WESTERN AIRBORNE CONTAMINANTS ASSESSMENT PROJECT FINAL REPORT: VOLUME II 

EPA/600/R-07/138 

January 2008 

The Fate, Transport, and Ecological Impacts of Airborne Contaminants 

in Western National Parks (USA) 

Appendices 

c 

Burial Lake, Noatak National Preserve 

Photo: Adam Schwindt 

Dixon H. Landers Adam Schwindt Kimberly Hageman Tamara Blett 

Staci Simonich Carl Schreck Sascha Usenko Marilyn Morrison Erway 

Daniel Jaffe Michael Kent Luke Ackerman 

Linda Geiser Will Hafner Jill Schrlau Technical Editor: 

Donald H. Campbell Howard E. Taylor Neil Rose Susan Christie 

The Fate, Transport, and Ecological Impacts of Airborne 

Contaminants in Western National Parks (USA) 

Volume II: Appendices 

Dixon H. Landers Howard

USEPA, NHEERL 

Western Ecology Division 

Corvallis, Oregon 

Staci Simonich 

Dept. of Env. & Molecular Toxicology & 

Dept. of Chemistry, Oregon State Univ. 

Corvallis, Oregon

Daniel Jaffe 

University of WA-Bothell 

Bothell, Washington 

Linda Geiser 

US Forest Service Pacific NW Region 

Air Program 

Corvallis, Oregon

Donald H. Campbell 

U.S. Geological Survey 

Denver, Colorado

Adam Schwindt 

Dept. of Microbiology 

Oregon State University 

Corvallis, Oregon

Carl Schreck 

Oregon Cooperative Fish and Wildlife 

Research Unit, USGS-BRD 

Oregon State Univ. Corvallis, Oregon

Michael Kent 

Dept. of Microbiology 

Oregon State University 

Corvallis, Oregon 

Will Hafner*

University of Washington-Bothell 

Bothell, Washington 

 E. Taylor 

U. S. Geological Survey 

Boulder, Colorado

Kimberly Hageman* 

Dept. of Env. & Molecular Toxicology 

Oregon State University 

Corvallis, Oregon

Sascha Usenko* 

Dept. of Chemistry 

Oregon State University 

Corvallis, Oregon 

Luke Ackerman* 

Dept. of Chemistry 

Oregon State University 

Corvallis, Oregon

Jill Schrlau 

Dept. of Chemistry 

Oregon State University

Corvallis, Oregon

Neil Rose 

University College London 

London, United Kingdom

Tamara Blett 

NPS-Air Resources Division 

Lakewood, Colorado

Marilyn Morrison Erway 

Dynamac Corporation 

c/o USEPA, NHEERL 

Western Ecology Division 

Corvallis, Oregon

Technical Editor: Susan Christie 

*Current Affiliations: 

Hafner: Science Applications International Corp., Bothell, Washington 

Hageman: Dept. of Chemistry, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand 

Usenko: Environmental Science Dept., Baylor University, Waco, Texas 

Ackerman: FDA-Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, College Park, Maryland 
Volume II ‐ Appendices

Appendix 1A Summary of Site Characteristics in Core and Secondary Parks ......... 1A-1 

Appendix 3A Summary of Sampling and Analysis Plan by Environmental 

Medium ......................................................................... 3A-1 

Appendix 3B Sampling Information, Methods, and Data Quality ....................... 3B-1 

Appendix 4A Detailed Information on Contaminants in Vegetation, Including 

Elevation Trends ............................................................... 4A-1 

Appendix 5A Fish Biological Data ........................................................... 5A-1 

Appendix 5B Correlations between Hg and Age ........................................... 5B-1 

Appendix 5C Correlations between Macrophage Aggregates and Hg................... 5C-1 

This report is the final report for the Western Airborne Contaminants Assessment Project (WACAP), and is 

available online at http://www.nature.nps.gov/air/studies/air_toxics/wacap.cfm and 

http://www.epa.gov/nheerl/wacap 

Proper citation of this document is: 

Landers, D.H., S.L. Simonich, D.A. Jaffe, L.H. Geiser, D.H. Campbell, A.R. Schwindt, 

C.B. Schreck, M.L. Kent, W.D. Hafner, H.E. Taylor, K.J. Hageman, S. Usenko, L.K. 

Ackerman, J.E. Schrlau, N.L. Rose, T.F. Blett, and M.M. Erway. 2008. The Fate, 

Transport, and Ecological Impacts of Airborne Contaminants in Western National Parks 

(USA). EPA/600/R-07/138. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research 

and Development, NHEERL, Western Ecology Division, Corvallis, Oregon. 

DISCLAIMER: Funding for this work was provided by the National Parks Service of the 

Department of the Interior, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, and the U.S. 

Geological Survey. It has been subjected to review by these government entities and 

approved for publication. Approval does not signify that the contents reflect the views of 

the U.S. Government, nor does mention of trade names or commercial products constitute 

endorsement or recommendation. 

ii WESTERN AIRBORNE CONTAMINANT ASSESSMENT PROJECT 
APPENDIX 1A 

Summary of Site Characteristics in Core and Secondary Parks Table 1A-1. Summary of Physical Attributes of the Lake Catchments in Core Parks

Park Site 

Latitude 

(dd) 

Longitude 

(dd) 

Bathymetry 

Source 

Elevation (m) 

(from NPS) 

Lake 

Elevation 

(m) 

(from drg*) 

Lake 

Surface 

Area 

(ha) 

Lake Volume 

(m3) 

Lake 

Max 

Depth 

(m) 

Mean

Depth 

(volume/ 

surface 

area) 

Shoreline 

length 

(km) 

Shoreline

Development* 

Watershed 

Area (ha) 

Watershed 

Elevation - 

lowest (m) 

(from drg*) 

Watershed 

Elevation - 

highest 

(m) (from 

drg*) 

Watershed 

Area/ Lake 

Volume 

(m2/m3) 

Annual 

HRT* 

Based 

on ET* 

(y) 

Fish 

Species 

NOAT Burial 68.43 159.18 vaga/j605 427 429.8 65.5 5297945.2 24.1 8.1 3.1 1.07 264.9 429.8 535.2 0.50 24.559 Lake Trout 

GAAR Matcharak 67.75 156.21 vaga/j605 488 502.3 300.7 21889008.3 20.4 7.3 10.7 1.74 2388.3 502.3 1162.2 1.09 7.643 Lake Trout 

DENA Wonder 63.48 150.88 scan 610 605.0 265.6 77653853.3 70 29.2 9.7 1.68 3212.4 605.0 876.3 0.41 6.836 Lake Trout DENA McLeod 63.38 151.07 vaga/j605 609 563.9 35.9 1847704.4 13.5 5.2 3.2 1.53 236.8 563.9 731.5 1.28 4.131 

Burbot, 

Round 

Whitefish 

GLAC Snyder 48.62 113.79 landers/j700 1600 1597.2 2.6 38297.5 3.5 1.5 0.7 1.24 303.7 1597.2 2761.5 79.30 0.005 

Westslope 

Cutthroat 

Trout 

GLAC Oldman 48.5 113.46 landers/j663 2026 2025.7 18.2 1266062.9 17 7.0 1.8 1.17 230.3 2025.7 2811.8 1.82 0.235 

Westslope 

Cutthroat 

Trout 

OLYM PJ 47.95 123.42 landers/j663 1433 1383.8 0.8 19099.3 6.4 2.5 0.3 1.08 56.2 1383.8 1904.1 29.41 0.003 Brook Trout OLYM Hoh 47.9 123.79 vaga/j605 1384 1379.2 7.7 396198.1 14.9 5.2 1.1 1.09 43.9 1379.2 1684.0 1.11 0.107 Brook Trout 

MORA Golden 46.89 121.9 scan 1372 1368.6 6.6 689577.5 23.9 10.4 1.0 1.07 106.1 1368.6 1720.6 1.54 0.067 Brook Trout MORA LP19 46.82 121.89 scan 1372 1371.6 1.8 99878.6 12.1 5.4 0.5 1.11 44.9 1371.6 1652.0 4.49 0.024 Brook Trout 

ROMO Mills 40.29 105.64 landers/j597 3030 3029.7 6.1 78251.1 9 1.3 1.3 1.46 1208.9 3029.7 4344.9 154.49 0.009 

Rainbow, 

Cutthroat 

Trout 

ROMO Lone Pine 40.22 105.73 vaga/j605 3024 3017.5 4.9 128324.6 9.7 2.6 0.8 1.07 1830.0 3017.5 3998.4 142.61 0.012 Brook Trout 

SEKI Pear 36.6 118.67 scan 2904 2907.8 7.3 578000 27 7.9 1.3 1.31 142.0 2907.8 3453.1 2.46 0.251 Brook Trout SEKI Emerald 36.58 118.67 scan 2800 2810.3 2.5 160000 10 6.3 0.6 1.12 121.3 2810.3 3439.4 7.58 0.087 Brook Trout 

Notes: *drg (digital raster graphic) lake boundaries used for calculations; except lake volume for Pear and Emerald from Sickman and Melack, 1989 

*shoreline length/2*square root of (pi * surface area) *HRT = Hydraulic Residence Time of lake based on ET = Evapotranspiration in % of precipitation 

1A-1 
Table 1A-2. Summary of Chemical Attributes of the Lake Catchments in Core Parks

Park Site 

WACAP 

No 

Date 

Collected

pH 

Value 

Specific 

Conductance 

(μS/cm) 

ANC 

Value 

(μeq/L) 

Turbidity 

(NTU) 

Total 

Suspended 

Solids 

(mg/L) 

Color 

(APHA 

Pt-Co 

Units) 

DOC 

(mg/L) 

DIC 

(mg/L) 

NH4-N 

(mg/L) 

SiO2

(mg/L) 

Total 

N 

(mg/L) 

Total 

P 

(μg/L) 

Cl 

(mg/L) 

NO3

(mg 

N/L) 

SO4

(mg/L) 

Ca 

(mg/L) 

Mg 

(mg/L) 

Na 

(mg/L) 

K 

(mg/L) 

Zn 

(mg/L) 

Se 

(μg/L) 

Chl-a

(μg/L) 

NOAT Burial 46003 8/04/2004 7.57 35.08 272.98 0.32 1.4 10 3.32 3.27 0.01 0.28 0.23 9.06 0.18 0.00 1.46 4.50 1.15 0.36 0.40 0.03 -0.38 0.81 

GAAR Matcharak 46000 8/2/2004 8.31 248.10 1967.03 0.35 72.2 10 4.71 23.18 0.01 3.39 0.28 1.09 0.87 0.00 27.02 37.30 6.37 4.14 0.52 0.03 0.86 0.96 

DENA Wonder 46005 8/14/2004 8.18 190.10 1693.60 0.34 0.5 15 2.10 20.29 0.00 2.95 0.11 0.50 0.12 0.00 14.31 32.00 4.24 1.08 0.71 0.01 -0.04 0.49 DENA McLeod 46008 8/10/2004 7.24 8.41 51.02 0.29 -0.6 5 2.25 0.90 0.01 0.17 0.13 1.04 0.11 0.01 0.26 0.95 0.16 0.15 0.31 0.03 0.11 0.61 

GLAC Snyder 56009 8/25/2005 6.42 16.80 162.08 0.64 1.7 10 0.65 4.41 0.01 1.41 0.10 2.67 0.06 0.02 0.51 1.85 0.74 0.36 0.13 0.01 -0.24 4.73 GLAC Oldman 56006 8/21/2005 8.24 159.10 1573.73 0.35 -0.8 2 0.70 19.98 0.01 1.88 0.07 0.55 0.09 0.00 3.65 21.17 8.00 0.26 0.21 0.00 -0.53 0.77 

OLYM PJ 56014 9/14/2005 8.14 127.40 1092.95 0.36 1.2 5 1.05 12.18 0.02 4.24 0.09 2.78 0.31 0.00 9.03 21.33 1.84 1.61 0.32 0.00 -0.08 1.77 OLYM Hoh 56011 9/11/2005 7.52 63.69 512.45 0.39 0.8 7 0.74 5.71 0.01 2.57 0.06 1.16 0.67 0.02 4.15 10.50 0.70 1.15 0.12 0.00 0.13 0.83 

MORA Golden 56004 8/14/2005 6.47 10.08 69.05 0.52 0.2 4 1.88 1.18 0.01 5.51 0.07 0.60 0.63 0.02 0.38 0.64 0.17 0.85 0.14 0.01 -0.55 0.35 MORA LP19 56001 8/10/2005 6.63 10.72 80.14 0.31 0.0 8 1.37 1.32 0.01 6.61 0.07 0.92 0.55 0.00 0.38 0.91 0.17 0.91 0.26 0.00 -0.43 0.60 

ROMO Mills 36004 9/11/2003 6.61 12.04 50.81 0.55 0.2 5 1.55 1.01 0.01 1.84 0.38 3.33 0.18 0.23 1.00 1.27 0.15 0.51 0.13 0.04 -2.13 3.02 ROMO LonePine 36006 9/14/2003 6.67 14.02 91.52 0.31 0.2 5 1.74 1.44 0.01 2.95 0.17 2.70 0.16 0.06 1.40 1.74 0.19 0.64 0.14 0.02 -2.13 1.95 

SEKI Pear 36003 8/26/2003 6.10 4.02 23.99 0.23 0.0 0 0.82 1.13 0.02 1.43 0.11 0.59 0.18 0.05 0.33 0.34 0.02 0.21 0.11 0.03 -1.97 0.64 SEKI Emerald 36001 8/25/2003 6.22 5.42 26.34 0.26 0.3 0 0.94 1.04 0.01 2.28 0.17 1.47 0.18 0.07 0.31 0.39 0.04 0.38 0.13 0.05 -1.95 0.62 

1A-2 
Table 1A-3. Summary Characteristics of Vegetation and Air Sampling Sites in Core and Secondary Parks (for key, see last page) 

Site 

Name Media Lat. Long. 

Elev. 

(m) 

 Ann. 

Temp. 

(oC) 

 nn. Ppt. (cm) 

Canopy 

Cover 

(%) Landform 

Lichen 

N % 

dw

Lichens 

collected

Conifers 

collected Location Habitat 

Park: Bandelier National Monument, New Mexico (BAND)Ag Intensity Index: 2.5 ; IMPROVE AmmNO3: 0.25 μg/m3; IMPROVE AmmSO4: 1.00 μg/m3North American Biome: EPA Ecoregion 3 – Northwestern Forested Mountains: Southern Rockies BAND1 Vegetation 35.7279 -106.2745 1854 10.5 34 43 Flatland 1.79 Xanthoparmelia Pinus edulis 

S terminus of mesa between Lummis and White Rock Canyon, where Burro Trail descends into 

Lummis Canyon. 

One-seed juniper woodland with scattered oak and two-needle piñon on a moderately steep W-facing slope. Ground is rocky with some large outcrops. Almost all piñon were dead along mesa on hike in (cause 

could be drought and/or bark beetles). 

BAND2 Vegetation 35.7989 -106.2846 2076 9.9 39 34 Flatland 1.58 Usnea Pinus edulis On the mesa just NW of Juniper Campground 

One-seed juniper woodland with oaks and two-needle piñon on a mesa. Most of the pines were dead as a 

result of past drought and bark beetles. Usnea and Xanthoparmelia are abundant here. Nitrophilous lichensabundant on some trees. 

BAND3 Vegetation 35.8241 -106.3611 2348 8.1 47 36 Toe slope 1.58 Xanthoparmelia Pinus ponderosa On the lower e slopes of Frijoles Peak ~ 1.6 km along trail from Ponderosa group camp. Pinus ponderosa stand with Oregon white oak and low-growing Ceanothus species in the understory. Fire came through within the last few decades (fire scars on bark and an open canopy). Ground cover is grassy with open gravel/mineral soils. 

BAND4 Vegetation 35.8262 -106.3893 2576 6.4 55 72 Mid-slope 1.26 Usnea Pinus ponderosa Lower SW slope of Cerro Grande, accessed from 1.6 km hike on Apache Spring trail. Ponderosa pine/Douglas-fir stand on the edge of a SE-facing drainage. Fire came through recently (burn scars on bark and little vegetation in understory). Mostly duff and gravelly soil. BAND5 Air, vegetation 35.8642 -106.4178 2926 5.4 62 36 Upper slope 1.56 Usnea Pinus ponderosa On the saddle SW of Cerro Grande Peak at the W edge of the meadow. On the edge of a Douglas-fir forest with some ponderosa pine, Engelmann spruce, and quaking aspen bordered by a large open meadow. Nitrophilous lichens were observed. 

Park: Big Bend National Park, Texas (BIBE)

Ag Intensity Index: 0.5; IMPROVE AmmNO3: 0.26 μg/m3; IMPROVE AmmSO4: 2.82 μg/m3

North American Biome: EPA Ecoregion 3 – North American Deserts: Southern Deserts BIBE1 Air, vegetation 29.1870 -102.9718 560 21 26 3 Valley Rio Grande Village in cottonwood/ grass area near hot springs trailhead; ~60 m from picnic area parking lot and 60 m from the hot springs road. Cottonwood woodland bordered by dense mesquite shrublands. BIBE2 Air, vegetation 29.3079 -103.1828 1067 18.6 34 0 Flatland 76 m at 354o from the water tank along the road to K-Bar Camp near Panther Junction. Desert shrubland with honey mesquite, yucca, and cacti. 

BIBE3 Air, vegetation 29.2850 -103.2799 1608 17.5 47 23 Mid-slope Pinus cembroides N side of Panther Pass along Chisos Basin Rd. (~90 m E of road) in Green Gulch Creek drainage basin. Mexican piñon/oak woodland on a low-grade N-facing slope. The ground is rocky and the cover is mostly bunch-grass. 

BIBE4 Air, vegetation 29.2534 -103.2979 1920 16.7 52 65 Mid-slope 1.40 Usnea Pinus cembroides Pinnacles campground Mixed Mexican piñon/drooping juniper/juniper/oak stand; on a bench on the NW mountain slope. Dry, many large boulders; deciduous and evergreen oaks in understory. 

BIBE5 Vegetation 29.2465 -103.3049 2316 16.7 52 59 Upper slope 1.56 Usnea Pinus cembroides On the N slope of Emory Peak on saddle below peak. On a steep N-facing slope bordering the ridge top. Vegetation is dominated by Mexican piñon and evergreen oak. The nitrophilous lichen, Teloschistes, is abundant on oaks. 

Park: Crater Lake National Park, Oregon (CRLA)

Ag Intensity Index: 4.2; IMPROVE AmmNO3: 0.11 μg/m3; IMPROVE AmmSO4: 0.43 μg/m3

North American Biome: EPA Ecoregion 3 – Northwestern Forested Mountains: Cascades CRLA1 Vegetation 42.8364 -122.1459 1798 4.2 155 74 Toe slope 0.66 Letharia vulpina Abies magnifica W of the Lodgepole picnic areas and just SE of Bear Bluff on SW side of Rd. 62, ~122 m from the road. Lodgepole pine stand; regeneration layer is almost entirely fir (esp. red fir) and mountain hemlock. The ground is mineral soil with pumice stones and a thin layer of pine needle duff. Lupine dominates herb layer. CRLA2 Vegetation 42.8821 -122.1914 1859 3.5 160 49 Mid-slope 0.59 Letharia vulpina Abies concolor ~120 m NW of Rd. 62 and NE of Whitehorse Pond. Mixed conifer stand (white fir, lodgepole pine and mountain hemlock) of multiple age classes. The site is a bench on rocky ground; ground cover is mostly bearberry manzanita and grouse huckleberry. 

CRLA3 Vegetation 42.9346 -122.1776 2043 3.4 164 31 Upper slope 0.62 Letharia vulpina Abies magnifica Meadow bench just off Lightning Springs trail, ~0.4 km W of Rim Drive. Meadow with clumps of old Shasta fir and mountain hemlock. The landform is a W-facing flat bench; the soil is sandy and dry; cover is mostly grass and buckwheat. 

CRLA4 Vegetation 42.9194 -122.0289 2423 3.5 108 21 Upper slope 0.62 Letharia vulpina Pinus albicaulis On the SW side of Mt. Scott, ~1.6 km up Mt. Scott trail, on downhill side of trail. Whitebark pine stand with some mountain hemlock and red fir. Slopes are steep and rocky with very little vegetation. 

CRLA5 Air, vegetation 42.9233 -122.0162 2713 3.5 108 0 Ridgetop Pinus albicaulis Top of Mt. Scott on NE side of fire lookout. Gently sloping rocky summit ridge vegetated by clumps of small whitebark pine and some high-elevation herbs (pasque flower, paintbrush, Penstemon and bunch grasses). 

Park: Denali National Park and Preserve, Alaska (DENA)

Ag Intensity Index: 0 IMPROVE AmmNO3: 0.042 μg/m3 IMPROVE AmmSO4: 0.36 μg/m3

North American Biome: EPA Ecoregion 3 – Taiga: Interior Forested Lowlands and Uplands (DENA1); Northwestern Forested Mountains: Alaska Range (DENA2-6) DENA1 Vegetation 63.7740 -151.0194 221 -2.6 41 0 Flatland 0.41 Flavocetraria cucullata Picea mariana Moose Creek, ~ 23 km N of Wonder Lake. Black-spruce dominated taiga and peatlands. DENA2: Wonder 

Air (2), fish, lake water, 

snow, sediments, vegetation 

63.4538 -150.8720 655 -2.6 66 69 Toe slope 0.44 

Flavocetraria cucullata/ Masonhalea 

richardsonii 

Picea mariana 

SW end of Wonder Lake on hillslope facing lake 

~ 60 m downhill from water tower. 

Black and white spruce woodland on gentle, NE-facing hillslope. Ground cover is matted blueberry, dwarf birch, grass, bryophytes, and lichens interspersed with willows and alder. Trees are open-grown with 

branches to ground level. 

1A-3 
Site 

Name Media Lat. Long. 

Elev. 

(m) 

 Ann. 

Temp. 

(oC) 

 nn. Ppt. (cm) 

Canopy 

Cover 

(%) Landform 

Lichen 

N % 

dw 

Lichens collected 

Conifers 

collected Location Habitat 

DENA3: McLeod 

Fish, lake water, 

snow, sediments, vegetation 

63.3696 -151.1003 579 -2.4 70 16 Flatland 0.36 

Flavocetraria cucullata/ Masonhalea 

richardsonii 

Picea mariana 

S side of McLeod Lake, ~ 15 km sw of Wonder 

Lake. Black spruce peatland/taiga sloping to shoreline. Trees are open grown, most to 4.5 m tall, others to 9 m. 

DENA4 Vegetation 63.5520 -150.9670 975 -2.9 68 5 Upper slope 0.43 Masonhalea richardsonii Picea mariana On ridge W of Wickersham dome. Transition zone from black spruce forest; tundra on a S-facing slope near ridgetop. Small clumps of willow shrubs and a few scattered spruce trees; mostly dwarf willows, crowberry, other heaths, and lichens. 

DENA5 Vegetation 63.1648 -151.3599 1296 -4.7 122 0 Upper slope 0.43 

Flavocetraria cucullata/ Masonhalea 

richardsonii 

Upper Birch Creek, NW footslopes of the Alaska 

Range below Peters Dome glacier. 

Riparian zone above tree line above Birch Creek, a stony, braided stream. 1.2 m high willows along stream 

bank, most browsed but not this year (new growth > 2.5 cm long and untouched). Above stream is tundra on gentle hillslope, with dwarf willow. 

DENA6 Vegetation 63.1386 -151.3221 1753 -6.9 178 0 Ridgetop 0.29 Thamnolia 

NW side of Alaska Range on plateau at foot of Westermere Glacier on Peter's Dome; ~ 18 km 

NW of Mt. McKinley Peak. 

High-elevation, graveled plateau, ~ 50% vegetated (~4 in. tall) and 50% gravels. Mostly sedges and moss, 

with trace amounts of other tundra plants. Thamnolia and sparse amounts of other lichens (mainly Stereocaulon) present. 

Park: Gates of the Arctic National Park and Preserve, Alaska (GAAR)

Ag Intensity Index: 0; IMPROVE AmmNO3: 0.05 μg/m3; IMPROVE AmmSO4: 0.42 μg/m3

North American Biome: EPA Ecoregion 3 – Tundra: Brooks RangeGAAR1: Matcharak 

Air, fish, lake water, 

snow, sediments, vegetation 

67.7529 -156.2323 505 -8.6 43 0 Flatland 0.48 

Flavocetraria cucullata/ Masonhalea 

richardsonii 

Matcharak Lake, birch-covered side slope, W 

side of lake. Small side slope with dwarf birch and bryophytes. 

Park: Glacier National Park, Montana (GLAC)Ag Intensity Index: 21.6; IMPROVE AmmNO3: 0.29 μg/m3 IMPROVE AmmSO4: 0.84 μg/m3North American Biome: EPA Ecoregion 3 – Northwestern Forested Mountains: Canadian Rockies GLAC1 Vegetation 48.6208 -113.9058 961 5.4 74 128 Lake basin 1.26 Platismatia glauca Tsuga heterophylla W side Continental Divide, past McDonald Ranger Station to trailhead at end of road; lake is SE of trail, ~ 0.2 km from trailhead. Area on other side of trail away from lake was burned 1-2 years ago; trail acted as fire line, preventing burning along lake edge. Plot was downslope from trail, toward lake, and was not affected by the fire. GLAC2 Vegetation 48.6757 -113.8096 1089 2.9 85 164 Toe slope 0.94 Platismatia glauca Tsuga heterophylla W side Continental Divide, ~ 0.6 km on Avalanche Lake Trail from trailhead at Avalanche Campground on NE side of Avalanche Creek. On NE edge of creek, with areas of full exposure along creek edge, and partly shaded areas in forest. 

GLAC3: Snyder 

Air, fish, lake water, 

snow, sediments, vegetation 

48.6261 -113.8031 1609 2.5 178 31 Lake basin 0.82 

Platismatia glauca/Alectoria sarmentosa 

Picea engelmanii 

W side Continental Divide, Snyder Lake trail to 

Snyder Lake; in forest on SW edge of lake across 

from food preparation area. 

In a lake valley, mid-valley slope. 

GLAC4: Oldman 

Air, fish, lake water, 

snow, sediments, vegetation 

48.5104 -113.4552 2024 2.9 85 34 

High elevation lake basin 

0.97 Letharia vulpina Picea engelmanii 

E side Continental Divide, trail from Two 

Medicine Campground to Oldman Lake; site is S 

of trail where it meets the lake and along the 

stream from the lake. 

Lake surrounded by many small, little-used foot trails. Stream flowing from lake. 

GLAC5 Vegetation 48.6924 -113.5170 1353 2.9 121 114 Valley 1.16 

Letharia vulpina/ Hypogymnia 

physodes 

Pseudotsuga menziesii 

E side Continental Divide, St. Mary Lake; road across from Rising Sun campground to picnic area; site is 100 m SW toward stream and along lake. 

Abundant quaking aspen along stream and lake, with sparse lichens and Douglas-fir. 

Park: Glacier Bay National Park, Alaska (GLBA)

Ag Intensity Index: 0 IMPROVE AmmNO3: 0.04 μg/m3 IMPROVE AmmSO4: 0.46 μg/m3 (2005 Data from PETE1 in Petersburg, SE AK) 

North American Biome: EPA Ecoregion 3 – Marine West Coast Forest: Coastal Western Hemlock-Sitka Spruce Forests 

GLBA1 Air, vegetation 58.6022 -135.8831 8 4 261 79 Toe slope 0.79 Platismatia glauca Picea sitchensis In forest near shore of N end of Beartrack Cove at toe-slope of SW ridge. Sitka spruce stand near the beach. The forest floor is entirely covered in moss with 5-leaf bramble mixed in. Some devilsclub and Aruncus shrubs in understory, and western hemlock in the regenerating stand. GLBA2 Vegetation 58.6061 -135.8801 168 4 261 106 Mid-slope bench 0.51 Sphaerophorus globosus Picea sitchensis On first knob on SW ridge of Beartrack Mountain. Sitka spruce stand that appears ~ 100-150 years old. The regenerating stand is almost entirely western hemlock. The ground is covered in a dense thick carpet of moss. Some huckleberry, Aruncus, and strawberry-leaf raspberry. 

GLBA3 Vegetation 58.6093 -135.8724 457 4 261 117 Mid-slope 0.57 Sphaerophorus globosus Picea sitchensis On SW slope of Beartrack Mountain ~200 m E of first major stream. Just below glacial trim line. Late-seral mountain hemlock/Sitka spruce stand on a steep SW-facing slope. The forest is dense and the understory has a high cover of huckleberry; the ground is mossy. 

GLBA4 Vegetation 58.6121 -135.8714 625 4 261 18 Upper slope 0.39 Alectoria sarmentosa Picea sitchensis Treeline at the headwaters of first major creek W of Beartrack Mountain’s SW ridge. Krumoltz mountain hemlock with a few Sitka spruce with high cover of heather, copperbush, and deer cabbage. Some ferns and Sphagnum. 

1A-4 
Site 

Name Media Lat. Long. 

Elev. 

(m) 

 Ann. 

Temp. 

(oC) 

 nn. Ppt. (cm) 

Canopy 

Cover 

(%) Landform 

Lichen 

N % 

dw 

Lichens collected 

Conifers 

collected Location Habitat 

Park: Great Sand dunes National Park and Preserve, Alaska (GRSA)Ag Intensity Index: MI PROVE AmmNO3: 0.20 μg/m3 IMPROVE AmmSO4: 0.82 μg/m3North American Biome: EPA Ecoregion 3 – Northwestern Forested Mountains: Southern Deserts (GRSA1); Northwestern Forested Mountains: Southern Rockies (GRSA2-5) GRSA1 Vegetation 37.7258 -105.5323 2469 5.3 32 18 Valley Pinus edulis Near park headquarters, ~ 60 m SW of autoshop Two-needle piñon/Rocky Mountain juniper woodland on valley floor bordering a large grassland. Grass dominates the ground cover with scattered but abundant prickly-pear cactus. Very windy. GRSA2 Vegetation 37.7308 -105.4874 2774 4.3 48 5 Mid-slope 1.46 Xanthoparmelia Pinus edulis Mosca Pass trail, midway to pass on a steep slope on the N side of the trail. Two-needle piñon/alderleaf mountain mahogany woodland. Steep SW-facing slope with many rocks and rocky outcroppings. 

GRSA3 Vegetation 37.7338 -105.4602 2941 3.9 58 46 Upper slope Pinus flexilis Mosca Pass, just down-slope from radar tower. Meadow dominated by quaking aspen with some limber and ponderosa pines. GRSA4 Vegetation 37.7223 -105.4699 3109 4.3 48 59 Mid-slope 0.77 Xanthoparmelia Pinus flexilis 

On the N slope of Carbonate Mtn ~ 0.8 km upslope; use the drainage ~1.6 km W of Mosca 

Pass for access. 

NW-facing slope in a quaking aspen/ Engelmann spruce forest with yellow lupine and branch litter. High 

cover of nitrophilous lichens, esp. Xanthoria. 

GRSA5 Air, vegetation 37.7149 -105.4704 3338 4.3 48 36 Ridgetop Pinus flexilis On N-facing ridge of Carbonate Mtn; grassy bench just below snag-ringed knob, benchmark 3,435 m. NE-facing slope bordering the ridgetop in a grassy opening with patchy Engelmann spruce/quaking aspen forest with some limber pine. Very windy with winds blowing up the W-NW slope. High nitrophilous lichen (Xanthoria) cover on spruce. 

Park: Grand Teton National Park, Wyoming (GRTE)

Ag Intensity Index: 10.2 IMPROVE AmmNO3: 0.22 μg/m3 IMPROVE AmmSO4: 0.58 μg/m3

North American Biome: EPA Ecoregion 3 – Northwestern Forested Mountains: Middle Rockies GRTE1 Vegetation 43.7307 -110.7389 2073 2.2 80 36 Valley 0.99 Usnea Pinus contorta W edge of Lupine Meadows, just off trail; ~ 0.53 km from Lupine Meadows trailhead. On valley floor at edge of a subalpine meadow. Lodgepole pine is dominant tree with subalpine fir, quaking aspen, and Engelmann spruce. Many snags and dying trees. Some nitrophilous lichens (esp. Xanthoria). GRTE2 Vegetation 43.7256 -110.7601 2362 2.2 80 76 Mid-slope 0.99 Letharia vulpina Abies lasiocarpa Slope above Bradley Lake on trail to Amphitheatre Lake; off second switchback. Subalpine forest dominated by subalpine fir and Douglas-fir. S-facing slope with dense herb groundcover. 

GRTE3 Vegetation 43.7264 -110.7657 2591 1.1 106 66 Mid-slope 0.88 Pinus flexilis 

On the SE-facing slope below Amphitheater Lake; mid-slope half-way between Amphitheater 

Lake and Valley floor just up trail from the Garnet Canyon Junction. 

SE-facing slope in subalpine forest dominated by subalpine fir. Ground cover mostly grasses with some heaths and a few large boulders (lots of marmot scat on boulders). 

GRTE4 Vegetation 43.7276 -110.7713 2804 1.1 106 47 Mid-slope Pinus flexilis ~0.5 km E of Surprise Lake, just off trail where the slope steepens and switchbacks shorten. On a steep E-facing slope in a mixed conifer stand. Ground has a high cover of thinleaf huckleberry and grouse whortleberry and large granite outcrops. 

GRTE5 Air, vegetation 43.1300 -110.7800 3048 2.2 68 21 Ridgetop Pinus albicaulis S rim above Amphitheater Lake. On an E-facing ridge above a glacial cirque. Trees are patchy mixed pine, fir, and spruce. On a glacier cut and mostly all granite with some alpine herbs. No lichens, a few crusts. 

Park: Katmai National Park and Preserve, Alaska (KATM)Ag Intensity Index: 0 IMPROVE AmmNO3: 0.10 μg/m3 IMPROVE AmmSO4: 0.50 μg/m3 (Data from monitor at Tuxedni Wilderness, USFWS) 

North American Biome: EPA Ecoregion 3 – Tundra: Bristol Bay-Nushagak Lowlands (KATM1-5); Marine West Coast Forest: Alaska Peninsula Mountains (KATM6) 

KATM1 Vegetation 58.5459 -155.7836 36 2.2 50 16 Flatland 0.52 Hypogymnia physodes Picea glauca ~ 2 km from Brooks camp on road to Three Forks Overlook. Forest uneven age with fallen conifers interspaced hardwoods. Height of dominant trees is 18-21 m. KATM2 Vegetation 58.5686 -155.7937 213 1.9 54 107 Toe slope 0.71 Hypogymnia physodes Picea glauca Dumpling Mountain trail on small knoll facing Naknek Lake. Scattered white spruce 6-12 m tall on steep sloped knob with Sitka alder and deep moss mats. Oldest trees probably 100-200 years old. Collected over larger area, including a meadow and slope on far side of the meadow. Meadow had black cottonwood and Calamagrostis.

KATM3 Air, vegetation 58.5711 -155.8036 370 1.9 54 16 Mid-slope 0.97 Hypogymnia physodes Picea glauca Dumpling Mountain at 370 m. Vegetation dominated by 3 m Sitka alder, heavily infested and defoliated by inch worms. 

KATM4 Vegetation 58.5718 -155.8421 563 1.4 68 3 Upper slope 0.46 Flavocetraria cucullata Picea glauca On S face of Dumpling Mountain 180 m below peak, downhill from trail overlooking Naknek Lake, Brooks River, and Brooks Lake. At tree line, scattered short spruce (up to 1.2 m tall) among tundra vegetation, dominated by crowberry and other heaths. 

KATM5 Vegetation 58.5793 -155.8558 724 1.4 68 3 Ridgetop 0.44 Flavocetraria cucullata Picea glauca Top of Dumpling Mountain; SE-facing slope Tundra on gently sloping top of Dumpling Mountain. Spruce needles were collected from very short trees (up to 0.4 m) widely scattered on mountain top. 

KATM6 Vegetation 58.4715 -155.4901 1112 0.1 83 0 Upper slope 0.52 Flavocetraria cucullata W slopes of Mt. Katolinat, accessed from Iliuk Arm of Naknek Lake, ~ 610 m below peak. Alpine tundra, gently stone and gravel slope with thin soils near uppermost NW slopes of Mt. Katolinat. 

Park: Lassen Volcanic National Park, California (LAVO)

Ag Intensity Index: 7.4; IMPROVE AmmNO3: 0.20 μg/m3; IMPROVE AmmSO4: 0.61 μg/m3

North American Biome: EPA Ecoregion 3 – Northwestern Forested Mountains: Sierra Nevada 

LAVO1 Vegetation 40.5568 -121.5315 1829 7.4 103 3 Mid-slope 0.59 Letharia vulpina Abies concolor At Sunflower Flat ~120 m SW of main park road. A nearly flat ponderosa pine, western white fir woodland with some shrubby manzanita and chinquapin. Some boulders from adjacent rocky slope; ground cover mostly grasses. Several downed trees in various decay states. LAVO2 Vegetation 40.5314 -121.5342 2012 6.6 109 62 Upper slope 0.51 Letharia vulpina Abies concolor ~2.4 km on Chaos Crags trail from trailhead. Late-seral, mixed pine and white fir woodland. W-facing rocky slope with a dense covering of bearberry manzanita, and older fir trees have dense cover of the wolf-lichen, Letharia. 

LAVO3 Vegetation 40.4550 -121.5399 2271 4.1 303 76 Upper slope 0.85 Letharia columbiana Abies magnifica Just below the Ridge Lakes Basin ~ 0.8 km up Ridge Lakes Trail. In a California red fir/mountain hemlock stand bordered by a creek and wet meadow on the N side and dry meadow (lily and waterleaf ) on the S side. Very little ground vegetation in the forested section, mostly duff and branch litter with some lupine. 

1A-5 
Site 

Name Media Lat. Long. 

Elev. 

(m) 

 Ann. 

Temp. 

(oC) 

 nn. Ppt. (cm) 

Canopy 

Cover 

(%) Landform 

Lichen 

N % 

dw 

Lichens collected 

Conifers 

collected Location Habitat 

LAVO4 Vegetation 40.4392 -121.5576 2499 4.8 254 18 Upper slope 0.87 Letharia vulpina Abies magnifica On S slope of Brokeoff Top Mtn, ~3.2 km up trail. In a mountain hemlock stand on a mild sloping rocky bench. The herb layer is almost all lupine and wolf- lichens (Letharia spp.) are abundant. LAVO5 Air, vegetation 40.4476 -121.5662 2713 4.8 254 21 Ridgetop 0.94 Letharia vulpina Abies magnifica Near summit of Brokeoff Top Mtn, on NW ridge. On a mountain top with nearly krumholtz mountain hemlock and some California red fir. The slope is W- facing and rocky with some bearberry and manzanita. The lichen community consisted of mostly of the wolf lichens, Letharia vulpina and L. columbiana. 

