Smaller Foraminifera of

Late Eocene 

Eua, Tonga

From

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PROFESSIONAL PAPER 640-A
Smaller Foraminifera of 

Late Eocene Age From 

Eua, Tonga

By RUTH TODD

LATE EOCENE FOSSILS FROM EUA, TONGA

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PROFESSIONAL PAPER 640-A

With summary statements on Calcareous 

nannoplankton, by M. N. Bramlette; Crinoids 

and echinoids, by Porter M. Kier; Decapod 

crustaceans, by Henry B. Roberts; 

Shark teeth, by David H. Dunkle; and 

Plant microfossils, by Estella B. Leopold

UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE, WASHINGTON : 1970
UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR 

WALTER J. HICKEL, Secretary

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 

William T. Pecora, Director

For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office 

Washington, D.C. 20402 - Price $1 (paper cover)
LATE EOCENE FOSSILS FROM EUA, TONGA FOREWORD

One of the most widespread units of the Cenozoic 

section in the islands of the open Pacific is a series of 

limestones assigned to the upper Eocene (Tertiary 6). 

Such limestones, containing diagnostic larger Foraminifera, have been reported in many parts of an area 

spreading 4,000 miles across the tropical Pacific (fig. 1), 

from Palau and the Mariana Islands on the northwest 

through the Marshall Islands (Eniwetok) to Fiji and 

Tonga on the southeast (Whipple, in Hoffmeister, 1932, 

p. 79-86; Asano, 1939; Cole, 1950, 1957a, 1957b, 1960). 

In almost all the islands the limestones are dense and 

crystalline. Foraminifera and algae are abundant locally, but in most places fossils cannot be extracted and 

must therefore be studied in random thin sections. On 

the little island of Eua, Tonga, a locality was recently 

found where the Eocene limestone is tuffaceous, considerably weathered, and richly fossiliferous. Abundant 

fossils that represent a dozen organic groups were found. 

Such abundance and diversity signaled the find as a 

remarkable one that would add greatly to our knowledge of life in the western Pacific during the Eocene.

The island of Eua measures only 12 by 5 miles but 

it rises 1,000 feet above sea level. It occupies an interesting position tectonically, as its steep eastern side 

faces the Tonga Trench. In addition, Eua is the oldest 

island in the Tonga group that has a plutonic core 

(Guest, 1959) and a series of associated volcanic rocks, 

which are partly blanketed by thick limestones of late 

Eocene age. Younger volcanic rocks and sediments of 

late Tertiary age are also present (Hoffmeister, 1932).

This series of reports is concerned with one facies of 

the upper Eocene limestone. After the limestone series 

was deposited, Eua was uplifted periodically and a 

sequence of six terraces was cut in the limestones on 

the windward (eastern) side. Hoffmeister was the 

first to recognize the Eocene age of the main limestone 

of the terraces, three of which have veneers of Pliocene 

reef corals. He made a planetable map of the terraced 

eastern ridge and recorded the average altitudes of the 

terraces as 100, 200, 340, 400, 550, and 760 feet. The 

east-facing "rocky backbone" of Eua thus looks in 

profile like a giant staircase facing the Tonga Trench. 

The Eocene limestone may once have covered all of Eua

but is now largely limited to the eastern ridge (Hoffmeister, 1932; the Eocene Foraminifera were described by Whipple in this same report, p. 79-86).

The fossils described in this series of reports were 

obtained from an outcrop on the 400-foot terrace 

about a quarter of a mile north of Vaingana (fig. 2). 

At this locality, the limestone lies close to the underlying volcanic rock and is tuffaceous and partly 

weathered; almost everywhere else on Eua the limestone 

is pure, hard, and crystalline.

In 1943, Harold T. Stearns, then of the U.S. Geological Survey, also served as a consultant to the 

Armed Forces at Pacific bases and made a brief 

visit to Eua. He collected a sample that contained 

half a dozen fossil brachiopods from the 400-foot 

terrace on the eastern side of the island. Stearns recorded the locality as: "Tele-a-hiva at elevation 

of 400 feet about % mile north of army lookout tover, 

at the second stream north of Vaigana [sic]." The 

brachiopods were examined by G. A. Cooper of the 

U.S. National Museum. Some years later when I 

was studying other island fossils collected by Stearns, 

Cooper showed me the brachiopods and expressed 

a desire for additional specimens so that he could 

continue his study of their internal structures.

In 1966,1 learned that Yoshio Kondo of the Berrice 

P. Bishop Museum in Honolulu intended to visit Eua in 

connection with his studies of living Pacific island land 

snails (under National Science Foundation grant 

GB-3974). I sent Stearns' locality data and marked 

copy of Hoffmeister's Eua map to Kondo, and I informed Stearns of the plan to collect additional 

material.

Late in August 1967, Kondo reached Eua and, aided 

by a Tongan guide, Tomiki, and an interpreter, Mos?se 

Vea, spent 2 days searching for the fossil locality. The 

lookout tower mentioned by Stearns no longer exists 

and Kondo found that Tele-a-hiva translates to "Nine 

Gulches." Traveling northward from "Vaigana" (Otu 

Vaingana) through heavy brush on exceedingly rugged 

karst topography for about 1,000 feet, he reached the 

first of the gulches. There he found a soft fossiliferous 

layer between two harder limestones and collected a

in
40-pound sample of the material. This gulch locality 

is probably not the exact spot visited by Stearns. The 

two collections have minor differences in nature of preservation, but they obviously came from the same formation.

The exact extent of the richly fossiliferous bed is

not known but it is probably limited both horizontally 

and vertically. In 1926, when Hoffmeistr** made his 

map of the terraces, he did not come upor this facies, 

and in 1928 when I spent 2 weeks on Eur, with Hoffmeister, reviewing his mapping, no exposures of this 

zone were seen although we visited Vain^ana. AddiMARIAN/ MARSHALL <.

FIGURE 1. Location of Tonga and other island groups in the southwest Pacific where upper Eoeene limestone has b^en identified.

Dashed line marks structural boundary of the Pacific Basin (andesite line).

IV
FIGURE 2. Map of Eua, Tonga, showing the location of the 

recently discovered fossil outcrop (X) and the main mass 

of Eocene limestone (patterned area) on the east side of 

the island, as mapped by Hoffmeister (1932).

tional fieldwork in the area of the rugged "Nine 

Gulches" would be worthwhile.

William Melson of the Smithsonian Institution examined hand specimens and thin sections of the tuffaceous limestone and noted that the volcanic constituents are highly altered, making it difficult to determine 

their original nature. The rock is composed of 50 

percent or more of volcanoclastic debris, much of which 

has been replaced by calcite. The predominant volcanic fragments are of porphyritic pumiceous glrssy 

material; most of the phenocrysts are plagioclase, now 

largely replaced by calcite. The original groundmass 

of pumiceous glass is now devitrified and dark bro^vn. 

Fragments of tuff are rare. There appears to b^ a 

large and varied assemblage of secondary minerals. 

The volcanic fragments are mainly porphyritic andesitic rocks, or possibly plagioclase-bearing dacites. The 

presence of abundant fossils suggests that the volcanic 

material has been reworked.

The soft tuffaceous limestone collected by Kondo 

was treated with a wetting agent and penetrant in the 

laboratory. The material broke down easily, revealing 

a variety of fossil remains: Foraminifera, discoasters, 

corals, hydrozoans, brachiopods, bryozoans, anneHds, 

crinoids, echinoids, ostracodes, barnacles, decapod crustaceans, mollusks, shark teeth, otoliths, and spores and 

other plant microfossils.

W. Storrs Cole has described the larger Foraminifera; these fossils suggest to him a depth of deposition 

of about 200 feet, but other groups notably the 

smaller Foraminifera, the corals, brachiopods, bryozoans, mollusks, ostracodes, and barnacles point to 

a considerably greater depth of deposition.

Material representing a total of 17 organic groups 

was distributed to paleontologists for study and report. 

Seven of these collections were small or were made up 

of incomplete specimens leading only to summary 

reports, but the others, except for the larger Foraminifera, contained much new material. The brachio^od, 

bryozoan, ostracode, barnacle, and mollusk collections 

contained the first identifiable Eocene species from the 

islands of the open Pacific, an area extending 4,000 

miles from Palau to Tonga.

HARRY S. LA.PD

CONTENTS

Foreword_____ ________ _ ___

Abstract _ _____ ______

Introduction. _______

Age of the fauna. ____ ___ ___ __

Paleoecology _____ _ _____

List of species. _ . ___

Systematic descriptions. __

Ammodiscidae ._

Textulariidae___ _

Verneuilinidae____ _____

Valvulinidae. _ _ _ _

Miliolidae __ _ ____

Nodosariidae. _ _

Polymorphinidae _ _ _ _

Buliminidae__

Pleurostomellidae __ _ _

Patellinidae

Page 

III

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_________ _ ... 3

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4

4

______ _________ 4

_ ___ __ _______ 5

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9

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_______.--_-____ 11

Systematic descriptions Continued

Globigerinidae. ________ ___

Globorotaliidae _ _____

Heterohelicidae__ __ __ _

Calcareous nannoplankton, by M. N. 

Crinoids and echinoids, by Porter M. 

Decapod crustaceans, by Henry B. R

Plant microfossils, by Estella B. Leoi

Bramlette _ __

oberts. ___ _ _

)old__-_---_--_-_-

ILLUSTRATIONS

[Plates follow index]

A12 

13 

13 

13

13

14

14

16

17

17

18

18

18

18

19

19

21

PLATES 1-5. Eocene benthonic Foraminifera from Eua, Tonga. 

6-8. Eocene planktonic Foraminifera from Eua, Tonga.

FIGURE 1. Map showing the location of Tonga and 

other island groups in the southwest 

Pacific where upper Eocene limestone 

has been identified,_________________

Page

IV

FIGURE 2. Map of Eua, Tonga, showing the location 

of the recently discovered fossil outcrop and the main mass of Eocene 

limestone. _ _______________________

3. Range chart of seven planktonic Foraminifera species.__________________

4. Photographs of thin sections of Amphistegina euaensis Todd, n. sp__________

Pige

V 

A2 

12

VII

LATE EOCENE FOSSILS FROM EUA, TONGA

SMALLER FORAMINIFERA OF LATE EOCENE AGE FROM EUA, TONGA

By RUTH TODD

ABSTRACT

A predominantly planktonic fauna of smaller Foraminifera 

contains 16 planktonic species and 65 benthonic ones. One planktonic and nine benthonic species are described as new. Age of the 

deposit is late Eocene, probably in the lower part of the Globigerina gortanii Zone of the uppermost Eocene. Depth of deposition seems to have been more than 200 meters.

INTRODUCTION

An exceptionally rich fossil sample from station 

24686, Eua, Tonga, has yielded a diverse fauna of beautifully preserved smaller Foraminifera.

The sample location (fig. 2) is as follows: outcrop 

about a quarter of a mile north of Vaingana, Eua, Tonga; 

at altitude 400 feet (USGS Foraminifera locality 

f26192).

The planktonic part (16 species) forms an estimated 

95 percent of the total smaller Foraminifera population 

and the benthonic part (65 species), about 5 percent. 

Six species of Lenticulina dominate the benthonic part. 

The remaining 59 benthonic species together make up 

probably less than 2 percent of the total number of 

specimens.

Fifty-nine of the total 81 species have been identified with already described species; 10 are described 

as new, and 12 remain indeterminate. The fauna recorded in this study is not complete, as over 20 additional species are represented by too few or too poorly 

preserved specimens to be included in the present 

report.

A previous report (Whipple, 1932) of late Eocene (Tertiary b} Foraminifera from Eua included 

twelve species of larger Foraminifera but no smaller 

Foraminifera.

Acknowledgments. I am grateful to Harry S. Ladd 

from whom I received the material for study and to 

Frances L. Parker, Walter Blow, and James P. Kennett 

for critical review of the manuscript. Responsibility 

for conclusions and for the classification used is my own. 

The photographs were retouched by Doris Low, to 

whom I am also indebted for other assistance in com361-082 O - 70 - 2

pleting the report. I wish to thank Richard Margemm 

for preparing the two thin sections of Amphistegina 

euaensis n. sp. and K. Norman Sachs, Jr., for photographing them.

AGE OF THE FAUNA

The age of the fauna is determinable from the 

planktonic species, six of which appear to have narrow 

or narrowly overlapping stratigraphic ranges. They are 

Globigerina ampliapertura Bolli, G. gortanii (Borsetti), 

G. aff. G. pseudoampliapertura Blow and Banner, 

Pseudohastigerina barbadoensis Blow, Globorotalia c°rroazulensis (Cole), and Hantkenina bermudezi Thalmann. The first four species are common or abundant, 

thus greater weight may be given to them than to the 

last two species, which are rare.

Figure 3 charts the ranges, as recorded by Blow and 

Banner (1962, text fig. 20), for the five of these species 

that are identified without question. In addition, the 

ranges of Globigerina pseudoampliapertura and Glo^orotalia centralis are also included. As the Tonga specimens represent a form transitional between these two 

species, I interpret the age of this transitional form to 

be near the top of the range of the older species and 

near the bottom of the range of the younger species.

Taking into consideration the relative abundance 

in the fauna of the five critical species shown in the 

range chart and the fact that transitional specimens 

instead of typical ones are representative of the two 

other species, I estimate the age of the Tonga deposit 

to be in the lower part of the Globigerina gortanii Zone 

of the uppermost Eocene.

PALEOECOLOGY

Interpretation of depth of deposition is based on two 

factors: predominance of planktonic specimens »,nd 

generic composition of the benthonic part of the population. The great predominance of planktonic specimens 

over benthonic specimens in the Tonga sample, as 

much as 20 to 1, implies deposition at probably not

Al
A2 LATE EOCENE FOSSILS FROM EUA, TONGA

o> 

c 

o> 

o 

o

130

Planktonic

zonation

Globiyerina 

xellii Zone

Q. 

Q.

ID

Globiyerina 

'i Zone

Cribrohantkenina 

dani'illensis Zone

seniiinrohtta Zone

FIGURE 3. Range chart of seven planktonic Foraminifera species that have narrow or overlapping stratigrapl ic ranges

(modified from Blow and Banner, 1962, text fig. 20).

less than 200 meters and in an area fairly distant from 

land.

The benthonic population, small in itself, is dominated by mostly large and robust specimens of Lenticulina. Around Pacific islands this genus, formerly 

known as Cristellaria and Robulus, is almost exclusively 

found on outer slopes. Off Bikini, Lenticulina was found 

at 114 fathoms (209 meters) and deeper (Cushman and 

others, 1954, table 2). Off Guam, it was found between 

570 and 1,170 feet (174 and 357 meters) (Todd, 1966, 

table 4). Analyses from the literature (Cushman, 1921, 

p. 220-254) of the abundant occurrences of Cristellaria 

in the Philippines shows that, with two exceptions at 

37 fathoms (68 meters), the genus occurs most abundantly between 106 and 560 fathoms (194 and 1,024

meters). Based on these records, the abundance of 

Lenticulina in the Eocene fauna indicates a depth of 

deposition no shallower than about 200 meters.

Of the remaining benthonic species, none belong in 

genera that are restricted to shallow water. Moreover, 

several of the species have Holocene equivalents that 

are found at depths greater than about 200 meters. 

For example, Lingulina grandis Cushman (1921, p. 215, 

pi. 43, fig. 1), a species very similar to L. wilcoxensis 

Cushman and Ponton, is found between 78 and 260 

fathoms (143 and 476 meters) in the Philippines.

Several genera (Vulvulina, Marginulino,, Dentalina, 

Angulogerina, Stilostomella, Siphonodosaria, Gyroidina, 

Osangularia, Nonion, Cassidulina, and Pullenia) and 

the family Pleurostomellidae are all found exclusively
SMALLER FORAMTNTFERA A3

at depths greater than 200 meters in the vicinity of the 

Marshall Islands (Cushman and others, 1954, tables 

2-4).

Taken together, the above indications suggest deposition of the Tonga material at a depth not less than 

about 200 meters.

LIST OF SPECIES

Benthonic population:

Family Ammodiscidae

Ammolagena clavata (Jones and Parker) 

Family Textulariidae

Textularia eocaena (Gtimbel)

aflf.T. subhauerii Cushman 

Vulvulina advena Cushman 

Family Verneuilinidae

Gaudryina aff. G. triangularis Cushman

(Siphogaudryina) rugulosa Cushman 

Family Valvulinidae

Clavulina parisiensis d'Orbigny 

Family Miliolidae

Triloculina globosa (Hanna and Hanna)

tricarinata d'Orbigny 

Family Nodosariidae

Lenticulina dumblei (Weinzierl and Applin) 

inornata (d'Orbigny) 

aff. L. nuttalli (Cushman and Renz) 

texana (Cushman and Applin) 

mosesei n. sp. 

tomikii n. sp. 

