa. From Bushveld Granite o Precambrian age (Bond, 1946). 

14. Drilled well, 386ft deep, Chester, Chesterfield County, Va. (Cederstrom, 1945). 

In granite of Paleozoic age. 

15. Drilled well, Malopena Camp, Kruger National Park, District of Letaba, north eastern 'l'ransvaal, Union of South Africa. In Archean granite (Bond, 1946). 
F16 DATA OF GEOCHEMISTRY 

TABLE 2.-Chemical analyses of ground waters from gabbro, basalt, and ultramafic rock types 

Analysis __________ -------- ____ ---- 2 3 4 6 7 8 

Gabbro, Bush veld ultra- Rock Serpentine, Serpentine, type and location ___________ Gabbro, Gabbro, mafics, Pretoria Peridotite, Bass~ a~h~mas, Waterloo, Md. Laurel, Md. Harrisburg, 

g~~~~fh ~~!fc~ Webster, N.C. Lake Roland, Nottingham, 

N.C. Md. Pa. 

Date of collection •• _______________ Dec. 23, 1952 May 23, 1952 Feb. 22, 1955 Dec. 17, 1940 ----------------- Mar. 19, 1954 Sept. 21, 1925 May 17, 1949 

ppm 

39 

epm ppm epm ppm epm ppm epm ppm epm ppm 

31 

.2 

.06 

.oo 

.oo 

.05 

epm ppm epm ppm epm 

Si02------------------------------ 21 56 50 16 40 49 

AL _______ ------------------------ Fe •••• _______ ._. ___________ ._. ___ _ .0 

5.1 

.19 

I. 21 

1: ~ -------- ----~66" ======== ======== ======== ----~68" ======== -------- ----~28- ======== ----~64" ======== Mn •••••••••••••• ~. _ •• _ ••• ____ • __ • .16 . 00 -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- Cu.------------------------------ Zn •••••• _. ________ • __ • ___________ _ 

Ca ___ --------------------------•• 

12.7 

5.1 

2.3 

6.2 

3.2 

---6~25" 16. 0 ---o~so· ··32 ____ ---i~iio· ----9~6- ---6~48- ---2~5-- ---o~i2- 9.5 

51 

4.0 

2. 2 

---6~47- --Tr- ---o~io- ··ia··-- ----o~ii5 

Mg •••••• ------------------------- .19 

.27 

.08 

Io . 82 16 1. 32 35 2. ss 7. 7 . 63 4. 19 76 6. 25 9. 0 . 74 N a •• ______ ••• __ •••• __ ._. __ ._ ••• _. 

K-.------------------------------

15 . 65 25 1. 09 } 5 8 25 { . 2 . 01 

1.5 .04 1.1 .03 ... 0.00 

.17 4. 2 .18 6. 6 . 29 . 06 1. 0 . 03 2. 8 . 07 

Total cations _______________ -------- 0. 79 -------- 2. 31 -------- 4. 04 -------- 3. 61 -------- 0. 76 -------- 4. 89 -------- 6. 56 -------- 1. 75 

HCOa •• ------•• ------------------ 37 0.61 20 0. 33 203 3.33 

COs.----------------------------- 0 0 0 8 o. __________ . ____ . _______________ 9.2 .. 19 59 1. 23 10 . 21 C L. _ •.......•... -- __ . _ ........... 1.0 .03 25 0 70 13 .37 

F --------------------------------- .0 .00 . 1 0 01 .2 .01 

NO a •. ---------------------------- .3 .01 2. 2 .04 2. 7 .04 

PO ••• _--------------------------- .0 .0 -------- -------- --------

168 2. 75 44 0. 72 

0 .0 

.5 .01 .0 .00 14 .40 . 7 .02 

.3 .02 28 .45 -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- --------

276 

0 

2.6 

12 .0 

6.8 

.0 

4. 52 329 5. 39 

--·-:as· g. 5 ----:is· 

.34 30 .85 

0 00 -------- -------- .11 2.7 .04 

88 

0 

4. 9 6.9 

.1 

8.4 

1. 44 

.10 

.20 

.01 

.14 

Total anions ________________ -------- 0. 84 -------- 2. 31 -------- 3. 96 -------- 3. 61 -------- 0. 76 -------- 5. 02 -------- 6. 46 -------- 1. 89 

Total, as reported •••••••••• 112 -------- 172 -------- 359 311 71 -------- 395 -------- 494 -------- 189 

Specific conductance 

micromhos at 25° c__ 77 259 388 ----------------- ----------------- 427 ----------------- 181 

pH.------------------------------ 6. 7 5. 6 6. 8 7. 6 8. 5 8. 3 ----------------- 7. 7 Temperature _________________ °C .• ----------------- ----------------- 16.7 ----------------- ----------------- ----------------- ----------------- ----------------· Beta-gamma activity __ ,..,..c per L. ----------------- ----------------- ----------------- ----------------- ----------------- ----------------- ----------------- ----------------- Ra .• _ ----- _____________ ,..,..c per L __ ------- _____ ---- ____________ ----- _ ------- __________________________ -------- __ ------- -------------- _____________ ------- _______________ _ U _______ ----- ____ ----- __ ,..g per L. ______________ . ___________ . _________ ---- ___________ ------ _____________ ---- ____ ----- ____ ----- __________ ------ _____________________ ----- __ 

Ratios by weight: 

Ca[.N a ••••• _-----------------. 

Mg/Ca ••• ---------.---------. K/N a ..... -----.-------------- HCOa/CL •••••.••••••••.•••• 80./C.l •..• ___________________ _ 

F /CL •.•..••• -----------------

Analysis •••• __ • ___ ---------------- Rock type and location ___________ 

Date of collection _________________ 

9 

0.8 

.4 

.5 

37 

9.2 

0 

Columbia River 

Basalt, 

Farmington, 

Oreg. 

May 15, 1951 

10 

1.1 

.6 

. 1 

.8 

2.4 

.004 

Basalt, 

Oahu Island, 

Hawaii 

Mar. 6,1928 

11 

1.3 

.5 

.4 

16 • 7 

.02 

Basalt, Moses Lake, 

Wash. 

May 1,1950 

1.7 

3.6 

----------------- 12 .04 

12 

Basalt, 

Shoshone, 

Idaho 

Oct. 30, 1956 

13 

12 

3.1 

.0 

63 

.o 

.4 

Olivine Basalt 

tuff-breccia, 

Buell Park, 

Ariz. 

Sept. 29, 1948 

14 

2.4 

13 

.6 

23 

.2 

0 

Deccan Basalt, 

Pnrna, 

Hydcrabad, 

India 

-----------------

15 

0.5 

18 

.2 

11 .3 

Snnke River 

Basalt, 

Eden, Idaho 

Nov. 29, 1956 

16 

2.0 

.7 

.4 

13 

. 7 

.01 

Stormberg 

Basalt, 

Barberton, 

Union of 

South Africa 

Sept. 20, 1941 

ppm epm ppm epm ppm epm ppm epm ppm epm ppm epm ppm epm ppm epm 

Si02------------------------------ 50 -------- 63 -------- 55 -------- 33 31 30 44 43 

AL.------------------------------ -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- . 0 -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- . 05 -------- -------- -------- Fe________________________________ . 43 -------- . 08 -------- . 03 -------- . 00 -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- . 03 -------- -------- -------- Mn _______________________________ -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- . oo -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- . oo -------- -------- --------

Cu ••• -----------------------~---- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- Zn ________________________________ -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- Ca _______________________________ 24 1.20 17 0.85 29 1.45 48 2.40 20 1.00 62 3.09 54 2.69 68 3.39 

Mg.·----------------------------- 15 1. 23 12 . 99 19 1. 56 14 1. 15 42 3. 45 28 2. 30 20 1. 64 64 5. 26 

Na ••• ---------------------------- 12 . 52 38 1. 65 12 . 52 16 . 70 } 19 83 { 24 1. 04 51 2. 22 } K-------------------------------- 95 4 14 5.3 .14 3.1 .08 3.5 .09 3.2 .08 · --------------- 7.2 .18 · ----- ----- Total cations _______________ -------- 3. 09 -------- 3. 57 -------- 3. 62 -------- 4. 33 -------- 5. 28 -------- 6. 43 -------- 6. 73 -------- 12.79 

H C Oa •• -------------------------- 156 2.56 84 1. 38 177 2.90 220 3. 61 279 4.57 294 4.82 242 3.97 616 10.10 

COs._ •••• --•• ---•• ---•••• -----.-- 0 0 0 ----~ai· 0 0 0 0 0 -----~ai 8 o. _______________________________ 1.6 .o3 15 .31 15 19 .40 22 .46 30 .62 61 1. 27 15 

CL ••• __ • --.-----------. _ ••••• ---_ 15 .42 63 1. 78 6.9 .20 8.0 .23 7 .20 37 1. 04 46 1. 30 75 2.12 

F ----------------·---------------- .2 .01 ----:4-- .4 .02 .3 .02 .2 .01 -------- -------- .4 .02 .0 .oo NOs ••• ----•• --•••••• ---•• _.---.-. .1 .oo .01 9. 7 .16 5.2 .08 2.5 .04 -------- -------- 6.0 .10 16 .26 

p o •. ----------------------------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- .15 -------- -------- -------- --------- -------- .00 -------- -------- -------- Total anions ________________ -------- 3. 02 -------- 3. 48 -------- 3. 59 -------- 4. 34 -------- 5. 28 -------- 6. 48 -------- 6. 66 -------- 12.79 

Total, as reported.......... 280 -------- 296 -------- 328 -------- 367 

Specific conductance 

micromhos at 25° c__ 427 ----------------- 340 

Ji.!m"Peraitira::::.::::::::::::r.a:: ------------~~~-- ::::::::::::::::: ------------~~~-- Beta-gamma activity __ ,..,..c per L. ----------------- ----------------- ----------------- Ra ••••••••••••••••••••• ,..pc per L. ----------------- ----------------- ----------------- U -----------------------1-'g per L. ----------------- ----------------- ----------------- Ratios by weight: 

Ca/Na·----------------------- 2. 0 o. 4 2. 4 Mg/Ca·---------------------- . 6 . 7 . 7 K/Na·------------------------ . 4 . 08 . 3 

HCOs/CL................... 10 1. 3 26 

S08JCL --------------------·- .1 • 2 2. 2 F/ L--------·---------------- . 01 ----------------- . 06 

1 Values considered dubious, possibly contaminated. 

404 

8.0 

13.1 

<n 

<0.1 

2. 7 

3.0 

.3 

.2 

28 

2.4 

.04 

423 505 -------- 532 992 

45~. 2 ::::::::::::::::: 64~. 7 --------------7:i 

12.2 -- ----------------- ==--======== = ==== ---------<23"--- == ::::::::::::::: ----------------- ----------------- <O.l --------------·-- ----------------- ----------------- 2. 7 -----------------

1.1 

2.1 

2.6 

.5 

---------""46---- -----------"7: 9--

3.1 .8 

. 03 -----------------

1.1 

.4 

.I 

5.3 

1.3 

.009 

0. 7 

.9 

-------------T2 • 2 0 
CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF SUB~URFACE WATERS F17 

EXPLANATION FOR TABLE 2 

1. Drilled well, 75 rt deep, Waterloo, Howard County, Md. In gabbro (Dingman and Moyer, 1954). 2. Drilled well, 35ft deep, Laurel, Howard County, Md. In gabbro (Dingman and 

Moyer, 1954). 

3. Dr1llod wol!~ 7\l rt deep, 1 milo south or Harrisburg, Cabarrus County, N.C. In 

gabbro. unpublished data in U.S. Geol. Survey files; analyst, S. A. Phillips. 4. Drilled won, 120 rt doep, 5 miles west of Hartebeespoort Dam, on main road to nustonburg, District of Pretoria, Transvaal, Union'of South Africa. In norite, 

pyroxenite, and other ultramafic rocks of Bushveld complex of Precambrian 

ago (Bond, 1946); analyst, G. W. Bond. 

5. Drilled woll, 250 tt doop, Webster, Jackson County, N.C. In periodotite (Le- Grande, 1958). 

6. Woll Ed 22, 140 rt doop, Lake Roland, Baltimore County, Md. In serpentine (Dingman, :l!~orguson, and Martin, 1956). 

7. Woll 211, 100 rt doop, throe-fomths of a mile southwest of Nottingham, Chester 

County, Pa. In sorpontlno (Hall, 1934). 

8. Dr1llod well, 390ft doop, near Camas, NWr,1NEr.1 sec.8t.!· 1 N., R. 3 E., Clark 

County, Wash. In basalt of Tertiary age (Griffin, watkins, and Swenson, 

1956). 9. Woll at Farmington! NEr,1NWr.1 sec. 31, T. 1 S., R. 2 W., Washington County Orog. In Columb a River Basalt or Tertiary age (Griffin, Watkins, and Swen- son, 1956). 10. Woll 153, Oahu Island, Hawaii. In late Tertiary basalt (Stearns and Vaksvik, 

1935). 11. Drilled woll, 210ft doop.!. noar Moses Lake, SW¥.1 sec. 28, T. 19 N., R. 24 E., Grant 

Com1ty Wash. In Tertiary basalt (Mundorff, Rels, and Strand, 1952). 

12. Woll at Shoshonei soc. 2, T. 6 S.r..,.R. 17 E., Lincoln County, Idaho. In Tertiary basalt. Unpub !shod data in u.S. Goo!. Survey files; analyst, R. A. Wilson. 

13. Spring, 3~ miles oast of Sawmill, Buell Park, Apache County, Ariz. (10 miles 

north or Fort Defiance). From olivine basalt tuff-breccia. Unpublished data In U.S. Gool. Survey .files; analyst, L. S. Hughes. 14. Well at Purna Railway Station, State of Hyderabad, India. In Deccan Basalt of 

Cretaceous(?) ago (Munn 1934). 15. Woll, 380ft doep, l~don, NE¥.1 soc. 35, T. 9 S., R. 19 E., Jerome County Idaho 

In Snoke Hlvor Bfisalt or 'l'ortlary ago. Unpublished data in U.S. Gool: Survey files; analyst, M. Fishman. 

10. Drilled woll at Komatlpoort, District of Barberton, Transvaal, Union of South 13r~!~~: In Stormberg lavas of Late 'l'rhlSsic ago (Bond, 1946); analyst, G. W 

EXPLANATION FOR TABLE 3 

1. Spring, 16 miles northeast of Boar, sec. 3, T. 21 N., R. 2 W. Adams County, Idaho. Discharges 200 gpm from altered andesite fiows and pyroclastics and 

younger Intrusive dikes in Sovon Devils Volcanics of Permian age, Unpub- llshoc~ data In U.S. Gool. Survey files; analysts, R. A. Wilson, J. D. Weeks, 

and J. 0. Johnson. 

2. Drilled well, 160ft cleo~ 8 miles west of Ashebor?~ Randolph County, N.C. In 

Paleozoic andesite tuu. Unpublished data in u.S. Geol. Survey .flles; analyst, J. E. Whitney and J. A. Shaughnessy. 3. Drilled woll, 683 ft deep, China Grove, Rowan County, N.C. In diorite. 

Unpublished data in U.S. Goo!. Survey .flles. 

4. DrHiod well, 179 ft doop, at Hamilton County Jail, Lake Pleasant Village, Hamilton County, N.Y. In syenite of Precambrian ago. Unpublished data in 

U.S. Goo!. Survey files; analysts, J. A. Shaughnessy and J. E. Whitney. 

TABLE 3.-Chemical analyses of ground waters from andesite 

diorite, and syenite 

Analysis. __ ----------- 1 2 3 

Rock type and loca- Andesite, Andesite Diorite, 

tion NE. of Bear, tuff, W. of China 

Idaho Asheboro, Grove, N.C. 

N.C. Date of collection ______ Aug. 8,1954 Mar. 22, 1955 ---------------

Si02------------------- Pf~ epm ffm epm ffm epm 

AL-------------------- . 0 • 2 Fe____________________ .oo .16 ------- ---~o4- ::::::: 

~~::::::::::::::::::: ::::~~: ::::::: ---~~- ::::::: ::::::: ::::::: ca ____________________ 12 0. 60 14 0. 70 72 3. 59 

Mg.·------------------ . 5 . 04 5. 6 . 46 4.1 . 34 

NB-------------------- 1. 8 . 08 9. 6 . 42 10 . 44 K--------------------- 2. 6 . 07 . 4 . 01 2. 8 . 07 

4 

Syenite, 

Lake 

Pleasant, 

N.Y. 

Oct. 5, 1954 

ppm 

19 .0 

.14 

.00 

.00 

.03 

9.5 

2.3 

2.8 

.6 

epm 

---0~47 

.19 

.12 

.02 

Total cations •••• ------- 0. 79 ------- 1. 59 ------- 4. 44 ------- 0. 80 

HOOa----------------- 38 

COs------------------- 0 

so, __ ----------------- 6. 3 

Cl--------------------- . 0 

F --------------------- .1 

po,___________________ NOs------------------- . 2 . o 

0.62 

---~i3" 

.00 

. 01 

.00 

.00 

74 

0 

.1 

8.8 

.0 

6.8 

.0 

1. 21 114 0 

.00 115 

.25 

.00 

.11 

6. 5 

.1 

.0 

1. 87 

--2~39" 

.18 

.01 

.00 

Total anions. ___ ------- 0. 76 ------- 1. 57 ------- 4. 45 

Total, as re- ported--------- 70 ------- 151 

Specific conductance 78 

micromhos at 25° C 

pH·------------------- 7. 7 

Temperature. ___ ° C •• --------------- Beta-gamma activity <5 

J.&J.&CPerl.-. 

Ra----------J.IJ.IC per L. <O. 1 u ____________ pg per 1.. 0. 2 

Ratios by weight: Ca/Na____________ 6. 7 

Mg/Ca............ . 04 

K/Na •• ----------- 1. 4 

HCOa/CL _________ ---------------

S04/CL.---------- --------------- F/01. ------------- ---------------

------- ?47 

-- 163 ·-------------- 7.2 7. 7 

15.0 --------------- <5 --------------- <0.1 --------------- 0. 9 --------------- 1.5 7.2 

.4 .06 

.04 .3 

8.4 18 

.01 18 

.0 .02 

38 

0 

2.8 

2.1 

.1 

2.5 

.1 

80 

0.62 

----6~6 

.06 

.01 

.04 

0. 79 

80 

7.6 

10.0 

<5 

0.1 

0.6 

3.4 

.2 

.2 

18 

1.3 

.05 
F18 DATA OF GEOCHE~STRY 

TABLE 4.-Chemical analyses of ground waters from sandstone, arkose, and graywacke 

Analysis __________________________ 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Rock type and location ___________ Catahoula Dawson Ar- Caseyville Triassic Sand- St. Peter Homewood Cretaceous Arikaree 

Sandstone, Col- kose, E. of Sandstone, stone near Sandstone Sandstone sandstone, Sandstone, lins, Miss. Monument, Dawson Manchester, Near Mel- Near Worth- Manzi, Zulu- SW. of CrawColo. Springs, Ky. Conn. bourne, Ark. ington, Pa. land, Union of ford, Nebr. 

South Africa Date of collection _________________ Dec. 19, 1955 Sept. 2, 1955 Jan. 3, 1955 Nov. 4,1954 Sept. 19, 1954 Mar. 3, 1955 Nov. 5, 1941 Sept. 19, 1954 

~ ~ ~ ~ ~~~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ Si02------------------------------ 25 35 9. 4 -------- 14 12 8. 0 20 61 AL.------------------------------ . 2 • 3 . 1 . 1 . 2 .1 -------- -------- -------- .1 Fe. ____ -------------------------- . 41 . 20 4. 2 . 08 . 06 .16 ________ -------- -------- 1. 1 

Mn.----------------------------- . 00 -------- . 00 -------- . 21 .10 . 00 . 00 -------- -------- -------- .15 Cu _______________________________ -------- -------- -------- -------- .00 .00 -------- -------- -------- .00 -------- -------- -------- -------- --------

~~~~~~=========================== ---i4-- ---o~i2- ---9~6-- ---o~48- 16.oo o.8o 21.oo ---i~35- --5o ____ ---ioo- 44.oo ---i2o- ---i4--- ---o~7o- --35 ____ ----i~75 Mg .•. ---------------------------- .5 .04 1.9 .16 6.4 .53 10 .82 6.0 .49 7.6 .62 21 1.73 9.1 .75 

Sr -------------------------------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- ________ -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- Na ... ---------------------------- 2.6 .11 1 51 22 { 13 .56 2.3 .10 2.4 .10 12 .52 } 36 1 57 { 7.8 .34 K-------------------------------- 2.0 .05 { · · 2.2 .06 .8 .02 3.0 .08 3.9 .10 • 6.0 .15 

Total cations _______________ -------- 0. 32 -------- 0.86 -------- 1. 95 -------- 2.29 -------- 3.17 -------- 3.44 -------- 4.00 -------- 2.99 

HCOs---------------------------- 18 0. 30 

COs.----------------------------- 01. 4 ----.-o·a·- S04------------------------------ CL.------------------------------ 2. 5 . 07 F-------------------------------- .1 .01 NOs------------------------------ . 0 . 00 

P04. ----------------------------- -------- --------

38 

0 

7.4 

1.8 

.1 

1.5 

0 

0.62 98 

0 .15 14 .05 3.0 .01 .1 .02 1.0 

0 

1. 61 80 1. 31 184 0 0 .29 31 .64 2.1 .08 5. 6 .16 1.8 .01 .1 .01 0 .02 18 .29 6. 5 .1 0 

3.02 163 2. 67 122 2.00 161 2.64 0 0 0 .04 28 .58 12 .25 5.5 .12 .05 6.4 .18 61 1. 72 4.0 .. 11 .00 .1 .01 .3 .02 .10 1.2 .02 .2 .00 3. 2 .05 0 -------- -------- -------- ........................ -------- Total anions ________________ -------- 0. 41 -------- 0.85 -------- 2.01 -------- 2.41 -------- 3.21 -------- 3.46 -------- 3. 97 -------- 2. 94 

Total, as reported._-------- 55 

Specific conductance micromhos at 25° c ___________ _ pH_------------------------------ Temperature ________________ ° C •• 

Beta-gamma activity p.p.c per L _ 

Ra _______ ------------ p.p.C per L. 

U .• ------------------- p.g per L. 

Ratios by weight: Ca/N a ________________ -------_ Mg/Ca. _______ ---- __________ _ KIN a ________ ------- _________ _ 

HCOa/CL--------------------

S04/CL __ -------------------- F /CL ••• ___ ------------------

Analysis __________________________ 

Rock type and location ____________ 

Date of collection. __ --------------

9 

38 

6. 2 18.9 

<5 

0.2 

0.1 

0.9 

.2 

.8 

7.2 

. 6 

.04 

Navajo Sandstone, E. of 

Mexican 

Water, Ariz. 

Mar. 11, 1955 

101 168 189 

91 194 6. 7 7.2 8.9 ----........ ------........ ---

10 Pocono 

<5 

0. 4 

0.1 

1.9 

.2 

21 

4.1 

.06 

11 Rensselaer 

Sandstone Graywacke near James- near Sand 

town, Pa. Lake, N.Y. 

May 26,1954 Sept. 20, 1954 

10 

1.3 

2.1 

1.2 

.4 

.2 

33 

4. 7 

.03 

12 St. Peter and 

other Sandstone, Waukesha, Wis. 

May 2, 1952 

268 

233 7.8 

12.8 

<10 0.1 

0. 6 

12 .4 

.3 

14 

5.5 

.02 

13 Franconia 

Sandstone, 

Mound, 

Minn. 

May 29, 1939 

274 286 --------

299 327 ---------........ ----.... - 7.4 8.0 5.6 16.7 --------.... ----.... -........ ----------.... -----.. <7 <IO --------............ ---.... -- 0.1 <0.1 ------------.... ---.... 

0.3 0.2 --------------.... --

21 3. 7 0.4 .1 .2 1.5 1.3 .3 ----------....... -........ -.... 

102 26 2.0 1.2 4.4 .2 0 .02 --------.... --... ----.... 

14 15 16 Cambrian Sylvania Bush veld 

sandstone, Sandstone Sandstone, 

Kaukauna near Carle- Pretoria, 

Wis. ton, Mich. Transvaal, 

Union of 

South Africa 

Oct. 27, 1955 Oct. 23, 1956 July 3, 1940 

294 

283 7.8 

12.2 

<14 

<O.l 

3.8 

4. 5 

.3 

.8 40 

1.4 

.08 

17 Oakville 

Sandstone, 

Kennedy, Tex. 

Dec. 9, 1955 

ppm epm ppm epm ppm epm ppm epm ppm epm ppm epm ppm epm ppm epm ppm epm 

Si02------------------------------- 11 14 12 8. 7 20 6. 9 14 56 58 

AL------------------------------- .2 .0 .0 ------- ------- ------- ------- ------- .0 .2 ------- ------- ------- .1 Fe________________________________ .50 1.3 .62 .37 ------- .58 ------- . 72 . 71 ------- ------- ------- .05 

Mn. ------------------------------ . 00 . 00 . 02 . 05 ------- . 34 ------- . 07 . 00 ------- ------- ------- . 00 Cu________________________________ .00 ------- .00 .00 ------- ------- ------- ------- _______ .00 .00 ------- ------- ------- ------- -------

~~================================ ---~8-- --o~o4- 44.oo --2~26- ·74 ____ -T69- -6o---- --i99- -78 ____ -T89- i57 ____ -T83- 153.oo --7~63- --74--- -T69- -65 ____ ---3~24 Mg------------------------------- . 9 .07 11 . 90 20 1. 64 31 2. 55 51 4.19 21 1. 73 63 5.18 87 7.15 6. 8 . 56 Sr _________________ . -------------- ------- ------- ------- ------- ------- ------- 52 1.19 ------- ------- 20 .46 ------- ------- ------- ------- ------- ------- Na •. ------------------------------ 144 6. 26 60 2. 61 34 1. 48 12 . 52 26 1.13 14 . 61 24 1. 04 } 81 3 52 {374 16.27 K--------------------------------- . 8 . 02 4.1 .10 1. 2 . 03 4. 0 .10 3. 4 . 09 4. 6 .12 3. 8 .10 · 20 . 51 

Total cations -------------- ------- 6. 39 ------- 5. 81 ------- 6. 84 ------- 7. 35 ------- 9. 30 _______ 10.75 ------- 13.95 ------- 14.36 ------- 20.58 

HCOs----------------------------- 217 3. 56 COs------------------------------- 33 1.10 so,_------------------------------ 64 1. 33 CL- __ ---------------·------------- 16 . 45 F __ ------------------------------- . 3 . 02 NO a.- __ -------------------------- . 5 . 01 P04-------------- _ --------------- _ ---- ___ -------

327 

0 

22 

4.4 

.2 

2.0 

0 

5. 36 381 

---~46- 2~ .12 2. 7 .01 .2 . 03 1. 0 0 

6. 24 285 

------- 0 . 54 111 

.0~ 12 .01 .5 .02 .8 

4. 67 490 

0 2.31 60 . 34 1. 5 .03 .2 .01 2.4 

8.03 241 0 1. 25 330 .04 8.0 . 01 1. 9 

.04 .3 

------- ------- ------- ------- ------- . 0 

3. 95 330 5. 41 774 12.68 378 

------- 0 ------- ------- ------- 0 6. 87 362 7. 54 12 . 25 85 . 23 30 . 85 32 . 90 442 . 10 1. 1 . 06 . 2 . 01 . 8 . 00 . 1 . 00 32 • 52 5. 2 

------- ------- ------- ------- ------- .1 

6.20 

1.77 

12.46 .04 

.08 

Total anions.--------------- ------- 6. 47 ------- 5. 98 ------- 6. 89 ------- 7. 36 ------- 9. 37 ------- 11.15 ------- 13.86 ------- 14.36 ------- 20.55 

Total, as reported_. _________ 489 ------- 490 ------- 553 

Specific conductance 

micromhos at 25° c _____________ 630 533 

pH •••• ---------------------------- 9.2 7.4 Temperature·------·--------- ° C __ 14.4 10.6 Beta-gamma Ra ______________ activity p.p.c per L. 72 <20 p.p.C per L. <0.1 0.6 

u ---------------- p.g per L. 6.9 0. 7 Ratios by weight: 

Ca/Na ___ --------------------- 0.006 0. 7 Mg/Ca _______________ ----- _ --- 1.1 .2 

K/Na. _ ----------------------- .006 .07 

HCOa/CL .• ------------------ 14 74 so.tci. _______________________ 4.0 5.0 

F /CL ------------------------- .02 .05 

------- 577 ------- 733 ------- 806 

609 658 802 8.2 7.6 8.0 10.0 --------------- 11.1 <25 --------------- --------------- 0.1 --------------- --------------- 5.0 --------------- ......... -----------

2.2 5.0 3.0 .3 .5 . 7 .04 .3 .1 141 24 327 9.6 9.3 40 .07 .04 .1 

------- 982 

963 7.3 

11.1 

<25 2. 7 0. 5 

11 .1 

.3 

30 

41 .2 

------- 1,150 ------- 1, 440 

1,190 7. 6 11. 1 <50 1.2 

2.1 

6.4 

.4 

.2 

11 

12 .04 

0.9 

1.2 

141 .4 

.006 

2,130 7.6 

26.4 

<68 0.2 

15 

0.2 

.1 

.05 

.9 

.2 

.002 
CHEMICAL ·COMPOSITION OF SUBSURFACE WATERS F19 

EXPLANATION FOR TABLE 4 

1. Drilled wo)~ 240ft doop, Collins, Covington County, Miss. In Catahoula Sand stone or !Y.J.iocono(?) ago. Unpublished data in U.S. Geol. Survey files; analyst, ]<;, Zitnik. 

2. Drilled well, 180ft deep, 3 miles east of Monument, SWJI.I soc. 9, T. 11 S., R. 

66 W.{ El Paso County, Colo. In Dawson Arkose of Tertiary ago. Unpublished data n U.S. Gool. Survey files; analyst, E. Zitnik. 

3. Drilled well, 188 ft doop, Dt\wson Springs, Hopkins County, Ky. In Caseyville Sandstone of Pennsylvanian ago. Unpublished data in U.S. Gool. Survey 1.llos; analysts, J. A. Shaughnessy and J. E. Whitney. 4. Drilled well, 602 ft doop{ 1 milo east of Manchester, Hartford County, Conn. 

In sandstone of 'L'riass o ago. Unpublished data in U.S. Geol. Survey files; nnalysts, J. A. Shauglmossy and J. E. Whitney. 5. Spring, 1 milo east of Melbourne, SE)4 sec. 1, 'I'. 16 N., R. 9 w., Izard County, Ark. From St. Peter Stmdstoue of Ordovician ago. Unpublished data in 

U.S. Gool. Survey files; analysts, H. A. Wilson, J.D. Weeks, and J. 0. Johnson. 

6. Drilled well, aOO rt deep, ncar Worthington, Armstrong County, Pa. In Homewood Sandstone or Pennsylvanian ago. Unpublished data in U.S. Geol. Survey files; analysts, J. E. Whitney and J. A. Shaughnessy. 7. Well at Monzi, Zululand, Union of South Africa. In Cretaceous sandstone 

(Bond, 1946); analyst, G. W. Bond. 

8. Drilled well, 180ft doop, 25 miles southwest of Crawford, NW~~ sec. 19, T. 29 N., R 53 K, Sioux County, Nebr. In Arikaroe Sandstone of Miocene age. Unpublished dat!\ In U.S. Gool. Survey files; analysts, J. D. Honerkamp, J. D. 

Weeks, and J. 0. Johnson. 

9. Drilled well, 592ft doop, 6 miles east of Mexican Water, Apache County, Ariz. 

In Navajo Sandstone of Jurassic age. Unpublished data in U.S. Geol. Survey files; analysts, J. E. Whitney aud J. A. Shaughnessy. 

643863-62-4 

10. Drilled well, 122 ft deep, 0.3 mile uortheast of Jamestown, Crawford County, Pa. In Pocono Sandstone of Mississippian age. Unpublished data in U.S. 

Geol. Survey files; analysts, J. A. Shaughnessy and W. F. White. 

11. Drilled well, 166ft deep, 1.2 miles uortheast of Saud Lake, Rensselaer County, N.Y. In Rensselaer Graywacke of Cambrian age. Unpublished data in U.S. 

Geol. Survey files; analysts, J. A. Shaughnessy and J. E. Whitney. 12. North Street well, 1,907 ft deep, Waukesha, Waukesha County..t Wis. In St. 

Peter, Mt. Simou, and associated sandstones of Cambrian to urdovioian age (Lohr and Love, 1954a). 

13. Well, 509ft deep, Mound, Hennepin County, Minn. In Franconia Sandstone 

of Cambrian age (Prior, Schneider, and Durum, 1953). 

14. Drilled well, 557ft deep, Kaukauna, NW~4 sec. 25, T. 21 N., R. 18 E., Outagamie County, Wis. In sandstone of Cambrian age. Unpublished data in U.S. 

Gool. Survey files; analysts, B. V. Salotto and D. E. Weaver. 

15. Drilled well, 100 ft deep, south-southeast of Carleton, NW)4 sec. 21, T. 5 S., 

R. 9 E., Monroe County, Mich. In Sylvania Sandstone of Devonian ago. Unpublished data in U.S. Geol. Survey files; analyst, D. E. Weaver. See 

table 13, analysis 8, for deep saline water of Sylvania sandstone. 

16. Drilled well, 140 ft deep, on Kalkheuvel 389, District of Pretoria, Transvaal, 

Union of South Africa. In Bush veld Sandstone (arkosic) of Triassic age (Bond, 1946, p. 141-142); analyst, G. W. Bond. 

17. Drilled well, 416ft deep, Kennedy, Karnes County, Tex. In Oakville Sandstone 

of Miocene age. Unpublished data in U.S. Geol. Survey files; analyst, R. A. 

Wilson. 
F20 DATA OF GEOCHEMITSTRY 

TABLE 5.-Chemical analyses of ground waters f'rom siltstone, clay, and shale 

Analysis. ____ -------------------·- 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 

Rock type and location ••••••••••• Hattiesburg Ohio Shale, Brunswick Tuffaceous Chicopee Shale, Trans- Clay, George- Brule Silt- Eccs Shale, 

Clay, Park Lake, Shale, clay, near Shale, vaal, Union town, S.C. stone, Cape 

Prentiss, Ky. Wyckoff, Shea ville, Chicopee, of South Harrisburg, Province, 

Miss. N.J. Oreg. Mass. Africa Nebr. Union of South Africa 

Date of collection •• ····----------- Dec. 19, 1955 Jan. 5, 1955 Feb. 27, 1957 June 28, 1956 Dec. 8,1954 May 8,1941 Jan. 10, 1947 Nov. 9, 1955 Nov. 7,1941 

ppm epm ppm epm ppm epm ppm epm wm ~m wm ~m wm ~m wm ~m wm ~m 

Si 02------------------------------- 12 15 40 ------- 12 64 32 

AL •••• -·-----------·------------- . 2 -·----- Fe................................ . oo ------- Mn. ----·-----------·------------- . 00 ------- Cu .••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• ------- ------- Zn •••••• __________________________ ------- -------

22 

1. 5 ------- .39 ------- . 22 ------- . 05 ------- . 36 -------

16 43 

. 0 ------- . 0 ------- .02 ------- . 00 ------- .00 ------- . 00 -------

.00 ------- ------- ------- .00 ------- ------- -------

1: g ::::::: ::::::: ::::::: ----~92 ::::::: : 6o ::::::: ::::::: ::::::: . 08 ------- ------- ------- ------- --·---- . 00 ------- ------- ------- .00 ------- ------- ------- ------- ------- -----·· ------- ------- ------- .03 ------- ------- ------- ------- ------- ------- ------- ------- ------- Ca................................ 1. 2 0. 06 15 0. 75 29 1. 45 29 1. 45 96 4. 79 32 1. 60 1. 6 0. 08 44 2. 20 62 3. 09 

Mg •• ·--·------------------------- . 5 . 04 7.5 .62 16 1. 32 11 . 90 19 1. 56 46 3. 78 . 7 . 06 9. 2 . 76 64 5. 26 

Ns-------------------------------- 2.1 . 09 

K •• ----··------------------------- . 8 . 02 

36 1. 56 3. 5 .09 12 . 52 31 1. 35 1.1 .03 8.0 .20 18 . 78 } 34 1. 48 210 9. 13 {129 5· 

61 } 92 4. 05 1. 5 • 04 10 . 26 

Total cations ................. ------- 0. 21 ------- 3. 02 ------- 3. 32 ------· 3. 90 ------- 7.17 ------- 6. 86 ------- 9. 27 ------- 8. 83 ------- 12.40 

H C Oa •••••••• -.----.--•• ---------- C Oa ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 

so •. -.---------------------------- CL ••••• -. --•••••••••••• ---•••••••• 

8. 0 0.13 0

. 5 ----~oi 2.0 .06 

3.2 

0 

128 

0.05 126 173 

7 

33 

2. 84 133 .23 0 . 69 208 .17 25 2.18 366 6.00 

---4~33 0 ------- 4 .08 . 70 28 . 79 

447 7.33 346 5.67 362 5.93 32 1. 07 0 ---i~58 0 ---2~2i 1.5 .03 76 106 28 . 79 42 1.18 140 3. 95 

F---·····-------·----------------- N Oa .••••••• ----------------------- p o •. ---.--------------------------

.0 .00 21 .2 

.5 

.o 

---2~66 

.59 

.01 

.01 

0 

22 

12 .2 

26 .0 

2.06 

.46 

.34 

.01 

.42 

6.0 

.7 

.0 

.0 

.04 .4 .02 0 ------- .9 .05 .1 .01 .6 .03 

2. 2 .04 .0 .4 

.0 .01 

------- 0 ------- .0 ------- ------- ------- .00 16 .26 16 .26 

------- .2 ------- .................... ------- Total anions ••••••••••••.••• ------- 0. 24 ------- 3. 32 ------- 3. 29 ------- 3. 97 -----·- 7. 24 ------- 6. 87 ------- 9. 27 ------- 8. 70 ------- 12.38 

Total, as reported___________ 30 ------- 239 ------- 260 ------- 342 517 550 ------- 735 --·---- 737 875 

Specific conductance mlcromhos at 25°C ••• 26 373 340 365 

pH •••• --·------------------------- 6.1 4. 9 7. 9 8.5 

Temperature •• -----·····--··· °C •• 19.4 10.0 10.6 16.7 Bets-gamma activity ---PI'C per L. <s 16 <10 16 

Rs.---------------------PPC per L. 0.1 2.1 <O.l <0.1 U __ • --------------------1-'g per L. <0.1 18 1.4 0.1 Ratios by weight: 

Cs/N a .•• ------------------·-- 0.6 0.4 2.4 0. 9 

Mg/Cs .•••••• --------------.-- .4 .5 .6 .4 

K/Ns •• --------------------·-- .4 .1 .09 .3 HCOa/CL •••••••••••••.•••••. 4.0 .2 10 29 

SOc/CL ----------------------- .2 6.1 1.8 5. 5 

F/CL •• ----------------------- .0 .01 .02 .1 

Analysis._------------------------------ 10 11 12 13 Rock type and location----------------- Willard Camillus and Shale, Benton Shale, Vernon Cuyahoga Shale, La Lyon Shales, County, Prele, Wyo, 

County, Syracuse, Ohio Kans. N.Y. 

Date of collection •• ------------------·-- Sept. 11, Msy3, 1956 Jan. 15, 1952 Aug. 16, 

1951 1950 

ppm epm ppm epm ppm epm ppm epm 

Si02------------------------------------- 11 ------ 5. 5 19 13 ------

~!:·::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: ---~2i :::::: a: g :::::: ----i~3- :::::: ----4~i :::::: Mn------------------------------------- ------ ------ .13 ------ . 00 ------ ------- ------ Cu •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• ------ ------ . 02 ------ -------~ ----·- ------- ----·- Zn •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• ------ ------ . 00 ------ -------- ------ ------- ------ Ca...................................... 95 4. 74 227 11. 33 123 6. 13 8. 5 o. 42 

Mg ••••••••• ---------------------------- 43 3. 54 29 2. 38 70 5. 76 . 4 . 03 Ns-------------------------------------- }109 4. 74 { 12 . 52 61 2. 65 310 13.48 K.------------------------------------·- 2. 7 . 07 2. 2 . 06 5. 0 . 13 

690 --------------- -----------...... -- 839 --·--- ·---7~ 6-. 7.8 7. 8 8.6 7. 7 12.5 ------............ -...... -- 20 11.1 -------------..... <25 -------------.. --...... -----------... <23 ----------... ---.. 0. 7 --------------... -----... --------- 0.1 ------........... ----... 1.5 -----.............. ----- ...... ----....................... 16 --------------- 5.3 0. 9 0.008 0.3 0. 7 

.2 1.4 .4 .2 1.0 

.08 ------------... -- --------------... .08 ---------Tii .. 5.3 13 16 8. 2 8.3 .1 .05 1.8 .8 .02 .o .03 .002 .004 

14 15 16 17 18. 

Shsl~ Pekin, Eutaw Clay, Pierre Shale, Precsm- Jackson 

.c. Linden, Ala. Langdon, brian shale, Shale, 

N.Dak. Cape Monticello, 

Province, Ark. 

Union of South 

Africa Feb. 28, 1955 Mar. 17, 1952 Oct. 27, 1954 Msr.19, Dec. 13, 1955 

1940 

ppm epm ppm epm ppm epm ppm epm ppm epm 

17 13 26 ------ 50 ------ 98 . 1 3. 6 ------ 2. 2 ------ ------ ------ 28 2. 33 8. 2 .16 ------ 3. 5 ------ ------ ------ . 88 ------ . 07 ------ -------- ------ 21 ------ ------ ------ 9. 6 • 34 .12 ------ -------- ------ ------- ------ ------ ------ -------- ------ .05 ------ -------- ------ ------- ------ ------ ------ -------- ------ 48 2. 40 6.1 o. 30 416 20.76 331 16.52 424 21. 16 29 2. 38 2.1 .17 143 11.76 237 19.49 194 15.95 

447 19.44 624 27.13 362 15.74} 698 30 36 { 416 18.10 8. 4 . 21 5. 7 . 15 14 . 36 . 11 . 28 

Total cations •••••••••••••••••••••• ------ 13.02 -------- 14.30 -------- 14.60 ------- 14.06 -------- 24.43 -------- 27.75 ------- 48.62 ------ 66.37 -------- 58.16 

HCOa----------------------------------- 344 5.64 288 4. 72 539 8.83 580 9. 51 579 9.49 642 10.52 104 1. 70 914 14.98 0 C Oa •••• --------------••••••••• __ •••••••• 0 <i --9~i4 0 --5~89 12 .40 0 ---~03 0 ---~03 0 -45~i8 0 ------ 0 ·so~3s so •. -----------------.-.--.------------- 120 2.50 439 283 2.0 .04 1.5 1.6 2,170 152 3.16 2,420 

CL-------------------------------------- 36 1. 02 24 .68 3.5 .10 142 4.00 536 15.12 592 16.70 38 1. 07 1, 710 48.22 380 10.72 

F-----------------·-·--------·--------·- .2 .01 .0 .oo .4 .02 1.0 .05 1.2 .06 2.8 .15 .2 .01 0 ------ 1.8 .09 

NOs---------------------------------·--- 239 3.86 .9 .01 .1 .oo 2.6 .04 .2 .oo 1.5 .02 .1 .oo 0 ------ 3.1 .05 

POe-----------------------------------·- ------ ------ .o ------ -------- ------ ------- ------ -------- ------ -------- ------ ------- ------ ------ ------ .0 

Total anions·--------------------- ------ 13.03 -------- 14.55 -------- 14.84 ------- 14.04 -------- 24.70 -------- 27.42 ------- 47.96 ------ 66.36 -------- 61.24 

Total, as reported _________________ 997 ------ 1, 030 ------ 1, 100 ------ 1, 080 ------ 1, 680 ------ 1, 890 ------ 3, 300 ------ 4, 090 ------ 3, 990 

1, 210 1,180 1,340 7.6 7.3 8. 2 ll.l 11.1 10.6 

Specific conductance 

micromhos at 25° C •• -------------

J}!mperaiUre:·_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_::c.c:: ::::::::::::: <50 ---- ___ .., ______ --------------- <O.l --------------- -------------- 2.1 ----....................... --- -------------- 19 2.0 0.03 .1 .6 .05 

Bets-gamma activity ---------1-'P.C per L. -------------

~~::·:::::::::::::::::::::::::~~~ g:~ 1:: ::::::::::::: Ratios by weight: Cs/Na______________________________ 0. 9 

Mg/Ca.............................. . 5 .2 .6 .02 12 154 4.1 18 81 .01 .0 .1 .007 

K/N a.--------------·-----------·--- -----------.. HOOa/CL........................... 9. 6 S04/Cl.............................. 3. 3 F/01................................ . 006 

2, 410 2, 710 8.1 7. 7 17.8 26.7 <100 --------------- 0.6 ----------... ---- 24 --------------.. 

0.1 0.01 .6 .3 .02 .3 1.1 1.1 .003 .003 .002 .005 

3,560 6.3 

6.1 <no 

<O.l 

0.3 

1.1 

.3 

.04 

2. 7 57 .005 

. 4,570 4.0 

::::::::::::: ------<i4a··-· 

0.5 

. 7 

----------~5-

.09 

.0 

1.7 

17 

1.0 

.5 

.03 

0 

6.4 

.005 
CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF SUBSURFACE WATERS F21 

EXPLANATION FOR TABLE 5 

1. Dr11lod well, 148 ft deep, Prentiss, Jefferson Davis County~ Miss. In clay of 

Hattiesburg Formation of Miocene age. Unpublished aata In U.S. Geol. 

Survey tiles· analyst E. Zltnlk. 

2. Spring, Park Lake, Ffomlng County, Ky. From Ohio Shale of Devonian age. Unfubllsbcd data In U.S. Goo!. Survey files; analysts, J. A. Shaughnessy and 

J. E. Whitney. 3. Drilled won, 300 rt deep, Wyckoff1 Borgen County, N.J. In Brunswick Shale of 

'l'l'lasslc ago. Unpublished data In U.S. Geol. Survey files; analyst, D. E. 

Weaver. 

4. Spring, one-quarter mile southeast of Shcavll!o; sec. 24, T. 28 S., R. 46 E., Malheur 

County, Oreg. From tuffaceous clay of lY.liocene age. Unpublished data in 

U.S. Goo!. Survey files; analyst, R. A. Wilson. 

5. Well, 110 ft deep, Chicopoo1 Hampden County, Mass. In Chicopee Shale of 

Late 'l'rlassic ago. Unpuollslled data in U.S. Geol. Survey files; analysts, J. l~. Whitney and J. A. Shaughnessy. 6. Doroholo Donkcrhook 178{ Transvaal, Union of South Africa. In slightly met- amorphosed shale of 'Iransvaal System of Precambrian age (Bond, 1946); analyst, G. W. Bond. 

7. Drilled well, 720 ft deep, Georgetown, Georgetown County~ S.C. In clay of 

Black Creek Formation of Cretaceous age. Unpublished aata in U.S. Geol. 

Survey files; analyst, F. H. Pauszok. 

8. Drilled well, 80ft deep, Harrisburg, SE~ sec. 2, T. 18 :t-£:.~ R. 56 W.1 Banner 

County, Nebr. In Brule Siltstone of Oligocene age. unpublishea data in 

U.S. Gool. Survey tiles; analyst, E. Zitnik. 

9. Drilled won at Brlttstown, Cape Province, Union of South Africa. In shale of 

Ecca Series of Permian age (Bond, 1946); analyst, G. W. Bond. 

10. Dug well, 38ft deep, SE~SE~li sec. 28, T. 21 S., R. 11 E., Lyon County, Kans. 

In Willard and Dry Shales of Pennsylvanian age (O'Connor, 1953). 11. Drilled well, 300ft deep, Syracuse~TOnondaga County, N.Y. In Camillus and 

Vernon Shales of Silurian age. unpublished data in U.S. Geol. Survey files; analyst, B. V. Salotto. 

12. Drilled well, 72 ft deep, Strongsville Township, Cuyahoga County, Ohio. In 

shale of Mississippian age. Unpublished data in U.S. Geol. Survey tiles. 

13. Drilled well 32-73-8 DAB, 725ft deept...La Prole area1 Converse County, Wyo. In Benton Shale of Cretaceous age (Happ, 1953). Also reported; B, 1.6 ppm. 14. Drilled well, 130 rt deep, one-half mile east 01 Pekin, Montgomery County, NC. 

In shale of Triassic age. Unpublished data in U.S. Geol. Survey files; analysts. J. E. Whitney and J. A. Shaughnessy. 15. Drilled well1 1107 ft deep, Linden, NE~NW~ sec. 6, T.15 N., R. 2 E., Marengo Countyr,._Ala. In clay of Eutaw Formation of Cretaceous age. Unpublished data in u.S. Geol. Survey files; analyst, J. H. Hubble. 

16. Dug well, 35ft deep, Langdon, SE~ sec.14, T.161 N., R. 60 W., Cavalier County, N.Dak. In Pierre Sh.ale ot Cretaceous age. Unpublished data in U.S. Geol. 

Survey files; analysts, J. D. Honerkamp, J. D. Weeks, and J. 0. Johnson. 

17. Drilled well, 80 It deep, Ridgemore Farm, near Faure, Cape Province, Union of 

South Africa. In shale of Malmesbury Series or Precambrian age (Bond, 1946); analyst, G. W. Bond. 

18. Well, 22ft deep, 7 miles northeast of Monticello, NE~ sec. 30, T. 11 S., R. 6 W., 

Drew County, Ark. In Jackson Clay of Eocene age. Unpublished data In 

U.S. Geol. Survey files; analyst, E. Zitnik. 
F22 DATA OF GEOCHEN.USTRY 

TABLE 6 . .,-Chemical analyses of ground waters from limestone 

Analysis ______________ -- ___________________________ 1 

Source (formation or age) and location __ ----------- Miocene 

limestone, 

Gainesville, Fla. Date of collection ______ ------- _____ ---------------- Apr. 16, 1946 

ppm epm 

AL. Si02. _ -----------------------------:----- _-----. __ - 10 -------- __________ •.• ____ --- __ . -- ___________________________________ • __ 

Fo·------------------------------------------------ Mn . 04 -------- ____ ------------ _______ ------- _________________________________ _ Cu. _________ -- ________ ._. __ - ___________________ • __________________ _ 

zn __ ----------------------------------------------- -------- -------- Ca------------------------------------------------- 15 0. 75 Mg·----------------------------------------------- 6. 7 . 55 Na------------------------------------------------- 3. 2 . 14 K-------------------------------------------------- . 6 . 02 

2 

'Varsaw 

Limestone, 

'l'uscumbia, Ala. Apr. 10, 1956 

ppm 

7. 7 

.o 

. 23 

. 08 

. 00 

. 00 43 

1.2 

1.5 

.7 

epm 

2.15 

.10 

.06 

. 02 

3 Miocene 

limestone, 

Brooksville, Fla. July 5, 1946 

ppm 

8.9 epm 

. 05 --------

48 2.40 5. 8 . 48 4. 0 .17 .7 .02 

4 Bangor 

Limestone, 

Irondale, Ala. 

Sept. 3, 1952 

ppm 

10 

epm 

.14 --------

58 

3. 2 3.4 

. 6 

2.89 

. 26 

.15 

.02 

5 Ocala Limestone, 

Lake City, Fla. Mar. 16, 1957 

ppm 

25 . 1 

.17 

.00 

.00 

.02 

39 

15 

7. 5 

1.3 

epm 

Total cations:.------------------------------- ________ 1. 46 -------- 2. 33 -------- 3.07 -------- 3. 32 -------- 3. 54 

HCOa--------------------------------------------- 74 1. 21 CO a.---------------------------------------------- 0 S04------------------------------------------------ 2. 6 . 05 CL •. ---------------------------------------------- 3. 4 .10 F -------------------------------------------------- . 4 . 02 NOa.---------------------------------------------- I. 8 . 03 

P04------------------------------------------------ -------- --------

133 

0 

3. 2 2. 2 

. 1 

5. 9 

.0 

2.18 168 0 . 07 6. 4 . 06 4. 8 . 01 .1 .10 .o 2. 75 164 

0 . 13 7. 0 .14 7. 5 . 01 . 1 .00 8. 9 

2. 69 

. 15 

. 21 

. 01 

.14 

196 

0 

1.8 

9. 8 

.5 

.8 

.1 

3. 21 

. 04 

. 28 

.03 

. 01 

Total anions.-------------------------------- -------- 1. 41 -------- 2. 42 ________ 3. 03 -------- 3. 20 -------- 3. 57 

Total, as reported .. -------------------------- 118 199 247 263 297 

Specific conductance .....•..• micromhos at 25° C.. 143 pH. _____ . ___ ---- _________ --_--- __ - __ ._____________ 7. o Temperature __________________________________ °C__ 22.2 

Beta-gamma activitY--------------------J'f'C per L. -----------------

Ra. -------------------------------------!.lf'C per L. ---------------- _ U ___ -------------------------------------1-'g per L. ----------------- Ratios by weight: Ca/Na.----------------------------- ___ ----- ___ 4. 7 

Mg/Ca--------------------------------------- __ . 4 K/Na ___ --------------------- ___ --------------- . 2 HC03/CL _. ------------------------------- ____ 22 

804/CL •. -------------------------------------- . 8 F/CL •• ---------------------------------------- . 1 

Analysis .. _____ .___________________________________ 8 

Source (formation or age) and location_____________ Edwards 

Limestone, 

Uvalde, '!'ex. 

Date of collection .• ------------------------------- Nov. 2, 1945 

ppm epm 

Si 02 •• _.-------- ___ --. _- _--- _--- _--- __ --- ____ - __ . _- 11 -----.-- AL. ----.-.----. _----------- ____ . _- _____ ... - _- ______ .. _ .. -. ____ - _-- Fe •. ______ • _______ • _______ .-____________ .__________ . 08 _______ _ Mn ••. ___ ••• _____________________________________________ •. _______ _ 

cu _____ -------------------------------------------- -------- --------

224 7.3 

16. 1 

<10 o. 2 

o. 3 

29 . 03 

. 5 

60 

1.5 

.05 

9 

Laurel Limestone, 

Bardstown, 

Ky. Jan. 4, 1955 

ppm 

11 

epm 

287 7. 7 23.9 

12 .1 

.2 

35 

1.3 

.02 

10 Bayport dolo- mitic Limestone, Grand Rapids, Mich. Jan. 21, 1953 

ppm 

8. 4 epm 

. 07 --------

301 7. 5 

17.8 

17 .06 

.2 

22 .9 

. 01 

11 Pahasapa 

Limestone, 

Rapid City, S.Dak. Aug. 20, 1954 

ppm 

23 .1 

.00 

.00 

epm 

327 

8. 0 22.2 

14 

o. 6 0. 2 

5.2 

.4 

.2 

20 .2 

.05 

12 Lebanon 

Limestone, 

Mt. Juliet, 

Tenn. Nov. 17, 1954 

ppm 

9. 2 

.0 

.22 

.33 

.00 

epm 

6 Meagher 

Limestone, 

Ennis, Mont. 

Sept. 10, 1956 

ppm epm 

11 .2 

.00 

.oo 

--------

187 

0 

61 

2. 2 

.3 

1.4 

.05 

--------

340 

4.36 

3. 06 

1. 27 

. 06 

.02 

. 02 

4.43 

409 7. 8 12.2 

19 

.4 

.6 

85 

28 . 1 

13 Conasauga 

Limestone, 

Birmingham, Ala. Oct. 3, 1952 

ppm 

11 epm 

1. 4 --------

7 Castle Hayne 

Limestone, 

New Bern, N.C. Feb. 21, 1956 

ppm epm 

21 .0 

3. 5 

.02 

--------

240 

0 

.2 

8. 0 

.2 

. 2 

. 0 

--------

356 

14 

4.14 

3. 93 

. 00 

.23 

. 01 

.00 

4.17 

393 7. 1 16.7 

15 . 02 

.1 

30 . 03 

.03 

San Andres Limestone, 

Roswell, 

N.Mex. 

May 14, 1954 

ppm 

12 .2 

.01 

.01 

epm 

Zn •• __ • ---- __________ . ____ •. ___________ .• _________________________ _ 

Ca·------------------------------------------------ 74 3. 69 

.1 

.02 

.00 

.00 

.00 

61 

34 

9.0 

1.1 

---3~o4: --79·--- ---3~94· ··92·--- ---4~59- ·124 ____ ---6j9- ---96 ___ ---4~79· -i4o ____ ----6~99 

Mg .. ---------------------------------------------- 9. 5 . 78 2. 80 28 2. 30 37 3. 04 28 2. 30 37 3. 04 41 3. 37 N a _______ ._________________________________________ 24 1. 04 . 39 8. 1 . 35 5. 9 . 26 14 . 61 61 2. 65 31 1. 35 

K.------------------------------------------------- 7. 0 .18 . 03 5. 7 . 15 4. 9 . 13 3. 0 . 08 1. 2 . 03 1. 3 . 03 

Total cationS---------------------------------------- 5. 69 -------- 6. 26 -------- 6. 74 --------

HCOa. -------------------------------------------- 277 4. 54 CO a.------------------------------------__________ 0 

S04------------------------------------------------ 19 . 40 CL ------------------------------------------------ 24 . 68 F -------------------------------------------------- . 4 . 02 

Po. N03----------------------------------------------- ________________ 4.1 . 07 ... _____________ . ____ . ___________ . _____________ _ 

291 

0 

20 

11 .1 

44 

0 

4. 77 

----~42-

. 31 

. 01 

.71 

267 0 

51 

29 .0 

28 

4.38 

1. 06 

.82 

.00 

.45 

207 0 

214 

1. 8 

.5 

.3 

.0 

'l'otal anions--------------------------------- -------- 5. 71 -------- 6. 22 -------- 6. 71 --------

Total, as reported____________________________ 450 482 504 587 

Specific conductance _________ micromhos at 25° C.. 570 

pH.------------------_. __ ----.--------- __ .---_____ 7. 0 

'!'em perature ___ -------------------------------°C_- ----------------- Beta-gamma activitY--------------------J'f'C per L. ----------------- Ra •• ------------------------------ _ -----J.'J.'C per L. _ ---------------- U ----------------------------------------1-'g per L. ----------------- Ratios by weight: Ca/N a. ________________ . ______________________ _ 

Mg/Ca •••• _. ___ --- __ " --- _--------------------.- K/Na _________ --------------------------------- HC03/CL _. __ -------------- _____ ------ __ ------ SO./CL.--- ___ .--- _- _--- _- _--- _- ---- __ .--- ____ • 

F/CL _______ -----------------------------------

3.1 

.1 

.3 

12 

.8 

.02 

587 

8. 2 14.4 

<25 0.1 

0. 7 

6.8 

.6 

.1 

26 

1.8 

.009 

649 7. 3 

9.8 

.4 

. 7 

9.2 

1.8 

.0 

8.02 

3.39 

4.46 

.05 

.03 

.00 

7.93 

705 

7.4 

48.9 

17 

2.0 

6.4 

16 .4 

.8 115 

119 .3 

-------- 9.18 ---·---- 10.51 -------- 11.74 

460 7.54 291 4. 77 236 3.87 

0 0 0 ----6~56 57 1.19 91 1.89 315 

18 . 51 112 3.16 42 1. 18 

.1 .01 .1 . 01 .9 .05 

5.0 .08 20 .32 3.8 .06 

.0 -------- -------- ..................... -------- --------

-------- 9.33 -------- 10.15 -------- 11.72 

720 722 823 

808 963 1,040 

7.8 7.3 7.6 

13.9 16.7 20.6 

<25 ---............ --------- <10 0.1 --------... -------- 0.1 

1.2 ----------------- 1.0 

8. 9 1.6 4.5 

.2 .4 .3 

.2 .02 .04 

26 2.6 5.6 

3. 2 .8 7.5 

.006 . 001 .02 
CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF SUBSURFACE WATERS F23 

EXPLANATION FOU. TABLE 6 

1. Olen Springs, 2 miles northwest or Gainesville, Alachua County, Fla. Flows 

150 gpm from limestone of Miocene ago (Ferguson, Llngham, Love, and Vernon, 

1947). 2. Artesian spring, 'ruscumbla, NWXI sec. 9, T. 4 S., R. 11 W., Colbert County, Ala. From Warsaw Limestone of Mississippian age. Unpublished data in 

U.S. Goo!. Survey flies; analyst, D. E. Weaver. 

3. Wookiwachoo spring, 12 miles southwest of Brooksville, Hernando County, Fla. 

Flows 71,000 gpm from limestone of Miocene age (Ferguson, Lingham, Love, and 

Vernon, 1947). 

4. Drilled wo11{ 210 Ct deep~. Irondale, Jefferson County, Ala. In Bangor Limestone 

of Misslss pplan ago (.tloblnson, Ivey, and Billingsley, 1953). 5. Drilled wo11t275 ft doop1 1792 Putnam St., Lake City, Columbia County, Fla. 

In Ocala lmostono or Eocene ago. Unpublished data In U.S. Goo!. Survey flies; analyst, D. K Weaver. 6. Spring, 9 miles south of Ennis, SWXI Roc. 13, T. 7 S., R. 2 W..:~ Madison County, Mont. Flows 15,000 gpm trom Meagher Limestone of vambrian ago. Unpublished data in U.S. Goo!. Survey files; analyst, R. A. Wilson. 

7. Drilled well, 120 !t deep. Now Bern, Craven County, N.C. In Castle Hayne Limestone of Eocene ago. Unpublished data In U.S. Geol. Survey files; an- alyst S. l:I. Phillips. 8. Well, S50 ft doep1 Uvaldoa Uvalde County, Tex. In Edwards Limestone of 

Cretaceous ago lPotlt an George, 1956). 

9. Spring, southwest border of Bardstown, Nelson County, Ky. Flows 15 gpm from Laurel Limestone ot Silurian ago (dolomitic in some areas). Unpublished data in U.S. Oeol. Survey files; analysts, J. A. Shaughnessy and J. E. Whitney. 

10. Drilled well~,..,..57 ft deep, northeast of Grand Rapids, SEXISEXI sec. 1, T. 8 N., 

R. 12 W., Kent County, Mich. In Bayport Dolomitic Limestone of Mississippian age; water may be from sandstone lenses in this formation (Stramel, Wisler, 

and Laird, 1954). 11. Well, 4,645 ft deep, Rapid City, NW XI sec. 18, T. 2 N., R. 9 E., Pennington County S. Dak. In Pahasapa Limestone of Mississippian age. Unpublished 

data in U.S. Geol. Survey files; analysts, J.D. Honerkamp, J.D. Weeks, and 

J. 0. Johnson; also reported: B, 0.41 ppm. 12. Drilled well, 69 ft deep, Mount Juliet, Wilson County, Tenn. In Lebanon 

Limestone of Ordovician age. Unpublished data in U.S. Geol. Survey files; 

analysts, J. E. Whitney and J. A. Shaughnessy. 

13. Drilled well, 310ft deep, Birmingham, Jefferson County, Ala. In Conasauga Limestone of Cambrian age (Robinson, Ivey, and Billingsley, 1953). 14. Flowing well, 843ft deep, 10 miles southeast of Roswell, SWXI sec. 15, T.llS., 

R. 25 E. Chaves County, N.Mex. Flows 2 000 gpm from San Andres Lime- stone or Permian age. Unpublished data in U.S. Oeol. Survey files; analysts, R. A. Wilson, J. D. Weeks, and J. 0. Johnson. 

TABLE 7 .-Chemical analyses of ground waters from dolomite 

2 

Analysis ___ --------------------------------- )!'ormation location_------------------------- Gasconade Copper Ridge 

Dolomite, Alley, Dolomite, Center 

Mo. Point, Ala. 

Date or collection ____ ----------------------- June 19, 1925 Oct. 1, 1952 

ppm epm ppm epm 

SI03----------------------------------------- 5. 4 9. 2 AI _____ -----_-------------------------------- ---------- ---------- ---------- ----------

]~0------------------------------------------ .17 ---------- . 34 ---------- M:n _____ --- ___ ------------------------------ ---------- ---------- ---------- ---------- ou ___ --------------------------------------- ---------- ---------- ---------- ---------- Zn _____________ ----------------------------- ---------- ---------- -------- _- ---------- Ca------------------------------------------ 30 1. 50 34 1. 70 