Park: Mount Rainier National Park, Washington (MORA)Ag Intensity Index: 6; IMPROVE AmmNO3: 0.20 μg/m3; IMPROVE AmmSO4: 1.11 μg/m3

North American Biome: EPA Ecoregion 3 – Northwestern Forested Mountains: Cascades MORA1 Vegetation 46.7433 -121.8915 654 6.4 197 77 Valley 0.63 Alectoria sarmentosa Tsuga heterophylla Along Tahoma Creek, off Rd. 706. Silver fir/western hemlock/Douglas-fir stand along creek. Average dbh <53 cm, age 200+ years, but some young trees (1.5 m) present also. MORA2 Vegetation 46.7697 -121.7893 985 3.5 244 91 Mid-slope 0.47 Alectoria sarmentosa Tsuga heterophylla Ricksecker Point Picnic Area; trail from rear of parking lot, past restrooms, towards river behind outhouse. Woodland/riparian area, with old Douglas-fir (200+ years) and an understory of mostly Pacific silver fir, western hemlock, mountain hemlock, and a few pines. Many paths through site to river edge. 

MORA3: LP19 

Air, fish, lake water, 

snow, sediments, vegetation 

46.8239 -121.8953 1372 4 222 85 Lake basin 0.42 Alectoria 

sarmentosa 

Abies amabilis 

Unnamed lake LP19 vicinity; 80-90 degrees up 

steep slope above St. Andrews Creek drainage, 

NE of Puyallup Lakes. 

Stand 300+ years old, with mature Douglas-fir, 10-100-year-old Pacific silver fir. Fir most abundant, but 100-200-year-old western and mountain hemlock also present in low abundance. Red huckleberry and oval-leaf 

blueberry cover 50-75% of forest floor. 

MORA4: Golden 

Air, fish, lake water, 

snow, sediments, vegetation 

46.8878 -121.8987 1369 4.6 220 36 Lake basin 0.54 Alectoria 

sarmentosa 

Abies amabilis N side Golden Lake. Site is on a bench on high mountain. Woodland, age 150+ years, with tall Douglas-fir and Pacific silver fir in understory. Much Vaccinium in understory, and lots of moss near lake. Alectoria dominant lichen at site. 

MORA5 Vegetation 46.8006 -121.7831 1809 2.4 260 36 Upper slope Abies procera Mildred Point; in middle of flat area. Flat bench at base of Mt. Rainier glacier overlooking steep and deep glacial drainage. Stand has noble fir and Alaskan yellow cedar with very few lichens. Pacific silver fir and mountain hemlock also present in low abundance. 

Park: Noatak National Preserve, Alaska (NOAT) Ag Intensity Index: 0 ; IMPROVE AmmNO3: NA μg/m3; IMPROVE AmmSO4: NA μg/m3

North American Biome: EPA Ecoregion 3 – Tundra: Arctic Foothills (NOAT1, NOAT3); Tundra: Brooks Range (NOAT5) NOAT1 Vegetation 68.2847 -161.4657 227 -7.4 41 0 Toe slope 0.38 Masonhalea richardsonii Knoll above Middle Kugururok River. Dwarf birch on tundra-covered knoll. NOAT3: Burial 

Air, fish, lake water, 

snow, sediments, vegetation 

68.4063 -159.2223 388 -8.8 39 0 Flatland 0.53 

Masonhalea richardsonii/ Flavocetraria cucullata 

Burial Lake; gravel drainage to lake. Dwarf birch in well-drained area. 

NOAT5 Vegetation 68.4625 -161.4612 675 -8.8 50 0 Upper slope 0.35 Masonhalea richardsonii SW of Copter Peak. Alpine Dryas tundra with mountain heather. 

Park: North Cascades National Park, Washington (NOCA) Ag Intensity Index: 3.7; IMPROVE AmmNO3: 0.13 μg/m3; IMPROVE AmmSO4: 0.78 μg/m3

North American Biome: EPA Ecoregion 3 – Northwestern Forested Mountains: North Cascades NOCA1 Vegetation 48.6493 -121.3070 198 8.6 207 74 Toe slope 0.34 Alectoria sarmentosa Pseudotsuga menziesii On Thornton Creek, just below single-lane bridge (off dirt road to Thornton Lake trailhead), 60 m from road. Steep, granite outcrop on the E side of a major perrenial creek. Forest is dominated by Douglas-fir and regeneration is mostly red cedar. Ground vegetation is almost all salal. NOCA2 Vegetation 48.6420 -121.3370 614 8.6 206 84 Mid-slope 0.52 Platismatia glauca Tsuga heterophylla Lower S slope of Mt. Triumph, 4 km up Thornton Lake Rd., 90 m N of road. E slope in a western hemlock forest which was logged <100 years ago; oldest stand found at this elevation in area. Ground is mossy with some scattered herbs and shrubs. 

NOCA3 Vegetation 48.6641 -121.3266 945 8.3 243 92 Mid-slope 0.50 Alectoria sarmentosa Abies amabilis SE slope of Mt. Triumph ~ 4 km up the Thornton Lakes trail. SE slope in a western hemlock forest with Pacific silver fir as the regeneration stand. Ground is mossy; thinleaf huckleberry and beard lichens abundant. 

NOCA4 Vegetation 48.6716 -121.3187 1228 8.7 205 97 Upper slope 0.37 Alectoria sarmentosa Abies amabilis Upper SE slope of Mt. Triumph, off Thornton Lakes trail just below the park boundary sign. SE slope in an old-growth, mixed-conifer stand (western hemlock, Alaska yellow cedar and Pacific silver fir). Ground is mossy; thinleaf huckleberry and beard lichens abundant. 

NOCA5 Air, vegetation 48.6824 -121.3217 1600 8.2 205 47 Ridgetop 0.48 Alectoria sarmentosa Abies amabilis S ridge of Trappers Peak, near treeline, above lower Thornton Lake. Site is on a S-facing ridgeline (rim of glacial cirque) and at tree-line. Forest of Alaska yellow cedar, mountain hemlock and Pacific silver fir. Slope is steep and rocky with open soil, alpine herbs and thinleaf huckleberry. 

1A-6 
Site 

Name Media Lat. Long. 

Elev. 

(m) 

 Ann. 

Temp. 

(oC) 

 nn. Ppt. (cm) 

Canopy 

Cover 

(%) Landform 

Lichen 

N % 

dw 

Lichens collected

Conifers 

collected Location Habitat 

Park: Olympic National Park, Washington (OLYM)Ag Intensity Index: 2.2; IMPROVE AmmNO3: 0.39 μg/m3; IMPROVE AmmSO4: 0.99 μg/m3North American Biome: EPA Ecoregion 3 – Marine West Coast Forest: Puget Lowlands (OLYM1); Marine West Coast Forest: Coast Range (OLYM2), Northwestern Forested Mountains: North Cascades (OLYM3-5) OLYM1 Vegetation 48.0926 -123.4338 137 9.4 92 85 Valley Lobaria oregana Tsuga heterophylla Outskirts of Port Angeles; Peabody Creek Loop Trail, along w side of creek, ~ 2/3 way around the loop. Mature mixed conifer/deciduous forest bordering urban area. Douglas-fir dominant, with western hemlock in understory. OLYM2 Vegetation 47.9535 -123.8381 518 6.7 360 94 Valley Alectoria sarmentosa Tsuga heterophylla ~ 3.2 km SE of Sol Duc Hot Spgs Resort on N side of Sol Duc River, ~0.4 km from junction with Canyon Creek. Old-growth western hemlock forest along Sol Duc River. Floodplain of river is approximately 61 m wide with mainly rounded stones and small boulders with islands of alder and willow. Forest understory has low moss cover, and some blueberry, ferns. 

OLYM3: Hoh 

Air, fish, lake water, 

snow, sediments, vegetation 

47.8973 -123.7831 1448 6.9 458 31 Upper slope 0.36 

Alectoria sarmentosa/ Bryoria fuscescens 

Abies lasiocarpa NW slope above Hoh Lake. NW-facing slope above a subalpine lake. Stand is mixed mountain hemlock and subalpine fir with a high cover of blueberry. 

OLYM4: PJ 

Air, fish, lake water, 

snow, sediments, vegetation 

47.9463 -123.4136 1392 4.9 216 101 Lake basin 0.44 

Platismatia glauca/ Bryoria fuscescens 

Abies amabilis 

SW side of PJ Lake; ~0.8 km e of Hurricane Ridge Rd. to Obstruction Point, and 0.8 km N of 

Eagle Point. 

Mixed fir/red cedar old-growth forest adjacent to meadow with willow. Willow also present along lake shore. 

Little understory, site has deep snow cover in winter. Lake has significant algal growth. 

OLYM5 Vegetation 47.9307 -123.4105 1850 4.9 216 38 Ridgetop 0.63 

Alectoria sarmentosa/ 

Bryoria 

Abies lasiocarpa 

Ridgetop approximately 100 m E of Hurricane 

Ridge Rd. to Observation Point, and ~ 1 km S of 

Eagle Point. 

Ridgetop with mature old-growth stand of subalpine fir in subalpine habitat. Site is wind-blasted from the E 

and W, high cover of lichens on large trees in most sheltered areas. 

Park: Rocky Mountain National Park, Colorado (ROMO)

Ag Intensity Index: 14.4; IMPROVE AmmNO3: 0.35 μg/m3; IMPROVE AmmSO4: 0.83 μg/m3

North American Biome: EPA Ecoregion 3 – Northwestern Forested Mountains: Southern Rockies ROMO1 Air, vegetation 40.2381 -105.7995 2560 1.7 65 92 Valley Picea engelmanii W side of Continental Divide, S of East Inlet trailhead, near creek. Flat floodplain forested with lodgepole pine and Engelmann spruce. Much willow and some aspen in understory. Grasses abundant; most herbs have withered. Evidence of moose in area: lots of browsed willow and pellets. ROMO2 Air, vegetation 40.2305 -105.7611 2720 1.2 79 36 Mid-slope Abies lasiocarpa W side of Continental Divide, halfway between Cats Lair Camp and Lower East Inlet Camp; East Inlet Trail, on slope above falls. Steep, dry, rocky slope with a lodgepole pine dominated stand. Quaking aspen is dominant hardwood, a few willow shrubs present. 

ROMO3: Lone Pine 

Air, fish, lake water, 

snow, sediments, vegetation 

40.2310 -105.7310 3018 0.1 104 21 

High elevation lake basin 

Abies lasiocarpa 

W side of Continental Divide, on S shore of Lone Pine Lake. 

Meadow on the s shore of a subalpine lake with a few large groves of willow; bordered by an Engelmann 

spruce forest. 

ROMO4 Air, vegetation 40.2300 -105.7130 3232 -0.4 116 18 Mid-slope Abies lasiocarpa W side of Continental Divide, on S-facing rock outcrop plateau above Lake Verna. Rock outcrop plateau with sparse forest of subalpine fir and Engelmann spruce. No other vegetation, only rock. 

ROMO5 Vegetation 40.3916 -105.6867 3451 1.4 92 16 Ridgetop Abies lasiocarpa W side of Continental Divide, near Ute Crossing on Sundance Mountain. Rocky ridgetop with patchy forest of subalpine fir; some krumholtz and small patches of willow. 

ROMO6: Mills 

Air, fish, lake water, 

snow, sediments, vegetation 

40.2916 -105.6438 3042 1.3 113 62 

High elevation lake basin 

1.2 Xanthoparmelia Picea engelmanii E side of Continental Divide, on NW corner of Mills Lake, on large flat rock at outlet. High-elevation Engelmann spruce/subalpine fir with limber pine. Large, smooth, rocky outcrops covered with crustose lichens. Krumholtz conifers present. 

Park: Sequoia and Kings Canyon National Parks, California (SEKI)

Ag Intensity Index: 16.6; MI PROVE AmmNO3: 2.19 μg/m3; IMPROVE AmmSO4: 1.98 μg/m3

North American Biome: EPA Ecoregion 3 – Mediterranean California: Southern and Central Chaparral and Oak Woodlands (SEKI2); Northwestern Forested Mountains: Sierra Nevada (SEKI3-7) SEKI2 Air, vegetation 36.5762 -118.7862 1573 16.9 36 88 Valley 2.23 Letharia vulpina Abies concolor Marble Fork of the Kaweah River, just upstream from Crystal Cove Drive overpass. Mature forest of pine, incense cedar, and California red fir along boulder-filled, granite riverbed ~ 25 m wide bordered by willow. SEKI3 Vegetation 36.5536 -118.7492 2071 10.3 100 78 Mid-slope bench 1.59 Letharia vulpina Abies concolor Crescent Meadow. Meadow and nearby stand along Crescent Creek. Vegetation is diverse and in good condition. Tree cover is clumped. 

SEKI4 Air, vegetation 36.5985 -118.7212 2332 5.3 108 31 Mid-slope bench 1.56 Letharia vulpina Abies magnifica Wolverton Creek Meadow. Meadow of sedges surrounded by tall California red fir and open-grown lodgepole pine encroaching on meadow. Vegetation appears healthy. Site is on a bench on a mid-slope. 

SEKI5: Emerald 

Air, fish, lake water, 

snow, sediments, vegetation 

36.6005 118.6789 2816 3.4 89 47 

High elevation lake basin 

1.53 Letharia vulpina Abies magnifica Emerald Lake Basin, Topokah valley watershed. Mixed red fir/pine stand with Labrador tea understory; many granite boulders. 

1A-7 
Site 

Name Media Lat. Long. 

Elev. 

(m) 

 Ann. 

Temp. 

(oC) 

 nn. Ppt. (cm) 

Canopy 

Cover 

(%) Landform 

Lichen 

N % 

dw 

Lichens collected 

Conifers 

collected Location Habitat 

SEKI6: Pear 

Air, fish, lake water, 

snow, sediments, vegetation 

36.6040 -118.6690 2911 2.4 75 34 

High elevation lake basin 

Pinus contorta Outflow area of Pear Lake. Drainage area for alpine lake, but currently dry. Pine stand with willow on granite slabs. Algal and aquatic moss lines indicate that the lake floods widely over the granite slabs in some places. 

SEKI7 Air, vegetation 36.5165 -118.8017 630 14.5 76 49 Valley Potwisha Campground n of highway on Deep Canyon Creek. Creek with one main channel and granite boulders on either side. Tree canopy overhangs river and provides intermittent shade. 

Park: Stikine-LeConte Wilderness, Tongass National Forest, Alaska (STLE)

Ag Intensity Index: 0.1; IMPROVE AmmNO3: 0.04 μg/m3; IMPROVE AmmSO4: 0.46 μg/m3 (2005 IMPROVE data from PETE1, Petersburg SE AK). 

North American Biome: EPA Ecoregion 3 – Marine West Coast Forest: Pacific Coastal Mountains 

STLE1 Air, vegetation 56.7910 -132.5110 0 4.5 318 31 Marine beach 0.49 

Platismatia glauca/ Alectoria sarmentosa 

Picea sitchensis 

Bussy Creek outlet NE side of creek in upper 

beach meadow 60 -75 m from inter-tidal flats. 

Upper beach meadows with scattered Sitka spruce. Vegetation samples were collected from open-grown spruce and along forest edge. 

STLE2 Air, vegetation 56.8047 -132.5317 254 3.6 378 119 Mid-slope 0.49 Platismatia glauca/Lobaria oregana Picea sitchensis Bussy Creek drainage on lower slopes at 254 m following ridge line between the N and S main tributaries. Old growth mixed coniferous forest of Alaska yellow cedar and western hemlock. Canopy cover ~80%. Understory of mixed forms and shrubs with high moss ground cover. Area slopes steeply facing Bussy Creek drainage. 

STLE3 Air, vegetation 56.8095 -132.5407 567 3.6 378 34 Mid-slope 0.39 Alectoria sarmentosa Picea sitchensis SE of small lake above Bussy Creek. In long, narrow Muskeg bench parallel to and overlooking drainage on long edge. Muskeg bench with scattered shorepine (Pinus contorta) on SE-facing slope of Thunder Mountain overlooking Bussy Creek drainage. 

STLE4 Air, vegetation 56.8250 -132.5715 815 2.7 488 3 Ridgetop 0.37 

Platismatia glauca/ Alectoria sarmentosa 

Picea sitchensis 

Ridgetop knob on Wilderness boundary ~ 0.4 km 

NW of Bussy Lake and 0.4 km due W of small lake beside Wilderness. To NW a prominent cliff 

face overlooks headwaters of the Muddy River. 

Small knob with several scattered ponds. Subalpine heath with clumps of old mountain hemlock. 

STLE5 Vegetation 56.8180 -132.6090 1064 3.6 431 5 Ridgetop 0.45 

Platismatia glauca/ Cladina arbuscula 

Picea sitchensis Top of Thunder Mountain. Alpine mountain peak dominated by sedges, avues, and dwarf heath. 

Park: Wrangell-St. Elias National Park and Preserve, Alaska (WRST)

Ag Intensity Index: 0; IMPROVE AmmNO3: 0.04 μg/m3; IMPROVE AmmSO4: 0.46 μg/m3 (2005 data from PETE1, Petersburg SE AK) 

North American Biome: EPA Ecoregion 3 – Marine West Coast Forest: Pacific Coastal Mountains (WRST1); Northwestern Forested Mountains: Copper Plateau (WRST2-3); Northwestern Forested Mountains: Interior Highlands (WRST4-5) 

WRST1 Vegetation 60.0476 -141.3066 7 3.1 312 101 Marine beach 0.51 Hypogymnia apinnata Picea sitchensis Kageets Point on E shore of Icy Bay, ~ 0.4 km S of landing strip, in Sitka spruce/alder forest at shoreline. Oblong collection area along beach fringe. Recently deglaciated (50-100 years ago) forelands, ~ 30 m into the Sitka spruce forest from the beach. Age class of trees varying depending on distance from the shore and isostatic rebound. WRST2 Vegetation 61.5219 -144.4002 219 -1.9 31 16 Valley Picea glauca 

S side of McCarthy Rd. along silt bluffs over looking confluence of Chintina and Copper Rivers ~0.8 km from road and campground. 

Edge of forest along river bluff, multiple age class of white spruce. Many old dead trees of possibly black 

spruce. Collected along forest edge at bluff. 

WRST3 Air, vegetation 61.3856 -143.6014 648 -1.7 62 85 Toe slope Picea glauca 

From highest point along Crystalline Hills trail on N side McCarthy Rd., just E of marble grotto, take 

uphill side trail ~23 m to highest point, scale small cliff, and go uphill another 60 m. 

Steep, mostly treeless slope with scattered clumps of quaking aspen and white spruce. 

WRST3B Vegetation 61.3844 -143.6063 607 -1.7 62 31 Toe slope 0.60 Hypogymnia physodes Crystalline Hills loop trail at 607 m. White spruce/quaking aspen woodland regenerating from fire. 

WRST4 Vegetation 61.4964 -142.8684 1020 -2.2 85 43 Mid-slope Picea glauca 

Trail to Bonanza Mine from Kennicott, W side of trail at 1,020 m; exposed to the Kennicott Valley, 

glaciers. 

Conifers from 2 to 12 m tall, declining in health. Area gets 2.5 - 3 m snow in winter. Exposed to Kennicott glacier and Kennicott, Nizina, and Chitna River valleys with views to Chugach Mountains ~80 km distant. 

WRST5 Vegetation 61.5014 -142.8381 1421 -2.7 127 3 Upper slope 0.49 

Flavocetraria cucullata/ Cladina arbuscula-mitis 

Picea glauca 

On trail to Bonanza Mine below pass between 

Bonanza ridge and Porphyry Mountain, ~2.5 km E 

of Kennicott. 

Dwarf ericaceous vegetation with Dryas, moss and willow. Slope is exposed to Kennicot glacier, river 

headwaters, and basin. 

Park: Yosemite National Park, California (YOSE)

Ag Intensity Index: 13.8; MI PROVE AmmNO3: 0.46 μg/m3; IMPROVE AmmSO4: 0.98 μg/m3

North American Biome: EPA Ecoregion 3 – Northwestern Forested Mountains: Sierra Nevada YOSE1 Vegetation 37.6783 -119.7541 661 12.1 82 36 Valley 1.35 Xanthoparmelia Pinus sabiniana Yosemite National Park on Hwy. 140 at turnout on left side of road just inside SW park boundary on N bank of river. Large boulders with canyon live oak and poison oak; a few foothill and ponderosa pines present. YOSE2 Vegetation 37.7150 -119.6801 1433 10.7 86 39 Mid-slope 0.98 Letharia vulpina Pinus ponderosa On N-facing slope of Turtleback Dome. Dry, rocky slope; mixed conifer forest (pine, cedar, and Douglas-fir), with abundant manzanita in the understory. All conifer species in the regeneration layer. Wolf -lichen (Letharia vulpina) abundant; some nitrophilous lichens (Xanthoria) on oaks. 

YOSE3 Vegetation 37.7237 -119.5336 1829 10.3 98 77 Mid-slope 1.12 Letharia vulpina Pinus lambertiana On top of Nevada Falls on the Merced River ~30 m S of falls off trail. Incense cedar-dominated stand with multiple conifer species present. Gentle NW-facing slope with branch litter, a thin layer of duff, and two herbs (western rattlesnake plantain and Pacific Rhododendron). 

1A-8 
Site 

Name Media Lat. Long. 

Elev. 

(m) 

 Ann. 

Temp. 

(oC) 

 nn. Ppt. (cm) 

Canopy 

Cover 

(%) Landform 

Lichen 

N % 

dw 

Lichens collected 

Conifers 

collected Location Habitat 

YOSE4 Vegetation 37.7506 -119.3631 2713 4.2 110 21 Mid-slope Pinus contorta On Lewis Creek near confluence with trail around Cony Crags into the Lyell Forte Basin. Lodgepole pine woodland on slab granite; a few young western hemlock and California red fir and scattered shrubby chinquapin and western brackenfern. Some pines with charred trunk bases. YOSE5 Air, vegetation 37.7744 -119.3371 3048 3.1 108 16 Upper slope Pinus contorta Valley at head of Lewis Creek watershed at the confluence of Gallison Lake Outlet Creek. Alpine meadow with pine woodland; willow-lined creek runs through site center. 

Key to Table: Park = name, state and acronym of the park or wilderness. Ag Intensity = agricultural intensity in a 150 km radius around the park, see methods section for more details. IMPROVE AmmNO3 and AmmSO4 = mean annual nitrate and ammonium sulfate concentrations in micrograms per cubic meter in ambient fine particulates under 2.5 um in diameter sampled for 24 hours, air is sampled every 3rd day at IMPROVE monitors located in WACAP parks and wilderness, if no IMPROVE site exists for the park then data is from the nearest IMPROVE site and the name of that site is given, value is the 1998-2004 mean for annual data that meets IMPROVE quality assurance criteria, see methods section for more details. 

Biome = Level three US EPA ecological region in which the site is located, see http://www.epa.gov/wed/pages/ecoregions/ecoregions.htm for general information. 

Long. = latitude and longitude of site center in decimal degrees, mapping datum WGS84, sites were approximately 1 ha. Elev. (m) = elevation in meters, derived from site location on USGS topographic 15’ quadrangles. 

Ann. Temp. and Ann. Ppt. = mean annual temperature in degrees Celsius and mean annual precipitation in centimeters estimated from the PRISM climate model—see Chapter 3 for details. 

Canopy Cover (%) = field ocular estimate of the canopy cover of dominant and co-dominant trees on the site as a percentage of total site area. 

Landform = physiographical feature on which the site was located, determined from USGS 15’ topographic quadrangles. 

Lichen N % dw = mean nitrogen concentration in lichen thalli collected on the site as percent of dry weight, if more than one species was collected, species N concentrations were averaged after averaging laboratory and field replicates. 

Lichens collected = lichens collected for nitrogen, sulfur, metals and SOC analysis. Conifers collected = conifer species collected for SOC analysis. If vegetation was collected, but both “conifers collected” and “lichens collected” fields are blank, then leaves or bark of deciduous shrubs were collected and results are not reported. Location = site location description. Habitat = ecological characteristics of the collection site. 

1A-9 
APPENDIX 3A 

Summary of Sampling and Analysis Plan by Environmental Medium 

Medium SNOW 

Purpose Measure of direct atmospheric contaminant loading, and in many cases, 90% of the annual precipitation, interannual variability

Frequency Annually; 14 sites in 8 core parks, and additional snow-only sites for elevational transect 

Samples 

Inorganic 

Integrated vertical snowpack profile 

Single Teflon Bag, 6 liters of snow = 2 liters of water; 

Shipped with dry ice and blue ice to USGS-CO

Organic 

Integrated vertical snowpack profile 6 

Teflon Bags, 20 liters of snow each = 

42 liters of water; Shipped with dry ice 

and blue ice to WRS 

Sample 

Processing 

Filtration thru 

0.45μm 

Unfiltered, 

acidified Unfiltered Filtered thru GF/C (1.2μm) Filtration thru GF/F (0.7μm) Sorbant ASE 

Analytes 

Filtered, acidified: Ca, Mg, Na, K (IC) Filtered: NO3, 

SO4, Cl, NH4

(IC) DOC (IR) Unfiltered: specific conductance, 

pH, ANC 

Metals: Cd, Cu, Pb, Ni, V, Zn, plus additional metals listed in Table 2.2.1 (ICPMS) 

Hg 

(oxidation, 

purge and 

trap; 

CVAFS) 

Spheroidal 

carbonaceous 

particle 

analysis 

Total 

particulate C 

and N 

(EPA Method 

440.0) 

Target SOC analytes 

(GC/MS)

Laboratory USGS-CWSC USGS-NRP Boulder USGS- WWSC ECRC CBL SEC

3A-1
Medium FISH 

Purpose Direct measure of food web impacts, bioaccumulation and link to the terrestrial component; evaluation of health and condition effects 

Frequency Once per site: 4 to 6 sites (2 to 3 core parks) per year 

~30 fish/lake (3 fish from each of 5 age classes, from both sexes, from a single species); samples frozen on dry ice in field, shipped to WRS, then distributed to appropriate lab. 

Samples 

Condition factors Hematology/ Physiology Histopathology (gills, kidney, liver, spleen, gonads) Whole fish tissue Livers and fillets (from up to 10 additional fish collected for metals analysis) 

Sample 

Processing 

Blood obtained by 

caudal vein puncture, 

plasma collected and 

frozen in the field 

Organs preserved in 

10% neutral buffered 

formalin 

Liquid N2 homogenization; 

subsample solvent extracted (ASE) for SOC analyses 

Homogenization, freeze 

drying, microwave 

digestion 

Analytes 

Weight, fork length, Macroscopic

health index; ages from scales and otoliths 

Hematocrits, plasma, cortisol, glucose, sex 

hormones, and vitellogenin 

Evaluation of pathological changes, 

macrophage aggregate analysis; and reproductive state 

Hg 

(Direct Hg 

Analyzer) 

Target SOC 

analyses (GC/MS) 

Metals: Cd, Cu, Pb, Ni, V, 

Zn (ICP/MS) 

Laboratory In field, and OSU-Fish In field, and OSU-Fish OSU-Fish WRS SEC USGS-NRP Boulder 

3A-2
Medium LICHENS CONIFER NEEDLES and LICHENS SUBSISTENCE NATIVE FOOD (MOOSE)

Purpose 

Direct measure of food web impacts and bioaccumulation; used primarily to evaluate N, 

S, and heavy metal impacts 

Measure of ecosystem exposure, large “n” for statistical comparisons within 

and among sites, parks, regions, and elevations 

Direct measure of food sources (moose) used by native people 

Frequency Once per site: from 12 sites in 8 core parks in 2004 

Once per site: Elevational transects (~5 sites/park) from 8 core (2004) and 

12 secondary parks (2005). Pilot study (4 sites) in SEKI in 2003 

Once: Alaska only, 3 moose collected 

Samples 

6 lichen samples collected per site (3 samples each of 2 species); ~20 g dry weight of material for each sample; Shipped with ice to WRS 

One lichen species and second-year 

needles from one conifer species at 5 

sites at different elevations per park; 3 samples collected at each core park site, 1 sample collected at each secondary park site; Shipped with ice to WRS 

Samples provided to Parks by native 

hunters; Shipped with dry ice to WRS 

Sample 

Processing 

Ground thru 20 mesh, then oven dried at 65°C to constant weight 

SOCs: Extraction using ASE N: Ground thru 20 mesh, then oven dried at 65°C to constant weight 

Hg & SOCs: Liquid N2 homogenization; 

subsample solvent extracted (ASE) for SOC analyses Metals: Homogenization, freeze drying, microwave digestion

Analytes S 

Metals: Cd, Cu, 

Pb, Ni, V, Zn 

(ICP-MS)

Hg 

(Direct Hg 

Analyzer) N 

Target SOC 

analytes 

(GC/MS) 

Hg 

(Direct Hg 

Analyzer) 

Target 

SOC 

analytes 

(GC/MS) 

 Metals: 

Cd, Cu, Pb, 

Ni, V, Zn 

(ICP-MS) 

Laboratory UMNRAL USGS-NRP Boulder WRS UMNRAL SEC WRS SEC USGS- NRP Boulder 

3A-3
Medium WATER LAKE SEDIMENT 

Purpose 

System characterization; standard water quality 

information 

Hydrophilic currentuse chemicals and 

SOCs 

Historic trends (~150 years) of contaminant loading to catchments 

Frequency 

Once per site: 4 to 6 sites 

(2 to 3 core parks) per 

year 

Once per site: 4 to 6 

sites (2 to 3 core 

parks) per year 

Once per site: 4 to 6 sites (2 to 3 core parks) per year 

Samples 

Inorganic 

2 L water sample, 2 60-ml 

syringe samples; shipped 

with ice to WRS 

Organic 

~50 L water sample 

filtered in situ; filters

shipped with dry ice to 

WRS 

Sediment cores, sectioned in 0.5 cm intervals to 10 cm, then 1.0 cm intervals to 30 cm.; shipped with ice packs to WRS 

Analytes 

In situ: specific conductance, DO, 

temperature, turbidity Filtered: Ca, Mg, Na, K, Zn, Se (AAS), NO3, SO4, Cl, (IC) SiO2, NH4 (AA), DOC (IR), color Unfiltered: TN, TP (FIA), ANC, TSS Syringe “closed system” samples: pH, DIC 

Target SOC analytes, 

particulate and 

dissolved phases 

(GC/MS) 

Dating 

profiles 

(210Pb, 137Cs, 

241Am) 

Spheroidal 

carbonaceous 

particle 

analysis 

%moisture, 

Ash-free dry 

weight (losson-ignition) or 

total organic 

carbon 

Hg 

(Direct Hg 

Analyzer) 

Target SOC 

analytes 

(GC/MS) 

Metals: Cd, 

Cu, Pb, Ni, 

V, Zn 

(ICP-MS) 

Laboratory WRS SEC ERRC ECRC WRS SEC USGS-NRP Boulder 

3A-4
Abbreviations: 

AAS Atomic absorption spectrophotometry ASE Accelerated solvent extraction CVAFS Cold vapor atomic fluorescence spectrometry FIA Flow injection analysis GC/MS Gas chromatography with mass spectrometry IC Ion chromatography ICP-AES Inductively coupled plasma with atomic emission spectrometry ICP-MS Inductively coupled plasma with mass spectrometry IR Infrared detection Laboratories: Laboratory Abbreviation Laboratory CBL Chesapeake Biological Laboratory, Univ. of Maryland, Solomons, MD ECRC Environmental Change Research Centre, University College London, London, UK ERRC University Environmental Radioactivity Research Centre, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK OSU-Fish OSU Kent Laboratory, Corvallis, OR SEC Simonich Environmental Chemistry Laboratory, OSU, Corvallis, OR UMNRAL University of Minnesota Research Analytical Laboratory, St. Paul, MN USGS-NRP Boulder National Research Program Laboratory, Boulder, CO USGS-CWSC USGS Colorado Water Science Center, Alpine Hydrologic Research Team, Lakewood, CO USGS-WWSC USGS Wisconsin Water Science Center, Mercury Research Laboratory, Middleton, WI WRS Willamette Research Station Analytical Laboratory, USEPS, Corvallis, OR 

3A-5
APPENDIX 3B 

Sampling Information, Methods, and Data Quality 

The WACAP Quality Assurance Project Plan (QAPP), May 2004, outlines the quality assurance 

and quality control objectives for WACAP. 

Snow QA/QC 

Field

Quality assurance and quality control procedures for handling US Geological Survey (USGS) 

snow chemistry samples were well established, with annual regional surveys dating back to 

1993. A detailed description of sampling protocols was contained in each field kit, and 

experienced personnel led each site visit. Information about snowpack physical characteristics 

was recorded on prepared data sheets. All original data sheets were carried as personal baggage 

during transit and were photocopied and kept in separate locations, as soon as facilities 

permitted. 

Approximately 10% of the total number of samples were field processing blanks and field 

replicates. Field blanks were collected to detect possible contamination from collection methods, 

laboratory processing, DI rinse water, filtering apparatus, and Teflon collection bags. Field 

replicates were also useful for this purpose, but in addition to contamination, they also reflect the 

natural variability in snow chemistry and the precision of analytical techniques. 

Laboratory

Detailed laboratory QA/QC procedures are specified in the WACAP QAPP. Quality control at 

the USGS Colorado District laboratory involves systematically analyzing blanks, an internal 

reference sample, USGS standard reference water samples, and certified nutrient standards from 

High Purity Standards, Inc. International blind audit samples from Environment Canada were 

analyzed twice per year. Approximately 40% of sample batch run time for the analytical 

instrumentation was dedicated to analyzing blanks, duplicates, reference samples, and standards. 

Calibration verifications were made with standards at the beginning and end of each batch of 

sample analyses on the ion chromatograph. 

Quality control at the USGS National Research Program laboratory involves systematic analysis 

of blanks, standard reference materials, and spike addition samples. Details, results, and figures 

are described in the Quality Assurance/Quality Control section of the database. 

Ionic charge balance was calculated as the sum of cations (hydrogen ion, calcium, magnesium, 

sodium, potassium, and ammonium) minus the sum of anions (alkalinity, chloride, nitrate, and 

sulfate) divided by the total cations and anions in solution. Alkalinities were predominantly 

negative for snow samples; only positive values for alkalinity were included with the sum of 

anions in charge-balance calculations. Analytical results and charge balance values were 

examined and outliers for the snow sample database and rerun were performed as necessary. 

3B-1 
SOCs 

Detailed laboratory QA/QC procedures for SOCs are specified in the WACAP QAPP. The 

analyte recovery over the entire analytical method and the estimated method detection limits for 

snow is given in Table 3B-1. 

Metals 

Detailed laboratory QA/QC procedures are specified in the WACAP QAPP. Quality control at 

the USGS Colorado District laboratory involves systematically analyzing blanks, an internal 

reference sample, USGS standard reference water samples, and certified nutrient standards from 

High Purity Standards, Inc. International blind audit samples from Environment Canada were 

analyzed twice per year. Approximately 40% of sample batch run time for the analytical 

instrumentation was dedicated to analyzing blanks, duplicates, reference samples, and standards. 

Calibration verifications were made with standards at the beginning and end of each batch of 

sample analyses on the ion chromatograph. 

Quality control at the USGS National Research Program laboratory involves systematic analysis 

of blanks, standard reference materials, and spike addition samples. Details, results and figures 

are described in the Quality Assurance/Quality Control Section of the database (Table 3B-2). 

Ionic charge balance was calculated as the sum of cations (hydrogen ion, calcium, magnesium, 

sodium, potassium, and ammonium) minus the sum of anions (alkalinity, chloride, nitrate, and 

sulfate) divided by the total cations and anions in solution. Alkalinities were predominantly 

negative for snow samples; only positive values for alkalinity were included with the sum of 

anions in charge-balance calculations. Analytical results and charge balance values were 

examined and outliers for the snow sample database and rerun were performed as necessary. 

Passive Air Sampler QA/QC 

Passive Air Sampler Deployment Summary 

Table 3B-3 lists the latitude, longitude, and elevation of each site where a PASD was deployed. 

SOCs 

Detailed laboratory QA/QC procedures for SOCs are specified in the WACAP QAPP. The 

analyte recovery over the entire analytical method and the estimated method detection limits for 

PASDs is given in Table 3B-4. 

3B-2 
Table 3B-1. SOC Recovery and EDLs in Snow Over the Entire Analytical Method (Usenko et al., 

2005). 

Chemical Class log Kow EDL3Chemical Class log Kow EDL3

Compounds

Avg. 

% Rec

% RSD pg/L

Compounds

Avg. 

% Rec

% RSD pg/L

Amide Pesticides Triazine Herbicides and Metabolites

Propachlor 2.4 139.5 19.5 3.7 Atrazine desisopropyl 1.361 nd5 nd5 na6

Alachlor 2.6 79.7 1.0 43.4 Atrazine desethyl 1.781 nd5 nd5 na6

Acetochlor 3.031 65.6 6.9 25.2 Simazine 2.2 nd5 nd5 na6

Metolachlor 3.1 89.0 1.4 13.8 Cyanazine 2.2 107.8 2.3 26.2

Atrazine 2.3 105.8 4.2 11.5

Organochlorines Pesticides and Metabolites Prometon 2.7 62.8 15.6 34.6

HCH, gamma 3.8 87.9 6.3 12.3

HCH, alpha 3.8 71.7 7.4 18.2 Miscellaneous Pesticides

HCH, beta 4.0 100.7 7.2 32.1 Metribuzin 1.701 77.4 2.1 24.5

HCH, delta 4.1 111.8 5.2 20.7 Etridiazole 2.6 206.2 26.1 22.5

Methoxychlor 4.5 59.1 20.9 16.4 Dacthal 4.3 109.9 10.5 1.7

Heptachlor epoxide 4.6 31.8 32.0 14.7 Trifluralin 5.3 47.6 30.2 0.7

Endrin aldehyde 4.8 40.6 13.8 23.2 Hexachlorobenzene 5.5 55.3 14.6 0.2

Endrin 5.2 90.2 26.8 47.6

Heptachlor 5.2 49.9 19.6 121.7 Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons 

o,p'-DDE 5.5 55.3 12.9 24.7 Acenaphthylene 3.9 52.7 1.8 19.8

Chlordane, oxy 5.5 28.1 31.5 9.4 Acenaphthene 4.0 101.3 2.1 11.3

Dieldrin 5.5 109.1 23.5 105.6 Fluorene 4.2 93.2 4.7 8.3

Chlordane, cis 5.9 32.7 29.1 16.3 Anthracene 4.5 73.0 7.3 19.9

p,p'-DDD 5.9 66.5 14.6 44.0 Phenanthrene 4.5 82.7 5.1 8.8

Nonachlor, trans 6.1 56.4 16.7 0.9 Pyrene 5.1 74.4 10.5 4.9

o,p'-DDD 6.1 41.5 25.7 24.7 Fluoranthene 5.2 77.9 10.7 4.0

Chlordane, trans 6.1 60.9 15.3 0.4 Chrysene + Triphenylene 5.7 71.2 11.2 13.3

Nonachlor, cis 6.1 30.2 27.3 0.6 Benzo(a)anthracene 5.9 70.5 11.1 14.6

Aldrin 6.4 43.7 25.9 107.6 Retene 6.4 61.0 4.0 33.4

o,p'-DDT 6.5 36.4 5.6 23.4 Benzo(k)fluoranthene 6.5 66.7 10.3 5.0

p,p'-DDE 6.8 50.1 19.6 10.3 Benzo(a)pyrene 6.5 59.3 10.9 7.9

Mirex 6.9 51.5 10.6 27.1 Benzo(b)fluoranthene 6.6 68.4 11.4 6.9

p,p'-DDT 6.9 61.9 24.3 26.2 Indeno(1,2,3-cd)pyrene 6.7 61.5 9.1 31.5

Dibenz(a,h)anthracene 6.8 62.9 8.5 28.9

Organochlorine Sulfides and Metabolites Benzo(e)pyrene 6.9 59.3 10.9 8.9

Endosulfan sulfate 3.7 65.4 17.3 1.0 Benzo(ghi)perylene 7.0 59.2 9.4 16.5

Endosulfan I 4.7 51.3 17.7 4.9

Endosulfan II 4.8 53.3 18.1 2.0 Polychlorinated Biphenyls (PCBs)

PCB 74 6.3 45.5 23.2 124.8

Phosphorothioate Pesticides PCB 101 6.4 48.5 21.4 31.0

Methyl parathion 2.7 74.6 1.0 52.0 PCB 138 6.7 53.3 18.1 2.8

Malathion 2.9 54.8 13.6 8.4 PCB 153 6.9 51.3 17.7 1.3

Diazinon 3.7 75.0 11.7 9.1 PCB 118 7.0 52.8 21.8 1.3

Parathion 3.8 56.9 9.6 3.2 PCB 187 7.2 56.0 18.1 0.9

Ethion 5.1 46.7 30.0 6.2 PCB 183 8.3 55.1 17.8 1.2

Chlorpyrifos 5.1 59.7 22.5 6.9

Average Recoveries and Standard Deviations 4

Thiocarbamate Pesticides

EPTC 3.2 64.8 25.2 45.0 Average 68.3 14.8 21.9

Pebulate 3.8 99.9 33.2 63.8 Max 206.2 33.2 124.8

Triallate 4.6 73.6 18.5 10.1 Min 28.1 1.0 0.2

1

Estimated log Kow. 2Recoveries validated at 6 ng/L and were corrected for background concentrations of SOCs in snow. 3Sample-Specific 

Estimated Method Detection Limits. 4

Average recoveries and percent relative standard deviations do not include compounds that were not 

detected or not applicable. 5

Not Detected (nd) due to lost during silica cleanup. 6Not Applicable (na) due to lost during silica cleanup.