Marginulina aff. M. nuttalli Todd and Kniker

subbullata Hantken

Lingulina wilcoxensis Cushman and Ponton 

Pseudonodosaria irregularis n. sp.

sp.

Dentalina consobrina d'Orbigny 

cooperensis Cushman 

nummulina Gumbel

Chrysalogonium lanceolum Cushman and Jarvis 

Family Polymorphinidae

Polymorphina tongaensis n. sp. 

Sigmomorphina? sp. 

Ramulina globutifera Brady 

Family Buliminidae 

Bulimina sp. 

Buliminella septata Keyzer

sculpturata Keyzer 

Rectobulimina? sp.

Bolivina cf. B. jacksonensis Cushman and Applin 

Angulogerina cooperensis Cushman 

Fissurina sp. 

Siphonodosaria modesta (Bermudez)

spinea (Cushman) 

Stilostomella advena (Cushman and Laiming)

sp. 

Family Pleurostomellidae

Pleurostomella brevis Schwager 

Ellipsoglandulina exponens (Brady) 

Family Patellinidae

Patellina gigantea n. sp. 

Family Discorbidae

Gyroidina girardana (Reuss) 

Eponides repandus (Fichtel and Moll) 

sp.

Oridorsalis umbonatus (Reuss)

Stomatorbina concentrica (Parker and Jones)

Osangularia bengalensis (Schwager)

Heronallenia sp.

Nuttallides rudis n. sp. 

Family Amphisteginidae

Asterigerina subacuta Cushman

Amphistegina euaensis n. sp.

vulgaris d'Orbigny 

Family Anomalinidae

Cibicides macrocephalus (Gumbel) 

grumus n. sp.

Anomalina cf. A. polymorpha Costa

Hansawaia sp. 

Family Planorbulinidae

Planorbulinella larvata (Parker and Jones)

Gypsina globula (Reuss) 

Family Homotrematidae

Maslinella carolinensis (Cushman)

Victoriellal sp. 

Family Rupertiidae

Rupertia incrassata Uhlig 

Family Nonionidae

Nonion maoricum (Stache)

Pullenia eocenica Cushman and Siegfus 

Family Cassidulinidae

Cassidulina aff. C. laevigata d'Orbigny 

mene n. sp.

Planktonic population: 

Family Globigerinidae

Globigerina ampliapertura Bolli 

conglomerata Schwager 

eocenica Terquem 

gortanii (Borsetti) 

hexagona Natland 

officinalis Subbotina

aflf. G. pseudoampliapertura Blow and Banner 

yeguaensis Weinzierl and Applin 

kondoi n. sp. 

Family Globorotaliidae

Globorotalia cerroazulensis (Cole) 

aflf. G. cocoaensis Cushman 

sp. A 

sp. B 

Family Hantkeninidae

Hantkenina (Cribrohantkenina) bermudezi Thalmr.an 

Pseudohastigerina barbadoensis Blow 

Family Heterohelicidae

Chiloguembelina cubensis (Palmer)

SYSTEMATIC DESCRIPTIONS

Family AMMODISCIDAE 

Genus AMMOLAGENA Eimer and Fickert, 1899

Ammolagena clavata (Jones and Parker)

Ammolagena clavata (Parker and Jones). Cushman and Renz, 

1948, Cushman Lab. Foram. Research Spec. Pub. 24, 

p. 7, pi. 2, fig. 2.

A single specimen of this cosmopolitan and longranging species was found attached to a fragment 

in the Tonga material.
A4 LATE EOCENE FOSSILS FROM EUA, TONGA

Family TEXTULARIIDAE 

Genus TEXTULARIA Defranee, 1824

Textularia eocaena (Giimbel) 

Plate 1, figure 6

Plecanium eocaenum Gumbel, 1870, Bayerische Akad. Wiss. 

Abh., Math.-Phys. Abt., Kl. 2, v. 10, p. 603, pi. 1, 

fig. 3.

Textularia eocaena (Gumbel). Hagn, 1954, Neues Jahrb. Geologic u. Palaontologie Abh., v. 98, no. 3, p. 419 (list), pi. 

26, fig. 2.

Described from the Eocene of Bavaria and reported 

from the Netherlands and Mexico, this species occurs 

rarely at Tonga. It is distinctive in having chambers 

which become progressively higher and more inflated 

toward the apertural end.

Textularia aff. T. subhauerii Cushman 

Plate 1, figure 2

A few robust specimens somewhat resemble this 

species that was described from the Oligocene of 

Mississippi (Cushman, 1922, p. 89, pi. 14, fig. 2). 

These specimens are fairly large, as much as 2 mm 

in length, slightly tapering from the initial end. The 

sutures are horizontal, the chambers are not inflated, 

and the periphery is slightly angled to rounded.

Genus VUIVUUNA d'Orbigny, 1826

Vulvulina advena Cushman

Plate 1, figure 3

Vulvulina advena Cushman, 1926, Cushman Lab. Foram. 

Research Contr., v. 2, p. 32, pi. 4, fig. 9.

This species described from the upper Eocene of 

Alabama and reported from the Eocene of Mississippi, Mexico, Cuba, Dominican Republic, Atlantic 

cores, and France is well represented in the Tonga 

material. Sutures of the biserial part are limbate and 

raised, and the periphery tends to be serrate.

Family VERNEUIIINIDAE 

Genus GAUDRYINA d'Orbigny, 1839

Gaudryina aff. G. triangularis Cushman 

Plate 1, figure 4

Several specimens, which have a somewhat prominent 

triangular triserial stage, seem related to the Holocene 

species Gaudryina triangularis Cushman (1937,. p. 66, 

pi. 9, fig. 16). The specimens show considerable variation in roughness of the wall, inflation of chambers, 

sharpness of angles, and relative size of the triserial 

stage.

Subgenus SIPHOGAUDRYINA Cushman, 1935

Gaudryina (Siphogaudryina) rugulosa Cushman

Plate 1, figure 5

Gaudryina (Siphogaudryina) rugulosa Cushman. Todd and Low, 

1960, U.S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 260-X, p. 818, 

pi. 255, fig. 2; pi. 263, fig. 3.

Although this species was described from the 

Holocene and is widely recorded in Holocene sediment, 

it has also been reported in typical form from the 

Eocene of Saipan and in the Eocene cores from Eniwetok. A single specimen was found in the Tonga

material.

Family VAIVUIINIDAE 

Genus CLAVULINA d'Orbigny, 1826

Clavulina parisiensis d'Orbigny 

Plate 1, figure 1

Clavulina parisiensis d'Orbigny, 1826, Annals des Sc'. Naturelles,

v. 7, p. 268, no. 3; Modeles, no. 66.

Cushman, 1937, Cushman Lab. Foram. Research Spec. 

Pub. 8, p. 18, pi. 2, figs 22-26.

Two specimens of this widely recorded Eocene 

species were found in the Tonga material. The early 

stage is triangular and the later stage is circular

in section.

Family MILIOIIDAE 

Genus TRILOCUHNA d'Orbigny, 1826

Triloculina globosa (Hanna and Hanna) 

Plate 1, figure 7

Quinqueloculina globosa Hanna and Hanna, 1924, Washington 

Univ. [Seattle], Geology, Pubs., v. 1, no. 4, p. 58, pi. 13, 

figs. 1, 2.

Triloculina globosa (Hanna and Hanna). Beck, 1943, Jour. 

Paleontology, v. 17, p. 594, pi. 100, figs. 3, 4.

This species, described from the Eocene of Washington State and reported from the Eocere of Chile 

and Japan, occurs in typical form at Tong.x The test 

is rounded, almost globular, and the aperture is a lowarched opening, not projecting from the circular outline of the test.

Triloculina tricarinata d'Orbigny 

Plate 1, figure 8

Triloculina tricarinata d'Orbigny. Cushman, Todd1 , and Post, 

1954, U.S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 260-H, p. 340, pi. 85, 

figs. 15, 16.

Described from the Holocene and widely reported 

from Eocene to Holocene beds, this sharply angled 

species occurs in typical form in the Tong^. material.
SMALLER FORAMINIFERA A5

Family NODOSARIIDAE 

Genus LENTICUIINA Lamarck, 1804

Lenticulina is commonly represented at Tonga by 

robust specimens of moderate or large size for the genus. 

As presently understood, this genus includes forms 

previously known as Robulus and separated on the 

basis of the radiate aperture having unequal slits. 

This variable now seems of insufficient importance on 

which to base generic distinctions.

Lenticulina dumblei (Weinzierl and Applin) 

Plate 1, figure 15

Robulus dumblei Weinzierl and Applin, 1929, Jour. Paleontology, 

v. 3, p. 396, pi. 43, fig. 3.

Robulus dumblei was described from the Claiborne 

Eocene of Texas and has since been recorded from the 

Jackson Eocene of Mississippi and Alabama and the 

lower Lutetian of France.

Comparison with the holotype shows that the Tonga 

specimens are about three times as large but are otherwise quite similar. The Tonga specimens are characterized by a raised central umbo that has limbate and 

slightly raised curved sutures extending out from it, not 

tangential to it. Nine or ten chambers, rarely as many 

as 14, form the adult whorl. The periphery is angled 

and limbate but not keeled. The wall is smooth except 

for the raised limbate sutures. The aperture is at the 

peripheral angle but not much projecting. Diameter 

ranges between 2 and 3 mm.

Lenticulina inornata (d'Orbigny) 

Plate 1, figure 9

Robulina inornata d'Orbigny, 1846, Foraminiferes fossiles du

bassin tertiaire de Vienne, p. 102, pi. 4, figs. 25, 26. 

Hantken, 1881, Kgl. Ungar. Geol. Anstalt Mitt., Jahrb., 

v. 4, 1875, p. 55, pi. 6, fig. 9.

Robulus inornatus (d'Orbigny). Beck, 1943, Jour. Paleontology, 

v. 17, p. 595, pi. 104, figs. 1-4, 10, 14.

This species was described from the Miocene of the 

Vienna Basin and has been reported from Eocene to 

Holocene beds in many localities around the world. 

The Tonga specimens seem typical. They have straight 

sutures tangential to a large prominent umbo. The 

periphery is angled but not keeled, in some specimens 

being marked by a limbate cord similar to the nummulitid marginal cord. The chambers are few (seven or 

eight) and not inflated. The aperture is projecting at 

the peripheral angle. The Tonga specimens are about 

2 mm in diameter; the largest one is 2.9 mm.

Lenticulina aff. L. nuttalli (Cushman and Renz) 

Plate 1, figure 10

A few specimens seem to be similar to the species 

described as Robulus nuttalli (Cushman and Penz, 

1941, p. 11, pi. 2, fig. 10) from the Agua Salada Formation (specifically from the three lowermost zones 

which are regarded as being late Oligocene to middle 

Miocene in age).

In the Tonga material these specimens are distinctive in having only five to seven chambers per vrhorl 

and a periphery which is faintly indented at each 

suture. The sutures are slightly curved and tangential to a raised central umbo. In this respect the specimens are unlike Robulus nuttalli in which the central 

umbonal area is depressed.

Lenticulina texana (Cushman and Applin) 

Plate 1, figure 13

Cristellaria articulata Reuss var. texana Cushman and Applin, 

1926, Am. Assoc. Petroleum Geologists Bull., v. 10, p. 

170, pi. 8, figs. 1, 2.

Lenticulina articulata (Reuss) var. texana Cushman and Applin. 

Howe and Ellis, 1932, Louisiana Geol. Bull., no. 2, p. 31, 

pi. 5, figs. 1, 2.

Robulus texanus (Cushman and Applin). Beck, 1943, Jour. Paleontology, v. 17, p. 595, pi. 103, figs. 1, 2, 4, 5.

This species is widely reported in rocks of Eocene 

age. It is characterized by its blunt, rounded keel and 

by the coiling which tends to be slightly evolute so 

that the central umbo is prominently exposed.

Lenticulina mosesei Todd, n. sp. 

Plate 1 figures 11, 14

Test large for the genus, close-coiled, relatively thick, 

with inconspicuous central umbo, periphery angled but 

not keeled, peripheral angle limbate in some specimens 

in others almost rounded over the final chamber; 

chambers not inflated, as many as 13 per adult vrhorl, 

as few as six in immature specimens; sutures flush, 

not limbate, straight or slightly curved, joining but not 

tangential to the umbo; wall smooth; aperture radiate, 

not much projecting at the apertural angle.

Diameter about 2.5 mm (maximum observed 3.2 mm); 

thickness about 1.25 mm.

Holotype, USNM 687483, from upper Eocene beds 

about a quarter of a mile north of Vaingana, Eua, Tonga, 

at altitude 400 feet. USGS Foraminifera locality f2'5192.

This species is highly variable in size, compress; on of 

test, and number of chambers per final whorl. It is common in the Tonga material and is characterized by its 

thick test and absence of a keel. Having a smooth sur-
A6 LATE EOCENE FOSSILS FROM EUA, TONGA

face and nothing distinctive about its sutures, L. 

mosesei appears similar to various already described 

species. Two similar species are Cristellaria nikobarensis 

(Schwager, 1866, p. 243, pi. 6, fig. 87) from the upper 

Tertiary of Kar Nicobar and Eobulus chehalisensis (Rau, 

1948, p. 162, pi. 29, figs. 14, 15) from the Eocene of 

Washington State. Both of these differ from L. mosesei 

in being more strongly compressed and in having a 

slight keel.

This species is named in honor of Mosese Vea, one 

of the guides who assisted in collecting the material.

Lenticulina tomikii Todd, n. sp. 

Plate 1, figure 12

Test robust, of moderate size for the genus, closecoiled, nearly as thick as broad, apertural face low; 

periphery smooth or slightly lobulated over the final 

one or two chambers, rounded in edge view; chambers 

few, indistinct, six or seven forming the adult whorl, 

not inflated; sutures indistinct, strongly curved, neither 

raised nor depressed; wall smooth and unornamented; 

aperture below the peripheral angle, a conspicuous 

ring of slits that occupies almost the entire height of 

the apertural face. Diameter about 1.8 mm; thickness 

about 1.3 mm.

Holotype, USNM 687481, from upper Eocene beds 

about a quarter of a mile north of Vaingana, Eua, 

Tonga at altitude 400 feet. USGS Foraminifera locality 

f26192.

This species is distinctive in its globose shape and 

its conspicuous aperture that is situated within the 

apertural face rather than at the peripheral angle. 

Superficially the species resembles a globular Cassidulina until the suture pattern and radiate aperture 

are seen.

This species is named in honor of Tomiki, one of the 

guides who assisted in collecting the material.

Genus MARGINULINA d'Orbigny, 1826

Marginulina aff. M. nuttalli Todd and Kniker

Plate 2, figures 3, 4

Several specimens in the Tonga material, although 

showing considerable variation, appear to be related to 

this species originally described from the lower Oligocene of Mexico and also known from the Eocene and 

Oligocene of Cuba and the Eocene of Chile and Saipan.

The Eua specimens are larger than the cotypes from 

Mexico. They are variable in amount of compression 

and in straightness or curvature of the test. In most of 

them the wall is marked by faint costae as dense as, 

but less well developed than, those on Dentalina nummulina. The costae are slightly spiral and best developed

over the initial part of the test. The sutures look limbate 

as seen through the thick, shiny wall of the test. Two 

specimens are illustrated to show the variability of this 

suite of specimens.

Marginulina subbullata Hantken 

Plate 2, figure 5

Marginulina subbullata Hantken, 1881, Kgl. Ungar. Geol. Anstalt Mitt. Jahrb., v. 4, 1875, p. 46, pi. 4, figs. 9, 10; pi. 5, 

fig. 5.

A few variable specimens occur at Tonga. The species 

was described from the Eocene of Hungary and has 

been reported from widely distributed areas, in beds of 

Eocene to Holocene age.

M. subbullata has a short compact form and is circular 

in section and slightly compressed at the initial end; 

its radiate aperture is at the produced edge of the 

apertural end.

Genus LINGULINA d'Orbigny 1839

Lingulina wilcoxensis Cushman and Ponton

Plate 2, figures 6-8, 15, 16

Lingulina wilcoxensis Cushman and Ponton, 1932, Cushman 

Lab. Foram. Research Contr., v. 8, p. 58, pi. 7, fig. 14.

