F iled 6/18/18



## IN THE SUPREME COURT OF CALIFORNIA

I n re ROBERT WESLEY COWAN ) ) S158073
on H abeas Corpus. )

________________________________ ____ )

In 1996, a Kern County jury convicted petitioner Robert Wesley Cowan of the first degree murders of Clifford and Alma Merck (Pen. Code, §§ 187,
subd. (a), 189 ; all undesignated statutory references are to this code ) and found true the special circumstance allegations of multiple murder (§ 190.2, subd. (a)(3)) and murder during the commission of robbery and burglary ( i d. , subd. (a)(17)(A), (G)). A s to each murder, the jury found that a principal had been armed with a firearm (§ 12022, subd. (a)(1)), and the trial court found that Cowan had suffered a prior serious felony conviction (§ 667, subd. (a)). The jury was unable to reach a
verdict on a mu rder count involving a third victim, Jewell Russell , and t he trial
court declared a mistrial on that count. At the penalty phase, the jury returned a verdict of death for Alma’s murder and a verdict of life imprisonment without the possibility of parole for Clifford’s murder. The trial court imposed the death
sentence with a one

- year arming enhancement for Alma’ s murder, a consecutive sentence of life imprisonment without possibility of parole plus a on e

- year arming enhancement for Clifford’ s murder, and a five

- year enhancement for the prior serious felony conviction. On automatic appeal, this court affirmed the judgment in its entirety. ( People v. Cowan (2010) 50 Cal.4th 401, 415 ( Cowan ).)2

While his a ppeal was pending, Cowan filed a petition for writ of habeas corpus petition in this court. In Claim 2 of the petition, he alleged that Juror
No. 045882 committed misconduct by intentionally concealing that he previously
had been convicted of public fight ing (§ 415, subd. (1)) and was then on probation. On June 22, 2011, this court issued an order instructing the Secretary of the Department of Corrections and Rehabilitation (CDCR) to show cause why we should not grant Cowan relief based on juror misconduc t. After the Attorney
General , representing CDCR, filed a return and Cowan filed a traverse, we appointed a referee and ordered him to take evidence and make findings of fact on the following questions: 1. Is Juror No. 045882 the person who was cited for public fighting, a misdemeanor violation of section 415, subdivision (1), on January 14, 1995 ; was charged with a violation of that section on January 18, 1995 ; pled guilty to that offense on February 6, 1995 ; and received a sentence of three years’ proba tion and a fine of $225, as reflected in the court file in Bakersfield Municipal Court
No. 506741B? 2. If so, what were Juror No. 045882’s reasons for failing to disclose these
facts on his juror questionnaire and during voir dire at Cowan’s trial?
3 . Was the nondisclosure intentional and deliberate? 4. Considering Juror No. 045882’s reasons for failing to disclose these facts, was his nondisclosure of the above facts indicative of juror bias? 5. Was Juror No. 045882 actually biased against Cowan?
The referee conducted an evidentiary hearing , considered pre

- and post

evidentiary hearing briefs submitted by the parties, and heard oral argument on the questions submitted. The referee filed a three

- page report to which Cowan filed3

exceptions. We agree with the referee ’ s conclusion that Juror No. 045882 was not actually biased against Cowan and that no prejudicial misconduct occurred.
I
. The evidence at the reference hearing comprised three exhibits (A

- 1 [docket in the public fighting misdemeanor case] , B

- 1 [juror questionnaire] , C

- 1 [transcript of jury selection voir dire] ) and the testimony of Juror No. 045882 (the juror)

. A . Court Documents in Bakersfield Municipal Court Case No.

506741B
Court docu ments established that on January 14, 1995, Juror No. 045882 and another person e ngaged in a fistfight in the Valley Plaza Mall in Bakersfield

. A Bakersfield police officer questioned the juror , issued him a citation , and
released him

. O n February 6, 1995, the juror pleaded guilty to fighting in a public place, a misdemeanor violation of section 415, subdivision (1) . The juror was fined $225 and placed on informal probation for three years

. The juror’s opponent in the fistfight was arrested, trans ferred to the Bakersfield police station, and
booked on charges of possession of an illegal knife and fighting in public. B. Jury Questionnaire and Voir Dire
O n April 17, 1996, during the jury selection process in Cowan ’s capital trial, Ju ror No. 045882 c ompleted a questionnaire. He was 19 years old. In the “Law Enforcement and Judicial Contacts” section, Q uestion 34 asked about prior arrests, including type of charge, date, and location of arrest, and outcome

