GP 3.2:E1 2

Electronic Bulletin Board System

for the

Federal Depository Library

Program: A Study

Library Programs Service

U.S. Government Printing Office

Superintendent of Documents

Washington, D.C.

1991
tr
Electronic Bulletin Board System

for the

Federal Depository Library Program

A Study

Written by:

Marian W. MacGilvray

Joseph P. Paskoski

John M. Walters

Project Director:

Joseph C. McClane

February 1, 1991

Library Programs Service

U.S. Government Printing Office

Washington, D.C.
U.S. Government Printing Office

Robert W. Houk, Public Printer

Superintendent of Documents

(Vacant)

Library Programs Service

Bonnie B. Trivizas, Director

Library Division

Gil Baldwin, Chief

Depository Services Staff

Joseph C. McClane, Chief

Any use of trade, product, or firm names in this publication is for descriptive

purposes only and does not imply endorsement by the U.S. Government.
Table of Contents

Preface , iv

I. Executive Summary and Recommendations 1

II. Introduction

A. Federal Depository Library Program 2

B. Basis of the Study 2

C. Scope of the System 2

D. Study Methodology 2

III. Bulletin Board Systems - General Characteristics 3

IV. FDLP Bulletin Board System - System Description

A. File Characteristics and Size 4

B. Usage Characteristics 7

C. Staffing 7

D. Telecommunications . 7

E. System Configuration Options and Costs 8

F. Implementation Schedule 11

Bibliography 13

Appendix A. Recommendations, Depository Library Council 14

Appendix B. List of Consultants 15

Appendix C. Suggestions for File Content 18

Appendix D. Alternate Technologies 20

Appendix E. Hardware and Software 25

iii
Preface

A preliminary draft of "Electronic Bulletin Board

System for the Federal Depository Library Program: A

Study" was completed on October 15, 1990 and

presented to the Public Printer for approval.

The Public Printer concurred with the report's

recommendations and advised the Library Programs

Service (LPS) to proceed with implementation of the

Federal Depository Library Program Bulletin Board

System (FDLP BBS) as follows:

• the FDLP BBS will share the bulletin board

software and hardware originally purchased to support Project Hermes (electronic

dissemination of Supreme Court slip opinions);

• the FDLP BBS will be implemented

incrementally with regard to both functionality

and the number of users;

• the first functions to be implemented are E-Mail

and time-sensitive short messages from LPS;

• the system will be beta tested with the 54

regional depositories before being made

available to all depository libraries.

During the fall of 1990, beta testing of Project

Hermes took place with regional and law libraries in the

depository program. Based on the results of this test, LPS deems it advisable to re-locate the Project Hermes

platform to LPS before mounting the FDLP BBS on it. With the addition of a technical specialist to LPS staff, LPS will be able to coordinate communications and

provide timely user assistance for both Project Hermes

and the FDLP BBS.

The report which follows represents a significant

effort on the part of the BBS Project Team and numerous consultants (listed in Appendix B). The U.S. Government Printing Office and the Library Programs

Service wish to thank those who gave so generously of

their time in order to prepare this study.

iv
Electronic Bulletin Board System for the

Federal Depository Library Program

I. Executive Summary and

Recommendations

A. Summary

GPO's Library Programs Service staff, the

Depository Library Council to the Public Printer, and

members of the depository library community have

expressed a strong need for electronic communication

between the Library Programs Service and the

depository libraries. Electronic mail (E-Mail) and

bulletin board systems (BBS) were targeted as the most

appropriate vehicles for electronic communication.

Since bulletin board systems include E-Mail, but E-Mail

systems do not include all the functions available in bulletin board systems, the BBS Project Team

concentrated its investigations on bulletin board

systems.

Any BBS system implemented must allow delivery to

all areas of the United States and its territories,

preferably through local access telephone lines. System

requirements include 2- way file transfer, messaging of

bulletins to the universe of users, and E-Mail.

Time-delay and Fax distribution would be attractive

options.

The answers to two questions are critical to the

success of the Federal Depository Library Program

Bulletin Board System (FDLP BBS): what tele- communications vehicle should be chosen, and who will pay? If depositories must pay their own tele- communications costs, a local telephone access path

must be available to them, or many of the libraries might not be able to participate in the system. Though

GPO could install an 800 number to access the system,

it seems unlikely that appropriations to cover its cost of

close to $1 million a year would be approved by

Congress. Use of an online service or a packet

switching network would provide low-cost access to the

FDLP BBS.

B. Recommendations

The BBS Project Team recommends that the FDLP

BBS be established using the existing Project Hermes

hardware and software. The Hermes platform is currently mounted in GPO's Production area, and the

hardware and software are dedicated solely to Hermes.

Because of the greatly increased message traffic expected with use of the FDLP BBS, the BBS Project

Team recommends that the Project Hermes platform be

moved to LPS before adding the FDLP BBS to it. LPS

would need to add a technical specialist to its staff to act as bulletin board administrator and systems

operator. This avenue would make effective use of

excess capacity in Hermes, and minimize LPS hardware

and software costs. LPS hardware and software

purchases for an FDLP BBS sharing the Hermes

platform would run to $4,716, as opposed to 540,164 for a fully backed-up new system established in LPS.

The BBS Project Team further recommends that a request for proposals be issued to invite packet

switching networks and online services to examine the

FDLP BBS and submit proposals on its implementation.

Alternatively, a depository in the local Washington D.C.

area that was already a member of a network (Internet,

for example) could download the files on the BBS and

make them available to other network members.

The FDLP BBS should be implemented gradually.

Content should initially be limited to short text files and

tested with the 54 regional libraries. Additional files could be added as each step was successfully completed.

Once the preliminary system was operating

satisfactorily, access could be broadened to include all 1400 depositories.

The BBS Project Team further recommends that the

system be evaluated after it has been fully implemented

for at least six months. If sharing the Hermes platform seems likely to be adequate for the needs of the FDLP

BBS for the foreseeable future, and if the system is functioning smoothly, the FDLP BBS could continue to share a common platform with Hermes. If the shared

arrangement proved to be inadequate or too cumbersome, LPS could explore the possibility of

contracting with an online system.

In any event, the test period would provide valuable

telecomputing experience to LPS staff. The test period

would also demonstrate actual usage levels, which might

prove to be far different than the estimates.

Expected developments within LPS should add to the amount of information in electronic formats over

1
the next few years. The BBS Project Team believes that

whatever options are chosen, a system can be

established that will serve the present needs of the

Depository Library Program and be able to expand to accommodate future developments.

II. Introduction

A. Federal Depositoiy Library Program

In accordance with Title 44 of the U.S. Code, GPO

administers the Federal Depository Library Program

(FDLP), which is managed by the Library Programs

Service (LPS) under the direction of the Superintendent

of Documents. The Federal Depository Library

Program provides free government publications to almost 1400 depository libraries, which in return are

obligated to allow the general public free access to the

publications. The Federal Depository Library Program

includes academic, public, federal, court, and special

libraries throughout the United States and its possessions.

The Depository Library Council to the Public

Printer, consisting of 15 representatives from the

government information community, provides advice to GPO on issues facing the program. The Council meets

in the spring and fall of each year.

B. Basis of the Study

At its spring 1990 meeting, the Depository Library

Council requested that GPO implement three basic

electronic services for depository libraries:

1) Bulletin, or messaging, capability, to enable LPS

to provide timely notification of urgent

information;

2) File exchange, to enable LPS to provide files in electronic format, such as shipping lists, to depository libraries, and

3) Electronic mail (E-Mail).

(See text of Council recommendations in Appendix

A.)

At the June 1990 American Library Association

conference, the Public Printer affirmed GPO's intention

to provide Administrative Notes, LPS's newsletter

directed to depositories, on an electronic bulletin board

system (BBS).

C. Scope of the System

LPS management made several initial decisions

regarding system parameters:

1) The system will be available to depository

libraries only;

2) The system will be available to all depositories

in the United States and its territories;

3) The system will contain administrative

information directly relating to the Depository

Library Program;

4) The system will be expandable, so that increased use and more applications can be readily

accommodated.

D. Study Methodology

In order to study options and prepare a report, LPS

assembled a BBS Project Team whose members are the

Depository Services Chief, a Depository Library

Inspector, the Office Automation Specialist, and the

Publications Librarian. The BBS Project Team

compiled data from several sources as listed below:

1) surveys of LPS staff;

2) surveys of the 15 members of the Depository

Library Council;

3) surveys of the six members of the ALA/

GODORTGovernmentlnformationTechnology

Committee;

4) consultation with various BBS experts;

5) examination of published literature on BBS

hardware, software, and system design;

6) hands-on use of several local BBSs.

The Team's goal was to explore a variety of

approaches to electronic dissemination of information,

to determine which approach would best accomplish the

desired tasks. In addition to electronic bulletin board

systems and electronic mail, the team investigated Fax

(telefacsimile) technology, direct media dissemination,

such as CD-ROM, and the possibilities offered by

existing online services. See Appendix D for discussions

of online services, E-Mail, Fax technology, and direct

media dissemination.