Toulmin, 1941, Jour. Paleontology, v. 15. p. 591, pi. 79, figs. 

37, 38.

Todd and Low, 1960, U.S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 260-X, 

p. 828, pi. 255, fig. 13.

This large species is represented in the Tonga material by many specimens. Maximum observed length is 

7.7 mm, and the breadth and thickness are around 1.6 

and 0.8 mm, respectively. Considerable variation in 

shape is present within the assemblage; specimens 

range from elongate parallel-sided to oval specimens, 

to those tapering from the bluntly pointed initial end 

(see illustrated specimens). All are compressed but 

without any keel or limbation around the periphery. 

The sutures are fairly distinct, and the later sutures are 

slightly depressed so that the final chambers are slightly 

inflated. In some specimens the pattern cf the later 

sutures shows that described for L. wilcoxensis that 

is, a faint backward-extending curve on the central 

part of each flat side. The aperture is brord but narrowly open, extending about half the bregdth of the 

test. The wall is smooth and unornamented.

The species was described and subsequently reported 

from several localities in the Wilcox Eocene of Alabama. 

In addition, a single specimen was found in Eocene core 

material from Eniwetok atoll. This finding at Tonga 

its third recorded occurrence confirms its presence 

in the Pacific and further extends its geographic extent.
SMALLER FORAMINIFERA A7

Genus PSEUDONODOSARIA Boomgaart, 1949

Pseudonodosaria irregularis Todd, n. sp.

Plate 2, figure 10

Test elongate, tapering, irregularly uniserial; chambers irregularly globular, inflated; sutures flush in 

early stages, depressed or deeply incised later; wall 

smooth; aperture radiate, protruding. Length 1.6- 

2.0 mm; diameter 0.65-1.0 mm.

Holotype, USNM 687492, from upper Eocene beds 

about a quarter of a mile north of Vaingana, Eua, Tonga, 

at altitude 400 feet. USGS Foraminifera locality f26192.

This species differs from other described species 

of Pseudonodosaria in its irregularity. In some specimens the uniserial axis is bent as much as 90°; in 

some the globular chambers are flattened as if the 

test had been crowded during growth; in some the 

aperture protrudes away from the axis of the test; 

and in some the sutures are curved and slanting.

This new species is represented by seven adult 

and two immature individuals.

Pseudonodosaria sp. 

Plate 2, figure 14

Three poorly preserved specimens from the Tonga 

material belong in this genus. The specimens are 

cylindrical and moderately involute, and the aperture 

is radiate.

Genus DENTALINA d'Orbigny, 1826

Dentalina consobrina d'Orbigny

Plate 2, figure 11

Dentalina consobrina d'Orbigny, 1846, Foraminiferes fossiles 

du bassin tertiaire de Vienne, p. 46, pi. 2, figs. 1-3.

A few fragmentary specimens from Eua appear 

to belong in this long-ranging and widely reported 

species. They are characterized by rather long, 

slightly inflated chambers separated by horizontal 

sutures and by a nonarcuate axis.

Dentalina cooperensis Cushman 

Plate 2, figures 12, 13

Dentalina cooperensis Cushman, 1933, Cushman Lab. Foram. 

Research Contr., v. 9, p. 8, pi. 1, fig. 17.

This widely reported late Eocene species occurs 

in the Tonga material. Specimens are smooth walled 

and arcuate, and they have a protruding radiate 

aperture. Sutures are approximately horizontal in 

some specimens and oblique in others. Chambers 

are slightly inflated toward the apertural end.

Dentalina nummulina Giimbel 

Plate 2, figures 1, 2, 9

Dentalina nummulina Giimbel, 1870, Bayerische Akad. Wiss. 

Abh., Math.-Phys. Abt., Kl. 2, v. 10, p. 626, pi. 1, fig. 45.

A large robust, densely costate species, originally 

described from the lower Eocene of Bavaria, is vrell 

represented in the Tonga material. The Eua specimens 

have considerable variation in strength of costae r.nd 

inflation of chambers. Most specimens are arcuate r,nd 

only slightly tapering from a blunt or bulbous initial 

end. In most specimens the horizontal sutures are obscured by the dense costae. The chambers are very 

little inflated except in a few individuals where the 

final several chambers are somewhat inflated. The 

small radiate aperture is at the end of a protruding tube 

at the inner curve of the arcuate test. The lineatior of 

the costae has a slight tendency to be oblique on some 

specimens.

D. nummulina may be related to Marginulina aff. 

M. nuttalli Todd and Kniker (pi. 2, figs. 3, 4), whicl is 

faintly costate particularly over its initial end. The 

Pliocene to Holocene species Dentalina spirostriolata 

(Cushman) (Cushman, 1921, p. 212, pi. 38, fig. 4) resembles this Eocene species but differs in lacking an apertural neck and in having more strongly spiral costae.

Genus CHRYSALOGONIUM Schubert, 1907 

Chrysalogonium lanceolum Cushman and Jarvis

Chrysalogonium lanceolum Cushman and Jarvis, 1934, Cushman 

Lab. Foram. Research Contr., v. 10, p. 75, pi. 10, fig. 16.

Two fragmentary specimens, both having a cribrate 

aperture, appear to be identical with this smooth 

species that was described from the Miocene of Trinidad and has been reported from the Eocene to Miocene 

of the West Indian region.

Family POLYMORPHINIDAE 

Genus POLYMORPHINA d'Orbigny, 1826

Polymorphina tongaensis Todd, n. sp. 

Plate 2, figure 18

Test much compressed but bulging in the middle, 

ovate, equally pointed at both ends; chambers indistinct, not inflated, strongly overlapping so that the 

last-formed chamber covers more than half the surface 

of the test; sutures indistinct, not depressed, curbed 

and sinuous; wall smooth; aperture radiate, pointed. 

Length about 1.00 mm; breadth about 0.80 mm; thickness about 0.45 mm.

Holotype, USNM 687500, from upper Eocene b^ds
A8 LATE EOCENE FOSSILS FROM EUA, TONGA

about a quarter of a mile north of Vaingana, Eua, Tonga, 

at altitude 400 feet. USGS Foraminifera locality f26192.

Polymorphina tongaensis differs from P. frondea 

(Cushman) in being bulged in the middle, in being 

equally pointed on both ends, and in having its periphery angled rather than truncate. Also, the chambers 

of P. tongaensis are more strongly overlapping than 

those of P. frondea so that the final chamber covers 

much of the surface of the test.

Only five specimens were found in the Tonga material 

but all are quite similar.

Genus SIGMOMORPHINA? Cushman and Ozawa, 1928

Sigmomorphina? sp.

Plate 2, figure 19

A small polymorphinid with extensive fistulose outgrowths may belong in this genus but cannot be seen 

clearly enough to insure its correct placement.

Genus RAMULINA Jones 1875 

Ramulina globulifera Brady

Ramulina globulifera Brady, 1884, Challenger Kept., Zoology, 

v. 9, p. 587, pi. 76, figs. 22-28.

Two specimens represent this long-ranging and 

widely reported species. Both consist of central chambers from which project broken-off ends of stolons 

six from one and four from the other. Both specimens 

are spinose.

Family BULIMINIDAE 

Genus BULIMINA d'Orbigny 1826

Bulimina sp. 

Plate 2, figure 17

A few specimens, too rare and undistinctive to be 

identified specifically, are rugose over the initial part 

and smooth and glossy over the final part; they have 

rather thick and limbate sutures.

Genus BULIMINELLA Cushman 1911

Buliminella septata Keyzer

Plate 2, figure 31

Buliminella septata Keyzer, 1953, Leidse Geol. Meded., pt. 17

p. 276, pi. 1, figs. 26-29.

Todd, 1957, U.S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 280-H, p. 298, 

pi. 73, fig. 3; pi. 75, figs, 27-29.

This species was described from the "Miopliocene" 

of Buton, Malay Archipelago, and has been reported 

from the Miocene of Saipan and Guam. At Tonga it is 

well represented by typical specimens.

In the original description, Keyzer noted its close 

relationship with the previously described species from 

the Eocene of Cuba Buliminella grata, particularly 

its variety spinosa. Should they prove to be identical, 

the earlier name ought to be used. Pending this consideration, I will continue to use B. septata and separate 

it from B. grata spinosa on the basis of a stronger development of the scalloped sutures, surface spines, and 

incised furrows radiating from the aperture. There is 

no significant difference in size.

Buliminella sculpturata Keyzer 

Plate 2, figure 23

Buliminella sculpturata Key/er, 1953, Leidse Geol. Meded., 

pt. 17, p. 276, pi. 1, figs. 20-22.

This species was also described from the "Miopliocene" of Buton, Malay Archipelago, vhere it was 

reported with Buliminella septata. B. sculpturata is 

distinguished by a reticulate pattern of raised ridges 

resulting in waffle-like ornamentation over all except 

the apertural end, which is radially furrowed, and by its 

size, about half that of B. septata.

B. sculpturata and B. septata occur together at 

Tonga, also with the same relative size relationship.

Genus RECTOBUHMINA? Marie, 195<*

Rectobulimina? sp.

Plate 2, figure 22

Only two specimens having a central terminal aperture and a coarsely perforate wall with a sugary texture were found in the Tonga material.

They appear to be related to this genu^1 which was 

described and reported only from the Upper Cretaceous, Maestrichtian, of Belgium. However, Rectobulimina is defined as being biserial and tl en uniserial 

in its final stages, whereas the Eua specimens are 

triserial throughout, though with a terminal aperture.

In the slender shape of the test and in the wall 

texture, these specimens resemble Bulimina jar&isi 

Cushman and Parker (1936, p. 39, pi. 7, fig. 1) from 

the Eocene of Trinidad, but in that species the aperture 

is comma-shaped and typical of Bulimina, whereas 

in the Eua species the aperture is clearly terminal.

Genus BOUVINA d'Orbigny, 1839

Bolivina of. B. jacksonensis Cushman and Applin

Plate 2, figure 20

Rare and poorly preserved specimens serm to belong 

in this late Eocene species that was de°-ribed from 

Texas and has since been reported from many localities in the United States, the West Indian region, 

and South America, as well as Saipan.
SMALLER FORAMINIFERA A9

Genus ANGULOGERINA Cushman, 1927 

Angulogerina cooperensis Cushman 

Plate 2, figure 21

Angulogerina cooperensis Cushman, 1935, U.S. Geol. Survey 

Prof. Paper 181, p. 42, pi. 16, fig. 9.

Typical specimens of this slender carinate species 

are rare in the Tonga material. The species has been 

widely recorded from the upper Eocene of the United 

States. In the Pacific it has been reported from Saipan 

and Guam.

Genus FISSURINA Reuss, 1850

Fissurina sp. 

Plate 2, figure 24

Two specimens both compressed, one completely 

surrounded by a flangelike keel and the other bluntly 

rounded on the periphery were found in the Tonga 

material.

Genus SIPHONODOSARIA A. Silvestri, 1924

Siphonodosaria modesta (Bermudez)

Plate 2, figure 25

Ellipsonodosaria modesta Bermudez, 1937, Soc. Cubana Hist. 

Nat. Mem., v. 11, p. 238, pi. 20, fig. 3.

Cushman and Stainforth, 1945, Cushman Lab. Foram. Research Spec. Pub. 14, p. 57, pi. 10, fig. 2.

Cushman and Renz, 1948, Cushman Lab. Foram. Research 

Spec. Pub. 24, p. 32, pi. 6, figs. 11, 12.

Typical specimens of this costate species, described 

from the Eocene of Cuba and recorded from the Eocene 

and Oligocene of Trinidad, are present in the Tonga 

material. They have the internal striations of the apertural tube that are characteristic of this genus.

Siphonodosaria spinea (Cushman) 

Plate 2, figure 26

Ellipsonodosaria curvatura Cushman var. spinea Cushman, 1939,

Cushman Lab. Foram. Research Contr., v. 15, p. 71, pi.

12, figs. 7-11. 

Stilostomella curvatura (Cushman) var. spinea (Cushman). Beckmann, 1954, Eclogae Geol. Helvetiae, v. 46, no. 2, 1953,

p. 370, pi. 21, fig. 28. 

Siphonodosaria curvatura var. spinea (Cushman). Todd, 1957,

U. S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 280-H, p. 268 (table 1),

pi. 67, fig. 5. 

Stilostomella spinea (Cushman). Parker, 1964, Jour. Paleontology,

v. 38, p. 628, pi. 98, fig. 4.

Four Tonga specimens appear to be identical with 

this species that was described from Eocene rocks cored

off the eastern coast of the United States. The species 

seems to be a widespread one, having been reported 

from the Eocene of Trinidad, Ecuador, Austria, and 

Saipan; from the Oligocene of Barbados; and from the 

Miocene and Pliocene of the experimental drilling near 

Guadalupe Island, Mexico.

Genus STILOSTOMELLA Guppy, 1894

Stilostomella advena (Cushman and Laiming)

Plate 2, figure 27

Nodogenerina advena Cushman and Laiming, 1931, Jour. Paleontology, v. 5, p. 106, pi. 11, fig. 19.

Siphonodosaria advena (Cushman and Laiming). White, 1956, 

Jour. Paleontology, v. 30, p. 260, pi. 32, fig. 11.

This species was first described from the Miocene of 

California and has been recorded from many local'ties 

and from Eocene to Pliocene beds under three generic 

names Nodogenerina, Siphonodosaria, and Stilostomella. Nodogenerina is regarded as generically indistinguishable from Stilostomella, whereas Siphonodosaria is distinguished by the internal striations of its 

aperture.

Stilostomella advena is characterized by a straight, 

not arcuate, test and a phialine lip indented by a 

single tooth. The Tonga specimens are faintly hiirmd.

Stilostomella sp. 

Plate 2, figure 28

A costate species, represented by a few specimers at 

Tonga, appears to be undescribed. It is tapering and 

arcuate. The initial chambers are not inflated, the final 

chambers progressively more so, and the last on^ is 

smooth. The costae are thick, heavy, and continuous 

from the initial end. The aperture is at the end of a neck 

with phialine lip that is indented by a single tooth and 

is not internally striate.

Family PLEUROSTOMELIIDAE 

Genus PLEUROSTOMELLA Reuss, 1860

Pleurostomella brevis Schwager 

Plate 2, figure 30

Pleurostomella brevis Schwager, 1866, Novara Exped., Geol. 

Theil, v. 2, p. 239, pi. 6, fig. 81.

Specimens of this long-ranging (Eocene to Holocene) 

species found at Eua are robust and short and have a 

blunt initial end.

361-082 O - 70 - 3
A10 LATE EOCENE FOSSILS FROM ETTA, TONGA

Genus ELLIPSOGLANDULINA A. Silvestri, 1900

Ellipsoglandulina exponens (Brady)

Plate 2, figure 29

Ellipsoglandulina exponens (Brady). Cushman and Stainforth, 

1945, Cushman Lab. Foram. Research Spec. Pub. 14, 

p. 57, pi. 10, fig. 8.

A single typical specimen, clearly showing the curved 

aperture, was found in the Tonga material. This species was described from the Tertiary of Trinidad and 

has been reported from Puerto Rico, the Dominican 

Republic, Barbados, Guatemala, and several localities 

in Europe.

Family PATELLINIDAE 

Genus FATELLINA William son, 1858

Patellina gigantea Todd, n. sp. 

Plate 3, figures 1, 4

Test very large for the genus, planoconvex with the 

basal surface undulating; periphery sharp; dorsal apex 

high; dorsal surface bears roughly concentric ridges 

marking the edges of chambers, and both surfaces 

have radiating lines around the outer circumference; 

ventral surface divided by an irregular line of junction 

between the final and the penultimate chamber; chambers half a whorl in length, indistinct, not inflated; 

sutures indistinct; wall unornamented except by the 

concentric ridges on the dorsal side; aperture unobserved. Diameter as much as 1.6 mm; height as much 

as 1.0 mm.

Holotype, USNM 687515, from upper Eocene beds 

about a quarter of a mile north of Vaingana, Eua, Tonga 

at altitude 400 feet. USGS Foraminifera locality f26192.

Patellina, gigantea n. sp. differs from the other described species of this genus in its size, as much as eight 

times the size of other species of Patellina.

This species is represented by large (1.6mm±) and 

small (1.0 mm±) specimens; one of each is illustrated. 

Very few specimens of an intermediate size were found.