~~~:-::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: } 1!. 6 1: ~~ { 1~: ~ 1Jg 

3 

Niagara Dolomite, 

West Allis, Wis. 

Oct. 29, 1954 

ppm 

18 

.2 

.39 

.03 

.00 

.00 

35 

33 

28 

1.3 

epm 

1. 75 2. 71 

1. 22 } .03 

4 

Precambrian 

dolomite near Irene, Pretoria, 

Transvaal, Union 

of South Africa 

Oct. 2, 1939 

ppm 

24 

67 

39 

8.0 

epm 

3.34 

3. 21 

.35 { 

Peebles Dolomite, 

Bainbridge, Ohio 

May 13, 1955 

ppm 

11 .0 

28 

72 

. 48 

.13 

.00 

3. 5 

1.7 

epm 

1. 40 5. 92 

.15 

.04 

6 

Guelph Dolomite, 

Fort Recovery, 

Ohio 

Mar. 20, 1955 

ppm 

14 

.2 

4.2 

.05 

.00 

.00 178 

86 

76 

3.5 

epm 

R.88 

7.07 

3.30 

.09 

'l'otal cations ___________________________________ _ 3.18 ---------- 2. 96 ---------- 5. 71 ---------- 6. 90 ---------- 7. 51 ---------- 19.34 

HOOs--------------------------------------- 160 2. 62 160 2. 62 4.67 

00&----------------------------------------- 4 .13 0 

S04----------------------------------------- 1. 4 . 03 3. 7 . 08 

0'------------------------------------------- 5. 0 .14 2. 5 . 07 

1~--- ---------------------------------------- ---------- ---------- . 1 . 01 

NOs----------------------------------------- . 9 . 02 3. 2 . 05 

p 04----------------------------------------- ---------- ---------- ---------- ----------

241 0 

88 

1.0 

.9 

1. 2 

0 

3. 95 

1. 83 

.03 

.05 

.02 

390 0 

1.0 

17 .0 

.4 

6.39 

.02 

.48 

.00 

.01 

398 0 

28 

5.0 

.1 

31 

.0 

6. 52 

.58 

.14 

. 01 

. 50 

285 0 

707 

11 

1.7 

1.1 

14.72 

. 31 

.09 

.02 

'l'otal anions--------- _______________ --- _________ _ 2. 94 ----------

230 

2. 83 ---------- 5. 88 ---------- 6. 90 ----------

579 

7. 75 ---------- 19.81 

Total, as reported--------------------- 229 

~'~~~::o~;~~;~~~~~~~==~~~~~~~~~l;;:~~:2:~;=~== ::::::::::::::::::::: 2:!: ~ Beta-gamma activity -------------JJJJC per L_ --------------------- --------------------- Hn------------------------------- JJJJC per L_ --------------------- --------------------- U--------------------------------- JJg per L_ --------------------- --------------------- Ratios by weight: 

Oa/Na---------------------------------- 6. 5 17 

MJF/Ca---------------------------------- . 6 . 4 

K/Na __ --------------------------------- --------------------- . 3 

HOOa/CL------------------------------ 32 64 

SOl/OL --------------------------------- . 3 1. 5 l!'/OL _ ---------------- __ ------- ___________ ---- _______ -------- . 04 

448 

511 8. 2 10.3 

<25 

0.1 

<0.1 

1.2 

.9 

.04 241 

88 .9 

546 

7. 9 

8.4 

.6 

23 

.06 

.0 

663 

7.6 

13.3 

<25 

0.2 

0.8 

8.0 

2.6 

.5 

80 

5.6 

.02 

1,370 

1, 510 

7.4 

15.0 

<50 

0.6 

2.0 

2.3 

.5 

.05 

26 

64 

.15 

EXPLANATION FOR TABLE 7 

1. Alloy Spring, A11ey Spring State Park, sec. 2§..! T. 29, N., R. 5 W., Shannon County, Mo. :Flows 10,fl00 gpm trom Gasconade volomito of Ordovician age (Beckman and Hinchey, 1944). 

2. Harvey Spring, 1 ~miles southeast or Center PointbJofferson County1 Ala. From 

Cooper Hidge Dolomite of Cnmbrian ago (Ro inson, Ivey, ana Billingsley, 1953). 

3. Dr!llod woJ1500 ft deep, 2 miles west or West Allis, sec. 6, T. 6 N., R. 21 E., Milwaukee vounty, Wis. In Niagara Dolomite of Silurian age. Unpublished data in U.S. Geol. Survey files; analysts, J. E. Whitney and J. A. Shaughnessy. 

4. Drilled well, 100 ft deep, 1 mile south of Irene, on main road to Johannesburg, District of Pretoria1 Transvaal, Union of South Africa. In dolomite of Prccambrain age (Bona, 194fl); analyst, G. W. Bond. 

5. Drilled wen, 95 tt deep, 3.3 miles west of Bainbridge, Ross County, Ohio (on U.S. 

Highway 50). In Peebles Dolomite of Silurian age. Unpublished data in 

U.S. Geol. Survey files; analysts, J. E. Whitney and J. A. Shaughnessy. 

6. Drilled well, 208ft deep, Fort Recovery~ Mercer County, Ohio. In Guelph Dolomite of Silurian age. Unpublished aata In U.S. Geol. Survey files; analysts J. E. Whitney and J. A. Shaughnessy. 
DATA OF GEOCHEMISTRY 

TABLE B.-Chemical analyses of ground waters from miscellaneous sedimentary rocks 

Analysis _____ ---______________________________ 1 2 4 5 Rock type and location_______________________ Biwabik Iron Formation, Grand Rapids, Minn. 

Big Fork Chert, Hot 

Springs, Ark. 

3 

Phosphoria Phosphate, Garrison, Mont. I~ignite, Fort Union 

Formation Belfield, 

N.Dak. 

Gypsum, Castile 

Formation, W. of Red 

Bluff, N. Mex. 

Date of collection .•• -------------------------- Sept. 22, 1954 May 28,1956 Apr. 2,1957 Mar. 9, 1957 Nov. 25, 1949 

si o, __________________________________________ ppm epm ppm epm 

14 ------------ 26 AL. ___ • ___ • ___________________ •• _______ • _____ ------------ .0 ------------ .9 ------------ Fe ___________ ------------- __ -------- __________ . 65 ------------ .95 Mn •. ______________ • _. ________________________ ------------ .00 ------------ .18 ------------ Ca. ___ ---------------····-------------------- 54 2. 70 26 1.30 

Mg ••• --------------------------·--·---------- 19 1. 56 1.9 .16 

N a._ •••• _____ ---- ___ ----- ___ ----- ____________ 7.5 .33 7.4 32 

K.------------------------------------------- 5.8 .15 2.8 .07 

ppm epm 

8.6 ------------ .1 ------------ 1.3 ------------ .00 ------------ 36 1. 80 

14 1.15 

2.3 .10 

1.8 .05 

ppm 

11 

.1 

.00 

.09 

74 

53 

624 

5.4 

epm ppm epm 

29 

-------3~69" --------636" -------31~74 

4.36 43 3. 54 

27.14 

.14 17 .74 

Total cations--------------------------- ------------ 4. 74 ------------ 1. 85 ------------ 3.10 ------------ 35.33 ------------ 36.02 1=======1 1=======1 1=========1 1=======1 I======= 

HCOs---------------------------------------- 271 

COs---------------------------------------·-- 0 

so ••• ----------·---•• -------------.----·------ 6.1 

CL •• __ • ____ --.-_.- _--- _. ____ • _. --· _. ___ • __ • __ .5 

F --------------------------------------------- .1 

NOs------------------------------------------ 1.2 

PO•- _ -----------·-------···-·· •• ···------- ___ .0 

Total anions ____________________________ -·----------

Total, as reported _____________________ _ 

Specific conductance ••• micromhos at 25° C .• 

l1~mpei!iitife::~~~~~:~::::::::::::::::::~c.a:: Beta-gamma activity ---------------J.&J.&O per L. 

Ra .. ·-------------------------------J.IJ.IC per L. 

U ----·-----------------·------------Pg per L. 

Ratios by weight: Ca/N a _____ •• ---.--- __ -_----.-- ___ -- _____ _ 

Mg/Ca.------------· --------------------- K/Na ________ -----··----------------------

H C Oa/CL-------------------------------- RO./CL----------·---------.-------------- F/CL ____ .---.-------------------.--------

380 

4.44 68 

------------ 0 

.13 34 

.01 2.2 

.01 .1 

.02 .1 

------------ .0 

4. 61 ------------

413 

7.8 

7.8 

<14 

2.6 

0.2 

7.2 

3.5 

.8 500 

12 

.2 

171 

1.11 131 

------------ 0 

.71 40 

.06 2.0 

.01 . 9 

.00 .8 

------------ .45 

1. 89 ------------

199 

6.5 

28.9 

<7 

0.8 

3.5 

.07 

.4 

31 

15 

.05 

239 

2.15 702 

--------~83- 0 

1,080 

.06 25 

.05 .3 

.01 .0 

------------ .15 

3.10 ------------

294 

7.4 

12.8 

<S 

2.1 

2. 7 

16 

.4 

.8 

66 

20 .4 

2,580 

11.51 143 2. 34 

------22~49" 1, 57g -------3i69 . 70 24 . 68 

. 02 ------------ ------------ ------------ 18 . 29 

34.72 ------------ 36.00 

3,060 

7.1 

5.0 

<85 

0.2 

1.0 

0.1 

.7 

.009 

28 

43 

.01 

2,480 

2,510 

37 

.07 

---------------·----- 6~o65 

EXPLANATION FOR TABLE 8 

1. Drilled well, 573 ft deep, Grand Rapids, Itasca County, Minn. In Biwabik 

Iron Formation of Precambrian age, consisting of ferruginous sediments, largely · unmetamorphosed in this area. Unpublished data In U.S. Geol. Survey files; 

analysts, R. A. Wilson, J.D. Week~ and J. 0. Johnson. 

2. Drilled weH,_200 ft deepkeast of city of .1:1.ot Springs, SW!4 sec. 33, T. 2 8., R. 19 W.t 

Garland \Jounty, Ar . In Big Fork Chert of Ordovician age. Unpublishea data in U.S. Geol. Survey files; analyst, B. P. Robinson. 

3. Drainage water from 1,000-ft level, Anderson phosphate mine, Garrison, sec. 10, 

T. 10 N. R. ~o W .. Powell County, Mont. From Phosphoria Formation of 

Permian age. Unpublished data in U.S. Geol. Survey files; analyst, J. 0. 

Johnson. 

4. Drilled well, 85ft deep, Belfield, sec. 4, T.139 N., R. 99 W., Stark County, N.Dak. 

In lignitic coal of Fort Union Formation of Terinry age. Unpublished data in 

U.S. Geol. Survey files; analyst, Darwin Golden. 

5. Jumping Springs, sec. 17, T. 26 S., R. 26 E., 15 miles west of Red Bluff, Eddy County, N. Mex. Flows 5 gpm from gypsum of Castile Formation of Permian 

age (Hendrickson and Jones, 1952). Sec table 27 tor analyses of saline waters from associated evaporite deposits. 
CHEMICAL CO:MPOSITION OF SUBSURFACE WATERS 

TABLE 9.-Chemical analyses of ground waters from quartzite and marble 

Analysis........................................... 1 

Uock typo nnd location •••••••••••••••••••••••••••• Mutual Quartzlteulf::::-as, 

Date or colloctlon.................................. Oct. 20, 1954 

2 

Pretoria Quart- zite, Transvaal, 

Union of South 

Africa 

Nov. 27,.1940 

3 4 5 6 . Quartzite, Quartzite, Cliffs Sioux Quartzite, Sylacauga MarBuc"ks County, Shaft Mine, Sioux Falls, ble, Sylacauga, .Pa. Mich. S. Dak. Ala. 

Sept. 7, 1953 Jnn. 28, 1952 Aug. 28, 1954 Apr. 27, 1955 

F25 

7 Cockeysville 

Marble, Balti- more County, 

Md. 

May 5,1953 

ppm epm ppm epm ppm epm ppm epm ppm epm ppm epm ppm epm 

SiOa. •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 3. 6 8. 0 17 7. 6 15 9. 9 17 

~~::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: :go :::::::: :::::::: :::::::: ··--i~6- :::::::: : g1 : ~1 : g3 : ~6 Mn................................................ . 00 •••••••• •••••••• •••••••• •••••••• .•..•..• . 20 •••••••• 1. 6 ••••.•••. . 04 . 01 

Cu................................................. ••.••••• •••..••• •••••••• •••••••• .••••••• •••••..• .••••••• •••••••• •••.•••• .•..•.•• . 00 · . 05 

Ca................................................. 2. 6 0.13 1. 6 0. 08 25 1. 25 32 1. 60 102 5. 09 39 ---i~95" 64 ···Ti9 

Mg................................................ . 4 . 03 5. 8 . 48 5.1 . 42 16 1. 32 35 2. 88 10 . 82 9. 4 . 77 

Sr ••• ----••••• ·-·······------------·····-·--·--·-·- _ ····--- .•••••••.••••• -- •••••••• -----· .• -------- ------••••• ----- •••• ---- ••••••.•• __ . ____ ••••• ___ -------- -------- Na................................................. 1. 0 . 04 } 2 8 12 { 4. 5 . 20 8. 5 . 37 12 . 52 2. 7 .12 3. 4 .15 

K--··------·-···-·--------------------------------- 1. 8 . 05 · · 3. 8 .10 3. 1 . 08 4. 6 . 12 . 3 . 01 2. 0 . 05 

'l'otnl cations •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• -------- 0. 25 -------- o. 68 -------- 1. 97 .••••••• 

T:ICOa--------------------------------------------- 8 0.13 18 0. 30 80 1. 31 144 

COs-------------------------------·-··------------ 0 0 0 0 

SOc--------------------------------------------·--· 3. 4 . 07 2. 0 . 04 13 . 27 39 

CL---···--···-··--···-·----·-·---·--·------------- . 8 . 02 9. 9 . 28 8. 0 . 23 8. 0 1~-------------------------------------------------- .1 . 01 . 0 -------- . 4 . 02 . 2 

NOa---------·-··--·-·-··-··--··-·-·-····---------- 1. 2 . 02 4. 0 . 06 . 3 . 01 2. 7 POe---·--····-···-----·-··-··---------------------- .1 -·-·-·-- -------- -------- -------- -------- . 0 B-------------------------------------------------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- . 2 

Total nnlons ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• -------· 0. 25 -------- 0. 68 -------- 1. 84 --------

Total, as reported ••• _________________________ 23 52 159 262 

g¥1~~~~-~~~~-~~~~~~~:::::::::~~~~~~~~~-~~-~~0-~:: 'l'omporaturo ___ •••• ------------------------•• °C •• Beta-gamma activity. -----------------··"'"'c per L. 

Rn.·------·-···-····--------------------·"'"'c per L. 

U ••••••• ·-·-···-·-·-·----·--·-·-------·-··~-'g per L. 

Uatlos by weight: 

~~~%~·.::::::: ::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 

f'~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ 

36 

6. 5 

7.2 

<5 

0.1 

<0.1 

2.6 

.2 

1.8 

10 

4.3 

.1 

-----------·Ts· 

0.6 

3.6 

-------------i~S" 

.2. 

.0 

206 

7.1 

11.7 

5.6 

.2 

.8 

10 

1.6 

.05 

EXPLANATION. FOR TABLE 9 

3.37 

2.36 

----~si· 

.23 

.01 

.04 

3.45 

323 7. 9 7.2 

3.8 

.5 

.4 

18 

4.9 

.02 

--------

346 

0 

130 

3.0 

.5 

.4 

.0 

.4 

--------

652 

8. 61 

5.67 

--T7i-

.08 

.03 

.01 

-------- 8.50 

742 7. 4 11.7 

<17 2. 2 8.1 

8.5 

.3 

.4 115 

43 

.2 

--------

162 

0 

2.4 

3.8 

.0 

5.8 

.o --------

--------

236 

2.90 

2.66 

.05 

.11 

.00 

.09 

-------- 2. 91 

260 7. 9 19.4 

<10 

<0.1 

<0.1 

14 

·.a 

.1 

43 . 7 

.o 

--------

223 

0 

19 

5.6 

.) 

.6 

.0 

--------

--------

345 

4.16 

3.66 

.40 

.16 

.01 

.01 

-------- 4. 24 

394 

7.6 

19 .1 

.6 

40 

3.4 

.02 

1. Sprlng1 Mirror Lake, SW14 sec. 261 T.1 S., R. 9 E./ Duchesne County, near Kamasd 

Utan. mows 20 gpm from Mutual Quartziteo Precambrian age. Unpublishe data In U.S. Ocol. Survey flies; analysts, R. A. Wilson and J.D. Weeks. 

2. Drlllod well, 50 ft deep, on Onbekcnd 226, northeast of Benoni, Trnnsvaalt Union or South Africa. In quartzite in Pretoria Series of Precambrian ago (Bona, 1946); 

analyst, G. W. Bond. 

5. Well, 172 ft deep, Sioux Falls, SWJ4 sec. 13, T. 101 N., R. 50 W.1• Minnehaha 

County, S. Dak. In Sioux Quartzite of Precambrian age. Unpubnshed data in 

U.S. Geol. Survey files; analysts, J. D. Honerkamp, J. D. Weeks, and J. 0. 

Johnson. 

3. Drlllod well, 504ft deep, Bucks County, Pa. In quartzite of Cambrian age (Green- man 1955.) 4. Drip lrom roof or 6th-level raise, Cliffs Shaft Iron mine, Marquette mining district, 

Mich. In quartzite or Precambrian age (Stuart, Brown, and Rhodehamel, 

1954). Sco table 24, analyses 2 and 3 for analyses of saline waters found at depth in Michigan copper:and iron minos. 

6. Drilled we111 179 ft deep, Sylacauga, NEJ4 sec. 32, T. 21 S., R. 4 E., Talladega County, Ia. In Sylacauga Marble of Paleozoic or Precambrian age. Un· 

published data in U.S. Geol. Survey files; analysts, J. E. Whitney and J. A. 

Shaughnessy. 7. Drilled well, 95ft deep, Baltimore Countyl ~d. In Cockeysvllle Marble of Precambrian age (Dingman, Ferguson, and lY.lartin, 1956). 
F26 DATA OF GEOCHEN.aSTRY 

TABLE 10.-Chemical analyses of ground waters from slate, schist, gneiss, and miscellaneous metamorphic rocks 

Analysis __________________________ 1 Rock type and location __________ Siamo Slate, 

Morris Mine, 

Mich. 

Date of collection _________________ Mar. 25, 1952 

ppm epm 

8102------------------------------ 8. 2 AL.------------------------------ . 0 

Fe-------------------------------- .12 Mn------------------------------- . 50 -------- Cu.------------------------------ -------- -------- Zn ______ -------------------------- ___ ----- ___ ----- Ca________________________________ 101 5. 04 

Mg------------------------------- 5. 6 . 46 Na------------------------------- 13 . 57 

K __ ------------------------------ 10 . 26 

2 Wissahickon 

Schist, Arcadia, 

Md. 

May 12,1954 

ppm 

14 epm 

3 

Mica Schist, 

Wilkesboro, 

N.C. 

Mar. 17, 1955 

ppm 

26 

epm 

4 Wissahickon 

Schist, Bucks 

County, Pa. 

Apr. 28, 1953 

ppm 

12 epm 

.0 

.16 

.02 

.00 

-------- ~--2:6-- ======== ----:04- ======== 

I .18 

3.1 

1.2 

3. 3 

.8 

0.16 

.10 

.14 

.02 

. 00 -------- -------- --------

10 o. 50 

1.6 .13 

5. 5 .24 

1.0 .03 

22 

9.1 

21 

4.4 

1.10 

. 75 

. 91 

.11 

5 6 7 8 

Brevard Schist, Quartzitic Schist and Baltimore 

Suwanee, Ga. Schist, Slate, Tonasket, Gneiss, Bucks 

Vassalboro, 

Maine 

Wash. County, Pa. 

Jan. 8, 1957 Mar. 27, 1957 Oct. 25, 1954 Apr. 30, 1953 

ppm 

21 .o 

.11 

.02 

.00 

.02 

27 

5. 7 16 

.7 

epm ppm 

13 .o 

.09 

.oo 

.oo 

epm ppm 

18 .1 

.00 

.00 

epm ppm 

17 

epm 

. 10 --------

---i:a5- --29 ____ ---i:45- --82 ____ ---4:o9- ---;;:4-- ----o:a7 . 47 9. 7 . 80 9. 0 . 74 5. 0 . 41 . 70 35 1. 52 9. 1 . 40 4. 7 • 20 . 02 3. 6 . 09 2. 8 . 07 2. 0 . 05 

Total cations _______________ -------- -------- -------- 0.42 -------- 0.90 -------- 2. 87 -------- 2. 54 -------- 3.86 -------- 5.30 -------- 1. 03 

HCOs. --------------------------- COa.----------------------------- 8 04------------------------------- CL ____ --------------------------- F ---------------------------------

N Oa------------------------------ P04------------------------------

212 0 128 5. 2 

. 5 

.o 

.0 

3.47 

---2~66-

.15 

.03 

21 

0 

1.2 

2. 4 

.o 

.4 

.1 

0.34 45 

0 

.02 3.0 

.07 2. 5 .oo .1 . 01 1.4 

o. 74 26 

0 

.06 48 

.07 34 

.01 .1 

.02 30 

0.42 

1.00 

.96 

.01 

.48 

138 0 

9.6 

2. 5 

.5 

.0 

.o 

2.26 

.20 

.07 

.03 

.oo 

183 3.00 234 3.83 23 0.38 

0 0 0 28 .58 63 1. 31 11 .23 7. 9 .22 1.5 .04 11 .31 

1.1 .06 .1 . 01 .1 . 01 

.0 1.2 .02 7.4 .12 

.o ----·--- -------- -------- -------- -------- Total anions ________________ -------- 6. 31 -------- 0. 44 -------- 0. 90 -------- 2. 87 -------- 2. 56 -------- 3. 86 -------- 5. 21 -------- 1. 05 

Total, as reported __________ 1489 -------- 48 99 -------- 207 -------- 221 -------- 310 -------- 421 89 

Specific conductance 

micrombos at 25°C__ 574 41 92 384 

J}!m-peratiire~~--_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_<,.a== ~: i -------------~~~- ------------~~~-- 1~: ~ Beta-gamma activitY---J'J'C per L_ ----------------- ----------------- ----------------- ----------------- Ra.--------------------l'l'c per L. ----------------- ----------------- ----------------- ----------------- U -----------------------l'g per L_ ----------------- ----------------- ----------------- ----------------- Ratios by weight: 

Ca/N a _____ ------------------_ Mg/Ca ___ --------------------

K/N a-------------------------

HCOs/CL--------------------

804/CL __ -------------------- F /CL _____ --------------------

7. 8 

.06 

.8 

41 

25 

.1 

Analysis __________________ ---_____ -----____________ 

Rock type and location·---------------------------

Date of collection __________________________________ 

9 

0. 9 

.4 

.2 

8.8 

.5 

.0 

Willimantic 

Gneiss, Willimantic, Conn. 

Oct. 25, 1954 

10 

1.8 

.3 

.2 

18 

1.2 

.04 

Grenville 

Gneiss, Bloomingdale, N.Y. 

June 7, 1954 

11 

1.0 

.4 

. 2 

.8 

1.4 

.002 

Port Deposit 

Gneiss, Balti- more County, 

Md. 

Mar. 25, 1953 

237 

8.0 

18.3 

<10 

0.2 

0.3 

1. 7 

.4 

.04 

55 

3. 8 

.2 

12 Hornblende 

gneiss, Paddysland, Transvaal, 

Union of South 

Africa 

1941 

ppm epm ppm epm ppm epm ppm epm 

Si 02----------------------------------------------- . 13 23 31 86 

AI. _______________ -- ____ -------_------------------- Fe ______________________________________ --- ____ ---- -------- ----:4ii- ======== 2:? .0 

Mn ______________ - _________ - _-- ____ ---------------- -------- -------- -------- • 22 

Cu. ___ ----- _____ ---------------------------------- -------- -------- -------- . 01 

344 

8.0 

10.6 

<5 

0.1 

<0.1 

0.8 

.3 

.1 

23 

3. 5 

.1 

13 

Gneiss complex, 

SE. of Nipton, 

Calif. 

Dec. 22, 1955 

ppm 

30 

.4 

.00 

.00 

epm 

481 120 7. 7 7.2 

11.7 12.2 

<14 --......... ----------- 0.1 ----------------- 1. 4 ----------------- 9. 0 1.6 

.1 1.1 

.3 ------------2:1-- 156 

42 1 .07 .009 

14 15 

Quartz-bema- Greenstone, 

tite, Itabira Yanceyville, District, Minas N.C. 

Gerais, Brazil 

----------------- -----------------

ppm epm ppm epm 

2.8 31 

: ~ -------- ----i~3- ======== 

• 0 -------- -------- --------

Zn _______________ - ___________ --______ --------------

ca ___ ----------------------------------------------

.1 

.09 

.00 

.00 

.06 

19 

5.1 

4.4 

3.2 

-------- -------- -------- . 00 0. 95 33 1. 65 28 --T4o- ---59 ___ ---2~93- --!iii ____ ---4:49- -----:;;- ---o:oa- ---95 ___ ----4:74 

Mg------------------------------------------------ N a _____ ----- _____ --------------------------------- K ____ ----------------------------------------------

.42 ~2 .w 1.9 

: 5~ } 1. 1 . 05 { ~: ~ 

. 16 57 4. 66 69 5. 67 . 7 . 06 40 3. 29 

. 30 99 4. 29 72 3. 13 1. 3 . 06 } 21 91 . 11 5. 8 . 15 2. 0 . 05 . 4 . 01 . 

Total cations ___ ----------------------------- -------- 1. 64 -------- 2. 29 -------- 1. 97 -------- 12. 03 -------- 13. 34 -------- . 16 -------- 8.94 

HCOs. ___ ------ __ --------------------------------- 39 0.64 108 1. 77 121 1. 98 506 8.30 516 8.46 7.4 0.12 304 4. 98 

COs. _____ ----------------------------------------- 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

804------------------------------------------------ 30 .62 15 . 31 1.4 .03 17 .35 132 2. 75 0 76 1.58 

CL ----------------- ___ -------- _ ------------------- 5. 8 .16 7.0 .20 1.0 .03 106 2.99 76 2.14 .4 .01 85 2.40 

F -------------------------------------------------- . 7 

NOs.----_---------------_------------------------- 15 

P04- ___ ------------------------------------------- . 0 

.04 .2 .01 .1 .01 4.0 . 21 .6 .03 -----:6- .0 .00 . 24 ----:o-- -------- .2 .00 -------- -------- .6 .01 .01 .3 .00 

-------- .0 -------- -------- -------- .0 .0 -------- -------- -------- Total anions _________________________________ -------- 1. 70 -------- 2. 29 -------- 2. 05 -------- 11.85 -------- 13.39 -------- 0. 14 -------- 8. 96 

Total, as reported.--------------------------- 135 

Specific conductance _________ micrombos at 25° C •• 

~!n:1i)ei-atille:::_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-:_-_-_.._-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_,,.a== 

Beta-gamma activitY--------------------J'j.IC per L_ Ra. -------------------------------------I'I'C per 1 U __ --------------------------------------).lg per L_ Ratios by weight: Ca/N a ________ -- ___ - ___ ---_______ -------- __ ----

Mg/Ca _______ --_ --_---------------------------- K/N a _____ ------------------------------------- H C Os/Cl.----------- _ ------------------------- 80•/CL----------------------------------------

F /CL --- ___ ----_-------------------------------

I Value considered dubious, possible contamination. J Includes components mentioned in explanation. 

178 6. 9 13.3 

<10 

<O.l 

0. 5 

4.3 

1. 2 

. 7 

6. 7 5.2 

.1 

195 

261 

7.4 

9.4 

<10 

<0.1 

1.0 

30 

6.5 

-----------15 ____ 

2.1 

.03 

199 940 -------- 989 

192 6. 9 7.4 

4.1 0. 6 .3 .6 .6 .06 121 4.8 

1.4 .2 

.1 .04 

1180 

8.1 

10.5 

<34 

<0.1 

37 

1. 2 

.8 

.03 

6.8 

1. 7 

.008 

15 

11 

5. 8 

0. 5 

1 

.3 

18 

0 

654 

4. 5 

.4 

3.6 

.9 

.0 
CHEMlCAL CO:MPOSITION OF SUBSURF.A!CE WATERS F27 

EXPLANATION FOR TABLE 10 

1. Drip from roof of drift on 8th level, Morris MlneJ.. Marquette iron mining district, 

Mich. In Slamo slate of Precambrian age. vontalns 2 ppm and 0.05 epm Sr 

and 2.9 ppm B, which are Included In totals (Stuart, Brown, and Rhodehamel, 

1954). 

2. Drilled well, 223 ft deep, Arcadia, Baltimore County, Md. In Wissahickon 

Schist (albite facies) of Precambrian age (Dingman, Ferguson, and Martin, 

1956). 8. Drilled well, 700 ft deep, Wilkesboro, Wilkes County, N.C. In mica schist. 

Unpublished data In U.S. Geol. Survey files; analyst, S. A. Phillips. 4. Well, 450ft deep, Bucks County, Pa. In Wlssahlckon Schist of Precambrian 

ngo (Greenman 1955). 

5. Drilled well, 600 ft deep, Suwanee, Gwlnnett Count~ Ga. In Brevard Schist of 

Cambrian nge. Unpublished data In U.S. Geol. ~:~urvey files; analyst, D. E. 

Weaver. 

6. Drilled well, 250ft deep..~,. Vassalboro, Kennebec County, Maine. In fine-grained quartzltlc scl1lst of rrocambrian(?) age. Unpublished data In U.S. Geol. 

Survey files; analyst, D. E. Weaver. 

7. Spring, Tonasket, NW~ soc. 20, T. 38 N., R. 26 E., Okanogan County, Wash. 

]!'lows 4.5 gpm from schist nnd slate of Paleozoic age. Unpublished data In U.S. 

Gool. Survey flies; analyst, J.D. Honerkamp. 

648868--62--G 

8. Drilled well, 80 :t deep, Bucks County, Pa. In Baltimore Gneiss of Precambrian 

age (Greenman, 1955). 

9. Drilled well, 180ft deep, Willimantic, Windham County, Conn. In Willimantic 

Gneiss of Gregory, probably of Carboniferous age or younger. Unpublished data In U.S. Geol. Survey files; analysts, J. E. Whitney and J. A. Shaughnessy. 10. Drilled well'p304 ft deep, Bloomingdale, Essex County..t N.Y. In Grenville 

Gneiss of recambrlan age. Unpublisned data in U.1:1. Geol. Survey files; analysts, J. A. Shaughnessy and W. F. White. 

11. Drilled wellt 167ft deep.z.... Baltimore County, Md. In Port Deposit granitic gneiss of Precamorian age (vlngman, Ferguson, and Martin, 1956). 

12. Warm spring, Paddysland, Transvaal, Union of South Africa. From hornblende 

gneiss of Precambrian age (Kent, 1949). 

13. Wheaton Springs, 12 miles southeast of Nipton, San Bernardino County, Calif. 

Flows 5 gpm from sillimanite-biotite-garnet gneiss complex (Olson and others, 

1954). Unpublished data. in U.S. Geol. Survey files; analyst, E. Zitnik. 

14. Spring, in Sant' Anna. area, Itabira. district, Minas Gerais, Brazil. From lta.-

birite, a quartz hematite-mica rock, of Precambrian age; analyst, V. M. Campos Paiva. of Brazil Dept. Nacl. ProduQAo Mineral. (written communication, 

J. V. N. Dorr, 2d, and A. L. Miranda Barbosa.). 15. Drilled well, 485ft deep, Yanceyville, Caswell County, N.C. In greenstone of 

Paleozoic age (LeGrand, 1958). 
F28 DATA OF GEO.CHEMISTRY 

TABLE 11.-Chemical analyses of waters from unconsolidated sand and gravel 

Analysis _____________________________ -----_________ 1 Source and location ________________________________ Alluvium, 

Plymouth, N.H. 

Date of collection---------------------------------- Oct. 19, 1955 

ppm 

Si Os----------------------------------------------- 23 AL------------------------------------------------ . 0 

Fe------------------------------------------------- . 01 

Mn------------------------------------------------ . 03 

Ca------------------------------------------------- 6. 8 

Mg------------------------------------------------ 1. 2 

Na ____ -------------------------------------------- 2. 6 K-------------------------------------------------- . 9 

Total cations ___ ----------------------------- --------

epm 

0.40 

.10 

.11 

.02 

0.63 

2 Alluvium, 

Cave Junction, 

Oreg. Dec. 19, 1956 

ppm epm 

25 

.0 -------- .03 

.00 ---0~32- 6.4 

7.8 .64 

5.8 .25 

.2 .01 

-------- 1. 22 

3 4 5 . Alluvium, Alluvium, Alluvium, 

Vancouver, Clear Spring, Clinton, Iowa 

Wash. Md. 

May 17,1949 Feb. 21, 1957 June 8,1954 

ppm epm ppm epm ppm epm 

50 5.2 18 

----~02- -------- .0 .1 

-------- .10 .04 

-------- -------- .00 ---i~so- .oo 15 0. 75 36 44 2.20 

5.2 .43 2.4 .20 18 1.48 

4.2 .18 1.7 .07 6.0 .26 

5.6 .14 1.1 .03 2.5 .06 

-------- 1. 50 -------- 2.10 -------- 4.00 

6 7 Alluvium, Alluvium, lake 

Pigeon Spring, bedsi~:~eau, W. of Lida, Nev. 

Feb. 23, 1956 Nov. 23, 1953 

ppm epm ppm epm 

25 77 .0 -------- -------- .05 .0 -------- .00 

45 2. 25 ----r6- ----o~is 

20 1. 65 .5 .04 

16 . 70 100 4.35 

2.6 .07 3.1 .08 

-------- 4.67 -------- 4.65 

HCOa--------------------------------------------- 17 0. 28 64 1. 05 64 1. 05 120 1. 97 144 2. 36 207 3. 39 141 2. 31 

COa----------------------------------------------- 09.0 ----.-1-9-- 0 -------- 0 -------- 0 0 -------- 0 -------- 0 -------- so.________________________________________________ . 8 . 02 11 . 2a 1. o . 02 53 1. 10 35 . 73 38 . 79 

CL------------------------------------------------ 5. 0 .14 5. 5 .16 2. 9 . 08 1. 3 . 04 5. 0 .14 17 . 48 12 . 34 

F -------------------------------------------------- . 1 • 01 . 0 • 00 . 2 . 01 . 1 . 01 . 1 . 01 . 1 . 01 24 1. 26 

N03_ ---------------------------------------------- 1. 2 . 02 . 7 . 01 7. 2 .12 . 8 . 01 28 . 45 3. 6 . 06 2. 9 . 05 

POe------------------------------------------------ . 0 -------- . 0 -------- -------- -------- . 0 -------- -------- -------- . 0 -------- -------- -------- B-------------------------------------------------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- . 3 -------- Total anions--------------------------------- -------- 0. 64 -------- · 1. 24 -------- 1. 49 -------- 2. 05 -------- 4. 06 -------- 4. 67 -------- 4. 75 

Total, as reported---------------------------- 67 

Specific conductance _________ micromhos at 25° c __ 

Jl.~ni'Peraiiira::::::::::_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_oo:: 

Beta-gamma activity --------------------/.1/.IC per L_ 

Ra--------------------------------------/.1/.IC per L. 

U ----------------------------------------~per L_ Ratios by weight: Ca/N a ____________ ---_________________________ _ 

Mg/Ca _______ -- ___ --_- ________ --_ ---________ ---

r~1if~~:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: F /CL_- ____ ------------------------------------

Analysis ___________ --------________________________ 

Source and location--------------------------------

Date of collection----------------------------------

72 

6.1 

9.4 

<5 

<0.1 

0.1 

2.6 

.2 

.3 

3.4 

1.8 

.02 

8 

Glacial outwash, Eden Valley, Minn. 

Nov. 2,1955 

ppm 

24 epm 

116 

113 

6.5 

----------------- <7 

<0.1 

<0.1 

1.1 

1.2 

.03 12 .1 

.0 

9 

Alluvium, 

Enid, Okla. 

May 28,1952 

ppm 

21 epm 

165 

140 7.6 

10.0 

-----------------

-----------------

----------------- 3.6 

.3 

1.3 

22 

3.8 

.07 

10 

Alluvium 

Te Aroha, New 

Zealand 

-----------------

epm 

170 

208 

7.8 

10.0 

<5 

0.1 

<0.1 

21 .06 

.6 

92 

.8 

.08 

11 Alluvium, 

Mesa, Ariz. 

Sept. 19, 1951 

ppm 

26 

epm 

319 

397 

8.0 

12.2 

6 

<0.1 

0.3 

7.3 

.4 

.4 

29 

11 .02 

12 Glacial outwash, Columbus, Ohio 

May 28,1952 

ppm 

20 

epm 

371 

446 

7.8 

13.9 

-----------------

-----------------

----------------- 2.8 

.4 

.2 

12 

2.1 

.006 

13 

Alluvium, Gaylord, Kans. 

May 3,1950 

ppm 

28 

epm 

Si 0 2 - _ -------------------------------------------- AI.-_----------------------------------------------

Fe-------------------------------------------------

Mn------------------------------------------------

.1 

.00 

.08 

-------- -------- -------- .00 --------

ppm 

63 

1.6 

1.0 -------- ----~os- :::::::: --Ta-- -------- ----~42- :::::::: 

Ca ________________________________________________ _ 

Mg------------------------------------------------ Na ____ -------------------------------------------- K--------------------------------------------------

86 

27 

5.1 

3.0 

---4~29- --49 ____ ---2~45- ---iiii ___ ---4~79- --58 ____ ---2~89-

2. 22 13 1. 07 37 3. 04 22 1. 81 

. 22 105 4. 57 } 20 87 {146 6. 35 . 08 3. 0 . 08 . 4. 0 . 10 

126. 00 ---6~29- -i32 ____ ---6~59-

43 3. 54 16 1. 32 

13 • 56 53 2. 31 

·2.1 . 05 7. 6 .19 

402 

455 

7.9 

33.9 

-----------------

-----------------

----------------- 0.04 

.1 

.03 

12 

3.2 

2.0 

14 Alluvium, 

Douglas, Ariz. 

Dec. 13, 1955 

ppm 

27 .0 

.02 

.00 

3. 2 1.0 

262 

2.4 

epm 

----o~iii 

.08 

11.40 

.06 

Total cations __________ .: _____________________ -------- 6. 81 -------- 8.17 -------- 8. 70 -------- · 11.15 -------- 10.44 -------- 10.41 -------- 11.70 

HCOa--------------------------------------------- 337 5. 52 384 6. 29 477 7. 82 184 3. 02 440 7. 21 302 4. 95 149 2. 44 

COa------------------------------------------------ 0 -------- 0 -------- 0 0 -------- 0 -------- 18 . 60 16 . 53 S04------------------------------------------------ 60 1. 25 27 . 56 5. 0 .10 39 . 81 139 2. 89 187 3. 89 125 2. 60 

01_ ------------------------------------------------ 6. 0 .17 34 . 96 20 . 56 255 7.19 8. 0 . 23 32 . 90 210 5. 92 

F __ ------------------------------------------------ . 0 . 00 • 3 . 02 -------- -------- . 0 . 00 . 7 . 04 . 3 . 02 2. 0 .10 

NO a----------------------------------------------- . 0 . 00 7. 8 .13 -------- -------- 2. 9 . 05 . 2 . 00 18 . 29 2. 5 • 04 

POe------------------------------------------------ . 2 -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- . 05 -------- B-------------------------------------------------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- . 2 -------- -------- --------

Total anions--------------------------------- -------- 6. 94 -------- 7. 96 -------- 8. 48 -------- 11. 07 -------- 10. 37 -------- 10. 65 -------- 11. 63 

Total, as reported---------------------------- 548 

g~:~~~-~~~~~~~:~:::::::::~~~~~~~~~-~~-~~~~:: Temperature _______ ---________________________ oc __ Beta-gamma activity --------------------/.1/.IC per L. 

Ra--------------------------------------/.1/.IC per L. 

U -----------------------------------------/.lg per L_ Ratios by weight: 

~~~~::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: KIN a ________________________ -----____________ _ 

H C Oa/Cl_----------------_ -------------- __ ----

~?&~_1::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 

623 7.5 

7.8 

<17 

0.3 

0. 7 

17 

.a 

.6 

56 

10 

.o 

644 

739 

7.4 

0.5 

.3 

.03 

11 .8 

.009 

721 -------- 737 

4.8 

.4 

------------24 ___ 

.2 

-----------------

1180 

7. 7 18.3 

0.4 

.4 

.03 

.7 

.2. 

.o 

794 

885 7.6 

13.3 

9. 7 

.3 

.2 

55 

17 

.09 

795 

943 

8.4 

13.3 

2.5 

.1 

.1 

9.4 

5.8 

.009 

800 

1260 

9.0 

20.0 

<34 

<0.1 

3.8 

0.01 

.3 

.009 

.7 

.6 

.01 
'CHEMICAL CO:MPOSITION OF SUBSURFkCE WATERS F29 

TABLE 11.-Chemical analyses of waters from unconsolidated sand and gravel-Continued 

Analysis._---------------------------------- 15 

Source Md location._----------------------- Alluvium, Fresno 

County, Calif. 

Date ot collection. __ ------------------------ Sept. 18, 1951 

ppm epm 

Si Os----------------------------------------- 30 ----------

16 

Glacial deposits, N. of Malcolm, 

Iowa 

Nov. 17, 1955 

ppm epm 

17 

Alluvium, Fort 

Morgan, Colo. 

July 28, 1948 

ppm 26 epm 

18 

Alluvium, St. 

Croix Island, 

Virgin Islands 

April15, 1940 

ppm 

35 

epm 

19 

Alluvium, Gila 

Bend, Ariz. 

Mar.1948 

ppm 

37 

epm 

20 

Alluvium, NW. 

of Pecos, Tex. 