. Juror
No. 045882 wrote, “assault and batte ry. 1991 From my hous[e] charges dropped.” In response to Q uestion 35, which asked whether any immediate family member
had ever b een arrested, Juror No. 045882 wrote, “brother

. ”4

The juror left blank the space next to Q uestion 39, which asked the juror to explain how he felt the law enforcement and judicial systems had handled any arrests involving himself or family members . In response to Q uestion 50, which asked whether the juror had ever known anyone who was falsely accused of a crime, Juror No. 0458 82 answered “yes” and explained, “my brother was partly wrong but still had to serve 6 month[s]. For anothers [ sic ] fault

. ” Q uestion 53

a sked whether the juror had ever been in a courtroom for any reason other than jury service

. Juror No. 045882 answere d “yes” and explained, “tickets

. ” In response to Q uestion 54, which asked whether the juror had ever had any contact with law enforcement or the criminal justice system other than that previously mentioned, Juror No. 045882 answered “no

. ” In the “Death P enalty” section, question 56 asked the juror to express his feelings about the death penalty. Juror No. 045882 answered, “If guilty, why not.” In response to question 57, which asked the juror whether he had ever held a different view of the death penalt y, he answered, “no.” In response to question 58, which asked whether the death penalty was imposed too often or too seldom, the juror answered, “Too seldom I haven’t heard of too many.” Question 59 asked if the death penalty is wrong for any reason, inc luding religious, moral, or ethical beliefs. The juror checked, “no.” During voir dire, w hen asked whether he or a close relative had ever been the victim of a crime, the juror responded, “My brother was just in here not too long [ago] for assau lt and bat tery.” The juror also explained, “ And me, it was about three years back

— well, I didn ’ t come to court, my brother went through. I
didn ’ t get convicted or nothing; dropped charges against me. ” The juror believed
that his brother ’s sentence was too severe because the purported victim in his
brother ’ s case pulled out a knife and suffered a self

- inflicted stab wound to the5

back of his own hand as he defended himself against the juror’s brother. The juror
said he would not hold the outcome of his b rother ’ s case against the prosecutor in
Cowan ’s c ase. When asked, “Do you feel strongly that anyone who commits murder should get the death penalty,” the juror answered, “[n]ot really” and it would “depend on the circumstances.” The juror d id not mention , nor was he questioned about , his 1995 misdemeanor conviction and probation sentence. C. Testimony of Juror No. 045882 at Evidentiary H earing In response to the referee’s questioning, the juror testified that h e did not recall “an incident at the Valley Plaza Mall in about 1995 where [he] had contact with a security guard and then a Bakersfield police officer[.]” Nor did the juror recall “any incident where [he was] given a piece of paper to appear at court for a misdemeanor disturbing

- the

- peace

- type case back around 1995[.]” In response to questioning by counsel, t he juror testified that he recalled being a juror in Cowan ’s trial but did not recall completing t he juror questionnaire, even though he recognized his handwriting and signature on the questionnaire.
After r eview ing the court file and police report regarding his conviction for public fight ing at the Valley Plaza Mall in 1995 , t he juror recall ed that he fought with the

ex

- boyfriend of the juror ’ s then

- girl friend ; that the fight was broken up by mall security; that the person he fought was handcuffed and arrested ; that he was not allowed to return to the mall; that he was given a citation and later went to court; and that he was placed on probation but did not recall for how long

. The juror explained that , to hi m, being arrested means that a person is “ [c]uffed, detained, taken off in a patrol unit,” “[b]ooked , ” “[t]aken downtown,” “[f]ingerprinted,” an d
has “[m]ugshots” taken, non e of which he experienced after the mall f ight. The juror testified that he did not believe he had been placed u nder arrest for the public fighting incident . He did not recall being advised of his rights under6

