**Exhibit 3.3**

 

**AMENDED AND RESTATED**

 

**BY-LAWS**

 

**OF**

 

**KNIGHT TRADING GROUP, INC.**

**(hereinafter called the “Corporation”)**

 

**ARTICLE I**

 

**OFFICES**

 

*Section 1*.    *Registered Office.*    The registered office of theCorporation shall be in the City of Wilmington, County of New Castle, State of Delaware. 

 

*Section 2*.    *Other Offices*.    The Corporation may also have offices at such other places, both within and without the State of Delaware, as the Board ofDirectors may from time to time determine. 

 

**ARTICLE II**

 

**MEETINGS OF STOCKHOLDERS**

 

*Section 1*.    *Place ofMeetings*.    Meetings of the stockholders for the election of directors or for any other purpose shall be held at such time and place, either within or without the State of Delaware, as shall be designated from time to timeby the Board of Directors and stated in the notice of the meeting or in a duly executed waiver of notice thereof. 

 

*Section 2*.    *Annual Meetings*.    The annual meetings of stockholders shall be held on such date andat such time as shall be designated from time to time by the Board of Directors and stated in the notice of the meeting, at which meetings the stockholders shall elect directors, and transact such other business as may properly be brought before themeeting. Written notice of the annual meeting stating the place, date and hour of the meeting shall be given to each stockholder entitled to vote at such meeting not less than ten nor more than sixty days before the date of the meeting. 

 

*Section 3*.    *SpecialMeetings*.    Unless otherwise prescribed by law or by the certificate of incorporation of the Corporation, as amended and restated from time to time (the “Certificate of Incorporation”), special meetings ofstockholders, for any purpose or purposes, may be called by the Chief Executive Officer or a majority of the directors then in office. Any such request for a special meeting of the stockholders shall state the purpose or purposes of the proposedmeeting, and at the special meeting, only such business shall be conducted as specified in the notice of meeting (or any supplement thereto) given by or at the direction of the Board of Directors. Written notice of a special meeting stating theplace, date and hour of the meeting and the purpose or purposes for which the meeting is called shall be given not less than ten nor more than sixty days before the date of the meeting to each stockholder entitled to vote at such meeting.

 

*Section4*.    *Quorum*.    Except as otherwise required by law or by the Certificate of Incorporation, the holders of a majority of the capital stock issued and outstanding and entitled to vote thereat,present in person or represented by proxy, shall constitute a quorum at all meetings of the stockholders for the transaction of business. A quorum, once established, shall not be broken by the withdrawal of enough votes to leave less than a quorum.If, however, such quorum shall not be present or represented at any meeting of the stockholders, the stockholders entitled to vote thereat, present in person or represented by proxy, shall have the power to adjourn the meeting from time to time,without notice other than announcement at the meeting, until a quorum shall be present or represented. At such adjourned meeting at which a quorum shall be present or represented, any business may be transacted which might have been transacted atthe meeting as originally noticed. If the adjournment is for more 

than thirty days, or if after the adjournment a new record date is fixed for the adjourned meeting, a notice of the adjourned meeting shall be given to eachstockholder entitled to vote at the meeting not less than ten nor more than sixty days before the date of the meeting. 

 

*Section 5*.    *Proxies*.    Any stockholder entitled to vote may do so in person or by his or herproxy appointed by an instrument in writing subscribed by such stockholder or by his or her attorney thereunto authorized, delivered to the Secretary of the meeting; *provided*, *however*, that no proxy shall be voted or acted upon afterthree years from its date, unless said proxy provides for a longer period. Without limiting the manner in which a stockholder may authorize another person or persons to act for him or her as proxy, either of the following shall constitute a validmeans by which a stockholder may grant such authority: 

 

(a)    A stockholder may execute a writing authorizing another person or persons to act for him or her as proxy. Execution may be accomplished by the stockholder or his or her authorized officer, director, employee oragent signing such writing or causing his or her signature to be affixed to such writing by any reasonable means, including, but not limited to, by facsimile signature. 

 

(b)    A stockholder may authorize another person or persons to act for him or her as proxy bytransmitting or authorizing the transmission of a telegram or other means of electronic transmission to the person who will be the holder of the proxy or to a proxy solicitation firm, proxy support service organization or like agent duly authorizedby the person who will be the holder of the proxy to receive such transmission, provided that any such telegram or other means of electronic transmission must either set forth or be submitted with information from which it can be determined that thetelegram or other electronic transmission was authorized by the stockholder. 

 

Any copy, facsimile telecommunication or other reliable reproduction of the writing or transmission authorizing another person or persons to act as proxy for a stockholder may be substituted or used in lieu of theoriginal writing or transmission for any and all purposes for which the original writing or transmission could be used; *provided* that such copy, facsimile telecommunication or other reproduction of the entire original writing or transmission.

 

*Section6*.    *Voting*.    At all meetings of the stockholders at which a quorum is present, except as otherwise required by law, the Certificate of Incorporation or these By-Laws, any question brought beforeany meeting of stockholders shall be decided by the affirmative vote of the holders of a majority of the total number of votes of the capital stock present in person or represented by proxy and entitled to vote on such question, voting as a singleclass. The Board of Directors, in its discretion, or the officer of the Corporation presiding at a meeting of stockholders, in his or her discretion, may require that any votes cast at such meeting shall be cast by written ballot. 

 

*Section 7*.    *Consent of Stockholders in Lieuof Meeting*.    Any action required or permitted to be taken by the stockholders of the Corporation must be effected at a duly called Annual or Special meeting of Stockholders of the Corporation and may not be effected by anyconsent in writing by such stockholders unless all of the stockholders entitled to vote thereon consent thereto in writing. 

 

*Section 8*.    *Nature of Business at Meetings of Stockholders*.    No business may be transacted at anAnnual Meeting of Stockholders, other than business that is either: (a) specified in the notice of meeting (or any supplement thereto) given by or at the direction of the Board of Directors (or any duly authorized committee thereof); (b) otherwiseproperly brought before the Annual Meeting by or at the direction of the Board of Directors (or any duly authorized committee thereof); or (c) otherwise properly brought before the Annual Meeting by any stockholder of the Corporation: (i) who is astockholder of record on the date of giving of the notice provided for in this Section 8 and on the record for the determination of stockholders entitled to notice of and to vote at such Annual Meeting; and (ii) who complies with the noticeprocedures set forth in this Section 8. 