Mar. 28, 1950 

ppm 43 epm 

AL ____ ------------------------------------- --------- _ --------- _ Fe. __ ----- ____ ------------------------------ ------- ___ ----------

14 

.8 

.26 

.05 ========== ========== ========== ------~93" ========== ========== ========== ========== ========== Mn. ---------------------------------------- ---------- ---------- On__________________________________________ 63 3.14 120 

49 

122 

6.2 

-----5~99- ----2io ___ ----io~48- ----3o ____ ----i:ro-- ----3o7 ___ ---i5:32-- ----856 ___ -----42~7i 

~f.::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 186 ~: ~~ 4. 03 74 6. 09 24 1. 97 82 6. 74 190 15. 63 

K------------------------------------------- 2. 6 .07 

5. 31 163 7. 09 814 35. 41 } 1100 47. 85 738 32.10 .16 12 . 31 10 . 26 

'l'otal cations ______ ----- _______ ----- ____________ _ 14. 61 ---------- 15.49 ---------- 23.97 ---------- 39.14 69.91 90.44 

rrooa--------------------------------------- 160 2. 62 339 5. 56 348 5. 70 828 13.57 327 5. 36 152 2. 49 

~8.'::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::=== ----5o5 ___ ----io~5i- 43~ -----9:14- ----784 ___ ----~6~32- 35~ ----7:31-- ----575 ___ ---ii~97-- 19lg 39.77 

OL_________________________________________ 57 1. 61 6. 0 . 17 62 1. 75 625 17. 63 1820 51. 32 1510 42. 58 

]!~------------------------------------------- ---------- ---------- .1 .01 . 7 .04 1. 6 .08 2. 5 .13 ---------- ---------- NOs----------------------------------------- 1. 3 . 02 26 . 42 2.1 . 03 17 . 27 82 1. 32 468 7. 55 

PO•----------------------------------------- 1.1 ---------- . 0 ---------- ---------- ---------- ---------- ---------- ---------- ---------- ---------- ---------- B.------------------------------------------ ---------- ---------- ---------- ---------- . 4 ---------- ---------- ---------- 3. 2 ---------- 1. 6 ---------- Total anions._------------------------ ----------

Total, as reported_____________________ 1030 

14.76 ----------

1120 

15. 30 ----------

1680 

23.84 ---------- 38.86 70.10 92.39 

2740 4340 5870 

SpocHio oonduotanco •. mloromhos at 25° Q__ 1340 

PH------------------------------------------ 8. 5 Temperature._-------------------------0

0__ 27.8 

Beta-gamma activity __ -----------J.IP.C per L. --------------------- na ________________________________ p.p.o per L. ---------------------

U ----------------------------------J.Ig per L. __ ------------------- Ratios by weight: 

Oa/No.. __ ------------------------------- 0. 4 

~i%~~::::::::========================== : g2 HOOa/CL ••• ---------------------------- 2. 8 SOc/OL_________________________________ 8. 9 

F /01. _ ---------------------------------- ---------------------

1330 

7.4 

11.9 

<45 0.2 

0.1 

1.0 

.4 

.05 

57 

73 .02 

1980 

7.8 

12.8 

1.3 

.4 

.07 

5.6 

13 

.01 

6860 

:: ==== ::::: == :::::::: --------------25:6---

7560 

7.1 

20.8 

0.04 

.8 

.01 

1.3 

.6 

.003 

0.3 1. 2 

.3 .2 

--------------------- . 1 .2 .1 .3 1.3 

. 001 ---------------------

EXPLANATION FOR TAB!LE 11 

1. Well, 48ft doop, Plymouth~ Grafton County, N.H. In Quaternary alluvium 

derived from Igneous Ma metamorphic rocks. Unpublished data in U.S. 

Gool. Survey files; o.nalyst, B. V. Salotto. Also reported are Cu, 0.00 ppm; Zn, 

0.00 ppm. 

2. Drilled well, 40ft doop.k southeast of Cave Junction, SE~ sec. 28, T. 39 S., R. 8 W. 

Josopl1lno County, vrog. In Quaternary alluvium derived rrom igneous and 

metamorphic rocks. Unpublished data in U.S. Geol. Survey files; o.nalyst, R. 

A. Wilson. 

3. Sprlng1 noo.r Vo.ncouvor, NW~SW~ sec. 33, T. 2 N., R. 2 E., Clark County, Wo.sn. l!~rom Quatomary allvium derived from igonous rocks (Griffin, Watkins, o.nd Swenson, 1956). 4. Spring, Cloo.r Sprlngi Wasblngton County, Md. Flows 100 gpm from Quaternary alluvium dor vod from sedimentary rocks. Unpublished data ln U.S. 

Goo I. Survey files; o.nalyst, D. E. Weaver. Also reported arc Cu, 0.00 ppm; Zn, 

0.00 ppm. 5. Drilled well, 160ft doop, Clinton, SE~ sec. 22, T. 81 N., R. 6 E., Clinton County, ~own. In Quatomnry alluvium of the Mississippi River. Unpublished data in 

U.S. Geol. Survey files; o.nalysts, R. A. Wilson, J.D. Weeks, andJ. 0. Johnson. 

6. Pigeon Spring, about 15 miles west of Lida, T. 6 8., R. 39 E., Esmeralda County, Nov. Flows 5 gpm from Quo.temary alluvium derived from igneous o.nd meta- morphic rocks. Unpublished data ln U.S. Geol. Survey files; analyst, R. A. 

Wilson. 

7. Flowing well, 976ft doop, ln SE~SE~ sec. 24, T. 6 S.1 R. 5 E., near Bruneau 

V111ago Owyhee County, Idaho. In tuffaceous sana of Idaho Formation of 

probable Pliocene ago, consisting of lake beds and terrestrial deposits underlying bo.so.ltlc volcanic rocks. Flows 25 gpm, Unpublished data ln U.S. Geol. 

Survey files; o.nalyst J. F. Santos. 

8. Well, 80ft deep, Eden Valley, NE~SE~~SE~ soc. 1, T. 121 N., R. 31 W., Meeker 

County, Minn. In Pleistocene glacial outwash. Unpublished data in U.S. 

Gool. Survey files; o.nalyst, E. Zitnik. 

9. Well 71 ft deep, Enid, NW~ sec. 7, T. 23 N., R. 7 W., Garfield County, Okla 

In Quaternary alluvium from sedimentary rocks. Unpublished data in U.S. 

Geol. Survey files; o.nalyst, J. M. Myers. 10. Cold Spring C, Te Aroha, Aroha subdivision, Hauraki, North Island, New Zealand. From Quaternary alluvium derived from late Tertiary lavas and tuffs 

(Henderson and Bartrum, 1913). See table 22, analysis 10, for Te Aroha thermal water high in Na, HCOs, and B. 

11. Drilled well, 500ft deep, Mesa, Maricopa County, Ariz. In alluvial valley fill of 

Quaternary age (Lohr and Love, 1954b). 

12. We1l,.}17 ft deep, Nelson Road Waterworks, Columbus, Fro.nklin County, Ohio. 

In .t"leistocene glacial outwash gravel. Unpublished data in U.S. Geol. Survey files; analyst, R. W. Leonard. 

13. Well, 50ft deep, Gaylord, sec. 11, T. 5 S., R. 14 W., Smith County, Kans. In · Quaternary alluvium derived from sedimentary rocks (Leonard, 1952). 

14. Drilled well, 340ft deep, Douglas, NW~NW~SE~ sec. 10, T. 24 S., R. 27 E., 

Cochise County, Ariz. In Quaternary alluvial valley fill. Unpublished data 

in U.S. Geol. Survey files; analyst, R. A. Wilson. 

15. Drilled well, 1,529 ft deep, sec. 36, T. 19 S., R. 17 E., Fresno County, Calif. In 

Quaternary alluvium (Krieger, Hatchett, and Poole, 1957). 16. Drilled well, 407ft deep, 10 miles north of Malcom, NW~NE~ sec. 11, T. 81 N. 

R. 15 W., Poweshiek County, Iowa. In Pleistocene subglacial sand and 

gravel. Unpublished data in U.S. Geol. Survey files; analyst, R. A. Wilson. 

17. Well, 90ft deep, Fort Morgan, sec. 26, T. 4 N., R. 56 W., Morgan County, Colo. 

In Quaternary alluvium (Krieger, Hatchett, and Poole, 1957). 18. Dug well, 11 ft deep, Annas Hope, St. Croix Island, Virgin Islands. In alluvium 

derived from the Mt. Eagle Volcanics and perhaps, in part, from the Kingshill Marl (Cederstrom, 1950). 

19. Well, 135ft deep, near Gila Bend, sec. 8, T. 5 S., R. 4 W., Maricopa County, Ariz. 

In Quaternary alluvium (Krieger Hatchett, and Poole, 1957). 20. Well225ftdeep, 2milesnorthwestoiPecos, Reeves County, Tex. In Quaternary alluvium (Winslow and Kister, 1956). 
F30 DATA OF GEOCHEMITSTRY 

TABLE 12.-Chemical analyses of oil-field and gas-field waters dominated by sodiy.m chloride 

Analysis. __ ------------------------------- 1 Name of field and location_--------------- Seaboard, Fresno 

County, Calif. 

Date of collection_------------------------ April 20, 1954 

2 Cymric, Kern 

County, Calif. 

June 14, 1955 

3 Maine Prairie, 

Solano County, Calif. 

May 11,1955 

4 Timballer Bay Lafourche Parish, 

La. 

1958 

5 

Katarzyna near Pomiarkach, 

Poland 

6 

Przedgorza 

Kar~J~~~licia, 

ppm epm ppm epm ppm epm ppm epm ppm epm ppm epm 

8102-------------------------------------- 31 ---------- 47 32 25 2 ---------- 14 -------- AI._-------------------------------------- ---------- ---------- .. 4 ---------- ---------- ---------- 5o 0 ---------- ---------- ---------- ---------- -------- Fe •••••••• -------------------------------- ---------- ---------- 1. 2 ---------- ---------- ---------- 1 81.0 61 -_-_-_-_-__ --_-_-_-_} 8 ---------- 14 -------- Mn •••• ----------------------------------- ---------- ---------- o 08 ---------- ---------- ----------

~~:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: ----543 ___ ----27~~-- 37g ----~s~a-· ----2ii ___ ----~o~53- 2, 6ooo 00 ---i29T- ------iios· ----45T- ----~~oso· ---54~oMg_ -------------------------------------- 126 10o 4 115 9o 45 66 5o 4 1, 060 87o 2 935 76o 9 441 36.3 

Na---------------------------------------- 6, 750 293o 5 5, 820 253.2 5, 880 255o 7 51,400 2, 236 89,900 3, 911 } 111 800 { 512 

K----------------------------------------- 99 2. 53 132 3o 38 168 4o 30 193 4o 94 3, 090 78o 9 ' -------

LL---------------------------------------- ---------- ---------- 4. 3 . 62 2o 0 Oo 29 5. 5 . 79 ---------- ---------- ---------- -------- NH•-------------------------------------- 52 2. 9 51 2o 8 24 1. 4 147 8015 ---------- ---------- ---------- --------

Total cations------------------------ ---------- 1 337 ------------ 288 278 ------------ 2, 470 ---------- 4, 110 602 

HCOs------------------------------------- 191 -----a:13 535 --s:77 565 ~ 147 -nJ 258 ------r.-24 115 --r.89 

COs--------------------------------------- 0 0 . 00 0 0 . 00 ---------- ---------- ---------- -------- 804_______________________________________ 0 ---------- 1. 6 . 03 12 Oo 25 2. 6 . 05 9, 230 192.2 °104 2.17 

~~: ::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: u, oog. 4 32b. 02 9, 84go 4 277: ~8 9, 23~0 2 268: g6 89, 7so 16o.1 2, 53010. oo86 --~~~~ o1_o~5~- -~~~~o1 ___ 3_2 __ ---~~~~9~o1 __ --~~1~.-1·4- Br __ -------------------------------------- 58 . 73 30 . 38 32 . 40 ~__________________________________________ 23 . 18 23 .18 23 . 18 19 . 15 1199 1. 57 122 . 96 

N02-- ------------------------------------ 0 0 ---------- ---------- ---------- . 00 ---------- ---------- ---------- ---------- -------- NOs._------------------------------------ 70 1.13 3 . 05 Oo 7 Oo 01 7. 9 .13 ---------- ---------- ---------- -------- PO•--------------------------------------- ---------- ---------- ------------ ---------- ---------- ---------- . 00 ---------- ---------- ---------- ---------- -------- B ••• -------------------------------------- 57 140 25 20 ---------- ---------- ---------- ---------- --------

Total anions •• ---------------------- ---------- 332. Total, as reported ___________________ 119, 600 

~~:!~::~~~~-c-t~:~~~~:~~~~~-~~-~~~~:: 31, 5ogo 9 

Temperature------------------------ °C __ --------------------- Density at 20° C-------------------------- 1. 0133 

Ratios by weight: 

~~~~:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: o: g~o K/Na·-------------------------------- . 015 

Li/N a _________ ------------------------ --------------------- HCOs/Cl2 ---------------------------- . 016 

~?0'1~~:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: : gggg3 

~~~~::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: : gg~ 

------------ 287 

17,100 

25,800 

7.5 49~ 

1.009 

0.064 

. 31 

.023 

.00074 

.054 

.0002 

.0003 

.0030 

.0023 

.014 

270 

25,500 

7.1 

--------------1: oios00036 

.31 

.029 

.0003 

.061 

.0013 

.0001 

.0035 

.0025 

.0027 

------------ 2, 530 ---------- 4, 120 602 

145,000 ---------- 244,000 ---------- 34,800 --------

138,000 

6o6 

70 

1.104 

Oo051 

.41 

.0038 

.00011 

.0016 

.000029 

.000012 

.00096 

.00021 

. 00012 

::::::::::::::::::::: -------------6T--

--------------i~i85-- ----------- --~~o25-

Oo010 

1. 03 

.034 

Oo090 

.41 

---------------: ooi ii- --------------: oo55 

.066 .0050 

--------------- ~ ooos- --------------:oo4a 

.0014 .0058 

Analysis ____ -------_----------____ -___________________________ 7 

Name of field and location •• ---------------------------------- Hajduszoboszlo, 

SW. of Debrecen, 

Hungary 

8 

Tiszakiirt, SE. of 

Budapest, Hungary 

9 Moinesti near Moinesti, Rumania 

10 

North Makat, 

Kazakh district, 

USSR 

11 South Kwanto, 

Chiba Prefecture, 

Japan Date of collection ___________________________________ ------ ____ --------------------- 1943(?) 

810,__________________________________________________________ pp: epm pp: epm ppm5_ 2 ---~~~--- ----~~-'"! ____ ---~~~--- ---~~-'"! ___ ---~~~---

AL.---------------------------------------------------------- 1 4. 2 Tr __ -------- _ ---------- --------- --- ------

rfn:·::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: { 1 T~· 5 __________ ri~ ~~~~~~--~~ -------~~~~~ :::::::::: :::::::::::: :::::::::: -----~-~~:~ :::::::::: ~:-_-:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: -----~r-- -----o~7o- 7~· 8 -----8~68- ----~~iiiio ___ ----99:3-- ----3~2io ___ ---ioo:2-- ----i7o ___ ------8:48 

~~==::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 1, 7~· 1 76J: 4, 9~g 21~: L 47, ~gg 2, o~: : 2 75: ~~ a, 5~~_ 14 ~~~~~~~--- ____ :~~~~- LL----------------------------------------------------------- I o. 4 . 06 I 84 12.1 ------------ --- -- ------------ ---------- ---------- ---------- NH•·--------------------------------------------------------- ---------- ________ c_ 40 20 2 1 23 ---- 1. 3 22 1. 22 47 2. 60 

Total cations ___________________________________________ ----------~ 242 ------------ 2, 230 ------------ 3, 390 473 

~82~:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: so. __ -------------------------------------------------------- _~~~~~-- 1. 6 . ----~~~~-- oa 1, ¥~ 24 ----w.r 

------~50- -------24 42 ___ --o:69 ------~50- :::::::::::: 

75 ---r:23 

:::::::::: ----<2"-- 832 ~ :::::::::: 

~~:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: --~:~~~--- ----~~~~-- 7, 4~. 4 211: ~ ---~~:~~~--- -~:~~~---- --~~~:~~~--- -~:~~~---- -~~:~~--- ____ :~~---

~i:~~~~=~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ Po._---------------------"----------------------------------- =====J=~= ---------- --------"'- ======~~;= =====~~= Tr ----------======~~~= ======·;~L =====;~~= ======;~~=~= =====;~~= _____ ====~~~=== ----------======~;~ B.----------------------------------------------------------- 5. 4 ---------- 89 ------------ ---------- -------35--- ----- -----i4 __ _ Total anions ____________________________________________ ---------- --n8 ---------- ---2ai ____ ~~~~~::::::: -2~220 ____ ------------ 3,38()' --mTotal, as reported.------------------------------------- 5,180 ---------- 14,200 129,000 196,000 ---------- 27,800 

Specific conductance ____________________ micromhos at 25° C •• --------------------- --------------------- ----------------------- ----------------------- --------------------- pH ____ ------------------------------------------------------- --------------------- --------------------- --------------------- __ ----------------------- 7. 8 

~~:sY~~a:~~c; ·cc:~::: ::: ::::::::~::~:~:::::::~:::::::::~~:: _____________ :~------ ::::::::::::::::::::: ::::::::::::::::::::::: ------------- --~~iao·-- 1~. o2 

Ratios by weight: 

Ca/Na _______________ ------------------------------------- o. 0080 

Mg/Ca. -------------------------------------------------- .15 

fit~~:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: :8M2 

r ~;8{~! -~-:== :::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: : b8o8 

F/CL _ --------------------------------------------------- ---------------------

~g~~::::: ::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: : g~~3 B/CL ---------------------------------------------------- • 0028 

1 Components mentioned in explanation of table. 1 Includes OOa as HCOa. 

0.035 

.13 

.018 

.017 

.15 

.0032 

.0012 

.0029 

.00028 

.012 

0.042 

.42 

.0036 

0.045 

.53 

.0039 

0.017 

1.9 

-- --------------~ooosa- ----------------~ooo62- -------------- -~o5i -- .00030 ----------------------- . 000 

----------------~ooi6-- ----------------~ooio-- -------------- -~oooo-

.ooo14 .00001 .0081 

------------------·---- • 00029 . 00087 
CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF SUBSURFACE WATERS F31 

EXPLANATION FOR TABLE 12 

1. Seaboard Oil Oo. won S.T.U. 35-13,6,300 ft deep, sec. 13, T. 15 S., R. 17 E., Fresno 

County, Oallr. Producing from Eocene sandstone. Collected by R. E. 

Thronson and W. B. Mitchell, Jr;.t CalHornia Division of Water Resources; 

analyzed by D. D. Watson, U.S. ueol. Survey. Included in totals is Ba, 12 

ppm (0.17 opm). Analysis not previously published. 2. Honolulu Oil Co. well 2~166, 4,952 ft dccp..r Cymric oil field, NWHSEJ4 sec. 22, 

'1'. 29 8. H.. 21 E., Kern County, Calif. ~;orne mercury bas been recovered from 

this woh (Stockman, 1947). Producing from Oceanic Sandstone of Oligocene 

ago; bottom-hole temperature 81°0, discharge temperature 49~ 0. Analyzed by 0. E. Roberson, U.S. Geol. Survey; H2S not found; spectrographic analysis of ovaporutod residue, by Nola B. Sheffey, converted to ppm in original water: ovaporatod residue at 180°C, 18,000; Al, 0.2; Fo, 0.2; Mn, 0.2; Cu, 0.04; Ll, 2.6; 

Rb, 0.2; Sr 80; Ba, 7.1. Analysis not previously published. See table 28, 

analysis 1, for gas analysis by U.S. Bureau of Mines. 

3. Amerada Potroloum Corp. Peters gas well 1, Maine Prairie gas field, sec. 10, 

T. 5 N., R. 2 JP:.t Solano County, Calif. Producing from depths of 5,590 to 5,630 rt in the M.oganos Formation of Eocene age (0. R. McClure, written 

communication). Collected by 0. R. McOluro, California Division of Water 

Resources; analyzed by R. 0. Hansen, U.S. Geol. Survey. Analysis not previously published. 4. Gulf Oil Gorp. well PP 19, 7,790 ft deep, Tlmbalier Bay oil field, T. 23 8., R. 21 E., 

Lafourche Parish, La. Producing from depths of 5,904 to 5,910 ft where tem- perature was 70° 0 In Pliocene shallow-shelf and shoreline sands with shale 

strenks on north flnnk or 'l'lmbalier Bay salt dome, with salt at depth of 7,782 

Ct. Collected with cooperation of Dr. Marcus Hanna, who believes that brine 

Is not directly Influenced by contact with tho salt of the dome (written com- munlcntlon). Analysis by H. 0. Whitehead of U.S. Geological Survey; also 

determined Cu, 0.02 ppm; Zn and Pb, 0.00 ppm; spectrographic analysis of 

evaporated residue by Nola B. Sheffey, converted to ppm in original water: evaporated residue at 180° 0, 152,900; Al, 1.5; Fe, 0.8; Mn, 1.1; Cu, 0.3; Nl, 1.5; 

Or, 0.6; Ll, 2.3; Sr, 11; Ba, 150. Analysis not previously published. 

5. Katarzyna oil field near Pomiarkach, Poland, from a depth of 300ft in the Argiles Saliferes Formation of Miocene age (Katz, 1928, p. 13-15, 49-52). Analysis converted from mg per 1; this water bas the highest iodine content reported by Schoeller (1956, p. 100-113) in oil-field brines. 

6. Well 29, 1,550 ft deep, Przedgorza, Galicia, Poland, probably in lower Tertiary rocks (Chajec, 1949, p. 367; Emmons, 1931, p. 631). Analysis converted from 

mg per 1. Alkalies determined by difference of anions and cations. 

7. Artesian test well for gas, 3,600 ft deep, Hajduszoboslo gas field 6 miles southwest 

of Debrecen Hungary. Discharges 450 gpm water (Emszt, 1928, p. 146) prob- ably from Cretaceous limestone (Szalai, 1951, p. 181). HCOs converted from 

reported equivalent COa; Al, Mn, and Li from analysis of very similar water from well 2, 6,665 ft deep, probably from Triassic strata (Papp, 1951, p. 155; 

Szalal, 1951, p. 181). Abundant gas (table 28, analysis 2) accompanies water. 8. Tiszakiirt, about 60 miles southeast of Budapest, Hungary. Production from 

about 7t500 ft from Triassic limestone (Telegdi-Roth, 1950, p. 81; Vajk, 1953, 

p. 40-42). Li and As are surprisingly high and should be checked; trace of Cu 

and Sr reported. Analyzed by J. Bodnar, Dec. 1943. 

9. Well 24, 2,050 ft deep, of Soc. Steaua Romana in the Moinesti field of northeast 

Rumania. Produces from Oligocene rocks. Naphthenic acids and trace of 

Sr reported present (Petrescu, 1938, p. 26-28). In 15 other analyses, I Is as much as 167 ppm and NHt as much as 372 ppm. 10. Well43, 1,750 ft deep, North Makat, Kazakb district, U.S.S.R., near northeast 

shore of Caspian Sea. In Permo-Triassic rocks (Bulin, 1948, p. 410-411). Analysis expressed in mg per liter and equivalents per liter converted to ppm. 11. Well A-226, 1,800 ft deep, South Kwanto gas fields, Boso Peninsula, Chiba Prefecture, Japan, 2.5 km northeast of Otaki. Brine produced for iodine and dissolved gases (30.7 cc per 1; see table 28~..,.analysls 3) from sandstone and shale of 

Upper Pliocene Otadai and Kiwada .l!·ormations. Temperature 20° 0: analyses reported in g per 1, converted to ppm by assuming a density of 1.02; 4.3 ppm of total Fe reported as ferrous iron; Na and Knot reported, here calculated by dlfierence. 
F32 DATA OF GEOCHENUSTRY 

TABLE 13.-Chemical analyses of oil-field waters and other deep_-well brines high in sodium and calcium chlorides 

Analysis ••• _____ -----._ .. _ ....•.• _. 1 2 Name of field and location _________ Raisin City, South Moun- Fresno County, tain, Ventura Calif. County, Calif. Date of collection __________________ Apr. 20, 1954 -----------------

ppm epm ppm epm 

Si 02 __ ------------------------. _ .. _ 36 -----.-. ---.---- -------- AL ________________________________ --------- -------- -------- -------- Fe _________________________________ --------- -------- -------- -------- Mn ___ • ______ ------- ________ • __________ . ____ . __ ----•.• ____ . _ ----...• 

Ca ••• ------------------------------ 2,190 109.3 5, 890 293.9 

Mg •• ------------------------------ 832 68.4 69 5. 7 Sr _ -------------------------------- --------- -------- -------- -------- Ba_________________________________ 42 0. 61 -------- --------

Na __ ------------------------------ 14, 800 643 4, 140 180.1 K---------------------------------- 251 6. 42 117 2. 99 

LL _ ------------------------------- --------- -------- -------- -------- NH4------------------------------- 31 1. 7 -------- --------

Total cations.--------------- --------- 829 -------- 483 

3 4 5 6 West Bay, Plaque- Barnhill, Wayne Paintsville, Johnson County, 

Lee, Calhoun mines Parish, La. County, ill. County, W.Va. Ky. June 17, 1958 -------------------- ------------------ 1937 

ppm 

16 

3.1 

110 

130 

9,210 

1,070 

1180 

117 63,900 

869 

19 

188 

epm epm ppm 5. 9 8.6 

4.4 

epm ppm epm 

7 ---------

ppm 16 

7 

10 

0 """459:6"" 7,130 """355:8"" "i;340""" ""66:9"" ""8;450" ""42i:7·- 88. 0 2, 400 197 368 30. 3 2, 040 168 

---------- --------- ---------- 41 . 94 1 2, 610 59.6 ---------· --------- ---------- 66 • 96 1, 550 20.6 2, 780 } 1 49 000 2 133 {8, 010 348. 4 28, 900 1, 257 22. 23 ' , 96 2. 46 298 7. 62 

2. 7 --------- ---------- --------- -------- -------- --------- 10.4 167 9. 26 --------- -------- -------- ---------

------------ 3, 360 --------- 2, 700 --------- 450 -·------ 1, 930 

7 Michigan Basin (Dundee Limestone) 

Mich. 

---------------------

ppm 

<50 

18 

6.0 32,800 

6,440 

940 

12 51,500 

2,460 23 

202 

epm 

1,637 

530 

21.45 .17 2,240 

62.9 

3.3 

11.2 

4, 510 

HCOa. ---------------------------- 193 3.16 17 0. 28 115 1. 88 136 2. 23 120 I. 97 51 0. 84 ---------- ----------

COa. ------------------------------ 0 0 . 00 ------------ ---------- --------- ---------- --------- -------- -------- --------- ---------- ---------· so•-------------------------------- o. o 18 . 37 153 3.18 82 1.11 o o . oo 140 2. 9I 

~~~:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 29, oog. 6 81g. 03 -~~~~~~- -~~~---- 124, oo~. 4 3, 500. 07 -1-~~~~~- -~~~~---- ~~~~~--- -~~~---- -~~~~- ~~~:~---- 160, ~~ 4, 510 

Br --------------------------------- 108 1. 35 91 1.14 393 4. 91 -----···· ---------- 92 1.15 373 4. 67 I, 310 -----16:4-

L................................. 21 .17 21 .17 18 .14 --------- ---------- 0. 4 .00 4 .03 8 .06 

~8~= ============================== 4~ -·-·:7i" ======== ======== o' 

00 

---------- ------64- ----·i:ii3" ========= ======== ======== ========= ========== ========== P04. _ ----------------------------- --------- -------- -----·-- -------- 0 ---------- --------- ---------- 0 -------- -------- --------- ---------- ---------- B__________________________________ 8. 3 -------- Tr -------- 9. 4 ---------- --------- ---------- 0 -------- -------- --------- 60 

H2S-------------------------------- --·------ -------- -------- -------- ------------ ---------- --------- ---------- --------- -------- -------- --------- nil 

Total anions _________________ --------- 823 -------- 481 ------------ 3, 510 --------- 2, 690 --------- 440 -------- 1, 930 ---------- 4, 530 

Total, as reported ____________ 47,600 -------- 27,400 -------- 1200,000 ---------- 154,000 ---------- 25,700 -------- 113,000 --------- 256,000 

Specific conductance micromhos at 25°C.. 68,600 ----------------- 158,000 

pH._------------------------------ 6. 4 ----------------- Temperature, °C _______ •.• ___ ----- __ ----- _____________ ---- __ ------ ____ _ 6.3 187~ 

------------i."i ----- ---------"7."3----- :::::::::::::::::: ::::_-_-:::: ::::======= 

Density at 20°C____________________ 1. 034 2 1. 015 l.I51 ==== == = === === ===== == ----------i:iii56"" ----------i:ii72 --- --------------i:2i4"" Ratios by weight: Ca/Na_________________________ 0.15 1. 4 0.14 0.14 0.17 0.29 0.64 

Mg/Ca. _ ---------------------- . 38 • 012 K/Na__________________________ .017 .028 

Li/N a ____ --------------------- ------------------ ----------------- HCOa/Cl 3---------------------- . 0066 . 0010 so.tcl ------------------------ • ooooo . 0011 F/CL ------------------------- • 00002 ----------------- Br/CL ------------------------ . 0037 • 0053 I/Cl____________________________ . 00072 . 0012 

B/CL__________________________ • 00028 -----------------

Analysis __________ ----------------- _____ ---- 9 

.12 

.014 

.00030 

.00090 

.0012 

.00001 

.0032 

.00015 

.000076 

. 34 . 27 . 24 . 20 

-------------------- . 012 . 010 . 048 -------------------- ------------------ ------------------ • 00045 • 0014 . 0077 • 00075 --------------------- . 00085 . 00000 . 00000 . 00087 

=============== ==== = -----------: iiii59 -- -----------: iiii55 -- -------------------- . 00003 . OOOQ6 

<.00003 .0081 

.00005 

.00038 

Name of field and location.-----------------

8 

Michigan Basin. 

(Sylvania Sandstone) Mich. 

Playa Huincul, 

Neuquen Territory, 

Argentina 

10 Hollviken, 

Scania district, 

Sweden 

11 Gevelsberg, 

Ruhr district, West Germany 

12 Boryslaw area, Poland 13 Polasna-Krasnokamsk, NW. of Molotov City, 

Date of collection •••••• _____________________ --------------------- ---------------------

epm epm 

Apr. IS, 1944 

ppm 

8 

epm ppm epm 

USSR 1926 

ppm epm ppm epm 

7 Si Oi- _ -----------·····---·--··-· -----· -·---- AL _ •• -------·······------------------------ Fe._----------------------------------------

ppm 

<20 

<5 

22 

2.0 74,800 

9,960 

2,650 

nil 

ppm 13 

I6 

35 ---------- -----43""" ---------- -----78""" ---------- ------iii6" ========== ========== ========== Mn. Ca._ ____ ------------------------------------ •• ___ • __ • ____ • __________ ._. ____ • ___ •• _ •• 

Mg--------·-------------------------------- Sr ___ ••• --·········-------------•••• ____ ----- Ba. ___ • ___ ~ •••• _______ ••••• __ ••••••••••• _ ••• N a •.. __ ..•..•.••.•.• __ ••.. ___ .•... __ . ______ . 

K. --..... -------. --· .•. ----.-•• -.. -•••• -.... LL ••.•.•• _ •• ____ .• _ •• _____ •• ---------_ ••• __ . 

NH ••• ------------------····-············· •• 

22,500 

19,120 70 

506 

·3;724···· -·ii;iiiio··· ---498:5·-

819 918 75.5 60.5 84 1. 92 282 4.11 """979"""" 21, 700 944 

233.3 32 .82 10.1 3. 9 .56 

28. 1 ---------- ----------

15 20 12,700 """634____ 6, 890 

1, 100 90. 5 571 

-·-a43:s·- ---i7~aoo· ···saa:a·· ---iii~iiiiii- ----798 __ _ 47. 0 1, 880 155 3, 750 308 9 . 21 235 5. 36 ---------- ---------- ---------- ---------- 1 . 01 13 28, 100 1, 222 20, 500 919 23. 5 1 3, 950 

982. 19 ---75~iioo· -3~260 ____ ---6i~ooo· --2~654 __ _ 101.0 310 7. 93 1, 080 27. 6 5.5 . 79 0.2 28 1. 55 716 39: 3 :::::::::: :::::::::: ------i5ii- ······s:65 

Total cations ••••••.•.••••••••.•••••••• ---------- 5, 850 ---------· 1, li30 ---------- 1, 970 ---------- 1, 430 ------···· 4, 290 ---------- 3, 800 === ==- HCOa--------------------------------------- .••••••••• ---------- ---------- ---------- -------·-· -·····-·-· 876 14.36 187 3. 06 51 0. 84 co•----------------------------------------- ---------- __________ ---------- ---------- ---------- ---------- ---------- ---------- ---------- ---------- ---------- ---------- so._________________________________________ 40 . sa ---------- ---------- 10 . 21 o ---------- 340 7. os 474 9. 87 

CL -------------------------------------···- 208,000 5, 870 54, 100 1, 526 69,400 1, 957 48,900 I, 379 I52, 000 4, 290 I34, 000 3, 780 

~r:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 2, 91~ -·-·a6:r· ·····aa··· ---·-·:as· 35~ 4: ;~ ------2:8- ---·-·:o4- ······297- -----3:12· ------iii4- ------7:68 !.___________________________________________ 40 . 32 2 • 02 3 • 02 0. 3 . 00 I5 1 .I2 I7 .I3 

~8::::::::::::::::::::::::::=============== ========== ========== ========== :::::::::: } 16 • 27 ---------- ---------- ---------- ---------- ---------- ---------- Po. _________________________________________ ---------- ---------- ---------- ---······· <I 0. I -·······-· ---------· -----·---- ---······- •••••••••• 

B------------------------------------------- 380 ---------- ------···· --········ <I 0. 8 ------·--- --·······- •••••••••• -·····-·-· -----·-··· H,s_________________________________________ >o.l ---------- ---------- ---------- o ____________________ ---------- ---------- __________ 1 I4o ----------

Total anions •••••••••••••••••••••••••• ---------- 5, 910 ---------- I, 530 ---------- 1, 960 ---------- I, 390 ---------- 4, 300 ---------- 3, 800 

Total, as reported ••••••••••••••••••••• 33I, 000 ---------- 87,200 ---------- 113,000 ---------- 82,800 -------·-- 247,000 ---------- 217,000 ----------

See footnotes at end of table. 
CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF SUBSURFACE WATERS F33 

TABLE 13.-Chemical analyses of oil-field waters and other deep-well brines high in sodium and calcium chlorides-Continued 

Annlysls ••••• --.---------------------.------ 8 

Namo or field and location.----------------- Michigan Basin 

(Sylvania Sandstone) Mich. 

9 

Playa Huincul, 

Neuquen Territory, Argentina 

Date or collection.-------------------------- --------------------- ---------------------

10 

Hi.illviken, 

Scania district, 

Sweden 

Apr. 18, 1944 

11 Gevelsberg, 

Ruhr district, 

West Germany 

12 

Boryslaw area, Poland 

1926 

13 

Polasna-Krasnokamsk, NW. of 

Mol~~s~ity, 

~~:!~~:~~~~::~:~:::~1:~~~~-~~~-t-=~:~:: ::::::::::::::::::::: ::::::::::::::::::::: ::::::::::::::::::::: ::::::::::::::::::::: ::::::::::::::::::::: :::::::::::::·6~4---- 'l'omporaturo, °C .• -------------------------- --------------------- 35 --------------1

.-0-

8

-

8

---- 27 --------------------- --------------------- Density at 20°C·---------------------------- 1. 292 --------------------- --------------------- 1. 193 1. 172 

nnt~~/~a~ !~~ _t:___________________________ 3. 3 o. 46 o. 45 o. 34 o. 23 o. 26 

~~%~~:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: : !~ : gg~5 : ggg : ~~2 : M41 : ~~8 Li/Na.---------------------------------- . 003 . 00018 . 0002 . 00001 --------------------- ---------------------

f~?oi~l-~-:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: ·------------·:oiiiii-- ::::::::::::::::::::: ·------------·.-aaiii4- : g~~oo : gg~~ : gggg8 

1NCL.---------------------------------- <· oooo2 --------------------- . 00006 --------------------- ------ _ -------------- Br/CL. _ -------------------------------- . o14 . ooo55 . oo52 . oooo57 ------·:oo2ii-- ·:oo46- ~J~k::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: : gg~~9 --------------~~~~~~- --------------~~~~~~- : gggg~ -------------~~~~~~~- ---------------~~~~~~ 

t Components mentioned in explanation or table. J Estimated. s Includes COs as HCOa. 

EXPLANATION FOR TABLE 13 

1. Sonboard Oil Co. well S.T.U. 305-13, Raisin City, sec. 13, T. 15 S., R. 17 E., l!~rosno County, CaliC. Water from depth of 4,700 ft; well produces from Miocene 

'l'ar Formation (same analysis as in White, 1957b, p. 1664, but locality incorrectly called Seaboard Field). Collected by R. E. Thronson and W. B. Mitchell, Jr., of California Division of Water Resources· analyzed by D. D. Watson, 

U.S. Gool. Survey; gas analysis of table 28, analysis 4 (Anderson and H)nson, 1951, p. 50-51) from nearby well from depth of 4,975 ft. 

2. Well .II. No. 6, South Mountain, Ventura County, Calif.; water from depth of 

3 285 ft in sandstone or the Sespe Formation of upper Eocene or Oligocene age (.l:rudson nnd '.rallaferro, 1925, p. 1076). Recalculated from analysis showing hypothetical combinntions, in grains per gallon. 3. GulC Oil Corp. well 28-E, 9,500 ft deep, West Bay oil field, Buras Levee district, soc. 35, '.r. 22 S. R. 30 E., Plaquemines Parish, La. Producing from 8,366 to 8,374 ft; bottom-i1olo temporature87Y.I° C, temperature of sample when collected 

42° C. Producing from silty Miocene sandstone, probably of deep-water deposition, nbout 200 ft from salt near crest of West Bay salt dome, believed 

by Dr. Marcus Hanna to be a deep-seated dome generally lacking in an anhy- drite cap and little affected by solution of salt (written communication). Hanna boliovos th£\t the water s£\mple bas not been in contact with the salt 

domo. Collected Juno 17, 1958, with cooperation of Hanna; analyzed by H. C. 

Whitehead of U.S. Geol. Survey. Also reported, in ppm: Cu, 0.00; Pb, 0.60, 

Zn, 5, As, 0.00. Spectrographic analysis of evaporated residue, by Nola B. 

Shoffoy, converted to ppm in original water: evaporated residue at 180° C, 

214,200, AI, 4.3; Fe, 51~ Mn, 30; Cu, 0.4; Ni, 2.1; Li, 9.8; Sr, 180; Ba, 17. Analysis not previously puolisbed. 4. Well about 2 miles north of Barnhill, sec. 31, T. 2 S., R. 8 E., Wayne County, Ill. Water from depth of 3,374 to 3,385 ft in Ste. Genevieve Limestone of Mississippian ago (Meents, Bell, Rces, and Tilbury, 1952, p. 33). Highest 01 content reported in about 500 analyses; Na+K determined by difference; 

total Fe, unfiltered, 0.6 ppm. 5. Brine from Pounsylvanian sandstone, Paintsville1

• Johnson County, Ky.; depth not stated. Apparently from an artesian weu, producing 2 gpm of brine 

(Hauser, 1953, p. 67). 0. 'l'om Campbell farm woll 2, 134 miles south of Creston, Calhoun County, W. Va.~ water from depth or 1,402 ft near top of Salt Sand of Pottsville Series of ]~any Pennsylvanian ago (Price, Hare, McCue, and Hoskins, 1937, p. 3(l, 67, 

98). Highest Sr content of about 180 analyses). Analyzed by J. B. 

McCue, West Virginia Gool. Survey. 

7. Location not specified· analysis reported by Dow Chemical Co. to be typical of 

commercial-brine analyses from vuggy Dundee Limestone of Middle Devonian 

age, Michigan basin, Michigan, from depths of 1 500 to 4,200 ft. Most compo- nents are recalculated from hypothetical cbemicai combinations but some were given as ions. 

8. Location not specified; sample reported by Dow Chemical Co. to be a typical brine from Sylvania Sandstone of Early Devonian age, Michigan basin, Michigan, from depths of 2,000 to 5,500 ft. Most components are recalculated from 

hypothetical chemical combinations but some are given as ions; also reported are Cu, <1 ppm; Pb, <5 ppm; and Ni, <5 ppm. K content is notably high. See table 4, analysis 15 for shallow water of low salinity from Sylvania. 9. Test well23, on border of Playa Huincul oil field, Neuquen Territory, Argentina; producing thermal water from depth of 2,640 to 2,850 ft from Upper Jurassic 

sandstone associated with shale (Sussini and others, 1938, p. 157; Emmons, 

1931, p. 611). Analysis reported with metals given as oxides, converted to ions. 

10. Hollviken 1 brine well, Scania district, southernmost Sweden, producing from 

depth of 4,050 to 4,140 ft from sandstone of Early Cretaceous (Cenomanian) 

age (Brotzen and Assarsson, 1951, p. 222-223; Schoeller, 1956, p.182-183). Brines at deeper levels in Cenomanian and underlying Triassic rocks are similar in 

composition but generally increase in salinity downward. Analysis converted 

from mg per 1; Cs, 5 ppm. 11. Brine well, near Gevelsberg in Rubr area, West Germany, producing from depth of 3,275 ft (Komlev, 1933, p. 208). Rocks at surface are probably of Cretaceous 

age; brine probably is from Triassic rocks. K content is surprisingly high; Ra, 1.80 ,..,..c per 1; As, 0.06 ppm. 12. Ullman well, in the Boryslaw area, Poland, producing from a depth of 3,100 ft 

from rocks of Couches de Polanica of upper Oligocene age (Katz, 1928, p. 18, 

20). Analysis recalculated from mg per 1; I content is intermediate in range reported by Katz. 

13. Krasnokamsk well 62, in the Kama River region, about 25 miles northwest of 

Molotov City, U.S.S.R., producing from depth of ~~240 to 3,250 ft from Carboniferous limestone containing some CaSOt and NaCl; overlain by nearly 400ft of impermeable anhydrite (Kuznetsov and Novikov, 1943, p. 62; Kuznetsov, 1943, p. 151-154; see also Schoeller, 1956, p. 186). All waters or field are high in H2S and contain as much as 900 ppm. 
F34 DATA OF GEOCHE~STRY 

TABLE 14.-Chemical analyses of waters high in sulfate and bicarbonate associated with oil fields 

Analysis-------------------------------------- . 1 Name of field and location____________________ Midway Sunset, Kern County, Calif. Date of collection_____________________________ June 22, 1954 

2 

Coalinga, Fresno County, Calif. 

Oct. 25, 1955 

3 

Pilot Butte, Fremont County, Wyo. June 18, 1959 

4 

South Casper Creek, 

Natrona County, Wyo. Sept. 15, 1958 

ppm epm ppm epm ppm epm ppm epm Sio,__________________________________________ 59 ____________ 22 ------------ 36 ------------ 16 

5 

Coalinga, Fresno County, Calif. 

Jan. 8, 1952 

ppm 

61 

epm 

AL.--------~------------------------~-------- ------------ ------------ ------------ ------------ 1. 4 ------------ . 64 ------------ ------------ ------------ Fe ____________________________________________ ------------ ------------ ------------ ------------ • 75 ------------ . 24 ------------ ------------ ------------ Mn _______________________________________ --- ____ -------- __________ --- _ __ __ ____ _ __ ____ ___ __ _ __ . 00 ----- _ _ ___ _ _ . 00 _ ----------- __ ---------- ------------

~~~---~:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: ------ooi ___ ------25~o-- ------4o7 ___ ------20~3-- 216. oo ------~o~78- 266. oo ------~3~27- -------4o ___ --------2~oMg •.. ------------------------------------~--- 103 8. 47 491 40.4 99 8.14 82 6. 74 35 2. 9 

Sr -------------------------------------------- ------------ ------------ ------------ ------------ 19,6 ------------ I 5. 7 ------------ ------------ ------------

~;=========================================== ----1~o2r~- ------~:~~- ----1~8~8"-- ------78]~- 3, 2~· 3 -----14rgr aif 

12 

------16:~- ----1~5~r-· -------68]~ LL _ ---- ________ • ________ • _. _. ---- ____________ ---- _ ------- ------------ • ----------. ----- __ ----- 2. 3 • 33 • 4 • 06 _ ----------- ------------

NHt------------------------------------------ ------------ ------------ ------------ ------------ 11 . 61 .0 ------------ ------------ ------------ Total cations ___________________________ -----·------ 78.1 ------------ 139 ------------ 163.24 ------------

HCOa---------------------------------------- 112 1. 84 336 5. 51 201 3. 29 156 

COa------------------------------------------ 0 .00 0 .00 10 .33 0 so. _____________________ .______________________ 1, 590 33.1 5, 760 119.9 6, 650 138.45 1,170 

~~:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 1, aog. 3 36: z2 50~. 0 14: 5 59~. 0 16: g~ 37g. 5 

37.05 ------------1===7~4~. 0~ 

2. 56 2, 900 47.5 

------24~36" 

10.43 

.18 

0 .00 

415 8. 64 

612 17.26 

0.6 .03 

Br •••• ---------------------------------------- 7. 7 .10 ------------ ------------ . 7 .01 1.5 ------------ ------------ ------------ 1 ... ------------------------------------------ 2.3 .02 ------------ ------------ 1.3 .01 .0 ------------ ------------ ------------

~8::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: ------343 ___ -------5~53- ------·11 ___ --------~18- 2:&0 --------~o4- :8° :::::::::::: --------i~4- ---------~o2 

P04 __ • ---------. _. _________ • ____ ---·--------- _____ -------- ------------ ---- ___ ----- ------------ • 03 ----------- _ . 03 ------------ ------------ ------------

B ••••• ---------------------------------------- 3. 9 ------------ 9. 6 ------------ 26 ------------ . 44 ------------ 13 ------------ C02------------------------------------------ ------------ ------------ ------------ ------------ ------------ ----------~- ------------ ------------ ------------ ------------ H2S. _. ------------------•• _- __ --------------- ------------ ____ -------- ------------ _____ --- ___ - 62 --------.-- _ 24 ------------ ------------ ------------

Total anions •••• ------------------------ ------------ 77.3 ------------ 140 ------------ 159.26 ------------ 37.53 ------------ 73.5 

Total, as reported. __ ------------------- 5, 050 ------------ 9, 350 ------------ 11, 200 ------------ 2, 490 ------------ 5, 680 ------------

Specific conductance •••• micromhos at 25° C •• 

Temperature pH •••••• ------------------------------------- _________________ . ______ •. °C •• 

Ratios by weight: 

7,040 

7.5 

25 

Ca/Na____________________________________ 0. 49 0. 23 

Mg/Ca___________________________________ . 21 1. 2 

K/Na •••••• "------------------------------- . 0096 • 0056 

Li/Na. ----••• __ -------.------------------ ------------------------- ------------------------- HCOa/011_. ------------------------------ . 086 . 67 

SOc/CL .. -------------------------------- 1. 2 12 

F/CL _________ ---------------------------- . 00023 • 002 

~3E~-.-:~== ::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: : gg~~ ::::::::::::::::::::::::: 

B/CL .. ---------------------------------- . 0030 . 019 

Analysis·---------------------------------------------- 6 7 

13,300 

8.3 

0.066 

.46 

.024 

.00071 

.37 

11 .010 

.0012 

.0022 

.044 

3,220 

7.6 

o. 70 

.31 

.056 

.001 

.42 

3.2 

.0095 

.0041 

.000 

.0012 

Name of field and location_____________________________ East of Salt Creek, Ellis Pool, Alberta, 

8 

Bukkszek, Hungary 

0.025 

.88 

.021 

--------·---------- 4~7·--

.68 

.0001 

-------------------- ~ oii9 

Mezokovesd, Hungary 

Natrona County, Wyo. Canada 

Da~ofoollectlon _______________________________ ~~~J_un~e_lr6~,_W_5_8~~-~~~~J_an~-~~-1_9_58~~-~---------------------,-------------------------~------------------------r·----------------------

SlOt--------------------------------------------------- _PP~2 -----~:~----- PPTa -----~:~----- ppm55 -----~:~----- PP~9 -----~:~----- AL •• -------------------------------------------------- 1. 4 -------------- . 85 -------------- 0. 3 -------------- 0 -------------- Fe_____________________________________________________ • 84 -------------- . 04 -------------- 3. 3 -------------- Tr --------------