50 L Melted Snow2 50 L Melted Snow2

3B-3 
Table 3B-2. Trace Metals and Detection Limits for Snow Sample Analyses at the USGS National 

Research Program Laboratory, Boulder, Colorado. Concentrations are in μg/L. 

Analyte Detection Limit Analyte Detection Limit 

Al < 0.2 Nd < 0.0006 

As < 0.02 Ni < 0.02 

B < 3 Pb < 0.004 

Ba <0.005 Pr < 0.0003 

Be < 0.005 Rb < 0.0006 

Bi < 0.0009 Re < 0.0002 

Cd < 0.002 Sb < 0.001 

Ce < 0.0002 Se < 0.05 

Co < 0.002 Sm < 0.0002 

Cr < 0.2 Sr < 0.03 

Cs < 0.009 Tb < 0.0001 

Cu < 0.04 Te < 0.005 

Dy < 0.0004 Th < 0.0004 

Er < 0.0002 Tl < 0.001 

Eu < 0.0002 Tm < 0.0001 

Gd < 0.0002 U < 0.0004 

Ho < 0.0001 V < 0.07 

La < 0.0002 W < 0.001 

Li < 0.008 Y < 0.0002 

Lu < 0.0001 Yb < 0.0002 

Mn < 0.01 Zn < 0.04 

Mo < 0.03 Zr < 0.0008 

3B-4 
Table 3B-3. Extended Details of Passive Sampling Device (PASD) Locations. Mapping datum is 

WGS84. 

Park 

Code 

# of 

PSDs 

Target 

Watershed Latitude Longitude 

Elev 

(m) Veg Site 

BAND 1 35.8642 -106.4178 2926 BAND5 

29.1870 -102.9718 560 BIBE1 

29.3079 -103.1828 1067 BIBE2 

29.2534 -103.2979 1920 BIBE4 

BIBE 

Elevational 

Gradient 

4 

29.2465 -103.3049 2316 BIBE5 

CRLA 1 42.9233 -122.0162 2713 CRLA5 

Wonder N 63.5421 -150.9781 564 DENA2 

DENA 2 

Wonder S 63.4549 -150.8761 686 DENA2 

GAAR 1 Matcharak 67.7500 -156.2300 505 GAAR1 

Snyder 48.6264 -113.8050 1609 GLAC3 

GLAC 2 

Oldman 48.5126 -113.4564 2036 GLAC4 

GLBA 1 58.6022 -135.8831 8 GLBA1 

GRSA 1 37.7149 -105.4704 3338 GRSA5 

GRTE 1 43.1300 -110.7800 3048 GRTE5 

KATM 1 58.5711 -155.8036 370 KATM3 

LAVO 1 40.4476 -121.5662 2713 LAVO5 

Golden 46.8866 -121.9002 1369 MORA4 

MORA 2 

LP19 46.8226 -121.8963 1372 MORA3 

NOAT 1 Burial 68.4100 -159.2200 388 NOAT3 

NOCA 1 48.6824 -121.3217 1600 NOCA5 

PJ 47.9500 -123.4200 1392 OLYM4 

OLYM 2 

Hoh 47.9000 -123.7900 1433 OLYM3 

40.2368 -105.7992 2560 ROMO1 

Lone Pine 40.2203 -105.7582 2720 ROMO2 

40.2303 -105.7335 3018 ROMO3 

Mills 40.2922 -105.6420 3042 ROMO6 

ROMO 

Elevational 

Gradient 

5 

 40.2290 -105.7117 3536 ROMO4 

 36.5176 -118.8003 658 None (Potwisha) 

36.5762 -118.7862 1573 SEKI2 

36.5985 -118.7212 2332 SEKI4 

SEKI 

Elevational 

Gradient 

4 

Emerald 36.6005 -118.6789 2816 SEKI05 

56.7910 -132.5110 1 STLE1 

56.8047 -132.5317 254 STLE2 

56.8095 -132.5407 567 STLE3 

STLE 

Elevational 

Gradient

4 

56.8250 -132.5715 815 STLE4 

WRST 1 61.3856 -143.6014 648 WRST3 

YOSE 1 37.7744 -119.3371 3048 YOSE5 

3B-5 
Table 3B-4. SOC Recovery and EDLs in Passive Air Sampling Devices Over the Entire Analytical 

Method. 

EDLb EDLb

Avg. % Rec % RSD ng/g dw Avg. %Rec %RSD ng/g dw

Propachlor 100.7 3.8 0.05 Acetochlor 87.9 3.1 0.1

Alachlor 97.0 2.1 0.1 Metolachlor 102.6 1.9 0.02

HCH, gammac 92.2 0.4 0.01 Chlordane, cis 82.6 3.7 0.02

HCH, alphac 89.9 1.0 0.01 p,p'-DDDe 106.3 3.2 0.05

HCH, betac 94.5 1.1 0.00 Nonachlor, trans 99.3 1.6 0.00

HCH, deltac 102.9 0.8 0.02 o,p'-DDDe 94.9 1.7 0.02

Methoxychlor 110.0 1.4 0.01 Chlordane, trans 104.1 1.1 0.001

Heptachlor epoxide 122.4 1.3 0.03 Nonachlor, cis 93.9 2.5 0.001

Endrin aldehyde 92.9 1.4 0.003 Aldrin 99.2 1.3 0.01

Endrin 107.3 2.2 0.03 o,p'-DDTf 67.5 8.8 0.04

Heptachlor 111.6 2.6 0.01 p,p'-DDEd 91.0 1.8 0.01

o,p'-DDEd 104.2 7.7 0.02 Mirex 86.5 2.5 0.004

Chlordane, oxy 118.2 1.4 0.03 p,p'-DDTf 94.4 1.5 0.01

Dieldrin 95.2 1.8 0.02

Endosulfan sulfate 94.7 3.6 0.0002 Endosulfan II 97.8 2.3 0.003

Endosulfan I 102.0 1.1 0.003

Methyl parathion 80.7 1.4 0.1 Ethion 100.4 8.5 0.1

Malathion 74.0 5.8 0.1 Chlorpyrifos 81.8 2.6 0.003

Diazinon 81.2 2.2 0.04 Chlorpyrifos oxon 150.6 9.9 0.2

Parathion 77.1 3.4 0.1

Simazine 102.7 1.3 0.1 Atrazine desethyl 107.7 3.4 0.1

Cyanazine 210.0 2.0 0.1 Atrazine desisoproply 102.7 1.4 0.02

Atrazine 90.2 1.0 0.04

Metribuzin 90.8 7.0 0.02 Trifluralin 82.6 4.5 0.001

Etridiazole 116.5 0.7 0.1 Hexachlorobenzene 93.3 1.0 0.0002

Triallate 91.9 2.2 0.01 EPTC 83.8 1.4 0.2

Dacthal 95.4 3.7 0.002 Pebulate 88.8 1.3 0.1

Acenaphthylene 48.4 25.6 0.03 Benzo[k]fluoranthene (BkF) 79.6 2.4 0.01

Acenaphthene 81.2 4.4 0.04 Benzo[a]pyrene (BaP)g 88.2 0.0 0.02

Fluorene 92.1 2.2 0.04 Benzo[b]fluoranthene (BbF) 99.2 0.7 0.007

Anthracene 20.9 154.8 0.1 Indeno[1,2,3-cd]pyrene (Ind) 93.7 1.4 0.01

Phenanthrene 99.4 2.2 0.1 Dibenz[a,h]anthracene 89.9 2.4 0.02

Pyrene (Pyr) 89.4 2.7 0.01 Benzo[e]pyrene (BeP) 101.8 3.6 0.009

Fluoranthene (Fla) 92.2 3.0 0.01 Benzo[ghi]perylene (BghiP) 88.9 2.5 0.01

Chrysene/Triphenylene 87.5 1.9 0.005 Retene 114.2 3.0 0.02

Benzo[a]anthracene 63.8 44.8 0.01

PCB 74 93.5 0.6 0.1 PCB 118 70.9 4.6 0.001

PCB 101 88.7 3.1 0.003 PCB 187 91.0 1.5 0.001

PCB 138 111.8 1.7 0.001 PCB 183 91.9 1.6 0.0002

PCB 153 103.9 1.6 0.001

average 93.7 5.6 0.03 max 210.0 154.8 0.2

min 20.9 0.0 0.00

XADa XADa

Amide Pesticides

Organochlorine Pesticides and Metabolites

Organochlorine Sulfide Pesticides and Metabolites

Phosphorothioate Pesticides

Triazine Herbicides and Metabolites

Miscellaneous Pesticides

Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons 

Polychlorinated Biphenyls

Averages and % RSD

a

 Recoveries were corrected for background concentrations of SOCs in needles. bSample-specific estimated method detection limits calculated from 

a sample taken from Hoh Lake in Olymic National Park. c

Hexachlorocyclohexane. dDichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene. e

Dichlorodiphenyldichloroethane. fDichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane. gData obtained from one sample.

3B-6 
Vegetation QA/QC 

Vegetation Sample Summary 

Table 3B-5. Vegetation Sample Summary by Park.

Park Type Park 

Sampling 

Month 

# 

Sites 

# 

Conifer 

samples 

# 

Lichen 

samples 

DENA 8/2004 6 12 29 

GAAR 7/2004 1 0 7 

GLAC 8/2004 5 15 25 

MORA 8/2004 5 18 19 

NOAT 6/2004 3 0 15 

OLYM 9/2004 5 15 21 

ROMO 9/2004 5 18 6 

Core 

SEKI* 10/2004 8 32 26 

BAND 6/2005 5 6 6 

BIBE 6/2005 5 5 2 

CRLA 8/2005 5 6 5 

GLBA 7/2005 4 4 4 

GRSA 6/2005 5 5 2 

GRTE 7/2005 5 6 3 

KATM 6/2005 6 5 6 

LAVO 8/2005 5 5 5 

NOCA 7/2005 5 5 5 

STLE 7/2005 5 6 10 

WRST 7/2005 5 7 7 

Secondary 

YOSE 8/2005 5 6 4 

Total: 20 8 98 176 207 

3B-7 
Table 3B-6. Vegetation Sample Summary. Species collected at each site are recorded in Appendix 

1A-3. 

Sample type Genus Scientific name Common name 

Parks where samples were 

collected 

SOC 

samples 

N 

samp

les 

N, S & 

metals 

sample

s 

Abies amabilis Pacific silver fir MORA, NOCA, OLYM, 

ROMO, SEKI 

13 0 0 

Abies concolor white fir CRLA, LAVO 9 0 0 

Abies lasiocarpa subalpine fir GLAC, GRTE, OLYM 22 0 0 

Abies magnifica Red fir CRLA, LAVO, SEKI 12 0 0 

Abies 

Abies procera Noble fir MORA 4 0 0 

Picea engelmanii Engelmann 

spruce 

GLAC, ROMO 9 0 0 

Picea glauca white spruce KATM, WRST 10 0 0 

Picea mariana black spruce DENA 12 0 0 

Picea 

Picea sitchenis Sitka spruce GLBA, STLE, WRST 12 0 0 

Pinus albicaulis white pine CRLA, GRTE 3 0 0 

Pinus 

cembroides 

Mexican pinyon BIBE 3 0 0 

Pinus contorta lodgepole pine GRTE, SEKI, YOSE 7 0 0 

Pinus edulis twoneedle pine BAND, GRSA 5 0 0 

Pinus flexiilis limber pine GRSA, GRTE 5 0 0 

Pinus 

lambertiana 

sugar pine YOSE 1 0 0 

Pinus ponderosa ponderosa pine BAND, YOSE 5 0 0 

Pinus 

Pinus sabiniana California 

foothill pine 

YOSE 1 0 0 

Psuedotsu

ga 

Pseudotsuga 

menziesii 

Douglas-fir GLAC, NOCA 4 0 0 

Conifer needles 

Tsuga Tsuga 

heterophylla 

western 

hemlock 

GLAC, MORA, NOCA, 

OLYM 

20 0 0 

Alectoria A. sarmentosa old man's beard 

lichen 

GLAC, GLBA, MORA, 

NOCA, OLYM, STLE 

26 11 15 

Bryoria Bryoria spp. horsehair lichen OLYM 6 6 0 

Cladina C. arbuscula reindeer lichen STLE, WRST 2 2 0 

Flavocetra

ria 

F. cucullata reindeer lichen DENA, GAAR, KATM, 

NOAT, WRST 

8 0 11 

Hypogymn H. apinnata tube lichen WRST 3 3 0 

ia H. physodes tube lichen GLAC, KATM, WRST 7 7 0 

Letharia L. columbiana wolf lichen LAVO 1 1 0 

L. vulpina wolf lichen CRLA, GLAC, GRTE, LAVO, 

SEKI, YOSE 

29 23 6 

Lobaria Lobaria oregana Oregon lung 

lichen 

OLYM, STLE 4 4 0 

Masonhal

ea 

M. richardsonii Mason Hale's 

lichen 

DENA, GAAR, NOAT 23 11 12 

Platismati

a 

P. glauca ragged lichen GLAC, GLBA, NOCA, 

OLYM, STLE, WRST 

15 10 5 

Sphaerop

horus 

S. globosus globe ball lichen GLBA 2 2 0 

Thamnolia Thamnolia sp. whiteworm 

lichen 

DENA 1 1 0 

Usnea Usnea spp. beard lichen BAND, BIBE, GRTE 8 8 0 

Lichens 

Xanthopar

melia 

Xanthoparmelia 

spp. 

xanthoparmelia 

lichen 

BAND, GRSA, ROMO, 

YOSE 

8 5 3 

Needles 

Count: 

5 19 157 0 0 

Lichens 

Count: 

13 16 143 94 52 

Total Count: 19 36 300 94 52 

3B-8 
Figure 3B-1. Vegetation Sampling. First row: lichen sampling from tundra, rocks and trees; second row: 

conifer needle sampling from mid and alpine elevations; third row: lichen and conifer samples in Kapak 

bags; fourth row: weighing and sealing vegetation samples. 

3B-9 
SOCs 

Detailed laboratory QA/QC procedures for SOCs are specified in the WACAP QAPP. The 

analyte recovery over the entire analytical method and the estimated method detection limits for 

conifer needles are given in Table 3B-7 and for lichen in Table 3B-8.

Table 3B-7. SOC Recovery and EDLs in Conifer Needles Over the Entire Analytical Method.

EDLb EDLb

Avg. % Rec % RSD ng/g dw Avg. %Rec %RSD ng/g dw

HCH, gammac 79.1 1.7 1.9 Chlordane, cis 57.6 0.9 0.6

HCH, alphac 80.2 2.1 1.5 p,p'-DDDe 71.7 4.8 6.0

HCH, betac 74.8 1.3 1.7 Nonachlor, trans 58.9 3.1 0.2

HCH, deltac 91.5 2.1 3.1 o,p'-DDDe 71.8 0.5 5.4

Methoxychlor 84.9 2.4 5.3 Chlordane, trans 82.8 4.6 0.05

Heptachlor epoxide 75.4 6.7 1.2 Nonachlor, cis 30.5 1.8 0.1

Endrin aldehyde 24.6 3.7 0.9 Aldrin 72.6 3.8 2.2

Endrin 79.5 5.4 14.6 o,p'-DDTf 57.7 1.8 1.7

Heptachlor 85.6 3.2 3.3 p,p'-DDEd 81.1 1.2 1.8

o,p'-DDEd 67.0 1.0 3.6 Mirex 87.9 0.9 0.4

Chlordane, oxy 78.8 7.1 1.6 p,p'-DDTf 66.8 0.9 2.5

Dieldrin 75.1 9.5 5.8

Endosulfan sulfate 80.6 4.6 0.6 Endosulfan II 63.8 1.0 0.7

Endosulfan I 62.4 2.6 0.2

Chlorpyrifos 68.8 0.6 0.4 Methyl parathion 51.1 44.4 72.3

Dacthal 83.2 3.9 0.1 Triallate 92.8 11.2 1.7

Hexachlorobenzene 71.0 1.5 0.0 Trifluralin 77.2 0.3 0.1

Acenaphthylene 53.2 2.5 2.3 Benzo[a]anthracene 78.2 2.7 13.0

Acenaphthene 80.4 9.5 7.1 Benzo[k]fluoranthene (BkF) 71.9 2.7 6.5

Fluorene 66.3 10.7 3.2 Benzo[a]pyrene (BaP) 92.6 0.8 8.4

Anthracene 79.1 1.2 10.4 Benzo[b]fluoranthene (BbF) 76.3 2.9 7.9

Phenanthrene 51.2 5.8 4.8 Indeno[1,2,3-cd]pyrene (Ind) 84.3 1.0 16.4

Pyrene (Pyr) 79.7 3.1 0.6 Dibenz[a,h]anthracene 62.5 3.0 58.5

Fluoranthene (Fla) 85.6 5.3 3.7 Benzo[e]pyrene (BeP) 81.7 2.7 9.4

Chrysene/Triphenylene 86.6 2.3 4.3 Benzo[ghi]perylene (BghiP) 87.7 1.8 3.0

PCB 74 97.3 2.3 16.7 PCB 118 89.2 0.8 0.2

PCB 101 81.3 2.4 2.2 PCB 187 85.7 0.9 0.04

PCB 138 78.8 1.9 0.2 PCB 183 79.8 1.1 0.04

PCB 153 81.2 1.7 0.05

average 73.2 3.7 5.7 max 97.3 44.4 72.3

min 24.6 0.3 0.01

Averages, % RSD, and PD c

a

Samples collected at Walnut Park located in Corvallis, OR, USA. Recoveries were corrected for background concentrations of SOCs in needles. b

Sample-specific estimated method detection limits calculated from a sample taken from Mount Rainier National Park. cHexachlorocyclohexane. d

Dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene. eDichlorodiphenyldichloroethane. fDichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane.

Phosphorothioate Pesticides

Miscellaneous Pesticides

Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons 

Polychlorinated Biphenyls

Local Conifer Needlesa Local Conifer Needlesa

Organochlorine Pesticides and Metabolites

Organochlorine Sulfide Pesticides and Metabolites

3B-10 
Table 3B-8. SOC Recovery and EDLs in Lichen Over the Entire Analytical Method. 

EDLb EDLb

Avg. % Rec % RSD ng/g lipid Avg. %Rec %RSD ng/g lipid

HCH, gammac 73.8 5.6 1.0 Chlordane, cis 62.4 13.2 2.7

HCH, alphac 81.6 4.8 0.9 p,p'-DDDe 76.8 7.2 5.3

HCH, betac 80.9 0.6 1.9 Nonachlor, trans 56.9 16.8 0.4

HCH, deltac 88.9 6.5 1.0 o,p'-DDDe 79.5 0.7 7.3

Methoxychlor 71.3 28.4 7.3 Chlordane, trans 59.0 15.9 0.21

Heptachlor epoxide 58.7 13.2 4.6 Nonachlor, cis 31.3 6.8 0.2

Endrin aldehyde 52.0 9.7 0.5 Aldrin 76.0 4.0 2.6

Endrin 93.8 13.6 6.9 o,p'-DDTf 52.4 25.9 13.5

Heptachlor 81.8 3.3 1.5 p,p'-DDEd 77.3 1.6 6.4

o,p'-DDEd 68.0 1.0 7.1 Mirex 139.5 7.6 1.0

Chlordane, oxy 57.5 12.0 1.7 p,p'-DDTf 90.8 40.0 6.3

Dieldrin 120.4 10.0 8.0

Endosulfan sulfate 38.4 22.6 0.4 Endosulfan II 64.8 5.9 0.2

Endosulfan I 62.0 10.9 1.1

Chlorpyrifos 92.7 1.6 0.2 Methyl parathion 80.0 3.7 54.3

Dacthal 68.6 20.0 0.2 Triallate 99.8 37.2 0.9

Hexachlorobenzene 72.8 1.7 0.01 Trifluralin 94.1 2.0 0.1

Acenaphthylene 50.3 14.5 13.7 Benzo[a]anthracene 87.3 2.4 2.4

Acenaphthene 68.5 19.2 6.3 Benzo[k]fluoranthene (BkF) 54.8 87.3 9.2

Fluorene 74.6 6.2 2.7 Benzo[a]pyrene (BaP) 71.4 30.0 5.3

Anthracene 82.9 0.4 4.9 Benzo[b]fluoranthene (BbF) 55.7 90.5 9.1

Phenanthrene 67.1 17.8 2.3 Indeno[1,2,3-cd]pyrene (Ind) 82.4 2.9 5.9

Pyrene (Pyr) 75.5 2.0 1.7 Dibenz[a,h]anthracene 80.5 6.7 23.0

Fluoranthene (Fla) 77.7 2.8 1.7 Benzo[e]pyrene (BeP) 70.0 16.1 7.0

Chrysene/Triphenylene 87.6 1.3 1.8 Benzo[ghi]perylene (BghiP) 90.2 3.1 2.4

PCB 74 89.0 2.3 9.1 PCB 118 89.9 0.8 0.3

PCB 101 77.3 2.0 3.7 PCB 187 75.7 4.5 0.11

PCB 138 76.2 5.6 0.2 PCB 183 75.9 10.7 0.09

PCB 153 75.5 3.3 0.12

average 73.9 12.3 4.6 max 139.5 90.5 54.3

min 31.3 0.4 0.01

Averages and % RSD

a

Samples collected at Wolverton Creek in Sequoia and Kings Canyon National Park, CA in 2003. Recoveries were corrected for background 

concentrations of SOCs in lichen. b

Sample-specific estimated method detection limits calculated from a sample taken from Mount Rainier National 

Park. c

Hexachlorocyclohexane. dDichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene. eDichlorodiphenyldichloroethane. fDichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane.

Phosphorothioate Pesticides

Miscellaneous Pesticides

Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons 

Polychlorinated Biphenyls

Wolverton Creeka Wolverton Creeka

Organochlorine Pesticides and Metabolites

Organochlorine Sulfide Pesticides and Metabolites

Metals (Lichen) 

Detailed laboratory QA/QC procedures are specified in the WACAP QAPP. Quality control at 

the USGS National Research Program laboratory in Boulder, Colorado (see Table 3B-9), 

involves systematic analysis of blanks, replicates, standard reference materials, and spike 

addition samples. Standard Reference Materials used for the quality control of lichen analysis 

included Commission of European Communities CRM 482 Trace Elements in Lichen and 

International Atomic Energy Agency IAEA-336 Trace and Minor Elements in Lichen. Details, 

results and figures are described in the Quality Assurance/Quality Control Section of the 

database. 

3B-11 
Table 3B-9. Metals and Detection Limits for Lichen Sample Analyses Performed at the USGS 

National Research Program Laboratory, Boulder, Colorado. Concentrations in dry weight, assuming a 

0.2 g sample size (1:10 dilution). 

Analyte Units 

Detection 

Limit Analyte Units Detection Limit 

Al μg/g < 1 Mn μg/g < 0.2 

As μg/g < 0.05 Mo μg/g < 0.3 

B μg/g <14 Na Wt% < 0.0008 

Ba μg/g <0.03 Nd μg/g < 0.004 

Be μg/g < 0.03 Ni μg/g < 0.1 

Bi μg/g < 0.01 Pb μg/g < 0.04 

Ca Wt% <0.001 Pr μg/g < 0.001 

Cd μg/g < 0.01 Rb μg/g < 0.02 

Ce μg/g < 0.001 Re μg/g < 0.002 

Co μg/g < 0.01 Sb μg/g < 0.01 

Cr μg/g < 0.5 Se μg/g < 0.2 

Cs μg/g <2 Sm μg/g < 0.005 

Cu μg/g < 0.1 Sr μg/g < 0.08 

Dy μg/g < 0.003 Tb μg/g < 0.0007 

Er μg/g < 0.004 Te μg/g < 0.04 

Eu μg/g < 0.001 Tl μg/g < 0.02 

Fe μg/g <20 Tm μg/g < 0.0007 

Gd μg/g < 0.003 U μg/g < 0.004 

Ho μg/g < 0.001 V μg/g < 0.1 

K Wt% <0.006 W μg/g < 0.01 

La μg/g < 0.001 Y μg/g < 0.001 

Li μg/g < 0.04 Yb μg/g < 0.003 

Lu μg/g < 0.0007 Zn μg/g < 0.9 

Mg Wt% < 0.0003 Zr μg/g < 0.09 

Nitrogen and Sulfur (Lichen) 

As macronutrients, nitrogen and sulfur are used in relatively large quantities by lichens in 

cellular metabolism and in the production of biomolecules. Even in geographic areas with low 

nitrogen and sulfur deposition, these elements occur in relatively high concentrations in lichen 

thalli (~ 1 and 0.1 % dry weight, respectively), and therefore, compared to other contaminants 

analyzed by WACAP, their quantification is relatively easy. Four types of quality control checks 

were employed: 

3B-12 
1. Randomization of samples. Samples were analyzed in random order before analysis to 

prevent unintentional bias within and between batches. 

2. Field triplicates. Triplicate samples of each lichen species were collected at each collection 

site in the core parks as an indicator of error due to field methodology. Triplicate samples 

that are truly representative of the lichen population at a site will have low variability. 

3. Laboratory replicates. Duplicate measurements were made of every 10th sample to assess 

precision of laboratory measurements. 

4. Standard Reference Materials. NIST 1515 Apple Leaves and NIST 1547 Peach Leaves to 

assess accuracy of laboratory measurements. 

5. Lichen reference materials. A 1998 US Forest Service bulk collection of Alectoria 

sarmentosa from Willamette Pass, Oregon, dried, ground and stored in air tight container at 

UMRAL. This lichen has a relatively low N and S content compared to most lichen species 

and all NIST SRMS and therefore is more challenging to analyze. An aliquot of the bulk 

collection was analyzed every 10 samples to assess worst-case precision of laboratory 

measurements and to compare to laboratory performance to prior years. 

Table 3B-10 shows that variability in N and S concentrations between sites (WACAP lichens), 

measured either as the standard deviation or as the size of the standard deviation relative to the 

mean (100* sd/mean), was greater than that of the field triplicates, which was in turn, greater 

than variability among laboratory and AlesarWIL replicates. Laboratory precision of nitrogen 

analyses was excellent, with most values for individual replicates falling within 1% of means; 

precision of sulfur analyses was good, most individual values were <5% of means. UMRAL 

measurements of NIST SRMs fell within certified ranges for N. UMRAL values were close to 

non-certified values for S (NIST does not certify means or ranges for S). 

Table 3B-10. Statistical Summary of Quality Control Measures for Total Nitrogen and Sulfur (% dw) 

in Lichen Samples from the WACAP Core Parks.

Element Material Count 

UMRAL 

Mean 

UMRAL 

sd 

100 * 

(sd/mean) 

NIST 

Mean 

NIST 

Certified 

Range 

WACAP lichens 58 0.567 0.303 53.44 NA NA 

Field triplicates 17 0.585 0.096 16.33 NA NA 

Lab replicate pairs 5 0.456 0.003 0.76 NA NA 

AlesarWIL 7 0.423 0.012 2.84 NA NA 

NIST 1515 3 2.313 0.012 0.50 2.25 2.06-2.44 

N 

NIST 1547 4 3.010 0.022 0.72 2.94 2.82-3.06 

WACAP lichens 56 0.044 0.030 68.28 NA NA 

Field triplicates 17 0.045 0.005 11.49 NA NA 

Lab replicate pairs 8 0.028 0.001 4.57 NA NA 

AlesarWIL 6 0.034 0.004 10.87 NA NA 

NIST 1515 5 0.193 0.011 5.60 0.180 NA 

S 

NIST 1547 5 0.163 0.019 11.54 0.200 NA 

3B-13 
Lake Water QA/QC 

SOCs 

Detailed laboratory QA/QC procedures for SOCs are specified in the WACAP QAPP. The 

analyte recovery over the entire analytical method and the estimated method detection limits for 

water are given in Table 3B-11. 

Table 3B-11. SOC Recovery and EDLs in Water Over the Entire Analytical Method (Usenko et al., 

2005).

Chemical Class log Kow Chemical Class log Kow

Compounds

Avg. 

% Rec

% RSD Avg. 

% Rec

% RSD

Compounds

Avg. 

% Rec

% RSD Avg. 

% Rec

% RSD

Amide Pesticides Triazine Herbicides and Metabolites

Propachlor2 2.4 110.2 7.0 111.3 1.9 Atrazine desisopropyl 1.361 106.0 6.3 89.3 2.4

Alachlor2 2.6 101.5 4.0 104.6 0.8 Atrazine desethyl 1.781 62.8 7.3 82.8 2.7

Acetochlor2 3.031 96.9 2.9 102.4 2.7 Simazine2 2.2 115.2 3.6 117.8 0.6

Metolachlor2 3.1 109.9 4.8 114.7 1.0 Cyanazine2 2.2 60.5 10.9 62.7 4.6

Atrazine2 2.3 102.1 2.1 104.6 0.7

Organochlorines Pesticides and Metabolites Prometon2 2.7 68.7 42.7 90.5 8.9

HCH, gamma2,4 3.8 99.2 3.5 103.5 1.0

HCH, alpha2 3.8 105.1 7.8 115.9 1.4 Miscellaneous Pesticides

HCH, beta2 4.0 103.0 5.7 113.8 2.2 Metribuzin2 1.701 86.3 14.7 96.1 4.3

HCH, delta2 4.1 108.4 4.9 118.9 2.0 Etridiazole2 2.6 124.6 4.1 127.7 2.0

Methoxychlor2 4.5 127.7 21.3 158.8 2.4 Dacthal2 4.3 98.7 8.6 104.1 2.9

Heptachlor epoxide2 4.6 57.5 19.2 72.1 6.3 Trifluralin2 5.3 71.2 5.0 62.9 7.8

Endrin aldehyde2 4.8 78.3 15.1 74.4 32.0 Hexachlorobenzene2 5.5 81.0 13.8 89.1 3.3

Endrin2 5.2 147.2 30.1 138.6 3.8

Heptachlor2 5.2 132.3 28.0 157.4 4.0 Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons 

o,p'-DDE2,5 5.5 86.4 14.9 101.9 0.8 Acenaphthylene2 3.9 60.3 9.0 63.8 10.9

Chlordane, oxy2 5.5 55.1 21.7 71.8 4.2 Acenaphthene2 4.0 86.1 5.6 91.9 1.6

Dieldrin2 5.5 100.8 12.6 74.5 3.5 Fluorene2 4.2 96.9 0.4 102.2 2.5

Chlordane, cis2 5.9 44.5 18.4 60.6 3.3 Anthracene2 4.5 41.1 73.6 24.7 69.5

p,p'-DDD2,6 5.9 105.1 20.8 122.0 3.7 Phenanthrene 4.5 118.3 3.5 104.8 1.3

Nonachlor, trans 6.1 49.4 14.1 66.3 2.6 Pyrene2 5.1 84.5 8.6 89.3 1.3

o,p'-DDD2 6.1 91.5 18.3 110.1 2.0 Fluoranthene2 5.2 101.2 9.3 105.1 2.7

Chlordane, trans 6.1 42.4 12.4 55.5 3.0 Chrysene + Triphenylene2 5.7 92.1 11.5 106.0 0.9

Nonachlor, cis2 6.4 62.5 18.8 75.7 1.4 Benzo(a)anthracene2 5.9 76.7 22.3 76.8 20.1

Aldrin2 6.5 57.7 21.0 70.6 1.7 Retene2 6.4 121.9 9.6 142.0 3.4

o,p'-DDT7 6.8 73.4 3.1 91.5 3.5 Benzo(k)fluoranthene2 6.5 84.6 11.8 100.8 5.3

p,p'-DDE2 6.9 83.2 11.5 97.9 0.8 Benzo(a)pyrene2 6.5 98.6 9.1 117.4 5.7

Mirex2 6.9 110.3 10.2 118.3 5.5 Benzo(b)fluoranthene2 6.6 99.9 14.2 117.2 7.4

p,p'-DDT2 6.9 82.3 11.6 97.5 0.4 Indeno(1,2,3-cd)pyrene2 6.7 87.9 15.7 103.4 0.5

Dibenz(a,h)anthracene2 6.8 102.4 9.4 113.2 2.7

Organochlorine Sulfide Pesticides and Metabolites Benzo(e)pyrene2 6.9 112.4 19.9 126.4 9.2

Endosulfan sulfate2 3.7 88.4 19.8 93.3 5.2 Benzo(ghi)perylene2 7.0 87.1 9.1 96.9 3.0

Endosulfan I2 4.7 55.8 17.8 69.0 6.8

Endosulfan II2 4.8 88.1 19.2 98.7 2.8 Polychlorinated Biphenyls

PCB 742 6.3 74.5 21.8 106.6 0.9

Phosphorothioate Pesticides PCB 1012 6.4 66.2 22.3 95.1 1.2

Methyl parathion2 2.7 107.9 5.2 114.4 2.4 PCB 1382 6.7 94.9 3.6 105.1 3.4

Malathion2 2.9 97.5 4.9 111.2 4.7 PCB 1532 6.9 99.3 4.3 110.0 3.5

Diazinon2 3.7 100.9 9.5 114.5 3.0 PCB 1182 7.0 57.1 24.8 82.6 0.9

Parathion2 3.8 97.3 7.3 106.1 4.1 PCB 1872 7.2 80.5 5.3 88.5 3.5

Ethion2 5.1 99.6 24.4 115.4 3.8 PCB 1832 8.3 85.3 4.5 94.1 3.9

Chlorpyrifos2 5.1 81.9 20.4 96.2 4.3

Average Recoveries and %RSD

Thiocarbamate Pesticides 89.4 13.1 99.0 4.8

EPTC2 3.2 100.6 1.3 104.2 1.9

Pebulate2 3.8 125.3 4.6 128.9 3.2 Max 147.2 73.6 158.8 69.5

Triallate2 4.6 61.1 20.0 79.7 7.4 Min 41.1 0.4 24.7 0.4

50 L RO Water3 1 L RO Water3 50 L RO Water3 1 L RO Water3

1

Estimated log Kow. 2Recoveries not statistically different: two sided t-test (p<0.01). 3Recoveries determined at 300 ng total of each compound (300 ng/L 

for 1 L experiment and 6 ng/L for 50 L experiment). 4

Hexachlorocyclohexane. 5Dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene. 6Dichlorodiphenyldichloroethane. 7

Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane

3B-14 
Inorganic Compounds 

Table 3B-12. Inorganic Lake Water Analytes, Methods, and Detection Limits

Analyte Method1 Detection 

Limit2

Specific Conductance EPA 120.6; USEPA (1987) NA 

Temperature USEPA (1987) NA 

Dissolved Oxygen (DO) USEPA (1987), YSI Model 6920 Datasonde NA 

Turbidity YSI Model 6920 Datasonde 0.1 NTU 

pH (syringe, closed system) USEPA (1987) NA 

Acid Neutralizing Capacity (ANC) EPA 310.1 (modified), 

USEPA (1987) 

NA 

Chlorophyll a APHA (1989) 1 μg/L 

Total Suspended Solids (Residue) EPA 160.2; APHA (1989) 0.1 mg/L 

True Color APHA (1989), EPA 100.2 (modified), 

USEPA (1987) 

NA 

Dissolved Organic Carbon (DOC) EPA 415.2, USEPA (1987) 0.1 mg/L 

Dissolved Inorganic Carbon (DIC), 

syringe, closed system 

USEPA (1987) 0.1 mg/L 

Ammonium (NH4) Lachat 10-107-06-3-D 2 μg/L 

Nitrate + Nitrite Nitrogen EPA 353.2 1 μg/L 

Silica (SiO2) EPA 370.1 (modified), U.S. EPA (1987) 5 μg/L 

Total Nitrogen (TN) EPA 353.2 (modified), 

USEPA (1987) 

10 μg/L 

Total Phosphorus (TP) EPA 365.1 (modified), 

USEPA (1987) 

2 μg/L 

Chloride (Cl) EPA 300.6; USEPA (1987) 0.03 mg/L 

Nitrate (NO3) EPA 300.6; USEPA (1987) 0.03 mg/L 

Sulfate (SO4) EPA 300.6; USEPA (1987) 0.05 mg/L 

Calcium (Ca) EPA 215.1; USEPA (1987) 0.02 mg/L 

Sodium (Na) EPA 273.1; USEPA (1987) 0.02 mg/L 

Potassium (K) EPA 258.1; USEPA (1987) 0.04 mg/L 

Magnesium (Mg) EPA 242.1; USEPA (1987) 0.01 mg/L 

1

 American Public Health Association. 1989. Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater. 

Seventeenth Edition. American Public Health Association, Washington, D.C. 

 U.S. EPA. 1983. Methods for Chemical Analysis of Water and Wastes. Environmental Monitoring and Support 

Laboratory. EPA/600/4-79/020, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, 

Cincinnati. 