Family DISCORBIDAE 

Genus GYROIDINA d'Orbigny, 1826

Gyroidina girardana (Reuss) 

Plate 3, figure 2

Gyroidina girardana (Reuss). Cushman and Stainforth, 1945, 

Cushman Lab. Foram. Research Spec. Pub. 1'4, p. 60, 

pi. 10, fig. 18.

A few specimens of Gyroidina are characterized by 

a slightly bulging dorsal surface, an open umbilicus, 

and a wide apertural face.

Genus EFONIDES Mont fort, 1808

Eponides repandus (Fichtel and Moll)

Plate 3, figure 9

Eponides repandus (Fichtel and Moll). Todd, 1965, U.S. Natl. 

Mus. Bull. 161, pt. 4, p. 20, pi. 7, figs. 3, 4.

Four typical specimens of this cosmopolitan species 

were found in the Tonga material. They all belong to 

the compact "repandus" form as distinguished from 

the spreading "lateralis" form.

Eponides sp. 

Plate 3, figure 5

Three specimens of an ornamented species appear 

to be new. The test is planoconvex, flat on the dorsal 

side and has an angled periphery. Chambers are not 

inflated but are defined only by prominent raised limbate sutures that extend part way out from the umbilical area on both dorsal and ventral surfaces. About 12 

chambers make up the final whorl. The wall is ornamented by fine sugary pustules covering the whole 

test in between the raised limbate sutures and the 

knobs over the central areas. The aperture is not clear 

but appears to be a low opening between the periphery 

and the umbilicus on the convex side, with a loop 

parallel to the peripheral angle. Diameter, 0.70-1.10 

mm; thickness, 0.42-0.52 mm.

Genus ORIDORSALIS Andersen, 1961

Oridorsalis umbonatus (Reuss)

Plate 3, figure 3*

Rotalina umbonata Reuss, 1851, Deutsch. Geol. Gesell. Zeitschr.,

v. 3, p. 75, pi. 5, fig. 35. 

Oridorsalis umbonatus (Reuss). Todd, 1965, U.S. Natl. Mus. Bull.

161, pt. 4, p. 23, pi. 6, fig. 2.

This species known from Eocene to Holocene beds 

and from many localities is represented by five typical 

specimens in the Tonga material.

Genus STOMATORBINA Dorreen, 1948

Stomatorbina concentrica (Parker and Jores)

Plate 3, figure 7

Pulvinulina concentrica Parker and Jones, in Brady, 1864, Linnean Soc. London Trans., v. 24, p. 470, p1 . 48, fig. 14.

Stomatorbina concentrica (Parker and Jones). Todd, 1965, U.S. 

Natl. Mus. Bull. 161, pt. 4, p. 24, pi. 16, figs. 1, 2.

This genus, although originally based on an Eocene 

species from Cuba and New Zealand, appears to range 

from Eocene to Holocene. The Holocene specimens have
SMALLER FORAMINIFERA All

little to distinguish them from the Eocene ones but 

appear to be smaller, less robust, and flatter. The Tonga 

specimens show greater similarity with Holocene specimens than with those from the Eocene; hence, the Holocene name is used for them.

Genus OSANGULARIA Brotzen, 1940

Osangularia bengalensis (Schwager)

Plate 3, figure 6

Anomalina bengalensis Schwager, 1866, Novara Exped., Geol. 

Theil, v. 2, p. 259, pi. 7, fig. 111.

Osangularia bengalensis (Schwager). Todd, 1957, U.S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 280-H, p. 274 (table 2); p. 278 (table 3), 

pi. 77, fig. 1.

Truncatulina velascoensis Cushman, 1925, Cushman Lab. Foram. 

Research Contr., v. 1, p. 20, pi. 3, fig. 2.

Osangularia velascoensis (Cushman). von Hillebrandt, 1962, Bayerische Akad. Wiss. Abh., Math.-Naturw. Kl., n. f., Heft 

108, p. 110, pi. 9, figs. 16, 17.

Pulvinulinella culler (Parker and Jones) var. mexicana Cole, 1927, 

Bulls. Am. Paleontology, v. 14, no. 51, p. 31, pi. 1, figs. 15, 

16.

Pulvinulinella mexicana Cole. Cushman and Todd, 1945, Cushman Lab. Foram. Research Spec. Pub. 15, p. 61, pi. 10, 

fig. 7.

Osangularia mexicana (Cole). Todd, 1957, U.S. Geol. Survey 

Prof. Paper 280-H, p. 268, (table 1), pi. 69, fig. 1.

Reconsideration of the various specimens placed in 

several species of this genus has led me to conclude 

that at least those listed above, and possibly others, 

should be combined into a single species and the earliest name used.

Specimens of this species show considerable variation 

in number of chambers per whorl, width of keel, and 

limbation of sutures. The Tonga specimens have about 

15 chambers in the final whorl, the keel is thick and 

very wide, and the dorsal surface is nearly buried under 

the coalescing of clear shell material that originates from 

t}he limbation of the sutures, both spiral and radial.

The species is cosmopolitan and occurs in beds from 

Paleocene to Holocene in age.

Genus HERONALLENIA Chapman and Parr, 1931 

Heronallenia sp. 

Plate 3, figure 8

A single specimen, here illustrated, is larger than 

most species of this genus. It is rather highly arched on 

the dorsal side.

Genus NUTTALLIDES Finlay, 1939

Nuttallides rudis Todd, n. sp.

Plate 4, figure 1

Test biconvex, close-coiled, consisting of 2% to 3 

whorls; ventral umbilicus closed by a plug of shell

material, periphery sharp, not lobulated, not keeled; 

chambers distinct, numerous, about 12 making up the 

final whorl, not much increasing in size as added, not 

inflated; sutures distinct, spiral suture thickened, indistinct in the initial stage, dorsal sutures straight and 

tangential, ventral sutures straight and radial, slightly 

indented at their outer ends; wall smooth; aperture extending from the ventral plug almost to the periphery 

with a deep re-entrant just inward from the periphery. 

Diameter, 0.65-0.70 mm; thickness, 0.36-0.39 mm.

Holotype, USNM 687524, from upper Eocene beds 

about a quarter of a mile north of Vaingana, Eua, Tonga, 

at altitude 400 feet. USGS Foraminifera locality f26192.

This species differs from the well-known and widely 

reported Eocene species, N. truempyi (Nuttall), in having more chambers per whorl and in the ventral sutures 

being straight rather than sinuous.

Family AMPHISTEGINIDAE 

Genus ASTERIGEEINA d'Orbigny, 1839

Asterigerina subacuta Cushman 

Plate 4, figure 4

Asterigerina subacuta Cushman, 1922, U.S. Geol. Survey Prof. 

Paper 129-E, p. 100, pi. 24, figs. 1-3.

A few specimens appear to be identical with this species that has so far been reported only from the Oligocene 

of the southeastern United States.

Genus AMPHISTEGINA d'Orbigny, 1826 

Amphistegina euaensis Todd, n. sp.

Plate 4, figure 2; text figure 4

Test of moderate size for the genus, robust, equally 

biconvex, with thickness almost equaling diameter, 

periphery flangelike and bluntly angled; chambers indistinct on the surface, 19 or 20 forming a whorl in the 

adult, four to five whorls forming an adult test; sutures 

obscured; wall thick and heavy, ornamented by irregular weltlike elongated ridges that radiate out from the 

smooth umbo to the smooth flangelike periphery; ornamentation equally developed on both sides; aperture 

not observed. Diameter about 2.5 mm (greatest observed 3 mm); thickness about 2 mm.

Holotype, USNM 687527, from upper Eocene beds 

about a quarter of a mile north of Vaingana, Eua, Tonga, 

at altitude 400 feet. USGS Foraminifera locality f26192.

This species is distinctive in its equally biconvex 

shape and its surface ornamentation.
A12 LATE EOCENE FOSSILS FROM EUA, TONGA

FIGURE 4. Thin sections of Amphistegina euaenis 

Todd, n. sp. Upper: Horizontal section, paratype, 

USNM 687528, X 30. Lower: Vertical section, paratype, USNM 687529, X 30; specimen cracked during sectioning and five air bubbles appear on photograph.

Amphistegina vulgaris d'Orbigny 

Plate 4, figure 3

Amphistegina vulgaris d'Orbigny, 1826, Annals des Sci. Naturelles, v. 7, p. 305, no. 8; Modeles no. 40. 

Parker, Jones, and Brady, 1865, Annals and Mag. Nat.

History, ser. 3, v. 16, p. 25, pi. 3, fig. 91. 

Jones, 1897, Foraminifera of the Crag, pt. 4, p. 359, pi. 2, 

figs. 46-48.

Compared with topotypes from the Miocene, Burdigalian, of Landes, France, the Tonga specimens seem 

to be indistinguishable. They are compressed and have 

about 12 chambers per whorl. Specimens are rare at 

Tonga.

Family ANOMALINIDAE 

Genus CIBICIDES Montfort, 1808

Cibicides macrocephalus (Giimbel) 

Plate 4, figure 7

Rotalia macrocephala Giimbel, 1870, Bayerische Akad. Wiss.

Abh., Math.-Phys. Abt., Kl. 2, v. 10, p. 652, pi. 2, fig. 91. 

Cibicides macrocephalus (Giimbel). Todd and Low, 1960, U.S.

Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 260-X, p. 852, pi. 258, fig. 4.

Described from the Eocene of Bavaria, this species 

has also been reported from the Eocene of Eniwetok 

and Guam. It is a moderately large, coarsely perforate 

species, planoconvex with a ventral plug of clear shell 

material. The aperture, on the flattened ventral side, 

is rimmed by a conspicuous lip.

Cibicides grumus Todd, n. sp. 

Plate 4, figure 6

Test close-coiled, planoconvex dorsal side flat, ventral side conical with a prominent umbilical plug of 

clear shell material; periphery not lobulated, bluntly 

angled and limbate but not keeled; chambers distinct, 

12 or 13 making up the final whorl, the last two or 

three chambers very slightly inflated ventrally; sutures 

distinct, slightly limbate on the dorsal side, slightly 

incised and curved backwards on the ventral side; 

wall smooth and finely perforate on the ventral side; 

irregularly ornamented by limbate sutures and shell 

material perforated by coarse pores on the dorsal side; 

aperture is on the periphery and extends over onto the 

dorsal side, rimmed by a small lip. Diameter 0.48- 

0.78 mm; height 0.30-0.48 mm.

Holotype, USNM 687531, from upper Eocene beds 

about a quarter of a mile north of Vaingana, Eua, Tonga, 

altitude 400 feet. USGS Foraminifera locality f26192.

This species seems to be distinct in its high, planoconvex test and the large umbilical plug. C. grumus is 

somewhat reminiscent of Cibicides dickersoni Bermudez 

(1937, p. 244, pi. 21, figs. 8, 9) from the Eocene of 

Cuba, but C. grumus is more highly conical and the 

umbilical plug occupies a larger proportion of the ventral side. In addition, the dorsal ornamentation is not 

beaded in the Eua species, as it is in C. dickersoni, but 

is irregularly limbate.

Genus ANOMALINA d'Orbigny, 1826 

Anomalina cf. A. polymorpha Costa

A single specimen seems probably identical with 

this species that was described from the Pliocene of 

Italy (Costa, 1856, p. 252, pi. 21, figs. 7-9). The 

test is flattened and concave on one side, where it
SMALLER FORAMINIFERA A13

was attached, and irregularly conical and coarsely 

perforate on the other side. On the conical side the three 

last chambers extend into blunt-spined protuberances 

around the umbilical depression.

Previous records of Anomalina polymorpha are from 

Miocene to Holocene beds.

Genus HANZAWAIA Asano, 1944

Hanzawaia sp.

Plate 5, figure 1

Only three specimens were found. All are planoconvex, steepsided, about 0.75 mm in diameter, and 

0.38 mm thick. The flattened side is slightly concave 

and shows one or two umbilical flaps. On the opposite side the coiling is not completely involute, 

and the area of the early coil is slightly depressed 

in the middle. Eight chambers make up the final 

whorl. The sutures are rather thickened and limbate, 

especially on the concave side, and the periphery 

is marked by a limbate run. The wall is rather coarsely 

perforate.

Family PLANORBTJLINIDAE 

Genus PLANORBULINELLA Cushman, 1927

Planorbulinella larvata (Parker and Jones) 

Plate 4, figure 5

Planorbulina larvata Parker and Jones. Brady, 1884, Challenger 

Rept., Zoology, v. 9, p. 658, pi. 92, figs. 5, 6.

A few typical specimens of this cosmopolitan 

species, that has been recorded from Eocene to Holocene beds, are present in the Tonga material.

Genus GYPSINA Carter, 1877 

Gypsina globula (Reuss)

Gypsina globula (Reuss). Cushman, 1935, U.S. Geol. Survey 

Prof. Paper 181, p. 54, pi. 23, figs. 4, 5.

A few typical specimens of this widely reported 

Eocene to Holocene species were found in the Tonga 

material.

Family HOMOTREMATIDAE 

Genus MASLINELLA Glaessner and Wade, 1959

Maslinella carolinensis (Cushman) 

Plate 5, figure 2

Eponides carolinensis Cushman, 1935, U.S. Geol. Survey Prof. 

Paper 181, p. 46, pi. 17, fig. 7.

Comparison of the type species of the genus (paratypes of Maslinella chapmani deposited in the U.S. 

National Museum) with the types of Eponides carolinensis leads me to conclude that the latter should be 

transferred to Maslinella. Typical specimens occur in

the Tonga material. They have heavy limbaticn of 

dorsal sutures and periphery and a coarsely perforate 

wall. They have the umbilical knobs of shell material 

that are present on both Maslinella chapmani and 

"Eponides carolinensis." M. carolinensis differs from M. 

chapmani in being more compactly coiled (less flaring). 

The genus Maslinella was described from the upper 

Eocene of Australia. ''Eponides carolinensis" was 

described and known only from the upper Eocene of 

North Carolina. Judging only from the literature it 

seems that several records under the name of Eponides 

cf. E. carolinensis and two varieties of E. carolinensis 

may prove to belong in Maslinella. They are: a record 

(Colom, 1945, p. 43, pi. 1, figs. 13, 16, 17,23, 24) from 

the Eocene and Oligocene of Navarra, Spam, a record 

(de Witt Puyt, 1941, p. 66, pi. 1, figs. 52, 57; pi. 2, f 3. 2) 

from the Eocene of Hercegovina; and a recorc1 (de 

Gaona and Colom, 1950, p. 377, text fig. 14, figs, f, 10) 

from the Eocene of the southern Pyrenees.

Genus VICTORIELLA? Chapman and Crespin, 1930 

Victoriella? sp. 

Plate 5, figure 3

A single specimen, here illustrated, may belong in 

this genus. The robust test consists of a low trochospiral coil of three whorls. The wall is thick, rough 

surfaced, and coarsely perforate. The specimen appears 

to have been attached at the umbilical area. Matrix 

obscures the apertural opening.

The genus is known from upper Eocene to Miocene 

beds in Australia, New Zealand, New Guinea, Saipan, 

and Europe.

Family RUPERTHDAE 

Genus KUPEKTIA Wallich, 1877

Rupertia incrassata Uhlig 

Plate 5, figure 7

Rupertia incrassata Uhlig, 1886, K.k. Geol. Reichsanstalt Jahrb., 

v. 36, no. 1, p. 185, pi. 4, figs. 3-9.

This species, described from the "Alttertiar" cf the 

West Galician Carpathians, is present at Tonga The 

wall is characteristically coarsely perforate and in some 

specimens is covered by wartlike protuberances.

Family NONIONIDAE 

Genus NONION Mont fort, 1808

Nonion maoricum (Stache) 

Plate 5, figure 4

Rosalina maorica Stache, 1864, Novara Exped., Geol. Theil, v. 1, 

sec. 2, p. 282, pi. 24, fig. 32.
A14 LATE EOCENE FOSSILS FROM EUA, TONGA

Nonion maoricum (Stache). Dorreen, 1948, Jour. Paleontology,

v. 22, p. 289, pi. 37, fig. 9.

Todd, 1966, U.S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 403-1, p. 29, pi. 6, 

fig. 8.

This species, described from the Eocene of New Zealand and also recorded from the Eocene and Oligocene 

of Guam, occurs at Tonga. These specimens have slightly fewer chambers than the New Zealand types.

Genus PULLENIA Parker and Jones, 1862 

Pullenia eocenica Cushman and Siegfus 

Plate 5, figure 5

Pullenia eocenica Cushman and Siegfus, 1939, Cushman Lab. 

Foram. Research Contr., v. 15, p. 31, pi. 7, fig. 1.