Mn •• -------------------------------------------------- . oo -------------- • 00 -------------- -------------- -------------- 0 --------------

~~~::::::::::::::::::::.:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: a: &

1 ---------o~i6" 9: 3 ---------0~48" --------154""" ---------7~68" -------193"""" ----------9~63 Mg •• ------------------------------~------------------- 1. 5 .12 I5 . 1. 23 162 13.3 65 5. 3 

Sr.---------------------------------------------------- 1. 7 -------------- 1. 9 -------------- . 3 . 01 3. 1 . 07 

Ba.---------------------------------------------------- 1 1. a -------------- 1 2. 2 -------------- . 9 . 01 o. 04 . 00 

Na .. --------------------------------------------------- 1, 550 67.42 I, 740 75. 69 9, 090 395.4 324 14.09 K------------------------------------------------------ 4. a .11 20 . 51 151 a. 86 62 1. 58 

LL. --------------------------------------------------- . 2 . 03 I. 2 . 17 Tr . 00 1. 2 • 17 

NHt--------------------------------------------------- . 0 -------------- 2. 6 .14 3. 9 . 22 o. 7 . 04 

Total cations ••••••••••••••.• -------------------- -------------- 67.84 -------------- 78.22 -------------- 420 -------------- I 30.9 

HCOs------------------------------------------------- 2, 710 44. 42 2, 650 43. 43 I5, 200 249 1, 250 20.5 

804 COa--------------------------------------------------- _____________________________ ._______________________ 22 o -------------- . 46 223 84 24 .. 8604 --------8·9·a··-- --------~-8·.-5·9-- --------2·6·---- ----------o·.-5·4-

01_____________________________________________________ 710 20.02 830 23.41 5, 370 I51. 4 343 9. 67 

Br F ------------------------------------------------------ __________________________________________________ ~-- 14 1. a • 74 5. 8 . 31 • • --- ------------ -------------- • og 3. s -------------- ---------29·· ------ ---.36- Tr- . oo 

1------------------------------------------------------- 4. 1 . 03 • 6 -------------- I5 . 12 . 05 . 00 

N 02--------------------------------------------------·- . 00 -------------- . 00 -------------- -------------- ------·------- -------------- --------------

~8::.~::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: : ~2 :::::::::::::: : ~2 :::::::::::::: ----------Tr- :::::::::::::: ----------~3-- -----------~00 B------------------------------------------------------ 7. 4 -------------- 1. 4 -------------- -------------- -------------- 2. 9 ---------····· ~~·::.::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: ----------~6-- :::::::::::::: :::::::::::::: :::::::::::::: ------~:~~~--- :::::::::::::: -----~:~~~---- :::::::::::::: 

Total anions _____________________________________ -------------- 65.76 -------------- 74.59 -------------- 419 ------------·- 30.7 

Total, as reported •••••••••••• -------------------- 5, 070 -------------- 5, 600 -------------- 1 34,200 -------------- 1 3, 360 --------------

S~cific conductance _____________ mlcromhos at 25° C.... 5, 800 6, 670 ----------------------------- -----------------------------

~eni'Perat"W:a::::::::::::::::::~:::~---~::·_-_-_-_-::~~oc:: ---------------------~~~----- a~· 6 ---------------------~9~5---- ::::::::::~:::::::::::::::::: 

Rat~~Ma~~~~-~:~---------------------------------~--- 0. 0021 0. 0055 J'4Jf.!rCa •••••••••••••••••••• _________________________ • 47 1. 6 0.017 

I. 05 

.017 f/J'N~~::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: : gg~3 : ~~69 HCOs/Cl1.......................................... 3. 8 3. 4 ----------------------2~8----

0.60 

.34 

.19 

.0037 

3.6 

.076 ~7&~!::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: : gaJ : ~70 . 

16 

~gr~:============================================= : g~g8 : gg~~2 ----------------------·:gg~r ==========~~============~~a~i B/CL •••••••••••••••••••••••••• -------------------- . 10 . 0017 ----------------------------- . 0085 

1 Includes COa as equivalent HCOs. 
CHEMlCAL COMPOSITION OF SUBSURFACE WATERS F35 

EXPLANATION FOR TABLE 14 

1. Irrigation well, 250ft deep, on border of Midway-Sunset oil field, sec. 34, T. 31 S., 

R. 241p:7 Kern County1 Calif. Sulfate water used for irrigation. Collected by J. M. Morris, Jr., Calhornla Division of Water Resources; analyzed by D. D. 

Watson, U.S. Geol. Survey; analysis not previously published. 2. Sulrate well water, 70ft deep, west border of Coalinga oil field, NE~ sec. 10, T. 20 

8., R. 14 E. 6 miles northwest or Coalinga, Fresno County, CallC. In probable marino sandstone of Etchegoln or tho Jacalitos Formation, Pliocene age. Sample collected by California Division of Water Resources, analyzed by U.S. Gaol. 

Survey; analysts not previously pubUshed. 8. British American 011 Producing Co. well 1-E. T ,_ Pilot Butte oil field north west of Riverton, NW~ sec. 22, T. 3 N. R.1 W., .1rromont County, Wyo. Drilled In 1042 to 6,305 feet; producing from depths of 5,804 to 5,830 rt and 61

036 to 6,258 

ft from Em bar Formation of Permian and Triassic age. Collectea by K. P. 

Moore, analyzed by H. C. Whitehead of the U.S. Geol. Survey, who also reported 0.00 ppm C~ Pb, and Zn; density Is 1.007. Quantitative spectrographic analysis by Nola B. ~:~bcffcy converted to ppm In original water: Cu, 0.08· Ag, 0.003; Fe, 

0.2; Cr, 0.01; AI, o.2; 'l'.!z 0.03; ~rJ 0.6; Ba, 0.3; Ll, 3.7; R~ 0.1. Mo, W, Ge, Sn, 

Pb, Zn, Cdl Sb, Mnl vo, Nl, v, Ga, La, Zr, Be, and LiS are below detection 

limits In sol ds. Ana ysls not previously published. 4. Pure Oil Co. well No. F-11_ South Casper Creek, west of Casper, Natrona County, Wyo., producing from Tonslcep Sandstone of Pennsylvanian age from depths or 2,585 to 2,630 ft. Collected by K. P. Moore; analyzed by H. C. Whitehead of 

tho U.S. Gcol. Survey, who reported Pb{r0.01 ppm; Cu, 0.00 ppm. Quantitative spectrographic analysis by Nola B. Sho ey converted to ppm in original water: Cu.! 0.005; Mn, 0.01; Nl, 0.04_;, For.. 0.03; Cr,~. b.005; AI, 0.03; Tl, 0.008; Sr, 5.7; Ba, 

0.1:.!. Ag, Mo1 W, Go, Sn, l'b, z.n, Cd, 1:1b, Co1 V, Ga, La, Zr, Be are below 

dotoctlon UmltS In solids. Analysis not prevlousJy published. 5. Carbona to waste water, trom East Side area of Coalinga oil field, SW~ sec. 35, T. 

10 S., R. 15 E., Freson County, Calif. Most oil production of this area is from 

Temblor Formation of Miocene agE!, from stratigraphic traps on east flank of 

Coalinga anticline. Collected by California Division of Water Resources; 

analyzed by U.S. Geol. Survey; analysis not previously published. 6. Sinclair Oil and Gas Co. Well 2, 6,014 It deep, northeast of Edgerton, in SW~ 

sec. 10, T. 40 N., R. 78 W., Natrona County, Wyo. Producing at depths of 4,566 to 4,604 rt from Frontier Formation of Upper Cretaceous age. Collected by K. P. Moore; analyzed by H. C. Whitehead of the U.S. Gcol. Survey, who 

reported 0.00 ppm.Pb and Cu. Quantitative spectrographic analysis by Nola 

B. Sheffey, converted to ppm in original water: Cu, 0.06; Ni, 0.04; Fe, 0.1; Cr, 

0.003; A_!, 0.1; SrT0.7; Ba, 1.3; Li, 0.3. Agi Mo1 W, Ge, Sn, Pb, Zn, Cd, Sb, Mn, Co, V, ua, La, I, Zr, Be, Rb, Cs are be ow aetectlon limits in solids. Analysis not previously published. 7. Conrad Province Well 57-33b, sec. 33, T. 5, R. 15, west 4th meridian, Alberta, 

Canada. Drilled in 1046 to 3,026 ft; producing from a depth of 3,016 to 3,026 ft 

from Ellis Sandstone of Jurassic age. Collected by Brian Hitchon of the Research 

Council of Alberta; analyzed by H. C. Whitehead of the U.S. Geol. Survey, who also reported 0.00 ppm Cu, and Pb; 0.03 ppm Zn. Quantitative spectro- graphic analysis, by Nola B. Sheffey, converted to ppm In original water: Cu, 

0.03; Ag, 0.04; Sn, 0.2; Ni, 0.04; Fe, 0.04; AI, 0.09; Zr, 0.01; Sr, 0.0; Ba, 2.2; Li, 1.1. 

Mo, WJ Ge, Pb1.Zn, Cd, Sb, Mn, Co, Cr, V, Ga, La, Tl, Be, Rb1 and Cs are below aetectlon umits in solids. Analysis not previously publfshea. 8. Bicarbonate water, from well located at Bukkszek, about 60 miles northeast of 

Budapest, Hungary; water from depth of 450ft from beds of probable Cretaceous 

age (Telegdi-Rotb, 1050, p. 80, 83). Analyzed by K. Ernst May 1937. 

9. Bicarbonate water, from well located at Mezokovesd, about 70 miles east-northeast 

of Budapest, Hungary. Water from a depth of 2,870 ft, probably from Cretaceous or Triassic limestone (Telegdi-Roth, 195~ p. 80, 83). Analyzed by J. Karpat, May 1039. Also reported are 0 ppm, Ti, vu, As, and HsS; COS, 20 ppm. 
F36 DATA OF GEOCHENUSTRY 

TABLE 15.-Chemical analyses of spring waters similar in composition to oil-field brines of the sodium chloride type 

Analysis_----- ______________________________ 2 3 4 5 6 

Name of springs and location--------------- Tuscan, Tehama Wilbur, Colusa Tolenas, Solano Mercey, Fresno Stinking, Sprtngs Bad Hammi West County, Calif. County, Calif. County, Calif. County, Calif. Box Elder County, Westpha ia, 

Utah Germany 

Date of collection.-------------------------- Dec. 14, 1955 Aug. 3, 1949 Oct. 3, 1956 June 13, 1955 April 5, 1958 --------------------

ppm epm ppm epm ppm epm ppm epm ppm epm ppm epm 

Si 02----------------------------------------- 15 190 75 75 48 10 

AL ••• --------------------------------------- 0.9 10.3 10.2 ---------- ---------- ---------- 1.05 Tr 

Fe ____ ---- __ ---_-----------_ --_ ----_ -------- .2 1.1 1,1 ---------- ---------- ---------- .03 20 

Mn. __ ---- __ ----------- ___ ---_-----_- _ ------ .3 1.3 -----0~07- ---------- ---------- ---------- .oo ----47~20- .2 -----86~3- Ca.------------------- __ -- ____ ---- __ -------- ' 19 0.95 1.4 454 22.65 43 2.15 946 1, 730 

Mg.---------------------------------------- 17 1.4 58 4. 7 239 19.7 nil ------~21- 297 24.4 262 21.5 

Sr ------------------------------------------- 113 .30 I .8 .18 12 .27 9 131 65 1.47 

Ba.----------------------------------------- 72 1.05 11 .01 11.3 ---265~4-- ---------- ---------- 14.1 ---54.8 ____ Tr 

N a ___ --------------------------------------- 7,900 344.1 9,140 397.4 6,100 830 36.1 12,600 29,400 1,279 

K __ ----------------------------------------- 59 1. 51 460 11.76 181 4.63 7.1 .18 571 14.60 360 9.21 

Li __ ---------------------------------------- 12.0 .29 14 2.0 9.0 1.30 0.1 . 01 6.9 .99 11 1.6 

NH4 _--------------------------------------- I 59 3.3 303 16.8 0.2 . 01 5 .28 40 2.2 33 1.8 

Total cations ________________________ -- ---------- 353 433 314 38.9 ---------- 637 1,400 

HCOs--------------------------------------- 1, 060 17.4 7, 390 121.2 6, 340 103.9 13 0. 21 324 5. 31 1, 530 25.1 

COs----------------------------------------- 154 5.13 0 . 00 0 31 1. 03 0 ---------- ---------- ---------- 804----------------------------------------- 0 . 00 23 . 48 . 3 . 01 5 .10 111 2. 31 1, 430 29.8 

HS_ ---------------------------------------- ---------- ---------- ---------- ---------- ---------- ---------- ---------- ---------- ---------- ---------- ---------- ---------- CL----------------------------------------- 11,800 333 11,000 310 7, 510 211.8 1, 300 36. 7 21,600 609 47,700 1, 345 

F _ ------------------------------------------ 5 . 26 1.1 • 06 2 . 11 . 4 • 02 1. 9 . 10 ---------- ---------- Br ------------------------------------------ I 5. 3 . 07 I 15 .19 20 . 25 None{?) ---------- 15 .19 17 o. 21 L------------------------------------------- I 1. 3 . 01 I 16 .13 3 .10 20 .16 1. 3 . 01 . 2 . 00 

N02----------------------------------------- ---------- ---------- ---------- ---------- 0 ---------- ---------- ---------- . 00 ---------- ---------- ---------- NOs----------------------------------------- ---------- ---------- ---------- ---------- 165 2. 66 . 5 . 01 . 0 ---------- ---------- ---------- PO•----------------------------------------- 0. 5 0. 02 ---------- ---------- ---------- ---------- ---------- ---------- . 00 . 2 . 00 B.------------------------------------------ I 201 ---------- 292 ---------- 360 ---------- 10 ---------- 3. 6 ---------- 770 ---------- C02----------------------------------------- ---------- ---------- ---------- ---------- ---------- ---------- ---------- ---------- ---------- ---------- ---------- ---------- H2B----------------------------------------- 172 178 0 ---------- ---------- ---------- 60 Tr 

Total anions-------------------------- ---------- 356 

Total, as reported.-------------------- 21. 600 

S~clfic conductance micromhos at 25° c ___ _ 

¥-en'ii>erature~~~-::::::::::::::::::::~~~"c:: Density at 20° C----------------------------

Ratios by weight: 

Ca/Na_ --------------------------------- Mg/Ca __________ --" ___ -- ____ --_---------

Li/N KIN a __ --------------------------------- a. ______________________ -- __ -- __ ---- HC Os/Cl2 ______________________________ _ 

8 04/CL -- _____ ---_____________ ---______ _ 

F/CL _ ---------------------------------- Br/CL ___ ------------------------------- 1/CL ___________________________________ _ 

B/Cl_-______ ------________ -- ____ --------

Analysis __________ ------------- ____________ _ 

32,500 

8.4 28~ 

7 

1. 009 

o. 0024 

.89 

.0074 

.00025 

.12 

.0000 

.00036 

• 00045 

.00011 

.017 

29,100 

432 

33,600 

7.2 

57 

8 

1. 016 

0. 00015 41 .050 

.0015 

.66 

.0021 

. 00009 

.0014 

.0015 

.036 

319 

21,500 

24,600 6. 7 20.0 

1.012 

0.074 

.53 

.029 

.0015 

.85 

. 00004 

.0003 

.0026 

.0017 

.048 

9 

38.2 ---------- 617 1,400 

2,350 36,600 83,300 

2,160 53,900 -------------------- 8. 6 6. 7 ------------33------- 46 48 

-----.. --------------- 1.025 -------------------- 0.051 0.075 o. 058 

<.02 . 31 .15 

.0086 .045 .012 

.0001 . 00055 . 00037 

.058 . 015 .032 

.004 . 0051 .030 

.0003 .000088 --------------~ oooa6- <· 001(?) . 00069 

.015 . 000060 .000004 

.0076 . 00017 --------------------.. 

10 11 12 

Name of springs and location._------------- Bad Hall, SW. of Smrdaky, ESE. of Chokrak, Crimea, 

Linz, Austria Breclav, Czechoslo- USSR Toyotomi, Isobe, Gumma Hanmer, South 

vakia 

Date of collection.-------------------------- ____ ---------------- ____ ---------------- Oct. 1, 1937 

Hokkaido Prefec- Prefecture, Japan Island, New Zealand 

ture, Japan 

ppm epm ppm epm ppm epm ppm epm ppm epm ppm epm 

~~~::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: T~· 9 __________ -----=~--- __________ -----=~--- __________ <~? 1 4g. 3 ---------- ------i~o- :::::::::: Fe •. ---------------------------------------- 6.1 3. 0 ---------- ---------- ---------- o. 5 6 ---------- ---------- ---------- Mn ca ••. ---·---------------------------------- Tr _ ------- ---------- __ _ _ _ __ _ ______________ ,.___________________________ 244 -- 12. 18 81 - --4:04- ----495-- -- -24~7 - -----76 ___ -----:3:79- ----22o ___ ----io~98- -----io ___ ------o~ so 

Mg •• --------------------------------------- 156 12.8 53 4.4 441 36.3 32 2.6 47 3.9 .3 .02 

Sr .•. ---------------------------------------- 13 . 30 ---------- ---------- ---------- ---------- ---------- ---------- ---------- ---------- ---------- ---------- Ba __________________________________________ ---------- ---------- ---------- ---------- ---------- ---------- ---------- ---------- ---------- ---------- ---------- ---------- Na------------------------------------------ 6, 460 281.0 925 40.24 I 9, 640 419.3 4, 200 182. 7 10,400 452 379 16.48 K------------------------------------------- 10 . 26 38 . 97 441 11.28 320 8. 19 290 7. 4 4. 0 .10 

LL------------------------------------------ 2. 3 . 33 ---------- ---------- ---------- ---------- ---------- ---------- ---------- ---------- ---------- ---------- NH4- --------------------------------------- 52 2. 9 4. 2 0. 23 150 8. 32 ---------- ---------- 1 20 1. 11 3. 0 .17 

Total cations-------------------------- ---------- 310 49.9 500 197 475 17.3 

HCOa--------------------------------------- 425 6. 97 410 6. 72 1, 010 16. 5 1, 690 27. 7 7, 510 123.1 196 3. 21 

COs----------------------------------------- ---------- ---------- ---------- ---------- ---------- ---------- ---------- ---------- ---------- ---------- ---------- ---------- 804----------------------------------------- 0 . 00 11 . 23 1.1 . 02 <O. 5 . 00 21 . 44 19 • 39 

HS. ---------------------------------------- ---------- ---------- 78 2. 36 139 4. 20 ----·----- ---------- ---------- ---------- 4. 7 .14 · CL.---------------------------------------- 10,700 302 1, 390 39.2 16,900 477 6, 230 175. 7 12,700 358 483 13.61 

F ------------------------------------------- ---------- ---------- ---------- ---------- ---------- ---------- ---------- ---------- ---------- ---------- ---------- ---------- Br -------------------------·---------------- 78 . 98 Present ---------- 133 1.66 17 .21 20 . 25 ---------- ---------- L------------------------------------------- 39 . 31 2. 2 0. 02 45 0. 36 24 .19 47 . 37 ---------- ---------- NOI----------------------------------------- . 03 . 00 ---------- ---------- ---------- ---------- ---------- ---------- ---------- ---------- ---------- ---------- NOs----------------------------------------- ---------- ---------- p 04----------------------------------------- ---------- ---------- B __ ---------------------------·------------- 42 C02----------------------------------------- 26 ---------- H2S __ ----------------------------_ ---------- ------.--- ----------

Total anions __________________________ ---------- 310 

Total, as reported.-------------------· 18, 300 

See footnotes at end of table. 

Prese~t ---------- ---------- ---------- ---------- ---------- -----~9--- ---------- ---------- ---------- Present ---------- ----is ____ ---------- ----i48 ___ ---------- 128 ---------- -----49 ___ ----------

11 394 ---------- ---------- ---------- 1, 160 ---------- ---------- ---------- 577 279 ---------- ---------- -----·---- ---------- ---------- ---------- ----------

48. 5 ---------- 500 204 ____ -~-------- 482 17.4 

3, 610 ---------- 30, 100 ---------- 12, 800 ---------- 32, 600 1,150 
·CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF SUBSURFACE WATERS F37 

TABLE 15.-Chemical analyses of spring waters similar in composition to oil-field brines of the sodium chloride type--Continued 

Analysis_----------------------------------- 7 8 9 11 12 

Name of springs and location. __ "___________ Bad Hall, SW. of Smrdaky6 ESE. of Chokrak, Crimea, 

Linz, Austria Breclav, zechoslo- USSR 

10 

Toyotoml, Hokkaido Prefecture, Japan 

Isobe, Gumma Hanmer, South 

Prefecture, Japan Island, New Zealand 

vakia 

Dato of oolloctlou ______________________________ ----------------- -------------------- Oct. 1, 1937 

i~~i~i~~;~~~~~~~~~~:~~:~~i:~~~~ ::: : :~~~i~:::::::: :::: ::::::::~:::::: -------~:;r~-- --- ::: : ::::::::~:~:::: ::: :::::::::;!r:: : _-_-::::::: ::::;~:~:: Ratios Ca/N by wolght: a _________________________________ _ 

~'*~~==:::::::::::: :::::::::::::::::::: 

Lt/Na •• ---------------------------------

o. 038 o. 084 o. 051 o. 018 o. 021 o. 026 . 63 . 65 . 89 . 42 . 21 . 03 . 0015 . 041 . 046 . 076 . 028 • 011 

: 8~835 --------------:29 ___ ------------:oeo ____ --------------:27 ___ --------------:69 ___ ----------------:4r 

HCOa{Cll_ ----------------------------- SO./C ---------------------------------- . 0000 . 0079 . 000065 . oooo . 0017 . 039 

~~?6i: :::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: -------------:oo7a-- :::::::::::::::::::: ---- ------~-.-oo7s ___ --------------:oo27- --------------:ooie- :::::::::::::::::::: 

I/CL----------------------------------- • 0036 . 0016 . 0027 . 0038 • 0037 --- _ ---------------- 13/CL---------------------------------- . 0039 -------------------- . 0011 . 024 . 010 .10 

1 Components montlonod In c;~xplanatlon of table. • Includes COa as HCOa. 

EXPLANATION FOR TABLE 15 

1. Spring, rising In largo concrote·llnod pool In southern part of Tuscan area, NE~ 

soc. 32, '1'. 28 N., R. 2 W., •rohama County, Calif. Probably from rocks of 

Cretaceous Chico Formation overlain unconformably by volcanic agglomerate of Pllocono •ruscan !~ormation. Flows about 10 gpm; total flow of springs from aroa about 30 or 40 gpm; no spring deposits, but travertine veins are In 

bedrock. Analyzed spring has little associated gas but combustible gas is 

prosont In nearby "Natural Gas" Spring (Waring, 1915, p. 290). Collected by R C. Soott1 U.S. Gaol. Survoy~yanalyzed by B. V. Salotto, who also found 

5.2 J.&J.&O por 1 Ra and 6 J.&g per 1 u. Ho also reported Cu, 0.00 ppm; Zn, 0.00 

ppm. Ll NH• Sr, Br, I. and B determined by H. Kramer, C. E. Roberson, 

and P. W. Scott of U.S. Gool. Survey In sample collected June 9, 1954, having samo Cl content. Analysis not previously published. 2. Main spring, spring 22, Wilbur, NW~ soc. 28, T. 14 N., R. 5 W., Colusa County, Calif. Discharge of spring Is 15 gpm and discharge of group Is about 40 gpm (White, 1957b, p. 1074-1677; Waring, 1915, p. 99-103). From rocks of Knoxville 

Formation of Lato Jurassic ago, near serpentine Intrusions (W. B. Meyers, U.S. Gool. Survoy, written communication). No spring deposits but water Is associated with qulcksll vor and gold do posits. Analyzed bY W. W. Brannock 

of U.S. Geol. Survoy, who also reported 0.0 ppm Sb and 0.0 ppm As. Componontsdotermlnod on lator samples of similar chloride content: Determinations of Brand I by Brannock; 0.2 ppm Hg by J. D. Pera of Buckman Laboratories Inc.; ~'o; Al; Mn; Cu..t 0.00 ppm; Zn, 0.00 ppm; 3 J.&J.&C per 1 Ra and 0.8 

J.&g porI U roportod by B. V. 1:::1alotto; Sr and Ba determined by spectrographic analysis; spectr·ographic analysis of evaporated residue, by Nola B. Sheffey, convortod to ppm in tho original water: evaporated residue at 180° C, 23,500; l~o, 0.1; Cu, 0.05; Ag, 0.02; Pb, 1.4; Or, 0.07; W, 9.4; Ll1 12; Rb, 1.2; Cs, 0.7; 

Sr, 1.4; Ba, 1.9. Seo table 23, analysis 2, for water analysrs from Abbott quick- silver mlno, 2 miles to southwest. 

3. Sprlngt.J)Oar crost of ridge at Tolenas, 4 miles north of Fairfield, sec. 1, T. 5 N., R. 2 w, Solano County, Callt. About~ gpm of water and at least as much gas discharging noar crest of travertine rldg~ about 200 ft long, on Interbedded 

shale and sandstone of Cretaceous Chico .r·ormatlon (Waring, 1915, p. 162-163; 

Woavor1 1940, p. 106-107). Gas Is not combustible and probably is largely C01; total discharge of water from area Is only a few gpm. Analyzed by C. E. 

Roberson, U.S. Gool. Survey; As, 0.00 ppm also reported; spectrographic analy- sis of ovaporatod residue, by Nola B. Sheffey converted to ppm In original water: evaporated residue at 180° C, 17,700; Ai, 0.2; Fo, 0.1; Cu, 0.02; Sr, 0.7; 

lla, 1.3. Analysis not previously published. 4. Main spring, Morcoy, SEJ4 soc. 15, T. 14 S., R. 10 E. Fresno County, Calif. l~lows 7 to 10 gpm from gravels overlying fractured greenstone associated with 

Franciscan Sandstone of Late Jurassic or Early Cretaceous age. The water may rlso along a fault zone closo to the contact of Franciscan and Cretaceous 

Chico ~'ormatlons (Anderson and Pack 1915, p. 212-213). Spring Is 3 miles 

southeast of Morcoy quicksilver mine (Yates and Hilpert, 1945), Analyzed by H. Almond and S. Berman, U.S. Geol. Survey. Analysis not previously published. 

5. Stinking Springs, also known as Lampo or Connors Springs, NW~ sec. 30, T. 

10 N.,_R. 3 W., 6.8 miles northwest of Corinne and Immediately north of Great 

Salt Lake, Box Elder County, Utah. Sampled spring discharges about 30 

gpm and Is easternmost and largest spring of a group that has total discharge of about 75 gpm from near contact of Quaternary sediments and Lower Carboniferous limestone (Emmonsi 1893, p, 386). Collected by J. H. Feth, analyzed by J.P. Schuch of U.S. Geo. Survey; also determined are SQ.sJ 0 ppm; As, 0.00 

ppm. Spectrographic analysis of evaporated residue by Nola B. Sheffey, converted to ppm in original water: evaporated residue at 180°C, 37,300; AI, 

0.8; Fe, 0.2; Mn, 0.1; Cu, 0,04; Sr, 31; Ba, 4.1. Analysis not previously published. 6. Well, 2,130 ft deep, near Bad Hamm, Ruhr district, West Germany, in Kreide 

Formation of Late Cretaceous age (Himstedt, 1907, p. 163). Analyzed by C. 

R. Fresenlus, 1882; methane present. 7. Upper Gunther well, Bad Hall, north-central Austria, 25 miles southwest of 

Linz (Schmolzer, 1955, p, 197); drilled In area of springs known and used since 

eighth century, Well is 820ft deep in Molasse of Tertiary age, overlying Oligo- cene and Miocene sedimentary rocks. Also reported is a trace of Cu. Analysis of gas from one well is given in table 28 analysis 5 (Grill, 1952, p, 89). 8. Well 6, in spring area at Smrdaky, about 20 miles east-southeast of Breclav, In 

southwest Czechoslovakia; producing from depth of 990 ft from Burdigalian- Helvotian rocks of early and middle Miocene age (Jant1llek and Jant1k, 195~p. 

Z~d"hJ~~· Water also contains naphtha, and associated gases include 2S 

9. Resort with drilled wells, about 160 ft deep, In former cold-spring area on east border of Chokrak marsh 1 mile from south shore of Sea of Azov and about 12 

miles north of Kerch, crimea, U.S.S.R. Water is from shale, limestone, and 

dolomite of Karagan and Chokrak Formations of Tertiary ago (FomicMv, 1948, p. 221-232). Analyzed by I. S. Krasnikova and M. S. Svemlna. Na 

reported as 642 ppm, but reported equivalents and strong unbalance of cations 

and anions clearly indicate that this figure Is a misprint for 9,462 ppm. Analysis is FomlcMv's type 2; for his type 1. see table 22, analysis 6. 

10. Toyotomi, near northwestern tip of Hokkaido, Japan. Spring discharges from 

Pliocene sandstone and mudstone, probably marine (Muto 1954, p. 408-409). 

Nearest Quaternary volcanic rocks are those of Pleistocene Rishiri volcano, an Island 25 miles to the west. 11. Isobe, Gumma Prefecture, In central part of Honshu, Japan. Spring discharges 2 gpm from middle or late Miocene sandstone, shale, and conglomerate (Muto, 1954, p. 408-409). Nearest Quaternary volcano is Haruna, 10 miles to the northnortheast (H. Kuno, written communication). Analyzed by Muto (1954, p. 409) except for NH, and PO., which are analyzed by Tokyo Hygienic Laboratory, 1930 (Morimoto, 1954, p. 246-247). 

12. Springs and welli 300-ft deep, at Hanmerbnear south base of Seaward Kalkoura 

Range1 South sland, New Zealand. lscharge Is from thick alluvial gravel overlymg graywacke of Mesozoic ago (J. Healy, written communication). For gas analysis (Farrand Rogers, 1929, p. 3Q0-308) see table 28, analysis 6. 
F38 DATA OF GEOCHENUSTRY 

TABLE 16.-Chemical analyses of spring waters similar to oil-field brines of the sodium calcium chloride type 

Analysis _____________________ 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Name and location __________ London, Lane Willow Creek, Utah, Weber Saratoga, Sara- Tolsona, Cop- Wiesbaden, N. Thermopotamos, Trompsberg, County, Oreg. Shast~al'~~ty, County, Utah toga County, per River ofMainz, Euboea Island, Orange Free 

N.Y. Basin, Alaska Germany Greece State, Union 

of South 

Africa Date of collection ____________ Sept. 3, 1957 Nov. 30, 1956 Apr. 5, 1958 Aug. 7, 1938 Sept. 21, 1956 -------------... ----- .................................................. ----·---------· ppm epm ppm epm ppm epm ppm epm ppm epm ppm epm ppm epm ppm epm 

Si 02------------------------- 19 22 38 13 16 64 58 26 ------ AL •• ---. _------------------- 0.12 0.04 0.46 3.4 0.2 ------- ----------- ------- 0.2 I 1 Fe ..•• -.--•••••• ---- __ -_---.- .00 1.05 .42 1.8 .3 3.0 1.1 

Mn ------- -------- ------ ••••• ________ -.---•• ___ --- .00 .00 1.9 I 0.003 ------- --------- ------- 0. 7 ------- .02 ------- 1 'l'r ------ Cu •• __ ---------------------- .00 I .05 .00 ------- ----------- ------- --------- ------- 0.001 ------- ---------- ------- -------- ------ Pb .• ------------------------ .00 .oo .01 ------- ----------- ------- ------- ----------- .................... ---------- ------- -------- ------ zn _____ ---------------------- .00 .00 .00 ------- ----------- ------- .01 ------- ------~68"" ------- ---------- ------- -------- ------ As ____ ._. ___ ._--.---._. __ ---- .13 "2if95" .oo .00 ------- """623 _____ -3r69- --------- "39~27" "i;786 ____ "88~8-- ""473 ___ ------ Ca .••• __ ----------·--------- 480 1,120 55.9 1,140 56.9 787 344 17.17 23.6 

Mg •• ------------------------ 29 2.4 2.4 .20 70 5.8 197 16.2 111 9.13 48 4.0 329 27.1 20 1.6 

Sr.-------------------------- 17.9 16.6 128 ------- ----------- 151 1.16 12 .27 ---------- ------- 7.2 0.16 B a _____ •• ___ • _____ .--__ ••• ___ 15.7 I .2 I 1.1 13 .18 14 .20 o. 7 .01 11 .01 

NIL------·------------------ 810 "35~24" 2,670 116.1 7,030 365~8-- 2,030 88.3 4,660 202.7 2,660 115.7 i6~oo6·-·- 435 ____ 2,670 116.1 

K.-------------------------- 8.2 . 21 7.5 .19 901 23.05 380 9. 72 60 1. 53 95 2.43 441 11.28 16 .41 

LL -----------·-------------- .o 2.2 .32 9.9 1. 43 7.6 1.09 10.5 .07 3.5 .50 .5 .07 16 .8 

NHt. ---.-------------------- .0 21 1.16 5.4 .30 11 .61 5.6 .31 7.0 .39 1.1 .06 nil .00 

'fotal cations __________ --------- 61.8 ----·----- 174 ---------- 393 ----·------ 147 --------- 254 -----·----- 140 ---------- 562 -------- 143 

HCOs----------------------- 76 1. 25 0 0. 00 192 3.15 3, 870 63.4 143 2. 34 595 9. 75 590 9. 67 None(?) 0. 00 

~8.~~~::::::::::::::::::::::: ~: ~ . o2 ~g : ?Z 1s8 "T93- ::::::::::: ::::::: 8. o ---:66- ----63 _____ ··r3i- ·i;i26 ____ -23T- 9~g 1~: ~g CL--------------------·---- 2, 100 59.2 6, 080 171.5 13,300 375 2, 970 83.8 8, 870 250.1 4, 590 129.6 18,500 522 4, 250 119.9 

F ---------------------------- . 0 • 0 3. 2 .17 ----------- ------- 0. 3 0. 02 ---·------- -·----- ---------- ------- 3. 6 .19 

Br--------------------------- 3. 7 . 05 ---------- ------- 8. 2 .10 9. 4 .12 17 0. 21 2. 5 . 03 62 • 78 Nil . 00 

L--------------·-----------~ .2 .00 ----------------- .2 .00 1.0 .01 3. 7 .03 .02 .00 .08 .00 -------- ------ N02------------------------- . 02 . 00 • 00 ------- . 00 ------- ----------- ------- • 00 • 00 I. 4 . 01 ---------- -·-·--- Nil . 00 

NOs------------------------- 9. 3 .15 6. 6 . 11 . 0 ------- ----------- ------- . 07 . 01 1. 6 . 01 ---------- ------- Nil . 00 

po,_ ------------------------ . 34 _______ ---------- _______ . oo _______ ----------- ________________ ---·--- . oa . o4 ---··-- ________ ---·-· 

B____________________________ 3. 0 ·------ 1. 8 -----·· 5.1 ------- ---·------- ------- 35 ------- 1. 0 6. 6 ------- I 4 

C02------------------------- --------- ------- ---------- ------- ---------- ------- ----------- ------- --------- ------- 234 338 ·------ -------- ------ H2S------------------------- --------- ------- .1 .0 ---·--- ----------- ------- --------- ------- ----------- ----·-- ---------- ------- -------- ------

Total anions ___________ -------·- 60. 7 ---------- 173 ---------- 382 ----------- 147 -------·- 253 ----------- 141 ---------- 556 -------- 142 

Total, as reported _____ 3, 550 ------- 10,000 ------- 22,900 ------- 10, 100 ------- 14,800 ----·-- I 8,730 -·-·--- 33, 200 ------- 8, 480 

Specific conductance 

micromhos at 25° C .. 6,270 14,300 34,300 ----·------6~2----- 23,600 

~~ffi'Peraiillii::_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-o-·a~~ 7.6 9.0 7.3 7.1 

Slightly warm 17 57 Cold Cold 

Density at 20°--------------- ----------------- 1.004 1. 013 ------------------- 1.008 

-----·----6~8i _____ ··-·------6:65"""" --------8~95""" 

65.3 78.2 37 

-------·-·---··---- 1. 025 --------------- Ratios by weight: . Ca/N a ________ -------·--- 0.59 0.42 0.16 0.31 0.17 

Mg/Ca--------------· ---- .060 .0022 .061 .32 .14 

0.13 0.18 0.17 

.14 .19 .042 

'tlli~ ~~ ~ ~ ~ =============== .010 .0028 .13 .19 .013 

.0000 .00083 .0014 .0037 .0001 HCOs/Cl2 ________________ .036 .0066 .014 1.3 .016 

. 036 • 044 • 0059 . 0013 . 00005 . 0022 

.13 .032 .029 

SOt/CL -----------·----- .00057 .0063 .014 .000 .00000 

F /CL-----------···------ .0000 .00000 .00024 -----------·:o632-- .00003 

~fd~~-~::================= .0018 ------... --·-------- .00062 .0019 

.0001 ------------------ .00002 .00034 .00042 

.0014 .00030 .00038 ------------------- .0039 

.014 .061 .22 

-----------:66654-- -----------:6634-- : 888~4 

. 00000 . 00000 --------------· . 00021 ----------------·- . 001 

Analysis_________________________ 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 

Name and location.______________ Ain Djebel, Tiberias, Near Geyser Suyu, Staraia Matsesta, Nesbkin, Siberia, Arima, Hyogo Pre- Naganuma, SSW. of Tunis, Sea of Tiberias, Anatolia, Turkey Abkbaz, USSR USSR fecture, Japan Yamagata PreTunisia Israel fecture, Japan Date of collection. __ ---------- _____ ----- ______________ ---------- ________________ • ----------- _. ------------- ______ ------------ __________________________________ ------ ____ _ 

ppm epm ppm epm ppm epm ppm epm ppm epm ppm 

Si02-----------------------·----- 20 23 22 117 95 146 

AL .• ---------------------------- 13 -------- ---------- -------- 3. 2 ---------- ---------- -------- 9.3 71 

Fe.------------------------------ 5 -------- 7. 8 -------- . 06 ---------- ---------- -------- .1 ------·- 157 

epm ppm 

72 

.9 

4.3 

epm 

Mn .. ---------------------------- ---------- -------- ---------- -------- ---------- ---------- ---------- -------- ---------- -------- 42 ---------- ---------- --·----- Cu _______________________________ ---------- -------- ---------- -------- ---------- ---------- ---------- -------- ---------- -------- .1 ---------- ---------- --------

Pb _______________________________ ------·--- -------- ·---------- -------- ---------- ---------- ---------- -------- -·-------- -------- . 4 ---------- ---------- -------- Zn _______________________________ -·-------- -------- ---------- -------- ---------- ---------- ---------- -------- ---------- -------- . 2 ---------- ---------- --------

As.------------------------------ ---------- -------- ---------- ·------· ---------- ---------- ---------- -------- ---------- -------· 0 Ca ..• ---------------------------- 1, 000 49.9 3, 930 196.1 3, 190 159.2 538 26.85 3, 490 174.2 3, 880 ---iii3~6-- --2~316 ___ --ii5~2- Mg ••••..•.• ---------------------- 275 22.6 825 67.9 65 5. 3 180 14.8 25 2.1 38 3.13 162 13.3 

Sr _ ------------------------------ ---------- -------- ---------- -------- ---------- ---------- 29 • 66 ---------- -------- 2. 0 . 05 ---------- -------- Ba ••• ---------------------------- ---------- -------- ---------- -------- ---------- ---------- ---------- -------- ---------- -------- 59 • 86 ---------- -------- Na ••••••• ------------------------ 5, 240 227.9 6, 910 300.6 18,600 809.1 3,560 154.7 6,190 269.3 19,600 853 7,080 308.0 K-------------------------------- 283 7. 24 77 1. 97 1, 990 51.0 138 3. 53 840 21.5 4, 440 113.6 554 14.16 

LL·-·------------------------·-- 1 .1 ---------- -·------ ---------- ----··---- 1. 2 .17 ---------- -------- 53 7. 6 1. 7 .24 

NHt----------------------------- ---------- -------- ---------- -------- 4. 3 . 24 8. 3 . 46 ---------- -------- 44 2. 44 . 7 . 04 

Total cations ______________ ---------- 308 ---------- 567 ---------- 18,025 ---------- 201 ---------- 467 ---------- 1 1,174 451 

HCOa. -·---------------------·-- 204 --a.34 366 5:-98 64 -----ro5 384 ~ 27 0. 44 567 9. 29 69 1.13 

COs----------------------------- 400 13.33 ---------- -------- o .00 ---------- -------- ---------- -------- ---------- --·------- ---------- -------· so, ______________________________ 3,ooo 62.5 891 18.53 149 3.10 1.9 .o4 1.2 .02 o.o .oo 4.9 .10 

CL.---------------------------- 8, 290 233.8 19,200 541 36, 100 1, 018 6, 060 170.9 16,500 465 41,700 1, 176 15,900 449 

F------·---------------·--------- ---------- -------- ---------- -------- ---------- ---------- ---------- -------- ---------- -------- . 7 .04 __ Br.---·-------------------------- 68 • 85 1. 4 . 02 ---------- ---------- 26 . 33 ---------- -------- 52 . 65 -----34··- -----~ 43 

I--------------------------------- Tr . 00 ---------- -------- ---------- ---------- 3. 7 . 03 ---------- ------·- . 9 • 01 17 .13 

N02- ---------------------------- 0. 2 • 00 ---------- -------- ---------- ---------- ---------- -------- ---------- -------- 0 . 00 ------·--- -------- NOs.-------------------------·-- 1. 2 . 02 --·------- -------- 68 1.10 ---------- -------- ---------- -------- 0 • 00 ---------- -------- POt---·-------------------------- Tr -------- ---------- -------- 2. 2 ---------- ---------- -------- ------·--- -------- 1. 4 • _ B----------·--------------------- ---------- -------- ---------- -------- ---------- ---------- 13 -------- ---------- -------- 535 --------- ------3~6- ------- C02--- -------------------------- ---------- -------- ---------- -------- 96 I 119 -------- ---------- -------- 370 31 

H2S------------------------------ 0. 3 -------- 28 -------- ---------- ---------- I 248 -------- Present -------- . 9 4 

Total anions _______________ ---------- ~ ---------- 566 ---------- 1,023 ----------~ ---------- ~ ----------~ ~ 

Total, as reported •••••••••. ~ --------~ -------- 60,400 ----·-----~ -------- 27,200 -------- 1 71,800 -·-------- 26,200 

See footnotes at end of table. 
CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF SUBSURF.&CE WATERS F39 

TABLE 16.-Chemical analyses of spring waters similar to oil-field brines of the sodium calcium chloride type-Continued 

Analysis_________________________ 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 

Numo und location............... Ain Djebel, Tiberias, Near Geyser Suyu, Staraia Matsesta, Neshkin, Siberia, Artma, Hyogo Pre- Naganuma, SSW. of Tunis, Sea of Tiberias, Anatolia, Turkey Abkhaz, USSR USSR fecture, Japan Yamagata ProTunisia Israel lecture, Japan Duto of collection.------- __________ •. __ ------------ __ ------ ______ ------ ------ __ ---------- ___ --· --------------- _ ------------- ______ ---· __ ------- __________ ------- _________ _ 

Specific conductunce 

tnicromhos at 25° 0 .. ------------------- ------------------- --------------------- ------------------- ------------------- ---·----------------- ------------------- pli ...... ------------------------- ------------------- ------------------- 6. 2 ------------------- ------------------- 5. 8 7. 7 ~L'ompcrutmo _______________ o 0. _ 54.5 61.9 100 24± 65 94.0 61 

Density ut 20°------------------- ------------------- ------------------- 1.047 ------------------- (1) (1) 1.017 

Uutlos by weight: Oa/Na_______________________ 0.19 0. 57 0.17 0.16 0. 56 0. 20 0.33 

.070 

.078 

.00024 

.0043 

Mg/On_______________________ . 28 . 21 . 020 . 30 . 0071 . 0097 

}~/~~~-:.:::::::::::::::::::::: :gg62 ------------~~~~--- ---------------~~~-- _: 0g5

63

o34 ___________ :_. 16___ :6g27 HOOs/CP____________________ .12 . 019 . 0017 . 014 

so.tcL.-------------------- . 36 . 044 . oo41 . ooo31 . oooo1 . ooooo . 00031 

F/CL •••• --- ____ -----. _. ----- __ ----••• ------. _ •• _. ----------. __ ---- --------------------- .• ----.------------ . ------------- __ --. . 00002 -----------••• --- __ 

~fu~~:::::::::::::::::::: :::: -----------__ :~~~~- == ======== ===~~~~= == ====== ::::::::::::: J~gg1 ::::::::::::::::::: --------------:~~~~:- .0021 

.0011 

.00023 

t Components mentioned in description. a Includes OOa as HOOs. 

EXPLANATION FOR .TABLE 16 

1. Main spring, London, NW~ sec. 40, T. 22 S., R. 3 W., Lane County{ Oreg., discharges about 10 gpm from nonmarine tuffs and basalt flows of Ca apooga ]?ormation or Eocene ago. Collected by Linn Hoover; analyzed by J. P. 

Schuch ol U.S. Gool. Survey; spectrographic analysis of evaporated residue, 

by Nola B. She !Toy, converted to opm in tho original water: evaporated residue at 180°C\ 4,360; AI, 0.2; Fo, 0.4; 'l'i, 0.03; Cu, 0.004; Sr, 7.9; Ba, 5.7. Analysis not prov ously published. 2. Main spring or small §roup on Willow Creek, half a mile above junction with 

Crystal Crook, !at 40 40' N., long 122°38' W.1 Shasta Cotmty, Calif. Discharge of spring estimated at 1 gpm and total aischargo of group is 5 gpm; from 

fractured quartz prophyry dike cutting pillow lavas of Copely Greenstone or Paleozoic ago. Collected by J. Albcrsi analyzed by H. C. Whitehead of 

U.S. Gool. Survey; also reported and inc uded in totals, OH, 3.6 ppm (0.21 

opm); spectrographic tmalysis or evaporated residue, by Nola B. Sheffey, converted to ppm in tlte original water: evaporated residue at 180°C, 10,700; 

Al, 0.3; Fo, 0.05; Cu, 0.05; Ag, 0.01~~Sr, 6.6; Ba, 0.2. For analysis of gases, see table 28, analysis 7; collected by u.S. Bureau of Reclamation June 8, 1956. 

Analysis not previously published. 3. Spring, Weber County, Utah: northernmost or four springs near boundary between Weber and Box Elder Counties and 8 miles north of Ogden. Discharges about 25 gpm from alluvium overlying Pleistocene Lake Bonneville 

sediments ncar frontal fault of Wasatch Range. Collected by J. H. Foth; 

analyzed by J.P. Schuch..~,. U.S. Gool. Survey; spectrographic analysis or evapo- rated residue, by Nola u. Sheffey, converted to ppm in the original water: evaporated residue at 180° C, 23,200; AI, 0.7; Fe, 0.1; Ti, 0.1; Cu, 0.1; Sr, 28; 

Ba, 1.1. Analysis not previously published. 4. Coosa spring, Saratoga, Saratoga County N.Y.; one spring of group emerging nlong fault in Canajoharie Shale of Middle Ordovician age overlying Little 

Falls Dolomite (Strock1 1941, p. 857); water also tapped by drilling to dolomite. 

Spring deposits consist ot travertine. Analyzed by S. Drexler. Mn determined by L. W. Strock (average of Hayes and Orenda springs, very similar 

in Cl content to Coosa spring); also determined spectrographically, in ppm: 

Zr1 0.4; Sn, 0.03; '1'1 and V, each <0.0016; Co, <0.0005; Ni, 0.0003; Be, 0.001 

(Stroolc, 1941, p. 860). 11. Southwestern spring, on crest of mud cone 1.5 miles west of V.A.B.M. Shepard and 0.3 milo north of Glenn Highway, Gulkana A-4 quadrangle, Copper River 

Basin, Alaska. Discharges 1 to 2 gpm of muddy water accompanied by little 

gas, Including H2S. Area Is undorlnin by glacial deposits which 2 miles to the 

south are at least 500 ft thick. Possibly a few hundred feet of Eocene sand 

and gravel and probably a Cow thousand feet of marine siltstone and shale of 

Matanuska Formation ol Late Cretaceous age beneath tho till (A. Grantz, 

written communication). Sample collected by F. Robinson and F. Rucker; 

analyzed by G. Gaston; Sr and Li analyzed by C. E. Roberson, U. S. Geol. 

Survey. For gas analysis see table 28, analysis 8; collected by A. Grantz, 

Sept. 7, 1957, analyzed by U.S. Bureau ot Minos. Analysis not previously published. 6. Kochbrunnon spring, eastern most of tho four principal springs at Wiosbaden, 

north of Malnz, west-central Germany. Discharges 350 gpm trom fault in 

mica gneiss (Micholsl}954, p. 113-117). Analysis by Fresenius and Frosenius 

0936, p. 28-35), with N 02 and NOs from a later very similar analysis (Michels 

1954, p. 115). Also renortod and included In totals: Rb, 0.4 ppm (0.00 epm); Cs, 0.3 ppm ro.oo epm). For gas analysis see table 28, analysis 9 (Fresenius 

and Frosonlus. Hl36, p. 32). 

7. 'l'hormopotamos spring, near northwest end of Euboca Island, Greece. Spring apparently discharges from fault in Devonian schist overlain by Carboniferous 

lhnostono cast of major anticline (Pertessis, 1937, p. 93-94; Doprat, 1903). 1'his 

Is one of the now and hotter springs formed at time of major earthquake under 

Gulf of Euboea, Apri127, 1894 (DambergrisJ.896, p. 385-393). Analysis reported as hypothetical chemical combinations (Yertessis, 1937, p. 93-94), converted to ppm. 

8. T. G. 1 well, 4,700 ft. deep, near Trompsborg, south of Odendaalsrus, Orange Free 

State, Union of South Africa; lat 30°03' S., long 25°44' E. Artesian discharge of 500 gpm (Kent, 1949, table 3, p. 243, 248, 253) from norite, probably of Bushveld Complex of Precambrian ago, overlain by Dwyka Series; water is highest in salinity of South African thermal waters. Kent suggests NaCl may be 

derived from leaching of Dwyka tillito1 ground waters of which are shown by Bond (1946, p. 106-122) to be relatively nigh in NaCl. Analyzed by W. Sunkel 

and P. Kok, 1948. Mn, Al, Ba, Li, and B are spectrographic determinations 

by B. Wassorstein. 

9. Spring, Ain Djebel, located 20 miles south-southwest of Tunis, Tunisia; discharges 2~2 gpm from largo travertine deposit on Lower Cretaceous and Upper Jurassic sedimentary rocks near crest of faulted anticline (Berthon, 1927, p. 23, 

94-110). Analysis in mg per 1; sp gr not stated; reported quantities probably should be decreased by about 1 percent. 10. "Open" spring of Old Bath, west side of Sea of Tiberias, Israel, discharging from 

basalt of probable Tertiary age (A. Friedmann, 1913, p. 1493-1494; Luke and 

Keith-Roach, 19341 p. 401-402). 

11. Geyser Suyu, in Ktzilca Tuzlasi group of saline springs 3 miles southwest of 

Ayvacik, near Tuzla, In northwest Anatolia, Turkey (Caglar, 1948, p. 250, 253; 

Prof. E. Goksu, written communication). Geyser Suyu is not a true geyser but surges regularly to height of a few feet. Springs emerge along a fault at the 

base of a mountain chain of Tertiary andesite with marine Mio-Plioceno sedimentary rocks to the east; no Quaternary volcanic rocks nearby. 12. Staraia Matsesta well 8! in spring area 2 miles northwest of shore of Black Sea 

and 6 miles from Socnl, Abkhaz area, U.S.S.R. (VInogradov, 1948, p. 26-27; 

Tsebricoff, 1928). Spring emerges from caves near a major fault on a large anticline in Upper Cretaceous marl overlain by Tertiary shale. Discharge of 

springs in area at least 140 gpm (Martel1 1904, p. 999-1001; Renngarte!lJ 1927) .. Analysis is of well water and includes S102, S20s (1 ppm), C02, and .t12S (Including 100 ppm reported as HS) from a very similar analysis reported by Ovchinnikov (1947, p. 138) from Matsosta well 4. 

13. Neshkin springJ. about 20 miles south of Neshkin village on Chukchco Peninsula, 

Siberia, U.S.~.R. Discharge of two vents is about 80 gpm (Rabkin, 1937, p. 93-101) trom crystalline schist of Silurian ago; slight odor of H2S. Analysis given in g per 1; sp gr not given, but analysis converted to ppm by assuming sp 

grot 1.02. 

14. Tenmangu-no-yu spring of Arima group, 9 miles northeast of Kobe, Honshu, 

Japan (Ikeda, 1949, 1955a, 1955b; Kimura, 1953); Rpring discharges from lower or middle Miocene rhyolite near a fault separating rhyolite from granite to the 

south (H. Kuno, written communication). Nearest Quaternary volcano is a small cone of olivine basalt at Yakuno, 41 miles to the northeast. Water ana- lyzed by Ikeda (1955a, 1955b). Stated in g per 1; sp gr not given but assumed to be ·1.05; additional components1 in ppm: Rb, 3.3 (0.04 opm); Cs, 2.4 (0.02 

epm); V, 5.7; Cr, 0.09; Mo, 0.06; Tt, 2.5; Sb, 0; Be, 0.01; Go, 0; Ga, 0; Ag, 0; Ni, 

0.001; Co, 0.001; Bi, 0; Cd, 0; In, 0; Sn, 0.0005; Ra, 212 X10-12; 'l'h, 250X10-17; 

Rn, 510X1Q-12 in curies per 1. 

15. Naganuma, Yamagata Prefecture, northern Honshu1 Japan. Springs discharge 35 gpm from alluvium overlying Miocene or Phoeene sediments. Nearest 

Quaternary volcanoes are Chokai, 20 miles to north-northeast, and Gassan, 20 

miles to south-southeast (H. Kuno, written communication). Analyzed by Yamagata Hygienic Laboratory, 1949 (Morimoto, 1954, p. 150-151). 
F40 DATA OF GEOCBE~STR~ 

TABLE 17.-Chemical analyses of thermal waters from geyser areas in volcanic environments 

Analysis ____ ----------- __ . ___________ 1 2 Name and location ___________________ 

Vfe~le;/sfg:e· Norris Basin, 

Yellowstone 

Park, Wyo. Park, Wyo. 

Date of collection ____________________ Oct. 16, 1957 Aug. 3, 1951 

ppm epm ppm epm 

Si02. ······-···-·--·-----···---······ 363 I 529 AL.--------------------------------- . 2 -------- ---------- --------

Fe •••••••••••••.• -------------------- . 06 -------- ---------- -------- Mn.--------------------------------- . 0 -------- ---------- -------- As___________________________________ 1. 5 -------- 3.1 

Sb ••••• ----------------------------- ---------- -------- O.I Ca •• --------------------------------- . 8 0. 04 5. 8 

Mg.--------------------------------- . 0 . 2 

~8.-_::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 35g. ""i5~3-- 43~· 4 

K------------------------------------ 24 . 61 74 LL---------------------------------- 5. 2 . 75 8. 4 NH•--------------------------------- . 0 .1 

0.29 

.02 

.00 I9.I 

1. 89 1. 2I 

.00 

3 Steamboat 

Springs, Washoe 

County, Nev. 

Aug. 9, 1949 

ppm 

293 

1.5 

I 0.05 

I .05 

2. 7 0.4 

5.0 

.8 

I .5. 

653 

71 

7.6 

<I 

epm 

0.25 

.06 

.01 28.4 

1. 82 

l.IO 

Total cations.----------------- ---------- 16.7 ---------- 22. 5 ---------- 31.6 

5.00 

2.08 

H COs.-.----------------------------

OOa •• ------------------------------- 80, ••• ------------------------------- CL. --------------------------------- F ------------------------------------

Br __ ---------------- __ ----------.---- I .... --------------------------------- N Oa. -----.. ----------•• ------------- p o, _____ ----------------------------- B--------------------------.--------- H2S ••••••••••• -----------------------

0 

70 

23 

405 

25 

1.5 

.3 

1.8 

1.3 

4.4 

2.6 

---2~33" 

.48 11.42 

1. 32 

.02 

• 00 

.03 

27 

0 

38 

744 4.9 

.I 

.0 

0. 44 

. 79 20.98 .26 

.00 

305 

0 

IOO 

865 1.8 

0.2 

0.1 

24.39 .09 

.00 

.00 

-------- -----i2 ___ :::::::: ----49 ____ --------

.0 -------- 4. 7 

4 Beowawe Gey- sers, Eureka 

County, Nev. 

Sept. 1, 1957 

ppm 

373 epm 

5 Morgan, Tehama 

County, Calif. 

July 29, 1949 

ppm 

233 epm 

6 Geyser Bight, Umnak Island, 

Alaska 

Aug. 17, 1946 

ppm 

150 epm 

.0 

.04 

.o 

.02 

-------- ------~~2- :::::::: -----~~i-- --------

-------- ---------- -------- I . 01 2.2 3.8 

7 Haukadalur, 

ENE. of 

Reykjavik, 

Iceland 

Aug. 31, 1958 

ppm 

359 .89 

.02 

.00 

.06 

epm 

.8 

.o 

0. 230 

I6 

1.3 

.5 

0.04 ---2~oo· ------~4-- ----ii~ii2 .0 None 79 3. 94· 40 

116 

149 

89 

30 

I5 .4 

.0 

.4 

.07 

2.0 

5.5 

.8 .06 .2 .02 .5 .04 114 .32 1.3 IO. 00 1, 400 60. 9 350 . 4I 196 5. OI 18 .I9 9. 2 1. 32 2 .03 <I <0.1 

10.67 ---------- 71.6 

15.22 

.46 

.29 

18.0 

1. 90 52 0. 85 29 0. 48 4. 97 0 10 .33 1. 85 79 1. 64 I30 2. 71 . 85 2, 430 68. 5 482 13. 59 .79 1.5 .08 1.2 .06 

. 00 I 0. 8 . OI ---------- -------- -------- I 0. 0 •.•.•.•..••••.•••.•••••••. 