 

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In addition to any other applicable requirements, for business to be properly brought before an AnnualMeeting by a stockholder, such stockholder must have given timely notice thereof in proper written form to the Secretary of the Corporation. 

 

To be timely, a stockholder’s notice to the Secretary must be delivered to or mailed and received at the principal executive offices of theCorporation not less than ninety (90) days nor more than one hundred twenty (120) days prior to the anniversary date of the immediately preceding Annual Meeting of Stockholders; *provided*, *however*, that in the event that the AnnualMeeting is called for a date that is not within thirty (30) days before or after such anniversary date, notice by the stockholder in order to be timely must be so received not later than the close of business on the tenth (10th) day following the day on which such notice of the date of the Annual Meeting was mailed or such public disclosure of the dateof the Annual Meeting was made, whichever first occurs. 

 

To bein proper written form, a stockholder’s notice to the Secretary must set forth as to each matter such stockholder proposes to bring before the Annual Meeting: (i) a brief description of the business desired to be brought before the AnnualMeeting and the reasons for conducting such business at the Annual Meeting; (ii) the name and record address of such stockholder; (iii) the class or series and number of shares of capital stock of the Corporation which are owned beneficially or ofrecord by such stockholder; (iv) a description of all arrangements or understandings between such stockholder and any other person or persons (including their names) in connection with the proposal of such business by such stockholder and anymaterial interests of such stockholder in such business; and (v) a representation that such stockholder intends to appear in person or by proxy at the Annual Meeting to bring such business before the meeting. 

 

No business shall be conducted at the Annual Meeting of Stockholders exceptbusiness brought before the Annual Meeting in accordance with the procedures set forth in this Section 8; provided, however, that, once business has been properly brought before the Annual Meeting in accordance with such procedures, nothing in thisSection 8 shall be deemed to preclude discussion by any stockholder of any such business. If the Chairman of an Annual Meeting determines that business was not properly brought before the Annual Meeting in accordance with the foregoing procedures,the Chairman shall declare to the meeting that the business was not properly brought before the meeting and such business shall not be transacted. 

 

*Section 9*.    *List of Stockholders Entitled to Vote*.    The officer of the Corporation who hascharge of the stock ledger of the Corporation shall prepare and make, at least ten days before every meeting of stockholders, a complete list of the stockholders entitled to vote at the meeting, arranged in alphabetical order, and showing theaddress of each stockholder and the number of shares registered in the name of each stockholder. Such list shall be open to the examination of any stockholder, for any purpose germane to the meeting, during ordinary business hours, for a period ofat least ten days prior to the meeting, either at a place within the city where the meeting is to be held, which place shall be specified in the notice of the meeting, or, if not so specified, at the place where the meeting is to be held. The listshall also be produced and kept at the time and place of the meeting during the whole time thereof, and may be inspected by any stockholder of the Corporation who is present. 

 

*Section 10*.    *Stock Ledger*.    The stock ledger of the Corporationshall be the only evidence as to who are the stockholders entitled to examine the stock ledger, the list required by Section 9 of this Article II or the books of the Corporation, or to vote in person or by proxy at any meeting of stockholders.

 

*Section 11.    **Record Date.*

 

(a)    In order that the Corporation maydetermine the stockholders entitled to notice of or to vote at any meeting of stockholders or any adjournment thereof, or entitled to receive payment of any dividend or other distribution or allotment of any rights, or entitled to exercise anyrights in respect of any change, conversion or exchange of stock, or for the purpose of any other lawful action, the Board of Directors may fix a record date, which record date shall not precede the date upon which the resolution fixing the recorddate is adopted by the 

 

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Board of Directors and which record date: (1) in the case of determination of stockholders entitled to vote any meeting of stockholders or adjournmentthereof, shall not be more than sixty nor less than ten days before the date of such meeting; and (2) in the case of any other action, shall not be more than sixty days prior to such other action. If no record date is fixed: (1) the record date fordetermining stockholders entitled to notice of or to vote at a meeting of stockholders shall be at the close of business on the day next preceding the day on which notice is given, or, if notice is waived, at the close of business on the day nextpreceding the day on which the meeting is held; and (2) the record date for determining the stockholders for any other purpose shall be at the close of business on the day on which the Board of Directors adopts the resolution relating thereto. Adetermination of stockholders of record entitled to notice of or to vote at a meeting of stockholders shall apply to any adjournment of the meeting; *provided*, *however*, that the Board of Directors may fix a new record date for theadjourned meeting. 

 

(b)    In order thatthe Corporation may determine the stockholders entitled to consent to corporate action in writing without a meeting, the Board of Directors may fix a record date, which record date shall not precede the date upon which the resolution fixing therecord date is adopted by the Board of Directors, and which record date shall not be more than ten days after the days upon which the resolution fixing the record date is adopted by the Board of Directors. In no record date has been fixed by theBoard of Directors, the record date for determining stockholders entitled to consent to corporate action in writing without a meeting, when no prior action by the Board of Directors is required by law, shall be the first date on which a signedwritten consent setting forth the action taken or proposed to be taken is delivered to the Corporation by delivery to its registered office in the State of Delaware, its principal place of business, or an officer or agent of the Corporation havingcustody of the book in which proceedings of meetings of stockholders are recorded. Delivery made to a corporation’s registered office shall be by hand or by certified or registered mail, return receipt requested. If no record date has beenfixed by the Board of Directors and prior action by the Board of Directors is required by law, the record date for determining stockholders entitled to consent to corporate action in writing without a meeting shall be at the close of business on theday on which the Board of Directors adopts the resolutions taking such prior action. 

 

*Section 12*.    *Inspectors of Election*.    In advance of any meeting of stockholders, the Board by resolution or the Chairman or President shall appoint one or moreinspectors of election to act at the meeting and make a written report thereof. One or more other persons may be designated as alternate inspectors to replace any inspector who fails to act. If no inspector or alternate is present, ready and willingto act at the meeting. Unless otherwise required by law, inspectors may be officers, employees or agents of the Corporation. Each inspector, before entering upon the discharge of his or her duties, shall take and sign an oath faithfully to executethe duties of inspector with strict impartiality and according to the best of his or her ability. The inspector shall have the duties prescribed by law and shall take charge of the polls and, when the vote is completed, shall make a certificate ofthe result of the vote taken and of such other facts as may be required by law. 