A single typical specimen was found at Tonga. This 

species was described from the Eocene of California and 

has also been reported from the Eocene of Maryland, 

Chile, Poland, and Japan.

Family CASSIDUIINIDAE 

Genus CASSIDULINA d'Orbigny, 1826

Cassidulina aff. C. laevigata d'Orbigny

Only two specimens were found of a species having an 

angled but not keeled periphery. About four pah's of 

chambers make up the final whorl.

Cassidulina mene Todd, n. sp. 

Plate 5, figure 6

Test compact, smoothly globular, apertural face low 

and concave or slightly flattened; chambers numerous, 

indistinct, narrow, elongate, not inflated; sutures indistinct, slightly irregular; wall smooth; aperture rather 

large for the genus, a straight loop-shaped opening extending up at a slight angle to the suture at the base of 

the apertural face. Diameter 0.42-0.48 mm.

Holotype, USNM 687539, from upper Eocene beds 

about a quarter of a mile north of Vaingana, Eua, Tonga, 

at altitude 400 feet. USGS Foraminifera locality f26192.

This species seems related to Cassidulina pacifica 

Cushman from the Holocene and upper Tertiary but 

differs in having narrower and more numerous chambers 

so that eight or nine alternating ones are visible on the 

dorsal curved surface.

Family GIOBIGERINIDAE

The classification of the family Globigerinidae is 

still a speculative matter. When the families Globigerinidae and Globorotaliidae were originally established 

(Cushman, 1927, p. 87, 91), the major means by which 

the two families were separated was shape of chambers

in the adult test more or less globular in tt e Globigerinidae and compressed and keeled, or at le^st angular 

on the periphery, in the Globorotaliidae. Bolli, Loeblich, 

and Tappan (1957, p. 31, 39) used position of the aperture whether it is umbilical or extends beyond the 

umbilicus as the determining characteristic whereby 

genera of the Globigerinidae were separated from those 

of the Globorotaliidae. Parker (1962, p. 220-221) used 

spinose walls (or hispid walls in fossil forms) as opposed 

to nonspinose, smooth or pitted walls as the determining 

characteristic in separating genera of the Globigerinidae from those of the Globorotaliidae.

Each of these systems of classification, if strictly 

followed, results in combinations or separations of genera that to me seem unnatural. I doubt that a simple 

twofold system of classification can be set up that will 

result in strict conformity of all morphological elements 

in all the genera concerned. Hence, for the present, I 

will use Globigerina for those species that have generally 

globular chambers and either hispid or pitted walls, 

and either an umbilical or extraumbilical-umbilical aperture. I will use Globorotalia for species that have a 

more or less angular or keeled periphery.

Genus GLOBIGERINA d'Orbigny, 1826

Globigerina ampliapertura Bolli

Plate 6, figure 1

Globigerina ampliapertura Bolli, 1957, U.S. Natl. Mus. Bull. 215, 

p. 108, pi. 22, figs. 4-7; p. 164, pi. 36, fig. 8.

This species occurs in uppermost Eocene and Oligocene beds and is found in the equatorial belt around 

the world. It is characterized by a compact low spire, 

a broad and widely open umbilical aperture, and a 

cancellate wall. Specimens are common in the Tonga 

material.

Globigerina conglomerata Schwager

Plate 6, figures 2-5

Globigerina conglomerata Schwager. Todd, 1964, U.S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 260-CC, p. 1080, pi. 291, figs. 8, 9.

The above reference includes a partial synonymy 

of the species as well as a discussion of its variability. 

The species seems to range from at least upper Eocene 

to Holocene, as typical specimens have beQ<n reported 

from the upper Eocene of Guam (Todd, 1966, pi. 2, 

fig. 5). The similar early Tertiary species, Globigerina 

tripartita, may prove to belong with G. conglomerata as 

a synonym.

Globigerina conglomerata is abundant in the Tonga 

material. Four specimens, showing its variable form, 

are illustrated. The largest has a heavy, ^osely com-
SMALLER FORAMESTIFERA A15

pact form and three chambers in the final whorl; two 

are medium-sized specimens one has three chambers 

per final whorl plus a smooth bulla partly covering 

the umbilicus, and the other has a more loosely coiled 

form and four chambers in the final whorl; and the 

smallest specimen is a probably juvenile form that has 

four chambers in the final whorl around a fairly open 

umbilical depression. In none of these is the aperture 

more than a low opening under the inner edge of the 

chamber.

The late Eocene species, Globigerina turgida Finlay 

(Bolli, 1957a, pi. 15, figs. 3-5), bears a close resemblance 

to this species. Comparison with a topotype from New 

Zealand indicates a closely similar morphology, in 

particular with the two more loosely coiled four-chambered forms that have an umbilicus (this paper, pi. 6, 

figs. 2, 4). However, the close relationships between the 

four described variants lead me to regard them all as a 

single species, G. conglomerate,, possibly with G. turgida 

as a synonym.

Globigerina eocenica Terquem

Plate 7, figure 4

Globigerina eocenica Terquem, 1882, Soc. Geol. France Mem., 

ser. 3, v. 2, p. 86, pi. 9 (17), fig. 4.

This species, described from the Eocene of the Paris 

Basin and reported from many Eocene localities in 

Europe and America as well as at Eniwetok, occurs 

rarely at Tonga. It is a tightly coiled form that has 

three chambers in the final whorl, and the aperture is 

merely a low slit beneath the edge of the chamber.

Globigerina gortanii (Borsetti) 

Plate 7, figure 8

Catapsydrax gortanii Borsetti, 1959, Gior. Geologia, ser. 2, v. 27, 

1956-57, p. 205, pi. 1, fig. 1.

Globigerina gortanii (Borsetti). Blow and Banner, 1962, TO Eames, 

Banner, Blow, and Clarke, Fundamentals of mid-Tertiary 

stratigraphical correlation, Cambridge Univ. Press, p. 146 

(postscript).

Todd, 1966, U.S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 403-1, p. 33, 

pi. 2, fig. 3; pi. 10, figs. 6-8.

Globigerina turritilina Blow and Banner, 1962, in Eames, Banner, 

Blow, and Clarke, Fundamentals of mid-Tertiary stratigraphical correlation, Cambridge Univ. Press, p. 98, pi. 13, 

figs. D-G.

Described from the Oligocene of Italy, this species 

has been reported from the uppermost Eocene and 

Oligocene of East Africa and Guam. Typical specimens 

are rare in the Tonga material. They are among the 

largest of the Tonga planktonic species. The species 

is a high-spired form that has a low and inconspicuous 

umbilical aperture and a cancellate wall. Four distinctly separated chambers form the final whorl.

Globigerina hexagona Natland 

Plate 7, figure 6

Globigerina (Globorotaloides) hexagona Natland. Todd, 1964, U.S. 

Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 260-CC, p. 1080, pi. 292, fig. 3.

The reference above gives my reasons for combining a 

series of described species as a single species having a 

range from middle Eocene to Holocene, and having an 

evolutionary development from few chambers (four) 

to more chambers (six) and from a thicker and more 

compact test to a flatter and more attenuated one. 

The most characteristic feature of this species i<* its 

coarsely cancellate wall.

The specimens from Tonga have four chambers per 

final whorl (rarely five in juvenile specimens) anc1 are 

thick and compactly coiled.

Globigerina officinalis Subbotina 

Plate 7, figure 1

Globigerina officinalis Subbotina. Blow and Banner, 19?2 in 

Eames, Banner, Blow, and Clarke, Fundamentals of midTertiary stratigraphical correlation, Cambridge Univ. 

Press, p. 88, pi. 9, figs. A-C; text figs. 16 (i-v).

This minute (0.19-0.23 mm) species was described 

from the upper Eocene and lower Oligocene of the 

Caucasus and also recorded from East Africa. Under 

other names (see synonymy given in above reference), 

it has been recorded from France, Germany, and Trinidad. Typical specimens, characterized by a low-spired 

four-chambered whorl and a low aperture, are present in 

the Tonga material.

Globigerina aff. G. pseudoampliapertura Blow and Banner 

Plate 8, figure 1

Specimens transitional between Globorotalia centralis 

and Globigerina ampliapertura, described and illustrated 

from the uppermost Eocene of Trinidad (Bolli, 1957b, 

p. 164, pi. 36, figs. 9, 10), were interpreted as possibly 

representing a gerontic stage of the Globorotalia centralis-G. cocoaensis strain, in the process of reverting to 

a globigerinid form before it became extinct.

These transitional specimens were subsequently included in the synonymy of Globigerina pseudoampliapertura (Blow and Banner, 1962, p.77, 95, pi. 12, figs. 

A-C; pi. 17, figs. A, E; text fig. 12c) and that species 

said to be typical of and abundant in the Cribrohantkenina danvittensis and Globigerina gortanii Zones c f the 

upper Eocene of East Africa (Blow and Banner, 1962, 

p. 68).

Specimens that appear very similar, although not 

identical, to G. pseudoampliapertura are fairly common
A16 LATE EOCENE FOSSILS FROM EUA, TONGA

in the Tonga material. They differ from typical specimens in that the aperture is not umbilical but rather 

extends from the umbilicus to the periphery. They differ 

from Globorotalia centralis in that the chambers are 

somewhat inflated individually so that the dorsal surface 

is bulging rather than flat, and the periphery is lobulated rather than entire.

Globigerina yeguaensis Weinzierl and Applin 

Plate 7, figure 7

Globigerina yeguaensis Weinzierl and Applin, 1929, Jour. Paleontology, v. 3, p. 408, pi. 43, fig. 1.

Bolli, 1957, U.S. Natl. Mus. Bull. 215, p. 163, pi. 35, figs. 

14, 15.

This late Eocene and Oligocene species is widely 

known. It occurs rarely in typical form in the Tonga 

material. G. yeguaensis is characterized by loose coiling 

and the flange that protects the apertural opening in the 

deep umbilicus. About 3% chambers form the final 

whorl, and the periphery is deeply indented. The wall 

is cancellate.

Globigerina kondoi Todd, n. sp.

Plate 7, figure 2

Test small for the genus, compactly coiled, not compressed; periphery indented; chambers few, early ones 

indistinct, 3X to 4 making up the adult whorl, moderately 

inflated; sutures indistinct on the dorsal side, straight 

and incised on the ventral side; wall finely cancellate; 

aperture large, high-arched, extending from the umbilicus toward the periphery, protected by a narrow 

rim. Length 0.30-0.40 mm; breadth 0.25-0.32 mm; 

thickness 0.20-0.30 mm.

Holotype, USNM 687550, from upper Eocene beds 

about a quarter of a mile north of Vaingana, Eua, Tonga 

at altitude 400 feet. USGS Foraminifera locality f26192.

The high-arched aperture, at least as high as wide, 

is the distinguishing characteristic of this species. It 

is a smaller species than Globigenna, ampliapertura, 

and its large aperture is high and narrow as compared 

with the broad aperture of that species. Globigerina 

druryi Akers (1955, p. 654, pi. 65, fig. 1) is somewhat 

similar but is a more tightly coiled form and the aperture is much lower. A species called "Globorotalia" 

acrostoma Wezel (1966, p. 1298, pi. 101, figs. 1-12; text 

fig. 1) from the upper Oligocene and lower Miocene of 

southern Italy resembles this new species in the size and 

shape of its aperture, but "G." acrostoma differs in the 

peripheral position of the aperture, the compression of the 

whole test, and the greater number of chambers per 

whorl. This species is named in honor of Yoshio Kondo, 

the collector of the material, of the Bernice P. Bishop 

Museum in Honolulu.

Family GLOBOROTALIIDAE 

Genus GLOBOROTALIA Cushman, 1927

Globorotalia cerroazulensis (Cole) 

Plate 8, figure 3

Globigerina cerro-azulensis Cole, 1928, Bulls. Am. Paleontology, 

v. 14, no. 53, p. 217, pi. 1, figs. 11-13.

Globorotalia cerro-azulensis (Cole). Todd, 1957, U.S. Geol. 

Survey Prof. Paper 280-H, p. 268 (table 1), pi. 71, 

fig. 4.*

Globorotalia (Tiirborotalia) cerro-azulensis (Cole). Blow and 

Banner, 1962, in Eames, Banner, Blow, and Clarke, 

Fundamentals of mid-Tertiary stratigrr.Dhical correlation, Cambridge Univ. Press, p. 118, pi. 12, figs. D-F; 

pi. 16, fig. M; text fig*. 12 d, e.

Only four specimens were found in the Tonga 

material. They are typical of this species described 

from the Eocene of Mexico and widely reported 

around the world in the equatorial belt.

The dorsal surface is flat, and the peripheral outline 

is only slightly indented. Four compactly coiled chambers make up the final whorl, and each chamber is 

distinctly thicker than the previous one, so that the 

test is tapering in thickness.

Globorotalia aff. G. cocoaensis Cushman 

Plate 8, figure 4

A single specimen seems similar to G. cocoaensis 

Cushman (1928, p. 75, pi. 10, fig. 3) described from the 

Eocene of Alabama. The Tonga specimen differs 

from G. cerroazulensis in being flatter throughout. 

It is more compressed than the holotype of G. cocoaensis but seems related to it.

Globorotalia sp. A 

Plate 8, figure 2

Only two minute specimens (0.18 mm in diameter), 

one dextral and one sinistral, were found in the Tonga 

material.

The test is composed of nine chambers, 4% making 

up the final whorl. The chambers are moderately 

inflated, and the periphery is rounded and slightly 

indented. The wall is finely spinose. Tie aperture 

is obscured.

Globorotalia sp. B

Plate 8, figure 5

A few specimens represent another species of Globorotalia that seems to be undescribed. The dorsal surface 

is slightly bulging, the ventral surface is conical and 

has an open umbilicus, and the apertural face has a 

high sloping surface. The periphery is entire, angled, 

and limbate. The chambers rapidly increase in size as
SMALLER FORAMINIFERA A17

added, and five or six make up the final whorl. The 

aperture is low, under the edge of the final chamber. 

The wall appears to be smooth and unornamented, 

except for the limbate dorsal sutures and peripheral 

border.

Family HANTKENINIDAE

Genus HANTKENINA Cushman, 1924

Subgenus CRIBROHANTKENINA Thalmann, 1942

Hantkenina (Cribrohantkenina) bermudezi Thalmann 

Plate 8, figure 6

Hantkenina, (Cribrohantkenina) bermudezi Thalmann, 1942, Am.

Jour. Sci., v. 240, p. 814, pi. 1, figs. 5, 6. 

Bronnimann, 1950, Jour. Paleontology, v. 24, p. 417, pi. 56,

figs. 6-9, 24, 25. 

Hantkenina bermudezi Thalmann. Todd, 1957, U.S. Geol. Survey

Prof. Paper 280-H, p. 304, pi. 70, fig. 13. 

Hantkenina brevispina Cushman of Bermudez [not Cushman],

1937, Soc. Cubana Hist. Nat. Mem., v. 11, no. 3, p. 151,

pi. 19, figs. 7-10. 

Cribrohantkenina danvillensis (Howe and Wallace). Blow and

Banner, 1962, in Eames, Banner, Blow, and Clarke,

Fundamentals of mid-Tertiary stratigraphical correlation,

Cambridge Univ. Press, p. 128, pi. 16, figs. G, H; text figs.

19(i-vii). 

Hantkenina inflata Howe. Todd, 1966, U.S. Geol. Survey Prof.

Paper 403-1, p. 34, pi. 1, fig. 2, pi. 8, fig. 6.

This late Eocene species has a worldwide distribution, 

having been reported from the Gulf of Mexico coast, 

Cuba, Trinidad, Saipan, Guam, Italy, Armenia, and 

East Africa.

Only two specimens were found in the Tonga material. Each subsequent chamber is larger and broader 

than the previous one, and one specimen shows the cribrate aperture typical of the subgenus Cribrohantkenina.

The name of this species is open to question. Eventually, the four inflated species H. inflata, H. mccordi, 

H. danvillensis, and H. bermudezi may probably prove 

to be conspecific, in which case the earliest name should 

be used.

A zone erected in the middle part of the upper Eocene 

in East Africa takes its name from this species (Blow 

and Banner, 1962, p. 68). In Trinidad this species is 

characteristic of the Globorotalia cocoaensis Zone (Bolli, 

1957b, p. 160), which is regarded as equivalent to the 

lower half of the above-mentioned Cribrohantkenina 

danvillensis Zone of East Africa (Blow and Banner, 

1962, text fig. 8).