 U.S. EPA. 1987. Handbook of Methods for Acid Deposition Studies: Laboratory Analyses for Surface Water 

Chemistry. EPA 600/4-87/026. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, 

Washington, D.C. 

 2 The method detection limit is determined as a one-sided 99% confidence interval from repeated measurements 

of a low-level standard across several calibration curves.

3B-15 
Sediment QA/QC 

SOCs 

Detailed laboratory QA/QC procedures for SOCs are specified in the WACAP QAPP. The 

analyte recovery over the entire analytical method and the estimated method detection limits for 

sediment are given in Table 3B-13. 

Table 3B-13. SOC Recovery and EDLs in Sediment Over the Entire Analytical Method. 

EDLb EDLb

Avg. % Rec % RSD ng/g dw ng/g dw PDc % RSD Avg. %Rec %RSD ng/g dw ng/g dw PDc % RSD

Propachlor 49.8 3.3 7.8 Acetochlor 46.1 9.3 9.3

Alachlor 53.1 12.2 13.3 Metolachlor 58.6 12.2 14.2

HCH, gammad 29.6 9.4 117.5 Chlordane, cis 45.7 14.7 18.4 0.7 10.0 29.5

HCH, alphad 50.8 9.0 133.3 p,p'-DDDf 60.3 10.2 16.5 5.1 0.0 40.0

HCH, betad 36.2 9.1 175.7 Nonachlor, trans 46.8 17.2 3.7 0.1 53.2 32.8

HCH, deltad 51.8 9.4 59.5 o,p'-DDDf 55.6 10.8 4.3 1.1

Methoxychlor 67.4 14.8 18.6 1.0 Chlordane, trans 46.8 15.2 2.0 0.4 5.8 28.2

Heptachlor epoxide 46.8 13.8 89.4 Nonachlor, cis 53.6 13.0 1.5 0.1 55.4 24.2

Endrin aldehyde 51.8 7.9 19.6 Aldrin 29.0 12.5 83.2

Endrin 70.4 11.5 204.7 o,p'-DDTg 44.4 12.0 23.6

Heptachlor 32.5 12.4 111.9 p,p'-DDEe 55.9 12.7 3.4 3.1 0.0 15.8

o,p'-DDEe 57.7 11.2 11.3 Mirex 56.3 6.3 41.4

Chlordane, oxy 43.7 14.8 12.2 p,p'-DDTg 54.7 13.5 37.9

Dieldrin 74.0 13.1 114.8 0.3

Endosulfan sulfate 61.4 9.6 4.4 Endosulfan II 58.5 10.3 9.0

Endosulfan I 50.2 13.2 8.1

Methyl parathion 49.9 5.1 33.0 Parathion 54.0 6.5 15.7

Malathion 48.3 7.9 65.8 Ethion 60.0 10.4 10.8

Diazinon 47.9 5.4 5.1 Chlorpyrifos 45.3 9.7 1.2

Simazine 63.2 3.4 58.3 Atrazine 57.6 6.3 9.5

Cyanazine 136.0 19.3 171.2

Metribuzin 43.6 20.6 30.0 Dacthal 55.5 11.5 6.4

Etridiazole 21.6 13.9 29.1 Trifluralin 32.9 10.8 1.7

Triallate 41.1 8.6 24.2 Hexachlorobenzene 33.5 8.0 1.0 7.6 24.1 22.8

Acenaphthylene 20.9 14.7 13.3 138.8 Benzo[a]anthracene 64.5 10.2 11.4 250.4 17.8 17.2

Acenaphthene 33.5 13.5 11.2 51.6 Benzo[k]fluoranthene (BkF) 68.5 10.0 3.3 205.6 0.6 21.6

Fluorene 25.5 12.7 7.2 59.2 12.7 22.3 Benzo[a]pyrene (BaP) 46.7 9.3 2.1 220.7 33.6 23.7

Anthracene 34.8 8.0 24.6 163.3 1.5 13.6 Benzo[b]fluoranthene (BbF) 64.8 9.5 4.0 468.2 0.0 18.7

Phenanthrene 26.0 20.0 13.0 382.6 0.0 18.6 Indeno[1,2,3-cd]pyrene (Ind) 60.1 9.5 29.0 239.9 12.9 17.3

Pyrene (Pyr) 50.6 5.7 1.0 402.8 24.0 22.1 Dibenz[a,h]anthracene 58.2 9.8 23.7 76.4 25.3 22.9

Fluoranthene (Fla) 50.5 5.1 1.1 442.6 24.3 20.8 Benzo[e]pyrene (BeP) 64.6 9.1 6.5 285.5 4.5 22.4

Chrysene/Triphenylene 59.9 9.2 0.8 171.2 48.1 22.3 Benzo[ghi]perylene (BghiP) 55.0 11.1 5.1 227.2 11.3 22.0

PCB 101 70.7 14.2 129.1 4.1 13.2 29.9 PCB 118 74.2 11.6 10.2 3.3 17.2 34.5

PCB 138 74.9 11.7 9.7 4.3 12.3 30.4 PCB 187 76.1 13.1 3.9 2.0 0.0 22.1

PCB 153 73.2 11.8 3.5 4.0 21.6 20.1 PCB 183 76.5 13.1 3.7 0.7 23.0 20.4

BDE 7 58.6 3.0 0.2 BDE 85/155 73.0 2.0 1.8

BDE 8 77.8 2.2 0.1 BDE 99 75.5 2.4 27.2 0.6

BDE 10 42.7 6.9 0.2 BDE 100 74.1 2.3 9.4 0.9

BDE 17 78.1 3.6 0.4 BDE 116 72.8 3.2 1.8

BDE 25 83.3 3.3 0.8 BDE 118 76.5 4.8 15.1

BDE 28 70.5 4.7 4.1 BDE 119 75.0 2.9 3.3

BDE 30 70.6 3.9 0.6 BDE 126 69.2 1.7 2.1

BDE 32 77.2 1.7 0.7 BDE 138 76.0 1.2 3.3

BDE 35 82.6 3.2 0.7 BDE 153 76.7 1.3 26.0

BDE 37 80.3 4.0 1.3 BDE 154 84.8 0.8 0.9

BDE 49 69.4 5.4 1.3 BDE 155 101.6 0.9 15.6

BDE 47 71.9 4.5 15.6 1.3 BDE 166 72.4 2.0 2.8

BDE 66 75.2 5.1 0.6 BDE 181 99.9 2.3 5.8

BDE 71 67.7 4.8 1.3 BDE 183 73.3 2.3 31.3

BDE 75 70.0 5.4 4.9 BDE 190 104.4 2.1 5.7

BDE 77 70.5 6.1 0.8

average 60.3 8.5 23.8 109.3 16.8 23.6 max 136.0 20.6 204.7 468.2 55.4 40.0

min 20.9 0.8 0.1 0.1 0.0 13.6

Triazine Herbicides and Metabolites

Miscellaneous Pesticides

Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons 

Amide Pesticides

Organochlorine Pesticides and Metabolites

Organochlorine Sulfide Pesticides and Metabolites

Phosphorothioate Pesticides

Waldo Lakea SRM1941b Waldo Lakea SRM1941b

Polychlorinated Biphenyls

Polybrominated Diphenyl Ethers

Averages, % RSD, and PD c

a

Recoveries validated at 26 ng/g wet wt and were corrected for background concentrations of SOCs in sediment. bSample-specific estimated method detection limits. cPercent Difference from 

SRM 1941b certified values n=5. d

Hexachlorocyclohexane. eDichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene. fDichlorodiphenyldichloroethane. gDichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane.

3B-16 
Metals 

Detailed laboratory QA/QC procedures are specified in the WACAP QAPP. Quality control at 

the USGS National Research Program laboratory in Boulder, Colorado, involves systematic 

analysis of blanks, replicates, standard reference materials, and spike addition samples (see Table 

3B-14). Standard reference materials used for the quality control of sediment analysis included 

National Institute of Standards and Technology SRM 2704 and 8704 Buffalo River Sediment; 

and SRM 2702 Inorganics in Marine Sediment. Details, results and figures are described in the 

Quality Assurance/Quality Control Section of the database. 

Table 3B-14. Metals and Detection Limits for Sediment Sample Analyses Performed at the USGS 

National Research Program Laboratory, Boulder, Colorado. Concentrations in dry weight, assuming a 

0.1-g sample size (1:10 dilution).

Analyte Units 

Detection 

Limit Analyte Units 

Detection 

Limit 

Al Wt% < 0.0008 Mo μg/g < 0.2 

As μg/g < 0.07 Na Wt% < 0.003 

B μg/g < 4 Nd μg/g < 0.01 

Ba μg/g <0.08 Ni μg/g < 0.06 

Be μg/g < 0.07 Pb μg/g < 0.03 

Bi μg/g < 0.01 Pr μg/g < 0.002 

Ca Wt% <0.002 Rb μg/g < 0.09 

Cd μg/g < 0.01 Re μg/g < 0.003 

Ce μg/g < 0.01 Sb μg/g < 0.01 

Co μg/g < 0.01 Se μg/g < 0.6 

Cr μg/g < 0.5 Sm μg/g < 0.009 

Cs μg/g <0.02 Sr μg/g < 0.1 

Cu μg/g < 0.1 Tb μg/g < 0.001 

Dy μg/g < 0.005 Te μg/g < 0.05 

Er μg/g < 0.007 Th μg/g < 0.01 

Eu μg/g < 0.003 Ti Wt% <0.0001 

Fe Wt% <0.009 Tl μg/g < 0.06 

Ga μg/g < 0.01 Tm μg/g < 0.001 

Gd μg/g < 0.005 U μg/g < 0.007 

Ho μg/g < 0.002 V μg/g < 0.4 

K Wt% <0.009 W μg/g < 0.01 

La μg/g < 0.007 Y μg/g < 0.006 

Li μg/g < 0.1 Yb μg/g < 0.004 

Lu μg/g < 0.001 Zn μg/g < 0.7 

Mg Wt% < 0.0005 Zr μg/g < 0.01 

Mn μg/g < 0.1 

3B-17 
Fish QA/QC 

SOCs 

Detailed laboratory QA/QC procedures for SOCs are specified in the WACAP QAPP. The 

analyte recovery over the entire analytical method and the estimated method detection limits for 

fish are given in Table 3B-15. 

Table 3B-15. SOC Recovery and EDLs in Fish Over the Entire Analytical Method.

Compounds Log 

Kow

Method 

Recovery1

 (%) 

Estimated Method 

Detection Limit2 

(pg/g ww) 

Determined Values 

for NIST SRM 1946 

(ng/g ww) 

Deviation 

from 

Certified 

Values3

Avg. SD Avg. %RSD Avg. %RSD % Diff 

HCH4, gamma 3.8 38.2 1.6 17 7.5 1.0 46 0 

HCH4, alpha 3.8 37.6 1.6 0.2 8.1 5.4 6.5 0 

HCH4, beta 4.0 44.3 1.7 7.8 1.7 0.46 34 

HCH4, delta 4.1 42.2 1.7 0.6 3.0 

Methoxychlor 4.5 62.1 1.8 99 73 

Heptachlor epoxide 4.6 33.6 2.0 14 2.2 5.3 1.1 0 

Endrin 5.2 89.1 2.2 170 26 4.7 0.22 

Heptachlor 5.2 48.5 1.3 1.6 1.42 0.38 37 

Hexachlorobenzene 5.5 37.8 1.9 5.0 1.9 6.6 2.7 0 

o,p'-DDE5 5.5 53.8 2.1 58 23 0.91 15 0 

Chlordane, oxy 5.5 35.1 1.9 5.5 1.9 16 7.9 15 

Dieldrin 5.5 95.3 3.6 8.4 21 34 4.8 0 

Chlordane, cis 5.9 32.6 1.0 16 6.8 31 8.9 0 

p,p'-DDD6 5.9 67.8 1.0 99 39 12 9.0 30 

Nonachlor, trans 6.1 32.0 1.0 2.9 1.3 90 7.1 9.5 

o,p'-DDD6 6.1 55.2 2.1 68 16 1.8 25 17 

Chlordane, trans 6.1 31.4 1.0 1.6 0.96 9.7 66 16 

Nonachlor, cis 6.4 40.3 1.5 5.0 1.0 49 5.9 16 

Aldrin 6.5 39.4 1.6 21 3.5 

o,p'-DDT7 6.8 61.1 4.8 97 63 16 20 28 

p,p'-DDE5 6.9 63.7 4.7 98 12 350 9.3 0 

Mirex 6.9 54.0 3.3 6.8 1.5 6.1 3.2 0 

p,p'-DDT7 6.9 68.1 2.1 94 50 34 6.1 0 

Endosulfan sulfate 3.7 46.4 4.0 3.7 0.83 0.44 12 

Endosulfan I 4.7 36.0 3.2 4.9 2.46 0.10 10 

Endosulfan II 4.8 49.0 3.5 8.9 5.8 

Parathion 3.8 44.4 9.6 9.1 1.0 

Ethion 5.1 48.8 10.5 1.9 2.59 

Chlorpyrifos 5.1 45.5 8.9 5.5 0.88 

Etridiazole 2.6 34.8 1.8 15 2.2 

3B-18 
Table 3B-15. SOC Recovery and EDLs in Fish Over the Entire Analytical Method.

Compounds Log 

Kow

Method 

Recovery1

 (%) 

Estimated Method 

Detection Limit2 

(pg/g ww) 

Determined Values 

for NIST SRM 1946 

(ng/g ww) 

Deviation 

from 

Certified 

Values3

 Avg. SD Avg. %RSD Avg. %RSD % Diff 

Dacthal 4.3 62.2 2.2 2.6 1.6 4.6 11 

Triallate 4.6 88.0 2.3 11 1.80 

Trifluralin 5.3 42.9 3.4 7.2 0.89 

PCB 74 6.3 78.9 1.2 48 15 4.1 20 15 

PCB 101 6.4 66.5 4.5 1.1 2.6 28 29 20 

PCB 138 6.7 77.3 5.7 2.6 2.9 134 33 21 

PCB 153 6.9 65.0 4.6 2.2 0.87 110 30 0 

PCB 118 7.0 74.5 6.1 2.2 0.96 51 6.2 0 

PCB 183 8.3 75.9 5.3 0.84 3.7 23 8.6 0 

PCB 187 7.2 77.3 5.0 1.4 2.2 54 13 0 

Average 6.1 61.4 4.1 79 11 30 15 7 

Min 2.6 31.4 0.3 0.2 0.83 0.10 0.22 0 

Max 9.4 98.3 12 920 86 350 66 30 

Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons

Acenaphthylene 3.9 36.0 2.5 38 4.1 

Acenaphthene 4.0 54.4 5.5 50 2.5 

Fluorene 4.2 41.7 1.6 16 1.7 

Anthracene 4.5 51.8 5.4 59 6.8 

Phenanthrene 4.5 56.3 3.8 56 10 

Pyrene 5.1 63.7 5.4 6.7 3.5 

Fluoranthene 5.2 58.4 4.0 7.6 1.8 

Chrysene 

/Triphenylene 

5.7 59.3 0.9 20 12 

Benzo(a)anthracene 5.9 59.4 2.3 26 0.96 

Retene 6.4 55.3 5.8 44 14 

Benzo(k)fluoranthene 6.5 64.6 0.3 23 0.9 

Benzo(a)pyrene 6.5 43.4 5.2 17 1.7 

Benzo(b)fluoranthene 6.6 64.4 0.9 20 1.6 

Indeno(1,,3-cd)pyrene 6.7 60.5 0.3 18 3.33 

Dibenz(a,h)anthracene 6.8 58.0 1.6 19 8.9 

Benzo(e)pyrene 6.9 57.8 0.7 100 34 

Benzo(ghi)perylene 7.0 60.1 0.7 6.3 1.3 

PolyBrominated Diphenyl Ethers8

BDE 10 5.0 64.2 6.4 920 26 

BDE 7 5.0 49.7 2.4 120 43 

BDE 8 5.0 52.0 5.3 710 23 

BDE 12 5.8 45.2 2.3 880 18 

3B-19 
Table 3B-15. SOC Recovery and EDLs in Fish Over the Entire Analytical Method.

Compounds Log 

Kow

Method 

Recovery1

 (%) 

Estimated Method 

Detection Limit2 

(pg/g ww) 

Determined Values 

for NIST SRM 1946 

(ng/g ww) 

Deviation 

from 

Certified 

Values3

 Avg. SD Avg. %RSD Avg. %RSD % Diff 

BDE 13 5.8 50.4 2.7 910 21 

BDE 15 5.8 82.2 6.3 860 15 

BDE 30 5.9 47.2 6.6 240 37 

BDE 32 5.9 46.9 2.2 38 7.6 

BDE 17 5.8 55.7 2.4 32 8.4 

BDE 25 5.9 55.9 2.3 43 7.1 

BDE 28 5.9 51.1 2.1 23 2.8 0.94 1.9 26 

BDE 35 6.7 52.6 2.0 57 3.8 

BDE 37 6.7 52.3 2.1 40 8.1 

BDE 75 6.8 86.9 6.7 24 5.3 

BDE 49 6.8 94.1 7.1 30 3.6 

BDE 71 6.8 84.8 5.2 22 1.9 

BDE 47 6.8 91.1 7.5 14 1.1 29 10 0 

BDE 66 6.8 83.6 8.5 120 26 n/a9

BDE 77 7.6 93.6 8.0 83 24 

BDE 100 7.7 79.0 8.4 6.7 1.1 8.4 2.7 0 

BDE 119 7.7 78.9 7.2 19 14 

BDE 99 7.7 85.7 6.3 23 1.95 18 5.4 0 

BDE 116 7.7 75.6 7.9 91 48 

BDE 85/155 7.7 / 

8.6 91.8 8.3 37 10 

BDE 126 8.5 88.6 9.2 36 9.2 

BDE 118 7.7 75.0 11.9 200 86 

BDE 155 8.6 80.8 7.0 2.3 1.0 0.68 11 

BDE 154 8.6 79.7 7.4 8.3 2.7 6.2 18 0 

BDE 153 8.6 78.6 6.7 6.5 3.1 2.9 9.3 0 

BDE 138 8.6 81.6 7.1 1.1 1.1 

BDE 166 8.6 98.3 7.8 1.9 1.7 

BDE 183 9.4 81.5 5.8 1.6 0.95 0.23 14 

BDE 181 9.4 76.8 4.1 3.5 3.14 

BDE 190 9.4 72.4 5.0 5.0 2.5 

1

 Triplicate recoveries across entire method of ~8 ng/g ww tissue spikes. Blank and sample background corrected. 

2 3:1 S:N of IS normalized response factors in three separate fish from Denali, Sequoia, and Rocky Mountain 

National Parks according to EPA Method 8280A 

3

 Percentage difference between this method and NIST certified values for SRM # 1946 LakeTrout, 0% difference 

when method average is within certified confidence interval, n=5 

3B-20 
Table 3B-15. SOC Recovery and EDLs in Fish Over the Entire Analytical Method.

Compounds Log 

Kow

Method 

Recovery1

 (%) 

Estimated Method 

Detection Limit2 

(pg/g ww) 

Determined Values 

for NIST SRM 1946 

(ng/g ww) 

Deviation 

from 

Certified 

Values3

 Avg. SD Avg. %RSD Avg. %RSD % Diff 

4

 HexachloroCycloHexane 

5

 DichloroDiphenyldichloroEthylene 

6

 DichloroDiphenylDichloroethane 

7

 DichloroDiphenylTrichloroethane 

8

 Log Kow Estimated by EPI Suite 

9

 Interferant prohibited quantitation 

Blank Cells indicate no certified, or refernce value for the SRM, and/or not detected here. 

Metals 

Detailed laboratory QA/QC procedures are specified in the WACAP QAPP. Quality control at 

the USGS National Research Program Laboratory in Boulder, Colorado, involves systematic 

analysis of blanks, replicates, standard reference materials, and spike addition samples (see 

Tables 3B-16 and 3B-17). Standard Reference Materials used for the quality control of fish 

tissue analysis included National Research Council of Canada SRM DOLT-1 Dogfish Liver, 

DORM-1 Dogfish Muscle, TORT-1 Lobster hepatopancreas, and National Institute of Standards 

and Technology Standard Reference Materials SRM 2976 Bivalve Tissue. Details, results and 

figures are described in the Quality Assurance/Quality Control Section of the database. 

3B-21 
Table 3B-16. Metals and Detection Limits for Fish Fillet Tissue Analyses Performed at the USGS 

National Research Program Laboratory, Boulder, Colorado. Concentrations in dry weight, assuming a 

0.2-g sample size (1:2 dilution). 

Analyte Units 

Detection 

Limit Analyte Units Detection Limit 

Al μg/g < 0.9 Mn μg/g < 0.2 

As μg/g < 0.03 Mo μg/g < 0..02 

B μg/g <1 Na Wt% < 0.002 

Ba μg/g <0.008 Nd μg/g < 0.001 

Be μg/g < 0.02 Ni μg/g < 0.05 

Bi μg/g < 0.002 Pb μg/g < 0.01 

Ca Wt% <0.0008 Pr μg/g < 0.0003 

Cd μg/g < 0.005 Rb μg/g < 0.007 

Ce μg/g < 0.001 Re μg/g < 0.0009 

Co μg/g < 0.009 Sb μg/g < 0.003 

Cr μg/g < 0.3 Se μg/g < 0.2 

Cs μg/g <0.02 Sm μg/g < 0.001 

Cu μg/g < 0.03 Sr μg/g < 0.03 

Dy μg/g < 0.002 Tb μg/g < 0.0002 

Er μg/g < 0.002 Te μg/g < 0.01 

Eu μg/g < 0.0005 Tl μg/g < 0.006 

Fe μg/g <11 Tm μg/g < 0.0004 

Gd μg/g < 0.001 U μg/g < 0.0009 

Ho μg/g < 0.0003 V μg/g < 0.05 

K Wt% <0.002 W μg/g < 0.001 

La μg/g < 0.0006 Y μg/g < 0.0003 

Li μg/g < 0.03 Yb μg/g < 0.009 

Lu μg/g < 0.0004 Zn μg/g < 0.4 

Mg Wt% < 0.0008 Zr μg/g < 0.002 

3B-22 
Table 3B-17. Metals and Detection Limits for Fish Liver Tissue Analyses Performed at the USGS 

National Research Program Laboratory, Boulder, Colorado. Concentrations in dry weight, assuming a 

0.1-g sample size (1:2 dilution). 

Analyte Units 

Detection 

Limit Analyte Units Detection Limit 

Al μg/g < 0.6 Mn μg/g < 0.5 

As μg/g < 0.1 Mo μg/g < 0..04 

B μg/g <5 Na Wt% < 0.004 

Ba μg/g <0.03 Nd μg/g < 0.002 

Be μg/g < 0.02 Ni μg/g < 0.06 

Bi μg/g < 0.005 Pb μg/g < 0.009 

Ca Wt% <0.003 Pr μg/g < 0.0005 

Cd μg/g < 0.01 Rb μg/g < 0.01 

Ce μg/g < 0.002 Re μg/g < 0.001 

Co μg/g < 0.01 Sb μg/g < 0.005 

Cr μg/g < 0.4 Se μg/g < 0.3 

Cs μg/g <0.1 Sm μg/g < 0.003 

Cu μg/g < 0.1 Sr μg/g < 0.04 

Dy μg/g < 0.002 Tb μg/g < 0.0005 

Er μg/g < 0.003 Te μg/g < 0.02 

Eu μg/g < 0.0009 Tl μg/g < 0.03 

Fe μg/g <16 Tm μg/g < 0.0004 

Gd μg/g < 0.002 U μg/g < 0.001 

Ho μg/g < 0.0005 V μg/g < 0.05 

K Wt% <0.004 W μg/g < 0.004 

La μg/g < 0.0008 Y μg/g < 0.0006 

Li μg/g < 0.04 Yb μg/g < 0.002 

Lu μg/g < 0.0005 Zn μg/g < 0.5 

Mg Wt% < 0.001 Zr μg/g < 0.01 

3B-23 
Moose QA/QC 

SOCs 

Detailed laboratory QA/QC procedures for SOCs are specified in the WACAP QAPP. Because 

so few moose samples were analyzed for SOCs, detailed recovery and estimated method 

detection limits experiments for moose were not conducted. However, the SOC recoveries and 

estimated method detection limits were similar to those for fish (see Table 3B-15). 

Metals 

Detailed laboratory QA/QC procedures are specified in the WACAP QAPP. Quality control at 

the USGS National Research Program laboratory in Boulder, Colorado, involves systematic 

analysis of blanks, replicates, standard reference materials, and spike addition samples (see Table 

3B-18). Standard reference materials used for the quality control of moose tissue analysis 

included National Institute of Standards and Technology SRM 8414 Bovine Muscle Powder and 

SRM 1577b Bovine Liver. Details, results, and figures are described in the Quality 

Assurance/Quality Control Section of the database. 

Table 3B-18. Metals and Detection Limits for Moose Tissue Analyses Performed at the USGS 

National Research Program Laboratory, Boulder, Colorado. Concentrations in dry weight, assuming a 

0.2-g sample size (1:2 dilution). 

Analyte Units 

Detection 

Limit Analyte Units 

Detection Limit 

Al μg/g < 7 Mn μg/g < 0.03 

As μg/g < 0.007 Mo μg/g < 0..006 

B μg/g <9 Na Wt% < 0.0002 

Ba μg/g <0.03 Nd μg/g < 0.0006 

Be μg/g < 0.006 Ni μg/g < 0.03 

Bi μg/g < 0.004 Pb μg/g < 0.006 

Ca Wt% <0.001 Pr μg/g < 0.0002 

Cd μg/g < 0.004 Rb μg/g < 0.003 

Ce μg/g < 0.002 Re μg/g < 0.0004 

Co μg/g < 0.004 Sb μg/g < 0.01 

Cr μg/g < 0.04 Se μg/g < 0.04 

Cs μg/g <03 Sm μg/g < 0.0003 

Cu μg/g < 0.02 Sr μg/g < 0.01 

Dy μg/g < 0.0003 Tb μg/g < 0.0001 

Er μg/g < 0.0004 Te μg/g < 0.006 

Eu μg/g < 0.0002 Tl μg/g < 0.003 

Fe μg/g <1 Tm μg/g < 0.0001 

Gd μg/g < 0.0005 U μg/g < 0.0001 

Ho μg/g < 0.0001 V μg/g < 0.005 

K Wt% <0.0005 W μg/g < 0.003 

3B-24 
Analyte Units 

Detection 

Limit Analyte Units 

Detection Limit 

La μg/g < 0.0008 Y μg/g < 0.0003 

Li μg/g < 0.009 Yb μg/g < 0.0003 

Lu μg/g < 0.0001 Zn μg/g < 0.9 

Mg Wt% < 0.002 Zr μg/g < 0.002 

3B-25 
APPENDIX 4A 

Detailed Information on Contaminants in Vegetation, Including Elevation Trends Appendix 4A.1. Comparison of Mean SOC Concentrations in Different Lichen Species Sampled from the Same Sites. NotesStandard error uses a pooled estimate of variance. One way analysis of variance by site and SOC was conducted for all sites where more than one species of lichen was sampled. If no values for a site were > EDLs, then no data was used for that SOC. If any value for a site was > EDLs, then 1/2 EDLS were used for samples below EDLS. DENA5Flavocetraria cucullata had 7-50X higher concentrations than Masonhalea richardsonii of all SOCs but dacthal 

One-way Analysis of Dacthal by Species 

Source DF Sum of Squares Mean Square F Ratio Prob > F Increase (fold) 

Species 1 0.01020833 0.010208 0.075 0.8099 NA 

Error 2 0.27226667 0.136133 

C. Total 3 0.282475 

Level Number Mean Std Error Lower 95% Upper 95% 

Flavocetraria cucullata 1 0.77 0.36896 -0.8175 2.3575 

Masonhalea richardsonii 3 0.886667 0.21302 -0.0299 1.8032 

One-way Analysis of Endosulfans by Species 

Source DF Sum of Squares Mean Square F Ratio Prob > F 

Species 1 76.608533 76.6085 898.8095 0.0011 6.7 

Error 2 0.170467 0.0852 

C. Total 3 76.779 

Level Number Mean Std Error Lower 95% Upper 95% 

Flavocetraria cucullata 1 11.87 0.29195 10.614 13.126 

4A-1 
Masonhalea richardsonii 3 1.7633 0.16856 1.038 2.489 

One-way Analysis of HCB by Species 

Source DF Sum of Squares Mean Square F Ratio Prob > F 

Species 1 219.85707 219.857 22434.39 0.0043 22.6 

Error 1 0.0098 0.01 

C. Total 2 219.86687 

Level Number Mean Std Error Lower 95% Upper 95% 

Flavocetraria cucullata 1 19 0.09899 17.74 20.258 

Masonhalea richardsonii 2 0.84 0.07 -0.05 1.729 

One-way Analysis of a-HCH by Species 

Source DF Sum of Squares Mean Square F Ratio Prob > F 

Species 1 111.2643 111.264 4295.919 0.0002 15.9 

Error 2 0.0518 0.026 

C. Total 3 111.3161 

Level Number Mean Std Error Lower 95% Upper 95% 

Flavocetraria cucullata 1 13 0.16093 12.308 13.692 

Masonhalea richardsonii 3 0.82 0.09292 0.42 1.22 

One-way Analysis of g-HCH by Species 

Source DF Sum of Squares Mean Square F Ratio Prob > F 

Species 1 18.0075 18.0075 720300 <.0001 50.0 

Error 2 0.00005 0 

C. Total 3 18.00755 

Level Number Mean Std Error Lower 95% Upper 95% 

Flavocetraria cucullata 1 5 0.005 4.9785 5.0215 

Masonhalea richardsonii 3 0.1 0.00289 0.0876 0.1124 

4A-2 
One-way Analysis of PAHs by Species 

Source DF Sum of Squares Mean Square F Ratio Prob > F 

Species 1 81870.642 81870.6 1062.527 0.0009 48.2 

Error 2 154.106 77.1 

C. Total 3 82024.748 

Level Number Mean Std Error Lower 95% Upper 95% 

Flavocetraria cucullata 1 337.4 8.778 299.6 375.17 Masonhalea richardsonii 3 7.005 5.068 -14.8 28.81 

One-way Analysis of Total Current Use by Species 

Source DF Sum of Squares Mean Square F Ratio Prob > F 

Species 1 74.850075 74.8501 290.4543 0.0034 4.8 Error 2 0.5154 0.2577 

C. Total 3 75.365475 

Level Number Mean Std Error Lower 95% Upper 95% 

Flavocetraria cucullata 1 12.64 0.50764 10.456 14.824 

Masonhalea richardsonii 3 2.65 0.29309 1.389 3.911 

One-way Analysis of Total Historic Use by Species 

Source DF Sum of Squares Mean Square F Ratio Prob > F 

Species 1 946.2528 946.253 2344.096 0.0004 25.0 

Error 2 0.80735 0.404 

C. Total 3 947.06015 

Level Number Mean Std Error Lower 95% Upper 95% 

Flavocetraria cucullata 1 37 0.63535 34.27 39.734 

Masonhalea richardsonii 3 1.48 0.36682 -0.1 3.058 

4A-3 
One-way Analysis of Total Pesticides by Species 

Source DF Sum of Squares Mean Square F Ratio Prob > F 

Species 1 1553.3701 1553.37 1189.615 0.0008 12.0 

Error 2 2.6115 1.31 

C. Total 3 1555.9816 

Level Number Mean Std Error Lower 95% Upper 95% 

Flavocetraria cucullata 1 49.64 1.1427 44.723 54.557 Masonhalea richardsonii 3 4.13 0.6597 1.291 6.969 

One-way Analysis of % Current Use by Species 

Source DF Sum of Squares Mean Square F Ratio Prob > F 

Species 1 0.11955714 0.119557 26.5354 0.0357 26.5 Error 2 0.00901114 0.004506 

C. Total 3 0.12856828 

Level Number Mean Std Error Lower 95% Upper 95% 

Flavocetraria cucullata 1 0.254633 0.06712 -0.0342 0.54344 

Masonhalea richardsonii 3 0.653895 0.03875 0.4872 0.82064 

WRST1 Platismatia glauca has 2.5x higher HCBs and PAHs compared to Hypogymnia apinnata. 

One-way Analysis of Dacthal ng/g Lipid by Species 

Source DF Sum of Squares Mean Square F Ratio Prob > F Increase (fold) 

Species 1 1.7066667 1.70667 21.3333 0.1357 NA Error 1 0.08 0.08 

C. Total 2 1.7866667 

4A-4 
Level Number Mean Std Error Lower 95% Upper 95% 

Hypogymnia apinnata 2 1.8 0.2 -0.7412 4.3412 Platismatia glauca 1 3.4 0.28284 -0.1939 6.9939 

One-way Analysis of Endosulfans ng/g Lipid by Species 

Source DF Sum of Squares Mean Square F Ratio Prob > F NA 

Species 1 1.706667 1.7067 0.0386 0.8765 

Error 1 44.18 44.18 

C. Total 2 45.886667 

Level Number Mean Std Error Lower 95% Upper 95% 

Hypogymnia apinnata 2 50.8 4.7 -8.92 110.52 Platismatia glauca 1 52.4 6.6468 -32.06 136.86 

One-way Analysis of HCB ng/g Lipid by Species 

Source DF Sum of Squares Mean Square F Ratio Prob > F 

Species 1 5280.6667 5280.67 293.3704 0.0371 2.5 

Error 1 18 18 

C. Total 2 5298.6667 

Level Number Mean Std Error Lower 95% Upper 95% 

Hypogymnia apinnata 2 61 3 22.881 99.12 

Platismatia glauca 1 150 4.2426 96.092 203.91 

One-way Analysis of a-HCH ng/g Lipid by Species 

Source DF Sum of Squares Mean Square F Ratio Prob > F 

Species 1 682.66667 682.667 13.6533 0.1683 NA 

Error 1 50 50 

C. Total 2 732.66667 

Level Number Mean Std Error Lower 95% Upper 95% 

Hypogymnia apinnata 2 22 5 -41.53 85.53 

4A-5 
Platismatia glauca 1 54 7.0711 -35.85 143.85 

One-way Analysis of g-HCH ng/g Lipid by Species 

Source DF Sum of Squares Mean Square F Ratio Prob > F 

Species 1 26.46 26.46 10.9339 0.187 NA 

Error 1 2.42 2.42 

C. Total 2 28.88 

Level Number Mean Std Error Lower 95% Upper 95% 

Hypogymnia apinnata 2 7.7 1.1 -6.277 21.677 Platismatia glauca 1 14 1.5556 -5.766 33.766 

One-way Analysis of Chlordanes ng/g Lipid by Species 

Source DF Sum of Squares Mean Square F Ratio Prob > F 

Species 1 1.0250667 1.02507 0.4394 0.6273 NA 

Error 1 2.3328 2.3328 

C. Total 2 3.3578667 

Level Number Mean Std Error Lower 95% Upper 95% 

Hypogymnia apinnata 2 2.81 1.08 -10.91 16.533 

Platismatia glauca 1 4.05 1.5274 -15.36 23.457 

One-way Analysis of PCBs ng/g Lipid by Species 

Source DF Sum of Squares Mean Square F Ratio Prob > F 

Species 1 0.7280167 0.72802 0.4648 0.6191 NA 

Error 1 1.56645 1.56645 

C. Total 2 2.2944667 

Level Number Mean Std Error Lower 95% Upper 95% 

Hypogymnia apinnata 2 3.455 0.885 -7.79 14.7 

Platismatia glauca 1 4.5 1.2516 -11.4 20.403 

4A-6 
One-way Analysis of PAHs ng/g Lipid by Species 

Source DF Sum of Squares Mean Square F Ratio Prob > F 

Species 1 4676368.2 4676368 660.4573 0.0248 2.6 Error 1 7080.5 7081 

C. Total 2 4683448.7 

Level Number Mean Std Error Lower 95% Upper 95% 

Hypogymnia apinnata 2 1697.5 59.5 941.5 2453.5 

Platismatia glauca 1 4346 84.146 3276.8 5415.2 

WRST5 Platismatia glauca has 5-17X higher dacthal, endosulfans, HCBs, a-HCH, g-HCH, chlordanes, pcbs, & PAHs compared to Alectoria sarmentosa 

One-way Analysis of Dacthal ng/g Lipid by Species 

Source DF Sum of Squares Mean Square F Ratio Prob > F Increase (fold) 

Species 1 7.3704167 7.37042 510.0634 0.0282 9.9 Error 1 0.01445 0.01445 

C. Total 2 7.3848667 

Level Number Mean Std Error Lower 95% Upper 95% 

Alectoria sarmentosa 2 0.375 0.085 -0.705 1.455 Platismatia glauca 1 3.7 0.12021 2.173 5.2274 

One-way Analysis of Endosulfans ng/g Lipid by Species 

Source DF Sum of Squares Mean Square F Ratio Prob > F 

Species 1 3952.41 3952.41 20899.78 0.0044 17.1 

Error 1 0.1891 0.19 

C. Total 2 3952.5991 

Level Number Mean Std Error Lower 95% Upper 95% 

Alectoria sarmentosa 2 4.7825 0.3075 0.875 8.69 

Platismatia glauca 1 81.78 0.43487 76.254 87.306 

4A-7 
One-way Analysis of HCB ng/g Lipid by Species 

Source DF Sum of Squares Mean Square F Ratio Prob > F 

Species 1 1713.66 1713.66 1338.797 0.0174 10.6 

Error 1 1.28 1.28 

C. Total 2 1714.94 

Level Number Mean Std Error Lower 95% Upper 95% 

Alectoria sarmentosa 2 5.3 0.8 -4.86 15.465 

Platismatia glauca 1 56 1.1314 41.62 70.375 

One-way Analysis of a-HCH ng/g Lipid by Species 

Source DF Sum of Squares Mean Square F Ratio Prob > F 

Species 1 468.16667 468.167 477.7211 0.0291 8.6 

Error 1 0.98 0.98 

C. Total 2 469.14667 

Level Number Mean Std Error Lower 95% Upper 95% 

Alectoria sarmentosa 2 3.5 0.7 -5.39 12.394 

Platismatia glauca 1 30 0.98995 17.42 42.579 

One-way Analysis of g-HCH ng/g Lipid by Species 

Source DF Sum of Squares Mean Square F Ratio Prob > F 

Species 1 18.235267 18.2353 83.7248 0.0693 5.9 

Error 1 0.2178 0.2178 

C. Total 2 18.453067 

Level Number Mean Std Error Lower 95% Upper 95% 

Alectoria sarmentosa 2 1.07 0.33 -3.123 5.263 

Platismatia glauca 1 6.3 0.46669 0.37 12.23 

One-way Analysis of Chlordanes ng/g Lipid by Species 

4A-8 
Source DF Sum of Squares Mean Square F Ratio Prob > F 

Species 1 2.57415 2.57415 142.6122 0.0532 5.1 

Error 1 0.01805 0.01805 

C. Total 2 2.5922 

Level Number Mean Std Error Lower 95% Upper 95% 

Alectoria sarmentosa 2 0.485 0.095 -0.7221 1.6921 

Platismatia glauca 1 2.45 0.13435 0.7429 4.1571 

One-way Analysis of PCBs ng/g Lipid by Species 

Source DF Sum of Squares Mean Square F Ratio Prob > F 

Species 1 4.2909127 4.29091 709.2418 0.0239 5.6 Error 1 0.00605 0.00605 

C. Total 2 4.2969627 

Level Number Mean Std Error Lower 95% Upper 95% 

Alectoria sarmentosa 2 0.553 0.055 -0.146 1.2518 Platismatia glauca 1 3.09 0.07778 2.102 4.0783 