 

*Section 13*.    *Conduct of Meetings*.    The Board of Directors of the Corporation may adopt by resolution such rules and regulations for the conduct of the meetingof the stockholders as it shall deem appropriate. Except to the extent inconsistent with such rules and regulations as adopted by the Board of Director, the chairman of any meeting of the stockholders shall have the right and authority to prescribesuch rules, regulations and procedures and to do all such acts as, in the judgment of such chairman, are appropriate for the proper conduct of the meeting. Such rules, regulation or procedures, whether adopted by the Board of Directors or prescribedby the chairman of the meeting, may include, without limitation, the following: (i) the establishment of an agenda or order of business for the meeting; (ii) the determination of when the polls shall open and close for any given matter to be votedon at the meeting; (iii) rules and procedures for maintaining order at the meeting and the safety of those present; (iv) limitations on attendance at or participation in the meeting to stockholders of record of the corporation, their duly authorizedand constituted proxies or such other persons as the chairman of the meeting shall determine; (v) restrictions on entry to the meeting after the time fixed for the commencement thereof; and (vi) limitations on the time allotted to questions orcomments by participants. 

 

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**ARTICLE III**

 

**DIRECTORS**

 

*Section 1*.    *Number and Election of Directors*.    The Board of Directors shall consist of not lessthan one nor more than twenty-five members, the exact number of which shall initially be fixed by the Incorporator and thereafter from time to time by the Board of Directors. Except as provided in Section 3 Article III, directors shall be elected bya plurality of the votes cast at the Annual Meetings of Stockholders and each director so elected shall hold office until the next Annual Meeting of Stockholders and until such director’s successor is duly elected and qualified, or until suchdirector’s earlier death, resignation or removal. Any director may resign at any time upon written notice to the Corporation. Directors need not be stockholders. 

 

*Section 2*.    *Nomination of Directors*.    Only persons who arenominated in accordance with the following procedures shall be eligible for election as directors of the Corporation, except as may be otherwise provided in the Certificate of Incorporation with respect to the right of holders of preferred stock ofthe Corporation to nominate and elect a specified number of directors in certain circumstances. Nominations of persons for election to the Board of Directors may be at any Annual Meeting of Stockholders, or at any Special Meeting of Stockholderscalled for the purpose of electing directors: (a) by or at the direction of the Board of Directors (or any duly authorized committee thereof); or (b) by any stockholder of the Corporation: (i) who is a stockholder of record on the date of the givingof the notice provided for in this Section 2 and on the record date for the determination of stockholders entitled to notice of and to vote at such meeting; and (ii) who complies with the notice procedures set forth in this Section 2. 

 

In addition to any other applicable requirements, for a nomination to be madeby a stockholder, such stockholder must be given timely notice thereof in proper written form to the Secretary of the Corporation. 

 

To be timely, a stockholder’s notice to the Secretary must be delivered to or mailed and received at the principal executive offices of theCorporation: (a) in the case of an Annual Meeting, not less than ninety (90) days nor more than one hundred twenty (120) days prior to the anniversary date of the immediately preceding Annual Meeting of Stockholders; *provided*, *however*,that in the event that the Annual Meeting is called for a date that is not within thirty (30) days before or after such anniversary date, notice by the stockholder in order to be timely must be so received not later than the close of business on thetenth (10th) day following the day on which such notice of the date of the Annual Meeting was mailed or such publicdisclosure of the date of the Annual Meeting was made, whichever first occurs; and (b) in the case of a Special Meeting of Stockholders called for the purpose of electing director, not later than the close of business on the tenth (10th) day following the day on which notice of the date of the Special Meeting was made or such public disclosure of the date ofthe Annual Meting was mailed, whichever first occurs. 

 

To be inproper written form, a stockholder’s notice to the Secretary must set forth: (a) as to each person whom the stockholder proposes to nominate for election as a director: (i) the name, age, business address and residence of the person; (ii) theprincipal occupation or employment of the person; (iii) the class or series and number of shares of capital stock of the Corporation which are owned beneficially or of record by the person; and (iv) any other information relating to the person thatwould required to be made in connection with solicitations of proxies for election of directors pursuant to Section 14 of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the “Exchange Act”), and the rules and regulations promulgatedthereunder; and (b) as to the stockholder: (i) the class or series and number of shares of capital stock of the Corporation which are owned beneficially or of record by such stockholder; (ii) a description of all arrangements or understandingsbetween such stockholder and each proposed nominee and any other person or persons (including their names) pursuant to which the nomination(s) are to be made by such stockholder; (iii) a representation that such stockholder intends to appear inperson or by proxy at the meeting to nominate the persons named in its notice; and (iv) any other information relating to such stockholder that would be required to be disclosed in a proxy statement or other filings required to be made in connectionwith solicitations of proxies for election of directors pursuant to Section 14 of the Exchange Act and 

 

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the rules and regulations promulgated thereunder. Such notice must be accompanied by a written consent of each proposed nominee to being named as a nomineeand to serve as a director if elected. 

 

No person shall beeligible for election as a director of the Corporation unless nominated in accordance with the procedures set forth in this Section 2. If the Chairman of the meeting determines that a nomination was not made in accordance with the foregoingprocedures, the Chairman shall declare to the meeting that the nomination was defective and such defective nomination shall be disregarded. 

 

*Section 3*.    *Vacancies*.    Subject to the terms of any one or more classes or series of preferredstock, any vacancy on the Board of Directors that results from an increase in the number of directors may be filled by a majority of the directors then in office, provided that a quorum is present, and any other vacancy occurring on the Board ofDirectors may be filled by a majority of the Board of Directors then in office, even if less than a quorum, or by a sole remaining director. Notwithstanding the foregoing, whenever the holders of any one or more class or classes or series ofpreferred stock of the Corporation shall have the right, voting separately as a class, to elect directors at an annual or special meeting of stockholders, the election, term of office, filling of vacancies and other features of such directorshipsshall be governed by the Certificate of Incorporation. 

 

*Section 4*.    *Duties and Powers*.    The business of the Corporation shall be managed by or under the direction of the Board of Directors which may exercise all such powers of theCorporation and do all such lawful acts and things as are not by statute or by the Certificate of Incorporation or by these By-Laws required to be exercised or done by the stockholders. 