Miranda v. Arizona (1966) 384 U.S. 436

. H e did not have to report to anyone while on probation for public fighting, and he only had to “ ‘pay this fine and be on your way.’ ” Upon additional questioning by the government , the juror
recalled that after he entered a plea, “I believe somebody contacted me, hey, okay, you have any questions? You know what I mean? Stay out of trouble. Kind of one of those. Pay your f

ine. Stay out of trouble. [¶] It wasn’t a big deal, you know.” The juror testified that he had “for got[ten] all about [the mall fight]” until he looked at the police report at the hearing and that it “ha[d]n’t even crossed [his] mind.” The juror testified that “[t]here was no reason” for failing to mention his prior “arrest” for the mall fight in respo nse to Question 34 and that it “didn’t cross my mind.” He testified, “I mea n , I put a lot of stuff behind me. You know? I don’t dwell on things.” The juror “ vaguely ” recalled going to court after the
incident and believed he was in court when he signed the change of plea form. The juror explained that his response to Question 34 referred to a 1991 assault and battery involving himself, his brother, and the boyfriend of his brother’s ex

- girlfriend. Police arrested the juror and his brother. The juror recalled that he stayed overnight in “juvenile hall” but could not initially recall
whether he was “ booked ” into a facility. The charges were dropped. At the time the juror completed his jury questionnaire, th is was the only incident in which he
had been “hauled off, taken down to the police station, [and] booked into juvenile hall.” The juror explained that it “stuck out in [his] mind ” because “[i]t’s something that happened to me in my childhood of life where I felt I shouldn’t
have been taken in for , you know.

. . . I didn’t do nothing.” With respect to Question 35, the juror acknowledged that he answered “yes” and added only “brother” in the space provided, omitting the requested7

details (e.g., date of the arrest, charges, etc.). The juror testified that the incident
for which his brothe r was arrested was the same “conflict” he mentioned in his answer to Question 34. H e did not provide details about his brother’s arrest in

r esponse to Question 35 because he “[d]idn’t remember the date.” The juror also explained that “it was [identified] up in [Question 34], assault and battery, so I didn’t carry it down, I’m sure.” When asked why he included the outcome of his arrest in 1991 in his response to Question 34 but not the outcome for his brother in Question 35, the juror testified, “I just d idn’t complete the answer in [Question] 35 it looks like.” The juror testified that he had no reason for failing to disclose in his answer to Question 39 the public fighting incident that led to his misdemeanor conviction. Regarding Question 50, the jur or clarified that his response referred to another incident involving his brother in which someone attempted to stab the brother and instead accidentally stabbed himself. The juror’s brother was convicted of unspecified offenses and served six months in c ustody. He believed that his brother had been wrongly convicted. The juror testified he had no reason for failing to mention his public fighting conviction in his answer to Question 53 and that his reference to “tickets” meant he previously had been to court for traffic tickets. Regarding his f ailure to
mention the public fighting conviction in his answer to Question 54 , he testified
that the omission was not intentional and that “I don’t have nothing to hide. I mean, I don’t

— if it’s there, it’s ther e. [¶] . . . I mean it asks us about family. I mean, you’re asking me questions. It’s asking me about me, my family, you know. I mean, I don’t know how to answer. [¶] I just know I did not do it on purpose. I’ll tell you that much. I mean, if I would have remembered , I would have put it in. ”8

The juror testified that he understood what Question 54 asked, i.e., whether he, his family, or his close friends had had contact with law enforcement or the criminal justice system other than what was menti oned elsewhere on the questionnaire. He explained t hat the lack of a response in the answer space was “probably” because he “just didn’t want to answer it.” Counsel asked why, and the juror testified , “I mean, my family is my family. It has nothing to d o with me. I mean, my arrest was thrown out, you know. Other than that, I wasn’ t charged
with it. So I don ’ t really count

— count it, you know, my arrest being hauled off to juvenile hall, I was a minor. ” The juror explained the arrest he was referr ing to was the 1991 arrest. He acknowledged that he mentioned the 1991 arrest in answer to Question 34 ; that even if he felt the 1995 incident did not involve an arrest, he should have mentione d it in response to Question 34; and that his response to Questio n 54 was “incomplete” because he did not refer to the 1995 public fighting incident. H e said he had no reason for omitting his citation, misdemeanor conviction, and grant of probation for the 1 995 incident from his answer to Question 54.
When asked whether he had been concerned that his misdemeanor conviction for public fighting would have give n the trial court or the attorneys a reason to excuse him from jury service , the juror testified, “ N o. I mean, to be honest, the Courts could have pulled that up and already told me, no, you can’t be a juror because of your misdemeanor or your felony; right? They could have looked that up. Said, hey, you’re excused because of that