. OI ---------- -------- None 

-------- ------88-- :::::::: ----49---- :::::::: 0. 7 -------- ---------- --------

23~" 02 ---io~i4 11 .28 .2 .03 .I .01 

0 

128 

102 

126 

12 

.2 

.0 

.0 

.09 

1.1 

2. 7 

10.50 

= 

---T27 2.12 

3. 55 

.63 

Total anions.------------------ ---------- 1 I7.1 ---------- 22.5 

Total, as reported ______________ 11, 3IO 1, 890 -------- 2, 360 

31.6 ---------- 10.37 ---------- 71. I 

-------- 1, 030 4, 590 -------- 1, 270 

I7. 2 •••.•••.•. I 10.75 

...•.•.. I 980 

Specific conductance 

mtcromhos at 25°0 •• 1, 790 

JI,~mp-erai'Uii_-_-_:-_-_:-_:-_:-_:-_:-_:-_:-_-_:-_:-_-_:-_:-_-_:-_oc:: 9.6 

94 Ratios by weight: 

~~~~::::::::::::::::::::::::: 0.002 

.0 

.068 

Ll/N a ••••••••• ---_ •• --.--.--•• -.- .015 

f~?d{~~~::::::::::::::::::::::: .35 .057 

F /CL ---------------------------- .062 

~fd~~::: ::::::::::::::::::::::::: .0037 

.0007 

.011 

Analysts ___________________________ .• 8 

Name and location___________________ Reykjanes, SW. 

of Reykjavik, 

Iceland 

Date of collection____________________ Sept. 4, 1958 

2,490 7.5 

84.5 

O.OI3 

.03 

.17 

.019 

.036 

.05I 

.0066 

.0001 

.0000 

.OI5 

9 Hveravellir, 

West-central, 

Iceland 

Aug. 3I, 1958 

3, 2IO 7. 9 89.2 

0.0077 

.2 

.11 

.OI2 

.35 

.I2 

.0021 

.0002 

.OOOI 

.057 

10 Shumhaya, 

Kamchatka, 

USSR 

I,050 9. 5 96 

0.003 

.0 

.070 

.0057 

I4 

3.0 

. 50 

.OI3 

.00 

.067 

11 Geizemye, 

Kamchatka, 

USSR 

Sept. 27, I951 

6,920 7.8 

95.4 

0.056 

.01 

.I4 

.0066 

.02I 

.033 

.00061 

.0003 

.0000 

.036 

12 Pauzhetsk, 

Kamchatka, 

USSR 

Oct. I8, I950 

----------j -6~9----

101.5 

0.11 

.005 

.051 

.006 

.10 

.26 

.0024 

--·----------------

------------------- .10 

I3 Tokaanu, 

~~~hz~~~~ 

1,150 9. 7 100 

0.002 

1.3 

.047 

.0004 

2.1 

.81 

.IO 

.0016 

.000 

.0096 

14 Walrakci, 

North Island, 

New Zealand 

ppm epm ppm epm ppm 

Sl02. -------------------------------- l 97 609 294 

epm ppm epm ppm epm ppm epm ppm epm 256 l 190 302 386 

AL ---------------------------------- . 66 • 55 . 8 . 0 . 0 5. 7 -------- ---------- -------- Fe ___________________ ---------------- • 28 • 2I 5. o .0 . 0 None -------- ---------- __ ------ Mn.--------------------------------- . 05 • 00 1. 02 

As----------------------------------- : ~ -------- -----Ti- :::::::: :::::::::: :::::::: :::::::::: :::::::: .12 -------- .05 -------- ---------- --------

~~::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: -2~2oo·--- ·ioii~7s· --·To··· ---o~io- I~- 1 ---ii~75- -----21··· ---1~35· -----64·-- ---3~2ii- -----44--- ---2~2o- -----26 ___ ----i~2ii Mg _________ _.·----------------------- 45 3. 70 • 5 • 04 I5 1. 23 3. 7 • 30 10 • 41 • 4 • 03 <0.1 --------

~8-~::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 13, ~Jg ·eoo~a-· 156. 003 6. 79 45J· 01 --i9~s4- ----597··· ··25~96· --i;oio--- --44~4--- -Tiso·-- --9rs·· -Tiao--- ----49~2 K_ ___________________________________ 1, 920 49.11 15 • 38 93 2. 38 60 1. 53 88 2. 25 2I6 5. 52 146 3. 73 

LL---------------------------------- 7.4 1.07 .2 .03 ---------- -------- ---------- -------- ---------- -------- ---------- -------- 12. 1. 73 NH•-------------------------------•• 1. 4 • 08 .1 . 01 • 8 • 04 • 0 -------- ---------- -------- 1. 8 .10 • 9 • 05 

Total cations.----------------- •• -------- 764.04 ---------- 7. 35 ---------- 24.2 ---------- 1 29.1 50. 2 ---------- 102. 7 ---------- 56. 0 

HCOa •• ----------------------------- 5 COs.-------------------------------- 0 so •. --------------------------------- 128 CL ---------------------------------- 27,400 

F --·--------------------------------- • 7 

Br -------------------------------- ___ 98 1------------------------------------- . 5 NOs--------------------------------- . 9 

PO•---------------------------------- .16 

B •• ---------------------------------- 13 H2S---------------------------------- o. 2 

0.08 

---2~66-

772.68 .04 

1. 23 

----~oi· 

112 

17 

178 

63 

3.3 

.0 

.0 

.3 

.14 

.68 

2.5 

1. 84 

.57 

3. 71 1. 78 

.17 

89. 1. 46 81 1. 33 

158(?) --Ti2- 1~~ ~: ~~ 700 19. 74 859 24. 22 

1. 2 . 06 ---------- -------- 8. 0 • IO 1. 3 • 01 

-------- ---------- -------- • 0 --------

37 

9.0 

83 

1,680 

.8 

3.2 

.0 

0.60 

.30 

1. 73 47.5 .04 

.03 

70 1.15 0 

74 1. 54 3,410 96.2 

35 0.57 

0(?) -------- 35 • 73 1, 930 54.4 6.2 .33 

-------- -----8~4-- :::::::: ------21-- -------- ----i3i--- -------- -----99 ___ ---·---- -----26--- :::::::: 

-------- ---------- -------- ---------- -------- ---------- -------- ---------- -------- 1.1 --------

Total anions ___________________ ---------- 776.70 ---------- 8. 07 ---------- 24.5 -~-------- I 29.2 ---------- 50.2 ---------- 98.9 ---------- 56.8 

Total, as reported ______________ 45, 700 --~----- I, 160 -------- 11, 840 -------- 2, 060 -------- 3, 210 -------- 6, 400 -------- l 3, 750 

!See footnotes at end of table. 
·CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF SUBSURFACE WATERS F41 

TABLE 17 .-Chemical analyses of thermal waters from geyser areas in volcanic enviroments-Continued 

Analysis ___ -- ___ ----_------- ____ ----- 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 Name and location ___________________ Reykjanes, S W. Hveravellir, Shumhaya, Geizernye, Pauzhetsk, Tokaanu, Wairakei, of Reykjavik, West-central, Kamchatka, Kamchatka, Kamchatka, North Island, North Island, 

Iceland Iceland USSR USSR USSR New Zealand New Zealand Date or collection ____________________ Sept. 4, 1958 Aug. 31, 1958 --... -............ -------... --- Sept. 27, 1951 Oct. 18, 1950 ... ------------------ -------------------

63,800 6. 7 100 842 

8. 7 90.6 

------------8:4 ____ -- ----------8~7---- ------------8~4---- -------------7:;r-- -------------8:6 __ _ 98 98. 9 100. 6 Boiling Boiling 

0. 033 0. 045 0. 063 0. 020 0. 023 

1.0 .14 .16 .009 .00 . 20 . 10 . 087 . 099 . 13 

0.16 

.020 

.14 

.0001 

.0002 

.0047 

.00003 

.0036 

0. 013 

.3 

.096 

.0006 

2.4 

2.8 

.052 

.000 

.000 

.011 

-------------:ia___ : ~8 ----------- --~oaa-- --------------:o2i- : 8~~ 

. 21 . 13 . 049 . 022 . 018 

. 0017 ------------------- . 0005 ------------------- . 0032 . 011 . 0015 . 0019 ------------------- ------------------- . 00002 

.00047 -------------:oi2-- : gg~o : g~go --------------~629- --------------:oi3-

• Components mentioned in explanation of table. s Includes COs as HCOs. 

EXPLANATION FOR TABLE 17 

1. Spring\ 50 foot south of Upper Basin drill hole described by Fenner (1936, p. 228-

281; Vhlte, 1955a, p. 103-105); located northwest or Old Faithful Inn and 650 root south of 'l'hree Sisters springs in Upper Basin of Yellowstone National 

Park Wyo. Discharges 10 to 15 gpm from hydrothermally altered dacite 

obsidian of probablA late Pliocene ago overlain by 213ft of Pleistocene sediments 

and 7ft of siliceous sinter. A maximum temperature of 180° C was measured at a depth of 406ft, the bottom of the hole. Analyst, H. C. Whitehead, U.S. 

Oool. Sw·vcy; also determined aro Zn, Pb, N02, 'l'i and Cu, each 0.00 ppm; OR~ 26 ppm (1.53 epm, included in total); spectrographic analysis on evaporated rosiaue, by Nola B. Sheffey, converted to ppm In original water: evaporated residu~ fit 180° C.' 1,320, A\.0.9; l!'et 0.04; ~a, 0.03J Tl, 0.00~; Cu, 0.003; Mo, 0.06; 

W, 0.1, Or, 0.001, Oe1 0.05, Li1 11, hb, 0.2, Cs, 0.3, Sr, 0.004, Ba .. 1 .. 0.1. For analy- sis of gas lrom drill nolo sec table 28, analysis 10 (Allen and .uay, 1935, p. 86). Analysis not previously published. 2. Unnamed spring with small periodic discharge, Norris Basin, Yellowstone 

Nationf\1 Par~ • Wyo. Spring is depositing much silica 200 ft southwest of 

Pearl geyser (white, 1957a, p. 164o-1641; Allen and Day, 1935, p. 482-483) and 

about 700ft northwest of spring given in table 19, analysis 1. Bedrock is welded 

rhyolite tufY ovr.rlain by alluvium and sinter. In drill bole, 3,000 ft to north 

tempcratmo of 205° C was measured at a depth of 246ft (Fenner, 1936, p. 289-

292; Whlto, 1955a.l..p. 103-110). Analystsi P. Scott, W. W. Brannocki....,Sr determined by C. J!;, Roberson U.S. Oco . Survey. Also reported is tlg 0.0 

ppm. For gas analysis see table 28, analysis 11i_sample from similar slightly alkaline spring in northeastern part of Norris J:Sasin (Allen and Day, 1935, 

p. 86, 468-469). 3. Spring 8, near east odgo or Main Tcrrace~.,YSteamboat Springs, 10 miles southsoutheast of Reno, NE~ soc. 33, '1'. 18 N., R. 20 E., Washoe County, Nev. 

Discharge Is 0.25 gpm; total for wl1ole spring system is about 700 gpm. GS-5 

drlllllolo, 250 ft to northwest of the sprmg, penetrated 84 ft of sinter, 71 ft of 

altered alluvium and, finally, altered granodiorite. Maximum temperature of 172° C was round at a depth of 379ft (White, 1955a, p. 103-104, 11o-113; 1957a, 

p. 1639-1647). Analyst, W. W. Brannock, U.S. Ocol. Survey. Fe, Al, Mn, 

Sr, and Ba (0.05 ppm) by spoctrograpllic analysis. For gas analysis see table 

28, analysis 12; sample from spring of lower temperature (73° C) 130ft to north- west. 4. Largo spring at base or terrace, Beowawe Geysers, Eureka County, Nev., described by Nolan and Anderson (1934, p. 224-226); periodic discharge ranges from 0 to 75 gpm. Bedrock of terrace is basaltic andesite, overlain by opaline sinter (Nolan and Anderson, 1934, p. 216-218). Analyst, H. C. Whitehead, 

U.S. Oool. Survey, who also determined Cu, Fb, Zn, Tl, NOs, each 0.00 ppm. Analysis not previously published. 5. Growler spring, Morgan, NE ~ s~c. 11, T. 29 N 'J R. 4 E., Tehama County, Calif., on cast fork of Mill Creek about 6 miles sou to of active Mount Lassen volcano 

(White, 1957a, p. 1640). btscharges 7 to 10 gpm from Brokeoff Andesite (Wil- llams, 1932, map),.~. overlain by alluvium and a little sinter. Analyst, W. W. 

Brannock, U.S. uool. Survey; also determined on other samples from same spring arc Hg (0.0 ppm), Br, and I by Brannock; Sr by H. Almond; U (0.5 :Qpb), Or (0.01 ppm) (spectrographic), and Fe (0.2 ppm) by others of U.S. 

Geological Survey. 6. Ooysor H-1, 4~ miles southeast of Geyser Bight, Umnak Island, Alaska (Byers and Brannock, 1949, p. 720, 726-730). Discharges 175 gpm from monzonite and 

Pllo-Plolstocone basalt flows of Mount Recbeschnoi overlain by alluvium. 

Area is 20 miles southwest of active basalt YOlcano, Okmok. Analyst, W. W. 

Brannock. Also reported Is Mo, 0.005 ppm; l!,e, Mn, and Sr determined 

spectrographically. 7. SisJodandi spring, which occasionally erupts as a small geyser, about 1&00 ft 

south of Oeyslr, ncar the south end of the thermal area east-northeast ot .tteyk- lavikf Iceland (Barth, 1950, p. 95-100). Discharges from siliceous sinter and 

alluv urn, probably underlain by late Cenozoic sodic rhyolite and surrounded 

by basaltic lava flows and breccias. Collected by Gunnar Bodvarsson, State 

Electricity Authority; analyzed by C. E. Roberson of U.S. Geological Survey, who also reported Ou, Pb, Zn, NOs, each 0.00 ppm; OH, 30 ppm and 0.18 epm 

(included in totals). Quantitative spectrographic analysis, by Nola B. Sheffey, converted to ppm in original water: Cu, 0.003; Ag, 0.0008; Ge, 0.03; Pb, 0.02; 

Ni, 0.006; Fe~.-.,0.12; Or, 0.002; V, 0.003; A!_t. 0.64; Go, 0.004; Ti, 0.02; Sr, 0.02; Ba, 

0.02; Ll, 0.1; ltb, 0.06. Mo, W, Sn, Zn, vd, Sb, Mn, Co1 La, Zr, Be, Cs below 

detection limits in solids. Analysis not previously puolished. For analysis of gas see table 28, analysis 13; sample from small boiling spring, 150ft northwest 

of Oeysir (Tborkelsson, 1940, p. 13, 23). 8. An erupting well about 100ft north of Gunna and 1 000 ft northeast of" Sea water geyser," Reykjanes, southwest of Reykjavik, Iceland (Barth, 1950, p. 115, and 

G. Bodvarsson, written communication, 1958). The well is 532ft deep and is 

in an area of Recent basalt flows, overlying Pleistocene basalt tuff and breccia 

of the Moberg Formation. Sample collected by Gunnar Bodvarsson, State 

Electricity Authority; analyzed by C. E. Roberson of the U.S. Geol. Survey, who also reported Cu, Pb, Zn, each 0.00 ppm; N02, 0.06 ppm; additional S!Os 

that may have precipitated after collection, but not included in totals, 446 ppm; density, 1.031. Quantitative spectrographic analysis, by Nola B. Sheffey, converted to ppm in original water: Cu, 0.05; Mn, 2.5; Al1 0.5; Sr, 15; Ba, 11; 

Li, 6.6; Rb, 3.8. Ag, Mo, W, Ge, Sn, Pb, Zn, Cd, Sb, Co1 N1, Fe, Or, V, Ga, La, 

Ti, Zr, Be, and Cs are below detection limits in solids. Analysis not previously published. For gas analyses see table 28, analysis 14 (Thorkelsson 1928). 

9. Blahver (Blue Spring) in the southern part of tho thermal area, Hveravellir, 

west-central Iceland (No. 493 of Barth, 1950, p. 145-146). The area contains 

siliceous sinter and many geysers and is underlain by postglacial basalt flows. 

Collected by G. Bodvarsson State Electricity Authority; analyzed by C. E. 

Roberson of the U.S. Geol. Survey, who also reported Cu Pb Zn each 0.00 

ppm; N02, 0.03 ppm. Quantitative spectrographic analysis, by Nola B. Sheffey, converted to ppm in original water: Cu, 0.007' Ag, 0.0006; Mo, 0.03; Ge, 0.05; 

Ni, 0.006; Fe.t.. 0.1; Or, 0.001; V, 0.008; AI, 0.1i O,a1 0.02; La{ 0.05; Sr, 0.00~ Ba, 

0.01; Li, 0.3; .ttb, 0.02. W, Sn, Pbr....Zn, Cd, So, 1v1n, Co, '1' , Zr, Be, and vs are below detection limits in solids. .Jmr gas analysis from same area see table 28, 

analysis 15; analyzed by B. Lindal of State Electricity Authority. 10. Sugar-bowl Geyser (Ustinova, 1949, p. 152, 155), Shumhaya, Kamchatka, 

U.S.S.R.1 discharging from late Tertiary(?) lava near semiactive Semiachinskie 

Volcano ~Piipt 1937, p. 154-156). Mn, Sr, and Sb determined by spectrographic analysis whicn also included Ga, 0.1 ppm; Ti, 0.001 ppm; Be, 0.05 ppm. 11. Velikan (Giant) Geyser, Kamchatka, U.S.S.R.; one of a vigorous group of geysers; 

average discharge or geyser about 25 gpm: total discharge of group more than 400 

gpm. In alluvium on Quaternary volcanic rocks of southeast Kamchatka 

(lvanovi 1958a, p. 202-207; 1958b, p. 482). Believed by Ivanov to be tmderlain 

by Tert ary marine strata. Is near active volcanoes Kikbpin'cb Uzon, and 

B. Semyacbik. Analyst, S. S. Krapivina, who also reported Tl, looked for 

but not found. 

12. Paryasbchii 11 Pauzhetsk, Kamchatka, U.S.S.R.; a spring discharging 17 gpm in a group or springs and geysers discharging more than 400 gpm from alluvium 

in Quaternary volcanic rocks or southeast Kamchatka (Ivanov, 1958a, p, 202-

207). Near active volcanoes Kosbeleva and Kam bal 'no. Analyst, E. F. Prokof'- eva, except S!Os and B determined by E. P. Ryabichkina from 1955 sample. For gas analysis, by I. S. Krasnikova, of nearby Pauzhetsk (Now Geyser) see table 28, analysis 16. 

13. Taumatapuhipuhi Geyser, Tokaanu, North Island New Zealand (Grange, 1937, p, 10o-101, 105). Springs emerge near south shore of Lake Taupo from 

Kakaramea Andesite of Plio-Pleistocene age, overlain by alluvium and siliceous 

sinter (Grange, 1937, map of Puketi and Omoho districts; Healy, 1942). 

14. Drillhole 4, 1~45 ft deep, about 3,000 ft southeast of Geyser Valley (Grange, 1955 map), wairakei North Island, New Zealand. In highly altered sediments 

of Phocene(?) Huka formation, overlain by Pleistocene(?) Walrakei pumiceous breccia and alluvium (Steiner, 1953 1955). Maximum temperature of 228° C was measured at a depth of 970ft (Banwell, 1955, p. 55; Ban well and others 

1957, table 2). Analyst, S. H. Wilson (1955, p. 37): also reported and included 

in totals is free COt, 11 ppm. For gas analysis from well4/1, about 100ft south- east of well4, see table 28 analysis 17 (Wilson, 1955, p. 29). 
F42 DATA OF GEOCHENUSTRY 

TABLE lB.-Chemical analyses of thermal sodium chloride bicarbonate waters from nongeyser areas associated with volcanism 

Analysis ______________________ -- Name and location _____________ 

Date of collection _______________ 

Si 02----------------------------

AL. ____ ------------------------ Fe •. _________________ -_-_------- Mn ________________ --_-- _- __ ----

Pb __ --------------------------- As ____________ -------______ -- __ _ 

Ca._---------------------------

Mg ____ -------------------------

Sr ------------------------------ Na. ---------------------------- K.----------------------------- LL _____________ ----------------

NH•----------------------------

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Hot Creek, Niland, Roosevelt, Jemez, Cerro Prieto, 

Baja Cali- Agnano, WSW. Nalachevskie, Kuan-Tsu-Ling Mono County, Imperial Beaver County, Sandoval of Naples, Kamchatka, N. of Taipei, 

Calif. County, Calif. Utah County, fornia, Italy USSR Taiwan New Mexico Mexico 

May 17,1957 Feb. 3,1954 Sept. 11, 1957 Aug. 31, 1949 Feb. 4, 1954 --------------- -------------- About 1933 

ppm 

131 

.o 

.04 

.0 

.00 

1.0 

4.4 

.2 

0 350 

20 

1.7 

.1 

epm ppm epm ppm 

75 313 

------- --------- ------- <· 04 ------- --------- ------- <· 04 ------- --------- ------- . 0 ------- --------- ------- . 00 

---:22- ---385 ___ --9:2-- 2~· 0 

. 02 580 47. 7 . 0 

------- --------- ------- 0 15. 2 7, 280 316 .. 7 2, 500 . 51 537 13. 74 488 . 24 18 2. 6 27 

. 00 --------- ------- • 0 

epm ppm epm ppm epm ppm epm ppm epm ppm 

93 I 106 152 125 69 

epm 

------- --------- ------- --------- ------- ---------- ------- Tr ------- ----------- _____ _ . 03 ------- --------- ------- 4. 2 ------- 11.4 1.1 ------ ------- --------- ------- --------- ------- 4. 5 ------- I. 3 ------- . 02 ------ ------- --------- ------- --------- ------- . 09 ------- --------- ------- 8. 3 (?) ------

.01 ------- 5. 9 ------- ----------- ------ 383 19. 11 249 12. 43 8. 4 • 42 122 10. 0 32 2. 6 7. 8 . 64 

iiisT- --572 ____ -24~88- T58ii ___ i99~2-- 3, o5Jr 132~7-- 1, o6o· 06 -46~i-- T73ii _____ 162~3-

12. 48 70 1. 79 679 17.37 717 18.34 144 3. 68 132 3. 38 

3. 9 --------- ------- 10 1. 4 1. 5 . 22 0 ------- 7. 7 1.11 

25 . 6 . 03 ----------- ------

Total cations _____________ --------- 16.19 --------- 400 --------- 126.3 --------- 34. 1 --------- 238 ---------- 181.8 --------- 64.8 ----------- 167.9 

HCOa .• ------------------------ CO a._-------------------------- S04----------------------------- CL_ -- _____ ---------------------

F -------------------------------

Br ---- ___ ----------------------- I.------------------------------

N 02 .. -------------------------- NOs .. -------------------------- PO •• --------------------------- B _____ -------------------------- H28-- --------------------------

497 7. 9 90 

200 

10 

.7 

.4 

.00 

0 

.8 

10 

.2 

8. 15 1, 600 26. 2 156 2. 56 735 12. 05 66 1. 08 1, 570 25. 7 519 8. 51 5, 420 88. 7 

1: ~~ 38~ 7. 99 7g 1. 52 4g 1. 02 25g --5:2-- ----45i ___ --9~39- 44~ --9~27- ----74 _____ --i:54 

5. 64 12,900 364 4, 240 119.6 795 22.41 8, 170 230.4 5, 220 147.2 1, 590 44.8 2, 770 77.8 

• 53 0. 4 , 02 7. 5 . 39 5. 2 . 27 0. 8 . 04 ---------- ------- I • 8 . 04 ----------- ------ • 01 --------- ------- 3. 3 . 04 --------- ------- --------- ------- 5.1 . 06 6. 0 . 08 14 .17 • 00 --------- ------- , 3 . 00 --------- ------- --------- ------- 0. 2 ------- 11,0 . 01 13 .10 

------- -----4~9- ---~iis- 11.

01 : ~g -----:8-- ---:iii- -----5~ii- ---~ii8- ========== ======= ~~ ======= =========== ====== ------- --------- ------- 2. 2 ------- --------- ------- --------- ------- 1. 4 ------- --------- ------- ----------- ------ 53 38 11 12 0. 2 ------- 72 200 

------- --------- ------- --------- ------- --------- ------- --------- ------- ---------- ------- 0 ------- ----------- ------

Total anions ______________ --------- 16. 46 --------- 398 --------- 124.3 --------- 35.8 --------- 237 ---------- 182. 4 --------- 62.7 ----------- 168.3 

Total. as reported________ 1, 330 ------- 23,800 ------- 7, 880 ------- 2, 480 ------- 14,300 ------- I 11,800 ------- 4, 250 ------- 12, 500 

Specific conductance 

micromhos at 25° c_ --------- 1, 620 

pH.---------------------------- 8. 3 'remperature _______ ---.20° c__ 93 

Density at 20° C_ -------------- ----------------- Ratios by weight: Ca/N a _________ -------------

Mg/Ca.- _ ------------------ K/N a __________ -------------

HCOs/Clt Li/Na. --------------------- _________________ _ 

804/CL -------------------- F /CL ______ -----------------

~fd~~-======:::::::::::::::: 

0.013 

.05 

.057 

.005 

2.6 

.45 

.050 

.0035 

.002 

.050 

17,860 

6.4 

40 

1. 013 

0.052 

1.5 

.073 

.0025 

.12 

.030 

.00003 

-----·-----------

----------------- .0041 

1 Components mentioned in explanation of table. 2 Includes COa as HCOa. 

12,700 7. 9 

55 

1. 001 

0. 0088 

.00 

.20 

.011 

.037 

.017 

.0018 

.00078 

.00007 

.0090 

3, 560 12,570 7. 2 5. 9 

65.5 82 

----------------- 1.005 

0.24 0.081 

.048 .062 

.12 .15 

----------------- .0022 . 92 . 0081 

.062 . 031 

.0065 .0001 

----------------- -----------------

----------------- ----·------------ .013 .0015 

==========--=--==:== ---------~ 6~ 45--- ------------8:3---

70.5 73 77 

0.13 

.32 

.24 

.00049 

.30 

.086 

.001 

.00004 

.00004 

0.23 

.13 

.14 

.000 

.33 

.28 

1.0005 

.0038 

1.0006 

.043 

0.0023 

.93 

.035 

. 0021 

2.0 

.027 

. 0051 

.0047 

.072 
CHEMICAL CO:M:POSITION OF SUBSURF.&CE WATERS F43 

EXPLANATION FOR TABLE 18 

1. "Ooyso. r" spring, NE~ soc. 25, T. 3 S./ It. 28 E., Mono County, Calif.; on east bank or Hot Crook, 3 mllos northeast o U.S. Highway 305 and 15 miles southeast 

of lVlouo Craters, which consist of late Pleistocene and H.ecent obsidian and 

pumiceous rhyolite (Putnam, 1040); surrounded by Pleistocene rhyolite, In 

part, hydrothermally altered. 'l'hc spring boils vigorously, discharging 5 to 10 

gpm and depositing some travertine near center ol active zone, 1,500 feet long, on Hot Crook. Analyzed by H. C. Whitehead, U.S. Geol. Survey, who also 

roportod, Cu 0.00 ppm, Zn 0.01 ppm, '1'1 0.00 ppm. Analysis not previously published. 2. Wolf, at abaudonod dry-ice plant 4 mllos west-southwest of Niland, Imperial County, Calif., and 1!1.! miles cast of the Salton Sea and Mullet Island which 

Is ono of a group of late Quaternary pumiceous rhyolite domes (Kelley and Soske, 

1030; Waring, 1015, p. 41; White, 1055b, p. 1121-1123). Artesian discharge of 

20 to 30 gpm ·rrom well reported 511 ft deep and entirely in Cenozoic alluvium of 

basin of Salton Sea. Analyzed by H. Kramer, U.S. Oeol. Survey. Water 

qualltatlvoly similar to that of' thermal well on Mullet rhyolite dome drilled 

through rhyolite and more t11an 1,000 ft into underlying sediments, where steam wns round (]Colley and Sosko, 1930, p. 502; White, 1055b, p. 1123). For analysis of gas soo tnblo 28f analysis 18; sample from well400 ft deep, In alluvium 4 miles 

north of Mullet slond (Anderson and Hinson, 1051, p. 5Q-51). Analysis not previously published. 3. Springs, 15 miles northeast of Milford, Beaver County, Utah, In fault zone In 

gronltlc rooks ovorh\ln to oust by Quaternary(?) obsidian (Lee, 1908, p. 20-21). 

About 1908 tho largest spring was disohorglng 10 gpm at a temperature of 88°C 

and was "bolllng," with steam escaping from crevices; abundant silica was being dr.posltod In gelatinous and spongy masses (Lee, 1008, p. 20). When visited by H. K 'J'homas In 1050 (oral communlcaUon), temperature of main spring ~as 

85°C; discharge was a row gpm; and hard porous opal, as much as 4 in. thick, 

had precipitated on walls of wooden trough. In September 1057 temperature was only 55°C, discharge was loss than 0.05 gpm, and discharge of all springs and 

scops was 110t more than 2 gpm. Analyzed by H. C. Whitehead, U.S. Geol. 

Survey; also reported aro Cu, Zn, and 'l'l~,,cach 0.00 ppm; spectrographic analysis of evaporated residue by Nola B. Sh01icy, converted to ppm in the original 

water; evaporated t·osldue at 180°C, 7,860; AI, 0.02; Fe, 0.00; Cu, 0.02; Oe, 0.08; 

IJ!, 20; Hb, 0.4; Cs, 0.7; Sr, 1.8; Ba, 0.01. Analysis not previously published. 4, Spring!. in pool behind bathhouse, 12 miles north of Jemez, sec. 22('?), T. 18 N., 

n. 2 J~ •• Sandoval Oounty, N. Mcx. Discharges about 10 gpm (total discharge 

of group of springs about 200 gpm) from fault in red beds of Permian age (Stearns 

and others, 1937, p, 167)t overlain by late Cenozoic rhyolite, tuff, and basalt 

(Kelly and Anspach, 1913J. Collected by J.D. Hem, analyzed by J. L. Hatchett 

of U.S. Geol. Survey, Analysis not previously published. 5. Springs, Cerro Prieto, Baja California, Mexico, 25 miles south of Mexicali; a spring in a small sulfur-covered pool discharges about 1 gpm from northwest edge of 

saline fiat, which also contains other small springs, mud volcanoes, and sulfur 

deposits. Springs discharge from fine clastic Quaternary sediments near south- east base of Cerro Prieto, a Pleistocene volcano of hypersthene andesite flows 

and flow breccias (White, 1955b, p. 1123). Analysed by H. Kramer, U.S. Geol. 

Survey. Analysis not previously published. 

6. Sprudel spring, Agnano, in central part of Phlegraean Plain about 10 miles wc.st~ 

southwest of Naples and 20 miles west of Mount Vesuvius, Italy (Zambomm and others, 1925, p. 434-474; Ventriglia, 1951, p, 282-295). Spring flows. from 

trachytic tuffs near Quaternary cinder cones that probably are underla~n by thick trachytic tuffs and lavas (Falini, 1051, p. 211). Wells, as mu~h as 300ft 

deep in Agnano area have water of lower temperature than that of sprmg (Penta, 1949,' p, 346). Also reported are Ti, 0.001 ppm; Ba, 0.6 ppm; dissolv:ed C02, 

103 ppm, which are included in totals. Gases, 72.9 cc per 1 of water, mcluded 

in table 28, analysis 19. . 7. Spring 1, or "Kettle" spring, of Nalacbevskie group1 near head of Nalacheva H.tver 

in southeast Kamchatka U.S.S.R, about 30 miles from east coast, in area of 

active Quaternary andesite 'and basalt volcanoes (Piip, 1937, p. 130, 247-250; 

Ivanov, 1958a p. 199-201). Analyzed by B. E. Kuteinikov, 1933; reported Mn 

may include Zn; H.b and Cs, each reported as 0 ppm; Sb, 0.6 ppm; S203, 0 ppm. F, free C02, and pH from very similar analysis (Ivan~v, 1958a p, 199-201) o~cept 

that I was looked for but not found. For gas analysts see table 28, analysis 20; 

analyzed by I. S. Krasnikova from sample collected by Ivan?v in 1051_. 

8. Spring in Kuan-Tsu-Ling, north of Taipei northern part of Tat wan_. Dischar~es 

from andesite flows and agglomerates of Pleistocene Ta~un Forma~10n, _overlymg Mio-Piiocene marine strata (Juan, 1956, pl. 2). Sprmg water IS milky f~om 

suspended matter that consists largely of Si02, Ah03, CaC,03, FeO, and TI02. 

Analysis reported in millimoles per 1, converted to ppm, With no correction for 

specific gravity (Pan, 1952). Also reported are Tl, 0.2 ppm; Zn, 0.2 ppm; Zr, 

trace, and Cu, 0.6 ppm. 
F44 DATA OF GEOCHENUSTRY 

TABLE 19.-Chemical analyses of acid sulfate-chloride springs in volcanic environments and crater lakes 

Analysis __________ --------------- __ 1 2 3 4 5 6 9 

Name and location.--------------- Norris Basin, Copahue Volcano, Ebeco Volcano, Lower Mendeleev Kusatsu Shirane, Yakeyama, Nii- Noboribetsu, 

Yellowstone Neuquen TPrri- Paramushir Island, Kunasbir Island, Gumma Prefec- gata Prefecture, Iburi Prefecture, 

Park, Wyo. tory, Argentina USSR USSR ture, Honshu, Honshu, Japan Hokkaido, Japan Japan Date or collection __________________ Aug. 27, 1954 ------------------- Aug. 30, 1955 Oct. 30, 1954 .................. ------------ ----------------- Feb. 1, 1938 

ppm epm ppm epm ppm epm ppm epm ppm epm ppm epm ppm epm 

i\~~::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 36i. 5 o.17 ~~g 18. o g~ ----T9-- ~g 10.4 ~ 1. 5 ~!8 37.8 ~g 1. 45 

~~::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: } . 8 . 04 {_ __ :~~--- ___ :~~~- ~~ i: ~~ ~i iJ~ } 7. 2 • 39 970 52.1 {_ ___ ~~--- ----~~=~ ~~:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: ------6:5- ----:33" ----isii ___ ---8:98" 9~· 2 4: ~~ 150. 4 ---7:45" -----32 ___ ---i:6ii" --2~iiiii" "iiio:3-- 10~· 0 5:~~ 

Mg •. ------------------------------ . 0 30 2. 5 32 2. 6 68 5. 6 1. 3 .11 520 42. 8 17 1. 4 Na-------------------------------- 243 10.57 169 7. 35 108 4. 70 121 5. 27 1, 380 60.0 1, 540 67.0 592 25.8 K---------------------------------- 61 1. 56 Tr -------- 92 2. 35 105 2. 68 231 5. 91 380 9. 72 54 1. 38 

LL _ ------------------------------- 3. 2 . 46 ---------- -------- 2. 4 . 35 ---------- -------- 1 . 2 . 03 -------- -------- ---------- -------- NRc.------------------------------ 3. 4 .19 8. 5 . 47 5. 0 . 28 6. 9 . 38 ---------- -------- -------- -------- 5. 5 . 31 H---------------------------------- 1 7. 8 7. 7 1 301 299 1 1, 790 1. 776 20 20 1 78 78 1 431 428 ---------- --------

Total cations ________________ ---------- 21.0 ---------- 344.1 ------------ 1, 807 61.3 ---------- 147.5 -------- 738 37.1 

HCOs----------------------------- 0 == ---------- -------- ------------ ---------- ---------- -------- ---------- -------- -------- -------- 86(?) -ui fJc~-·~::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: ----454 ___ ---9:45- -i2;7oo ___ -264 ____ ------996 ___ --,.-26:74- 1, i~5 z~: 5

9 --4;49o ___ --93:5-- --8;38o- -i73:9-- ----274 ___ ----5:7o 

CL.------------------------------ 408 11.51 2, 640 74.5 63,200 1, 782 983 27.78 1, 910 53.9 20,000 564 1, 060 30.0 

F ---------------------------------- ---------- -------- ---------- -------- 71 3. 74 1. 2 . 06 ---------- -------- -------- -------- ---------- -------- Br ••• ------------------------------ ---------- -------- ---------- ------·- 44 • 55 . 3 • 00 ---------- -------- -------- -------- ---------- -------- I----------------------------------- ---------- -------- -·-------- ---·---- . 4 . 00 . 0 -------- ---------- -------- -------- -------- ---------- -------- POe------------------------------- ---------- -------- ---------- -------- ------------ ---------- ---------- -------- ---------- -------- -------- -------- . 6 

B---------------------------------- 6.9 -------- ---------- -------- Verymucb ---------- 32 -------- ---------- -------- 115 -------- 39 -------- H2S-------------------------------- ---------- -------- ---------- -------- ------------ ---------- ---------- -------- ---------- -------- -------- -------- 1 6. 9 --------

Total anions _________________ ---------- 21:0 ---------- ~ ------------ 'l,'8o7 ~ ---------- 147.4 -------- -m- -a7:"i 

Total, as reported ____________ ~ -------- 116,900 66,800 ~ ~ · 35,300 ~ 

PH-------------------------------- 2. 47 ------------------- 1 Strongly acid 1. 7 ------------------- 0. 4 Temperature _________________ ° C.. 87 20 100 ------------------- 91 88 

Density at 20° 0------------------- ------------------- ------------------- ----------------------- ------------------- ------------------- -----------------

3.2 

91 

1. 003 Ratios by weight: Ca{Na_________________________ 0. 027 1.1 0. 85 ·1. 2 0. 023 1. 3 0.18 

~LL~/NN/~a~_--__ :_:_:_:_:_:_:_:_:_:_:_:_:_:_:_:_:_:_:_:_:_:_:_ :. g0g13 : ~ :. 0~ 2 : ~~ :. 0~0~0 1 : ~~ : 1 J2o c1 ooo ------------------- ------------------- ----------------- ------------:osi(?) 

SOc/d12.::::::::::::::::::::::: 1: 1 --------------4:8-- ---------------~iiiii ____ ------------2:1·--- ------------2:4·--- -----------~42___ • 26 

F/CL __________________________ ------------------- ------------------- . 0011 . 0012 ------------------- ----------------- -------------------

IB~/gCpl __ I_::_·_.:_:_:_:_:_-__ :_:_:_:_:_:_:_:_:_:_:_:_-__ :_:_:_:_ ::::::::::::::·_-0::17:: :_:_:_:_:_:_:_:_:_:_:_:_:_:_._-:_:_:_:_ ---------------:_8_8_8_~_8_6__ :_8083835 ------------------- ----------------- ------------------- ::::::::::::::::::: -----------~iiii57- ----------- -~637 __ _ 

Analysis._---------------------------------- 8 Name and location__________________________ Yang Ming Shan, 

North of Taipai, Taiwan Date or collection ___________________________ ---------------~-----

9 Taal Volcano, Luzon, Philippme Islands 

March 1907 

10 Kawah Idjen Volcano, Java, Indonesia 

1941(?) 

12 13 Frying Pan Lake, White Islan~~ Bay Tarawera region, of Plenty. New 

New Zealand Zealand 

June 24, 1932 ---------------------

ppm epm ppm epm ppm epm ppm epm ppm epm ppm epm 

Asilo2 _- -------------------------------------- 32o2

o <71>6oo 845 4 13

84o ---4-90------ 157 4 4124 -----o--4·4-- 1

86so4 -----z·o·8--. o· ------------------------------------------ 6 66.7 , , 1 66 7. 3 . 1, 

~~:!::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: -----~~--- -----~~~~- 5, wg 182::8 ----i;6oii" ----sii:o·· } 1 18 . 97 2 .11 eo, f~8 37~: g 

Mn·---------------------------------------- ---------- ---------- (1) ------- 2. 4 . 09 24(?) 1. 3 Ca ..• --------------------------------------- 263 13. 12 2, 810 ---i40:2-- ------783- 39.67- 111 5. 54 -----i4 ___ ------~76- 2, 370 118.3 

Mg.---------------------------------------- 73 6. 0 318 26.2 848 69.7 24 2. 0 4 . 3 6, 770 556.5 Na ••• ------------------·-------------------- 75 3. 26 7, 420 322.2 988 42.98 68 2. 96 609 26.47 7, 100 308.8 K------------------------------------------- 11 . 28 125 3. 20 791 20.23 30 . 77 51 1. 30 926 23.7 

LL .•• --------------------------------------- ---------- ---------- ---------- ---------- ---------- ---------- ---------- ---------- ---------- ---------- ---------- ---------- NRc---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 12 . 67 2 .11 17 . 9 H------------------------------------------- 27 27 1 464 460 1 740 734 ---------- ---------- 1. 8 . 8 287 285 

Total cations-------------------------- ---------- 119. 8 ---------- 1, 980 ---------- 1, 482 16.3 ---------- 30.2 ---------- I 1, 886 

HCOs--------------------------------------- ---------- ==-:::::: ---------- ::::=:::: ---------- :::=::::-. ---------- =:-:::= 0 ---------- ---------- ----------

HSOc--------------------------------------- ---------- ---------- ---------- ---------- ---------- ---------- ---------- ---------- ---------- ---------- 7, 600 78.4 SOc----------------------------------------- 3, 730 77.7 30,800 641 46,100 960.0 407 8. 47 262 5. 46 2, 170 45.2 CL _. --------------------------------------- 1, 490 42. 0 47, 500 1, 339 18, 500 522.0 567 15. 99 878 24. 74 57, 300 1, 615 F.-.---------------------------------------- ---------- ---------- ---------- ---------- ---------- ---------- 13 . 68 ---------- ----••• --- 806 42. 4 Br __ .--------------------------------------- ---------- ---------- ---------- ---------- ---------- ---------- ---- ______ ------ _____ ------ ______ ------- 37 . 5 ! ____________________________________________ ---------- ---------- ---------- ---------- ---------- ---------- 0 ---------- ---------- ---------- 5. 6 ---------- Po,_________________________________________ 2. 9 __________ (1) ---------- ---------- __________ o. a ---------- ____________________ ---------· ----------

n _ ------------------------------------------ ---------- ---------- ---------- ---------- ---------- ---------- ---------- ---------- 4. 4 __________ 5. 9 ---------- H2S----------------------------------------- 216 ---------- ---------- ---------- ---------- ---------- ---------- ---------- None ---------- 28 

Total anions-------------------------- ----------~ ---------- ~ ---------- 1, 482 25. 1 ~ ---------- l1,783"" 

Total, as reported·-------------~------ 6, 900 102,000 ---------- · 74,900 ----------~ 2, 240 ---------- 198,300 

~~mperatt:ii-£;_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-;c:: 

Density Ratios by at weight: 20° 0---------------------------- __________________________ _ 

1.6 

81 

1.006 

Strongly acid Strongly acid 2. 25 3. 1 10

~. o72 --·------------~i:a:s· --------------~~----- -------------~~------

Strongly acid 1 Hot. 11.08 

Ca/Na__________________________________ 3. 5 0. 38 0. 79 1. 6 0. 021 0. 33 Mg/Ca__________________________________ . 28 .11 1.1 . 22 . 29 2. 9 

K/Na·---------------------------------- .14 . 017 . 80 . 44 . 084 .18 

Li/N a •• --- __ --------_------------------- --------------------- --------------------- --------------------- --------------------- --------------------- --------------------- HC OaCL •••. ---------------------------- ------------------ _ -- --------------------- ··---- _ -------------- -----------.- ___ • ___ - . 000 ------------------- __ S0cCJ2__________________________________ 2. 5 . 65 2. 5 . 72 . 30 .17 

F /01. ___ -------------------------------- ·-----------.-------- --------------------- ---- ___ ---- _ --------- . 023 ---- _ ----.--- __ ----- _ . 014 

~gp~----::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: ::::::::::::::::::::: ::::::::::::::::::::: ::::::::::::::::::::: ---~ -----------·: 000- ===== :::::::::::::::: : g~~~4 

B/CL. ---------------------------------- --------------------- --------------------- --------------------- ·-------------------- . 0050 . 0001 

t Components mentioned in explanation of table. 

Includes HSOc. 
~CHEMICAL CO:MPOSITION OF SUBSURFACE WATERS F45 

EXPLANATION FOR TAnLE 19 

1. Groen Dragon sprlng1 southern part or Norris Basin, Yellowstone National Park, 

Wyo.; discharges aoout 40 gpm (White, 1955a, p, 107; 1957a, p. 1640, 1648) from 

hydrothermally altered alluvium overlying late Cenozoic welded rhyolite tuff. 

About 700 ft southeast of spring given In table 17 L analysis 2. Analyzed by II. Kramer, U.S. Ocol. Survey; H calculated by dlnerenco. 

2. Cmtor lake of Copahuc, a Quaternary trachyte volcano, Neuquen Territory, Argentina. Lake Is a third of a milo In diameter and heated by volcanic gases (Cort\ and Camps, 1930, p. 380; Sus~lni and others, 1938). Area also has sulfur 

dopos\ts. Analyzed by H. Corti reported as hypothetical chemical combinations, converted to Ionic form; H calculated by difference; also reported is 

S20a, 326 ppm (5.82 epm), Included In totals. 

3. r .. ako1 In central tunnel of upper (southern) crater or Ebeco volcano, near north ona of Pammushir Island, Kurlle Islands, U.S.S.R. (Ivanov, 1057, p. 70). H.ocks consist largely of andesite flows and tuffs. Sample analyzed by S. S. Kraplvin~ who also reported, In ppm, Co, 0.3; Nl, 0.1; Cu, 0.03; Tl, 0.2; Sr, 0.8; 

As, 0.6. J:t and most of Clt·cported as free HOI; pH reported -1.7, requlrlng 50 molar HOI solution; pH of about -0.25 seems more probable. For gas analysis soc table 28, analysis 21. 

4. Main spring, Lower Mendolcev group, Kunashir Island In northern Kurlle 

Islands, U.S.S.R.; discharge Is 115 gpm (lvanov·1 1958b, p. 480). Collected by Ivanov; analyzed by S. S. Kraplvlna, who a so determined Tl, 0.2 ppm; Cu, 0.00 ppm; As, 0.9 ppm. 5. Main spring of a group ncar active Kusatsu Sbirano volcano1 Gumma Prefecture, 

Honshu, Japan (Yamagata, 1951, p. 159). Springs discnarge from pyroxene andesite flows and pyroclastic rocks of volcano; many active solfataras (H. Kuno written communication), H calculated by difference; Li, Rb (0.3 ppm), and Os (0.1 ppm) determined spectrographically. A less complete analysis or water from tho strongly acid crater lake of this volcano was published by Minami and others (1952, p. 4). 

6. At southern base of activo Yakeyamn volcano, NUgata Prefecture, Honshu, 

Japan (Muto, 1954, p. 408-409). Spring discharges from bornblendo,pyroxene nndoslto lavas and pyroclastic deposits of the volcano overlying Miocene or Pliocene sedimentary rocks. H calculated by difference. 

7. Mnln spring of group, Noborlbctsu, Iburi Prefecture, southwestern Hokknldo, 

Japan. 'l'otal discharge of spring~ Is about 1,000 gpm from Miocene sedimentary rocks at west base of Pleistocene volcano Kuttara. This volcano consists 

of pyroxene andesite and has a summit caldera lake (Okuno and others, 1938, p. 853, 857-858; Ishlzu, 1915; H. Kuno, written communication). H2S, Including 3.9 ppm reported as HSJ..from sample of Sept. 26, 1937; determined by dltblzone 

nnd Included In totals: uu, 0.16 ppm· Zn 0.36 ppm· and Pb 0.34 ppm; free C02, 

41 ppm. Traces of Cd, Ti1 Nl, and Ba determined spectrographically. Other 

springs In the area arc acla sulfate type given In table 20 (Okuno, 1939, p. 689). 

Partial analyses by Usumasa and Morozumi (1955) are reported to be of water from main spring but are neutral and very different In composition. 8. Yang Mlng Shan spring, near extreme north end of Taiwan, discharges from 

hydrothermally altered Pleistocene basalt overlying Mio-Pliocene marine sedi- ments (Pan, Lin, Hseu, Sun, and Chan, 1955, p. 27-30; Yen, 1955; Juan 1956). 

9. Crater lake of active andesitic 'l'aal volcano, Luzon, Philippine Islands. Sample collected by Bacon (1907-t p. 118), March 1907 (prior to 1911 eruption); H calculated by difference. uther pre-eruption analyses reported as much as 332 

ppm PO., 401 ppm Si02, and 303 ppm Mn (Neumann van Padang, 1953, p. 36). 

10. Crater lake of active Kawab Idjen, a basaltic andesite volr.ano on shoulder of 

Merapi, Besuki Residency, eastern Java, Indonesia (Neumann van Padang, 1951, p. 157-158; Bemmelen, 1949b, p. 105-106). Volcano bad violent eruption In crater lake in 1817 and minor eruptions in 1790, 1917, and 1936. Crater lake 

contains 1~X109 cubic ft of strongly acid water with more than 100,000 tons dissolved aluminum sulfate. Analyzed 1941, cations reported as grams of 

oxide per liter, converted to ppm by assuming density of 1.05; H+ calculated 

by difference. 

11. Tjipanas spring 1, in Krawang Residency, western Java, Indonesia. Discharges 1,300 gpm from hot spring deposits of jarosite (KFe3(SOc)2(0H)e and iron 

phosphate high in As (Bemmelen, 1949a, v. 1A, p. 215; v. 2, p. 232-239). Tl1esc 

deposits contain hundreds of thousands or tons and lie on andesite and basalt 

flows of Tangkuban, an active volcano about 3 miles southwest. The Iron 

phosphate deposits contain about 2 percent of arsenic. Analyzed by Laboratory for Mineral Research, Mining Department, Java; inorganic Fe, 18 ppm; total Fe, 20 ppm; reported NH3 converter! to NH4• 

12. Frying Pan Lake, Tarawera region, New Zealand, at site of volcanic eruptions in 1886 and 1917 (Orange, 1937, p. 93, 103, 105; White, 1957a, p. 1640, 1642, 1648). Discharge Is more than 1,000 gpm. Bedrock is rhyolitic tuff and breccia of the 

Waitabanui Series of Plio-Pleistocene age1 overlying Pliocene rhyolite and 

overlain by more than 10 feet of basaltic asn from the 1886 Tarawera eruption (Orange, 1937, map of Tarawera district). H calculated by difference; analysis of gases from small hot spring on edge of lake given in table 28, analysis 22 

(Grange, 1937, p. llQ-111). 

13. Hot spring pool in crater of White Island, an active andesitic volcarto in Bay of 

Plenty off northeast coast of North Island, New Zealand. Some fumaroles 

have temperatures as much as 500°0. Sample collected and analyzed by S. 

H. Wilson, New Zealand Department of Scientific and Industrial Research 

(1959, p. 37). Reported in g per I, converted to ppm assuming density of 1.08. 

Also reported and included in totals: s.oa-2 (tetrathionate), 157 ppm (1.4 epm); SsOa-2 (pentatbionate), 9.3 ppm (0.1 epm); As, 5.7 ppm; Sr, 9.3 ppm (0.2 epm). For analysis of gas, same locality but different pool, see table 28, analysis 23. 
F46 DATA OF GEOCHEMITSTRY 

TABLE 20.-Chemical analyses of acid sulfate spring waters associated with volcanism 

Analysis. ____________________ .. -----_-------- 1 

Name and location__________________________ "The Geysers", 

Sonoma County, Calli. 

Date of collection.--------------·----------- _______ -------------

2 Bumpass Hell, 

Shasta County, Calif. 

1953 

3 

Norris Basin, 

Yellowstone Park, Wyo. 

AUP.;. 25, 1954 

4 

Mud Volcano 

Group, Yellow- stone Park, Wyo. 

5 Sulphur Springs, Sandoval County, N.Mex. 

Aug. 31, 1949 

ppm epm ppm epm ppm epm ppm epm ppm 

8102----------------------------------------- 225 240 109 540 216 

epm 

AL----------------------------------------- 14 1. 67 31 3. 4 2. 4 0. 27 146 16.2 56 6. 2 Fe+2_________________________________________ 63 2. 26 18 . 65 ---------- ---------- o ---------- ---------- ----------

6 Uzon Volcano, 

Kamchatka, 

USSR 

Aug. 26, 1950 

ppm 

292 

444 

412 

epm 

49.39 

14.76 Fe+a,________________________________________ 0 5. 5 . 30 . 8 . 04 17 . 91 33 1. 77 ---------- ----------

Mn.________________________________________ 1. 4 . 05 ---------- ---------- ---------- ---------- ---------- ---------- 3. 3 .12 ---------- ---------- Ca__________________________________________ 47 2. 35 6. 5 . 32 2. 2 .11 14 . 70 185 9. 23 Mg_________________________________________ 281 23.1 5. 3 . 44 0 11 . 91 52 4. 2 Na__________________________________________ 12 . 52 32 1. 39 2. 0 . 09 16 . 70 6. 7 . 29 K___________________________________________ 5 .13 13 . 33 3. 0 . 08 17 . 44 24 . 61 

NHt .. --------------------------------------- 1, 400 77.6 14 . 78 30 1. 66 26 1. 44 ---------- ---------- H .. ------------------------------------------ 9. 5 9. 4 6. 2 6. 2 114 14. o 43 42.7 113 12.6 

'rotal cations .... ------------------------ ---------- 1 117.3 13.8 ---------- 16.3 64.0 35.1 

83 

35 

Ill 

14 1547 14 

HCOa .. ______________________________________ 0 ~ ---------- ---------- 0 ---------- ---------- ---------- 0 0 

4.15 

2.87 

1.48 

. 61 

~ 

30.4 

116.7 

S406----------------------------------------- I 0 ---------- ---------- ---------- ---------- ---------- ---------- ---------- ---------- ---------- ---------- ---------- H804--------------------------------------- ---------- ---------- ---------- ---------- ---------- ---------- ---------- ---------- ---------- ---------- ---------- ---------- SOt----------------------------------------- 5, 710 118.9 718 14.95 758 15.78 3,150 65.6 1, 570 32.7 5, 550 115.6 Cl........................................................................ I. 5 . 02 1.1 . 03 15 . 42 Tr 3. 5 .10 12 , 37 

F ------------------------------------------- ---------- ---------- ---------- ---------- ---------- ---------- 1 . 05 1.1 . 06 . 4 . 02 Br------------------------------------------ ---------- ---------- ---------- ---------- ---------- ---------- ---------- ---------- ---------- ---------- 0 ! ____________________________________________ ---------- ---------- ---------- ---------- ---------- ---------- ---------- ---------- ---------- ---------- 0 

NOs----------------------------------------- ---------- ---------- ---------- ---------- ---------- ---------- ---------- ---------- 0 ---------- 'l'r B------------------------------------------- H2s ___________________________________________________ 3.1 ---------- . 2 ---------- 6. 9 ---------- ---------- ---------- ---------- ---------- 0 ---------- 20 __________ __________ __________ o __________ __________ __________ 2 

Total anions·------------------------- ---------- 118.9 ---------- 15.0 16.2 ---------- 65.1 -----a2.9 ---------- 116.0 

Total, as reported___________________________ 7, 770 1,110 943. 3, 980 ---------- """2,100 ~ 

~E.e:!~~:_o_~~~-~t_a_~~~-~~!~~~~~~-s-~~-:~:-~~== --------------ii:8± ::::::·_-_-_::::::::::: ---------------1:97- :::::::::::::::::::: 

Temperature °C .. --------------------------- Boiling? 79.0 90 65 

4' 57~. 9 ----------------1:86 65± 60 Ratios by weight: Ca/Na__________________________________ 3. 9 0. 20 1.1 0. 88 28 I 8 Mg/Ca__________________________________ 6. 0 . 81 0 . 78 . 28 4. 2 K/Na___________________________________ . 42 . 41 1. 5 1.1 3. 6 I 1 Li/N a ...... __ .. -------------.. __ ... _ ......... ----- ---............. __ ---- _ ...... __ ... _ .......... __ -----. . 0 __ ........ ____ ........ ____ •••• _ •••• ______ .. ---.. ---- __ ................ --... . 