 

*Section 5*.    *Organization*.    At each meeting of the Board ofDirectors, the Chairman of the Board of Directors, or, in his or her absence, a director chosen by a majority of the directors present, shall act as Chairman. The Secretary of the Corporation shall act as Secretary at each meeting of the Board ofDirectors. In case the Secretary shall be absent from any meeting of the Board of Directors, an Assistant Secretary shall perform the duties of Secretary at such meeting; and in the absence from any such meeting of the Secretary and all theAssistant Secretaries, the Chairman of the meeting may appoint any person to act as Secretary of the meeting. 

 

*Section 6*.    *Resignations and Removals of Directors*.    Any director of the Corporation may resignat any time, by giving written notice to the Chairman of the Board of Directors, the President or the Secretary of the Corporation. Such resignation shall take effect at the time therein specified or, if no time is specified, immediately; and,unless otherwise specified in such notice, the acceptance of such resignation shall not be necessary to make it effective. Except as otherwise required by law and subject to the rights, if any, of the holders of shares of preferred stock thenoutstanding, any director or the entire Board of Directors may be removed from office at any time, but only for cause, and only by the affirmative vote of the holders of at least a majority in voting power of the issued and outstanding capital stockof the Corporation entitled to vote in the election of directors. 

 

*Section 7*.    *Meetings*.    The Board of Directors of the Corporation may hold meetings, both regular and special, either within or without the State of Delaware. Regular meetings of theBoard of Directors may be held at such time and at such place as may from time to time be determined by the Board of Directors and, unless required by resolution of the Board of Directors, without notice. Special meetings of the Board of Directorsmay be called by the Chief Executive Officer or a majority of the directors then in office. Notice thereof stating the place, date and hour of the meeting shall be given to each director either by mail not less than forty-eight (48), hours beforethe date of the meeting, or by telephone, facsimile or telegram on twenty-four (24) hours’ notice. 

 

*Section 8*.    *Quorum*.    Except as may be otherwise required by law, the Certificate ofIncorporation or these By-Laws, at all meetings of the Board of Directors, a majority of the entire Board of Directors, shall constitute a quorum for the transaction of business and the act of a majority of the directors present at any meeting atwhich there is a quorum shall be the act of the Board of Directors. If a quorum shall not be present at any meeting of the Board of Directors, the directors present thereat may adjourn the meeting from time to time, 

 

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without notice other than announcement at the meeting of the time and place of the adjourned meeting, until a quorum shall be present. 

 

*Section 9*.    *Actions ofBoard*.    Unless otherwise provided by the Certificate of Incorporation or these By-Laws, any action required or permitted to be taken at any meeting of the Board of Directors or committee, as the case may be, consent theretoin writing, and the writing or writings are filed with the minutes of proceedings of the Board of Directors or committee. 

 

*Section 10*.    *Meetings by Means of Conference Telephone*.    Unless otherwise provided by theCertificate of Incorporation or these By-Laws, members of the Board of Directors of the Corporation, or any committee designated by the Board of Directors, may participate in a meeting of the Board of Directors or such committee by means of aconference telephone or similar communications equipment by means of which all persons participating in the meeting can hear each other, and participation in a meeting pursuant to this Section 10 shall constitute presence in person at such meeting.

 

*Section11*.    *Committees*.    The Board of Directors may, by resolution passed by a majority of the entire Board of Directors, designate one or more committees, each committee to consist of one or more ofthe directors of the Corporation. The Board of Directors may designate one or more directors as alternate members of any committee, who may replace any absent or disqualified member at any meeting of any such committee. In the absence ordisqualification of a member of a committee, and in the absence of a designation by the Board of Directors of an alternate member to replace the absent or disqualified member, the member or members thereof present at any meeting and not disqualifiedfrom voting, whether or not he or they constitute a quorum, may unanimously appoint another member of the Board of Directors to act at the meeting in the place of any absent or disqualified member. Any committee, to the extent permitted by law andprovided in the resolution establishing such committee, shall have and may exercise all the powers and authority of the Board of Directors in the management of the, business and affairs of the Corporation. Each committee shall keep regular minutesand report to the Board of Directors when required. 

 

*Section12*.    *Compensation*.    The directors may be paid their expenses, if any, of attendance at each meeting of the Board of Directors and may be paid a fixed sum for attendance at each meeting of theBoard of Directors or a stated salary, or such other emoluments as the Board of Directors shall from time to time determine. No such payment shall preclude any director from serving the Corporation in any other capacity and receiving compensationtherefor. Members of special or standing committee may be allowed like compensation for attending committee meetings. 

 

*Section 13*.    *Interested Directors*.    No contract or transaction between the Corporation and oneor more of its directors or officers, or between the Corporation and any other corporation, partnership, association, or other organization in which one or more of its directors or officers are directors or officers, or have a financial interest,shall be void or voidable solely for this reason, or solely because the director or officer is present at or participates in the meeting of the Board of Directors or committee thereof which authorizes the contract or transaction, or solely becausesuch person’s or their votes are counted for such purpose if (a) the material facts as to such person’s or their relationship or interest and as to the contract or transaction are disclosed or are known to the Board of Directors or thecommittee, and the Board of Directors or committee in good faith authorizes the contract or transaction by the affirmative votes of a majority of the disinterested directors, even though the disinterested directors be less than a quorum; or (b) thematerial facts as to such person’s or their relationship or interest and as to the contract or transaction are disclosed or are known to the stockholders entitled to vote thereon, and the contract or transaction is specifically approved in goodfaith by vote of the stockholders; or (c) the contract or transaction is fair as to the Corporation as of the time it is authorized, approved or ratified, by the Board of Directors, a committee thereof or the stockholders. Common or interesteddirectors may be counted in determining the presence of a quorum at a meeting of the Board of Directors or of a committee which authorizes the contract or transaction. 

 

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**ARTICLE IV**

 

**OFFICERS**

 

*Section 1*.    *General*.    The officers of the Corporation shall be chosen by the Board of Directorsand shall be a President, a Secretary and a Treasurer. The Board of Directors, in its discretion, may also choose a Chairman of the Board (who must be a director) and one or more Executive Vice Presidents, Assistant Secretaries, Assistant Treasurersand other officers. Any number of offices may be held by the same person, unless otherwise prohibited by law, the Certificate of Incorporation or these By-Laws. The officers of the Corporation need not be stockholders of the Corporation nor, exceptin the case of the Chairman of the Board, need such officers be directors of the Corporation. 