One-way Analysis of PAHs ng/g Lipid by Species 

Source DF Sum of Squares Mean Square F Ratio Prob > F 

Species 1 2623046.5 2623047 62660.49 0.0025 8.4 

Error 1 41.9 42 

C. Total 2 2623088.4 

Level Number Mean Std Error Lower 95% Upper 95% 

Alectoria sarmentosa 2 267.43 4.575 209.3 325.6 Platismatia glauca 1 2251 6.47 2168.8 2333.2 

STLE1 

Platismatia glauca has 3.4 to 17.1x higher concentrations of dacthal, endosulfans,HCB, a-HCH, chlordanes, PCBs and PAHs than Alectoria sarmentosa 

4A-9 
One-way Analysis of Dacthal by Species 

Source DF Sum of Squares Mean Square F Ratio Prob > F Increase (fold) 

Species 1.00 7.37 7.37 510.06 0.03 9.9 

Error 1.00 0.01 0.01 

C. Total 2.00 7.38 

Level Number Mean Std Error Lower 95% Upper 95% 

Alectoria sarmentosa 2.00 0.38 0.09 -0.71 1.46 

Platismatia glauca 1.00 3.70 0.12 2.17 5.23 

One-way Analysis of Endosulfans by Species 

Source DF Sum of Squares Mean Square F Ratio Prob > F 

Species 1.00 3952.41 3952.41 20899.78 0.00 17.1 

Error 1.00 0.19 0.19 

C. Total 2.00 3952.60 

Level Number Mean Std Error Lower 95% Upper 95% 

Alectoria sarmentosa 2.00 4.78 0.31 0.88 8.69 

Platismatia glauca 1.00 81.78 0.43 76.25 87.31 

One-way Analysis of HCB by Species 

Source DF Sum of Squares Mean Square F Ratio Prob > F 

Species 1.00 1713.66 1713.66 1338.80 0.02 10.6 

Error 1.00 1.28 1.28 

C. Total 2.00 1714.94 

Level Number Mean Std Error Lower 95% Upper 95% 

Alectoria sarmentosa 2.00 5.30 0.80 -4.86 15.47 

Platismatia glauca 1.00 56.00 1.13 41.62 70.38 

One-way Analysis of a-HCH by Species 

Source DF Sum of Squares Mean Square F Ratio Prob > F 

4A-10 
Species 1.00 468.17 468.17 477.72 0.03 8.6 

Error 1.00 0.98 0.98 

C. Total 2.00 469.15 

Level Number Mean Std Error Lower 95% Upper 95% 

Alectoria sarmentosa 2.00 3.50 0.70 -5.39 12.39 

Platismatia glauca 1.00 30.00 0.99 17.42 42.58 

One-way Analysis of g-HCH by Species 

Source DF Sum of Squares Mean Square F Ratio Prob > F 

Species 1.00 18.24 18.24 83.72 0.07 5.9 Error 1.00 0.22 0.22 

C. Total 2.00 18.45 

Level Number Mean Std Error Lower 95% Upper 95% 

Alectoria sarmentosa 2.00 1.07 0.33 -3.12 5.26 Platismatia glauca 1.00 6.30 0.47 0.37 12.23 

One-way Analysis of Chlordanes by Species 

Source DF Sum of Squares Mean Square F Ratio Prob > F 

Species 1.00 2.57 2.57 142.61 0.05 5.1 

Error 1.00 0.02 0.02 

C. Total 2.00 2.59 

Level Number Mean Std Error Lower 95% Upper 95% 

Alectoria sarmentosa 2.00 0.49 0.10 -0.72 1.69 

Platismatia glauca 1.00 2.45 0.13 0.74 4.16 

One-way Analysis of PCBs by Species 

Source DF Sum of Squares Mean Square F Ratio Prob > F 

Species 1.00 1.19 1.19 196.98 0.05 3.4 

4A-11 
Error 1.00 0.01 0.01 

C. Total 2.00 1.20 

Level Number Mean Std Error Lower 95% Upper 95% 

Alectoria sarmentosa 2.00 0.55 0.06 -0.15 1.25 Platismatia glauca 1.00 1.89 0.08 0.90 2.88 

One-way Analysis of PAHs by Species 

Source DF Sum of Squares Mean Square F Ratio Prob > F 

Species 1.00 2623046.50 2623047.00 62660.49 0.00 8.4 

Error 1.00 41.90 42.00 

C. Total 2.00 2623088.40 

Level Number Mean Std Error Lower 95% Upper 95% 

Alectoria sarmentosa 2.00 267.43 4.58 209.30 325.60 Platismatia glauca 1.00 2251.00 6.47 2168.80 2333.20 

OLYM5 Bryoria has 2.5-5x higher concentrations of dacthal, endosulfans, and pcbs compared to Alectoria sarmentosa 

One-way Analysis of Trifluralin ng/g Lipid by Species 

Source DF Sum of Squares Mean Square F Ratio Prob > F Increase (fold) 

Species 0 0 . . . NA 

Error 2 5.2866667 2.64333 

C. Total 2 5.2866667 

Level Number Mean Std Error Lower 95% Upper 95% 

Bryoria 3 2.23333 0.93868 -1.805 6.2721 

One-way Analysis of Chlorpyrifos ng/g Lipid by Species 

4A-12 
Source DF Sum of Squares Mean Square F Ratio Prob > F 

Species 1 10.120033 10.12 2.5664 0.2503 NA 

Error 2 7.886667 3.9433 

C. Total 3 18.0067 

Level Number Mean Std Error Lower 95% Upper 95% 

Alectoria sarmentosa 1 0.16 1.9858 -8.384 8.7041 

Bryoria 3 3.83333 1.1465 -1.1 8.7663 

One-way Analysis of Dacthal ng/g Lipid by Species 

Source DF Sum of Squares Mean Square F Ratio Prob > F 

Species 1 280.33333 280.333 9.2418 0.0933 2.5 

Error 2 60.66667 30.333 

C. Total 3 341 

Level Number Mean Std Error Lower 95% Upper 95% 

Alectoria sarmentosa 1 13 5.5076 -10.7 36.697 Bryoria 3 32.3333 3.1798 18.65 46.015 

One-way Analysis of Endosulfans ng/g Lipid by Species 

Source DF Sum of Squares Mean Square F Ratio Prob > F 

Species 1 60847.521 60847.5 24.1044 0.0391 5.4 

Error 2 5048.667 2524.3 

C. Total 3 65896.188 

Level Number Mean Std Error Lower 95% Upper 95% 

Alectoria sarmentosa 1 64.5 50.243 -151.7 280.68 

Bryoria 3 349.333 29.008 224.5 474.14 

One-way Analysis of HCB ng/g Lipid by Species 

Source DF Sum of Squares Mean Square F Ratio Prob > F 

Species 1 4.083333 4.0833 0.1012 0.7805 NA 

4A-13 
Error 2 80.666667 40.3333 

C. Total 3 84.75 

Level Number Mean Std Error Lower 95% Upper 95% 

Alectoria sarmentosa 1 35 6.3509 7.674 62.326 

Bryoria 3 32.6667 3.6667 16.89 48.443 

One-way Analysis of a-HCH ng/g Lipid by Species 

Source DF Sum of Squares Mean Square F Ratio Prob > F 

Species 1 2581.3333 2581.33 5.2644 0.1487 NA 

Error 2 980.6667 490.33 

C. Total 3 3562 

Level Number Mean Std Error Lower 95% Upper 95% 

Alectoria sarmentosa 1 36 22.143 -59.28 131.28 

Bryoria 3 94.6667 12.785 39.66 149.67 

One-way Analysis of g-HCH ng/g Lipid by Species 

Source DF Sum of Squares Mean Square F Ratio Prob > F 

Species 1 918.75 918.75 6.25 0.1296 NA 

Error 2 294 147 

C. Total 3 1212.75 

Level Number Mean Std Error Lower 95% Upper 95% 

Alectoria sarmentosa 1 11 12.124 -41.17 63.167 

Bryoria 3 46 7 15.88 76.119 

One-way Analysis of Chlordanes ng/g Lipid by Species 

Source DF Sum of Squares Mean Square F Ratio Prob > F 

Species 1 7.061002 7.061 1.4601 0.3504 NA 

Error 2 9.671667 4.83583 

C. Total 3 16.732669 

4A-14 
Level Number Mean Std Error Lower 95% Upper 95% 

Alectoria sarmentosa 1 1.765 2.1991 -7.697 11.227 Bryoria 3 4.83333 1.2696 -0.629 10.296 One-way Analysis of PCBs ng/g Lipid by Species 

Source DF Sum of Squares Mean Square F Ratio Prob > F 

Species 1 195.8592 195.859 18.7684 0.0494 5.1 

Error 2 20.8712 10.436 

C. Total 3 216.7304 

Level Number Mean Std Error Lower 95% Upper 95% 

Alectoria sarmentosa 1 3.94 3.2304 -9.96 17.839 Bryoria 3 20.1 1.8651 12.08 28.125 One-way Analysis of PAHs ng/g Lipid by Species 

Analysis of Variance 

Source DF Sum of Squares Mean Square F Ratio Prob > F 

Species 1 15624.083 15624.1 0.6356 0.5089 NA 

Error 2 49162.167 24581.1 

C. Total 3 64786.25 

Level Number Mean Std Error Lower 95% Upper 95% 

Alectoria sarmentosa 1 3841.5 156.78 3166.9 4516.1 

Bryoria 3 3697.17 90.52 3307.7 4086.6 

GLAC5 Letharia vulpina has higher concentrations of 50 x more chlorpyrifos and 2x more g-HCH than Hypogymnia physodes. H. physodes has higher concentrations of 2-10X higher HCB, a-HCH (p > F =0.06), chlordanes, ddts, PCBs and PAHs than L. vulpina. 

One-way Analysis of Triallate ng/g Lipid by Species 

4A-15 
Source DF Sum of Squares Mean Square F Ratio Prob > F Increase (fold) 

Species 1 0.440833 0.44083 0.0476 0.8475 Error 2 18.526667 9.26333 

C. Total 3 18.9675 

Level Number Mean Std Error Lower 95% Upper 95% 

Hypogymnia physodes 3 12.7667 1.7572 5.206 20.327 

Letharia vulpina 1 12 3.0436 -1.095 25.095 

One-way Analysis of Chlorpyrifos ng/g Lipid by Species 

Source DF Sum of Squares Mean Square F Ratio Prob > F 

Species 1 161.48003 161.48 15514.49 <.0001 45.9 

Error 2 0.02082 0.01 

C. Total 3 161.50085 

Level Number Mean Std Error Lower 95% Upper 95% 

Hypogymnia physodes 3 0.3267 0.0589 0.073 0.58 

Letharia vulpina 1 15 0.10202 14.561 15.439 

One-way Analysis of Dacthal ng/g Lipid by Species 

Source DF Sum of Squares Mean Square F Ratio Prob > F 

Species 1 2700 2700 3.8571 0.1885 NA 

Error 2 1400 700 

C. Total 3 4100 

Level Number Mean Std Error Lower 95% Upper 95% 

Hypogymnia physodes 3 220 15.275 154.28 285.72 Letharia vulpina 1 160 26.458 46.16 273.84 

One-way Analysis of Endosulfans ng/g Lipid by Species 

Source DF Sum of Squares Mean Square F Ratio Prob > F 

Species 1 3104.0833 3104.08 1.5081 0.3443 NA 

4A-16 
Error 2 4116.6667 2058.33 

C. Total 3 7220.75 

Level Number Mean Std Error Lower 95% Upper 95% 

Hypogymnia physodes 3 814.333 26.194 701.63 927.04 Letharia vulpina 1 750 45.369 554.79 945.21 

One-way Analysis of HCB ng/g Lipid by Species 

Source DF Sum of Squares Mean Square F Ratio Prob > F 

Species 1 752.08333 752.083 33.6754 0.0284 2.4 

Error 2 44.66667 22.333 

C. Total 3 796.75 

Level Number Mean Std Error Lower 95% Upper 95% 

Hypogymnia physodes 3 53.6667 2.7285 41.927 65.406 

Letharia vulpina 1 22 4.7258 1.666 42.334 

One-way Analysis of a-HCH ng/g Lipid by Species 

Source DF Sum of Squares Mean Square F Ratio Prob > F 

Species 1 690.08333 690.083 13.1863 0.0682 2.7 

Error 2 104.66667 52.333 

C. Total 3 794.75 

Level Number Mean Std Error Lower 95% Upper 95% 

Hypogymnia physodes 3 48.3333 4.1767 30.36 66.304 

Letharia vulpina 1 18 7.2342 -13.13 49.126 

One-way Analysis of g-HCH ng/g Lipid by Species 

Source DF Sum of Squares Mean Square F Ratio Prob > F 

Species 1 1656.75 1656.75 33.8112 0.0283 1.7 

Error 2 98 49 

C. Total 3 1754.75 

4A-17 
Level Number Mean Std Error Lower 95% Upper 95% 

Hypogymnia physodes 3 63 4.0415 45.611 80.39 

Letharia vulpina 1 110 7 79.881 140.12 

One-way Analysis of Chlordanes ng/g Lipid by Species 

Source DF Sum of Squares Mean Square F Ratio Prob > F 

Species 1 48.400833 48.4008 104.4622 0.0094 2.1 Error 2 0.926667 0.4633 

C. Total 3 49.3275 

Level Number Mean Std Error Lower 95% Upper 95% 

Hypogymnia physodes 3 15.2333 0.39299 13.542 16.924 

Letharia vulpina 1 7.2 0.68069 4.271 10.129 

One-way Analysis of DDTs ng/g Lipid by Species 

Source DF Sum of Squares Mean Square F Ratio Prob > F 

Species 1 13722.803 13722.8 541.6896 0.0018 9.8 Error 2 50.667 25.3 

C. Total 3 13773.47 

Level Number Mean Std Error Lower 95% Upper 95% 

Hypogymnia physodes 3 150.667 2.9059 138.2 163.17 

Letharia vulpina 1 15.4 5.0332 -6.3 37.06 

One-way Analysis of PCBs ng/g Lipid by Species 

Analysis of Variance 

Source DF Sum of Squares Mean Square F Ratio Prob > F 

Species 1 25.172033 25.172 49.315 0.0197 1.8 

Error 2 1.020867 0.5104 

C. Total 3 26.1929 

4A-18 
4A-19 

3 12.7533 49 9 8 

45 3.886 4 

8 26 8 3.1 

Error 2 16.1 

3 33464.3 7.9 53 75 1 10744.9 7.5 2 97 

Level Number Mean Std Error Lower 95% Upper 95% 

Hypogymnia physodes 0.412 10.97 14.52

Letharia vulpina 1 6.96 0.714 10.03

One-way Analysis of PAHs ng/g Lipid by Species 

Source DF Sum of Squares Mean Square F Ratio Prob > F 

Species 1 387129488 91.45 38712948 0.010

8466232 42331

C. Total 3 395595720 

Level Number Mean Std Error Lower 95% Upper 95% 

Hypogymnia physodes 118 283 385

Letharia vulpina 205 189 195
Appendix 4A.2. Mean Total Pesticide Burdens (ng/g lipid) in WACAP Parks by Lichen 

Genus. Parks not connected by the same letter are significantly different. Levels not connected 

by same letter are significantly different. 

Park Within Genus Total Pesticides (ng/g lipid) Notes 

Alectoria 

Park Mean

MORA A 168.23 MORA > STLE 

OLYM A B 139.68 OLYM = NOCA = GLBA = STLE 

NOCA A B 102.88

GLBA A B 74.98

STLE B 23.97

Flavocetraria 

Park Mean

KATM A 37.30 KATM = WRST= DENA 

WRST A 25.80

DENA A 18.94

Hypogymnia 

Park Mean

GLAC A 1378.33 GLAC > WRST , KATM 

WRST B 108.44 WRST = KATM 

KATM B 82.97

Letharia 

Park Mean

GLAC A 947.20 GLAC, SEKI > CRLA, LAVO 

SEKI A 899.59 GLAC = SEKI = YOSE = GRTE 

YOSE A B 615.57 CRLA = LAVO = GRTE = YOSE 

CRLA B 306.51

GRTE A B 264.44

LAVO B 218.42

Lobaria 

Park Mean

OLYM A 58.33 OLYM = STLE 

STLE A 46.33

Masonhalea 

Park Mean

NOAT A 3.88 GAAR > NOAT 

DENA A B 3.08 DENA = NOAT 

GAAR B 1.96 DENA = GAAR 

Platismatia 

Park Mean

GLAC A 1504.40 GLAC > STLE 

NOCA A B 485.10 GLAC =NOCA = WRST= GLBA 

STLE B 327.78

WRST A B 277.85

GLBA A B 258.80

Usnea 

Park Mean

BAND A 257.95 BAND = BIBE = GRTE 

BIBE A 222.89

GRTE A 212.61

Xanthoparmelia 

Park Mean

GRSA A 899.95 GRSA > ROMO 

BAND A B 179.29 BAND = YOSE = ROMO 

YOSE A B 173.04

ROMO B 28.45

4A-20 
Appendix 4A.3. Comparisons of SOC Concentrations in the Epiphytic Lichen, Hypogymnia 

physodes, and the Tundra Lichen, Flavocetraria cucullata, from Three Sites Each in Katmai 

National Park. Comparisons provide evidence that concentrations of endosulfans, HCB, HCHs, 

PCBs and PAHs were 1.5- to 4.6-fold higher in H. physodes than in F. cucullata (t-tests, assuming 

equal variances, p < 0.05). 

SOC H. physodes 

Park Mean (ng/g lipid) 

F. cucullata 

Park Mean (ng/g lipid) 

H. ph./F. cu. 

Ratio 

Significant? 

(p < 0.05) 

Endosulfan 32.30 7.10 4.55 Y 

HCB 30.30 20.00 1.52 Y 

a-HCH 12.30 6.70 1.84 Y 

g-HCH 3.50 1.72 2.03 Y 

PCBs 2.91 0.67 4.34 Y 

PAHs 406.00 118.00 3.44 Y 

Chlordanes 3.75 1.08 3.47 N 

Dacthal 0.72 0.44 1.64 N 

Appendix 4A.4. Comparisons of SOC Concentrations in the Epiphytic Lichens, Platismatia 

glauca and Alectoria sarmentosa, from Three Sites Each in the Stikine LeConte Wilderness.

Comparisons provide evidence that concentrations of dacthal, endosulfans, HCB, HCHs, PCBs 

and PAHs were 3.8 to 22.2 fold higher in P. glauca than A. sarmentosa (t-tests, assuming equal 

variances, p < 0.05). 

SOC P. glauca 

Park Mean (ng/g lipid) 

A. sarmentosa 

Park Mean (ng/g lipid) 

P. gl./A. sa. 

Ratio 

Significant? 

(p < 0.05) 

Endosulfan 12.67 0.70 18.10 Y 

HCB 156.16 7.03 22.21 Y 

a-HCH 81.50 6.32 12.90 Y 

g-HCH 58.75 7.20 8.16 Y 

PCBs 14.07 2.01 7.00 Y 

PAHs 4.62 0.71 6.51 N 

Chlordanes 4.45 1.15 3.87 Y 

Dacthal 1648.00 156.00 10.56 Y 

4A-21 
4A-22 

Appendix 4A.5. Mean Total Pesticide Burdens (ng/g lipid) in WACAP Parks by Conifer 

Genus. Parks not connected by the same letter are significantly different. Levels not connected 

by same letter are significantly different 

Park within Genus Total Pesticides (ng/g lipid) Notes 

True fir (Abies) 

Park Mean

SEKI A 472.46 SEKI > CRLA, MORA, GLAC, NOCA, 

ROMO, OLYM 

LAVO A B 270.61

CRLA B 180.19

MORA B 173.29

GLAC B 136.23

NOCA B 118.82

GRTE A B 86.12

ROMO B 73.70

OLYM B 67.93

Spruce (Picea) 

Park Mean

GLAC A 103.67 GLAC > GLBA, ROMO, STLE, WRST, 

KATM, DENA 

GLBA B 48.88 GLBA > KATM, DENA 

ROMO B C 42.52

STLE B C D 35.97

WRST B C D 19.46

KATM C D 15.17

DENA D 11.18

Pine (Pinus) 

Park Mean

YOSE A 118.64 YOSE > GRSA, BAND 

SEKI A B 94.27

GRTE A B 25.19

BIBE A B 23.88

CRLA A B 21.94

GRSA B 15.01

BAND B 12.60

Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga) 

Park Mean

GLAC A 155.59 GLAC > NOCA 

NOCA B 70.52

Western hemlock (Tsuga) 

Park Mean

GLAC A 550.92 GLAC > MORA, OLYM 

MORA B 193.50 MORA = NOCA = OLYM 

NOCA A B 178.94

OLYM B 119.19
Appendix 4A.6. Comparison of Inter-generic Differences among Conifer SOC Concentrations (ng SOC/g conifer needle lipid) within 

WACAP Parks Where More than One Genus of Conifer Was Sampled. Within park and contaminant, genera sharing a common letter do not have different mean concentrations (Tukey-Kramer multiple means comparison test, α = 0.05). Results show that: (1) concentrations of many 

SOCs in pine (Pinus) were significantly lower than concentrations in true fir (Abies) from the same parks, (2) western hemlock (Tsuga) SOC concentrations were similar to or higher than true firs, Douglas fir (Pseudotsuga), and spruce (Picea), and (3) spruce (Picea) and true firs were similar*. 

Trifluralin Triallate Chlorpyrifos Endosulfans Dacthal Current Use g-HCH a-HCH HCB Historic Use PCBs PAHs 

Genus Mean Mean Mean Mean Mean Mean Mean Mean Mean Mean Mean Mean 

GRTE Abies 5.80 A 1.10 A 30.3 A 20.0 A 57.2 A 14.0 A 14.0 A 28.9 A 0.56 A 870 A 

Pinus 4.13 A 1.12 A 3.4 B 7.9 B 16.5 B 3.50 B 4.9 B 8.7 B 0.60 A 16 B 

SEKI Abies 2.63 A 309.6 A 75.8 A 388.0 A 8.36 A 16.6 A 15.7 A 84.5 A 4.66 A 3960 A 

Pinus 2.00 A 29.9 B 38.3 A 70.3 B 2.90 A 5.3 A 5.8 A 24.0 A 0.38 B 1140 B 

CRLA Abies 0.34 A 77.7 A 33.7 A 111.8 A 5.80 A 26.2 A 33.8 A 68.4 A 1.39 A 1825 A 

Pinus 0.18 B 4.3 A 6.1 A 10.5 A 0.63 B 4.20 B 6.40 A 11.4 B 0.06 B 48 A 

OLYM Tsuga 5.33 A 21.6 A 2.9 A 29.3 A 8.3 A 47.5 A 29.0 A 89.9 A 2.76 A 5787 A 

Abies 0.39 B 18.9 A 3.7 A 23.0 B 3.4 B 25.3 B 15.3 B 45.0 B 1.12 A 245 B 

MORA Tsuga 96.2 A 12.7 A 110.6 A 8.0 A 39.7 A 24.2 A 83.0 A 2.54 A 4129 A 

Abies 91.8 A 6.7 B 98.6 A 5.8 A 31.7 A 23.3 A 74.7 A 3.44 A 506 B 

NOCA Tsuga 62.0 A 13.0 A 75.0 A 11.0 A 49.0 A 35.0 A 103.9 A 2.27 A 4265 A 

Abies 42.1 B 9.5 B 51.6 B 5.2 B 31.0 B 25.3 A 67.2 A 1.30 A 2542 A Pseud. 24.4 C 5.2 C 29.6 C 2.0 B 17.0 B 19.0 A 40.9 A 0.50 A 241 A 

GLACE Abies 5.1 B 0.77 B 84.8 A 18.7 B 109.3 A 6.0 A 11.7 A 7.1 A 26.9 A 0.87 A 2345 A 

Pseud. 17.3 A 3.50 A 83.9 A 25.3 A 130.0 A 5.9 A 8.7 A 8.2 A 25.6 A 0.79 A 2209 A 

ROMO Abies 0.31 A 29.8 A 20.5 A 50.4 A 3.4 A 9.2 A 8.2 A 23.4 A 1.09 A 382 A 

Picea 1.05 A 5.6 B 12.7 A 19.4 A 16.2 A 2.8 A 2.1 A 23.2 A 0.49 A 88 A 

GLACW Tsuga 22.7 A 3.70 A 231.8 A 112.3 A 370.6 A 41.2 A 67.7 A 50.5 A 180.4 A 3.23 B 47312 A 

Picea 0.7 A 0.29 A 28.3 B 22.3 A 51.4 B 43.0 A 3.2 A 4.3 A 52.3 A 6.90 A 1043 B 

Notes: The analysis ignores site effects within parks but sites on different sides of the continental divide (GLACeast, GLACwest) were not compared and sites influenced by local 

sources (OLYM1) were excluded. * Contaminant concentrations in Abies was generally substantially higher than Pinus: especially in endosulfans ~ 10 x higher, dacthal 2-5X higher, historic use g- and a-HCH, and 

HCB ~ 3-5x higher: Tsuga was usually somewhat higher than Abies by 1/3 to 3x. Pseudotsuga was similar to Abies but could be 2-3x lower in endosulfans and dacthal. Picea was 

similar to Abies and Tsuga but 5 (Abies) to 10 (Tsuga) x lower in endosulfans.

4A-23 
Appendix 4A.7. Comparison of Lichen and Conifer SOC Concentrations. Results are given of paired t-tests from sites within the 20 WACAP 

parks at which both vegetation types were collected. Lichen concentrations were 2- to 9-fold higher, or not different than, conifer needle concentrations. N, number of sites, varies with detection frequency among sites. Bold-faced SOCs indicate lichen and conifer concentrations were significantly different (Prob > t < 0.05). SOC Statistic ng/g lipid T-test Parameter T-test result Notes 

Trifluralin Lichen mean t-Ratio 

Conifer mean DF 0 

Mean Difference -0.25 Prob > |t| -2.0000 

% Difference Prob > t 2.0000 

Std Error Prob < t -1.0000 

Upper95% N 1 Lower95% Correlation 

No difference, but only one pair 

Triallate Lichen mean 6.24 t-Ratio -1.1972 

Conifer mean 11.46 DF 6 

Mean Difference -5.22 Prob > |t| 0.2764 

% Difference 54 Prob > t 0.8618 

Std Error 4.36 Prob < t 0.1382 

Upper95% 5.45 N 7 

Lower95% -15.90 Correlation 0.33 

No difference; but only 7 pairs 

Chlorpyrifos Lichen mean 8.47 t-Ratio 3.6789 

Conifer mean 2.80 DF 15 

Mean Difference 5.67 Prob > |t| 0.0022 

% Difference 302 Prob > t 0.0011 

Std Error 1.54 Prob < t 0.9989 

Upper95% 8.96 N 16 Lower95% 2.39 Correlation 0.67 

Lichens 3x higher 

Dacthal Lichen mean 63.73 t-Ratio 4.0682 

Conifer mean 22.38 DF 59 

Mean Difference 41.35 Prob > |t| 0.0001 

Lichens 3x higher 

4A-24 
% Difference 285 Prob > t 0.0001 

Std Error 10.16 Prob < t 0.9999 

Upper95% 61.69 N 60 

Lower95% 21.01 Correlation 0.59 

Endosulfans Lichen mean 188.36 t-Ratio 5.2249 

Conifer mean 51.38 DF 65 

Mean Difference 136.98 Prob > |t| 0.0000 

% Difference 367 Prob > t 0.0000 

Std Error 26.22 Prob < t 1.0000 

Upper95% 189.34 N 66 Lower95% 84.62 Correlation 0.45 

Lichens 4x higher 

HCB Lichen mean 24.66 t-Ratio 2.9045 

Conifer mean 14.40 DF 62 

Mean Difference 10.26 Prob > |t| 0.0051 

% Difference 171 Prob > t 0.0025 

Std Error 3.53 Prob < t 0.9975 

Upper95% 17.33 N 63 

Lower95% 3.20 Correlation 0.01 

Lichens 2x higher; no correlation between veg types 

a-HCH Lichen mean 18.60 t-Ratio 1.0468 

Conifer mean 15.45 DF 63 

Mean Difference 3.15 Prob > |t| 0.2992 

% Difference 120 Prob > t 0.1496 

Std Error 3.00 Prob < t 0.8504 

Upper95% 9.15 N 64 

Lower95% -2.86 Correlation 0.10 

Many pairs, no difference; poor correlation between veg types 

g-HCH Lichen mean 13.21 t-Ratio 0.4303 

Conifer mean 11.86 DF 46 

Mean Difference 1.35 Prob > |t| 0.6690 

Many pairs, no difference; poor correlation between veg types 

4A-25 
% Difference 111 Prob > t 0.3345 

Std Error 3.13 Prob < t 0.6655 

Upper95% 7.64 N 47 

Lower95% -4.95 Correlation 0.27 

Chlordanes Lichen mean 6.59 t-Ratio 5.0010 

Conifer mean 2.69 DF 57 

Mean Difference 3.90 Prob > |t| 0.0000 

% Difference 245 Prob > t 0.0000 

Std Error 0.78 Prob < t 1.0000 

Upper95% 5.46 N 58 Lower95% 2.34 Correlation 0.46 

Lichens 2x higher 

Dieldrin Lichen mean 7.27 t-Ratio 2.1543 

Conifer mean 4.51 DF 2 

Mean Difference 2.76 Prob > |t| 0.1640 

% Difference 161 Prob > t 0.0820 

Std Error 1.28 Prob < t 0.9180 

Upper95% 8.26 N 3 

Lower95% -2.75 Correlation 0.85 

No difference, but only 3 pairs 

DDTs Lichen mean 77.73 t-Ratio 3.6962 

Conifer mean 8.60 DF 15 

Mean Difference 69.13 Prob > |t| 0.0022 

% Difference 904 Prob > t 0.0011 

Std Error 18.70 Prob < t 0.9989 

Upper95% 108.99 N 16 Lower95% 29.26 Correlation 0.33 

Lichens 9X higher 

PCBs Lichen mean 4.92 t-Ratio 6.8672 

Conifer mean 1.75 DF 46 

Lichens 3X higher 

4A-26 
4A-27 

 Upp 4.10 N 47  Lo 0.44 

 Conif r 1.62  Upp 2.05 N 64 

Mean Difference 3.17 Prob > |t| 0.0000 

 % Difference 281 Prob > t 0.0000 

Std Error 0.46 Prob < t 1.0000 

er95%

wer95% 2.24 Correlation

PAHs Lichen mean 7294.10 t-Ratio 1.7279 

e mean 271 DF

Lichens 3X higher, strong 

correlation between veg types 63

Mean Difference 4582.48 Prob > |t| 0.0889 

 % Difference 269 Prob > t 0.0444 

Std Error 2651.98 Prob < t 0.9556 

er95% 988

Lower95% -717.09 Correlation 0.87 
Appendix 4A.8. SOC Concentrations in Lichens

In general, lichens growing on trees accumulated higher concentrations of SOCs than lichens 

growing on the ground, but there was much variability among species. For example, pesticide 

concentrations in the best accumulators among the tundra lichens, F. cucullata and C. arbuscula

(grays), were comparable to or higher than those of the poorest epiphytic accumulator, A. 

sarmentosa (black). Smoke from a forest fire in DENA during sampling could have boosted 

PAHs at this park. Bars indicate one standard error. 

4A-28 
Appendix 4A.9. SOC Concentrations in Lichens Xanthoparmelia and Usnea from BAND

Despite major differences in growth habit and form, the lichens Xanthoparmelia and Usnea from 

BAND accumulated similar concentrations of many SOCs. Xanthoparelia is a flat, leafy lichen 

that adheres closely to its rock substrates; Usnea is a hair-like or filamentous lichen that hangs 

from trees; they were sampled at the two lowest and three highest elevations, respectively. Snow 

burial was not expected to limit exposure period at any of the sites. Bars indicate one standard 

error. 

4A-29 
Appendix 4A.10. Relationship between Elevation and SOC Concentrations in Lichens Showing 

Significant Elevational Trends.

Pesticides and PCBs increase with elevation as predicted by the cold condensation hypothesis: 

PAHs decrease with elevation. See Chapter 3 for data selection criteria for elevational trends 

analyses. See Appendix 4A.11 for park name acronyms, lichen species, and evidence of 

significant trends. Sites within parks are listed in order of increasing elevation. Bars represent 

one standard error. 

4A-30 
Appendix 4A.10. (continued).

4A-31 
Appendix 4A.10. (continued).

4A-32 
Appendix 4A.11. Analysis of Elevation Trends. June 06, 2007.

Notes: 

Parks and lichen species used in analyses: 

BAND = Bandolier National Monument, Usnea (all other parks were compared to BAND) 

CRLA = Crater Lake National Park, Letharia vulpina

GLAC = Glacier National Park, Platismatia glauca 

KATMF = Katmai National Park, Flavocetraria cucullata

KATMH = Katmai National Park, Hypogymnia physodes 

LAVO = Lassen Volcanic National Park, Letharia vulpina 

MORA = Mt. Rainier National Park, Alectoria sarmentosa

NOCA = North Cascades National Park, Alectoria sarmentosa 

SEKI = Sequoia-Kings Canyon National Park, Letharia vulpina

STLEA = Stikine LeConte Wilderness, Alectoria sarmentosa samples 

STLEP = Stikine LeConte Wilderness, Platismatia glauca 

See Methods chapter for detailed description of multiple linear regression modeling used in this analysis. 

Best fit models are reported here. All SOC concentrations in ng/g lipid. 

Chlorpyrifos 

formula = Chlorpyrifos ~ Park + Elevm

Coefficients: 

Value Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|) 

(Intercept) -3.0289 2.9688 -1.0202 0.3187 

ParkGLAC 0.6053 1.8372 0.3295 0.7449 

ParkMORA 5.1879 1.9115 2.7140 0.0127 

ParkNOCA 5.2466 2.1913 2.3943 0.0256 

Elevm 0.0035 0.0013 2.7512 0.0117 

Residual standard error: 2.182 on 22 degrees of freedom 

Multiple R-Squared: 0.5338 

F-statistic: 6.297 on 4 and 22 degrees of freedom, the p-value is 0.001554 

Residuals plot range between -2 and +4. Outliers cases 3, 8, 7. 

Dacthal 

formula = log(Dacthal) ~ Park + Elevm

Coefficients: 

Value Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|) 

(Intercept) 1.3079 0.4548 2.8756 0.0055 

ParkCRLA 0.4283 0.3229 1.3266 0.1895 

ParkDENA -2.6363 0.3684 -7.1561 0.0000 

ParkGLAC 2.9540 0.3446 8.5730 0.0000 

ParkKATMF -3.0502 0.4448 -6.8582 0.0000 

ParkKATMH -1.8507 0.5066 -3.6535 0.0005 

ParkLAVO 0.9066 0.3368 2.6919 0.0091 

ParkMORA 0.1803 0.3457 0.5216 0.6038 

ParkNOCA -0.0177 0.4050 -0.0437 0.9653 

ParkSEKI 1.6882 0.2750 6.1383 0.0000 

ParkSTLEA -2.1385 0.4717 -4.5336 0.0000 

ParkSTLEP 0.5618 0.4509 1.2460 0.2174 

Elevm 0.0010 0.0002 5.9044 0.0000 

Residual standard error: 0.4726 on 62 degrees of freedom 

Multiple R-Squared: 0.9654 

F-statistic: 144.2 on 12 and 62 degrees of freedom, the p-value is 0 

Residuals plot range between -1 and +1. Case 23 still very low outlier? Cases 2 and 9 outliers. 

4A-33 
Endosulfan I 

formula = log(EndosulfanI) ~ Park + Elevm

Coefficients: 

Value Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|) 

(Intercept) 1.0719 0.4124 2.5994 0.0117 

ParkCRLA 0.3379 0.2927 1.1545 0.2527 

ParkDENA -2.3074 0.3340 -6.9082 0.0000 

ParkGLAC 1.0709 0.3124 3.4278 0.0011 

ParkKATMF -0.8374 0.4032 -2.0767 0.0420 

ParkKATMH -0.1960 0.4593 -0.4267 0.6711 

ParkLAVO 0.0536 0.3053 0.1754 0.8613 

ParkMORA 0.7714 0.3134 2.4610 0.0167 

ParkNOCA 0.3777 0.3672 1.0286 0.3077 

ParkSEKI 1.2972 0.2494 5.2023 0.0000 

ParkSTLEA -0.7928 0.4277 -1.8538 0.0685 

ParkSTLEP 0.4945 0.4088 1.2095 0.2311 

Elevm 0.0009 0.0001 6.4791 0.0000 

Residual standard error: 0.4285 on 62 degrees of freedom 

Multiple R-Squared: 0.9454 

F-statistic: 89.46 on 12 and 62 degrees of freedom, the p-value is 0 

Residuals plot range between -1 and +1.5. Outliers 23 (low) and 9 and 19. 

Endosulfan II 

formula = log(EndosulfanII) ~ Park + Elevm

Coefficients: 

Value Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|) 

(Intercept) 0.8008 0.6029 1.3283 0.1905 

ParkCRLA 0.7646 0.4062 1.8824 0.0660 

ParkGLAC 2.6674 0.4423 6.0307 0.0000 

ParkLAVO 0.2030 0.4230 0.4799 0.6335 

ParkMORA 1.0557 0.4466 2.3641 0.0223 

ParkNOCA 0.7703 0.5208 1.4790 0.1458 

ParkSEKI 2.2890 0.3455 6.6257 0.0000 

ParkSTLEA -3.5596 0.6148 -5.7897 0.0000 

ParkSTLEP -1.2996 0.5856 -2.2192 0.0313 

Elevm 0.0008 0.0002 3.4741 0.0011 

Residual standard error: 0.5928 on 47 degrees of freedom 

Multiple R-Squared: 0.9297 

F-statistic: 69.02 on 9 and 47 degrees of freedom, the p-value is 0 

Residual plot range between -1 and +1. Case 11 very low, case 2 low, case 9 high outliers. 