The Cribrohantkenina "danvillensis" Zone has also 

been recognized in Alabama (Deboo, 1965, p. 11, 12, 

text fig. 3), where it is considered a subzone in the 

Shubuta Member of the Yazoo Clay and placed in the 

uppermost Eocene. In Alabama, this zone includes four 

other species that are typical of or comparable with

species in the Tonga material. They are Globigerino, gortanii, G.pseudoampliapertura, Globorotalia cerroazulensis, 

and Globorotalia cocoaensis. Globigerina ampliapertura is 

present in the overlying Ked Bluff Clay in Alabama, 

but this species does not occur with Cribrohantkenina in 

Alabama, as it does at Tonga. This relation suggests 

that the Tonga material is younger than the Alabama 

material from the Shubuta Member of the Yazoo Clay.

Genus PSEUDOHASTIGERINA Banner and Blow, 195?

Pseudohastigerina barbadoensis Blow

Plate 7, figure 3

Pseudohastigerina barbadoensis Blow, 1969, Geneva Planktonic 

Conf., 1st, Geneva, 1967, Proc.. p. 409, pi. 53., figs. 

7-9; pi. 54, figs. 1-3.

Test minute for the genus, compressed, planispiral, 

close-coiled; periphery rounded, slightly lobulate around 

the last several chambers; chambers indistinct in the 

initial part, about seven in the final whorl, slightly 

inflated, gradually increasing in size and inflation as 

added; sutures indistinct, straight or slightly curved; 

wall smooth; aperture under a slightly projecting lip 

of the final chamber. Diameter 0.18 mm; thickness 

0.07 mm.

This minute and strongly compressed species was 

described from the lower Oligocene (zone P. 19) in 

Trinidad and has been reported to be restricted to 

beds of late Eocene and early Oligocene age (zones 

P. 16 to P. 19) (Blow, 1969, p. 410). It is much smaller 

and more strongly compressed than the other described 

species of this genus (Berggren and pthers, 1967). In 

addition its chambers are less inflated, and the periphery consequently less lobulated.

Family HETEROHELICIDAE 

Genus CHILOGUEMBELINA Loeblich and Tappan, 1956

Chiloguembelina cubensis (Palmer) 

Plate 7, figure 5

Gumbelina cubensis Palmer, 1934, Soc. Cubana Hist. Nat. Mem.,

v. 8, no. 2, p. 74, text figs. 1-6. 

Chiloguembelina cubensis (Palmer). Beckmann, 1957, U.S. Natl.

Mus. Bull. 215, p. 89, pi. 21, fig. 21; text figs. 14 (5-8). 

Todd, 1966, U.S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 403-1, p. 33, pi.

8, figs. 1, 4.

This late Eocene and early Oligocene species ir represented by very rare specimens at Tonga. It was 

described from Cuba and has been recorded from 

Trinidad, Venezuela, the Dominican Republic, the 

southeastern United States, and Guam.

361-082 O - 70 - 4
A18 LATE EOCENE FOSSILS FROM EUA, TONGA

CALCAREOUS NANNOPLANKTON

By M. N. BRAMLETTE

A total of 21 specimens of calcareous nannoplankton 

were identified from the tuffaceous limestone of station 

24686 onEua, Tonga:

Apertapetra umbttica (Levin)

Braarudosphaera bigelowi (Gran and Braarud)

discula Bramlette and Riedel 

Bramletteius serraculoides Gartner 

Coccolithus bisectus (Hay, Mohler, and Wade) 

eopelagicus (Bramlette and Riedel) 

scissurus (Hay, Mohler, and Wade) 

Cyclococcolithus lusitanicus (Black)

neogrammation Bramlette and Wilcoxon 

Discoaster tani Bramlette and Riedel 

deftandrei Bramlette and Riedel 

Helicosphaera compacta Bramlette and Wilcoxon 

intermedia Martini

aff. H. reticulata Bramlette and Wilcoxon 

Micrantholithus sp.

Peretrachelina joidesa Bukry and Bramlette 

Sphenolithus moriformis (Stradner)

predistentus Bramlette and Wilcoxon 

pseudoradians Bramlette and Wilcoxon 

Thoracosphaera sp. 

Zygrhablithus bijugatus Deflandre 

All but one of the specimens listed are known from 

upper Eocene and lowermost Oligocene strata in the 

southeastern United States and elsewhere. An age of 

earliest Oligocene is also suggested by the complete 

absence of such common Eocene discoasters as Discoaster barbadiensis Tan Sin Hok, emend. Bramlette 

and Riedel, and D. saipanensis Bramlette and Riedel, 

as well as Isthmolithus recurvus Deflandre and Cyclococcolithus reticulatus Gartner and Smith. However, a 

single specimen of a distinctive (undescribed) Thoracosphaera is present. This is a species that is common 

elsewhere in the middle Eocene and previously unknown 

in younger strata.

CRINOIDS AND ECHINOIDS

By PORTER M. KIER

The echinoderms are represented by crinoid and 

echinoid fragments and one very small test of a regular 

noncidarid echinoid too small for more detailed identification. The spines are from cidarid, spatangoid, and 

possibly cassiduloid echinoids, and one fragment is 

from an echinometrid echinoid, perhaps Heterocentrotus. 

The cidarid spines are slender indicating that they 

probably came from echinoids living in water deeper 

than 100 meters. Heterocentrotus is presently confined 

to shallow water where its heavy distinctive spines

serve as protection from heavy waves. Hovrever, this 

fragment is abraded suggesting that it has been 

transported.

The crinoid fragments consist of a few isolated calyx 

plates and stem columnals. Most of the stem columnals 

are from pentacrinoids which in present seas occur 

in water deeper than 80 meters.

The echinoderm fragments indicate that the echinoderms lived in water deeper than 80 meters.

DECAPOD CRUSTACEANS

By HENRY B. ROBERTS

Fifty-seven fragments of fingers and palms of fossil 

decapod crustaceans, the first recorded from the Tonga 

Islands, are included among the fossil invertebrates 

collected from the tuffaceous limestone of Eocene (Tertiary 6) age on the island of Eua. These fragments, 

which range from 2 to 8 mm in length, and from which 

the original surface ornamentation as well as all sharp 

edges have been effaced, are enumerated below:

, -,-, Number of Infraorder Brachyura: specimens 

Family Xanthidae._____________________ 46

Family undetermined-__________________ 6

Infraorder Anomura:

Family Porcellanidae__ __________________ 1

Family Callianassidae___________________ 1

Family Paguridae_______________________ 1

In the absence of generic and specific identifications, 

which cannot be made, at least not by the waiter, these 

Eua decapods are of small value in deternining the 

conditions under which the sediments containing them 

were deposited. It may be suggested, however, that the 

present specimens were deposited initially in either the 

littoral or the sublittoral zone, or in both of these zones, 

because their Holocene counterparts namely, the Xanthidae, the Porcellanidae, the Callianassidae, and certain of the Paguridae are typical of sublittoral and 

littoral marine environments.

SHARK TEETH

By DAVID H. DTJNKLE

The sample of Eocene tuff aceous limestone from 

station 24686 on Eua, Tonga, contained se^en incomplete shark teeth that are tentatively assigned to three 

families: Lamnidae, Carchariidae, and Carcharhinidae. 

The lamnid is the porbeagle shark (Lamnd) represented 

by one tooth having part of a principle cusp vith lateral 

accessory denticle. The carchariid is the sand shark, 

represented by a single acutely conical cusp. Five 

crowns of teeth appear to represent one of the requiem 

sharks of the Carcharhinidae; both upper teeth with
SMALLER FORAMINIFERA A19

serrated borders and lower teeth with smooth borders 

are present.

The occurrences are not stratigraphically significant. 

The lamnids and carchariids are known from Early 

Cretaceous and younger strata. The carcharhinids 

appeared in the Eocene and are today the largest and 

most numerous family of sharks. The association, however, is an interesting one. Lamna normally is an inhabitant of Boreal and Temperate continental waters. The 

sand shark is a coastwise form in tropical and warm 

Temperate waters and the requiem sharks are found 

almost everywhere in tropical and warm Temperate 

zones. All the fossil teeth from Eua are small and 

resistant to erosion. There is no way of telling how 

far they may have been transported prior to burial in 

the tuffaceous limy sediment.

PLANT MICROFOSSILS

By ESTELLA B. LEOPOLD

A sample of the Eocene tuffaceous limestone from 

station 24686 on Eua, Tonga (USGS Paleobotany locality D4297), was divided into four fractions. Two were 

sized samples, 115-200 mesh and 25-115 mesh, which 

had been macerated in a wetting agent and penetrant, 

and two were whole-rock samples, one of which was 

macerated in a wetting agent and penetrant and the 

other was macerated in 10 percent HC1. All fractions 

were decalcified with HC1; the two whole-rock fractions 

were partly desilicified with HF, and the organic remains 

were floated off with heavy liquid.

All sample fractions contain abundant smooth-walled 

cysts 20-40 microns in diameter, some of which have 

double walls, and all of which are probably resting 

cysts of marine algae. Occasional oval and rounded 

triangular cells, about 60 microns in diameter, with 

smooth walls, appear to be unilocular sporangia, for 

they each contain a large number of simple smaller 

cells, which are probably swarmer or reproductive cells. 

Simple reproductive structures of this pattern are seen 

in many filamentous algae.

A very few simple trilete spores which are attributable to lower vascular plants (land plants) were seen, 

but no pollen of higher plants could be found.

Pollen and spores from land-based plants are typically concentrated in shelf sediments within a few miles 

of shore, and are known to be a rare but consistent 

minor element in samples even from abyssal depths. 

Considering the probable distance from Eocene land 

plants and the water depth (more than 80 meters) at 

the site as inferred from other fossil evidence, an abundance of pollen and spores in these sediments would 

not be expected.

REFERENCES CITED

Akers, W. H., 1955, Some planktonic Foraminifera of the American Gulf Coast and suggested correlations with the Caribbean Tertiary: Jour. Paleontology, v. 29, p. 647-664, pi. 65, 

figs. 1-3.

Asano, Kiyoshi, 1939, Limestones of the South Sea Islands under 

the Japanese Mandate (Jubilee publication in commemoration of Prof. Hisakatsu Yabe's 60th birthday): v. 1, p. 537- 

550.

Berggren, W. A., Olsson, R. K., and Reyment, R. A, 1967, 

Origin and development of the foraminiferal genus P^udohastigerina Banner and Blow, 1959: Micropaleontolc gy, v. 

13, p. 265-288, pi. 1, figs. 1-12.

Bermudez, P. J., 1937, Nuevas especies de Foraminffens del 

Eoceno de las cercanias de Guanajay, Provincia Pinar del 

Rio, Cuba: Soc. Cubana Hist. Nat. Mem., v. 11, no. 4, p. 

237-247, pis. 20, 21.

Blow, W. H., 1969, Late middle Eocene to Recent planktonic 

foraminiferal biostratigraphy: Geneva Planktonic Conf., 1st, 

Geneva, 1967, Proc. [Leiden, E. J. Brill and Co.l. P 199- 

422, pis. 1-54.

Blow, W. H., and Banner, F. T., 1962, The mid-Tertiary (upper 

Eocene to Aquitanian) Globigerinaceae, in Eames, F. E., 

Banner, F. T., Blow, W. H., and Clarke, W. J., Fundamentals of mid-Tertiary stratigraphical correlation: New 

York, Cambridge Univ. Press, p. 61-163, pis. 7-17, figs. 

6-20.

Bolli, H. M., 1957a, The genera Globigerina and Globorotelia in 

the Paleocene-lower Eocene Lizard Springs formation of 

Trinidad, B. W. I.: U. S. Natl. Mus. Bull. 215, p. 61- 

81, pis. 15-20, figs. 11-13.

1957b, Planktonic Foraminifera from the Eocene Navet

and San Fernando formations of Trinidad, B. W. I.: U.S. 

Natl. Mus. Bull. 215, p. 155-172, pis. 35-39, figs. 25, 26.

Bolli, H. M., Loeblich, A. R., Jr., and Tappan, Helen, 1957, 

Planktonic foraminiferal families Hantkeninidae, Orl nlinidae, Globorotaliidae, and Globotruncanidae: U.S. Natl. 

Mus. Bull. 215, p. 3-50, pis. 1-11, figs. 1-9.

Cole, W. S., 1950, Larger Foraminifera from the Palau Is'ands: 

U.S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 221-B, p. 21-31.

 1957a, Larger Foraminifera [of Saipan, Mariana Islands]: 

U.S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 280-1, p. 321-360.

 1957b, Larger Foraminifera from Eniwetok Atoll drill 

holes: U.S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 260-V, p. 743-784 

[1958].

 1960, Upper Eocene and Oligocene larger Foraminifera 

from Viti Levu, Fiji: U.S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 374-A, 

p. A1-A7 [1961].

Colom, Guillermo, 1945, Estudio preliminar de las microfaunas 

de Foraminiferos de las margas eocenas y oligocenas de Navarra: Inst. Inv. Geol. "Lucas Mallada," Estudios Geol., no.2, 

p. 35-84, pis. 1-7.

Costa, O.G., 1856, Paleontologia del Regno di Napoli. P^.rt 2: 

Accad. Pontaniana Atti, v. 7, pt. 2, p. 1-378, pis. 1-28.

Cushman, J. A., 1921, Foraminifera of the Philippine and adjacent seas: U.S. Natl. Mus. Bull. 100, v. 4,608 p., 100 pis., 

52 figs.

 1922, The Foraminifera of the Byram calcareous irarlat 

Byram, Mississippi: U.S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 129-E, 

p. 87-122, pis. 14-28.
A20 LATE EOCENE FOSSILS FROM EUA, TONGA

 1927, An outline of a re-classification of the Foraminifera: 

Cushman Lab. Foram Research Contr., v. 3, p. 1-105, pis. 

1-21.

 1937, A monograph of the foraminiferal family Verneuilinidae: Cushman Lab. Foram. Research Spec. Pub. 7. 

157 p., 20 pis.

Cushman, J. A., and Parker, F. L., 1936, Some American Eocene 

Buliminas: Cushman Lab. Foram. Research Contr., v. 12, 

p. 39-45, pis. 7, 8.

Cushman, J. A., and Renz, H. H., 1941, New Oligocene-Miocene 

Foraminifera from Venezuela: Cushman Lab. Foram. Research Contr., v. 17, p. 1-27, pis. 1-4.

Cushman, J. A., Todd, Ruth, and Post, R. J., 1954, Recent 

Foraminifera of the Marshall Islands: U.S. Geol. Survey 

Prof. Paper 260-H, p. 319-384, pis. 82-93, figs. 116-118.

Deboo, P. B., 1965, Biostratigraphic correlation of the type 

Shubuta Member of the Yazoo Clay and Red Bluff Clay 

with their equivalents in southwestern Alabama: Alabama 

Geol. Survey Bull. 80, 84 p., 28 pis.

Gaona, M. R. de, and Colom, Guillermo, 1950, Estudios sobre 

las Sinecias de los Foraminiferos Eocenicos de la Vertiente. 

Meridional del Pirineo (Cataluna-Vizcaya): Inst. Inv. Geol. 

"Lucas Mallada," Estudios Geol. no. 12, p. 293-434, pis. 53, 

54, text figs. 1-19.

Guest, N. J., 1959, in Fiji Geological Survey Dept, Ann. Rept.

for 1958, Council Paper 17, p. 3. 

Hoffmeister, J. E., 1932, Geology of Eua, Tonga: Bernice P.

Bishop Mus. Bull. 96, 93 p. 

Parker, F. L., 1962, Planktonic foraminiferal species in Pacific

sediments: Micropaleontology, v. 8, p. 219-254, pis. 1-10. 

Rau, W. W., 1948, Foraminifera from the Porter si ale (Lincoln

formation), Grays Harbor County, Washington: Jour.

Paleontology, v. 22, p. 152-174, pis. 27-31. 

Schwager, Conrad, 1866, Fossile Foraminiferen von Y.ar Nikobar:

JVotwo-Exped., Geol. Theil, v. 2, p. 187-2C8, pis. 4-7. 

Todd, Ruth, 1966, Smaller Foraminifera from Guam: U.S.

Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 403-1, 41 p., 19 pis. 2 figs., 4 tables. 

Wezel, F. C., 1966, "Globorotalia" acrostoma, nuova specie dell

'Oligomiocene italiano: Riv. Italiana Paleontologia e Stratigrafia, v. 72, no. 4, p. 1297-1312, pi. 101. 

Whipple, G. L., 1932, Eocene Foraminifera, in Hoffmeister, J. E.,

Geology of Eua, Tonga: Bernice P. Bishop Mus. Bull. 96,

p. 79-86, pis. 20-22, text-fig. 6, tables 5, 6. 