 

*Section 2*.*    Election*.    The Board of Directors at its first meeting held after each Annual Meeting of Stockholders (or action by written consent of stockholdersin lieu of the Annual Meeting of Stockholders) shall elect the officers of the Corporation who shall hold their offices for such terms and shall exercise such powers and perform such duties as shall be determined from time to time by the Board ofDirectors; and all officers of the Corporation shall hold office until their successors are chosen and qualified, or until their earlier resignation or removal. Any officer elected by the Board of Directors may be removed at any time by theaffirmative vote of a majority of the Board of Directors. Any vacancy occurring in any office of the Corporation shall be filled by the Board of Directors. The salaries of all officers of the Corporation shall be fixed by the Board of Directors.

 

*Section 3*.    *Voting SecuritiesOwned by the Corporation*.    Powers of attorney, proxies, waivers of notice of meeting, consents and other instruments relating to securities owned by the Corporation may be executed in the name of and on behalf of theCorporation by the President or any Executive Vice President and any such officer may, in the name of and on behalf of the Corporation, take all such action as any such officer may deem advisable to vote in person or by proxy at any meeting ofsecurity holders of any corporation in which the Corporation may own securities and at any such meeting shall possess and may exercise any and all rights and power incident to the ownership of such securities and which, as the owner thereof, theCorporation might have exercised and possessed if present. The Board of Directors may, by resolution, from time to time confer like powers upon any other person or persons or withdraw such powers. 

 

*Section 4*.    *Chairman of theBoard*.    The Chairman of the Board, if there be one, shall preside at all meetings of the stockholders and of the Board of Directors. The Chairman of the Board shall also perform such other duties and may exercise such otherpowers as from time to time may be assigned to him or her by these By-Laws or by the Board of Directors. 

 

*Section 5*.    *Chief Executive Officer*.    The Chief Executive Officer shall be the principalexecutive officer of the Corporation. Except as may be otherwise provided in these By-Laws, the Chief Executive Officer shall see that all orders and resolutions of the Board of Directors are carried into effect, and perform such duties and exercisesuch powers as from time to time may be assigned to him or her by these By-Laws or by the Board of Directors. 

 

*Section 6.*    *President*.    The President shall be subject to the direction and control of the Boardof Directors and the Chief Executive Officer, discharge all duties incident to the office of President and such other duties as from time to time may be assigned or prescribed by these By-laws, the Board of Directors or the Chief Executive Officer.The President shall report to the Chief Executive Officer and have general supervision of the business of the Corporation. The President shall execute all bonds, mortgages, contracts and other instruments of the Corporation requiring a seal, underthe seal of the Corporation, except where required or permitted by law to be otherwise signed and executed and except that the other officers of the Corporation may sign and execute documents when so authorized by these By-Laws, the Board ofDirectors, the Chief Executive Officer or the President. In the absence or disability of the Chairman of the Board, or if there be none, the Board of Directors shall appoint an acting Chairman of the Board to preside at all meetings of thestockholders and the Board of Directors. 

 

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*Section 7*.    *Chief Operating Officer*.    The ChiefOperating Officer shall report to the President of the Corporation and, except as may be otherwise provided in these By-Laws, shall perform such duties and may exercise such powers as from time to time may be assigned to him or her by these By-Laws,the Board of Directors, the Chief Executive Officer or the President. 

 

*Section 8*.    *Executive Vice President*.    At the request of the President or in his or her absence or in the event of his or her inability or refusal to act (and if there be no Chairmanof the Board), the Executive Vice President or the Executive Vice Presidents if there is more than one (in the order designated by the Board of Directors) shall perform the duties of the President, and when so acting, shall have all the powers ofand be subject to all the restrictions upon the President. Each Executive Vice President shall perform such other duties and have such other powers as the Board of Directors from time to time may prescribe. If there be no Chairman of the Board andno Executive Vice President, the Board of Directors shall designate the officer of the Corporation who, in the absence of the President or in the event of the inability or refusal of the President to act, shall perform the duties of the President,and when so acting, shall have all the powers of and be subject to all the restrictions upon the President. 

 

*Section 9*.*    **Secretary*.    The Secretary shall attend all meetings of the Board of Directorsand all meetings of stockholders and record all the proceedings thereat in a book or books to be kept for that purpose; the Secretary shall also perform like duties for the standing committees when required. The Secretary shall give, or cause to begiven, notice of all meetings of the stockholders and special meetings of the Board of Directors, and shall perform such other duties as may be prescribed by the Board of Directors or President, under whose supervision the Secretary shall be. If theSecretary shall be unable, or shall refuse to cause to be given notice of all meetings of the stockholders and special meetings of the Board of Directors, and if there be no Assistant Secretary, then either the Board of Directors or the Presidentmay choose another officer to cause such notice to be given. The Secretary shall have custody of the seal of the Corporation and the Secretary or any Assistant Secretary, if there be one, shall have authority to affix the same to any instrumentrequiring it and when so affixed, it may be attested by the signature of the Secretary or by the signature of any such Assistant Secretary. The Board of Directors may give general authority to any other officer to affix the seal of the Corporationand to attest the affixing by his or her signature. The Secretary shall see that all books, reports, statements, certificates and other documents and records required by law to be kept or filed are properly kept or filed, as the case may be.

 

*Section10*.    *Treasurer*.    The Treasurer shall have the custody of the corporate funds and securities and shall keep full and accurate accounts of receipts and disbursements in books belonging to theCorporation and shall deposit all moneys and other valuable effects in the name and to the credit of the Corporation in such depositories as may be designated by the Board of Directors. The Treasurer shall disburse the funds of the Corporation asmay be ordered by the Board of Directors, taking proper vouchers for such disbursements, and shall render to the President and the Board of Directors, at its regular meetings, or when the Board of Directors so requires, an account of alltransactions as Treasurer and of the financial condition of the Corporation. If required by the Board of Directors, the Treasurer shall give the Corporation a bond in such sum and with such surety or sureties as shall be satisfactory to the Board ofDirectors for the faithful performance of the duties of the office of Treasurer and for the restoration to the Corporation, in case of the Treasurer’s death, resignation, retirement or removal from office, of all books, papers, vouchers, moneyand other property of whatever kind in the Treasurer’s possession or under control of the Treasurer belonging to the Corporation. 