2
Having reviewed these technologies, the BBS Project

Team concluded that an electronic bulletin board

system would best meet the requirements of the

depository libraries. It alone provides all the services

considered essential by all the parties consulted in the course of the study. Bulletin board systems normally

include E-Mail. E-Mail systems alone, however, do not

easily permit all of the other functions common to bulletin board systems. (See discussion of E-Mail in Appendix D.)

III. Bulletin Board Systems - General

Characteristics

A bulletin board system is a public or private

meeting place for the exchange of information, just like a physical bulletin board. Bulletin board systems can be

implemented using special software and hardware, on

most widely used personal computer models. They can

also be implemented as a feature of many online

computer services. However they are implemented,

bulletin board systems generally offer a standard group

of services to members. These are:

• E-Mail;

• Conferencing between special interest groups;

• Bulletins and Notices;

• File exchange (Libraries of data files available

for upload and download to members);

• Doors to special programs, to assist or entertain

members.

Three of these services, bulletin capacity, file exchange, and electronic mail, were specifically

requested by the Depository Library Council at its spring 1990 meeting.

Advantages of BBS

A. BBS meets all of the functional requirements

LPS has established for communication services,

i.e., messaging capacity, file exchange, and

E-Mail.

B. Timely, low cost transfer of data is possible to most of the depository community.

C. While BBS software is specific to the type of

operating system in use, BBS's can be accessed

by any microcomputer user who has compaiiblc

communications software and a phone modem.

This allows incompatible microcomputer types to exchange information.

D. A BBS can be implemented either on a microcomputer or as a part of a larger online

service. TTiis flexibility of implementation is an

important asset, since it allows LPS to adjust its implementation to various factors.

Analysis

Bulletin board systems have become a common

fixture in the computer community. There is considerable expertise available for the proper operation

of BBS. The BBS forum offers a centralized contact point for all LPS/Depository activities and concerns, and

a BBS can be customized so that the messages and data

files are organized to provide the best possible service to all parties.

1) Bulletins - The major feature of BBS. Bulletins

and Notices would be presented to all participants.

2) E-Mail - Another major feature of BBS.

Messages can be addressed to individuals and

general groups. Messages can be sent from LPS

to libraries, and libraries can also send messages

among themselves.

3) Conferences - Another feature of BBS. Special

interest groups can be established to deal with

any situation.

4) File Exchange - File libraries are another

standard feature of BBS. Exchange can be in both directions. In addition, online use of

established data files and other helpful programs

could be implemented.

A bulletin board system provides the most

comprehensive methodology for disseminating timely,

machine-readable information to the depositor}'

community. The Federal Depository Library Program

BBS (FDLP BBS) could be limited in scope initially,

both in content and in the user base, to determine user

interest and to work out any problems. As use and

interest grew, the system could be expanded.

3
Hardware and Software for BBS

A microcomputer based BBS platform will require the

following hardware and software:

• 1 dedicated IBM-compatible PC

• 1 backup PC

• 1 modem

• 1 expansion chassis with multiple internal

modems

• 1 rack mount cabinet • 32 dedicated phone lines (to accommodate up to 32 simultaneous users) • BBS software (includes telecommunications

software) • 1 removable hard disk (to re-install in backup

PC)

• 1 printer

The libraries at the receiving end will need the

following:

• 1 PC

• 1 modem

• 1 phone line with RJU type plug • telecommunications software compatible with

BBS software • 1 printer.

For a more detailed discussion of hardware and

software, see Appendix E.

rv. FDLP Bulletin Board System - System Description

A. File Characteristics and Size

When fully implemented, the FDLP BBS will include

three basic functions:

1) File transfer;

2) Correspondence between LPS and depositories,

and among depositories;

3) Data-gathering by LPS.

LPS staff, together with Depository Library Council

members, ALA GODORT Government Information

Technology Committee members, and other

respondents, provided numerous suggestions for file content of the FDLP BBS. Those suggestions that conform to the basic scope of the project

(administrative information directly relating to the

Depository Library Program) are listed in the tables below. File size, in terms of lines added per week, 80

characters per line, has been estimated for each file. (For a complete list of suggestions received, see Appendix C.)

4
The tables below show the files; their estimated size, possible; the basis for calculating the estimated number

expressed in number of new lines added per week where of lines, and file characteristics.

File Transfer

File Name Lines per

Week

Basis and Characteristics

GPO-generated

Administrative Notes 300 1 issue every 2 weeks; avg. 600 lines @.

Mixture of short texts, longer articles, some

numerical data.

Shipping Lists 430 Ca. 8 lists/wk.; avg. 54 lines @.

Alphanumeric strings plus text.

Correction Shipping Lists 20 Ca. 12 lists/yr.; avg. 80 lines @.

Alphanumeric strings plus text.

Monthly Catalog

Corrections

5 Ca. 20 lines/mo.

Alphanumeric strings plus text.

Bulletins 5 Ca. 1 bulletin/wk.; avg. 5 lines @.

Text.

Depository-generated

Needs and Offers List 1,800 Ca. 2 lists/mo.; avg. 90 p. @, avg. 40 lines/page

Alphanumeric strings plus text. TOTAL 2,560

Table 1, In order to be useful to LPS and depositories, data in shipping list, correction shipping list, and needs and

offers list files should be offered in a structured format.

5
Correspondence

File Name Lines per

Week

Basis and Characteristics

inquiriGS irom ueposiiones 1 ,QUU ua. ouu inquines/wK., avg. o lines (cu. Text.

Lrb Responses 1 ,UUU ua. duu responses/wK., avg. o lines (qj. ^iviany

classification inquiries are duplicates.)

Text.

Claims 2,800 Ca. 1400 claims/wk.; avg. 2 lines @.

Alphanumeric strings and text. TOTAL 5,300

Table 2.

The files shown in Tables 1 and 2 above total 7,860 new

lines per week. Most data would remain on the system

for one month. Each week, approximately 8,000 lines of the oldest data would be deleted and 8,000 lines of new data would be added.

File sizes for data gathering, shown below, cannot be

expressed in lines per week, because these activities take

place annually, biennially, or sporadically throughout

the year. The figures below are based on the best

available estimates.

Data Gathering

File Name Lines Basis and Characteristics

Biennial Survey 112,425

every 2

years

LPS sends survey of 425 lines. Ca. 1400

libraries respond with ca. 80 lines @.

Text; multiple-choice questions.

item Selection List 91 ,000/yr. Annual survey. Avg. 65 changes per library, ca.

1 400 libraries. Numerical.

Item Surveys 1 4,000 every

2 months

Avg. 6 surveys/yr.; avg. 10 lines @.

Text plus numbers.

Other surveys 14,000 every

4 months

Avg. 3 surveys/yr.; avg. 10 lines @.

Text; check-off boxes.

Table 3. In order to be useful to LPS, data in these files should be offered in a structured format.

6
B. Usage Characteristics D. Telecommunications

Cost estimates on the following pages are based on

the assumption that all of the nearly 1400 depository

libraries would actively use the FDLP BBS. Full

participation, i.e. all depositories accessing all the files, would probably entail no more than 1.5 hours of

connect time per library per week (assuming average

baud rate of 2400), for a total of 2,100 hours per week.

LPS might require system access for two hours a day, or

10 hours a week.

At this level of use, there might easily be 20 to 30

simultaneous users. Since telecommunications software

is commonly equipped to handle telephone lines in multiples of eight, the system should ultimately support

32 dedicated phone lines.

C Staffing

Many of the tasks proposed for the bulletin board

are already performed by LPS staff. Any increased

staffing needs would therefore be related to extra steps

in the workflow imposed by the BBS. Support activities would include file maintenance and transfer, printing,

and maintaining various BBS-related lists such as password lists.

According to several BBS managers consulted in the course of this study, setting up the BBS requires the

full-time attention of an experienced person for at least several weeks. Thereafter, routine upkeep tasks can be

managed at the technician or clerical level. At the

Department of Commerce, for example, the Economic

Bulletin Board requires two people half-time to maintain the files on the system on a daily basis. The

Economic Bulletin Board provides essentially one- way

communications.

LPS's interactive system would require more staff time to monitor incoming messages, route them to the

appropriate party, and coordinate replies. Much of this work is already performed, as inquiries and replies are

currently sent by mail or Fax. If the FDLP BBS is set up on one computer, however, all of these inquiries,

messages, and files will come into one central location.

It would require at least one full-time person to manage

the communication flow and to load the daily files, as well as manage the file upkeep mentioned above.

In addition, an experienced technical person would

need to work on the system from time to time, as problems arose or changes in the system were required.

Three primary telecommunications avenues are

available to access the BBS:

1) Regular phone services,

2) Packet switching networks, and

3) Online services (includes services other than

telecommunications).

Since most of the calls coming into the BBS would

originate outside the Washington, D.C. local calling area, using regular phone service would require the

libraries to pay long-distance charges. Alternatively, if funds were approved, GPO could install an 800 number

and absorb the long-distance costs. GPO staff have

calculated the cost to GPO of an 800 number installed through its regular phone service, at an average cost of

$8.40 an hour.

Packet switching networks reduce costs through the use of high-efficiency equipment and high-volume. (See

section on Telecommunications in Appendix E for more

details.) Two of the best known commercial packet

switching networks are Tymnet and Sprintnet (formerly

Telenet). These networks have different charges for different services which together total an average of S6

to $15 per hour, depending on location, volume of data,

and transmission speed. Each depository would

subscribe to the service individually, or, alternatively,

arrangements could be made through GPO, which could

then bill telecommunications charges back to the

libraries.