Endosulfan Sulfate 

formula = log(Endosulfansulfate) ~ Park + Elevm

Coefficients: 

Value Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|) 

(Intercept) 2.3087 0.4924 4.6883 0.0000 

ParkCRLA 0.5475 0.3496 1.5664 0.1224 

ParkDENA -3.2553 0.3988 -8.1618 0.0000 

ParkGLAC 2.9316 0.3730 7.8584 0.0000 

ParkKATMF -1.6192 0.4815 -3.3626 0.0013 

ParkKATMH 0.7742 0.5484 1.4117 0.1630 

ParkLAVO 0.2440 0.3646 0.6693 0.5058 

ParkMORA 0.7754 0.3743 2.0717 0.0425 

4A-34 
ParkNOCA 0.4146 0.4384 0.9457 0.3480 

ParkSEKI 1.3638 0.2978 4.5803 0.0000 

ParkSTLEA -1.0649 0.5107 -2.0853 0.0412 

Residual standard error: 0.5116 on 62 degrees of freedom 

Multiple R-Squared: 0.9541 

F-statistic: 107.3 on 12 and 62 degrees of freedom, the p-value is 0 

Residual plot range between -1 and +1. Case 23 very low, case 2 low and 19 high outliers. 

Sum Endosulfans 

formula = log(SumEndosulfans) ~ Park + Elevm

Coefficients: 

Value Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|) 

(Intercept) 2.7285 0.4776 5.7130 0.0000 

ParkCRLA 0.5354 0.3390 1.5792 0.1194 

ParkDENA -3.0838 0.3868 -7.9718 0.0000 

ParkGLAC 2.7030 0.3618 7.4708 0.0000 

ParkKATMF -1.5187 0.4670 -3.2520 0.0019 

ParkKATMH 0.4639 0.5319 0.8721 0.3865 

ParkLAVO 0.1960 0.3536 0.5541 0.5815 

ParkMORA 0.8161 0.3630 2.2482 0.0281 

ParkNOCA 0.4569 0.4252 1.0745 0.2867 

ParkSEKI 1.5097 0.2888 5.2277 0.0000 

ParkSTLEA -1.1371 0.4953 -2.2959 0.0251 

ParkSTLEP 1.7579 0.4735 3.7129 0.0004 

Elevm 0.0009 0.0002 5.1807 0.0000 

Residual standard error: 0.4962 on 62 degrees of freedom 

Multiple R-Squared: 0.9541 

F-statistic: 107.3 on 12 and 62 degrees of freedom, the p-value is 0 

Residual plot range between -1 and +1. Case 23 very low, 73 and 19 high outliers. 

HCB 

formula = sqrt(HCB) ~ Park + Elevm, data = HCB 

Coefficients: 

Value Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|) 

(Intercept) 0.1100 0.6700 0.1641 0.8702 

ParkCRLA 1.2685 0.4715 2.6906 0.0092 

ParkDENA -0.0181 0.5564 -0.0325 0.9741 

ParkGLAC 7.1881 0.5048 14.2398 0.0000 

ParkKATMF 3.3725 0.6519 5.1730 0.0000 

ParkKATMH 5.1370 0.7439 6.9051 0.0000 

ParkLAVO 0.5347 0.4916 1.0876 0.2811 

ParkMORA 1.5388 0.5070 3.0351 0.0036 

ParkNOCA 1.5773 0.5935 2.6579 0.0101 

ParkSEKI 0.8270 0.4015 2.0598 0.0438 

ParkSTLEA 1.9689 0.6928 2.8419 0.0061 

ParkSTLEP 8.2182 0.6619 12.4167 0.0000 

Elevm 0.0012 0.0002 5.1381 0.0000 

Residual standard error: 0.6897 on 60 degrees of freedom 

Multiple R-Squared: 0.9368 

F-statistic: 74.15 on 12 and 60 degrees of freedom, the p-value is 0 

Residual plot range between -1 and +2. Cases 2 (low) and 9 and 18 high. 

4A-35 
α-HCH 

formula = log(aHCH) ~ Park + Elevm

Coefficients: 

Value Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|) 

(Intercept) -0.8944 0.5394 -1.6580 0.1024 

ParkCRLA 0.7264 0.3829 1.8971 0.0625 

ParkDENA -0.6901 0.4369 -1.5795 0.1193 

ParkGLAC 3.2538 0.4087 7.9623 0.0000 

ParkKATMF 1.7755 0.5275 3.3660 0.0013 

ParkKATMH 3.1398 0.6008 5.2263 0.0000 

ParkLAVO 0.3980 0.3994 0.9965 0.3229 

ParkMORA 2.2500 0.4100 5.4876 0.0000 

ParkNOCA 1.9666 0.4803 4.0947 0.0001 

ParkSEKI 0.0906 0.3262 0.2778 0.7821 

ParkSTLEA 2.2205 0.5594 3.9691 0.0002 

ParkSTLEP 4.1586 0.5348 7.7764 0.0000 

Elevm 0.0013 0.0002 6.7546 0.0000 

Residual standard error: 0.5605 on 62 degrees of freedom 

Multiple R-Squared: 0.8793 

F-statistic: 37.65 on 12 and 62 degrees of freedom, the p-value is 0 

Residual plot range between -1 and +1. Cases 23, 73, and 19 high. 

γ-HCH 

formula = sqrt(gHCH) ~ Park + Elevm

Coefficients: 

Value Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|) 

(Intercept) -1.0997 0.6836 -1.6087 0.1128 

ParkCRLA -0.0675 0.4853 -0.1392 0.8898 

ParkDENA 0.2013 0.5537 0.3635 0.7175 

ParkGLAC 6.3376 0.5179 12.2379 0.0000 

ParkKATMF 1.1518 0.6684 1.7231 0.0899 

ParkKATMH 2.6427 0.7613 3.4712 0.0009 

ParkLAVO -0.3969 0.5062 -0.7841 0.4360 

ParkMORA 2.3683 0.5196 4.5580 0.0000 

ParkNOCA 1.7265 0.6087 2.8365 0.0062 

ParkSEKI 0.9654 0.4134 2.3354 0.0228 

ParkSTLEA 1.9234 0.7089 2.7131 0.0086 

ParkSTLEP 3.9268 0.6777 5.7945 0.0000 

Elevm 0.0016 0.0002 6.4561 0.0000 

Residual standard error: 0.7102 on 62 degrees of freedom 

Multiple R-Squared: 0.897 

F-statistic: 45.01 on 12 and 62 degrees of freedom, the p-value is 0 

Residual plot range between -1 and +1. Cases 23 (very low) and 19 and 73 high outliers. 

trans-Chlordane 

formula = transChlordane ~ Park + Elevm

Coefficients: 

Value Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|) 

(Intercept) -2.3755 1.3069 -1.8176 0.0750 

ParkCRLA 1.7337 0.8895 1.9490 0.0568 

ParkGLAC 3.9573 0.9647 4.1020 0.0001 

ParkKATMF 1.1313 1.2488 0.9060 0.3692 

ParkKATMH 2.7274 1.4353 1.9003 0.0631 

4A-36 
ParkLAVO 1.8793 0.9267 2.0280 0.0478 

ParkMORA 2.0931 0.9728 2.1516 0.0362 

ParkNOCA 1.3339 1.1355 1.1747 0.2456 

ParkSEKI 4.8500 0.7568 6.4087 0.0000 

ParkSTLEA 1.9919 1.3370 1.4898 0.1424 

ParkSTLEP 2.9709 1.2744 2.3312 0.0237 

Elevm 0.0018 0.0005 3.7280 0.0005 

Residual standard error: 1.299 on 51 degrees of freedom 

Multiple R-Squared: 0.7684 

F-statistic: 15.38 on 11 and 51 degrees of freedom, the p-value is 1.306e-012 

Residual plot range between -2 and +2. Cases 51 (low) and 61 and 9 high outliers. 

cis-Nonachlor 

formula = cisNonachlor ~ Park + Elevm

Coefficients: 

Value Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|) 

(Intercept) -1.3992 0.5406 -2.5884 0.0125 

ParkCRLA 0.7191 0.3679 1.9546 0.0561 

ParkGLAC 1.7262 0.3990 4.3263 0.0001 

ParkKATMF 0.8340 0.5165 1.6148 0.1125 

ParkKATMH 1.7377 0.5936 2.9271 0.0051 

ParkLAVO 0.5762 0.3833 1.5034 0.1389 

ParkMORA 0.8960 0.4024 2.2268 0.0304 

ParkNOCA 0.7204 0.4697 1.5339 0.1312 

ParkSEKI 1.8485 0.3130 5.9055 0.0000 

ParkSTLEA 1.2299 0.5530 2.2241 0.0306 

ParkSTLEP 2.0254 0.5271 3.8424 0.0003 

Elevm 0.0009 0.0002 4.8589 0.0000 

Residual standard error: 0.5373 on 51 degrees of freedom 

Multiple R-Squared: 0.7595 

F-statistic: 14.64 on 11 and 51 degrees of freedom, the p-value is 3.254e-012 

Residuals plot range between -1 and +1. Cases 11 (low) and 61 and 9 high outliers. 

trans-Nonachlor 

formula = transNonachlor ~ Park + Elevm

Coefficients: 

Value Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|) 

(Intercept) -2.5202 1.3352 -1.8875 0.0648 

ParkCRLA 1.8376 0.9088 2.0221 0.0484 

ParkGLAC 3.7946 0.9856 3.8502 0.0003 

ParkKATMF 1.3459 1.2757 1.0550 0.2964 

ParkKATMH 3.3647 1.4663 2.2947 0.0259 

ParkLAVO 1.7117 0.9467 1.8081 0.0765 

ParkMORA 1.8813 0.9938 1.8930 0.0640 

ParkNOCA 1.3925 1.1601 1.2004 0.2355 

ParkSEKI 4.1004 0.7731 5.3036 0.0000 

ParkSTLEA 2.2491 1.3659 1.6466 0.1058 

ParkSTLEP 3.5636 1.3020 2.7371 0.0085 

Elevm 0.0017 0.0005 3.5885 0.0007 

Residual standard error: 1.327 on 51 degrees of freedom 

Multiple R-Squared: 0.6971 

F-statistic: 10.67 on 11 and 51 degrees of freedom, the p-value is 8.093e-010 

Residuals plot range between -2 and +2. Cases 17, 61 and 9 high outliers. 

4A-37 
Sum of Chlordanes 

formula = sqrt(SumChlordane) ~ Park + Elevm

Coefficients: 

Value Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|) 

(Intercept) 0.1250 0.6599 0.1894 0.8505 

ParkCRLA 0.8772 0.4492 1.9530 0.0563 

ParkGLAC 1.5560 0.4871 3.1943 0.0024 

ParkKATMF 0.1564 0.6305 0.2480 0.8051 

ParkKATMH 1.5729 0.7247 2.1704 0.0347 

ParkLAVO 1.1679 0.4679 2.4959 0.0158 

ParkMORA 1.0416 0.4912 2.1206 0.0388 

ParkNOCA 0.1812 0.5734 0.3161 0.7532 

ParkSEKI 2.2368 0.3821 5.8537 0.0000 

ParkSTLEA 0.3788 0.6751 0.5612 0.5771 

ParkSTLEP 1.4204 0.6435 2.2074 0.0318 

Elevm 0.0009 0.0002 3.9338 0.0003 

Residual standard error: 0.6559 on 51 degrees of freedom 

Multiple R-Squared: 0.7878 

F-statistic: 17.22 on 11 and 51 degrees of freedom, the p-value is 1.558e-013 

Residuals plot range between -1 and +1. Cases 61 and 9 high outliers. 

Sum of DDTs 

formula = log(DDTSum) ~ Park + Elevm

Coefficients: 

Value Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|) 

(Intercept) 2.0223 0.5692 3.5531 0.0010 

ParkCRLA -0.4842 0.3569 -1.3567 0.1825 

ParkGLAC 2.5460 0.4011 6.3469 0.0000 

ParkLAVO 0.4262 0.3707 1.1497 0.2571 

ParkMORA -1.4277 0.4077 -3.5015 0.0012 

ParkNOCA -1.5304 0.4727 -3.2379 0.0024 

ParkSEKI 2.1791 0.3028 7.1970 0.0000 

Elevm 0.0004 0.0002 1.7519 0.0875 

Residual standard error: 0.5186 on 40 degrees of freedom 

Multiple R-Squared: 0.9321 

F-statistic: 78.46 on 7 and 40 degrees of freedom, the p-value is 0 

Residual plot range between -1 an +1. Cases 2 (low) and 18 and 33 high outliers. 

PCB 118 

formula = log(PCB118) ~ Park + Elevm 

Coefficients: 

Value Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|) 

(Intercept) -1.1580 0.6202 -1.8671 0.0694 

ParkCRLA 0.3751 0.4939 0.7594 0.4522 

ParkGLAC 1.2140 0.4376 2.7739 0.0085 

ParkKATMH 0.6093 0.6653 0.9159 0.3654 

ParkLAVO 0.3561 0.6363 0.5596 0.5789 

ParkMORA 0.8471 0.4454 1.9018 0.0646 

ParkNOCA 0.7244 0.5166 1.4024 0.1687 

ParkSEKI 0.1868 0.3318 0.5628 0.5768 

ParkSTLEA 0.1196 0.6301 0.1899 0.8504 

ParkSTLEP 1.3307 0.6724 1.9790 0.0549 

Elevm 0.0006 0.0002 2.5688 0.0141 

4A-38 
Residual standard error: 0.5684 on 39 degrees of freedom 

Multiple R-Squared: 0.3786 

F-statistic: 2.376 on 10 and 39 degrees of freedom, the p-value is 0.02623 

Residuals range between -1 and +1. Case 8 very low outlier. 

PCB 153 

formula = PCB153 ~ Park + Elevm

Coefficients: 

Value Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|) 

(Intercept) -0.1434 0.6019 -0.2383 0.8126 

ParkCRLA 0.2482 0.4096 0.6060 0.5472 

ParkGLAC 1.5311 0.4443 3.4464 0.0011 

ParkKATMF -0.0854 0.5751 -0.1485 0.8825 

ParkKATMH 0.7329 0.6610 1.1088 0.2727 

ParkLAVO -0.1258 0.4267 -0.2948 0.7693 

ParkMORA 1.0255 0.4480 2.2891 0.0262 

ParkNOCA 0.1088 0.5229 0.2081 0.8360 

ParkSEKI 0.1757 0.3485 0.5040 0.6164 

ParkSTLEA 0.2515 0.6157 0.4084 0.6847 

ParkSTLEP 1.0623 0.5869 1.8101 0.0762 

Elevm 0.0006 0.0002 2.9983 0.0042 

Residual standard error: 0.5982 on 51 degrees of freedom 

Multiple R-Squared: 0.5345 

F-statistic: 5.324 on 11 and 51 degrees of freedom, the p-value is 0.00001521 

Residual plot range between -1 and +1. Cases 11 (low) and 9 and 61 high outliers. 

PCB 183 

formula = PCB183 ~ Park + Elevm 

Coefficients: 

Value Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|) 

(Intercept) -0.0418 0.1495 -0.2798 0.7807 

ParkCRLA 0.0133 0.1064 0.1247 0.9012 

ParkGLAC 0.0769 0.1103 0.6974 0.4888 

ParkKATMF -0.0353 0.1427 -0.2476 0.8055 

ParkKATMH 0.2192 0.1641 1.3356 0.1877 

ParkLAVO -0.0787 0.1058 -0.7441 0.4603 

ParkMORA 0.1935 0.1112 1.7402 0.0880 

ParkNOCA 0.0463 0.1298 0.3566 0.7229 

ParkSEKI 0.1099 0.0864 1.2719 0.2093 

ParkSTLEA 0.0446 0.1529 0.2918 0.7717 

ParkSTLEP 0.1799 0.1457 1.2349 0.2226 

Elevm 0.0002 0.0001 2.9410 0.0049 

Residual standard error: 0.1483 on 50 degrees of freedom 

Multiple R-Squared: 0.4552 

F-statistic: 3.798 on 11 and 50 degrees of freedom, the p-value is 0.0005441 

Residual plot range between -.2 and +.2. Outliers 60, 47 and 48 high. 

Sum of PCBs 

formula = PCBSum ~ Park + Elevm

Coefficients: 

Value Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|) 

(Intercept) -1.3328 2.3896 -0.5577 0.5795 

ParkCRLA 0.7753 1.6264 0.4767 0.6356 

ParkGLAC 7.8398 1.7639 4.4446 0.0000 

4A-39 
ParkKATMF -0.4112 2.2832 -0.1801 0.8578 

ParkKATMH 3.6197 2.6243 1.3793 0.1738 

ParkLAVO -1.1251 1.6943 -0.6641 0.5096 

ParkMORA 4.2087 1.7787 2.3662 0.0218 

ParkNOCA 1.9161 2.0762 0.9229 0.3604 

ParkSEKI 1.1741 1.3837 0.8485 0.4001 

ParkSTLEA 1.4407 2.4446 0.5894 0.5582 

ParkSTLEP 4.1668 2.3301 1.7882 0.0797 

Elevm 0.0030 0.0009 3.5145 0.0009 

Residual standard error: 2.375 on 51 degrees of freedom 

Multiple R-Squared: 0.6174 

F-statistic: 7.481 on 11 and 51 degrees of freedom, the p-value is 1.879e-007 

Residual plot range between -4 and +4. Cases 38, 9 and 10 high outliers. 

FLO 

formula = log(FLO) ~ Park + Elevm

Coefficients: 

Value Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|) 

(Intercept) 2.3852 0.6061 3.9355 0.0003 

ParkCRLA 2.1241 0.5901 3.5996 0.0008 

ParkDENA -1.3529 0.5818 -2.3254 0.0248 

ParkGLAC 4.8701 0.4977 9.7859 0.0000 

ParkKATMF -0.6778 0.6617 -1.0242 0.3115 

ParkKATMH 0.9093 0.6266 1.4512 0.1540 

ParkLAVO 1.1731 0.4635 2.5307 0.0151 

ParkMORA 1.4319 0.5047 2.8370 0.0069 

ParkNOCA 0.8034 0.5392 1.4899 0.1435 

ParkSEKI 2.3795 0.4319 5.5098 0.0000 

ParkSTLEA -0.4440 0.6011 -0.7387 0.4641 

ParkSTLEP 2.1383 0.5821 3.6736 0.0007 

Elevm -0.0007 0.0002 -4.1979 0.0001 

Residual standard error: 0.4004 on 43 degrees of freedom 

Multiple R-Squared: 0.9479 

F-statistic: 65.24 on 12 and 43 degrees of freedom, the p-value is 0 

Residual plot range between -.5 and +1. Cases 16 (low) and 18 and 33 high outliers. 

PHE 

formula = log(PHE) ~ Park + Elevm

Coefficients: 

Value Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|) 

(Intercept) 6.5184 0.3276 19.8970 0.0000 

ParkDENA -3.5566 0.3037 -11.7123 0.0000 

ParkGLAC 4.6367 0.2378 19.4966 0.0000 

ParkKATMF -3.0210 0.3624 -8.3357 0.0000 

ParkKATMH -0.9352 0.3694 -2.5319 0.0146 

ParkLAVO -1.0698 0.2674 -4.0000 0.0002 

ParkMORA -0.6393 0.2347 -2.7238 0.0089 

ParkNOCA -1.2356 0.2852 -4.3325 0.0001 

ParkSEKI 0.2895 0.1961 1.4764 0.1462 

ParkSTLEA -3.0623 0.3402 -9.0024 0.0000 

ParkSTLEP 0.6759 0.3226 2.0951 0.0413 

Elevm -0.0006 0.0001 -4.2772 0.0001 

Residual standard error: 0.3659 on 49 degrees of freedom 

Multiple R-Squared: 0.9754 

4A-40 
F-statistic: 176.4 on 11 and 49 degrees of freedom, the p-value is 0 

Residual plot range between -.5 and +.5. Cases 25 and 3 low and 8 high outliers. 

Retene 

formula = log(Retene + 1e-006) ~ Park + Elevm

Coefficients: 

Value Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|) 

(Intercept) 4.3334 2.9265 1.4807 0.1442 

ParkCRLA 4.7735 2.0253 2.3570 0.0219 

ParkDENA -3.5747 2.5152 -1.4212 0.1607 

ParkGLAC 6.8797 2.1943 3.1352 0.0027 

ParkKATMF 0.9801 2.8216 0.3474 0.7296 

ParkKATMH 0.1757 3.2315 0.0544 0.9568 

ParkLAVO 3.9156 2.1109 1.8549 0.0688 

ParkMORA 2.4660 2.1962 1.1229 0.2662 

ParkNOCA 1.5408 2.5672 0.6002 0.5508 

ParkSEKI 4.9443 1.7239 2.8681 0.0058 

ParkSTLEA -0.7905 3.0098 -0.2626 0.7938 

ParkSTLEP 1.4773 2.8721 0.5144 0.6090 

Elevm -0.0015 0.0010 -1.4802 0.1443 

Residual standard error: 2.96 on 57 degrees of freedom 

Multiple R-Squared: 0.4881 

F-statistic: 4.529 on 12 and 57 degrees of freedom, the p-value is 0.00004422 

Residual plot better, but messy, range -5 and +5. Many very low outliers, especially low cases 4 and 14. 

CHR/TRI 

formula = log(CHR.TRI) ~ Park + Elevm,

Coefficients: 

Value Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|) 

(Intercept) 3.7637 0.6259 6.0133 0.0000 

ParkCRLA 1.3432 0.4425 3.0351 0.0035 

ParkDENA -2.7154 0.5061 -5.3647 0.0000 

ParkGLAC 5.5466 0.4760 11.6536 0.0000 

ParkKATMF -1.2986 0.6107 -2.1264 0.0375 

ParkKATMH -1.7043 0.6961 -2.4483 0.0172 

ParkLAVO -0.6584 0.4616 -1.4265 0.1588 

ParkMORA 0.7754 0.4748 1.6331 0.1076 

ParkNOCA 0.1692 0.5560 0.3043 0.7619 

ParkSEKI 0.8921 0.3769 2.3667 0.0211 

ParkSTLEA -1.6393 0.6483 -2.5289 0.0140 

ParkSTLEP -0.3516 0.6195 -0.5676 0.5724 

Elevm -0.0005 0.0002 -2.3518 0.0219 

Residual standard error: 0.6476 on 61 degrees of freedom 

Multiple R-Squared: 0.9271 

F-statistic: 64.65 on 12 and 61 degrees of freedom, the p-value is 0 

Residual plot range between -1 and +1. Cases 7 (low) and 8 and 19 high outliers. 

B(a)A 

formula = log(BaA) ~ Park + Elevm

Coefficients: 

Value Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|) 

(Intercept) 4.3467 0.8383 5.1850 0.0000 

ParkCRLA -0.1428 0.5875 -0.2431 0.8088 

ParkDENA -4.5253 0.6755 -6.6989 0.0000 

4A-41 
ParkGLAC 4.7703 0.6338 7.5271 0.0000 

ParkLAVO -1.1255 0.6126 -1.8373 0.0714 

ParkMORA -1.2420 0.6331 -1.9618 0.0547 

ParkNOCA -3.2363 0.7408 -4.3688 0.0001 

ParkSEKI 0.6786 0.5002 1.3565 0.1803 

ParkSTLEA -3.0583 0.8657 -3.5327 0.0008 

ParkSTLEP -2.1140 0.8268 -2.5568 0.0133 

Elevm -0.0014 0.0003 -4.6703 0.0000 

Residual standard error: 0.8593 on 57 degrees of freedom 

Multiple R-Squared: 0.8998 

F-statistic: 51.21 on 10 and 57 degrees of freedom, the p-value is 0 

Residual plot better, range between -1 and +1. Cases 57 (low) and 58 and 19 high outliers. 

SUM OF PAHs 

formula = log(PAHSum) ~ Park + Elevm 

Coefficients: 

Value Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|) 

(Intercept) 7.0345 0.6864 10.2479 0.0000 

ParkCRLA 1.5044 0.4853 3.0996 0.0029 

ParkDENA -4.1538 0.5551 -7.4830 0.0000 

ParkGLAC 5.8868 0.5220 11.2776 0.0000 

ParkKATMF -1.7076 0.6697 -2.5496 0.0133 

ParkKATMH -0.8984 0.7634 -1.1768 0.2439 

ParkLAVO 0.3340 0.5062 0.6597 0.5119 

ParkMORA 0.5403 0.5207 1.0377 0.3035 

ParkNOCA -0.2387 0.6098 -0.3915 0.6968 

ParkSEKI 1.5335 0.4134 3.7094 0.0005 

ParkSTLEA -2.0292 0.7109 -2.8542 0.0059 

ParkSTLEP 0.8172 0.6794 1.2029 0.2337 

Elevm -0.0009 0.0002 -3.5744 0.0007 

Residual standard error: 0.7102 on 61 degrees of freedom 

Multiple R-Squared: 0.9374 

F-statistic: 76.11 on 12 and 61 degrees of freedom, the p-value is 0 

Residual plot range between -1 and +1. Case 19 is high outlier. Several other outliers. Cases 17 and 

others low. 

4A-42 
Appendix 4A.12. Summary Statistics of Element Concentrations (ppm) in Lichen Samples from the 

Core WACAP Parks. 

GAAR NOAT DENA OLYM MORA SEKI GLAC ROMO 

Flcu Mari Flcu Mari Flcu Mari Alsa Plgl Alsa Levu Alsa Levu Plgl Xant 

N 3 2 2 4 6 6 6 2 6 3 3 3 3 3 

Al Mean 675.5 90.5 133.0 48.2 237.9 47.0 34.0 422.5 60.3 283.3 99.7 383.3 897.6 3066.7 

s.d. 131.5 5.0 1.9 13.5 29.5 9.0 8.9 116.7 16.3 55.1 12.4 79.3 184.8 957.1 

s.e. 75.9 3.5 1.3 6.7 12.0 3.7 3.6 82.5 6.6 31.8 7.2 45.8 106.7 552.6 

As Mean 0.66 0.19 0.20 0.07 0.39 0.16 0.06 0.31 0.10 0.30 0.18 0.58 0.60 

s.d. 0.06 0.02 0.05 0.03 0.09 0.04 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.04 0.09 0.03 

s.e. 0.03 0.01 0.04 0.01 0.04 0.02 0.01 0.02 0.02 0.03 0.02 0.05 0.02 

Ba Mean 9.49 3.31 70.00 41.02 9.59 3.38 9.94 56.17 1.66 5.72 17.49 11.22 71.38 31.24 

s.d. 1.98 0.05 3.34 26.72 1.57 1.08 2.43 16.34 0.59 0.84 3.51 1.94 4.64 12.64 

s.e. 1.14 0.03 2.36 13.36 0.64 0.44 0.99 11.56 0.24 0.49 2.02 1.12 2.68 7.30 

Bi Mean 0.023 0.023 0.056 0.026 0.017 0.013 0.007 0.028 0.016 0.017 0.021 0.051 0.071 

s.d. 0.003 0.008 0.003 0.025 0.010 0.006 0.001 0.006 0.009 0.002 0.007 0.007 0.018 

s.e. 0.002 0.006 0.002 0.013 0.004 0.002 0.000 0.004 0.004 0.001 0.004 0.004 0.010 

Ca Mean 21956 18090 4139 2517 1341 1252 3000 2514 4234 1564 1754 2729 2913 17062 

s.d. 1506 857 158 1410 42 378 1358 414 1128 235 251 737 92 4870 

s.e. 870 606 112 705 17 154 554 293 460 136 145 425 53 2812 

Cd Mean 0.220 0.202 0.194 0.136 0.101 0.064 0.077 0.084 0.068 0.072 0.100 0.337 0.379 0.663 

s.d. 0.050 0.003 0.021 0.053 0.027 0.013 0.034 0.036 0.020 0.006 0.012 0.077 0.043 0.137 

s.e. 0.029 0.002 0.015 0.026 0.011 0.005 0.014 0.026 0.008 0.003 0.007 0.044 0.025 0.079 

Ce Mean 2.38 0.44 0.18 0.12 0.39 0.13 0.08 0.36 0.20 0.55 0.24 1.44 1.78 

s.d. 0.25 0.05 0.01 0.05 0.04 0.05 0.02 0.00 0.03 0.12 0.04 0.22 0.11 

s.e. 0.15 0.03 0.01 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.01 0.00 0.01 0.07 0.02 0.13 0.06 

Co Mean 0.47 0.12 0.16 0.11 0.28 0.12 0.11 0.25 0.07 0.15 0.10 0.27 0.36 0.24 

s.d. 0.08 0.02 0.01 0.03 0.06 0.02 0.06 0.08 0.03 0.03 0.00 0.03 0.03 0.00 

s.e. 0.05 0.01 0.01 0.02 0.02 0.01 0.02 0.06 0.01 0.02 0.00 0.02 0.02 0.00 

Cu Mean 2.51 1.04 1.70 0.75 1.55 0.80 0.72 2.50 1.06 2.93 1.22 1.97 3.40 10.43 

s.d. 0.27 0.01 0.06 0.09 0.12 0.08 0.14 0.08 0.30 0.31 0.03 0.35 0.26 4.51 

s.e. 0.15 0.01 0.04 0.05 0.05 0.03 0.06 0.06 0.12 0.18 0.01 0.20 0.15 2.60 

Dy Mean 0.118 0.041 0.021 0.013 0.027 0.017 0.008 0.023 0.015 0.031 0.019 0.115 0.106 

s.d. 0.034 0.000 0.002 0.005 0.004 0.007 0.002 0.004 0.003 0.007 0.005 0.019 0.008 

s.e. 0.019 0.000 0.001 0.003 0.002 0.003 0.001 0.003 0.001 0.004 0.003 0.011 0.005 

Er Mean 0.049 0.019 0.011 0.005 0.015 0.008 0.003 0.011 0.009 0.016 0.012 0.064 0.056 

s.d. 0.013 0.001 0.001 0.002 0.002 0.004 0.002 0.000 0.003 0.004 0.004 0.011 0.003 

s.e. 0.008 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.002 0.001 0.000 0.001 0.002 0.002 0.006 0.002 

Eu Mean 0.045 0.010 0.005 0.004 0.009 0.004 0.002 0.007 0.004 0.008 0.005 0.028 0.029 

s.d. 0.007 0.001 0.003 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.003 0.001 0.004 0.002 

s.e. 0.004 0.001 0.002 0.001 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.002 0.001 0.002 0.001 

Fe Mean 1656.7 245.8 272.0 98.9 405.4 101.2 50.7 525.0 64.7 363.3 132.3 562.7 1325.6 2905.8 

s.d. 119.3 3.2 2.7 19.1 92.1 24.6 15.8 91.9 19.0 51.3 9.2 106.3 172.1 891.1 

s.e. 68.9 2.3 1.9 9.5 37.6 10.0 6.5 65.0 7.8 29.6 5.3 61.4 99.4 514.5 

Ga Mean 0.211 0.033 0.054 0.015 0.080 0.018 0.014 0.128 0.022 0.087 0.043 0.137 0.370 

s.d. 0.032 0.002 0.002 0.003 0.012 0.004 0.003 0.028 0.007 0.013 0.001 0.024 0.057 

s.e. 0.019 0.001 0.002 0.001 0.005 0.002 0.001 0.020 0.003 0.008 0.001 0.014 0.033 

4A-43 
Gd Mean 0.192 0.051 0.027 0.019 0.039 0.020 0.008 0.028 0.022 0.041 0.026 0.143 0.143 

s.d. 0.038 0.003 0.001 0.007 0.010 0.008 0.004 0.005 0.005 0.009 0.002 0.029 0.009 

s.e. 0.022 0.002 0.001 0.004 0.004 0.003 0.002 0.003 0.002 0.005 0.001 0.017 0.005 

Hg Mean 0.017 0.023 0.022 0.026 0.012 0.021 0.232 0.268 0.154 0.301 0.136 0.388 0.266 

s.d. 0.002 0.003 0.003 0.003 0.002 0.006 0.036 0.025 0.023 0.017 0.017 0.067 0.020 

s.e. 0.001 0.002 0.002 0.002 0.001 0.003 0.015 0.018 0.009 0.010 0.010 0.039 0.012 

Ho Mean 0.020 0.007 0.004 0.003 0.005 0.003 0.002 0.005 0.004 0.006 0.003 0.022 0.021 

s.d. 0.005 0.001 0.000 0.001 0.001 0.002 0.000 0.000 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.005 0.003 

s.e. 0.003 0.000 0.000 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.001 0.001 0.003 0.002 

K Mean 1840 1418 2611 1476 2603 1462 1583 1494 1821 2319 1917 2246 2047 2963 

s.d. 159 33 264 88 270 234 183 114 130 64 166 190 27 195 

s.e. 92 23 187 44 110 95 75 80 53 37 96 110 16 113 

La Mean 1.133 0.212 0.084 0.054 0.182 0.057 0.036 0.178 0.089 0.285 0.113 0.684 0.864 

s.d. 0.139 0.013 0.000 0.022 0.024 0.022 0.009 0.000 0.014 0.053 0.016 0.113 0.070 

s.e. 0.080 0.009 0.000 0.011 0.010 0.009 0.004 0.000 0.006 0.031 0.009 0.065 0.041 

Li Mean 0.837 0.096 0.135 0.022 0.224 0.038 0.028 0.204 0.027 0.238 0.125 0.311 0.557 2.067 

s.d. 0.135 0.069 0.002 0.000 0.051 0.026 0.012 0.051 0.018 0.072 0.050 0.031 0.155 0.505 

s.e. 0.078 0.049 0.001 0.000 0.021 0.010 0.005 0.036 0.007 0.042 0.029 0.018 0.089 0.292 

Lu Mean 0.007 0.003 0.001 0.001 0.002 0.001 0.000 0.001 0.001 0.002 0.001 0.008 0.007 

s.d. 0.002 0.001 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.002 0.001 

s.e. 0.001 0.001 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.001 0.001 

Mg Mean 793.2 192.6 686.2 186.9 383.5 116.7 346.6 386.0 261.4 453.9 325.3 600.2 639.4 932.0 

s.d. 10.9 7.1 21.0 27.0 57.7 25.5 42.8 29.5 16.2 33.8 9.6 51.7 37.8 171.0 

s.e. 6.3 5.0 14.8 13.5 23.6 10.4 17.5 20.9 6.6 19.5 5.6 29.8 21.8 98.7 

Mn Mean 58.0 21.3 385.3 97.2 208.8 31.1 100.1 164.0 153.7 97.3 160.6 262.2 126.3 77.0 

s.d. 4.2 0.2 30.9 28.9 52.8 13.7 48.0 118.2 67.9 2.4 23.7 113.4 5.1 42.2 

s.e. 2.4 0.2 21.8 14.4 21.5 5.6 19.6 83.6 27.7 1.4 13.7 65.5 2.9 24.3 

Mo Mean 626.94 0.61 0.51 0.34 0.29 0.30 0.86 166.33 0.58 0.35 0.42 1.82 

s.d. 58.67 0.22 . 0.08 . 0.11 . 190.53 0.39 . . 0.31 

s.e. 33.87 0.16 . 0.06 . 0.08 . 77.78 0.28 . . 0.18 

Na Mean 1.2 94.3 718.3 226.6 144.7 150.3 137.0 104.6 0.1 67.2 137.1 95.5 105.6 92.1 

s.d. 0.1 4.9 23.8 192.5 38.8 162.0 35.8 56.2 0.0 54.2 173.2 33.7 35.1 11.8 

s.e. 0.1 3.5 16.9 96.2 15.8 66.1 14.6 39.7 0.0 31.3 100.0 19.5 20.2 6.8 

Nd Mean 1.274 0.230 0.107 0.073 0.197 0.083 0.042 0.187 0.323 0.230 0.125 0.746 0.873 

s.d. 0.229 0.029 0.001 0.027 0.015 0.033 0.013 0.004 0.262 0.047 0.024 0.124 0.060 

s.e. 0.132 0.020 0.001 0.013 0.006 0.013 0.005 0.003 0.107 0.027 0.014 0.071 0.035 

Ni Mean 544.378 0.225 0.802 0.413 0.717 0.325 0.446 2.124 674.208 0.916 0.810 0.594 2.128 4.330 

s.d. 45.214 0.033 0.300 0.063 0.198 0.228 0.114 0.810 117.317 0.229 0.393 0.102 0.077 0.410 

s.e. 26.104 0.023 0.212 0.032 0.081 0.093 0.047 0.573 47.894 0.132 0.227 0.059 0.054 0.237 

P Mean 1 330 763 491 538 327 433 740 1 738 648 583 705 1112 

s.d. 0 23 16 116 143 113 98 142 0 73 96 110 56 165 

s.e. 0 16 11 58 59 46 40 101 0 42 55 63 32 95 

Pb Mean 0.30 0.86 0.25 0.42 0.53 0.48 1.09 4.22 0.03 1.39 0.96 3.90 6.59 21.16 

s.d. 0.03 0.02 0.02 0.13 0.04 0.17 0.23 0.44 0.01 0.18 0.23 . . 1.65 

s.e. 0.02 0.01 0.01 0.07 0.01 0.07 0.09 0.31 0.00 0.10 0.13 . . 0.95 

Pr Mean 3.924 0.055 0.024 0.016 0.049 0.018 0.010 0.046 3.623 0.062 0.030 0.182 0.223 

s.d. 0.325 0.004 0.001 0.006 0.006 0.007 0.002 0.000 0.875 0.015 0.005 0.029 0.016 

s.e. 0.188 0.003 0.001 0.003 0.002 0.003 0.001 0.000 0.357 0.009 0.003 0.017 0.009 

4A-44 
4A-45 

Rb Mean 330.93 2.46 3.38 2.42 8.05 4.72 1.70 2.50 409.43 8.10 1.51 1.80 3.11 

s.d. 39.88 0.05 0.24 0.26 1.44 1.52 0.79 0.45 88.62 0.20 0.28 0.03 0.29 

s.e. 23.03 0.03 0.17 0.13 0.59 0.62 0.32 0.32 36.18 0.11 0.16 0.02 0.16 

S Mean 0 227 296 244 244 240 353 585 0 1017 568 1073 985 1227 

s.d. 0 47 6 29 32 60 75 83 0 64 22 107 46 154 

s.e. 0 33 4 15 13 25 31 59 0 37 13 62 27 89 

Sb Mean 0.237 0.032 0.101 0.016 0.070 0.021 0.012 0.017 0.023 0.016 0.052 0.124 0.140 

s.d. 0.027 0.005 0.008 0.008 0.016 0.010 0.008 0.005 0.007 0.006 0.005 0.008 0.014 

s.e. 0.016 0.004 0.006 0.004 0.007 0.004 0.003 0.003 0.003 0.004 0.003 0.005 0.008 

Sm Mean 15.941 0.052 0.023 0.016 0.040 0.018 0.010 0.037 5.753 0.044 0.025 0.144 0.165 

s.d. 1.211 0.010 0.007 0.005 0.002 0.007 0.004 0.002 1.728 0.009 0.002 0.023 0.005 

s.e. 0.699 0.007 0.005 0.003 0.001 0.003 0.002 0.001 0.705 0.005 0.001 0.013 0.003 

Sr Mean 0.03 8.68 6.46 2.60 3.17 1.59 12.18 15.81 0.00 6.14 5.92 3.88 19.55 21.75 

s.d. 0.00 0.77 0.06 0.85 0.23 0.22 2.53 6.73 0.00 0.92 0.96 0.58 0.08 4.11 

s.e. 0.00 0.55 0.04 0.42 0.10 0.09 1.03 4.76 0.00 0.53 0.55 0.34 0.05 2.37 

Tb Mean 0.414 0.007 0.004 0.002 0.005 0.003 0.001 0.005 0.021 0.005 0.003 0.019 0.021 

s.d. 0.004 0.000 0.001 0.001 0.000 0.001 0.000 0.001 0.022 0.001 0.000 0.002 0.001 

s.e. 0.002 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.009 0.001 0.000 0.001 0.001 

Th Mean 0.007 0.030 0.031 0.023 0.041 0.028 0.007 0.061 0.001 0.115 0.024 0.205 0.384 

s.d. 0.000 0.008 0.013 0.026 0.018 0.029 0.000 0.016 0.000 0.022 0.012 0.115 0.149 

s.e. 0.000 0.006 0.009 0.013 0.007 0.012 0.000 0.012 0.000 0.013 0.007 0.066 0.086 

Tm Mean 0.064 0.003 0.001 0.001 0.002 0.001 0.000 0.002 0.001 0.002 0.002 0.009 0.008 

s.d. 0.010 0.000 0.001 0.000 0.000 0.001 0.000 0.000 0.001 0.000 0.000 0.002 0.001 

s.e. 0.006 0.000 0.001 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.001 0.001 

U Mean 1.341 0.041 0.007 0.006 0.024 0.011 0.003 0.021 0.108 0.059 0.011 0.022 0.059 

s.d. 0.191 0.008 0.002 0.004 0.009 0.004 0.005 0.006 0.103 0.004 0.009 0.003 0.005 

s.e. 0.110 0.006 0.002 0.002 0.004 0.002 0.002 0.004 0.042 0.002 0.005 0.002 0.003 

V Mean 0.01 0.34 0.48 0.12 0.50 0.14 0.10 0.97 0.01 0.50 0.22 0.89 1.94 5.30 

s.d. . 0.16 0.02 0.03 0.07 0.02 0.05 0.14 0.00 0.11 0.06 0.20 0.04 1.76 

s.e. . 0.11 0.01 0.01 0.03 0.01 0.02 0.10 0.00 0.07 0.03 0.12 0.03 1.02 

W Mean 0.017 0.016 0.022 0.018 0.020 0.026 

s.d. 0.006 0.005 0.004 0.004 0.002 0.009 

s.e. 0.004 0.003 0.002 0.003 0.001 0.005 

Y Mean 0.52 0.23 0.13 0.09 0.16 0.09 0.05 0.12 0.10 0.16 0.11 0.65 0.55 

s.d. 0.10 0.00 0.00 0.03 0.02 0.04 0.01 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.02 0.13 0.02 

s.e. 0.06 0.00 0.00 0.02 0.01 0.02 0.00 0.01 0.01 0.02 0.01 0.07 0.01 

Yb Mean 0.042 0.021 0.008 0.006 0.012 0.009 0.004 0.011 0.007 0.015 0.010 0.054 0.052 

s.d. 0.010 0.000 0.001 0.002 0.002 0.003 0.001 0.001 0.002 0.003 0.002 0.011 0.004 

s.e. 0.005 0.000 0.000 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.000 0.001 0.002 0.001 0.006 0.002 

Zn Mean 27.4 20.7 0.5 25.0 23.3 13.8 17.3 23.7 22.7 27.0 20.0 38.7 24.9 54.9 

s.d. 2.4 0.8 0.3 2.2 1.4 1.3 0.8 0.8 4.3 4.4 0.6 2.3 1.5 2.8 

s.e. 1.4 0.6 0.2 1.1 0.6 0.5 0.3 0.6 1.8 2.5 0.3 1.3 0.9 1.6 

Zr Mean 0.86 0.28 0.35 0.30 0.29 0.30 0.65 0.35 0.46 0.26 0.82 1.77 

s.d. 0.06 0.06 0.25 0.06 0.20 0.16 0.42 0.09 0.21 0.03 0.24 0.34 

s.e. 0.03 0.04 0.13 0.02 0.08 0.06 0.30 0.04 0.12 0.02 0.14 0.20 

Notes: Flcu= Flavocetraria cucullata, Mari = Masonhalea richardsonii, Alsa = Alectoria sarmentosa, Plgl = Platismatia glauca, Levu 

= Letharia vulpina, Xant = Xanthoparmelia sp. 

s.d.= standard deviation; s.e. = mean standard error; N = number of samples. Laboratory replicates were averaged before 

calculating means, field replicates were treated as independent measurements.
Appendix 4A.13. Summary Statistics for Nitrogen Concentrations (ppm) in Lichens from the 20 WACAP Parks. 