 

*Section 11*.    *Assistant Secretaries*.    Except as may be otherwise provided in these By-Laws,Assistant Secretaries, if there be any, shall perform such duties and have such powers as from time to time may be assigned to them by the Board of Directors, the President, any Executive Vice President, if there be one, or the Secretary, and in theabsence of the Secretary or in the event of his or her disability or refusal to act, shall perform the duties of the Secretary, and when so acting, shall have all the powers of and be subject to all the restrictions upon the Secretary. 

 

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*Section 12*.    *Assistant Treasurers*.    AssistantTreasurers, if there be any, shall perform such duties and have such powers as from time to time may be assigned to them by the Board of Directors, the President, any Executive Vice President, if there be one, or the Treasurer, and in the absence ofthe Treasurer or in the event of the Treasurer’s disability or refusal to act, shall perform the duties of the Treasurer, and when so acting, shall have all the powers of and be subject to all the restrictions upon the Treasurer. If required bythe Board of Directors, an Assistant Treasurer shall give the Corporation a bond in such sum and with such surety or sureties as shall be satisfactory to the Board of Directors for the faithful performance of the duties of the office of AssistantTreasurer and for the restoration to the Corporation, in case of the Assistant Treasurer’s death, resignation, retirement or removal from office, of all books, papers, vouchers, money and other property of whatever kind in the AssistantTreasurer’s possession or under control of the Assistant Treasurer belonging to the Corporation. 

 

*Section 13*.****    *Other Officers*.    Such other officers as the Board of Directors may chooseshall perform such duties and have such powers as from time to time may be assigned to them by the Board of Directors. The Board of Directors may delegate to any other officer of the Corporation the power to choose such other officers and toprescribe their respective duties and powers. 

 

**ARTICLE V**

 

**STOCK**

 

*Section 1*.    *Form ofCertificates*.    Every holder of stock in the Corporation shall be entitled to have a certificate signed, in the name of the Corporation, (a) by the Chairman of the Board, the President or an Executive Vice President and (b)by the Treasurer or an Assistant Treasurer, or the Secretary or an Assistant Secretary of the Corporation, certifying the number of shares owned by such holder of stock in the Corporation. 

 

*Section2*.    *Signatures*.    Any or all of the signatures on a certificate may be a facsimile. In case any officer, transfer agent or registrar who has signed or whose facsimile signature has been placedupon a certificate shall have ceased to be such officer, transfer agent or registrar before such certificate is issued, it may be issued by the Corporation with the same effect as if such person were such officer, transfer agent or registrar at thedate of issue. 

 

*Section3*.    *Lost, Destroyed, Stolen or Mutilated Certificates*.    The Board of Directors may direct a new certificate to be issued in place of any certificate theretofore issued by the Corporation allegedto have been lost, stolen or destroyed, upon the making of an affidavit of that fact by the person claiming the certificate of stock to be lost, stolen or destroyed. When authorizing such issue of a new certificate, the Board of Directors may, inits discretion and as a condition precedent to the issuance thereof, require the owner of such lost, stolen or destroyed certificate, or such person’s legal representative, to advertise the same in such manner as the Board of Directors shallrequire and/or to give the Corporation a bond in such sum as it may direct as indemnity against any claim that may be made against the Corporation with respect to the certificate alleged to have been lost, stolen or destroyed. 

 

*Section4*.    *Transfers*.    Stock of the Corporation shall be transferable in the manner prescribed by law and in these By-Laws. Transfers of stock shall be made on the books of the Corporation only by theperson named in the certificate or by such person’s attorney lawfully constituted in writing and upon the surrender of the certificate therefor, properly endorsed for transfer and payment of all necessary transfer taxes;*provided,**however*, that such surrender and endorsement or payment of taxes shall not be required in any case in which the officers of the Corporation shall determine to waive such requirement. Every certificate exchanged, returned orsurrendered to the Corporation shall be marked “Cancelled,” with the date of cancellation, by the Secretary or Assistant Secretary of the Corporation or the transfer agent thereof. No transfer of stock shall be valid as against theCorporation for any purpose until it shall have been entered in the stock records of the Corporation by an entry showing from and to whom transferred. 

 

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*Section 5*.    *Transfer and Registry Agents*.    TheCorporation may from time to time maintain one or more transfer offices or agencies and registry offices or agencies at such place or places as may be determined from time to time by the Board of Directors. 

 

*Section 6*.    *BeneficialOwners*.    The Corporation shall be entitled to recognize the exclusive right of a person registered on its books as the owner of shares to receive dividends, and to vote as such owner, and to hold liable for calls andassessments a person registered on its books as the owner of shares, and shall not be bound to recognize any equitable or other claim to or interest in such share or shares on the part of any other person, whether or not it shall have express orother notice thereof, except as otherwise provided by law. 

 

**ARTICLE VI**

 

**NOTICE**

 

*Section1*.    *Notice*.    Whenever written notice is required by law, the Certificate of Incorporation or these By-Laws, to be given to any director, member of a committee or stockholder, such notice may begiven by mail, addressed to such director, member of a committee or stockholder, at such person’s address as it appears on the records of the Corporation, with postage thereon prepaid, and such notice shall be deemed to be given at the timewhen the same shall be deposited in the United States mail. Written notice may also be given personally or by telegram, facsimile, telex or cable. 

 

*Section 2.    **Waiver of Notice.*

 

(a)    Whenever any notice is required by law, the Certificate of Incorporation or these By-Laws, to be given to any director,member of a committee or stockholder, a waiver thereof in writing, signed, by the person or persons entitled to said notice, whether before or after the time stated therein, shall be deemed equivalent to notice. Attendance of a person at a meeting,present by person or represented by proxy, shall constitute a waiver of notice of such meeting, except where the person attends the meeting for the express purpose of objecting at the beginning of the meeting to the transaction of any businessbecause the meeting is not lawfully called or convened. 

 

(b)    Neither the business to be transacted at, nor the purpose of, any regular or special meeting of the stockholders, directors or members of a committee need be specified in any written waiver of notice unless sorequired by law, the Certificate of Incorporation or these By-Laws. 