Two major communications networks serving

universities and other research centers, Bitnet and

Internet, use packet switching networks to reduce costs. As Bitnet offers only electronic mail, however, it does

not provide a viable vehicle for the FDLP BBS.

Internet does have bulletin board capacity.

Although associated with academic and research

centers, Internet allows access to other institutions, if they make formal arrangements with the local Internet member. Access to the FDLP BBS would then be

through a local call to a near-by college or university

subscribing to Internet. Costs to the depository library

might be absorbed by the university, or they might be

passed on to the depository, according to the individual

arrangement. Each library would make its own

arrangements with the nearest Internet member. Costs

7
would vary, but the $5.00 per hour that NIH (National

Institutes of Health) is charging members of its newly

set up umbrella bulletin board service might be typical.

Academic libraries whose institutions are not already

Internet subscribers would pay annual dues and fees as well as communications and connect charges. (See

Appendix E for a discussion of Cleveland Free-Net,

another bulletin board service on Internet.)

There are many online commercial services which

specialize in bulletin boards and provide the reduced

telecommunications costs of the packet switching

networks. Two well-known online services are Compuserve and Byte Information Exchange (BIX). Compuserve telecommunications charges are $12 per hour for the contiguous United States, and $50 for overseas. BIX charges $20 per hour during peak times, and $11

per hour for weekends and holidays. It should be noted

that services other than telecommunications are included in these charges.

Telecommunications costs in the chart below are

figured on the basis of 1.5 hours per library per week at $8.40 an hour for an 800 number at GPO, at $11 and

$20 an hour with an online service, and at $6 and $15

with a packet switching network.

Telecommunications Costs Low End High End

800 line billed to GPO annually. . $8.40/hr.

$ 917,280 $ 917,280

Online service billed to GPO annually.

Low=$1 1 /hr. ; High =$20/hr.

1 ,201 ,200 2,184,000

Online service billed to each library annually.

Low=$11/hr.; High=$20/hr.

858 1,560

Packet switching network billed to GPO annually.

Low=$6/hr.; High=$15/hr.

655,200 1 ,638,000

Packet switching network billed to each library annually.

Low=$6/hr.; High=$15/hr.

468 1.170

Table 4.

E. System Configuration Options and Costs

Although there are numerous options resulting from

various combinations of equipment/software/telecommunications access/administrative arrangements, the

following configurations seem to be the most practical:

1) Dedicated microcomputer in LPS - Run by LPS

- Only the FDLP BBS on it

2) Share Project Hermes microcomputer - Run by

LPS

3) Contract with Online Service (Profit or Non-Profit)

4) Use GPO Mainframe - Run by Office of

Information Resources Management (OIRM) as service bureau to LPS.

The following tables show hardware and software

configurations for each option, plus estimated costs. Data for option 4 were compiled by Technical Support

staff in OIRM, based on an estimation that one quarter

of the 1400 depositories would dial in on any given day

and that each library would require between 30 and 60

minutes of connect time per day. (See Appendix E for additional data on the GPO mainframe.)

8
1. Dedicated microcomputer in LPS - Run by LPS - only FDLP BBS on it -

Staffing Costs Low End High End

1 FTE GG7/1 1 technician $ 21 ,065 $ 39,985

Hardware and Software Costs to LPS

IBIVl-ComDatible PC 900 6,000

BackuD PC 900 6,000

Modem 1 V 1 V^\4 WIII 80 600

Exoansion chassis with multiDie internal modems 2,200 13,000

Rack 1 W1 \ mount III U Ilk cabinet ^v4 l<i^ III ^ L 300 500

32 dedicated wVi^ VI x4 ohone li>yi Iwl Iw lines III lwW| S52 Nf^w^ oer Wwl installation II lt4l 1 Li w1 1 1 ,664 1 ,664

Removable 1 1 WIII \^ V V4I^ 1 w hard 1 1 w4l V( disk 1 w iX 500 3,000

BackuD removable hard disk 500 3,000

Uninterruotable Power Suoolv 200 800

Comouter \^ ill I w1 Fax 1 W/\ card1 V* 300 600

BBS software 30 2,000

Printer 300 3,000

Totals for Hardware & Software 7,874 40,164

Set-Up Costs

Contractor 2,000 5,000

Table 5. Considerations: LPS would be in control of the system; full back-up is provided in case of equipment or power failure. LPS has no experience in telecomputing and there could be a long learning curve. However, use of

a contractor for set-up would provide LPS staff with the necessary expertise. Hardware and software costs could be

high.

9
2. Share Project Hermes PC

Run by LPS

Staffing Costs Low End High End

1 FTE GG7/1 1 technician 21 ,065 39,985

Hardware and Software Costs to LPS

32 dedicated phone lines, $52 per installation 1,664 1,664

1 dedicated phone line from LPS to Supreme Court 52 52

Printer 300 3,000

Totals for Hardware & Software 2.016 4,716

Table 6. Considerations: System set-up and maintenance would be performed by Production for LPS. Some loss of system control, no backup in case of system failure. Use of existing hardware and software would effect significant cost savings.

3. Contract with Online Service (Profit or Non-profit)

Run by organization as service to LPS

Staffing Costs Low End High End

1 FTE GG7/1 1 technician 21 ,065 39,985

Hardware and Software Costs to LPS

IBM-Compatible PC 900 6,000

Modem 80 600

Telecommunications software 10 400

1 dedicated phone line 52 52

Printer 300 3,000

Totals for Hardware & Software 1,342 10,052

Set-up Costs

Contractor 2,000 5,000

Table 7. Considerations: LPS would contract with an existing service and use its hardware and software to mount

the FDLP BBS. LPS would benefit from the technical expertise of the contractor. LPS would pay for the service

but would realize savings in hardware and software procurements.

10
Numerous online services exist that could mount the

FDLP BBS on existing systems. The BBS Project Team

investigated several existing services, some

government-sponsored and some in the private sector. The Department of Agriculture bulletin board system run by Martin Marietta cannot accommodate 2-way

communications and therefore would not be suitable for the FDLP BBS. The Cleveland Free- Net system and

the NIH bulletin board system are possibilities. Other

services mentioned by respondents include Palinet,

ALAnet, Bitnet, Fedlink, and Compuserve. Some

systems restrict their service to limited geographic areas or only to academic institutions. GPO could issue a Request for Proposals (RFP) to determine what online

services could provide.

4. GPO Mainframe

Run by Office of Information Resources Management

(OIRM) as service bureau to LPS.

Staffing Ck)sts Low End High End

1 FTE GG7/1 1 technician 21 ,065 39,985

Hardware and Software Costs to LPS iiliiii:iii^^^^cost Total

Protocol converter 15,000 15,000

32 dedicated telephone lines, annual cost 240 7,680

Modems (2224 CEO) 525 16,800

Modem cabinet 2,000 2,000

32 cables 75 2,400

Bulletin board software 30,000 30,000

Printer 300 300

Totals for Hardware & Software 74,180

Table 8. Considerations: OIRM would provide system set-up and maintenance. LPS would benefit from technical

expertise of OIRM. Costs are significantly higher than with other options.

F. Implementation Schedule

The BBS Project Team recommends that initially the

FDLP BBS be limited to bulletins and E-Mail.

Beginning with a simple format would allow the system

managers and depository library staffs to gain

experience with the system and to work out any "bugs."

Bearing in mind management directives that the

system contain administrative information directly

relating to the Depository Library Program, the team

proposes that:

1) Initially, content be limited to E-Mail and

time-sensitive bulletins, such as:

• short notices from Administrative Notes; • notices regarding individual titles; • notices on new item surveys; • emergency notifications; and that

2) The system first be tested with the 54 regional

libraries.

Each phase of the system would be tested for at least one month with regional libraries. The testing could be

expanded to up to three months if necessary. When

LPS and regional depository staff were satisfied that the

BBS was functioning smoothly and when any necessary

11
changes in workflow and staffing were implemented, the

system could be expanded. The expanded content could

be tested with the regionals for another one to three

months.

At the end of that period the system would be

opened to all depositories. This gradual approach

would allow LPS to assess the impact of the BBS on

workflow and staffing.

Other functions and additional content could be

added to the system as needed. LPS could load other

files related to the Depository Library Program, insofar

as they were automated.

Functions such as claims processing, the Biennial

Survey, and item number surveys could be added later, after programs had been written to accommodate the

data. As each function was added, it could be tested for one to three months with the regionals.

A tentative timetable for the project is as follows,

assuming a one-month test for each phase:

Month 1 Content limited to short messages. Test with regionals.

Month 2 Add shipping lists. Test with regionals.

Month 3 Open to all depositories.

Month 4 Add claims. Test with regionals.

Month 5 Open to all depositories.

Month 6 Add new item surveys. Test with regionals.

Month 7 Open to all depositories.