— .” The juror testified that he did not recall how he felt when he received his first misdemeanor conviction for the mall fight but that he had “probably” been

“ upset ” because he was convicted for “standing up for something that I believed in. You know. And then here I am.” The juror did not believe he was wrongly9

convicted because “I could have walked away.” He did not recall whether he was on probation at the time of his jury service or whether his probation terminated early. The juror had never been involved in jury selection prior to Cowan ’s trial. He agreed that the process was “ a little i ntimidating for a 19

- year

- old” but also

“ interesting. ” His impression was that the 20

- page questionnaire “[went] on and
on and on , ” whereas he is “short in anything [he does]” like “answering things.”
He scann ed the questionnaire, tried to “quickly” “ mark the right answer yes or

no , ” and did not provide “a whole lot of detail” in his answers. The juror testified that when he completed the questionnaire at Cowan ’s
1996 trial, he did not have any bias toward either Cowan or the prosecution, and
that he “ came with an open mind. ” He did not try to hide anything in fil ling out the questionnaire and did not try to answer questions in a manner that he believed
would increase his chances of being selected as a juror

. He testified that he was
fair and impartial to both parties at Cowan ’s trial. Neither t he public fighting
incident nor his probation status enter ed into hi s mind when he completed the questionnaire. The juror thought it was “ a great opportunity to serve on a jury, to do something li ke that, you know. ” In his subsequent contacts with the criminal justice system, he did not mention or ask his attorney to mention that he had been a juror in the present case and had voted for conviction

. The juror admitted he
suffered a 2003 conviction of felony assault with a firearm with a firearm use
enhancement.
II. After hearing the evidence, the referee issued a report stating his findings in response to the five questions we asked him to address. Cowan takes exception to10

a number of the refere e’s findings; the A ttorney General asks this court to adopt all of the referee’s findings. Because a petition for a writ of habeas corpus is a
collateral attack on a presumptively final criminal judgment , “the petitioner bears a heavy burden initially to plead sufficient grounds for relief, and then later to

prove them. ” ( People v. Duvall (1995) 9 Cal.4th 464, 474.) To obtain relief, the petitioner must prove by a preponderance of the evidence the facts that establish entitlement to relief. ( In re Price (2011) 51 Cal.4th 547, 559 .)
When a claim of juror misconduct “arise[s] in a petition for habeas corpus
before this court and become [s] the subject of an evidentiary hearing before our
ref eree, our review of the referee’ s report follows well

- settled principles. The referee’ s factual findings are not binding on us, and we can depart from them upon independent examination of the record even when the evidence is conflicting. [Citations.] However, such findings are entitled to great weight where supported by substantial evidence. [Citations.] ” ( In re Hamilton (1999) 20 Cal.4th 273, 29 6 ( Hamilton ); accord, In re Welch (2015) 61 Cal.4th 489, 501 .) “ On the other hand, any conclusions of law or resolution of mixed questions o f fact and law that the referee provides are subject to our independent review. ” ( Hamilton , at p. 297; accord, In re Thomas (2006) 37 Cal.4th 1249, 1257 .) Question 1. T he referee found that the juror was the person who plead ed guilty to misdemeanor publi c fighting (§ 415, subd. (1) ) on February 6, 1995, and was placed on probation for three years and fine d $225

. T his finding is undisputed

. Question 2. The referee found that t he juror failed to disclose his public fighting conviction on his questionnaire and during voir dire at Cowan ’ s trial because he “simply overlooked the misdemeanor conviction when he filled out the questionnaire.” The juror did not consider the incident significant chiefly because11

he was not arrested , handcuffed, or booked but inste ad w as cited and released by
law enforcement . The juror had forgotten all about the incident during jury
selection. He was not on “ formal probation ,” did not have to check in with a probation officer , and only had to pay a fine. The public fighting inci dent did not stick out in the juror’s mind in comparison to the 1991 incident in which he
believed that his brother had been wrongly arrested and that he (the juror) had unjustifiably been booked by law enforcement and detained overnight at juven ile
hall. T he juror answered the questions quickly and without provid ing much detail.
Cowan argues that the record does not contain substantial evidence supporting this finding because the juror was not credible when he claimed he forgot about the misdemeanor public fighting conviction and because the explanations he offered for not disclosing the conviction on the questionnaire and during voir dire were im

plausible or contradic ted by other testimony. Cowan

asserts , for example, that the juror’s testimony that he forgot about the 1995 public fighting incident and the resulting misdemeanor conviction was not believable
beca use he recalled his 1991 arrest even though it did not re sult in any charges and occurred more than three years earlier. Cowan also points out that the juror’s claim that he had forgotten about the 1995 incident is inconsistent with his testimony on cross