 

**ARTICLE VII**

 

**GENERAL PROVISIONS**

 

*Section1*.    *Dividends*.    Subject to the requirements of the GCL and the provisions of the Certificate of lncorporation, dividends upon the capital stock of the Corporation may be declared by the Board ofDirectors at any regular or special meeting of the Board of Directors (or any action by written consent in lieu thereof), and may be paid in cash, in property, or in shares of the Corporation’s capital stock. Before payment of any dividend,there may be set aside out of any funds of the Corporation available for dividends such sum or sums as the Board of Directors from time to time, in its absolute discretion, deems proper as a reserve or reserves to meet contingencies, or forpurchasing any of the shares of capital stock, warrants, rights, options, bonds, debentures, notes, scrip or other securities or evidences of indebtedness of the Corporation as may exist, or for equalizing dividends, or for repairing or maintainingany property of the Corporation, or for any other proper purpose, and the Board of Directors may modify or abolish any such reserve. 

 

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*Section 2*.    *Disbursements*.    All checks ordemands for money and notes of the Corporation shall be signed by such officer or officers or such other person or persons as the Board of Directors may from time to time designate. 

 

*Section 3*.    *Fiscal Year*.    The fiscal year of the Corporation shallbe fixed by resolution of the Board of Directors. 

 

*Section4*.    *Corporate Seal*.    The corporate seal shall have inscribed thereon the name of the Corporation, the year of its organization and the words “Corporate Seal, Delaware”. The seal may beused by causing it or a facsimile thereof to be impressed or affixed or reproduced or otherwise. 

 

**ARTICLE VIII**

 

**INDEMNIFICATION**

 

*Section 1*.    *Power to Indemnify in Actions, Suits or Proceedings Other than Those by or in the Right of the Corporation*.    Subject to Section 3 of this Article VIII, the Corporationshall indemnify any person who was or is a party or is threatened to be made a party to any threatened, pending or completed action, suit or proceeding, whether civil, criminal, administrative or investigative (other than an action by or in theright of the Corporation) by reason of the fact that such person is or was a director or officer of the Corporation, or is or was a director or officer of the Corporation serving at the request of the Corporation as a director or officer, employeeor agent of another corporation, partnership, joint venture, trust, employee benefit plan or other enterprise, against expenses (including attorneys’ fees), judgments, fines and amounts paid in settlement actually and reasonably incurred bysuch person in connection with such action, suit or proceeding if such person acted in good faith and in a manner such person reasonably believed to be in or not opposed to the best interests of the Corporation, and, with respect to any criminalaction or proceeding, such person had no reasonable cause to believe his or her conduct was unlawful. The termination of any action, suit or proceeding by judgment, order, settlement, conviction, or upon a plea of nolo contendere or its equivalent,shall not, of itself, create a presumption that such person did not act in good faith and in a manner which such person reasonably believed to be in or not opposed to the best interests of the Corporation, and, with respect to any criminal action orproceeding, had reasonable cause to believe that his or her conduct was unlawful. 

 

*Section 2*.    *Power to Indemnify in Actions, Suits or. Proceedings by or in the Right of the Corporation*.     

Subject to Section 3 of this Article VIII, the Corporation shall indemnify any person who was or is a party or is threatened to be made a party to any threatened, pendingor completed action or suit by or in the right of the Corporation to procure a judgment in its favor by reason of the fact that such person is or was a director or officer of the Corporation, or is or was a director or officer of the Corporationserving at the request of the Corporation as a director, officer, employee or agent of another corporation, partnership, joint venture, trust, employee benefit plan or other enterprise, against expenses (including attorneys’ fees) actually andreasonably incurred by such person in connection with the defense or settlement of such action or suit if such person acted in good faith and in a manner such person reasonably believed to be in or not opposed to the best interests of theCorporation; except that no indemnification shall be made in respect of any claim, issue or matter as to which such person shall have been adjudged to be liable to the Corporation unless and only to the extent that the Court of Chancery or the courtin which such action or suit was brought shall determine upon application that, despite the adjudication of liability but in view of all the circumstances of the case, such person is fairly and reasonably entitled to indemnity for such expenseswhich the Court of Chancery or such other court shall deem proper. 

 

*Section 3*.    *Authorization of Indemnification*.    Any indemnification under this Article VIII (unless ordered by a court) shall be made by the Corporation only as authorized in thespecific case upon a determination that indemnification of the director or officer is proper in the circumstances because such person has met the applicable standard of conduct set forth in Section 1 or Section 2 of this Article VIII, as the casemay be. Such 

 

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determination shall be made, with respect to a person who is a director or officer at the time of such determination, (a) by a majority vote of the directorswho are not parties to such action, suit or proceeding, even though less than a quorum, or (b) by a committee of such directors designated by a majority vote of such directors, even though less than a quorum, or (c) if there are no such directors,or if such directors so direct, by independent legal counsel in a written opinion or (d) by the stockholders. Such determination shall be made, with respect to former directors and officers, by any person or person sharing the authority to act onthe matter on behalf of the Corporation. To the extent, however, that a present or former director or officer of the Corporation has been successful on the merits or otherwise in defense of any action, suit or proceeding described above, or indefense of any claim, issue or matter therein, such person shall be indemnified against expenses (including attorneys’ fees) actually and reasonably incurred by such person in connection therewith, without the necessity of authorization in thespecific case. 

 

*Section4*.    *Good Faith Defined*.    For purposes of any determination under Section 3 of this Article VIII, a person shall be deemed to have acted in good faith and in a manner such person reasonablybelieved to be in or not opposed to the best interests of the Corporation, or, with respect to any criminal action or proceeding, to have had no reasonable cause to believe his or her conduct was unlawful, if such person’s action is based onthe records or books of account of the Corporation or another enterprise, or on information supplied to such person by the officers of the Corporation or another enterprise in the course of their duties, or on the advice of legal counsel for theCorporation or another enterprise or on information or records given or reports made to the Corporation or another enterprise by an independent certified public accountant or by an appraiser or other expert selected with reasonable care by theCorporation or another enterprise. The term “another enterprise as used in this Section 4 shall mean any other corporation or any partnership, joint venture, trust, employee benefit plan or other enterprise of which such person is or wasserving at the request of the Corporation as a director, officer, employee or agent. The provisions of this Section 4 shall not be deemed to be exclusive or to limit in any way the circumstances in which a person may be deemed to have met theapplicable standard of conduct set forth in Section 1 or 2 of this Article VIII, as the case may be. 