Etc.
Bibliography

Allen, Thomas B., "Bulletin boards of the 21st century

are coming of age," Smithsonian, 19:82-93 (Sept. 1988)

Arms, Caroline R., "Using the national networks: Bitnet

and the Internet," Online, 14:24-29 (Sept. 1990)

Banks, Michael A, Understanding Fax and Electronic

Mail (Carmel, Ind.: Howard W. Sames & Co., 1990)

Davis, Steve, and Travis, C, The Electric Mailbox

(Dallas, Tex., Steve Davis Publishing, 1986)

Glossbrenner, Alfred, The Complete Handbook of

Personal Computer Communications, 3rd ed. (New

York, St. Martin's Press, 1990)

Hedtke, John V., Using Computer Bulletin Boards

(Portland, Oreg., Management Information Source

Press, 1990)

Honan, Patrick, "Buyer's guide overview," Personal

Computing, 14:114-117 (20 Mar. 1990)

Jordan, Larry, and Churchill, Bruce, Communications

and Networking for the IBM PC and Compatibles, 3rd

ed. (New York, Brady Books, 1990)

Krasnoff, Barbara, "Keeping in touch via The Major

BBS," Personal Computing, 13:202 (Dec. 1989)

Lockwood, Russ, "The corporate BBS," Personal

Computing, 14:63-68 (20 Mar. 1990)

O'Malley, Christopher, "Connectivity made simple,"

Personal Computing, 14:93-98 (20 Mar. 1990)

Rens, Marshall, "Bulletin boards," Changing Times,

42:104-106 (June 88)

13
Appendix A

Depository Library Council Recommendations

Spring 1990

Recommendation 13: The Depository Library Council

recommends to the Public Printer that the Library

Programs Service investigate the costs and feasibility for implementing and maintaining an Electronic Bulletin

Board (EBB) communication service. It is requested

that the findings of this investigation be fully reported

to Council at the October 1990 meeting.

Rationale: An Electronic Bulletin Board Service will result in the following benefits:

• timely notice to Depository Libraries of urgent

information, such as computer virus, cataloging/

classification and publication alerts;

• reduction in costs, labor and miscommunication

by replacing multiple telephone calls and/or

mailings with one bulletin board message;

• provision of computer files, such as shipping list information or electronic court opinions; and

• assurance that messages are received promptly

and at the convenience of the recipient.

Recommendation 14: The Depository Library Council

recommends to the Public Printer that GPO join a universal access electronic mail service, such as Internet,

to enable Depository Libraries which presently have or wish to obtain electronic mail (E-mail) capability to communicate interactively with one another and GPO.

Rationale: Increased interactive electronic

communication among the Depository Libraries and

between GPO and the Depositories will have the

following benefits:

• reduces time lag for responses to inquiries;

• alleviates problems associated with time zone

differences; and

• promotes more frequent communication, thus

reducing problems by providing a mechanism to react quickly.

14
Appendix B

Consultants

Members, Depository Library Council to the Public Printer

As of September 30, 1990

David Cobb, Chair

Librarian & Professor/Library

Administrator - University of Illinois 418 Main Library/General Services

Map & Geography Library

1408 West Gregory Drive

Urbana, Illinois 61801

Gary T. Cornwell

Assistant Chairman

University of Florida Libraries

Library West

Gainesville, PHorida 32611

Erminio D'Onofrio

Head, Documents Section

New York Public Library - Rm. 225

Fifth Avenue & 42nd St. New York, New York 10018

F. Anne Diamond

Government Information Specialist

Library of Michigan

Government Documents Service

717 West Allegan St. P.O. Box 3007

Lansing, Michigan 48909

Robert Dugan

State Librarian

Delaware Division of Libraries

43 S. DuPont Highway

Dover, Delaware 19901

Christine Kitchens

Assistant Director

Broward County Main Library

100 S. Andrews Avenue

Fort Lauderdale, Florida 33301

Maria Teresa Marquez

Assistant Department Head

Government Publications Dept.

University of New Mexico

General Library

Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131

Sandy Morton

Director of Government Relations

Special Libraries Association

1700 18th Street NW

Washington, DC 20009

Robert Oakley

Director, Georgetown University

Law Library

111 G Street NW

Washington, DC 20001

Susan K. "Sioux" Plummer

Deputy Director, Department of

Administration

Division of Information Services

State of Alaska

Mail Stop 0206, P.O. Box C

Juneau, Alaska 99811

Janet Fisher

Head, Documents «fe Maps Section

Arizona Department of Library,

Archives and Public Records

1700 W. Washington, State Capitol

Phoenix, Arizona 85021

B.J. Swartz

Librarian-Education & Research Library

University of Medicine & Dentistry of

New Jersey

401 Haddon Ave.

Camden, New Jersey 08013-1505

Juli Hinz

Head, Public Services

University of Utah

Marriott Library

Salt Lake City, Utah 84112

Susan Tulis

Documents Librarian

University of Virginia

Arthur J. Morris Law Library

Charlottesville, Virginia 22901

15
Mark Vonderhaar

Electronic Publishing Projects Manager

Congressional Information Service

4520 East-West Highway

Bethesda, Maryland 20814

Outgoing Council Members

Prudence Adler

Communication Officer

Association of Research Libraries

1527 New Hampshire Ave., NW

Washington, D.C. 20036

Sally Holterhoff

Documents Librarian

Valparaiso University Law Library

Valparaiso, Indiana 46383

Ridley R. Kessler, Jr. Regional Documents Librarian

#3912 Davis Library

University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill

Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599

Judith Russell

Mead Data Central

9393 Springboro Pike

P.O. Box 933

Dayton, OH 45401

Philip Van De Voorde

Head, Information Services Dept.

Iowa State University Library

Ames, Iowa 50011

ALA GODORT Government Information Technology Committee

Herb Sommers

Mudd Library

Yale University

38 Mansfield St. New Haven, CT 06520

Diane K. Kovacs Susan Starr

Instructor, Reference Librarian Documents Librarian, Documents Dept.

for the Humanities University of California, San Diego

Kent State University Library Central Library C-075-P

Lewisburg, PA 17837 La Jolla, CA 92093

Michelle Ruhlin

Alexander Library

Rutgers University

New Brunswick, NJ 08903

Dan Clemmer

U.S. State Dept. Library

FAIM/LR Rm. 2442C

2201 C St. NW

Washington, DC 20520

Michelle Strange

Head, Government Publications and Map

Collection

Northwestern University Library

Evanston, IL 60208

16
Other Consultants

Paul Christy

Operations Manager

U.S. Department of Commerce

Office of Business Analysis

Business Statistics and Information

Systems Division, Rm. 4885

Washington, D.C. 20230

Erik Delfino

FEDLINK Network Librarian

Federal Library and Information

Center Committee Fedlink Network Office

Library of Congress

Adams Bldg., Rm. 1026C

Washington, DC 20540

Richard Leacy

Head, Government Information Dept.

Georgia Institute of Technology

Price Gilbert Memorial Library

225 North Ave. NW

Atlanta, GA 30332

Margaret T. Mooney

Head, Government Publications Dept.

University of California at Riverside

PO Box 5900

Riverside, CA 92517

Paul Pattwell

Regional Documents Librarian

Newark Public Library

U.S. Documents Division

5 Washington St. Newark, NJ 07101

Fred Schmidt

Head, Documents Department

Colorado State University Libraries

Fort Collins, CO 80523

17
Appendix C

Suggestions for File Content

LPS Staff Suggestions

• Administrative Notes

• special notices regarding specific publications

• urgent messages, such as the recent notice of

computer virus contamination of CD-ROM

software

• deadlines for item number selection cycles

• special item number surveys

• fugitive documents status

• item selection problems

• library inspections

• shipping lists

• Monthly Catalog's List of Corrections

• Monthly Catalog's List of Special Materials

• GPO Cataloging Guidelines

• GPO Classification Guidelines

• Instructions to Depository Libraries.

Suggestions from Respondents

Feedback from the surveys sent to Depository Library

Council members and to the GODORT Government

Information Technology Committee and other

respondents included some far-reaching suggestions for an LPS bulletin board system. Suggestions for content

of the BBS fell into two primary categories:

1) LPS-initiated messages and files, to be sent to

all libraries with no response from them;

2) Inter-active functions, with both LPS and the

depositories posting and receiving messages and

files to accomplish tasks now performed

manually.

In the first category, respondents suggested that LPS

provide the following:

• Shipping lists

• Administrative Notes

• Short notices relating to publications

• Corrections to shipping lists

• Superseded documents lists

• List of GPO addresses and phone numbers

• List of Council members

• Council meeting locations and dates

• Library inspections

• List of Classes

• PRF (Publications Reference File)

• Union List of Items Selected

• Automated files of other Federal agencies

• Automated files within GPO's arena, for example. Congressional bills and the Congressional Record

• Full text of documents relating to the Federal

Depository Library Program

• Congressional press releases

• Commercial data services, such as Legislate.

In the second category, respondents suggested that the following functions be conducted through the FDLP

BBS:

• The Biennial Survey

• Claims processing

• New item surveys

18
• Item Selection List additions and

deletions

• Needs and Offers Lists postings

• Classification and cataloging inquiries

• Inquiries on other aspects of the Federal

Depository Library Program

• Forum for questions and answers among

depository librarians

• Forum for notices from other documents groups

• Ordering Sales documents

• Central newsletter exchange

• Gateway for depository librarians to alert GPO

to new applications and files for use on the

BBS.