HC03/CL_______________________________ . 0 -----... ------------- 0 ---- __ • ------------·- . 0 . 0 

SOt/Ch. -------------------------------- 11,000 650 51 >1, 000 450 460 

F/CL ----------------------------------- ---- _ --------------- __ --- _. ------------- ---- _ --------------- > 1 . 31 . 03 Br/CL .. _ --.... -------------.. --.. --.... ------.. ----- _. __ -------.. --- --.. -..... _ •• __ ----.. __ .... _ .... __ .... -----.----- .. ____ .. ___ .. _ .. ___ .. ___ .... _____ .... __ • _ ----...... . 00 1/CL .. ___ ........... ---.......... _______ .. __ .. _ --.. __ ... --- __ ... __ .. __ ........... _ .. _ .... ___ ... ______ .. ___________ • --- _ -----. __ .. ______ • _ .. ______ • _____________ ..... ___ _ _ _ _ . 00 

B/CL----------------------------------- 6. 2 .11 . 46 -------------------- -------------------- . 00 

Analysis ________ ------------------------------ 7 Name and location ••• ------------------------ Kosbelevsk, Kamchatka, USSR 

Date of collection_____________________________ Aug. 15, 1951 

8 North Mendeleev, 

Kunashir Island, 

USSR 

Oct. 1, 1954 

9 

Yunohanazawa, 

Kanagawa Prefecture, 

Honshu, Japan 

10 Nasu, Tochigi Prefecture, Japan 

11 Ketetahi, Tongariro Volcano, New Zealand 

ppm epm ppm epm ppm epm ppm epm ppm epm 

8102------------------------------------------ 120 ------------ 274 ------------ 283 ------------ 147 ------------ 162 ------------ AL_ __________________________________________ ------------ ------------ 78 8. 7 120 13.3 85 8. 59 8. 9 1. 00 

Fe+2__________________________________________ 19 0.67 112 6.07 3 9 1. 40 { 28 1.02 ------------ ------------ Fe+3 __________________________________________ ------------ ------------ 34 1. 22 · . 0 ------------ . 7 . 04 

Mn___________________________________________ 1. 2 . 05 . 6 . 02 ------------ ------------ . 3 . 01 ------------ ------------

Ca .. ------------------------------------------ 40 2. 00 79 3. 95 103 5.14 64 3. 19 76 3. 80 Mg___________________________________________ 13 1. 06 8. 7 . 71 13 1.1 31 2. 55 28 2. 3 

Na·------------------------------------------ 60 2. 62 455 19.79 33 1. 44 22 . 96 63 2. 76 K-------------------------------------------- 18 .45 9.6 .23 2.9 .07 7.1 .18 3. 5 .09 

NH•------------------------------------------ 101 5. 60 8. 0 . 44 ------------ ------------ 3. 1 . 17 374 20.7 H-------------------------------------------- . 05 . 05 20 20 ------------ ------------ 15 14.9 1. 6 1. 6 

Total cations _____________________________ ------------ 12.50 ------------ 61.1 ------------ 22.5 ------------ 31.57 ------------ 32.3 

HCOa •• ------------------------------c.............. 0 ------------ ------------ ------------ ------------ ------------ ------------ ------------ ------------ ------------ s.oa ............................................................................... ------------ ------------ ------------ ------------ ------------ ------------ 2 0. 01 1103 0. 92 

~J.~-·~::====================================== -----594"""" ------12:36" ~: g~~ !~: i ----1;o4o""" ------21:6-- 1

' ~~ ~~: ~g 1, ~~~ 2~: r 

CL------------------------------------------ 4. 8 .13 93 2. 63 2. 6 . 07 169 4. 77 18 . 50 

F --------------------------------------------- . 0 ------------ . 9 . 04 ------------ ------------ . 4 . 02 ------------ ------------ Br____________________________________________ .3 .00 .4 .00 ------------ ------------ .00 ------------ ------------ ------------ !_____________________________________________ .0 ------------ .o ------------ ------------ ------------ .000 ------------ ------------ ------------

NOs------------------------------------------ ------------ ------------ ------------ ------------ ------------ ------------ . 000 -------- -- B_____________________________________________ 26 ------------ 12 57 ============ -------93·-- =--------=-- H2S __________________________________________ ------------ ------------ 44 :::::::::::: -----Tr _____ :::::::::::: 35 ------------ ------------ ------------

Total anions _______________________ ~---- ------------ 12.49 ------------ 61.2 ------------ 21.7 ------------ 32.16 ------------ 28.3 

Total, as reported •• -------------------------- 997 ------------ 1 4, 840 ------------ 1, 600 ------------ 1 2, 780 2,300 

~~~!~~-~~~-~~~~~~-c:_~~~~r-~~~~-~~~~-:~)_-_:: ------------------4x-- -----------------T7o-- ----------------2:3--- -----------------1:5·--- -------------------2:8--

Temperature oc______________________________ 92.5 69.0 78 69.9 I 70 

Ratios by weight: 

Ca/Na ....... -------------------------------- 0. 67 0.17 3. 1 2. 9 Mg/Ca___________________________________ .33 .11 .13 .48 

K/Na ........ --------------------------------- . 30 . 021 . 088 . 32 

1.2 

.37 

.060 Li/Na .... ------------------------- ___ .. __ --- .. _____ ...... _ •• -----------.. ________ •• _ -------- _ .. _________ •• ___ ------------- ______ ... ____ .. ____ ... 0005 ---- __ •• __________ ------

HCOa/CL -------------------------------- . 000 . 00 ----...... ---------- _ __ ___ . 000 ---- .. ------ ___ .... -------- SOt/Cl2__________________________________ 120 39 400 12 68 F/CL _________________ -------------------- ----....... ---.. ------------ . 01 _____ ..... __ __ _____ __ _____ . 002 ---- .. __ • __ .. __ .. ____ --- __ .. 

~3E~-~===::::::: ::::::::::::::::::::::::: : ~g : ~~ :::::::::::::::::::::::: : ~~~~ :::::::::::::::::::::::: 

B/CL ------------------------------------ ---- ...... ----------- ___ -- . 13 ___ ........ ---------- _ ____ _ . 33 

I Components mentioned in explanation of table. I Includes Hso •• 

5. 2 
·CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF SUBSURFACE WATERS F47 

EXPLANATION FOR TAB;LE 20 

1. Devlls Kitchen spring~ "The Geysers," (Allen and Day, 1927, p, 33), 11 miles cast of Cloverdale, ::sor.ioma Cow1ty, Calif. Seeping ,discharge from pool on landslide material underlain by Franciscan graywacke, greenstone, and ser- pentine of Mesozoic age (Bailey, 1946, p, 211-215, pl. 29); no true geysers. Area Is 3 miles west of Cobb Mountain, a Pleistocene(?) rhyolite volcano (Brice, 

1!l5:i, p, 35, 37). Gas analysis from well 1, 460 feet north-northeast of spring 

(Allen and Day, 1027~ p, 60, 76; White, 1957a, p. 1648), given in table 28, analysis 

24. Analyzed by E.l'. Allen, who also reported and included in totals: S203,0 ppm; Ni, trace; Or, 2 ppm (0.23 opm). 01 and pH determined by H. Kramer, 

U.S. Gool. Survoy1 on sample collected March 24, 1954, which also contained 

5,070 pp, of SO~ ana 2. 7 ppm of B. 2. Spring In thermal area, Uumpass Hell, Shasta County, Calif., 2 miles south of Lasson Peak, a dacite volcano last activo from 1912 to 1919. Spring, 250 ft 

north-northeast of junction of principal streams draining thermal area, is in 

hydrothermally altered Brokool.f Andesite of upper Pliocene or Pleistocene ago (Williams, 1032 p. 374-375, map). Sample collected and analyzed by P. S. Bonnett or u.s. National Park Service. Analysis not previously published. For gas analysis, apparently from same spring, see table 28 analysis 25 (Day 

and Allen, 1925, p, 95, 133). 

3. Locomotive Spring, Norris Basin, Yellowstone National Park, Wyo,1 80ft south- east or Congress Pool and 200ft west-southwest of Norris Basin dnllhole (Fen- nort 1036{ p, 282-310; White, 1955a, p. 103-107). Seeping discharge; bedrock is 

acia-loac led welded rhyolite tuff of Pliocene('?) age. Analyzed by H. Kramer, 

U.S. Gool. Survey; also reported is Li, 0.0 ppm. H calculated by difference. 

Analysis not previously published. For gas analysis from Locomotive Spring or a nearby spring, sco table 28 analysis 26 (Allen and Day, 1935 p. 86). 

4. Big Sulphur Pool, 0.2 milo north of Mud Volcano, Yellowstone National Park, 

Wyo. (Allen and Day, 1035, p, 422, 427); little or no discharge. Pool is in glacial 

material overlying rhyolite of Pliocene(?) age (Hague and others, 1899, Canyon shoot of geologic folio). For gas analysis seo table 28, analysis 27 (Allen and 

Day, 1035, p, 861 418). 

5. Ono or about eight springs in sec. 3, T. 19 N., R. 3 E., Sulphur Springs, Sandoval 

County, N. Mox., Small discharge, but total for the group (same type?) is 

about 500 gpm (Stearns and others, 1037, p, 167) in area of late Pliocene or Pleistocene rhyolite overlying Paleozoic sediments. Gas analysis of Alum 

Spring given in table 28, analysis 28 (Renick, 1931, p. 89). Analyzed by U.S. 

Gool. Survey; H+ computed from pH. Analysis not previously published. 

6. Boiling mud pot in west field of crater of Uzon..t a semiactive basaltic andesite 

volcano in southeastern Kamchatka, U.S.S.1~. Crater contains many mud 

pots and mud volcanoes (Ivanov, 1958a, p, 195-196; Piip, 1937~ p, 171, 172, 248, 

267). Sample collected by B. I. Piip; analyzed by M. S. ::suetina. 'l'i, 5.4 ppm is included in total; As, HC03, Br, I, and B were not detected. Na not determined by Suetina; reported value is from 1933 analysis (Piip, 1937, p. 171-172), probably less than amount actually present. For gas analysis from 

nearby vent see table 28, analysis 29. 7. Mud pot on upper slopes or in crater of semiactive Koshelevsk volcano of south- eastern Kamchatka, U.S.S.R. (Ivanov, 1958a, p,195-196). Collected by G. A. 

Gonsovsk; analyzed by E. F. Prokof'eva; As, not found. For gas anlysis 

of nearby boiling lake see table 28, analysis 30; poor summation suggests misprint. 

8. Lower spring, Northern Mendelcev group, Kunashir Island, Kurile Islands, 

U.S.S.R. Discharge is about 30 gpm (Ivanov, 1958b, p. 479). Collected by V. V. Ivanov; analyzed by S. S. Krapivina, who also reported and included 

in totals: Sr, trace; Ba, 0.0 ppm, As, 0.7 ppm; Cu 0.03 ppm; 'l'i, 0.4 ppm, 9. Yoemon-Yu spring of Yunohanazawa group in Hakone caldera, Kanagawa 

Prefecture, Honshu, Japan (Kmoda, 1941b, p, 69-74). Springs discharge from pyroxene andesite on east flank of postcaldera late Pleistocene Kami-yama 

volcano (H. Kuno, written communication). Analyzed by K. Kmoda, who 

also reported Cu 0.045 ppm. 10. Yumato spring, Nasu, Tochigi Prefecture, Japan; "gushing out" of southeast 

slope of Nasudake, an active andesite volcano (Kimura, Yokoyama, and Ikeda, 

1955, p, 201). Also reported, in ppm, and included in totals: Li, 0.01; Rb, 

0.01; Cs, 0.01; As, 1.9; Sr, O.OOX; Ba, O.OOX; V, 0.5; Or, 0.004; Mo, 0.0009; Ti, 

0.2; Ge, O.OOOOX; Be, O.OOOOX; G~ O.OOOOX; Cu, 0.03; Pb, 0.07; Zn, 0.14; Bi, 0.0001; 

Sb, 0.0001; Sl}1 0.0002; Co, O.OOOx; Ni.J~O.OOOX; C<!J 0.0001; Ag, 0.001; In, 0.0001; 

Au, 0.00000; Z.r, O,OOOX; N02, 0.000; .tt.PO~, 6.1; u02, 66; HS03, 0.6; S203, 0.3; 

S30a, 0; SoOa, 0. 11. Ketctahi, one of group of springs and fumaroles in hydrothermally altered area on north flank of Tongariro, a large active andesitic volcano south of Lake 

Taupo, North Island, New Zealand (Wilson, 1953, p, 453,456; J. Healy, written 

communication). Analyzed by S. H. Wilson; converted from milliequivalents 

and millimoles per liter; SoOa included by Wilson with s~Oa. 

TABLE 21.-Chemical analyses of thermal bicarbonate sulfate waters in volcanic environments 

Analysis ••••• ______ ---- ___ • ________ ---.-------

Name nnd locntlon ________________________ _ "The Geysers," 

Sonoma County, 

Calif. 

2 

Steamboat well GS-7, 

Washoe County, Nev. 

3 

Sulphur Springs, 

St. Lucia Island, 

British West Indies 

4 

Yonono, Kagoshima 

Prefecture, Kyushu, 

Japan 

5 

Wairakei well5, 

~~~11~~~~~ 

Dnto or collection ••• -------------------------- ------------------------- May 22, 1952 July 1951 1953 

ppm epm ppm epm ppm epm ppm epm ppm epm 

~~~':::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: ~g -------2~89- ~. o -------o~so· ---------62- -------3~o9- -------41 ___ -------io5- ~~ --------o~6o Mg·------------------------------------------ 108 8. 88 0 • ----- _ 11 . 90 17 1. 4 1. 7 .14 

~~~ :::.=~-----================================= ~~ : rg :: ~ - -:tr } 64 2. 70 { ~~ 1: ~~ 2~~ 10: ~ LL------------------------------------------- ------------ ------------ 0 ------------ ------------ ------------ ------------ ------------ 1. 2 .17 

N1:14------------------------------------------ 111 6. 15 ------------ ------------ ------------ ------------ . 1 . 01 . 2 . 01 

'l'otnl cations--------------------------- ------------ 18.85 ------------ 0. 82 ------------ 6. 69 ------------ 4. 86 ------------ 11.35 

RCOs---------------------------------------- 176 2. 88 21 o. 34 272 4. 46 254 4.17 670 10.98 

COs------------------------------------------ 0 ------------ None ------------ 0 ------------ ------------ ------------ ------------ ------------ S20a •• - -------------------------------------- 2. 7 . 02 ------------ ------------ ------------ ------------ ------------ ------------ ------------ ------------ S04------------------------------------------- 763 15.89 24 . 50 80 1. 67 22 . 46 11 . 23 CL-- ---------------------------------------- 1. 5 . 04 . 5 . 01 23 . 65 5. 1 . 14 2. 7 . 08 )? _____________________________________________ ------------ ------------ 0 ------------ 0 ------------ ------------ ------------ 3. 7 .19 

NOs •• --------------------------------------- ------------ ------------ Tr ------------ 0 ------------ ------------ ------------ ------------ ------------ B •••.••• -------------------------------------- 15 ------------ 1. 3 ------------ I 1 ------------ 2. 2 ------------ . 5 ------------ co, __________________________________________ ------------ ------------ ------------ ------------ ------------ ------------ Tr ------------ 0 ------------

H,S •••• -------------------------------------- 0 ------------ 2. 4 ------------ ------------ ------------ ------------ ------------ 0 ------------

Total nnlons •••• ------------------------ ------------ 18.83 ------------

'l'otal, ns reported._-------------------------- 1, 330 83.0 

p~tc!~.c-~~~:~~~~~~:~~-:::~!~~~~~~-s-~~-:~~-~~= ::::::::::::::::::::::::: l'ompemturo _____________________________ 0 0.. 100 

Ratios by weight: Cn/Na____________________________________ 3. 2 

~~%~~:.:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 1: ~3 Ll/N a •••.• ------------------ ______________ ----- ___ • ______________ _ HC Os/CL ____ •• ____ --- ___________ ----. _ _ 120 

SOc/CL ---------------------------------- 510 

F/CL •••• --------------------------------- ------------------------- B/01. _ ----------------------------------- 10 

1 Componouts mentioned in explanation of table. 

0. 85 ------------

85 

6. 5 

1161 

513 

6. 78 ------------ 4. 77 ------------ 11.48 

------------ 378 1,140 

B:~t:g 1-------------------~r:s·- ------------------~-~il~~ 

0. 95 1. 6 0. 052 . 17 . 41 . 14 .48 .074 

0.64 

.0 

.48 

.00 

40 

50 

.0 

3 

-------------------i2 ---- -------------------5i---- .0052 

250 &5 ~4 

. 0 ------------------------- .0.5 .44 

4.1 

1.4 

.02 

EXPLANATION FOR TABLE 21 

1. "'!'he Geysers," Sonomn County, 11 miles east of Cloverdale, Calif.; Witches 

Cnuldron spring on bank of Geyser Creek about 125ft southwest of steam wells 1 and 2 nnd 400ft north or Devils Kitchen spring (table 20, analysis 1; Allen and 

Day{ 1027, p. 33, fig. 1) and in same geologic setting; no true geysers in the area. Ana yzod by E. 'l'. Allen, who also reported and Included in totals: AI, Ni, and 

Or, each 0 ppm; Mn 0.6 pp,m; Fe, trace. Sec gas analysis 24, table 28, for welll. 

2. Drill hole GS-7, in Silica lit, western pnrt of Steamboat Springs thermal area, Wushoo County, Nev. (White, 19.55a, p. 103, 111; 1957a, p. 1649-1650). Drill 

hole penetrated acid-leached granodiorite for 112 feet where acid water was found. Uolntlons indicate high-temperature steam, C02, and other gases rising ncar bottom of hole, at depth of 402 It, and condensing in a perched water table 

thnt Is dominantly of meteoric water. Sample collected ncar bottom of steam- filled hole under prossmo; analysis by H. Kramer, U.S. Geol. Survey. Analysis not previously published. For gas analysis see table 28, analysis 31. 

3. Sulphur Sprlngs1 St. Lucia Island, British West Indies; boiling spring in south- eastern part 01 thermal area, 1 ~ miles southeast or Soufriere at altitude of 800 to 000 ft; little or no discharge (G. Bodvarsson, written communication). In 'l'crtlary sandstone o.nd conglomerate overlain by basaltic lava ncar contact 

with siliceous porphyritic plug situated a few miles from Qualibu, an active 

volcano that erupted in 1766 (Perret 1939, fig. 1). Sample collected by G. 

Bodvarsson; analyzed by U.S. Geol. Survey; boron reported "slightly greater than 1 ppm." Analysis not previously published. 

4. Yonono hot spring, in Kirisbima volcano group, Kagosbima Prefecture, Kyusbu, 

Japan; hot spring is in area 150 by 500ft with many fumaroles ot high tempera- ture. In pyroxene andesite lava on southern flank of one of Recent cones of the 

volcano group. Test boring to 280 ft depth found water at a temperature of more than 125° C. Analyzed 1953 (Subterranean Heat Research Group, 1955, p. 585; H. Kuno, written communication). Also reported is Fe, trace. 5. Drillllole 5, western f.art of thermal area, Wairakci, North Island, New Zealand 

(Wilson, 1955, p. 37 . Nearly 2~~ miles northwest of well4 (see table 17, analysis 

14), in similar bedrock (Steiner, 1955, fig. 5, fig. 10) but hydrothermal alteration 

characterized by albite rather than by potassium-bearing minerals. Sample 

analyzed by S. H. Wilson. Gas analysis, table 28, analysis 32, is from well 6, 

which bas water similar to that of well 5 but is 1,000 ft to the east (Wilson, 

1955, p. 29). 
F48 DATA OF GEOCHEMITSTRY 

TABLE 22.-Chemical analyses of spring waters high in sodium bicarbonate and boron 

Analysis __________ ----- _______ ---------------- 1 2 Name and location___________________________ E. or Altoona mine, 

Trinity County, Calif. Date or collection_____________________________ Oct. 16, 1956 

Mud Springs, Mendocino County, Calif. 

Oct. 7, 1956 

ppm epm ppm epm 

Si02------------------------------------------ 82 ------------ 38 ------------ AL ____ ---- __ ------------- ___ ----------------- ------------ ------------ ------------ ------------ Fe ____ ---------------------------------------- ------------ ------------ ------------ ------------ Mn _____ ---------- __ ------------------------- _ ------------ ------------ ------------ ------------ As-------------------------------------------- ------------ ------------ .13 

Ca. __ ---------------------------------------- 409 20. 41 48 

rr~~========================================== ~: ~ : s~ 16~. 7 Na·------------------------------------------ 3, 520 153. 1 5, 400 K-------------------------------------------- 306 7. 83 170 LL------------------------------------------- 10 1. 4 2. 7 

-------2~4o· 

13.9 

.08 

234.9 

4.35 

.39 

NRc------------------------------------------ ------------ ------------ . 0 ------------

3 Crabtree, Lake 

County, Calif. 

4 Gilroy, Santa Clara 

County, Calif. 

Oct. 6, 1956 June 16, 1955 

ppm 

200 

.4 

.0 

.1 

1.0 

62 

208 0 1, 710 

34 

4.1 

10 

epm ppm 

100 

epm 

-------a~o9- -------2i ___ -------i~os· 

17.1 120 9. 87 

------------ 4. 6 . 10 74. 4 270 11. 75 . 87 5.1 .13 

.59 .2 .02 

------------ 2. 4 .13 

5 Arkos area, Haromszek 

County, Rumania Mar. 3, 1943 

ppm 

16 

Tr 

2. 6 

.1 

Tr 

541 

314 

Tr 1, 650 

33 

18.7 

epm 

-------27~0-

25.8 

-------7i~8-

.84 

1.25 

Total cations ___________________________ ------------ 183.4 ------------ 256 ------------ 1 96. 1 ------------ 23. 1 ------------ 126.7 

1===1 1====1 I==== 

HCOs---------------------------------------- 8, 370 137.2 14,500 238 3, 890 63.8 1, 200 19. 7 6, 770 111.0 

COs------------------------------------------ 0 ------------ 0 ------------ 0 ------------ 0 ------------ ------------ ------------ SOc------------------------------------------- 483 10.06 26 . 54 16 . 33 5 . 10 3. 2 . 07 

CL------------------------------------------ 1, 350 38. 1 610 17.20 1, 200 33.8 130 3. 67 554 15.62 

F --------------------------------------------- ------------ ------------ . 4 . 02 . 6 . 03 . 4 . 02 . 6 . 03 Br-------------------------------------------- ------------ ------------ 2. . 03 4 . 05 . 0 ------------ 2. 7 . 03 

r __ ------------------------------------------- ------------ ------------ 1. 5 . 01 1. 6 . 01 . a ------------ 2. 5 • 02 

N02------------------------------------------ ------------ ------------ . 0 ------------ 1 94 2. 04 --------0---- -_-_-_-_-_-_-__ --_-_-_-_ ---------_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_ -_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_·_ NOs------------------------------------------ ------------ ------------ 0 ------------ 0 ------------ B.-------------------------------------------- 120 ------------ 530 ------------ 290 ------------ 13 ------------ 47 ------------ C02------------------------------------------ ------------ ------------ ------------ ------------ ------------ ------------ ------------ ------------ 2, 380 ------------ H2S •• ---------------------------------------- <I ------------ ------------ ------------ 0 ------------ . 2 ------------ ------------ ------------

Total anions ____________________________ ------------ 185.4 ------------

Total, as reported •• --------------------------

Specific conductance micrombos at 25°C _____ _ 

pH.------------------------------------------

Temperature __ --------------------------°C __ Density at 20°C _____________________________ _ 

Ratios by weight: 

14,700 

13,600 

6.8 

13.5 

1.007 

Ca/Na____________________________________ 0. 12 

Mg/Ca. ---------------------------------- . 018 

K/Na------------------------------------- . 087 

Li/Na_ ----------------------------------- . 0028 HCOa/Cl2________________________________ 6. 2 

so.tcL __ -------------------------------- . 36 F /CL ____ --•••••• ------------------------- -------------------------

~gE:-::::: = :::::::::: = = = :: = = ::::::::::: =: = = == :::: = = = = == = = = = = = = = == = B/CL •• ---------------------------------- . 089 

21,500 

256 

16,700 

7.3 

18 

1. 013 

0.0089 

3. 5 

24 

.031 

.0005 

.043 

.0007 

.003 

.0025 

.87 

Analysis______________________________________ 6 7 Name and location___________________________ Chokrak, Kerch, Essentuki, Caucasus, 

Crimea, USSR USSR Date of collection _____________________________ ------------------------- -------------------------

7, 720 

8 

1100.1 

7,850 6. 7 41.5 

0.036 

3.3 

.020 

.0024 

3.2 

.013 

.0005 

.003 

.0013 

.24 

Malkinsk, Kamchatka, 

USSR 

Sept. 28, 1950 

ppm epm ppm epm ppm epm 

8i02.......................................... 14 •••••••••••• •••••••••••• •••••••••••• I 204 •••••••••••• 

AL·------------------------------------------ ------------ ------------ 7 ------------ . 0 ------------ Fe ____________________________________________ ------------ ------------ ------------ ------------ 1 20 ------------

23. 5 ------------ 126.7 

1, 870 

1,340 

6.8 

42 

0.078 

5. 7 

. 019 

.0007 

9.2 

.04 

.003 

.000 

.002 

.10 

9 

Futamata, Hokkaido, 

Japan 

1936 

ppm 

51 

.7 

3.5 

epm 

12,300 

---------- ""{i)"----------

10 

5. 5 

1.008 

0.33 

.58 

.020 

.0053 

12 .0057 

.001 

.0049 

.0045 

.084 

Te Aroha, North 

Island, New Zealand 

ppm 

115 

.8 Tr 

epm 

Mn ___________________________________________ ------------ ------------ ------------ ------------ . 0 ------------ ------------ ------------ ------------ ------------

~!:·:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: ---------74· ------T69- ------i57 ___ -------7~83- 3d1· 4 ------i5~oa· ------554·-- ------27~64- 8. 4 --------o~4o 

Mg.------------------------------------------ 82 6. 7 84 6. 9 61 5. 0 356 29. 3 4 . 3 

Sr -------------------------------------------- ------------ ------------ ------------ ------------ ------------ ------------ ------------ ------------ ------------ ------------ Na........................................... 1, 770 77.0 3, 440 149.6 728 31.66 2, 390 103.9 3, 160 137.5 

K-------------------------------------------- 81 2. 07 10 . 26 25 . 63 614 15.70 40 1. 02 LL ___________________________________________ ------------ ------------ 1 .1 ------------ ------------ ------------ ------------ I 5 . 72 

NRc------------------------------------------ 23 1. 27 ------------ ------------ 0 ------------ 5. 4 . 30 4 . 22 

Total cations. __________________________ ------------ 90. 7 ------------ 164. 7 ------------ 52.3 ------------ 176.8 ------------ 140.2 

1=====1 

HCOs---------------------------------------- 1, 990 32.6 5, 990 98.2 2, 040 33.48 6, 440 105.6 6, 660 109.2 

COs------------------------------------------ ------------ ------------ ------------ ------------ ------------ ------------ ------------ ------------ 199 6. 63 

80•------------------------------------------- 227 4. 73 ------------ ------------ Tr ------------ 125 2. 60 388 8. 08 

CL------------------------------------------ 1, 620 45.7 2, 350 66. 3 691 19.46 2, 440 68.8 581 16.38 

F --------------------------------------------- -------·---- ------------ ------------ ------------ . 6 . 03 ------------ ------------ ------------ ------------ Br____________________________________________ 16 . 20 5 . 06 .1 . 00 Tr ------------ Tr ------------

! .. ------------------------------------------- 12 . 09 1.1 . 01 . 0 ------------ Tr ------------ . 3 ------------ N02------------------------------------------ ------------ ------------ ------------ ------------ ------------ ------------ •••••••••••• ------------ ------------ ------------ NOa •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• ------------ ------------ ------------ ------------ ------------ ------------ ------------ ------------ ------------ ------------ B............................................. 44 ------------ I 12 ------------ 7. 9 ------------ 59 ------------ 132 ------------

C02------------------------------------------ 171 ------------ ------------ ------------ ------------ ------------ 685 ------------ -·····------ ---------·-· H2B------------------------------------------ 1 360 ------------ ------------ ------------ ------------ ------------ -·---------- ------------ 0 ------------

Total anions·--------------------------- ------------ 1 83. 3 ------------

Total, as reported·--------------------------- 6, 480 ------------ 12,100 

See footnotes at end of table. 

164. 6 ------------

4,080 

53. 0 ------------

13,700 

177.0 ------------ 140.3 

11,300 
'CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF SUBSURF.&CE WATERS F49 

TABLE 22 .-Chemical analyses of spring waters high in sodium bicarbonate and boron-Continued 

Analysis •••• _._. ____ • _____ ._ •• __ ._. __ •• _._ •••• 6 7 10 Namo and location __________________________ _ Chokrak, Kerch, Essentukk Caucasus, 

Crimea, USSR Ut!SR 

8 

Marklnsfts~~mchatka, 

9 

Futamata, Hokkaldo, Japan To Aroha, North 

Island, New Zealand 

Dato or collection ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• ------------------··--·-· ------------------------- Sept. 28, 1950 1936 

~~:!~:-~~~~~~~~-c~::::~~~:r~~-~~~-~::~~~:: · · ----·· · ---------7:3· --- ::::::::::::::::::::::::: --·····--·--------6:2---- ----------------··6:6·--- --·-----·------· -·-s: a··-

rompomtnro •• ------·-···---------------°C.. Cold 14.0 5. 6 42 85~ 

J)onslt) at 20°C ••••• ·------------------------ 1. 00 ·····-------------------- ------------------------- 1. 008 -------------------------

Rat~~/~a~~~~~~~:---------------------------- 0. 042 0. 046 0. 41 0. 23 0. 0025 

l\1g/Ca. --------------------····--·-····-· 1.1 . 54 . 20 . 64 . 5 K/Na..................................... . 046 . 0029 . 034 . 26 . 013 

Ir eb~iaii:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: -----------------·i:2·--- 2: 003 ---------------·--a:a··-- -------------------2:a-·· 12. 002 

~,7cf1~. :.:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: ....... ____ ........ :~~--- ::::::::::::::::::::::::: : 88o9 -------_____________ :~~~- ---------___________ :~~ __ Br/01..................................... . 0099 . 0021 . 0001 ------------------------- . 000 

I/01...................................... . 0074 . 00046 . 0000 ----·-------------·------ . 0005 

B/Cl..................................... . 027 . 0051 . 011 . 024 . 23 

1 Components montlonod In explanation of table. a Includes COs as HCOa. 

EXPLANATION FOR TABLE 22 

1. Springs, In NW~ sec. 19, T. 38 N., R. 5 W., Trinity Cetmty, Calif., about 6 miles cast or Altoona quicksilver mine. Disclmrge about 2 gpm from landslide 

matoriul on flno-gmlnod diorite or pro-Tertiary age. Collected by E. H. Bailey; analyzed by C. E. Roberson, U.S. Gool. Survey. Springs evolved some gas und deposited a little tmvortino. Analysis not previously published. 2. Mud Springs, Mendocino County, Calif.; northeastornmost of a group of springs and small mud volcanoes ncar crest of ridge, G miles west of Laytonville (War- Ing, 1915, p, 17(!-177; Bailey and White, 1957, p.1818). Spring Is 6ft in diameter; 

dlschurgo Is about 0.05 gpm muddy water, from graywacke and shale similar to Mesozoic Yager ]~ormation and Is aocompainod by abundant gas that is 

probubly lurgoly COa. Analyzed by C. 1~. Roberson, U.S. Geol. Survey; nnulysls not previously published. 3. Sout11oast!1rnmost spring of two warm springs In Crabtree ar~~J northeast bank or H.lco Fork of Eel Rlvor in NE~ sec. 36, T. 17 N., R. 9 w ., Lake County, Cullr. Dlschurgos about 2o gpm from serpentine adjacent to shale of Mesozoic l~mnclscun Group. Sorpontlne at crook level Is altered to opal and carbonate 

and contains volnlots of marcasite and realgar. Analyzed by C. E. Roberson, 

U.S. Goo!. Survoy~whc.u combined nltrogon wus determined nearly 4 mouths 

uftor mtalysls was oogun all of It was nitrite but It probably was NH• when 

sumplo was collected; pii and HCOa were determined immediately after bottle wus opened and aro consldorod reliable. Spectrographic analysis of evaporated residue, by Nolu B. S.hotror., converted to ppm In the original water: evaporated residue ut 180° C, 6,140; A , 0.1; Fe! 0.1; Mn, 0.04; Cu, 0.01; Ge, 0.3; Sr, 0.4; Ba, 

1.5. Analysis not previously pub! shod. 

4. Main spring, E~ sec. 3!}, '1'. 9 S., R. 4 E., 200 feet above Coyote Creek, 13 miles 

northeast of Gilroy, tlanta Clara County, Calif. Discharges about 10 gpm from l~ranclsoon graywacke ncar serpentine. Analyzed by H. Almond and 

S. Bormun, U.S. Goo!. Survey; analysis not previously published. 5. llonko cold spring, Arkos area, In southeastern Carpathian Mountains, Haromszok County, contra! H.umanla (Straub, 1950, p. 46, 104-105). Discharges from 

Quaternary alluvium In basin nearly surrounded by Cretaceous limestone and 

sfmlo that overlie schist. Highest in Ll of 51 springs reported by Straub, who 

also reported traces of CubBa, and Ag; pH reported as 8.99, which Is too high for reported HCOa and C t, with COs absent. 

6. Resort with drilled wells in cold-spring area, east border of Chokrak Marsh 1 

mile from Sea of Azov and 12 miles north of Kerch, Crimea, U.S.S.R. Water 

from Karagan and Chokrak Formations of Tertiary age, consisting of shale, 

limestone, and dolomite (Fomlch6v, 1948\ p, 227). This is type 1 of Fomich6v; 

for type 2, see table 15, analysis 9. Ana yzed by I. S. Krasnikova and M. S. 

Suemina, 1937, who also reported HS, 247 ppm (7.48 epm); HS here included 

lnH2S. 

7. Well 17 at Essentuki resort, Caucasus.t.. U.S.S.R. Water, called "hydrocarbon water" from marl and clay of early Tertiary age (Ovchinnikov, 1947, p, 116-

117). Boron determination from Shlnkarenko (1948), as well as Zn, 0.08 ppm; Cu, 0.3 ppm; Ba, 2.8 ppm. For gas analysis see table 28, analysis 33. 

8. Lower cold C02 spring with small discharge from southern part of Middle Range of Kamchatka, U.S.S.R. in Malkinsk area of strongly metamorphosed pre- Tertiary sedimentary, voioonic, and granitic rocks (Ivanov, 1958a, p. 199-201). Collected by V. V. Ivanov; analyzed by E. F. Prokof'ova; Ti and NH, wore looked for but not found; also reported are silicic acid, 2,651 ppm, and arsenic 

acid 63.6 ppm, which values are considered to be misprints of decimal points, recalculated to Si02 and As. Gas analysis given in table 28, analysis 34. 

9. Futamata or Ninomata springs, Tojima area1 southwest Hokkaido, Japan (Morimoto, 1954, p. 33). Discharge 240 gpm rrom middle Miocene andesite and 

altered rhyolite tuff interbedded with sandstone and mudstone (H. Kuno, 

written communication). Nearest volcanoes are Recent Yokel 25 miles to northeast, and active Usu, 25 miles to southeast. Analysis by Tokyo Hygienic Laboratory. 10. Periodically erupting well, 229 ft deep, in hot-spring area, Te Aroha, North 

Islandl New Zealand (Hendersoni 1938, p, 727, 728). Springs emerge at western base o Te Aroha Mountain a sa ient on fault scrap or east margin of Hauraki 

graben. Well penetrated Quaternary alluvium on andesite of Tertiary(?) 

age out by veins of quartzt calcite, and pyrite (J. Healy, written communication). Abundant gas evolved; analysis given in table 28, analysis 35. See 

table 11, analysis 10, for analysis or a cold spring at Te Aroha. 
F50 DATA OF GEOCHEruiTSTRY 

TABLE 23.-Chemical analyses of thermal waters closely associated with epithermal mineral deposits 

Analysis ________ -------- ___ ----------_ 1 Name and location ___________________ Sulphur Bank 

mine, Lake County, Calif. 

Associated metal or mineraL_________ Hg, Sb Date of collection_____________________ Mar. 26, 1957 

ppm 

Si02---------------------------------- 42 AL.---------------------------------- . 6 

~~ :~::::::::::::::::================= } . 0 Mn___________________________________ .1 As____________________________________ . 00 Ca __________ -- _ ___ ___ _ __ __ _ _ _ _ __ __ _ _ _ 20 

Mg ______________ --------------------- 55 Sr __________________ ;_________________ 1. 6 

Ba___________________________________ 1. 3 

Na ••• -------------------------------- 1,190 KL ____ -------- ____________ ------- _ _ _ _ 23 

LL----------------------------------- 4. 4 NH, ______ ----- _ _ ___ _ __ _ _ __ _ _ __ _ __ _ _ _ _ 464 

epm 

1.00 

4. 5 

51.8 . 59 

.63 

25.7 

2 3 Abbott Mine, Valley Mine, 

Colusa County, Napa County, 

Calif. Calif. 

Hg Mar. 27, 1957 

ppm 

16 

1.6 

.0 

.0 

. 00 64 

443 

1. 5 1.2 1, 500 

39 

1.8 

22 

epm 

3.19 

36.4 

65.3 

1.00 

. 26 1.22 

Hg Oct. 18, 1957 

ppm 

95 .1 

.6 

.1 

.00 

19 

90 

0 

0 

476 8. 2 

.0 

2.5 

epm 

o. 95 7.40 

20.71 . 21 

.14 

4 5 . Amedee Boiling 6 Ngawha 

Springs, 

North Island, New Zealand Hg, Sb 

Springs, Springs, Lassen County, Valley County, 

Calif. Idaho Hg Hg Oct 22, 1957 Aug. 5, 1953 

ppm 

96 . 23 

.01 

1.00 

.16 

16 

.0 

.0 

1 .05 227 

6.8 

.0 

.5 

epm 

0.80 

ppm 

81 

10.1 

10.4 

10.004 

<O.l 

2. 2 0 

10.2 

epm ppm epm 

119 

------ 0 ------· 

L--~--- ::::::: } . 2 ------- 0.11 18 o. 90 1 . 08 

9. 87 74 3. 22 689 29. 97 .17 1.9 .05 57 1.46 ------- 1.02 .00 15 .72 . 03 --------- ------ 129 7. 15 

7 Rose Creek 

Spring, Persh- ing County, 

Nev. 

Mn,W 

May 22, 1957 

ppm 

70 .0 

1. 5 

.2 

.00 

62 

27 

0 

0 

570 

19 

1.6 

.7 

epm 

3.09 

2. 2 

8 Abraham 

Springs, Juab County, Utah 

Mn Sept. 12, 1957 

ppm 

75 

352 

49 

0 

.0 

.0 

.8 

.06 

0 

770 

54 .0 

. 1 

epm 

0.03 

17.56 

4.03 

33.50 

1.38 

---:oi 

Total cations_-----------------_ --------- 84.2 --------- 107.4 --------- 29. 4 ________ 10.87 --------- 3. 38 ________ 40. 3 --------- 30.9 --------- 56. 5 

HCOa-------------------------------- 3, 290 53.9 2, 710 44.4 1, 490 

COa---------------------------------- 0 0 so,___________________________________ 598 12.45 467 9. 72 

CL---------------------------------- 644 18. 16 1, 900 53.6 F ------------------------------------- 1. 0 . 05 1. 0 . 05 Br------------------------------------ 1.6 .02 3.8 .05 !_____________________________________ 3. 2 . 03 6. 3 . 05 

N02---------------------------------- . 0 14 . 30 NOs---------------------------------- 0 ------- 4 . 06 Po, __________________________________ --------- ------- --------- ------- B ________ ------ _____ --- ____ ---------- _ 620 56 

H2S---------------------------------- 12 <I 

0 

16 

229 1.3 

1.0 

.8 

.o 

0 

.3 

67 

<I 

24.4 

.33 

6.46 

.07 

. 01 

. 01 

27 

10 

288 

160 

4. 5 

.2 

. 1 

.00 

.0 

.40 

4.1 

1. 2 

. 44 79 1. 29 470 7. 70 1, 280 

. 33 27 . 90 -------- ------- 0 6. 00 12 . 25 332 6. 91 102 4. 51 14 . 40 929 26. 20 235 

. 24 11 . 58 -------- ------- 5. 5 . 00 --------- ------ Tr . 2 .00 --------- ------ 0 .0 ------- --------- ------ -------- ------- . 00 . 5 . 01 -------- ------- . 8 ------- --------- ------ -------- ------- . 8 ------- . 1 677 9. 6 

21.0 142 

0 2.12 704 6. 63 1, 480 . 29 4. 5 .oo 1. 8 

.01 

. 1 

. 1 

2. 5 

------- <1 9 ------- --------- -------

1 .06 

.9 

0 

2. 33 

"i4~66 

41.7 . 24 

.02 

.00 

.00 

.04 

Total anions ____________________ --------- 84.6 --------- 108.2 --------- 31.3 -------- 11. 52 --------- 3. 43 -------- 40.8 --------- 30. 1 --------- 59.0 

Total, as reported ___ ----------- 6, 970 ------- 7, 250 ------- 2, 500 841 ------- 1304 ------ 3, 440 ------- 2, 380 ------- 3, 640 

Specific conductance 

micromhosat25°C .• --------------- 7,430 8,960 2,74.0 1,270 321 ---------------- 2,690 5,640 

pH.---------------------------------- 6.8 7.1 6.5 8.5 9.1 6.2 6.4 6.6 Temperature--------------------°C.. 69.5 1 26 32 92 88 83 22 82 

Density at 20° C.-------------------- ----------------- ----------------- ----------------- ---------------- ---------------- ---------------- ----------------- ---------------- Ratios by weight: Ca/Na ___________________________ _ 

Mg/Ca.--------- _____ ------------ K/Na ____________________________ _ Ll/Na ____ -- __________ -- _ ------- __ HCOB/Cll _______________________ _ 

SO,/CL ------- _ ---- ___ ---------- _ F/CL ____ ------------------------- Br/CL ____ -- ____ ------------------

I/CL----------------------------- B/CL -- _____ ------- ______ ------ __ 

0. 017 2. 7 

.012 

.0037 

5.1 

. 92 

. 0015 

.0024 

.0047 

. 96 

Analysis _______________________ --------_ 9 Name and location _____________________ Ouray Springs, 

Ouray County, 

Colo. 

Associated metal or mineraL___________ Mn, W 

0. 043 6. 9 

. 026 

. 0012 1. 4 

. 25 

. 0005 

.0020 

. 0033 

. 030 

10 Warm water- berg Springs, 

Cape 

Province, 

Union of South Africa Mn 

0.040 

4. 7 

. 017 

. 000 6. 5 

. 07 

.0057 

.0044 

.0035 

.29 

11 Akan Mine, 

Hokkaido, 

Japan 

Mn 

o. 071 

.00 

.030 

.000 

. 29 1.8 

.028 

001 

.0006 

.026 

12 Poncha 

Springs, 

Chaffee 

County, 

Colo. 

Fluorite 

(Mn,W) 

13 

0.029 

0.0 

.026 

.0003 

9. 6 

. 85 

• 78 

. 006 

Ojo Caliente 

Springs, Taos County, N.Mex. 

Fluorite 

o. 027 

.056 

.082 

.007 

. 51 

.36 

.ooo 

.ooo 

. 72 

0.11 

.44 

.033 

.0028 

5. 5 

.43 

.023 

.0009 

.000 

.041 

0.4.6 

.14 

.070 

.0000 

.096 

.48 

.0030 

.0012 

.0001 

.0006 

14 15 16 Doughty Mizpah mine, Pelton Springs, 

Springs, Tonopah, Nort11 of Taipei, Delta County, Nye County, Taiwan 

Colo. Nev. 

Barite Ag, Au Pb 

Date ofcollcction_______________________ Sept. 3, 1958 _______________________________ 

1

_A_u..:..g_. 2_9.,..., _19_5_8_ 1 __ -------------..,..-----------_-

1 

_--------------...,.---------_-_-

11

_-_----------.,..-----------.

1

.-_-_-_--_------.,..------------

s i 02------------------------------------ AL ____ -------- _____________ ------- ____ _ Fe +2 ______ -------------- ______________ _ 

Fe +3 ______ -------------- _____ ----- ____ _ 

Mn ________ ----- _____ -------------- ____ _ As _________ --- _______________ ------- ___ _ 

Ca. _____ ------------ ______ -- __ ----- ___ _ 

Mg ____ --------------------------------- Sr ___________ - _________________________ _ 

Ba ______ ------ ____ ------ ______________ _ Na ____________________________________ _ 

KL ___ ---------------------------------- IJL ____________________________________ _ 

NHt------------------------------------

ppm 

49 .14 

.42 

. 92 

.00 376 6.1 

11.7 

1. 05 111 

8.0 

1. 0 

.3 

epm ppm epm ppm epm 15 46 ppm 

84 . 53 

1 • 6 ------ {---6:7- --o:24- } · 46 

. 0. 03 . 9 0. 03 1. 8 . 07 . 10 

------- -------- ------ -------- ------- . 00 18. 76 18 . 90 104 5. 20 17 . 50 6. 0 . 49 74 6. 10 . 2 

4.83 

.20 

.14 

.02 

I 8 ------ -------- ------- I. 4 

1 7 ------ -------- ------- I .1 

2~. 9 : ~~} (2) ------- e9o6. 6 

1. 2 ------ -------- ------- . 0 

0 ------ -------- ------- . 0 

epm ppm epm 

o. 85 

.02 

8. 26 

. 17 

60 .3 

1. 2 

Tr 

23 

9. 5 1.4 

Tr 

996 

31 

3.4. 

Tr 

1.15 

. 78 

.03 

43.33 . 79 

. 49 

ppm epm ppm epm ppm epm 21 65 167 

0. 5 ------- o. 7 ------- 104 11.6 0 7 { o. 03 . 7 ------- --------- ------- . o. 06 ------- ------- 151 8. 11 1. 6 

106 

39 

6.6 

13 1, 060 

62 

3.1 

1.2 

5. 29 3. 21 

.15 

.19 

46.11 

1. 59 

.45 

. 07 

69 3. 44 6.3 . 52 14.1 

41 7. 04 3.4 

::::::: ::::::: ------:4- ----:oi 

149 6. 48 1, 010 43. 9 3. 4 . 09 3i4 9. 57 

205 11.36 

Total cations _____________________ ---------- 24.5 ________ 2. 43 ________ 11.6 -------- 9. 30 --------- 46.6 --------- 57.2 _______ 10.53 --------- 1149.0 

HCOa. --------------------------------- 128 CO a.-------------------------------____ 0 so, _____________________________________ 1, oao CL •. -------------------- __ -------- _ _ _ _ _ 45 

F --------------------------------------- 3. 0 

2.10 

21.4 

1. 27 

.16 

85 

0 

11 

37 

1.39 (2) 

. 23 572 11.92 1. 04 307 8. 65 . 2 . 01 -------- ------- Br -------------------------------------- . 0 _____________________ -------- ______ _ 

~--------------------------------------- . 2(?) N02------------------------------------ . 00 . 00 -------- ------ -------- -------

NOs------------------------------------ . 9 . 01 0 PO,_-----------------------_-------____ . 06 B______ ____ _ __ _ __ __ _____ ____ _ _____ _ __ _ _ _ . 23 

H2S.------------------------------ ___ -_ • 0 0 

210 

0 

200 

54 

11 .0 

.0 

0 

. 00 

.0 

.02 

. 09 

3. 44 12,230 36.5 11,490 124.4 157 2.57 0 -------

4.16 

1. 52 0. 58 

(1) 

151 

231 

1 16 

------- --------- ------- 11 . 37 --------- ------- 3. 14 625 13. 01 327 6. 81 2, 730 56. 8 6. 51 701 19. 77 36 1. 02 3, 250 91. 7 

.84 --------- ------- ------- ------- --------- ------- ------ --------- ------- 5. 2 . 07 0 ------- --------- ------- Tr(?) ------- Tr 0 ------- --------- -------

1. 9 . 01 _________ ------- Tr ------- --------- -------

.2 ------- I 0 ------- ------- ------- 1. 0 ------- 1.2 ------- 1. 9 ------- ------- ------- 18 ------ --------- ------- 47 ------- ------- ------- --------- -------

Total anions ______________________ ---------- 24.9 -------- 2. 67 -------- _______ -------- 9. 70 _________ 47.0 --------- 157.2 ------- 10.77 --------- 148.5 

Total, as reported ________________ 1, 760 ------- 205 ------ -------- ------- 774 ------ 3, 760 ------- 6,190 ------- 825 ------- 18,250 

See footnotes at end of table. 
CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF SUBSURFACE WATERS F51 

TABLE 23.-Chemical analyses of thermal waters closely associated with epithermal mineral deposits-Continued 

A.no.Iysis _____ ------------------ ___ ------ 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 

Name and Iocatlo.n. -------------------- Ouray Springs, Warm water- Akan Mine, Poncha Ojo Caliente Doughty Mizpah mine, Pcitou Springs, Ouray County, berg Springs, Hokkaido, Springs, Springs, Springs, 'l'onopah, North ofTaipei, Colo. Capo Japan Chaffee Taos County, Delta County, Nyc County, Taiwan 

Province. County, N.Mex. Colo. Nev. 

Union of Colo. 

South Africa Fluorite 

Associ£\tcd mct£\1 or mincrl\J. ___________ Mn W .Mn Mn (Mn, W) Fluorite Barite Ag,Au Pb D£\to or colloctlon _______________________ Sept. 3, 1958 ----·---------- ---------------- Aug. 29, 1958 --.......... ---... -......... --- -............ ----------- --------------- -----·-----------

Specific conduct£\ncc 

mlcromhos £\t 25° c.. 2, 020 ---------1

:

5 ___ ----------·s:a·· 994 

~'~i1periiit1ro~~_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-.;a:: 1 6g· 8 45.6 52.4 1h. 6 00

------""17: 2" --- ----------------- --------------- ------ ".A(ii(i" ---- 1 46 ---------17 ______ --------4i_____ 90 

Donsltb at 20° C.---------------------- ------------------ --------------- ---------------- ---------------

R£\t~~/~a~~~~:~~:______________________ 3. 4 0. 82 ---------------- 0. 089 

1. 003 1. 004 --------------- -----------------

0.46 

Mg/Ca •• --------------------------- .016 .33 0. 71 .01 

K:(Nl\ ___________ -------------------- . 072 . 40 ---------------- . 035 

0.023 

0 41 

0 031 

.0034 

0.1 

.37 

.058 

.0029 

. 091 

.023 

0.14 

0 29 

.37 

~~Pd{~!~·:==~:::::::::::::::::::::: 2~: go9 ----------~~f- :::::::::::ii= f 00 

9. 7 

.65 

2.1 

.89 

---------5:o --- ------------:ooo9.1 .83 

___________ ~ ~~~-- ----------·: oo74- ---------·:oo-- ::::::::::::::::: ~~7di~~~========================= === : ~h ----------~~~- ================ : ~0 ~~?di: ~ :::::::::::::::::::::: == ===== : ggt ====== ::::::::: : ====== == :: ===== : ggg :8852 ----------·:oo27- ----------~~~-- ------------.-oo53 

I Components mentioned in cxpl£\nation of table. a Not reported. • Includes COs as HCOa. 