Witt Puyt, J. F. C. de, 1941, Geologische und Palaontologische

Beschreibung der Umgebung von Ljubuski, Hercegovina:

Utrecht, N. V. Drukkerij V/H L. E. Bosch Zoon, 99 p.,

5 pis.
INDEX

Acknowledgments _ __ -_ - Al

acrostoma, Globorotalia ________________________ 16

advena, Nodogenerina.------------------------ 0

Siphonodosa ria-------------------------- 9

Stilostomella......-------------------- 3, 9,-pl. 2

Vulvulina -------------------------- 3, 4,-pl. 1

Age of the fauna___-__ _---___--__--- -,.. 1 

Ammodlscldae. _- ------ .-- ....---- 3

Ammolagena davata-- ------------------------ 3

Amphistegina euaensis----.-----------. 1, 3, 77;pl.4

pulgaris._-....------ -- ---_----- 3, 7£;pl. 4

Amphisteginidae. _____------___-----_-_--_-- 3,11

ampliapertura, Globigerina--- 1, 3, 7,£, 15, 16, 17; pi. 6 

Angulogerina ...-.------------------------.--- 2

coopfrf/zsw---------------------------- 3, 9; pi. 2

Annelids----..----------.-------------------- V

Anomalina bengalensis. _____________________ 11

polymorpha .-..-_______--.______-----___-_ 3,7£

Anomalinidae.-.---.__-..-----_.-.-----__---- 3,12

Anomura.-.-.--.....--------...-----.-------- 18

Apertapetra umbilica _____.---____.-------__--- 18

articulaia texana, Cristellaria .........._--...-- 5

texana, Lenticulina,..--------------------- 5

Asterigerina subacuta ------------------- 3, 77; pi. 4

B

barbadiensis, Discoaster...--------------------- 18

barbadoensis, Pseudohastigerina.. ------ 1, 3, 77; pi. 7

B arnacles__ ___ _-___ -_.____ _---__-_. V

bengalensis, Anomalina-. _--__-___------_.__- 11

Osangularia.... .______.-.._____-.._.- 3, 77; pi. 3

Benthonic population.____ _-._ _-._- 2,3

bermudezi, Hantkenina------------------------ 1,17

Hantkenina (Cribrohantkenina)..... -. 3, 77; pi. 8

bigelowi, Braarudosphaera.-.-....__._..--__._. 18

bijugatus, Zygrhablithus----------------------- 18

bisectus, Coccolithus.-------------------------- 18

Bolivina jacksonensis. .___.--.____._...-_-- 3, 8; pi. 2

Braarudosphaera bigeloivi... ._.._.____._.-__._. 18

discula...--------------------------------- 18

Brachiopods.---....-._----------------.-_--. III.V

Bracliy ura_..-.-......---.....-.-----....-- 18

Bramlette, M. N., Calcareous nannoplankton. 78 

Bramletteius serraculoides. ...____....--_-____. 18

brra's, Pleurostomella _--_- _ ---____ 3, 9; pi. 2

brevispina, Hantkenina------.----------- ---- 17

Bryozoans ___.- _-__.___ ____ -__. - V

Bulimina jarvisi............................... 8

sp__ ____.__-. __--_-_ ____.. 3, 8;pi. 2 

Buliminella grata............................. 8

grata spinosa.............................. 8

sculpturata............................3, 8; pi. 2

septata...----........................ ..3, 8;pl. 2

Buliminidae-.-............................... 3,8

C

Calcareous nannoplankton, by M. N. Bramlette... ----.-...-----_--_-...._... 18

C allianassidae ________________________________ 18

C archarhinidae_........-.---.--............ 18

C archariidae.---.-_.___-.._..-._.____._-..._. 18

carolinensis, Eponides......................... 13

MasHnetta........ .............. _---__3, IS; pi. 5

Cassidulina................................... 2,6

laevigata .................................. 3, 14

mene................................ ,3,74; pi. 5

padftca..--............................... 14

[Italic numbers indicate major references]

Page 

Cassidulinidae___ ______________._-----_._-- A3,14

Catapsydrax gortan ii.------------------------- 15

centralis, Globorotalia--......................A, 15,16

cerro-azulensis, Globigerina..------------------ 16

Globorotalia. ___._.....___________.--______ 16

(Turborotalia)........................ 16

cerroazulensis, Oloborotalia. ___._.___.!, 3, 76, 17, pi. 8 

chapmani, Maslinella.......................... 13

Chehalisejisis, Robulus. ________ _- __-_- 6

Chiloguembelina cubensis-------,----------3,17; pi. 7

Chrysalogonium lanceolum....--...------.-.-- 3,7

Cibicid.es dickersonL-.......................... 12

grumus. ... ............._.......... _3, 72; pi. 4

macrocephalus---.................... -3, 12; pi. 4

davata, Ammolagena.- _______________________ 3

Clavulina parisiensis. -------------------- _3, 4.' pi-1

Coccolithus bisectus---------------------------- 18

eopelagicus...._--........................ . 18

scissurus.... _________________ _._,__._____ 18

cocoaensis, Globorotalia.-------- ---3, 15,76, 17; pi. 8

compacta, Helicosphaera.-.-------------------- 18

concentrica, Puleinulina.---------------------- 10

Stomatorbina...................... ____3, 70;pl. 3

conglomerata, Olobigerina ................Z, 14; pi. 6

consobrina, Dentalina......................3, 7;pl. 2

cooperensis, Angulogerina..-...............3, 9;pi. 2

Dentalina........ ..-_-_____.._____..___3, 7;pl. 2

Corals... ___._....- --- 'V

Cribrohantken ina _____ _ ______________________ 77

danvillensis- .............................. 17

Zone. __-__ _.__ .. - 15,17

(Cribrohantkenina) bermudezi, Hantkenina.3,17; pi. 8 

Crinoids -_--_.-_____________________-.__-- V, 78

Crinoids and echinoids, by P. M. Kier_.-__- 78 

Cristellaria...-............................... 2

articulata texana-... -------------------- 5

nikobarensis............................... 6

Crustaceans. -____. _____ -.__ - 78

cubensis, Chiloguembelina................. 3,77; pi. 7

Gtimbelina....................

culler mexicana, Puhnnulinella.. __ 

curvatura spinea, Ellipsonodosaria.

spinea, Siphonodosaria.. -.-... 

Stilostomella..............

Cydococcolithus lusitanicus..------

neogrammation..- .............

reticulatus....................

D

danvillensis, Cribrohantkenina.................

Hantkenina...............................

Decapod crustaceans____._ _.._ .. 

Decapod crustaceans, by H. B. Roberts......

deflandrei, Discoaster--------------------------

Dentalina.... .--..._- ___ . ._.- 

consobrina............................. 3,7;

cooperensis---------------------------- 3,7;

nummulina......................... 3,6,7;

spirostriolata..............................

Depth of deposition.__...... _. -__.._.

dickersoni, Cibicides....-.......................

Discoaster barbadiensis-.......................

deflandrei.................................

saipanensis...............................

tani.....----.---.-------------------..----

Discoasters....-..--.---........-.-......--.-.

D iscorbidae. ______ ______ -.___ ______

discula, Braarudosphaera......................

17

17 

V,18

18

18

2

pi. 2

pi. 2

pi. 2

7

1

12 

18 

18 

18 

18 

V

3,10 

18

Page 

druryi, Olobigerina..-------------------------- A16

dumblei, Lenticulina... ___--_-_________._.- 3,5; pi. 1

Robulus. __.. -- -- ---- 5

Dunkle, D. H., Shark teeth...----.......... 18

E

Echinoids..-.-...---.--...-.------..---.---.- V, 18

Ellipsoglandulnja exponens............... 3,10; pi. 2

Ellipsonodosaria curvatura spinea...----------- 9

modesta................................... 9

eocaena, Textularia........................ 3,4', pi. 1

eocaenum, Plecanium......................... 4

eocenica, Globigerina---..---------..--.--. 3,15; pi. 7

Pullenia .. - - - .. 3,14; pi. 5 

eopelagicus, Coccolithus........................ 18

Eponides carolinensis......................... 13

repandus............................. 3,10; pi. 3

sp___ -- __.. _--.- --- 3, 10; pi. 3 

Eua, geology of ______ _ ___ - ..___ Ill

relation to Tonga Trench- _______ -___- III

euaensis, Amphistegina---------------- 1, 3, 11; pi. 4

exponens, Ettipsoglandulina-.---------- 3, 10; pi. 2

Fissarina sp.-------------------------- 3, 9; pi. 2

Foreword, by H.S.Ladd.------------------- III

frondea, Polymorphina........................ 8

G

Oaudryina (Siphogaudryina) rugulosa..-- 3, 4-'

triangularis.--------- ---------------- 3 4;

gigantea,Patellina... ------------------- 3, 10;

girardana, Gyroidina..-..-----. ......... 3, 10;

Olobigerina ...................................

ampliapertura. .---- 1, 3, 14, 15, 16, 17;

cerro-azulensis. ...........................

conglomerata.. ...................... 3, 14;

druryi... .................................

eocenica ... ------------------------- 3, 15;

ffortanii..--. ------------- 1, 3, 16, 17;

Zone..-..--..-------------.----------

hexagona. ....... .................... 3, 15;

ktmdoi....... .......-.....-...---. 3, 16;

o#iciJurfM-. ..- ---- ----- 3, 16,

pseudoampliapertura ---------- 1, 3, 75, 17;

tripartita .... ------------------------------

turritilina ... ..............................

j/f3«ae?z*!*--. ---------------------- 3, 76;

(Oloborotaloides) hexagona. ----------------

Globigerinidae....---. ...---.._.--.-----------

Globorotalia- ----------------------------------

acrostoma. ................................

centralis. ...........................

cerro-azulensis. -------------------- ----

cerroazulensis. ................ 1, 3, 16, 17;

cocoaensis..-. ................ 3, 15, 16, 17;

Zone.....-.---------.----------------

(Turborotalia) cerro-azulensis --------------

sp. A. ... ..... -.-- --- 3, 16;

Sp.B_._ -------------------- 3, 16;

Globorotaliidae... ....---------.-------------

(Oloborotaloides) hexagona, Olobigerina .... .....

globosa, Quinqueloculina ..... ..................

TrUoculina. ......................... 3 4;

globula, Oypsina.. ----------------------------

globulifera, Ramulina. ........................

pi- ! 

pi. 1 

pi. 3 

pi. 3

14 

pi. 6

16 

pi. 6

16

pi. 7 

pi. 7 

1,15 

pi. 7 

pi. 7 

pi. 7 

pi. 8

14

15 

15

pi. 7 

15

3,74 

14 

16 

, 15, 16

16

pi. 8 

pi. 8

17 

16

pi. 8 

pi. 8 

3,16 

15 

4

pi.. 1 

- 3, 73 

. 3,8

A21
A22 INDEX

Page 

gortanii, Catapsydrax.......................... A15

Globigerina.................. 1, 3, .75, 17; pi. 7

grandis, Lingulina............................ 2

grata, Bulim inella............................. 8

spinosa, Buliminella...................... 8

grumus, Cibicides......................... 3, IS; pi. 4

Gumbelina cubensis........................... 17

Oypsina globula............................... 3,13

Oyroidina..................................... 2

girardana............................. 3, 10; pi.3

H

Hantkenina bermudezi. 

brevispina. .......

- __ ___. 1,17

- . .....-- 17

-... .......... 17

inflata.................................... 17

mccordi................................... 17

(Cribrohantkenina) bermudezi........ 3,17; pi. 8

Hantkeninidae............ ................. 3,17

Hanzawaia sp........................... 3, IS; PI. 5

Helicosphaera compacta....................... 18

intermedia.-......--.-.-.................. 18

reticulata.....-.-.....-----.--......-..... 18

Heronallenia sp .......................... 3,11; pl.3

Heterocentrotus_. ..... - ... .. -..... 18

Heterohelicidae.-..----. .... . ---. .. 3,17

hexagona, Globigerina.................... 3, IB; pi. 7

Globigerina (Globorotaloides)... . ._____.__ 15

Homo trematidae.......... -................ 3,13

Hydrozoans _. _ _ ._-_-. ._ V

incrassata, Rupertia.................... 3, IS; PI. 5

inflata, Hantkenina........................... 17

inornata, Lenticulina..................... 3, 5; pi. 1

Robulina................................. 5

inornatus, Robulus............................ 5

intermedia, Helicosphaera...................... 18

irregularis, Pseudonodosaria...----....-.. 3, 7; pi. 2

Isthmolithus recurvus.......................... 18

jacksonensis, Bdivina...................... 3,8; pi. 2

jarvisi, Bulimina. ._______.....____......._____ 8

joidesa, Peretrachelina......................... 18

Kier, P. M., Crinoids and echtnoids.......... .78

kondoi, Olobigerina.................... 3, 16; pi. 7

Ladd, H. S., Foreword. ......................

laevigata, Cassidulina. ........................

Lamna .......................................

Lamnidae. ...................................

lanceolum, Chrysalogonium. ........ ...........

larvata, Planorbulina . .........................

Planorbulinella. ..................... 3, IS

Lenticulina.. ... .. ... ....._._...._ _ .........

dumblei.. ....................... ... ... 3, 5;

inornata...... ... ..................... 3, 6;

mosesei. .............................. 3, 6;

nuUaai... ............................ 3, 5,-

texana. ....... ........................ 3, 5;

tomikii... ............. ... ............. 3, 6;

Leopold, E. B., Plant microfossils... __ .....

Lingulina grandis. ............................

wilcoxensis ...... .................... 2, 3, 6;

lusitanicus, Cyclococcolithus. ..................

M

///

3,14 

18,19

18 

3, 7

13

pi. 4

1,2,5

5

pi. 1 

pi. 1 

pi. 1 

pl. 1 

pi. 1 

pi. 1

19

2

pi. 2

18

Page 

maorlca, Rosalind............................. A13

maoricum, Nonion.................... 3, IS, 14; pi. 5

Marginuli no.................................. 2

nuttaUL............................ 3,6, 7; pi. 2

subbullata............................. 3, 6; pi. 2

Maslinella.................................... IS

carolinensis...---.................... 3, IS; pi. 5

chapmani................................. 13

mccordi, Hantkenina.......................... 17

njOT£, Cassidulina........................ 3,14; pi. 5

mexicana, Osangularia........................ 11

Pulvinulinella............................ 11

culter......-..-.-...-.--.--.-..-.----. 11

Micrantholithus sp.......--.........--.-...-.- 18

Mfliolidae.........._.._-_..........--....... 3,4

modesta, Ellipsonodosaria..................... 9

Siphonodosaria........................ 3, 9; pi. 2

Mollusks.-,..._-..-___.__.-..--.._.-._..-._. V 

moriformis, Sphenolithus..... ......________._. 18

mosesei, Lenticulina....................... 3, 6; pi. 1

N

neogrammation, Cyclococcolithus. 

nikobarensis, Cristellaria........

Nodogenerina...................

advena......................

macrocephala, Rotalia......................... 12

macrocephalus, Cibicides.................. 3, /«,-pi. 4

......... 18

......... 6

......... 9

......... 9

Nodosariidae_____ . -_____-__ _-- .___ 3,5 

Nonion....................................... 2

maoricum......................... 3, IS, 14; pi. 5

Nonionidae.... . - - - - ---- 3,13

nummulina, Dentalina.................. 3, 6, 7; pi. 2

nuttalli, Lenticulina....................... 3, B; pi. 1

Marginulina........................ 3, 6, 7; pi. 2

Robulus.................................. 5

Nuttallidesrudis......................... 3,11; pi. 4

truempyi.................................. 11

O

officinalis,Globigerina..------------------ 3,16;pi, 7

Oridorsalis umbonatus.................. 3, 10; pi. 3

Osangularia................................... 2

bengalensis.......................... 3, //; pi. 3

mexicana................................. 11

velascoensis............................... 11

Ostracodes.......---....-----.---.--.-.--..-- V

Otoliths............-....-. -.... V

pacifica, Cassidulina.......................... 14

Paguridae....... --.-. - - - ------.. 18

Paleoecology..... .. -----.- ---------- 1

parisiensis, Clavulina................... 3 4; pi. 1

Patellina gigantea.........--.-......... 3, 10; pi. 3

Patellinidae-----.-------------------------- 3,10

Peretrachelina joidesa.......................... 18

Planktonic population_ ___......----....- 3

Planorbulina larvata.......................... 13

Planorbulinella larvata.................. 3, IS; pi. 4

Planorbulinidae.-------------.----------- 3,13

Plant microfossils -...--------.---.-------- V, 19

Plant microfossils, by E. B. Leopold.____. 19 

Plecanium eocaenum.......................... 4

Pleurostomefla brevis................... 3, 9; pi. 2

Pleurostomellidae._......__ ...-.-...-. 2,3

polymorpha,Anomalina....................... 3,18

Polymorphina frondea......................... 8

tongaensis.......................... 3, 7; pi. 2

Polymorphinidae._......-.-.... -. 3,7

Porcellanldae...... _.- . -- - - 18

predistentus, Sphenolithus..................... 18

pseudoampliapertura, Globigerina.... 1, 3, IB, 17; pi. 8

Pseudohastigerina barbadoensis.... 1, 3, 17; pi. 7

Pseudonodosaria irregularis.............. 3, 7; pi. 2

sp -_-- - .- 3, 7; pi. 2 

pseudoradians, Sphenolithus................... 18

Pullenia...................................... 2

eocenica............................ 3, 14; pi. 5

Page 

Pulvinulina concentrica....................... AlO

PuMnulinella culter mexicana_........--...- n

mexicana.................................. n

Quinqueloculina globosa.