Extensive comments were sent by several

pendents, as follows:

• Shipping Lists: Libraries would like to be able

to download the shipping list and use it to print

labels and maintain item files. To be useful in

this way, the list must be available in a

structured format, e.g. fields must be tagged or other indicators must be present so that downloading programs can distinguish SuDocs

numbers from item numbers, from titles, etc.

• Needs and Offers: The list should be posted to the board and be searchable by SuDocs number,

so that libraries can easily identify items they

need. Ideally, it should be possible for libraries to download their discard lists to this file, so

that LPS would not have to load ihem. If this

is not possible, libraries would have to supply

LPS with ASCII files.

• Status files: If GPO keeps, or will keep in the

future, any status files of rainchecks, missing

items, etc., in electronic form, it would be useful

if these were posted to the bulletin board.

• Gateway: With the growing number of electronic

bulletin boards in various governmental

agencies, it would be valuable for the GPO

board to serve as a gateway. If depositories

could access this board and use it to get to other

boards, depository libraries would not have to deal with multiple registrations, log-in

procedures, bills, etc.

• It is essential that access to the bulletin board

be via a network such as Tymnet, Telenet, or Compuserve. Requiring libraries to pay long

distance charges to access the board will greatly

limit its usefulness to libraries outside of the

Washington, DC area.

• The system should be easy to learn and use, even for those not "computer- literate." Ideally,

it should be totally menu driven.

• Software should be in common use, such as TBBS or RBBS.

• The testing period should be conducted

simultaneously on two .different platforms, to determine which was most cost-effective,

efficient, and useful.

19
Appendix D

Alternate Technologies

In its investigations, the BBS Project Team

discovered that there are many methods available for the transfer of information via electronic media. Each

has strengths and weaknesses with respect to the

ultimate goals of the project. The team felt that a

discussion of these methods would be helpful to the

decision making process.

In addition to BBS, the team considered the

following four data transfer technologies:

• On-line Services • E-Mail • FAX

• Direct Media Dissemination

On-line Services

Online services provide a wide variety of services to

their subscribers. In fact, they offer all of the methods

of information dissemination investigated in the course

of this study, with the exception of direct media. The

key to their success is the economies of scale made

possible by teaming a large, capable computer system

with a national telecommunications network. This

combination provides most users with fast, economical

access to a large number of databases, E-Maii, gateways

to other systems, online searches and other products.

All this is available via local access phone lines. Most

of the service providers have many sub-systems operated

as bulletin boards, which are known by various names,

covering various topics of interest.

Several commercial on-line services also offer Fax

transmission service. For a fee, they will convert uploaded ASCII text files to Fax format and transmit

them to multiple addresses/phone numbers. This can be

done at a very competitive rate since these services have

access to long distance service which sometimes is their own network. Delivery confirmation is provided to the

sender. There is even a service which allows Fax

replies. Replies can be directed to individual mailboxes

for retrieval. The messages are converted to popular

word processing formats. This technology limits transmissions to text, ruling out graphic images.

In addition to the services provided to the general

public, private systems are also often supported, using

the same facilities. An online service can create a

private bulletin board to the specifications of its client,

who gains access to the service's computer and tele- communications network.

In this way, clients receive the benefit of years of

computer and telecommunications experience, along

with the resources needed to handle high volumes of

data traffic. The costs are spread over a large user base,

reducing them to the individual user.

Advantages of On-Line Services

A. Long technical experience in the field with an

established staff of experts. This would speed

up the establishment of any BBS and avoid

common pitfalls.

B. Usually, commercial services are part of a large

corporate group possessing considerable

financial and hardware resources. The latest, most effective technology is used.

C. Much of the work associated with the running of

such a system would be done by the service,

requiring less devotion of resources by LPS.

D. On-line services have established

telecommunications networks, which would

provide local access to most of the depository

libraries and help reduce communications

charges.

E. Technical support to the users, such as help

with communications problems, providing

booklets, user manuals, user software and

training, is usually provided by the service,

which would relieve LPS of this considerable

responsibility.

Disadvantages of On-Line Services

A. The difficulty in creating and negotiating a contract, for the establishment of such a service

with a private concern, is the principle

impediment to the government.

B. There may also be problems in administering

the BBS because of the remote location and

because of misunderstandings arising from the

differences between the government and a

20
private business. However, these services are used to accommodating their customers.

Analysis

Most of the online services offer bulletin boards,

E-Mail, and Fax capability. A minimum investment

from LPS would be needed from the standpoint of

hardware and software purchases and staff time.

E-Mail (Electronic Mail)

The term E-Mail can refer to many things. In this context, E-Mail refers to the exchange of text files using

a central computer service as an intermediary. This

service provides account holders with electronic mail

boxes. Other members of the service, and members of

other connected services, can address messages to these

mail boxes. The accumulated messages can be viewed

and downloaded the next time the account owner logs on to the service.

In addition to the delivery of text messages to others on the service, E-Mail providers typically offer additional mail services.

Text can be transmitted to the location nearest to the recipient, laser printed, enveloped and mailed

locally. Local U.S. mail is normally next day delivery.

Using this method, even those locations without access

to any online services can be reached by E-Mail. As

mentioned in the section on Fax, E-Mail messages can

be converted and transmitted as Fax documents as well.

While most online services have eschewed

interconnection with their competitors, one service,

DASnet, provides a bridging service to deliver E-Mail to most of the other online services. In this way, nearly all subscribers can communicate with each other using

E-Mail. Delivery of messages within one service is almost instantaneous, while it may take a day or two to reach other services.

Advantages of E-Mail

A. E-Mail online services often offer a host of user options which allow custom tailoring to the

needs of the sender and receiver.

B. A very large number of professional and

technical organizations can be reached in this way. No doubt many depositories are clients to one or the other of these service networks.

C. Specifically addressed mail, as well as general

broadcast messages can be sent easily.

D. The major service providers offer good customer

support, including software which allows

preparation of text off line before log on, and

then automates the up load process.

E. E-Mail traffic could be routed to specific areas of LPS by the use of specific mail boxes. This

structuring would provide some organization

and pre-sorting of the material, reducing the

amount of manual sorting that would otherwise

be necessary.

F. Transmission of text via E-Mail is inexpensive

and quick; much faster than U.S. mail service

and very close in costs. Handling and labor costs are almost nil.

Disadvantages of E-Mail

A E-Mail has only a limited capability to transfer data files. It has no ability to provide users with

online reference information, in and of itself.

B. Generally, messages are limited to about 50,000

characters. This imposes a practical limit on the

types of listings LPS could supply, or which

could be exchanged between libraries.

C. E-Mail service lacks a focus for centralized

communication and joint efforts. While E-Mail

can certainly assist in these efforts, it does not accomplish the whole job.

Analysis

E-Mail has become an important tool in modern

communications. However, it too has limitations with

respect to LPS goals in meeting the needs of the

Depository Library community. E-Mail technology can meet all of the four basic services LPS expects to provide, but only to a limited extent.

1) Bulletins - LPS could send critical bulletins to

all or just the affected libraries, that have

E-Mail accounts.

2) E-Mail - Fully supported.

3) Conferences - Message exchange between select groups is possible.

4) File Exchange - Some E-Mail services allow the

21
attachment of binary files to their E-Mail.

There are also utility programs which convert

eight bit binary files to seven bit, for transmission as E- Mail, and then reconvert them on the receiving end.

Despite the fact that E-Mail seems to meet all of the

major objectives, it is a service that, by itself, is too

weak in some areas, particularly with respect to data file handling, to meet the expressed needs of the depository

library community.

FAX (Faesimile)

Fax transmission is one of the oldest methods of

data transfer under consideration. Recent developments

have lowered the cost of desk top Fax machines

dramatically. Consequently, their use has grown

tremendously over just the past few years. Individuals,

commercial businesses, schools and government all use Fax extensively.

Fax is a method of translating an image to an

electronic signal which can be transmitted over ordinary

telephone lines, to any other location equipped with a Fax and a phone line. There are several types or groups

of Fax machine. The earliest is the Group 1 Fax. This

is no longer in use. Next is the Group 2 Fax which is

still in use. The most common form is Group 3 Fax. Almost all of today's Fax machines are Group 3. There

is also a Group 4 Fax which requires special digital

transmission lines found in today's intelligent digital

networks. These groups are distinguished by the

method used to convert the image to be transmitted.

Some of the more expensive Group 3 Fax machines can

understand Group 2. Similarly, a few Group 4

machines can understand Group 3.

Transmission speed is another variable among Fax

machines. With Group 3 machines, 4800 and 9600

baud are common transmission speeds. Faster transmission allows more information to be relayed in a given time period, resulting in reduced telephone

charges. But, both Fax machines must support the

higher speed in order to take advantage of it. And if there is a lot of line noise on the phone connection,

transmission speed is automatically reduced. The higher

speed Fax machines also cost more.

Advantages of Fax Transmission:

A. Fax machines are already in common use. The

last Biennial Survey of Depository Libraries

shows that most depositories already have at

least one Fax available.

B. Fax machines are inexpensive to procure and

relatively easy to maintain.