- examination agreeing with the prosecutor that “you didn’ t indicate this incident at the mall [on question 34, which asked if he had ever been arrested] because, in your mind, your 19

- year

- old

- mind at the time, you di dn’t feel
that it was an arrest. ”
But a key purpose of a reference hearing is to resolve credi bility issues arising from the testimony and evidence. ( People v. B oyette (2013) 56 Cal.4th 866, 876.) “ [T] he referee is entitled to discredit portions of a witness’s testimony while finding the witness credible in other particulars. [Citation.] Thus, the fact12

that the referee expressly or impliedly disbelieved a witness in some respects, or that portions of a witness’s testimony seem unlikely on their face, does not mean that any finding based solely or primarily on the same witness’s testimony on
othe r matters is without substantial support.” ( Hamilton , supra , 20 Cal.4th at
p. 297, fn. 18.) “ Deference to the referee is particularly appropriate on issues requiring resolution of testimonial conflicts and assessment of witnesse s’ credibility, because th e referee has the opportunity to observe the witnesses ’ demeanor and manner of testifying. ” ( Id. at p. 296.)
Here t he referee found that the juror’s testimony about failing to remember the 1995 public fighting conviction when completing the questionnaire was credible, even though the juror recalled and disclosed his arrest for the assault and battery incident that had occurred a few years earlier. The referee reasoned that the 1995 incident “did not stick out in the juror’s mind,” unlike the 1991 incident
in which he believed that he was unjustly arrested, booked, and detained overnight in juvenile hall and that his br other had been wrongly arrested. O n redirect by Cowan’s counsel, the juror denied that he failed to disclose his misdemeanor conviction in his answer to Question 34 “since [he] wasn’t arrested.” Despite the apparent discrepancies in the juror’s testimony , the referee

— who observed the juror’s demeanor while testifying

— was entitled to conclude the juror testified truthfully on these points.
Cowan contends that the referee, in finding that the juror was not arrested or placed in handcuffs for the 1995 pu blic fighting incident, “wholly ignored
Office [ sic ] Wimbish’s report that the juror was subjected to a citizen’s arrest and placed in han dcuffs by security officers.” Officer Wimbish was apparently present at the evidentiary hearing but did not testif y. T he referee was entitled to credit the juror’s sworn testimony at the hearing on this point instead of the unsworn hearsay13

statements in the officer’s report. Moreover, at the evidentiary hearing, the prosecutor explained that the police report indica tes that the juror was “cited and released” after the fighting incident. Counsel for petitioner agreed that “Officer Wimbish did give a citation to [the juror]” but insisted that “[the juror] was subjected to a citizen’s arrest prior to being given a cita tion.” The police report confirms that after breaking up the fight, the mall security officer placed the two combatants in handcuffs and took them to an area off the main plaza. It is unclear , however, whether the juror was still in handcuffs when Office r Wimbish arrived.
W e conclude that substantial evidence supports the referee’s finding that the juror “simply overlooked” the 1995 misdemeanor public fighting conviction when he filled out the questionnaire. The juror consistently testified that the 19 95 public fighting incident did not cross his mind and that his nondisclosure was not “on purpose.” He described the incident as not “a big deal” and “pretty minor.” The juror also testified that he had “nothing to hide” and would have included the
1995 misdemeanor conviction if he had remembered it. Further, the juror testified that when he completed the questionnaire, he did not “dwell on things,” did not take long to answer the questions, and did not provide much detail in his answers.
As the referee found, the juror failed to respond or provide the requested explanations to many of the questions asked , including those that had nothing to do with his experiences in the criminal justice system

. Although there were some
inconsistencies in the juror’s t estimony, “ ‘ we assume the referee considered those discrep ancies, along with [the juror’ s] demeanor, while testifying, before concluding he was a credible witness. ’ ” ( Boyette , supra , 56 Cal.4th at p. 877 .)
We defer to the referee ’ s resolution of the conflicts in the testimony and to his
conclusion that the juror failed to remember his 1995 misdemeanor conviction when he comp leted his juror questionnaire.14