 

*Section 5*.    *Indemnification by Court*.    Notwithstanding any contrary determination in thespecific case under Section 3 of this Article VIII, and notwithstanding the absence of any determination thereunder, any director or officer may apply to the Court of Chancery of the State of Delaware for indemnification to the extent otherwisepermissible under Sections 1 and 2 of this Article VIII. The basis of such indemnification by a court shall be a determination by such court that indemnification of the director or officer is proper in the circumstances because such person has metthe applicable standards of conduct set forth in Section 1 or 2 of this Article VIII, as the case may be. Neither a contrary determination in the specific case under Section 3 of this Article VIII nor the absence of any determination thereundershall be a defense to such application or create a presumption that the director or officer seeking indemnification has not met any applicable standard of conduct. Notice of any application for indemnification pursuant to this Section 5 shall begiven to the Corporation promptly upon the filing of such application. If successful, in whole or in part, the director or officer seeking indemnification shall also be entitled to be paid the expense of prosecuting such application. 

 

*Section 6*.    *Expenses Payable inAdvance*.    Expenses incurred by a director or officer in defending or investigating a threatened or pending action, suit or proceeding shall be paid by the Corporation in advance of the final disposition of such action, suitor proceeding upon receipt of an undertaking by or on behalf of such director or officer to repay such amount if it shall ultimately be determined that such person is not entitled to be indemnified by the Corporation as authorized in this ArticleVIII. 

 

*Section7*.    *Nonexclusivity of Indemnification and Advancement of Expenses*.    The indemnification and advancement of expenses provided by or granted pursuant to this Article VIII shall not be deemedexclusive of any other rights to which those seeking indemnification or advancement of expenses may be entitled under the Certificate of Incorporation or any By-Law, agreement, contract, vote of stockholders or disinterested directors or pursuant tothe direction (howsoever embodied) of any court of competent jurisdiction or otherwise, both as to action in such person’s official capacity and as to action in another capacity while holding such office, it being 

 

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the policy of the Corporation that indemnification of the persons specified in Section 1 and 2 of this Article VIII shall be made to the fullest extentpermitted by law. The provisions of this Article VIII shall not be deemed to preclude the indemnification of any person who is not specified in Section 1 or 2 of this Article VIII but whom the Corporation has the power or obligation to indemnifyunder the provisions of the GCL, or otherwise. 

 

*Section8*.    *Insurance*.    The Corporation may purchase and maintain insurance on behalf of any person who is or was a director or officer of the Corporation, or is or was a director or officer of theCorporation serving at the request of the Corporation as a director, officer, employee or agent of another corporation, partnership, joint venture, trust, employee benefit plan or other enterprise against any liability asserted against such personand incurred by such person in any such capacity, or arising out of such person’s status as such, whether or not the Corporation would have the power or the, obligation to indemnify such person against such liability under the provisions ofthis Article VIII. 

 

*Section9*.    *Certain Definitions*.    For purposes of this Article VIII, references to “the Corporation” shall include, in addition to the resulting corporation, any constituent corporation(including any constituent of a constituent) absorbed in a consolidation or merger which, if its separate existence had continued, would have had power and authority to indemnify its directors or officers, so that any person who is or was a directoror officer of such constituent corporation, or is or was a director or officer of such constituent corporation serving at the request of such constituent corporation as a director, officer, employee or agent of another corporation, partnership,joint venture, trust, employee benefit plan or other enterprise, shall stand in the same position under the provisions of this Article VIII with respect to the resulting or surviving corporation as such person would have with respect to suchconstituent corporation of its separate existence had continued. For purposes of this Article VIII, references to “fines” shall include any excise taxes assessed on a person with respect to an employee benefit plan; and references to“serving at the request of the Corporation” shall include any service as a director, officer, employee or agent of the Corporation which imposes duties on, or involves services by, such director or officer with respect to an employeebenefit plan, its participants or beneficiaries; and a person who acted in good faith and in a manner such person reasonably believed to be in the interest of the participants and beneficiaries of an employee benefit plan shall be deemed to haveacted in a manner “not opposed to the best interests of the Corporation” as referred to in this Article VIII. 

 

*Section 10*.    *Survival of Indemnification and Advancement of Expenses*.    The indemnification andadvancement of expenses provided by, or granted pursuant to, this Article VIII shall, unless otherwise provided when authorized or ratified, continue as to a person who has ceased to be a director or officer and shall inure to the benefit of theheirs, executors and administrators of such a person. 

 

*Section 11*.    *Limitation on Indemnification*.    Notwithstanding anything contained in this Article VIII to the contrary, except for proceedings to enforce rights to indemnification(which shall be governed by Section 5 hereof), the Corporation shall not be obligated to indemnify any director or officer (or his or her heirs, executors or personal or legal representatives) or advance expenses in connection with a proceeding (orpart thereof) initiated by such person unless such proceeding (or part thereof) was authorized or consented to by the Board of Directors of the Corporation. 

 

*Section 12*.    *Indemnification of Employees and Agents*.    The Corporation may, to the extentauthorized from time to time by the Board of Directors, provide rights to indemnification and to the advancement of expenses to employees and agents of the Corporation similar to those conferred in this Article VIII to directors and officers of theCorporation.****

 

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**ARTICLE IX**

 

**AMENDMENTS**

 

*Section 1.*    *Amendments*.    These By-Laws may be altered, amended or repealed, in whole or in part,or new By-Laws may be adopted by the stockholders or by the Board of Directors, provided, however, that notice of such alteration, amendment, repeal or adoption of new By-Laws be contained in the notice of such meeting of stockholders or Board ofDirectors as the case may be. All such amendments must be approved by either the holders of a majority of the outstanding capital stock entitled to vote thereon or by a majority of the entire Board of Directors. 

 

*****SECTION 2.***    ***ENTIRE BOARD OFDIRECTORS.***    **AS USED IN THIS ARTICLE IX AND IN THESE BY-LAWS GENERALLY, THE TERM “ENTIRE BOARD OF DIRECTORS” MEANS THE TOTAL NUMBER OF DIRECTORS WHICH THE CORPORATION WOULD HAVE IF THERE WERE NOVACANCIES.****

 

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