C. Both text and graphics, whether printed or

hand-written, can be transmitted by Fax.

D. Some Fax machines can be programmed to "broadcast" to a predetermined set of phone

numbers; and the transmission time can be set to occur at night when phone charges are

lowest.

E. Confirmation of delivery is usually available

from most Fax machines.

F. The resolution, or quality, of Faxed documents

at the receiving end is usually adequate for most

purposes.

G. There are Fax network services available which

can reduce the cost of transmission and improve

quality.

Disadvantages of Fax Transmission:

A. The cost of transmission of a great deal of data,

to so many locations, while low compared to printing and mailing costs, is still considerable.

B. Fax does not provide a central focus of

communication. While it would allow

communication between libraries and between

' LPS and the libraries, there is no central

repository for all this information. Centralized

coordination of efforts would be difficult.

C. Multiple Fax machines would be required at LPS to handle the level of expected data traffic. Each machine would have to have a dedicated

line. Though transmission would be faster, the

received documents would have to be manually

sorted and routed to the appropriate people, as with the current postal service delivery.

Considerable effort would be required to ensure

that each issuance was transmitted and received

by all depository libraries.

D. The most limiting factor is that Fax transmission

cannot deliver information in a usable,

electronic format. All data would have to be

re-keyed or scanned into a computer, before it could be used in an automated environment.

22
Variations on the basic Fax arrangements exist. They can help to mitigate some of the limiting factors outlined above, but at a cost. Each form is outlined

below.

The first intriguing possibility is the PC Fax board.

This is an option card which is installed inside an IBM

compatible computer, together with suitable software.

It provides the computer with the ability to send and

receive Fax transmission to Group 3 machines just like any ordinary Fax machine, with two important

differences. First, Fax documents received are saved to disk as image files. These can be either printed as a graphic image, or interpreted by OCR (optical character

recognition) software, and converted to ASCII text. Second, ASCII text files in the computer can be

converted to Fax format for transmission. In addition,

paper documents can be input using a scanner, and then

transmitted as Fax documents.

Use of this technology could improve the control of

information dissemination on the LPS side through

centralization, but would require an additional

computer devoted to this role. The demands of such

Fax hardware/software would require a relatively

sophisticated computer system. Also, a high speed

scanner and printer would have to be available.

Analysis

There is no question that Fax technology offers an

important tool in national and international

communication. It does have limitations with respect to LPS goals in meeting the needs of the Depository

Library community. Fax technology can provide three

of the four basic services LPS has identified as important.

1) Bulletins - LPS could broadcast critical bulletins to all or just the affected libraries, if they have

Fax machines.

2) E-Mail - In a sense, Fax can transmit mail to individual libraries, allowing private messages

back and forth.

3) Conferences - Again, message exchange between

select groups is possible.

Exchange of long lists, data files, programs and so on

is not possible with Fax technology.

It would seem that Fax has a place in GPO's efforts to improve communication with and service to the

Depository community, and may provide a bridge to

those libraries that do not now possess the more

advanced technology to take advantage of other services. LPS now has two Fax machines with which it communicates one-on-one with depositories.

If LPS were to increase its use of Fax technology, it could configure a computer with a Fax option card. An 80386 IBM compatible computer running under a multi-tasking operating environment could support

several Fax cards at a time. Each card would be capable

of multiple Fax broadcasts. The advantage of this arrangement would be the consolidation of the many

files and messages at one point. In addition, conversion

of the Faxed images to a usable ASCII format would be

possible.

Direct Media Dissemination

Another alternative to consider is direct media

dissemination. Already, the Depository Library

Program is distributing government data on CD-ROM

and floppy disk. The Federal issuing agencies

determine when to use these formats. LPS could have

its published products produced in the same manner. There are several factors which must be considered

before embarking on such a course. In any case, direct

media distribution would only be suitable in specific

cases.

Advantages of Direct Media Dissemination

A. Production, content, format and frequency of

distribution could all be controlled by LPS.

B. There would be no need to establish any other

platforms or agreements with outside

commercial organizations for distribution, since

LPS could employ its current physical

distribution system.

C. For products which would be best presented as a complete package or set, direct distribution

would be suitable. LPS could provide

documentation and any supplemental materials

along with the media.

D. For volume distribution, CD-ROM and floppy

disks could be produced and distributed at low

cost.

Disadvantages of Direct Media Dissemination

A The timeliness of information delivery would be no better than with paper products. In fact,

23
there might be an additional delay due to the

time involved in production of the document.

B. There would always be a possibility of damage

or erasure during shipment, requiring

replacement of the product. This would cause

additional delays.

C. If errors in content were found within already

distributed media, the only way to correct it would be by replacing the product. This would

multiply costs greatly, depending on the

frequency of these errors, and add an additional

delay.

D. Direct media dissemination would not be

suitable for all the products LPS would want to

distribute. CD- ROM and floppy disk are too

large as storage media for small files. Processing routine message replies from all of

the depository libraries in these formats would

result in an additional work load for LPS. Since

the messages would be in electronic format,

there could also be a savings of effort in some

cases.

E. Adoption of direct media dissemination would

impose additional standards on the library

community for media formats. While this might

be desirable, it must be recognized that with

such a diverse group of libraries, differences in equipment capabilities exist.

Analysis

Outside of certain situations, the use of direct media

dissemination would not meet LPS goals to provide

service to the library community.

1) Bulletins - Impractical, except as a compilation

of past issuances.

2) E-Mail - Possible, but with the volume expected,

cumbersome at best.

3) Conferences - Not possible.

4) File Exchange - A very good possibility, bearing

in mind the limitations already stated above.

Direct Media Dissemination Hardware and

Software

The field of Authoring Systems is a relatively new

and exciting area of microcomputer development.

Depending on the media chosen, much if not all the

necessary pre-mastering work can be done on a suitably

equipped microcomputer. However, it must be

recognized that the use of such systems involves a steep

learning curve. Their complexity cannot be mastered by

anyone without experience, overnight. With the

necessary investment in software, equipment and skill development, many exciting products could be produced

to benefit the depository community.

There are also systems available for mass production

of floppy disk products. Some systems capable of

producing small quantities of CD- ROMs are now

becoming available also. The costs of production

equipment for such a relatively small audience seems

prohibitive however. And GPO already has systems

available that LPS could use if necessary.

Useful distributed products could be produced with

the software LPS already possesses. Of particular note

is the available Run Time system for FoxPro. FoxPro

is a dBASE development language and environment,

capable of producing elaborate turn-key systems. The

Run Time is a database engine which will run

application program code once it has been created and

compiled by FoxPro. Copies of any application

produced by this system could be duplicated and

distributed in any quantity, without restriction.

It can be assumed that many of the depository

libraries have one or another of the various programs

capable of using dBASE data files. In addition, they can be converted to "Standard Delimited Format", for transfer to most other major software types.

Documents produced by any of the word processors in use by LPS, can be converted to ASCII and imported

into other major types in use by our depositories. In

this way, a good deal of information available in LPS

could be distributed to the depository community on CD-ROM and floppy disks.

24
Appendix E

Hardware and Software

Computer

Definitions

The computer field is changing at such a rapid rate that exact definitions are sometimes difficult. What may

be true about a certain class of computers today, can change tomorrow. In broad terms, computers can be

divided into general purpose and dedicated or specific

purpose computers.

Only general purpose computers can be used for a BBS. General purpose computers fall into three groups

according to general size, use and capabilities:

• Mainframe

• Mini

• Micro

These groups are very generalized, and there is so much overlap between them that the distinctions blur.

In the field of computer-to-computer

communications, mainframes are often operated as the

central source of data files. They maintain vast amounts

of data online; can support many users simultaneously,

and have high speed connections to other mainframes,

to provide the user with many resources not contained

in a single system.

Minicomputers are generally physically smaller and

have less mass storage capacity than mainframes. They

function much the same as the mainframes, and in addition, they provide support services such as operating

the nodes of public data networks. Office work groups

are also built on minicomputers, as are research

establishments and universities, through connections to dumb terminals.

Microcomputers or PCs (personal computers) are

the most numerous and popular type of general purpose

computer. Prices allow many individuals access to a microcomputer. Microcomputers can, but generally do

not, support multiple users.

PC's can generally be grouped based on their MPU

(microprocessor unit) type:

• INTEL 8086 family • MOTOROLA 68000 family

The Intel family is called IBM compatible if it can run under the MS-DOS operating system. Computers

are built around the 8086/8088 (XT class); 80286 (AT

class) and 80386/80486 microprocessors. Each

successive generation of processor provides additional

capabilities which translates into improved

communications and other abilities.

The Motorola family includes computers that are

built around the Motorola 68000, 68020, 68030

microprocessors. Chief among them are the Apple

Macintosh computers. Again, the more advanced

processors provide improved performance to the

computer.

These two families of computers are not software

compatible, but they can communicate with each other,

if communications protocols agree. This is one way of

bridging the gap between these two types of

microcomputers. The 1989 biennial survey shows that the majority of depository libraries have IBM

compatible computers available; therefore that family

should be the main focus for the FDLP BBS.

Still, microcomputer communications are flexible enough, that good service could be arranged for Macintosh computers as well.