EXPLANATION FOR TABLE 23 

1. Sprin~ In Sulphur Bank mine, one of tl1c most productive quicksilver mines in 

tho United States (Becker, 1888, p. 251-269; Everhart, 1946, p. 125-153; White, 

1955£\, p. 117-120), In SWY.I' sec. 5, 'l'. 13 N., R. 7 W., on shore of Clear Lake, 

L£\ko County, Calif. Variable discharge, ranging from about 1 to 15 gpm from 

north wnll of Herman Pit, about 120 ft below original surface, from hydro- thermally altered graywacke and shale of Mesozoic Franciscan Formation, 

ovcl'laln by Pleistocene lake beds and pyroxene andesite flow. Analyzed by C. E. Hobcrson, U.S. Gcol. Survey; spectrographic analysis of evaporated residue, by Nola B. ShofTcy, converted to ppm in the original water: evapo- r£\tctl residue at 180°C, 5,220; AI, 0.2; I?c, 0.1; Mn, 0.2; Cu, 0.01; Gc, 0.2; Li, 3.6; 

Sr, 0.6; Ba, 0.3. Analysis not previously published. 'l'ritium content of 

s£\mple was 1.1 ± 0.2XIO-IB, determined by F. Bcgemann, University of Chicago. Fm· gas analysis of sample from Herman Shaft, see table 28, analysis 36 

(Becker, 1888, p. 258). 

2. 'l'horm£\1 wntcr from Abbott mine, located in NEU sec. 31, T. 14 N., R. 5 W., 

Colusa County, Calif. ncar crest of ridge 2 miles southwest ot Wilbur Springs (sec table 15, annlysls 2). Drainage from Reardon Tunnel, 200-foot level 

pumped from bottom of main shaft at 300-ft level. Average discharge is about 

2/i gpm; temperature of 26°C measured at portal of tmmel; temperature at source probably about 33°C (White, 1955a, p. 131). Ore and thermal water, 

accompanied by some combustible gas, a:e controlled by fractures and breccia zones In serpentine and Upper Jurassic Knoxville sandstone and shale. Water 

samploanalyzcd by C. E. Roberson, U.S. Geol. Survey; spectrographic analysis of ovnporatcd roslduo, by Nola B. Sheffey, converted to ppm in the original water: evaporated residue at 180°C, 5,930; AI, 0.06; Fe, 0.04; Cu, 0.006; Li, 2.1; 

H.b, 0.06; Sr 0.5; Ba, 0.2. Analysis not previously published. 3. Water from Valley CJ,l~icksllvcr mine, Actt:a Springs Resort, Napa CC!unty, Calif., SWU sec. 1, I. 9 N., R. 6 W. (Wh1te, 1955a, p. 130; Yates and H1lpert, 1946, p. 260; Waring, 1915, p. l!i6-159). Water pumped trom shaft of old mine 

in opallzod silica-carbonate rock (altered serpentine) near contact with Knoxville shale and sandstone. Analyzed by H. C. Whitehead, U.S. Gool. Survey; spectrographic analysis of cv£\porated residue, by Nola B. Sheffey, converted to ppm In the original water; evaporated residue nt 180°C, 1,870; AI, 0.08; Fo, 2.1; 

Mn, 0.06; Cu, 0.2; Ni, 0.02; Gc, 0.07; Ll, 0.08; Rb, 0.02; Sr, 0.3; Ba, 0.3 .. Analysis not previously published. 4. J?. W. Dickson spring A-1, 1,000 ft south-southwest ot old Amedee railroad station, cnst side of Honey Lake, Lnsson County, Calif. (Dickson nnd others. 1957). 

Cinnabar, motaclnnabar, and minor tnwcrti.ne deposited in vent. Total discharge of group is about 1,000 gpm from thick alluvium of Honey Lake basin. 

Collected by J. Foth and S.M. Rogers; analyzed by J.P. Schuch, U.S. Gcol. 

Survey, who also determined Ti, 0.02 ppm; Cu, Pb, Zn each 0.00 ppm; H2S 0.2 

ppm (sample of May 22, 1957). Spectrographic analysis of evaporated residue, 

by Nola B. She troy, converted to ppm in tho original water: evaporated residue at 180°C, 850; AI, 0.04; Fo, 0.02; Mnl 0.003; 'l'i, 0.005; Cu, 0.01; Pb, o.oo~; Mo, 

0.06; W, 0.2; Cr, 0.002; Gc, 0.02; N , 0.02; Sr, 0.06; Ba, 0.05. Analys1s not pJ·ovlously published. 5. L£\rgcst spl'ing, ncar north end or spring terrace~ Boiling Springs. NWM sec. 22, 

'.L'. 12 N., H.. 5 E. on west bank of Middle .l!ork of Payette River in Valley County, Idaho. bischarges about 30 gpm; total discharge of group is about 

125 gpm. Springs omcrgo from shear zone in granodiorite of Idaho batholith, 

ussoclatcd with carbonate-cemented terrace gravel, and have deposited small, amount of calcite, cinnabar, metacinnabar, and manganese oxide (White 

1955a, p. 124-125). Analyzed by H. Kramer, U.S. Geol. Survey, who also 

reported Sb 0.1 ppm; Hg, 0.0 ppm; spectrographic analysis, in ppm, indicate 

Fo, 0.4; AI, 0.1; Mn, 0.004; Cu, 0.01, Ag, 0.005; Sr, 0.2; Cr, 0.003; Li, 0.02; and 

B, 0.3. Analysis not previously published. 

6. Ngawha Springs, North Island, New Zealand; "Jubilee" Bath of area 0 of Fleming (1945, p. 255-276) ncar Tuwhakino Lake. Discharge is apparently slight; 

temperature at surface Is 43°C; at sandy bottom, 83°C. Springs are in late 

Quatomary lake sediments overlying claystone of Kaco Series of Lnte Creta- ceous to early 'I'ct·tlary ago. Miocene aud late Quaternary baso.lts are within a few miles or tho area. Springs have deposited cinnabar and a little stibnite 

(Henderson, 1944, p. 60; WhiteJ)955a, p. 123-124). Water analyzed by L. R. 

1J. Dunn, I. C. McDowall, S . .tl. Wilson, and M. Ficldes of tho New Zealand 

Dominion Laboratory. Li determined by spectrographic analysis; also re- ported arc H.b, 0.5 ppm, and Ca, 0.1 ppm. For ano.lysis of gas from Velvet 

Bath, about 50 feet to south, see table 28, ano.lysls 37. 

7. 'l'ravcrtlnc-spring terrace near north end of Enst Range, about 2 miles southwest 

of Rose Creek and 12 miles southwest of Winnemucca, sec. 28, '1'. 35 N., R. 36 

E. Pershing County, Nev. (White, 1955a, p, 134). Discharges about I gpm from travertine and Quaternary sand and gravel containing as much as 9 per- cent Mn and 0.3 percent WOa. Water sample analyzed by J.P. Schuch, U.S. 

Geol. Survey, who also reported 0.03 ppm 'l'i; spectrographic analysis of evapo- rated residue, by Nola B. Sheffey, converted to ppm in original water: evapo- rated residue at 180°C, 1, 700; AI 0.02; Fe, 0.02; Mn, 0.09; Be, 0.002; Cu, 0.002; 

Sr, 0.2; Ba, 0.2. Analysis .not previously published. 8. Abraham Springs, Juab County, Utah; orifice in east fork of north ditch, about 

200ft north of crest of travertine cone; same as spring 2 of Co.llaghan and Thomas 

(1939, p. 908-912; White, 1955a, p. 133-134), 19 miles north-northwest of Delta. 

Discharge of spring about 25 gpm; total discharge of springs in area about 1,200 

gpm. Springs discharge through Pleistocene Lake Bonneville sediments over- lain by travertine-spring deposits containing manganiferous zone about 1 ft 

below surface. Pleistocene basalt flow issued about 4 miles northwest of 

spring, with flow front only 1,500 ft to west. Water sample analyzed by J.P. 

Schuch, U.S. Oeol. Survey; spectrographic analysis of evaporated residue, by Nola B. Sheffey, converted to ppm in original water: evaporated residue at 180°C, 3,740; Fe, 0.02; Mn, 0.3; Cu, 0.004; Li, 1.1; Rb, 0.2; Sr, 8.2; Ba, 0.2. Analysis not pro,Tiously published. 

9. Spring at southwest edge of Ouray, Ouray County, Colo. and about 40ft above 

valley floorisissuing from terrace of travertine; Mn and J.,e oxides lie on Pleisto- cene grave and Mississippian Leadville Limestone. Discharges about 15 

gpm; temperature is 59°C at surface of wood-framed vent; 62°C at 6-ft depth; no gas. Flocculent deposit from present spring water contains 15 percent Mn, 7 

percent Fe, and 0.2 percent W; a high-grade Mn oxide vcinlct from the western part of the terrace contains, in percent: Mn, 50; Fe, 0.1; W, >I· Pb, 1; Cu, 0.05; 

Zn, 0.3; V, O.Q15; Mo, 0.003; Be, 0.03; Ba, 0.7; Sr, 0.5; Sb, 0.5; and La, O.Ql. Water 

sample analyzed by H. C. Whitehead..!. U.S. Geol. Survey; spectrographic analysis of evaporated residue, by Nola J:S. Sheffey, converted to ppm ill original water: evaporated residue at 180°C, 1,760; AI, 0.05; Fe, 0.03; Mn, 0.9; Ti, 0.02; 

Cu, 0.02; Ag, 0.002; Mo, 0.02; Sr, 1.7; Ba, 0.05. Analysis not previously pub- lished. 

10. Warmwaterberg Springs, Cape Province, Union of South Africa. Springs discharge from Table Mountain Series of Devonian age. Deposits estimated to contain 600,000 tons, containing (in weight percent): Fe203, 57~; Mn01 0.55; 

Mn02, 8.55; BaOl 1.45; and P206, 1.18 (Kent, 1949, p. 240, 243, 245, 247). Age of 

deposit estimatea to be 850,000 years1 if all Fe and Mn in present water are deposited at constant rate. Analyzea by W. Sunkcl and P. Kok, 1947; Mo, 1 

ppm; Ba, 7 ppm; Sr, 8 ppm; Li, 0.2 ppm, determined by spectrograph. 11. Akan mine, Hokkaido, Japan; hot-spring deposit is mined for manganese on south slope of Mea-kan-dake, a pyroxene andesite volcano. Spring is hottest 

of 4 manganese-bearing springs; the deposit is more than 6ft thick, the ore aver- ages about 25 percent manganese, and one sample analyzed for Co contained 

0.2 percent. Analysis from Kimura and Shima, 1954. 

12. Largest of several hot springs about a quarter of a mile southeast of Poncha SJ>rings fluorite deposit and 5 miles southwest of Salida, Chaffee County, Colo. (R. '!'. 

Russell, 1947; 1948). 'l'otal discharge of hot springs reported to be 500 gpm and 

maximum temperature 75~°C (Stearns and others, 1937, p. 133), but prcsJnt discharge of this spring is estimated as 30 gpm and total of the group is perhaps 50 gpm. Springs emerge from fault in Precambrian gneiss overlain by traver- tine deposit of calcite, minor opal, chalcedony, tungsten-bearing manganese oxide, and fluorite; Poncha Springs fluorite deposit controlled by same fault; 

late 'l'ertiary rhyolite and andesite aro within a few miles of springs. Water 

sample analyzed by H. C. Whitehead, U.S. Gcol. Survey, who also reported Cu and Pb, each 0.00 ppm, and Zn, 0.07 ppm; spectrographic analysis of evapo- rated residue, by Nola B. Sheffey, converted to ppm in original water: evapo- rated residue at 180°C, 1,250; AI, 0.2; Fe, 0.04; Mn, 0.02; 'l'i, 0.01; Cu, 0.08; Mo, 

0.08; Cr, 0.003; Gc, O.Ql; Sr, 0.4; Ba, 0.1. Analysis not previously published. 13. Soda Spring, 12 miles northwest of Barranca, Taos County N. Mex.; total discharge of Ojo Caliente springs is about 350 gpm (Stearns and. others, 1937, p. 167). 

Springs issue from travertine near fluroite-barite vein containing minor amotmts of gold and silver; an inactive travertine terrace lies about 500 ft above present springs (Lindgren, 1910); bedrock is fine-grained gneiss overlain by andesite 

tuffs. Analyzed by W. F. Hillebrand, 1893 (Clarke, 1924a, p. 192-193), with 

HCOa calculated from reported carbonate. 'l'emperature, F, N03, and pH from similar sample of same spring collected October 6, 1949, and analyzed by 

L. S. Hughes, U. S. Geol. Survey. 14. Drinking Spring, 3 miles southwest of Hotchkiss).. Doughty Springs, on North 

Fork of the Gumlison River, Delta Connty, uolo. Discharges 5 to 6 gpm 
F52 DATA OF GEOCHENUSTRY 

EXPLANATION FOR TABLE 23-Continued 

(Headden, 1905, p, 1-8 15-16; George and others, 1920, p, 213, 313). Springs 

emerge near base of cliff of Dakota(?) Sandstone of Late Cretaceous(?) age and 

have formed a travertine-barite deposit 400 ft long, 115 ft wide, and about 20ft 

thick. Deposit near Drinking Spring and several other springs is nearly pure BaSOc. Sample collected and analyzed by W. P. Headden (1905, p. 15-16}; 

total C02, 3,080 ppm, of which 1,070 ppm is here assigned by difference of anions 

and cations to HCOa and 2,010 ppm considered as free C02. Phosphate analy- sis by George; trace of Zn reported by Headden. 

largely in hydrothermally altered intermediate volcanic rocks of Tertiary age (Nolan, 1935, p. 1-49; White, 1955a, p. 138-139}. Trace of Zn also reported. 16. One of springs of Peitou group, north of Taipei and near north end of Taiwan; 

group formerly known as Hokuto Springs; one of the springs deposited hokutolite, a lead-bearing variety of barite (Okamoto, 1911, p. 21}. May be Peitou 

Valley hot spring 1 of Yen (1955, p, 136, 139}, which has present temperature of 

68°C and discharge of260 gpm. Water issues from or from very near Pleistocene 

basalt flows that overlie marine sedimentary rocks of Mio-Pliocene age. Analy· sis converted from hypothetical compounds, H+ 54 ppm (54 epm) probably calculated by difference and is included in totals; trace of Pb reported. 

15. Water from drill hole, 2,316-ft deep'-~hich was started at 1,500-ft level of shaft of 

Mizpah mine, 'J.'onopah district, .Nyc County, Nev., and penetrates to a point 816 feet below that level (Bastin and Laney, 1918, p, 26-30). Silver-gold ores 

TABLE 24.-Chemical analyses of nonthermal, saline and acid waters from mines and from acid-forming areas 

Date of collection ____________________________ _ 

1 Homestake mine, 

Lawrence County, S.Dak. 

Dec. 20, 1957 

2 

Centennial mine, 

Houghton County, Mich. 

Aug. 22, 1956 

3 Greenwood minr, 

Marquette County, Mich. 

Mar. 25, 1952 

4 Comstock Lode, 

Storey Com1ty, Nev. 

5 

Tonopah district, 

Nye County, Nev. 

wm ~m wm ~m wm ~m wm ~m wm ~m 

SlOs •• ---------------------------------------- 19. ------------ <10 ------------ 6. 8 ------------ 576 ------------ 15 ------------ AL------------------------------------------ . 35 ------------ 5. 4 ----------- _ . 0 ----------- _ 9, 000 1, 000 3 0. 33 

~~::==========================================} . 06 ------------ 1. 0 ------------ 1. 2 ------------ {-------469- ------25~20- __________ :_ ---------~:~ Mn ..• ---------------------------------------- . 00 ------------ 2. 5 ------------ 1. 9 ------------ 841 30.61 75 2. 73 

NL ..• ---------------------------------------- ------------ ------------ ------------ ------------ ------------ ------------ ------------ ------------ ------------ ------------ .Cu ••• ---------------------------------------- ------------ ------------ (

1

} ------------ ------------ ------------ 148 4. 66 ------------ ------------ Zn ____________________________________________ ------------ ------------ ------------ ------------ ------------ ------------ ------------ ------------ ------------ ------------ Ca •••• --------------------------------------- 5. 2 0. 26 62,900 3,140 452 22.56 1,160 57.9 249 12.43 

Mg ..• ---------------------------------------- 2. 4 . 20 179 14.7 155 12.7 6, 240 513 10 . 82 

Na ••• ---------------------------------------- 373 16.22 11,900 518 1, 080 47.0 } 498 21 7 { 135 5. 87 

K •••• ---------------------------------------- 10 . 26 38 . 97 54 1. 38 · 12 . 30 

LL .. ----------------"------------------------ . 3 . 04 7. 0 1. 01 ------------ ------------ ------------ ------------ ------------ ------------ NRc .•. --------------------------------------- . 4 . 02 <10 ------------ ------------ ------------ ------------ ------------ ------------ ------------ H •..• ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Total cations _____ --"-- ________ -----_--_ -- _____ ----- 17. 00 ------------ 3, 670 _ ---- _ -- _ __ _ I 83.8 _______ ----- 1, 650 ____ ----- __ _ 22.7 

1=======1 1=======1 1=======1 1=======1 I======= 

HCOa.--------------------------------------- 884 14.49 24 0. 39 28 0. 46 0 ------------ 0 ------·----- HSOc----------------------------------------- ------------ ------------ ------------ ------------ ------------ ------------ ------------ ------------ ------------ ------------ S04___________________________________________ 6. 7 .14 88 1. 83 2.1 . 04 78,600 1, 636 1, 020 21.2 

~?_a::~=~=========~~~===========~============== 3~· 8 1: 8~ --i2s:ooo ___ ---3;6io ____ ---·a:oao·-- ------85~5-- --------i2o- ------Tas- ---------65- -------Tsa 

F--------------------------------------------- 5.5 .29 ------------------------ .4 .02 ------------ ------------ ------------ ------------ Br •••• ---------------------------------------- . 26 . 00 997 12.47 ------------ ------------ ------------ ------------ 0? ------------ 1 ... ------------------------------------------ .06 .00 3.2 .03 ------------------------ ------------ ------------ 0? ------------ N02------------------------------------------ . 00 ------------ <1 ------------ ------------ ------------ ------------ ------------ ------------ ------------ NOa .• ---------------------------------------- 3. 5 . 06 <25 0 . 0 ------------ ------------ ------------ 0 ------------ POe------------------------------------------ .04 ------------ ------------ ------------ .0 ------------ ------------ ------------ ------------ ------------ B .•••• ---------------------------------------- • 6 --------·--- 2. 5 ------------ 11 ------------ ------------ ------------ ------------ ------------

Total anions _______ --------------------- ------------

Total, as reported______________________ 1, 350 

16. 12 ------------

204,000 

3,620 

Specific conductance ____ micromhos at 25° C.. 1, 420 -------------------------

t~~ftf~aj~i~~-~-~-~-~-~-~-~-~-~-~-~-~-~-~-~-~-~-~-~-~-~~-~-~~-~~ ~ ~ ~ _________________ ~~~ ~ _ _ _ _ :: g~ld Ratios by weight: Ca/Na ___________________ ----------------- 0. 014 4. 3 

Mg/Ca. ---------------------------------- . 46 . 0028 

K/Na·------------------------------------ . 027 . 0032 

Ll/Na •• --- _____ ----------- _______ -------- . 0008 . 0006 

HCOa/Cl.-------------------------------- 23 . 00018 S0c/Cl2__________________________________ .18 . 00069 

14,830 

86.0 

8, 380 

5.4 

13 

o. 42 

.34 

.050 

------------ 1, 640 23.0 

97,700 ------------ 1, 590 ------------

------------------Acid- --------------------Acici 

Cold ? 

I 1. 07 -···-··-···--------------

2.3 

6. 7 1. 8 .04 

.087 

------------------ ~ oo92-- --------------------- ~ oo- ---------------------~ oo- . 00069 660 16 

~'76i==================================== :667 ------------------: oo7s -- __________________ ·_ ~~~~- _ ======= === === ======= === = = ---------------------: oo-

~f<k===================================== : gg2 : gggg~ ------------------:ooa6-- ========================= __________ -----------~~~-

tSee footnotes at end of table. 
CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF SUBSURFACE WATERS F53 

TABLE 24.-Chemical analyses of nonthermal, saline and acid waters from mines and from acid-forming areas-Continued 

Analysis...................................... 6 7 8 9 10 

Namo and location........................... Butte district, Silver Red Mountain district, Cananea mine, Sonora, "Poison" spring, Kinkel spring, Tochigi Bow County, Mont. San Juan County, Colo. Mexico Washoe County, Nev. Prefecture, Japan 

Dato of collection ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• ------------------------- Dec. 1933 ------------------------- ------------------------- -------------------------

ppm epm ppm epm ppm epm ppm epm ppm epm 

8101------------------------------------------ 48 ------------ 66 ------------ 56 ------------ 98 ------------ 107 ------------ Al.___________________________________________ 84 9. 33 29 3. 2 22 2. 5 ------------ ------------ 107 11.9 

Fo+l __________________________________________ ------------ ------------ ------------ ------------ 524 18.76 } 1400 142.

0 { ~~~ 10.17 

K£~~:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: ~g 8

: ~~ 37

.07 

1

: g~ -·····--i53" ··-----5~57" I 10 , 36 . 3 

12

:81 

NL------------------------------------------- I. 5 · 00 -------2·.-o·-- --------.-0-6-- ---------6-o-- -------1·.-s·ii- 1 ~· 6 : 0o26 1: 0o6 · 00 

Ou. ------------------------------------------ 59 1. 85 . 03 zn·------------------------------------------- 852 26' 06 -------16·,---- --------.-7·9-- 275523 377·. 75°7 ·-----2·8·3·--- ------~-4~i2" 15. 1 · 00 

Oa •• _ ---------------------------------------- 133 6. 63 . 75 

~!::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: ~~ t ~~ !: ~ : ~~ } 1:~ ~· ~~ ~~ ~: ~3 ~· 2 : ~~ ](.------------------------------------------- 13 . 33 1.1 . 03 . . 9 . 02 0 ------------ LL ___________________________________________ ------------ ------------ ------------ ------------ ------------ ------------ ------------ ------------ (1) ------------

NIIc •••••••••••••••••• ------------------------ ------------ ------------ ------------ ------------ ---·--·····. -· ··-------- ------------ -·---------- ------------ ------------ H-------------------------------------------- ------------ ------------ 3. 3 3. 3 ------------ ------------ ------------ ------------ 3. 8 3. 8 

'l'otal cations ••••••••••••••••••••••••••• ------------ 1 61.4 ------------ 9. 89 ------------ 89.7 ------------ 62.6 ------------ 39.6 

1======1 1======1 1======1 1======1 I====== 

I:IOOs........................................ 0 ------------ 0 ------------ 0 ------------ 0 ------------ ------------ ------------ HSOc----------------------------------------- ------------ ------------ ------------ ------------ ------------ ------------ ------------ ------------ 387 3. 99 SOt------------------------------------------- 2, 670 55.6 466 9. 70 4, 460 92.9 3, 100 64. 5 1, 690 35. 2 

BOa .•••. -------------------------------------- ------------ ------------ ------------ ------------ ------------ ------------ ------------ ------------ ------------ ------------ 01............................................ 13 . 37 ------------ ------------ 22 . 62 6. o . 17 18 . 51 

F --------------------------------------------- ------------ ------------ ------------ ------------ ------------ ------------ 1. 0 . 05 ------------ ------------ Br •••• -------•• ------•••••••• ----------------- ----------•••••••••••••• --------••••••••• ------- ------------ ------------ ------------ -----------. ------------ ---------••• I.-------------------------------------------- ------------ ------------ ------------ ------------ ------------ ------------ ------------ ------------ ------------ ------------ NOI------------------------------------------ ------------ ------------ ------------ ------------ ------------ ------------ ------------ ------------ ------------ ------------ NOa .••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• ------------ ------------ ------------ ------------ ------------ ------------ 0 ------------ ------------ ------------ POe •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• ------------ ------------ ------------ ------------ ------------ ------------ ---------··· ------------ ------------ ------------ B ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• ------------ ------------ ------------ ------------ ------------ ------------ . 2 ------------ (1) ------------

Total anions •••••••••••••••••••••••••••• ------------ 56.0 9. 70 ------------ 93.5 64.7 39.7 

'l'otal, as roportod...................... 1 4, 200 629 6, 590 ------------ 4,010 2,850 

~'~~~:;~;~;~~-~~~:~~::_=;~~~~~~~!:~_~:~~:~== ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ -------------------J~tj" --------------------~~4-- Donslty at 20°-------------------------------- ------------------------- 1. 0011 ------------------------- ------------------------- 1. 003 Ratios by weight: 

rlt~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ ____________________ ::~- __________________ ::~--- =================== =;~~~= ____________________ :J~- ___________________ :::~~- HOOa/01.________________________________ . 0 ------------------------- . 00 . 00 . 00 

SOc/011 ••••••••••••••••••••••• ----------- 210 ------------------------- 200 520 120 

F/01 ••••••••••• ----------••••••••••••••••••.•••••• ---------------- ------------------------- ----· -------------------- . 2 -------------------------

~?J~-1::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: ::::::::::::::::::::::::: ::::::::::::::::::::::::: ::::::::::::::::::::::::: :::::::::::::::::::::~6i: ::::::::::::::::::::::::: 

1 Components mentioned In explanation or table. 

1 Includes liSOc. 

EXPLANATION FOR TABLE 24 

1. Water from cavity penetrated by drlll hole started at 5,600-ft level, at the thenexisting bottom or Homestake gold mine Lawrence County, S. Dak. (see 

Noble, 1950, p. 23~ 235). Collected by A. Slaughter of Homestake Mining Oo. 

and analyzed by .tt. 0. Whitehead and J.P. Schuch, U.S. Gaol. Survey, who 

also determined Ou, Pb, As, Tl1 each 0.00 ppm; Zn, 0.04 ppm. Spectrographic analysis or evaporated residue oy Nola B. Sheffey, converted to ppm In the 

original water: evaporated residue at 180°C, 911, AI 0.03; Fe, 0.01; Cu, 0.0009; 

Or, 0.003; Sr, 0.2; Ba, 0.06. Analysis not previously published. Similar to analysis of Noble (1950, p. 234, 235) except that all forms of sulfur are lower. 

2. Water from 7,075 ft south on 48level of Centennial No.2 shaft of Calumet and 

Hecla copper mlno, Houghton County1 Mich., and about 3,000 ft vertically below snrfaco. Hato of flow about 1 arop per second from back of drift in 

Kearsarge amygdaloid; water was clear when collected by A. Schillinger, of 

Calumet and Hecla, Inc. Analyzed by 0. E. Roberson, U.S. Gaol. Survey. Spectrographic analysis of evaporated residue by Nola B. Sheffey, converted t~ ppn~ ln. tho ~rlglnal v:ater; e':aporate~ residu~ at 180° C, 225,000; AI, 4.5; Eo, 3.2, Mn, 0.7, Cu, 0.7, Ll, 1.1, Cs, 9.1, Sr, 320, Ba, 4.1. Analysis not previously published. 3. Water flo win~ from drill hole 162 on 5th level or Greenwood Iron mine, Marquette County, Mlch. 1 183 foot below sea level (Stuart and others, 1954, p. 10-11, 

86-87); highest m salinity of analyses reported by Stuart. In bedrock of this area, mineral content of water increases with depth, with 01, In general, IncreasIng vory rapidly; at first, Na increases in proportion to 01, but at greater depths On increases more rapidly than Na (Stuart and others, 1954, p. 86). Water 

from Goodrich Quartzite of Upper Huronian age, Immediately above the ironformation. Sample analyzed by U.S. Geol. Survey; also reported and Included 

in totals are Sr, 6 ppm (0.14 epm);, Ba, <0.5 ppm. See table 9, analysis 4, for a water oflow salinity In the Cliffs I:! haft iron mine of Michigan. 4. Water from Contra! tunnel of Comstock Lode, Storey County Nev.; an acid 

mine water (Reid, 1905, p. 192) from hydrothermally altered andesite and other 

rocks containing pyrite (Coats, 1940; Thompson, 1956; White, 1955a, p. 139-140). Analysis reported as hypothetical oxides in mg per 1, converted to ppm by assuming a density of 1.07. Also reported are Ag, 0.2 ppm; and Au, 0.004 ppm. 

5. Water from West End mine, 500ft level, Tonopah dlstrlct1 Nyo County, Nev. 

(Bastin and Laney, 1918, p. 29); water is acid owing to oxlaation of sulfides, and 

apparently cold, In contrast to deep thermal Tonopah waters (see table 23, 

analyls 15). An epithermal silver-gold deposit In hydrothermally altered Tertiary volcanic rocks (Nolan, 1935; White, 1955a, p. 138-139). Also reported is 8 

trace of As. 

6. Water from crosscut on 1.:200-ft level, St. Lawrence mine, Butte district, Silver 

Bow County, Mont. (Lindgren, 1933, p. 62), in oxidizing sulfides of copper- bearing hydrothermally altered quartz monzonite of Boulder batholith. Also 

reported and Included In totals: Sn, 17 ppm (0.57 epm) Cd, 41 ppm (0. 73 

epm). Co Included with Ni; and Sn may have been Introduced from sample container. 

7. Water from Genessee-Vanderbilt mine near West Magnolia ore body north of 

Silverton, Red Mountain district, San Juan County, Colo., from altered andesite with disseminated pyrite (Burbank,1950, p. 293, and unpublished analysts). Sample collected by W. S. Burbank, analyzed by E. T. Erickson, U.S. Gaol. 

Survey; analysis not previously published. 8. Water from Cananea mine, 900-ft level, Sonoral Mexico; In copper-bearing granitic rocks and porphyry Intrusive Into Paleozo c limestone (Lindgren, 1933, p. 63, 

722-723); affected by oxidation of disseminated sulfides. 

9. "Polson" spring on west slope of VIrginia Range, NEY-!sec. 35, T.18 N., R. 20 E., 

3 miles east of Steamboat Springs, Washoe County, Nev. Water Issues from 

short prospect adit In pyrltlzed andesite of Kate Peak Formation of Miocene or Pliocene ago (Thompson, 1956~. 62-63, pl. 3) that Is bleached near surface by acid from oxidation of pyrite. .uischarges about 2 gpm; sample analyzed by H. Kramer, U.S. Geol. Survey. R,Os, 715 ppm, determined by spectrographic analysis to be about 10 percent Fe and 90 percent AI, approximately equal to 400 ppm of metallic Ions and 42 epm; Mn, Nl, Cu, and Ag (0.3 ppm) also determined spectrographically. Analysis not previously published. 10. Kinkel Spring, Tochigl Prefecture, Japan; 8 cold spring at top of Kelch yo Mountain, a Quaternary andesite(?) volcano. Analyst, K. Kuroda (1941a, p. 234-

237); also determined, In ppm: Tl, 0.1; As, 1 (0.04 opm); Or.J.. 0.07; V, 0.05; Mo, 

0.002; Ga, 0.001; Bl present and possibly traces of Ll, Hg, and .H. 
F54 DATA OF GEOCHENITSTRY 

TABLE 25.-Chemical analyses of spring waters depositing travertine 

Analysis ___ ------------------- _____________ _ 1 2 3 4 5 Ly-suh611, 

Snaefellsnes Peninsula, Iceland 

Sept. 30, 1958 

6 

Mcskoutine, Constantine Province, 

Algeria 

Name and location __________________________ _ Keene Wonder, Keene Wonder, Mammoth, YellowInyo County, Calif. Inyo County, Calif. stone Park, Wyo. Big Horn, Hot Springs County, 

Wyo. Date of collection __________________________ _ Nov. 7,1954 Nov. 7, 1954 

ppm epm ppm epm 

SiOz----------------------------------------- 60 ---------- I 57 ---------- AL ____ -- ____ -------------- _____ ------------ _____ ----- _ ----- ___ -- ____ - _- --- _______ --- Fe ____________________________________________________ ----- ________________________ _ 

MIL ---------------------------------------- ---------- ---------- ---------- ----------

As __ ---------------------------------------- ---------- ---------- ---------- ---------- Ca__________________________________________ 89 4. 44 1 23 1.15 

Mg_________________________________________ 43 3.5 138 3.1 

Sr.------------------------------------------ 3.5 .08 11.7 .04 Na__________________________________________ 932 40.54 1,040 45.2 

K------------------------------------------- 42 1.07 45 1.15 

LL------------------------------------------ . 8 .12 . 9 .13 

NH4 __ - __ ----------------------------------- ---------- ---------- ---------- --- _------

Total cations __________ ----- ______ ----- ---------- 49.8 50.8 

HCOs--------------------------------------- 1, 210 19.8 1,070 17.5 

C03----------------------------------------- 0 29 . 97 

S04----------------------------------------- 719 14.97 796 16.57 CL_________________________________________ 514 14.49 567 15.99 

F------------------------------------------- 7.0 .37 6.0 .32 

NOs----------------------------------------- .9 .01 1.0 .02 

HzS_---- B------------------------------------------- 8. 6 ---------- 9. 6 ---------- ---- _______________________________________________________________________ _ 

49.6 51.4 

Sept. 5, 1957 

ppm 

60 .2 

.06 

.00 

.5 272 

68 

I .4 129 

69 

2.3 

1.0 

667 

0 

501 

170 

2.4 

0 

4.3 

2. 6 

epm 

13.57 

5. 59 

5. 61 

1. 76 

.33 

.06 

26.9 

10.93 

10.43 

4. 79 

.13 

26.3 

Sept. 1957 

ppm 

36 

.4 

.04 

.05 

.2 

374 

74 

I • 7 271 

44 . 9 

.0 

756 

0 

726 

320 

3. 5 

.0 

7.8 

5. 5 

epm 

18.66 

6.1 

ppm 

171 

0.00 

2.6 

.00 

.03 

136 

32 

epm 

6. 79 

2.63 

ppm 66 epm 

202. 5 -----~0~08 37 3.0 

----~~~79- ---406 ____ ----~7~66" ----255 ___ ------8~92 

1. 13 29 . 74 47 1. 21\ 

.13 . 5 . 07 ---------- --------- . 

37.8 

12.39 

15.12 

9.02 

.18 

36.7 

.0 .00 ---------- ---------. 

1,520 0 

38 

84 

2.2 

.0 

.57 

.2 

27.89 ---------- 23.2 

24. 91 I 372 6. 10 

(1) 

. 79 381 7. 9:l 

2. 37 327 9. ?.rl 

.12 ---------- ---------

---------- ------6~8- ========== 

Total anions __ ------------------------ ---------- 23.2 

Total, as reported_____________________ 3, 630 3, 680 ---------- 11,950 2, 620 2,420 

28.19 ----------

1,640 

Specific conductance_ .micromhos at 25° C __ 

!1~mperaiille~~: =~ ~--_-:_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-" c:: 

Ratios by weight: 

4,640 

7.4 

33 

4, 790 8. 4 23± 

Ca/Na ___ ----------- __ ---------- ____ ---- 0. 095 0. 022 

Mg/Ca.--------------------------------- . 48 1. 7 K/Na. --------------------------------- _ . 045 . 043 

Li/Na.---------------------------------- . 0009 . 0009 HCOa/Clz______________________________ 2.3 2.0 

804/CL-------------------------------- 1. 4 1. 4 

F/CL---------------------------------- . 014 . 011 

~3E~~ ==::: ==: ==:: = ==::::::::::::::: ==:: :::::::: =:: = ==:::::: = ==:: ==~~~=:: ====:: ::: 

B/CL----------"---- __ --- __ ------------ . 017 . 017 

t Components mentioned in explanation of table. 2 Includes COs as HCOa. 

2,220 6.6 

72 

2.1 

.25 

.53 

.018 

3. 9 2.9 

.014 

1.0041 

I .0006 

.025 

3,030 6. 2 

57 

1.4 

. 20 

.16 

.003 

2. 4 

2.3 

.011 

.02-1 

2,370 

6.4 

41.6 

0.34 

.24 

.071 

.001 

18 . 45 

.026 

1.002 

1.000 

.007 

95 

0.99 

.18 

.23 

1.1 

1.2 

EXPLANATION FOR TABLE 25 

1. Keene Wonder Spring, west front of Funeral Range, Death Valley, S}2 sec. 1, T. 15 S. R. 46 E., Inyo Cotmty, Calif. Sampled spring discharges about 30 gpm, which is the largest discharge of group, near northwest end of a !~.!-mile-long trav- ertine terrace. Vent temperature, 34° C; water sample was collected 150 feet 

downstream from vent, where first significant amount of carbonate was deposited. 

Springs discharge through travertine, alluvium, and probably Tertiary and 

Paleozoic rocks, including carbonate rocks. Collected by F. M. Byers, analyzed 

by H. Kramer, U.S. Geol. Survey; analysis not previously published. 

2. Same spring and date of collection as that for analysis 1, but about 1,000 ft. down- stream from vent, where approximately 11 percent of water has been lost by 

evaporation, judging from contents of Na, Cl, and B. Most of theCa, some Sr 

and Mg, and minor amounts silica have been precipitated. Analysis not pre- viously published. 

3. Mammoth Spring, at north end of travertine ridge, west edge of Main Terrace, 

Yellowstone National Park, Wyo. Discharges about 4 gpm; average total discharge of group about 750 gpm (Allen and Day, 1935, p. 59-60). Springs emerge through very extensive deposits of travertine overlying pre-Tertiary sedimentary 

rocks, including abundant limestone and dolomite; also associated with late 

Tertiary rhyolite tuffs and basalt (Hague and others, 1899, sheets 10 and 19). 

Analysis by J.P. Schuch U.S. Geol. Survey, who also reported, in ppm and 

included in totals: Ba, 0; Ti, 0.03; Br, 0.7; I, 0.1; N02, 0; PO.o.8. Spectrographic analysis ofcvaporated residue, by Nola B. Sheffey, converted to ppm in original water: ev:aporat~d residu.e at 180~0, 1,6~0; Al, 0.03; Fe, 0.~4; Mn, o.qa; Ti, 0.02; 

Cu, 0.003.1. Li, 1.1, Rb, 0.2, Cs, 0.2, Sr, 0.4, Ba, 0.1. Analysts not previously pub- lished. uas analysis from Main 'rerrace given in table 28, analysis 38 (Allen and 

Day, 1935, p. 86, 377). 

4. Big Hom Spring, Hot Springs County, Wyo.; main spring discharges about 12,600 gpm and is one of largest bot springs in world. Extensive travertine deposit 

overlies Triassic red beds of Chugwater Formation near axis of anticline (Darton, 

1906, p. 194-200; Burk, 1952, p. 93-95); the thermal water may rise from Tcnslcep 

Sandstone of Pennsylvanian age. Analysis by H. C. Whitehead, U.S. Geol. 

Survey; spectrographic analysis of evaporated residue, by Nola B. Sheffey, con- verted to ppm in original water: evaporated residue at 180°C, 2,320; Fe, 0.01; 

Mn, 0.04; Cu, 0.002; Sr, 0.7; Ba, 0.09: Also reported: NOz, 0.0 ppm; analysis not previously published. 

5. Drilled well in Ly-sub6ll warm spring area, Snaefellsnes Peninsula, Iceland, 16 miles east of Snaefellsjokull, a late Quaternary glacier-bearing volcano of rhyloite and 

basalt (Barth, 1950, p. 122). Discharges about 40 gpm in area of recent travertine 

in larger area of siliceous sinter deposited by former springs on hydrothermally 

altered granophyre. Springs evolve much gas (table 28, analysis 39), and deposit Fe20a as well as CaCOa. Collected by G. Bodvarsson, State Electricity Authority. Analysis, not previously published, by C. E. Robf'rson, U.S. Gcol. 

Survey, who also reported, in ppm: Cu, Pb, Zn, N02 each, 0.00; Br, 0.2; I, 0.0; 

Po., o.o6. 6. Springs at Meskoutine, 6 miles west of Guelma, Constantine Province, nortl1- eastem Algeria. Estimates of total discharge are 1,500 gpm by Brann (1872)i 4 000 gpm by Urbain (1953), and 8,000 gpm by Pouget and Chouchak (1925) 

Regardless of exact amount, the Meskoutine group is remarkable for magni- tude of discharge and high temperature. 'l'he springs issue from very extensive 

travertine deposits, about 4 square kilometers in area, with a thickness of 

perhaps 120 feet, and precipitate about 2 tons per day of CaCOa from a total of 

about 9 tons of CaCOa in solution (Urbain, 1953). The springs rise along 

faults in upper Miocene conglomerate, shale, and sandstone underlain by Lower Cretaceous limestone (Joleaud, 1914). The sample, probably from the 

main spring (Grande Cascade), was collected and analyzed by Guigue and 

Betier (1951); 183 ppm COs was reported but is here converted to equivalent 

HCOa. 
CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF SUBSURFACE WATERS F55 

TABLE 26.-Chemical analyses of thermal waters that are probably entirely meteoric in origin 

Analysis. _______ ---------------------------- Namo and location ________________________ ~-

Dato or colloctlon. ___ -----------------------

Bowers, ·washoe 

County,·Nev. 

March 8, 1954 

2 

Hot Springs, Garland County, Ark. 

3 

Warm Springs, Meriwether 

County, Ga. 

June 13, 1935 

4 5 6 

Kristenes..r Akureyri Plombiers, France Yuzawa Fukushima area, J.celand Prefecture, Honshu, 

Japan 

Aug., 1949 Aug. 25, 1952 1951 

ppm epm 

Si 0~------- ---------------------------------- 44 __ --------

ppm 

46 

epm ppm epm ppm epm ppm epm ppm 

24 

.2 

.6 

2.4 

.4 

11 

epm 

---------- 23 ---------- 109 ---------- 90 ----------

~~:-::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: ========== :::::::::: } .2 {:======== ------~iii" ========== ------i:2- ========== ========== ========== ------ii~i2 

.03 

.48 

.04 

en__________________________________________ 2. 8 0.14 47 

5.1 

4.8 

2. 35 21 1. 05 6. 0 0. 30 4. 9 0. 24 

Mg. __ -------------------------------------- 1. 0 . 08 . 42 12 1. 0 1. 8 . 15 . 3 . 02 

Na·----------------------------------------- 49 2. 13 K------------------------------------------- . 4 . 01 1. 6 

Tr 

. 21 1. 6 . 07 } 55 2 39 { 81 3. 52 

.04 3.6 .09 . 5.3 .14 1. 7 Li___________________________________________ I . 08 . 01 

Totnl cntlons •• ------------------------ ---------- 2. 37 ---------- 3. 02 ---------- 2. 21 ---------- 2. 84 ---------- 3. 92 ---------- 0. 67 

HCOa--------------------------------------- 34 0. 56 168 2. 75 118 1. 93 46 0. 75 85 1. 39 17 0. 28 coa----------------------------------------- 26 . 86 __________ ---------- __________ __________ 24 . so o 1. 1 . o4 80·----------------------------------------- 35 . 73 7. 8 .16 7. 3 .15 49 1. 02 76 1. 58 9. 4 . 20 

CL----------------------------------------- 5. 4 .15 2. 5 . 07 1. 8 . 05 13 . 37 6. 8 .19 5. 6 . 16 

1~------------------------------------------- ---------- ---------- 0 .1 .01 . 7 .04 ---------- ---------- ---------- ---------- NOs----------------------------------------- ---------- ---------- . 4 . 01 .1 . 00 ---------- ---------- ---------- ---------- ---------- ---------- POt----------------------------------------- ---------- ---------- . 08 . 00 I. 1 . 00 ---------- ---------- ---------- ---------- ---------- ---------- B.------------------------------------------ . 2 . 3 ---------- -------~-- ---------- ---------- ---------- ---------- ---------- ---------- ---------- 'l'otnl unions._------------------------ ---------- 2. 30 ---------- 2. 99 ---------- 2. 14 ---------- 2. 98 ---------- 3. 16 ---------- I 0. 73 

'l'otal, ns roportod ____________________ _ 198 

~~:!~~:~:~~~-c-t~~~:~:--~_1::~~~-~s:_~~~~~~:: 2~. 3 

Tompernturo. -------------------------- 0

0__ 47 

Rat~~}~a~v_o!~~~t: _______________________ ---- O. 057 

~rJ~~=::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: : ~Zs 

ri b~~icYa::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 16. 

002 

SOt/Cl---------------------------------- 6. 5 l~/Cl. _ ---------------------------------- ---------------------

~fu~~::::::::: :::::::::::::::::::::::::: ::::::::::::: = = = ~6i:: 

1 Components mentioned in explanation of table. • Includes COa as HCOa. · 

284 

64 

9.8 

.11 

.33 

.0 

67 

3.1 

.0 

.0 

.0 

.12 

189 

17.5 

31 

13 

.57 

2.3 

306 

267 

9.3 

75 

0.11 

.33 

1359 I 74. 3 ----------

------ ---------7~6--- ---------- -------9~4-

65 28 

0.06 

.06 

.065 

0.22 

.16 

---------------66 ____ --------------·1 ~3 --- --------------i3----- -----------------3~4-

4. 1 3. 8 11 1. 7 

. 06 . 054 --------------------- ---------------------

EXPLANATION. FOR TABLE 26 

1. Main Spring, Bowers NW~ sec. 3, T. 16 N., R. 19 E., 10 miles south-southwest 

of Stemnboat Springs Washoe County, Nev. (tnble 17, analysis 3). Discharges 40 to 50 gpm from fractures in granodiorite in tootwn\1 of basin-range fault, west sldo or Washoe Valley. Accompnnying gas is minor In amount and spring deposits nro absent. Analyzed by W. W. Brannock, U.S. Geol. Survey ; Li 

determination by H. Krnmcr, sample of March 8, 1954; analysis not previously published. 2. Big Iron Spring, Gnrland County, Ark., largest and hottest of the group of hot 

springs (Haywood and Weed, 1902). Discharges 15 gpm from Mississippiau Hot Springs Sandstone, which overlies Devonian Arkansas Novaculite and older 

Palcozic shale and cherts (Bryan, 1922, p. 426-436). Travert.ine deposit is as much as 8 feet thick, In places, and contains some manganese oxides (D. F. 

Hewett, oral communication 1957). Tritium (HB) content of the water in March 

1953 (prior to explosion of first thermonuclear bomb) was 2.5±1.4 T/HX10IB 

(Von Buttlar and Libby, 1955, p. 83), which is almost that of surface water. This proves that the water Is lar~clyi U not entirely, meteoric in origin and had a short subsurface travel time. Ana ysls of associated gases, evolved in propor- tion of 19.5 ems per 1 of water, is given in table 28 analysis 40 (Haywood and 

Wood, 1902). Also reported, in ppm; Mn, 0.3; NHt, 0.04; N02, 0.002; traces of 

Sr, Ba, Br, and I, and absence of As. 

8. Warm Springs, Meriwether County, Ga., east source; discharges about 620 gpm (Hewett and Crlckmay, 1937, p. 7, 17, 21). Water Issues from Hollis Quartzite, 

overlain by Manchester Schist and underlain by Woodland Gneiss, all Precambrian In ago. No spring deposits. Sample analyzed by W. L. Lamar, 

U.S. Geol. Survey. U (0.5 ppb) and pH determined by U.S. Geol. Survey 

from sample collected in 1950. Minor amount of gas accompanies water (see table 28, analysis 41). 

4. Flowing well at Reykhusalaug, about 6 miles south of Akureyrl in northern Iceland; discharges about 25 gpm. Temperatures of small springs are about 45°0 

(Barth, 1950, p. 127) but higher temperatures are obtained from wells with 

greater discharge. Hot water rises along contacts of basic dikes cutting nearly horizontal early Tertiary(?) plateau basalts (G. Bodvnrsson, written communication). Analyzed by S. Hermannson, Iceland State Electricity Authority. Gas analysis given in table 28, analysis 42, is I rom same type ol water from Sydri- Reykir, north of Hvita River in southern Iceland with temperature of 100°0; 

analyzed by B. Linda!, State Electricity Authority. 5. Romain Spring, Plombiers1 Vosges Mountains, Franco. Apopllylllte, chabazite, 

opal, chalcedony, tridym to, fluorite, and cnlcite are reported !rom pore spaces of brick and cement of Roman baths built 2,QOO years ago; crusts formed in places on masonry surfaces. Glaciated granite bedrock is unaltered (Daubr~e. 1879; Lovering, 1950, p. 243). Collected by T. S. Lovering, analyzed by W. W. Brannock, L. Shapiro, and P. W. ScottJ.. U.S. Gcol. Survey, who also reported and 

included in total10 ppm or free Cut. For analysis of gas of Capuchin Spring Plombiers, see table 28, analysis 43 (Moureu, 1906). Nearly 0.3 percent of total 

gases is He (Moureu and Biquard, 1908). 

6. Ynzawa, Fukushima Prefecture, Honshu, Japan; discharges 6.0 gpm from Cretaceous(?) granodiroite (Morimoto, 1954, p. 193; H. Kuno, written communication). Analyzed by Fukushima Hygienic Laboratory, 1951, which also reported and included in totals: specific gravity, 1.0001; OH, 0.9 ppm (0.05 epm). 
/ 

F56 DATA OF GEOCHEN.USTRY 

TABLE 27 .-Chemical analyses of waters associated with salt deposits and miscellaneous waters of high salinity 

Analysis_----------------------------------- 1 2 3 4 Name and location __________________________ Searles Lake brine, Searles Lake brine, Bristol Dry Lake, Great Salt Lake 

Inyo County, Calif. Inyo County, Calif. San Bernardino Desert, Tooele 

County, Calif. County, Utah 

Date of collection.----------------------- ___ -------------------- ---- __ -------------- ---- _--------------- ---- __ --------------

5 Trona deposit, Sweetwater 

County, Wyo. Feb. 1958 

ppm epm ppm epm ppm epm ppm epm ppm epm 

Si02---------------------------------------- ---------- ---------- ---------- ---------- ---------- ---------- ---------- ---------- 47 

~~::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: ~------~~- ~~~~~~~~~~ ~~~~~~~~~~ ~~~~~~~~~~ ~~~~~~~~~: :~::~:~~~~ ~~~~~~~~~~ ~~::~::~~: { : ~ ---------- As__________________________________________ 198 ---------- 243 ---------- ---------- ---------- ---------- ---------- ---------- ---------- Ca__________________________________________ 16 0. 80 ---------- ---------- 43,300 2, 160 1, 360 67.9 3. 7 0. 18 

rr:::======================================= ========== ========== ========== ========== 1, g~g ~: g5 1~~8 141: g 14: ~ . 38 Na·----------------------------------------- 110,000 4, 790 119,000 5, 220.00 57,400 2, 500 51,600 2, 245 84,700 3, 684 K------------------------------------------- 26,000 665 15,600 409 3, 300 84.4 2, 650 67.8 158 4. 04 

LL _ ---------------------------------------- 81 11.7 30 4. 3 ---------- ---------- 1. 8 . 26 . 5 . 07 

NHt---------------------------------------- 19 1. 05 ---------- ---------- ---------- ---------- ---------- ---------- 1. 3 . 07 

Total cations ••. ----------------------- ---------- 5, 470 ---------- 5, 630 ---------- 4, 860 ---------- 2, 520 ---------- 3, 690 

6 Glenwood Springs, Garfield County, Colo. 

Sept. 9, 1957 

ppm 

35 

.24 

.00 

.08 

.00 

526 

77 

113 

6,630 

158 

.9 

1.2 

epm 

-----26~25 

6.3 

288.4 

4.04 

.13 

.07 

325 

HCOs--------------------------------------- ---------- ---------- ---------- ---------- ---------- ---------- ---------- ---------- 13,800 227 752 12.33 

COs----------------------------------------- I 27,100 900 I 38,400 1, 280 ---------- ---------- <IO 0. 0 88,500 2, 950 0 ---------- OH ••• ------------------------.------------- ---------- ---------- ---------- ----- ----- ---------. ---------- ---------- ---------- -----.--•• --•• --.--•• _____ ---. --- _ ---. _. 

~~;::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 46, ggg 9~~· 1 4~: ~58 1, M~· 9 ------21ii- -----4~37- -T6sii ___ ----76~6-- ---167 ____ -----3~48- ·1~1oo ____ -----24~2- cL ----------------------------------------- 121, ooo a, 416 tos, ooo 2, 960 173, ooo 4, sso 86, 60o 2, 442 21, 3oo 601 10, aoo 290 

~r:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 8~ w: ~~ s~g 1: ~~ :::::::::: :::::::::: ---<iii ___ ------~ii-- ~~ : ~ ~: ~ : gg L------------------------------------------- 29 .22 25 .20 ---------- ---------- <tO .0 8.6 .07 .3 .00 

NOs---------------------------------------- ---------- ---------- ---------- ---------- ---------- ---------- ---------- ---------- 0 1. 2 . 02 POt----------------------------------------- 922 19.44 535 11.28 ---------- ---------- ---------- ---------- 110 . 0 B------------------------------------------- 3, 380 ---------- 4, 090 ---------- ---------- ---------- <3 ---------- 133 . 9 

H2S----------------------------------------- ---------- ---------- ---------- ---------- ---------- ---------- _______ c __ ---------- 0.0 ---------- ---------- ----------

Total anions.------------------------- ---------- 5, 300 ---------- 15,400 ---------- 4, 880 ---------- 2, 520 ---------- 3, 780 ~ 

327 

Total, as reported •• ·------------------- 1 336,000 ---------- I 335,000 ---------- 279,000 ---------- 148,000 ---------- 209,000 ---------- '19, 600 

Analysis 8 9 ____ •• ______ •• --- ______ • ___________ • 7 

Name and location__________________________ Salado brine, Lea 

County, N.Mex. 

Salado brine, Eddy County, N. Mex. Seep from Salado, 

Eddy County, N.Mex. 

Date or collection.-------------------------- Sept. 1957 Feb. 7, 1939 July 17, 1958 

ppm epm ppm epm ppm 

8102.--------------------------------------- 7. 9 ---------- ---------- ---------- 9. 1 

epm 

AL _ ---------------------------------------- 57 ---------- ---------- ---------- 2. 4 Fe •• ·--------------------------------------- 1 350 ---------- ---------- ---------- 1. o 

Mn·---------------------------------------- I 26 ---------- ---------- ---------- I . 8 

10 

Lyons well, Wayne County, N.Y. 