E

Ramulina globulifera.......................... 3,8

Rectobulimina................................. 8

sp.................................... 3, 8; pi. 2

recurvus, Isthmolithus......................... is

repandus, Eponides...................... 3,10; pi. 3

reticulata, Helicosphaera....................... 18

reticulatus, Cyclococcolithus.................... 18

Roberts, H. B., Decapod crustaceans......... 18

Robulina inornata............................. 5

Robulus...................................... 2,5

chehalisensis----.----.-.-.._.............. 6

dumblei................................... 5

inornatus................................. 5

nuttalli................................... 5

texanus................................... 5

Rosalina maorlca.............................. 13

Rotalia macrocephala.......................... 12

Rotalina umbonata............................ 10

rudis, Nuttallides........................ 3,11; pi. 4

rugulosa, Gaudryina (Siphogaudryina)...... 3, £ pi. 1

Rupertia incrassata...................... 3, IS; pi. 5

Rupertiidae..------------------------ 3,13

S

saypanensis, Discoaster........................ 18

scissurus, CoccolUhus.......................... 18

sculpturata, Buliminella.................. 3, 8; pi. 2

septata, Buliminella....................... 3, 8; pi. 2

serraculoides, Bramletteius .................. 18

Shark teeth. ------ -....-.-. ....- V, 18

Shark teeth, by D. H. Dunkle................ 18

Sigmomorphina sp........................ 3, 8; pi. 2

(Siphogaudryina) rugulosa, Gaudryinii..... 3, 4; pi. 1

Siphonodosaria................................ 2,9

advena.................................... 9

curvatura spinea.......................... 9

modesta............................... 3, 9; pi. 2

spinea__.....__.................. 3, 9; pi. 2

Species list....---._......-.....-..-....--.. S

Sphenolithus moriformis....................... 18

predistentus....-..... ..................... 18

pseudoradians............................ 18

spinea, Ellipsonodosaria curvatura............. 9

Siphonodosaria........................ 3, 9; pi. 2

cwrartMro... 9

StUostomeUa.............................. 9

CurwztfMra. . - -. .. 9

spinosa, Buliminella grata..................... 8

spirostriolata, Dentalina....................... 7

Stearns, H. T., quoted__._...- ._... Ill 

Stilostomella................................... 2,9

advena................................ 3, 9; pi. 2

curvatura spinea.......................... 9

spinea.................................... 9

sp.......... .. .- - 3,9; pi. 2

Stomatorbina concentrica....---...----.-. 3,10; pi. 3

subacuta,Asterigerina.--................. 3,11; pi. 4

subbullata, Marginulina................... 3,6; pi. 2

subhauerii, Textularia..................... 3,4,'pl- 1

Systematic descriptions . .......... S

tani, Discoaster...................-----........ 18

Tele-a-hiva.......------------------------ HI

texana, Cristellaria articulata................-- 5

Lenticulina.....-.--.--....-. -- 3, 5; pi. 1

articulata.....................-.....-- 5

texanus, Robulus..................... . -- .. 5
INDEX A23

U Page 

Textularia eocaena..--. ______--___.___ A3, /,; pi. 1 Page VuleuUna.... ........ ..--..-..-..--..---.----- A2

gu&AaMeriJ-..-----. ------------------- 3, 4; pi. 1 u?iib...ca,ylp-r.ap<:.ra._ _________________ .-__. A18 adr«fla.._ --------------------------- 3, 4; pi. 1

Textulariidae -._-._-___-__-__--_-----___ 3,4 umboJiata.Eotalina.. .___..._.__-_.__..__._.-_ 10

... IS um6ontrflw, Or.do»aH»........ .......... 3,10; pi. 3 W

3. fi; p. 1 w«ear£ «.hf Z/Bff«»«a..................3,3f e;pl.2

s, Pdymorphina. ________________ 3, 7; pi. 2

triangularis, Gaudryina-. ..-----._-----._. 3, 4,' pi- 1 X

tricarinata, Triloculina. .......-....-..--.- 3, 4,' pi- 1 . Triloculina globosa. ...................... 3,4; pi. 1 Vaingana..---. ____-._.-__. ._._.____._____.._ Ill Xaiithidae.. -------------------------- 18

3, 4; pi. 1 Valvulinidae .. -..................-....._-. 3,4

11 2YMn «. aH.H________._..__.__.____.___..__ 11 waflen,h, Ctobtgerlna..... ........ ...... 3 W;pl. 7

Truncatulina velascoensis _ -..-.__-_--._-____ 11 (Turborotalia) ceno-azulensis, Globorotal ia . - - . 16 Vemeuilmidae _._________.____._____-__.- 3,4 z

turgida, Globigerina... ........ ............. 15 Victoriella sp... .......................... 3, JS; pi. 5

turrUUina, Globigerina .... ..................... 15 eulgaris,Amphistegina. .................. 3, 1^; pi. 4 Zygrhablithus bijugaUs---.. ------------------- 18

tripartita, Globigerina. _.. .._-._..-..-..--.._ 14 rdascoe7isis, Osangularia. -__,____._____.___-__ 11

PLATES 1-8
PLATE 1

FIGURE 1. Clavulina parisiensis d'Orbigny (p. A4). 

USNM 687474, X 65.

2. Textularia aff. T. subhauerii Cushman (p. A4).

USNM 687470, X 42; a, front view; b, top view.

3. Vulvulina advena Cushman (p. A4).

USNM 687471, X 34; a, front view; b, edge view.

4. Gaudryina aff. G. triangular is Cashman (p. A4).

USNM 687472, X 34; a, front view; b, top view.

5. Gaudryina (Siphogaudryina) rugulosa Cushman (p. A4). 

USNM 687473, X 34.

6. Textularia eocaena (Gvimbel) (p. A4). 

USNM 687469, X 34.

7. Triloculina globosa (Hanna and Hanna) (p. A4). 

USNM 687475, X 34.

8. Triloculina tricarinata d'Orbigny (p. A4). 

USNM 687476.. X 34.

9. Lenticulina inornata (d'Orbigny) (p. A5).

USNM 687478, X 21; a, side view; b, edge view.

10. Lenticulina aff. L. nuttalli (Cushman and Renz) (p. A5).

USNM 687479, X 21; a, side view; b, edge view. 

11, 14. Lenticulina inosesei Todd, n. sp. (p. A5).

11. Paratype, USNM 687482, X 21; a, side view; b, edge view. 

14. Holotype, USNM 687483, X 21; a, side view; b, edge view.

12. Lenticulina tomikii Todd, n. sp. (p. A6).

Holoyppe, USNM 687481, X 21; a, side view; b, edge view.

13. Lenticulina texana (Cushman and Applin) (p. A5).

USNM 687480, X 21; a, side view; b, edge view. 

15. Lenticulina dumblei (Weinzierl and Applin) (p. A5).

USNM 687477, X 21; a, side view; b, edge view.
GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PROFESSIONAL PAPER 640-A PLATE 1

EOCENE BENTHONIC FORAMINIFERA FROM EUA, TONGA
PLATE 2

FIGURES 1, 2, 9. Dentalina nummulina Giimbel (p. A7).

1. USNM 687497, X 12.

2. USNM 687498, X 14. 

9. USNM 687499, X 12. 

3, 4. Marginulina aflf. M. nuttatti Todd and Kniker (p. A6).

3. USNM 687484, X 14.

4. USNM 687485, X 14. 

5. Marginulina subbullata Hantken (p. A6).

USNM 687486, X 21. 

6-8, 15, 16. Lingulina wilcoxensis Cushman and Ponton (p. A6).

6. USNM 687487, X 14.

7. USNM 687488, X 14.

8. USNM 687489, X 14.

15. USNM 687490, X 14.

16. USNM 687491, X 14.

10. Pseudonodosaria irregularis Todd, n. sp. (p. A7). 

Holotype, USNM 687492, X 14.

11. Dentalina consobrina d'Orbigny (p. A7).

USNM 687494, X 14. 

12, 13. Dentalina cooperensis Cushman (p. A7).

12. USNM 687495, X 14.

13. USNM 687496, X 21. 

14. Pseudonodosaria sp. (p. A7).

USNM 687493, X 21; a, side view; 6, top view.

17. Bulimina sp. (p. A8).

USNM 687502, X 85.

18. Polymorphina tongaensis Todd, n. sp. (p. A7).

Holotype, USNM 687500, X 34; a, front view; 6, edge view.

19. Sigmomorphinaf sp. (p. A8). 

USNM 687501, X 34.

20. Bolivina cf. B. jacksonensis Cushman and Applin (p. A8). 

USNM 687506, X 100.

21. Angulogerina cooperensis Cushman (p. A9). 

USNM 687507, X 100.

22. Rectobulimina? sp. (p. A8).

.USNM 687505, X 65; a, side view; 6, top view.

23. Buliminella sculpturata Keyzer (p. A8) 

USNM 687504, X 65.

24. Fissurina sp. (p. A9).

USNM 687508, X 34; a, front view; 6, edge view.

25. Siphonodosaria modesta (Bermudez) (p. A9). 

USNM 687509, X 34.

26. Siphonodosaria spinea (Cushman) (p. A9). 

USNM 687510, X 34.

27. Stilostomella advena (Cushman and Laiming) (p. A9). 

USNM 687511, X 34.

28. Stilostomella sp. (p. A9). 

USNM 687512, X 21.

29. Ellipsoglandulina exponens (Brady) (p. A10).

USNM 687514, X21; a, side view; b, top view.

30. Pleurostomella brevis Schwager (p. A9).

USNM 687513, X34; a, front view; b, side view.

31. Buliminella septata Keyzer (p. A8). 

USNM 687503, X 65.
GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PROFESSIONAL PAPER 640 A PLATE 2

EOCENE BENTHONIC FORAMINIFERA FROM EUA, TONGA
PLATE 3

[a, Dorsal view; b, ventral view; c, peripheral view]

FIGURES 1, 4. Patellina gigantea Todd, n. sp. (p. A10). 

1. Paratype, USNM 687516, X 65. 

4. Holotype, USNM 687515, X 21.

2. Gyroidina girardana (Reuss) (p. A10). 

USNM 687517, X 34.

3. Oridorsalis umbonatus (Reuss) (p. A10). 

USNM 687520, X 34.

5. Eponides sp. (p. A10). 

USNM 687519, X 34.

6. Osangularia bengalensis (Schwager) (p. All). 

USNM 687522, X 34.

7. Stomatorbina concentrica (Parker and Jones) (p. A10). 

USNM 687521, X 34.

8. Heronallenia sp. (p. All). 

USNM 687523, X 42.

9. Eponides repandus (Fichtel and Moll) (p. A10). 

USNM 687518, X 70.
GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PROFESSIONAL PAPER 640-A PLATE 3

EOCENE BENTHONIC FORAMINIFERA FROM EUA, TONGA
PLATE 4

[a, Dorsal view; 6, ventral; view c, peripheral view, except as indicated]

FIGURE 1. Nuttallides rudis Todd, n. sp. (p. All). 

Holotype, USNM 687524, X 65.

2. Amphistegina euaensis Todd, n. sp. (p. All).

Holotype, USNM 68752, X21; a, side view; b, peripheral view.

3. Amphistegina vulgaris d'Orbigny (p. A12). 

USNM 687526, X 34.

4. Asterigerina subacuta Cushman (p. All). 

USNM 687525, X 65.

5. Planorbulinella larvata (Parker and Jones) (p. A13). 

USNM 687533, X 21.

6. Cibicides grumus Todd, n. sp. (p. A12). 

Holotype, USNM 687531, X 65.

7. Cibicides macrocephalus (Giimbel) (p. A12). 

USNM 687530, X 34.
GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PROFESSIONAL PAPER 640-A PLATE 4

EOCENE BENTHONIC FORAMINIFERA FROM EUA, TONGA
PLATE 5

FIGURE 1. Hanzawaia sp. (p. A13).

USNM 687532, X 70; a, dorsal view; b, ventral view; c, peripheral view.

2. Maslinella carolinensis (Cushman) (p. A13).

USNM 687534, X 34; a, dorsal view; b, ventral view; c, peripheral view.

3. Victoriellal sp. (p. A13).

USNM 687535, X 21; a, dorsal view; b, ventral view.

4. Nonion maoricum (Stache) (p. A13)

USNM 687537, X 34; a, side view; b, edge view.

5. Pullenia eocenica Cushman and Siegfus (p. A14). 

USNM 687538, X 34; a, side view; b, edge view.

6. Cassidulina mene Todd, n. sp. (p. A14).

Holotype, USNM 687539, X 65; a, rear view; b, front view; c, side view.

7. Rupertia incrassata Uhlig (p. A13).

USNM 687536, X 21; a, top view; b, side view.
GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PROFESSIONAL PAPER 640-A PLATE 5

EOCENE BENTHONIC FORAMINIFERA FROM EUA, TONGA
PLATE 6

[a, Dorsal view; 6, ventral view; c, peripheral view]

FIGURE 1. Globigerina ampliapertura Bolli (p. A14).

USNM 687540, X 100. 

2-5. Globigerina conglomerata Schwager (p. A14).

2. USNM 687543, X 90.

3. USNM 687542, X 90.

4. USNM 687544, X 90.

5. USNM 687541, X 70.
GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PROFESSIONAL PAPER 640-A PLATE 6

EOCENE PLANKTONIC FORAMINIFERA FROM EUA, TONGA
PLATE 7

[a, Dorsal view; 6, ventral view; c, peripheral view, except as indicated]

FIGURE 1. Globigerina officinalis Subbotina (p. A15). 

USNM 687548, X 140.

2. Globigerina kondoi Todd, n. sp. (p. A16). 

Holotype, USNM 687550, X 90.

3. Pseudohastigerina barbadoensis Blow (p. A17).

USNM 687557, X 140; a, side view; b; peripheral view.

4. Globigerina eocenica Terquem (p. A15). 

USNM 687545, X 90.

5. Chiloguembelina cubensis (Palmer) (p. A17). 

USNM 687558, X 200.

6. Globigerina hexagona Natland (p. Alo). 

USNM 687547, X 90.

7. Globigerina yeguaensis Weinzierl and Applin (p. A16). 

USNM 687549, X 65.

8. Globigerina gortanii (Borsetti) (p. A15). 

USNM 687546, X 65.
GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PROFESSIONAL PAPER 640-A PLATE 7

EOCENE PLANKTONIC FORAMINIFERA FROM EUA, TONGA
PLATE 8

[a, Dorsal view; b, ventral view; c, peripheral view, except as indicated]

FIGURE 1.. Globigerina aff. G. pseudoampliapertura Blow and Banner (p. A15). 

USNM 687551, X 90.

2. Globarotalia sp. A (p. A16). 

USNM 687554, X 140.

3. Globorotalia cerroazulensis (Cole) (p. A16). 

USNM 687552, X 65.

4. Globorotalia aff. G. cocoaensis Cushman (p. A16). 

USNM 687553, X 90.

5. Globorotalia sp. B (p. A16). 

USNM 687555, X 65.

6. Hantkenina (Cribrohantkenina) bermudezi Thalmann (p. A17). 

USNM 687556, X 65; a, side view; 6, peripheral view.
GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PROFESSIONAL PAPER 640-A PLATE

EOCENE PLANKTONIC FORAMINIFERA FROM EUA, TONGA