Question 3. T he referee found that t he juror’s failure to d isclose his
misdemeanor conviction was n ot intentional or deliberate

. For the reasons just stated, we defer to this finding. Question 4. The referee found that the juror’s failure to d isclose his
misdemeanor conviction was not indicative of bias. We conclude that th e referee’s finding i s supported by substantial evidence, namely, the juror’s testimony that he felt no bias towards either Cowan or the prosecution and came to court with an “open mind

. ” In addition, the juror’s disclosure of his 1991 arrest, together with his testimony that he did not remember his 1995 misdemeanor
conviction and did not omit it “on purpose , ” suggests he complet ed his questionnaire in good faith . This, in turn, supports the referee’s finding that the juror’s omission was not indicative of bias. (See Hamilton , supra , 20 Ca1.4th at
p. 300 [juror’s good faith in responding to voir dire questions is the “ most significant indicator that there wa s no bias ” ].) Question 5. T he referee found that the juror w as not actually biased against
Cowan

. Cowan argues this finding is not supported by substantial evidence. After hearing the juror testify and observing his demeanor at the hearing,
the referee credited his testimony that he had no reason for not refer ring to his 1995 misdemeanor public fighting con viction and probation status when he completed the questionnaire; he had nothing to hide and likely “overlooked” the conviction; he did not intentionally fail to disclose the conviction; he harbored no
bias towards Cowan or the prosecutor when he completed the questionnaire and came to jury service with an open mind; he denied trying to complete the question naire so he would be selected as a juror; and he was a fair and impartial juror. Cowan contends that the juror was biased because he could have believed that voting in favor of the prosecution could “lead to future leniency in the15

resolution of any issues relating to his probat ion. ” But this speculative claim is
in sufficient to undermine the referee’s finding. In addition, although Cowan

assert s that the juror’s “lies are strong evidence . . . that his votes for conviction and a death sentence were motivated by his bias against Cowan , ” the referee found that the juror did not lie and instead simply overlooked the conviction and made an
unintenti onal omission

. Cowan further argues that the juror’s “bias was evident in the juror’s demeanor at the evidentiary hearing” in that he “was eager to please the state by readily agreeing to answe rs suggested by the prosecution’ s leading questions” yet

was “ m ore argumentative and defensive ” toward questions posed by Cowan ’s
counsel. But e ven assuming that the juror exhibite d different attitudes toward the prosecution and Cowan’s counsel at the evidentiary hearing, Cowan fails to
demonstrate that such differen ces are indicative of bias against Cowan at the time
of trial. In any event , we assume the referee evaluated the juror’s demeanor while testifying before finding him credible ( Boyette , supra , 56 Cal.4th at p. 877) , reasonably credited the juror’s claim that he overlooked the 1995 conviction, and found him not actually biased against Cowan

. In sum, the referee found that t he juror had suffered a misdemeanor conviction for public fighting in 1995 and was placed on probation for three years and fined $225; the juror “simply overlooked the misdemeanor conviction when he filled out the questionnaire”; the juror’s failure to disclose this information was
not intentional and deliberate , nor was it indicative of juror bias; and the juror was not actually biased a gainst Cowan

. W e reject Cowan ’s exceptions to the referee’s findings and accept the findings because they are supported by su bstantial
evidence

.16 I II. “[D] uring jury selection the parties have th e right to challenge and excuse candidates who clearly or pot entially cannot be fair. Voir dire is the crucial means for discovery of actual or potential juror bias. Voir dire cannot serve this purpose if prospective jurors do not answer questions truthfully. ‘A juror who conceals relevant facts or gives false answers during the voir dire examination thus undermines the jury selection process and commits misconduct. ’ ” ( Hamilton , supra , 20 Cal.4th at p. 295 .) Here, the juror questionnaire asked prospective jurors to disclose their criminal histories, including arrests, contacts with law enforcement officials, and appearances in a courtroom. As the referee found, the juror failed to disclose his
1995 misdemeanor conviction and three

- year informal probation sentenc e. Although the referee found the omission was not intentional, the omission had the effect of depriving Cowan of his right to intelligently challenge the juror peremptorily or for cause. ( Boyette , supra , 56 Cal.4th at p p. 889