May 3, 1956 

103,000 

10.0 

23 

1. 204 

0.000044 

1.2 

.0019 

. 00001 

9.6 

.0078 

.00084 

.0010 

.00040 

.0062 

11 AquadeNey 

Spring, Siskiyou County, Calif. 

Oct. 25, 1957 

ppm 

15 

.0 14.4 

1,2 

epm ppm epm 

---------- 13,400 

27,800 6.6 

52 

1. 011 

.079 

. 15 

.024 

. 00014 

.073 

.11 

.00016 

. 00023 

.00003 

.00009 

12 Budapest well, Hungary 

ppm 

11 

4.8 

1932 

.04 

.02 

epm 

~:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::~: 9. 

00 -----ii~45" -------97" -----4~8ii" 430.00 ----21~45· -Tii4ii--- ---161~8--

.9 

.00 

I .00 

1,00 

2.5 -----o~12· ---414---- _____ 2o:oo 

~~-::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: ~~:~~---- -~:~~~---- ---~~:~~~- -~:~~~---- 2,10~ Na·----------·------------------------------ 14,300 622 1 43,900 1, 910 95,500 K------------------------------------------- 23,800 609 2, 090 53.5 3, 180 

LL ----------------------------------------- 16 2. 3 ---------- ---------- 2. 8 

NHt---------------------------------------- 68 3. 77 ---------- ---------- 1.1 

172 487 40. 1 .9 

I. 2 

8, 710 

116 

1.5 

4,154 

81 

.40 

.06 

13 . 3:0 

11,600 505 

107 2. 74 

34(?) 4. 9 

---------- ---------- 122 

. 07 3, 430 282 

.08 .00 

378.9 4, 070 177. 1 2. 97 89 2.28 . 22 .04 . 01 

6. 76 ---------- ---------· 

Total cations •• ------------------------ ---------- 5, 990 ---------- 5, 120 ---------- 4, 430 655 389 482 

HCOs--------------------------------------- 534 8. 75 1,380 22.6 117 1. 92 91 1.49 0 ---------- 1,080 17.7 

8:8:8_-_·::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: -----~---- :::::::::: --------~- :::::::::: -----~---- :::::::::: ------~--- :::::::::: 4, ~~~ tg~: ~ :::::::::: :::::::::: 

S-2------------------------------------------ ---------- ---------- ---------- ---------- ---------- ---------- ---------- ---------- -----~---- ---------- ---------- ---------- SOc. __ -----------------------------------·-- 6, 970 145. 1 222, 000 4, 620 10, 600 221 2, 650 55. 2 172 3. 58 21, 300 443 

CL----------------------------------------- 200,000 5, 630 16,800 474 157,000 4, 430 21,200 598 5, 950 167.9 627 17.68 

F ------·------------------------------------ 5. 5 . 29 ---------- ---------- 3.1 .16 1. 2 . 06 2. 0 .10 ---------- ___ __ Br·----------------------------------------- 1,340 16.8 ---------- ---------- 35 .44 ---------- ---------- 9. 2 .12 .1 ---·:oo !____________________________________________ 12 . 09 ---------- ---------- 0. 5 . 60 ---------- ---------- 5. 4 . 04 ---------- ----- - --

N03.- -------------------------------------- 5. 5 . 09 ---------- ---------- 0 25 . 40 10 . 20 4. 2 - :07 Po._________________________________________ __________ __________ __________ __________ . oo . o ---------- . oo . 6 . 01 

B------------------------------------------- 590 ---------- ---------- ---------- 20 ---------- ---------- ---------- 200 

H2S----------------------------------------- ---------- ---------- ---------- ---------- 0. 0 ---------- ---------- ---------- 400 

Total anions __________________________ ---------- 5, 800 ---------- 5, 120 -~-------- 4, 650 655 ····-···-- I 398 478 

Total, as reported _____________________ 304,000 ---------- 325,000 ---------- 269,000 ---------- 38,300 ---------- 125,300 ---------- 31,000 

See footnotes at end of table. 
CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF SUBSURFACE WATERS F57 

TABLE 27 .-Chemical analyses of waters associated with salt deposits and miscellaneous waters of high salinity-Continued 

Analysts. _________ -------------------------- 7 8 

Name and location-------------------------- Salado brine,· Lea Salado brine, Eddy County, N.Mex. County, N.Mex. 

Date or collection __ ------------------------- Sept. 1957 Feb. 7, 1939 

~~~-~~:~-~~~-c-t~-~~~==~~=~~~~~-s-~~-~~~-~:: 83, 60~. 2 ::: :::::::C:o:l:d::::::: 

Temperature.-------------------------° C •• ____ ---------------- Donsitb at 20° C---------------------------- 1. 263 1. 345 

Rati~~/~a~~!~~~t:___________________________ o. 0006 o. 0022 

fv.!:Jf./Ca •••• ------------------------------ 6, 000 400 

~~~~~:===============:::::============== 1: ~011 . 048 

f<£~{~1-~:============================= : g~~7 ------------~;~os2--

}~~?6i ----------------------------------- : gg~28 

~fuc::·:::::: ::::::::::::::::::::::::::: : 88~860 

1 Components mentioned in explanation or table. II Includes COs as HCOa. 

9 

Seep from Salado, 

Eddy County, N.Mex. 

July 17, 1958 

178,000 

6.9 

37 

1. 209 

0.0045 

4.9 

.033 

.000029 

.00074 

.068 

.000020 

.00022 

.000003 

.00013 

10 

Lyons well, Wayne County, N.Y. 

May 3, 1956 

54,000 6. 7 10.5 

1.027 

0.18 

.24 

.0092 

.0029(?) 

.0043 

.13 

.00006 

11 

Aqua de Ney 

S8ring, Siskiyou 

ounty, Calif. 

Oct. 25, 1957 

29,700 

110.9 

Cold 

1. 018 

0.00029 

.36 

.013 

. 00017 

1.6 

.029 

.00034 

.0015 

. 00091 

.034 

12 

Budapest well, 

Hungary 

1932 

---------coi<i _____ _ 

0.10 

8.3 

.022 

.00001 

1.7 

34 

--------------:ooo2-

EXPLANATION FOR TABLE 27 

1. Composite brine from interstices of "Upper salt" body, 90 feet thick, at Searles 

Lake, Inyo County, Calif. Probably representative only or brine from lower 

half of stratified salt layer (G. I. Smith, written communication, 1957) Exact 

location or sampled wells not known. Analysis by American Potash and 

Chemical Corp., with major constituents reported as hypothetical combinations; also reported, In ppm, and Included In totals: W 54; Sb 5; Rb, 1; Mo 0.7; 

Go 0.3. All carbonate reported as COs, although some may be HCOa. Analysis, not previously published. 2. Composite brine from "Lower salt" bodyi 40 ft thick, at Searles Lake, Inyo County, Calif. Exact location of samp ed wells not known. Analysis by American Potash and Chemical Corp., with major constituents reported as l1ypothotical combinations; all carbonate reported as COa. Also reported ls 

W. 31 ppm. Analysis not previously published. 3. West-central part or Bristol Dry Lake, 6 miles south or Amboy and 1 mile north of 

celesite saline deposits, San Bernardino Count:'0_ Calif. Sample from drainage canal in salt body of National Chloride Co. (vurrell, 1953, p. 13). Analyst, W. W. Brannock, U.S. Oeol. Survey. 4. Composite of 126 brine samples from auger holes few feet deep In Great Salt Lake 

Desert, Tooele County, Utah. Most of the brines were Interstitial in salt 

deposits and were analyzed principally forK and Mg (Nolan, 1927, p. 39). 

5. Seep from shale Immediately above main 10-ft trona bed of lntermountain Chemical Co. In Bridger subbasin of Groen River Basin,~, Sweetwater County, Wyo., 10 miles west and 7 miles north of Green River; uollecting point Is about 1,500 

foot below the surface; the trona bed Is interbedded with shale, on shale, sand- stone limestone, and evaporites of the 900-ft thick Laney Shale Member of 

the Groen River Formation and is about 100 ft above the base or the member 

(Bender Hash, Intermountain Chemical Co., written communication); discharge at tho site was nil at first but then increased, leading Hash to believe 

this water Is not connate water from the trona deposits but is meteoric water from the '!'ower Sandstone Member of the upper part of the Green River 

Formation. Collected by Bender Hash and analyzed by H. C. Whitehead, 

U.S. Geol. Survey; spectrographic analysis or evaporated residue, by Nola 

B. Sheffey, converted to ppm in original water: evaporated residue at 180°0, 

205,700; Fe, 1.4; '1'1, 0.4; Ll, 1.1; Sr, 0.6; Ba, 3.1. Analysis not previously pub- lished. 

6. Main spring of Glenwood Hot Spring Lodge, Garfield County, Colo. Discharges approximately 1,500 gpm from alluvium overlying Cretaceous sedimentary rooks. Tho Paradox Formation or Lower Pennsylvanian age, consisting of 

salt deposits, gypsum1 and other interbedded sediments, is believed to occur at depth. Analyzed oy H. C. Whitehead and C. E. Roberson, U.S. Geol. 

Survey, who also reported Cu and Pb, each 0.00 ppm; Zn, 0.08 ppm· N02, 

0.13 ppm. Spectrographic analysis of evaporated residue, by Nola B. Sheffey, converted to ppm in original water; evaporated residue at 180° C, 19,500; Al, 1.2; 

Fe1 0.1; Cu, 0.02; Lt, 1.8; Rb, 0.8; Sr, 13; Ba, 0.4. Analysis not previously puolished. 7. National Potash Co. mine, seo.181 T. 20 S., R. 32 E., In Carlsbad area, Lea County, N. Mex. Brine seeping at 1,7u0-ft depth into new workings from clay on bot- tom and lower sides of postore epigenetic halite that bas replaced part of the 

rock salt in middle" barren" part or Tenth Ore Zone, 650ft below top of Salado 

Formation and 920 feet below top of Upper Permian evaporates (C. L. Jones, 

U.S. Geol. Survey, written communication). Discharge of about 1/40 gpm eventually ceased. Collected by C. L. Jones; analyzed by C. E. Roberson, 

U.S. Geol. Survey; spectrographic analysis of evaporated residue, by Nola B. 

Sheffey, converted to ppm in original water; evaporated residue at 180°0, 

422,000; Al, 35; Fe, 350; Mn, 26; Ga, 0.005; Ti, 1.9; Zrt 0.06; Be, 0.002; Cu, 0.5; 

Pb, 0.04; Co, 0.007; Ni, 0.04; Or, 0.1; V{ 0.08; Ll, 3.3; Ro, 33; Cs, 13; Sr, 0.004(?); Ba, 3.4. Analysis not previously publ shed. The brine was accompanied by a small amount of odorless gas, probably similar to gas given in table 28, analysis 44, and collected elsewhere in the Salado Formation by Jones. 

8. Test well Yates 1,195 ft deep, SE~SW~ sec. 24, T. 25 S., R. 26 E., Eddy County, 

N. Mex. Sulfate water found at 142 and 145ft; after standing, waterffowed over casing from 142-ft zone. Water from evaporite deposits of Permian age, perhaps 

gypsum and anhydrite or Castile Formation ("lower Salt Series"). Sample collected by W. B. Lang, analyzed by W. W. Brannock, U.S. Oeol. Survey; Na determined by difference. Analysis not previously published. 9. Brinn seep in sandbar, half a foot above level of Pecos River, near Malaga, NE~4 

sec. 20, T. 24 S., R. 29 E., Eddy County, N. Mox. Discharges about 0.1 gpm; Probably meteoric water that has come in contact with saline deposits of Ralado 

Formation of Permian age (C. L. Jones, written communication). Collected 

by C. L. Jones; analyzed by H. 0. Whitehead, of U.S. Geol. Survey, who also 

determined Cu Pb and NOt, each 0.00 ppm. Spectrographic analysis of 

evaporated residue, by Nola B. Sheffey, converted to ppm in original water: evaporated residue at 180° C, 276,500; Fe, 1.4; Mn, 0.8; Cu, 0.6; Li, 1.4; Sr, 40; 

Ba, 2.5. Analysis not previously published. 10. Well, 393ft deep, town of Lyons, Wayne County, N.Y.; penetrated the Salina 

Formation of Silurian age from dep.ths of 130 to 371 ft; Salina generally consists 

of shalebmarly sandston!r and impure limestone, all impregnated in places with 

salts. ollected by R . .tteath; analysis by G. F. Scarbro of U.S. Geol. Survey, who reported total Fe and Mn, Zn, each 0.2 ppm; Cu, 0.00 ppm; Ra, 11 JJJJC 

per 1; U, 5.9 ppb. Analysis not previously published. 11. Aqua de Ney Spring, Siskiyou County, Calif.; main spring Is 5 miles southwest 

of Mount Shasta, on the north bank of Ney Springs Creek or the Weed quad- rangle. Discharges from serpentine in schistose rock (Waring, 1915, p. 264-

265). Collected by J. Feth and S. Rogers; analyzed by J.P. Schuch, U.S. Oeol. 

Survey (Feth..! Rogers, and Roberson, 1961). Water is remarkable for its very high pH and ::;i02 ,which may be highest on record); analysis verified 5 times at 2laboratories. In other respects, the water strongly resembles probable connate waters given in table 15. Also determined and included in totals: SOs 439 ppm (10.89 epm); N02, 0.00 ppm; Cu, 0.30 ppm; Pb, 0.00 ppm; Zn, 0.20 ppm; re- ported Mn and As from 1958 sample. John D. Hem determined Eh -0.11; 

total C02, 2,500 ppm; and Si02, 3,400 ppm. Spectrographic analysis ol evapo- rated residue, by Nola B. Sheffey, converted to ppm in the original water: evaporated residue at 180° C, 30,400; AI, 3.3; Zr, 0.3; Cu, 0.03; Mo, 0.09; Li, 4; 

Sr, 0.2; Ba, 1.1. 

12. Ferencz Joseph "bitter" mineral water from shallow well in southern or south- western suburb of Budapest, Hungary. According to Vendi (1951, p. 188-196), the water comes from middle Oligocene Kiscell Clay. Analyzed by J. Jendras· 

stk, who also reported Tl, 0.01 ppm; free COt 15 ppm. 
/ 

F58 DATA OF GEOCHEMITSTRY 

TABLE 28.-Chemical analyses of gases accompanying or related to waters of tables 12 to 27, in volume or mole percent 

No. and locality or sample 

Related 

water 

analysis 

Table Analysis 

Temperature 

(oC) 

co 

CJHe 

and 

CH, related 

gases 

H, NHa A He HaBOa Total 

HzO 

(mole 

percent 

of 

total 

gas) 

-----------1-----------------------------------------------------

1. Cymric field, Kern Co., 

CaliL _ ------------------ 12 2. Hajduszoboszlo, Hungary_ ------ 3. South Kwanto fields, 

Chiba Prefecture, Japan_ ------ 4. Raisin City field, Fresno 

County, Calif.__________ 13 5. Bad Hall, Austria_________ 15 6. Hanmer, S. Island, New 

Zealand. __ -------------- 15 7. Willow Creek, Shasta 

County, Calif.__________ 16 

8. To}sona Spring. Copper River Basin, Alaska _____ ------ 9. Wiesbaden, Germany _____ ------ 10. Upper Basin, Yellowstone 

National Park, Wyo_____ 17 11. Norris Basin, Yellowstone 

National Park, Wyo ____ ------ 12. Steamboat Springs, Washoe County, Nov ___ ------ 13. Haukadalur, Iceland ______ ------ 14. Reykjanes, Iceland ________ ------ 15. Hveravellir, Iceland _______ ------ 16. Pauzhetsk, Kamchatka, USSR ___________________ ------

17. Well 4/1, Wairakei, New Zealand _________________ ------

18. Niland, Imperial County, Calif,___________________ 18 19. Agnano, Italy ______________ ------

20. Nalachevskie, Kamchatka, 

USSR------------------------- 21. Ebeco Volcano, Kurile 

Islands, USSR__________ 19 

22. Frying Pan Lake, New Zealand _________________ ------

23. White Island, New Zealand.-------------------- ------ 24. "The Geysers", Sonoma 

County, Calif___________ 20 

25. Bumpass Hell, Tehama 

County, Calif. •• ~------------- 26. Norris Basin, Yellowstone 

National Park, Wyo _____ ------ 27. Mud Volcano group Yellowstone National Park, 

Wyo_ ------------------- ·----- 28. Sulphur Springs, Sandoval 

County, N. Mex ________ ------

29. Uzonskie, Kamchatka, USSR ___________________ ------

30. Koshelevsk, Kamchatka, 

USSR.------------------ ------ 31. Steamboat Springs, Washoe County, Nev. 21 32. Well 6, Wairakei, New 

Zealand. __ -------------- ------ 33. Esscntuki, Caucasus, 

USSR.------------------ 22 34. Malkinsk, Kamchatka, 

USSR.------------------ ------ 35. Te Aroha, New Zealand ___ ------ 36. Sulphur Bank, Lake 

County, Calif__________ 23 

37. Ngawha, Now Zealand ____ ------ 38. Mammoth, Yellowstone 

National Park, Wyo_____ 25 

39. Lt~~/:k _____ ~~~~~~~~~-e~~- ------ 40. Hot Springs Garland 

County, Ark___________ 26 

41. Warm Springs, Meriwether County, Ga. ___ ------ 42. Sydri-Reykir, Iceland_---- ------ 43. Plombiers, Franco _________ ------ 44. Salado Fm., Lea County, N. Mex_________________ 27 

2 50± 2.10 7 73± 5.0 

11 20 .2 

1.9 

0.2 

12 50± .5 

2 17 .0 5 Cold .2 

6 65± 84.24 

95± 95.10 

2 90± 89.20 

3 80± 97.7 7 95± 80.1 8 95± 93.8 9 95± 81.7 

12 98.6 3. 50 

14 97± 82.73 

2 40± 97.0 6 70± 80.3 

74.8 93.43 

3 100 91.31 

12 55± 94.0 

13 95± 86.3 

150± 63.50 

2 79± 93.05 

3 90± 97.40 

4 65± 98.90 

5 65± 77.9 

6 96.0 85.8 

7 97.8 266.02 

2 161 98.3 

5 175± 98.06 

7 14± 89.1 

8 5.6 98.6 10 85± 98.80 

1 75± 89.34 6 83± 90.6 

3 70± 97.90 

5 41± 93.0 

2 64± 35.4 

3 31± . 59 4 100 6. 7 5 65± 1.0 

7 .3 

79.63 18.27 ------ ---------- ------ --------- -------- ------- ------ -------- -------- 100.00 85.6 1. 0 ------ ---------- ------ --------- 0. 7 1 7. 7 ------ -------- -------- 100.00 

0.0 

93.9 

95.2 

99.8 

96.5 

1.5 

.0 

.o 81.6 1.1 

.00 

66.9 .0 

.49 

.10 

.55 

<.03 

.4 

.14 

.6 

.7 15.2 

.0 

.0 

12.9 

.0 ---------- ------ --------- 1. 6 

.10 

2.30 

.03 

.2 

.06 

.1 

0. 0 ------ --------- Tr. 

.55 

.00 

.5 

2.0 

1.6 

5.3 

.52 

.00 

1.40 

14.74 

14.15 

16.55 

------ --------- • 2 1. 6 ------ --------- . 3 117.0 ------ --------- , 3 I 4.1 ------ --------- -------- 112.3 

2.07 . 00 ------ --------- -------- 194.43 

.11 .39 2. 37 8.36 5. 36 ------·- I . 65 

------ 2.6 .o ------ ---------- ------ --------- -------- 1,4 ------ ------- ------ ------ ---------- ------ --------- 3. 4 116.3 

1.00 

. 74 

.00 

.6 

.0 

.00 

.00 

.25 Tr. (?) 

.4 

9.8 

5. 34 --------- .00 

.5 

15.83 

12.10 

14.5 

11.9 

------ 0. 0 

.12 

.005 . 0009 --------

.04 <.05 

0.03 

.0 

100.00 

100.00 

100.0 

100.02 

99.9959 

100.00 

100.00 

100.15 

100.0 

100.0 

100.0 

100.00 

100.00 

100.0 

100.0 

100.00 

100.00 

100.0 

100.0 

15.29 ------ 14.67 

2.0 

1.69 

.55 

. 75 

1. 28 -------- I 3. 53 ------ -------- (.14±) 100.10 

.00 .20 

.20 

.45 

.00 

.oo 

.0 

.10 

20.1 

.4 

.25 5.38 0. 7 

. 05(?) I 1. 60 

.00 

1.1 

11.00 

.0 

.024 <.001 

99.95 

100.00 

100.1 

100.0 

100.25 

99.96 

98.06 

.10 

.0 

7.6 

24.33 

.00 

.46 

.1 

.18 

Present 1 ------ --------- .1 

1.9 

16.2 

JQ.19 

11.5 

91. 00( ?) ------

100.0 

.12 

7.0 

.o 

.00 

.05 

. 02 ------

.00 

1.0 

.63 

.3 

.0 

.0 

. 06 -------- 1. 89 

.2 

.30 

3.0 I .04 I .06 

11.40 

I .90 

. 23 ------ Present -------- 1 2. 49 .02 ------ --------- -------- 11.8 

.00 .45 

.0 ------ --------- 19. 5 

11.65 

16.0 

145.1 

.007 99.997 

99.7 

100.0 

100.02 

100.00 

100.02 

100.00 

100.0 

100.0 

0. ------ ------ ---------- ------ --------- 13.91 185.50 ------ -------- -------- 100.00 

______ --~~~-- ______ --~~-- ____ ::~~-- :::::: ::::::::: -s:oo ___ 1 ~: :5 i:4s-- --:a ____ -------- ~88: ~ 

1.4 .2 .0 .o .8 97.1 .2 .0 100.0 

99.49 

llncludes inert gases not reported. • Includes H2S as well as co,. 
CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF SUBSURFACE WATERS F59 

TABLE 29.-Approximate median ratios and contents, by weight, of analyses in tables 12 to 26, compared to ocean water 

Num- Total Total 

Table ber of Ca{Na Mg/Oa K/Na Li/Na IHOOs/Cl so.tol F/01 Br/01 I/01 B/01 re- Si02 reported pH analy- ported (ppm) Nas ses ppm NH, 

-------- ----------------- Ocean water •• ---------------------- ------ -------- 0.038 3.2 0.036 0.00001 0.0074 0.14 0.00007 0.0034 0.000003 0.00024 34,500 7 0.05 8.0 Oil-field brines: 

NaOl t~e- -------------------- 12 11 .04 .4 .015 .0003 .02 .0005 .0002 .003 .002 .003 30,000 30 40 7.0 

Na-Oa- 1 typo.---------------- 13 13 .3 .15 .02 .0002 .001 .0008 .00002 .005 .00008 .0002 120,000 10 200 6. 7 Springs tbat may contain connate water: 

NnOl tFio __ • ------------------ 15 12 .05 .5 .03 .0003 .2 .002 .0003 .0015 .002 .015 20,000 30 40 7.8 Na-On- 1 typo _________________ 16 15 .2 .1 .05 .0005 .03 .005 .00005 .002 .0001 .0005 20,000 25 7 7.1 Springs tbnt may contain volcanic water: 

Geyser waters------------------ 17 14 .03 .06 .10 .006 .1 .1 .002 .0015 .0000 .02 2,000 300 1± 8.4 Non-~oyser NnCl typo _________ 18 8 .06 .1 .13 .002 .3 .06 .001 .003 .0006 .01 10,000 110 1± 7.2 Acid o.-Cl type _______________ 19 13 .8 .3 .2 .01 .00 . 7 .01 .0006 .0000 .01 9,000 300 6 2.2 

Acid so, ty~o------------------ 20 11 1.5 .4 .4 .00 .00 400. .03 .004 .000 .3 2,000 200 30 1.9 Acid HCOs- O, typo ___________ 21 5 1. .2 .4 .005 50. 10. .0 ------- -----·--- .4 500 70 1± 7.0 Springs tbnt may contain metamor- rvft:blc water, NaHOO-boron typo •• 22 10 .05 .6 .02 .002 5. .05 .001 .002 .002 .1 12,000 80 5 6.8 lscellanoous waters: Springs associated wltb mer- .03 .001 2. .4 .006 .002 .003 .1 3,000 90 20 cury deposits _________________ 23 6 .04 .5 7.0 Springs associated with manga· neso and tungsten deposits ••• 23 6 .5 .3 .07 .001 .3 .5 .02 .001 .000 .002 2,000 60 1± 6.8 Springs depositing travertine ••• 25 6 1. .3 .15 .001 .2 1.4 .01 .003 .000 .02 2,000 60 1 6.5 

Heated meteoric waters _________ 26 6 .2 .2 .1 -------- 15. 4. .06 ------- --------- .1 200 50 --------- 9.2 

I Includes COa as equivalent HOOa. 

REFERENCES CITED 

Allen, E. T., and Day, A~ L., 1927, Steamwells and other thermal 

activity at "The Geysers", California: Carnegie Inst. 

Washington Pub. 378, 106 p. 

--- 1935, Hot springs of the Yellowstone National Park: 

Carnegie Inst. Washington Pub. 466, 525 p. 

Alexander, G. B., 1957, The effect of particle size on the solubility of amorphous silica in water: Jour. Phys. Chemistry, 

v. 61, p. 1563-1564. 

Anderson, C. C., and Hinson, H. H., 1951, Helium-bearing 

natural gases of the United States: U.S. Bur. Mines Bull. 

486, 141 p. 

Anderson, R. V., and Pack, R. W., 1915, Geology and oil resources of the west border of the San Joaquin Valley north 

of Coalinga, California: U.S. Geol. Survey Bull. 603, 220 p. 

Bacon, R. F., 1907, The crater lakes of Taal Volcano: Philippine Jour. Sci., Gen. Sci., v. 2, p. 115-127. 

Bailey, E. H., 1946, Quicksilver deposits of the western Mayacmas district, Sonoma County, California: California 

Jour. Mines and Geology, v. 42, no. 3, p. 199-230. 

Bailey, E. H., and White, D. E., 1957, Mud volcanoes near 

Branscomb, Mendocino County, California: Geol. Soc. 

America Bull., v. 68, p. 1818. 

Banwell, C. J., 1955, Geothermal steam for power in New 

Zealand. VI. Physical investigations: New Zealand Dept. 

Sci. and Indus. Research Bull. 117, p. 45-74. 

Banwell, C. J., Cooper, E. R., Thompson, G. E. K., and McCree, 

K. J., 1957, Physics of the New Zealand thermal area: 

New Zealand Dept. Sci. and Indus. Research Bull. 123, 

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F60 DATA OF GEOCHEMISTRY · 

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:CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF SUBSURFkCE WATERS F61 

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F62 DATA OF GEOCHENUSTRY 

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CHEMICAL ·COMPOSITION OF SUBSURF.&CE WATERS F63 

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F64 DATA OF GEOCHEN.USTRY 

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Visindafelags Islendinga, no. 3, p. 1-43. 

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Usumasa, Yasumiysu (Yasumitsu), and Morozumi, Masayo, 

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1675-1682. 

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Vinogradov, A. P., 1948, Distribution of chemical elements in 

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Von Buttlar, H., and Libby, W. F., 1955, Natural distribution of 

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Weaver, C. E., 1949, Geology of the Coast Ranges immediately 

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Weigle, J. M., and Mundorff, M. J., 1952, Records of wells, 

water levels, and quality of ground water in the Spokane 

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--- 1955b, Violent mud-volcano eruption of Lake City hot 

springs, northeastern California: Geol. Soc. America Bull., 

v. 66, no. 9, p. 1109-1130. 

--- 1957a, Thermal waters of volcanic origin: Geol. Soc. 

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·--- 1957b, Magmatic, connate, and metamorphic waters: 

Geol. Soc. America Bull., v. 68, p. 1659-1682. 

--- 1960, Summary of chemical characteristics of some 

waters of deep origin: U.S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 40Q-B, 

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White, D. E., Brannock, W. W., and Murata, K. J., 1956, 

Silica in hot-spring waters: Geochim. et Cosmochim. Acta, 

v. 10, p. 27-59. 

Williams, Rowel, 1932, Geology of the Lassen Volcanic National 

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Wilson, S. H., 1953, The chemical investigation of the hot springs 

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--- 1955, Chemical investigations, in Grange, L. I., ed., 

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--- 1959, Physical and chemical investigations (White 

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Winslow, A. G., and Kister, L. R., 1956, Saline-water resources 

of Texas: U.S. Geol. Survey Water-Supply Paper 1365, 

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III: Chern. Soc. Japan Jour., v. 72, p. 154-157; v. 4, p. 

157-161. [in Japanese]. 

Yates, R. G., and Hilpert, L. S., 1945, Quicksilver deposits of 

central San Benito and northwestern Fresno Counties, 

California: California Jour. Mines and Geology, v. 41, no. 1, 

p. 11-35. 

--- 1946, Quicksilver deposits of eastern Mayacmas district, 

Lake and Napa Counties, California: California Jour. 

Mines and Geology, v. 42, no. 3, p. 231-286. 

Yen, T. P., 1955, Hot springs of Taiwan, in Geology of Taiwan: 

Bank of Taiwan Quart. Jour., p. 129-147. · 

Zambonini, F., Carobbi, G .. , and Caglioti, V., 1925, Ricerche 

chimiche e chimico-fisiche su tre acque minerali di Agnano 

[Napoli]: Annali di Chimica Applicata, v. 15, p. 434-474. 

Zonn, S. V., 1945, Chemical composition of ground waters as 

dependent on soil formations: Acad. Sci. [USSR] Comptes 

rendus, v. 48, p. 197-199 [in Russian]. 
A 

Page 

.Acid-forming nrons and mines, annlyses of 

nonthermnl, snllne and acid waters 

from--------------------------- F12, 52 

Alnbnmn, annlyses or subsurface wnter from: 

Birmingham.---------------------------- 22 

Center Point·---------------------------- 23 

Irondnle •••••••••••••••••••••••••• ------ __ 22 

Linden.__________________________________ 20 

Sylncnugn. _ ----- __ ----------------------- 25 

'l'uscum bln •• ----------------------------- 22 

Alnskn, annlyses or subsurfnce water from: 

Copper River Bnsln______________________ 38 

Umnnk Island____________________________ 40 

Algarin, analyses or subsurface water from 

Meskoutl.no Springs, Constantine 

Province._----------------------- 13, 54 

Alluvium, annlysos or subsurface water from.. 8, 28 

Argentina, annlyscs or subsurface water from 

Neuquen Territory ____________ 32-33,44 

Arlknreo Sandstone, annlyses of ground water 

from •••• -------------------------_ 18 

Arlzonn, analyses of subsurface water from: 

Buell Park------------------------------- 16 Douglns. ________ --- __ __ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ __ _ _ 28 

Mesn Olin Bond •••• ---------------------------- 29 •• _________ • _ _ _ _ _ _ _ ___ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ __ _ _ _ 28 

Mexican Water--------------------------- 18 

Arkansas, annlyses or subsurface water from: 

Garland County-------------------------- 55 

Hot Springs------------------------------ 7, 24 

Molbourno. _ ----------------------------- 18 

Monticello.-------------:·--------------- 20 

Austria, analyses of subsurface water from 

J.Anz •••• ____ ---- ___ __ __ __ __ _ _ ____ _ 36 

B 

Bnltlmore Gneiss, aunlyses or ground water 

frOID------------------------------ 26 

Bangor Limestone, annlyses or ground water 

from------------------------------ 22 

Bnyport dolomltlo Limestone, annlyses or 2 

grow1d water from________________ 22 

Benton Shnlo, analyses or ground water from.. 20 

Bicarbonate tons, gonernl discussion.--------- 3-4 

Big Fork Chert, analyses or ground water from._____________________________ 24 

Blwnblk Iron Formation, analyses or ground 

water from._--------------------- 24 

Brnzll, analyses or subsurface water from 

Itnblrn District, Minas Oerals •• 8, 12, 26 

~B-r-ov_a_r_d_S_clJist, analyses or good~;: Cr~6 

Brines, analyses oL .••••• -------------------- 32-33 

Drltlsb West Indies, annlyses or subsurface 

water from St. Lucia Island______ 47 

Brule Siltstone, annlyses or ground water from. 20 

Brunswick Shale, analyses or ground water 

from------------------------------ 20 

Busbveld Snndstono, analyses or ground wnter 

from •••• -------------------------- 18 

Busbveld ultramafics, analyses of ground 

water from----------------------- 16 

INDEX 

c 

Page 

Calcium in solution, general discussion______ F3-4 

California, anulyses of subsurface water from: 

Abbott Mine, Colusa County____________ 50 

Crabtree Springs, Lake County __ -------- 12,48 

Cymric oil field, Kern County ____________ 11,30 

Fresno CountY------------------ 29, 30, 32, 34,36 

Imperial County_------------------------ 42 

Keene Wonder Springs, Inyo County ____ 13,54 

Lassen CountY--------------------------- 50 

Mendocino County----------------------- 48 

Midway Sunset oil field, Kern County___ 34 

Mono CountY---------------------------- 42 

Morgan Springs, Tehama County ________ 12,40 

Napa County __ -------------------------- 50 

Nipton ________ ------------------------ __ _ 26 

San Bernardino County__________________ 56 

Santa Clara CountY---------------------- 48 

Searles Lake, In yo County--------------- 13,56 

Shasta County_-------------------------- 38,46 

Siskiyou County_------------------------ 56-57 

Solano County_-------------------------- 30, 36 

Sonoma County----------------------- 11, 46, 47 

Sulfur Bank mine, Lake County--------- 12,50 

Trinity CountY-------------------------- 48 

Tuscan Springs, Tehama County_________ 36 

Ventura County-------------------------- 32 

Wilber Springs, Colusa County __________ 11,36 

Camillus Shale, analyses of ground water from.. 20 

Canada, analyses of subsurface water from 

Alberta·-----------------------~-- 34 

Carbonate ions, general discussion.___________ 3-4 

Caseyville Sandstone, analyses of ground 

water from._--------------------- 18 

Castile Formation, analyses of ground water from gypsum_____________________ 24 

Castle Hayne Limestone, analyses of ground 

water from._--------------------- 22 

Catahoula Sandstone, analyses of ground 

water from----------------------- 18 

Chicopee Shale, analyses of ground water 

from.----------------------------- 20 

Classification of subsurface waters____________ 1-2 

Cockeysville Marble, analyses of ground 

water from·---------------------- 25 

Colorado, analyses of subsurface water from: 

Doughty Springs, Delta County •••.••• 13,5D-51 

Fort Morgan.·--------------------------- 29 

Garfield County-------------------------- 56 

Monument .• ----------------------------- 18 

Ouray County.-------------------------- 5D-51 

Poncha Springs, Chaffee County ______ 13, 5D-51 

San Juan CountY------------------------- 53 

Columbia River Basalt, analyses of ground water from_______________________ 16 

Conasauga Limestone, analyses of ground 

water frOID----------------·--·--- 22 

Connate waters------------------------------ 2, 9-10 

Connecticut, analyses of subsurface water 

from: 

Manchester_ •• --------------------------- 18 

Willimantic._---------------------------- 26 

Copper Ridge Dolomite, analyses or ground 

water from ••••• ------------------ 23 

Page 

Crater lakes. See Springs . 

Czechoslovakia, analyses or subsurface water 

from Breclav _ -------------------- F36 

D 

Dakota Sandstone, fluoride content of water 

from.----------------------------- 6 

Dawson Arkose, analyses of ground water 

from __________ -------------------- 18 

Deccan Basait, analyses of ground water from. 16 

Deep-well brines. See Oil and gas fields. 

E 

Ecca Shale, analyses or ground water from.. 20 

Edwards Limestone, analyses of ground water 

from •• ---------------------------- 22 

Epithermal mineral deposits, analyses of 

thermal waters associated with ••• 

11-12, 5D-51 

Eutaw Clay, analyses of ground water from... 20 

F 

Florida, analyses of subsurface water from: 

Brooksville ••• -----------------------_·--- 22 

Gainesville ••• -------------------------___ 22 

Lake CitY-------------------------------- 22 

Fort Union Formation, analyses of ground water from lignite________________ 24 

Fossil water---------------------------------- 9 

France, analyses of subsurface water from 

Plombiers •••• ---- ______ ---------- 55 

Franconia Sandstone, analyses or ground 

water from.·--------------------- 18 

0 

Gasconade Dolomite, analyses or ground 

water from._--------------------- 23 

Oases accompanying or related to subsurface 

waters, analyses of ________________ 58-59 

Gas fields. See Oil and gas fields. 

Georgia, analyses of subsurface water from: 

Meriwether County---------------------- 55 

Suwanee •• _------------------------------ 26 

Glacial outwash, analyses or subsurface water 

from •• ---------------------------- 8, 28 

Gravel, unconsolidated, analyses of subsurface 

water from.---------------------- 8, 28 

Greece, analyses of subsurface water from 

Thermopotamos, Euboea Island .• 10, 38 

Grenville Gneiss, analyses of ground water 

from ___________ ---------------.___ 26 

Guelph Dolomite, analyses of ground water from .•.• __________________________ 22 

H 

Hattiesburg Clay, analyses of ground water 

from ____________ ------------------ 20 

Hawaii, analyses of subsurface water from Oahu Island _____________________ _ 16 

F65 
F66 

Page 

Homewood Sandstone, analyses of ground 

water from __ --------------------- F18 

Hungary, analyses of subsurface water from: 

Budapest--------------------------- 13, 30, 56-57 

B ukkszek __ ------------------------------ 34 

Debrecen--------------------------------- 30 

Mezokovesd------------------------------ 34 

Iceland, analyses of subsurface water from: 

Akureyri area __ -------------------------- 55 

Lysub6ll Springs, Snaefellsnes Peninsula_ 12, 54 

Reykjanes, Reykjavik-----~----------- 10, 40-41 

West-centraL---------------------------- 40-41 

Idaho, analyses of subsurface water from: 

Bear __ ·----------------------------------- 17 

Bruneau---------------------------------- 28 

. Clayton---------------------------------- 14 

Eden.----------------------------------__ 16 

Grandview------------------------------- 14 

Shoshone.-------------------------------- 16 

Valley County--------------------------- 50 

Igneous rocks, analyses of ground water from. 5-6, 

14-17 

Illinois, analyses of subsurface water from 

Wayne County___________________ 32 

India, analyses of subsurface water from 

Puma, Hyderabad.-------------- 16 

Indonesia, analyses of subsurface water from 

Java ___________________________ 12, 13,44 

Ions in ground water, general discussion______ 4 

Iowa, analyses of subsurface water from: 

Clinton __ -------------------------------- 28 

Malcolm ___ ------------------------------ 29 

Iron in solution, general discussion_---------- 3 

Israel, analyses of subsurface water from near 

Sea of Tiberias_ ----------------10,38-39 

Italy, analyses of subsurface water from 

Naples_-------------------------- 42 

J 

Jackson Shale, analyses of ground water from_ 20 

Japan, analyses of subsurface water from: 

Arima, Hyogo Prefecture _________________ 10,38 

Chiba Prefecture.------------------------ 30 

Fukushima Prefecture____________________ 55 

Gumma Prefecture _______________________ 36, 44 

Hokkaido Prefecture ____________ 36,48-49, 5Q-51 

Iburi Prefecture__________________________ 44 

Kanagawa Prefecture_____________________ 46 

Kogoshima Prefecture____________________ 47 

Niigata Prefecture________________________ 44 

Tochigi Prefecture ________________________ 46, 53 

Yamagata Prefecture.-------------------- 38-39 

K 

Kansas, analyses of subsurface water from: 

Gaylord _ -------------------------------- 28 

Lyon County_--------------------------- 20 

Kentucky, analyses of subsurface water from: 

Bardstown_------------------------------ 22 

Dawson Springs__________________________ 18 

Johnson CountY-------------------------- 32 

Park Lake __ ----------------------------- 20 

L 

Lake beds, analyses of subsurface water from__ 28 

Laurel Limestone, analyses of ground water from ______________________ ------__ 22 

Lebanon Limestone, analyses of ground water 

from _______ ----------------------- 22 

Louisiana, analyses of subsurface water from: 

Lafourche Parish_________________________ 30 

Plaquemines Parish______________________ 32 

M 

Magmatic waters·-------------------------- 2, 1Q-11 

Magnesium in solution, general discussion____ 4 

INDEX 

Page 

Maine, analyses of subsurface water from 

Vassalboro_______________________ F26 

Marble, analyses of ground waters from_----- 25 

Maryland, analyses of subsurface water from: 

Arcadia __ -------------------------------- 26 

Baltimore County------------------------ 25, 26 

Clear Spring______________________________ 28 

Ellicott City_---------------------------- 14 

Lake Roland----------------------------- 16 

LaureL----------------------------------- 16 

Waterloo __________________ ---____ ----_--- 16 

Massachusetts, analyses of subsurface water 

from: 

Chicopee __________ ---____ ---_____________ 20 

New Bedford·---------------------------- 14 

Meagher Limestone, analyses of ground water 

from·----------------------------- 22 

Metamorphic rocks, analyses of ground water from ____________________________ 8, 25-27 

Metamorphic waters_________________________ 2,11 

Mexico, analyses of subsurface water from: 

Baja California.-------------------------- 42 

Sonora ___ -------------------------------- 53 

Michigan, analyses of subsurface water from: 

Carleton _______________ ---_______ --------- 18 

Cliffs Shaft Mine.------------------------ 25 

Grand Rapids---------------------------- 22 

Houghton CountY------------------------ 52 

Marquette County----------------------- 52 Michigan Basin ________________________ 9, 32-33 

Morris Mine_____________________________ 26 

Mines and acid-forming areas, analyses of nonthermal, saline and acid waters from ____________________________ 12,52 

Minnesota, analyses of subsurface water from: 

Eden Valley------------------------------ 28 

Grand Rapids---------------------------- 24 

Mound ________________ ------------------- 18 

Mississippi, analyses of subsurface water from: 

Collins_---------------------------------- 18 

Prentiss __ ---- __ --_--_____________ -------- 20 

Missouri, analyses of subsurface water from 

Alley----------------------------- 23 

Montana, analyses of subsurface water from: 

Bow County_---------------------------- 53 

Ennis ___ --------------------------------- 22 Garrison ________________________________ -- 24 

Mutual Quartzite, analyses of ground water 

from ______ ------------------------ 25 

N 

Navajo Sandstone, analyses of ground water from______________________________ 18 

Nebraska, analyses of subsurface water from: 

Crawford _________ -------------------_---- 18 

Harrisburg __ --------------------- ____ ---- 20 

Nevada, analyses of subsurface water from: 

Beatty __ --------------------------------- 14 

Bowers, Washoe County_________________ 55 

Eureka County_------------------------- 40 

Nye CountY--------------------------- 5o-51, 52 

Pershing County------------------------- 50 

Pigeon Spring, west of Lida______________ 28 

"Poison" spring, Washoe County________ 53 

Steamboat Springs, Washoe County--- 11, 12,40 

Steamboat well GS-7, Washoe County___ 47 

Storey County __ ------------------------- 52 

New Hampshire, analyses of subsurface water 

from Plymouth___________________ 28 

New Jersey, analyses of subsurface water from 

Wyckoff__________________________ 20 

New Mexico, analyses of subsurface water 

from: 

Eddy County---------------------------- 56-57 

Lea County------------------------------ 56-57 

Los Alamos ___ --------------------------- 14 

Ojo Caliente Springs, Taos County ____ 13, 5Q-51 

Red Bluff_------------------------------- 24 

RoswelL ___ ------------------------------ 22 

Sandoval County------------------------- 42, 46 

Page 

New York, analyses of subsurface water from: 

Bloomingdale---------------------------- F26 

Lake Pleasant____________________________ 17 

Sand Lake •• _---------------------------- 18 

Saratoga County_------------------------ 38 

Syracuse. ___ ----------------------------- 20 

Wayne County--------------------------- 56-07 

New Zealand, analyses of subsurface water 

from: 

Aroha. _ ---------------------------------- 28 

Bay of Plenty---------------------------- 44 

Ngawha Springs, North Island ___________ 12,50 

North Island ____________________ 40-41,47,48-49 

South Island----------------------------- 36 

Tarawera region__________________________ 44 

Tongarlro Volcano------------------------ 46 

Niagara Dolomite, analyses of ground water 

from------------------------------ 23 

North Carolina, analyses of subsurface water 

from: 

Asheboro _________ ------------------------ 17 

China Grove----------------------------- 17 

Harrisburg_------------------------------ 16 

Mebane_--------------------------------- 14 

New Bern-------------------------------- 22 

Pekin ____ -------------------------------- 20 

Webster---------------------------------- 16 

Wilkesboro_______________________________ 26 

Yanceyville __ ---------------------------- 26 

North Dakota, analyses of subsurface water 

from: 

Belfield _________ -------------------_------ 24 

Langdon._------------------------------- 20 

0 

Oakville Sandstone, analyses of ground water 

from------------------------------ 18 

Ocala Limestone, analyses of ground water from ___________________ ----------- 22 

Ohio, analyses of subsurface water from: 

Bainbridge------------------------------- 23 

Columbus _________ ----------------------- 28 

Cuyahoga County-"----------------------- 20 

Fort Recovery __ ------------------------- 7, 23 

Ohio Shale, analyses of ground water from____ 20 

Oil and gas fields, analyses of subsurface water 

from: 

General discussion________________________ 9 

Sodium chloride dominated_------------- 3Q-31 

Sodium and calcium chlorides, high in ____ 32-33 

Sulfate and bicarbonate, high in __________ 34-35 

Oklahoma, analyses of subsurface water from 

Enid_---------------------------- 28 

Oregon, analyses of subsurface water from: 

Burns_----------------------------------- 14 

Cave Junction____________________________ 28 

Farmington_----------------------------- 16 

London, Lane County __ ----------------- 10,38 

Shea ville.-------------------------------- 20 

p 

Pahasapa Limestone, analyses of ground water from______________________________ 22 

Peebles Dolomite, analyses of ground water 

from------------------------------ 23 

Pennsylvania, analyses of subsurface water 

from: 

Bucks County_-------------------------- 25,26 

Jamestown.----------·-------------------- 18 

Nottingham ______________________ -------- 16 

Worthington_---------------------------- 18 

pH, general discussion ______________________ .__ 3-4 

Phosphoria Phosphate, analyses of ground 

water from __ --------------------- 24 

Pierre Shale, analyses of ground water from__ 20 

Philippine Islands, analyses of subsurface 

water from Luzon________________ 44 
Page 

Pocono Sandstone, analyses or ground water 

from·----------------------------- Fl8 

Poland, analyses or subsurface water from: 

Boryslaw area ••• ------------------------- 32-33 

Galicia.----------------------.--------.---- :~ Pomlarkach _. ___ • ___ • __ -----.----- __ • ___ _ 

Port Deposit Gneiss, analyses of ground water 

from------------------------------ 26 

Pretoria Quartzite, analyses or ground water 

from •••• ------------------------·-- 25 

Q 

Quartzite, analyses or ground waters from.... 211 

R 

Rensselaer Graywacke, analyses or ground 

water from •• --------------------- 18 

Rhode Island, analyses of subsurface water 

from West Warwick.............. 14 

Rumania, analyses or subsurface water from: 

liaromszelt County.--------------------- 48 

MoinestL. ------------------------------- 30 

s 

St. Peter Sandstone, analyses of ground water 

from •••• -------------------------- 18 Salado Formation, analyses or water from salt deposits or ________________________ 13, 56 

Salt deposits: 

Analyses or subsurface water associated 

with--------------------------- 13, 56-57 

Waters oL-------------------------------- 13 

San Andres Limestone, analyses of ground 

water from •• --------------------- 22 

Sand, unconsolidated, analyses of subsurface 

water from •• --------------------- 8, 28 

Sedimentary rocks, analyses of ground water 

from·------------------------- 6-8, 18-24 

Slamo Slate, analyses of ground water from... 26 

Silica in solution, general discussion.......... 3 

Sioux Quartzite, analyses of ground water · 

from------------------------------ 25 

Snake River Basalt, analyses of ground water 

from------------------------------ 16 

Soil, chemical character of ground water affected bY------------------------- 2 

South Carolina, analyses of subsurface water 

from: 

Georgetown.----------------------------- 20 McCormick County_____________________ 14 

South Dakota, analyses of subsurface water 

from: 

Lawrence County------------------------ 52 

Rapid City------------------------------- 22 

Sioux Falls------------------------------- 25 

INDEX 

Page 

Springs, analyses of water from: 

Acid sulfate associated with volcanism.. I!' 11, 46-4 7 

Acid sulfate-chloride In volcanic environments and crater lakes .••••• 10-11,44-45 

Composition similar to oil-field water, 

general discussion________________ 9-10 

Sodium, bicarbonate and boron, high 

ln.---------------------------- 11, 48-49 

Sodium calcium chloride type ____________ 38-39 

Sodium chloride type _____________________ 36-37 

Travertine depositing _________________ 12-13,54 

See also Thermal waters. 

Stormberg Basalt, analyses of ground water 

from------------------------------ 16 

Sweden, analyses of subsurface water from 

Scanla district. ___________________ 32-33 

Sylacauga Marble, analyses of ground water 

from------------------------------ 25 

Sylvania Sandstone, analyses of ground water 

from------------------------------ 18 

T 

Tabulated data, source and selection__________ 4-5 

Taiwan, analyses of subsurface water from 

TaipeL ______________ 10, 12, 42, 44, 50-51 

Tennessee, analyses of subsurface water from 

Mt. Juliet._______________________ 22 

Terminology and units, discussion____________ 5 

Texas, analyses of subsurface water from: 

Kennedy_-------------------------------- 18 

Pecos------------------------------------- 29 

Uvalde. ____ •• ____ • _____ • __ --- __ •• -----___ 22 

Thermal waters, analyses of: 

Associated with epithermal mineral deposits_____________________________ 11-12 

Associated with quicksilver deposits______ 11 

Bicarbonate sulfate in volcanic environments.--------------------------- 11, 47 

Epithermal mineral deposits ______________ 50-51 

Geyser areas associated with volcanism. 10, 40-41 

Meteoric--------------------------------- 13,55 

Sodium chloride bicarbonate type associated with volcanism ___________ 10, 42-43 

See also Springs. 

Tunisia, analyses of subsurface water from Aln 

Djebel, Tunis __________________ 13, 38-39 

Turkey, analyses of subsurface water from Anatolia __________________________ 38-39 

u 

Union of South Africa, analyses of subsurface 

water from: 

Barberton·------------------------------- 16 

Cape Province.----------------------- 20, 50-51 

Irene, Pretoria, TransvaaL_______________ 23 

Monzi, Zululand------------------------- 18 Paddysland, TransvaaL_________________ 26 

Pretoria district •• ------------------------ 16, 18 Stellenbosch ________________ -------------- 14 

TransvaaL------------------------- 14, 18, 20, 25 

Trompsberg, Orange Free State __________ 10,38 

0 

F67 

Page 

U.S.S.R., analyses of subsurface water from: 

Abkhaz. ___ ---------------------------- F38-39 

CaucasUS---------------------·----------- 48-49 

Crimea.------------------------------- 36, 48-49 Kamchatka __________________ 40-41,42,46,48-49 

Kazakh district ••••••• ------------------- 30 

Kunashir Island-------------------------- 44, 46 

Molotov City_--------------------------- 32-33 

Neshkln, Siberia •••• --------------------- 10,38 

Paramushir Island----------------------- 44 

Units and terminology, discussion____________ 5 

Utah, analyses of subsurface water from: 

Abraham Springs, Juab County __________ 13,50 

Box Elder CountY----------------------- 36 Kamus ______ -----. __ -------_____ • _ --____ • 25 

Roosevelt Springs, Beaver County _______ 12,42 

Tooele County __ ------------------------- 56 

Weber CountY--------------------------- 38 

v 

Vernon Shale, analyses of ground water from__ 20 

Virginia, analyses of subsurface water from 

Chester-----------------_--------- 14 

Virgin Islands, analyses of subsurface water from St. Croix Island_____________ 29 

Volcanism, analyses of waters associated with. 

See Springs and Thermal waters. 

w 

Warsaw Limestone, analyses of ground water 

from _______ ----------------------- 22 

Washington, analyses of subsurface water from: 

Camas ____ ------------------------------- 16 

Moses Lake------------------------------ 16 

Spokane ___ •• -.-------.---.-----_--. ___ --- 14 

Tonasket .• __ ----.--_-.-•• ___ .-._--_---___ 26 

Vancouver-------------------------------- 28 

West Germany, analyses of subsurface water 

from: 

Rubr district----------------------------- 32-33 Westphalia_______________________________ 36 

Wiesbaden, Mainz ________________________ 10,38 

West Virginia, analyses of subsurface water 

from Calhoun County____________ 32 

Willard Shale, analyses of ground water from.. 20 

Willimantic Gneiss, analyses of ground water 

from·----------------------------- 26 

Wisconsin, analyses of subsurface water from: 

Kaukauna •••• ------. _______ --- ___ .----___ 18 

Waukesha·------------------------------- 18 

West Allis.------------------------------ 23 

Wissahickon Schist, analyses of ground water from______________________________ 26 

Wyoming, analyses of subsurface water from: 

Fremont County------------------------- 34 

Hot Springs County_--------------------- 54 

La Prole---------------------------------- 20 

Natrona County_------------------------ 34 

Sweetwater County.--------------------- 56 

Yellowstone National Park _________ 40,44, 46, 54