Alaska Pacific Northwest California N Rockies S Rockies 

GAAR NOAT DENA KATM WRST GLBA STLE NOCA OLYM MORA CRLA LAVO YOSE SEKI GLAC GRTE ROMO GRSA BAND BIBE 

Alsa Ave 3890 3183 4223 4094 5141 8197 

s.d. 640 763 505 909 451 s.e. 320 382 191 262 260 N 1 4 4 7 12 3 

Bryo Ave 7778 

s.d. 299 s.e. 172 N 3 

 Clar Ave 5360 3380 

s.d. s.e. N 1 1 

Flcu Ave 4800 5318 4074 4335 4370 

s.d. 144 364 370 303 . s.e. 83 258 117 175 . N 3 2 10 3 1 

Hyph Ave 7347 7133 9265 10300 

s.d. 2288 1895 3162 s.e. 1321 1094 1826 N 3 3 1 3 

Levu Mea

n 

5759 7508 10800 17555 10498 8768 

s.d. 1111 1877 580 3531 1706 s.e. 497 840 410 1117 853 N 5 5 2 10 4 -1 

 Loor Ave 18860 22050 

s.d. 501 s.e. 289 N 1 3 

Mari Ave 4150 3618 3985 5200 5115 9883 

4A-46 
s.d. 141 536 853 559 698 

s.e. 100 169 246 395 493 N 2 10 12 1 2 0 

Plgl Ave 2920 7860 5498 10557 

s.d. 793 1557 s.e. 397 519 N 1 1 2 9 

Spgl Ave 5425 

s.d. 403 s.e. 285 N 2 

Tham Ave 2920 

s.d. s.e. N 1 

Usne Ave 16093 14755 

s.d. 735 1138 s.e. 367 805 N 4 2 

Xant Ave 13460 15667 11120 15280 

s.d. 2050 4851 3748 s.e. 1184 3430 2650 N 1 3 2 2 

Notes: Alsa= Alectoria sarmentosa, Bryo = Bryoria spp., Clar = Cladina arbuscula, Flcu= Flavocetraria cucullata, Hypphy = Hypogymnia physodes, Levu = 

Letharia vulpina, Loor = Lobaria oregana, Mari = Masonhalea richardsonii, Plgl = Platismatia glauca, Spgl = Sphaerophorus globosus, Tham = Thamnolia sp., 

Usne = Usnea spp., Xant = Xanthoparmelia spp.; s.d.= standard deviation; s.e. = mean standard error; N = number of samples. Laboratory replicates were 

averaged before calculating means, field replicates were treated as independent measurements. 

4A-47 
Appendix 4A.14. Distribution of Cadmium, Mercury, Nitrogen, Lead, and Sulfur Concentrations in Lichen Genera in National Parks and 

Forests of the United States, 1977-2005. Ninety percent quantiles (yellow highlight) were used as thresholds for background ranges to assess enhancement in WACAP lichen samples. Data were obtained from the NPS national database NPElement (Bennett, 2007), the NPS Arctic Parks 

database courtesy of P. Neitlich (all Masonhalea and some Flavocetraria data), and the USFS National Lichens and Air Quality database (US 

Forest Service 2007). For a list of public lands from which distributions were calculated, see Appendix 3.15.

Cd ppm Quantiles Alectoria Bryoria Cladina Flavocetraria Hypogymnia Letharia Lobaria Masonhalea Platismatia Sphaerophorus Usnea Xanthoparmelia

100.00% 9.95 3.45 17.80 0.48 3.76 5.13 9.81 0.52 17.30 0.32 3.43 3.40 

99.50% 1.07 3.35 17.80 0.48 1.55 4.06 8.75 0.52 1.65 0.32 3.43 3.40 

97.50% 0.50 0.50 1.54 0.46 0.90 2.01 0.87 0.52 0.64 0.22 3.24 3.14 

90.00% 0.24 0.30 0.47 0.24 0.40 0.34 0.20 0.28 0.40 0.18 3.04 0.79 

75.00% 0.18 0.20 0.30 0.21 0.30 0.22 0.12 0.24 0.27 0.12 0.32 0.60 

50.00% 0.12 0.15 0.15 0.14 0.22 0.16 0.10 0.17 0.19 0.12 0.18 0.50 

25.00% 0.10 0.12 0.12 0.10 0.18 0.12 0.10 0.06 0.14 0.10 0.10 0.40 

10.00% 0.02 0.10 0.10 0.07 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.05 0.12 0.10 0.06 0.31 

2.50% 0.01 0.10 0.06 0.06 0.04 0.00 0.07 0.05 0.10 0.10 0.03 0.20 

0.50% 0.00 0.01 0.06 0.06 0.00 0.00 0.01 0.05 0.00 0.08 0.01 0.10 

0.00% 0.00 0.00 0.06 0.06 0.00 0.00 0.01 0.05 0.00 0.08 0.01 0.10 

Mean 0.15 0.20 0.41 0.16 0.27 0.28 0.21 0.17 0.25 0.12 0.72 0.64 

Std Dev 0.33 0.29 1.69 0.08 0.25 0.54 0.72 0.11 0.54 0.04 1.15 0.60 

Std Err 0.01 0.02 0.16 0.01 0.01 0.02 0.05 0.02 0.02 0.00 0.08 0.05 

Upper 95% 0.17 0.24 0.73 0.18 0.29 0.32 0.30 0.22 0.28 0.13 0.87 0.75 Lower 95% 0.14 0.17 0.09 0.14 0.26 0.24 0.12 0.12 0.22 0.12 0.57 0.53 N 1491 262 111 48 1079 819 251 22 1192 110 230 122 

Hg ppm 

Quantiles Alectoria Bryoria Cladina Flavocetraria Hypogymnia Letharia Lobaria Masonhalea Platismatia Sphaerophorus Usnea Xanthoparmelia

100.00% 0.518 0.290 0.070 0.090 0.330 7.195 0.120 0.033 0.287 0.960 0.470 

99.50% 0.518 0.290 0.070 0.090 0.330 7.195 0.120 0.033 0.287 0.960 0.470 

97.50% 0.518 0.290 0.070 0.090 0.330 4.675 0.120 0.033 0.287 0.810 0.470 

4A-48 
90.00% 0.399 0.208 0.070 0.048 0.264 0.717 0.120 0.032 0.287 0.630 0.405 

75.00% 0.270 0.170 0.063 0.033 0.200 0.418 0.105 0.026 0.287 0.403 0.285 

50.00% 0.185 0.160 0.050 0.025 0.090 0.170 0.045 0.022 0.263 0.210 0.255 

25.00% 0.137 0.120 0.040 0.018 0.060 0.070 0.013 0.018 0.249 0.050 0.173 

10.00% 0.010 0.078 0.040 0.013 0.040 0.026 0.010 0.015 0.247 0.030 0.030 

2.50% 0.010 0.060 0.040 0.010 0.030 0.010 0.010 0.014 0.247 0.020 0.030 

0.50% 0.010 0.060 0.040 0.010 0.030 0.010 0.010 0.014 0.247 0.010 0.030 

0.00% 0.010 0.060 0.040 0.010 0.030 0.010 0.010 0.014 0.247 0.010 0.030 

Mean 0.204 0.149 0.052 0.029 0.128 0.379 0.056 0.023 0.267 0.254 0.230 

Std Dev 0.118 0.050 0.012 0.017 0.086 0.964 0.045 0.005 0.019 0.237 0.121 

Std Err 0.023 0.010 0.005 0.003 0.014 0.130 0.016 0.002 0.009 0.021 0.032 

Upper 95% 0.250 0.170 0.064 0.034 0.156 0.640 0.094 0.026 0.290 0.296 0.300 

Lower 95% 0.157 0.127 0.039 0.023 0.099 0.119 0.019 0.019 0.243 0.212 0.160 

N 27 23 6 40 37 55 8 12 5 126 14 

N ppm 

Quantiles Alectoria Bryoria Cladina Flavocetraria Hypogymnia Letharia Lobaria Masonhalea Platismatia Sphaerophorus Usnea Xanthoparmelia

100.00% 10300 20000 5360 5630 25500 26100 27800 5430 17300 8800 16300 24400 

99.50% 8371 19953 5360 5630 20214 23777 27800 5430 15200 8800 16300 24400 

97.50% 7042 18300 5360 5609 15690 16220 25970 5430 12355 6974 15202 18980 

90.00% 5300 14700 5360 5355 10300 10940 24100 4964 7768 5027 13240 17520 

75.00% 4353 12200 5360 4943 7500 8800 22500 4200 5690 4400 10200 15500 

50.00% 3600 9650 4370 4560 5800 6830 21100 3640 4500 3800 5960 13460 

25.00% 3100 7095 3380 4263 4900 5430 19050 3120 3700 3225 4000 11500 

10.00% 2603 5667 3380 3710 4180 4640 16660 2632 3176 2672 3418 10280 

2.50% 2100 3829 3380 1244 3368 3818 14930 2440 2657 2265 2567 8592 

0.50% 1500 1605 3380 1180 2112 3115 13500 2440 2000 1870 1200 0 

0.00% 1400 1480 3380 1180 1700 2020 13500 2440 910 1870 1200 0 

Mean 3825 9875 4370 4489 6684 7539 20756 3678 5116 3913 7308 13625 

Std Dev 1182 3543 1400 820 2971 3228 2799 765 2271 1067 3817 3126 

4A-49 
Std Err 39 226 990 112 101 122 218 129 66 93 285 242 

Upper 95% 3901 10320 16949 4713 6883 7779 21187 3941 5245 4097 7869 14103 

Lower 95% 3749 9430 -8209 4265 6485 7298 20326 3415 4987 3729 6747 13147 

N 942 246 2 54 861 695 165 35 1195 132 180 167 

Ni ppm 

Quantiles Alectoria Bryoria Cladina Flavocetraria Hypogymnia Letharia Lobaria Masonhalea Platismatia Sphaerophorus Usnea Xanthoparmelia

100.00% 93.96 39.07 6.00 10.50 186.82 5153.00 19.00 5.38 94.00 48.24 15.00 549.00 

99.50% 17.61 36.07 6.00 10.50 94.92 58.70 15.41 5.38 39.23 48.24 12.55 549.00 

97.50% 13.42 9.91 4.00 9.00 52.85 26.70 4.00 5.38 18.61 38.60 7.00 148.00 

90.00% 9.00 4.00 3.00 3.37 19.00 9.20 2.88 4.06 8.00 26.40 5.00 80.45 

75.00% 5.50 2.99 1.77 1.76 10.00 5.00 2.00 3.36 6.00 20.00 2.79 48.67 

50.00% 3.00 2.00 1.61 0.72 6.35 2.80 1.71 0.74 4.27 20.00 1.42 21.99 

25.00% 2.00 1.68 1.00 0.64 4.57 1.80 1.00 0.45 3.08 16.80 0.90 8.29 

10.00% 1.68 1.68 1.00 0.51 3.36 1.70 1.00 0.30 2.25 16.80 0.59 6.17 

2.50% 1.00 1.18 0.84 0.24 1.58 1.70 0.23 0.28 1.75 11.51 0.39 5.38 

0.50% 0.84 0.73 0.84 0.24 0.86 1.20 0.01 0.28 1.68 6.23 0.32 4.46 

0.00% 0.61 0.68 0.84 0.24 0.42 0.80 0.00 0.28 1.68 6.23 0.31 4.46 

Mean 4.34 2.88 1.65 1.52 10.60 10.59 1.85 1.77 5.45 20.27 2.12 36.65 

Std Dev 4.18 3.43 0.79 1.70 15.13 170.91 1.34 1.66 6.01 5.38 1.90 54.08 

Std Err 0.10 0.20 0.07 0.25 0.46 5.67 0.08 0.35 0.17 0.49 0.11 3.99 

Upper 95% 4.54 3.28 1.79 2.01 11.49 21.71 2.02 2.49 5.78 21.24 2.34 44.51 Lower 95% 4.14 2.48 1.50 1.03 9.70 -0.54 1.69 1.05 5.11 19.29 1.91 28.78 

N 1685 284 116 48 1102 909 255 23 1229 119 297 184 

Pb ppm 

Quantiles Alectoria Bryoria Cladina Flavocetraria Hypogymnia Letharia Lobaria Masonhalea Platismatia Sphaerophorus Usnea Xanthoparmelia

100.00% 93.96 39.07 6.00 10.50 186.82 5153.00 19.00 5.38 94.00 4.82 41.00 549.00 

99.50% 17.62 36.07 6.00 10.50 94.92 59.10 15.41 5.38 39.58 4.82 39.69 549.00 

4A-50 
97.50% 13.47 9.91 4.00 10.50 52.85 26.80 4.00 5.38 18.65 3.86 19.27 148.60 

90.00% 9.08 4.00 3.00 3.37 19.00 9.30 2.88 5.38 8.01 2.64 11.75 80.78 

75.00% 5.59 2.99 1.77 3.23 10.00 5.00 2.00 3.98 6.00 2.00 8.00 49.00 

50.00% 3.00 2.00 1.61 1.05 6.35 2.80 1.71 3.36 4.24 2.00 3.73 22.00 25.00% 2.00 1.68 1.00 0.64 4.57 1.80 1.00 3.36 3.08 1.68 1.87 8.25 

10.00% 1.68 1.68 1.00 0.64 3.36 1.70 1.00 3.35 2.24 1.68 0.80 6.16 

2.50% 1.00 1.18 0.84 0.64 1.58 1.70 0.23 3.35 1.75 1.15 0.61 5.36 

0.50% 0.91 0.73 0.84 0.64 0.86 1.20 0.01 3.35 1.68 0.62 0.44 4.46 

0.00% 0.62 0.68 0.84 0.64 0.42 0.80 0.00 3.35 1.68 0.62 0.40 4.46 

Mean 4.39 2.88 1.65 1.81 10.60 10.63 1.85 3.72 5.45 2.03 5.72 36.90 

Std Dev 4.19 3.43 0.79 1.87 15.13 171.39 1.34 0.70 6.02 0.54 5.83 54.49 

Std Err 0.10 0.20 0.07 0.31 0.46 5.70 0.08 0.23 0.17 0.05 0.36 4.05 

Upper 95% 4.59 3.28 1.79 2.44 11.49 21.82 2.02 4.26 5.79 2.12 6.41 44.90 

Lower 95% 4.18 2.48 1.50 1.17 9.70 -0.56 1.69 3.18 5.11 1.93 5.02 28.91 

N 1663 284 116 36 1102 904 255 9 1223 119 270 181 

S ppm 

Quantiles Alectoria Bryoria Cladina Flavocetraria Hypogymnia Letharia Lobaria Masonhalea Platismatia Sphaerophorus Usnea Xanthoparmelia

100.00% 2430 1800 549 1970 2000 2010 525 3500 770 2800 2900 

99.50% 820 1750 549 1830 1772 2010 525 1626 770 2800 2889 97.50% 673 1119 527 1532 1300 1740 525 1274 641 1948 2004 90.00% 530 940 405 1100 901 1430 464 910 501 1410 1558 

75.00% 430 800 352 880 700 1160 339 690 460 973 1300 

50.00% 350 720 310 690 600 970 255 560 410 723 1100 

25.00% 290 630 251 560 520 810 216 470 340 558 950 

10.00% 240 520 0 480 460 630 191 410 319 450 776 

2.50% 200 330 0 380 390 495 191 360 240 380 504 

0.50% 165 310 0 270 320 440 191 300 200 310 40 

0.00% 140 310 0 200 87 440 191 200 200 310 0 

Mean 376 732 283 748 651 1001 622 409 832 1156 

4A-51 
Std Dev 144 193 127 271 221 295 255 91 404 366 

Std Err 5 12 19 9 8 22 7 8 35 25 

Upper 95% 386 756 320 767 666 1045 637 425 901 1205 

Lower 95% 367 709 245 730 635 958 607 393 763 1108 

N 949 262 46 832 777 179 1171 128 134 221 

Notes: The 50% quantile is the median and the 100% and 0% quantiles are maximum and minimum values in the data sets. Std Dev and Std Error are the standard deviation and standard error of the mean. Upper 95% and lower 95% are the upper and lower 95% confidence intervals around the mean. N = number of measurements. Because most samples come from remote sites, field replicates were treated as independent measurements.

4A-52 
Appendix 4A.15. List of Public Lands in the Western United States from Which Background Distributions of Lichen Cadmium, Mercury, 

Nitrogen, Nickel, and Sulfur Concentrations in Table 4A.11 were calculated. N = number of measurements. 

Genus Code National Land N N(Cd) N(Hg) N(N) N(Ni) N(Pb) N(S) 

CHU Chugach National Forest, AK 71 69 0 0 69 69 0 

CLE Clearwater National Forest, ID 3 1 0 2 2 2 2 

COL Colville National Forest, WA 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 

CRLA Crater Lake National Park, OR 3 3 3 0 3 3 0 

DES Deschutes National Forest, OR 121 82 9 107 98 90 102 

GIP Gifford Pinchot National Forest, WA 198 169 0 167 170 176 176 

MBS Mt Baker-Snoqualmie National Forest, WA 8 8 0 8 8 8 8 

WIL Willamette National Forest, OR 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 

MORA Mount Rainier National Park, WA 209 173 0 0 0 209 0 

MTH Mt. Hood National Forest, OR 283 242 0 239 248 256 246 

NEP Nez Perce National Forest, ID 2 0 0 0 2 2 2 

OLYM Olympic National Park, WA 246 142 0 0 32 246 0 

BIT Selway-Bitterroot Wilderness, ID 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 

SIU Siuslaw National Forest, OR 3 2 0 2 2 2 3 

TON Tongass National Forest, AK 273 246 0 0 245 245 0 

UMP Umpqua National Forest, OR 135 102 0 110 119 105 115 

WAW Wallowa-Whitman National Forest, OR 12 11 0 12 11 11 10 

WEN Wenatchee National Forest, WA 3 3 0 3 3 3 3 

WIL Willamette National Forest, OR 276 202 0 251 234 221 248 

Alectoria 

WIN Winema National Forest, OR 15 12 0 8 14 13 9 

CLE Clearwater National Forest, ID 1 0 0 0 1 1 1 

CRLA Crater Lake National Park, OR 3 3 3 0 3 3 0 

DES Deschutes National Forest, OR 120 111 0 113 114 107 110 

FRE Fremont National Forest, OR 7 6 0 5 6 6 6 

WIN Fremont National Forest, OR 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 

GIP Gifford Pinchot National Forest, WA 12 10 0 10 10 10 10 

Bryoria 

GRTE Grand Tetons National Park, WY 5 5 0 5 5 5 0 

4A-53 
KLA Klamath National Forest, CA 4 4 0 0 4 4 0 

MTH Mt. Hood National Forest, OR 7 4 0 5 4 4 6 

NEP Nez Perce National Forest, ID 3 0 0 0 3 3 3 

OLYM Olympic National Park, WA 5 4 0 0 4 4 0 

PAY Payette National Forest, ID 6 0 0 0 6 6 6 

ROMO Rocky Mountain National Park, CO 2 2 2 0 2 2 0 

SAC Salmon-Challis National Forest, ID 7 0 0 0 7 7 7 

SJR San Juan-Rio Grande National Forest, CO 2 0 0 0 2 2 2 

BIT Selway-Bitterroot Wilderness, ID 1 0 0 0 1 1 1 

UMP Umpqua National Forest, OR 15 9 0 13 12 11 14 

WAW Wallowa-Whitman National Forest, OR 31 25 0 25 25 25 26 

WIL Willamette National Forest, OR 26 11 0 21 15 16 25 

WIN Winema National Forest, OR 51 49 0 43 50 48 44 

YELL Yellowstone National Park, WY 18 18 18 0 18 18 0 

CHU Chugach National Forest, AK 63 57 0 0 57 57 0 

DENA Denali National Park and Preserve, AK 6 3 6 0 6 6 0 

NOAT Noatak National Preserve, AK 2 0 0 0 2 2 0 

TON Tongass National Forest, AK 52 48 0 0 48 48 0 

Cladina 

YELL Yellowstone National Park, WY 3 3 0 0 3 3 0 

NOAT Noatak National Preserve, AK 35 34 27 33 33 33 33 

ROMO Rocky Mountain National Park, CO 2 2 2 0 2 2 0 

Flavocetraria 

SJR San Juan-Rio Grande National Forest, CO 1 0 0 0 1 1 1 

ANG Angeles National Forest, CA 6 6 0 0 6 6 0 

CRG Columbia River Gorge National Scenic Area, OR & WA 137 115 0 106 115 115 116 

COL Colville National Forest, WA 3 2 0 2 2 2 3 

DES Deschutes National Forest, OR 66 61 0 54 61 61 56 

FINL Finley National Wildlife Refuge, OR 2 2 0 2 2 2 2 

FRE Fremont National Forest, OR 4 4 0 4 4 4 4 

GIP Gifford Pinchot National Forest, WA 67 59 0 60 59 59 62 

Hypogymnia 

MBS Mt Baker-Snoqualmie National Forest, WA 7 6 0 6 6 6 7 

4A-54 
KLGO Klondike Gold Rush National Historical Park, AK 24 24 0 24 24 15 0 

LOL Lolo National Forest, MT 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 

MBS Mount Baker-Snoqualmie National Forest, WA 35 33 0 30 33 33 31 

MTH Mt. Hood National Forest, OR 239 217 0 193 217 216 197 

OKA Okanogan National Forest, WA 7 7 0 6 7 7 6 

OLYM Olympic National Park, WA 66 62 0 0 62 58 0 

ORCA Oregon Caves National Monument, OR 3 3 2 0 3 3 0 

PORE Point Reyes National Seashore, CA 14 14 14 14 14 14 0 

REDW Redwood National Park, CA 50 27 21 0 49 49 0 

KICA Sequoia and Kings Canyon National Park, CA 12 0 0 0 12 12 0 

SEKI Sequoia and Kings Canyon National Park, CA 12 12 0 0 12 12 0 

SIU Siuslaw National Forest, OR 122 106 0 106 107 107 106 

TON Tongass National Forest, AK 72 65 0 0 65 65 0 

UMP Umpqua National Forest, OR 44 38 0 36 38 38 35 

WAW Wallowa-Whitman National Forest, OR 18 17 0 16 17 17 17 

WEN Wenatchee National Forest, WA 5 5 0 4 5 5 4 

WIL Willamette National Forest, OR 181 163 0 158 165 165 158 

WEN Winema National Forest, OR 3 3 0 2 3 3 2 

WIN Winema National Forest, OR 28 27 0 26 27 27 25 

ANG Angeles National Forest, CA 18 18 0 0 18 18 0 

BEA Beaverhead-Deer Lodge National Forest, MT 8 1 0 2 5 7 7 

BIT Bitterroot National Forest, ID 4 0 0 0 3 2 4 

BRT Bridger-Teton National Forest, WY 2 0 0 0 2 2 2 

CLE Clearwater National Forest, ID 1 0 0 0 1 0 1 CLV Cleveland National Forest, CA 6 6 0 0 6 6 0 

CRG Columbia River Gorge National Scenic Area, OR & WA 20 19 0 18 19 19 18 

COL Colville National Forest, WA 11 9 0 9 9 9 11 

CODA Coulee Dam National Recreation Area, WA 12 9 0 10 9 9 11 

CRLA Crater Lake National Park, OR 12 12 12 0 12 12 0 

Letharia 

DES Deschutes National Forest, OR 312 257 17 263 262 260 277 

4A-55 
ELD Eldorado National Forest, CA 18 18 0 0 18 18 0 

FRE Fremont National Forest, OR 28 25 0 24 25 25 23 

WIN Fremont National Forest, OR 2 2 0 1 2 2 1 

GIP Gifford Pinchot National Forest, WA 2 2 0 2 2 2 2 

HEL Helena National Forest, MT 2 1 0 1 1 1 2 

KLA Klamath National Forest, CA 12 12 0 0 12 12 0 

KOO Kootenai National Forest, MT 2 0 0 0 0 2 2 

LABE Lava Beds National Monument, CA 6 6 6 0 6 6 0 

LOL Lolo National Forest, MT 2 2 0 2 2 2 2 

MTH Mt. Hood National Forest, OR 35 28 0 24 28 28 31 

NEP Nez Perce National Forest, ID 5 0 0 0 5 5 5 

OKA Okanogan National Forest, WA 8 6 0 8 6 6 6 

PAY Payette National Forest, ID 6 0 0 0 6 6 6 

SAC Salmon-Challis National Forest, ID 46 0 0 0 41 45 46 

SAW Sawtooth Wilderness, ID 4 0 0 0 0 3 4 

KICA Sequoia and Kings Canyon National Park, CA 12 0 0 0 12 12 0 

SEKI Sequoia and Kings Canyon National Park, CA 27 27 0 0 27 27 0 

STA Stanislaus National Forest, CA 12 12 0 0 12 12 0 

TAR Targhee National Forest, WY 3 0 0 0 3 3 3 

UMP Umpqua National Forest, OR 2 2 0 2 2 2 2 

WAW Wallowa-Whitman National Forest, OR 108 94 0 92 94 94 100 

WEN Wenatchee National Forest, WA 5 5 0 5 5 5 5 

WIL Willamette National Forest, OR 13 10 0 11 11 11 11 

WIN Winema National Forest, OR 236 214 0 192 217 216 188 

YELL Yellowstone National Park, WY 15 15 14 0 15 15 0 

BIT Bitterroot National Forest, ID 1 0 0 0 1 0 1 

CHU Chugach National Forest, AK 26 24 0 0 24 24 0 

CLE Clearwater National Forest, ID 3 0 0 0 3 1 3 

CRG Columbia River Gorge National Scenic Area, OR & WA 10 10 0 10 10 10 10 

Lobaria 

FINL Finley National Wildlife Refuge, OR 4 2 0 2 2 2 4 

4A-56 
GIP Gifford Pinchot National Forest, WA 29 21 0 25 25 22 26 

MBS Mt Baker-Snoqualmie National Forest, WA 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 

KOO Kootenai National Forest, MT 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 

MTH Mt. Hood National Forest, OR 38 31 0 35 33 31 36 

NEP Nez Perce National Forest, ID 2 0 0 0 2 1 2 

OLYM Olympic National Park National Park, WA 6 5 0 5 5 5 5 

REDW Redwood National Park, CA 8 6 8 0 8 8 0 

SIU Siuslaw National Forest, OR 17 13 0 15 15 13 16 

TON Tongass National Forest, AK 86 83 0 0 83 83 0 

UMP Umpqua National Forest, OR 3 3 0 3 3 3 3 

WIL Willamette National Forest, OR 79 52 0 65 66 51 71 

Masonhalea NOAT Noatak National Preserve, AK 9 8 0 8 9 9 8 

CLE Clearwater National Forest, ID 2 1 0 1 1 1 2 

CRG Columbia River Gorge National Scenic Area, OR & WA 179 171 0 153 171 171 150 

COL Colville National Forest, WA 5 4 0 5 4 4 4 

CODA Coulee Dam National Recreation Area, WA 8 6 0 6 6 6 8 

DES Deschutes National Forest, OR 30 21 0 24 23 23 27 

FINL Finley National Wildlife Refuge, OR 3 2 0 2 2 2 2 

GIP Gifford Pinchot National Forest, WA 221 187 0 187 192 192 190 

MBS Gifford Pinchot National Forest, WA 19 16 0 16 16 16 17 

KLGO Klondike Gold Rush National Historical Park, AK 13 13 0 13 13 10 0 

MBS Mount Baker-Snoqualmie National Forest, WA 49 44 0 43 44 44 41 

MTH Mt. Hood National Forest, OR 291 262 0 257 263 263 258 

OLYM Olympic National Park, WA 20 13 0 0 20 20 0 

SIU Siuslaw National Forest, OR 30 23 0 28 23 23 30 

UMP Umpqua National Forest, OR 141 120 0 114 125 125 116 

WAW Wallowa-Whitman National Forest, OR 47 45 0 41 45 45 43 

WEN Wenatchee National Forest, WA 3 3 0 2 3 3 2 

WIL Willamette National Forest, OR 304 250 0 279 270 271 269 

Platismatia 

WIN Winema National Forest, OR 3 2 0 3 3 3 3 

4A-57 
CRG Columbia River Gorge National Scenic Area, OR & WA 3 3 0 3 3 3 3 

GIP Gifford Pinchot National Forest, WA 31 26 0 28 28 26 25 

MTH Mt. Hood National Forest, OR 9 6 0 8 6 6 8 

OLYM Olympic National Park, WA 13 2 0 0 13 9 0 

SIU Siuslaw National Forest, OR 72 53 0 63 66 54 63 

UMP Umpqua National Forest, OR 3 3 0 3 3 3 3 

Sphaerophorus 

WIL Willamette National Forest, OR 28 17 0 25 25 18 26 

BIBE Big Bend National Park, TX 44 44 44 44 44 44 0 

CHIR Chiricahua National Monument, AZ 7 0 0 0 7 7 7 

CLE Clearwater National Forest, ID 1 0 0 0 1 0 1 

CRG Columbia River Gorge National Scenic Area, OR & WA 18 17 0 15 17 17 14 

DENA Denali National Park and Preserve, AK 1 1 1 0 1 1 0 

ELMO El Morro National Monument, NM 5 0 0 0 5 5 5 

FINL Finley National Wildlife Refuge, OR 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 

GIP Gifford Pinchot National Forest, WA 5 5 0 3 5 5 3 

GILA Gila National Forest, NM 10 0 0 0 10 9 10 

GRTE Grand Tetons National Park, WY 6 6 0 6 6 6 0 

OLYM Olympic National Park, WA 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 

ORCA Oregon Caves National Monument, OR 3 3 2 0 3 3 0 

PORE Point Reyes National Seashore, CA 38 37 37 38 37 37 0 

REDW Redwood National Park, CA 65 46 36 0 62 62 0 

ROMO Rocky Mountain National Park, CO 6 6 6 0 4 6 0 

SAC Salmon-Challis National Forest, ID 3 0 0 0 3 3 3 

SJR San Juan-Rio Grande National Forest, CO 18 0 0 0 18 17 17 

SIU Siuslaw National Forest, OR 50 37 0 46 43 38 45 

TAR Targhee National Forest, WY 2 0 0 0 2 2 2 

UMP Umpqua National Forest, OR 1 1 0 1 1 0 1 

Usnea 

WIL Willamette National Forest, OR 6 6 0 6 6 6 6 

ANG Angeles National Forest, CA 3 3 0 0 3 3 0 Xanthoparmelia 

BIBE Big Bend National Park, TX 4 4 4 4 4 4 0 

4A-58 
BRT Bridger-Teton National Forest, WY 4 0 0 0 2 4 2 

CHCU Chaco Culture National Historical Park, NM 5 0 5 0 0 5 0 

CHIR Chiricahua National Monument, AZ 11 0 0 0 11 10 11 

CLE Clearwater National Forest, ID 1 0 0 0 1 1 1 

CRG Columbia River Gorge National Scenic Area, OR & WA 86 62 0 63 62 62 65 

DES Deschutes National Forest, OR 3 2 0 2 2 2 3 

DINO Dinosaur National Monument, CO 2 0 0 0 2 2 2 

GILA Gila National Forest, NM 7 0 0 0 7 7 7 

HUT Humboldt-Toiyabe National Forest, NV 1 0 0 0 1 1 1 

MAL Manti-La Sal National Forest, UT 2 0 0 0 2 2 2 

MEB MedicineBow National Forest, WY 3 0 0 3 0 0 3 

NEP Nez Perce National Forest, ID 27 22 0 22 22 22 22 

PAY Payette National Forest, ID 2 0 0 0 2 2 2 

ROMO Rocky Mountain National Park, CO 9 2 2 7 0 0 7 

ROO Roosevelt National Forest, CO 2 0 0 2 0 0 2 

ROU Routt National Forest, CO 25 0 0 25 0 0 25 

SAC Salmon-Challis National Forest, ID 5 0 0 0 5 5 5 

SJR San Juan-Rio Grande National Forest, CO 26 0 0 0 26 22 26 

MAL Uinta National Forest, UT 2 0 0 0 2 2 2 

WAW Wallowa-Whitman National Forest, OR 27 21 0 23 21 21 21 

WAC Wasatch-Cache National Forest, UT 1 0 0 0 1 1 1 

WHR White River National Forest, CO 8 0 0 8 0 0 8 

YELL Yellowstone National Park, WY 3 3 3 0 3 3 0 

4A-59 
APPENDIX 5A 

Fish Biological Data 

Table 5A-1. Fish Biological and Mercury Data from SEKI and Year Sampled. Data are mean (min – 

max) except vitellogenin (min – max). Sex (listed only for fish with accompanying gonad samples), 

Vitellogenin (μg/ml), 17ß-estradiol (ng/ml), 11keto-testosterone (11kT ng/ml), Testosterone (ng/ml), MAs 

(average % area), Hg (ng/g ww), Age (years). 

SEKI Emerald Lake Pear Lake 2003 

Species Salvelinus fontinalis Salvelinus fontinalis

Total Nos. of Fish 28 27 

Condition Factor 0.9 (0.6 – 1.2, N = 28) 0.9 (0.7 – 1.2, N = 27) 

Sex(M / F) 6 / 4 8 / 2 

Vitellogeninmale

1

 DH (none) DH (none) 

DL (0.44 – 0.62) DL (0.40 – 0.76) 

ND (<0.20) ND (<0.20) 

17ß-estradiolfemale 1.04 (<0.25 – 2.67, N = 4) 2.31 (1.94 – 2.68, N = 2) 

17ß-estradiolmale <0.252

 (N = 6) 0.212 (<0.25 – 0.50, N = 8) 

11kTmale 2.14 (0.79 – 4.08, N = 6) 2.64 (<0.63 – 8.11, N = 8) 

Testosteronefemale 1.06 (0.38 – 1.73, N = 4) 1.55 (1.31 – 1.78, N = 2) 

Testosteronemale 0.80 (0.40 – 1.45) 1.78 (0.46 – 4.66, N = 8) 

Kidney MAs 18.98 (10.59 – 35.48, N = 10) 11.27 (4.05 – 19.31, N = 10) 

Liver MAs 0.26 (0.04 – 1.25, N = 10) 0.15 (0.00 – 0.88, N = 10) 

Spleen MAs 7.24 (1.86 – 16.05, N = 10) 7.82 (0.35 – 21.14, N = 10) 

Histopathology3

 Kidney: cI(2), iN(1) fF(1), Gr(1), CaD(2) Kidney: CaD(1), cI(1) 

Numbers in ( ) are Liver: none Liver: fL(1), pC(2) 

affected fish out of 15 Spleen: CaD(1) Spleen: Spn(2), Gr(1), CaD(1), 

mgC(1) 

 Gonad: Spn(1), CaD(1) Gonad: none 

 Gill: none Gill: none 

Hgtotal whole-body 99.52 (52.03 – 151.67, N = 10) 114.26 (40.56 – 212.99, N = 10) 

Age1

 5 (2 – 10, N = 27) 5 (3 – 10, N = 25) 

Age Frequency 

Histograms1 

Age (years)

0 2 4 6 8 10 12

Nos. of Fish

0

2

4

6

8

10

0

2

4

6

8

10

Age (years)

Nos. of Fish

0 2 4 6 8 10 12

1

Data are from all fish regardless if analyzed for SOC, SOC & Biology (Biol), or trace elements (Elem). 2Data are from 

fish for which there are corresponding SOC and Hg data (N = 10). 3

DH = detectable high (>1μg/ml), DL = detectable 

low, ND = non-detectable. 4

>50% non-detects. 5cI = chronic inflammation, iN = interstitial nephritis, fF= focus of 

fibroplasia, Gr = granulomas, CaD = calcium deposit(s), fL = foci of lymphocytes, pC = perivascular cuffing, Spn = 

embedded spine characteristic of setae from Lepidopteran larvae & associated fibroplasia, mgC = multi-nucleated 

giant cell.