– 890 .) Nevertheless, “a n ho nest mistake on voir dire cannot disturb a judgment in the absence of proof that the juror’ s wrong or incomplete answer hid the juror’ s actual
bias. ” ( Hamilton , supra , 20 Cal.4th at p. 300 .) “[W] hether an individual verdict must be overturned for jury mis conduct or irregularity ‘ “ ‘ is resolved by reference to the substantial likelihood test, an objective standard.’ ” ’ [Citations.] Any presumption of prejudice is rebutted, and the verdict will not be disturbed, if the entire record in the particular cas e, including the nature of the misconduct or other event, and the surrounding circumstances, indicates there is no reasonable probability of prejudice, i.e., no
substantial likelihood that one or more jurors were actually biased against the
defendant. ” ( Hamilton , supra , 20 Cal.4th at p. 296.) “ In other words, the test asks17

not whether the juror would have been stricken by one of the parties, but whether the juror’ s concealment (or nondisclosure) evidences bias. ” ( Boyette , supra , 56 Cal.4th at p. 890 .)
A s explained above, the referee ’ s finding that the ju r or’s failure to disclose
hi s 1995 misdemeanor conviction was “neither intentional nor deliberate supplies sufficient support for the ultimate conclusion that [the juror] was not biased against [Cowan]

. ” ( Boyette , supra , 56 Cal.4th at p. 8 90 .) Cowan argues that the juror intentionally omitted his misdemeanor conviction so that he could be
selected as a juror, lobby for a conviction and death sentence , and thereby earn good will with the District Attorney in the event he violated probation or sought early termination of his probation. This theory , however, is speculative and contrary to the evidence. The juror testified that his response to Question 30 , which asked about his attitude toward serving on this jury, reflected his belief that this would be “a great opportunity to serve on a jury, to do something like that” and that “[p]robation didn’t even cross my mind.” He also testified that he was

not t rying “to fill out or not fill out any information on the questionnaire so [he] could be selected as a juror.” The referee was entitled to credit the juror’s testimony on these points. The fact that the juror never actually asked for
favorable treatment further supports the referee’s finding. Having found no substantial likelihood that the juror harbored actual bias against Cowan , we conclude that Cowan is not entitled to relief based on his claim of juror
misc onduct.18 C ONCLUSION Because our order to show cause and reference order were limited to the jury misconduct claim involving Juror No. 045882 , we do not here address any other claim set forth in the petition for writ of habeas corpus , which will be resolved by a separately filed order. ( In re Crew (2 011) 52 Cal.4th 126, 153

– 154.)
The order to show cause is discharged.

LIU , J.

WE CONCUR:

CANTIL

- SAKAUYE, C. J

. CHIN, J. CORRIGAN, J. CUÉLLAR, J. KRUGER, J. ELIA, J. *

* Associate Justice of the Court of Appeal, Sixth Appellate District, assigned by the Chief Justice pursuant to article VI, section 6 of the California Constitution.See next page for addresses and telephone numbers for counsel who argued in Supreme Court.

Name of Opinion In re Cowan

__________________________________________________________________________________ Unpublished Opinion Original Appeal Original Proceed ing XXX Review Granted Rehearing Granted

__________________________________________________________________________________ Opinion No. S 1 58073 Date Filed: June 18 , 2018

__________________________________________________________________________________ Court: Superior County: Kern Judge: Lee Phillip Felice

__________________________________________________________________________________ Counsel:

Mark Goldrosen , under appointment by the Supreme Court ; Weinberg & Wilder and Nina Wilder for Petitioner R obert Wesley Cowan

. Edmund G. Brown, Jr., Kamal a D. Harris and Xavier Becerra, Attorneys General, Dane R. Gillette and Gerald A. Engler, Chief Assistant Attorney s General, Michael P. Farrell, Assistant Attorney General, Catherine B. Chatman, Louis M. Vasq uez, Ryan McCarroll , Eric Christoffersen, Leanne Le Mon and Lewis A. Martinez, Deputy Attorneys General, for Respondent State of California

.Counsel who argued in Supreme Court (not intended for publication with opinion):

Mark Goldrosen 255 Kansas Street, Suite 340 San Francisco, CA 94103 (415) 565

- 9600

Lewis A. Martinez Deputy Attorney General 2550 Mariposa Mall, Room 5090 Fresno, CA 93721 (559) 477

- 1677