Computer systems are made up of various

sub-systems. These are:

• Microprocessor (the brain of the computer) • Main memory or RAM memory

• I/O (input/output systems) • Mass storage (hard disk or floppy)

The degree to which each of these sub- systems

operates in computer to computer communications

depends on the exact application. Generally, if the

computer is to do more, each of these sub-systems must

be increased or enhanced.

For example:

If a computer system were expected to handle 25

users and each of these users were provided a file area of two megabytes, that would be 2 X 25 or 50

megabytes of hard disk space. In addition, the system

would need approximately 10 megabytes for system files and a 10% fudge factor. So the total needed hard disk

25
system space would be 66 megabytes. If the number of

users was increased to 300, the total would be 670

megabytes of hard disk space.

Operating system memory requirements are typically

640k, plus extended or expanded memory (the memory

above the 640k DOS limit). The expanded memory is used to support each activity or user. A certain amount

is set aside for each task, therefore the total amount of

memory needed would be governed by the number of

tasks or users expected to be supported.

The type and speed of the microprocessor is also

important. Since system resources are allocated by time

slice, the faster the processor runs, the less the delay in performing a task when there are multiple users or

multiple tasks involved.

The type of computer and other hardware needed to meet the needs of the LPS, is directly related to what

will be expected of it. Costs increase in direct relation

to capabilities, although after a certain point, a system

can be substantially improved with a proportionally

small increase in cost.

As examples:

A ESDI hard disk of 150 megabyte capacity might

cost $1500. To purchase a 300 megabyte disk does not

double the cost. The cost is around $2000. So cost per

megabyte of storage in large capacity drives goes down,

as size goes up.

Similarly, an 80386 computer operating at 20 Mhz

speed might cost $3500. A much faster 80386 operating

at 33 Mhz might cost $4500 or just $1000 more. The

performance increase is analogous to going from an old

XT to the 80386 20 Mhz computer.

Telecommunications

A telephone line connection is the most usual

mechanism for computer-to-computer communications

outside of a building. If an RJU type plug is available,

anyone can connect the phone line to the modem. For

low level traffic, a voice and modem use line is possible.

Most modems have an in and out plug to allow the

phone to be chained on the same line. However, it would be better to have a line that is dedicated to the

modem alone. The phone company must be contacted

to install a dedicated phone line. In a high-use system,

multiple lines are required. A rule of thumb is one line to fifty active users, depending on how often they call, when they call, and how long they stay on the line

uploading and downloading data. In a multi-line

system, several users can log on simultaneously by

calling a single phone number. Calls are routed to several modems on an add-on board or to multiple

external modems linked to serial ports. Arrangements

can be made with the phone company and with the PBX

installers to be able to split incoming calls to one number to multiple lines.

One significant consideration regarding phone lines

is telecommunications costs. Long- distance phone

company charges could add up very rapidly, and many

of the libraries with meager budgets might be unable to participate in the system if they had to pay these

charges. If the FDLP BBS develops so that almost all important LPS communications take place on the

bulletin board, paper transmission gradually being

phased out, the less well-financed libraries might be

severely impaired in their ability to participate in the

Federal Depository Library Program.

Traditionally LPS has paid all costs associated with

transmitting information to the libraries. Transmitting

information via phone lines is functionally no different

than transmission of hard copy through the postal

service. If LPS were to pay the tele-communications

costs, a toll-free 800 number could be installed. Costs

to GPO might be prohibitive, however.

Costs could be reduced by contracting with a public

data network, or PDN. These are also commonly called "packet switching networks." Some of the best known

are Telenet, now called SprintNet, and Tymnet, but

there are many others.

These networks can provide substantial savings

compared with using the normal telephone network.

The reason PDN's can provide service for less is the

efficiency with which they can communicate. This has

to do with the nature of digital communications as compared with voice communications. In most areas of

the country, these networks maintain what are called "nodes." These nodes provide local access numbers that users of the network can call without incurring long

distance charges.

When a user calls the local node, a modem answers

the call. The nodes computer asks the caller for the

address of the computer the user wishes to communicate with. Node computers constantly monitor

the conditions on several high speed data transmission

lines that the network maintains. The incoming digital

data is compressed into packets of 128 bytes each, using

the X.25 protocol. Each of these packets is addressed

with the destination and numbered in sequence. The

26
computer then routes each packet separately, depending on the volume of data traffic on each high speed line. During high traffic times, each data line can be

completely filled, resulting in the most efficient use of

the system. Packets can travel independently to their

destination because they contain digital information.

This is not possible on analog phone lines.

When the packets arrive at the destination node, the

nodes computer reassembles them in the numbered

order and transmits them over another modem, to the

addressee. The network computers record users by an ID number and password. Depending on the

arrangement, either the sender or receiver is billed for the time connected. Because of the many redundant

connections, the network system is very reliable.

Telephone connections can be provided by a toll-free 800 service, if it is decided that LPS will pay

communications charges. A PDN feed could be paid for by either GPO or the users, or by a combination of the

two. Otherwise, normal business lines would provide

access to long distance callers, who would pay the

charges.

Modem

When computers must communicate further than the

local area (within a building), a modem (short for modulator-demodulator) is used. Modems are critical pieces of equipment which are rapidly evolving as technical improvements are made. Selection of an

adequate modem is crucial to the successful operation

of a BBS.

The function of a modem is to make it possible for computers to communicate with each other over the

phone lines. Computers communicate by digital signals.

Telephone systems are designed to carry analog sound,

not digital signals. The computer signal is made up of

discrete voltage conditions, representing the I's and O's of the binary language. Modems convert this digital

signal to tones or sounds of specific frequency, for transmission over the telephone lines. They also act in reverse, for signals being received from other

computers.

Modems operate at various transmission speeds and

sometimes incorporate transmission protocols.

Originally, modems had to transmit at very slow speeds

(150 - 300 bits per second, or baud) because the signal

noise in the phone lines could cause errors in the

information being sent. With the exception of special

conditioned leased lines, most telephone lines still have

noise, but various transmission protocols have been

developed which check the data for transmission errors, and correct the errors when they are found.

There are also protocols for the automatic

compression of data before transmission, to speed up

the data transmission rates. These various protocols go

by names like MNP (Microcom Networking Protocol),

X.PC, V.22, V.32, V.42. The problem with these

standards is that both the sending and receiving

modems must support the standard, in order for it to work, and by no means all modems support these

protocols.

While only a few years ago 1200bps (bits per second) was considered high speed transmission, today 2400bps

and even 9600bps is considered commonplace. The

advantage of higher transmission speed is that the time

spent connected online is reduced, resulting in lower

charges. Large file transfers that take place quickly can reduce costs significantly. Again, both modems involved

in the communication must support the same speed or

the faster modem will drop to the speed of the slower

one.

Modems are rapidly becoming cheaper, faster, and

easier to use. Most advances are taking place in the

2400 and 9600bps technology. Slower modems are dropping in price but are not improving technologically.

The adoption in 1989 of a new standard (v.32) for the 9600bps modem by the Consultative Committee on

International Telegraph and Telephone should , spur

industry acceptance of the 9600. The 9600 would be

ideal to send and receive large amounts of data all day.

To communicate with a mainframe computer,

synchronous as well as asynchronous communication

capability is required. If projections for future uses of

the FDLP BBS include downloading files from GPO's

mainframe, a modem with synchronous as well as asynchronous capability should be chosen.

Another alternative is a special expansion chassis that holds multiple internal modems. Galacticomm's

Galactibox comes with 16 expansion slots, and up to four boxes can be chained together, for a total of 64

ports. A 16- port Galactibox is installed on the Project

Hermes platform.

Software

Once the hardware requirements are met and the

computer, modem, and telephone line are connected, all

27
that remains to complete the bulletin board system is the software. If an existing service is used, only

telecommunications software will be needed. If LPS

designs and maintains its own system, BBS software

must be purchased.

Communications Software

A communications software package is a type of

application program, just as word processing and

spreadsheet programs are. Communications programs

are designed to give users control over their computer

communications sessions. To do this, they offer a

variety of features and options. The control of the

various settings, a phone number list for automatic

dialing, file transfer control, and various printing

options are among the features commonly found in communications programs. Differences in the number

and type of features offered is the chief distinction

among the various available programs. These programs

are available as public domain software, that is, free of

any copyright restrictions, or they can be elaborate

commercial products. Some of the more popular

communications programs are: SmartCom, ProComm,

and Crosstalk. There are many others available.

A significant feature of many communications

programs is the creation and use of "scripting" or programming of automatic sequences for log on to online services and BBS, and for retrieval of routine

data from these systems. The most common programs

offer a form of control over the modem by using the

Hayes "AT" command set, or a subset of this set of

commands first used to control Hayes brand modems.

Modems that support this command set are therefore

able to operate with many communications programs.

With modems now available that operate at high

transmission speeds, above 300bps, errors in data

transmission due to line noise are common. To combat

this, various error correction methods were developed.

One of the first error correction protocols was Xmodem. Other improved versions such as Xmodem-CRC, Ymodem and Zmodem, have followed.

Kermit, another long-time popular transfer protocol, was developed for UNIX mini-computer system

transfers and has become generally popular as well. Both the sender and receiver programs must be using

the same protocol in order for it to work. An

advantage of today's good communications programs is

that they support several of the most popular protocols,

making it likely that a match can be found.