5A-1 
Table 5A-2. Fish Biological and Mercury Data for ROMO and Year Sampled. Data are mean (min – 

max) except vitellogenin (min – max). Sex (listed only for fish with accompanying gonad samples), 

Vitellogenin (μg/ml), 17ß-estradiol (ng/ml), 11keto-testosterone (11kT ng/ml), Testosterone (ng/ml), MAs 

(average % area), Hg (ng/g ww), Age (years). 

ROMO Mills Lake Lone Pine Lake 2003

Species Oncorhynchus mykiss Salvelinus fontinalis 

 Oncorhynchus clarki

Total Nos. of Fish 28 25 

Condition Factor 1.2 (0.7 – 1.5, N = 28) 1.0 (0.6 – 1.1, N = 25) 

Sex(M / F) 4 / 6 6 / 4 

Vitellogeninmale

1

 DH (11.89 – 25.85, N = 2) DH (1.17 – 2.72, N = 2) 

DL (0.40 – 0.58, N = 2) DL (0.29 – 0.49, N = 4) 

ND (none) ND (none) 

17ß-estradiol female 1.78 (<0.25 – 2.86, N = 6) 18.90 (4.69 – 26.11, N = 4) 

17ß-estradiolmale 0.26 (<0.25 – 0.36, N = 4) 0.27 (<0.25 – 0.57, N = 6) 

11kTmale 2.85 (0.62 – 4.60, N = 4) 11.58 (<0.25 – 32.28, N = 6 

Testosteronefemale 3.88 (<0.25 – 9.52, N = 6) 15.89 (12.10 – 20.03, N = 4) 

Testosteronemale 3.61 (<0.25 – 7.22, N = 4) 5.57 (<0.25 – 16.18, N = 6) 

Kidney MAs 7.34 (0.40 – 22.44, N = 10) 8.93 (0.83 – 20.12, N = 10) 

Liver MAs 0.28 (0.00 – 1.35, N = 10) 0.02 (0.00 – 0.10, N = 10) 

Spleen MAs 0.58 (0.05 – 3.82, N = 10) 3.55 (0.03 – 7.78, N = 10) 

Histopathology2

 Kidney: ciN(1) Kidney: none 

Numbers in ( ) are Liver: cdI(1), bDH(1), fI(1) Liver: none 

affected fish out of 15 Spleen: none Spleen: none 

Gonad: none Gonad: IS(1) 

 Gill: none Gill: mfH(1) 

Hgtotal whole-body 55.65 (24.40 – 85.77, N = 10) 75.94 (35.58 – 137.14, N = 10) 

Age 4 (1 – 8, N = 27) 4 (1 – 8, N = 25) 

Age (years)

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

Nos. of Fish

0

2

4

6

8

10

Age (years)

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

Nos. of Fish

0

2

4

6

8

Age Frequency 10

Histograms

1

DH = detectable high (>1μg/ml), DL = detectable low, ND = non-detectable. 2ciN = chronic interstitial nephritis, cdI = 

chronic, diffuse inflammation, bDH = bile duct hyperplasia, fI = focal inflammation, IS = intersex male, mfH = mild 

focal hyperplasia. 

5A-2 
Table 5A-3. Fish Biological and Mercury Data for OLYM and Year Sampled. Data are mean (min – 

max) except Vitellogenin (min – max). Sex (listed only for fish with accompanying gonad samples), 

Vitellogenin (μg/ml), 17ß-estradiol (ng/ml), 11keto-testosterone (11kT ng/ml), Testosterone (ng/ml), MAs 

(average % area), Hg (ng/g ww), Age (years). 

OLYM PJ Lake 2003 

Species Salvelinus fontinalis

Total Nos. of Fish 29 

Condition Factor 1.0 (0.9 – 1.2, N = 29) 

Sex(M / F) 4 / 6 

Vitellogeninmale

1

 DH (none) 

DL (0.44, N = 1) 

ND (<0.20, N = 3) 

17ß-estradiolfemale 3.50 (1.54 – 5.44, N = 6) 

17ß-estradiolmale 0.192

 (<0.25 – 0.38, N = 4) 

11kTmale 1.74 (1.41 – 2.00, N = 4) 

Testosteronefemale 1.49 (0.73 – 3.40, N = 6) 

Testosteronemale 1.36 (1.05 – 1.49, N = 4) 

Kidney MAs 10.32 (1.07 – 19.58, N = 10) 

Liver MAs 0.07 (0.00 – 0.24, N = 10) 

Spleen MAs 2.40 (0.05 – 7.39, N = 10) 

Histopathology Kidney: none 

Out of 15 fish Liver: none 

 Spleen: none 

 Gonad: none 

 Gill: none 

Hgtotal whole-body 102.37 (52.29 – 202.29, N = 10) 

Age 5 (1 – 8, N = 25) 

Age (years)

0 2 4 6 8 10

Nos. of Fish

0

2

4

6

8

10 Age Frequency 

Histogram

1

DH = detectable high (>1μg/ml), DL = detectable low, ND = non-detectable. 2>50% non-detects.

5A-3 
Table 5A-4. Fish Biological and Mercury Data from the NOAT/GAAR and Year Sampled. Data are 

mean (min – max, N) except Vitellogenin (min – max, N). Sex (listed only for fish with accompanying 

gonad samples), Vitellogenin (μg/ml), 17ß-estradiol (ng/ml), 11keto-testosterone (11kT ng/ml), 

Testosterone (ng/ml), MAs (average % area), Hg (ng/g ww), Age (years).

GAAR, Matcharak Lake NOAT, Burial Lake 2004 

Species Salvelinus namaycush Salvelinus namaycush

Total Nos. of Fish 20 20 

Condition Factor 1.0 (0.7 – 1.4, N = 20) 1.0 (0.7 – 1.2, N = 20) 

Sex(M / F) 5 / 5 5 / 5 

Vitellogeninmale

1

 DH (none) DH (none) 

DL (0.47 – 0.81, N = 2) DL (0.25 – 0.34, N = 2) 

ND (<0.20, N = 3) ND (<0.20, N = 3) 

17ß-estradiol female 4.38 (<0.25 – 14.36, N = 5) 3.27 (0.26 – 8.87, N = 5) 

17ß-estradiolmale 0.162

 (<0.25 – 0.27, N = 5) 0.172 (<0.25 – 0.31, N = 5) 

11kTmale 4.39 (1.07 – 10.14, N = 5) 3.29 (< 0.63 – 13.16, N = 5) 

Testosteronefemale 11.28 (<0.25 – 29.63, N = 5) 15.40 (<0.25 – 39.73, N = 5) 

Testosteronemale 7.88 (<0.25 – 21.56 , N = 5) 4.592

 (<0.25 – 22.18, N = 5) 

Kidney MAs 5.97 (1.69 – 11.21, N = 10) 6.43 (0.57 – 14.65, N = 10) 

Liver MAs 0.05 (0.00 – 0.18, N = 10) 0.18 (0.00 – 1.54, N = 10) 

Spleen MAs 1.82 (0.04 – 5.49, N = 10) 0.39 (0.00 – 1.28, N = 10)) 

Histopathology3

 Kidney: none Kidney: FcD(2), F(2), W(1) 

Numbers in ( ) are Liver: WGr(3), Gr(3), Li(1), nNW(4) Liver: LI(1), dcLI(1), mLI(1), miLI(1), fL(1) 

affected fish out of 15 Spleen: none Spleen: none 

 Gonad: tMA(1) Gonad: none 

 Gill: mifH(1), eH(1), mCp(1), tpL(1), Gill: rC(1), HMW(1) 

 cpL(1), HtL(1) 

Gut: WGr(1), nNW(1) 

Hgtotal whole-body 129.71 (31.59 – 204.50, N = 10) 217.54 (68.27 – 411.01, N = 10) 

Age 19.5 (7 – 29, N = 20) 17.9 (5 – 41, N = 19) 

Age (years)

0 10 20 30 40 50

Nos. of Fish

0

2

4

6

8

10

Age (years)

0 10 20 30 40 50

Nos. of Fish

0

2

4

6

8

Age Frequency 10

Histograms

1

DH = detectable high (>1μg/ml), DL = detectable low, ND = non-detectable. 2>50% non-detects. 3WGr = 

worms in granulomas, Gr = granulomas, LI = lymphocyte infiltration, nNW = numerous Nematodes or 

worms, tMA = testis with MA pigments, mifH = mild focal hyperplasia, eH = epithelial hyperplasia, HMW = 

Monogene worm with hyperplasia, mCp = mucus cell proliferation, tpL = thickened cartilage element of 

primary lamellae, cpL = cortical proliferation of primary lamellae, HtL = hyperplasia on tips of lamellae, 

FcD = flukes in collecting duct, F = flukes, W = worms, dcLI = diffuse chronic lymphocyte infiltration, mLI = 

moderate lymphocyte infiltration, miLI = mild lymphocyte infiltration, fL = foci of lymphocytes, rC = rare 

ciliates no pathology.

5A-4 
Table 5A-5. Fish Biological and Mercury Data for DENA and Year Sampled. Data are mean (min – 

max) except vitellogenin (min – max). Sex (listed only for fish with accompanying gonad samples), 

Vitellogenin (μg/ml), 17ß-estradiol (ng/ml), 11keto-testosterone (11kT ng/ml), Testosterone (ng/ml), MAs 

(average % area), Hg (ng/g ww), Age (years). 

DENA McLeod Lake Wonder Lake 2004-05 

Species Lota lota Salvelinus namaycush

 Prosopium cylindraceum 

Total Nos. of Fish 6 24 

Condition Factor1

 0.7 (0.5 – 0.8, N = 6) 1.1 (0.8 – 1.4, N = 24) 

Sex(M / F) 1 / 0 6 / 4 

Vitellogeninmale

1

 NA2 DH (none) 

 DL (0.56 – 0.66, N = 2) 

 ND (<0.20, N = 4) 

17ß-estradiol female NA 4.49 (0.30 – 9.84, N = 4) 

17ß-estradiolmale 0.52 (N = 1) 0.173

 (<0.25 – 0.26, N= 6) 

11kTmale 0.70 (N = 1) 12.13 (4.14 – 18.22, N = 6) 

Testosteronefemale NA 23.95 (0.29 – 63.11, N = 4) 

Testosteronemale <0.25 (N = 1) 10.22 (4.06 – 17.23, N = 6) 

Kidney MAs NA 10.34 (4.84 – 18.67, N = 10) 

Liver MAs NA 0.24 (0.00 – 0.55, N = 10) 

Spleen MAs NA 7.27 (2.54 – 13.29, N = 10) 

Histopathology4

 Kidney: none Kidney:WU(1) 

Numbers in ( ) are Liver: none Liver: none 

affected fish out of 15 Spleen: none Spleen: none 

Gonad: none Gonad: oMA(2) 

 Gill: none Gill: eM(1) 

Hgtotal whole-body 58.34 (26.64 – 75.73, N = 4) 112.59 (87.61 – 140.30, N = 10) 

Age 4 (2 – 7, N = 6) 17 (2 – 29, N = 24) 

Age (years)

0123456789

Nos. of Fish

0

2

4

6

8

10

Age (years)

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35

Nos. of Fish

0

2

4

6

8

Age Frequency 10

Histograms

1

DH = detectable high (>1μg/ml), DL = detectable low, ND = non-detectable. 2NA = not available. 3>50% 

non-detects. 4WU = worms in ureters, oMA = ovary with MA pigments, eM = encysted metacercariae.

5A-5 
Table 5A-6. Fish Biological and Mercury Data for MORA and Year Sampled. Data are mean (min – 

max) except Vitellogenin (min – max). Sex (listed only for fish with accompanying gonad samples), 

Vitellogenin (μg/ml), 17ß-estradiol (ng/ml), 11keto-testosterone (11kT ng/ml), Testosterone (ng/ml), MAs 

(average % area), Hg (ng/g ww), Age (years). 

MORA Lake LP19 Golden Lake 2005 

Species Salvelinus fontinalis Salvelinus fontinalis

Total Nos. of Fish 25 25 

Condition Factor 1 (0.7 – 1.2, N = 25) 1.0 (0.8 – 1.2, N = 25) 

Sex(M / F) 5 / 5 7 / 3 

Vitellogeninmale

1

 DH (none) DH (6.92, N = 1) 

DL (none) DL (none) 

ND (<0.20, N = 5) ND (<0.20, N = 6) 

17ß-estradiolfemale 7.95 (<0.25 – 19.29, N = 5) 9.89 (7.35 – 11.35, N = 3) 

17ß-estradiolmale 0.24 (<0.25 – 0.28, N = 5) 0.212

 (<0.25 – 0.53, N =7) 

11kTmale 5.06 (2.13 – 7.94, N = 5) 6.74 (4.87 – 8.71, N =7) 

Testosteronefemale 3.94 (2.66 – 6.54, N = 5) 3.70 (3.04 – 4.07, N = 3) 

Testosteronemale 3.41 (2.06 – 6.00, N = 5) 5.05 (2.50 – 6.31, N =7) 

Kidney MAs 13.98 (1.11 – 31.22, N = 10) 15.73 (3.24 – 25.46, N = 10) 

Liver MAs 0.24 (0.00 – 2.17, N = 10) 0.05 (0.00 – 0.13, N = 10) 

Spleen MAs 4.79 (0.07 – 14.47, N = 10) 1.63 (0.08 – 3.36, N = 10) 

Histopathology3

 Kidney: none Kidney: none 

Numbers in ( ) are Liver: BKDGr(1), mGr(1) Liver: bDH(1) 

affected fish out 15 Spleen: none Spleen: none 

 Gonad: none Gonad: none 

 Gill: none Gill: none 

Hgtotal whole-body 145.68 (56.63 – 267.50, N = 15) 80.60 (54.75 – 102.02, N = 15) 

Age 5 (2 – 9, N = 25) 4 (2 – 6, N = 25) 

Age (years)

0 2 4 6 8 10 12

Nos. of Fish

0

2

4

6

8

Age Frequency 10

Age (years)

0 2 4 6 8 10 12

Nos. of Fish

0

2

4

6

8

Histograms 10

1

DH = detectable high (>1μg/ml), DL = detectable low, ND = non-detectable. 2>50% non-detects. 3BKDGr 

= bacterial kidney disease like granuloma, mGr = multiple granulomas, bDH = bile duct hyperplasia 

(suspected).

5A-6 
Table 5A-7. Fish Biological and Mercury Data for GLAC and Year Sampled. Data are mean (min – 

max) except Vitellogenin (min – max). Sex (listed only for fish with accompanying gonad samples), 

Vitellogenin (μg/ml), 17ß-estradiol (ng/ml), 11keto-testosterone (11kT ng/ml), Testosterone (ng/ml), MAs 

(average % area), Hg (ng/g ww), Age (years). 

GLAC Oldman Lake Snyder Lake 2005 

Species Oncorhynchus clarki bouvieri Oncorhynchus clarki lewisi 

Total Nos. of Fish 25 25 

Condition Factor 1.1 (0.6 – 1.3, N = 25) 0.9 (0.7 – 1.1, N = 25) 

Sex(M / F) 6 / 4 5 / 5 

Vitellogeninmale

1

 DH (4.40, N =1) DH (5.58, N = 1) 

DL (none) DL (0.75, N = 1) 

ND (<0.20, N = 5) ND (<0.20, N = 3) 

17ß-estradiol female 13.70 (11.08 – 20.46, N = 4) 2.32 (<0.25 – 5.73, N = 5) 

17ß-estradiolmale 0.59 (0.50 – 0.76, N = 6) 0.30 (<0.25 – 0.49, N = 5) 

11kTmale 13.20 (8.92 – 18.67, N = 6) 7.32 (1.31 – 13.57, N = 5) 

Testosteronefemale 14.32 (9.97 – 17.80, N = 4) 2.41 (1.18 – 4.54, N = 5) 

Testosteronemale 14.68 (7.25 – 22.90, N = 6) 6.62 (1.24 – 11.72, N = 5) 

Kidney MAs 2.14 (0.32 – 4.11, N = 10) 10.70 (2.93 – 25.66, N = 10) 

Liver MAs 0.00 (N = 10) 0.10 (0.00 – 0.52, N = 10) 

Spleen MAs 0.18 (0.01 – 0.53, N = 10) 1.15 (0.23 – 4.52, N = 10) 

Histopathology2

 Kidney: none Kidney: none 

Numbers in ( ) are Liver: pC(1), fLi(1) Liver: none 

affected fish out of 15 Spleen: none Spleen: none 

Gonad: IS(1) Gonad: none 

 Gill: none Gill: none 

Hgtotal whole-body 37.06 (24.33 – 45.62, N = 10) 36.74 (16.90 – 59.60, N = 15) 

Age 4 (2 – 5, N = 25) 5 (2 – 6, N = 25) 

Age (years)

02468

Nos. of Fish

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

Age (years)

02468

Nos. of Fish

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

Age Frequency 16

Histograms

1

DH = detectable high (>1μg/ml), DL = detectable low, ND = non-detectable. 2pC = perivascular cuffing,

fLi = fatty liver, IS = intersex male.

5A-7 
Table 5A-8. Fish Biological and Mercury data for OLYM and Year Sampled. Data are mean (min – 

max) except Vitellogenin (min – max). Sex (listed only for fish with accompanying gonad samples), 

Vitellogenin (μg/ml), 17ß-estradiol (ng/ml), 11keto-testosterone (11kT ng/ml), Testosterone (ng/ml), MAs 

(average % area), Hg (ng/g ww), Age (years). 

OLYM Hoh Lake PJ Lake 2005 

Species Salvelinus fontinalis Salvelinus fontinalis

Total Nos. of Fish 25 25 

Condition Factor 1.0 (0.7 – 1.4, N = 25) 1.0 (0.7 – 1.1, N = 25) 

Sex(M / F) 5 / 5 5 / 5 

Vitellogeninmale

1

 DH (none) DH (none) 

 DL (none) DL (0.43, N = 1) 

ND (<0.20, N = 5) ND (<0.20, N = 4) 

17ß-estradiol female 8.07 (<0.25 – 14.56, N = 5) 8.01 (0.49 – 15.43) 

17ß-estradiolmale 0.30 (<0.25 – 0.49, N = 5) 0.192

 (<0.25 – 0.42) 

11kTmale 5.56 (2.83 – 8.66, N = 5) 5.48 (1.06 – 11.66) 

Testosteronefemale 4.88 (0.68 – 8.26, N = 5) 6.52 (0.84 – 17.39) 

Testosteronemale 5.20 (3.49 – 7.77, N = 5) 4.38 (1.14 – 11.91) 

Kidney MAs 21.24 (3.45 – 34.91, N= 10) 12.66 (3.72 – 35.76, N = 10) 

Liver MAs 0.29 (0.00 – 0.94, N = 10) 0.29 (0.00 – 1.64, N = 10) 

Spleen MAs 9.07 (0.11 – 25.83, N = 10) 3.98 (0.00 – 12.76, N = 10) 

Histopathology Kidney: none Kidney: none 

Out of 15 fish Liver: none Liver: none 

 Spleen: none Spleen: none 

Gonad: none Gonad: none 

 Gill: none Gill: none 

Hgtotal whole-body 141.67 (78.44 – 284.02, N = 15) 102.36 (30.16 – 227.35, N = 15) 

Age 7 (3 – 13, N = 25) 4 (2 – 10, N = 25) 

Age (years)

0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16

Nos. of Fish

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

Age (years)

0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16

Nos. of Fish

0

2

4

6

8

10

Age Frequency 12

Histograms

1

DH = detectable high (>1μg/ml), DL = detectable low, ND = non-detectable. 2>50% non-detects.

5A-8 
APPENDIX 5B

Correlations between Hg and Age 

Data are first analyzed using all fish, then analyzed by species, then park, and then lake. Data are 

provided for the model that had the strongest statistical significance. The categories in bold are significant 

at P < 0.05. 

____________________________________________________________________________________ 

Analysis F d.f. Rsquared P Best Fit Model 

____________________________________________________________________________________ 

All fish 58.10 2, 162 0.42 <0.0001 2nd order polynomial 

 (parabolic) 

Brook trout 129.38 1, 98 0.57 <0.0001 Linear 

Lake trout 0.39 1, 28 -0.01 0.54 Linear 

Cutthroat trout 7.84 1, 23 0.25 0.01 Double reciprocal

Rainbow trout 114.89 1, 8 0.93 <0.0001 Double reciprocal 

Sequoia 38.31 1, 18 0.68 <0.0001 Double reciprocal

 Pear 42.95 1, 8 0.84 0.0002 S-curve 

 Emerald 9.11 1, 8 0.63 0.02 Double reciprocal

Rocky Mountain 82.08 1, 18 0.82 <0.0001 Double reciprocal

 Mills 114.89 1, 8 0.93 <0.0001 Double reciprocal

 Lone Pine 31.14 1, 8 0.80 0.0005 Squared X

Gates of the Arctic 

 Matcharak 1.44 1, 8 0.15 0.26 Reciprocal Y; Squared X 

Noatak 

 Burial 5.55 1, 8 -0.41 0.05 Reciprocal Y; Squared X

Denali 

 Wonder 0.98 1, 8 0.11 0.35 Double squared 

Mount Rainier 37.33 1, 28 0.57 <0.0001 Square root Y; Squared X

 LP19 38.18 1, 13 0.75 <0.0001 Log Y; Square-root X

 Golden 2.68 1, 13 0.17 0.12 Double reciprocal 

Glacier 7.84 1, 23 0.25 0.01 Double reciprocal

 Oldman 4.04 1, 8 0.33 0.08 Double squared 

 Snyder 11.07 1, 13 0.46 0.005 Double reciprocal

Olympic 106.82 1, 38 0.74 <0.0001 Double squared

 PJ2003 5.37 1, 8 0.40 0.05 Double reciprocal

 PJ2005 44.74 1, 13 0.77 <0.0001 Double squared

 Hoh 44.96 1, 13 0.78 <0.0001 Squared X 

____________________________________________________________________________________

5B-1 
APPENDIX 5C 

Correlations between Macrophage Aggregates and Hg 

Data analyzed using all fish and then separated into species age classes when possible. Data are 

provided for the model that had the strongest statistical significance. The categories in bold are significant 

at P < 0.05. 

Analysis F d.f. Rsquared P Best Fit Model 

All Fish 

Spleen MAs 52.25 1, 163 0.24 <0.0001 Log10(X) 

 Kidney MAs 35.89 1, 163 0.18 <0.0001 Log10(X) 

 Sum of MAs 48.69 1, 163 0.23 <0.0001 Log10(X) 

Brook trout 

Spleen MAs 82.82 1, 98 0.45 <0.0001 Log10(X) 

 1-3 y 6.03 1, 28 0.18 0.02 Double Squared

 4-6 y 26.27 1, 46 0.36 <0.0001 Log10(X) 

 7-13 y 2.59 1,20 0.11 0.12 Squared Y; Reciprocal X 

 Kidney MAs 42.64 1, 98 0.30 <0.0001 

 Log10(X) 

 1-3 y 2.51 1, 28 0.08 0.12 Double Squared 

 4-6 y 6.65 1, 46 0.13 0.01 Double Reciprocal 

 7-13 y 1.8 1, 20 0.08 0.19 Double Squared 

 Sum of MAs 66.92 1, 98 0.41 <0.0001 Log10(X) 

 1-3 y 3.16 1, 28 0.10 0.09 Double Squared 

 4-6 y 13.06 1, 46 0.22 0.0007 Double Reciprocal 

 7-13 y 3.21 1, 20 0.14 0.09 Double Squared 

Lake trout 

Spleen MAs 6.99 1, 28 -0.2 0.01 Linear 

 < 20 y 4.77 1, 15 -0.24 0.04 Squared Y 

 > 20 y 22.64 1, 11 -0.67 0.0006 Reciprocal Y; Squared X 

 Kidney MAs 0.32 1, 28 -0.01 0.57 Squared Y; Log X 

 < 20 y 0.00 1, 15 0.0001 0.97 Linear 

 > 20 y 0.00 1, 11 0.0002 0.96 Linear 

 Sum of MAs 1.62 1, 28 -0.05 0.21 Squared Y; Square root X 

 < 20 y 1.48 1, 15 -0.09 0.24 Double squared 

 > 20 y 0.67 1, 11 -0.06 0.43 Reciprocal Y; Square root X 

Cutthroat trout 

Spleen MAs 15.46 1, 23 0.40 0.0007 Double squared 

 Kidney MAs 16.10 1, 23 0.41 0.0005 Double squared

 Sum of MAs 17.15 1, 23 0.43 0.0004 Double squared

Rainbow trout 

 Spleen MAs 4.13 1, 8 0.34 0.08 Linear 

Kidney MAs 28.83 1, 8 0.79 0.0007 Double reciprocal

 Sum of MAs 33.83 1, 8 0.81 0.0004 Double reciprocal

SEKI – Brook Trout 

 Spleen MAs 35.65 1, 18 0.66 <0.0001 Square-root Y; Log X 

 Kidney MAs 6.12 1, 18 0.25 0.02 Multiplicative

 Sum of MAs 15.05 1, 18 0.45 0.001 Square-root Y; Log X 

Pear 

Spleen MAs 31.24 1, 8 0.80 0.0005 Linear 

 Kidney MAs 9.85 1, 8 0.55 0.01 Linear

 Sum of MAs 19.18 1, 8 0.71 0.002 Linear 

____________________________________________________________________________________ 

5C-1 
Analysis F d.f. Rsquared P Best Fit Model 

Emerald 

 Spleen MAs 4.46 1, 8 0.36 0.07 Reciprocal Y; Log X 

Kidney MAs 8.35 1, 8 0.51 0.02 Double reciprocal 

 Sum of MAs 7.98 1, 8 0.50 0.02 Double reciprocal 

ROMO 

 Spleen MAs 37.35 1, 18 0.67 <0.0001 Double squared 

 Kidney MAs 16.73 1, 18 0.48 0.0007 Double squared

 Sum of MAs 35.87 1, 18 0.67 <0.0001 Squared Y 

Mills – rainbow trout 

 Spleen MAs 4.13 1, 8 0.34 0.08 Linear 

Kidney MAs 28.83 1, 8 0.79 0.0007 Double reciprocal

 Sum of MAs 33.83 1, 8 0.81 0.0004 Double reciprocal

Lone Pine – brook trout 

Spleen MAs 21.21 1, 8 0.73 0.002 Squared Y; Square-root X 

 Kidney MAs 16.38 1, 8 0.67 0.004 Double squared

 Sum of MAs 34.55 1, 8 0.81 0.0004 Double squared

GAAR 

Matcharak – lake trout 

 Spleen MAs 4.75 1, 8 -0.37 0.06 Squared Y; Reciprocal X 

 ≤ 20 y 4.53 1, 3 0.60 0.12 Linear 

 > 20 y 5.35 1, 3 -0.64 0.10 Squared Y; Reciprocal X 

 Kidney MAs 0.26 1, 8 0.03 0.63 Reciprocal Y; Squared X

 ≤ 20 y 6.35 1, 3 0.68 0.09 Linear 

 > 20 y 0.18 1, 3 -0.06 0.70 Double reciprocal 

 Sum of MAs 1.17 1, 8 -0.13 0.31 Squared Y; Reciprocal X 

 ≤ 20 y 7.12 1, 3 0.70 0.08 Linear 

 > 20 y 0.88 1, 3 -.23 0.42 Squared Y; Reciprocal X 

NOAT 

Burial – lake trout 

Spleen MAs 12.56 1, 8 -0.64 0.009 Squared Y; Reciprocal X 

 < 15 y 67.70 1, 2 0.97 0.01 Linear 

 > 15 y 1.11 1,4 -0.21 0.35 Linear 

 Kidney MAs 1.47 1, 8 -0.15 0.26 Squared Y; Reciprocal X

 < 15 y 8.07 1, 2 0.80 0.10 Linear 

 > 15 y 0.01 1, 4 0.21 0.93 Linear 

 Sum of MAs 2.42 1, 8 -0.23 0.16 Squared Y; Reciprocal X 

 < 15 y 9.56 1, 2 0.83 0.09 Linear 

 > 15 y 0.01 1, 4 0.13 0.94 Linear 

DENA – Lake Trout 

Wonder 

 Spleen MAs 4.21 1, 8 0.34 0.07 Reciprocal Y; Squared X

Kidney MAs 5.49 1, 8 0.41 0.05 Reciprocal Y

 Sum of MAs 7.61 1, 8 0.49 0.03 Double squared 

MORA – Brook Trout 

 Spleen MAs 46.03 1, 28 0.62 <0.0001 Log10(X) 

 Kidney MAs 7.26 1, 28 0.21 0.01 Double reciprocal

 Sum of MAs 11.20 1, 28 0.29 0.002 Square root Y; Reciprocal X 

____________________________________________________________________________________ 

5C-2 
Analysis F d.f. Rsquared P Best Fit Model 

LP19 

Spleen MAs 89.51 1, 13 0.87 <0.0001 S-curve 

 Kidney MAs 37.27 1, 13 0.74 <0.0001 Double reciprocal

 Sum of MAs 48.48 1, 13 0.79 <0.0001 S-curve 

Golden 

 Spleen MAs 1.87 1, 13 0.13 0.19 S-curve 

Kidney MAs 4.46 1, 13 0.26 0.05 Double reciprocal 

 Sum of MAs 4.25 1, 13 0.25 0.06 Double reciprocal 

GLAC – West Slope Cutthroat 

 Spleen MAs 15.46 1, 23 0.40 0.0007 Double squared 

 Kidney MAs 16.10 1, 23 0.41 0.0005 Double squared

 Sum of MAs 17.15 1, 23 0.43 0.0004 Double squared 

Oldman 

Spleen MAs 25.26 1, 8 0.76 0.001 Double reciprocal 

 Kidney MAs 2.71 1, 8 0.25 0.14 Squared Y; reciprocal X

 Sum of MAs 3.23 1, 8 0.29 0.11 Squared Y; reciprocal X 

Snyder 

Spleen MAs 16.53 1, 13 0.56 0.001 Squared X 

 Kidney MAs 21.21 1, 13 0.62 0.0005 Double squared

 Sum of MAs 23.22 1, 13 0.64 0.0003 Double squared 

OLYM – Brook Trout 

 Spleen MAs 43.10 1, 38 0.53 <0.0001 Linear 

 Kidney MAs 30.29 1, 38 0.44 <0.0001 Linear 

 Sum of MAs 40.29 1, 38 0.52 <0.0001 Linear 

PJ2003 

 Spleen MAs 14.45 1, 8 0.64 0.005 Squared Y 

 Kidney MAs 3.87 1, 8 0.33 0.08 Double reciprocal

 Sum of MAs 5.00 1, 8 0.38 0.06 Double reciprocal 

PJ2005 

Spleen MAs 4.98 1, 13 0.28 0.04 Square-root X 

 Kidney MAs 16.92 1, 13 0.56 0.001 Reciprocal Y; Square-root X

 Sum of MAs 13.30 1, 13 0.51 0.003 Reciprocal Y; Square-root X 

Hoh 

Spleen MAs 30.86 1, 13 0.70 0.0001 Reciprocal X 

 Kidney MAs 29.95 1, 13 0.70 0.0001 Squared Y; Log X

 Sum of MAs 34.54 1, 13 0.73 0.0001 Squared Y; Log X 

All Fish 

 Spleen MAs Failed lack of fit test 

 Kidney MAs Failed lack of fit test 

 Sum of MAs 51.46 1, 163 0.24 <0.0001 S-curve 

Brook trout 

Spleen MAs 91.11 1, 98 0.48 <0.0001 Reciprocal X

 Kidney MAs 75.84 1, 98 0.46 <0.0001 Reciprocal X 

 Sum of MAs 104.67 1, 98 0.52 <0.0001 Reciprocal X 

Lake trout 

 Spleen MAs 35.25 1, 28 0.57 <0.0001 Double reciprocal 

Kidney MAs 61.07 1, 28 0.68 <0.0001 Double reciprocal

 Sum of MAs 70.02 1, 28 0.71 <0.0001 Double reciprocal

____________________________________________________________________________________ 

5C-3 
Analysis F d.f. Rsquared P Best Fit Model 

Cutthroat trout 

Spleen MAs 18.47 1, 23 0.44 0.0003 Square-root Y; Squared X 

 Kidney MAs 11.44 1, 23 0.33 0.003 Squared X 

 Sum of MAs 12.88 1, 23 0.36 0.002 Square-root Y; Squared X 

Rainbow trout 

Spleen MAs 19.91 1, 8 0.71 0.002 Squared X 

 Kidney MAs 52.16 1, 8 0.87 0.0001 Exponential 

 Sum of MAs 61.84 1, 8 0.88 <0.0001 Exponential 

SEKI 

Spleen MAs 26.39 1, 18 0.59 0.0001 S-curve 

 Kidney MAs 8.7 1, 18 0.33 0.009 Double reciprocal 

 Sum of MAs 16.23 1, 18 0.47 0.0008 S-curve 

Pear 

Spleen MAs 28.74 1, 8 0.78 0.0007 S-curve 

 Kidney MAs 7.5 1, 8 0.48 0.03 Double reciprocal

 Sum of MAs 13.83 1, 8 0.63 0.006 Double reciprocal 

Emerald 

Spleen MAs 6.11 1, 8 0.43 0.04 Double reciprocal 

 Kidney MAs 7.20 1, 8 0.47 0.03 Double reciprocal

 Sum of MAs 8.49 1, 8 0.51 0.02 Double reciprocal 

ROMO 

Spleen MAs 20.57 1, 18 0.53 0.0003 Double squared 

 Kidney MAs 23.69 1, 18 0.57 0.0001 Double reciprocal

 Sum of MAs 38.64 1, 18 0.68 <0.0001 Double squared 

Mills 

 Spleen MAs 19.91 1, 8 0.71 0.002 Squared X 

 Kidney MAs 52.16 1, 8 0.87 0.0001 Exponential 

 Sum of MAs 61.84 1, 8 0.88 <0.0001 

 Exponential 

Lone Pine 

Spleen MAs 11.53 1, 8 0.59 0.009 Double squared 

 Kidney MAs 6.62 1, 8 0.45 0.03 Double squared 

 Sum of MAs 11.67 1, 8 0.59 0.009 Double squared 

GAAR 

Matcharak 

Spleen MAs 28.45 1, 8 0.78 0.0007 Square-root Y 

 Kidney MAs 19.86 1, 8 0.71 0.002 Reciprocal Y; Log X

 Sum of MAs 38.39 1, 8 0.83 0.0003 Reciprocal Y; Log X 

NOAT 

Burial 

Spleen MAs 86.15 1, 8 0.93 <0.0001 Double reciprocal 

Kidney MAs 30.16 1, 8 0.79 0.0006 Double reciprocal 

 Sum of MAs 34.27 1, 8 0.81 0.0004 Double reciprocal

DENA 

Wonder 

 Spleen MAs 1.83 1, 8 0.19 0.21 Double squared 

 Kidney MAs 0.41 1, 8 0.05 0.54 Reciprocal Y; Squared 

 Sum of MAs 1.4 1, 8 0.15 0.27 Double squared 

____________________________________________________________________________________ 

5C-4 
Analysis F d.f. Rsquared P Best Fit Model 

MORA 

Spleen MAs 55.96 1, 28 0.67 <0.0001 S-curve 

 Kidney MAs 61.38 1, 28 0.69 <0.0001 Double reciprocal

 Sum of MAs 69.46 1, 28 0.71 <0.0001 Double reciprocal

LP19 

Spleen MAs 44.00 1, 13 0.77 <0.0001 S-curve 

 Kidney MAs 61.30 1, 13 0.82 <0.0001 Double reciprocal

 Sum of MAs 72.66 1, 13 0.84 <0.0001 S-curve 

Golden 

Spleen MAs 6.64 1, 13 0.34 0.02 Double squared 

 Kidney MAs 5.93 1, 13 0.31 0.03 Double reciprocal

 Sum of MAs 6.17 1, 13 0.32 0.03 Double reciprocal

GLAC 

Spleen MAs 18.47 1, 23 0.44 0.0003 Square-root Y; Squared X 

 Kidney MAs 11.44 1, 23 0.33 0.003 Squared X 

 Sum of MAs 12.88 1, 23 0.36 0.002 Square-root Y; Squared X 

Oldman 

Spleen MAs 5.20 1, 8 0.39 0.05 Double squared 

 Kidney MAs 2.47 1, 8 0.24 0.15 Squared Y; Square-root X

 Sum of MAs 2.92 1, 8 0.27 0.13 Squared Y 

Snyder 

Spleen MAs 6.01 1, 13 0.32 0.03 Double reciprocal 

 Kidney MAs 2.43 1, 13 0.16 0.14 Log Y; Squared X

 Sum of MAs 2.81 1, 13 0.18 0.11 Log Y; Squared X 

OLYM 

Spleen MAs 41.97 1, 38 0.52 <0.0001 Linear 

 Kidney MAs 49.92 1, 38 0.57 <0.0001 Linear

 Sum of MAs 58.09 1, 38 0.60 <0.0001 Linear

PJ2003 

 Spleen MAs 48.23 1, 8 0.86 0.0001 Double reciprocal 

 Kidney MAs 34.67 1, 8 0.81 0.0004 Double reciprocal 

 Sum of MAs 37.32 1, 8 0.82 0.0003 Double reciprocal 

PJ2005 

 Spleen MAs 3.2 1, 13 0.20 0.10 Reciprocal X 

Kidney MAs 9.27 1, 13 0.42 0.009 Log Y; Squared X

 Sum of MAs 7.04 1, 13 0.35 0.02 Exponential 

Hoh 

Spleen MAs 250.45 1, 13 0.95 <0.0001 S-curve 

 Kidney MAs 113.38 1, 13 0.90 <0.0001 Squared Y; Log X

 Sum of MAs 104.83 1, 13 0.89 <0.0001 Log10(X) 

____________________________________________________________________________________ 

5C-5 

Western Airborne Contaminants Assessment Project

Final Report: Volume II Appendices

Science