BBS Software

There are many versions of BBS software available,

both relatively expensive commercial versions and

"shareware" that is available at a usually very modest

fee.

Desirable features in BBS software include:

• support high speed modems; • support Xmodem and Ymodem protocols; • support batch file protocols such as Kermit; • support external protocols; • flexible security system; • ease in message editing and retrieval; • support network mail; • support multiple lines.

The software should be accompanied by complete,

easily accessible documentation. Ease of use, ease of

maintenance, and good product support are also important considerations.

BBS software comes with default settings for preset menus and commands, but the bulletin board managers

would want to customize the system design to fit specific needs. For example, interface menus can be created

to make it easy to navigate through the system, or

certain areas of the BBS could be set aside for special

interest groups. In the FDLP BBS, areas might be set aside for communication only with Depository Library

Council members, or only with regional librarians.

Customizing BBS software appears to be a less user-friendly process than working with word processing or spreadsheet software. With BBS software, the sysop

(system operator) must go through the BBS text editors,

which may be unfamiliar and unfriendly terrain for the

inexperienced person. Setting up BBS software requires a bit of technical expertise and there are on-going

maintenance and trouble shooting tasks requiring someone to act as system administrator. If the decision

is taken to create the BBS within LPS, one option for setting it up would be to contract with an independent

specialist in this field. The contractor would design the

complete system to LPS specifications and provide

support during the testing phase.

28
Printer

To support the printing operations, a high speed dot

matrix or laser printer would be needed. A high speed

dot matrix printer using fan fold paper, should be

adequate for the printing tasks. If printing becomes a delay causing task, both software- and

hardware-implemented print buffers are available. Print

buffers contain the document or file to be printed, and

pass the coded information to the printer as fast as it can take it, thus freeing the computer for other tasks.

Hardware Recommendatioiis

The BBS Project Team recommends that a dedicated

computer be provided for the BBS. This computer

should be capable of high speed processing of the

information, particularly data files, and it should be

equipped with a hard disk large enough to hold all the

expected files, plus some extra space. A 70 to 100

megabyte drive should be sufficient. Most drives of this size are also fast responding and therefore would not add to transmission delays on upload or download of

files. The 80386SX or 80486 computer running at 33

Mhz or better would be ideal for the FDLP BBS.

(Project Hermes uses a 486/25MHz computer.)

The computer should also be equipped with floppy

disk drives in both the 5Va" and 3V2" formats, to support

the drives in use in LPS. It would also be helpful to have two drives in the SVz" format to speed the process

of making multiple copies to go to different points in LPS.

A duplicate backup computer system should be

available to ensure uninterrupted service in the event ofhardware failure. In addition to the primary

microcomputer and the backup microcomputer, with all their ancillary hardware and software, another

microcomputer would be required to provide support

for the BBS, i.e. preparing the files for transmission.

File information should also be routinely backed up

to a separate medium, floppy disk or tape, to prevent

loss in case of equipment failure.

Due to the large number of expected participating

libraries, the BBS would need to support up to 32 users

at a time. Installation for support of 25 users would

give a good indication of any need to expand capacity.

Support for 25 simultaneous users requires a computer

capable of multi-user operation. The 80386/80486

microprocessor based computer can do this. Sufficient

RAM memory would also need to be installed, to support this level of activity. Four megabytes would seem a good starting point. For file handling, a fast responding hard disk of no less than 100 megabytes

should be provided.

In addition, these systems should be provided with an Uninterruptable Power Supply (UPS) so that power

transients would not disrupt transmissions. Also, a file backup medium should be provided in the form of a streaming tape, bernoulli box or removable hard disk

cartridge. Transfer of large files to and from the BBS

system might be simplified with the use of removable

hard disk cartridges.

29
Costs

The chart below shows the range of costs for essential as well as estimated contracting and telecommunications

and ancillary hardware and software for a BBS system, costs.

Hardware Low End High End

IBM compatible computer $ 900 $ 6,000

Modem 80 600

Expansion chassis with multiple internal modems 2,200 1 3,000

Rack mount cabinet 300 500

Removable hard disk 500 3,000

Uninterruptable power supply 200 800

Dot matrix printer 300 3,000

Laser printer 1,000 3,500

Computer fax card 300 600

Stand-alone fax machine 300 1,500

Scanner 400 4,000

Totals 6,480 36,500

Software

BBS software 30 2,000

Telecommunications software 10 400

Scanner software 300 3,000

340 5,400

System Design

Independent contractor 2,000 5,000

Online Services

Hourly telecommunications charge 6 20

Table 9.

30
GPO Mainframe

[Information from Technical Support staff, Office of

Information Resources Management, GPO]

The following is a description of the basic hardware

and software requirements necessary to establish a bulletin board on GPO's mainframe computer for the

distribution libraries. The estimates are based on 1,400

libraries dialing into GPO, with an estimation that V* of

them will be dialing in on any given day and will require

between 30 and 60 minutes of connect time to process

their requests. Initially 32 lines would be installed to handle this traffic. An extensive survey of mainframe bulletin board

software was not conducted for this estimate. IBM's

GROUPTALK software is used as a sample. Specific user requirements will have to be matched against

software capabilities to ensure that software is available

to meet the user needs. Since the bulletin board

software will reside on the mainframe, it is assumed the

package would require 3270 communications. This

could be either Systems Network Architecture (SNA) or Bisynchronous EBCDIC communication. The main

point is that the software will not communicate directly

with a personal computer and protocol conversion will be required.

Two possible solutions are presented. The first utilizes hardware protocol converters similar to the

method that external agencies and contractors use to access Printing Procurement information. The second

establishes an X.25 asynchronous network for dial in users and performs the protocol conversion with a software package on the mainframe.

Method 1 - Hardware Protocol Converters:

A protocol converter acts as an interface between

asynchronous, ASCII devices and SNA or bysynchronous devices. PC's perform dial in functions

by use of a communications package such as CROSSTALK or PROCOM. The communication

package emulates a common asynchronous device, such

as a VTIOO, and performs the dialing and connection

functions required to establish communications. Script

files can be set up so the entire connection sequence is initiated by a single command. The user dials into the

protocol converter and establishes a session with the

host computer. The PC will appear to the mainframe

as a 3270 device.

Basic requirements and approximate prices:

Item Quantity Cost Total

Protocol converter 1 $ 15,000 $ 15,000

Telephone lines 32 240/yr. 7,680/yr.

Modems (2224 CEO) 32 525 16,800

Modem Cabinet 1 2,000 2,000

Cable 32 75 2,400

Bulletin board software 1 30,000 30,000

Total $ 73,880

Table 10.

Note: This assumes the libraries will obtain their own lines will be local lines - which will be a communication software for their PC and the telephone long distance call for most libraries.

31
Method 2 - X.25 Network:

An X.25 network provides connectivity for diverse

types of equipment. This is the type of network that is used by public networks like Tymnet and Telenet.

Their services could be used to provide remote PC users

dial in access to GPO's mainframe or a private X.25

network would be established at GPO.

The library user would again use a communications

software package on the PC to establish a connection

with the network. The data would be transmitted to the

host in ASCII format and a software package would

provide conversion to EBCDIC. The data would then

be passed to the bulletin board application.

Basic requirements and approximate prices:

ttem Ouantitv Cost Total

A. 25 pad 1 $ 3,000 $ 3,000

Telephone lines 32 240/yr. 7,DoO/yr.

Modems (2224 CEO) 32 525 16 800

Modem cabinet 1 2,000 2,000

Cable 32 75 2,400

4 port expander modules 8 700 5,600

X.25 software (COMTEN) 1 4,000/yr. 4,000/yr.

NPSI software (COMTEN) 1 2,400/yr. 2,400/yr.

Bulletin board (Host) 1 30,000 30,000

Protocol conversion software (Host) 1 40,000 40,000

Total $113,880

Table 11.

Note: If mainframe bulletin board software is available would be reduced to $73,880.

to communicate directly with ASCII devices, the cost

32
Qeveland Free-Net Community Computer System

The Cleveland Free-Net Community Computer

System, a very large, multi-file, multi-use system, with

thousands of users nationwide, could be used by GPO

to implement its proposed BBS. Its founder, Mr. Tom

Grudner of Case Western Reserve University in Cleveland, Ohio (where the system is headquartered)

envisions the system as the "National Public Radio" of

computer network systems. GPO could occupy a segment of the system, becoming a Special Interest Group, or SIG. The system allows for, or is currently

being upgraded to accommodate, all anticipated LPS

uses of a BBS: listing large text files for libraries to

download, electronic mail, open forum discussion

bulletin board segments, mass "mailings," etc.

Many libraries access Cleveland Free-Net through

Internet. Internet is a system established among major

universities for a variety of telecomputing uses. Neighboring institutions, such as depository libraries, can be allowed access to a university's Internet line(s).

Therefore, most if not all depository libraries in the

Federal Depository Library System could access the

FDLP BBS on Cleveland Free-Net, through Internet. Cleveland Free-Net can also be accessed by a number of

other methods: direct dial, other telecomputing systems,

etc.